Full text of Monthly Labor Review : July 1966, Vol. 89, No. 7
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Monthly Labor \ Review \ ------------ 7 > a S~ \ Employment of School Age Youth Leisure and Long Hours Work Stoppages in 1965 Hours and Earnings in Retail Trade KALAMAZOO LIBRARY SYSTEM UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Commissioner of Labor Statistics A rth u r M . R o ss, R obert J. M yer s, Deputy Commissioner Regional Offices and Directors NEW E N G L A N D REG IO N Wendell D . MacD onald 1603-A Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: 223-6761 (Area Code 617) Connecticut New Hampshire Maine Rhode Island Massachusetts Vermont N O R T H C E N T R A L R E G IO N A dolph O. B erger 219 S. 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K ossoris 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: 556-3178 (Area Code 415) Nevada Alaska New Mexico Arizona Oregon California Utah Colorado Washington Hawaii Wyoming Idaho Montana The M o n th ly Labor R eview is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Subscription price per year— $7.50 domestic: $9.00 foreign. Price 75 cents a copy. Correspondence regarding subscriptions should be addressed to the Superintend ent of Documents. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, M o n th ly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C., 20212. Phone 961-2327 (Area code 202). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Use of funds for printing this publication approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget (October 31,1962). Monthly Labor Review UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Lawrence R. Klein, Editor-in-Chief CONTENTS Special Articles 721 728 733 736 739 744 Leisure and the Long Workweek Representation Among Teachers The UAW’s 20th Constitutional Convention State, County, and Municipal Employees’ Biennial Convention Special Labor Force Reports I. Employment of School Age Youth, October 1965 II. The Effects of Employment Redistribution on Earnings Summaries of Studies and Reports 749 754 760 762 765 769 /72 A Review of Work Stoppages During 1965 Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade: Part I New Facts and New Law in the NLRB Annual Report Earnings in Synthetic Textile Mills, September 1965 Earnings in Cotton Textile Mills, September 1965 Earnings in Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry U.S.S.R. Worktime Requirements for Consumer Purchases Departments ii hi 774 776 7 80 781 788 798 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This Issue in Brief The Labor Month in Review Foreign Labor Briefs Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Chronology of Recent Labor Events Developments in Industrial Relations Book Reviews and Notes Current Labor Statistics 57-5 2380 July 1966 • Vol. 89 • No. 7 This Issue in B rief.. . b e c o m e s increasingly evident that the availa bility of manpower is tied up with the type and quantity of education and skills training available to the population. The education already attained by today’s adults is itself a determinant of the number who enter the labor force, and what they do there. At the same time, occupational de mands of industry, for today and tomorrow, help to set the Nation’s educational style. In line with the theorem that manpower plan ning is education planning, and vice versa, the Review this month offers several studies, each fo cused on a different aspect of the work force and each related to educational attainment. In a Special Labor Force Report on Employ ment of School Age Youth October 1965 (p. 739), Forrest Bogan notes the increasing tendency of young Americans to stay in school longer; in Oc tober 1965, more than half of the 32.8 million 14 to 24 year-olds were in school. Improved job op portunities appear to be important in making this possible. Both the number of students in the labor force and the number of students employed had increased sharply since October 1964. For another Special Labor Force Report, Claire Hodge studied the redistribution of employment in the 1950-63 period, and found that the upgrad ing of the occupational structure had more effect on average annual earnings than did shifts in the industrial composition of employment. In The Effects of Employment Redistribution on Earn ings (p. 744), the author estimates that by 1975, as the occupational pattern continues to move toward more professional and technical jobs and fewer low-skilled jobs, the effect of this change will contribute another 2-percent increase to the alloccupations average annual earnings figure. Along with the increased awareness of the interweaving of labor supply and educational pol icy has come increasing attention to the relations between school management and the teachers who play a dual manpower role—as developers n It https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , and shapers of the labor force, and themselves a significant segment of that labor force. In Rep resentation Among Teachers (p. 728), Michael H. Moskow discusses the application to education of a principle long accepted in private employment collective bargaining, and describes the attitudes toward exclusive recognition exhibited by leading teacher organizations. An expanded version of this article appears as a chapter of his new book on Teachers and Unions. Following are some recent key statistics from continuing B L S series. See current Labor Statistics, pp. 798-840. June 1966 Total civilian labor force (in thousands) _________________ 79,601 Employment____________________________________ 75, 731 Unemployment___________________________________ 3,870 Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted ) ( percent) ----------------4. Earnings of production workers in manufacturing (pre liminary): Average hourly earnings__________________________ $ 2.70 Average weekly hours.____________________________ 41.5 Average overtime hours________________________________ 4.0 1965 78,003 73,716 4,287 0 4.7 $ 2.61 41.3 3.6 M ay Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry shifts) (1957-59=100)_______________________________ Consumer Price Index (including single workers) (1957-59= 100)______________________________________________ 124.4 120.6 112.6 109.6 p e r s i s t e n t r is e in the number and proportion of employees working longer hours—“an incon gruous phenomenon in today’s leisure-minded world”—is examined by Peter Henle in Leisure and the Long Workweek (p. 721). From 1948 to 1965, the proportion of nonfarm wage and salary employees who worked more than 48 hours a week rose from 12.9 to 19.7 percent. Aside from those individuals, most often professional or technical workers, who enjoy their work and could not be kept from working long hours, and those who hold such responsible positions that long hours are either required or expected of them, there is a re latively high incidence of longer-hour workers among men age 25-44, among married men, and among low-paying industries and occupations such as trade and services. No clear-cut pattern of con centration in the lower wage brackets emerges, however, and the degree of association between longer hours and earnings on the job appears to be importantly affected by characteristics of the industry. T he The Labor Month in Review The Teamsters Prepare for Nationwide Contracts to the auditorium in Miami Beach, where the Teamsters Union began its 19th international convention on July 4, was a booth plugging two songs: “Teamsters’ Serenade” and “Hoffa’s Blues.” These titles were thematic to much that transpired at the meeting. There were three dominant efforts: 1. To strengthen international office control in the negotiation of industry, area, and nationwide contracts. 2. To portray General President James R. Hoffa as a victim of Government and press persecution. 3. To provide for a leadership succession if President Hoffa should vacate his office under specified conditions, and to leave the gates ajar for his return. Fundamental constitutional changes made at the 1961 convention had shifted controlling power in the union from locals to the international, but a few,buttressing amendments were made in 1966.1 Topside Control. One major change evoked es pecially vigorous debate. A local union party to area, conference, industry, or national bargaining must now accept the terms of an ensuing contract even though its members vote against it. It may not withdraw from the larger bargaining unit except on 6 months’ notice, and then only upon approval of the parent unit and the International Executive Board. Moreover, the General Presi dent may appoint the negotiating committees for the large geographic or industry units. The same negotiating committee is authorized with broad latitude to conduct ratification or strike votes. At the entrance * »ee L. R. Klein, “The Eighteenth Convention of the Team sters Union,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1961, p-p. 829-834. The 1961 article summarizes and interprets the significance of the 1961 constitutional shifts in power to the presidency which made possible the major events at the 1966 convention. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis It is now union policy to foster “national nego tiations and national agreements in any industry in which the . . . Teamsters has jurisdiction.” Carte blanche is offered the top officers to “expend any funds . . . to accomplish negotiation, adminis tration, and enforcement of national agreements.” Topside Push. International officers considered the national agreement clauses so important to union welfare and bargaining power that Larry Steinberg, Mr. Hoffa’s personal representative, and Vice Presidents Dominick Calabrese and Harold J. Gibbons spoke for their passage. Robert J. Coar of Local 701, New Brunswick, N.J., led the fight against the proposals, and sum marized thus: When you centralize control and power in or through industrial corporations;, it is monopoly. And . . . when you centralize bargaining rights, there is no stronger monopoly . . . . economics termed a power of economic Because President Hoffa has been convicted of mail fraud and jury tampering (both cases are under appeal), there is a strong possibility that he may serve part of his current 5-year term in prison, and numerous 'and unabashed allusions to this risk were made during the proceedings, especially while the convention considered a series of constitutional amendments relating to vacancies and expulsions. A new post of General Vice President was created (salary, expenses, and duties to be deter mined by the General President). Upon death, resignation, or removal of the General President (not imprisonment per se), the General Vice Presi dent automatically takes over for the unexpired term. Meanwhile, his duties and salaries are set by the President. Frank E. Fitzsimmons, of Mr. Hoffa's home local 299, Detroit, was elected with out opposition to the new office. (Mr. Hoffa, Secretary-Treasurer John F. Eng lish, an officer of the Teamsters since 1912, and all 12 remaining Vice Presidents were reelected by acclamation.) Security. Any effort to suspend or expel Mr. Hoffa either as a local union member or inter national officer until his eases are finally adju dicated is forestalled by two new constitution changes. One prohibits trials of members or local officers on the same set of facts which they may be facing in a criminal or civil trial, pending final hi MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 IV verdict on appeal. The other provision proclaims that elective officers Can be brought up on union charges only for current sins: that is, misbehavior during current terms of office unless the charges relate to actions not generally known to the mem bership prior to the current term. The convention program adroitly portrayed the General President as a victim of forces who hoped to weaken the union by destroying him. At the same time, he was depicted as a doting grandfather, the man for whom eight $4,000 college scholar ships (financed by the union) would be named. Comments of delegate Joseph Konowe, Local 210, New York City, were typical: . . . When they are in the national office I have witnessed upon hundreds of occasions children of our members and officers . . . run into the arms of the General President, because they feel 'a genuine affection ; something that comes from within this man reaches out to the children . . . Messages to the convention were received from 74 U.S. Senators and Congressmen (14 of them on video tape) and from 12 unions, including 9 affili ated with the AFL-CIO. There was a considerable effort to create an analogy between Mr. Hoff a and John L. Lewis. This began at the opening session with a film of Mr. Lewis’ career, casting him as reviled by the press, hounded by the Government, and castigated by the public. Mr. Hoffa called the film “a perfect setting for this convention.” Only two outside speakers gave major talks: Senators Edward V. Long of Missouri and Eugene P. McCarthy of Minnesota. Both made vigorous pleas for due process of law and respect for the sanctity of individual rights as a safeguard against government tyranny. Senator Long: This law [respecting wire tapping] and these con stitutional rights [of privacy] apply to Harold Gibbons [and] Jimmy Hoffa . . . and it is not for some [gov ernment] agent to determine. I want the right for a jury to determine whether I am guilty or not . . . . When privacy vanishes, democracy as we know and love it is in deep trouble. Mr. Hoffa responded: . . . Nobody knows what it is to lose your right of counsel; nobody knows what it is to lose your right of a fair tr ia l; nobody knows what it is to have per jured testimony used against you until you have been the victim of the same. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Senator McCarthy: . . . And I remind the press that its basic func tion is really not to bring about convictions, but to give as much protection as it can to the accused . . . But no trial by police and no trial by press, and cer tainly no trial by Congress . . . The union’s record, as revealed in its officers' report, indicates noteworthy progress, despite its problems. Per capita membership figures (some what ambiguous in the report) appear to have in creased about 7 percent since 1961 to 1,600,000. Net worth was $50 million, up $12 million in 5 years. But only $5 million of the increase in net worth was derived from per capita tax; the re mainder came from investments. Per capita tax payments to the international were consequently raised from $1 to $1.50 a month and monthly dues of members were raised to at least $6, with a mandatory raise of at least $1. The President’s salary was raised from $75,000 to $100,000, and all other officers received substan tial increases. Resolutions. Response of the 1,845 delegates to President Hoffa’s and other union officers’ legal problems took tangible form in two hard cash reso lu tio n s. These authorized payments of $1,277,680 in legal expenses incurred in criminal proceedings. A resolution on civil rights, though passed, made no mention of Negroes (nor did the five lines on the subject in the officers’ report). Vice President Gibbons, however, made a strong plea for Negro rights, pointing to their effect on politi cal and economic progress. Determination to enter tne agriculture and food processing industries was expressed by the General President: . . . We must expand into the agricultural field. We must recognize that the packing plant or cannery is no longer a packing shed by a mobile unit . . . moving into the fields, picking . . . cleaning . . . packing . . . and into a high speed semitrailer and on the way to the markets. Resolutions were also endorsed for equalization of Canadian wages (the union has about 45,000 members in Canada), highway safety, organiza tion of white-collar and technical workers, and a Federal Department of Transportation. Leisure and the Long Workweek Recent Studies Suggest That Long Hour Schedules Are Increasing For Much of the Labor Force P eter Henle * M o s t p r o j e c t i o n s of the future course of the economy assume a gradual but continuing decline in time that employees spend at work. Such pro jections overlook an important set of statistics that demonstrate a quite different pattern of behavior. A significant portion of the Nation’s work force consistently works more than a 48-hour week and from all indications, this proportion has been in creasing rather than declining. This article is aimed at exploring two aspects of this trend: (1) who are the individuals work ing such long hours? and (2) at what types of jobs are they working ? There can be little doubt about the basic trend. From 1948 to 1965, the number of nonfarm wage and salary employees working more than 48 hours almost doubled, rising from 4.8 million to 9.4 mil lion, or from 12.9 percent to 19.7 percent of the full-time nonfarm work force (table 1) 4 This increase occurred at the same time that other groups of workers were shifting to shorter workweeks. From 1948 to 1965, the proportion of full-time nonfarm employees working between 35 and 40 hours increased from 4.8 percent to 8.2 per cent and the proportion working 41 to 48 hours dropped from 30.5 percent to 18.3 percent (table 2). However, the increase in longer hours em ployees has been so persistent that average weekly hours for the full-time nonfarm work force was almost the same in 1965 as it had been in 1948 (about 45 hours). Who works these long hours? In May 1965,2 a total of 14.8 million persons were working 49 hours or more, 21 percent of the total at work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Of these workers, 9.4 million were nonfarm wage and salary workers, or almost one-fifth of the full-time work force. These individuals are not simply a smaller version of the total labor force. Men in the primary age groups, married men, and white men are more heavily represented. Groups represented to a lesser degree are women, teenagers, older men, single men, and nonwhites. Of the employees working long hours, the ma jority worked between 49 and 59 hours, but fully 40 percent were on the job 60 hours or more. It can therefore be assumed that the longer hours group does not simply consist of individuals with a regular 48-hour schedule working a few overtime hours. Rather, the group includes many working exceedingly long hours—often much longer than 60 hours a week. In fact, the average workweek reported for those working more than 60 hours was ♦Deputy Associate Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 The basic data used in this article relate to nonfarm wage and salary employees. This definition omits the following three groups in the work force whose inclusion in the data would tend to dis tort basic trends in average time at work: (1) part-time em ployees (mostly women and teenagers), (2) self-employed (includ ing farmers), and (3) farm laborers. Since the number of parttime employees working less than 35 hours has been increasing rapidly in recent years while the self-employed and farm workers whose hours are traditionally quite lengthy have been declining, it is clear that inclusion of these groups in the basic data depict ing changes in work time over a period of years would produce a statistically correct but quite misleading decline in average hours worked. 2 Throughout this article, May is used as the month of reference for data obtained through the household survey. This practice is followed for two reasons : (1) May is considered a normal month for data on working hours because the survey week does not in clude a holiday, while annual average data are often distorted be cause of the varying incidence of holidays in other months of the year, and (2) for some of the earlier years, data on hours are available only for the month of May when special surveys were taken. 721 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 722 69 hours, indicating that many worked well be yond that amount.3 Answers obtained in a special inquiry of single jobholders in May 1964 show the way the long hours were scheduled. The schedule for threefourths of the group included a 5-day workweek of longer than 40 hours as well as weekend work. Only 18 percent of those working 49-59 hours and 4 percent of those working 60 hours or more worked a 5-day week. Here is how the long hours group is divided among single and multiple jobholders: Nonagricultural Employees Working Long Hours M ay 1965 [In millions] Total__________________ ______ ______ Single jobholders___ Multiple jobholders____ ____ ______ 19 hours or more 9.4 7.5 1.9 19-59 hours 60 hours or more 5.5 3.8 4.7 .9 1.0 2 .8 The 1.9 million multiple jobholders working 49 hours or more represents more than three-fifths of all nonfarm wage and salary “moonlighters.” 4 As expected, a higher proportion of multiple job holders worked longer hours than did the com parable group of single jobholders. The distribuT a b l e 1. P e r s o n s W o r k i n g 49 H o u r s o r M o r e P e r W e e k a s a P r o p o r t io n o f T o t a l P e r s o n s a t W o r k b y C la ss of W o rk er [In thousands] May 1948 May 1965 Total at work Work ing 49 hours or more Per cent Total at work Work ing 49 Per hours cent or more 1 56,899 12,074 21.2 70,005 14, 833 21.2 Wage and salary__________ 44,629 Self-employed____________ 10,431 Unpaid family workers____ 1,839 5,686 5, 832 556 12.7 55.9 30.2 59, 537 8,860 1,608 9,938 4, 557 338 16.7 51.4 21.0 7,650 4,541 59.4 5,031 2,398 47.7 1,614 4,544 1,492 842 3,228 471 52.2 71.0 31.6 1,568 2, 465 998 583 1,638 177 37.2 66.5 17.7 Total_______________ 49,249 7, 533 15.3 64,974 12, 435 19.1 Wage and salary__________ 43,015 Full-time_____________ 37, 538 Self-employed____________ 5,887 Unpaid family workers____ 347 4, 844 4,844 2,604 85 11.3 12.9 44.2 24.5 £7, 969 47, 534 6,395 610 9, 355 9,355 2,919 161 16.1 19.7 45.6 26.4 Item A ll Workers T otal_______________ A griculture T otal_______________ Wage and salary. _ ______ Self-employed____________ Unpaid family w orkers.. . _ N ONAGRICULTURAL 1 The estimated number of persons working 49 hours or more for May 1965 was revised upward by 700,000 from the regularly published figure. Basically, this adjustment corrects for an underreporting of hours by multiple job holders revealed by probing questions in the May survey. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion pattern according to age, sex, and color does not differ markedly between multiple and single jobholders.5 Industry Comparison The incidence of long hours varies by industry and occupation. Higher rates are more prevalent in the trade and service industries and among man agerial, professional, sales, and private household workers than in construction, manufacturing, and government, or among blue-collar and clerical workers where the incidence of long hours is lower than the average rate. For some industries there are significant differ ences between the proportion of single and multiple jobholders working long hours. In manufactur ing and government, for example, where fixed working hours are generally the rule, opportunities are limited for overtime or work beyond 48 hours weekly. The employee who wants to work longer hours than this must obtain a second job. While a relatively small proportion of employees in these industries are working longer than 48 hours on a single job, the proportion of multiple jobholders is relatively high. From the data we can identify three types of individuals working long hours. The first group includes those who genuinely enjoy their work and therefore want to work long hours. This group is certainly illustrated, for example, by the relatively high proportion of professional and technical em ployees working long hours. In the second group are those persons who hold responsible positions and are either required or expected to work long hours. This helps to ex plain the high incidence of long hours among man agerial employees.6 3 Based on special inquiry in May 1964. i Detailed information on multiple jobholders is given in “Multiple Jobholders in May 1905,” Monthly Labor Review, Feb ruary 1966, pp. 147-154, which was reprinted with additional statistical tables as Special Labor Force Report No. 63. 3 Detailed information on characteristics of persons working long hours and three additional tables will be contained in the reprint of this article. 8 A number of comments have been published on the different attitudes toward work of the rising numbers of professional, tech nical, and managerial employees. See J. K. Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Boston, Hougliton-Mifilin Co., 1958), ch. XXIV; Harold L. Wilensky, “The Uneven Distribution of Leisure : The Impact of Economic Growth of ‘Free Time,’ ” Social Problems, January 1961, pp. 32-56 ; and A. M. Ross, “The New Industrial Relations,” The Changing Patterns of Industrial Relations: Pro ceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Relations, Tokyo, Japan, 1965 (Tokyo, Japan Institute of Labor, 1966). p. 144. 723 LEISURE AND THE LONG WORKWEEK T a b l e 2. H ours W orked b y F u ll -T ime N onagricul tu ra l W age a n d S alary W orkers Percent distribution by hours worked M ay 1948___________ 1953___________ 1957___________ 1959___________ 1963___________ 1965___________ Total at work 35 hours or more Total 3539 40 4148 49 and over 4959 37, 538 41, 206 41,801 42,641 45,370 47,537 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.8 5.5 7.5 7.4 7.7 8.2 51.8 58.0 59.2 59.6 56.4 55.3 30.5 24.1 19.0 18.3 18.0 18.3 12.9 12.4 14.3 14. 7 17.9 18.2 8.0 (>) 8.4 8.1 10.4 10.8 60 and over 4.9 (9 5.9 6.6 7.5 7.4 1 N ot available. The third classification is in sharp contrast to the other two. It includes those people who work long hours because of their need for additional income. Evidence for this conclusion is drawn from the relatively heavy incidence of long hours found among men in the 25-44 age group, married men, and among certain low-paying industries and occupations, especially trades and service. On the other hand, other low-income groups such as la borers and Negro workers include a smaller than average proportion working longer hours. This anomaly might well be explained by the limited opportunities offered to these groups to work longer hours and the more physically exhausting nature of their jobs which would limit the individ ual’s interest in extending his worktime. The relation between long working hours and earnings can be explored at greater length, using results from recent Bureau of Labor Statistics sur veys. In 1964, the annual May survey of em ployees working long hours included, for the first time, an inquiry on total weekly earnings. Pre liminary results, as shown in table 3, support previous indications that among the group work ing long hours is a heavy representation of both low-wage workers a n d higli-salary earners. Among both men and women, the proportion working 60 hours or more a week was highest for workers whose weekly earnings were less than $60 or more than $150. Because respondents were not asked the dollar amount of their weekly earnings but only to indicate in which of several groupings their earnings fell, the data cannot be readily translated into hourly earnings. Since for any 7 For 1964 data, see James R. Wetzel, “Long Hours and Premium Pay,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1965, reprinted as Special Labor Force Report No. 5i7. Data for 1965 will be included in a forthcoming article in the Monthly Labor Review. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis given level of weekly earnings, the longer the work week the lower the hourly earnings, it is clear that transforming the data in table 3 into hourly earn ings would have the effect, of concentrating an even larger proportion of the longer hours workers at the lower end of the earnings scale. The May 1964 inquiry was directed at total weekly earnings and thus includes all pay at overtime premiums. However, from this and sub sequent studies, it is clear that only a small pro portion of those working 49 hours or longer are receiving premium pay for any hours above 40. In May 1965, only 27 percent of those single job holders working 49 hours or more received any premium pay. This group was concentrated largely among blue-collar workers in manufactur ing, construction, transportation, and public utili ties, all of which fall within the jurisdiction of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beceipt of premium pay was far less common among white-collar work ers in these industries and for all occupations in other industries generally falling outside the scope of the Federal statute. Only 11 percent of the more than 4 million single jobholders in trade and service industries working over 49 hours received any premium pay. Moreover, the longer the workweek, the less likely the employee is to receive any premium pay. Over 40 percent of single jobholders working 4148 hours received premium pay, but only 32 per cent of those working 49-59 hours and 18 percent of those working 60 hours or longer received pre mium pay. Average overtime hours at premium pay for those persons working 60 hours or more was actually less than it was for persons working 49-59 hours.7 T a ble 3. D ist r ib u t io n of F u ll -T im e W age and S a lary W or k er s by W e e k l y E a r n in g s and H ours of W ork , M ay 1965. Percent distribution by weekly earnings Weekly hours Number (in millions) Less than $40 $40$59 $60$79 $80$149 $150$199 13.7 12.5 13.9 13.8 M en 35-40________________ 41-48________________ 49-59________________ 60 and over__________ 17.9 6.9 4.8 3.9 2.2 1.6 2.6 3.6 7.6 7.4 6.1 7.0 12.1 14.1 10.4 13.2 56.5 57.1 54.3 45.9 W omen 35-40________________ 41-48________________ 49-59________________ 60 and over_ _______ _ 11.6 2.3 .8 .4 8.2 16.5 19.0 28.1 26.0 23.3 19.8 16.8 26.8 27.9 14.0 14.1 36.7 29.0 38.9 33.0 2.4 3.4 8.3 8.1 $200 and over 7.9 7.3 12.5 16.5 724 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY I960 T a ble 4. P r opo rtion of L ong -H o urs E m ployees w ith Low S traigh t -T ime E a r n in g s , M a n u fa c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s , M ay 1964 Number of employees (in thousands) Percent with hourly earnings under $1.30 Characteristics Total United States____ Percent with hourly earnings under $1.50 49 49 49 40 hours 40 hours 40 hours hours or hours or hours or more more more 14,590 6,098 1,271 6 6 13 15 Metropolitan areas_____ 10,578 4,508 Nonmetropolitan areas____ 4,013 1,590 868 403 3 12 3 12 9 25 9 27 Northeast . . . ...... ............. 4,923 1,998 S o u th ... _ . _______ 3, 229 1,286 North Central. _ ____ ____ 4,806 1,976 W est_____________________ 1,633 838 362 333 474 101 4 15 3 1 2 15 3 1 11 31 8 4 9 37 8 4 Food_____________________ Textile___ _ . . . ._ _ . A p p a rel__ _____ ... Lumber____ _ ______ _ Furniture________ ______ Pap er... _ __ _ Printing and publishing___ Leather.. _____ _ _ . . . . . . Stone, clay, and glass.__ . . Fabricated metal products.. Machinery, except electrical. Instruments. _____ Miscellaneous manufactoring.. ___ _ . . . ._ 1,293 849 1,243 536 357 542 837 326 528 1,034 1,324 309 423 303 340 184 141 222 204 91 229 508 609 173 166 84 37 67 52 66 50 13 52 118 208 18 7 10 30 23 10 2 8 15 3 2 1 3 14 5 21 15 10 (O 4 15 9 3 1 1 13 39 55 37 27 6 21 43 9 7 3 9 29 25 40 38 36 2 10 35 19 11 5 4 339 162 24 9 2 24 9 1 Less than 0.05 percent. Hours and Earnings Specific data on straight-time hourly earnings by weekly hours worked are available from a series of recent BLS studies conducted at the request of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divi sions. The data provide the most comprehensive picture available of average hourly straight-time earnings for production or nonsupervisory work ers classified by the number of hours worked. Results of three specific studies in this series (manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail trade) show no simple direct relation between hours of work and levels of pay (tables 4-6). For both wholesale and retail trade, and for almost all indi vidual industries for which information is avail able, the longer hours employees are more heavily concentrated at the lower end of the earnings scale.8 This same relationship holds for each major section of the country as well as for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Interestingly, al though this concentration is also evident in a num ber of manufacturing industries, it is not found in manufacturing as a whole or in a majority of individual manufacturing industries with recorded data. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis It seems clear that certain characteristics of indi vidual industries play an important role in deter mining the degree of association between low pay and longer hours. For example, in manufactur ing, individual overtime is relatively rare. An increase in the weekly schedule beyond 40 hours necessarily involves large groups of employees. Since overtime premium pay is almost universally applicable, the employer must carefully weigh the advantage of increased production against very specific increased labor costs. The result is that although there has been considerable overtime worked in manufacturing industries, it seldom goes beyond 48 hours weekly. In the March 1964 manufacturing survey, only 9 percent of the non supervisory employees were working 49 hours or more. Undoubtedly, many of these—except for certain numbers of guards, janitors, etc.—were the more highly skilled maintenance employees whose overtime efforts are often needed to put equipment in working order for the regularly scheduled day time shifts. There is thus no clear-cut pattern of concentration of longer hours employees in the lower wage brackets. In wholesale trade, the great majority of em ployees are covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act. This is undoubtedly an important factor responsible for the quite small proportion (9 per cent) of the employees working 49 hours or more. However, overtime can be more easily scheduled on an individual basis. From the data, it is clear that a disproportionately large number working these long hours fall at the low-wage end of the distribution. For example, fully one-fifth of those working 49 hours or more are earning less than $1.30, compared to only 8 percent of those working the standard 40-hour week. In retail trade, the Fair Labor Standards Act was applied for the first time by the 1961 amend ments. The law provided a gradual introduction of an hours standard beginning with a 44-hour standard in 1963 and ending with the 40-hour standard in September 1965. However, the 1961 law extended coverage only to the larger retailing firms. In June 1965, when the wage survey was undertaken, about 40 percent of the industry’s 8 There does not appear to be any concentration at the upper end of the earnings scale but this is not inconsistent with earlier findings since these studies covered only nonsupervisory em ployees. 725 LEISURE AND THE LONG WORKWEEK employees were covered by the law. The survey shows a close relation between longer hours worked and lower straight-time earnings. For each sec tion of the country and for each individual indus try for which data are available, the proportion of employees receiving less than $1.00 or $1.25 an hour is higher among employees working 48 and more hours a week than it is for those working only 40 hours. Similarly, a much higher propor tion of low-wage than higher wage workers work 48 hours or more. Further evidence on this question is given by a study of employees of motor carriers, who are gen erally not covered by hours provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, Wage data for November 1964 show a close correspondence between longer hours and lower pay for a number of specific occupations.9 Policy Problems What conclusions can be drawn from this evi dence? In the first place, it sheds some light on the relationship between hours of work offered and rates of pay. The finding that a relatively large proportion of long-hours employees are concentrated at the lower end of the wage distribution is consistent with a negative slope in the curve for the supply of labor—as wages rise, fewer hours will be offered. In effect, the lower wage induces the worker to accept longer hours in order to achieve a certain income standard. However, the evidence also suggests at least two situations where employees are willing to work long hours; if the employees enjoy their work, or if they receive premium pay for overtime work.10 The facts regarding the prevalence of long working hours raises questions about the long0 M o to r C a rrie rs, A S tu d y to E v a lu a te th e N eed f o r an d F e a si b ility of E x te n d in g O v e r tim e P r o v is io n s to E m p lo y ee s o f M o to r C a rrie rs, S u b m itte d to th e C on gress J a n u a ry 1966 (U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions, 1966), tables 34 (p. 64) and 42 (p. 77). 10 For a more complete discussion including extensive statistical analyses see T. Aldrich Finegan, “Hours of Work in the United States, A Cross-Sectional Analysis,” J o u rn a l o f P o litic a l E co n o m y, October 1962, pp. 452-470. For an international analysis of in come and hours of work, see Gordon C. Winston, “An Interna tional Comparison of Income and Hours of Work” The R e v ie w of E con om ics an d S ta tis tic s , February 1966, p. 28. 11 For a more complete examination of postwar trends in paid leisure, see “Recent Growth of Paid Leisure for U.S. Workers,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , March 1962. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis standing belief that Americans are showing in creasing preference for leisure instead of income. Many workers, for reasons either of choice, habit, or necessity, seem to regard leisure as second to in come. However, the recent trend toward leisure has frequently taken the form of increasing paid vacations and paid holidays. Since the data un der discussion is limited to length of workweek and not extended paid leave, the results may sim ply indicate the changing attitude toward leisure time; a shift from preference of short periods of leisure at the end of the workday to more extended periods through an increased number of days off with pay.11 Finally, what implications can be drawn from these data regarding efforts through public policy to limit work time by setting an hours standard beyond which work must be paid at premium rates of pay ? Does the persistence of such long hours indicate that the current hours standards have failed to achieve their purpose or are these long hours largely outside the scope of today’s legislation ? Previous mention has been made of the fact that only a small proportion of longer hours workers are receiving premium pay for hours worked beyond 40. The distribution of these workers by industry and occupation is generally T a b l e 5. P r o po rtion of L ong -H o urs E m plo y ees w ith Low S tr aig h t -T ime H o urly E a r n in g s , W ho lesa le T r a d e , M arch 1964 Percent Percent with with hourly hourly earnings earnings under $1.30 under $1.50 Number of employees (in thousands) Characteristics Total United States- -- ---- 2,288 49 49 49 40 hours 40 hours 40 hours or hours or hours or hours more more more 999 215 8 20 14 38 17 28 11 34 31 54 Metropolitan areas___ ____ Nonmetropolitan areas----- 1,908 380 886 114 145 70 5 25 Northeast__ _____ South--- ------ ------ North Central. _ . -W est___ : ________________ 642 620 649 377 268 246 282 204 43 92 64 17 5 18 4 3 5 36 12 8 9 28 11 7 14 61 28 13 128 92 57 38 9 2 9 9 10 26 16 21 19 34 385 136 56 18 32 23 50 83 20 15 18 26 25 57 Drugs, chemicals and allied products_____ __ . D ry goods and apparel____ Groceries and related products--------------- _ __ Farm products—raw materials-. Hardware and plumbing and heating equipment and supplies -----Machinery, equipment and supplies__ --- Miscellaneous wholesalers.— 102 50 7 7 16 14 32 366 776 203 330 21 74 4 6 17 16 9 13 32 31 726 T a ble 6. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 P roportion of L ong -H o urs E m ployees W ith Low S traigh t -T im e H o urly E a r n in g s , R e ta il T r a d e , J u n e 1965 Number of employees (in thousands) Characteristics Total Percent with earnings under $1.00 40 hours 40-48 hours 48 hours or more 40 hours Percent with earnings under $1.25 40-48 hours 48 hours or more 40 hours 40-48 hours 48 hours or more U nited States________ _ _ __ ______ . 6,687 1,662 1,092 1,267 2 5 10 9 17 22 Metropolitan areas___ ___________ _________ Nonmetropolitan areas_____ _________ __ . 4, 977 1, 710 1,344 319 762 330 766 501 1 7 3 10 6 16 7 21 12 28 16 31 Northeast_________________ . . . . . . South____________________________ _ North Central_________ West_________________________________ 1, 752 1,884 1,865 1,186 431 402 428 401 240 385 307 160 218 503 334 212 11 3 1 1 21 4 1 5 20 10 3 4 31 14 5 5 41 14 6 Building materials, hardware, and farm equipm ent___ - . General merchandise2___________________ _ . . Department stores.......... ................ . . Limited price variety s t o r e s ......... . Food stores2_____ __________ _ . _ Grocery stores_____________________ _ _ Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations 2_. . _ . Motor vehicle dealers ______ . _ Gasoline service stations__ _________ . Apparel and accessories 2_______ ________ _ __ . Men’s and boys’ _______________ Women’s ready-to-wear_____ . ______ Shoe stores___ . . . _____ ______ Furniture, home furnishings and household appliances 2__ Furniture, home furnishings and equipm ent_____________ Household appliances__________ . Miscellaneous retail stores2_______ _ . . Drug and p ro p rieta ry .___ . . ______ . . . . . . . 489 1,647 1,019 277 1,367 1,151 1,270 604 476 582 99 215 105 364 232 79 968 372 114 495 343 61 342 285 199 106 54 150 24 55 22 114 71 26 249 81 119 176 97 27 178 160 317 236 38 77 18 22 19 80 53 18 146 51 164 104 29 10 205 163 490 193 222 57 20 9 17 73 46 18 175 51 4 17 4 10 5 32 8 7 7 5 13 15 9 20 11 6 5 7 13 24 8 28 14 53 16 16 9 8 18 26 13 41 16 11 12 7 26 42 13 31 7 41 26 26 22 15 32 20 12 42 13 14 16 10 22 40 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Includes industries in addition to those shown separately. consistent with the existing coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Although the law has been amended several times to increase its scope, many sections of the economy still remain outside its protection.12 The employees not covered by the FLSA are usually not covered by State statutes, either. Only a few States require premium pay ments for lengthy workweeks.13 Although defin itive statistics are lacking, it seems clear that a relatively small proportion of employees covered by the FLSA are working 49 hours or more weekly while a much larger proportion of employees out side the scope of the act are working these hours at straight-time rates of pay. This supports the 12 About 17.5 million workers currently are not covered, 38 per cent of all nonsupervisory employees. In addition, a number of specific exemptions from the hours standard are provided for cer tain industries or parts of industries, in some cases only for peak seasonal periods. Taken together, the statute fails to cover many large groups of employees, particularly in trade and service in dustries. Pending legislation would cover an additional 7 million workers in 1967 and 1969. 13 Although 35 States and the District of Columbia have enacted minimum wage statutes, only 23 of them include any limitations or standards for overtime hours worked. Of these, only 15 and the District of Columbia require, by law or by wage order, the payment of premium pay at a rate of time and one-half the regular rate for work after a certain number of hours worked per week. Even for these States, the overtime provision is often limited in coverage, applies only to women and minors, or is effective only after 48 hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0) 6 2 1 1 1 (0 6 2 2 2 1 6 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 8 (') 2 10 2 25 3 3 2 2 5 7 2 14 3 3 4 2 9 18 « 29 11 12 10 6 15 9 4 20 5 6 6 5 12 24 N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of components may not equal totals. conclusion that the penalty rates under FLSA (and collective bargaining) have tended to discourage the use of overtime. Retail Trade This conclusion can be tested further by refer ence to recent studies of hours worked in retail trade prior to and after the effective dates of the 44-hour and 42-hour standards. The data show a substantial increase in the employment of parttime employees, and a gradual reduction in the proportion of employees working beyond the newly effective standards. From June 1961 to June 1965, the proportion of employees in estab lishments covered by FLSA working over 44 hours declined from 16 percent to 13 percent. The pro portion working over 42 hours has dropped from 22 percent to 16 percent as shown in the following tabulation : Covered Weekly hours of work Under 35____ _ _ __________ ____. . . . 35 to 40_________________________ . . . . Over 40 and under 42.. _________ . . . . Over 42 and under 44_____________. . . . Over 44 and under 4 8 . . __________ . . . Over 48... ______ ____ _ . . . . . . . . Uncovered 1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965 28.1 30.3 33.7 28.3 28.4 31.3 45.3 46.2 44.3 27.0 27.0 29.4 3.2 4.8 4.8 5.8 3.2 3.4 6.1 4.8 3.6 6.0 6.1 5.7 9.0 8.0 6.3 16.8 16.7 14.5 6.8 6.1 6.4 18.6 18.4 16. 0 Y27 LEISURE AND THE LONG WORKWEEK Sharper declines were noted among employees of drug, apparel, and limited price variety stores. Little change in hours took place among employees of furniture, appliance, and other retail stores where a large proportion of sales employees work on a commission basis and continue to be exempt from overtime provisions of the act.14 A similar drop in the proportion of long-hours employees took place among employees in the smaller stores which make up the section of the in dustry not covered by the new hours standards. The fact that reductions in worktime have been in dustry wide suggests that either the rapid trans fer of new practices induced by an hours standard or the presence of other factors such as the shift to the suburbs or the availability of part-time workers may be affecting the hours pattern for the industry as a whole. If imposition of an overtime penalty does have the specific effect of reducing long hours of work, a critical question still remains: What will be the effect of such a reduction on the earnings of those affected ? Conceivably, the net result of the hours reduction, together with the payment of overtime premiums for hours worked over 40 could range from a sharp increase in earnings for the individ ual whose hours were not reduced but whose earn ings were substantially increased as a result of the premium pay requirement to a sharp decrease for the individual whose hours were cut back to 40 without any offsetting increase in hourly earnings. The actual effect of imposing an hours standard could be expected to depend upon a number of fac tors, including conditions in the product market, the relative availability and costs of additional labor or capital inputs, and possible improvements in technology. To provide a better basis for pub lic policy, however, more needs to be known about the characteristics of employees working long hours and the reaction of employers to the imposi tion of an hours standard. An additional survey of wages and hours in retail trade with informa tion for a June 1966 payroll period will provide a better basis for judging the effect of the 40-hour standard, effective in September 1965. Other studies will be necessary to explain more clearly the persistent rise in the number and proportion of employees working long hours, an incongruous phenomenon in today’s leisure-minded world. 14 R e ta il T ra d e : A S tu d y to M easu re th e E ffe c ts of th e M in im u m W age an d M axim u m H o u rs S ta n d a rd s of th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d ards A c t, S u b m itte d to th e C ongress J a n u a ry 1966 (U .S . D e p a r t m en t o f Labor, W age and H ou r and P u b lic C on tracts D ivision . 1 9 6 6 ), pp. ’3 6 -4 4 and app en dix tab les. F o r a d iscu ssio n o f the im p act o f th e 44-hour standard, see M yron Josep h, “H ours of W ork I ssu e s” th e N a tio n a l C om m ission on T echn ology, A u tom a tion , and E con om ic P rogress, A ppendix, Vol. II, pp. 3 4 0 -3 4 1 . The country is ready for the 5-day week. It is bound to come through all industries. . . . The short week is bound to come, because without it the coun try will not be able to absorb its production and stay prosperous. We think that, given the chance, people will become more and more expert in the effective use of leisure. And we are giving the chance. But it is the influence of leisure on consumption which makes the short day and the short week so necessary. The people who consume the bulk of goods are the people who make them. That is a fact we must never forget—that is the secret of our prosperity. People who have more leisure must have more clothes. They must have a greater variety of food. They must have more transportation facilities. They naturally must have more service of various kinds. —“The 5-Day Week in the Ford Plants,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1926, pp. 1162- 1166 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Representation Among Teachers The Exclusive Recognition Principle Is Being Measured A gainst Other A lternatives For Collective B argaining in Education Michael H. Moskow* S in c e t h e p a s s a g e of the National Labor Relations Act in 1935, exclusive recognition has been accepted as one of the basic principles of collective bargain ing in the private sector. It was felt that a single representative of all employees in a particular bar gaining unit was necessary in order to have effec tive collective bargaining. Prior to the passage of the Wagner Act, em ployer associations wTere usually opposed to exclu sive recognition and unions were usually found arguing the other side of the case. Because of its wide acceptance and utilization, however, exclusive recognition is merely mentioned in today’s text books, and there is rarely any explanation of its purpose and function. Many other forms of representation have de veloped recently in public education, and the pros and cons of exclusive recognition are once more being debated. The difference is that today the discussants are school boards, educational adminis trators, and teacher organizations. Application to Public Education Several problems arise in attempting to use exclusive recognition in public education. First, since great variety exists among the States in terms of the degree of State control and State support of public education, it is difficult to make sweeping generalizations. In States where many decisions affecting the salaries and working con ditions of teachers are made at the State level, ex clusive recognition at the local level loses much of its significance. Although an exclusive repre sentative may be chosen at the local level, his 728 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis actual benefit to the teachers will be limited. When the scope of decisions made at the local level is too small for any meaningful negotiations to take place, exclusive representation at the local level will probably not be crucial to effective rep resentation for the teachers. On the other hand, in States where local school boards exercise considerable autonomy in setting the salaries and working conditions of teachers, meaningful negotiations can be conducted at the local level. In all States, however, many more decisions affecting the working conditions of teachers are made at the State level than is the case with private employees. Thus, exclusive representation at the local level will have to be supplemented by other mechanisms at the State level. In addition, organizations serving as ex clusive representatives on the local level will have to coordinate their efforts with State-level organizations. Second, since teachers are public employees, rights of individuals and minority organizations will be stressed to a greater extent than in private employment. The right of any citizen or group of citizens to petition their government cannot be abridged, and in establishing any system of rep resentation in public employment, these rights should be stressed. School boards will have to give specific guarantees that any employee or mi*Assistant Professor of Management, Drexel Institute of Technology. By permission of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, this article is taken from chapter VI of Teachers and Unions, published early this month by the Industrial Re search Unit of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. University of Pennsylvania. Clothbound $8.50, paperbound $5.95. Some subtitles have been added, or altered, and deletions are not indicated. REPRESENTATION AMONG TEACHERS nority organization may make a statement to the board even though an exclusive representative has been chosen. Third, it appears that in some States nego tiated agreements which limit an employee’s choice of a representative in a grievance procedure may be declared illegal. Where grievance pro cedures are provided by State law, any negotiated procedures will have to be subject to the legislative framework. Fourth, since no legislation has been passed regulating the internal structure of teacher orga nizations, it would most likely be desirable to estab lish school board policies or to formulate codes of ethics guaranteeing a voice to all employees in the unit of representation. Obviously, the precise implementation of the above modifications will depend upon the various State legislative frameworks and on the wishes of the parties. It does appear, however, that in some cases, a modified form of exclusive recog nition is viable in the environment of public education. The Position of the NEA In 1963, the NEA did not require its local affiliates to be the exclusive representative of all teachers in their respective school districts in order for them to be engaging in professional negotiations. The sample Level I and Level I I negotiation agreements contained in the 1963 edi tion of the NEA’s Guidelines for Professional Negotiation consisted of two different types of agreements. In each case one agreement was a school board policy which recognized any organi zation of employees, and the other agreement was a board policy recognizing one association of em ployees. The first two paragraphs of the agree ments on both Level I and Level I I recognizing any association were as follows: The Board of Education o f ------recognizes that certi fied employees are free to join organizations that are compatible with the law of ------ and that exist for the benefit of the teaching profession and for the indi vidual teacher. The Board encourages every teacher to join the organization of his choice. The Board of Education of the ------ will hear and consider the representations and proposals of orga nized employee groups providing they have on file in the district office a notarized statement which shall include: (a) name and business address of the orga https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 729 nization, (b) purpose of the organization, (c) direct affiliations maintained by the organization, (d) list of current officers of the organization, (e) statement of current number of employee members of the orga nization, (f) statement of financial support for organization, whether by dues, contribution, grants, or other.1 Thus, the association classified as professional negotiation a general school board .policy state ment which established a procedure for recogniz ing employee organizations, but named no specific representative of the teachers. Some locals were merely recognized by the school board as the rep resentative of their members, and this is far dif ferent from any kind of meaningful negotiations taking place. In addition, dual and proportional representa tion were considered professional negotiation. Mt. Diablo, Calif., had a Level I professional nego tiation agreement in this category; San Bruno Park, San Mateo, and Placentia Unified, Calif., Vigo County (Terre Haute), Ind., and Ports mouth, Ohio, had Level I I professional negotiation agreements in this category. Howell, Mich., had a Level I I I professional negotiation agreement that named no specific employee organization. Cahokia, 111., and Gary, Ind., had professional negotiaton agreements, while the AFT locals had collective bargaining agreements in the same school districts. Dearborn, Mich., had proportional rep resentation, yet this too was considered profes sional negotiation. The NEA changed its policy on recognition at its 1965 convention. A new edition of its Guide lines for Professional Negotiation was approved which advocated exclusive recognition as a funda mental element of professional negotiation. It is a fundamental principle of professional nego tiation that the teachers organization which has ma jority support should have exclusive recognition rights. This is particularly important when there is more than one local organization. In some districts local units of the American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO, are competing with NEA affiliates. Only one of these organizations can negotiate effectively for the professional staff.2 1 National Education Association, Office of Professional De velopment and Welfare, G u id elin es f o r P r o fe s sio n a l N e g o tia tio n (Washington, National Education Association, 1963), p. 28. 2 National Education Association, Office of Professional De velopment and Welfare, G u idelin es fo r P r o fe s sio n a l N e g o tia tio n , Revised Edition (Washington, National Education Association, 1965), p. 12. 730 By early 1966, however, the NEA still classified local affiliates which had nonexclusive forms of recognition as engaging in professional negotia tion. At the same time, the NEA considered the 1965 California statute which provided for propor tional representation and the 1965 Oregon statute which provided for teacher councils to be “profes sional negotiation laws.” Thus exclusive recogni tion does not appear to be a necessary element of professional negotiation as the latter term is used by the NEA. Although acceptance of dual and proportional representation may harm NEA efforts to achieve professional negotiations in the long run, local leaders will usually be willing to accept propor tional representation rather than have no repre se n ta tio n w h atev er. O ne d is a d v a n ta g e of th e NEA advocating dual and proportional represen tation is that it will become exceedingly difficult in the future to eliminate this type of representation from local school districts engaging in the practice. The AFT Position The AFT takes a position very similar to that of the NEA on the issue of exclusive recognition. Nationally, it advocates exclusive recognition for all local affiliates who desire to engage in collec tive bargaining.3 The AFT will accept, however, dual and proportional representation and refer to it as collective bargaining. For example, in the April 1964 issue of the American Teacher the head line read: “Chicago, Local One Wins Collective Bargaining.” The article did not mention that the school board had merely recognized the Chi cago Teachers Union as representative of its mem bers, and that it had given similar recognition to the local affiliate of the NEA.4 The AFT considers the Gary Teachers Union in Gary, Ind., one of its strongest locals.5 The local is reputed to have been engaging in collective bar gaining from 1960 to 1965, yet in reality a dual representation system existed in Gary which was quite different from exclusive recognition. In Manchester, Conn., and Dearborn, Mich., AFT locals accepted proportional systems of rep resentation. Here, too, the AFT may have diffi culty in eliminating this type of representation once it becomes established. Thus, exclusive rec ognition is not an essential element of collective bargaining as practiced by the AFT. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY I960 On the basis of a study of 20 school districts in which negotiations wrere conducted, it was found that 16 had exclusive recognition while the other 4 districts had either dual or proportional repre sentation. A detailed breakdown is given in the accompanying table. It should be emphasized that recognition of an exclusive representative by the board of education gives no assurance that collective bargaining is ac tually taking place. Often a teacher organization is recognized informally as the representative of the teaching staff, and its only function is to make a salary proposal at an open meeting of the board of education. Dual Representation In two of the districts in which a system of dual representation was being utilized, the school board negotiated with representatives of both teacher organizations at separate times. The teacher rep resentative negotiated only for members of their own particular organization, yet any agreement that was reached had to apply to all teachers in the school district. In both cases the school board signed a written agreement with both teacher orga nizations in the particular district. Although the terms and conditions of employment for all teach ers in the district were identical, the written agree ments exhibited marked differences. In two other school districts which did not have exclusive representation, a system of proportional representation was utilized whereby a joint com mittee was formed which consisted of representa tives of all employee organizations. Membership on the committee was set in proportion to the size of each organization. In school districts which had representation sys tems other than exclusive recognition, there was general dissatisfaction among all participants over the duplication of time and effort in negotiations. In addition, the results of nonexclusive recognition were often chaotic. One of the districts utilizing a system of propor tional representation was Dearborn, Mich. In the school year 1959-60, both the Dearborn Federation 3 American Federation of Teachers, Executive Board Policy Statement, dated Sept. 4, 1964. 4 American Teacher Magazine, April 1964, p. 1. 6 American Federation of Teachers, Convention Proceedings (abridged), selected years, 1960-65 (Chicago, American Federa tion of Teachers, 1960-65). 731 REPRESENTATION AMONG TEACHERS of Teachers (DFT) and the Dearborn Education Association (DEA) were represented equally in negotiations with the superintendent. At that time the DFT decided to seek an election to choose an exclusive representative of all teachers. Conse quently, they circulated petitions and received sig natures of over 800 teachers who said they were in favor of a representational election. The school board, however, was strongly op posed to any representation election. As a com promise measure, the board proposed a Classroom Teacher Negotiating Committee (CTNC) which would be organized on a proportional basis. For every 100 members or any part thereof each orga nization would be permitted to appoint one repre sentative to the CTNC. The CTNC would then select five persons to negotiate with the superin tendent and the board if necessary. The board permitted the CTNC to decide how the five-man final negotiating team would be selected. In 1964, the CTNC was composed of 12 mem bers. , The DFT had eight representatives and the DEA four representatives. Since the CTNC chooses its final negotiating team by a majority vote, the final negotiating team was composed of five members of the Dearborn Federation of Teachers. The CTNC met and attempted to formulate a common set of proposals. The five-man negoti ating team was then given authority to come to agreement with the board of education within the general framework of the proposals of the CTNC. C om parative A n a ly sis Name of district Abington, P a_______ . _______ ___ Cahokia, 111___________________ ________ _ _ . . . Dearborn, M ich______________ ______ Denver, Colo__ . . . _ East Hartford, Conn____ ______ ____ Eau Claire, W is_______ _____________ Elgin, 111____________________________ Gary, Ind___________________________ Manchester, Conn. _____________ ___ Maywood, 111______ ___________ . . . Milwaukee, W is.. . New Rochelle, N .Y ___ . ___ _____ N ew York, N .Y _____________________ Norwalk, C onn.. . . _________________ Plainview, N .Y __ __________________ Proviso, 111 ________ _ ___________________________ Union County Regional, N .J _________ Wallingford, C onn.. ________________ Wetherfield, Conn___________________ Willingboro, N . J ____________________ No. of teachers 550 275 1,200 3,800 500 450 750 1,850 450 200 4,300 450 46,000 750 500 350 270 400 450 200 1 Two organizations negotiating for teachers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Minority Rights In most instances, it has been concluded that boards of education could not deny any organiza tion or any individual the right to make a state ment to the board. When formal bargaining took place, questions soon arose as to the rights of mi nority organizations in the districts studied. 20 S chool D istrict s S t u d ie d Exclusive recognition Yes Agreements with the school board were never sub mitted to the teaching staff for approval. As would be expected, there was general dis satisfaction with the proportional representation plan. First, a great deal of time was spent on procedural matters. Entire negotiating sessions have been devoted to questions of how the CTNC would determine the final negotiating team or its alternate members. Second, from the DEA’s standpoint the CTNC plan was completely unsatis factory since the only part they would play in negotiations would be to make proposals at meet ings of the CTNC. They were not kept informed on developments in the actual negotiations with the school board. In fact, at times the DEA did not even know that negotiating sessions were taking place. For all practical purposes, the ne gotiations were completely dominated by the DFT. Both the teacher organizations and the admin istration felt that because of the above difficulties, eventually the CTNC would evolve into a formal system of exclusive representation as opposed to the de facto system which was in current use. A FT, N E A , or both N B B N N A N B B A N N A N A A N N N N Propor tional Dual representa representa tion tion Yes Yes Yes Yes by th e Fiscally inde pendent Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No A u t h o r , 1964 Principals in units of representa tion Yes No No No No Yes Principals’ salaries negotiated by agent of teachers Principals in organization representing teachers No No/Yes 1 No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No/Yes No/Yes No Yes Yes Yes No/Yes No/Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes 1 i i i 732 In New York City, when any other organiza tion or individual made a presentation to the board of education, the exclusive representative retained the right to be present at such a hearing. In addition, the UFT negotiated a clause which prevented an officer of any minority organization from representing an employee in the grievance procedure. Article 6, section 6d of the agreement was as follows: No officer or executive board member, delegate, repre sentative, or agent of a minority organization shall represent the agreed employee at any step in the grievance procedure. An agent shall include any per son who, acting in an official capacity for a minority organization, regularly performs for that organiza tion such acts a s : distributing literature, collecting dues, circulating petitions, soliciting membership, or serving regularly as spokesman at teacher meetings. An agent shall not include any person who performs such duties occasionally or without any official desig nation by the minority organization involved. The minority organization shall mean any organization other than the union, which exists or acts for the purpose of dealing with the head of the school or any other school official, improvement of working condi tions, or the handling of grievances, of employees in the bargaining unit.6 The agreement between the New Rochelle, New York School Board and the New Rochelle Teachers Association contained the following clause of a similar nature : Any party in interest may be represented at all meet ings and hearings at all steps and stages of the grievance and arbitration procedure by another teacher or by another person. Provided, however: That the party in interest may in no event be repre sented by an officer, agent, or other representative of any teacher organization other than the New Rochelle Teachers Association.7 The above two provisions have been superseded by section 603-a, article 16, of the General Munic ipal Law of New York State, passed in 1964. Every public school teacher shall have the right to present his grievance to his employer in accordance with the provisions of this article, free from inter https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 ference, coercion, restraint, discrimination or reprisal, and the grievance procedure established under this article shall provide the right to be represented at all stages thereof and the representative shall be designated by the public school teacher at the time he presents his grievance or at a subsequent date.8 In a 1965 case decided by the Supreme Court of New York State, section 603-a has been inter preted as guaranteeing the public school teacher “. . . not only a right, but also an unlimited right to designate any person of her own choosing to represent her at all stages of a grievance procedure.” 9 Section 603-a was sponsored by the City Teachers Association, the NEA affiliate in New York City, apparently because the provision ne gotiated by the UFT prevented CTA officers from representing teachers in the grievance procedure. In 1963, the CTA had unsuccessfully attacked this provision in a proceeding before the Commis sioner of Education of the State of New York.10 In Milwaukee, Wis., after the Milwaukee Teachers’ Education Association won a representa tion election, questions arose as to the right of the Milwaukee Union of Teachers to a checkoff, to the use of bulletin boards in the school, and to the making of presentations to the board of educa tion. The Wisconsin Employment Relations Board ruled in March 1966 that municipal em ployers may grant the above rights to minority organiz ations.11 6 Agreement Between the Board of Education of the City of New York and United Federation of Teachers, Local 2, American Federation of Teachers, AFL—CIO Covering Classroom Teachers, July 1, 1963-June 30, 1965 (New York, City School District of New York, no date), p. 28. 7 Principles Governing Relationships Between the Board of Education of the City School D istrict of New Rochelle and the New. Rochelle Teachers Association (New Rochelle, N.Y., City School District of New Rochelle, Nov. 24, 1964), reprinted as The New Rochelle, New York Professional Negotiation Agreement (Washington, National Education Association, no date), p. 2. 8 General Municipal Law of New York State, art. 16, sec. 603-a. 0 Mauer v. Gross, 45 Mise. (2d) 13,256 nys (2d) 2 (1965). 10 Commissioner of Education of the State of New York, Case No. 7262, Aug. 13, 1963. 11 Milwaukee Board of School Directors, Declaratory Ruling, Decision No. 6833-A, Mar. 24, 1966. The UAW’s 20th Constitutional Convention Rose T. Selby* to abolish the hourly rate system dominated the 20th Constitutional Convention of the United Auto Workers, held at Long Beach, California, May 16-21. Solution of the special problems of the skilled trades, and parity for both Canadian workers and for those in small parts plants were other major goals adopted by the 2,470 delegates, representing 769 locals of the largest affiliate of the AFL-CIO. In addition to these issues, President Walter P. Reuther emphasized the importance of the union’s support for and stake in implementation of the Civil Rights Act and the poverty programs. These two issues were major themes in a tele phoned speech by President Johnson to the con vention, and in an address by Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz, at a special ceremony cele brating the UAW’s 30th anniversary. T he u n i o n ’s d e t e r m i n a t i o n Salary System Endorsed at the last convention, achievement of a salary system appeared to be the paramount concern of the 1966 convention. Mr. Reuther asked the union to “nail down” a pledge that “in 1967 . . . we will not sign a basic agreement ex cept as it contains the guaranteed annual salary for the production and maintenance workers of this union.” This has been a goal of the union since 1955. During that time, the supplementary unemployment benefits plan was negotiated; the plan was later expanded to include short workweek benefits to a point where (under typical plans) workers may receive 80 to 90 percent of their weekly wages. With SUB and fringe benefits similar to those received by salaried workers, Mr. Reuther stated, “the gap between salaried and wage status has been so narrowed already as to demonstrate the feasibility of taking the remain ing short step to full salary status for blue-collar workers.” President Reuther also quoted from the recent report of the National Commission on Technology, Automation and Economic Progress, of which he was a member: “We see little justice in a system whereby a production worker is laid off or works ‘short weeks’ when the schedule so dictates, while office workers and clerks receive full salaries, whatever the flow of work.” Parity The second key demand—abolishing the wage differential between Canadian and U.S. auto workers—evoked vigorous support by the conven tion. In stressing the importance of this goal, Mr. Reuther stated that, “The negotiation of the U.S.Canadian automotive trade agreement eliminates the last vestiges of the excuses heretofore given for the differential in wages . . . ” for workers “. . . for the same companies, at the same jobs producing the same products for the same mar ket.” Looking further toward a single master agreement covering each company operating in the United States and Canada, he pointed out that, because of differences in legislation between the two countries, intensive study will be required. A related objective, wage and fringe benefit parity and job security for members employed by parts suppliers and other small companies, was placed on the priority list for the 1967 negotia tions. This section of the collective bargainingresolution also received strong support in the convention. The program outlined included : A pooled plan to make SUB protection possible. A preferential hiring system for laid-off workers, covering all companies in the industry and area. Support of a proposed legislation to provide public reinsurance for private pension plans. Creation of a labor-management research institute, to include among its activities research into diversi fication of the products of smaller companies and pooling of their equipment. *Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 733 221-143 0 —66----- 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 734 More Bargaining Issues The special problems of skilled trades workers were recognized in a proposal to amend the con tract ratification procedure of the constitution to permit skilled trades workers, engineers, tech nicians, and office workers to “vote separately on contractual matters common to all and, in the same vote, on those matters which relate exclu sively to their group.” The proposal evoked considerable discussion before it was adopted. In answer to the concern of some delegates over participation by minority groups in contractual matters involving production workers only, Mr. Reuther pointed out the need for united action by the skilled trades and production workers, and recalled the lengthy 1939 tool and die makers strike, resulting in agreements covering 47 GM plants, at a time when it was considered impracti cal to call a strike of production workers. Meet ings were to be held in June of this year to deal with the joint problems of skilled and pro duction workers, and to evolve plans for better communications between the two groups. President Reuther reiterated his demand for wage increases and improved fringe benefits to be paid out of the increased productivity and “not out of the pockets of the American consumers through higher prices.” He was critical of the Council of Economic Advisers’ wage-price guideposts, calling such a policy “wrong in principle;” its application “grossly inequitable;” and, further stating “. . . when the method used . . . fails to produce the results the Council wants, it is arbi trarily cast aside.” He also called on the auto in dustry to reduce prices of cars and trucks by $100 to $200 to stimulate sales and counteract infla tionary forces, stating that the industry could do this and still have higher earnings than most in dustries. Liberalization of the escalator-improve ment factor wage formula was again called for. Adoption of Federal legislation regulating auto mobile design and inspection safety standards wTas also urged. The International Executive Board was also di rected to devote intensive study, prior to a 1967 Special Collective Bargaining Convention, to: 1. Special problems of technical, office, and profes sional workers, particularly erosion of their bargaining units. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 2. Transfer of blue-collar workers to white-collar jobs. 3. Application of attrition to adjust to reduced work force requirements resulting from technological advance. 4. Civilization and humanization of working condi tions. 5. Overtime. 6. Shorter workweek (added by vote of delegates). 7. Coordinated bargaining with multiplant companies having multiunion representation. A resolution aimed at worldwide coordinated bargaining with corporations operating plants in other countries was adopted and is to be imple mented over a number of years. The first Inter national Metalworkers Federation international corporation councils in the automobile industry convened in Detroit on May 31, to explore plans for eventual worldwide bargaining. Priority goals were international equalization of fringe benefits and harmonization of wages. Internal Affairs For the first time, a woman wTas elected to the International Executive Board; this was made possible by an amendment to the constitution which added a fourth member-at-large and in creased the Board’s membership from 25 to 26. Miss Olga Madar, Director of the Union’s Recrea tion Department for 19 years and the administra tion’s choice, was elected in a rollcall vote. She had been challenged by the Recording Secretary of Canadian Local 22, Miss Beverly Gibson. The four top officers were reelected by acclama tion—President Reuther, Secretary-Treasurer Emil Mazey, and Vice-Presidents Leonard Wood cock and Pat Greathouse. Another constitutional amendment raised sal aries in two steps, as follows: Jan. Present 1967 President_____ _______ $28,000 $28,750 Secretary-Treasurer_____ _________________ 24,000 24,750 Vice-Presidents__________________________ 22,500 23,250 Other Executive Board members__________ 18,500 19,250 Internationa* representatives.____ ___________ 11,139 11,660 Jan. 1968 $29,500 25,500 24,000 20,000 12,160 The union reported a membership increase of 157,329 over 1964, bringing the average dues-paying membership to 1,326,136—the highest level since 1955. The financial condition of the union, Secretary Mazey reported, “continues to be good, due princi- UAW’S 20TH CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 735 pally to increased membership that reflects recordbreaking production in the auto and agricultural implement industries.” Net worth of the union exceeded $73.4 million as of March 31, 1966. The strike fund totaled $42.9 million. Because of the union’s sound financial condition, no increase in monthly dues was requested. The convention approved the six members of the Public Review Board proposed by Mr. Reuther, to serve until the next convention. Msgr. G. Higgins replaced the late Rabbi Morris Adler as chairman; two new members—Rabbi Jacob J. Weinstein and Professor Robben Wright Flem ing—filled vacancies created by resignations.1 President Reuther paid tribute to Rabbi Morris Adler, chairman of the PRB from its founding until his tragic death earlier this year. Retired members were granted a “bill of rights” in a constitutional amendment, which provided that: “Each member of the International Retired Worker Advisory Council shall automatically be a delegate to the UAW Constitutional Convention with voice . . . and one (1) vote . . .” Local union Retired Worker Chapters, Area and Re gional Councils, and an International Advisory Council are to be established. A $1 voluntary dues payable by retired workers was voted upon to assist in financing these activities. Resolutions and Visitors Breaking new ground, the foreign policy reso lution adopted by the Convention favored ad mission of Red China into the United Nations, stating, however, that, “this in no way implies ap proval of Red China’s policies,” but that “it is reasonable to hope that this would reduce Red China’s truculence in world affairs.” Introduced in the closing hours of the convention, the resolu tion rejected withdrawal from Vietnam or further escalation of the war, and urged continued and intensified efforts for a negotiated peace. A new era of renewed cooperation between the UAW and the Steelworkers was evidenced by the appearance of the Steelworkers President, I. W. Abel, and by pledges of cooperation exchanged by the two leaders. Mr. Reuther plans to address the Steelworkers convention in September, his first appearance since 1952. Another union leader, President P. L. Siemiller of the Machinists, addressed the convention and pledged continued cooperation with the UAW. Mr. Siemiller cited the joint IAM-UAW bargain ing conferences in the aerospace industry. A resolution pledging the UAW’s continued support to the National Farm Workers Associa tion in the Delano grape strike was enthusiasti cally adopted, after a demonstration by 35 strikers was led around the convention hall by Cesar Chavez, president of the NFWA. President Lyndon B. Johnson was awarded the UAW’s Social Justice Award. In a tribute to Mr. Reuther, on his 20th anniversary as UAW President, the convention unanimously voted to contribute $1,200,000 toward the construction of a new archives building on the campus of Wayne State University. The Walter P. Reuther Library and Labor History Archives will be used to house historical material of the UAW and other unions. 1 The other members of the PRB are : Dr. Henry Hitt Crane, Judge George N. Leighton, and Dr. Jean T. McKelvey. “If we made an income pyramid out of a child’s blocks, with each layer portraying $1,000 of income, the peak would be far higher than the Eiffel Tower, but almost all of us would be within a yard of the ground.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis —Paul A. Samuelson, quoted in Rich Man, Poor Man. State, County, and Municipal Employees’ Biennial Convention D onald C. Kay * D e l e g a t e s to t h e 19 66 c o n v e n t i o n of the Ameri can Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME, A FE-CIO), meeting in Washington, D.C., April 25-29, focused their almost undivided attention on a variety of admin istrative and operational matters. There was none of the bitter political contests between pro- and anti-administration factions that marked the meeting of 1964. An increase in per capita tax, a controversial issue in the past, was approved with little debate. President Jerry W urf was reelected without op position, although in 1964 he won by a mere 21vote margin. And the union’s membership was reported to have reached a new peak, continuing its outstanding record of growth since 1936, when the organization was chartered. Union Growth Secretary-Treasurer Gordon W. Chapman re ported that AFSCME membership had increased each year (with the exception of 1951) since the union was chartered in 1936, and totaled 320,595 in March 1966. Since the 1964 convention, the increase was 22 percent—a rate of growth five times that of the rest of the labor movement, and the fastest in the AFL-CIO. This growth took place despite interunion raiding of membership which had rocked the union when dissident key 736 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis staff members (including an assistant to former president Arnold Zander) had joined another un ion after W urf’s election in 1964. Mr. W urf noted that, for the first time in 10 years, the union’s growth rate exceeded that for public employment. Union officials optimistically forecast that the con tinued growth of public employment gave the AFSCME a membership potential that could eventually make it the largest AFL-CIO affiliate. Mr. Wurf cited three significant events of recent years which have given public employees broad ened organizational rights: While [Executive Order No. 10988] is full of faults and shortcomings, it laid down a philosophical basis for trade unionism in the public service. It means as much to public employees, be they Federal, local, or State, as the Wagner Act [meant] to workers in private industry . . . . . . In addition, the long overdue reapportionment of State legislatures is serving to replace outmoded, re actionary resistance to public service unionism with a new willingness to meet with labor and seek construc tive agreements. . . . A flock of laws [have been] passed in many States, which have given us rights that men in this room wouldn’t have dreamed were possible 10 years a g o : The right to organize freely, . . . the right to join to gether, the right to petition for an election, the right to exclusive representation, and the right to sit down at the bargaining table and bargain those rights. Still another avenue for increasing membership, as seen by the AFSCME, is the merger with public employee associations long active in a number of States and municipalities. The executive board called for seizing these opportunities should they arise. Consequently, the convention amended the constitution to authorize the president “. . . to negotiate and consummate . . . mergers of con solidations with organizations representing public employees . . .” Consistent with the union’s organizational pro gram, the convention approved expenditures to ex pand the organizational department, to recruit and train members for full-time staff positions, to pro vide expanded educational and research services, and to increase the headquarters staff and the size of the union’s monthly publication, The Public Employee. ♦Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES’ BIENNIAL CONVENTION New Constitution The 1964 convention established a commission to revise the constitution, primarily to improve the administrative mechanism of the union. This commission completed its work in May 1965, when a special convention adopted a new constitution. The major changes included a provision for 16 legislative districts and new procedures for the election of district vice presidents, creation of a judicial panel, and establishment of more strin gent administrative reporting requirements. The convention reviewed the union’s operation under the new constitution during its first year, espe cially with respect to these three areas. President W urf initiated these changes to ful fill campaign pledges of “democratic procedures, local autonomy, cleanliness, and decency in the administration of the union.” These changes were points of contention between former presi dent Zander and W urf at prior conventions. In contrast to the previous constitution, which had provided for the election of 11 vice presidents at large by all convention delegates, the new con stitution established 16 vice presidencies (one for each legislative district) and provided that vice presidents be elected solely by convention dele gates from the district. This arrangement resulted in seven election contests at the conven tion, two of which required further runoffs since no candidate received a majority of the votes. The elections, however, were not marked by the kind of factionalism that was apparent at previous conventions. The new AFSCME judicial panel is the su preme judicial body in the union; appeals from it can be made only to the biennial conventions. This panel hears appeals from decisions of subordinate trial bodies, as well as charges originating at the international level. The panel consists of seven union members, chosen by the international execu tive board, who cannot be members of the inter national executive board or salaried employees. It assumes the judicial function previously held by the international executive board. In the course of its work, the panel is to review the union’s disciplinary procedures and is authorized to submit proposals for change to the convention. The constitution was changed to require all departments—the secretary-treasurer, for exam https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 737 ple—to submit reports of their activities to the international executive board. This requirement reflects an attempt to prevent the kinds of finan cial difficulties that, according to Mr. Wurf, the union had experienced in the past. Upon assum ing office, Mr. W urf informed the delegates, he had found the union’s debts to be “hundreds of thousands of dollars” greater than he had ex pected. The union had been sponsoring low and middle income nonprofit housing projects in Cali fornia, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, New York, and Puerto Rico, for which it was financially liable under the National Housing Act. Accounting records for these projects were incomplete, said Mr. Wurf, and some records for cash transactions were not located. These housing operations have since been transferred to other organizations, lifting from the union a liability for $20 million in mortgages and property. Per Capita Tax Increase The minimum per capita tax of 65 cents a month had not been increased since 1956, largely because the administration’s attempts to do so had been thwarted by factions within the union. The result of this continued opposition, according to former president Zander, was to hamper the union’s operations and organizational efforts. During the 1960-62 period, the AFSCME bor rowed money from the United Auto Workers and the Steelworkers, among others, to meet operatingexpenses. The convention quickly moved to remedy the union’s financial situation by voting a two-step increase of per capita tax to $1. The increase will raise the union’s annual revenue by more than $800,000, according to union officials. In a related action, the convention raised Presi dent W urf’s salary from $21,000 to $27,500, and that of Secretary-Treasurer Gordon W. Chapman from $16,000 to $22,500. Bargaining and Strikes The convention adopted the board’s “Collective Bargaining Policy Statement” of last February, which said, in part: “. . . strikes are as much of a hardship to the community as to the strikers and they must be used as a last resort. . . . [The] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 738 AFSCME asserts the right of all public em ployees . . . except for police and other law en forcement officers, to strike, for to forestall this right would be to nullify the free collective bar gaining process.” Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz took issue with this pro-strike view in his remarks to the convention. In response, President Wurf, reas serted that the strike weapon was not to be used indiscriminately. Both agreed, however, that mediation and factfinding had a place in public employee bargaining and deplored repressive antistrike measures that gave no alternatives to the strike. The executive board was also unequivocal in its rejection of compulsory arbitration. As Mr. W urf said, “we have found that it is not possible to solve our problems by arbitration.” General Resolutions The delegates passed resolutions against wageprice guidelines supported by the Council of Eco nomic Advisors, branding them as “unrealistic and unworkable” and emphasizing that many wage rates in State and local employment are far below those paid for comparable work in private employ ment. Resolutions were also passed in opposition to section 11(b) of the Labor Management Relations Act, discrimination in employment, lie detector employment tests, and New York State’s CondonWadlin Act. Other resolutions passed unani mously favored liberalization of the minimum wage law, urging an increase to $2.00 per hour and extension of coverage to noncitizen employees of the United States, as in the Panama Canal Zone. Lack of initiative, compartmentalization, feelings of dependence . . . go hand in hand with an appreciable easing of both the physical burden of work and an increase in material benefits. . . . During the course of the last decades, workers have learned that increasing material benefits and a much greater amount of social security were not ac companied by greater equality on the job. Whatever may have been changed in the organization of the group in command of the enterprise, the workers' visions which had the least chance of realization were those colored by any type of egalitarian ideology. Expectations of more egalitarian working con ditions faltered when faced with the realities of the industrial situation. In this respect, it seems significant that . . . a majority of American workers would not choose again the type of work in which they are engaged now. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis —Otto Kirchheimer, “Private Man and Society,” Political Science Quarterly, March 1966. Special Labor Force Reports I. Employment of School Age Youth, October 1965 F orrest A. B ogan* G ain s in e m p l o y m e n t and declines in unemploy ment during 1965 combined to make the year one of the best in employment for young people in al most a decade. Over a million more persons 14 to 24 years old were working in October 1965 than a year earlier. Employment of students rose by 700,000 over the year as the student population increased and as more students were attracted to the labor force. For nonstudents, the 400,000 in crease in employment resulted from a decline in the number unemployed and modest increases in population and in labor force participation rate. As a result of the decrease in the jobless rate for youths no longer in school, the traditional rela tionship between unemployment rates of students and nonstudents was reversed in October 1965; the rate among youths in school (8.3 percent in 1965) did not change materially, while the comparable rate for those out of school fell to 7.6 (from 9.7) percent.1 Greater proportions of school-age youth are staying in school and postponing the age at which they enter the full-time labor force; 56 percent of the 32.8 million school-age youth were enrolled in regular schools in October 1965. Among the many Federal, State, and local programs designed to encourage youths to stay in school are the Neighborhood Youth Corps, the Vocational Edu cation Act of 1963, the Elementary and Secondary School Act of 1965, and the Higher Education Act of 1965. Students Of the students 14 to 24 years old, both the num ber in the labor force and the number employed increased sharply between October 1964 and Octo ber 1965. About 5.1 million students were work https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing or looking for work in 1965 (750,000 more than year earlier); their labor force participation rate rose to 28 from 25 percent. Only one-fourth of the increase in the labor force rate is accounted for by a rise in the proportion of students in the older group—18 to 24 years old—which has a higher rate than the younger students. Economic expan sion during 1965 was responsible for attracting additional students to the labor force. The 1964-65 rise in the student labor force was as great as the gain between 1961 and 1964 (table 1). Employment of students rose by 700,000 over the year to 4.7 million. (The Neighborhood Youth Corps accounted for 80,000 of the increase.) Nearly all of the over-the-year increase in employ ment was among white persons as employment and unemployment for nonwhite students did not change significantly. The unemployment rate for nonwhite students (16 percent) was as usual dou ble that for the white students. Overall, the total number of unemployed students in October 1965 (425,000) and the student unemployment rate (8.3 percent) were about the same as a year earlier. Young people tend to be attracted to the labor force when economic activity increases. The in crease between October 1964 and October 1965 in the number of students 14 to 17 years old in the labor force resulted from a rise in their labor force participation rate rather than a gain in the popu lation enrolled in school (chart 1). The labor force rate for these students increased over the year to 23.2 percent from 20.9 percent. The largest rate increase (to 37.2 from 32.5 percent) occurred *Of the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 Data presented in this report relate to the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar week ending Oct. 16, 1965. All members of the Armed Forces and inmates of institutions are excluded. The report is derived from supplemental questions to the October 1965 monthly survey of the labor force conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Previous survey findings were published in the Monthly Labor Review issues of July 1960, July 1961, June 1962, August 1963, July 1964, and July 1965, and reprinted with additional tabular material as Special Labor Force Reports Nos. 6, 16, 22, 34, 42, and 55, respectively. Reprints of all articles in the series are available upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional offices. 739 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 740 Chart 1. Increase of Students in Population and Labor Force, October 1964 to October 1965 Thousands of students 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 among the 16 and 17 year-old boys; the participa tion rate for the girls in the age group increased by a similar amount (to 26.0 from 22.7 percent). Employment of 14 to 17 year-old students has risen from three-fourths million since 1961 to 2.8 million, with 300,000 of the gain in the year ended Octo ber 1965. The over-the-year increase was equally divided between boys and girls. Among the older students (18 to 24 years old), the labor force has increased by 750,000 since 1961. Over one-half of this growth occurred in 1965 and is attributable in large part to the rise in both the population 18 and 19 years old and the proportion in school. Because job opportunities have been sufficient to absorb nearly all of the large increase in the labor force, the unemployment rate for this group did not rise significantly over the year. Occupation and Hours There is a noticeable difference in the employ ment experience of the younger and older students. The latter’s age and maturity, additional educa tion, and (possibly) more work experience help older students in holding better jobs, working longer hours, and in being less likely to be unem ployed than younger students. About 4 out of 10 boys 14 to 17 years old worked as farm and non farm laborers in October 1965 and the same pro portion were sales (newsboys) and service workers. Half the men 18 to 24 years old were white-collar workers, primarily in the professional 2 See Harvey R. Hamel, “Employment of High School Gradu ates and Dropouts in 1965,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1966, pp. 643-649. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and technical and in the clerical occupations; 2 out of 10 were operatives (chart 2). Half the girls 14 to 17 years old were private household workers (mainly babysitters), and one-fourth were clerical and sales workers. Few of the older girls were private household workers; two-thirds were clerical or professional and technical workers. Older students were not only more likely to be in the labor force than younger students, but they also averaged more hours on their jobs. About 70 percent of the students 14 to 17 years old worked less than 15 hours a week on their nonfarm jobs; very few worked 35 hours or more. On the other hand, among students 20 to 24 years old, many of whom attend school part time, only about onefourth worked fewer than 15 hours a week and about half worked 35 hours or more. Women tended to work somewhat fewer hours than the men in comparable age groups. Unemployment The unemployment rate of students 14 to 24 years old has historically been below that for young people out of school. In the past few years, however, the difference between the two rates has narrowed as increasing proportions of out-of school youth have completed at least high school.2 (High school graduates generally have lower un employment rates than dropouts.) Between Oc tober 1964 and October 1965, the unemployment Chart 2. Selected Occupations of 14 to 24 Year-Old Youths Enrolled in School, October 1965 741 EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL AGE YOUTH, OCTOBER 1965 T able 1. E m ploym ent S tatus of S tu d en ts and N o n stu d e n ts 14 to 24 Y ear s O ld, by A g e, and S e x , O ctober 1961-65 [Numbers in thousands] 14 to 19 years 14 to 24 years Enrollment status, sex, and employment status 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1965 1964 20 to 24 years 1963 1962 1961 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 E nrolled in School Male Civilian noninstitutional population. 9,861 9, 228 8,947 8, 421 7,863 8,302 7,896 7, 582 7, 244 6,875 1, 559 1,332 1,365 1,177 988 Civilian labor force____ ____ _ _ _______ 3,213 Labor force participation rate 1____ 32.6 E m p lo y ed ._________________________ 2,920 293 Unem ployed. __________________ 9.1 Unemployment rate 2____________ 2, 732 29. 6 2, 508 224 8.2 2,711 30.3 2, 485 226 8.3 2, 481 29.5 2, 282 199 8.0 2,223 28.3 2,025 198 8.9 2,449 29.5 2,193 256 10.5 2,092 26.5 1,909 183 8.7 2,030 26.8 1,839 191 9.4 1,860 25.7 1,699 161 8.7 1,734 25.2 1, 554 180 10.4 764 49.0 727 37 4.8 640 48.0 599 41 6.4 681 49.9 646 35 5.1 621 52.8 583 38 6.1 489 49.5 471 18 3.7 Female 8,030 7,645 7,188 6,719 7,661 7,314 6,996 6, 640 6,240 801 716 649 548 479 1,862 22.0 1,732 130 7.0 1,583 19.7 1,425 158 10.0 1, 509 19.7 1,356 153 10.1 1,391 19.4 1,280 111 8.0 1,328 19.8 1,230 98 7.4 1, 545 20.2 1,437 108 7.0 1,312 i7.9 1,176 136 10.4 1,260 18.0 1,127 133 10.6 1,143 17.2 1,051 92 8.0 1,135 18.2 1,047 88 7.8 317 39.6 295 22 6.9 271 37.8 249 22 8.1 249 38.4 229 20 8.0 248 45.3 229 19 7.7 193 40.3 183 10 5.2 Civilian noninstitutional population. 5,887 5,857 5,495 5,409 5,638 1,806 1,593 1,530 1,563 1,722 4,081 4, 264 3,965 3,846 3,916 1,369 87.6 1,185 184 13.4 1,468 85.2 1,221 247 16.8 3,930 96.3 3,765 165 4.2 4,117 96.6 3,818 299 7.3 3,804 95.9 3,539 265 7.0 3, 702 96.3 3,431 271 7.3 3,760 96.0 3,439 321 8.5 2,520 6,004 5,855 5,667 5,453 5,307 1,436 57.0 1,216 220 15.3 3, 111 51.8 2,912 199 6.4 3,034 51.8 2,789 245 8.1 2,796 49.3 2, 499 297 10.6 2, 713 49.8 2,475 238 8.8 2,566 48.4 2,323 243 9. 5 Civilian noninstitutional population. 8,462 Civilian labor force__________________ . . . Labor force participation rate 1_____ E m ployed__________________________ U nem ployed____ . . . _________ _____ Unemployment rate 2_ ................ . N ot E nrolled in School M ale Civilian labor force__________ . . ______ 5, 518 Labor force participation rate 1_____ 93.7 Em ployed______________________ . _ 5,169 Unem ployed__ _ ______ ______ . . . 349 Unemployment rate 2 . _____ ._ 6.3 5,490 93.7 5,006 484 8.8 5,158 93.9 4,677 481 9.3 5,071 93.8 4,616 455 9.0 5,228 92.7 4,660 568 10.9 1, 588 87.9 1,404 184 11.6 1,373 86.2 1,188 185 13.5 1,354 88.5 1,138 216 16.0 8,306 8,077 7,895 7,827 2, 544 2, 451 2,410 2,442 1,360 56.4 1,116 244 17.9 1,365 55.9 1,184 181 13.3 Female Civilian noninstitutional population. 8,548 Civilian labor force__________ . . . ______ Labor force participation rate 1_____ E m ployed__________________________ Unem ployed______ _ ______________ Unemployment rate 2____________ 4, 613 54.0 4,190 423 9.2 4,402 53.0 3,924 478 10.9 4,156 51.5 3,615 541 13.0 4,078 51.7 3, 659 419 10.3 4,002 51. 3,539 463 11.6 1 Percent of civilian noninstitutional population in the labor force. 2 Percent cf civilian labor force who were unemployed. rate for male students 14 to 24 years old remained at about 9 percent while that of out-of-school youth declined to 6.3 from 8.8 percent. This was the first time that the rate for students was signifi cantly greater than the rate for males in the same age group who were no longer in school (chart 3). At the time of the last survey, some 300,000 male students were looking for work, about 70,000 more than a year earlier. The unemployment rate for young women students declined over the year to 7 percent, and continued to be below the rate for girls who were no longer in school. Out-of-School Youth As greater proportions of youths remain in school, workers who are no longer in school are a declining proportion of the labor force in the 14 to 24 year-age group. In October 1965, the 10.1 million out-of-school youths in the labor force ac https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,502 59.0 1,278 224 14.9 1, 368 55.8 1,135 233 17.0 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals. counted for two-thirds of all young people in the labor force, a substantially smaller percentage than in 1961 (72 percent). Of the 14.5 million young men and women no longer in regular schools in October 1965, about 800,000 were enrolled in special schools to learn a specific trade or skill, such as automobile mechanics or television repair for the boys and nursing or secretarial work for the girls. A majority of the boys but a minority of the girls in special schools were also in the labor force. Persons who had graduated from high school were more likely to be attending such schools than those who had dropped out of school. In contrast to the relative stability in student unemployment over the year, the number of job less among those not in school fell by one-fifth to 775,000. Their unemployment rate dropped to 7.6 from 9.7 percent (the lowest rate for nearly a decade). This marked reduction in the number 742 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 primarily because household responsibilities pre vented them from working. Nearly all of the boys (91 percent) were in the labor force; the number of young men not in the labor force and not in regular schools (275,000) was the same as in October 1964. Over the year, employment of persons 16 to 21 years old increased by nearly 300,000 to a total of 5 million (table 2). At the same time, unem ployed youths in this age group decreased sig nificantly as a proportion of the labor force (to 10.6 from 12.7 percent). In spite of the rise in employment, labor force participation rates gen erally did not change significantly. The excep tion was the labor force participation rate for 16 and 17 year-old boys which rose over the year to 81 from 72 percent—the highest rate for this group since 1960. Though employment of 16 and 17 yearold boys increased, their unemployment rate re mained high (16 percent). On the other hand, lower unemployment rates occurred among older youths. Among women 16 to 21 years old and not in school, 80 percent of the single girls but only 40 percent of the married women were in the labor unemployed occurred exclusively among the 20 to 24 year-old young men and women and was largely attributable to the expansion of full-time job opportunities. Unemployment of non white youths out of school, as was also true of those in school, was sub stantially higher than unemployment for white youths. Even though the rate for the nonwhites fell over the year to 12 from 15 percent, it was still nearly double that of white youths. As a result of the decline in unemployment and the expansion in the number in the labor force, employment among youths no longer in school rose by about 400,000 over the year. 16 to 21 Year-Olds Many of the young people who are 16 to 21 years old and who are no longer in school are dropouts and high proportions of those in the labor force are unemployed. For example, in October 1965 one-third of the 5.6 million 16 to 21 year-old youths in the labor force and no longer in school had not graduated from high school. Less than 60 percent of the girls were in the labor force T able 2. E m ploym ent Status of P er so n s 16 to 21 Y e a r s O l d N o t E n r o l l e d i n S c h o o l , b y A g e , S e x , a n d C o l o r , O c t o b e r 1964-65 [Numbers in thousands] 1964 1965 Sex, age, and color Popu lation Number in labor force Percent in labor force Em ployed Unem ployed Unem ploy ment rate Popu lation Number in labor force Percent in labor force Em ployed U nem ployed U nem ploy ment rate B oth Sexes Total, 16 to 21 years___ 7,884 5,632 71.4 5,036 596 10.6 7,758 5,451 70.3 4,756 695 12.7 16 and 17 years_____ ______ . 18 and 19 years_____________ 20 and 21 years - . . 872 3,399 3,613 536 2,529 2,567 61.5 74.4 71.0 434 2,223 2,379 102 306 188 19.0 12.1 7.3 868 3,080 3,810 478 2,235 2,738 55.1 72.6 71.9 383 1,915 2, 458 95 320 280 19.9 14.3 10.2 White ____________________ Non white__ ____ _________ _ 6, 759 1,125 4,844 788 71.7 70.0 4,382 654 462 134 9.5 17.0 6,660 1,098 4,665 786 70.0 71.6 4,130 626 535 160 11.5 20.4 Total, 16 to 21 years___ 3,165 2,882 91.1 2,617 265 9.2 3,104 2,838 91.4 2,499 339 11.9 16 and 17 years.- . _______ 18 and 19 years.. . ................ 20 and 21 vears___ . . 420 1,351 1,394 342 1,232 1,308 81.4 91.2 93.8 286 1,104 1,227 56 128 81 16.4 10.4 6.2 363 1,196 1,545 263 1,100 1,475 72.5 92.0 95.5 224 954 1,321 39 146 154 14.8 13.3 10.4 W hite_______________ N onw hite. . . . . . . 2,679 486 2,442 • 440 91.2 90.5 2, 236 381 206 59 8.4 13.4 2,623 481 2,414 424 92.0 88.1 2,152 347 262 77 10.9 18.2 4,719 2,750 58.3 2,419 331 12.0 4, 654 2,613 56.1 2,257 356 13.0 452 2,048 2,219 194 1,297 1,259 42.9 63.3 56.7 148 1,119 1,152 46 178 107 23.7 13.7 8.5 505 1,884 2,265 215 1,135 1,263 42.6 60.2 55.8 159 961 1,137 56 174 126 26.0 15.3 10.0 4,080 639 2,402 348 58.9 54.5 2,146 273 256 75 10.7 21.6 4, 037 617 2,251 362 55.8 58.7 1,978 279 273 83 12.1 22.9 M ale F emale Total, 16 to 21 years... 16 and 17 years . . 18 and 19 y e a r s ___. . . 20 and 21 years... ... W hite_____________ Nonwhite______ . . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL AGE YOUTH, OCTOBER 1965 Chart 3. P p rrp n t Unemployment Rates of M ale Youth, 14 to 24 Years O ld ,' October 1948-65 ried women who were out of school and in the labor force in October 1965 was greater than at the be ginning of the decade. This tendency for rela tively more young women to continue workingafter they are married may be related to later family formation and lower birth rates of recent years. A greater proportion of young men no longer in school were blue-collar workers (craftsmen, operatives, and nonfarm laborers) in October 1965 than a year earlier, primarily because of increased employment in manufacturing. In October 1965, 69 percent were blue-collar workers; the propor tion who were operatives (38 percent) was double that for laborers. Only a small percentage (17) of the young men had white-collar jobs—primarily clerical. Among the women, however, a majority (60 percent) were white-collar workers and, as usual, almost all were clerical. Nonwhite youths were heavily concentrated in the lower paying unskilled jobs. Greater propor tions of nonwhites than whites worked in service occupations while smaller percentages were whitecollar workers. Unemployment among 16 to 21 year-old out-ofschool youth fell by 100,000 over the year and their unemployment rate dipped to 10.6 percent in October 1965, the lowest in this decade. The 600,000 jobless former students accounted for 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 743 percent of all the unemployed, a proportion three times greater than their share of the labor force. Many related factors contribute to the rela tively high unemployment rate among youth who are no longer acquiring a formal education. They frequently hold jobs which require little or no training and in which tenure is uncertain; they are most likely to be laid off during seasonal slow downs or other lulls as they are the least experi enced workers and have little or no seniority. Relatively few of the youths have family respon sibilities and many do not hesitate to quit their job to seek one more to their liking. The unemployment rate for 16 and 17 year-old boys not in school (16 percent) failed to decline over the year as it had declined for those 18 to 21 and for adult workers. Both their young age and lack of adequate education put these 55,000 job less 16 and 17 year-old boys at a disadvantage in finding work. The unemployment rate for the 16 and 17 year-old girls also remained high with 1 out of 4 of those in the labor force jobless. The 20 and 21 year-old men had the sharpest decline in unemployment rate over the year; this decline is attributable, in part, to the fact that they may have had more training and work ex perience than the younger workers and that many of them had attended college and some may even have graduated from college and were therefore better qualified for job opportunities in the ex panding professional, technical, and clerical occupations. Unemployment rates for nonwhite youths who are no longer in school continue to be high in spite of special programs to train and develop jobs for these workers. The unemployment rate for non white boys (13 percent) was 60 percent higher than that for white boys; the rate for non white women (22 percent) was double that for white women. While discriminatory hiring prac tices are undoubtedly a factor in the higher un employment rate for nonwhites, another impor tant factor is the greater proportion of nonwhites who are dropouts; half the nonwhite youths in the labor force but only 30 percent of the white youths had not graduated from high school. 744 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 II. The Effects of Employment Redistribution on Earnings Claire H odge* T h e s h i f t in the occupational structure of em ployment since 1950 had more effect on the average annual earnings of workers than did the shift in the industrial structure of employment. This conclusion is based on the findings of a study of changes in employment from 1950 to 1963 and their effect on average earnings.1 The data show that the changes since 1950 in the occupational distribution of employment have contributed to an increase in the annual average earnings level for both men and women, and for all workers and those who worked full time the year round. On an overall basis, the changed occupational pattern yielded an earnings level in 1963 which was about $100 higher than it would have been had the 1950 pattern persisted. (See table.) This is a comparatively small difference in relation to the rising level of income over this same period.2 On the other hand, the average annual earnings level of male year-round full-time workers rose sub stantially as a result of the changed occupational distribution. For this group, the average earnings figure was nearly $500 higher than it otherwise would have been. S h ifts From Goods to Services Throughout the 20th century, the composition of the Nation’s employment has been changing from goods-producing and associated industries to service-producing industries.3 Changes in employ ment have reflected a decline in the proportion of persons working in agriculture, mining, soft-goods manufacturing, and transportation, and a rise in the proportion employed in service industries— finance, education, public administration, and pro fessional and personal services. One of the important questions raised by these employment trends is the effect they have had on the average earnings of the work force. Concern has been expressed about the long-term employ ment declines in mining, railroading, and several https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis manufacturing industries where production work ers hold relatively skilled jobs and earn compara tively high wages. The net shift in the distribution of employment among the major industry divisions actually made a slight positive contribution to the increase in the average annual earnings figure during the period 1950-63. In large part, this reflects the fact that the most rapid decline took place in agriculture, where average earnings have been the lowest (in 1963, $1,900, contrasted with the overall average of $4,350). Developments in manufacturing combined with the decline in agriculture and a very rapid growth in professional services to raise the 1963 average annual earnings level for all male workers to a *Of th e D iv isio n of E m p loym en t and U n em p loym en t A n alysis, B ureau o f Labor S ta tis tic s. 1 T he b asic procedure in volved com pu ting a c tu a l m ean earn in gs per w orker (in each of th e selected w orker grou p s) in 1963— th e la te s t year fo r w h ich a ll th e n ecessary d eta iled earn ings s ta tis tic s w ere ava ila b le a t th e tim e of th e stu d y. (S in c e then, th e d ata fo r 1964 have becom e ava ila b le ; w ith resp ect to th e ea rn in g s effect, com p u tation s u sin g 1 9 5 0 -6 4 ch an ges in em p loym en t y ield ed p recisely th e sam e r esu lts as th e 1 9 5 0 -6 3 changes. 1950 w a s th e e a r lie st year fo r w h ich com parable w ork experien ce d a ta w ere a v a ila b le.) T hese average e arn in gs w ere th en com pared w ith average ea rn in g s estim a te d under th e a s su m p tion th e 1950 em ploym en t d istrib u tio n by m ajor in d u str y d iv isio n and, sep arately, by m ajor occu p ation group had re m ain ed unchanged. D ifferences b etw een th e a c tu a l and the estim a te d le v e ls o f earn in gs provided a m easure o f th e effect o f ch an ges in th e in d u str ia l and o ccu p ation al com p osition of em ploym en t. S ep arate com parisons w ere developed by sex, and for all w orkers and year-round fu ll-tim e w orkers. T h e la tte r group com prises person s w ho w orked, or w ere on paid leave, in each o f 50 w eek s or m ore, p rim arily a t jobs w h ich provided 35 hours or more of w ork per week. T he in d u str y and occu p ation d ata rela te to th e lo n g e st job h eld by th e w orker du rin g th e calen d ar year. T he average an n u al e arn in gs in 1963 fo r each in d u stry and occu p ation w ere com pu ted from un publish ed data c ollected by th e B ureau of th e C ensus in th e Current Population Surveys o f February and M arch 1964. E m p loym en t w as defined on a p aid w ork exp erien ce basis— th a t is, th e to ta l num ber o f different person s w ho w orked for pay or profit a t a n y tim e du rin g th e calendar year. T h e w ork ex p eri ence data, also derived from Current Population Surveys , are co n cep tu a lly c o n s iste n t w ith th e d ata on earn ings. T he m ajor lim ita tio n s of th e stu d y w ere th a t (1 ) d ata by in d u stry and occu p ation w ere ava ila b le on ly a t th e m ajor group level, and also could n ot be in ter r e la te d ; and (2 ) p erson s w ith m ore th a n one job w ere cla ssified in th e in d u str y and occu pation of th eir lo n g e s t job, and a ll th eir earn in gs w ere a ttrib u ted to th a t in d u str y and occu p ation group. 2 P r e c ise ly com parable figures are n o t availab le, but m edian to ta l m oney incom e, a d ju sted fo r ch an ges in prices, rose by about $1,150, or 40 p ercent, from 1950 to 1963. 3 In th is stu d y , goods-producing industries com prise ag r ic u l ture, m in in g, con stru ction , m an u factu rin g, and th e clo sely re la te d tr a n sp o r ta tio n and pu blic u t ilitie s groupin g. Service-pro ducing industries com prise trade, finance, m iscellan eou s services, and public ad m in istra tio n . EFFECTS OF EMPLOYMENT REDISTRIBUTION ON EARNINGS figure $200 higher than would have been true in the absence of any industrial redistribution after 1950. In hard goods manufacturing industries, the average earnings level for male workers in 1963 was about $1,000 more than the average for all male workers; in these industries, employment of men rose by 26 percent from 1950 to 1963, com pared with a rise of 13 percent in all industries. The average annual earnings figure for workers in nonagricultural industries was slightly lower in 1963 than if the 1950 employment distribution by industry had remained unchanged.4 This resulted mainly from the tremendous influx of women into the service industries, the majority of these women working only part year or part time and thus earning relatively small amounts for the year as a whole. Employment Trends From 1950 to 1963, the number of different per sons employed at some time during the year rose by 15 million—or 23 percent—to 80.4 million. The vast majority of these 15 million workers were 4 In d u stry d a ta on e a rn in g s a nd em ploym ent, derived m ain ly from em ployer rep orts to a d m in istr a tiv e agencies, are published by th e U .S . D ep a rtm en t o f Commerce, Office o f B u sin ess E co nom ics. T he OBE series s u b sta n tia te s the fin dings o f th is stu d y in regard to differences betw een a c tu a l and estim a te d ea rn in gs in 1963 o f n o n a g ricu ltu ra l w orkers. 745 added to the service-producing industries—9.3 mil lion to miscellaneous services and finance, 2.4 mil lion to trade, and 1.2 million to public adminis tration. Sizable employment gains were also registered in durable goods manufacturing (2.4 million) and in construction (800,000), but there were losses of 1.6 million from agriculture and 400,000 from mining. Altogether, the goods-producing indus tries increased their employment by only 6 percent from 1950 to 1963, in contrast to a gain of 42 per cent in the service industries. (See chart 1.) The goods-producing sector, which employed 53 percent of all workers in 1950, declined to 45 percent in 1963. But from the standpoint of earnings, the most significant developments were that the greatest de cline in the goods sector was in agriculture, and the strongest gain in the service sector was in pro fessional services. Taking account of changes in all major industry divisions, the average annual earnings figure was about $50 higher than it would have been if the 1950 employment distribution had prevailed. When the nonagricultural industry groups were examined separately, however, it was revealed that the 1950 industry pattern would have yielded a slightly higher level of earnings. It is clear that this resulted m a in ly from the effect of women E f f e c t o f 1 950-63 C h a n g e s i n D i s t r i b u t i o n o f E m p l o y m e n t o n A v e r a g e A n n u a l E a r n i n g s o f S e l e c t e d W o r k e r G roups 1 [Numbers in thousands] 1963 Effect of employment changes on earnings 2 Selected worker group Average (mean) earnings 80,355 $4,342 $51 $108 1.2 2.5 50,296 30,059 5,489 2,330 203 1 354 61 3.7 6.4 2.6 ______________ 44,969 6,043 185 330 _________ 33,474 11,495 All workers_______ ______ _____________ _________ M ale______ ______ _ _ . . ______________ _ . __________ Fem ale_____________ ________________________________ Year-round full-time workers_____________ _____ __ M ale___ ________ _ _____________ ________ Female_______________________________________ As a percent of 1963 earnings Number of workers B y indus try 3.1 5.5 7.1 3.4 .5 3.6 1.6 2.7 75,081 4,512 -5 5 24 M ale________________ ______ . . . . _________ _____ _ . Female_____________________ ____ ___ ______ 45,927 29,154 5,798 2,384 37 -1 8 209 39 -.8 .3 42, 550 6,205 21 168 .8 3.5 31,145 11,405 7,087 3,749 54 21 250 113 .6 3.0 1 Data relate to persons with paid work experience at some time during the year. 2 This effect represents the difference between actual earnings in 1963 and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 484 126 (3) B y occu pation All nonfarm workers_________ ____________________________ M a le ..__________ __________________________ ____ _____ . Female__________________________ _____ 302 31 B y indus try 4.4 .8 -1 .2 .6 Year-round full-time nonfarm workers.. _______ ____ _____ _______ _ 6,819 3,736 B y occu pation the average earnings that would have been received in 1963 had the 1950 distributions of employment by industry and occupation group persisted. 3 Less than 0.1 percent. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 746 Chart 1. Changes Between 1950 and 1963 in the Total Number of Persons W ith Paid Work Experience, by Industry Industry and earnings in 1963 -60 -40 working part time. and intermittently, since the figures for year-round full-time workers and for men showed a slight gain as a result of the em ployment redistribution by industry. Year-Round Full-Time Workers The proportion of workers in all industries em ployed year round on full-time jobs declined slightly between 1950 and 1963 (from 58 to 56 per cent of total employment). The drop resulted entirely from changes in the employment of wo men ; about two-thirds of the male work force had year-round full-time jobs in both 1950 and 1963. The proportion of women who worked full time year round declined from 40 percent to 38 percent over this period. The shift from goods to services during the 1950-63 period was less pronounced among year- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent change in number of workers, 1950-63 -20 0 +20 +40 +60 +80 round full-time workers, since the industrial com position of this group was not affected by the in flux of part-time and part-year workers into trade and services. Of those in year-round full-time employment, 51 percent were in the goods sector in 1963, 56 percent had been in this sector in 1950. In 1963, the level of earnings among persons who worked full time all year was $200 higher as a result of the shift in the composition of industry employment. Among men, the differentials were even more impressive. For men in all industries who worked full time the year round, the earnings average was $300 more in 1963 than it would have been if no shifts in employment had occurred after 1950. The substantial influence of the movement from farming to better paying jobs outside of agriculture was evident. When nonfarm indus tries alone were considered, the actual average earnings level in 1963 for year-round full-time 747 EFFECTS OF EMPLOYMENT REDISTRIBUTION ON EARNINGS male workers was only about $50 above the esti mated earnings had these employment shifts not taken place. Professional and Technical Workers In 1950, professional and technical employees represented only 8 percent of all paid workers ; by 1963, 12 percent. Since 1950, employment in the professional occupations had increased by 4.2 million, or more than 80 percent. (See chart 2.) The vast majority of these additional profes sional and technical workers were employed in the service-producing sector. Their average earnings are high, and the rapid growth in the number employed in services helps to explain why the re distribution of employment from goods to service industries did not have a depressing effect on earnings. Chart 2. Employment Trends by Sex Women constituted 60 percent of the gain in total employment from 1950 to 1963. The maj ority of the women added to the work force dur ing this period were part-time or intermittent workers employed in service, finance, and trade. In the service and finance group, growth in the number of part-time and intermittent workers was more than double the increase in the number of year-round full-time workers. In trade, the num ber of part-time and intermittent workers in creased five times as fast as the number who worked full time all year. Although these developments held down the level of annual average earnings among women ill nonfarm industries, they should not be interpreted as adverse to women workers. It is known that a great many women are employed only part time Changes Between 1950 and 1963 in the Total Number of Persons W ith Paid W ork Experience, by Occupation Occupation and earnings in 1963 All workers Year-round full-time Professional, technical and kindred Managers, officials, and proprietors Clerical workers Sales workers Craftsmen and foremen Operatives and kindred Nonfarm laborers Private household workers Other service workers Farmers and farm managers Farm laborers and foremen https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -60 -40 -20 Percent change in number of workers, 1950-63 0 +20 +40 +60 +80 +100 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 748 or part year by choice; they have entered the labor force to take advantage of part-time jobs which fit their schedules or are near their homes. Of all women who had work experience in 1963, 60 per cent were married and living with their husbands. Nearly two-thirds of these secondary earners worked only part time or intermittently, most of them to provide supplementary buying power for their families. The availability of part-time jobs has been beneficial to married women who desire or need them for the additional family income; at the same time, the availability of part-time workers has benefited those industries, such as trade and service, that can utilize them. Men accounted for only 40 percent of the gain in total employment during the 13-year period, but for about 60 percent of all new professional and technical workers and for 90 percent of the additional managers, officials, and proprietors. Most of these new jobs for men were on a yearround full-time schedule and, of course, were the most remunerative in terms of average annual earnings. Men registered large gains in service, finance, and durable goods manufacturing, and substantial losses in agriculture and mining. Ex cept for the job loss in mining (about 400,000), all these employment changes contributed to an in crease in the average earnings level of male workers. Future Trends Projections of the occupational distribution of employment in 1975 indicate that the trends of 1950-63 will continue during the 1963-75 period,5 and this continuing shift toward higher skilled and higher paid occupations will tend to raise the level of average earnings. Keweighting 1963 earnings for each major occupational group by the projected distribution of employment among occupations for 1975 produces an average for all workers about $75 (2 percent) higher than the actual average annual earnings figure for 1963. 5 Manpower Report of the President, March 19G6, p. 217. The occupational group of the future will combine elements from both the professional and bureaucratic models; the average professional man will com bine professional and nonprofessional orientations; the typical occupational association may be neither a trade union nor a professional association. Mixed forms of control, hybrid organizations—not a straight-line “professionaliza tion of labor”—are the likely outcomes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis —Harold L. AVilensky, “The Professionalization of Everyone?” Journal of Sociology, September 1964. The American Summaries of Studies and Reports A Review of Work Stoppages During 1965 In 1965, the number of work stoppages beginning during the year reached the highest annual level since 1955. However, both the number of work ers involved in these stoppages and the idleness resulting from all strikes in effect during the year were below the average for the previous decade. As shown in chart 1, the 3,963 work stoppages which began in 1965 involved 1,550,000 workers.1 Idleness resulting from strikes which were in effect during the year totaled 23.3 million man-days, or 0.18 percent of the estimated total working time of the nonagricultural work force (exclusive of government). Strikes ending during the year averaged 25 days in duration—compared with 22.9 days in 1964. Twenty-one major stoppages (strikes involving 10,000 workers or more) began in 1965 and accounted for a significant proportion of the year’s worker and idleness totals. The Atlantic and Gulf Coast longshoremen’s strike which began in 1964 continued into the year. Seven of the major stoppages were in progress in July when monthly strike idleness reached its peak for the year (3.7 million man-days). None of the stoppages which either began in or were threatened during the year was deemed serious enough to warrant utilization of the national emergency provisions of the TaftHartley Act, but high-level Government mediation was invoked to settle several strikes and to avert a nationwide stoppage in the basic steel industry. Size and Duration Work stoppages among groups of 100 workers or more occurred with greater frequency in 1965 than in recent years. Approximately 46 percent of the 1965 stoppages were of this size compared with 41.7 percent in 1964, and an average of 41.4 percent during the 1960-64 period. The increase in the incidence of strike activity in 1965 was con centrated in this group, rather than among stop pages of smaller size. The number of stoppages of the smallest size (those involving fewer than 20 workers) was less in 1965 (686) than in 1964 (718). Of the larger strikes, 268 directly affected as many as 1,000 workers—the highest incidence in this size group since 1958. These stoppages ac counted for 7 percent of all strikes in 1965, and involved nearly two-thirds of the workers par ticipating in new strikes. Including those con tinuing from 1964, stoppages of this magnitude were responsible for nearly two-thirds of the year’s total strike idleness. Slightly more than three-fifths of these large stoppages wTere re negotiation disputes, while about a third occurred during the term of agreements. Twenty-one stoppages beginning in 1965 in volved as many as 10,000 workers each; there were 18 in 1964. These strikes directly idled 387,000 workers, and, combined with the idleness accruing in 1965 from the Atlantic and Gulf Coast long shoremen’s strike, resulted in approximately 6 million man-days of idleness. The largest stop page (40,000 workers) commencing during the year was an 11-day interstate strike against the Glass Container Manufacturers Institute; the longest of the major stoppages was an 89-day con struction strike in upstate New York. Since 1959, the average duration of work stop pages has been high relative to earlier post1 T h ese d ata in clu d e a ll w ork stop p ages know n to th e B ureau of Labor S ta tis tic s and v ariou s coop eratin g a gen cies in v o lv in g 6 w orkers or m ore and la s tin g a fu ll day or s h ift or longer. F ig u res on w orkers in volved and m an-days idle inclu de a ll w orkers m ade id le for as lo n g as one s h ift in e sta b lish m e n ts d ir e c tly in volved in a s to p p a g e ; th ey do n o t m easure th e in d ir ec t or second ary effects on oth er esta b lish m e n ts or in d u str ies w h ose em ployees are m ade id le as a r e s u lt of m aterial or service sh ortages. A fo rth co m in g b u lletin w ill provide a d d itio n a l d ata and a n a ly sis on stop p ages du rin g 1965. F o r d a ta on 1964 stoppages, see “A R eview of W ork Stop p ages D u rin g 1 9 6 4 ,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Ju n e 1965;, pp. 6 6 1 -6 6 8 , and A n a ly s i s o f W o r k S to p p a g e s , 1964 (B L S B u lle tin 1460, 1 9 6 5 ). T he term s “w ork sto p p a g e” and “s tr ik e ” are used in ter c h a n g e ably in th is a r tic le and in clu d e lockouts. 749 2 2 1 -1 4 3 O — 6( -3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 750 war experience. In 1965, the average duration reached its highest level since 1947; strikes ending during the year averaged 25 calendar days—com pared with an average of 22.9 days in 1964, and an average of 20 days during the 1948-58 period. As the increase in average duration indicated, there was a greater number of stoppages lasting a month or longer in 1965 than in 1964. The 938 stoppages of such length which ended in 1965 constituted the highest total for any year since 1953. (See table.) While greater in number than in the previous year, these stoppages in volved fewer workers and resulted in less idleness than strikes of such length in 1964; the latter re sult is largely explained by the 1964 nationwide General Motors strike. (See chart 2.) Most strikes are still settled promptly. Ap proximately two-fifths of the strikes ending in 1965 were terminated in less than a week, and three-fifths were settled in 2 weeks or less. The median duration of strikes ending in 1965 was 9 days. Contract Status Continuing the pattern of recent years, the largest proportion (46 percent) of the work stop pages beginning in 1965 were renegotiation dis putes. Strikes arising during the term of an agreement accounted for 35 percent of the year’s total; 18 percent of the stoppages occurred during the negotiation of the initial agreement or in the union’s quest for recognition. In both absolute and relative terms, the number of workers participating in renegotiation strikes D u r a t io n o f W o r k S t o p p a g e s E n d in g in Stoppage Duration (calendar days) N um Per ber cent All stoppages___ 3,973 100.0 1 day-----------------------2 to 3 day . -4 to 6 d a y s . . . ---- -- -7 to 14 days______ 15 to 29 d a y s _______ 30 to 59 days -___ 60 to 89 days______ 90 days and over__ _ 448 565 558 822 642 476 241 221 11.3 14.2 14.0 20.7 16.2 12.0 6.1 5.6 W orkers involved 1965 1 Man-days idle Number Per cent Major Issues 1,610,000 100.0 23,800,000 100.0 11.2 9.8 12.2 17.8 23.8 12.5 10.6 2.1 179,000 328,000 702,000 1,950,000 5,080,000 5,140,000 6,100,000 4,340,000 0.8 1.4 2.9 8.2 21.3 21.6 25.6 18.2 While the distribution of the number of work stoppages by major issues deviated little from the 1964 pattern, differences did appear in the alloca tion of Workers and idleness among the various is sues, with the most significant changes developing among disputes over plant administration and job security matters. Largely as a consequence of the General Motors strike, plant administra- Number 179,000 158,000 196,000 285,000 383,000 200,000 170,000 34,400 Per cent i The totals in this table relate to stoppages ending during the year Idleness for prior years is included in the 1965 total. N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and the amount of resultant idleness declined from the levels of the previous year. Renegotiation stoppages accounted for 64 percent of all strikers and were responsible for four-fifths of total strike idleness. As in recent years, more than fourfifths of these stoppages resulted from disputes over general wage changes and/or supplementary benefits. A smaller proportion (7 percent) of the renegotiation strikes developed out of disputes over plant administration or job security matters. Largely because four of the major stoppages were included in this category, these strikes accounted for nearly one-fifth of the total idleness from re negotiation stoppages. The number of workers involved in strikes which occurred during the term of an agreement was slightly larger in 1965 than in 1964, but the idle ness resulting from these stoppages was nearly 20 percent greater than the year before. Of these disputes, those lasting 30 days or longer involved a larger number of workers in 1965 than in 1964, thus accounting in part for the higher level of idleness. Plant administration or job security disputes accounted for more than two-fifths of the strikes which occurred during the term of an agreement; intra- or interunion conflicts for an other third. The stoppages which occurred during the es tablishment of a collective bargaining relation ship were small ones; more than four-fifths directly affected fewer than 100 workers each, and only 10 involved as many as 1,000 workers—2 were strikes by taxicab drivers in New York City. Such strikes accounted for 5 percent of all strikers and for 8 percent of total idleness. Disputes over union organization and security matters led to 66 percent of these stoppages; demands for general wage changes and/or supplementary benefits added another 24 percent to the total. A REVIEW OF WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1965 tion stoppages accounted for 36 percent of total idleness in 1964; in 1965, such disputes led to only 8 percent of the year’s idleness. On the other hand, job security disputes accounted for 16 per cent of total idleness in 1965, compared with 6 percent in the previous year. Demands for general wage changes and/or supplementary benefits were the major issues in more than two-fifths of the year’s stoppages. These disputes involved 46 percent of the workers participating in strikes, and accounted for 54 percent of total idleness. In each of five industry groups, strikes over these issues resulted in more than 1 million man-days of idleness—the greatest volume (2.2 million man-days) occurred in the construction industry. Disputes over plant administration matters de clined slightly in number from the previous year, and involved less than half as many workers as in 1964 (287,000 compared with 576,000). The General Motors strike of 1964 accounts for the significantly higher workers’ total in that year. The construction and mining industries, however, experienced more than one-fourth of these disputes. Job security issues led to 5 percent of all stop pages which began in 1965 and accounted for ap proximately one-tenth of the workers involved in these disputes; these measures were below the 1964 levels.2 However, because this group included the 1964-65 longshoremen’s strike as well as three of the major strikes beginning in 1965, idleness resulting from-job security strikes was more than twice as great as in the previous year. More than two-fifths of the idleness resulting from strikes over these issues occurred in the transportation and communication industries group. The number of disputes over union organization and security matters was slightly higher than in 1964, but these disputes involved a significantly larger number of workers and resulted in a con siderably higher level of idleness than in the earlier year. A similar situation prevailed in the case of strikes over inter- or intra-union affairs, nearly seven-eighths of these disputes occurred in the construction industry. 2 Since the longshoremen’s strike began in October 1964, the workers involved are included in the workers’ total for 1964, rather than for 1965. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 751 Industries Affected The increase in strike incidence in 1965 was con centrated among manufacturing industries, these industries accounted for 2,080 of the stoppages in 1965, compared with 1,794 stoppages in 1964. Idleness resulting from manufacturing strikes was, however, less than in the previous year; on the other hand, the time lost from nonmanufactur ing stoppages rose to its highest level since 1959. The number of workers involved in strikes de clined from the 1964 level in both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing, but the greater decline occurred in the manufacturing sector. Significant increases in idleness over 1964 levels were recorded in several manufacturing industries, including the paper, chemicals, leather, machinery, and stone, clay, and glass products industries. The paper industry experienced its greatest recorded level of idleness, more than one-fifth of Chart 1. Number of Work Stoppages and Workers Involved, 1916-65 [Semilog scale] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 752 the time lost resulted from a 22-day major stop page at the International Paper Co. Nearly a third of the idleness in the chemicals industry was attributable to a 222-day strike at the Wyandotte Chemical Co.; two-fifths of the time lost in the leather industry resulted from a 3-month strike at plants of the Acme Boot Co. An 11-day major stoppage involving the Glass Container Manufac turers Institute accounted for slightly more than a third of the idleness in the stone, clay, and glass products industry. The higher level of time lost in the machinery industry was largely attributable to a marked increase in the number of strikes, several of which were of long duration. Though recording a decline in idleness from the 1964 level, the transportation equipment industry nonetheless experienced the highest volume of idleness among manufacturing industries; the previous year’s idleness in this group had been concentrated in the motor vehicles and parts indusChart 2. Man-Days Idle in Work Stoppages, 1927-65 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [Semilog scale] try, but more than a third of the 1965 idleness occurred in the aircraft and parts industry with another fourth accruing from strikes at firms en gaged in the construction and repair of ships. In the printing, rubber, and fabricated metal prod ucts industries, strike idleness declined slightly from 1964 levels, but, as in the transportation equipment industry, the lost time ratio in each case remained substantially above the national average. Among nonmanufacturing industries, substan tial increases in idleness were recorded in construc tion, transportation and communication, and government. The construction industry sustained the greatest volume of idleness recorded during 1965 (4.6 million man-days); more than two-fifths of the time lost resulted from four major stop pages, the shortest of which was of 24 days dura tion. Both the idleness from construction strikes and the number of workers involved in these dis putes reached the highest levels since 1958. In the transportation and communication industries, which experienced their highest level of idleness since 1955, three-fifths of the time lost was attrib utable to seven major stoppages, the largest of which was the longshoremen’s strike. Govern ment employees experienced their highest recorded level of strike idleness; a 28-day stoppage by wel fare workers in New York City accounted for three-fourths of total idleness. On the other hand, idleness in the mining and trade industries declined markedly from the prior year’s level. In mining, the number of strikes increased by more than a fifth, but idleness was only slightly more than half as great as in 1964. The number of stoppages in wholesale and retail trade was also higher than in 1964, but the level of idleness was less than half as great as in the previ ous year. State Experience New York was directly affected by nine of the major stoppages in progress during the year and led all States in strike idleness (2.9 million mandays) in 1965. California ranked second (2.3 million man-days); slightly more than half of the time lost in this State resulted from construc tion strikes. Four other States (Illinois, Michi gan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) experienced more A REVIEW OF WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1965 than 1 million man-days of idleness in 1965, but the time lost in three of these States was less than that recorded in 1964. In Pennsylvania, however, where the time lost from strikes had been on the decline for 5 consecutive years, idleness rose to its highest level since 1961. Although experiencing less idleness than those States noted above, several States, including Ari zona, Louisiana, Nevada, and Washington, none theless sustained a percentage loss in total esti mated working time which was significantly greater than the national average. In Arizona, the high percent of working time lost (0.78 percent) was attributable mainly to the 76-day major strike in the construction industry which accounted for nine-tenths of the State’s idleness. A lengthy con struction strike in Louisiana was responsible for slightly more than half of the idleness in that State; two prolonged strikes in this industry ac counted for a similar proportion of the total idle ness in Nevada. Two strikes in the transportation equipment industry, accounted for more than seven-tenths of the State’s idleness, and were re sponsible for the high percent of working time lost in Washington. New York and California, which led all States in strike idleness, also ranked first and second, respectively, in the number of workers involved in stoppages. The number of strikers in New York 753 (186.000) increased by one-sixth over the previous year’s level, while in California the 150,000 work ers represented a 63-percent increase over the 1964 level. Construction strikes, which contributed sig nificantly to California’s strike idleness, accounted for approximately half of the workers participat ing in strikes in that State. Other States with large numbers of strikers were Pennsylvania (132.000) , Illinois (102,000), Ohio (97,000), and Michigan (82,000), but the number involved in all but the first of these States was less than in 1964. Thirteen States experienced 100 stoppages or more each in 1965, with Pennsylvania and New York ranking first and second, respectively, in strike incidence. Despite its high ranking, the number of stoppages in New York (397) was at its lowest level since 1945. On the other hand, in California, which ranked fourth in strike inci dence, the number of stoppages reached its highest level since 1941. Among States experiencing fewer than 100 stoppages each, records were either estab lished or equaled in Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Missis sippi, Nevada, and North Dakota. The lowest in cidence of strike activity occurred in the District of Columbia, Alaska, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming, each of which experienced 10 or fewer stoppages in 1965. — E d w a r d D. O n a n i a n D iv isio n of In d u stria l and Labor R elation s I do wish that when a principle has been worked out, say in ethics, it didn’t have to be discovered all over again in psychology, in economics, in govern ment, in business, in biology and in sociology. I t ’s such a waste of time. —Mary Parker Follett, quoted by Richard Cabot in Ra&cliffe Quarterly, April 1934. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 754 Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade: Part I T a ble 1. C u m u l a t iv e P e r c e n t D ist r ib u t io n of N on su p e r v iso r y E m plo y ees in R et a il T rad e 1 B y A v erage S traigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s ,2 U n it e d S t a tes and R e g io n s ,3 J u n e 1965 West United States North east South North Central Under $0.50_______________ Under $0.75_______________ Under $1.00_______________ 0.2 1.9 5.4 (4) 0.1 .8 0.6 5.5 14.1 0.1 1.1 4.0 Under $1.05_______________ Under $1.10_______________ Under $1.15_______________ Under $1.20_______________ Under $1.25_______________ 9.8 10.6 12.1 17.4 19.3 3.5 3.9 4.6 7. 2 8.3 20.8 22.3 24.4 34.4 37.6 9.2 9.9 12.1 17.5 19.8 2.6 3.0 3.7 5. 5 6. 0 Under $1.30_______________ Under $1.35_______________ Under $1.40_______________ Under $1.45_______________ Under $1.50_______________ 30.9 34.6 38.9 42.1 44.4 23.2 27.1 32.4 35.8 38.1 49.5 53.2 57.2 60.3 62.4 31.3 34.8 39.0 42.4 44.9 12.0 15.6 19.4 22.3 24.1 Under $1.55_______________ Under $1.60_______________ Under $1.65. Under $1.70_______________ Under $1.75_______________ 50.7 52.9 56.0 58.3 60.2 45.4 47.9 51.8 54.1 56.1 66.9 69.0 71.4 73.2 74.8 51.3 53.4 56.6 58.9 60.8 31.8 33.9 36.6 39.8 41.8 Under $1.80_______________ Under $1.85_______________ Under $1.90_______________ Under $1.95_______________ Under $2.00 __ _ _ _ _ 63. 2 64.9 67.1 68.6 69.8 59.5 61.1 63.6 65.3 66.3 77. 0 78.4 80.2 81.4 82.4 63.7 65.5 67.7 69.3 70.6 46. 0 47.8 50.5 52. 2 53. 6 Under $2.10_______________ Under $2.20_______________ Under $2.30_______________ Under $2.40_______________ Under $2.50_______________ 74. 2 76.7 79.6 81.5 83. 0 71.6 74.7 78.2 80.3 82.3 85.5 87.2 89.1 90.2 91.1 74.9 77.7 80.4 82.5 84.1 58.7 61.6 65. 0 67. 7 69.8 Under $2.60 Under $2.70_______________ Under $2.80--- - --------- - Under $2 .9 0 . _. - Under $ 3 .0 0 _______________ 85.7 87.1 85.3 87.0 92.7 93.5 86.7 88.1 73.6 75.6 88 .6 8 9 .8 9 0 .7 8 8 .8 90.1 9 1 .0 94.4 95.1 95 .6 8 9 .5 90 .6 9 1 .7 77. 5 79.6 80. 9 T otal------ ---------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 00.0 Number of employees (in thousands)------ -Average hourly earnings----- 6,687. 0 $1.85 1 .7 5 2 .1 $1.95 1 ,8 8 4 .4 $1.54 1 ,8 6 4 .8 $1.85 1 ,1 8 5 .7 $ 2.22 Average hourly earnings 2 in the Nation’s retail trade industry earned an average of $1.85 on a straight-time hourly basis in June 1965; on the average, they earned $68.07 and worked 36.9 hours a week, according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey 1 covering nearly 6.7 million nonsupervi sory retail trade employees in the industry. Be cause of the importance of the industry, which pro vides jobs (part- and full-time) for 15 percent of the Nation’s nonagricultural employees, this article (Pt. I) deals with the survey results in some de tail. It analyzes some of the factors influencing employee earnings and hours in retail trade. Part II, which will appear in next month’s issue of the Review, will examine some of the changes in earn ings and hours which took place after 1962.2 Retail establishments vary widely in terms of employment—from the large department store which may employ several thousand people to the neighborhood grocery which may have only one or two paid employees. According to the 1963 Cen sus of Business, about 75 percent of the 1.2 million retail establishments (excluding eating and drink ing places) in the United States which were open during the entire year had fewer than 4 paid em ployees, while only 13 percent had 10 or more. Establishments employing 10 people or more ac counted for 64 percent of retail sales; only 6 N o n s u p e r v iso r y e m p l o y e e s 1 The survey was made at the request of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions as part of their studies of minimum-wage and maximum-hours standards. In this connection, data from the survey were published in the Secretary of Labor’s R e p o r t S u b m itte d to th e C on gress in A c c o rd a n ce w ith th e R e q u ire m e n ts o f S e c tio n 4 ( d ) of th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a r d s A c t, J a n u a ry 1966. The survey relates to all establishments having one paid em ployee or more engaged in retail trade (except eating and drink ing places) as defined in the 1957 edition of the S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M a n u a l prepared by the Bureau of the Budget. Included also are auxiliary units affiliated with and primarily engaged in serving the various establishments (e.g., warehouses and central offices). The sample used in the study was designed to yield national and regional estimates for all retail trade, each major retail group, and selected retail groups. The data reflect earnings and hours of work of nonsupervisory employees for 1 week in June 1965. The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this article dif fer in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. More comprehensive information on the nature and results of the survey will be presented in E m p lo y e e E a rn in g s an d H o u rs in R e ta il T ra d e , J u n e 1 9 65, (BLS Bulletin 1501). 2 See M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , July 1963, pp. 802-807. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis « 0.2 .8 1 Excludes eating and drinking places. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. „ s The regions used in this study include: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, N ew Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and W est- Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. * Less than 0.05 percent. percent of the establishments had as many as 20 employees but they accounted for almost half (47 percent) of all retail sales. Chain stores are quite common in retail trade but single unit establish ments accounted for 54 percent of the employ ment and 62 percent of the sales. Some occupations are peculiar to certain lines of business—e.g., tailors and seamstresses in ap parel stores, mechanics at automobile dealers, and pharmacists in drug stores. Even among sales positions, occupational requirements vary from the limited training required to sell sundry items in a variety store to the experience, training, and knowledge required to sell an automobile. EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN RETAIL TRADE Average H ourly Earnings than $1.25 an hour, but two-fifths of the men earned at least $2 an hour and a sixth earned at least $3, whereas only a sixth of the women earned $2 or more and all but 2 percent earned less than $3. The disporportionate representation of women at the lower end of the pay scale is well illustrated by the tabulation below: The wide dispersion of average hourly earnings (about 4 out of 5 employees earned between $1.10 and $3 an hour) reflects the effects of the factors characteristic of the industry. Median earnings were $1.54 an hour; the middle 50 percent of the employees earned between $1.27 and $2.13, and nearly an eighth (the largest concentration of em ployees at a single wage interval) earned between $1.25 and $1.30 an hour (table 1). The South was the only region 3 in which em ployees averaged less than the industrywide pay level. As compared with the other regions, earn ings of employees in the South were heavily con centrated in the lower reaches of the pay scale. For example, while 3 of every 10 employees worked in the South, that region accounted for 3 of every 4 employees who earned less than $1 and for 1 of 2 who earned less than $1.25. In contrast, em ployees in the West constituted 18 percent of the retail work force but 36 percent of the employees with earnings of $3 an hour or more. Men’s earnings were substantially higher, on the average, than those of women, $2.04 as compared with $1.52 an hour (table 2). Differences be tween the earnings distributions were promi nent especially in the upper reaches of the wage scale. For example, fewer than a sixth of the men, compared with a fourth of the women, earned less Percent Percent who Employees earning— of total were women Total________________________________ _____ 100 41 Less than $1____________________________________ 5 50 Less than $1.25__________________________________ 19 55 Less than $1.50__________________________________ 44 55 $2 or more_____________________________________________ 30 21 9 8 $3 or more______________________________________ 3 T he reg io n s used in th is stu d y are defined in fo o tn o te 3, tab le 1. T a b l e 2. 755 Community size appeared to influence the level of earnings. Employees working in metropolitan areas earned an average of $1.95 an hour, 38 cents an hour more than those in less populous areas. Earnings of employees in nonmetropolitan areas were grouped towards the lower end of the pay scale: a fourth earned less than $1.15 and nearly half less than $1.35, while fewer than a fifth earned as much as $2 an hour. In metropolitan areas, on the other hand, nearly seven-eighths of the em ployees earned at least $1.25, somewhat more than a third $2 or more, and nearly an eighth at least $3. The pay differential between the two areas may reflect a higher value of sales per employee in urban than in rural firms, resulting from a greater volume of sales and more rapid turnover of merchandise. According to the 1963 Census of Business, the volume of sales per employee in establishments with $1 million or more in annual A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 a n d P e r c e n t o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s i n T r a d e 2 E a r n i n g L e s s T h a n S p e c i f i e d A m o u n t s o f P a y , U n i t e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1965 Selected characteristics Number of employees (thousands) Average hourly earnings Percent of emplc)yees eai•ning les s than— $1.15 All nonsupervisory employees R e t a il $1.20 $1.25 $1.30 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 6,687. 0 $1.85 12.1 17.4 19.3 30.9 44.4 69.8 83.0 Metropolitan areas 3__ Nonmetropolitan areas-- 4, 977.4 1,709.6 1.95 1.57 7.8 24.7 12.7 31.2 14.5 33.5 25.8 45.7 39.6 58.1 65.9 81.2 80.4 90.9 M en -,. -, W om en... . ____ 3,913. 2 2,773.8 2. 04 1.52 10.5 14.4 13.8 22.5 15.0 25.5 24.4 40.0 34.1 58.8 59.2 84.8 74.7 94.8 Enterprises with annual sales of $1,000,000 or more 4 Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more 4— Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,0004. _ 3,385. 9 3,142.3 243.6 1.99 2. 02 1.55 4.0 2.3 24.7 11.5 9.8 32.4 13.8 12.1 35.4 24.3 22.5 47.5 40.3 38.5 64.3 65.4 64. 0 83.6 79.9 78.9 92.3 Enterprises with annual sales of at least $250,000 but less than $1,000,0004 Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more 4 Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 4 _ Enterprises with annual sales of less than $250,0004 1,399.6 1,262.3 137.2 1,901.5 1.88 1.91 1.62 1.58 13.0 11.8 24.7 26.0 16.8 15.4 29.6 28.4 18.3 16.8 31.6 30.0 28.7 27.3 42.3 44.1 40.6 39.0 55.6 54.3 67.0 65.6 80.2 79.6 81.2 80.2 89.9 90.1 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Excluding eating and drinking places. 3 The term “metropolitan areas” as used in this report refers to the cities and county areas defined by the Bureau of the Budget as Standard Metro politan Statistical Areas. Metropolitan areas include the counties containing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis at least 1 central city of 50,000 population and those counties around such cities which are metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the county of the central city. 4 Excludes excise taxes at the retail level. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals- 756 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 T a ble 3. A v erage S tr aigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s 1 and P e r c e n t of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees in R eta il T rad e E a r n in g L e ss T h a n S p e c ifie d A m o unts of P a y , S elected K in d s of B u s in e s s , U n it e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1965 Kind of retail business Number of employees (thousands) Percent of employees earning less than— Average hourly earnings $1.15 Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment dealers__ General merchandise stores___________________________ Department stores__________________________ _____ ___ Limited price variety stores.___ ___________________ Food stores_______________________________________ Grocery stores___ _______________________________ Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations__________ Motor vehicle dealers____ ___ ___________________ Gasoline service stations_________________________ Apparel and accessory stores_________________________ Men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores_______ Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____________________ Shoe stores____________________________________ Furniture, home furnishings, and household appliance stores. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores____ Household appliance stores_______________________ Miscellaneous retail stores___________________________ Drug and proprietary stores.____ _________________ 488.9 1,647.3 1, 019. 3 277.1 1,366.8 1,150.9 1, 269.8 604.4 476.1 582.1 98.5 215.0 105.0 363.9 232.4 79.0 968.2 371.8 $1.98 1.63 1.75 1.31 1.91 1.93 2. 02 2.40 1.52 1.70 1.92 1.55 1.84 2.10 2.10 2. 09 1.75 1.56 6.8 9.4 2.0 21.5 12.5 10.9 13.7 8.0 23.4 12.6 8.4 15.6 11.4 7.9 8.0 7.1 18.3 28.9 $1.20 8.6 19.2 10.3 39.0 18.1 17.0 15.2 9.0 25.5 20.3 12.6 26.0 16.9 9.7 10.2 8.5 21.8 35.0 $1.25 9.7 22.6 12.8 47.4 19.8 18.7 16.2 9.9 26.6 22.2 13.9 28.7 19.1 10.7 11.3 9.2 23.6 37.6 $1.30 $1.50 19.7 36.1 27.5 62.8 30.5 28.5 25.2 14.9 40.3 35.2 25.9 42.0 28.3 20.1 21.3 18.1 37.1 52.6 30.4 57.0 49.9 83.0 41.3 39.2 35.6 22.5 54.5 50.3 36.2 58.7 42.5 29.4 30.6 26.6 47.7 63.1 $2.00 $2.50 59.6 82.3 78.4 95.2 63.0 61.0 62.2 45.5 83.4 77.2 64.7 84.5 69.5 57.9 58. 9 54.7 73.2 81.6 77.5 91.6 89.6 98.3 78.5 77.5 77.1 63.4 93.9 89.8 82.3 94.3 85.5 74.6 74.1 74.9 84.5 88.2 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. sales was 14 percent higher than in smaller estab lishments, and 76 percent of the retail establish ments (except eating and drinking places) which had annual sales of $1 million or more were in metropolitan areas.4 The influence which the sales size of the enter prise and establishment in which he works has on an employee’s earnings was brought out when data for retail establishments were tabulated according to these characteristics. Establishments were di vided into two groups—those with an annual sales volume of $250,000 or more and those with a lower sales volume. Establishments in each group were further classified by the annual sales volume of the parent enterprise. Employees in enterprises with $1 million or more in annual sales were found to average $1.99 an hour—11 cents an hour more than those in the in termediate size enterprises, and 41 cents an hour more than those in enterprises with less than $250,000 in annual sales. Similarly, regardless of the enterprise group, employees in establishments with $250,000 or more in sales averaged more than their counterparts in lower volume establishments. A wide distribution of employee earnings in retail trade is partially attributable to the varia tion in earnings among employees of the seven major industry groups which constitute the indus try (except eating and drinking places). The average pay level ranged from $1.63 in general merchandise stores to $2.10 in furniture and household appliance stores (table 3). Employees in apparel and in miscellaneous retail stores also averaged less than the $1.85 earnings level re https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis corded for all retail trade. The average was exceeded by employees in food stores, buildingmaterials establishments, and at automotive dealers and gasoline service stations, in addition to those in furniture and appliance stores. Em ployment was almost evenly divided between the groups with earnings below and those with earn ings above the industry average, 48 percent in the former and 52 percent in the latter group. Interindustry differences in pay levels and earn ings distributions, which result partly from dif ferences in skill requirements and methods of wage payment, are sometimes hidden when a major group is examined in its entirety and its component industries are not considered. The automotive dealers and gasoline service stations major group may serve as an example. About half the employees in the automotive dealers and gasoline stations group worked at motor vehicle dealers and nearly two-fifths worked at gasoline stations. Most motor vehicle dealers employ a large proportion of highly skilled automotive mechanics and automobile salesmen, and frequently pay them on a commis sion basis. The typical job at a gasoline station, on the other hand, requires relatively little skill or experience, and employees are usually paid on a time basis. Employees at motor vehicle dealers earned an average of $2.40 an hour, 88 cents an hour more than those at gasoline stations. Among employees at motor vehicle dealers only a tenth earned less than $1.25 and more than a 4 C ensus o f B u sin e ss, 1963. R e ta il T r a d e : S a les S ize. B ureau o f th e C en su s), B C 6 3 -R S 2 , tab les 2 and 5. (U .S. 757 EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN RETAIL TRADE third received at least $2.50 an hour. In con trast, more than a fourth of the gasoline station employees earned less than $1.25 and fewer than a tenth were paid as much as $2.50. T a b l e 4. P e r c e n t D ist r ib u t io n of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees in R et a il T rade 1 by W e e k l y H o urs of W ork , U n it e d S ta tes and R e g io n s ,2 J u n e 1965 Weekly Hours of Work Under 15___ - - - - - 15 and under 35. _ _____ 35 and under 40___________ 40________________________ Over 40 and under 48.. ___ 48 and over_______ _______ Employees in retail trade worked an average of 36.9 hours a week in June 1965 (table 4). More employees were found at the 40-hour mark than at any other point along the hours scale, but they constituted only a fourth of the industry’s work force. Part-time work (less than 35 hours a week) and a relatively long workweek (48 hours or more) were both widespread, applying to threetenths and nearly a fifth of the employees, respectively. The South was the region with the longest aver age workweek—39.6 hours, or 2.6 hours longer than the average in the West, the region with the next highest average. This longer workweek may, in part, reflect an attempt by some lower paid employees in the South to boost their weekly earnings by working longer hours. Thus, more than a fourth of the employees in the region worked 48 hours or more during the week, ac counting for 2 of every 5 retail employees with such hours. On the other hand, fewer than a fourth of the southern employees worked part time, compared with nearly three-tenths to some what more than a third among the other regions. In the West, a relatively large proportion of emT able 5. Weekly hours of work United States North east South North Central 8.3 21.6 9.9 24.9 16.3 18.9 10.1 26.0 13.1 24.6 13.7 12.5 6.4 16.2 8.9 21.4 20.3 26.7 9.0 24.0 9.7 22.9 16.5 17.9 7.6 20.2 7.0 33.8 13.4 17.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6, 687. 0 36.9 1,752.1 34.4 1, 884. 4 39.6 1,864. 8 36.3 1,185. 7 37.0 Total______________ Number of employees (in thousands)______________ Average weekly hours_____ 1 Excludes eating and drinking places. 2 For definition of regions used here, see footnote 3, table 1. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. ployees—a third, compared with fewer than a fourth in the other regions—worked exactly 40 hours. Men, on the average, worked 39.3 hours a week, nearly 6 hours more than women (table 5). Women made up a disproportionately large part of the part-time work force whereas men generally worked the long hours. Thus, while women con stituted about two-fifths of all employees, every other part-time employee was a woman. Employees in metropolitan areas had a shorter workweek, on the average, than their counter parts in less populous areas. Part-time work, as well as a 40-hour workweek, were more common in metropolitan areas, while a workweek of 48 hours or more prevailed for a relatively large part of the nonmetropolitan area work force. P er cen t D istr ibu tio n of N o n su per v iso r y E m ployees in R etail T rade 1 S elected C haracteristics , U n ited S tates , J u n e 1965 Selected characteristics All nonsupervisory employees. West Number of employees (thousands) Average weekly hours by W e ek ly H ours of W ork , Percent of employees working— Under 15 hours 15 and 35 and under 35 under 40 hours hours Over 40 48 hours 40 hours and un der and over 48 hours . . . . _______ . . . ____ 6,687.0 36.9 8.3 21.6 9.9 24.9 16.3 18.9 M etropolitan areas2 _________________ ______ . . . Nonmetropolitan areas_________________________________________ 4,977. 4 1, 709.6 36.0 39.3 8.5 7.9 23.1 17.4 10.7 7.5 27.0 18.6 15.4 19.3 15.4 29.3 M en _______________________________________________________ . Women____ ____ ______________________________________________ 3,913.2 2,773.8 39.3 33.4 7.7 9.2 17.0 28.2 4.9 16.9 21.9 29.0 19.9 11.3 28.6 5.3 Enterprises with annual sales of $1,000,000 or m ore3. _______ ____ Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or m ore3 _______ Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 3_. _____ 3,385.9 3,142.3 243.6 35.7 35.8 35.1 7.9 7.4 13.6 23.0 23.0 23.4 13.1 13.4 8.9 28.3 28.9 21.2 16.0 16.3 12.5 11.6 10.9 20.3 Enterprises w ith annual sales of at least $250,000 but less than $1,000,000 3______________________________ . _________________ Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more 3 ____ . . . Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,0003______ . 1,399. 6 1,262.3 137.2 39.3 39.6 37.3 6.9 6.5 10.5 16.3 15.8 20.8 6.8 6.9 6.5 23.0 23.7 17.0 20.4 20.8 17.3 26.5 26.3 27.9 Enterprises with annual sales of less than $250,000 3______________ . 1,901. 5 37.1 10.1 23.1 6.5 20.0 13.7 26.5 1 Excludes eating and drinking places. 2 For definition of metropolitan areas, as used here, see footnote 3, table 2. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Excludes excise taxes at retail level. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 758 T a ble 6. P e r c e n t D i s t r i b u t i o n o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s i n R e t a il T r a d e b y W e e k l y H o u r s o f W o r k , S e l e c t e d K i n d s o f B u s i n e s s , U n i t e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1965 Perce nt of empl oyees work ing— Kinds of retail business Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment dealers________ General merchandise stores____ _______ _ ___ D epartm ent stores_____________________ _ ___ . . . . . _____ Limited price variety stores. . . . . _ ____ __ ____________ _ Food stores____ ___________________ _____ _____ . . . . . . ___ Grocery stores____ . . . . . _________________________________ Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations__________________ Motor vehicle dealers___ _________ ______ __ . . . . . . _ ____ Gasoline service stations.. . . ______ _ _________ _________ Apparel and accessory stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _________ ____ M en’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores______ ____ . . . W omen’s ready-to-wear stores____ . . . _____________________ ._ Shoe stores___ ______________ . . . . . . ______ ___________ Furniture, home furnishings, and household appliance stores_______ Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores____________ Household appliance stores.. ___________ . . . . . __________ Miscellaneous retail stores__________________ _____ ________ ____ Drug and proprietary s to r e s _____ . _______ ________ ____ Number of employees (thousands) Average weekly hours 488.9 1,647.3 1, 019. 3 277.1 1,366. 8 1,150.9 1,269.8 604.4 476.1 582.1 98.5 215.0 105.0 363.9 232.4 79.0 968.2 371.8 42.3 34.0 33.6 31.7 34.3 34.3 42.8 43.7 41.6 33.8 36.7 32.6 33.8 38.9 39.0 39.8 35.9 33.4 A relationship between average weekly hours and enterprise size was not evident from the data. Employees in enterprises with highest sales volume had the shortest workweek, but those in the inter mediate size enterprises the longest. In the largest enterprises, more than two-fifths of the employees worked 35 to 40 hours, a greater proportion than in either of the other enterprises, while all but about an eighth worked fewer than 48 hours, the largest proportion among the enterprise groups. The smallest enterprises had the largest proportion of part-time employees, a third. Employees in establishments with $250,000 or more in annual sales worked longer hours than their counterparts in lower sales volume establish ments which were part of the same enterprise group. However, when employees were grouped by sales volume of establishments regardless of en terprise size, the length of the average workweek was 36.9 hours, in both establishment groups. Among the various sales-volume groups, the smallest proportion of employees working longer than 40 hours a week (about a fourth) was found in establishments with $250,000 or more in sales which were parts of enterprises with $1 million or more in sales. This is of interest since em ployees in these establishments made up the vast majority of those brought under the maximum hours provisions of the F air Labor Standards Act amendments of 1961. Under the terms of the amendments, most large retail establishments would have to pay their employees time and onehalf for work after 44 hours a week beginning September 1963, after 42 hours starting September https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Under 15 hours 4.1 9.1 8.4 13.1 10.3 10.2 4.9 1.9 8.7 11.6 9.7 10.5 16.1 5.8 5.0 5.3 9.8 11.9 35 and 15 and under 35 under 40 hours hours 10.5 25.3 26.1 29.3 30.4 30.5 12.1 5.9 21.3 24.2 18.9 29.0 20.4 13.5 13.7 12.1 22.9 29.9 Over 40 48 hours 40 hours and under and over 48 hours 4.3 18.6 19.5 22.0 6.3 6.4 3.9 3.8 4.1 15.6 8.1 20.7 8.1 7.3 8.7 3.7 8.4 9.0 23.2 30.0 33.6 22.1 25.0 24.8 15.6 17.5 11.3 25.7 24.7 25.6 21.0 31.2 30.3 33.1 25.8 21.7 24.2 10.6 9.6 9.7 13.0 13.9 24.9 39.0 7.9 13.2 18.6 10.2 17.9 21.9 22.7 22.8 15.0 13.7 33.5 6.3 2.9 3.7 15.0 14.2 38.5 31.9 46.7 9.7 20.0 3.9 16.5 20.2 19.7 23.0 18.1 13.8 1964, and after 40 hours beginning September 1965. However, in June 1961, prior to the imple mentation of the amendments, a survey similar to this revealed that even then these establishments had the smallest proportion of employees working longer than 40 hours.5 Among employees of the major industry groups, the average number of hours worked during the week ranged from 33.8 for those in apparel and accessory stores to 42.8 for those at automotive dealers and gasoline service stations (table 6). With an average of 42.3 and 38.9 hours a week, respectively, employees in building materials and hardware dealerships, as well as in furniture and appliance stores, were the only others who worked longer than the industry average. The average workweek varied more widely among the 11 selected retail groups, ranging in duration from 31.7 hours for employees in limited price variety stores to 43.7 hours for those at motor vehicle dealers. Employees in gasoline stations, furniture stores, and appliance stores also worked longer, on the average, than the all-industry average workweek. Relation of Hours and Earnings Employees in retail trade were grouped by their average hourly earnings and, within each earnings group, were distributed by their weekly hours bf work. Tabulating the data in this man ner revealed that among lower paid employees 5 See E m p lo y e e E a rn in g s in R e ta il T ra d e , J u n e 1961 B u lle tin 1 S 3 8 -8 , 19&3), tab le 15. (B L S 759 EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN RETAIL TRADE (those paid less than $1.25 an hour) part time as well as relatively long weeks (although to a lesser extent) were more common than among the employees who received $1.50 an hour or more, as shown below: Percent of workers with average hourly earnings _____________________ of—___________________ Weekly hours $1.60 $2 Under Under Under and and $1 $1.15 $1.25 over over Under 35-----------------------40 to 42 inclusive-------------Over 42-----48 and over--------------------- 35 13 45 34 41 15 38 27 42 17 31 21 20 36 35 20 $2.50 $3 and and over over 15 41 37 19 11 46 37 18 11 47 37 17 At the same time, the proportion of employees working from 40 to 42 hours, inclusive, increased at each progressively higher point on the pay scale. The fact that a relatively large proportion of lower paid employees work part time is clear, but the relationship which exists between lower earnings and long workweeks is somewhat blurred. This relationship becomes striking when employees are grouped by the number of hours worked each week and, within each hours grouping, distributed by their average hourly earnings. Thus, among employees working part time as well as among those working long hours, greater proportions earned less than $1.25 an hour than among those working 40 to 42 hours. This last hours group, on the other hand, had the greatest proportion of employees paid $1.50 or more and the smallest proportion of those receiving less than $1.25 an hour. Percent of employees with weekly hours of work of— Average hourly earnings Under $1____ _____ ____ _ Under $1.15_______________ ____ Under $1.25_______________________ $1.50 and over__ ____ _____ ___ . . $2 and over_______ ____ ______ _ _ $2.50 and over______ . ______ $3 and over _ _ __ _ _ _ __ Under 35 6 16 27 38 15 6 3 iß to Í2 inclusive 3 6 11 70 43 27 15 Over 42 8 15 19 62 36 20 11 48 and over 10 17 22 58 31 16 8 Weekly Earnings by Weekly Hours Employees in retail trade earned an average of $68.07 a week in June 1965 (see following tabula tion), the earnings ranging from $13.56 for those who spent less than 15 hours a week at work to $98.36 for those who worked 44 hours. Longer hours did not always bring employees higher weekly earnings. Those who worked over 40 but https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis less than 44 hours averaged less per week than those who worked 40 hours. Thus, even by work ing longer hours, some employees, because of their lower hourly earnings, earned less per week (on a straight-time basis) than employees with shorter hours but higher hourly earnings. Although employees in the South worked longer hours, on the average, than those in the other regions, their weekly earnings were not on a par with those in any other region. However, the earnings differential between the South and each of the other regions was narrower on a weekly than on an hourly basis. The tabulation below presents comparisons by various characteristics: Average weekly earnings United States_______________________________________________ Northeast___________________________________________________ South------------------------------ -------- -------------------------------------------North Central_______________________________________________ West_________ ______________________ ____ ___________ ____ — $68.07 67. 27 60.95 66.96 82.34 Metropolitan areas------------------------- ---------------------------------------Nonmetropolitan areas_______________________________________ 70.31 61.58 Men________________________________________________________ Women_____________________________________________________ 80. 24 50.91 Employees in enterprises with $1 million or more in sales________ Establishments with $250,000 or more in sales_______________ Establishments w ith less than $250,000 in sales______________ Enterprises with $250,000 to $1 million in sales__________________ Establishments with $250,000ormore in sales________________ Establishments with less than $250,000 in sales______________ 70.98 72.29 54.20 73.92 75.40 60.30 Enterprises w ith less than $250,000in sales________________________ 58. 59 The earnings differential between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas was smaller on a weekly basis than on an hourly basis. On the other hand, the relative difference between men’s and women’s weekly earnings was greater than that between their hourly earnings. It reflected the fact that men had higher hourly earnings than women and worked longer hours. Employees in establishments with $250,000 or more in annual sales which were parts of enter prises with between $250,000 and $1 million in sales, had the highest weekly earnings of any estab lishment grouping. Although they averaged less on an hourly basis than employees in similar estab lishments in $1 million enterprises, their substan tially longer (by 3.8 hours) workweek made their weekly earnings the highest. — A l v in B a u m a n Division of National Wage and Salary Income MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 760 New Facts and New Law in the NLRB Annual Report E N o t e .— The following article has been excerpted from the Thirtieth Annual Report of the National Labor Relations Board for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,1965. Minor changes have been made for ease of reading and signs to note deletions have not been employed. d it o r ’s I n t h e c o u r s e o f th e B o a rd ’s a d m in is tra tio n o f th e a c t d u r in g th e r e p o rt y e a r, i t w as re q u ire d to co n sid er a n d d e te rm in e m a n y com plex p ro b lem s a ris in g fro m th e in n u m e ra b le fa c tu a l v a ria tio n s in th e cases re a c h in g it. I n som e cases new d ev elo p m en ts in in d u s tria l re la tio n s, as p re se n te d b y th e fa c tu a l situ a tio n s , re q u ire d th e B o a rd ’s accom m o d a tio n o f e stab lish ed p rin c ip le s to th o se d ev elo p m ents. I n o th e rs, th e B o a rd w as re q u ire d to m ake a n in itia l c o n stru c tio n o f s ta tu to ry pro v isio n s. Representation Cases T h e “s e p a ra b ility f o r u n it p u rp o se s b etw een sell in g a n d n o n se llin g p erso n n el in th e r e ta il store in d u s tr y ” w as o f p rim a ry concern to th e B o a rd in sev eral cases in w h ic h b a r g a in in g u n its o f re ta il d e p a rtm e n t sto re em ployees less th a n sto re w id e in scope w ere a p p ro v e d .1 I n th e absence o f p rio r b a rg a in in g h is to ry a n d w ith no u n io n seek in g a sto rew id e u n it, th e B o a rd co n clu d ed a f te r e v a lu a tio n o f c o n v e n tio n a l u n it d e te rm in a tio n c rite ria th a t, a lth o u g h a sto rew id e u n it in r e ta il e sta b lish m en ts is “b a sic a lly a p p r o p r ia te ” th e “ o p tim u m u n it,” i t is n o t th e o n ly a p p r o p r ia te u n it. Union Rules T h e effo rts o f u n io n s to en fo rce ru le s o f th e ir ow n m a k in g d esig n ed to re g u la te th e actio n s o f th e ir m em bers u n d e r c e rta in circ u m sta n ces m ay o r m ay n o t be p ro te c te d b y th e p ro v iso to section 8 (b ) (1 ) (A ) even th o u g h coercive in th e ir im p act u p o n th e em ployee-m em bers. W h e n cases in v o lv ing such effo rts com e b efo re th e B o a rd th e q uestion u su a lly is w h e th e r in e n fo rc in g its ru le th e u n io n h as re m a in e d w ith in th e a re a o f u n io n -m em b er https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis re la tio n sh ip o r affected th e area o f em ployer-em ployee re la tio n sh ip . I n Local 138, ITJOE,2 th e B o a rd h eld t h a t a u n io n m ay n o t th ro u g h its in te rn a l p ro c ed u re s im pose a fine u p o n a m em ber fo r filin g ch a rg es w ith th e B o a rd even th o u g h th e m em ber th e re b y v io la te d th e u n io n ’s ru le re q u irin g ex h a u stio n first of its p re scrib ed g riev an ce procedure. T h e B o a rd co n clu d ed t h a t its affirm ative d u ty to p ro te c t em ployees w ho p a rtic ip a te d in th e B o a rd ’s processes re q u ire d th a t “ no p riv a te o r g a n iz a tio n sh o u ld be p e rm itte d to p re v e n t o r re g u la te access to th e B o a rd , a n d a ru le re q u irin g ex h a u stio n o f in te rn a l u n io n rem edies by m ean s of w h ich a u n io n seeks to p re v e n t o r lim it access to th e B o a rd ’s processes is beyond the la w fu l com petency o f a la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n to enforce, by coercive m ean s.” Racial Discrimination I n Local 1367, IL A ,3 th e B o a rd fo u n d t h a t a local u n io n com prised o f w h ite m em bers only an d its p a r e n t d is tric t o rg a n iz a tio n , a c tin g as jo in t re p re se n ta tiv e s, in c o n tra v e n tio n o f section 8 (b ) (1) (A ) v io la te d th e ir d u ties of f a ir re p re se n ta tio n by m a in ta in in g a n d e n fo rc in g a c o n tra c t p ro v isio n w h ich allo ca te d lo n g sh o rem en jo b re fe rra ls on a 75-25 p e rc e n t ra tio betw een th e w h ite local a n d th e siste r N e g ro local, a n d by e n fo rc in g a “ no d o u b lin g ” a rra n g e m e n t fo rb id d in g th e assig n m en t of w h ite a n d N eg ro g a n g s to w o rk to g e th e r in sh ip hatch es. I n L,ocal Union No. 12, United Rubber Work ers,* a lth o u g h ra c ia lly d isc rim in a to ry p ro v isio n s h a d been e lim in a te d fro m th e c o n tra c t, th e local u n io n c o n tin u ed to s u p p o rt seg reg ated p la n t fa c ili ties. I t h a d also re fu sed to process griev an ces asse rted by N e g ro em ployees seeking th e e lim in a tio n o f th e seg reg ated fa cilities, as w ell as th e re covery o f b a c k p a y lost th ro u g h th e a p p lic a tio n of th e ra c ia lly d is c rim in a to ry layoff p rio ritie s es ta b lis h e d by th e sin ce-elim in ated c o n tra c t pro- 1A llie d S to r e s of N ew Y o rk , In c ., d.b.a. S te r n ’s, P a ra m u s, 150 NLRB 799; A rn o ld C o n sta b le C orp., 150 NLRB 788; L o rd t£T a y lo r , 150 NLRB 812. See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w March 1965. p. iii. 2 148 NLRB 679. 2 148 NLRB 897. * 150 NLRB 312. NEW FACTS AND NEW LAW IN NLRB ANNUAL REPORT visions. T h e B o a rd fo u n d th a t th e re fu s a l to process th e g riev a n ces w as f o r ra c ia lly d isc rim in a to ry reasons, a n d th e re fo re a v io la tio n o f th e d u ty o f f a ir re p re s e n ta tio n ow ed th e em ployees. Bargaining T h e scope o f th e o b lig a tio n o f a n e m p lo y er to b a rg a in w ith th e re p re s e n ta tiv e of h is em ployees w as f u r th e r d e lin e a te d th ro u g h a n u m b e r o f s ig n ifican t B o a rd decisions. N o t o n ly w ere th e term s “e m p lo y e r” a n d “em p lo y ee” f u r th e r defined, b u t th e B o a r d ’s Fibreboard decision co n c ern in g th e o b lig a tio n to b a rg a in a b o u t th e s u b c o n tra c tin g o f u n it w o rk , w h ich w as affirm ed b y th e S u p rem e C o u rt d u rin g th e r e p o rt y e a r, received ex p lic a tio n in th e course o f a s u b s ta n tia l n u m b e r o f decisions re q u irin g its a p p lic a tio n . I n a d h e rin g to a case-by-case a p p ro a c h th e B o a rd h a s id en tified re c u rre n t fa c to rs w h ich in its view p lace p a r tic u la r lim its u p o n th e scope o f th e Fibreboard d o ctrin e. I t h as em p h asized t h a t some c o n tra c tin g in acco rd an ce w ith a n em p lo y e r’s estab lish e d p ra c tic e m ay n o t c o n s titu te v io la tio n s.6 A lth o u g h th e B o a rd h as m ad e it clea r t h a t th e p rin c ip le is n o t lim ite d in its a p p lic a tio n to th o se situ a tio n s in w h ich th e s u b c o n tra c tin g re su lts in p e rm a n e n t e lim in a tio n o f an e n tire d e p a rtm e n t o r u n it, o r o f in d iv id u a l jobs, it h a s also m ad e it clea r th a t un less th e actio n re su lts in “sig n ifican t d e tr i m e n t” to th e em p lo y m en t e x p e c ta tio n s o f th e u n it em ployees it m ay n o t c o n stitu te a v io la tio n o f th e s ta tu te .6 A sig n ific a n t d ev elo p m en t in re m e d ial p ro v i sions p re sc rib e d by th e B o a rd in p la n t re lo c atio n s itu a tio n s o cc u rre d in a n o th e r case. A lth o u g h in cases w h ere a n em p lo y er h a s re lo c ated h is p la n t a t a d is ta n t lo catio n in o rd e r to av o id h is s ta tu to ry 5 Shell Oil Go., 149 NLRB 283. a American Oil Co., 151 NLRB 421. 7 153 NLRB No. 59. 8 152 NLRB No. 38. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 761 b a rg a in in g o b lig atio n , th e B o a rd h as n o t h e re to fo re im posed a b a rg a in in g o b lig a tio n a t th e new lo catio n u n til th e re p re se n ta tiv e re estab lish ed its m a jo rity , in Garmin Corp. et al.,7 th e B o a rd co n cluded th a t such a n o rd e r sh o u ld be issued “ i f th e p u rp o se s o f th e a c t a re to be serv ed in th is ty p e o f case.” A p p ro a c h in g th e p ro b lem as one of b a la n c in g th e in te re sts o f th e n ew ly h ire d em ployees, w hose v ery jobs ex isted o nly by v irtu e o f th e u n f a ir la b o r p ra ctices a n d th e in ad eq u acy of th e B o a rd ’s u su al o ffer-o f-re in state m e n t rem edy, a g a in st th e v alu e o f a b a rg a in in g o rd e r w h erev er th e em p lo y er rem ain s w hich w ill d issip a te th e con sequences o f a d e lib e ra te v io la tio n o f th e s ta tu te , th e B o a rd concluded th a t th e b alance sh o u ld be stru c k in fa v o r o f th e s ta tu to ry objectiv e o f a m e a n in g fu l rem edy. Hot-Cargo Agreements A lth o u g h m an y o f th e im p lica tio n s o f section 8 (e ) o f th e act h av e been resolved in litig a tio n , a d d itio n a l pro b lem s o f co n stu ctio n co n tin u e to arise as u n io n s seek to o b ta in c o n tra c t clauses a f fo rd in g th e fu lle st p erm issib le p ro te c tio n to th e ir w o rk u n it a n d sta n d a rd s. I n Greater Muskegon General Contractors Association,8 a co n stru c tio n u n io n s tru c k to o b ta in in clu sio n in th e c o n tra c t o f a clause w h ich p ro v id e d t h a t th e u n io n m em bers could “ refu se to w o rk on a n y job w here an y o f th e w ork, irre sp ectiv e o f c r a f t,” w as p e rfo rm e d u n d e r co n d itio n s less fa v o ra b le th a n th e u n io n s ta n d a rd s fo r t h a t c ra ft. F in d in g t h a t th e clause ex ten d ed “ beyond p ro te c tio n of th e w o rk a n d w o rk s ta n d a rd s o f th e em ployees re p resen te d by th e u n io n ,” th e B o a rd concluded th a t th e em p lo y e r’s accep t ance o f such a clause p e rm ittin g em ployees to refu se to w o rk in th e event h e does bu sin ess w ith a n o th e r em p lo y er consid ered o b jectio n ab le 'by th e u n io n , w as th e e q u iv ale n t o f a n ag reem en t by th e em p lo y er n o t to do business w ith a n y o th e r em p lo y ers w ith in th e m e a n in g o f section 8 (e ). 762 Earnings in Synthetic Textile Mills, September 1965 h o u r l y e a r n i n g s o f p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w o rk e rs in sy n th e tic te x tile m ills a v e r ag ed $1.74 in S e p te m b e r 1965 1— th e sam e as fo r w o rk e rs in c o tto n te x tile m ills su rv e y ed in th e sam e m o n th b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .2 T h e a v e ra g e w as 11 p e rc e n t h ig h e r th a n in M ay 1963, w h en a s im ila r su rv e y w as co n d u cted ,3 w ith m uch o f th e in crease due to g e n e ra l w age changes. M an y o f th e m ills in th e S o u th e a st, w h ere th reefo u r th s o f th e w o rk e rs w ere em p lo y ed , ra ise d w ages b y a p p ro x im a te ly 5 p erc e n t on each o f th re e se p a ra te occasions. N ew E n g la n d m ills in creased w ages b y a b o u t 5 p ercen t in A p r il 1964, a n d a g a in in A p r il 1965.4 E m p lo y m e n t in S e p te m b e r 1965, w as a b o u t 20 p e rc e n t h ig h e r th a n in M ay 1963. E a r n in g s o f w o rk e rs in S e p te m b e r 1965 v a rie d by lo catio n , size a n d ty p e o f m ill, ty p e o f p ro d u c t, a n d o ccu p atio n . A lm o st a ll o f th e 100,353 p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in th e re g u la r te x tile o p e ra tio n s 5 of th e sy n th e tic te x tile m ills covered by th e su rvey h a d e a rn in g s w ith in a ra n g e o f $1.25 to $2.50 an h o u r ; th e m id d le h a lf ra n g e d fro m $1.52 to $1.94. S t r a ig h t -t im e 1 The survey covered mills employing 20 workers or more, primarily engaged in manufacturing silk or man-made yarn (or thread) and broadwoven fabrics (12 inches or more in width). Mills manufacturing mixtures containing 25 percent or more wool were excluded. Earnings information developed by the survey excludes pre mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts and, thus, is not comparable with the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series. The monthly series provides data for silk and synthetic broadwoven fabric mills (weaving and integrated mills). These mills, as well as those primarily engaged in spinning yarn or thread, are included in this survey. A more comprehensive account of this survey will be presented in a forthcoming BLS bulletin. Separate releases providing in formation on earnings and supplementary benefits for selected areas and States are available upon request to the Bureau or any of its regional offices. 2 See pp. 765-768, of this issue. 3 For an account of the earlier survey, see Monthly Labor Re view, June 1964, pp. 677-679. 4 Late in March 1966, some large New England textile com panies and the Textile Workers Union of America negotiated 3year contracts with wage increases totaling 23 cen ts: 10 cents an hour in April 1966, 6 cents in April 1967, and 7 cents in April 1968. These increases are not included in the earnings data presented in this article. BEarnings data for an estimated 3,783 workers employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and fabricating depart ments are excluded from earnings information in this article. These workers were included, however, in developing the pro portions of production workers in mills providing selected sup plementary benefits. 0 For definition of regions used in this study, see table, foot note 2. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 P a id v acatio n s, as w ell as v a rio u s ty p es of h e a lth a n d in su ran c e benefits, w ere p ro v id e d by esta b lish m en ts em p lo y in g n e a rly all o f th e w orkers. M ills h a v in g collective b a rg a in in g ag reem en ts accounted fo r n e a rly th re e -fifth s o f th e w o rk ers in New E n g la n d , tw o -fifth s in th e M id d le A tla n tic region, a n d ab o u t 1 p ercen t in th e S o u th e a st.6 T h e m a jo r u n io n in th e in d u s try w as th e T e x tile W o rk e rs U n io n o f A m erica. Earnings W o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a st re g io n av e rag e d $1.72 an h o u r in S ep tem b er 1965, co m p ared w ith $1.77 fo r w o rk ers in th e M id d le A tla n tic a n d $1.85 fo r those in N ew E n g la n d . A s in d ic a te d in th e fo l lo w in g ta b u la tio n , w age levels v a rie d by area w ith in each re g io n : Selected States and areas N ew England: Maine and New Hampshire_________________ Southern New England____________________ M iddle Atlantic: A llentown-Bethlehem-Easton, P a.-N .J--------Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N . J_______________ Scranton, P a__________________ Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, Pa_________________ Southeast: Georgia____________________________________ North Carolina____________________________ Charlotte, N .C ____________________________ Winston-Salem-High Point, N .C ------------------ Number of production workers Average hourly earnings 1, 491 9,728 $1. 77 1.86 1,110 1,194 2,006 1,363 1.89 2.29 1.57 1.60 5,723 40,271 14,790 10,479 1.66 1.70 1.67 1.74 N atio n w id e, a n d in each o f th e tw o reg io n s p e r m ittin g com parisons, av e rag e h o u rly e a rn in g s of all w o rk ers w ere h ig h e st in w eav in g m ills a n d low est in sp in n in g m ills, w ith in te g ra te d m ills (th o se h a v in g b o th sp in n in g a n d w eav in g o p e ra tio n s) in a n in te rm e d ia ry positio n . A lth o u g h th e d isp ro p o rtio n a te influence of sk illed w eav in g jobs was a contributing factor, workers in y a r n m ills n e a rly alw ay s a v e rag e d less th a n w o rk ers in th e o th e r tw o ty p e s of m ills am ong those o ccupations fo r w hich co m p ariso n s could be m ade. A v e rag es also v a rie d by p re d o m in a n t class of fa b ric , ra n g in g fro m $1.73 an h o u r in m ills p ro d u c in g silk a n d silk -m ix tu re fa b ric s to $1.87 in those p ro d u c in g p ile, u p h o lste ry , d ra p e ry , ta p e s tr y , a n d tie fa b rics. I n th e S o u th e ast, h o u rly av erag es fo r th e fa b ric classifications show n w ere w ith in a 5-cent r a n g e ; in N ew E n g la n d , th e ra n g e in av erag es fo r c o rresp o n d in g fa b ric classifications w as 18 cents. A s im ila r co m p ariso n fo r th e M id d le A tla n tic re g io n w as n o t possible. EARNINGS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILE MILLS I n th e M id d le A tla n tic a n d S o u th e a st regions, w o rk e rs in m e tro p o lita n a re a s a v e ra g e d c o n sid er ab ly m o re th a n w o rk e rs in s m a lle r co m m u n itie s; in N ew E n g la n d , how ever, av e rag e s w ere n e a rly id en tica l. I n th e S o u th e a st, th e o n ly re g io n w here co m p ariso n b y size o f m ill is feasible, av erag es in m ills em p lo y in g 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re w ere h ig h e r th a n th o se re p o rte d in sm a lle r m ills. A b o u t th re e -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in re g u la r te x tile d e p a rtm e n ts w ere m e n ; th e y av e ra g e d $1.82 an h o u r, w h ile w om en av e ra g e d $1.63. D iffe r ences in av e ra g e p a y levels f o r m en a n d w om en m ay be th e re s u lt o f sev eral fa c to rs in c lu d in g v a r i atio n in th e d is trib u tio n o f th e sexes am o n g e sta b lish m e n ts a n d am o n g jobs w ith d is p a ra te p a y levels. E a r n in g s o f alm o st a ll w o rk e rs w ere betw een $1.25 a n d $2.50 an h o u r, b u t th e d is trib u tio n o f w o rk ers w ith in specified e a rn in g s classes v a rie d by regio n . F o r ex am p le, 5 p e rc e n t o f th e w o rk ers in N ew E n g la n d e a rn e d less th a n $1.50 a n h o u r, co m p ared w ith 21 p e rc e n t in th e S o u th e a s t an d 35 p e rc e n t in th e M id d le A tla n tic reg io n . C o rre sp o n d in g p e rcen tag e s o f w o rk e rs e a rn in g $2.50 or m o re w ere 3.3,0.8, a n d 9.2 p ercen t. W om en w ere p rin c ip a lly em p lo y ed in occu p a tio n s w ith s im ila r sk ill re q u irem en ts, a n d th e ir e a rn in g s w ere m o re c o n c e n tra te d th a n th o se o f m en. N a tio n a lly , th e m id d le h a lf o f th e e a rn in g s ra n g e w as $1.50-$1.74 f o r w om en, co m p ared w ith $1.54—$2.08 f o r m en. In fo rm a tio n on e a rn in g s w as o b tain ed se p a ra te ly f o r a n u m b e r o f jo b s selected to re p re se n t th e ty p e s o f sk ills a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g o p era tio n s in th e in d u s try . (S ee ac c o m p a n y in g ta b le fo r som e o f th ese jobs.) P a y re la tio n s h ip s am o n g th e reg io n s v a rie d b y o ccu p atio n . E a r n in g s o f in d iv id u a l w o rk e rs w ere w id ely d is trib u te d w ith in th e sam e j ob a n d g e o g ra p h ic area. I n som e jobs, p a r tic u la r ly th o se p a id on a n in cen tiv e b asis,7 th e h ig h e st h o u rly e a rn in g s exceeded th e low est in th e sam e o cc u p atio n a n d a re a by $1 o r m ore. T h u s, a n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs in co m p ara7 Incentive systems, nearly always individual piece rates, ap plied to about three-tenths of the workers in the Southeast, a fourth in the Middle Atlantic, and nearly a fifth in New England. Incentive workers included seven-eighths of the weavers; a majority of spinning-frame doffers and slubber tenders; and nearly half of the yarn winders. 8 For purposes of this study, percentage payments were con verted to an equivalent time basis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 763 tiv ely lo w -p a id jobs (a s m easu red by th e av e rag e fo r a ll w o rk ers) e a rn e d m ore th a n som e w o rk e rs in jobs fo r w hich sig n ifican tly h ig h e r av erag es w ere recorded. F o r exam ple, som e w om en em p lo y ed as y a r n w in d ers (cone a n d tube, n o n a u to m a tic ) ea rn ed as m u ch as $2.40 an h o u r, a n d some m en dobby-loom w eavers as low as $1.80— d esp ite a 47-cent av e rag e w age a d v a n ta g e f o r m en dobbyloom w eavers over th is g ro u p o f y a r n w inders. Establishm ent Practices W o rk schedules o f 48 h o u rs a w eek a p p lie d to ab o u t sev en -ten th s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a s t; in th e M id d le A tla n tic a n d New E n g la n d reg io n s sim ila r p ro p o rtio n s w ere sch ed u led to w o rk 40 h o u rs a week. N e a rly a ll m ills h a d p ro v isio n s fo r e x tra s h if t o p e ra tio n s f o r m ost p ro d u c tio n d e p a rtm e n ts. I n each o f th e th re e re gions, a p p ro x im a te ly th re e -te n th s of th e w o rk ers w ere em ployed on second s h ifts a t th e tim e o f th e s t u d y ; in th e M id d le A tla n tic reg io n a b o u t onelia lf o f these w o rk e rs received d iffe re n tia l p a y , b u t th is p ra c tic e w as n o t com m on in th e S o u th e a st o r N ew E n g la n d regions. T h ir d - s h if t o p e ra tio n s a c co u n ted fo r o n e -fo u rth o f th e w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e ast, a n d fo r slig h tly m o re th a n o n e-six th in th e o th e r tw o regions. T h ir d - s h if t w o rk ers u su ally received 5 cents an h o u r above d ay ra te s in th e S o u th e a st a n d 7 cents in th e N ew E n g la n d re g io n ; in th e M id d le A tla n tic re g io n d iffe re n tia l p a y fo r th ir d - s h if t w o rk w as v arie d , w ith no single am o u n t p re d o m in a tin g . P a id h o lid a y s w ere p ro v id e d by m ills em p lo y in g th re e -fifth s o f all p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs; alm o st all in N ew E n g la n d , n in e -te n th s in th e M id d le A tla n tic reg io n , a n d a h a lf in th e S o u th e ast. M ost com m only, w o rk ers in N ew E n g la n d received 6 p a id h o lid a y s a n n u a lly ; 6 a n d 8 d ay s w ere ab o u t eq u ally com m on in th e M id d le A tla n tic region. I n th e S o u th e ast, 2 p a id h o lid a y s u su a lly a p p lie d to those g ra n te d an y h o lid a y pay. P a id v acatio n s ( a f te r q u a lify in g p erio d s of service) w ere p ro v id e d to p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs by alm o st all o f th e m ills stu d ied . T y p ic a l v ac atio n p ay m en ts— u su a lly based on a s tip u la te d p e rc e n t age o f th e em ployee’s a n n u a l e a r n in g s 8— w ere 1 w eek’s p a y a f te r 1 y e a r o f service a n d 2 w eeks’ p a y a f te r 5 y ea rs o r m ore. P ro v isio n s fo r 3 w eeks of MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 764 N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n S y n t h e t ic T e x t il e M il l s S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s , 2 S e p t e m b e r 1965 United States 3 Characteristic Earn ings 1 Workers A ll M ills All production w orkers... . . _____ . M en__ . ______ _ _____________ W omen__________ „ . . ________________ N ew England Workers Earn ings 1 Middle Atlantic Workers Earn ings 1 Southeast Workers Earn ings 1 100,353 59,782 40,571 $1.74 1.82 1.63 11,219 6,598 4,621 $1.85 1.95 1.70 14,433 7,167 7,266 $1.77 1,95 1,59 73,979 45,679 28,300 $1.72 1.78 1.62 31,545 68,808 1.81 1.71 6,912 4,307 1.85 1.84 10,985 3, 448 1.81 1.64 12, 926 61,053 1.79 1.70 24,149 30, 356 33, 897 11,951 1.73 1.73 1.75 1.75 5,410 3,138 1.84 1.88 7,956 5,890 1,85 1.65 10,783 20,612 32, 273 10,311 1. 59 1.73 1. 75 1.73 29, 825 11, 808 18, 017 35, 314 35,214 1.58 1.53 1.61 1.84 1.77 21,722 7,216 14,506 21,339 30,918 1.57 1.56 1.58 1.81 1.76 _ _ __ 80,739 19,614 Filament flat fabrics___ ____________ ________________ ___________ Filament twisted yarn fabrics Spun synthetic fabrics Silk and silk mixture, fabrics P ile, upholstery, drapery, tapestry, and tie fabrics. _ _ _______ _ Size of C ommunity Metropolitan areas4- .- _ . . . _ _________ _ _ Nonmetropolitan areas___ _ ________ ________ __ Size of E stablishment 20-249 workers____ _______ _ _ _ ___________ 250-499 workers _ _____ _ __ _ __________ _ _ _ _ 500-999 workers 1,000 workers or more _ _ T ype of M ill Yarn or thread mill__________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ _ __ __________ Filament yarn or thread Spun yam or thread Weaving mills. _ ____ _ __________ - - - - - - - - - _____ Integrated mills 3,416 1.74 4,687 4,178 1.50 1.48 3,002 5,139 2,665 1.76 1.92 1,86 8,836 1.89 1.72 1.84 10, 580 1.84 12,483 1,950 1.70 2.17 56, 954 17,025 1.70 1.79 14, 812 5,290 34,174 1,071 14,990 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.73 1.87 4,200 1,000 1,144 1.88 1.84 1.84 1,861 1.93 8,751 3,363 32,094 1.81 1.82 1.77 1,459 2.02 1,071 5,672 1.73 1.95 7,859 1.78 2,365 268 1, 760 1, 122 252 3,265 1,425 5,240 348 1,433 4i 834 3, 058 3,901 1,442 959 9,274 1,591 3, 570 1,896 2,217 12,550 1.54 1.98 1.76 1.65 2.18 1.62 1.46 2.39 2.21 1.77 1.68 1.50 1.59 1.55 1.78 2.11 2.12 2.09 2.22 2.04 1.60 308 18 121 82 26 495 84 921 35 69 450 179 386 69 104 1,179 183 373 123 500 1,008 1.58 1.93 1.78 1.75 2.44 1.62 1.54 2.33 2.33 1.97 1.77 1.62 1.62 1.70 1.81 2. 08 2.13 2.04 2.35 2.02 1.67 371 1.46 107 23 520 120 872 11 1.68 2.18 1.60 1.55 2.56 2.56 1,666 246 1,589 927 203 2,236 1,197 184 389 1,011 584 390 2,264 609 507 1,095 53 2,685 1.71 1.48 1. 50 1.43 1.82 2.21 2.08 2.12 2.34 2.04 1.50 1.54 1. 99 1.76 1.63 2.14 1.62 1.44 2.36 2.18 1.76 1.66 1. 49 1.61 1.63 1-73 2-08 2-15 2-09 1-99 2-05 1-61 F ib e r C ontent of P redom inant P roduct Synthetic fibers only _____ ___ _ Blends of synthetic and cotton fibers _ _ _ _ _ _ P redom inant C lass of F abrics s Selected Occupations Battery hands (480 men and 1,885 wom en)____ Card grinders (all men) __ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ Drawing-frame tenders (756 men and 366 wom en)____ ___ _________ Electricians, maintenance (all m en)__ ___ ___ ____ . . . __ ____ Inspectors, cloth, machine (543 men and 2,722 wom en)—. _ _ _ ___ Janitors, except machinery cleaners (1,326 men and 99 women) ___ __ _ ______ _ __ _ _ _ ______ Loom fixers (all m en)____ _ Machinists, maintenance (all m en)_____ ___ _ ______ ___ Slubber tenders (1,160 men and 273 women) Spinners, ring-frame (435 men and 4,399 w o m e n )___ _._ ___ _ Truckers, hand, including bobbin boys (3,039 men and 19 women)-------Twister tenders, ring-frame (1,242 men and 2,659 w om en)__ ----Uptwisters (777 men and 665 w om en).. ______ _ _ ____ ____ Warper tenders (392 men and 567 w om en)__ _______ Weavers (6,349 men and 2,925 w o m en ).. _ _ ______ _ ___ Box looms (1,231 men and 360 women)—_ ___________ ___ _ Dobby looms (2,442 men and 1,128 wom en)_____ _ _ ____ ___ Jacquard looms (1,435 men and 461 women) _______ _____ ___ _ Plain looms (1,241 men and 976 women) _ _ ____ _ --------Winders, yam (287 men and 12,263 wom en)____ _ _ __ ___ ______ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Also excluded are data for an estimated 3,783 workers (with an average of $1.65 an hour) employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and fabricating departments. 2 The regions used in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; and Southeast—Ala bama, Florida, Georgia, M ississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. v ac atio n p a y a f te r 25 y e a rs o f service a p p lie d to a b o u t a te n th o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers. M o re th a n n in e -te n th s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers w ere in m ills t h a t p a id a t le a st p a r t o f th e cost o f life , h o s p ita liz a tio n , a n d s u rg ic a l in su ran ce. S ickness a n d ac c id e n t in su ra n c e w as a v a ila b le to tw o -th ird s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs a n d acci- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3,433 302 1, 350 4,132 2,488 2, 456 789 463 5, 803 799 2,690 678 1,636 8,729 3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. 4 The term “metropolitan areas” as used in this study refers to Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget through March 1965. 5 Includes weaving and integrated mills only. Data could not be shown separately for synthetic-wool fabric mills. N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi cation criteria. d e n ta l d e a th a n d d ism em b erm en t in su ra n c e to a b o u t th re e -fifth s. M edical in su ran c e w as p r o v id ed by estab lish m en ts w ith a p p ro x im a te ly oneh a lf o f th e w o rk ers, a n d c a ta s tro p h e in su ran c e w as a v a ila b le to a six th . M ost o f th e benefits w ere p ro v id e d u n d e r p la n s u su a lly financed w h o lly by th e em p lo y er in each region. EARNINGS IN COTTON TEXTILE MILLS 765 P e n sio n p lan s, p ro v id in g re g u la r p a y m e n ts (o th e r th a n F e d e r a l social se c u rity ) to w o rk e rs on re tire m e n t, w ere p ro v id e d b y m ills e m p lo y in g tw ofifth s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers. R e g io n a lly th e p ro p o rtio n s w ere a te n th in N ew E n g la n d , a fo u r th in th e M id d le A tla n tic , a n d o n e -h a lf in th e S o u th e a st. I n th e la tte r re g io n , benefits fo r m ost o f th e w o rk e rs in th ese m ills w ere financed th ro u g h a n n u ity -ty p e p ro fit-s h a rin g p la n s ; in th e N ew E n g la n d a n d M id d le A tla n tic reg io n s, p la n s m a k in g p re d e te rm in e d p a y m e n ts w ere th e p re d o m in a n t ty p e. P la n s p ro v id in g lu m p -su m p ay m en ts u p o n re tire m e n t a p p lie d to 6 p e rc e n t o f th e w o rkers. M ills h a v in g fo rm a l p ro fit-s h a rin g p lan s, u su a lly p ro v id in g fo r d e fe rre d d is trib u tio n , ac co u n ted fo r a b o u t o n e -fo u rth o f th e p ro d u c tio n w orkers. Earnings in Cotton Textile Mills, September 1965 h o u rs a w eek lo n g e r in S ep tem b er 1965, th a n in th e e a rlie r p e rio d .5 E a r n in g s o f w o rk e rs v a rie d b y lo catio n , size an d ty p e o f m ill, ty p e o f p ro d u c t, a n d occupation. N e a rly a ll o f th e 219,477 w o rk e rs em p lo y ed in re g u la r te x tile o p e r a tio n s 6 of th e m ills covered by S tr aig h t - t im e ea r n in g s o f p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w o rk e rs in c o tto n te x tile m ills a v e ra g e d $1.74 an h o u r in S e p te m b e r 1965, a c c o rd in g to a su rv ey co n d u c te d b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .1 T h e a v e ra g e w as n e a rly 14 p e rc e n t h ig h e r th a n in M ay 1963, w hen a s im ila r su rv e y w as co n d u c te d .2 M u ch o f th is rise w as d ue to g e n e ra l w age in creases in th e S o u th e a s t re g io n , w h ich accounted fo r 94 p e rc e n t o f th e in d u s tr y ’s w o rk force. I n th is re g io n , m a n y o f th e m ills in cre ased w ages by a b o u t 5 p e rc e n t on each o f th re e occasions b e tw een th e tw o su rv e y d ates. M ost N ew E n g la n d m ills in cre ased w ages b y a b o u t 5 p e rc e n t in A p ril 1964, a n d by a lik e a m o u n t in A p r il 1965.3 A s C o m m issio n er o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s A r t h u r M. R oss in d ic a te d in h is F e b r u a r y 8, 1966, sta te m e n t to th e J o in t E co n o m ic C o m m ittee o f th e U .S . C o n g ress,4 these g e n e ra l w ag e in creases reflect m a n y fa cto rs. W ith specific re fe re n c e to th e S o u th e rn te x tile in d u s try , he said , “te x tile [w ag e] in creases reflect n o t o n ly th e w id e sp re a d p ro s p e rity in th e c o u n try as a w hole, b u t circ u m sta n ces sp ecial to th is in d u s tr y , in c lu d in g th e effect o f th e c o tto n eq u a liz a tio n law , im p ro v e d eq u ip m e n t a n d m an ag e m en t, u n ion o rg a n iz in g p re ssu res, a n d in c re a sin g difficulties o f re c ru itin g te x tile w o rk e rs fro m r u r a l a re a s.” T h e n u m b e r o f p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w o rk ers in m ills w ith in scope o f th e su rv e y w as a b o u t 2 p e rc e n t below th e em p lo y m en t level o f M ay 1963. O n th e av e rag e , how ever, th e y w o rk e d a b o u t 2 221-143 O—66—— 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — C h arles M. O ’C onnor Division of Occupational Pay 1 The survey covered mills employing 20 workers or more, pri marily engaged in manufacturing cotton yarn (or thread) and broad-woven fabrics (12 inches or more in width). Mills manu facturing mixtures containing 25 percent or more wool were excluded. Earnings information developed by the survey excludes pre mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts and, thus, is not comparable with the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series. The monthly series provides data for cotton broadwoven fabric mills (weaving and integrated mills). These mills, as well as those primarily engaged in spinning yarn or thread are included in this survey. A more comprehensive account of this survey will be presented in a forthcoming BLS bulletin. Separate releases providing in formation on earnings and supplementary benefits for selected areas and States are available upon request to the Bureau or any of its regional offices. 2 For an account of the earlier survey, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , June 1964, pp. 673-676. 3 Late in March 1966, four large New England textile com panies and the Textile Workers Union of America negotiated 3-year contracts with wage increases totaling 23 cents ; 10 cents an hour in April 1966, 6 cents in April 1967, and 7 cents in April 1968. These increases are not included in the earnings data presented in this article. Another round of wage increases for Southern textile mills, to be effective in mid-1966, was an nounced in May. 4 The E con om ic S itu a tio n in 1966, Statement Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, H e a rin g s on th e 1966 E con om ic R e p o r t of th e P r e sid e n t, Feb. 8, 1966. 5 According to the Bureau’s employment and earnings series, production workers in the cotton broadwoven fabrics industry averaged 42.5 hours a week in September 1965, compared with 40.6 hours in May 1963. 0 Earnings information in this article excludes data for an estimated 21,519 workers employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and fabricating departments in mills covered by the survey. These workers were included, however, in developing the proportions of production workers in mills providing selected supplementary benefits. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 766 th e su rv e y e a rn e d betw een $1.25 a n d $2.50 an h o u r; th e m id d le h a lf e a rn e d betw een $1.53 a n d $1.94. A lm o st a ll o f th e w o rk e rs w ere in m ills p r o v id in g p a id v a c a tio n s a n d v a rio u s ty p e s o f h e a lth a n d in su ra n c e benefits. N e a rly sev e n -eig h th s 7 o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d w ere in m ills w ith la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t c o n tra c ts, c o m p ared w ith an e ig h th in th e S o u th e a st. I n th e la tte r reg io n , N o rth C a ro lin a , S o u th C a ro lin a , a n d V irg in ia ac co u n ted f o r fo u r-fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in u n io n m ills, b u t fo r o n ly tw o -th ird s o f th e to ta l em p lo y m ent. T h e m a jo r u n io n s in th e in d u s try a re th e T e x tile W o rk e rs U n io n o f A m e ric a a n d th e U n ite d T e x tile W o rk e rs o f A m erica. Earnings I n S e p te m b e r 1965, w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a st r e g io n 8 a v e ra g e d $1.74 a n h o u r, c o m p a re d w ith $1.82 f o r w o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d a n d $1.53 fo r th o se in th e S o u th w e st reg io n . (S ee a c co m p an y in g ta b le .) E a r n in g s in fo rm a tio n w as also d e veloped se p a ra te ly fo r sev eral S ta te s a n d are a s in th e S o u t h : Alabama__ ____ _____ _ ___ ... _______ Georgia____________ _ _ ______ _______ North Carolina_________ _ _______ _______ Charlotte.. : . _ ... .. _ _ _______ Statesville.. . . . . ____ . . . _ __ _______ ____ _______ South Carolina________ . Greenville-Spartanburg._ _ _ ... _______ Texas____ _ ___ . . . . . . . _______ Number of production workers Average hourly earnings 21,504 42,595 67,248 29,677 9,485 60,911 24,530 4,222 $1. 75 1.74 1.69 1.67 1.67 1.77 1.77 1.51 Workers in integrated mills (those having both spinning and weaving operations) had higher average hourly earnings than those in yarn mills; in the Southeast region the difference amounted 7 The estimate of the proportion of workers in union mills in New England (95 percent) for the Bureau’s May 1963 survey was overstated; the revised estimate for the earlier survey is 88 per cent. 8 For definition of regions used in this study, see table, foot note 2. 9 A comparison of occupational pay relationships between yarn and integrated mills in the Southeast indicated that workers in selected jobs in integrated mills averaged 11 cents an hour more, as a group, than their counterparts in yarn mills. This was de termined by multiplying the average earnings for occupations found in both types of mills by the respective occupational em ployments in integrated mills, and dividing the sums of these products by the total employment factors. The wage advantage held by workers in integrated mills amounted to 12 cents for men and 10 cents for women. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to 15 cents. A lth o u g h th e absence o f skilled w eav in g occu p atio n s in y a rn m ills c o n trib u te s to th e difference in o v erall e a rn in g s levels in th e tw o ty p e s o f m ills, y a rn m ill w o rk ers also h a d con siste n tly lo w er p a y in co m p ariso n s a t th e occu p a tio n a l level.9 W o rk e rs in in te g ra te d m ills in N ew E n g la n d a v e rag e d $1.83 an h o u r— 6 cents m ore th a n th e ir c o u n te rp a rts in th e S o u th e ast r e g io n ; th e difference w as 8 cents w h en com p ariso n w as lim ite d to in te g ra te d m ills p rim a rily p ro d u c in g c a rd e d -y a rn fa b rics. A m o n g fa b ric m ills, av erag es v a rie d by p re d o m in a n t class o f fa b ric. T h e re w as little difference in o v erall p ro d u c tio n w o rk e r av erag es in m e tro p o lita n a n d n o n m e tro p o lita n areas. A c c o rd in g to m ill em p lo y m en t size, how ever, av e rag e s ra n g e d , pro g ressiv ely , fro m $1.61 a n h o u r in m ills em p lo y in g fe w er th a n 250 w o rk e rs to $1.80 in those w ith 1,000 o r m ore. T h is re la tio n sh ip h eld in th e S o u th e ast, b u t n o t in N ew E n g la n d . A b o u t th re e -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in re g u la r te x tile d e p a rtm e n ts w ere m e n ; th e y a v e rag e d $1.78 an h o u r, co m p ared w ith $1.67 fo r w om en. D iffe r ences in a v e rag e p a y levels fo r m en a n d w om en m ay be th e re s u lt o f several fa c to rs, in c lu d in g v a ria tio n in th e d is trib u tio n o f th e sexes am o n g estab lish m en ts a n d am o n g jobs w ith d is p a ra te p a y levels. E a r n in g s o f alm o st all w o rk ers w ere w ith in a ra n g e o f $1.25 to $2.50 an h o u r, w ith th e m id d le h a lf o f th e w o rk e rs’ e a rn in g s betw een $1.53 a n d $1.94. A t th e low er en d o f th e a r ra y , 8 p e rc e n t o f th e w o rk ers ea rn ed less th a n $1.40 a n d 21 p e r cent ea rn ed less th a n $1.50. A s in d ic a te d belowy th e c o n c en tratio n s o f w o rk e rs a t lo w er e a rn in g s levels w ere p ro p o rtio n a te ly g re a te r in th e S o u th w est th a n in th e o th e r re g io n s : Percent of production workers earning less than— e g i o n -----------------------------------------------------------------$1.30 $1 .4 0 $1.50 N ew England___________ 0.7 1.8 2.9 Southeast_______________ 2.0 7. 5 20. 5 Southwest.______________ 13.6 39.3 57.9 R E a r n in g s o f w om en, m ost o f w hom w ere em p lo y ed in occu p atio n s re q u irin g s im ila r skills, w ere m ore co n c en trate d th a n those o f m en. N a tio n a lly , th e m id d le 50 p ercen t of e a rn in g s fo r w om en ra n g e d fro m $1.53 to $1.80; th e c o rre sp o n d in g ra n g e fo r m en w as fro m $1.53 to $2.03. 767 EARNINGS IN COTTON TEXTILE MILLS In f o r m a tio n on e a rn in g s w as o b tain ed sep a ra te ly fo r a n u m b e r o f jo b s selected to re p re sen t th e d iffe re n t ty p e s o f sk ills a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g o p e ra tio n s in th e in d u s try . (S o m e o f th ese jobs a re in c lu d e d in th e a c co m p an y in g ta b le .) O ccu p a tio n a l av erag es w ere n e a rly alw ay s h ig h e st in N ew E n g la n d a n d low est in th e S o u th w est. E a r n in g s o f w o rk ers p e rfo rm in g sim ila r task s also v a rie d w ith in th e sam e estab lish m en t, p a r tic u la rly fo r o ccu p atio n s ty p ic a lly p a id u n d e r incen- N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n C o t t o n T e x t il e M il l s b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s ,2 S e p t e m b e r 1965 United S tates3 N ew England Southwest Southeast Characteristics Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 All Mills 219, 477 136,641 82,836 $1.74 1.78 1.67 6,879 4,209 2,670 $1.82 1.87 1.73 206,046 128,342 77, 704 $1.74 1.78 1.67 4,824 3, 029 1,795 $1. 53 1. 55 1.48 50,888 168, 589 1.77 1.73 3,369 3, 510 1.82 1.82 44,788 161,258 1.76 1.73 1,126 3,698 1.50 1.53 Size of E stablishment 20-249 workers______ ____ _______________ ___________ ____ _____ 250-499 workers__________ •_____ _______ _______ _________________ 500-999 workers________________________________ ____ __________ 1,000 workers or m ore._________________________________________ 30 099 58,678 102 74 .598 1. 61 1.71 1 70 1. 80 1.59 1.72 1.76 1.79 1.50 1.83 1.81 27,499 55, 365 52, 415 70j 767 2, 581 2 259 3¡ 777 T ype of Mill and P roduct 5 Yarn m ills._____ ____ _____ ___________________________________ Carded yarn_________________________________________ _____ Combed yarn_____________________________________________ Integrated m ills______ ______________________________________ Carded-yam fabrics_____ __________________________________ Combed-yarn fabrics______________________________________ 44, 463 17' 568 26 895 171, 471 140,951 30, 520 1.62 1.63 1.62 1.77 1.75 1.83 42, 313 17; 342 24; 971 161,603 132, 329 29,274 1.62 1. 63 1.61 1.77 1.76 1.83 4,619 4, 619 1.53 1.53 203,295 10 182 1.73 1 79 191,953 14,093 1.74 1. 78 4,682 1.53 7 844 14 265 55, 311 25, 404 11 101 lsj 832 6, 567 28,647 12 043 1. 70 1. 64 1. 76 1. 78 1. 77 1.82 1.74 1. 83 1. 76 6,476 13, 703 5i; 501 24, 680 10,101 13, 741 6,567 27; 134 9, 830 1.75 1.65 1.77 1.78 1.80 1.82 1.74 1.83 1.73 9,724 1,746 4,332 10,712 687 5,401 5,238 10, 331 1,160 5,102 18,962 6,740 19, 075 1 853 3 546 1 121 12, 555 16,402 1.56 2. 03 1.62 1. 85 2.21 1.63 1.45 2.27 2.18 1.87 1.70 1.49 2.00 2. 00 2. 04 2.16 1.97 1.63 9,150 1,672 4,143 10,299 655 5,027 4,993 9,672 1,106 4,885 18, 202 6,481 17, 775 1,781 3', 435 786 11,773 15,617 1.56 2.03 1.62 1.85 2. 21 1.64 1.45 2. 27 2.19 1.86 1. 70 1.50 2. 00 2.01 2. 04 2.09 1.98 1.63 261 29 96 229 10 82 101 243 24 113 338 146 354 1.41 1.77 1.48 1.69 2.07 1.39 1.34 2.03 1.88 1.64 1.50 1.32 1.74 354 272 1.74 1.47 A ll production workers_________________ Men______________________________ Women____________________________ Size of Community Metropolitan areas 4_________________________ Nonmetropolitan areas______________________ 5,047 3,801 1.83 1.84 5,766 1,113 1.81 1.85 F ib e r C ontent of P redom inant P roduct Cotton fibers only..................... ................................................................... Blends of cotton and syhthetic fibers____________ _______________ P redom inant C lass of F abrics 6 Duck and allied fabrics________________________________________ Narrow sheeting and allied coarse and medium yarn fabrics_______ Wide sheeting and allied coarse and medium yarn fa b rics............. Printcloth-yarn fabrics________________________________________ Colored-yarn fabrics____________ ______________________________ Towels, toweling, and. dishcloths____ ___________________________ Napped fabrics, blankets, and blanketing_______________________ Fine cotton fabrics (combed, part combed, and fine carded)_______ Specialties and other woven cotton fabrics_______________________ Selected O ccupations Battery hands (463 men and 9,261 women)______________________ Card grinders (all m en)_________________________ ______________ Card tenders (4,246 men and 86 wom en)________________________ Doffers, spinning-frame (10,588 men and 124 women)_____________ Electricians, maintenance (all m en)_____________________________ Inspectors, cloth, machine (831 men and 4,570 women)____________ Janitors, except machinery cleaners (4,408 men and 830 women)___ Loom fixers (all m en)__________________________________________ Machinists, maintenance (all m en)______________________________ Slubber tenders (4,548 men and 554 wom en)________ _____________ Spinners, ring-frame (186 men and 18,776 women)________________ Truckers, hand, including bobbin boys (6,523 men and 217 women) Weavers (9,242 men and 9,833 w om en)______ ____ _______________ Box looms (1,089 men and 764 women)______________________ D obby looms (1,987 men and 1,559 wom en)__________________ Jacquard looms (837 men and 284 w om en)___________________ Plain looms (5,329 men and 7,226 women)___________________ Winders, yarn (200 men and 16,202 w om en)____ _________________ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Also excluded are data for an estimated 21,519 workers (with an average of $1.73 an hour) employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and fin ishing, and fabricating departments. 2 The regions used in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Southeast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia; and Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. 3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 285 44 87 181 18 240 120 286 23 97 417 89 523 1. 59 1.99 1. 73 1.89 2.16 1.61 1.53 2.29 2. 20 2.20 1.75 1.56 2. 09 385 355 2.02 1.77 4 The term “metropolitan areas” as used in this study refers to Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget through March 1965. . 5 Data are not shown separately for weaving mills, but are included m the data for all production workers. Mills engaged in weaving fabrics from purchased yarn employed an estimated 3,543 workers at the time of the study and were mostly concentrated in the Southeast region. 6 Includes data for weaving and integrated mills only. N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica tion criteria. 768 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 tiv e w age system s.10 I n m a n y in stan ces, th e difference in e a rn in g s b etw een th e h ig h e s t a n d low est p a id w o rk e rs in th e sam e jo b a n d e s ta b lish m en t am o u n te d to m o re th a n 50 cen ts a n h o u r. E n g la n d , how ever, n e a rly a ll p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers received ov er 1 b u t less th a n 2 weeks o f p ay a f te r 3 y ears o f service. P ro v isio n s fo r 3 weeks o f p a id v ac a tio n w ere seldom re p o rte d fo r p ro d u c tio n w orkers. Establishm ent Practices L ife , h o sp ita liz a tio n , a n d su rg ic a l in su ran ce, fi n an ced a t least in p a r t by em ployers, w ere re p o rte d W o rk schedules o f 48 h o u rs a w eek w ere in effect by m ills em p lo y in g over n in e -te n th s o f th e p ro d u c in m ills em p lo y in g th re e -fifth s o f th e in d u s tr y ’s tio n w orkers. A c cid en tal d e a th an d dism em b er p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs a t th e tim e o f th e stu d y . m en t in su ran c e w as p ro v id e d to n e a rly th re e -fifth s T h ese schedules a p p lie d to n e a rly tw o -th ird s of o f th e w o rk ers, a n d sickness an d accid en t a n d m ed th e w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a st. F o rty - h o u r w eekly ical in su ran c e to ab o u t h a lf. A b o u t a fifth of th e w o rk schedules w ere re p o rte d by m ills ac c o u n tin g p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers w ere in m ills p ro v id in g ca fo r n in e -te n th s o f th e w o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d ta s tro p h e in su ran ce. P a id sick leave pro v isio n s a n d n e a rly th re e -fifth s o f th o se in th e S o u th w est. (f u ll p a y a n d no w a itin g p e rio d ) w ere seldom N e a rly a ll c o tto n te x tile m ills h a d p ro v isio n s re p o rte d fo r p ro d u c tio n w orkers. T h e p ro p o r fo r th re e -s h ift o p e ra tio n s f o r m o st p ro d u c tio n tio n s o f w o rk ers receiv in g th e benefits described d e p a rtm e n ts, a n d s lig h tly m o re th a n h a lf o f th e above (w ith th e ex cep tio n o f life, h o sp ita liz a tio n , p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs w ere em p lo y ed on la te s h ifts a n d su rg ic a l in su ra n c e ) v a rie d co n sid erab ly by in S e p te m b e r 1965. N e a rly th re e -te n th s o f th e region. M ed ical in su ran c e, fo r exam ple, a p p lie d w o rk ers in each o f th e th re e re g io n s w ere on sec to ab o u t tw o -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in th e S o u th ond s h ifts a n d ra re ly received d iffe re n tia l p ay. east, co m p ared w ith n e a rly all w o rk e rs in N ew T h ir d - s h if t o p e ra tio n s acco u n ted f o r a f o u r th o f E n g la n d . I n m ost instances, h e a lth a n d in su ran ce th e w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a s t a n d a fifth in th e benefit p la n s in N ew E n g la n d a n d th e S o u th w est o th e r tw o reg io n s. T h ese t h i r d - s h i f t w o rk ers w ere financed exclusively by em p lo y ers; in th e u su a lly receiv ed 7 cents a n h o u r above d a y ra te s S o u th e a st such p la n s w ere u su a lly jo in tly financed. in N ew E n g la n d , a n d 5 cen ts in th e S o u th e a s t a n d P en sio n p la n s p ro v id in g re g u la r p ay m en ts fo r S o u th w est. th e re m a in d e r o f th e re tire e ’s life (in a d d itio n to P a id h o lid a y s w ere p ro v id e d b y m ills em p lo y in g F e d e ra l social se c u rity ) a p p lie d to a m a jo rity of n e a rly h a lf o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers. N e a rly all th e w o rk ers in th e S o u th e a st an d to ab o u t tw ow o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d received 6 d ay s a n n u a lly . fifth s o f those in th e S o u th w est, b u t to o nly a few I n th e S o u th e a s t a n d S o u th w est, s lig h tly m ore in N ew E n g la n d . I n th e tw o S o u th e rn regions, th a n tw o -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs w ere p ro v id e d p a id m an y o f th e re tire m e n t p lan s fo r p ro d u c tio n w o rk h o lid ay s, m o st com m only 2 d ay s a y ear. ers w ere financed th ro u g h a n n u ity -ty p e p ro fitP a id v ac atio n s, a f te r q u a lify in g p e rio d s o f se rv s h a rin g p lan s. P la n s p ro v id in g lu m p -su m p a y ice, w ere p ro v id e d b y m ills ac c o u n tin g f o r n e a rly m en ts a t re tire m e n t a p p lie d to n e a rly a ll w o rk ers all p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers. T y p ic a l v a c a tio n p a y in N ew E n g la n d , b u t w ere v irtu a lly n o n ex isten t prov isio n s, w h ich w ere u su a lly based on p e rc e n t in th e S o u th e rn regions. ages o f a n n u a l e a rn in g s, w ere 1 w eek a f te r 1 y e a r P ro fit-s h a rin g p la n s, n e a rly all d e fe rre d d is tr i o f service a n d 2 w eeks a f te r 5 years. I n N ew b u tio n p lan s, w ere p ro v id e d by m ills em p lo y in g 10 Two-thirds of the industry’s production workers were paid ab o u t o n e-fifth o f th e wm rkers in th e S o u th e a st an d time rates, usually under formal systems providing a single rate a p p ro x im a te ly tw o -fifth s in th e S o u th w est. S uch for a given occupation. Incentive methods of wage payment, p la n s w ere ra re ly re p o rte d b y N ew E n g la n d m ills. nearly always individual piece rates, applied to slightly more than two-fifths of the workers in New England, a third in the Southeast, and a fourth in the Southwest. Numerically im portant occupations usually paid under incentive wage systems included spinning-frame doffers, weavers, and yarn winders. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — G eorge L . S telluto Division of Occupational Pay EARNINGS IN WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY Earnings in Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry A verage straight-time hourly earnings of pro duction and related workers in shops manufactur ing women’s and misses’ coats and suits varied sub stantially among the nine areas surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in August 1965. To gether, these nine areas accounted for slightly more than one-half of the industry’s work force.1 Averages ranged from $2 in Kansas City and $2.02 in Baltimore to $2.92 an hour in New York. In each area, individual earnings were widely dispersed, with some workers earning as low as $1.25 and some as high as $5 an hour. These dis persions in earnings resulted largely from the ex tensive use of incentive wage systems and from diiferences in types of work. Sewing machine op erators, for example, made up a large segment of the industry’s work force. Those performing all or most of the sewing operations required to make a complete garment (single-hand or tailor system) typically had higher earnings than those whose sewing was limited to a specific part or parts of a garment (section system). Establishments having agreements with the In ternational Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) accounted for 85 percent of the work ers in Newark and Jersey City and in San Francisco-Oakland, and for 90 percent or more of the workers in all other areas. These agreements in cluded provisions for paid holidays, paid vaca tions, various types of health and welfare benefits, and retirement pension plans. 769 trained sewing machine operators than are gen erally needed under the section system. In Kan sas City and Baltimore, where three-fourths or more of the sewing machine operators were on the section system, production workers averaged $2 and $2.02, respectively. ( S e e accompanying table.) Averages in Newark and Jersey City ($2.49) and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ($2.25), where all sewing machine operators were on the section sys tem, were also influenced to some extent by the dominance of contract shops which manufacture garments from materials owned and frequently cut by others. As a result, the proportion of cutters and markers—who usually receive relatively high wages—was smaller in these areas than in the others. In each area men, as a group, averaged more than women; the average wage advantages for men ranged from 22 percent in Kansas City to 61 per cent in Los Angeles-Long Beach. Differences in average pay levels for men and women may be the result of several factors, including variations in the distributions of the sexes among establishments and among jobs with disparate pay levels. Men were more heavily concentrated in jobs requiring the greatest experience and skill, such as cutting and marking, pressing, and the single-hand system of sewing. Earnings as low as $1.25 and as high as $5 an hour were recorded for some workers in all areas. There were no significant concentrations in the earnings arrays in any of the areas, except Kansas City, where nearly a fourth of the workers earn ings were between $1.60 and $1.70 an hour. This dispersion of individual earnings reflects the wide- Earnings Variations in area wage averages for production workers were in part due to differences in manu facturing methods and processes. New York, Los Angeles-Long Beach, and Chicago ( the three areas with highest paying levels) were the only areas, except San Francisco-Oakland, in which extensive use was made of the single-hand (tailor) system of sewing. In each of the three areas, single-hand sewing machine operators earned substantially more than those working under the section system. The single-hand system requires more highly https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis i T he stu d y in clu d ed e sta b lish m e n ts em p loyin g 4 w orkers or more, p rim arily engaged in m a n u fa ctu rin g w om en’s and m is s e s ’ co a ts and su its, e x cep t fu r co a ts and r a in c o a ts (p a r t of in d u stry 2 337 as defined in th e 1957 ed ition o f th e S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M an u al and its 1963 S u p p le m e n t, U .S. B ureau of th e B u d g e t). C ontract sh op s m ak ing sk irts fo r su it m an u factu rers or su it jobbers w ere inclu ded, bu t oth er sk irt m an u factu rers w ere excluded. E a rn in g s in fo rm a tio n presen ted in th is a r tic le exclu d es pre m ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eek en ds, h o lid a y s, and la te sh ifts. T he term “p rodu ction w ork ers,” as used in th is stu d y, in clu d es w ork in g forem en and a ll n o n su p ervisory w orkers engaged in nonoffice fu n c tio n s. A d m in istr a tiv e , e xecu tive, and p r ofession al w orkers w ere excluded. A m ore com prehensive a cco u n t of th e stu d y w ill be presented in a fo rth co m in g B L S b u lletin . In d iv id u a l area relea ses are a v ailab le from th e B u reau or an y o f it s region al offices. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 770 spread use of piece rate pay systems,2 and the dif fering earnings among jobs with varying degrees of skill. Singlehand-system sewing machine operators typically had higher earnings than section-system operators; in the four areas for which data are shown for both types of operators, singlehandsystem operators held an average wage advan tage of more than 50 cents an hour. Of the jobs studied separately, machine pressers were usually highest paid and thread trimmers lowest paid. Earnings of individuals performing similar tasks also varied within the same establishment, par ticularly for jobs typically paid under incentive wage systems. Establishm ent Practices Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in eifect in shops employing nine-tenths or more of the workers in six areas, nearly seven-eighths in San Francisco-Oakland, and three-fourths in Kansas City and in Newark and Jersey City. A fifth of the workers in Newark and Jersey City had weekly 2 In c en tiv e pay, a lm o st a lw a y s in d iv id u a l piecew ork, applied to s lig h tly m ore th a n tw o -fifth s of th e w orkers w ith in th e scope o f th e survey. T he prop ortion s o f in ce n tiv e-p a id w orkers d if fered am ong th e areas, ran gin g from a fo u rth in P a te r s o n C lifto n -P a ss a ic to sev e n -te n th s in P h ilad elp h ia. W orkers em ployed as p ressers and sew in g m achin e op erators w ere com m only paid under in c e n tiv e sy ste m s in m o st areas. A m ajority o f th e tim e-rated w orkers in m ost areas w ere paid under fo rm a l system s p rovid in g a sin g le rate for a given occu pation . N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in t h e W o m e n ’s a n d M i s s e s ’ C o a t a n d S u i t M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r y I n 9 S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 A u g u s t 1965 All production workers. Women___________ Men............. ............... Workers Earnings : Workers 489 358 131 $2.02 1.91 2. 34 1,184 858 326 26 2. 58 73 Newark and Jersey City Los Angeles-Long Beach Kansas C ity Chicago Baltimore Earnings 1 Workers Earnings : Workers Earnings : Workers Earnings 1 $2.64 2.28 3.59 2,062 1,783 279 $2.00 2,142 1,465 677 $2.87 2.41 3.88 6,756 5,202 1, 554 $2.49 2. 31 3.08 S3 30 36 85 2.73 1.80 1.59 4.20 2.03 1. 77 3.32 4. 81 4.31 2. 38 43 23 3.94 2. 72 321 365 116 1,004 3.06 4.08 2.71 2.36 1.94 2.36 Selected Occupations 4 Cutters and markers__________________ Inspectors, final (examiners)___________ Packers, shipping_____________________ Pressers, hand____ ___________________ Pressers, machine_____________________ Pressers, hand and machine____________ Sewers, hand (finishers)_________ ______ Sewing machine operators, section sys tem ________________________________ Sewing machine operators, single-hand (tailor) system ______________________ Thread trimmers (cleaners)____ ________ 51 55 68 2. 30 2. 63 2.70 1.92 3.40 1.82 1.83 3.48 5.17 211 2.23 221 1.86 147 36 53 65 105 29 416 104 1.91 240 2.74 755 2.14 354 2.69 3,145 2.59 1.75 410 30 3.46 1.43 169 1.53 11 11 18 20 8 3.00 1.35 36 6 3.28 1.44 143 27 88 25 N ew York A ll shops 3.11 Paterson-CliftonPassaic Philadelphia San FranciscoOakland Contract shops Earnings 1 Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers 28, 334 15,668 12, 666 $2.92 2.57 3. 37 9,893 3,193 6, 700 $3.19 2. 82 3.36 18,441 12,475 5,966 $2.78 2.50 3.37 3,624 2,932 692 $2.25 2.07 2.98 1,843 1,343 500 $2. 52 2.21 3.35 696 561 135 $2.44 2.23 3.30 1,560 490 921 1,382 1,126 540 5,812 6,362 3.90 3.02 1. 87 3.88 4.23 4.20 2.73 2.70 1,307 281 921 296 227 151 2,146 448 3.91 3.13 1.87 4.19 5.19 5.12 3. 00 3.07 199 209 3.82 2.87 67 20 4.04 2.71 3.56 3. 79 3.99 3. 84 2.58 2.67 175 205 26 443 1,594 2. 62 3.47 4.00 1.98 2.29 3.41 1.99 1.75 4.23 4. 38 49 1,086 899 389 3,666 5,914 72 27 10 88 98 17 40 39 1.94 2.91 3. 52 245 716 2.35 2.43 97 1.96 ’465 L 60 43 3 78 1.66 2 3fiR ’ 422 3.25 1. 59 Ü6 1.54 33 1.40 129 21 2.22 1.81 Workers All production workers. Women__________ Men______________ Regular shops3 2.12 Selected Occupations 4 Cutters and markers___________ _____ __ Inspectors, final (examiners)____________ Packers, shipping_______ ____ ____ ____ Pressers, hand________________________ Pressers, machine_____________________ Pressers, hand and machine_______ ____ Sewers, hand (finishers)________________ Sewing machine operators, section system. Sewing machine operators, single-hand (tailor) system ______________________ Thread trimmers (cleaners)____________ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget through March 1965. 3 Include jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations such as cutting, finishing, or packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside) shops. 4 Data relate to all workers in the selected occupations. Women accounted for a large majority of the thread trimmers, hand sewers, and section system https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis operators in all areas, whereas most single-hand system operators in N ew York and Chicago were men. Men also accounted for a majority of the shipping packers, cutters and markers, and pressers in most areas. The forthcoming bulletin will present separate wage data for men and women m the selected occupations wherever publication criteria are met. N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica tion criteria. 771 EARNINGS IN WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY work schedules of 40 hours, and nearly a fourth in Kansas City were scheduled to work 44 hours a week. Provisions for paid holidays, health and welfare benefits, vacation pay, severance benefits, and re tirement pension plans, summarized below, were stipulated in collective bargaining agreements with the ILGWU.3 Paid holiday provisions varied from 4 days a year in Chicago4to 7y2 days in Paterson-CliftonPassaic. In most areas, time workers were paid their regular rates and incentive workers were given flat amounts varying by craft. Health and welfare benefits in all areas, and vacation payments in all areas except Chicago and Kansas City, were provided from a health and welfare fund to which employers contributed specified percentages of their payrolls for work ers covered by the union agreement. The provi sions included hospitalization, disability, mater nity, eyeglass, and death benefits in nearly all areas, and surgical and medical benefits in several areas. In all areas except Baltimore, Paterson, and San Francisco, union health centers were main tained through employer contributions. In New York, Newark and Jersey City, and Pat erson—Clifton-Passaic vacation payments varied 3 P r o v isio n s differed s lig h tly in a fe w shops. A m ong th e shops w h ich did n o t h a v e a c o n tr a c t w ith ILGW U, fo rm a l p ro v ision s fo r p aid h o lid a y s and v a c a tio n s w ere com m on, but in su ra n ce and pen sion p la n s w ere rep orted in on ly a fe w in sta n ces. 4 W orkers in C hicago w ere gu a ra n teed o n e-lia lf d a y ’s pa y for each h olid ay, th o se w orking 3 days in th e h o lid a y w eek received th ree-fou rth s pay, a n d th o se w o rk in g 4 days received fu ll pay. by occupation, ranging from $50 to $70. In Chi cago and Kansas City, vacation benefits (paid di rectly by employers to workers) amounted to 1 week of pay after 1 year of service and 2 weeks after 5 years; both areas had provisions for pro rating vacation pay for workers with less than 1 year of service. In the other four areas, vacation payments were determined as a percentage of the worker’s annual earnings, usually with minimum and maximum payments specified. Severance benefits were provided from a na tional fund to which the employer contributed one-half percent (1 percent in Baltimore) of his weekly payroll for workers covered by the union contract. This fund provides both a lump-sum severance allowance and weekly supplemental un employment benefits to qualified workers. Retirement pension benefits (other than Federal social security) were provided through employer contributions to a retirement fund. The amounts contributed varied among the areas from 2y2 614 percent of payroll for workers covered by the union agreements. Benefits were paid from the fund to qualified workers over age 65 at the rate of $65 a month in New York, Newark and Jersey City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and $50 a month in the other areas. In nearly all areas, totally disabled workers might retire with full benefits at age 60. Reduced benefits for early re tirement were available to workers in all areas. The fund also provided a $500 death benefit. — G eorge L. S telluto Division of Occupational Pay The New York Factory Investigating Commission, in 1915, in submitting its conclusions regarding the clothing costs of working women, states that ‘‘the matter may be summed up by saying that a girl may respectably clothe herself on between $85 and $90, and that she can maintain a fairly good ap pearance with about $100.” The New York commission’s standard of $88 per year may thus be taken as providing only the barest minimum for “decent” clothing. Thus, it is of striking significance to note that, even with this low minimum as a standard, 42 percent of the 600 wage-earning women included in the Washington investigation had a yearly expenditure of less than that amount, and in many cases the expenditure was very much less. —“Cost of Living in the District of Columbia,” Monthly Labor R eview, February 1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 772 U.S.S.R. Worktime Requirements for Consumer Purchases v e r a g e m o n t h l y e a r n i n g s of all wage and sal ary earners in 1965 in the U.S.S.R.1 were reported as 95 rubles2 (US$105.56).3 Average monthly wages have increased steadily in the postwar pe riod (by 19 percent in the last 5 years alone) ,4 and State-fixed retail prices of essential consumer goods have been, with a few exceptions, relatively stable since 1955. Clothing, meat, and milk prod ucts are still in short supply; and much of the clothing is of low quality. Table 1 shows that the approximate worktime required to buy fixed quan tities of selected foods at State-fixed prices in Mos cow declined, as a percent of 1928 worktime re quired, from 145 percent in 1953 to 89 in January 1966. A large part of this percentage decline is due to the cut in the number of working hours per day, for most workers, from 8 hours to 7 hours. But the increase in average earnings has been a more important factor. The increase in average earnings has been due primarily to (1) the sweep A T able 1. A p p r o x im a t e W o r k t im e 1923, R A e q u ir e d p r il to B 1, 1953, uy J All seven foods . . . . . . and 1953 2 19623 1966 4 1. 35 .75 12.60 26. 75 9. 09 2. 20 6.88 0.13 .10 1.60 3. 60 .89 .29 .80 S t a t e - F ix e d P J a n u a r y 15, 1966 oods at r ic e s in M o sco w , A p r il 1, Approximate worktime for weekly consumption 5 0.14 . 10 1.60 3. 60 1. 04 L 30 8.90 . . . 1 Official Soviet prices from the People’s Commissariat of Labor, as trans mitted to the International Labor Office. See International Labor Review, October-November 1928, pp. 657-660. These prices were lower than those in private trade which played a large role in workers’ consumption, and their use may somewhat inflate the workers’ real purchasing power at that time. On the other hand, it appears that Moscow food prices were noticeably higher than the national average in 1928; but Moscow goods were superior in quality. See Naum Jasny, The Soviet Economy During the Plan Era (Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1951), p. 105. 2 Data from “Purchasing Power of Soviet Workers in the U .S.S.R .,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1960, pp. 359-364. 3 Prices in Moscow state stores during June 1962, based on information appearing in the Soviet press and in published reports of U.S. and European visitors to the U .S.S.R. ‘‘Based on published reports of U.S. and European visitors to the U .S.S.R. and on information appearing in the Soviet press; where several prices were reported, the one nearest the 1962 price was used. 5 W eekly consumption figures per person in 1928 from International Labor Review, ibid., p. 659; the average worker’s family in 1928 consisted of 4 persons. See Solomon Schwarz, Labor in the Soviet Union (New York, Praeger, 1952), p. 145. The same percent relationship between 1928 and 1966 would be obtained if the quantities for 1 person were used instead of the quantities for a family of 4. 6 Worktime is computed by multiplying quantity consumed by price and dividing the product by average hourly earnings. In 1928, official national average earnings were 703 rubles per year (figure given in Trud v SSSR https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15, 1962, Quantity con sumed per week by a family of four 5 Food R ye bread, 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) ___ . . . 0. 080 Potatoes, 1 kilogram. . . . . _ _ _ _ .085 Beef, 1 kilogram .. ... .870 Butter, 1 kilogram 2. 430 Sugar, 1 kilogram. .. . .. .. .620 M ilk, 1 liter (1.06 quarts)_____ _ . . . . . ____ .063 Eggs, per 10_______________________________ .200 1 E ditor' s N ote.— This excerpt is taken from “Recent Trends in Labor Controls in the Soviet Union,” prepared at the request of the Joint Economic Committee. An earlier version of the article appears in D im e n sio n s o f S o v ie t E co n o m ic P o w e r , Hear ings Together With Compilation of Studies Prepared for the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (87th Cong., 2d sess., 1962), pp. 391-407; 691-693. 3 Pravda, February 3, 1966, p. 2. 3 At the tourist rate of 0.90 ruble equals US$1, fixed by the Soviet Government. 4 Pravda, March 30, 1966, pp. 6-7 (report of L. Brezhnev). For table of average monthly wages for selected years in the period 1940—64, see N arodn oe K h o s ia is tv o S S S R v. 1964 0- (The National Economy of the U.S.S.R. in 1964), Moscow, 1965, p. 555. 5 For discussion of recent Soviet wage developments, see L a b o r D e v e lo p m e n ts A b ro a d (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), April 1966. S elected F une Prices (in rubles) 19281 ing reorganization of the wage structures in So viet industry during the years 1956-61, when the wage rates of the workers in the lower wage cate gories were raised; (2) the increase during 1964 and 1965 of the wage rates of some 20 million persons in the service sectors of the national econ omy ; and (3) the raising of the minimum monthly wage to 40 rubles ($44.44) in rural areas and 45 rubles ($50) in urban areas, which was completed by January 1, 1966.5 The previous minimums, fixed by the decree of September 1965, were 27 rubles ($30) and 30 rubles ($33.33), respectively. 9.84 kilograms. 12.16 kilograms.. 3.68 kilograms. . . .44 kilogram __ 1.80 kilograms.. . 4.96 liters___ _ 6.40 eggs----------- In h ours 1953 2 as percent of 1928 1962 « as percent of 1928 1966 as percent of 1928 1928 2 1953 2 1962 1966 2. 71 3. 56 11.04 3.69 3.85 1. 08 .44 4. 52 3.10 15. 77 4. 00 5.57 3. 71 1. 50 2.84 2. 70 13. 08 3. 52 3.56 3. 20 1.14 2. 30 2. 03 9.81 2.64 3.12 2. 48 .96 167 87 143 108 145 344 341 105 76 118 95 92 296 259 85 57 89 73 81 230 218 26.37 38.17 30.04 23.34 145 114 89 [Labor in U .S.S.R.], Moscow, 1936, p. 17), or 0.29 rubles per hour; in 1953. the estimated average earnings were about 600 rubles a month, or 2.94 rubles per hour according to an analysis of scattered data appearing in the Soviet press. In June 1962, estimated average earnings of manufacturing workers, in terms of the recent revaluated ruble were about 80 rubles a month, or 0.45 ruble an hour; and in January 1966, the estimated average earnings were 105 rubles a month, or about 0.60 rubles per hour. 2 M ilk was usually available only in half-liter bottles, at 0.30 rubles per bottle. . 8 Usually eggs were not available at this lowest observed price. They were more often available at 1.34 rubles per 10. N ote: In the interest of a balanced view of the main trends in living standards in the U .S.S.R . since 1928, it is important to take cognizance of the fact that as a result of the increase in industrial production under the economic plans, manufactured consumer goods have become more available, although they are still inadequate to meet existing consumer needs and are below prevailing standards in other industrialized countries. In addition, it needs to be noted that the consumer in the U .S.S.R . is provided by the state with a number of free services, such as medical service, education, and pen sions. Furthermore, Soviet workers pay low housing rentals, usually amounting to 4 to 6 percent of their monthly earnings. However, most workers live in cramped quarters; for example, in Moscow most families live in only 1 room and have to share bathrooms and kitchens with other families. U.S.S.R. WORKTIME REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSUMER PURCHASES T able 2. A p p r o x im a t e W and o r k t im e at R R e q u ir e d e t a il Commodity Foods: White bread: 1 pound____________________________ 500 grams (1.1 pounds)___ ________ Potatoes: 1 pound____________________________ 1 kilogram___________________________ Beef, rib roast: 1 pound_____________________________ 1 kilogram_______ ___________________ Butter, salted: 1 pound_____________________________ 1 kilogram________________________ Sugar: 1 pound_____________________________ 1 kilogram___________________________ Milk, at grocery: 1 quart-—_____ ______ _______________ 1 liter (1.06 quarts)..____ ___________ Eggs, 2d grade: Per dozen____________ ___ ___________ Per 10______________________________ Tea, 50 grams (1H ounces)____________________ Men’s clothing: Shirt, cotton 8___________________________ Suit, wool, single-breasted, middle of price range. Shoes, leather oxfords, pair_________________ Women’s clothing: Dress, street, rayon_______________________ Shoes, leather oxfords, middle of price range___ Stockings, nylon_________ ________________ Other commodities: Soap, toilet, 100-gram cake (3J4 ounces)_______ Cigarettes, package of 20__________ Vodka: Fifth________________ H liter (.662 fifth)_______ S tore to P B uy r ic e s in .045 .10 .066 . 146 1 in M o sco w Approximate worktime 4 Moscow work time as a percent of New York City N ew York City worktime Unit Moscow Pound— 500 grams____ 23 minutes 28 minutes___ 6 minutes 6.6 minutes__ } 400 Pound_______ 4.5 minutes__ Kilogram____ 10 minutes___ 1.5 minutes__ 3.3 minutes__ ] 300 .884 1.945 Pound____ _ 73 m inutes.- . 20 m in utes.._ Kilogram____ 160 m in u te s... 44 minutes___ } 350 1.63 3. 60 5.775 1.705 P ou n d .. ____ 163 m in utes.. . 17 m inutes___ Kilogram____ 360 m in utes.- . 37 m inutes___ } 1,000 .47 1.04 .121 .266 P ou n d .. ____ 47 m inutes___ Kilogram____ 104 m in utes.. . 2.7 m inutes__ 6 m in u tes.. .. } 1,500 .28 .30 .264 .280 Quart ______ L iter,-. 28 m inutes___ 30 m inutes___ 5.9 minutes__ } 6.2 m inutes__ 500 «.96 .90 .38 7 .630 .525 . 145 Dozen____ __ Per 10_____ _ Ounce_______ 50 grams___ . 108 m in u tes..- 14 m inutes___ 90 m inutes___ 11.7 m inutes... } 22 minutes___ 1.8 minutes__ 38 m inutes___ 3.2 m inutes__ } 1,200 8.00 110.00 24. 50 4. 70 63.66 17.93 Each. 13 hours. . __do______ 183 hours . Pair -_ - -_ 41 hours 1.7 hours 23.6 h o u r s .__ 6.6 hours 29.40 23. 00 3.20 13.88 15. 06 1.39 E ach ... ____ 49 hours ____ Pair________ 38 h o u r s .__ _do___ ___ 5 hours 5 hours 5.5 hours . 31 minutes .21 9 .20 4.64 3. 07 U .S .S .R .; where several prices were reported, the one nearest the 1962 price was used (or the 1962 price, for nonfoods only, when no current price was available). Especially valuable for comparison were the prices listed in P. Hanson, “Soviet Living Standards,” Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics, August 1965, pp. 201-207. 3 N ew York C ity prices in retail stores were collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; the prices for kilogram, liter, and 10 eggs were calculated from N ew York City prices for pound, quart, and dozen, respectively. The new 5-year economic plan (1966— 70) provides for raising the monthly minimum wage to 60 rubles (about $67). The number of industrial workers paid on the piece-rate basis has declined in recent years, from 63 percent in March 1961 to 57.6 percent in August 1965.° The purchasing power of workers has been gradually increased also by such measures as (1) the cancellation by the end of 1957 of compulsory bond purchases, which amounted to several weeks of pay annually (however, the redemption date of all outstanding bonds was extended for 20 years) ; (2) the abolition on October 1,1961, of the income tax for those earning under 60 rubles ($66.67) a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0.248 .546 r ic e s .75 1.60 1 Prices observed on the open market, where collective farmers sell their produce, were much higher in comparison with state store prices. 2 Moscow prices in state stores, based on information appearing in the Soviet press and in published reports of U.S. and European visitors to the V e s tn ik S ta t is tik i , No. 3, 1966, p. 95. S e l e c t e d C o m m o d it ie s a t S t a t e - F ix e d P N e w Y o r k C i t y , J a n u a r y 15, 1966 Moscow price New York City (in rubles) 2 prices (in dollars)3 0.23 .28 773 .12 .363 1» 5.12 3. 39 Each____ Package_____ 21 m in utes.. - 2.7 minutes__ 20 m inutes___ 8 minutes____ Fifth________ 8 hours______ liter__ -- . 5 hours___ _ 2 hours______ 1 1 hour, 15 !minutes. 800 750 800 600 1, 000 700 1, 000 800 250 400 4 Worktime figures for Moscow were computed on the basis of estimated average gross earnings of 0.60 ruble per hour of Moscow workers in manu facturing, a figure that is consistent with the BLS estimates of about 105 rubles a month. New York City worktime figures were computed from BLS retail prices and earnings in mid-January 1966 of $2.70 per hour of production workers in manufacturing in New York City. 5 First quality (92-93 score). 6 Eggs were usually not available at this lowest observed price. 7 Large eggs, grade A. 8 Low-priced shirt. 9 Brand name: Belomorkanal. 10 Spirit blended whisky. month (a year earlier the income tax had been abolished for all those earning under 50 rubles ($55.56) a month) ; and (3) the State pensions law of July 14, 1956, which reportedly increased the average of all pensions by about 50 percent (the minimum old-age pension was set at 22.5 rubles ($25) and the maximum at 120 rubles ($133.33) a month. Figures in table 2 show that the average worker in Moscow must work 3 to 15 times as long as the average worker in New York City to buy certain basic consumer foods, and 6 to 10 times as long for clothing. — E dm und N ash Division of Foreign Labor Conditions Foreign Labor Briefs* International —M an pow er D rain The exodus of professionals, scientists, and other highly educated persons has long been headlined in Europe and is also emerging as a problem in Latin America. Now another type of interna tional labor migration—the flow of blue-collar workers to labor-short Western European coun tries—is attracting attention. Hitherto, this lat ter flow has been regarded as beneficial to both the host countries which receive needed workers, and to the countries of origin (Greece, Italy, North African countries, Spain, Turkey, and others) whose surplus emigrant workers receive jobs and new skills and provide an important source of foreign currency. That domestic problems in the host country can develop is now acknowledged. For example, in Switzerland the high percentage of foreign popu lation (over 25 percent of the total) has caused concern and led to Government regulations to re strict immigration. A complementary concern has been created in the countries of origin; in Greece, a Government official expressed alarm that the out flow of workers—200,000 per year—was double the officially estimated growth rate of the popula tion ; in Portugal, where 40,000 reportedly left the country illegally in 1965, seeking higher pay abroad, a Lisbon court imposed a stiff sentence on a “smuggler” of emigrants to Canada, under the terms of a new law aimed at halting the illegal outflow. ILO T ra in in g C en ter. The International Center for Advanced Technical and Vocational Training of the International Labor Organization (ILO) officially opened in Turin, Italy, in March 1966. Established primarily for the benefit of develop ing countries, the Center is to provide advanced training to qualified persons who live in countries or regions which cannot provide training for skilled workers, foremen and supervisors, in structors, technicians, and senior managers. The 774 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Center’s courses initially cover basic industries and occupations, e.g., mechanics and maintenance, sheet metal work, welding, and the electrical and electronics trades; in the future, they will also include construction, manufacturing, and agri culture. Financial contributions promised or announced for the first 4 years of operation exceed US$5 mil lion; donors include 34 governments (the largest contribution coming from the Italian Govern ment), the Arab League, the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, and the Austrian Trade Union Confederation. Contribu tions of equipment have been received from manu facturers in several industrialized countries; “Tools for Freedom,” a U.S. business program, has donated US$500,000 in new machinery and equipment. Chile —L a yo ff a n d S evera n ce P a y The justice of an employer’s layoff »practices is henceforth to be determined by Decree Law 16,455, promulgated April 6, 1966, which includes sever ance pay provisions and fines for violations. The decree’s explanation of “just cause” includes the normal reasons for dismissing workers, i.e., dis ciplinary reasons or market-demand problems; however, it also provides a legal framework with in which the worker may appeal his dismissal to the labor court. Union leaders are granted pro tection from layoff for production reasons but not for “just cause.” As defined by the decree, sever ance pay amounts to 1 month’s pay for every year worked with the employer. Denmark —H o sp ita l a n d M ed ica l W o rk ers Uniform pay scales and employment conditions for the 2,000 technical and administrative em ployees of municipal hospitals and medical in stitutions are provided, for the first time, in a national contract won by the Danish Retail Clerks’ and Office Workers’ Union. Effective April 1, monthly salaries range from 1,536 Danish kroner (about US$222.30) for beginning switchboardoperatofs to 2,942 kroner (approximately US$425.75) for higJhly skilled technicians. More*P repared in th e Office o f F oreign Labor Trade, B ureau of Labor S ta tis tic s. 775 FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS over, all employees have been brought under the special pension system for hospital personnel; the employee contributes 4 percent and the employer 8 percent of the salary to the system. A separate agreement with the Ministry of Economics exists for employees of national hospitals. France — C h ristia n W orkers In a surprise move, the Council of Ministers accorded official status to the 80,000-member French Confederation of Christian Workers (CFTC). This puts the federation on the same level as its former parent organization, the 60,000member French Confederation of Democratic Workers (CFDT), the Communist-oriented Gen eral Confederation of Labor (CGT), the Force Ouvriere (FO), and the General Confederation of Supervisory Employees (CGC). Germany —F o reig n W orkers The substantial contribution made by foreign workers to the growth of the economy of the Fed eral Republic of Germany was a major topic at a recent conference sponsored by the German Con federation of Employers’ Associations. Members of the conference acknowledged that the coun try will continue to employ these workers (at pres ent about 5.5 percent of all wage and salary earn ers) for an indefinite period. Government as well as management representatives urged that the resentment against alien workers which prevails among certain sectors of the population be vigorously combated. Italy — U n em p lo ym en t C om pen sation Recognizing the high priority of its responsi bility for relief of unemployment and underem ployment, the Government has issued a law which increases compensation payments to unem ployed workers. The law (a) extends to 21 months (from 18) the “wage equalization” (sup https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis plementary) payments to laid-off industrial work ers or those on a reduced workweek; (b) extends until the end of the year special provisions for supplementary payments to workers in the de pressed construction industry who are laid off or put on shorter hours; and (c) extends through December 31, 1966, the law authorizing family allowances for unemployed workers, which was due to expire April 1. All benefits are payable through June 1967, as long as the individual worker’s eligibility period has not run out. Japan —T ra d e U nion M em bersh ip Trade union membership in Japan increased from 9,800,000 in 1964 to almost 10,150,000 in 1965. According to a recently released survey by the Ministry of Labor, about 36 out of every 100 workers in the organizable work force is a union member. The unions in the right-wing Socialist Japanese Confederation of Labor (Domei) were the biggest gainers (193,000 additional members for a total of 1,659,100 in 1965). The General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo) re tained its position as the largest national center, though it gained only a modest 43,000 new mem bers to reach a total of 4,249,700 or 42 percent of total union enrollment. The rise in membership chiefly reflects increasing employment. United Kingdom —“R e s tric tiv e P ra c tic e s” Inaugurating what he described as a “crusade” for higher productivity, Prime Minister Harold Wilson addressed the Amalgamated EngineeringUnion (AEU) national committee’s conference on April 29. The Prime Minister’s speech urging support for the Government’s incomes policy was part of a series which he is to make at trade union conferences this year. Elis theme is to be the need for eliminating restrictive union practices in a “second industrial revolution.” He startled the rule-oriented AEU by suggesting that it relegate the rule book to the union’s industrial museum. Significant Decisions in Labor Cases* Operating During a Strike. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled1 that a struck railroad, being re quired by the Interstate Commerce Act to provide transportation to the public at all times, may, under the theory of self-help, institute unilateral changes in an existing collective bargaining agree ment but only as a court may find them to be “reasonably necessary” for continued operation with replacements. Following an impasse in contract negotiations with a railroad company, and after the failure of mediation under the Railway Labor Act, the union of nonoperating railroad employees called a strike. After a brief shutdown, the company resumed operations by using supervisory per sonnel and replacements, the latter under indi vidual agreements “substantially different” from provisions of the existing collective agreement. Subsequently the company proposed to replace the union contract with a new and vastly different one, but when further negotiations failed to resolve the issue, it established a new agreement by unilateral action and operated thereunder until this suit was filed. During the pendency of this action, a parallel action2 by the operating employees against the company for unilaterally instituting a new agree ment was decided. The court there held that the company had violated the act by abrogating the collective agreement; that the company could in stitute unilateral changes in the collective agree ments but only if the court found them to be “rea sonably necessary to effectuate its right to continue to run its railroad under the strike conditions;” and that the company must abide by all the con tractual provisions regarding pay rates and working conditions until termination of the statu tory mediation procedure, “except upon specific authorization of this court after a finding of reasonable necessity therefor.” 776 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The company then applied for approval to de part from the collective agreement in this case, and the court permitted it to exceed the ratio of apprentices to journeymen and age limitations pro vided in the collective agreement. However, the court denied the requests to disregard craft and seniority district restrictions, to use supervisors to do craft work, to declare the union shop void as to new employees, to permit it to contract outwork when experienced and trained personnel were not available, and certain other requests. The Supreme Court pointed out that both par ties, having exhausted all statutory procedures, were relegated to self-help in adjusting the dis pute.3 Since the company was required by law to provide continuous service to the public, “even when beset by labor-management controversies,” the Court said, it was justified in establishing, without the union’s consent, certain conditions of work necessary for the operation with new and inexperienced personnel. Without this freedom of unilateral action the railroad could not operate, the Court held. However, the Court said, a carrier’s right to self-help is not absolute, and “any power to change and revise basic collective agreement must be closely confined and supervised.” A collective agreement is the product of years of struggle and negotiation, and applies to all employees in the designated craft, members and nonmembers alike. In affirming the lower court’s decision, the Court concluded: While the carrier has the duty to make all reason able efforts to continue its operations during a strike, its power to make new terms and conditions govern ing the new labor force is strictly confined, if the spirit of -the Railway Labor Act is to be honored. *Prepared in th e U .S . D ep artm en t o f Labor, Office of th e S olicitor. T h e ca ses covered in th is a r tic le rep resen t a sele c tio n o f th e sig n ifica n t d ecision s believed to be o f sp ecia l in terest. No attem p t h as been m ade to reflect a ll recen t ju d ic ia l and a d m in istr a tiv e d evelop m en ts in th e field o f labor la w or to in d ica te th e effect of p a r tic u la r d ecision s in ju risd ic tio n s in w h ich con trary r esu lts m ay be reached based upon lo c a l sta tu to r y p rovision s, th e e x isten ce of lo c a l precedents, or a different approach by th e cou rts to th e issu e presented. 1 B ro th e rh o o d of R a ilw a y a n d S te a m s h ip C lerks v. F lo rid a E a s t C o a st R a ilw a y (U .S . Sup. Ct., M ay 23, 1 9 6 6 ). 2 F lo rid a E a s t C o a st R a ilw a y Co. v. B ro th e rh o o d of R a ilw a y T ra in m en , 336 F. 2d 172. 3 In lin e w ith th e Suprem e C ourt’s d ecision in L o c o m o tiv e E n g in e e rs v. B a ltim o r e cC- Ohio R a ilr o a d Co., 372 U .S. 284 ; see also M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Jan u ary 1963, pp. 62—63. DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES The court of appeals used the words “reasonably necessary.” We do not disagree, provided that “rea sonably necessary” is construed strictly. The carrier must respect the continuing status of the collective agreement and make only those changes as are truly necessary in light of the inexperience and lack of training of the new labor force or the lesser number of employees available for the continued operation. The collective agreement remains the norm; the bur den is on the carrier to show the need for any altera tion of it, as respects the new and different class of employees that it is required to employ in order to maintain that continuity of operation that the law requires of it. The dissenting Justice White said that the car rier was free to operate but only under the terms of the existing contract, as modified up to the time of the impasse. He contended that the majority opinion, in effect, permitted the company to bar gain with the court, rather than with the union, and that such an exception was contrary to the clear intent of the act. Justice Fort as did not participate in delibera tions or in the decision. Federal Preemption. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 4 that a Federal district court had properly exercised jurisdiction in a suit for damages under Federal and State laws, where it appeared that the claims arose from a “common nucleus of oper ative fact” and a compelling State interest to maintain peace was apparent. The Court further held that an international union which intervened in an unauthorized action by one of its locals pre vented the spread of violence, and directed the dis pute onto a lawful path was not guilty of a sec ondary boycott under the Labor Management Relations Act, nor was it responsible under State law for the violence and alleged conspiracy to in terfere with plaintiff’s contractual relationship, and therefore could not be held responsible under the State law for damages resulting from such action. If a union were to be held responsible under the State law for the unlawful and violent acts of its individual members, the union, its officers, or its members must have authorized, participated in, or ratified the acts, and such conduct must be proved by clear, unequivocal, and convincing evi dence, which was missing in this case, the Court ruled. This case resulted from rivalry between the United Mine Workers (UMW) and the Southern https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis m Labor Union (Inch) for representation of mine workers in southern Appalachian coal fields. When the Tennessee Consolidated Coal Co. closed its mines in the spring of 1960, it laid off 100 members of a local UMW union. Thereafter, Grundy Co., a subsidiary of Consolidated, hired the plaintiff as superintendent to open a new mine on Consolidated’s property, using members of the Southern Labor Union, and to haul the mine’s coal to the nearest railroad loading point. Armed members of the UMW local forcibly prevented the opening of the mine by threatening plaintiff and beating an organizer of the Southern Labor Union because they believed Consolidated had promised them the new jobs. No representative of the UMW was present. The field representative of the UMW was out of the State, attending an executive board meeting at the time, but as soon as he learned of the dis pute he returned with instructions from the inter national to establish a limited picket line and to prevent further violence and spread of the strike, which he did. The picket line was maintained for 9 months while the mine remained closed. The plaintiff was discharged as superintendent and allegedly lost other hauling and mine lease contracts as a result of the UMW local’s concerted action against him. He sued the UMW inter national for damages allegedly resulting from vio lations of the secondary boycott provisions of section 303 of the Labor Management Relations Act,5 and from violence and conspiracy to inter fere with his contract with Grundy in violation of the State common law. The jury awarded plaintiff $60,000 damages un der the employment contract, $45,500 under the hauling contract, and $100,000 punitive damages. Upon motion, the trial court set, aside the award on the haulage contract for failure to prove dam age. The district court held that there was no violation of section 303 because the dispute was 4 U n ite d M in e W o rk e rs v. G ibbs (U .S . Sup. Ct., Mar. 28, 1 9 6 6 ). 5 S ection 303 o f th e LM RA read s in p a r t : “ (a ) I t s h a ll be u n la w fu l, fo r th e purpose of th is section only, . . . for a n y lab or orga n iza tio n to e n g a g e in any a c tiv ity or con d u ct defined as an u n fa ir labor p r a c tic e in sectio n 8 ( b f (4) of th e [L M R A ], “ (b) W hoever sh all be in ju red in h is b u sin ess or property by reason of an y v io la tio n o f su b section (a ) m ay su e th erefor in any d is tr ic t cou rt o f th e U n ited S ta te s . . . w ith o u t resp ect to th e am ou n t in con troversy, or in an y oth er cou rt h a v in g ju ris d ictio n o f th e parties, and sh a ll recover th e d am ages by him su sta in e d and th e co st of th e s u it.” 778 primary, since plaintiff did not prove that the UMW local attempted to induce coal and mine operators other than Grundy to cease doing; busi ness with him. A remitted award on the State claim was sustained. A Federal court of appeals affirmed, and the UMW appealed. In applying its rule established in the Garmon6 decision, that in the absence of congressional direction State law is not preempted when there is a compelling State interest to maintain domestic peace, the Supreme Court held that plaintiff’s State claim was sufficient for the trial court to assume “pendent jurisdiction” since the claim alleged conspiracy, violence, and intimidation under the State law. However, the mere fact that Federal law does not preempt the State law does not necessarily give the district court juris diction to adjudicate the State claim, the Court ob served. The Court went on to say that “pendent jurisdiction” means that— “The State and Federal claims must derive from a common nucleus of operative fact. But if, consid ered without regard for their Federal or State char acter, a plaintiff’s claims are such that he would ordinarily be expected to try them all in one judicial proceeding, then, assuming substantiality of the Fed eral issues, there is power in Federal courts to hear the whole.” The Court added that it is a “doctrine of discre tion, not of plaintiff’s right. Its justification lies in consideration of economy, convenience, and fairness to its litigants; if these are not present, a Federal court should hesitate to exercise jurisdic tion over State claims, even though bound to apply State law to them.” The Court further said that even though the district court dismissed the Federal claims of un lawful secondary boycott and damages for the haulage contract for lack of proof, the district court committed no error in retaining jurisdiction of the State claims of violence and unlawful con spiracy to interfere with plaintiff’s contractual relations, although in its discretion it could have dismissed them. With respect to plaintiff’s unseparated State claims, the Court pointed out that recovery is limited to “the consequences, as defined by the traditional law of torts, of conduct marked by violence and imminent threats to the public order,” and even then only to damages directly caused by the wrongful conduct. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 Regarding the union’s alleged participation in a conspiracy, the trial court had said that under Tennessee law, “conspiracy” required that each participant know of the agreement and agree to assist in “the furtherance of an unlawful purpose . . . or any unlawful means of accomplishing an unlawful purpose,” whether or not such person authorized, participated in, or ratified it. The trial judge instructed the jury accordingly, with out limiting this definition to evidence of violence. In ruling the trial court’s unlimited instructions erroneous, the Court held that there was no un lawful object or unlawful means, other than the violence, to which the jury could have attributed the instruction because the picketing had been found to be lawful under section 303 of the Labor Management Relations Act. Moreover, the Court said, section 6 of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, which “applies to Federal court hearings of State tort claims arising out of labor disputes,” specifies 7that in order to be liable, an officer, member, or organization in a labor dis pute must have authorized, participated in, or ratified the violence, which must be established by a quantum of proof that is clear, unequivocal, and convincing. The Court went on to explain that section 6 was applicable to State claims because it was the intent of Congress to relieve organizations and their officers and members from lawless acts of individual members, and to prevent unions from being destroyed by huge awards of damages, par ticularly punitive damages provided by State laws. The Court stressed that for the purposes of the LMRA, “the responsibility of a union for the acts of its members and officers is to be measured by reference to ordinary doctrines of agency.” Con gress did not repeal the seemingly conflicting sec tion 6 of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, “but left it applicable to cases not arising under [LMRA],” including claims under State laws. Under the test of section 6, plaintiff failed to prove that the UMW engaged in conspiracy as charged. Neither the international nor its field representative knew 6359 U .S. 23G, 2 4 7 ; see also M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , Jun e 1959, pp. G69-G70. 7 S ection 6 of th e N orris-L aG uardia A ct p r o v id e s : “No officer or m em ber o f a n y a s so c ia tio n or organ ization , and no a sso c ia tio n or orga n iza tio n p a r tic ip a tin g or in terested in a labor dispu te, sh a ll be h eld resp on sib le or liab le in an y court of the U n ited S ta te s for th e u n la w fu l a cts of in d ivid u al officers, m em bers, or a g e n ts, e x cep t upon clear proof o f a c tu a l p a r tic ip a tio n in, or a c tu a l a u th o riza tio n of, such a cts, or o f ratification of such a c ts a fter a c tu a l k n ow led ge th er e o f.” DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES about the violence or the picketing until it had started, and then they did everything possible to avoid further violence, the Court said. With respect to whether an aura of violence re mained from the initial violence for which the UMW could be held liable, the Court held that in the absence of proof that the union approved, par ticipated in, or tolerated further violence, or in tentionally drew upon the previous violence for their force, liability could not be imposed upon the union. A contrary “ ‘impression’ is too ephemeral a product to be the result of ‘clear proof,’ ” the Court said. The concurring Justice Harlan, with whom Justice Clark joined, agreed with the Court’s ap plication of section 6, but differed with its inter pretation of the necessary quantum of proof. The Court’s interpretation reduces the quantum of proof to less than “beyond a reasonable doubt” nec essary for criminal cases, he said. “The best reading I can give the statute, absent more light than has been shed upon it in this case, is one^ directing it against a particular type of in ferential proof of authority or ratification unac ceptable to those who framed the law,” Justice Harlan said. Enforceability of NLRB Order. In an unfairlabor-practice case8 involving illegal discharge and discrimination for union activities, a Federal court of appeals enforced an order of the National Labor Relations Board to a company only insofar as backpay was concerned, but not with regard to provisions (including one for negotiation with a newly certified union) which require the existence of a “functioning employer,” since the company had sold its production facilities following the is suance of the order. The case was remanded for determination by the Board whether the successor companies were employers against whom the entire order could be enforced. Following a representation election among em ployees of two corporations, subsequently found by the Board to be actually one enterprise, the cer https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 779 tified union failed to reach an agreement with the management and instituted proceedings before the Board, alleging unfair labor practices. The joint management was charged with discharging some employees for union activities, and with leasing a plant of one of its corporations to an outside firm and refusing to reemploy 13 of the affected em ployees in the second corporation, which was then hiring men. The Board ordered the management to reinstate all discharged workers with backpay and to bar gain with the union upon request. It further directed the management to make available to the Board all records necessary for the computation of backpay and to take certain procedural steps usual in such cases. The appeals court was asked to enforce the order. Following the issuance of the NLRB order, the management sold all its production facilities to other companies. The court said the evidence in the record sup ported the findings of the Board. It agreed with the Board that 13 employees of the leased plant had been cliscriminatorily discharged. It pointed out, however, that there was no evidence in the rec ord that the employees sustained losses by reason of wrongful discharge, and remanded the question of the loss of pay to the Board for determination. In denying other actions ordered by the Board, the court said “the change of circumstances since the adoption of the Board’s order (it appearing that respondents are no longer functioning em ployers having sold all their manufacturing facil ities) , a decree of enforcement against respondents of the full terms of the order, which was rendered prior to the said sales would be in the court’s opin ion, a vain act.” It also denied the Board’s re quest for full enforcement of the order, with the Board subsequently determining whether the order was enforceable against the successor companies. This would be an improper procedure, the court held. 8N L R B v. Sc hn ell Tool & D ie Corp. (C.A. 6, Apr. 27, 1 9 6 6 ). Chronology of Recent Labor Events benefits; the first increase, of 20 cents, is effective June 1966 for about 21,000 workers. The Timber Operators Council agreed to similar terms with the same two unions, except that it granted a 2y2cent inequity adjustment effective in 1968 for the 27,000 workers employed by 200 firms in the Council. June 21 June 10,1966 T h e NLRB found that both General Motors (Van Nuys, Calif.) and the Auto Workers had violated the LMRA by including in their contract provisions prohibiting dis tribution of union literature by labor organizations other than the contracting union. The Board found that deny ing employees the right to encourage changes in union representation infringes upon the basic rights, and or dered the parties to nullify the provisions. h e Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers ended their 30th convention after delegates .reelected President Norman Zuhcnvsky and other officials, established a national policy committee, increased per capita payments by 13 cents a month, and adopted minimum standards for collective bargaining contracts throughout the industry. A 1-year agreement between Schenley Industries, Inc., and the National Farm Workers Association (Ind.) pro vided a 35-cent an hour across-the-board increase and raised minimum pay to $1.75 an hour. Provisions were made for a full union shop with dues checkoff and hiring hall. June 22 T h e International Labor Conference ended its 3-week annual session in Geneva, Switzerland. United States worker delegate Rudolph Faupl had left the conference on June 1 when delegates elected a Polish candidate to preside over the conference. T o l l o w i n g a 2-day strike, the Commercial Telegraphers reached agreement with Western Union covering 20,000 workers throughout the United States. Wage increases of over 9 percent during the 2 years of the contract cover all workers except bicycling and walking messengers. In addition, the contract included provisions for job pro tection, special raises for workers with technical skills, gradual elimination of all pension plan contributions by telegraphers and lowering of the mandatory retirement age. F A 3-year a g r e e m e n t was signed between five forest prod ucts companies—Weyerhauser Corp., U.S. Plywood Corp., Crown Zellerhach Corp., International Paper Co., and Rayonier, Inc.—and two major lumber unions—Lumber and Sawmill Workers and the Woodworkers. The in crease includes 48y2 cents in wages and 6% cents in 780 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 24 W ester n Greyhound and the Amalgamated Transit Union ended a 6-week strike. The 2-year settlement pro vides wage increases in the first year of 4 mills a mile for drivers and 10 cents an hour for other employees. In the second year, the company will make all contributions to the pension plan, presently 4 percent of the employees’ wages. Cost-of-living adjustments, pension and vacation improvements, and an added holiday were included. June 29 e w Y o r k Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller signed bills repealing two sections of the State’s 53-yea.r-old railroad full crew law. State AFL-CIO leaders had announced 2 weeks earlier that they would no longer oppose repeal, on grounds that most national agreements now provide this protection. Repeal action authorizes the State’s rail roads to eliminate gradually about 600 firemen jobs on trains other than those with diesel engines. N Developments in Industrial Relations* W it h construction b a r g a in in g at its seasonal peak, the building trades were most actively engaged in strikes for the second consecutive month.1 Questions of manning and automation were dealt with in two maritime settlements, while a railroad settlement improved job security provisions. Construction Strikes by Carpenters in Denver, and Flint and Saginaw, Mich., by Carpenters and Bricklayers in South Central Michigan and by Bricklayers in Minneapolis were still in progress in early June. A strike by Operating Engineers in northern Illi nois ended over the Memorial Day weekend when strikes by Carpenters in Miami and in Washing ton, D.C., and by Hod Carriers in Detroit were also settled. The 7-week strike by 4,500 Operating Engineers in 12 northern Illinois counties ended early in April when 35 major contractors signed separate agreements. The 52-month contracts provided $1.40-an-hour package increases. Prior to the settlement, workers had reportedly averaged $4.30 an hour in wages and employers had contributed 20 cents for benefits; the package would therefore represent a 31.1-percent increase or 6.4-percent annual increase. A State of Illinois official esti mated that nearly 20,000 additional construction workers had been laid off because of the strike before it was settled with the aid of Mayor Bich ard J. Daley of Chicago. A 47-day strike in the Miami area against the Associated General Contractors and the Home Builders Association ended on May 17 when some 5,000 Carpenters agreed on a 3-year $1.26 package. About 1,000 Carpenters had returned to work early in April after 91 contractors had signed agreements. The 20-cent-an-hour wage increase provided a base rate of $4.10 an hour. The rate will rise to $4.25 an hour, effective October 1, 1966, to $4.45 on April 1, 1967, to $4.60 on October 1, 1967, to $4.80 on April 1, 1968, and to $4.95 by October 1, 1968. Employers’ contributions for health and welfare were increased to 20 from 10 cents an hour; employers also agreed to con tribute an additional 1 cent an hour to establish an apprenticeship fund. Contractors will con tribute 10 cents an hour to establish a pension plan to be effective April 1, 1967. The package amounted to a 31.5-percent increase or 9.6 percent annually. A 3-year, 85-cent-an-hour package agreement for 6,000 workers ended a 3%-week strike on May 24 by carpenters in the Washington, D.C., area. The contract provided a 15-cent-an-hour wage increase effective May 1, 5 cents in November 1966, 15 cents in May 1967, 15 cents in November 1967, and 30 cents in May 1968. Increases in em ployer contributions of 2 cents to the pension fund and 1 cent to the health and welfare fund are to be effective November 1, 1966; employers also agreed to contribute 2 cents an hour to establish an ap prentice training school which is to begin Novem ber 1966. The prevailing rate was $4.10 an hour plus 25 cents in contributions to benefit funds; the total increase of 19.5 percent averaged 6.1 percent annually. Construction settlements which affected at least 70,000 other workers were reported during M ay: Boston Carpenters: A $1.15-an-hour wage increase over a 3-year period provided 5,000 workers with a 25-cent-anliour wage increase May 1, 1966, 10 cents in November 1966, 35 cents in May 1967, 5 cents in November 1967, and 40 cents in May 1968. The previous area scale for carpenters was $4.50 an hour in wages plus 15 cents an hour for welfare and 15 cents for pension benefit funds. The contract amounted to a 23.96-percent increase, or 7.4 percent annually. Philadelphia Laborers: Over the next 4 years, 9,000 laborers were to receive 90 cents an hour in wage in creases : 20 cents an hour on May 1, 1966, 25 cents in 1967, 25 cents in 1968, and 20 cents in 1969. The previous wage scale ranged from $3.15 to $3.45 an hour and bene fits were 25 cents an hour. The May 3 contract provided ^Prepared in th e D iv isio n of W age E con om ics, B ureau of L abor S ta tis tic s, on th e basis o f pu blished m a ter ia l a v ailab le in early June. 1 Id len ess caused by strik es in M ay w as th e h ig h est fo r th e m on th since M ay 1959. Id len ess am ou nted to 2,8 7 0 ,0 0 0 mandays or 0.26 percen t of th e e stim ated to ta l w ork in g tim e, com pared w ith 0.19 p ercen t in M ay 1965 and 0.24 p ercen t in M ay 1964. Som e 480 stop p ages in v o lv in g 2 0 8 ,0 0 0 w orkers began in M ay, a g a in st 4 5 0 stop p ages in v o lv in g 127,000 w orkers th e previous M ay (p relim in ary figu res). 781 2 2 1 -1 4 3 0 — 66— 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 782 for a 24.3- to 26.5-percent increase, or 5.6 to 6.0 percent annually. Buffalo Electricians: A 3-year pact providing a total of $1.10 an hour in wages was agreed to by Electrical Work ers (IBEW) and the Buffalo Chapter of the National Electrical Contractors Association. Ratified April 12, the agreement provides 25 cents on May 1, 1966, 35 cents in May 1967, and 40 cents in May 1968. In addition to wage increases, the contract reduced the workweek to 35 from 37x/£ hours beginning May 1 for the 1,000 workers. Em ployers also agreed to contribute 10 cents an hour begin ning November 1, 1966, to establish an annuity fund. Previous scale was $5.11 an hour plus 35.1 cents an hour in employer contributions for benefits. The contract pro vided a 20.1-percent increase or 6.3 percent on an annual basis. Chicago Carpenters: A 1-year agreement providing a 35cent-an-hour wage increase was effective June 1 for 20,000 Carpenters. Contractors will continue to contribute an additional 31 cents an hour to various benefit funds. Based on the previous scale of $4.85 an hour and the employers’ contributions, the contract represents a 6.8-percent increase. Southern Illinois Carpenters: A 3-year 70-cent-an-hour agreement announced April 7 provided wage increases of 25 cents an hour April 1, and 2 2^ cents effective both April 1, 1967, and April 1, 1968, for 20,000 workers. The previous scale was $3.90 an hour. Tampa Carpenters: A 65-cent-an-hour package settle ment reached in April provided 2,750 workers with a 20cent-an-hour wage increase the first year, 10 cents an hour the second year, and 20 cents the third year. The agreement established employer welfare contributions of 10 cents an hour the second year, increased by 5 cents the third year. The 65-cent package increase was 17.6 percent over 3 years, or 5.5 percent annually. D etroit Electricians: A 2-year 72.6-cent pact provided 3,000 Electrical Workers (IBEW) a 20-cent-an-hour wage in crease May 1, an additional 20 cents in 1967, and a 10cent-an-hour increase in both the pension fund and the welfare fund, effective May 1, 1966. Employer contribu tions were to increase by 5 cents for pensions and 4 cents for welfare, effective May 1, 1967. The contract also pro vided double time for work after 7 hours a day. The previous scale was $5 plus 75 cents in various benefit funds—a 12.6-percent increase, or 6.1 percent annually. Minnesota Highway Construction Drivers (T eam sters): A 4-year contract provided a 20-cent-an-hour wage in crease to 5,000 drivers in each year of the contract. Pre vious scales ranged from $3.22 to $4.00 an hour. The 80cent package increase represents a 20.0- to 24.8-percent in crease, or 4.7 to 5.7 percent annually. St. Louis Unions: Carpenters, Laborers, Operating Engi neers, and Iron Workers agreed to 3-year $1.05-an-hour https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 package settlements. Signed in late April, the Carpenters settlement provided 5,000 workers with a 20-cent-an-hour increase May 1, 1966, 15 cents November 1966, 35 cents May 1967, and 35 cents May 1968. (The May 1968 in crease could be allocated to wages or benefits.) The previous scale was $4,775 an hour with additional em ployer contributions of 10 cents each to the welfare and vacation funds and 1 cent to the industry advancement fund. The $1.05 increase was a 21.1-percent increase, or 6.6 percent annually. The Laborers agreement included increases in wage and fringe benefits totaling 35 cents an hour in each of the 3 years of the contract. Previous scale for laborers was $3,475 per hour for residential and $4,035 per hour for commercial work, including 30 cents in fringe benefits. The increase for 6,100 workers amounted to a 26- to 30.2percent, or 8 to 9.2 percent yearly. The Operating Engineers agreement provided 2,300 workers with wage increases of 20 cents an hour on May 1, 15 cents an hour in May 1967, and 35 cents May 1968. ( Some of the 35-cent wage increase for 1968 could be di verted to benefits.) Terms included 15 cents an hour be ginning May 1, 1966, to establish a welfare fund, and 20 cents an hour beginning May 1, 1967, to establish a va cation fund. The prevailing wage ranged from $4,225 to $4,775 an hour including 10 cents an hour originally in tended to be used to establish a welfare fund but paid in wages instead. Employers contributed an additional 20 cents to a pension fund and 2 cents to an industry pro motion fund. The $1.05 an hour was an increase of 21.0 to 23.6 percent, or 6.6 to 7.3 percent annually. The Iron Workers contract provided 1,800 employees with a 15-cent-an-hour wage increase effective May 1, and additional wage increases of 10 cents November 1, 1966, 25 cents May 1967, and 25 cents May 1968. Employer contributions to benefit funds were increased as follow s: welfare fund to 15 cents (from 10 cents) effective May 1, 1966; vacation fund to 20 cents (from 10) effective November 1, 1966; and pension fund to 20 cents (from 10) beginning May 1, 1967, and an additional 5 cents in May 1968. The previous wage scale was $4,775 which included the employer vacation fund contributions. The increase was 21.0-percent total, or 6.6 percent annually. Southern Nevada Plumbers and Pipefitters: A 3-year $1.20an-hour package agreement was signed in early May, 54 days before the old contract expired. The agreement pro vided 1,100 workers with a 23-cent-an-hour scale increase, 12 additional cents for fringes effective July 1, 1966, and a 10-cent scale-increase effective January 1, 1967. In creases of 40 cents (effective July 1967) and 35 cents (July 1968) were to be allocated between fringes and wages as designated by the members. The $1.20-,an-hour package^was a 17.8-percent total increase, or 5.6 percent annually. Transportation and U tilities After almost a year of negotiations, the Pacific Maritime Association, which represents 12 United DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS States Flag Companies with more than 6,000 jobs, reached a tentative 4-year agreement2 with three unions3 affiliated with the Pacific District of the Seafarers International Union. The contract stipulated that there must be agreement on all changes in crew size; this provi sion is not to be subject to arbitration or court re view. If involuntary reduction in manning is caused by automation, employers must pay half of the base pay for the ratings eliminated into a jointly administered automation fund for a period of 5 years after the job is abolished. Employers must also continue contributions for pensions, wel fare, and other benefits for the jobs that were abolished. Retirement was provided after 20 years of service in June 1968; previous normal retirement was at age 62 with 20 years of service. The maxi mum pension benefit was increased to $200 a month from $150, retroactive to June 16,1965, and to $250 a month on June 16, 1968; early and dis ability pensions, as well as benefits for children under 18 years of age, were to be improved. To finance these benefits, ship operators agreed to increase their contributions to $2.26 (from $1.27) a man-day retroactive to June 16, 1965, with a further increase to $3.99 on June 16, 1968. An “economic package” was also agreed to under which employers were to increase their pay ments by $100 by the fourth contract year ($25 a month per job in each successive year of the con tract),4 to be allocated by each of the unions to wages, health and welfare benefits, work rules changes, etc. One union official predicted that 85 percent of the amount would be allocated to wages, thus raising the basic monthly pay for an ablebodied seaman from its present $521 to more than $600 in the fourth contract year. Ship operators agreed to pay for a training pro gram to instruct union members in skills required by new equipment and to upgrade existing skills. In addition, the companies agreed to increase their contributions to the Seamen’s Medical Center to 10 cents (from 5 cents) per man-day on the ac ceptance of the contract, with a further increase to 15 cents when determined by the fund trustees. Other pact provisions included provisions for a television receiver, not less than 21 inches, to be installed in the ship’s recreation room or its equivalent, and an automatic ice cube machine on https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 783 each vessel. It was stipulated that the laundry room must be equipped with a steam iron and dryer. A rate of $6.76, instead of $4.82, an hour was provided for the handling of explosives. After several months of negotiations with the American Merchant Marine Institute, the Na tional Maritime Union (NMU), which represents unlicensed shipboard personnel, won its demand to have three additional crewmen in the deck de partment on automated ocean freighters operated by five major steamship lines.5 The additional crew positions bring the total to 26 or 27 per freighter, depending upon the type of vessel; most nonautomated vessels have 34 crew members. Signed in late May, the agreement immediately affected 10 freighters that had entered service in recent years with automatic bridge-control of engine room functions and various devices below deck designed to lessen manual functions. In mid-May, Railway Express Agency, Inc. (REA) and the Railway Clerks negotiated a 13month contract providing a 25-cent-an-hour wage increase in three steps and a minimum wage of $120 a week for 35,000 workers. A 10-cent in crease was made retroactive to July 1, 1965, for most workers and to January 1, 1965, for former Teamster members. (In a systemwide represen tation election late in 1965, the Clerks had dis placed the Teamsters, which represented 3,200 vehicle workers in eight cities.) An additional 6 cents an hour was provided for July 1, 1966, and a final 9 cents on January 1,1967. The minimum of $3 an hour or $120 a week becomes effective on May 1, 1967—reportedly bringing adjustments of up to $41 a week in addition to the across-theboard increases. Other terms of the agreement include a fourth week of vacation after 20 years of service, an eighth paid holiday—Good Friday, and health and welfare benefits similar to those for railroad nonoperating employees. REA was to pay $25.72 a month to provide these benefits. The Southern Pacific Co. and the Railway Clerks negotiated a pact—effective May 1, 1966, 2R etro a ctiv e to 3 S ailors U nion Jun e 16, 1965. of th e P acific, M arine F irem en, and M arine Cooks, rep orted ly w ith a com bined m em bership o f 15,000. 4T he first-year a llo c a tio n is also r etro a c tiv e to Jun e 16, 1965. 5U .S. L in es Co., L ykes B ro th ers Steam sh ip Co., th e G race L ine D iv isio n of W. R. Grace an d Co., M oore-M cCorm ack L ines, Inc., and P ru d en tia l Steam ship. 784 and extending to December 31, 1970—that im proved the jbb security provisions of their 1963 agreement.6 Protection was provided for all employees with 2 years of service as of May 1, 1966, and 15 days of service in 1965. Both new employees and those not qualified under the pre vious agreement were to become eligible for pro tection after 12 months of continuous assignment to permanent positions (including guaranteed “extra board” jobs), and at least 2 years of em ployment. No more than 4 percent of the perma nent j obs were to be eliminated by attrition in any year. In each region, the minimum number of jobs on the extra board was raised to at least 12 percent, from 7 percent, of the number of perma nent positions. All employees who must change residence to fill a job were to receive various mov ing benefits, such as protection from loss by selling their homes. On May 28, Mayor John V. Lindsay of New York City awarded increases in commission rates to 18,000 part- and full-time drivers of fleet-owned taxicabs and provided a union shop for the Taxi Drivers Organizing Committee (TDOC) as part of an 18-morith contract.7 A 5-day strike had ended May 17 when both sides submitted outstand ing issues in the dispute to Mayor Lindsay for arbitration. The award increased drivers’ commissions in two steps; a 46-percent commission rate was pro vided retroactive to May 17, increasing to 47 per cent on December 1, 1966. Most fleet taxicab drivers had received a 44-percent commission and some received 45 percent. Industry sources esti mated the increased rates would provide a $4.50 increase for a 5-day week. The TDOC represents 18,000 drivers in 67 fleet garages. An additional 5,000 drivers employed by 13 additional fleets were expected to receive similar terms. Before submitting the dispute to Mayor Lindsay, the parties had agreed to 1 week of vacation after 1 year of service and 2 weeks after 4 years. The Mayor added a provision en titling drivers working at least 240 days a year for not more than two garages to pro rata vacation pay. Other provisions of this first contract in cluded retirement pay of $50 a month at age 65 with 25 years of service with any New York cab fleet; life insurance with a special benefit for death while on duty; health and welfare benefits; break https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 down pay for time spent in a disabled cab; and call-in pay. Appointed as arbitrator by Mayor Lindsay, Eric J. Schmertz issued a companion award for mechanics and maintenance men, providing a $4a-week wage increase, a reduction in hours, and other improvements. About 5,000 Transit Union bus drivers and clerks in 11 western States8 struck Western Grey hound Lines on May 15; their contract had ex pired on February 28. The company had offered a 4y2- to 5-percent wage and supplementary bene fit package in each year of a proposed 2-year contract. Many issues of wages and working con ditions were still unresolved—but the major out standing issue was the union’s demand for an improved pension plan. A 9-day strike by 11,000 Electrical Workers (IBEW) against the New England Telephone and Telegraph Co. ended on May 25 with the return of 10,000 of the strikers. (Some 1,000 members of Local 2, 1 of the 25 locals involved in the dis pute, returned the following day after a 1-day sus pension.) Two members of Local 2 were sus pended after refusing to work on a new type of telephone that they claimed was not covered by the contract. After seven additional members of the Local were suspended for refusing to work the overtime necessitated by the original disciplinary action, the entire Local walked out for 4 hours. Refusal of the company to allow members of Local 2 to return to work for 3 days led to a walkout of another 10,000 Electrical Workers in Massachu setts, Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. A 1-year agreement between Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co. in Chicago, and the Building Service Employees Union provided for a 4.26-percent wage increase, averaging 15.29 cents an hour. Reached on May 1, the contract covered some 2,100 service and repair employees. The Georgia Power Co. and the Electrical Workers (IBEW) agreed to a 3-year contract covering 3,500 workers. Provisions were made for a 3.5-percent wage increase (with a minimum $22-a-month increase to journeymen), retroactive 8 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , 7See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , 8A rizona, C alifornia, Idaho, M ay 1963, p. 558. A u gu st 1965, pp. 9 9 3 -9 9 4 . M ontana, N evada, N ew M exico, Oregon, U tah, W ash in gton , W yom ing, and w estern T exas. 785 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS to July 7, 1965; and a similar wage increase to be effective on July 1,1966. M etalworking After breaking off contract negotiations with the Machinists, the Hamilton Standard Division of United Aircraft Corp. (manufacturer of air plane propellers at Broad Brook and Windsor Locks, Conn.) announced in late April that it was putting into effect a wage and benefit package similar to that provided by the Sikorsky Division agreement with the Teamsters 9 and the Pratt and Whitney Division agreement with the Machinists at Southington, Conn.10 In an effort to settle liti gation, a similar arrangement had been put into effect in December for the 18,000 workers repre sented by the Machinists at Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Division, East Hartford. The package included 8- to 14-cent-an-hour wage increases in each of 3 years, a 9th paid holiday, 3 week’s vaca tion after 10 years rather than 12 and 4 weeks after 20 years, improved pension and insurance benefits, and a combination sick leave or funeral leave plan. On May 2, the Essex Wire Corp. announced the establishment of a retirement program for some 5,000 nonunion salaried workers at 43 plants and 27 warehouses throughout the Nation. Pension benefits, fully paid by the company, were to be $2 a month for each year of credited service to Janu ary 1, 1967; $5.50 a month for service between January 1, 1967, and January 1, 1972; and $6.50 a month for each year of service thereafter. Re tirement benefits were to be effective after January 1, 1969, for employees retiring with 2 years or more of coverage. The plan included provisions for early retirement, vesting, disability, optional retirement, and death benefits. Employees could continue to accumulate benefits beyond retirement age. By ratifying a 3-year contract covering 2,600 workers, the Independent Steel Workers’ Alliance ended its strike of almost 3 months against Key stone Steel and Wire Co. of Peoria, 111. The May 3 agreement provided an immediate upgrading of maintenance journeymen by two job classes; in addition there was a S^-cent-an-hour general wage increase with increment increases to higher 9See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , M ay 1966, p. 540. 10See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , February 1966, pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 9 1 -1 9 2 . classified workers or a 7-cent-an-hour increase to nonclassified tonnage and piece workers effective August 1, 1967. Other provisions included a funded pension plan effective July 1, 1968, which was to provide early retirement after 30 years at age 60 and improved insurance benefits. Negotiating under a wage reopener of an agree ment due to expire in April 1967, the independent Communication Equipment Workers agreed on May 1, with officials of the Baltimore Works of Western Electric Co. on a 7- to 12-cent-an-hour wage increase. Some 4,900 hourly employees were affected by the increase which was retro active to April 24. Other M anufacturing A 1-year agreement was reached on May 11 by the Associated Milk Dealers, Inc., and Local 754 of the Teamsters ; the contract provided wage in creases of $4 a week retroactive to May 1 for some 2,000 inside dairy employees in Chicago. Supple mentary benefits, including an additional week of vacation for each employee, were expected to cost $4 a week; employees had previously received 2 weeks of vacation after 1 year, 3 weeks after 5, and 4 weeks after 15 years. Procedures for arbitration of grievances and disputes were also modified. The settlement was preceded by 4-hour strikes at three of the dairies, Some dairy officials indi cated that a price rise in certain dairy products was in the offing. The association represents 26 major dairies which provide 95 percent of all milk and related dairy products consumed in the Chi cago area. Wages were increased 6 to 8 cents in each year; 3 weeks of vacation were provided after 10 instead of 12 years; and a major medical plan was estab lished in a 2-year contract between the Campbell Soup Co. and the Packinghouse Workers which represents 2,500 employees at the company’s Cam den, N. J., plant. A long-term disability insurance plan for full-time employees which provides bene fits until the employee returns to work or reaches age 65 was to become effective in 1967; the previous maximum was 26 weeks. Agreement was reached on a 2-year contract between Planters Peanuts (a division of Standard Brands, Inc.,) and the Retail, Wholesale and De partment Store Union, representing 1,700 em- MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 786 ployees in Suffolk, Va. Wages were increased 9 cents an hour retroactive to May 1, 1966, with an additional 9 cents becoming effective on February 1 , 1967. Vacations, pensions, and job security benefits were also improved. In the women’s coat and suit industry, the Ladies’ Garment Workers signed a 3-year contract with the Kansas City Garment Manufacturers’ Association for some 2,000 workers in Kansas City, Mo., and a similar agreement with the Coronet Manufacturing Co., employing 700 workers. Un der the agreements, signed in mid-May, piecework ers and cutters received wage increases of 15 cents and other timeworkers, 10 cents an hour, with ad ditional increases of 7 cents, 15 cents, and 6 cents to these respective classifications to be effective May 1, 1968. New minimum rates ranged from $1.50 for miscellaneous help, to $3.25 for skilled cutters—increasing to $3.35 on May 1, 1968. Piecework earnings were set to yield at least 20 percent above craft minimums. A seventh paid holiday, the last working day before Christmas, and 2 weeks of vacation after 3 instead of 5 years were included. There were also provisions for renegotiation of the wage structure when the Fed eral minimum is raised and for a wage reopener when the CPI rises 2 percent. Conventions One major convention discussed current pro posals for putting production workers on an an nual salary, and salaries for blue-collar workers were also discussed by the president of the Steel workers. Walter Reuther keynoted the Auto Workers 20th Biennial Convention, by calling for replacement of hourly pay for production work ers by an annual salary plan.11 Mr. Reuther de clared that he would seek the salary plan in the 1967 round of bargaining with the auto industry, and then propose the plan to employers in the agri cultural implement and aerospace industries. The delegates approved a constitutional change that added a fourth member-at-large to the union’s executive board. (Of 1.3 million dues-paying members in 1965, 170,000 were women). All the top officers were reelected by acclamation. In an address to the University of California’s annual industrial relations conference, Steelwork ers President I. W. Abel echoed Walter Reuther’s call for the conversion of hourly wage rates to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis salaries. Mr. Abel asked for contracts providing for “payment of wages from the time a worker leaves his home until he returns.” Another bar gaining goal suggested by the union leader would give production workers the right to participate in stock option plans and similar fringe benefits currently used by corporations “to lure and keep top executives.” Mr. Abel stated that these and other proposals were an “agenda for the bargain ing table of tomorrow” and “should not be miscon strued as the 1968 collective bargaining program of the United Steelworkers.” Some 1,500 delegates to the Clothing Workers 25th biennial convention which started May 23 in Atlantic City, N.J., heard President Jacob Potofsky outline five union goals in the social welfare field: The best education and training possible, the best medical care, a decent home, a suitable job, and an adequate income. Making his first major talk to a union convention, United Nation’s Secre tary-General U Thant urged the labor movement to devote “energy and organization” toward es tablishing a world order in which peace and democratic principles “really prevail.” The con vention adopted a resolution urging the adminis tration to “renew its efforts to negotiate a peaceful settlement” in Vietnam. Addressing the Packinghouse Workers 15th biennial convention in Los Angeles which began May 16, President Ralph Helstein stated that the labor movement must be an instrument of protest and social change in the slums and ghettos as well as in the factories and shops. The convention passed a resolution which declared that “This is no time for a slowdown in civil rights” and en dorsed pending civil rights legislation. The Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union began its 10th quadrennial convention in Miami Beach, Fla., on May 23. President Max Greenberg told the delegates that the union has had “amazing success” during the past year in organizing some 5,000 employees in Georgia, Ala bama, and other southern States. The convention voted to raise per capita payments, unchanged since 1958, from 85 cents to $1.15 per month. Other union conventions held in May included the 25th anniversary convention of the Distillery Workers in Miami Beach, May 14-21; the Uphol sterers in Palm Beach, beginning May 5-13; the 11 See pp. 7 3 3 -7 3 5 of th is issu e. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS F u r n itu r e W o rk e rs in M ilw au k ee, on M ay 9 -1 3 ; th e F ire m e n a n d O ilers in M o n tre a l, C a n a d a , on M ay 9 ; a n d th e 7 5 th a n n iv e rs a ry co n v en tio n of th e H o te l a n d R e s ta u ra n t E m p lo y ees in S t. L o u is on M ay 23. Other Developments T h e P r e s id e n t’s C o m m ittee on L a b o r-M a n a g e m en t P o lic y w as re a c tiv a te d b y P re s id e n t L y n d o n B . Jo h n s o n a f te r a n 18 -m onth h ia tu s. I n a d d re ss in g th e C o m m ittee’s o p e n in g session, P re s id e n t Jo h n so n ask ed fo r “ co n stru c tiv e su g g estio n s” on th e A d m in is tr a tio n ’s w a g e-p ric e g u id ep o sts, th e effectiveness o f its o v erall p ro g ra m o f v o lu n ta ry re s tra in ts , a n d business a n d la b o r’s ro le in th e p r o g ra m . C o ch airm e n o f th e co m m ittee a re S ecre ta r y o f L a b o r W . W illa rd W ir tz a n d S e c re ta ry of C om m erce J o h n T . C o n n o r. T h e re s t o f th e p an el consists o f re p re se n ta tiv e s o f lab o r, m a n ag e m en t, a n d th e p u b lic. L lo y d G reen , 45, fin an c ial s e c re ta ry o f P a in te rs L ocal 1178 in H a y w a rd , C a lif., wTas th e second u n io n official in th e S a n F ra n c isc o a re a to be m u r https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 787 d ered w ith in a m o n th ; on A p r il 5, D ow W ilso n , 40, re c o rd in g se c re ta ry o f P a in te rs L o cal 4 in S a n F ran c isc o , h a d been shot. T h e tw o u n io n lead ers h a d been h ig h ly c ritic a l o f th e co n d u ct o f th e in te r n a tio n a l union. A f te r th e second k illin g , M o rris E v en so n , M r. W ilso n ’s successor as L o cal 4 re c o rd in g sec retary , s ta te d t h a t because o f th e fa ilu re of th e in te rn a tio n a l to send a w o rd o f condolence fo l lo w in g th e d e a th of D ow W ilso n , th e L o cal w ould no lo n g e r p a y dues to th e u n io n ’s in te rn a tio n a l office. O n M ay 11, 5 d ay s a f te r L lo y d G re en ’s d e a th , fo u r suspects in th e slay in g s w ere a rre ste d by S a n F ra n c isc o police, a n d a fifth m an w as a rre s te d b y th e F B I on th e fo llo w in g day. T w o o f th e suspects, N o rm a n C all a n d M ax W a rd , w ere c o n tra c to rs in th e S a c ra m e n to are a a n d w ere em p lo y e r m em bers o f a jo in tly a d m in iste re d pension fu n d . M r. W ilso n h a d re p o rte d ly questioned some loans m ad e fro m th e fu n d . I n a re la te d d evelopm ent, S tu re Y o u n g re n , a d m in is tra to r of th e fu n d , co m m itted suicide a f te r a d m ittin g th e m is a p p ro p ria tio n o f $60,000 fro m th e fu n d . M r. Y o u n g re n h a d im p lic a te d N o rm a n C all in th e m isa p p ro p ria tio n . Book Reviews and Notes X=Lag The TJse of Mathematics in Economics. E d ite d by V . S. N em ch in o v (R u ssia n e d itio n ) a n d A . N ove (E n g lis h e d itio n ). C a m b rid g e , M ass., T h e M .I.T . P re ss, 1965. 377 p p . $12.50. I le a rn e d so m eth in g a b o u t th e d ev e lo p m e n t o f m a th e m a tic a l econom ics in th e U .S .S .R . fro m re a d in g th is book, b u t n o t n e a rly as m u ch as I h a d a n tic ip a te d . T h e ir d ev elo p m en t is co m in g a lo n g nicely , b u t, fig u rin g as scien tists o fte n do, th is book in d ic a te s t h a t th e R u ssia n s w ill ta k e a t least a decade to ca tc h u p to o u r p re s e n t sta g e o f k n o w l edge in th is area. T h o se o f us w ho h a v e p a r tic ip a te d in th e in te l lectu a l s tru g g le f o r th e re c o g n itio n a n d accep tance o f m a th e m a tic a l m eth o d s in econom ics a re n a tu r a lly p leased to see S o v ie t econom ics tu r n in th is d ire c tio n , f o r th e com m on la n g u a g e o f m a th e m a t ics w ill su re ly g iv e us a so u n d m ean s o f o b jective co m m u n icatio n w ith o u r E a s te r n colleagues. I t w as w ith m u ch h o p e fu l a n tic ip a tio n t h a t I re a d th is sy m p o siu m b y S o v ie t econom ists a n d O sk a r L an g e. T h e book co n ta in s c o n trib u tio n s b y N em chinov, V. N ovozhilov, L . K a n to ro v ic h , O. L a n g e , an d A . L u r ’e. N e m c h in o v ’s c o n trib u tio n s a re g e n e ra l a n d p a re n ta l. T h e y c o n ta in little in th e w ay o f m a th e m a tic s o r on th e p ro sp e c tiv e use o f m a th e m atics in econom ics. T h e o th e r p a p e rs h av e m ore m a th e m a tic a l co n ten t, b u t th e y a re a ll “ w o rd y ” by o u r s ta n d a rd s . S om e o f th e m w o u ld be classified as n o n m a th e m a tic a l p a p e rs in o u r p re s e n t j o u m al collections. N o v o z h ilo v ’s “ C o st-B en efit C o m p ariso n s in a S o c ia list E c o n o m y ” is a n ex cellen t p a p e r, th o u g h so m ew h at lo n g a n d ted io u s in its n u m e ric a l ex am ples. I t is a re m a rk a b le p a p e r f o r its econom ic co n ten t, a p a r t fro m th e q u estio n o f th e use o f m a th em atics. I t d eals w ith c r ite ria f o r in v e stm en t decisions, o p tim iz a tio n in econom ic p la n n in g , an d so cialist p rin c ip le s o f m easu rem en t, N ov o zhilov 788 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis develops m a n y in te re stin g concepts lik e ou rs on in te rn a l ra te o f re tu rn , p ro fit, in te re st, p ro d u c tiv ity , a n d o th e r objects o f econom ic calculations. T h is is clea rly an im p o rta n t piece o f w o rk , b u t is m isp laced in a book on th e use o f m ath e m a tic s in econom ics. L a n g e ’s p a p e r read s b e a u tifu lly a n d calls to m in d h is d a y s in th is co u n try . A c tu a lly , L a n g e ’s is th e only p a p e r in th e book t h a t does n o t clearly sm ack o f h a v in g been tra n s la te d . T h e re is an u n fa m ilia rity in style, term in o lo g y , a n d a p p ro a c h in a ll th e p ap e rs. L a n g e gives a nice ex p o sito ry tre a tm e n t o f in p u t-o u tp u t an aly sis, fo llo w in g closely th e p re se n ta tio n in h is book, An Introduc tion to Econometrics. H e d e m o n stra te s b o th sta tic a n d d y n am ic in p u t-o u tp u t m odels w ith close a n a l ogy to th e M a rx ia n schem es o f re p ro d u c tio n . (Das Kapital: V ol. I I .) A n o th e r in te re stin g b it o f m a n ip u la tio n is L a n g e ’s w o rk in g o u t o f fo rm u las fo r m acroeconom ic g ro w th ra te s, a n d o th e r a g g re g a tiv e sta tistic s fro m th e d y n am ic in p u to u tp u t m odel. I n tw o ch a p te rs, K a n to ro v ic h g ives h is o rig in a l co n trib u tio n s to th e su b ject we call lin e a r p r o g ra m in g . T h e first c h a p te r com es fro m h is o rig in a l w o rk s (1 9 3 9 ), a n d estab lish es h is p rio rity o f th o u g h t. T h e second c h a p te r b rin g s h is ideas fo rw a rd in to th e 1940’s a n d 1950’s. T hese a re th e m o st m a th e m a tic a l o f th e w hole volum e a n d show th e d irec tio n s t h a t S o v ie t m a th e m a tic a l econom ics is fo llo w in g in w o rk in g out m odels o f o p tim iza tio n . T h e a rg u m e n t proceeds to a la rg e e x te n t by ex am p les w h ich a re confined to th e specific p ro b lem s o f in d iv id u a l processes, th e single firm , o r th e in d u stry . T h e re a re some g en e ral o b serv atio n s on o v erall p la n n in g by m a th e m a tic a l m ethods. K a n to ro v ic h show s how h is lin e a r m eth o d s can solve specific p roblem s, a n d in an a p p e n d ix p ro v es th e existence o f “ re so lv in g m u ltip lie rs ,” w h ich com plete th e so lu tio n o f th e lin e a r o p tim iz a tio n p ro b lem w ith in eq u ality co n stra in ts. T h e re a re tw o ex trem ely im p o rta n t aspects to K a n to ro v ic h ’s c o n trib u tio n . I n th e first place, th ey show th e u n iv e rs a lity o f scientific th o u g h t. I f th e m eth o d s o f lin e a r p ro g ra m in g h a d not been developed in one p a r t o f th e w o rld , th ey w ould clea rly h av e been developed in an o th er. I t is am az in g t h a t D a n tz ig , K o o p m an s, an d o th ers w ere w o rk in g on th e sam e p ro b lem in th e 1940’s, u n a w a re o f K a n to ro v ic h ’s 1939 resu lts. BOOK REVIEWS AND NO'TES T h e second asp e ct o f K a n to ro v ic h ’s p a p e rs is th e ir d e m o n s tra tio n t h a t m a th e m a tic a l m eth o ds w ill su re ly m ake an im p o rta n t c o n trib u tio n to th e S o v iet econom y a t th e level o f th e in d iv id u a l p la n t, o r d e p a rtm e n t w ith in a p la n t. T h e y w ill defi n ite ly lead to cost sav in g s. S o v ie to lo g ists are b e a rish on th e possible c o n trib u tio n o f these m eth o d s to o v erall p la n n in g , ho w ev er, because th e S o v iets la c k o u r ty p e o f p ric e system . I th in k t h a t th e e x p e rts m a y be in f o r a m a jo r s u rp ris e on th is score, b u t I am w illin g to concede t h a t th e p o in t is d eb atab le. I n a n y event, th e re are a l re a d y sig n ifican t c o n trib u tio n s a t th e p la n t level. I n th e final c o n trib u tio n , L u r ’e show s how th e tr a n s p o r ta tio n p ro b lem can be w o rk e d o u t f o r r a il w ay n etw o rk s. H e c o n c en trate s on th e g ra p h ic a l m eth o d , b u t in d ic a te s how K a n to ro v ic h ’s g e n e ral m a th e m a tic a l m eth o d s can be used to re ach a so lu tion. I n c o m p licated s itu a tio n s w ith m a n y p o in ts o f o rig in a n d d e s tin a tio n o f sh ip m en ts, th e p ro b lem is too difficult f o r a fu ll g ra p h ic a l tre a tm e n t, a n d g en e ra l m eth o d s w ill h a v e to be a p p lie d w ith a co m p u te r fa c ility . — L aw rence R . K l e in Professor of Economics Wharton School of Finance and Commerce Teachers’ Aid Labor in the United States. B y S a n fo r d C ohen. C olu m b u s, O hio, C h a rle s E . M e rrill B ooks, In c ., 1966. 640 p p . 2d ed. $8.95. T h is book is th e second ed itio n o f a w id ely used te x t w h ich first a p p e a re d in 1960. T h o se pleased w ith th e firs t e d itio n w ill be fa v o ra b ly in clin ed to w a rd th e second, since th e changes, beyond u p d a tin g , a re s lig h t; o n ly 2 o f th e 24 c h a p te rs a re new . C o v erag e o f th e book, as in th e first ed itio n , is b ro ad . T h e la b o r force, th e m a jo r p ro b lem s a r is in g fro m th e em p lo y er-em p lo y ee re la tio n sh ip , tra d e u n io n ism a n d co llective b a rg a in in g , a n d le g isla tio n re la te d th e re to , w ages a n d econom ic in secu rity , a n d re le v a n t U .S . law s a re a ll covered. M ost p ro fe sso rs w ho w ish to base a su rv e y course in la b o r p ro b lem s on one te x t book w ill fin d th e b u lk o f th e su b je c t m a tte r th e y w ish to cover discussed b y C ohen. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 789 A s in th e first ed itio n , C ohen, a n experienced p ro fesso r, a u th o r, a n d g o v ern m e n t em ployee w rites clearly a n d com m unicates w ell. I h av e fo u n d th e first ed itio n o f th e book to be “te ac h ab le” a n d g e n era lly accepted by s tu d e n ts ; it seems lik ely th a t th is e d itio n w ill e a rn a s im ila r response. N o book is lik ely to escape a ll criticism , how ever. W h ile I feel th e coverage, c la rity , a n d p ro fessio n al com petence of p re se n ta tio n is q u ite good, I w ould p re fe r a d ifferen t o rg a n iz a tio n . A f te r in tr o d u cin g th e g en e ral su b ject m a tte r a n d th e b ac k g ro u n d a n d co m position o f th e la b o r force, th e a u th o r m oves to an e x a m in a tio n o f u n io n ism an d b a rg a in in g in th e U n ite d S ta tes. I t w o u ld seem t h a t b efo re such a discussion is u n d e rta k e n , th e stu d e n t sh o u ld be led th ro u g h som e e x a m in a tio n of th e pro b lem s t h a t arise o u t o f em ployee statu s, th e difficulty o f so lv in g m a n y o f th ese p roblem s th ro u g h in d iv id u a l effort, a n d th e co n flictin g goals a n d p o in ts o f view o fte n h eld by w o rk ers a n d em ployers. S u ch an aly sis w ou ld seem to be basic to u n d e rs ta n d in g w hy u n io n s evolved a n d w hy th ey g rew so slow ly a n d w ith such fre q u e n t oppo sitio n . A lso, in m y view , econom ic in se c u rity m e rits m ore extensive e x a m in a tio n th a n C ohen gives it. T h e m an y facets o f th is p ro b lem a re a t th e base o f m u ch o f th e b a rg a in in g a n d p o litic a l actio n of u n io n s— as w ell as th e actio n o f u n o rg a n iz e d w o rkers. T h e book w o u ld p ro fit fro m a m o re in ten siv e e x a m in a tio n o f th is sub ject, in an an aly sis p laced som ew here o th e r th a n th e v ery en d o f th e tex t. F in a lly , th e p o litic a l actio n o f o rg a n iz ed lab o r p ro b a b ly is u n d e rp la y e d . U n io n s a re now b ein g an d w ill co n tin u e to be fo rced in to m o re an d m ore p o litic a l effort to b o lste r th e sh o rtco m in g s o f eco nom ic action. F u r th e r , th e lik ely g ro w th of u n io n s am ong g o v ern m e n t em ployees sh o u ld serve to e n la rg e th e influence o f unio n s in s h a p in g p u b lic policy. I n m y view , th e sh o rtco m in g s m en tio n ed above a re o f some consequence. H o w ev er, th e tre a tm e n t o f some o f th e issues t h a t I co n sid er in ad eq u a te a n d th e o rg a n iz a tio n used by C ohen m ay b o th be acceptable to m an y . I n an y case, C ohen has offered a solid a n d u p -to -d a te te x t to p ro fesso rs a n d stu d e n ts in la b o r su rv ey courses. — G l e n n W . M iller Professor of Economics Ohio State University 790 Pride and Prejudice The Labor Arbitration Process. By R. W . F le m in g . U rb a n a , 111., U n iv e rs ity o f Illin o is P re ss, 1965. 233 p p . $5. Labor Arbitration: A Dissenting View. B y P a u l R . H a y s. N ew H a v e n , C onn., Y a le U n i v e rs ity P re ss, 1966. 118 p p . $4.50. I n th e H o u se o f A rb itr a tio n th e re a re m an y M an sio n s a n d p o in ts o f v iew ; a n d it h a s been com m odious en o u g h to accom m odate th e m all. W e lik e to th in k , how ever, t h a t p erso n s o f sim ila r p ro fe ssio n a l tr a in in g a n d ex p erien ce w ould sh a re so m ew h at s im ila r view s o f th is “ p e c u lia r in s titu tio n .” T h ese tw o books in s tru c t us t h a t th is is n o t n ecessarily tru e . T h e y leave us b e w ild ered as to w h a t o cc u rre d to m ak e tw o v e te ra n te a c h e rs of la b o r law , b o th o f w hom w ere a r b itr a to r s fo r m an y y e a rs, reach such d iffe ren t conclusions fro m like experience. R o b b en F le m in g is C h a n c e llo r o f th e M ad ison C am p u s o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f W isco n sin a n d p re s en tly P re s id e n t o f th e N a tio n a l A cad em y o f A r b i tra to rs . P a u l H a y s, re c e n tly , w as a p p o in te d J u d g e o f th e S econd C irc u it C o u rt o f A p p e a ls a n d h as also been a n ac tiv e a r b itr a to r . I f th e re is an y aspect o f a r b itr a to r s o r a r b itr a tio n on w hich th e y agree, th is re v ie w er h a s n o t id en tified it. C h a n c e llo r F le m in g th in k s h ig h ly o f a r b itr a tio n as a d is p u te -s e ttlin g p ro ced u re. H e reco g nizes flaw s a n d fa u lts . H is book is a n an a ly sis of p ro b lem s fa c in g th o se w ho a r b itr a te a n d those w ho decide— a n d w h a t m ig h t be do n e to e lim in ate, am e lio ra te , o r m a n ip u la te th o se p roblem s. J u d g e H a y s denounces th e process a n d e x co ri ates th e a r b itra to rs . H e w o u ld w ith d ra w th e s u p p o r t o f th e law fro m g rie v a n c e a r b itr a tio n a n d re q u ire th e p a rtie s to su b m it th e ir d isp u te s to a trib u n a l m o re in th e n a tu re o f a sm all claim s c o u rt o r a la b o r co u rt. H e h a s n o th in g good to say ab o u t a r b itra to rs , in g e n e ra l, a n d sta te s t h a t “ only a h a n d f u l” o f th e m “ h av e th e k n ow ledge, tra in in g , sk ill, a n d c h a ra c te r to m ak e . . . good a r b itr a to rs .” H e a c tu a lly id en tifies only tw o o f th is “h a n d f u l.” T h is leaves a v e ry sm all h a n d f u l of a rb itra to rs , in d eed , to squeeze betw een H a y s ’ p e a rly g ates. F le m in g ’s m eth o d is to id e n tify c e rta in p ro b lem s a ris in g in th e process o f a r b itr a tin g cases, su b je c t th em to th o ro u g h a n d sober a n a ly sis, a n d to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 su g g est w ays a n d m eans o f d e a lin g w ith them . T h u s, he considers th e p ro b lem o f th e cost o f a r b itra tio n a n d th e re la te d p roblem s o f tim e -la g a n d fo rm a lity o f p ro ced u re. T h e cost p ro b lem is one t h a t is ra ise d p e re n n ia lly , m ost o fte n by p e r sons w ith o u t an y g en e ral fa c tu a l d a ta on th e p ro c ess fro m w hich g en e ra liz a tio n s m ig h t be p e rm is sible. W ell, F le m in g has th e facts. I t w ill fa sc in a te all p ra c titio n e rs a n d a r b itra to rs to learn , n o t only w h a t a r b itra to rs ch a rg e a n d ea rn , b u t w h a t a tto rn e y s fo r m an ag e m en ts a n d fo r unio n s in sm all, m edium -size, a n d la rg e cities are p a id . F le m in g th e n d em o n strate s t h a t m an y o f th e item s o f cost a n d inefficiency in a d m in is tra tio n o f th e process a re due to th e d isin c lin a tio n o f th e p a rtie s to ta k e re m e d ial action. T w o o th e r c h a p te rs discuss “ P ro b lem s o f P r o c e d u ra l R e g u la rity ” an d “ Som e P ro b le m s o f E v i dence.” T h is m a te ria l faces u p sq u arely to reco g n ized defects a n d w eaknesses in th e a r b itra tio n process a n d co n tain s v alu ab le advice on how to overcom e them . I n h is final c h a p te rs, h e su g g ests th e need of an A rb itra tio n C o n feren ce to stu d y th e process a n d to m ak e su g g estio n s as to th e b est p ractices. C h an ce llo r F le m in g ’s a p p ro a c h is to recognize t h a t th e w o rld o f a r b itra tio n is n o t p e rfe c t b u t t h a t th in g s a r e p re tty good a n d can be im proved. T h is rev iew er re g a rd s h is book as a d istin g u ish e d c o n trib u tio n to th e lite ra tu re o f th e social sciences. J u d g e H a y s ’ book, on th e o th e r h a n d , is tru ly a J e re m ia d . H e w ould d estro y a r b itra tio n (a n d a rb itra to rs ) ro o t a n d b ra n c h ! B ecause som e v ery few a w a rd s h av e been “ rig g e d ,” because some v ery few a r b itra to rs h av e fa ile d to act in accordance w ith th e e th ica l canons, he condem ns th e lo t (e x cep tin g , as h a s been said above, fo r a “ h a n d f u l” ). Y e t, in resp ect o f th e g e n e ra lity o f a rb itra to rs , he loosely uses w o rd s lik e “in co m p eten t,” “ ra scals,” “ am b u lan ce ch a s in g ,” “ fee p a d d in g ,” etc. I f H a y s ’ p o r tr a it o f th e a r b itr a to r a n d h is process w ere tru e , it w o u ld be difficult to u n d e rs ta n d th e b asis f o r th e confidence expressed c u rre n tly in a r b itra to rs a n d a r b itra tio n by em ployers a n d unions. I t w o u ld be difficult, also, to u n d e rs ta n d w hy, fo r so m an y y ea rs (on p ag e 41 H a y s says 16; on p a g e 42 h e says n e a rly 2 5 ), H a y s w as an activ e p ra c titio n e r in a p ro fe s sional o ccu p atio n on w h ich he now p o u rs o u t his co n tem p t. H is fo rm e r colleagues, u n d e rsta n d a b ly , are m ystified. BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES 791 J u d g e H a y s does c h a ra c te riz e h is book as “A D isse n tin g V iew ” ; a n d a d isse n tin g view it c e r ta in ly is. T h e n u m b e r o f com panies a n d u n io n s w ith a r b itr a tio n clauses in th e ir la b o r co n tra c ts h as been e s tim a te d a t 100,000 to 150,000. I h av e n o t h e a rd o f a sin g le co m p an y o r u n io n w hich, h a v in g p laced th ese p ro v isio n s in th e ir co n tra c ts, decided to e lim in a te th em . T h e a lte rn a tiv e s to a r b itra tio n , in c lu d in g J u d g e H aj^s’, a re sim p ly f r i g h t f u l ! — P eter S eitz Professional Arbitrator New York, N.Y. Som ething for Everybody Accelerating Development: The Necessity and the Means. B y L a u c h lin C u rrie . N ew Y o rk , M c G ra w -H ill B ook Co., 1966. $7.50. A ll too o fte n , a n a n n u a l rise in th e incom e of a d ev e lo p in g n a tio n is accep ted as b e in g good in itself. T h e im p lic a tio n is t h a t everyone in th e co u n try is b en e fitin g now , o r w ill benefit soon, fro m th e increm en ts. L a u c h lin C u rrie d isp u te s th is by id e n tify in g g ro u p s w ith in th e econom y w h ich do n o t benefit a n d h av e little h o p e o f b en e fitin g if th e dev e lo p m e n t process c o n tin u es a lo n g accepted lines. D r. C u rrie is an econom ist w ith a n eclectic in s tin c t to in te g ra te o th e r p h y sical a n d social sci ences in a n effort to d e te rm in e how to ra ise th e liv in g s ta n d a r d am o n g a ll g ro u p s in a d ev elo p in g c o u n try . H is su g g ested m eth o d o f a c h ie v in g a m ore diffu sed d is trib u tio n o f n a tio n a l incom e is th ro u g h th e use o f a “B re a k th ro u g h P la n .” T h e b re a k th ro u g h p la n w o u ld be used in p lace o f th e m o re com m only used c a p ita l in v estm en t p la n in d e v e lo p in g c o u n tries. I n th e la tte r m ethod, th e re is u su a lly a d ra in -o ff b efo re benefits o f th e p ro g ra m reach th a t seg m en t o f th e p o p u la tio n w h ich need i t th e m ost. T h ese “ d isg u ise d u n em p lo y ed ” c o n tin u e to ex ist in a c o u n try d esp ite in c re a sin g an n u a l g ro w th rates. R a th e r th a n d ire c t in crease in th e G N P by itse lf, th e p la n stresses a s h o rt-te rm rise in social benefits such as b e tte r h o u sin g , a d im in u tio n in th e d e a th ly effects o f m a ss-p o p u la te d a g r ic u ltu r a l co m p etitio n , th u s fo rc in g th e w hole econom y to se lf-g e n e ra tin g develo p m en t. T h a t is, effo rts w o u ld be d irec ted to w a rd th e tr a d itio n a lly n eg lected p a r ts o f th e econom y. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T h e b re a k th ro u g h p la n co n tain s id eas c o m p a ra ble w ith a w a rtim e situ a tio n in m o re developed countries. J u s t as p ro g ra m c o n tro ls a re in s titu te d d u rin g w a r in an in d u s tria l econom y, so w o u ld c e n tra l g u id an ce be used in an u n d ev elo p ed b u t free econom y d u rin g its b re a k th ro u g h p erio d . Accelerating Development h a s no a p p e ara n ce o f b ein g a m odel in th e m o d ern sense. I t is m ore a w ell-docum ented a n d th o u g h t-th ro u g h p le a fo r a new concept aim ed a t a fa s te r ra te o f d ev elo p m en t w ith m o re diffused d is trib u tio n o f benefits th a n is g e n e ra lly accep ted to d ay . I n ta k in g h is N o rth e rn colleagues to ta sk fo r p a s t lax itie s, D r. C u rrie first e x p la in s it co n cep tu ally a n d goes on to p ra c tic a lly a p p ly it to a p a r tic u la r c o u n try — C olom bia. A ll possible influences— social, b irth ra te s , in te r n a tio n a l, a n d dom estic p o litics— a re ex am in ed in th is ap p e a l fo r a “ th o ro u g h g o in g ch an g e in th e a p p ro a c h to th e p ro b lem on th e p a r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s G o v ern m en t a n d th e v a rio u s in te rn a tio n a l agencies.” — E dward D . U nger Economic Development Administration Turnabout’s Fair Play The Executive Role Constellation: A n Analysis o f P e rso n a lity an d R o le R ela tio n s in M an agement. B y R ic h a rd C. H o d g so n , D a n ie l J . L evinson, A b ra h a m Z aleznik. B o ston, M ass., H a r v a r d U n iv e rsity , G ra d u a te School o f B u siness A d m in is tra tio n , D iv isio n o f R e search, 1965. 509 p p . $8. I f th e m a n ag e m en t o f affairs in business, g o v e rn m ent, a n d la b o r is to evolve to w a rd h ig h e r fo rm s o f u n d e rs ta n d in g a n d effectiveness, a n a ly tic a l stu d ies o f th e k in d fo u n d in th is book are needed. T h is is a 2 -y ear s tu d y o f th e th re e to p m en w ho ru n a m en tal in stitu tio n . T hese h ig h ly tra in e d m en d ire c t a la rg e a n d com plex o rg a n iz a tio n . T h e ir g o als a re to cu re p a tie n ts, tr a i n y o u n g e r doctors, a n d do p s y c h ia tric research. T h e stu d y finds th e successes a n d fa ilu re s in ach iev in g th e goals a re la rg e ly re la te d to th e p e r sonal in te ra c tio n am ong th e th re e executives. H o w th e y ac t w ith each o th er, a n d w ith th e ir as w ell as o th e rs’ su b o rd in ates is observed firs th a n d by th e au th o rs. I d e n tify in g th e “ good g u y s ” a n d th e “b ad g u y s” a n d d e te rm in in g th e u sefulness o f th e ir roles are described a n d discussed. D e sc rip tio n s o f th e m ens’ in te ra c tio n s, g iv en in n e a rly MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 792 v e rb a tim d ialo g u e, a re in tr ig u in g a n d in stru c tiv e. T h e a n a ly tic a l discussion, how ever, cries o u t fo r p la in c lea r lan g u ag e . T h e d ev elo p m en t o f good m a n a g e m e n t is a m a t te r o f ev e r-g ro w in g im p o rta n c e to m o d e rn society, a n d w hen new in s ig h ts in to th e p e rso n a l com po n e n t a re discovered, as h ere, th e need is fo r s tra ig h tf o r w a r d w ritin g , n o t th e p re te n tio u s te c h n ical j a rg o n used b y th e a u th o rs. T h e w o rk in v o lv ed in th is stu d y w as p ro d ig io u s, b u t th e ideas, w h ich sh o u ld be b ro a d c a st, a re b a d ly obscu red b y a sty le ad d ressed to a sm all b a n d o f cognoscenti. I t ’s sad to re p o rt t h a t th is stu d y w ill be v e ry n e a rly im p e n e tra b le to p re cisely th o se peo ple w ho s h o u ld re a d it, — K . G. V a n A u k e n , J r . Assistant to the Commissioner Bureau of Labor Statistics Latin Problems Obstacles to Change in Latin America. E d ite d by C la u d io V eliz. N ew Y o rk , O x fo rd U n iv e r s ity P re ss, 1965. 252 p p . $6.75. T h e essays in c lu d e d in th is v olum e w ere p r e p a re d f o r a C o n feren ce on O bstacles to C h a n g e in L a tin A m e ric a w h ich m et in C h a th a m H o u se in F e b r u a r y 1965. B o th th e co n feren ce a n d th ese essays a re p a r t o f a la r g e r p ro g ra m o f L a tin A m e r ican stu d ies b e in g c a rrie d o u t b y th e R o y a l I n s t i tu te o f I n te r n a tio n a l A ffa irs a n d S t. A n th o n y ’s C ollege, O x fo rd , u n d e r a F o r d F o u n d a tio n g ra n t. T h e book co n ta in s an in tro d u c tio n b y th e e d ito r a n d 10 essays b y L a tin A m e ric a n s p ro m in e n t in th e fields o f econom ic, fin an c ial, a n d social d evel o pm en t, T h e essays a re e q u a lly d iv id e d betw een discussions o f obstacles to a ll L a tin A m e ric a ’s d e v elo p m en t— re s u ltin g fro m tr a d itio n a l p o litical, la n d te n u re , a n d fo re ig n in v e stm e n t p a tte r n s — a n d specific c o u n try situ a tio n s. S e p a ra te essays a p p e a r on C hile, B ra z il, C olom bia, a n d M exico. I n sp ite o f o v erw h elm in g obstacles, g re a t chan g es h a v e ta k e n p lace in L a tin A m eric a, p a r tic u la rly in th e la s t 30 to 40 y ears. P o litic a l re fo rm , how ever, h a s been la rg e ly ineffective in c h a n g in g tr a d itio n a l social, p o litic a l, a n d a d m in is tra tiv e s tru c tu re s. T h e new n a tio n a lism w h ich is e m erg in g in m a n y c o u n trie s is n o t y e t seen as a stro n g p o litic a l fo rce b u t la rg e ly as a n a s p ira tio n to n a rro w th e g a p betw een d eveloped a n d u n d e r developed are a s o f th e w o rld . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T h e essay by H e lio J a g u a rib e de M atto s, “T h e D y n am ics o f B ra z ilia n N a tio n a lism ,” describes clea rly a n d w ith g re a t in sig h t th e v ag a ries of B ra z ilia n p o litic a l developm ent, p a rtic u la rly in th e la s t 30 years. A lth o u g h th e n a tu re o f th e obstacles to change cited b y th e v a rio u s c o n trib u to rs w ill n o t su rp rise close fo llo w ers o f th e L a tin A m eric an scene, new in s ig h t a n d b re a d th o f u n d e rs ta n d in g re g a rd in g th e seriousness o f th ese obstacles in th e p re sen t w o rld s itu a tio n a re p ro v id e d b y th e a u th o rs. — A n n a -S tin a E ricson Office of Foreign Labor and Trade Bureau of Labor Statistics The Great Insobriety Skid Bow as a Way of Life. B y S am u el E . W allace. T o to w a, N .J ., B e d m in ste r P ress, 1965. 219 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y . $5.50. L o n g b efo re th e re w as a U n ite d S ta te s, th e a u th o r re m in d s us, th e re w as a “sk id ro w ” of so rts in E n g la n d , “ a s h a re d w ay o f life am o n g th e hom eless.” S k id row’ is a d e v ia n t co m m u n ity , th e denizen of w h ich “ does n o t b ath e, eat re g u la rly , dress resp ectab ly , m a rr y o r ra ise c h ild re n , a tte n d school, vote, ow n p ro p e rty , or re g u la rly live in th e sam e place. H e does little w o rk o f an y k in d . H e does n o t even steal. T h e sk id ro w e r does n o th in g ; h e ju s t is. H e is e v e ry th in g th a t a ll th e re st of us t r y n o t to be . . .” A p p a re n tly th e su b ject o f th e d erelict, th e v a g ra n t, th e bum , th e tra m p , th e hobo h as fa scin ated sociologists a n d o th ers fo r w ell over a c e n tu ry in th e U n ite d S ta te s— th e b ib lio g ra p h y is a sto u n d ing] y extensive. P ro fe sso r W a lla c e ’s book tells us how th e sk id ro w er g o t to sk id row7 a n d describes th e k in d of su b c u ltu re he finds th ere . A s p a r t o f a re searc h team fro m th e S ociology D e p a rtm e n t o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f M in n eso ta, P r o fesso r W a lla ce (now7 a t C o lu m b ia) d id h is research th e h a r d w ay. H e liv ed as a casu al la b o re r on M in n eap o lis’ sk id row fo r sev eral m o nths. T h e book is based on th is experience p lu s in terv iew s a n d jo u rn a l en trie s o f th e e n tire re searc h g ro u p . R e c ru its fo r sk id row com e fro m th re e so u rc e s: w o rk ers w hose jobs by th e ir n a tu re se p a ra te m en fro m “e sta b lish e d ” so ciety ; w e lfa re c lie n ts; an d aficionados— th o se lik e alcoholics a n d p e tty crim - 793 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES in a ls w ho a re “in h e re n tly d e v ia n t” a n d seek san c tu a ry . I n a ll cases, th e re a re fo rces th r u s tin g th e new com ers o u t o f e stab lish ed society a n d recep tiv e forces d ra w in g th em in to th e sk id ro w su b cu ltu re. T h e re th e y find th e ir p lace in a w e ird a n d in v e rte d h ie ra rc h y . N e a r th e low est p o in t in t h a t h ie ra rc h y is th e “to u r d ire c to r.” H e is d escrib ed th u s by th e a u th o r : “ T h e to u r d ire c to rs h av e ta k e n on th e e n te rta in m e n t o f to u ris ts , n e w sp a p e r re p o rte rs, a n d re searc h ers, as th e ir p a r tic u la r re sp o n sib ility . [T h e y ] a re o fte n th e first p erso n s t h a t th e sk id row v isito rs m eet, a n d p ro b a b ly m o re th a n one book on sk id row’ h a s been b ase d on ta le s d re am ed u p b y th ese g ra ss ro o ts, sk id ro w fo lk lo ris ts .” A n d w h a t h a p p e n s to sta tis tic s on th e la b o r fo rce w hen th e census in te rv ie w e r m eets u p w ith th e to u r d ire c to r? Dealing With Job Data The Measurement and Interpretation of Job Va cancies. (P ro c e e d in g s o f a C o n feren ce H e ld by th e N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E co n o m ic R e search , 1965.) N ew Y o rk , C o lu m b ia U n i v e rs ity P re ss, 1966. 593 p p . $12.50. I n p ro b in g th e p ath o g en e sis o f u n em p lo y m en t a n d in tr y in g to d ete rm in e its clin ical m a n a g e m en t, econom ic p ra c titio n e rs h av e en g a g ed in ex tensive p u ls e -ta k in g o f th e econom y. A t tim es, th ey h av e been re lu c ta n t to p re sc rib e re m e d ial m easures o r m ak e p ro g n o ses, n o t because o f u n d u e tim id ity as a g ro u p , b u t because o f difficulty in d e te rm in in g w h a t c o n stitu te s a g e n u in e s ta te o f u n em p lo y m en t, a n d w h a t re p re se n ts th e v a rio u s d e grees a n d g ra d a tio n s o f u n e m p lo y m en t. W h e n th e y d id h a z a rd d iag n o ses a n d p re sc rib e rem edies, th e y o fte n av a ile d them selves o f th e tim e -h o n o re d p re ro g a tiv e am o n g d o cto rs, econom ic o r m ed ical, to d iffe r in th e ir opinions. O ne o f th e few areas o f ag re e m e n t am o n g econom ic g e n e ra lists o r u n e m p lo y m e n t sp ec ia lists w as th e n eed fo r a n im p ro v ed system o f u n e m p lo y m e n t s ta tis tic s u se fu l f o r b o th o p e ra tiv e a n d a n a ly tic a l purp o ses. T h e discussions on jo b v acan cy d a ta m e a su re m en t a n d in te rp re ta tio n co n ta in e d in th is volum e o f p ro c eed in g s o f a co n feren ce sp o n so red by th e N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E co n o m ic R esea rch a re v ery in te re stin g . T h e d ra m a tis p e rso n a e o f th is im pressive assem blage in c lu d e d A r t h u r F . B u rn s, a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fo rm e r c h a irm a n o f th e C ouncil o f E co n o m ic A d visers a n d p re se n t p re sid e n t o f th e N a tio n a l B u re au o f E co n o m ic R esearch , a n d a d istin g u ish e d s u p p o rtin g cast of acad em ician s a n d econom ists, re p re se n tin g m an ag em en t, la b o r, a n d g o v ern m en t. T h e co n tro v ersy betw een advocates o f th e s tru c tu r a l u n em p lo y m en t th esis a n d th o se u p h o ld in g th e insufficient d em an d in te rp re ta tio n h a s w axed h o t a n d h eav y over th e tw o decades since th e p a s sage o f th e F a i r E m p lo y m e n t A ct. M oreover, re cent la b o r sh o rtag es, b o th in th e U n ite d S ta te s an d in W e ste rn E u ro p e , h av e p la g u e d th e m o st a d v an ced econom ies in th e w o rld . B o th o f th ese fa c to rs, alo n g w ith th e necessity fo r ex ten siv e r e tr a in in g p ro g ra m s because o f th e p o w e rfu l im p a c t o f v a st tech n o lo g ical changes, in c lu d in g a u to m atio n , h av e called a tte n tio n to th e need fo r im p ro v ed an d m ore extensive job vacancy d a ta . T h e re w as g en e ral a g reem en t am o n g th e con ferees t h a t in definitions, concepts, a n d d a ta col lectio n techniques, job vacancy d a ta h av e lag g ed co n sid erab ly in th e m in o rity o f co u n tries w hich h av e a tte m p te d to sy stem atically g a th e r such d a ta . T h e conferees ex p lo red th e m an y p ro b lem s in volved a n d th e difficulties en co u n tered . T h e w o rk focuses u p o n fo u r b ro a d to p ic s : needs a n d uses o f d a ta fo r m e a su rin g co rrect d em an d fo r la b o r; u tiliz a tio n o f job v acan cy d a ta by fo re ig n c o u n trie s; effect o f ex p e rim e n ta l a n d e x p lo ra to ry jo b v acan cy su rv ey s in th e U n ite d S ta te s ; an d an ev a lu a tio n o f p ro p o se d a p p ro ach e s to m ea su rin g vacancies. T h e d e sc rip tio n b y c o u n try of job v a cancy d a ta collection system s by e x p e rts on C a n ad a, F ra n c e , J a p a n , th e N e th e rla n d s, a n d Sw eden, is especially in stru c tiv e fo r A m eric an read ers. I n a sense, no d efinitive so lu tio n s could h ave been a n tic ip a te d b y th e conferees, since, in th e p re se n t p rim itiv e s ta te o f job v acan cy d a ta te c h niques a n d th e o ry , th e r ig h t q u estio n s w ere n o t lik ely to be asked. N evertheless, th is conference re p re se n ts a h o p e fu l b eg in n in g , a n d f u r th e r con ferences in th is a re a w ould c e rta in ly be f r u itf u l once sig n ifican t ad v an ces ta k e place. F o r som e tim e to come, how ever, th is co n feren ce re p o rt w ill be p re scrib ed re a d in g fo r th o se p io n e e rin g a n d e x p lo rin g in a h ith e rto m u ch n eg lected a n d re la tiv e ly u n fille d field. —H a r r is P r o sch an sk y Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division New York Regional Office MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 794 Site Insight Economics of the Property Tax. B y D ick N etzer. W a s h in g to n , D .C ., B ro o k in g s I n s titu tio n , 1965. $6.75. T h is book re p re se n ts a la n d m a rk in lite ra tu re on p ro p e rty tax es. I t s b ris k sty le a n d o rd e rly p re se n ta tio n , a n d th e im p o rta n c e a n d v a rie ty of th e issues i t an a ly z es m ak e it im p o rta n t re a d in g n o t only fo r th o se p eo p le tr y in g to re fo rm a n ti q u a te d ta x s tru c tu re s a t th e local level, b u t also f o r officials s tru g g lin g w ith th e p re se n t o v e r-b u r d e n in g econom ic p ro b lem s o f th e c e n tra l cities. N e tz e r h a n d le s th e th e o re tic a l a rg u m e n ts w ith v i r tu o sity , a n d th e s ta tis tic a l evidence h e h a s m a r sh a lle d to s u p p o rt h is a rg u m e n ts is im pressive. T h e n o tio n t h a t p ro p e rty ta x e s a re n o t re sp o n sive to in c re a sin g incom es a n d econom ic g ro w th , a n d th e re fo re p ro v id e an in a d e q u a te rev en u e base, is re fu te d b y N etzer. H is use o f p o s tw a r d a ta to d isp ro v e th is th o u g h t a t th e sam e tim e disposes o f a m a jo r a rg u m e n t f o r th e so-called “ H e lle r p ro p o s a l” fo r g r a n ts to S ta te s fro m F e d e r a l g e n e ra l revenues. H e concedes t h a t th e ta x is re g re s sive— in fa c t, N e tz e r says “th e deg ree o f reg ressiv ity is p ro b a b ly g re a te r th a n t h a t f o r an y o th er m a jo r ta x in use in th e U n ite d S ta te s ” (a s ta te m e n t w h ich m ay be in c o rre c t i f p a y ro ll ta x e s are ta k e n in to c o n sid e ra tio n ). N ev erth eless, N etzer finds a s u rp ris in g n u m b e r o f g ood th in g s to say a b o u t th e ta x on re a l p ro p e rty , a n d p o in ts o u t th a t th e re g ressiv e s tru c tu re o f benefits i t finances (fo r exam p le, schools) com pensates to som e ex te n t fo r its incidence. M a n y people w ill be esp ecially in te re ste d in N e tz e r’s discussion o f th e possible b enefits to be d e riv e d by th e cities fro m h e a v ie r ta x a tio n o f site valu es a n d lo w e r ta x a tio n on im p ro v em en ts— a device w hich h a s been re g a rd e d b y som e as th e key to slu m clearan ce a n d u rb a n re ju v e n a tio n w ith o u t fu ss o r F e d e ra l su b sid y . N e tz e r believes th a t it w o u ld be fe asib le to v alu e sites in d e p e n d e n tly of s tru c tu re s a n d o th e r im p ro v e m e n ts a n d to ta x them m o re h e a v ily ; m o reo v er, he says th a t, “ it is difficult to find an y flaw s in th e a rg u m e n t t h a t th is ta x ch an g e w ill . . . h av e fa v o ra b le reso u rce a llo ca tio n effects.” R a is in g th e ta x on th e f u tu r e “u n e a rn e d in c re m e n t” in la n d v alu es w o u ld n o t acco m p lish m uch https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis since i f th e ta x w ere ra ise d o nly a little , th e y ield w ould be sm all, b u t i f it w ere ra ise d too h ig h re a liz a tio n w o u ld be d isco u rag ed , a c co rd in g to N etzer. H e overlooks th e p o in t, how ever, t h a t a h ig h e r c a p ita l g a in s ta x on u n im p ro v e d la n d w o u ld d isco u rag e lo n g -ra n g e in v estm en t in la n d fo r sp ec u la tiv e g a in — a tre n d w h ich is re d u cin g th e su p p ly o f la n d a v a ila b le fo r h o m eb u ild in g an d o th e r p re se n t needs. — M ary W . S m elkee Office of the Economic Consultant Bureau of Labor Statistics Education and Training Facts on American Education. (In NEA Research Bulle tin, National Education Association, Washington, May 1966, pp. 35-41. 60 cents. ) Trade Unions and the Manpower Development and Train ing Act. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration, 1966. 11 pp. Counseling and the World of Work in the 1970’s. By Arthur M. Ross. (In Occupational Outlook Quar terly, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, May 1966, pp. 19-23. 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Employee Benefits Administration of the Welfare and Pension Plans Dis closure Act, Calendar Year 1965. (Report of the Secretary of Labor to the Senate and House of Repre sentatives. ) Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management and Welfare-Pension Reports, 1966. 25 pp. Fire Department Pension Profile. Washington, Interna tional Association of Fire Fighters, AFL-CIO, De partment of Education and Research, 1966. 21 pp. International Insxirancc and Employee Benefit and Pen sion Management. New York, American Manage ment Association, 1966. 47 pp. (Management Bulle tin 76. ) $4.50 ; $3 to AMA members. The Tax Effect of Corporate Reorganizations on Pension Plans. By Robert S. Taft. (In Notre Dame Lawyer, Notre Dame, Ind., April 1966, pp. 470-486. $2.) 795 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES Industrial Relations Consolidated Bargaining in California Construction: An Appraisal of Twenty-five Year’s Experience. By Gordon W. Bertram. Los Angeles, University of California, Institute of Industrial Relations, 19.66. 259 pp. $3, paperback. The Role of Collective Bargaining in the Evolution of Company Health Insurance Programs. By R. Heath Larry. (In Archives of Environmental Health, Chicago, April 1966, pp. 441-444. $1.25.) Major Collective Bargaining Agreements: Management Rights and Union-Management Cooperation. By Leon E. Lunden and others. Washington, U. S. De partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 68 pp. (Bulletin 1425-5.) 60 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Legal Aspects of Public School Teacher negotiating and Participating in Concerted Activities. By Reynolds C. Seitz. (In Marquette Law Review, Milwaukee, Wis., February 1966, pp. 487-511. $1.25.) Strikes in Breach of Contract. (From Proceedings of New York University Eighteenth Annual Conference on Lahor, pp. 85-192.) Washington, BNA Inc., 1966. Equal Employment Opportunity Under Federal Law. Washington, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1966. 10 pp. (COR Special Publication 5.) Employment for Older Workers, No. 3: Placement Tech niques for Older Workers. By Irvin Sobel and Richard C. Wilcock. Paris, Organization for Eco nomic Cooperation and Development, Manpower and Social Affairs Directorate, 1966. 80 pp., bibliography. $2, OECD Publications Center, Washington. Keynes Isn’t Enough: The Goal Beyond Full Employment. By Louis J. Walinsky. (In The New Republic, Washington, April 16, 1966, pp. 14-16. 35 cents.) Individualism and the Unemployment Problem. By Harry L. Johnson. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, April 1966, pp. 241-248. $1.35.) What About Manpower Shortages? (In Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, May 1966, pp. 24-26. 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Sources of Farm Labor in 1965. By Cora S. Cronemeyer. (In Employment Service Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Washington, April 1966, pp. 55-57. 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Strikes and Lockouts in Canada, 196Jj. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1966. 51 pp. 35 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. Labor Migration cmd Economic Growth: A Case Study of Puerto Rico. By Stanley L. Friedlander. Cam bridge, Mass., The M.I.T. Press, 1965. 181 pp. $6. A Managerial Theory of Unionism. By Martin Meadows. (In American Journal of Economics and Sociology, New York, April 1966, pp. 127-140. $2.) Job Inflation in Indonesia. By Everett D. Hawkins. (In Asian Survey, University of California, Institute of International Studies, Berkeley, May 1966, pp. 264-275.) Should Blue Collar Workers be Salaried? (In Business Management, Greenwich, Conn., March 1966, pp. 4346, 86. $1.) A Municipality’s Rights and Responsibilities Under the Wisconsin Municipal Labor Law. By Charles C. Mulcahy. (In Marquette Law Review, Milwaukee, Wis., February 1966, pp. 512-532. $1.25.) Fair Representation—Duties and Obligations. (From Proceedings of New York University Eighteenth Annual Conference on Labor, pp. 325-399.) Wash ington, BNA Inc., 1966. Second Special Report of the Director-General on the Application of the Declaration Concerning the Policy of “Apartheid” of the Republic of South Africa. Geneva, International Labor Office, 1966. 34 pp. (50th sess., 1966.) 50 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. Influence of Labor Supply on Location of Electronics Firms. By Everett J. Burtt, Jr. Boston, Mass., Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1966. 76 pp. (Re port 34.) Labor Force Labor Organizations A Symposium: Manpower Projections. (In Industrial R elations: A Journal of Economy & Society, Univer sity of California, Institute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley, May 1966, pp. 1-85. $1.50.) Organized Labor and National Economic Objectives. By Richard H. Leftwich. (In Southern Economic Jour nal, Chapel Hill, N.C., April 1966, pp. 387-395. $1.50.) Equal Opportunity in Employment. By Paul Bullock. Los Angeles, University of California, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1966. 114 pp. 75 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Union conventions and Executive Boards: A Formal Analysis of Organizational Structure. By Philip M. Marcus. (In American Sociological Review, Wash ington, February 1966, pp. 61-70. $2.50.) Y96 The UA TV and White Collar Unionisation. By Carl Dean Snyder. (In Management of Personnel Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Rela tions, Ann Arbor, Winter 1966, pp. 11-19.) Ascertaining Attitudes of Union Members in Public and Private Employment. By Justus D. Sundermann. (In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, April 1966, pp. 115-121. $2.) Personnel Management Cases in Personnel Management and Supervision. By Richard P. Calhoon. New York, Appleton-CenturyCrofts, 1966. 229 pp. $2.95. Personnel Panorama, 1965: II, Personnel Developments on the U.S. Federal Level. John W. Macy, Jr. (In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, January 1966, pp. 6-11. $2.) Private Pensions, Personnel Practices, and Worker Mo bility. By Thomas B. Hoffman, Alton C. Johnson, Robert C. Miljus. (In Management of Personnel Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus trial Relations, Ann Arbor, Winter 1966, pp. 20-23.) Problems of Work Evaluation. By Walter S. Neff. (In Personnel and Guidance Journal, Washington, March 1966, pp. 682-688. $1.) Performance Review: Measuring Sticks. By Donald L. Kirkpatrick. (In Management of Personnel Quar terly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Relations, Ann Arbor, Winter 1966, pp. 3-10.) Employee Referrals: Prime Tool for Recruiting Workers. By Joseph C. Ullman. (In Personnel, American Management Association, New York, May-June 1966, pp. 30-35. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.) Do Cultural Differences Affect Workers' A ttitu des? By Lawrence K. Williams, William F. Whyte, Charles S. Green. (In Industrial R elations: A Journal of Economy & Society, University of California, Insti tute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley, May 1966, pp. 105-117. $1.50.) The Role of the Public Employment Service. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations Sec tion, May 1966. 4 pp. (Selected References 129.) 40 cents. Compulsory and Flexible Retirement in the American Economy. By Fred Slavick. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1966. 172 pp. $4. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 Prices and Consumption Economics Prices and Pressures. By Albert T. Sommers. (In Con ference Board Record, National Industrial Conference Board, New York, May 1966, pp. 3-7.) Prices: Patterns and Expectations. (In Economic Re view, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, April 1966, pp. 3-13.) Annual Price Survey—Family Budget Costs, October 1965. New York, Community Council of Greater New York, Research Department, 1966. 76 pp. $2. Spending Patterns of the College Family. By Fabian Linden. (In Conference Board Record, National In dustrial Conference Board, New1York, May 1966, pp. 29-32.) Productivity and Technological Change On Theories of Automation. By Ben B. Seligman. (In Dissent, New York, May-June 1966, pp. 243-264. 75 cents.) The Sociological and Ideological Assumptions Underlying Cybernation. By Henry Winthrop. (In American Journal of Economics and Sociology, New York, April 1966, pp. 113-126. $2.) The Impact of EDP Systems on Office Employees: Some Empirical Conclusions. By Walter A. Hill. (In Academy of Management Journal, Bloomington, Ind., March 1966, pp. 9-19. $1.50.) The Economics of the Flew England Fishing Industry: The Role of Technological Change and Government Aid. By Frederick W. Bell. Boston, Mass., Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1966. 216 pp., bibliography. (Research Report 31.) Social Security Appraisal of State UI Reserve Funds, June 1965. By Paschal C. Zecca. (In Unemployment Insurance Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employ ment Security, Washington, January-February 1966, pp. 1-5. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Progress in Workmen’s Compensation. By Andre Maisonpierre. (In Archives of Environmental Health, Chi cago, April 1966, pp. 436-440. $1.25.) Railroad Retirement Board—Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June SO, 1965. Chicago, U.S. Railroad Retirement Board, 1966. 162 pp. 60 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES W ages and Hours Wage Policy Under the W alsh-Healey Publie Contracts Act—A Critical Review. By Carroll L. Christenson and Richard A. Myren. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1966. 239 pp. $4.50. Wage Chronology : Dan River Mills, 1943-65. By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 10 pp. (Bulletin 1495.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Wage Chronology : Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 1943-66. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 41 pp. (Bulletin 1499.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Wage Rates, Salaries and Hours of Labor, 1964. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and Re search Branch, 1966. 400 pp. (Annual Report.) In English and French. $2, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. Time-Series Elasticities of Substitution and Labor's Share in U.S. Manufacturing : The Postwar Period. By John R. Moroney. {In Southern Economic Journal, Chapel Hill, N.C., April 1966, pp. 474-483. $1.50.) Area Wage Survey: The Jackson, Miss., Metropolitan Area, February 1966. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 30 pp. (Bulletin 1465-44.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Doc uments, Washington. Other recent bulletins in this series include the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Mich. ; Pittsburgh, Pa. ; New Orleans, La. ; Des Moines, Iowa ; Toledo, Ohio-Mich. ; Newark and Jer sey City, N. J. ; Louisville, Ky.-Ind. ; Waterbury, Conn. ; Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa.-N.J. ; Burlington, Vt. ; South Bend, Ind. (Bulletins 146545 through 1465-55, respectively.) Various prices. M iscellaneous 797 ington, April 1966, pp. 14-25. 25 cents, Superintend ent of Documents, Washington.) Action for Youth. {In Employment Service Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Secu rity, Washington, May 1966, pp. 1-65. 40 cents, Super intendent of Documents, Washington.) How Good Are Government S ta tistics? By Arthur M. Ross. {In Challenge, New York, May-June 1966, pp. 14-16. $1.) Flaw in the Wage-Price Guideposts. By Charles A. 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By Maurice Zeitlin. {In American Socio logical Review, Washington, February 1966, pp. 3551. $2.50.) Reflections on Latin American Development. By Keith B. Griffin. {In Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford Univer sity Press, London, March 1966, pp. 1-18. 18s.) The Negroes in the United States: Their Economic and Social Situation. By Dorothy K. Newman and others. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 241 pp., bibliography. (Bul letin 1511.) $1.25, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Facts on Europe: Economic and Labor Information for the U.S. Businessman. New York, Industrial Relations Counselors, 1966. 118 pp., bibliography. $8.50. Spanish-Amcricans of the Southwest: Life Style Patterns and Their Implications. By Robert G. Hayden. {In Welfare in Review, U.S. Department of Health, Edu cation, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Wash Labor Digests on Countries in Europe. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 106 pp. (Bulletin 1497.) 60 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. 221-143 0 —66------ 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Current Labor Statistics TABLES A. - Employment 799 800 805 809 A-l. A-2. A-3. A-4. 809 A-5. 810 A-6. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 811 B. - Labor Turnover B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group C. —Earnings and Hours 814 827 827 C—l . C-2. C-3. 828 830 C-4. C-5. 830 C-6. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group Average weekly overtime ‘hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices 831 D-l. Consumer Price Index— U .S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers (including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items 832 D-2. 833 D -3. C o n su m e r P rice In d e x — U.S. c ity av erag e for u rb a n w age ea rn ers an d clerical w o rkers, selected g ro u p s, su b g ro u p s, a n d special g ro u p s of item s, seaso n ally a d ju s te d Consumer Price Index— U .S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical 834 836 837 D -4. D -5. D -6. workers Indexes of Indexes of Indexes of E. —Work Stoppages E-l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 838 (including single workers) wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities wholesale prices for special commodity groupings wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product F.—Work Injuries 839 F-l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review. N ote: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statisti cal Series (BLS Bulletin 1168,1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. 798 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 799 A.—EMPLOYMENT A.—Employment T a b l e A - l . E s tim a te d to ta l la b o r force classified b y em p lo y m en t s ta tu s an d sex [In thousands] Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 1966 Employment status M ay. Apr. Mar. Annual average 1965 Feb. Jan Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1964 1965 Total, both sexes Total labor force___________________ Civilian labor force_________________ Unemployment________ ___ ______ Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted Unemployed 4 weeks or less............. Unemployed 5-10 weeks__________ Unemployed 11-14 weeks_________ Unemployed 15-26 weeks_____ ___ Unemployed over 26 weeks_______ Employment______ ______________ Nonagricultural.____ ___________ Worked 35 hours or more________ Worked 15-34 hours____________ Worked 1-14 hours.......... _.............. With a job but not at work 3........... Agricultural,______ ____________ Worked 35 hours or more________ Worked 15-34 hours____________ Worked 1-14 hours.......................... With a job but not at.work 3_____ 79,751 78,914 78,034 77,632 77, 409 78,477 78,598 78,713 78, 044 80,163 81,150 80, 683 78,425 76,971 75,635 3,456 4.6 1,718 707 276 404 351 72,179 67,594 51,611 8, 590 4,027 3,368 4,585 3, 027 1,011 391 157 Total labor force........ ....................... 52,135 51,748 51,180 50,911 50, 778 51,148 51,200 51,481 51, 398 53 360 54,019 53,395 51,908 51,118 51,705 Civilian labor force...................... . Unemployment_____ ____ ____ Employment_________________ Nonagricultural......................... Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours_______ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work 3. Agricultural________________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours________ With a job but not at work 3. 49,123 1,537 47,586 44, 090 37, 042 3,721 1,932 1,395 3,496 2,448 672 279 94 75,906 2,802 3.7 1,448 364 209 482 297 73,105 68,900 53,189 8,576 4,249 2,887 4,204 2,809 925 369 102 75,060 3,037 3.8 1,339 611 339 438 310 72,023 68,244 53,831 7,880 4, 276 2, 258 3,780 2,406 908 336 129 74,708 3,158 3.7 1,425 792 256 404 281 71, 551 67,939 53, 079 8,219 4.336 2,304 3,612 2,128 802 429 253 75,636 2,888 4.1 1,442 614 233 334 266 72, 749 69,103 54,807 8,114 4,330 1,850 3,645 2,353 779 342 170 75,803 2,966 4.2 1,620 589 226 257 274 72,837 68, 709 49,347 12, 657 4,538 2,167 4,128 2, 773 859 352 145 75,953 2, 757 4.3 1,407 571 191 286 302 73,196 68,242 52,746 8,726 4,326 2,444 4,954 3,376 1,087 389 102 75,321 2,875 4.4 1,599 405 262 295 314 72, 446 67,668 53, 666 7,281 3,876 2,843 4, 778 3,233 963 436 145 77,470 3, 258 4.5 1,612 745 287 296 316 74, 212 69, 077 51,108 7,313 3,093 7,562 5.136 3, 617 955 394 169 78,457 3,602 4.5 1,888 948 180 250 337 74,854 69,228 50,539 7,402 3,373 7,912 5,626 3,933 1,168 404 119 78, 003 4,287 4.7 2,696 634 196 384 378 73, 716 68, 094 52,867 7,448 4, 012 3, 765 5, 622 3,866 1,243 402 108 75, 741 3,335 4.6 1,688 656 187 442 363 72, 407 67, 278 53, 008 7, 563 4, 403 2,304 5,128 3,475 1,162 394 97 78,357 74,233 3,876 5.2 1,787 797 319 490 482 70,357 65,596 48,421 9,877 3,971 3,326 4,761 3,079 1,101 409 169 76,706 2,942 4.0 1,651 552 137 307 295 73,764 69,472 54,391 8,409 4,363 2,310 4,292 2,806 995 387 105 74, 519 3,290 4.0 1, 701 673 238 383 296 71, 229 67, 652 52,976 8,137 4, 271 2,268 3, 577 2,105 866 407 200 Males 48,773 1,556 47, 217 43,684 36,497 3,718 1,789 1,680 3,533 2, 513 637 287 95 48,240 1,847 46,393 43,168 36,730 3,333 1,764 1,341 3,225 2,167 666 276 115 48,021 1,909 46,112 43, 014 36,159 3. 605 1,826 1,424 3,098 1,879 602 373 242 47,922 1,963 45, 959 42,890 36,137 3,653 1,693 1,406 3, 069 1,883 656 348 182 48,340 1,726 46,615 43,509 37,153 3,373 1,802 1,181 3,106 2,114 550 280 162 48,438 1,528 46, 910 43,559 34,122 6, 280 1,807 1,350 3, 351 2,428 522 272 128 48, 753 1,462 47,290 43,456 36,441 3,727 1,788 1,500 3,835 2,841 638 259 97 48, 706 1,507 47,199 43,436 37, 044 3,085 1,571 1,735 3, 763 2,712 594 325 130 50,697 1,801 48, 896 44, 801 36 046 3,293 1,311 4,151 4, 095 3, 092 553 300 153 51,356 2,069 49,287 44, 903 35,920 3,305 1,465 4, 213 4,384 3,357 652 275 101 50, 746 2,315 48,431 44, 015 37, 018 3,213 1, 797 1.986 4,416 3,321 710 298 87 49,255 1,941 47,314 43,216 36,648 3,246 1,922 1,399 4,098 3, 022 690 299 87 48,410 2,271 46,139 42,255 33,854 4,811 1,679 1,911 3,884 2,705 709 323 147 49, 014 1,980 47,034 43,304 35,808 3,870 1,686 1,939 3,729 2,638 643 306 141 Females Total labor force........ ................ ........ Civilian labor fo rce................ .......... Unemployment____ ____ _____ Employment_________________ N onagri cultural___ _________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours_________ With a job but not at work 3_ Agricultural________________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours________ Worked 1-14 hours________ With a job but not at work 3. 27,617 27,166 26,855 26,721 26,631 27,329 27,398 27,231 26, 646 26, 804 27,132 27,288 26,517 25,854 26,653 25,823 1,605 24,218 23,341 14,566 5,066 2,294 1,414 877 378 391 87 21 26,621 1,476 25,145 24,289 15,798 4,721 2,341 1,428 856 388 367 85 16 27,584 1,405 26,179 25,382 17,348 4,689 2,431 915 797 354 323 107 12 27,133 1,245 25,888 25,216 16,691 4,858 2,461 1,207 671 293 288 82 8 26,821 1,190 25,630 25,075 17,100 4,546 2, 513 917 555 240 242 60 14 26, 687 1,249 25, 438 24,924 16,920 4, 614 2,510 880 514 246 199 56 11 26, 597 1,327 25, 271 24, 762 16, 837 4,485 2, 578 863 508 223 208 60 18 1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week containing the 12th day of the month. The employed total includes all wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included. Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal totals. 3 Unemployment as a percent of labor force. 3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute. Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27,296 1,162 26,134 25, 595 17,653 4,741 2,531 669 539 240 229 62 8 27,365 1,438 25,926 25,149 15,227 6,377 2, 731 817 777 344 337 80 17 27,200 1,295 25,905 24,786 16,306 4,998 2,538 944 1,119 536 450 130 5 26,615 1, 368 25,246 24,232 16, 620 4,195 2,307 1,108 1,015 519 369 111 16 26, 773 1,457 25, 316 24, 275 15, 061 4,019 1,784 3,410 1,041 528 403 95 16 27,101 1,534 25,567 24,325 14, 619 4,098 1,910 3, 700 1,242 576 516 130 18 27,257 1, 972 25, 284 24, 079 15, 848 4,235 2, 218 1, 779 1,206 544 533 105 21 26,486 1,393 25,093 24,062 16,360 4,318 2,481 905 1,031 453 473 95 10 new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem ployed. N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in E m ploy ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. 800 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 T a b l e A -2 . E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e stab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1 Revised series; see box, p. 808. [I n th o u sa n d s] 1966 1965 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Total employees________________________ Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 63, 070 62, 497 61, 826 61, 212 61,041 62, 660 62,029 61,786 61,515 60,960 60, 694 60,848 60,000 60,444 58,156 _ _ _____ _______ 586 628 615 613 617 629 627 631 627 641 640 629 640 628 633 M etal mining_________________________ 84.4 83.5 83.4 83.9 84.3 83.8 82. S 83.6 85. 2 84.3 84.5 82.9 83. 3 79 4 25.0 25. 4 24. 3 24.7 24.7 26.2 26. 4 Iron ores..!________ . . ____________ 26. 5 26 1 24 7 26. 7 26. 9 26. 7 26. 7 31.9 31. 7 31.5 31.2 31.1 Copper ores . _ ___ 30.9 29.3 30.1 30 4 29 6 29 9 29. 4 30 8 Coal mining__________________________ 105.1 141. 8 142.9 143.0 143. 9 144 6 143 4 136.0 139.7 138.7 141.6 142.1 142. 4 147. 5 Bitum inous___ _____ _______________ 95. 7 132.1 132. 8 132.8 133. 3 133 8 132 7 125. 4 129. 4 127.5 131.1 131.9 131.9 136 0 Crude petroleum and natural gas_______ 274. 5 275. 3 275.3 277.3 280. 9 279. 0 278 2 281.1 287.8 290. 5 288.4 282.4 282. 4 289 4 Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. 149.8 149.8 149.8 150.3 151.5 151.4 151.9 154.6 158.0 158.2 156.8 154.1 154.4 159.6 Oil and gas field services.___ ..________ ______ 124.7 125.5 125.5 127.0 129.4 127.6 126.3 126.5 129.8 132.3 131.6 128.3 128.1 129.8 Quarrying and nonmetallic m in in g ...___ 122.1 114. 2 110 6 113.2 119. 2 123 1 124 5 126.6 127. 4 127.1 125.3 121.1 119.8 116 7 Crushed and broken stone___________ 42.1 42. 7 44 4 44.7 45.1 45. 4 42. 7 38.9 41. 8 44.1 36. 9 38.8 43 4 40 8 Sand and gravel____ ________________ 40.0 43.1 43.3 43.1 39.8 36. 3 34. 9 35.8 38. 7 41 0 42. 3 40. 8 42.8 39 5 C o n tra ct co n stru c tio n ______________ ______ 3, 353 3, 196 3, 015 2,851 2,974 3,203 3,375 3,465 3,495 3,575 3,476 3,412 3,223 3,211 3,056 General building contractors. _________ 1, 046. 3 993.9 1,083.1 1, 098. 6 1, 111. 5 1,140.3 1,105. 3 1, 081. 2 1, 009. 8 1 024 Q 956. 6 H eavy construction.................................... 611.2 513.7 681.2 730.9 ' 740. 9 768.8 - 737. 8 724. 7 663.8 ’ 684 1 610. 5 Highway and street construction_____ 294.4 221. 5 217 4 349.1 390. 4 393.1 414.2 396.4 385.1 345.4 819 7 312.4 Other heavy construction____________ 316.8 292.2 270 0 283 ? 332.1 340.5 347.8 354. 6 341. 4 339. 6 318. 4 314.4 298.1 Special trade contractors_______________ 1, 538. 6 1, 507. 6 1,443. 0 1,485.7 1,562. 3 1,610. 7 1,635.5 1, 642. 7 1,665. 5 1,633.1 1,606. 3 1, 549.1 1,488. 4 Plumbing, heating, and air conditionin g ...___ ^ _ _____ ___ _ ______ ___ 370.5 367.1 360.2 369.5 377.9 381. 7 385. 7 382. 9 387. 8 383. 4 375. 0 362. 7 371.5 355.8 Painting, paperhanging, and decorating_______ ____ ________________ 127.8 121.6 116 3 117 6 132 3 142.9 151.8 157. 3 161. 0 151.4 150.1 143.1 139 3 Electrical work_____ _ ______________ 245.3 241.5 237.6 239.1 246.1 246.8 245.4 247. 6 251. 9 247.5 239. 5 232. 9 239.4 220.6 Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile work_____________________________ 238.8 237.0 214. 1 216 1 234.1 244.2 252.3 257 2 255. 9 253 4 250 6 245 0 241 6 108.3 106.0 Roofing and sheet metal work________ 98. 5 106.6 116. 2 118.5 120.1 117. 9 120.2 116. 8 114.9 109. 6 108 0 18,412 M a n u fa c tu rin g ___ _______ _______ ____ __ 18,825 18, 708 18, 588 18,457 18,274 18,415 18,443 18,428 18,211 18,016 18,027 17,745 17,984 17,259 Durable goods............ .............. .................. 11,106 11, 025 10,910 lo; 812 10,697 10, 718 10,686 10,623 10,608 10,410 10,416 10,437 10,2791 10,379 9,813 7,719 7,683 7,678 7; 645 7,577 7,697 7,757 7,789 7,820 7,801 7,600 7,590 7,466 L 604 7,446 Nondurable goods_____ _____________ Durable goods Ordnance and accessories.. . . . . . . ____ . 265.1 260.2 257.4 255.1 250.8 244.8 246.4 243.8 241.7 237.4 235.4 232.1 230.4 286 1 247.1 197.2 195.2 193.1 191.9 189.3 187.6 186.3 183.9 181.7 179.2 178.3 175.9 175.2 178 8 186.9 Ammunition, except for small arms___ 13.7 13.4 Sighting and fire control equipment___ 12. 7 12.4 12.1 13 2 13 0 12 8 12.8 12.6 12.3 12. 0 14.2 12. 5 54.1 51.3 50.9 47.2 44.1 47.4 43.2 46.0 45.8 44.8 44.4 47.3 50.0 48.5 44.9 Lumber and wood products, except 624.3 612.2 604.1 597.4 597.7 608.5 614.8 617.8 624.5 633.3 628.6 627.6 605.4 606 1 602.5 furniture_________________________ 83.7 91.6 82.7 91.0 Logging camps and logging contractors. 94.1 94.1 92.9 91.3 85.2 86.8 81.9 86.7 80.6 85 6 89.9 Sawmills and planing mills___________ 255.6 251.6 248.9 244.7 247.4 250.3 252.8 253.4 256.9 260.4 258.8 260.8 252.8 251 0 253.3 Millwork, plywood, and related prod163.3 164.3 161.4 160.6 160.4 161.6 162.3 163.4 164.2 167.5 165.4 163.9 158.5 160 4 157.4 u c ts... . . . . . _______________________ 35. 2 36.0 34.2 Wooden containers__________________ 36.3 35.0 34.1 34.2 34.7 35.2 35.0 34.9 33.8 33.9 84 5 33. 7 77.4 76.9 77.8 Miscellaneous wood products________ 75.3 75.3 76.4 75.4 75.8 75.8 75.8 76.1 73.9 70.1 76.1 74.7 447.2 448.8 447.3 443.3 442.0 443.2 441.4 439.8 437.6 432.8 425.6 427.6 421.8 429 1 405.9 Furniture and fix tu r es...__________ ___ 327.1 328.1 326.8 325.1 322.1 323.3 321.6 319.0 315.9 313.2 306.0 309.0 306.1 311. 2 293.1 Household-furniture_____ ___________ 28. 6 30.3 Office furniture . ___ 29.9 28 6 28 4 30.1 29 6 29 4 29 1 27 8 28 4 29.3 28.8 45.1 44.8 Partitions; office and store fixtures____ 44.9 40.3 43.1 44.9 45.6 45.4 44.3 43.2 42.0 45.4 44.8 43 5 45. 4 45. 8 45.4 Other furniture and fixtures__________ 45.0 45.4 45.1 45.1 46.7 46.9 46.8 45.3 44.8 46.1 45.7 45.7 639.5 635.9 618.6 609.6 611.7 622.6 631.4 635.5 642.9 641.6 636.0 629.6 618.8 620.9 611.8 Stone, clay, and glass products_________ 33.0 32.8 Flat glass__________________ . 81 2 33 2 32 5 30 9 30.8 32.8 00. z Glass' and glassware, pressed or blown. 119.1 117.8 115.7 115.0 113.6 113.8 114.7 115.4 115.8 115.9 114.6 115.1 113.5 113.5 111.5 38.3 37.7 36.1 Cement, hydraulic__________________ 38.7 39.4 39.7 39.6 39.5 38.6 35.9 37.9 38.9 36.5 38.3 38.9 72.1 73.1 69.8 Structural clay products_____________ 69.7 73.3 72.8 73.5 72.5 70.5 69.2 70.1 71.2 72.0 72. 5 70.8 42.8 43.0 Pottery and related products__ 42.8 43.0 41.2 44.3 41.4 41.9 42.0 41.4 42.3 43.3 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod180.1 177.7 168.4 163.5 166.2 172.5 177.0 179.9 182.5 184.3 181.9 181.2 177.2 174. 2 172.1 u c ts ..._________ _____ ___________ 130.2 132.3 130.4 129.0 128.9 129.6 129.7 129.6 132.6 132.2 131.7 128.8 125.7 128.8 126.4 Other stone and mineral products____ 1,324.8 1, 317.1 1,299. 2 1,286.9 1,272.7 1,263. 7 1,255.1 1,270.2 1,308. 7 1,317.1 1, 319.8 1,322.6 1,300. 2 1,291.7 1,231. 2 Primary metal industries.. ■.. . . 651.6 638.4 ■626. 8 Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 615.1 613.4 631.2 666.9 686.3 687.4 687.5 672.3 660. 2 629.4 236.2 235.9 232. 7 233.2 618.9 Iron and steel foundries___ 231. 5 230.7 225.1 225.2 228.3 224.8 225.8 227.9 225.5 225.3 212.0 75.0 74. 4 73.9 Nonferrous smelting and refining_____ 69.2 73.3 73.5 73.0 72.0 71.6 73.7 72.6 72.3 74.1 72.1 73.8 Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex202. 7 202. 8 202.1 201.2 198.9 195.8 196.5 195.9 195.0 191.2 191.5 192.8 190.2 191.6 185.2 truding___ _________________ _____ 83. 3 83. 6 82. 8 Nonferrous foundries..._______ . 74.3 81.3 79.0 77.9 76.4 80.4 76.8 77.4 79.2 82.6 77.8 81.2 Miscellaneous primary metal indus69. 2 69.1 69. 3 tries______________ . . . 61.0 67.1 63.4 66.4 66.2 65.3 65.0 64.2 64.8 69.0 67.1 68.4 Fabricated metal products___ _________ 1, 331. 8 1, 326.9 1, 317. 0 1, 310.1 1,301.2 1,304.3 1,304.3 1,292.2 1,285. 8 1, 266.9 1, 261. 2 1,270. 4 1, 251. 0 1, 260. 5 1,187.3 Metal cans.. ___________ . 62.4 65.3 64.3 65.8 65.8 64.9 62.0 61. 2 61.5 60.4 64.4 62.9 62.2 60.5 61.5 Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware___ _ __ ___ 143.9 155.1 150.0 155.2 152.6 155.8 154.9 162.8 162.9 163.0 161.2 160.6 158.5 159.3 156.3 Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures____ . . . _ ____ . . . 80.4 80.6 79.2 78.9 79.3 80.6 78.8 79.9 81.1 80.3 79.7 80.3 80.7 80.8 79.6 Fabricated structural metal products. _ 394.5 391.1 385.7 385.2 385.5 389.9 391.3 388.9 388.8 389.5 386.6 380.7 368.3 376.4 354. 8 89.0 Screw machine products, bolts, etc . . 92.2 94.4 93.1 97.7 95.3 93.5 92.9 93.3 100.1 99.5 96.8 96.4 99.0 94.5 Metal stampings____ _ . 235.5 237.3 237.5 236.2 234.8 235.6 234.1 231.2 225.5 211.6 214.1 220.8 219.9 221.4 198.5 70.6 Coating, engraving, and allied services. 73.5 74.1 71.9 77.6 73.1 72.1 72.7 75.8 78.4 78.1 78.2 75.6 76.2 75.5 57.7 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. 62.1 65.0 61.2 64.1 62.7 62.3 62.3 62.4 65.4 65.7 65.7 64.7 64.8 63.2 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products________________________ 149.6 149.1 144.9 145.1 143.0 142.2 141.7 141.5 138.8 139.7 138.7 140.5 138.5 138.6 130.2 M in in g .. ________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 801 A.—EMPLOYMENT T a b l e A -2 . E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l estab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box, p. 808. [in thousands] 1966 1965 Annual average Industry M ay’ Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Machinery________________ __________ 1,834. 7 1,824. 2 1,812.8 1,798.1 1,778. 7 1, 766. 3 1, 749. 4 1,730.9 1, 730. 6 1, 719. 7 1, 727. 5 1,722. 4 1, 702. 4 1,713.9 1, 606.1 93.5 93.4 94.0 91.8 Engines and turbines________________ 96.3 92.8 91.1 90.7 90.6 88.5 95.5 94.8 90.9 90.4 87.0 Farm machinery and equipment_____ 148.1 147.9 145.8 142.1 138.9 135.0 131.9 134. 0 133.1 134.3 135.8 135.7 135.1 126. 5 Construction and related m achin ery... 265.9 262.5 260.3 257.7 253.6 252.3 253.8 251.9 253.2 249.3 253.4 250.1 247.9 249.5 234.7 Metalworking machinery and equipm ent___________ ______________ 320.7 319.9 317.8 316.0 310.8 309. 0 304.1 300.6 301.4 298.4 299.7 300.6 298.0 298.9 281.4 Special industry m achin ery________ 197.7 197.1 197.9 197.2 197.2 195.5 194.1 192.8 192.9 192.0 191.6 191.0 190.2 190.9 180.9 General industrial machinery________ 273.9 271.5 271.5 269.6 267.5 266.4 263.1 261.7 259.3 262.2 261.0 260.5 256.0 257.7 243.0 Office, computing, and accounting machines_____________________ . 218.9 218.3 215.8 212.9 211.2 210.3 208.9 205.2 202.5 200.7 197.0 194.1 190.8 196.6 174.6 Service industry machines___________ 114.6 113.4 110.4 110.8 110.7 109.2 108.4 108.9 109.2 109.2 115.8 115.6 114.0 111.1 105.9 Miscellaneous machinery_____________ 198.5 197.9 196.4 194.1 191.8 191.3 189.2 186.1 187.0 184.1 183.8 184.1 181.3 183.7 172.2 Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,878.4 1, 862. 0 1,829. 7 1,818.8 1, 796. 2 1, 786. 6 1, 762.4 1,740.8 1, 714. 3 1,679. 5 1, 660. 6 1,658. 2 1, 631. 7 1,672. 3 1, 548. 4 Electric distribution equipment. _ ___ 190.2 188.1 186.2 184.3 183.5 181.7 180.1 178.1 176.7 175.3 173.5 171.1 168.8 172.6 162.4 Electrical industrial a p p aratu s.______ 209.5 209.2 207.2 204.8 202.7 201.2 197.4 196.6 195.0 194.3 194.9 193.7 190.6 192. 5 178.1 Household appliances... ___________ 185.9 183.3 169.3 178.9 173.8 174. 4 170.6 168.8 166.9 161.0 165.2 166.6 168.1 167.4 161.1 Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 183.6 181.6 179.8 177.8 175.4 175. 1 173.9 171.6 170.4 165.3 164.3 166.2 163.9 166.7 156.4 Radio and TV receiving sets_________ 158.5 158.9 158.9 158.4 158. 6 159.9 157.6 155.2 151.4 145.5 138.1 137.3 129.0 139.9 120.0 Communication equipm ent.................... 475.6 470.9 465.3 458.9 455.1 450. 6 444.6 439.1 433.9 428.4 425.4 423.7 419.9 428.0 411.6 Electronic components and accessories. 369.4 365.3 359.4 353.3 344.9 338.5 332.6 325.0 315.0 308.1 301.1 299.8 293.2 304.4 264.9 Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies________________________ 105.7 104.7 103.6 102.4 102.2 105.2 105.6 106.4 105.0 101.6 98.2 100.9 98.1 99.8 94.0 Transportation equipment_____________ 1,903. 0 1,893.3 1,887. 6 1,868. 9 1,840. 4 .1,839. 0 1,823. 9 1,795.3 1, 777. 6 1, 650. 7 1, 721.1 1, 741. 9 1, 730.1 1, 739. 7 1, 604. 8 Motor vehicles and equipment................ 889. 6 892.1 888.2 878.8 896. 5 896.5 884.7 872.9 759.8 851.0 865.3 855.9 853. 6 755. 4 Aircraft and parts____ T_____________ 725.6 715.1 706.7 694.1 680.5 666.8 651.8 637.0 632.2 622.9 615.7 603.3 602.3 617.8 603.7 Ship and boat building and repairing.. 171.9 172.8 177.5 177.1 173.3 165.0 163.3 163.4 160.0 156.1 143.1 161.5 161. 6 159. 0 145.1 56.5 57.0 55.4 55. 0 Railroad equipment_________________ 56.7 56.6 56.2 54.6 54.9 57.2 53.9 54.9 58.5 50.1 53.0 50.8 54. 0 56.4 55.4 54.3 Other transportation equipment______ 54.1 55.7 56.3 56.3 57.3 56. 4 50.6 57.3 Instruments and related products______ Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control devices___ _________ ___________ Optical and ophthalmic goods_____ _ Ophthalmic g o o d s... _____________ Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent________ _________ . . Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks_________________ 417.4 413.9 71.3 411.8 71.8 407.6 71.6 402.5 70.8 400.0 70.6 397.2 69.9 394.0 70.4 392.8 70.0 389.8 69.8 387.1 69.4 384.2 69.0 375.2 65.1 385.0 69.2 369.3 69.6 104.8 49.3 104.2 49.3 34.2 103.2 48.9 33.9 102.3 48.5 33.6 101.4 47.7 32.9 101. 0 47.6 32.9 100.5 47.3 32.7 99.0 47.0 32.5 100.2 46.7 32.2 99.9 45.5 31.2 100.3 45.4 31.2 100.1 45.9 31.7 98.9 45.7 31.6 99.4 46.1 31.7 96.4 43.5 29.5 64.1 91.0 63.6 90.9 34.6 62.8 89.8 35.3 61.9 88.7 34.6 60.8 87.3 34.5 60.2 86. 2 34. 4 59.8 85.6 34.1 58.9 85.1 33.6 58.4 84.3 33.2 57.8 84.8 32.0 57.5 83.7 30.8 57.6 81.0 30.6 56.7 78.8 30.0 57.6 81.5 31.4 54.6 75.9 29. 4 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are.. Toys, amusement, and sporting goods _ Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials.. Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries... . . Musical instruments and parts_______ 437.9 47.1 432.5 47.3 118.6 35.3 55.1 176.2 26.7 424.7 46.8 112.9 35. 0 54.6 175.4 26.7 416.6 46.2 108.1 34.4 54.0 173.9 26.4 403.0 44.8 102.4 32.9 51.4 171.5 26.4 438.9 46.2 128.4 35.4 55.1 173.8 26.4 459.7 46.2 146.1 35.5 56.3 175.6 26.2 462.2 46.2 149.0 34.8 56.1 176.1 25.8 451.2 45.6 141.5 34.3 54.8 175.0 25.3 440.7 44.8 134.9 34.0 55.0 172.0 24.7 412.8 41.8 122.5 33. 0 51.4 164.1 24.1 420.3 44.2 120.8 32.8 53.5 169.0 24.4 412.1 44.5 114.4 32.7 52.5 168.0 24.0 424.1 44.6 122.4 33.4 53.9 169.8 24.7 398.5 43.4 106.5 31.9 54.8 161.9 21.9 176.1 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products.. ________ 1,665.5 1,657. 6 1,656. 8 1,654.8 1, 670.1 1, 721. 9 1,779.8 1,822.6 1,859.1 1,854. 4 1,776. 5 1,722. 5 1,670. 0 1,737. 2 1,745.8 298.6 295.7 296.2 298.3 299.7 311.3 316.1 315.7 312.9 313.4 309.9 306.0 300.6 308.3 313.6 Meat products____________ ________ Dairy products__________________ 277.3 276.4 274.3 273.6 274.0 277.1 277.9 281.3 287.1 294.5 295.4 293.3 286.7 284.7 288.6 Canned and preserved food, except meats___ _______________ _ Grain mill products____ _____ Bakery products_________ ______ Sugar _ ______________ Confectionery and related products__ Beverages___ ____ :___ Miscellaneous food and kindred products____ ______ . . . . Tobacco manufactures___________ Cigarettes___ ____ _______ . Cigars__________________ Textile mill products. ___ Cotton broad woven fabrics____ _ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens Narrow fabrics and smallwares__ . .. Knitting_____ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering__ _____ Yarn and thread_____ Miscellaneous textile goods______ . See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 120.2 275.8 70.7 222.7 136.8 72.1 231.3 119.9 276.3 30 7 70.4 220.4 136.5 73.7 37. 9 21 7 948.0 945.7 237.1 237.0 93.3 93.4 44.3 44.0 30.5 30.5 238.9 237.2 75.7 75.5 41.1 114.8 113.8 72.5 73.2 224.5 121.3 277.2 31. 8 76.1 217.3 226.1 121.2 276.0 33.3 75.9 211.5 229. 2 120.9 277.2 41 0 76.0 212.4 242.1 121.7 279. 2 47.4 82.6 218.1 138.1 138.9 139.7 142.4 75.8 37.4 21. 5 79.2 37.2 21.8 81.6 36.8 21.5 941.1 933.9 236.4 235.8 93.5 92.9 44.1 43.7 30.4 30.2 232.9 228.1 74.8 75.1 41.2 41. 5 114.0 113.6 73.5 73.3 279.6 122.7 282.2 51.1 83.9 222.1 315.7 126.4 283.2 48. 8 83.3 371. 4 126.6 282.9 30. 8 81.1 144.2 143.6 141.1 139.6 88.1 37.8 23.5 86.7 37.8 23.8 98.2 37.9 23. 8 97.8 38.6 23.4 927.0 933.5 235.5 235.3 92.6 92.7 43.3 43. 1 29.8 29.8 223.5 230.0 74.5 74.9 41.7 42. 1 113.4 113.2 72.7 72.4 937.6 233.5 92.3 43.0 29.5 238.5 74.3 42.0 112.1 72.4 220.1 220.1 254.1 127.4 289.9 37.6 77.4 139.3 137.2 140.2 141.0 74.4 37.9 23.3 74.0 37.3 22.9 83.7 37.7 23.3 89.1 37.3 25.3 924.2 914.4 919.5 230.8 229.3 230.7 90.4 89.4 90.6 44.3 44.0 43.5 29.2 29.0 29.1 233.9 229.0 230.1 76.3 76.4 75.6 39.5 39.8 40. 6 109.2 107.7 109.1 70.6 69.8 70.2 891.1 226.8 90.1 44.8 27.8 215.1 76.1 38.5 104.6 67.4 216.0 123.9 283.3 29.8 72.4 140.0 89.3 38. 4 23.0 73.9 37.6 22.3 935.0 931.8 929.3 232.0 231.0 231.1 91.6 90.9 90.8 43.1 43.8 43.9 29.6 29.6 29.3 240.4 239.6 239.1 74.2 74.4 74.7 41.7 41.2 40.2 111.0 110.3 110.0 71.4 71.0 70.2 914.4 230.4 89.7 43.5 27.9 231.7 74.5 39.3 108.1 69.3 227.2 289. 2 126.5 288.1 29. 5 69.9 262.4 124.6 283.6 35.9 77.3 241.3 127.8 286.5 29.7 72.5 224.6 225.2 360.7 126.9 284.8 30. 2 77.1 228.0 226.1 216.1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 802 T a b l e A -2 . E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l estab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box, p. 808. [inthousands] 1965 1966 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 M a n u fa c tu rin g — C ontinued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and related products--------------- 1, 391.9 1, 376. 7 1,398. 0 1, 388. 6 1,329. 4 1,371.1 1, 380. 5 1,380.3 1,380.3 1,374.1 1,311.6 1,355.9 1,330. 8 1,351.2 1,302. 0 121.7 120.3 121.2 120.8 119.7 121.2 119.5 118.0 120.5 120.1 112.3 120.7 119.4 118.6 114.7 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats--------368.7 365.3 364.3 360.9 357.0 357.7 359.5 359.3 358.6 358.6 347.8 354.8 349.6 350.7 327.7 M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear---------- ------------------------------- 418.6 412.3 428.5 428.8 396.7 416. 5 414.8 415.6 419.1 420.9 399.3 413.4 399.8 412.3 404.3 Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_________ ________ __________ 128.4 128.5 128.3 126.8 121.7 127. 0 129.6 129.2 128.3 127.0 118.5 124.0 122.8 124.5 121.4 29. 6 28.9 32.2 28.9 32.0 29.7 31.4 30.3 27.3 30.7 30.0 28.0 28.0 30.1 Hats, caps, and millinery _ _____ 75.9 78.3 77.2 79.4 81.8 79. 0 79.1 81.6 79.0 81.9 79.3 80.0 78.7 81.7 77.8 Girls’ and children’s outerwear____ _ 75. 2 79.2 68.9 73.8 79.3 75.0 76.5 75.7 75.4 79.1 77.5 72.8 73.5 72.1 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod168.9 167.4 166.4 163.5 159.3 168. 0 170. 7 169.8 165.0 158.6 152.2 157.7 158.4 160.9 154.0 ucts______________________________ Paper and allied products____________ - 657.1 654.9 651.5 649.0 647.6 651.3 649.1 647.0 646.9 644.4 640.6 639.0 628.7 637.5 625.2 Paper and pulp_____________________ 212.7 211.6 210.8 210.2 210.1 211. 0 210.1 210.3 211.9 215.1 215.2 213.9 209.4 211. 0 213.0 68. 0 67.9 68.8 68.5 68.2 67.5 68.6 66.5 67.9 68.1 66.9 66.6 68.2 68.7 68.2 Paperboard________________________ Converted paper and paperboard products______________ _________ 164.7 164.9 163.2 162. 0 161.1 161. 6 160. 9 159.8 160.0 160.2 157.3 155.8 154.2 156.8 151.7 Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 211.5 210.2 208.8 208.0 207.8 210. 7 210. 2 208.7 206.4 202.6 200.2 201.2 198.2 202.2 193.9 81. 0 317. 0 52. 3 995.4 350.9 70. 5 80.1 315.8 52. 2 989.6 350. 6 70. 0 79.6 313.2 51. 4 125.1 125. 7 125. 9 124. 8 123.6 123.3 122.8 122.1 120.6 122.4 118.6 918.9 292.0 207.8 119.2 102. 5 64. 4 52.1 80.9 912.7 290.2 206.7 118.6 103.0 63.8 50.1 80.3 912.3 291.8 206. 0 118.8 103.0 64.3 48.9 79.5 909.4 289.8 205.1 118.0 104.5 64.8 48.2 79.0 907.2 288.7 203.4 117.4 105.6 64. 8 48.5 78.8 912.5 290.1 204.7 117.6 106.2 65.9 48.8 79.2 918.0 293.6 204.5 118.6 106.3 67.3 48.3 79.4 913.9 292.6 202.3 118.2 105.1 67.2 48.4 80.1 903. 5 288.8 199.9 112.8 105.0 66.7 51.1 79.2 898.8 286.5 196.1 110.6 103.3 65.1 59.3 77.9 902.3 288.6 199.1 115.3 104. 0 65. 3 51. 5 78. 6 877.4 288.0 183.1 112.1 101.1 64.0 51.0 78.1 173.3 139.9 33.4 173.0 139.9 33.1 172.8 139.8 33.0 174.7 140. 8 33.9 176.6 141.3 35.3 178.4 141.4 37.0 180.6 143.1 37.5 182.5 144.7 37.8 182.4 145.1 37.3 180.0 144.4 35.6 176.6 142.8 33.8 178.0 143.2 34.9 182.7 148.4 34.4 492.2 105.5 177.4 209.3 487.9 105.1 177. 5 205.3 484.3 104.8 177.1 202.4 484.3 106.0 177.8 200.5 485.0 106.1 177.9 201. 0 482.6 106.0 176.3 200.3 476.4 104.9 174.5 197.0 471.7 103.9 172.6 195.2 466.7 103.3 170.3 193.1 456.8 100.0 168.7 188.1 461.9 100.1 171.8 190.0 457.2 100.4 170.4 186.4 463.7 102.1 171.6 190. 0 433.6 99.0 163.7 170.9 360.6 31.7 237.5 91.4 358.7 31.8 235.2 91.7 37.7 362.8 32.0 238.7 92.1 39.3 363.7 32.1 240.3 91.3 38.7 358.1 32.4 237.6 88.1 36.5 360.0 32. 6 236.6 90.8 37. 6 359.3 354.2 32.4 32.1 234. C 230.1 92.9 92.0 39.5 39.1 355.5 32.1 231.6 91.8 38.8 360.7 31.7 237.0 92.0 38.5 351.2 31. 2 233.0 87.0 35.4 353.4 31.4 233.5 88.5 36.3 347.7 31.0 230.9 85.8 35.0 353.8 31.7 233.3 88.8 37.4 348.4 31.4 230.5 86.5 37.8 4,113 4,077 71/i n 4,054 710. 7 4,025 717 6 2fiK f i 81. 9 107. 9 41 4 974.0 75 7 251. 9 225. 3 18. 6 319. 1 909. 0 759. 8 32.1 110. 7 620. 8 252. 6 154.9 175.1 38.2 271. 9 82. 7 109. 6 40. 9 970.5 78. 0 247. 6 221. 4 18. 6 314. 3 901. 4 753. 0 31.9 110.1 619. 0 251.9 154.9 174. 6 37. 6 4,034 710 5 614 6 272 4 82. 6 110. 7 40. 7 961.7 77. 6 246. 3 220. 5 18.7 311. 4 895.9 747. 9 31.8 109. 8 617. 5 251.1 154.6 174.4 37.4 4,087 4,091 4,104 4,112 732. 6 730. 5 73K 0 741.3 643.6 fi32 4 fi33 fi 272. 8 270. 0 9 ,7 fi Q 269.7 83.7 83. 0 83. 2 83 2 110. 1 107. 8 107 3 106.5 43.3 41. 7 41.1 42 0 992.7 1, 000. 7 1, C05. 4 1, 000. 6 81.6 84. 5 87 8 89. 3 243. 2 240. 5 237. 6 236.0 216. 6 214. 8 212. 7 211.4 19. 5 18. 9 18.9 19 0 312. 5 320. 8 321.1 322.1 893. 6 891. 8 889.9 892.8 745. 0 743.6 741. 7 744.5 31.0 31.2 31. 6 31. 0 110.6 110.6 110. 8 110.9 620. 6 617.9 621. 6 629.8 251.9 248.8 251.8 255.2 155. 6 155.6 155. 8 157.9 175. 3 175.6 176.1 178.4 38.3 37.9 37.8 37.9 4,098 749.6 652.2 251.6 82.8 105.1 43.7 984.8 76.2 234.4 210.5 19.9 316.1 902.9 755.9 31.1 109.5 638.7 258.4 160.8 180.8 38.7 4,083 749.3 652.5 247.9 82.9 100.7 43.6 986.1 77.6 233.0 209.4 20.0 311.8 901.2 755.0 31.3 108.5 633.7 258.2 156.8 179.8 38.9 4,070 747.0 650.8 263.1 83.4 106.6 42.5 977.7 77.7 229.3 206.6 20.0 320.5 884.5 739.9 31.3 106.9 627.4 255.3 156.8 176.8 38.5 4,008 737.0 640.6 270.4 83.5 107.8 41.0 946.2 77.1 226.9 204.3 19.3 319.7 875.4 731.3 31.4 106.3 613.5 249.7 152.6 173.6 37.6 4,031 737. 0 639.8 266.8 83.2 108. 0 41.8 964.6 80. 5 230.7 207.1 19. 4 309.8 882. 2 736.6 31.2 108.1 620.5 251.8 155.1 175.7 37.8 3,947 756.1 665.0 266.8 83.9 109.2 42.0 919.8 82.2 212.7 190.8 20.0 310.4 848.0 706.1 32.4 103.1 613.6 248.6 153.2 174.1 37.7 Printing, publishing and allied industries. 1, 009. 2 1, 010. 0 1, 001. 2 Newspaper publishing and printing---351.3 353.0 347.0 70.9 70.7 Periodical publishing and printing____ 84.2 84.6 Books __ ___ ___ _ _________ 320.1 321.5 321.3 Commercial printing_________ _______ 53.4 53.7 54.0 Bookbinding and related industries----Other publishing and printing indus126.6 126.7 125.6 tries________________ . . ------------- 999.4 350. 6 70. 9 82.9 316.1 52. 4 993.0 349.2 70.2 81.6 315.1 51.8 999.1 ó5¿. b 126. 5 Chemicals and allied products__________ Industrial chemicals____ . _ ------Plastics materials and synthetics___ . . Drugs__________ . . . . ________ _ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. Agricultural ch em icals______________ Other chemical products.____________ 942.9 294.2 212.0 120.4 106.6 66.1 57.7 85.9 938.5 294.8 210.6 119.9 102.0 65.3 61.5 84.4 929.8 293.5 209.7 119.7 101.0 65.0 57.6 83.3 Petroleum refining and related industries. Petroleum refining__________________ Other petroleum and coal products___ 176.2 140.3 35.9 174.9 140.2 34.7 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________________ Tires and inner t u b e s _______________ Other rubber products_______________ Miscellaneous plastic products_______ 495.5 106.7 179.3 209.5 Leather and leather products__________ Leather tanning and finishing________ Footwear, except rubber_____________ Other leather products_______ _______ Handbags and personal leather goods. . . .. Railroad transportation________ _______ Class I railroads 3___________________ Local and interurban passenger transit__ Local and suburban transportation. . . Taxicabs... . . . . . . . . ___ ____ Intercity and rural bus lines _______ Motor freight transportation and storage. Public warehousing_________________ Air transportation____ _______ . . . . . . Air transportation, common carriers. . Pipeline transportation________________ Other transportation__________________ Communication____ . . . ____ ________ Telephone communication . Telegraph communication___ . . . . ._ Radio and television broadcasting____ Electric, gas, and sanitary services______ Electric companies and systems______ Gas companies and systems______ . . . Combined utility systems____ _______ Water, steam, and sanitary system s.. . T ra n sp o rtatio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s . See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 27.8 0 82. 7 110. 4 41.4 954.1 78 8 242.1 216.2 18.8 308.3 891.6 744.6 31.2 109.4 619.1 251.4 154.9 175.0 37.8 984.1 347.6 70.1 79.7 311.5 51.6 981.4 347.6 69.6 80.2 307.5 53.2 978.8 348.7 68.5 79.6 306.5 52.7 975.3 346.7 68.2 79.1 307.1 52.1 967.3 341.7 67.7 79.7 306.7 50.9 977.3 345.9 69. 0 79.6 309. 0 51.3 950.5 336.0 68.3 76.6 301.9 49.1 A.—EMPLOYMENT T a b l e A -2 . 803 E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e stab lish m en ts, b y i n d u s t r y 1— C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box, p. 808. [In thousands] 1966 1965 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 Wholesale and retail trade........ ..................... 12,913 12,871 12,700 12,617 12,716 13,638 12,960 12,736 12,639 12,574 12,583 12,596 12,437 12.588 12,132 Wholesale trade.............................................. 3, 321 3,313 3,305 3,299 3,303 3,345 3, 326 3,321 3,307 3,312 3 ,3Ó1 3, 269 3, 213 3,263 3,173 Motor vehicles and automotive equip 254.3 254.1 253.2 254.2 254.6 253.6 252.5 252.7 254.0 253.2 251.5 248.9 250.8 244.2 m ent_____ _____________ __________ 199.4 199.8 199.0 198.8 201.9 199.6 198.3 197.6 197.6 196.4 195.5 194.3 196.1 191.4 Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. 142.9 143.2 142.3 140.0 142.1 141.8 141.2 140.1 141.1 139.8 138.5 135.9 138.5 133.8 Dry goods and apparel______________ 481.4 483. 1 482.5 492.1 502.5 504.5 506.6 502.6 494.8 509.7 507.7 484.0 494.6 492.5 Groceries and related products_______ 269.9 267.8 266.2 263.1 265.7 262.2 260. 4 261.9 264.0 261.8 257.9 254.0 257.2 242.7 Electrical goods_____________________ Hardware, plumbing, and heating 155.2 154.2 154.1 153.2 153.9 153.6 152.5 152.1 152.7 152.3 150.6 148.5 150. 2 145.9 goods____________________ _______ _ Machinery, equipment, and supplies.. 590.8 586.6 581.9 578.7 577.1 574.5 573.4 573.8 574.2 573.9 568.4 563.6 565. 6 544.9 Miscellaneous wholesalers____ _______ 1,141.3 1,135. 2 1,132.9 1,128.7 1,142.9 1,137.9 1,135.6 1,131.0 1,136. 2 1,128.1 1,118. 0 1,104. 0 1,117.7 1, 076. 6 Retail trade__________________________ 9,592 9, 558 9,395 9,318 9, 413 10,293 9,634 9, 415 9,332 9,262 9,282 9,327 9,224 9,325 8,959 General merchandise stores__________ 1, 877. 3 1,838. 7 1, 817.1 1,908.0 2,483. 2 2,060. 4 1,905. 0 1,838.3 1, 786. 4 1,778. 8 1, 793.9 1. 783. 6 1,869. 2 1, 761. 5 1, 174. 3 1,152. 7 1,138. 5 1. 200.1 1, 579. 7 1, 289.5 1,186. 3 1,139.7 1,110.2 1,108.3 1,115. 5 1,107.0 1 ,164. 9 1, 086. 2 Department stores__________________ Mail order houses________ ____ ______ 114.3 116.0 118.4 130.1 162.9 148, 5 129.7 118.3 112.0 109.4 108.5 107.3 119. 5 108.3 317.9 308.8 300.3 313.5 413.4 341. 2 314.1 306.9 296.0 293.9 300.3 305.7 314. 5 309.2 Limited price variety stores___ ____ _ 1, 533. 5 1, 533. 5 1, 527.1 1, 518.0 1,537.9 1,509. 6 1, 492. 6 1,469. 7 1,450.1 1, 464. 7 1, 468. 4 1,457.1 1,473.4 1,419. 9 Food sto res.......... ............... ............... ........ 1, 361. 5 1. 364. 1 1, 356. 6 1,351.8 1,359.4 1,338.5 1,324.9 1,302.8 1, 285. 6 1,297. 3 1, 297.8 1, 287. 7 1,303.9 1,251.7 Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores... 652.6 616. 1 607.7 628.6 762.4 648.9 629.9 621.7 598.7 595.2 620.9 624.3 630. 9 614.3 Apparel and accessories stores___ ______ 109. 1 106.3 109.3 114.0 140.4 110.6 105.4 103.5 101.3 101.6 104.2 101.8 106. 5 100.1 M en’s and boys’ apparel stores............. 229.5 222.6 218.5 226.2 271.0 236.3 231.1 226.5 220.9 217.0 225.0 228.0 229.8 228.3 Women’s ready-to-wear stores................ 100.1 98.2 102.2 131.4 105. 5 100.8 98.3 99.3 Fam ily clothing stores_______________ 96.6 97.4 102.7 101.8 104.2 103.2 140.4 118.0 113.4 117.3 138.3 121. 6 119.8 122.5 115.0 115.0 118.7 122.8 120.7 116.5 Shoe stores____ ____________________ 417.8 418.5 417.9 418.3 437.3 423. 0 417.3 411.8 409.5 407.4 405.8 402.8 410.1 394.4 Furniture and appliance stores.................. 270.3 269. 5 269.3 270.0 283.8 273.9 270.0 266.7 265.6 263.9 264.4 261.1 266.0 255.1 Furniture and home furnishings______ 1, 943. 9 1, 899. 8 1, 871. 5 1,858.2 1,898. 5 1,900. 2 1,910.8 1,938. 3 1, 955.3 1, 964. 7 1,966. 9 1,923. 6 1,898. 4 1,836. 7 Eating and drinking places____________ 3,133.1 3, 088. 7 3, 076. 7 3,081. 5 3,173. 5 3, 091. 4 3, 059.2 3, 052. 5 3, 062.1 3, 071. 0 3, 070. 8 3,032. 7 3, 042. 6 2,932. 6 Other retail trade_____________________ 549.6 537.5 528.4 533. 4 548.1 548.8 547.0 551.2 562.0 562.3 553.7 540. 2 541.0 ' 532. 7 Building materials and hardware_____ 1, 441. 4 1,439.1 1, 443. 5 1,451. 6 1, 442. 6 1,433.5 1, 432. 7 1, 437. 2 1, 442. 6 1,440. 7 1,419. 3 1,424.0 1,366. 0 1, 450.1 Auto dealers and service stations_____ 746.1 746.2 744.0 743.0 741.0 738.2 734.9 730.1 731.3 733.3 728.8 721.2 725.6 ’ 692. 0 Motor vehicle dealers______________ 180.6 176.7 175.0 178.3 189.0 184. 1 178.4 175.4 178.6 179.2 180.3 176.9 176.8 166.8 Other vehicle and accessory dealers.. 523.4 518.5 520.1 522.2 521.6 520.3 520.2 527.2 527.3 530.1 531.6 521.2 521.6 507.1 Gasoline service stations___________ 1, 109. 8 1,109. 2 1,104.6 1,173.8 1,100. 0 1, 078. 7 1, 068. 6 1, 062. 9 1, 066.1 1, 076. 4 1, 073. 2 1, 077. 6 1, 033. 9 1,133.4 Miscellaneous retail stores___________ 420.1 415.3 414.9 417. 3 437.7 416.3 409.6 404.6 401.6 404.0 404.3 399.7 406.0 ' 389.3 Drug stores___________ _______ ____ 93.5 93.2 92.6 108.9 102.3 96.7 95.8 93.0 Farm and garden supply stores____ 92.8 93.7 94.1 98. 2 99. 3 93. 5 108.6 113.5 117.5 118.9 115.5 110.8 107.8 103.1 101.5 101.3 102.6 102.7 108.3 108.3 Fuel and ice dealers.............................. Finance, insurance, and real estate______ 3,099 Banking_______________________________ Credit agencies other than banks....................... . Savings and loan associations_____________ Personal credit institutions_______________ Security dealers and exchanges______________ Insurance carriers_____________________ ___ Life insurance_________________________ Accident and health insurance____________ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...------Insurance agents, brokers, and services..-------Real estate_______________________ ______ Operative builders________________ ______ Other finance, insurance, and real estate. .......... Services and miscellaneous____________ 9,346 Hotels and lodging places___________ J _____ Hotels, tourist courts, and motels__________ Personal services_________________________ Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants______ Miscellaneous business services_____________ Advertising___________________________ Credit reporting and collecting agencies______ Motion pictures_________________________ Motion picture filming and distrib uting_________________________ ______ Motion picture theaters and services________ Medical and other health services____________ Hospitals_______________________ ______ Legal services_____________________ ______ Educational services________________ Elementary and secondary schools___ Higher educational institutions____________ Miscellaneous services____________________ Engineering and architectural services______ Nonprofit research organizations_____ ______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis --------- 3,090 798.7 335.6 93.7 185.4 138.3 921.4 483.0 59.6 333.4 237.6 575.7 46.1 82.8 3,075 795.8 336.2 93.8 185.6 136.7 920.5 482.7 59.3 333.0 237. 1 566.2 44.9 82.5 3,054 792.3 334.7 93.9 184.0 133.8 918.5 483.2 58.2 331.6 235.3 557.5 43.1 82.0 3,049 790.2 336.3 95.0 184.6 131.0 917.1 483.6 57.8 329.9 233.7 559.0 43.5 81.6 3,064 791.6 336.4 94.5 184.5 131. 0 919.0 484.1 57.6 330.9 234.8 568.8 45.7 81.9 3,062 788.8 334.7 94.0 183.2 129.8 919.3 485.1 57.2 330.7 234.2 573.5 46.4 81.5 3,066 787.5 334.3 94.6 182.8 129. C 918.7 485.0 57.1 330.2 234.2 580.3 48.1 81.6 3,073 788.9 333.2 94.4 182.0 128.6 921.6 486.4 57.4 330.9 234.3 584.1 50.1 81.8 3,102 798.0 335.0 95.6 182.4 130.5 927.9 489.2 57.8 333.6 236.5 592.1 50.8 82.1 3,098 794.6 335.2 96.8 181.4 131.1 923.6 486.5 57.6 332.4 236.0 595.7 50.7 82.1 3,062 784.5 330.8 94.8 179.7 129.0 912.5 481.3 57.1 327.8 232.9 591.2 50.1 81.4 3,029 774.3 328.0 94.0 177.9 127.9 906.1 480.1 56.3 324.6 231.1 581.1 47.4 80.6 3,044 783.1 330.5 94.6 179.4 128.7 913.6 482.8 56.8 328.0 232. 7 573.9 46.9 81.4 2,964 764.4 316.0 93.8 166.6 125.8 895.2 475.1 55.9 319.4 225.6 557.8 46.2 79.4 9,243 9,112 9,030 8,959 9,046 9,054 9,073 9,039 9,062 9,081 9,008 8, £05 8,907 8,569 684. 3 657.2 651.1 636.9 645.2 648.4 666.7 708.6 799.9 793.3 712.2 675.7 678. C 639.9 631.6 608.9 603.6 589.5 595. 9 598.1 613.3 643.3 679.4 674.6 644.4 617.9 613.1 575.0 978.3 971.7 966.4 967.6 973.1 976.1 977.2 973.3 973.0 977.9 978.8 969.7 968.3 947.1 541.2 535.7 531.4 534.1 538.3 541.2 543.4 542.1 543.3 549.9 551.3 544.0 539.9 531.0 1,149. 4 1,138.1 1,128.4 1,113.1 1,127.9 1,110.4 1,105.3 1, 097. 5 1, 090. 0 1, 084. 9 1, 076. 6 1, 061. 4 1, 074. 9 1, 001. 6 114.7 114.5 114.4 113.7 113.6 113.9 114. 2 114.0 113.9 115.2 114.1 114.0 113.7 110.9 66.2 66.6 67.7 67.1 67.0 67.1 65.4 66.7 63.0 66.2 66.3 66.1 65.5 64.8 179.3 173.4 171.6 178.3 183.8 181.4 185.5 192.3 198.3 198.4 189.2 180.7 183.0 177.4 57.9 52.5 48.5 47.9 50.2 51.0 52.0 52.5 46.0 42.2 42.7 48.3 53.8 51.7 131.0 125.5 121.4 124.5 125. 9 128.9 133.8 141.3 145.8 146.4 143.2 138.5 134. 5 134.6 2, 249. 2 2, 237. 0 2,225. 3 2,210. 5 2, 203. 9 2, 202. 3 2,192. 9 2,184. 2 2,188. 4 2,189. 0 2,165. 4 2,141. 4 2,163. 5 2, 061. 4 1, 491. 8 1, 488. 7 1, 480. 4 1,471.2 1,469.1 1, 470. 2 1,466.5 1, 460.1 1, 461. 1 1, 463. 9 1, 450. 0 1, 439. 7 1,449.9 1,395. 0 183.8 184.5 182.9 181.7 184. 5 182.8 182.4 183.6 188.0 188.0 181.7 175.9 180. 6 173.8 1, 040. 3 1, 044. 4 1, 034. 5 1,022.2 1, 023. 8 1, 026.1 1,005.9 919.7 825.3 840.5 911.7 956.9 942.5 892.3 346.0 346.0 345.0 343.8 344.3 344.0 337.0 318.8 273.4 275.0 312.7 326.3 319.3 301.6 622.4 626.8 618.3 609.8 610.8 612.6 599.8 535.6 489.1 501.1 533.9 564.4 556.9 527.9 476.9 477.7 472.9 467.1 460.8 457.6 454. 5 458.5 459.7 457.5 446.2 437.0 448.6 425.3 261.7 260.2 257.2 255.2 252.6 250.7 248. 2 250.4 251.7 250.0 243.6 236.2 242.6 225.9 62.7 62.4 63.2 63.1 62.7 62. 7 62.2 63.3 62.9 63.9 63.9 61.7 62.8 62.6 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 804 T a b l e A -2 . E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e stab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box, p. 808. [In thousands] 1965 1966 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 . . _______ 10, 794 10, 726 10, 667 10, 556 10,427 10, 579 10,413 10,301 10,102 9,698 9,716 10,033 10,024 10, 051 9,595 Federal Governm ent4 ___________ 2,520 2, 493 2, 460 2,431 2 ,4Ó6 2,543 2,402 2,384 2,377 2,408 2,407 2,374 2,338 2,378 2,348 Executive__ _ _ . . ________________ 2, 461. 5 2,428. 8 2, 399. 7 2,375.4 2, 511.8 2,370. 4 2, 352. 7 2,345. 2 2,376.1 2,375.1 2,341. 9 2,307. 6 2,347. 0 2, 317. 5 Department of Defense____________ 991.9 980.0 964.8 956.2 951. 6 955.7 949. 4 947.3 954.9 951.3 940.8 927.9 938.8 933.7 Post Office Department____ ___ _ 652. 8 639. 5 632.4 624.4 771.5 617.8 608. 0 602.8 608.5 604.1 593.9 594.5 614.2 599.9 Other agencies____________________ 816. 8 809. 3 802.5 794.8 788.7 796.9 795.3 795.1 812.7 819.7 807.2 785.2 793.9 783.9 25.0 26.4 25.9 25.0 24.5 25.8 26.2 25.4 25.2 24.9 25.6 Legislative__________________________ 25.6 25.4 25. 4 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 Judicial____________________________ 6. 0 6.0 State and local government5___________ 8,274 8,233 8, 207 8,125 8,021 8,036 8, Oil 7,917 7, 725 7,290 7,309 7, 659 7, 686 7,673 7,248 1,855. 6 2, 066. 2 1, 932. 8 1, 979.3 1,976. 8 1,981. 5 1,990. 5 1,935. 4 2, 064. 6 2, 092.9 2, 065.9 2, 045. 9 State government___________________ 2,111.3 2,109. 6 State education_________________ . 793. 7 793.2 779.5 761.9 764.0 765.9 745.3 662.5 582.8 590.5 661.9 699.6 683.1 608.9 1,277.2 1, 246. 7 1,302. 2 1,317. 4 1, 298.5 1,350.0 1,344.9 1,302.7 1,300. 0 1,328. 0 1,300.6 1. 313. 4 Other state government___________ 1,317.6 1, 316. 4 6,121. 8 6, 097. 8 6,032. 3 5,956.7 5,969.8 5,944. 6 5, 871. 2 5, 734. 3 5,357. 0 5,373.9 5, 679. 2 5, 709. 0 5,690.8 5,391. 8 Local government___________________ Local education____ __________ 3, 518.9 3, 504. 7 3, 451.0 3, 388.6 3,394.9 3,369. 7 3,301.1 3,124. 7 2,681. 1 2,694. 7 3, 068. 5 3,180. 7 3,125. 5 2,906. 5 2, 602.9 2, 593.1 2, 581.3 2, 568.1 2, 574. 9 2,574. 9 2, 570.1 2, 609. 6 2,675. 9 2, 679. 2 2,610. 7 2, 528.3 2, 565. 3 2,485.3 Other local government____________ Government _____ 1 Beginning with the January 1966 issue, figures differ from those previously published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1964 bench marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-65 (BLS Bulletin 1312-3). Statistics from April 1964 forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become available. These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during, or received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are excluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Preliminary. 3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues of $5,000,000 or more. 4 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for the last day of the month. 5 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. 805 A.—EMPLOYMENT T a b l e A -3 . P ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk ers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y in d u s try 1 Revised series; see box, p. 808. [inthousands] 1966 1965 A nnual average In d u stry A p r .2 492 449 7 0 .2 2 1 .0 2 6 .3 479 69. 3 20. 3 26. 1 476 69. 5 2 0 .7 2 6 .0 482 6 9 .3 2 0 .6 2 5 .8 491 6 9 .7 2 1 .3 25. 6 495 7 0 .2 2 2 .1 25. 4 494 6 8 .9 2 2 .3 24. 0 490 6 9 .4 2 2 .4 2 4 .2 501 70. 8 22. 6 25. 3 502 69. 9 22. 7 2 4 .6 502 7 0 .1 22. 9 25. 0 493 69. 0 22. 8 24 3 492 69. 3 2 2 .1 24 6 496 65. 8 21 1 22. 0 8 7 .1 78. 7 124. 0 115. 4 1 2 5 .1 1 1 6 .0 1 2 5 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 2 6 .1 116. 5 126. 6 1 1 6 .9 125. 5 115. 9 118. 3 10 8 . 8 1 2 1 .7 1 1 2 .6 1 2 0 .7 110. 7 1 2 3 .7 114. 5 124 4 1 1 5 .4 1 2 4 .6 115. 2 129 9 119. 7 C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l ga s C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s fie ld s . O il a n d g a s f ie l d s e r v i c e s _______ . 1 9 1 .1 8 3 .3 107. 8 191. 7 83. 4 108. 3 1 9 1 .7 8 3 .5 1 0 8 .2 1 9 4 .3 8 4 .2 1 1 0 .1 197. 2 8 5 .0 112. 2 195. 7 8 4 .9 1 1 0 .8 195. 2 8 5 .4 1 0 9 .8 1 9 6 .9 8 7 .1 109. 8 2 0 2 .3 8 9 .9 112. 4 2 0 5 .1 9 0 .0 1 1 5 .1 2 0 3 .7 8 9 .2 114. 5 1 9 8 .1 8 6 .4 111 7 1 9 8 .4 8 7 .1 111. 3 2 0 4 .2 9 1 .5 112 7 Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g . _ _ C r u s h e d a n d b r o k e n s t o n e ___ 101. 0 36. 3 93. 5 32. 6 9 0 .1 3 0 .6 9 2 .8 32 . 5 9 8 .4 35. 5 102. 5 3 7 .1 1 0 3 .9 3 8 .1 1 0 5 .8 3 8 .3 106. 6 38. 8 1 0 6 .3 39. 0 104. 5 37. 7 101 0 36 5 9 9 .4 3 5 .8 96 3 34. 5 M in in g , M e ta l m in in g .. I r o n o r e s ______ _ . _ C o p p e r o r e s ,. _____ C o a l m i n i n g ___ B itu m in o u s .. - ____ _. ____ ____ . ___ _ C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t io n ____ G en er a l b u ild in g c o n tr a c to r s . . _ . H e a v y c o n s tr u c t io n .. . . . . . . . H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n _____ O t h e r h e a v y c o n s t r u c t io n S p e c ia l tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s . P l u m b i n g , h e a t in g , a n d a ir c o n d i t i o n in g „ _ _ _ __ _ _ P a in t in g , p a p e r h a n g in g , a n d decor a tin g .. E le c tr ic a l w o r k .. . . M a s o n r y , p l a s t e r in g , s t o n e a n d t i l e w o r k ___ . . R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l w o r k . . . _____ 2 ,8 4 9 M a n u f a c t u r i n g . _ __ D u r a b l e g o o d s ____ _________ __ __ _ ._ N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ____________________ M ar. 2 ,7 0 5 898. 3 523. 6 2 5 8 .0 2 6 5 .6 1, 2 8 3 .4 1, F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S e p t. M ay2 A ug. J u ly June 2 ,3 6 5 2 ,9 7 5 2 ,4 8 9 2 ,7 1 7 2 ,8 8 4 3 ,0 8 5 2 ,9 2 7 2 ,5 2 5 3 ,0 0 8 2 ,9 8 7 9 6 5 .1 7 9 3 .7 952. 5 8 4 1 .7 912 6 846. 3 936. 6 992. 4 957 3 935. 4 3 8 2 .5 4 1 5 .6 495 7 593. 8 6 4 2 .3 652. 2 679 5 650 0 426. 9 636 3 1 6 3 .2 3 5 4 .6 1 8 3 .7 237. 0 3 1 4 .0 3 7 8 .3 361. 2 3 4 9 .6 186. 8 358. 3 2 1 9 .3 2 3 1 .9 2 8 7 .7 240. 1 258 7 2 9 3 .9 2 7 9 .8 301 2 288 8 286 7 252. 2 1 ,1 8 8 .5 1 ,2 3 1 .6 1 ,3 0 8 .4 1 ,3 5 3 . 4 1 ,3 8 0 .3 1 ,3 9 1 .1 1 ,4 1 2 .9 1 ,3 7 9 .9 1 ,3 5 4 . 8 M ay 1965 1964 2 ,7 3 1 2 ,7 4 5 866 5 880. 6 577 7 547 6 2 8 5 .1 311 4 266 8 262. 5 1 , 30o! 8 1 ,3 0 2 . 9 1, 2 ,6 0 2 823 9 526 5 278 4 248 1 2 5 1 .2 2 9 9 .6 296. 3 2 8 9 .3 2 9 8 .9 307. 5 3 1 1 .4 3 1 4 .9 313. 5 317. 2 3 1 2 .9 3 0 5 .1 2 9 3 .3 3 0 1 .9 2 8 7 .3 113. 8 195. 7 107 1 191. 9 1 0 1 .4 1 8 7 .9 1 0 2 .7 1 8 9 .8 117 4 1 9 7 .1 128. 0 1 9 8 .2 1 3 7 .3 1 9 7 .1 143 3 199 9 146 7 203. 9 137 5 1 9 8 .6 135 5 191. 6 128 7 1 8 5 .9 125. C 1 9 1 .7 125 6 1 7 5 .6 2 1 7 .1 8 7 .2 215 4 84. 9 1 9 2 .8 7 7 .5 1 9 3 .8 8 5 .5 212 9 9 5 .1 222. 6 9 7 .2 2 3 0 .7 9 9 .0 235 6 9 6 .6 234 5 98. 9 231 6 95. 2 228 5 93. 4 228 2 89 2 220. 0 9 0 .9 220 7 87. 5 14, 014 8, 256 5 ,7 5 8 13, 921 8 ,1 9 3 5 ,7 2 8 13, 828 8 ,0 9 8 5 ,7 3 0 1 3 ,7 2 7 8, 024 5, 703 13 ,5 7 1 7 ,9 2 9 5, 642 1 3 ,7 2 4 7 ,9 6 8 5 ,7 5 6 1 3 ,7 7 0 7 ,9 4 9 5 ,8 2 1 1 3 ,7 5 4 7 ,9 0 0 5 ,8 5 4 1 3 ,7 7 3 7, 887 5 ,8 8 6 1 3 ,5 4 0 7 ,6 8 3 5 ,8 5 7 1 3 ,3 6 1 7 ,7 0 1 5 ,6 6 0 1 3 ,4 1 2 7, 750 5 ,6 6 2 1 3 ,1 8 0 7 ,6 2 1 5, 559 1 3 ,3 7 6 7 ,6 9 3 5 ,6 8 4 1 2 ,7 6 9 7 ,2 0 9 5, 560 1 2 5 .2 8 1 .8 3 7 .6 1 2 1 .6 8 0 .5 5. 7 3 5 .4 1 2 0 .2 7 9 .2 5. 6 3 5 .4 1 1 7 .8 7 7 .7 5. 5 3 4 .6 1 1 4 .3 7 5 .6 5 .3 3 3 .4 1 0 8 .0 7 3 .6 5. 2 2 9 .2 1 0 9 .9 7 2 .3 5. 3 3 2 .3 1 0 8 .2 7 0 .7 5 1 3 2 .4 1 0 6 .4 6 9 .0 5 .0 3 2 .4 1 0 2 .3 6 6 .5 4 .9 3 0 .9 1 0 0 .5 6 5 .8 4. 8 2 9 .9 9 8 .8 6 4 .8 4. 7 2 9 .3 9 7 .7 6 4 .5 4 .7 2 8 .5 1 0 2 .2 6 7 .2 5 .0 3 0 .0 1 0 6 .1 6 9 .3 5 .9 3 0 .9 5 4 5 .6 2 3 3 .4 5 3 4 .8 2 3 0 .0 5 2 7 .4 2 2 7 .2 5 2 1 .9 2 2 2 .7 5 2 1 .6 2 2 5 .4 5 3 3 .1 2 2 8 .7 5 4 0 .0 2 3 1 .1 5 4 3 .1 2 3 1 .9 5 4 9 .5 2 3 5 .4 5 5 8 .1 2 3 8 .6 5 5 3 .4 2 3 6 .7 5 5 2 .6 2 3 8 .8 5 3 0 .7 2 3 1 .3 5 3 2 .2 2 2 9 .5 5 3 0 .2 2 3 1 .0 1 3 7 .0 3 2 .4 6 6 .9 1 3 7 .7 3 1 .7 6 6 .4 1 3 5 .2 3 0 .6 6 5 .9 1 3 4 .9 3 0 .5 6 5 .6 1 3 4 .4 3 0 .6 6 4 .4 1 3 6 .0 3 0 .6 6 4 .8 1 3 6 .9 3 0 .4 6 5 .3 1 3 7 .8 3 0 .8 6 5 .0 1 3 8 .7 3 1 .2 6 4 .7 1 4 1 .7 3 1 .8 6 5 .2 1 3 9 .9 3 1 .6 6 4 .0 1 3 8 .5 3 2 .8 6 4 .3 1 3 3 .6 3 1 .6 6 3 .0 1 3 5 .2 3 1 .1 6 3 .9 1 3 3 .4 3 1 .7 6 0 .2 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ____ __ ... ... H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e ___ O ffic e f u r n i t u r e ____ P a r t it io n s ; o ffic e a n d s t o r e f i x t u r e s _____ O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____ 3 7 2 .6 2 8 0 .6 3 7 1 .0 2 8 0 .4 22. 5 3 3 .3 3 4 .8 3 7 0 .8 2 7 9 .7 23 6 32. 9 3 4 .6 3 6 6 .9 2 7 8 .0 23. 4 3 1 .2 3 4 .3 3 6 6 .2 2 7 5 .6 2 3 .3 3 2 .9 3 4 .4 3 6 8 .5 2 7 7 .4 23 1 3 3 .1 3 4 .9 3 6 7 .2 2 7 6 .2 2 2 .8 3 3 .1 3 5 .1 3 6 6 .0 2 7 3 .5 23 0 34. 0 3 5 .5 3 6 4 .0 2 7 0 .7 2 3 .1 3 4 .3 3 5 .9 3 5 9 .9 2 6 8 .5 22. 7 3 4 .1 3 4 .6 3 5 3 .1 2 6 1 .6 2 2 .1 33. 2 3 6 .2 3 5 5 .3 2 6 4 .6 22 3 32. 2 3 6 .2 3 4 9 .7 2 6 1 .7 2 2 .1 3 1 .1 3 4 .8 3 5 6 .3 2 6 6 .5 2 2 .4 3 2 .3 3 5 .1 3 3 7 .1 2 5 1 .1 21. 7 2 9 .7 3 4 .5 S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ____ . . . F l a t g l a s s __________ . . G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n . C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ____ . . . . . . . ____ S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ___ P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _____ . C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p r o d u c t s ___ . . . . O t h e r s t o n e a n d m in e r a l p r o d u c t s . . . 5 1 4 .7 5 1 1 .4 26. 4 1 0 2 .8 2 9 .1 6 1 .0 36. 4 495. 7 26 1 1 0 0 .8 2 7 .6 5 8 .8 3 6 .8 4 8 7 .7 2 6 .1 1 0 0 .2 2 7 .4 5 8 .1 3 5 .9 4 8 9 .2 2 6 .4 9 8 .8 2 8 .0 5 9 .2 3 5 .3 4 9 9 .6 26 8 9 9 .1 2 9 .2 6 0 .0 3 6 .4 5 0 7 .8 27. 0 9 9 .9 3 0 .0 6 1 .0 3 7 .2 5 1 1 .3 26 9 9 9 .9 3 0 .2 6 1 .5 37. 7 5 1 8 .9 2 6 .8 1 0 1 .1 3 0 .7 6 2 .3 3 8 .1 5 1 6 .4 2 6 .3 1 0 1 .3 3 0 .9 6 1 .7 36. 6 5 1 1 .7 25. 9 1 0 0 .0 3 1 .0 6 2 .6 3 5 .0 5 0 6 .9 24 8 1 0 0 .8 3 0 .8 6 1 .5 3 5 .1 4 9 6 .8 25. 0 9 9 .3 3 0 .0 5 9 .6 35. 6 4 9 8 .7 2 5 .9 9 9 .0 2 9 .7 5 9 .9 3 6 .1 4 9 2 .2 2 4 .8 9 7 .2 3 0 .3 5 9 .2 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 2 8 .9 98. 1 1 2 4 .7 9 6 .8 1 2 6 .6 9 6 .7 1 3 2 .6 9 7 .2 1 3 7 .2 9 7 .1 1 3 9 .5 9 7 .5 1 4 1 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 4 2 .9 9 9 .5 1 4 1 .1 9 8 .9 1 4 0 .8 9 6 .7 1 3 7 .2 9 3 .8 1 3 4 .3 9 6 .7 1 3 3 .4 9 4 .8 Durable qoods O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ____ __________ A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____ S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t ___ O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ______ . L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, excep t f u r n it u r e ___________ . . . _____ . . . __ S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ____ M il l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d r e la t e d p r o d . . . _ u c t s ____ ____ . . . W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ____ _ . . __ . . . __ M is c e ll a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ___ „ _ 3 4 .9 1 0 4 .0 2 9 .7 6 2 .1 1 3 8 .9 9 8 .2 P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ________________ 1, 0 8 1 .4 1, 076. 4 1, 060. 3 1, 0 4 9 .2 1 ,0 3 5 .3 1, 025. 9 1 ,0 1 7 .3 1 ,0 3 1 .6 1 ,0 6 8 .9 1 ,0 7 5 .8 1 ,0 7 9 . 6 1 ,0 8 4 . 7 1 ,0 6 5 .7 1 ,0 5 5 .0 1 ,0 0 1 .9 5 4 0 .8 B l a s t fu r n a c e a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s .. 5 0 1 .3 4 9 4 .4 5 1 1 .0 5 4 5 .3 5 1 5 .8 4 9 6 .7 553. 7 533. 0 5 0 9 .6 5 6 3 .6 565. 4 5 6 7 .1 520. 6 1 9 3 .2 1 8 1 .7 I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s _____ .". . _ ____ 1 9 8 .9 2 0 1 .2 1 9 2 .3 1 9 2 .5 1 9 5 .6 1 9 2 .1 2 0 2 .1 2 0 0 .0 1 9 7 .7 1 9 3 .4 1 9 5 .6 1 9 3 .8 199. 1 5 6 .1 N o n f e r r o u s s m e l t i n g a n d r e f i n i n g _______ 5 7 .4 5 3 .3 5 8 .2 5 6 .2 5 7 .4 5 6 .3 5 7 .5 5 6 .4 5 7 .7 5 7 .1 5 6 .9 5 5 .8 5 7 .7 5 7 .4 N o n f e r r o u s r o llin g , d r a w i n g , a n d e x 1 4 7 .4 t r u d i n g ______ __ _ . . . ____ ... . 1 4 0 .9 1 5 3 .8 1 5 1 .6 1 5 6 .2 1 5 1 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 0 .6 1 5 7 .0 1 5 7 .2 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .1 1 4 6 .5 1 5 6 .9 6 5 .3 N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s ___ __ __________ 6 8 .4 6 1 .7 6 6 .7 6 7 .9 6 9 .8 6 8 .6 6 6 .5 6 5 .5 6 5 .0 6 4 .0 7 0 .3 7 0 .3 6 4 .5 7 0 .1 M i s c e l l a n e o u s p r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s 52.2 48.5 t r i e s ______________ . . . 5 5 .5 5 3 .6 5 4 .4 5 3 .4 5 5 .9 5 4 .3 5 1 .0 51.9 5 6 .1 5 2 .6 52.5 5 6 .1 5 6 .2 Fabricated metal products.. ___ 1, 038. 5 1,033. 4 1, 023. 4 1,018.5 1,011.5 1,016.3 1, 016. 7 1,004.5 Metal ca n s... _____ _. . ______ 50.9 50.8 51.8 52.3 54.7 53.4 52.6 51.8 Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware. _ 129.6 129.7 129.4 128.1 127.7 125.7 126.8 123.8 Heating equipment and plumbing 60.2 fixtures______ ... _ .. 61.0 60.6 60.9 61.4 60. 0 61.1 61.2 Fabricated structural metal products. 287.8 284.0 279. 1 279.2 279.9 284.2 286.0 282.8 76.7 76.4 Screw machine products, bolts, e tc ... 77.3 75.5 79.3 78.6 78.2 74.8 Metal stampings______ . . . _ _. 192.2 193.8 194.2 193.3 192.4 193.8 192.3 190. 0 65.2 Coating, engraving, and allied services. 63.3 64.3 66.2 63.9 65.9 65.9 63.3 52.5 52.8 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. 52.7 52.2 51.2 53.1 53.3 53.3 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products___ _____________ . 114.2 113.6 109.5 109.9 107.9 107.7 106.8 106.8 See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 998.8 55.9 978.6 56.0 973.5 55.2 984.3 54.6 967.9 54.1 976.0 51.4 912.5 52.6 122.6 119.7 117.6 122.8 123.1 122.6 113.1 60.8 283.3 74.7 184.0 62.4 50.8 59.4 283.9 73.6 170.3 61.0 50.3 59.5 281.1 72.8 173.4 59.9 50.2 60.2 275.9 73.4 180.2 61.1 50.4 59.1 265.2 72.8 179.7 60.5 49.3 59.7 271.9 73.4 180.9 61.7 50.2 60.6 252.7 69.6 161.1 59.5 46.3 104.3 104.4 103.8 105.7 104.1 104.2 97.0 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 806 T a b l e A -3 . P ro d u c tio n o r n o n su p e rv iso ry w orkers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box, p. 808. [in thousands] 1966 1965 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr. 2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Machinery____ _._ _ __ __________ _ 1,294.2 1,285.6 1,276.8 1,266. 3 1, 250. 5 1, 242.1 1,226. 0 1,211.5 1,211.5 1,195.6 1,203.6 1,205. 5 1,192. 4 1,199. 2 1,117.8 64.4 66.3 65.0 64.6 Engines and turbines_____ _______ 66.7 65.7 63.8 63.0 61.4 62.0 61.7 61.6 59.6 61.6 58.4 110.4 108.7 105.1 102. 0 110.2 98.2 95.7 Farm machinery and equipment_____ 95. 8 98.6 97. 3 97. 2 99. 0 99. 4 92. 0 Construction and related machinery__ 184.2 181.5 178.9 177.4 173.9 172.9 174.6 172.8 173.6 170.4 173.8 171.3 170.3 171.2 159.5 Metalworking machinery and equip243.4 243.1 241.1 240.3 235.9 234.3 229.4 226.8 227.5 223.3 224.6 226.9 225.1 225.3 211.4 _ _ ______ m ent______ ______ Special industry machinery_______ _ 137.1 136.2 137.2 136.4 137.0 135.6 134.6 133.4 133. 5 132.0 131.8 132.2 131.9 132.1 124.2 General industrial machinery.......... ... 185.3 183.7 184.4 182.5 181.0 180.5 177.6 176.6 175.3 176.6 176. 1 176.2 173.1 173.9 163. 1 Office, computing, and accounting machines___________ _ ___ _____ _ 130.6 129.0 127.8 126.2 125.9 126.2 124.9 122.6 120.9 117.8 114.5 113.7 111.9 116. C 103.0 79.4 Service industry machines___________ 80.6 76.6 77.0 75.7 75.2 76.1 74.8 75.5 75.3 81.5 80.4 77.4 81.3 72.8 Miscellaneous machinery___ _ _ ... 156.3 156.2 154.7 152.8 151.0 150.5 148.1 145.4 145. 9 143.0 142.6 143. 1 140.7 143.1 133.4 Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,299. 8 1,289.1 1,265. 3 1,261. 2 1,244. 7 1,240.6 1,221. 3 1,202.9 1,180.2 1,147. 8 1,131.9 1,135. 5 1,113.9 1,146.1 1,038.5 Electric distribution equip m ent-------130.3 129.3 127.9 126.2 125.7 125. 0 123.7 121.9 120.9 119. 4 117. 5 116. 2 114.4 1 1 7 . 5 109. 0 Electrical industrial apparatus____ __ 149.6 149.2 147.6 145.6 144.1 142.6 139.4 138.2 136.7 136.2 136.7 135.8 133.1 134.8 122.7 Household appliances. _ ________ 147.3 145.2 131.7 141.7 137.3 137.6 134.1 132.6 131.0 124.6 129.0 130.5 132.2 131.3 124.7 Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent____ __ _ ____ _ ________ _ 143.7 142.1 140.8 139.3 137. C 137.1 136.3 134.1 133.2 128. 1 127.3 129.5 127.4 130. C 121.9 Radio and TV receiving sets__ _ _____ 124.1 124.7 126.1 126.4 127.4 129.2 127.6 125.1 121.5 116. 2 109.6 108.5 100.4 110.9 92.7 Communication equipm ent.. 240.2 238.2 235.1 232.0 229.7 228.1 224.0 220.2 216. 6 212. 7 210.2 210.8 209.8 214.1 202.8 Electronic components and accessories.. 283.1 279.9 276.1 271.4 264.7 259.7 254.1 248.0 238.7 232.4 226.9 227.8 221.4 230. C 193.8 Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_______ _ ___________ 80.0 78.6 81.5 80.5 78.8 81.3 81.6 76.4 77.5 82.1 78.2 75.2 82.8 74.7 70.9 Transportation equipment_____________ 1, 363. 7 1,358.4 1,354. 6 1, 340. 5 1,318. 4 1,323.8 1,313. 8 1,290. 6 1,270.2 1,144. 0 1,217.9 1,244. 4 1,239.5 1,241.0 1,120.3 Motor vehicles and equipment 696. C 698.8 696.1 687.5 706. 0 706. 4 696.6 681. 6 567.7 659. 5 678. 0 672. 5 667.3 581. 1 Aircraft and parts__ '__ ' _ ____ _ _ _ _ 431.0 425.4 417.2 408.4 400.2 391.4 381.2 369.0 364.4 355.6 350.1 340.6 342.3 352. 9 337.7 Ship and boat building and repairing.__ 142.4 143.3 149.3 148.3 145.1 137.4 135.6 136.6 133.8 130.9 118.8 136.0 136.2 133.1 121.1 44.3 44.9 44.3 42.4 Railroad eq u ip m en t.. . ....................... 46.1 44.7 44. 1 43. C 43.1 44. 5 41.9 42. 8 43. 5 38. 7 44. 4 43.4 41.3 Other transportation equipm ent__ ___ 47.6 44.6 41. 7 44.3 46.3 46. 7 46.3 45. 5 46.1 46.5 47. 4 Instruments and related products.- . . . . Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control devices. _ __ ______ ____ _ _ ___ Optical and ophthalmic goods____ _ _ Ophthalmic goods....... _ ._ .. ... Surgical, medical, and dental equipmentPhotographic equipment and supplies _ Watches and clocks . . . . ______ . 268.9 266.4 36.9 266.0 37.5 263.2 37.4 259.6 37.0 258.2 36.8 256.5 36.6 254.3 36.9 254.1 36.6 249.5 35.7 247.2 35.8 245.4 35.7 237.6 31.7 246.4 35.6 233.8 35.9 68.7 35.7 68.4 35.8 26.3 44.1 53.1 28.1 67.9 35.5 26.1 44.0 52.3 28.8 67.2 35.2 25.9 43.3 51.9 28.2 66.6 34.4 25.1 42.4 51.1 28.1 66.4 34.5 25. 2 41.9 50.6 28. 0 65.9 34.3 25.1 41.4 50.3 28. 0 64.5 34.0 24.9 40.8 50.3 27. 8 66.0 33.7 24.6 40.6 49.8 27. 4 65. 1 32. 7 23. 7 40.2 49.8 26.0 65.6 32.6 23. 6 39.6 48.8 24. 8 65.5 32.7 23.9 39.8 47. 1 24. 6 64.7 32.7 23. 9 39.1 45.4 24. 0 65.1 33.1 24.1 39.9 47.4 25.4 63.1 31.0 22. 4 37.5 42.8 23.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods _ Pens, pencils, office and art materials Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries____. Musical instruments and parts 350.9 37.2 345.1 337.8 37. C 36.7 98.5 92.8 26.2 25.9 45.6 45.1 137.8 137.3 22.2 22.3 330.3 36.3 88.4 25.3 44.3 136.0 22.1 317.6 35.1 82.8 23.9 42.1 133.7 21.9 352. 0 36.4 107.5 26. 3 45.6 136.2 22.1 372.7 36.3 125.0 26. 4 46.7 138.3 22.1 375.5 36.4 127.9 25.8 46.5 138.9 21.5 364.9 35.9 121. 1 25. 5 45.3 137. 1 21. 1 354.7 35.2 114.4 25. 2 45.4 134.5 20. 5 328.6 32.5 102.4 24. 3 42. 1 127.3 19. 9 336.1 34.8 100.5 24.3 43.9 132.6 20. 4 329.0 35. 1 95.2 24.1 43.0 131.6 19. 9 44.4 53.1 137.9 339.5 318.7 35. C 34. 1 102.4 88.3 24.7 23.6 44.3 45.1 133. C 127.6 20. 6 18. 2 Nondurable aoods Food and kindred products ____________________ Meat products__________ __________ Dairy products_____ . . . _______ ____ Canned and preserved food, except meats Grain mill p r o d u c ts..___ __ ______________ Bakery products... ______ . . . _ _ __ Sugar _ _ _ . _____ _ Confectionery and related products___ Beverages__________ ______________ Miscellaneous food and kindred products___ ____ _ _ ________________ Tobacco manufactures __ ______ ______ Cigarettes......... . _ _____ C igars___ _ . ___ __ Textile mill products... _______________ Cotton broad woven fabrics________ _ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad w oolens._ Narrow fabrics and smallwares______ K nitting.. . _ . _ _ _______ ____ _ __ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering. _ Yarn and thread______ _ _ _ _____ _ Miscellaneous textile goods__________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 , 081.8 1,074.6 1, 075.3 1,073. 6 1,088.3 1,135.9 1,193. 9 1,232.5 1,265. 9 1.255. 7 1,175. 2 1,124.2 1, 080. 2 1,146.4 1,154.3 236.9 233.8 234.4 236.3 237.4 248.7 253.5 252.9 249.7 249.6 245.7 241.8 236.8 244.6 250.4 127.7 126.3 124.4 123.3 122.7 125.1 125.7 127.5 131.6 137. 1 138.3 137.0 132.4 130.7 134.7 83.5 159.3 57.1 114.2 189 5 182. 9 184. 4 83.0 84.5 84.3 159.7 160.4 159.3 23.9 25. C 26.6 56.9 62.5 62.5 113. C 110.9 105.9 188. 0 84.1 160.1 34.4 62.7 107.1 200 8 85.1 162.1 40. 6 67.7 111.3 288 fi 85.9 165.3 44 2 68.8 115.5 273 8 89.8 165.4 41 7 68.3 117.2 329 3 89.9 165. 1 24. 1 66.3 116.5 318 8 89.9 166.5 23. 4 62.3 116.8 947 0 89.2 167.8 22.6 55.3 117.5 199 6 90.6 166.5 22. 9 57.9 116.8 176 5 86.9 164.4 23. 2 57.9 112.8 221 8 87.7 164.5 29.1 62.5 113.1 21 fi 1 9o! 3 166.5 30. 6 62.2 111. 7 88.3 88.5 90.3 91.0 91.8 94.5 96.4 95.9 93.4 91.3 91.8 91.1 89.3 92.3 92.8 60.4 61.9 31. C 20. 1 64.0 30.5 19.9 67.2 30. 5 20.2 69.7 30.2 19.9 76.1 31.3 21.8 74.8 31 4 22.1 86.0 31.5 22.1 85.7 32. 2 21. 7 77.6 32. 0 21. 4 62.8 31. 4 20. 7 63.1 31. 5 21. 7 62.8 31. 0 21. 2 72.1 31.4 21.7 77.4 31.1 23. 7 846.7 218.2 84.1 38. S 27.2 214.5 63.8 844.1 217.5 84.3 38.6 27.2 212.6 63.9 33.4 105.8 60.8 840.0 217.2 84.4 38.7 27.1 208. 5 63.6 33.6 105.9 61.0 833.5 216.4 83.9 38.4 26.8 204. C 63.4 34.2 105.6 60.8 827.6 216.3 83.7 37.9 26.5 199.8 63.4 34.4 105.2 60.4 833.9 216.2 83.8 37.8 26.6 20o. 7 63.6 34.8 105.2 60.2 837.8 214.2 83.6 37.6 26.3 214.3 63. k 34. 6 103.9 60.2 835.3 212.8 82.8 37.7 26.4 216.4 63.0 34.3 102.7 59.2 832.0 211.5 82. 1 38.4 26.4 215.7 63.2 33. 8 102.2 58.7 830. 1 211.9 82.0 38.5 26.0 215.4 63.6 32. 7 102.0 58.0 816.0 211.4 80.8 38.2 24.8 208.3 63.3 32. 0 99.9 57.3 826.3 211.9 81.5 38.9 26.1 210.7 64.8 32.3 101.3 58.8 816.6 210.7 80.4 38.6 25. 7 206.1 64.7 32.6 99.9 57.9 821.4 211.9 81.8 38.1 25.9 206.8 64.2 33.3 797.5 209.0 81.3 39.2 24.6 193.4 65.3 31. 9 96.8 56. 1 106.7 60.1 1 0 1 .1 58.2 A.—EMPLOYMENT T a b l e A -3 . 807 P ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk ers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box, p. 808. [inthousands] 1966 Annual average 1966 Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 M a n u fa c tu rin g —Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and related products__________ 1, 237.0 1, 222.9 1, 244.1 1, 236. 2 1,178.6 1,219.5 1,228. 4 1,229.3 1, 229.4 1, 223. 6 1,164. 9 1, 207. 8 1,183. 9 1,202. 9 1,157.8 109.0 107.5 108.4 108.2 107.0 108.7 107.2 105.8 108.3 108.0 100.3 108.5 107.3 106.4 102.6 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats--------333.5 330.4 329.4 326.4 322.9 323.6 325.3 325.5 325.2 325.6 315.1 322.8 317.6 318.2 297.3 M en’s and boys’ furnishings________ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_________ _________ _______ 374.1 368.0 384.0 384.7 353.8 373.2 371.8 372. 2 375.7 377.2 357.5 370.3 357.3 369.6 361.5 Women’s and children’s undergar113.4 113.6 113.4 111.9 107.1 111.9 114.5 114.1 113.3 111.9 104.0 109.4 108.3 109.8 107.5 m ents______ - ----------------- --------26. 4 24.2 28.9 25.6 26.9 28.6 25.7 27.4 26. 5 28.1 26.9 24.8 24. 6 Hats ea.ps and millinery 26. 7 71.3 73.4 71.0 70.0 73.5 73.7 70.7 69.1 67.8 70.6 71.7 70.5 73.7 70.9 69.5 Girls’ and children’s outerwear----------69.1 66.5 68.7 65.0 65.6 63.7 64. 8 58.6 67.3 Fur goods and mi seellaneons apparel 68. 9 62. 8 65. 2 63.8 62.7 Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod143.0 141.7 141.2 138.7 134.4 143.0 145.3 144.9 140.0 133.8 127.8 133.1 134.1 136.4 129.9 ucts______________________________ Paper and allied products--------------------Paper and pulp------ -----------------------Paperboard___ - ------------Converted paper and paperboard products___ ______ ____________________ Paperboard containers and boxes_____ Printing, publishing, and allied industries -------------------------Newspaper publishing and printing— Periodical publishing and printing, . . . Books _____________ Commercial printing... . ------------Bookbinding and related industries___ Other publishing and printing industries ____________________________ Chemicals and allied products_________ Industrial chemicals_________________ Plastics materials and synthetics_____ Drugs______________________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods____ _ Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. Agricultural chemicals___ __________ Other chemical products.. __________ Petroleum refining and related industries_____ ________________ _______ Petroleum refining. ________________ Other petroleum and coal products___ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________________ Tires and inner tubes________ . . . . . . Other rubber products. . . . ________ Miscellaneous plastic products_______ Leather and leather products__________ Leather tanning and finishing________ Footwear, except rubber____ _ ___ Other leather products... __________ Handbags and personal leather goods. 512.5 168.3 53. 9 510.9 167.6 53.8 506.9 166.7 53. 5 504.3 166.2 53.5 504.4 166.6 53.7 508.6 167.4 53.9 507.1 166.4 54.0 504.7 166.7 53.8 506.1 168.8 54.7 502.9 171.5 52.5 498.6 171.2 54.2 499.0 169.9 54.6 490.1 166.0 53.2 497.2 167.5 53.6 488.7 169.8 53.0 121.8 168. 5 121.9 167.6 120.3 166.4 118.8 165.8 118.2 165.9 119.1 168.2 118.7 168.0 117. 5 166.7 117.7 164.9 117.7 161.2 114.7 158.5 114.4 160.1 113.3 157.6 115.2 161.0 111.9 154.0 641. 6 178. 0 637. 6 175. 7 25. 5 53. 0 251. 6 635.3 177.7 25.6 52.0 248.0 635.3 179.8 25.4 49 9 248.8 634. 0 179.3 25. b 49. 2 248.1 630.4 179.9 25.3 48.9 245.7 625.7 177.6 25.4 49.0 244.1 621.7 176.3 25.0 49.1 240.3 44 . 0 630.4 176.9 25.2 50 8 247.3 616.4 175.5 24.1 48.6 239.9 613.1 173.8 24.4 49.2 239.7 4 2 .3 4 2 .8 4 2 .2 241.8 601.4 169.9 25.9 47.1 235.8 4 2 .9 42. 7 617.9 176.4 24.1 48.7 238.9 619. 6 175.8 24.9 252.0 44. 7 642.9 179.3 25.1 53.1 252.3 44. 3 4 2 .1 4 3 .7 4 3 .2 4 2 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .9 3 9 .6 8 8 .6 88. 8 8 7 .8 8 9 .1 8 7 .9 8 8 .6 9 8 .1 8 8 .4 8 7 .5 8 7 .3 8 6 .6 8 5 .9 8 4 .6 8 6 .2 8 3 .2 5 6 6 .0 165 . 8 141 . 9 63 . 5 6 3 .9 3 7 .1 3 8 .8 55. 0 5 6 4 .4 166 . 7 140 . 6 63 . 4 6 1 .1 36. 2 42 . 6 53 . 8 5 5 6 .5 166 . 2 139 . 4 63. 0 60. 4 36 . 1 38 . 5 52 . 9 5 4 8 .9 1 6 5 .3 1 3 8 .6 6 2 .6 6 2 .1 3 5 .8 3 3 .7 5 0 .8 5 4 4 .3 1 6 4 .4 1 3 8 .4 6 2 .2 6 1 .7 3 5 .4 3 1 .9 5 0 .3 5 4 3 .4 1 6 5 .2 1 3 7 .7 6 2 .2 6 1 .9 3 5 .8 3 0 .8 4 9 .8 5 4 2 .9 164 . 2 137 . 7 61. 8 63. 4 36. 2 3 0 .1 49. 5 5 4 2 .6 1 6 3 .6 1 3 6 .1 61. 4 6 5 .1 36. 2 3 0 .7 49. 5 5 4 6 .8 1 6 4 .8 1 3 8 .1 6 1 .4 6 5 .2 3 6 .9 3 0 .6 4 9 .8 5 5 0 .8 1 6 7 .5 1 3 7 .6 6 1 .9 6 5 .5 3 8 .1 3 0 .3 4 9 .9 5 4 8 .3 1 6 7 .1 1 3 6 .2 6 2 .1 6 4 .6 3 8 .0 3 0 .0 5 0 .3 5 4 4 .4 1 6 5 .6 1 3 5 .7 5 7 .8 6 4 .5 3 7 .8 3 3 .0 5 0 .0 5 4 3 .6 1 6 4 .3 1 3 3 .4 5 6 .3 6 3 .3 3 6 .4 4 1 .3 4 8 .6 5 4 2 .4 1 6 5 .0 1 3 4 .5 6 0 .1 6 3 .6 3 6 .6 3 3 .5 4 9 .2 5 2 8 .6 1 6 5 .1 1 2 3 .1 5 9 .4 6 2 .1 3 6 .2 3 3 .7 4 9 .0 109 . 8 8 4 .6 25 . 2 1 0 8 .6 8 4 .4 24 . 2 1 0 7 .2 8 4 .1 2 3 .1 1 0 6 .7 8 4 .1 2 2 .6 1 0 6 .7 8 4 .0 2 2 .7 1 0 8 .0 8 4 .6 2 3 .4 109 . 3 84. 9 24. 4 1 1 1 .0 8 4 .9 2 6 .1 1 1 2 .8 8 5 .9 2 6 .9 1 1 3 .6 8 6 .6 2 7 .0 1 1 3 .6 8 7 .1 2 6 .5 1 1 1 .8 8 6 .8 2 5 .0 1 0 8 .6 8 5 .4 2 3 .2 1 1 0 .0 8 5 .7 2 4 .3 1 1 3 .6 8 9 .6 2 4 .0 3 8 6 .3 7 5 .7 1 4 2 .2 1 6 8 .4 3 8 3 .6 7 4 .6 1 4 0 .8 1 6 8 .2 3 8 0 .3 7 4 .3 141 . 1 1 6 4 .9 3 7 7 .3 7 4 .1 1 4 0 .8 1 6 2 .4 3 7 8 .0 7 5 .2 1 4 1 .7 1 6 1 .1 3 7 9 .8 7 5 .7 1 4 1 .8 1 6 2 .3 377. 5 75. 5 1 4 0 .7 161 . 3 3 7 1 .9 7 4 .7 1 3 8 .5 1 5 8 .7 3 6 8 .7 7 4 .4 1 3 6 .9 1 5 7 .4 3 6 3 .0 7 3 .7 1 3 4 .2 1 5 5 .1 3 5 4 .0 7 1 .3 1 3 2 .9 1 4 9 .8 3 5 8 .2 7 1 .1 1 3 5 .7 1 5 1 .4 3 5 5 .2 7 1 .7 1 3 4 .6 1 4 8 .9 3 6 0 .9 7 2 .9 1 3 5 .8 1 5 2 .1 3 3 4 .7 7 0 .9 1 2 8 .3 1 3 5 .4 3 1 6 .3 2 7 .8 2 1 1 .0 7 7 .5 3 1 3 .9 2 7 .6 2 0 8 .8 7 7 .5 3 2 .7 3 1 8 .5 2 7 .9 212 . 5 78 . 1 3 4 .2 3 1 9 .6 2 8 .1 2 1 4 .0 7 7 .5 3 3 .6 3 1 3 .8 2 8 .3 2 1 1 .1 7 4 .4 3 1 .6 3 1 5 .9 28 . 5 210 . 6 76 . 8 32. 5 3 1 5 .5 2 8 .1 2 0 8 .1 7 9 .3 3 4 .4 3 1 0 .7 2 7 .9 2 0 4 .6 7 8 .2 3 4 .1 3 1 2 .4 2 8 .0 2 0 6 .1 7 8 .3 3 3 .8 3 1 7 .9 2 7 .6 2 1 1 .6 7 8 .7 3 3 .5 3 0 8 .3 2 7 .2 2 0 7 .4 7 3 .7 3 0 .5 3 1 0 .4 2 7 .4 2 0 7 .8 7 5 .2 3 1 .3 3 0 5 .3 2 7 .0 2 0 5 .5 7 2 .8 3 0 .1 3 1 0 .8 2 7 .6 2 0 7 .7 7 5 .5 3 2 .5 3 0 6 .3 2 7 .5 2 0 4 .8 7 4 .0 3 2 .8 77 . 6 37 . 8 8 8 5 .9 6 5 .9 15 . 5 7 1 7 .9 6 0 4 .3 2 2 .1 8 9 .4 5 3 9 .2 2 1 4 .4 1 3 4 .1 1 5 7 .2 3 3 .5 78 2 37. 2 8 8 3 .0 68. 1 15 . 5 712 . 4 599 . 7 22. 0 88. 6 537 . 4 213 . 8 1 3 4 .0 156 . 6 3 3 .0 78. 2 3 7 .1 8 7 4 .8 67. 8 15 . 6 7 0 7 .3 5 9 5 .0 2 1 .9 8 8 .3 5 3 5 .8 2 1 2 .9 1 3 4 .1 1 5 6 .2 3 2 .6 7 8 .3 3 7 .9 8 6 6 .3 6 9 .0 1 5 .7 7 0 4 .1 5 9 2 .4 2 1 .7 8 7 .9 5 3 6 .9 2 1 2 .9 1 3 4 .6 1 5 6 .4 3 3 .0 78 fi 38 2 9 0 5 .6 74 6 15 8 707 4 594 2 21 9 89. 2 539 . 0 2 1 3 .4 135 . 5 157 . 0 3 3 .1 7 8 .8 3 7 .8 9 1 3 .0 7 9 .2 1 5 .8 7 0 5 .4 5 9 2 .8 2 1 .6 8 8 .9 5 3 6 .3 2 1 0 .4 1 3 5 .7 1 5 7 .1 3 3 .1 78 9 38 7 9 1 7 .0 77 9 15 9 7 0 4 .9 591. 7 21. 6 8 9 .6 540 . 5 213. 5 1 3 6 .1 1 5 7 .9 3 3 .0 7 9 .2 4 0 .0 9 1 4 .2 7 1 .7 1 6 .3 7 0 7 .5 5 9 4 .0 2 1 .7 8 9 .8 5 4 9 .1 2 1 7 .0 1 3 8 .3 1 6 0 .3 3 3 .5 7 8 .3 4 0 .4 8 9 9 .2 6 6 .5 1 6 .8 7 1 8 .1 6 0 5 .8 2 1 .6 8 8 .7 558 . 5 2 1 9 .9 1 4 2 .0 1 6 2 .6 3 4 .0 7 8 .5 4 0 .3 9 0 0 .9 6 7 .8 1 6 .8 7 1 6 .7 6 0 5 .2 2 1 .8 8 7 .7 5 5 2 .7 2 1 9 .9 1 3 7 .4 1 6 1 .3 3 4 .1 7 8 .9 3 9 .2 8 9 2 .8 6 8 .1 1 6 .8 7 0 2 .1 5 9 1 .3 2 1 .8 8 7 .0 5 4 6 .7 2 1 7 .1 1 3 7 .5 1 5 8 .4 3 3 .7 7 9 .3 3 7 .9 8 6 1 .9 6 7 .3 1 6 .2 6 9 3 .9 5 8 3 .7 2 1 .8 8 6 .4 5 3 3 .6 2 1 1 .6 1 3 3 .7 1 5 5 .6 3 2 .7 7 8 .9 3 8 .4 8 7 9 .3 7 0 .6 1 6 .3 6 9 9 .6 5 8 8 .2 2 1 .8 8 7 .6 5 3 9 .9 2 1 3 .6 1 3 5 .8 1 5 7 .5 3 3 .0 7 9 .7 3 8 .7 8 3 7 .3 7 2 .4 1 6 .9 6 7 4 .5 5 6 5 .9 2 2 .7 8 4 .1 5 3 4 .2 2 1 1 .4 1 3 4 .5 1 5 5 .5 3 2 .8 T ra n sp o rtatio n a n d public u tilitie s : Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. . Intercity and rural bus lin es.. ______ Motor freight transportation and storage. Public w arehousing.________________ Pipeline transportation___ ___________ Communication . . . . . ______________ Telephone communication. _ . . . Telegraph communication 3__ _____ _ Radio and television broadcasting___ Electric, gas, and sanitary services.. . . . Electric companies and systems__ Gas companies and systems__________ Combined utility systems ____ Water, steam, and sanitary systems__ W h o lesale a n d retail tra d e b _ . . _____ . . Wholesale trade____ _ ... . Motor vehicles and automotive equipment . . . Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. Dry goods and apparel.. . . . ______ Groceries and related products _______ Electrical goods . _________ . . . . . Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods. Machinery, equipment,, and supplies Miscellaneous wholesalers_____ ______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 ,5 0 9 1 1 ,4 6 7 1 1 ,3 0 6 1 1 ,2 3 1 1 1 ,3 2 5 12,2 5 1 1 1 ,5 8 0 1 1 .3 6 4 1 1 ,2 7 8 11,220 1 1 ,2 2 7 1 1 ,2 4 6 11,101 1 1 ,2 4 0 1 0 ,8 4 5 2 , 705 2 ,7 2 7 2 ,8 0 9 2 ,8 0 7 2 , 778 2 , 797 2 ,8 1 8 2 ,8 4 1 2 , 771 2 ,7 9 3 2 , 825 2 ,8 0 9 2 ,8 2 1 2 , 801 2 , 795 213 . 5 164 . 5 115 . 7 4 2 1 .0 223 . 3 1 3 1 .3 4 9 9 .3 9 6 7 .5 213 3 165 . 4 116 . 5 4 2 2 .9 221 . 8 1 3 0 .5 4 9 5 .9 9 6 1 .3 212. 6 1 6 4 .9 1 1 5 .5 4 2 3 .2 2 2 0 .8 1 3 0 .6 4 9 1 .7 9 5 9 .8 213. 5 1 6 4 .8 1 1 3 .0 4 3 2 .0 2 1 8 .6 1 3 0 .2 4 8 8 .2 9 5 6 .4 214 . 2 168 .1 1 1 4 .9 4 4 3 .8 2 1 9 .5 1 3 1 .0 4 8 7 .4 9 7 1 .0 213 . 5 1 6 5 .8 1 1 5 .0 4 4 5 .4 2 1 6 .5 1 3 0 .8 4 8 5 .9 9 6 7 .0 212 . 5 1 6 4 .6 114 . 1 447. 6 2 1 4 .9 1 2 9 .9 485. C 9 6 4 .2 2 1 2 .2 1 6 3 .8 1 1 3 .3 4 4 3 .5 2 1 7 .1 1 2 9 .6 4 8 6 .2 9 6 0 .6 2 1 4 .2 1 6 3 .5 1 1 4 .3 4 3 6 .4 2 2 0 .8 1 3 0 .2 4 8 7 .5 9 6 6 .5 2 1 3 .1 1 6 2 .8 1 1 3 .3 4 4 9 .0 2 1 9 .3 1 2 9 .7 4 8 7 .4 9 5 9 .5 2 1 1 .4 1 6 1 .8 1 1 2 .1 4 4 8 .9 2 1 6 .2 1 2 8 .3 4 8 1 .8 9 4 9 .3 2 0 8 .8 1 6 0 .8 1 0 9 .8 4 2 5 .7 2 1 2 .8 1 2 6 .5 4 7 7 .7 9 3 7 .3 2 1 0 .9 1 6 2 .6 1 1 2 .2 4 3 5 .7 2 1 4 .1 1 2 7 .8 4 7 9 .0 9 4 9 .8 205 . 5 1 5 8 .6 1 0 9 .7 4 3 5 .0 2 0 3 .5 1 2 5 .1 462 . 4 9 1 8 .3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 808 T a b l e A -3 . P ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk ers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box below. [inthousands] 1966 Annual average 1965 Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 9,410 2,321.6 1,478.9 155.5 391.7 1,431.0 1,262. 7 697.7 129.1 248.9 124.5 122.3 387.1 251.3 1,765. 8 2,806. 7 472.3 637.0 164. 9 400.2 101.8 8, 755 1,901. 0 1,189. 2 140.9 320.5 1,400. 5 1,239.9 584.9 99.6 214.2 98.3 106.2 373.3 241.6 1.768.1 2.727.2 473.2 634.6 160.4 379.8 97.4 8,543 1,749. 8 1,089.3 122. 5 293.7 1,385.7 1,227.9 566.9 94. 7 209.8 93.8 104.1 367.7 237.4 1,777. 5 2,695. 8 471.7 631.8 154. 7 373.2 94.4 8,469 1,683.0 1,042.2 111.0 286.8 l, 362.3 1,205. 4 559.3 93.1 205.3 91.9 107.3 363.5 235.4 1,809.7 2,691.5 474.9 628.4 151.2 369.6 90.1 8,402 1,634. 4 1,016.0 105.0 275.7 1,343. 8 1,189.1 537.6 91.0 200.1 89.4 100.0 360.9 233.8 1,824.4 2,701.0 486.5 630.7 155.5 365.6 89.0 8,420 1, 626.0 1,013.3 102.1 273.5 1.359.3 1.201.4 534.3 91.2 196.0 90.3 100.0 359.5 232.8 1,830. 2 2,711.0 486.8 632.7 156.5 369.0 88.6 8,468 1,641. 3 1,021.9 101.4 279.7 1.362.9 1.201.9 559.1 93.7 203.8 95.2 103.6 358.8 233.6 1,835.8 2,709.6 478.7 628.5 157.1 368.4 89.9 8,374 1,632.3 1,014. 2 100.2 285.4 1,354.2 1,194. 5 561.9 91.4 206.6 94.2 107.6 356.8 230.9 1,794.0 2,674. 7 466.2 621.6 154.0 364.6 90.0 2,446 662.1 269.8 77.2 115.6 645.8 277.0 48.8 281.1 2,445 660.0 268.3 76.8 114.6 645.3 276.7 48.5 281.3 2,451 658.9 268.6 77.4 113.8 645.5 277.3 48.5 280.8 2,457 660.9 267.6 77.2 113.3 649.0 278.7 48.8 281.9 2,490 669.6 269.7 78.5 115.1 656.7 282.4 49.2 284.9 2,488 668.0 270.5 79.7 115.9 652.2 279.4 49.0 283.8 2,456 657.7 266.8 77.8 113.8 643.3 276.5 48.4 279.2 2,424 648.0 264.2 77.1 112.7 638.3 276.0 47.7 276.7 2,437 656.0 266.1 77.6 113.6 644.2 277.6 48.2 279.6 W h o lesale a n d re ta il tra d e — Continued Retail trade *— ________ - ----- 8,700 General merchandise stores____________ __ Department stores_____________ M ail order houses __ ________ _ Limited price variety stores _ ___ . . . ___________ Food stores___ _ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. Apparel and accessories stores... . . . . M en’s and boys’ apparel stores_____ Women’s ready-to-wear stores____ _ Fam ily clothing stores___ _ _________ Shoe stores _ __ _______ Furniture and appliance stores... .... Furniture and home furnishings____ Eating and drinking places___ _____ . . . Other retail trade__ ____ . . . Building materials and hardware_____ Motor vehicle dealers______ Other vehicle and accessory dealers___ D ru g sto res.. . ______ Fuel and ice dealers________ . . . . . . F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , re a l e s ta te s. . — 2,470 ______ Banking. .. .. Credit agencies other than banks. Savings and loan associations____ ___ Security dealers and exchanges____ ._ Insurance carriers_____ _ __ Life insurance Accident and health insurance. ___ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. 8,666 1, 719.2 1, 074. 7 106.9 297.0 1, 424.1 1,263. 7 587.4 97.9 208.1 92.6 124.2 366.9 236.6 1,815. 2 2, 753. 6 473.0 638.0 156. 4 381.4 94.5 2,461 665.0 267.7 76.0 121.7 647.0 276.0 50.8 282.4 8,511 8,438 8, 528 1, 683. 0 1, 663. 0 1,751.1 1, 055. 3 1, 042.1 1,102.4 108. 7 110.9 122.7 287. 8 279.6 291.8 1, 424. 4 1,417.5 1,409.1 1, 266. 4 1, 257.2 1,253.0 551. 5 543.7 565.1 98.7 103.3 95.7 201.4 197.2 204.7 90.5 95.1 90.4 97.7 101.6 102.0 367.6 366.9 368.2 236. 5 236.1 237.3 1, 772. 8 1,741.6 1, 728.3 2, 712. 0 2, 702.1 2, 706.1 461. 0 452.1 457.5 638.9 637.5 637.4 152.8 151. 0 154.3 377.3 376.5 379.4 99.4 103.7 103.4 2,448 662.3 268.5 76.0 120.4 645.5 275.4 50.2 282.2 2,429 659.5 267.6 76.2 117.7 643.0 275.2 49.4 280.5 2,425 658.6 269.2 77.3 115.0 642.0 275.1 48.9 279.9 1965 1964 8,468 8,140 1,715.6 1,611.6 1, 070. 0 996.5 112.2 101.3 293.9 285.4 1,368.5 1,321. 4 1, 208. 7 1,162.1 568. 7 555.2 95.9 90.5 208.5 207.6 96.1 97.0 105.4 101.8 362.6 349.8 234.9 226.0 1,769. 0 1,711.3 2,684. 0 2,590.6 466.4 460.2 625.2 596.3 153.6 144.1 370. 7 356.1 95.4 95.5 2,390 644.2 255.0 77.6 111.6 641.5 282.0 47.5 274.1 S ervices a n d m isc e lla n e o u s : Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels__ _ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plan ts«_ ___ M otion pictures: M otion picture filming and distribution ________ . . ---------- 590.9 568.5 564.2 550.5 556.2 558.7 574.4 602.7 637.7 632.5 604.0 579.2 573.8 539.1 488.3 483.0 478.7 480.7 484.2 486.8 488.7 486.7 488.1 494.4 494.8 487.6 484.4 472.7 28.2 29.0 29.2 31.7 34.6 31.8 31.7 31.4 32.1 32.0 29.1 26.3 29.8 27.0 i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1966, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2. For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other industries, to nonsupervisory workers. Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the above production operations. Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics, apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons, operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors, watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. 2 Preliminary. 3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. 4 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places. 5 Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper visory count for all series in this division. 9 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years. Caution The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior to January 1966. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “BLS Establishment Employment Estimates Revised to March 1964 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the December 1965 issue of E m p lo ym en t an d E arnings. Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-65 (BLS Bulletin 1312-3), which is available at depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents for $4.25 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the Bureau. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A.—EMPLOYMENT T a b l e A -4 . 809 E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y in d u s try division a n d selected g ro u p s, sea so n ally a d ju s te d 1 Revised series; see box, p. 808. [inthousands] 1966 Industry division and group T otal. M ay 2 Apr.2 Mar. 1965 Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay ______ _____ _ - - - ---------------- ----------------- 63, 099 62,933 62,918 62,501 62,148 61,884 61,472 61,001 60, 756 60,621 60,501 60, 290 60,032 M ining---------------------------------------------------------------------Contract construction.__ ---- -------------------------------- 625 592 632 631 632 630 627 622 617 627 633 626 627 3,317 3,375 3,462 3,374 3,383 3,386 3,267 3,202 3,186 3,189 3,154 3,195 3,188 Manufacturing_______________________________________ 18,918 18,860 18, 780 18,691 18, 522 18,429 18,321 18,163 18,098 18, 072 18,032 17,943 17,835 Durable goods. ____________________________________ 11,094 11,053 10,996 10,919 10,805 10,707 10,615 10,523 10, 494 10,476 10,424 10,345 10,266 Ordnance and accessories___ _ ------- ------------- -----255 266 261 257 243 243 242 250 244 239 236 234 231 Lumber and wood products, except furniture________ 622 630 628 636 633 623 605 613 601 603 602 601 603 Furniture and fixtures.. ._ ________ _ ________ 456 448 442 451 451 447 432 430 435 427 430 428 428 Stone, clay, and glass products.. 640 634 642 643 644 636 624 622 627 618 612 618 613 Primary metal industries____ _ __ 1,309 1,303 1,294 1,288 1,283 1,274 1,269 1,284 1,308 1,318 1,317 1,306 1,285 Fabricated metal products. ---------------------------- . . . 1,332 1,335 1,334 1,327 1,314 1,300 1,294 1,274 1, 269 1,263 1,269 1,259 1,251 Machinery_________ ________ _ ________________ 1,824 1,808 1,800 1,798 1,783 1,771 1,768 1,745 1, 736 1, 728 1,728 1,707 1, 692 Electrical equipment and supplies__________________ 1,895 1,879 1,843 1,826 1,794 1,769 1,741 1,722 1, 697 1,683 1,677 1,665 1, 647 Transportation equipm ent_________________ ______ 1,894 1,887 1,884 1,860 1,822 1,805 1,790 1,767 1,771 1, 781 1,740 1, 735 1,722 410 Instruments and related products___ _______________ 420 416 414 398 392 405 394 390 388 389 383 378 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________ 437 446 442 443 440 430 440 435 428 428 418 415 416 Nondurable goods____ . _____ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Food and kindred products___ _______ _ ___ ______ Tobacco manufactures . . . _ . . .__ _ _ Textile mill products___________________________ _. Apparel and related products. ___ . . . _____ ______ Paper and allied products. _. _ . _ _ ________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries______ ___ Chemicals and allied products.._ . Petroleum refining and related industries___ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.- . . . __ Leather and leather products_. _________ . . . _. . . . Transportation and public utilities. ______ _ . . ... 7,824 1,730 84 948 1,407 661 1,013 938 176 499 368 7,807 1,738 85 948 1,392 659 1,013 932 176 496 368 7,784 1,748 84 946 1,384 659 1,003 931 175 491 363 7,772 1,749 82 943 1,383 658 1,004 927 176 487 363 7,717 1,743 83 939 1,355 654 998 922 177 485 361 7,722 1,745 84 937 1,377 650 992 918 178 483 358 7,706 1,761 81 933 1,369 646 990 914 178 477 357 7,640 1,733 81 928 1,362 643 984 909 177 469 354 7, 604 1,717 79 924 1,356 640 980 910 179 465 354 7,596 1,723 80 921 1,345 637 981 911 179 466 353 7,608 1,733 87 921 1,343 641 981 908 179 464 351 7,598 1,728 86 916 1,367 634 975 900 177 463 352 7, 569 1,734 86 914 1,346 633 971 894 176 460 355 4,125 4,114 4,107 4,104 4,090 4,079 4,079 4,071 4,067 4,049 4,031 4,034 4,020 Wholesale and retail trade. ...... ...................... ___ 13, Oil 12, 992 13, 015 12,942 12,909 12,822 12,754 12,684 12, 641 12, 600 12, 619 12,580 12, 532 Wholesale trade------------------------------------------------------- 3,361 3,357 3,349 3,336 3,323 3,309 3,300 3,288 3, 281 3, 273 3,281 3, 272 3,252 Retail trade___ ____ _______ __ ________________ __ 9,650 9,635 9,666 9,606 9,586 9,513 9,454 9,396 9,360 9, 327 9,338 9,308 9,280 _ 3,102 3,102 3,100 3,082 3,080 3,082 3,074 3,069 3,061 3, 053 3,049 3, 041 3,032 9,281 9,262 9, 251 9,205 9,142 9,128 9,081 9,019 8,967 8, 946 8,929 8,857 8,843 Government ____________________ 10,720 10,636 10,571 10,472 10, 390 10,328 10,269 10,171 10,119 10, 085 10, 054 10,014 Federal. __________________________________________ 2, 528 2, 501 2, 477 2,451 2,425 2,395 2,400 2,386 2, 379 2, 379 2,376 2,355 State and local_______ ______________ ______________ 8,192 8,135 8, 094 8,021 7,965 7,933 7,869 7,785 7,740 7, 706 7,678 7,659 9,955 2,345 7,610 Finance, insurance, and real estate___________________ Service and miscellaneous_____________________________ 1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2. prelim in ary. T a b l e A -5 . N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonai Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. P ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p , seaso n ally a d ju s te d 1 Revised series; see box, p. 808. [in thousands] 1966 Major industry group lanufacturing__________________________ May 2 Apr.2 Mar. 1965 Feb. Jan. ________ . 14, 090 14, 055 14,003 13,937 13,801 Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 13,731 13, 647 13,507 13, 457 13, 440 13, 405 13, 340 13,252 Durable goods. ._ __ _ _ __________ _________ _ Ordnance and accessories________________________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture________ Furniture and fixtures. _________________ Stone, clay, and glass products____ ______________ _ Primary metal industries. . . . _ ___________ . __ Fabricated metal products__ _____ ____ ______ Machinery. ___ __ _ _____ ___ Electrical equipment and s u p p lie s ..___._ . . . . . . Transportation equipm ent________________________ Instruments and related products_____________ ____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries------------------- 8,236 126 544 380 509 1,065 1,039 1,281 1,316 1,350 271 355 8,213 123 550 374 517 1,061 1,041 1,271 1,305 1,349 268 354 8,177 121 558 375 518 1,055 1, 040 1,264 1,278 1,348 267 353 8,122 118 553 373 516 1,050 1,036 1,262 1,260 1,330 265 350 8,027 113 556 370 520 1,045 1,024 1,252 1,244 1,297 261 345 7,955 107 547 368 512 1,035 1,012 1,244 1,225 1,290 256 359 7,878 108 538 362 503 1,031 1,006 1,242 1,199 1,282 254 353 7,798 107 530 358 500 1,046 987 1,224 1,182 1,263 252 349 7,781 105 527 357 500 1,068 983 1,218 1,163 1,267 251 342 7,769 104 530 354 495 1,079 977 1,208 1,152 1,280 248 342 7,721 102 528 357 495 1,077 983 1,208 1,149 1,238 250 334 7, 662 100 527 356 490 1,068 973 1,192 1,142 1,237 245 332 7,599 99 529 356 491 1,050 968 1,181 1,127 1,227 239 332 Nondurable goods___________________________ . . . Food and kindred products ________________ Tobacco manufactures . . . . . _____ Textile mill products________________ Apparel and related products__ . . . _ _ __ ... ............. Paper and allied products__________________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________ Chemicals and allied products ______ _______ _. Petroleum refining and related industries Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______ Leather and leather products________ 5,854 1,143 71 847 1,252 516 644 560 110 388 323 5, 842 1,150 72 846 1,238 515 644 556 110 388 323 5,826 1,161 72 844 1,229 513 640 556 109 383 319 5,815 1,161 70 842 1,229 512 639 554 110 379 319 5, 774 1,155 71 840 1,203 510 637 551 110 380 317 5,776 1,156 72 837 1,225 507 629 548 110 378 314 5,769 1,174 69 834 1,216 503 630 547 110 372 314 5, 709 1,144 70 828 1,212 500 625 544 110 365 311 5, 676 1,129 68 825 1,205 499 621 546 111 362 310 5,671 1,135 68 823 1,195 497 622 548 110 363 310 5,684 1,141 75 822 1,196 500 622 548 111 361 308 5, 678 1,134 75 818 1,221 494 616 542 110 359 309 5,653 1,141 74 817 1,198 493 615 538 108 357 312 1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3. 2 Preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ N ew Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components.” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 810 T able A -6 . U n em p loym en t insurance and em ploym ent service program operations 1 [All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands] 1965 1966 Item Mar. Apr. Employment service:2 New applications for work___________ Nonfarm placements_______ _____ ___ 806 533 Feb. 850 547 Dec. Jan. 852 460 905 452 707 462 Sept. Oct. Nov. 795 531 806 611 Aug. 857 644 June July 883 603 945 554 Apr. M ay 1,410 610 890 573 857 555 State unemployment insurance programs: 976 870 956 760 1,078 763 791 1, 285 1,004 769 985 693 1,399 Initial claims 34____________________ Insured unemployment5(average weekly 1,132 1,059 1,470 1,102 1,179 1,307 1,033 916 959 1,301 1,590 1,044 1,644 volume) 6_______________________ 3.4 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.3 2.0 2.9 3.6 2.3 3.7 Rate of insured unemployment7---------6,039 3,965 4,101 4,142 4,450 3,669 4, 555 3,129 5,852 3,495 5,653 5,587 4,098 Weeks of unemployment compensated— Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment___________________ $39.38 $39.83 $39. 66 $39. 36 $38. 81 $38. 08 $37.32 $37. 23 $36. 58 $36.40 $36.07 $36.40 $37.16 Total benefits paid..----------------- ------- $155,494 $225,472 $217,171 $212,659 $172,110 $132,158 $117,784 $138,580 $148,021 $149, 495 $156, 276 $165,717 $224,897 Unemployment compensation for ex-service men: 8 9 Initial claims 36. . . ....... ....... .............. ...... Insured unemployment8(average weekly volume)------------------------------------Weeks of unemployment compensated__ Total benefits paid------- ------------------- 13 17 18 20 20 18 16 19 25 26 22 17 21 22 92 $3, 558 27 121 $4,620 31 120 $4,572 32 126 $4,816 29 111 $4, 278 25 94 $3,654 24 95 $3, 712 28 120 $4,637 33 135 $5,197 33 119 $4, 461 30 134 $5,241 33 142 $5,339 41 182 $6,752 Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:910 Initial claims 3_____________________ Insured unemployment5(average weekly volume)________________________ Weeks of unemployment compensated__ Total benefits paid----- -------------- ------- 7 8 11 19 12 10 10 9 9 12 10 8 10 21 92 $3, 718 26 118 $4,717 29 109 $4,319 29 100 $3,973 23 94 $3, 740 21 82 $3,336 20 74 $3,141 19 79 $3,338 21 87 $3, 691 22 79 $3,182 20 91 $4,008 22 92 $3,919 27 119 $4,815 Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications 11_____________________ Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)________________________ Number of payments 12______________ Average amount of benefit payment13—. Total benefits paid 14________________ 6 5 4 11 14 9 7 11 10 30 19 5 5 23 53 $69. 79 $3, 606 26 69 $77.68 $5,154 28 54 $79.10 $4,148 30 68 $77.32 $5, 092 28 66 $71.04 $4, 587 25 52 $75. 89 $3,840 22 50 $74.20 $3,550 24 52 $74. 03 $3,746 22 52 $76.09 $3, 793 24 48 $75.15 $3,494 21 53 $73.39 $3,794 26 62 $71.27 $4,264 33 81 $77. 27 $6, 207 All programs: 15 Insured unemployment8_____________ 1,112 1,381 1,679 1,739 1, 394 1,123 1,013 1,067 1,218 1,255 1,182 1,316 1,622 1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system. 2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands. 3 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs. 4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands. * Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ployment. 8 Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers 7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month period. 8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. 9 Includes the Virgin Islands. 18 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis n An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re quired for subsequent periods in the same year. 42 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods. 13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. 14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments. 43 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. B.—LABOR TURNOVER 811 B.—Labor Turnover T able B - l . L a b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1 [Per Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1 0 0 employees] 1966 1965 Annual average Major industry group Apr .2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. 1965 1964 Accessions: Total Manufacturing: Actual___ _ ___________ __ _ . . Seasonally adjusted__ _____ Durable goods___ ______ ___ Ordnance and accessories_ _ _____ Lumber and wood products, except furniture___ _ _______ _ .. . Furniture and fixtures___ ______ __ _ Stone, clay, and glass products... Primary metal industries. . . ______ Fabricated metal products___________ M ach inery.. . ___ ______ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipm ent.. ______ Instruments and related products.. . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ _____ _______ Nondurable goods____ ______ ____ Food and kindred products___ ___ Tobacco manufactures.. ______ Textile mill products___ . . ___ . Apparel and related products_________ Paper and allied products Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ _____ . ______ Chemicals and allied products_____ _ Petroleum refining and related industries__ ____ _____ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______ ____ ______ Leather and leather products. . ____ Nonmanufacturing: Metal m in ing.. _ .. C o a lm in in g .____ ... _ 4.5 4.7 4.9 6. a 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.9 3.1 4- 9 3.9 5.0 4. 5 5.5 4.5 5.4 4 2 4.5 4 1 5.6 1, 5 4.1 / / 3.8 8 9 4.3 4.0 4.5 3.5 4.9 3.9 4.2 3.5 4.7 3.5 3.1 2.1 3.9 2.9 4.2 3.5 5.3 3.7 5.1 4.2 4.0 3.6 5.3 4.1 3.9 2. 8 3. 7 2.2 4.1 3. 0 3 7 2 n 8.1 6.3 5.1 3.3 4.9 3.6 4.3 4.2 3.7 7.2 6.5 5.7 3.9 5.2 3.8 4.7 5.4 3.8 5.9 5.6 3.8 3.5 4.6 3.5 4.2 4.3 3.5 6.0 5.7 4.0 4.0 5.0 3.9 4.6 5.4 3.6 3.7 3.7 2.4 2.7 3.2 2.7 3.4 3.5 2.5 4.8 5.3 2.8 3.0 4.3 3.4 4.2 4.1 2.9 5.4 6.2 3.4 2.5 4.9 3.3 4.6 4.7 3.2 6.7 6.9 4.2 2.9 6.0 3.8 5.1 7.9 3.8 6.1 7.3 3.9 3.0 5.7 3.5 4.8 7.2 4.1 5.9 5.5 4.1 2.7 4.4 3.1 3.4 4.2 3. 5 8.4 5.8 5.7 4.5 5.9 4.6 4.6 5.3 4.6 7.2 5.1 4.6 2.8 4.3 3.0 3.4 4.0 2.9 6.3 4.8 4.9 2.6 4.2 2.8 3.3 3.8 2.8 6.0 5. 4 4. 0 2. 9 4.6 3.3 3.9 4.7 3.2 5.3 4.8 3 8 3 0 4.2 3 0 3^3 4 1 2.8 4.5 5.6 6.9 6.5 6.9 3.3 4.7 6.3 8.1 8.5 7.7 7.3 5.7 5.7 6.4 5.7 4.5 5.5 2.7 5.3 5.4 3.6 4.8 5.5 4.2 5.3 5.8 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.4 4.4 5.8 3.2 4.4 4.4 4.9 4.6 6.4 3.2 3.0 3.4 7.4 3.1 3.7 2.3 4.0 5.1 4.1 4.0 4.9 2.9 4.8 6.8 4.7 4.6 5.7 3.4 5.8 9.0 9.1 5.3 6.1 4.0 5.9 9.4 18.1 5.2 6.6 3.7 5.4 8.1 7.9 4.4 7.5 3.1 6.1 8.6 4.4 5.0 7.0 5.3 4.4 6.1 3.5 4.4 5.9 3.0 3.9 5.0 1.9 4.2 4.9 2.8 4.6 6.2 5.9 4.4 5.8 3.2 4.3 6.1 6.7 3.8 5.5 2.8 3.3 2.7 3.5 3.4 3.2 2.6 3.2 2.5 2.5 1.7 3.0 2.0 3.4 2.1 4.2 2.6 3.5 2.3 3.2 2.2 4.5 4.0 2.9 2.4 2.8 2. 5 3.2 2.4 3.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9 3.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 4.9 5.4 5.2 6.0 4.4 6.1 4.7 7.1 3.1 4.4 4.4 5.5 4.9 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.2 6.0 4.6 6.7 5.6 6.4 4.1 5.4 3.7 4.6 4.4 5.4 3.9 5.1 3.3 1.8 2.9 1.7 2.9 1.4 3.4 1.8 2.5 1. 1 2.8 1.5 2.6 1.8 3.2 1.8 4.0 2.1 3.1 2.3 5.8 2.0 3.3 1.8 4.0 1.6 3.2 1.7 3.2 1.7 4.3 3.1 2.6 Accessions: N ew hires Manufacturing: Actual____________________ . _ Seasonally adjusted___ ______ _ Durable goods_____ . . . . . Ordnance and accessories______ . . . . . Lumber and wood products, except furniture. _ _______ Furniture and fixtures__ _____ Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal ind ustries.. . . ... Fabricated metal products. _ _____ M achinery____ _____ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipm ent.. _ __ ____ Instruments and related p ro d u cts____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________________ Nondurable goods______ _____ Food and kindred products.. Tobacco manufactures___ ________ Textile mill products Apparel and related products__ ___ Paper and allied products.. _____ Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____ ______ . Chemicals and allied products__ Petroleum refining and related industries_______ _ ___ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________ _ Leather and leather products______ N onmanufacturing: Metal m in in g ... ._ C oalm ining___ . . . See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.6 3.9 3.7 4-3 3.1 3.9 3.2 8. 9 2.9 3.7 3.5 4.0 8 8 8 1 3.9 29 3.2 9, 8 8 1 3.0 2 9 2.6 4.0 3.6 2.8 3.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.3 2.8 2.2 1.3 2.9 1.8 3.4 2.1 3.8 2.3 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 4.2 2.7 2.9 1.6 2.6 1.4 3.0 1.8 2.4 1.1 6.4 5.7 3.9 2.7 4.1 3.1 3.6 2.7 3.3 6.0 5.8 3.8 2.7 4.2 3.2 3.9 3.3 3.3 4.5 4.9 2.6 2.1 3.6 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 4.4 4.9 2.5 2.0 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.3 1.5 1.3 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.2 2.1 4.2 4.6 2.1 1.6 3.4 2.6 3.3 2.8 2.5 4.8 5.4 2.8 1.6 4.0 2.7 3.7 3.5 2.8 5.9 6.3 3.4 2.0 4.7 3.0 3.8 3.9 3.2 5.4 6.5 3.1 2.0 4.1 2.6 3.5 3.0 3.3 4.9 4.7 3.1 1.9 3.2 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.6 7.3 5.0 4.5 3.7 4.7 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.9 5.6 4.4 3.3 2.0 3.3 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.2 4.6 4.0 2.9 1.9 3.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.1 4.7 4.7 2.7 2.0 3.5 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.6 4.1 3.9 2.4 1.8 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 4.4 5.0 4.3 4.1 2.5 3.9 5.3 6.8 7.0 4.5 5.3 4.0 4.0 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.8 1.5 4.4 4.1 3.1 3.6 3.4 1.9 4.2 4.4 3.3 3.0 2.8 1.8 3.4 3.7 2.6 3.0 2.7 1.9 3.4 4.0 2.6 2.1 2.1 4.3 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.9 3.3 1.2 3.2 3.3 2.5 3.6 4.8 3.1 3.8 4.0 3.0 4.3 6.2 5.4 4.3 4.4 3.4 4.4 7.0 11.9 4.1 4.5 3.1 3.6 5.6 3.1 3.2 4.1 2.4 4.4 5.9 2.5 4.1 4.3 4.4 3.1 4.1 1.6 3.5 3.7 2.3 2.7 2.9 1.0 3.2 3.3 2.0 3.2 4. 1 3.2 3.4 3.7 2.5 2.8 3.8 3.7 2.7 3.3 2.0 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.0 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.2 2.4 1.5 2.9 1.7 3.6 2.1 2.9 1.8 2.6 1.7 3.6 3.4 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.6 1.9 2.4 1.6 2.2 2 8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 .8 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 3.1 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.7 3.5 4.4 3.5 5.1 2.4 3.3 3.6 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.4 3.8 4.6 3.1 4.3 4.5 4.8 2.9 3.8 2.7 3.1 3.3 3.9 2.6 3.4 2.0 1.0 2.1 1.1 2.0 .9 1.9 1.0 1.8 .7 1.9 .9 2.0 1.1 2.6 1.0 2.2 1.0 2.4 .9 4.9 1.1 2.3 .8 2.0 .9 2.2 .9 2.1 .9 812 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 T able B - l . L a b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1—C o n tin u e d [Per 100 employees] Revised series ; see box, p. 808. 1966 1965 Annual average Major industry group Apr .2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. 1965 1964 Separations: Total Manufacturing: Actual---------- ----- ---------------------------Seasonally adjusted___________________ Durable goods____________ _____ ______ Ordnance and accessories____________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture_____ __________________ Furniture and fixtures.- ________ --Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products.-................... Machinery________________________ . Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment___________ Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries- ____________________________ Nondurable goods. __________________ Food and kindred products__________ Tobacco m anufactures______________ Textile mill products________________ Apparel and related products________ Paper and allied products____________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries______________________________ Chemicals and allied products.. - ___ Petroleum refining and related industries______________________________ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________________ Leather and leather products_________ Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining_______________________ Coal m in ing,---------------------- ------------ 4.1 4-4 4.1 4.6 3.6 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.9 4.4 4.1 5.7 4-4 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.6 4.0 3.6 8.9 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 2.4 3.8 2.4 3.5 2.1 3.7 2.1 3.6 1.6 3.6 2.1 4.1 2.4 5.2 3.3 5.1 2.8 4.1 2.7 3.3 2.4 3.2 2.3 3.3 2.5 3.8 2.5 3.6 3.3 6.6 6.2 3.9 2.4 4.5 3.2 3.5 3.6 2.9 7.2 6.1 3.7 2.6 4.5 3.1 3.5 3.8 2.8 5.3 5.2 3.7 2.3 4.1 2.6 3.0 4.2 2.5 6.2 5.0 4.5 2.6 4.2 2.9 3.2 3.9 2.7 6.6 4.3 4.3 2.9 3.9 2.3 2.9 3.2 2.2 6.2 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.9 2.5 2.8 3.4 2.2 6.1 5.6 4.1 4.8 4.8 3.0 3.2 4.0 3.1 8.4 6.9 5.4 5.5 5.8 4.3 4.3 4.8 3.6 6.7 6.2 4.2 3.7 5.5 3.6 3.6 8.8 3.2 5.5 5.6 3.5 2.6 4.5 3.0 3.3 6.2 3.0 5.2 4.7 3.5 2.3 4.0 2.7 3.0 3.4 2.5 5.1 4.9 3.5 2.3 3.8 2.4 2.9 3.2 2.4 5.4 5.1 3.3 2.2 3.7 2.6 3.0 3.3 2.6 6.0 5.1 3.9 3.0 4.2 2.8 3.1 4.2 2.7 5.5 4.6 3.7 2.3 4.1 2.6 3.2 4.1 2.7 5.2 5.0 4.7 5.6 11.3 7.0 5.7 7.0 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.2 5.0 6.0 5.7 4.7 5.5 6.0 4.9 6.7 3.5 4.4 5.6 6.0 4.7 5.6 3.3 3.8 5.1 5.4 3.9 4.5 2.9 4.5 5.9 9.1 4.4 5.7 3.3 4.6 6.9 6.9 4.0 5.8 3.1 4.4 6.9 10.6 3.8 5.2 2.9 4.9 7.9 8.1 4.2 5.5 3.2 6.3 9.9 5.5 5.2 6.2 5.3 5.1 6.7 8.4 4.8 6.1 4.1 4.7 5.4 5.6 4.4 7.9 2.8 3.9 4.9 2.7 3.7 5.3 2.7 4.0 4.9 4.1 3.9 5.9 2.7 4.2 4.8 4.9 3.9 6.9 2.8 4.4 6.1 6.2 4.1 5.8 3.1 4.3 6.0 6.8 3.8 5.6 2.8 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.8 3.3 2.1 3.1 1.9 2.9 1.8 3.2 2.2 4.3 3.6 3.7 2.6 2.7 1.9 3.1 2.3 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.0 3.1 2.2 3.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 3.2 2.4 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.8 4.6 6.2 4.6 6.2 3.9 5.1 4.0 6.1 3.9 5.6 4.1 4.6 4.5 5.2 5.9 6.9 4.8 6.2 4.8 6.5 3.9 4.6 4.0 4.8 4.0 5.6 4.2 5.3 3.8 5.0 2.7 2.7 3.2 1.9 2.4 1.5 2.4 1.7 3.3 1.7 3.2 1.9 3.1 1.7 5.3 1.8 3.6 1.9 3.7 1.7 2.8 1.6 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.0 3.1 1.9 2.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.5 Separations: Quits Manufacturing: Actual------------- ----------------------------Seasonally adjusted___- . --------Durable g o o d s .- - ---- -- ------- ---------Ordnance and accessories. . Lumber and wood products, except furniture___ ______ . . . -------------Furniture and fixtures.. -- ---Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries....................... Fabricated metal products_____ _____ Machinery__ . - - ---............ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment____ ____ _ Instruments and related products. . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__________ ______ _____ _ .. 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.7 1.8 2.4 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.3 .8 4.6 4.5 2.3 1.4 2.8 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.9 4.3 4.3 2.0 1.4 2.5 1.8 2.1 1.7 1.8 3.2 3.3 1.6 1.1 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 2.8 3.1 1.6 1.1 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.5 3.1 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.7 1.3 3.7 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 1.7 3.3 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.6 2.5 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.7 .9 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.2 3.5 2.6 1.8 1. 8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 3.2 1.9 2.4 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.5 .9 1.7 1.1 1.3 .9 3.9 3.6 1.9 1.2 2.3 1.5 1.8 1.5 2.0 6.3 5.0 3.3 2.9 3.5 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.5 4.5 4.3 2.4 1.9 2.8 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.9 3.4 3.0 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 3.3 2.7 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 3.4 3.1 1.6 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 3.3 3.1 1.4 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 3.4 3.1 1.6 1.2 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.4 2.8 2.4 1.3 .9 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2 2.5 3.3 4.9 3.7 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.3 2.4 2.4 1.5 2.5 3.2 1.6 2.9 2.9 1.9 3.9 5.4 2.6 3.9 3.6 3.8 2.9 3.6 2.8 3.4 3.5 2.4 2.0 2.3 1.2 2.5 2.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.1 2.3 2.4 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.2 2.6 2.5 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.5 2.4 1.4 2.1 2.4 1.5 2.5 2.6 1.7 1. 7 2.0 1.3 2.1 2.2 1.3 1.5 .8 1.8 1.0 2.9 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.5 .9 1.8 .9 1.5 .9 1.5 .9 1.7 1.0 1.5 .8 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.2 2.5 2.4 1.2 .8 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2 3.1 3.0 1.5 .9 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.3 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.5 2.7 2.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.4 .7 1. 9 Nondurable goods____________________ Food and kindred products. .. . Tobacco manufactures. . ____ - . . .. Textile mill products_______________ Apparel and related products. - . Paper and allied products______ ___ Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________ ______________ ... Chemicals and allied products_______ Petroleum refining and related industries________________ ____ ______ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________ ____________ _ Leather and leather products___ - ... .9 .7 .5 .5 .5 .5 .9 1.8 1.3 .7 .6 .6 .6 .7 .6 3.0 3.9 2.7 3.9 2.2 3.2 2.1 3.3 1.7 2.7 2.2 2.9 2.5 3.5 3.6 4.6 2.7 4.0 1.9 3.2 1.9 2.8 2.0 2.9 1.9 2.7 2.1 3.0 1.5 2.4 N onmanufactur ing: Metal mining. . _ _ . .. Coal mining________________________ 1.7 .7 1.6 .8 1.3 .6 1.2 .5 1.2 .4 1.3 .6 1.5 .7 4.2 .8 2.3 .6 1.6 .6 1.5 .5 1.6 .6 1.5 .6 1.7 .6 1.5 .5 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B.—LABOR TURNOVER T able B - l . 813 L a b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1—C o n tin u e d Revised series; see box, p. 808. [Per 100 employees] 1966 1965 Annual average Major industry group Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. 1965 1964 Separations: Layoffs Manufacturing: Actual----------------------------------Seasonally adjusted_____________ _____ Durable goods_____ .._ ______ Ordnance and accessories______ _ _ _ Lumber and wood products, except furniture____________ _____ - - - Furniture and fixtures_______________ Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries . _ _____ Fabricated metal products___________ Machinery_________________ _ _ Electrical equipment and supplies......... Transportation equipment---- -------- __ Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus_ ______ ____ tries................ _ Nondurable goods_____ _ ________ Food and kindred products__________ Tobacco manufactures. _ _ _____ Textile mill products___ _ _____ __ Apparel and related products________ Paper and allied products.._ ... Printing, publishing, and allied industries______________________________ Chemicals and allied products________ Petroleum refining and related industries____ _ . . . ___ _________ -__ . Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products. ___ _ _ _ ._ ._ Leather and leather products________ Nonmanufacturing: M etal m in ing... ____ __ ______ Coal mining______________ _ ______ 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.1 n 1.1 A4 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.7 .6 .5 .7 .4 .9 .3 1.1 .4 1.5 .3 1.2 .5 1.2 .6 1.0 0.4 1.8 .6 1.8 .8 1.0 .7 .9 .8 .9 1.1 1.2 .8 1.5 1.8 1.1 .6 .8 .'2 .7 .3 .4 1.1 .3 1.8 .6 .8 .4 1.1 .4 .4 1.2 .4 1.3 .8 1.4 .4 1.1 .3 .4 2.0 .3 2.5 .9 2.1 .7 1.3 .4 .5 1.6 .4 3.3 1.0 2.4 1.3 1.5 .4 .6 1.4 .3 2.1 .7 1.8 1.8 1.2 .5 .5 1.4 .3 1.2 .9 1.4 2.6 1.4 .7 .4 1.4 .4 1.0 .7 1.2 1.7 1.2 .8 .6 1.3 .4 1.0 .7 .9 .9 1.8 1.0 .7 6.1 .6 1.2 1.7 1.1 .8 1.9 1.1 1.2 4.2 1.2 .8 1.1 .9 .5 1.3 .6 .7 1.5 .6 .8 .8 1.1 .4 1.2 .5 .7 1.3 .5 1.3 1.0 1.1 .4 1.1 .5 .9 1.4 .6 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.4 .6 .8 2.1 .6 1.9 1.3 1.7 .8 1.8 .8 1.2 2.3 .9 1.2 .9 1.3 3.0 8.5 3.3 1.2 .9 1.1 2.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.4 2.9 1.3 2.1 4.1 .4 2.7 .5 1.3 2.5 3.8 .5 2.0 .5 1.1 2.4 3.6 .6 1.3 .5 1.7 3.1 7.0 .9 2.1 .8 2.3 4.5 5.5 1.3 3.3 1.0 1.8 3.9 8.9 .8 2.1 .7 1.7 3.9 6.0 .5 1.9 .6 1.6 3.5 2.3 .5 1.8 .7 1.3 2.3 4.8 .6 1.7 1.9 2.5 3.9 1.1 4.1 .8 1.3 2.1 1.0 .6 2.2 .5 1.5 2.2 2.5 .6 2.6 .6 1.7 2.4 3.1 .7 3.6 .8 1.6 3.0 4.3 .8 2.4 .8 1.9 3.4 4.9 1.1 2.6 .9 .6 .6 .9 .4 .6 1.3 .7 .9 .6 .8 .6 .8 .5 .5 .7 .6 .7 .4 .6 .6 .9 .8 1.0 .8 .6 .7 .9 1.0 .8 .3 .5 .5 .8 1.0 1.0 .7 .8 .5 .5 .5 .3 .5 .6 .7 .6 1.6 .7 1.3 .8 .9 1.3 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.9 2.5 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 .3 1.6 .9 1.2 1.0 .8 .5 .2 .5 .9 1.4 .6 .5 .6 .1 1.4 .6 .9 .7 .7 .9 .6 .9 1.9 2.2 .4 .5 .4 1.3 .8 .6 1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes 221-143 O 66------ 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .4 .9 .9 .9 during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such stoppages. 2 Prelim inary. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 814 C.—Earnings and Hours T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 Annual average 1965 Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Peb. Jan. Nov. Dec. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings M ining..................... - ......................................... $129. 81 M etal mining.................................................. Iron o r e s ...------ --------------------------- --Copper o r e s........................ .............. ......... Coal m ining............... .................................Bituminous—---------- -----------------------Crude petroleum and natural gas_______ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. Oil and gas field services-------------------Quarrying and nonmetallic mining-------Crushed and broken stone_____ _____ _ $122. 60 134.30 139.07 141. 76 117.64 120.05 122.12 128. 84 116. 87 120.50 119.66 $127. 37 129. 79 133.74 135. 99 143. 44 146.08 121. 69 126.36 118.09 116.22 114.29 $126.30 $126.18 $127.12 $123. 73 $126.26 $124. 66 $126.14 $122.96 $123.97 $123.97 130.94 132.19 131.67 128.96 130.31 131. 57 127. 71 128. 21 126. 77 127. 68 133.74 136.36 133.50 129. 52 129.36 133. 54 130. 71 133. 22 128.13 131.04 137. 49 139.64 140.60 139. 64 143.11 143. 44 136. 32 134.90 133. 61 134.42 142.45 142.04 142.96 129. 78 143.24 135. 29 141.98 134. 46 142.27 138. 40 144. 79 144. 73 146.02 131.98 146.30 137. 90 144. 67 137.11 145. 67 141. 40 120.13 121. 27 119. 69 117.87 115.92 116. 47 117.12 116.03 113.97 117.15 127.39 128.84 127.20 127.10 123.42 125. 55 123.41 123. 71 120.80 123. 73 115.10 115.28 114.11 110. 93 109.91 109. 65 112.33 110.06 108. 61 112. 20 113.70 112.05 117.78 123.02 123.87 122. 62 122.25 119.97 120. 02 119.09 109.03 107. 65 117.00 121.64 124.71 122. 98 123. 50 123. 25 119. 56 117. 85 Contract construction.......................... ........... 141.35 140.60 142. 88 138.30 137.97 139. .50 136.14 144. 01 138. 75 131. 74 134.32 129.93 129.23 132.13 126. 71 132.49 128. 52 General building contractors..................... 137. 48 138. 65 130.68 132.44 131. 87 135.83 149.45 138. 63 H eavy construction..................................... 134. 89 133.95 123. 00 126.96 125.06 133. 87 151.70 138.84 H ighw ay and street construction........... 139. 87 142. 61 136.04 137. 28 138. 38 137. 32 146. 01 139.12 Other heavy construction....................... 147. 42 149.92 146.65 145.89 148.00 142. 52 150.00 145. 27 Special trade contractors...------ -----------Plumbing, heating, and air condition 155.07 155.96 154.77 154.79 156.00 150.07 156. 01 151. 26 ing......... .......................................— *----Painting, paperhanging, and decorating 136. 22 134. 82 132.83 131. 67 135.10 132. 59 140. 54 138. 52 171. 97 173. 38 171.38 173.16 174. 49 166. 94 174.39 164.93 Electrical work------------------------ -------Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile 140.59 142.40 134.52 125.58 136.11 130.26 137.11 134.98 work______________ _______ _______ 116.90 122.50 119.06 118.41 118.19 113.19 127. 41 122.50 Roofing and sheet metal w ork............... Average weekly hours 143.15 131. 33 148. 43 149. 52 147.00 148. 96 M ining................... ............................................ . Metal m in in g ........................ ...................... Iron ores...................................................... . Copper ores........... ..................................... Coal mining.................................................. Bitum inous________ ________________ Crude petroleum and natural gas______ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. Oil and gas field services........ ............... Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____ Crushed and broken stone..................... 42.7 Contract construction.................................. General building contractors................... Heavy construction.................................... Highway and street construction____ Other heavy construction....................... Special trade contractors______________ Plumbing, heating, and air condition ing......... ................................................... 37.1 Electrical work............ ................. ............ Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile work_________________ ____ ______ Roofing and sheet metal work_______ 140.50 129.15 143. 38 145.86 140.90 147.04 140.16 129. 54 139. 86 139.53 140. 22 147.04 138.01 128.16 137.50 136.36 138.45 144.65 132.06 122. 79 131.78 129. 58 133. 93 138.35 153. 27 152.10 151.32 152.10 151.31 144.02 137. 56 135. 42 136.88 136.90 133. 52 128.16 171. 39 168. 44 169. 22 170.82 168.68 165.17 140.50 138. 22 137. 03 137. 47 133. 21 127.31 122. 30 123.65 120.01 121.97 117.30 112.49 42.5 41.1 43.5 46.5 49.3 42.6 41.7 41.2 43.1 41.0 41.5 41.9 40.4 43.1 46.7 48.6 42.6 42.0 41.6 43.5 40.0 40.4 42.6 40.7 44.0 46.7 48.1 42.3 41.6 40.9 43.4 39.9 40.2 42.3 40.8 43.6 45.7 47.2 41.9 41.4 40.2 42.9 39.0 39.2 42.5 41.0 43.7 45.1 45.9 38.9 37.1 43.4 44.5 42.0 38.0 38.6 36.9 42.8 44.2 41.2 37.8 38.0 36.3 41.7 42.5 40.7 37.4 38.4 36.8 42.0 42.8 41.0 37.8 37.4 36.1 40.8 41.7 39.9 36.9 37.2 35.8 40.8 41.4 40.1 36.6 39.1 36.2 39.4 39.0 36.9 38.9 38.9 36.5 38.9 39.0 36.8 39.0 38.6 35.7 38.6 38.1 35.7 38.5 36.4 36.4 35.9 36.8 35.5 35.4 35.8 36.3 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.4 $2.91 3.04 3.11 3.10 3.47 3. 51 2.72 2.73 2.99 3.01 2. 52 2. 53 2.57 2.58 2.46 2. 5C $2.91 3.04 3.15 3.09 3.46 3.50 2.75 3.04 2.55 2. 55 2.45 $2.92 3.07 3.16 3.15 3. 45 3.49 2. 74 3.03 2.53 2.57 2. 47 $2.81 2.96 3.13 3.04 3.26 3.30 2.66 2.95 2.43 2.48 2.41 41.7 42.5 42.4 44.3 34 fi 35,0 42.7 40.9 44.1 45.3 46.2 42.6 41.6 40.9 42.9 41.1 41. 5 43.0 40.5 44.9 44.7 45.9 42.1 41.7 40.9 43.1 40. 7 40.9 42.3 40.7 43.6 43.9 44.5 42.2 42.1 41.7 43.5 40.7 41. 0 42.7 40.9 44.0 43.6 44.3 42.8 41.8 40.7 43.8 41.2 41.6 42.9 40.9 44.4 45.3 46.8 41.8 41.2 40.1 43.5 37.4 37.6 42.4 41.0 43.5 46.6 47.7 42.8 41.5 40.3 43.9 41.4 41.8 42.0 40.6 43.1 47.1 49.1 42.4 41.9 41.6 44.0 39.1 39.4 42.2 41.3 43.0 46.8 48.8 43.2 41.6 42.3 42.6 40.8 41.1 42.9 41.0 44.4 47.2 49.6 42.4 41.9 42.7 43.1 37.0 35.8 40.2 41.0 39.4 36.4 37.7 36.8 40.9 41.6 40.4 37.2 36.3 35.5 38.1 38.2 38.0 36.3 36.5 35.6 39.3 39.8 39.0 36.2 37.1 36.4 38.9 38.6 39.2 37.0 36.4 35.1 39.6 40.2 38.9 35.9 38.3 36.6 42.7 44.1 40.9 37.5 37.1 35.6 40.3 41.2 39.3 36.5 38.1 35.2 38.3 38.7 35.2 38.7 38.5 34.5 38.6 38.6 34.2 39.0 39.0 35.0 39.3 37.8 34.8 37.6 39.1 36.6 39.1 38.1 35.7 37.4 34.8 33.4 35.6 34.9 33.8 32.8 32.2 32.8 34.9 33.2 34.7 33.4 34.8 36.3 35.1 33.0 Average hourly earnings 139.08 127. 78 140.53 140. 68 140. 01 145.86 $123. 52 $117.74 127. 71 122. 54 129.24 125.83 136. 71 130.42 137. 38 126.82 140. 23 128. 91 115. 90 113.05 123.62 120.95 110. 31 106.19 117. 45 111.85 116. 58 110. 62 M ining............ ................................................... . M etal m in in g ...______ _______________ Iron ores____________________ ______ Copper ores_________________ ______ _ Coal mining.................................................... Bitum inous________________________ Crude petroleum and natural gas______ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields Oil and gas field services____________ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____ Crushed and broken stone__________ $3.04 $2.94 3.16 3.28 3.20 3 40 3.43 2. 86 3.15 2.65 2.66 2. 59 $2.99 3.12 3.27 3.17 3 49 3.52 2.83 3.12 2.63 2.60 2. 49 $3.00 3.14 3.27 3.19 3 50 3.54 2.84 3.13 2.64 2.59 2.45 $2.99 3.14 3.27 3.21 3.49 3.53 2.84 3.15 2.62 2.57 2.43 $2. 97 3.15 3.28 3. 21 3. 47 3.51 2.79 3.11 2.57 2.60 2.50 $2.96 3.13 3.23 3.21 3. 47 3. 51 2. 78 3.10 2. 55 2.64 2. 55 $2.95 3.14 3.21 3.26 3.46 3.50 2.76 3.04 2.55 2.63 2.54 $2.94 3.14 3.21 3.26 3.46 3.50 2.76 3.04 2.55 2.62 2.52 $2.92 3.07 3.09 3.20 3.48 3.52 2.73 3.01 2.53 2.59 2. 49 $2.90 3.06 3.12 3.13 Contract construction_____________ General building contractors............ H eavy construction______________ Highway and street construction. Other heavy construction______ Special trade contractors_________ Plumbing, heating, and air condition ing— 3.81 3.80 3.68 3.42 3. 29 3.55 4.05 3.79 3.65 3.39 3.22 3.53 4.03 3.81 3.66 3.43 3.22 3.58 4.04 3.78 3.63 3.37 3.19 3.52 4.03 3. 76 3.63 3.39 3.24 3.53 4.00 3. 74 3. 61 3.43 3.33 3.53 3.97 3.76 3.62 3.50 3. 57 4.00 3.74 3.61 3. 44 3.37 3.51 3.98 3.68 3.54 3.42 3.36 3. 5( 3.92 3.64 3.5C 3.35 3.3C 3.42 3.8Í 3.66 3.52 3.37 3.31 3.44 3 .9( 3.65 3.52 3.33 3.26 3.42 3.89 3.69 3. 55 3.37 3.27 3. 47 3.92 3.55 3.43 3.23 3.13 3.34 3.78 4.03 3.83 4. 48 4.02 3.85 4. 44 4.01 3.85 Electrical work. 4.07 3.87 4. 49 4.44 4.00 3.86 4. 44 3.97 3.81 4. 44 3.99 3.84 4.46 3.97 3.88 4.41 3.92 3.80 4.35 3.90 3.67 4.3Í 3.89 3. 75 4.35 3.90 3.72 4.38 3.92 3. 74 4.37 3.78 3.59 4.29 work___ _____________________ Roofing and sheet metal work____ 4.04 3.50 4.00 3. 51 3.98 3.63 3.90 3.61 3.90 3.56 3.90 3. 43 3.94 3.51 3.89 3.49 3.86 3.36 3.85 3.36 3.86 3.39 3.84 3.36 3.85 3.40 3.69 3.27 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ......... 3.44 C —EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C - l . 815 Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 1965 A nnual average In d u str y M a y 2 A p r .2 M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly June M ay 1965 1964 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s $ 1 1 2 .0 5 $111. 24 $ 1 1 0 .9 5 $ 1 1 0 .2 7 $110. 00 $110. 92 $109. 71 $ 1 0 8 .6 2 $107. 83 $106. 45 $ 1 0 7 .0 1 $107 79 $107 53 $107 53 $102 97 M a n u f a c t u r i n g _____ - _____ - - - - __________ 1 2 1 .8 2 121. 54 1 2 0 .6 9 12 0 .4 1 1 1 9 .9 9 1 2 0 .9 8 119. 43 1 1 8 .7 2 1 1 7 .1 8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 1 6 .0 6 1 1 7 .7 4 1 1 7 .4 6 1 1 7 .1 8 1 1 2 .1 9 D u r a b l e g o o d s ____________ 9 5 .5 2 9 6 .3 2 N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ____________ . . — 9 6 .8 8 9 6 .4 8 9 5 .6 8 9 7 .9 3 96. 71 96. 96 9 5 .6 8 9 5 .1 1 9 4 .8 7 9 4 .4 7 9 4 .0 0 9 4 .6 4 90. 91 O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________ __ - - . A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____ S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t ____ O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________ 1 3 2 .1 9 131. 52 1 3 4 .2 3 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x cep t 9 4 .4 7 f u r n i t u r e _______________________________ _ S a w m i ll s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ____________ 88. 41 M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s __________________________________ 103. 39 W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ___________ __________ 7 6 .2 6 M i s c e ll a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s - - - , - - - 8 7 .5 6 F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ___ __________________ H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e _________ O ffic e f u r n i t u r e ____ __________ P a r t it io n s ; o f fic e a n d s t o r e f i x t u r e s . . . . O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . . _______ 9 0 .6 7 8 4 .8 7 9 7 .2 9 132. 62 132. 99 130. 42 1 3 2 .0 0 1 3 1 .6 7 1 3 2 .7 5 1 3 4 .5 1 1 2 9 .0 3 1 3 2 .9 3 1 3 5 .4 3 13 6 .2 0 1 2 7 .5 8 135. 36 138. 88 135. 79 1 2 6 .9 8 85 40 78 82 133. 56 1 3 8 .2 2 127. 39 123. 97 133. 56 1 3 8 .1 3 1 2 4 .4 0 1 2 4 .1 0 1 3 1 .1 5 1 3 4 .2 7 12 fi 30 1 2 5 .2 4 1 3 1 .1 5 1 3 6 .2 1 127 80 1 2 0 .7 7 1 3 1 .6 6 136. 53 120 00 12 1 .5 1 129. 58 134. 30 12Q 34 1 1 9 .3 6 9 1 .8 4 85. 48 88. 51 8 2 .6 2 8 8 .4 8 8 1 .5 9 88. 75 8 1 .8 1 8 9 .4 0 8 2 .4 2 89. 76 82. 42 9 1 .4 9 8 4 .2 6 9 0 .6 1 8 4 .2 5 9 1 .0 8 8 4 .4 6 8 8 .9 4 8 2 .2 2 9 9 .2 5 75. 53 8 7 .1 4 97. 47 7 3 .9 8 8 7 .1 4 9 7 .0 6 7 3 .6 2 8 5 .9 0 9 7 .7 6 7 2 .9 8 8 5 .9 0 9 8 .2 8 75. 36 8 6 .1 1 9 8 .2 3 74. 46 8 6 .3 2 9 8 .4 7 7 5 .9 6 8 6 .3 2 9 7 .9 4 7 3 .4 4 8 6 .5 3 9 8 .9 4 73. 93 8 6 .3 2 8 8 .7 5 8 3 .6 4 1 0 8 .2 0 1 1 2 .8 9 9 4 .5 8 8 9 .6 4 84. 67 1 0 8 .9 7 1 1 3 .0 2 9 4 .4 3 8 8 .5 8 8 3 .6 4 1 0 9 .6 2 1 1 0 .8 3 9 2 .0 6 8 8 .1 5 8 2 .8 2 1 0 8 .5 4 1 1 0 .4 3 9 1 .4 3 9 2 .0 2 87. 96 10 8 .1 1 1 1 4 .3 6 9 5 .8 5 9 0 .3 0 8 6 .1 0 1 0 6 .6 8 113. 42 9 4 .0 8 9 0 .7 3 8 5 .8 8 1 0 6 .7 5 1 1 5 .8 7 9 3 .6 8 8 9 .2 4 8 4 .2 5 107 03 110 70 9 2 .3 5 136. 139. 137. 130. 1 2 8 .9 6 133. 34 130. 73 1 3 4 .5 0 127 08 12L 93 116! 40 88. 73 8 1 .8 0 8 9 .4 2 • 8 8 .5 4 8 2 .4 0 8 1 .8 1 8 5 .2 4 79. 60 9 7 .1 6 7 3 .1 0 8 5 .9 0 9 7 .9 0 73. 57 85. 91 98. 79 7 2 .9 8 8 5 .0 8 96. 51 72. 92 8 4 .6 7 9 3 .1 1 68. 63 8 1 .7 9 89. 04 83. 42 108 00 120 22 9 1 .3 8 8 6 .5 1 80. 60 100 00 113 7Q 9 1 .5 6 8 6 .9 4 8 1 .3 8 8 5 .8 9 8 0 .9 9 102 48 112 02 9 4 .3 7 9 0 .4 7 8 7 .9 8 8 2 .8 0 104 48 112 80 9 2 .1 8 8 4 .4 6 7 9 .9 3 97 88 105 85 87! 54 12 o!2 2 1 2 2 .3 1 1 2 4 .4 3 A verage w e e k ly h ou rs M a n u f a c t u r i n g _________________ __ __________ D u r a b l e g o o d s ______________ . . . ______ N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ____ __ ___________ 4 1 .5 4 2 .3 4 0 .3 4 1 .2 4 2 .2 3 9 .8 4 1 .4 4 2 .2 4 0 .2 4 1 .3 4 2 .1 4 0 .2 4 1 .2 4 2 .1 3 9 .8 4 1 .7 4 2 .6 4 0 .4 4 1 .4 4 2 .2 4 0 .3 4 1 .3 4 2 .1 4 0 .2 4 1 .0 4 1 .7 4 0 .2 4 1 .1 4 1 .7 4 0 .3 4 1 .0 4 1 .6 4 0 .2 4 1 .3 4 2 .2 4 0 .2 4 1 .2 4 2 .1 4 0 .0 4 1 .2 4 2 .0 4 0 .1 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 3 9 .7 O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _______ ___________ A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____ S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t — . O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ............ 4 2 .1 4 1 .1 4 4 .3 4 2 .1 4 1 .3 4 1 .8 4 4 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .1 4 2 .7 4 3 .3 4 2 .2 4 1 .8 4 3 .1 4 3 .1 4 2 .7 4 2 .6 4 2 .7 4 2 .9 4 2 .9 4 2 .5 43 6 4 3 .9 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 40. 7 4 2 .6 4 2 .4 4 2 .5 40. 0 4 2 .5 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 40 5 4 2 .6 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 40 6 4 1 .5 4 2 .2 4 2 .4 40 4 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 2 .1 40 8 4 1 .3 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 30 8 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 40 0 4 1 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 40 8 4 0 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 3 9 .8 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .1 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 4 2 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .3 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 4 1 .1 4 1 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 2 .1 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 2 .2 4 1 .8 4 1 .5 4 2 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 3 9 .9 4 1 .1 4 1 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 2 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 2 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 3 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 2 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 2 .6 4 2 .7 4 2 .9 4 2 .2 4 2 .6 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 42. 5 4 1 .7 4 2 .0 4 2 .2 4 2 .1 4 2 .7 4 2 .6 4 2 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 43 4 42. 4 4 1 .6 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 43 4 44 2 4 2 .5 4 1 .0 4 0 .5 42 2 42 3 4 2 .0 4 1 .4 4 1 .1 42 7 41 8 4 2 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 42 0 41 5 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 2 .3 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 41 3 40 4 4 1 .1 L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts, ex cep t f u r n i t u r e ______________ _______________ S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ______________ M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _____________ __________ ________ W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ____________ __________ M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s -------------- --F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ___ _____ __ _______ H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e __________ _______ O ffic e f u r n i t u r e ____ . _ ________ P a r t i t i o n s ; o ffic e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s _____ O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____________ 4 2 .3 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s M a n u f a c t u r i n g _________________________________ D u r a b l e g o o d s . ______ _________ __ _ N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ______________________ $ 2 .7 0 2 .8 8 2 .4 3 $ 2 .7 0 2 .8 8 2. 43 $ 2 .6 8 2 .8 6 41 $ 2 .6 7 2 .8 6 2 .4 0 $ 2 .6 7 2 .8 5 2 .4 0 $ 2 .6 6 2 .8 4 2 .4 0 $ 2 .6 5 2 .8 3 2 .3 9 $ 2 .6 3 2 .8 2 2 .3 8 $ 2 .6 3 2 .8 1 2 .3 8 $ 2 .5 9 2 .7 7 2 .3 6 $ 2 .6 1 2 .7 9 2 .3 6 $ 2 .6 1 2 .7 9 2 .3 5 $ 2 .6 1 2 .7 9 2 .3 5 $2. 61 2 .7 9 2. 36 $ 2 .5 3 2 .7 1 2 .2 9 O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ___________ _______ A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____ S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t - . O t h e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ________ 3 .1 4 3 .2 0 3 .0 3 3 .1 5 3 .2 2 3 .1 2 3 .0 0 3 .1 5 3 .2 3 3 .1 5 2 .9 8 3 .1 5 3 .2 4 3 .1 6 2 .9 6 3 .1 7 3 .2 6 3 .1 8 2 .9 6 3 .1 9 3. 28 3 .1 6 2 .9 8 3 .1 5 3. 26 3 .1 3 2 .9 1 3 .1 5 3 .2 5 3 .1 1 2 .9 2 3 .1 3 3 .2 2 3 12 2 .9 4 3 .1 3 3 .2 2 3 15 2 .9 1 3 .1 2 3 .2 2 3 12 2 .9 0 3 .1 0 3 .1 9 3 17 2 .8 9 3 .1 0 3 .1 9 3 .1 5 2 .8 9 3 .1 2 3 .2 1 3 .1 3 2. 91 3 .0 2 3 .0 8 3 .1 7 2 .8 6 2 .2 6 2 .1 1 2 .2 4 2 .0 9 2 .1 8 2 .0 4 2 .1 9 2 .0 5 2 .1 7 2 .0 2 2 .1 7 2. 02 2. 04 2 .2 1 2 .0 5 2 .2 1 2 .0 6 2 .2 0 2 .0 5 2 .1 8 2 .0 3 2 .1 8 2 .0 4 2 .1 6 2 .0 0 2 .1 7 2 .0 2 2 .1 1 1 .9 8 2 .3 8 1 .8 2 2 .1 1 2 .3 6 1 .8 0 2 .1 1 2 .3 5 1 .8 0 2 .0 9 2 .3 5 78 2 .0 9 1. 2 .3 4 1 .7 9 2 .0 7 2 .3 5 1 .7 9 2 .0 8 2 .3 5 1 .8 0 2 .0 7 2 .3 6 1 .8 0 2 .0 9 2 .3 5 1 .7 9 2 .0 8 2 .3 3 1 .7 7 2 .0 8 2 .3 2 1 .7 6 2 .0 7 2 .3 3 1 .7 5 2 .0 5 2 .3 2 1 .7 7 2 .0 5 2 .2 6 1 .7 2 1 .9 9 2 .1 7 2 .0 6 2 .5 4 2 .7 4 2 .2 9 2 .1 6 2 .0 5 2 .5 4 2 .7 3 2 .2 7 2 .1 5 2 .0 4 2 .5 2 2 .6 9 2 .2 4 2 .1 5 2 .0 3 2. 53 2 .7 0 2 .2 3 2 .1 6 2. 06 2 .5 2 2. 71 2 .2 5 2 .1 5 2 .0 5 2 .5 1 2. 72 2. 24 2 .1 5 2 .0 4 2 .5 0 2 .7 2 2 .1 4 2 .0 3 2. 48 2 .7 3 2 .1 2 2 .0 1 2. 50 2 .7 2 2 .1 5 2 .1 1 1 .9 9 2 .5 0 2. 69 2 .1 8 2 .1 0 1 .9 8 2. 48 2 .6 8 2 .2 1 2 .1 0 1 .9 9 2 .4 4 2 .6 9 2 .1 8 2 .1 2 2 .0 0 2 .4 7 2 .7 0 2 .2 0 2 .0 5 1 .9 4 2 .3 7 2 .6 2 2 .1 3 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c ep t f u r n it u r e .— . .......... ....................... S a w m i ll s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s _________ __ . M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , and r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . __________ . . ___________ . . W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ________ . . . . ______ M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s - _______ F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s _____ __ __________ H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e _________ . ________ O ffic e f u r n it u r e P a r t it io n s ; o ffic e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2. 41 1 .8 2 2 .1 2 2 .1 9 2 .0 7 2 .3 0 2. 2. 20 2.22 2.22 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 816 T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1965 1966 A nnual average In d u stry M a y 2 A p r.2 M ar. Feb. Jan. Nov. Dec. Oct. Sept. Aug. Ju ly June May 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings M anufacturing—C ontinued Durable poods—C ontinued $115.06 $113.82 155.86 109. 62 109.47 131.56 132.19 98.41 98.23 98.00 Pnftpry and related products Concrete, gypsum and, plaster products. 118.99 116.60 O ther stone and m ineral p roducts-------- 116.33 115.63 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown flpmpnt, hydraulic _ _ _ __ _____ B last furnace. and basic steel products Iran and steal foundries _ __ __ Non ferrous sm elting and refining___ Nonferrous rolling, draw ing, and extrn d in g __ _ _ _ Nonferrous foundries _ _ __ M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal industries — 137.99 138. 74 146.97 126.85 128.17 128. 71 129.32 $112. 56 $110. 54 $110.66 $112.25 $112.94 $112.94 $112.10 $111.78 $110.83 $110.40 $110. 66 $109. 78 $105. 50 154.51 152. 08 151.30 146. 91 155. 88 152.76 154. 66 145. 39 147. 63 149.29 147. 98 149.60 144.14 111.92 110. 70 111.37 111.78 109. 61 108.00 106.13 106.13 106. 25 105.99 106.52 106. 25 102. 21 130.94 126.98 129. 79 127.82 131. 67 126.79 132. 29 123. 52 123.90 122. 25 121.54 124.42 121.30 95.87 93.61 93.66 94.62 95.08 95.72 95. 72 95. 60 95.34 94.92 95.15 94.02 89.82 96.87 96.62 97.11 97.69 96.48 96.32 95.36 94.16 91.96 95.76 94.49 94.72 93.13 114.06 109.04 110. 50 114.06 115. 72 118. 46 117.11 119.28 118. 04 116. 22 116.10 113. 26 108.32 113.82 113. 55 111. 22 113. 63 113.25 113.10 111.19 111.14 109. 52 110. 56 119. 88 110. 20 107.01 137.25 143. 56 128. 60 126.96 136. 08 141. 69 128. 03 125. 93 135. 34 140.24 126.28 125.82 132.48 134.21 128.63 126.00 129.83 130. 64 125. 85 125. 70 130.06 132. 01 125.86 125.58 133. 44 138. 29 126.15 128. 78 132. 51 139. 67 121.13 124. 27 135.68 144. 40 123.27 124. 68 135.89 143.64 127.16 124.02 134.09 140. 69 126. 58 123.06 133. 88 140. 90 124. 99 124. 44 130.00 138. 43 119.41 120. 22 137. 64 134. 77 134.20 134. 81 135.86 134. 98 131.67 131.67 133.32 130.20 129. 47 131.10 128. 76 130. 07 112. 26 118.16 117. 74 117.17 116. 75 118.15 118.40 115. 50 115. 08 112.47 111.64 110. 02 113.13 113.13 113. 55 110.12 151.51 146. 46 150.23 150.82 148.24 150.48 149. 60 148. 72 144. 86 138. 60 141. 53 140. 58 141.57 143.09 133. 77 Average weekly hours Stone clay and glass products __ __ _ _ Flat, glass __ _ ___Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Clamant, hydraulic _ __ _ __ _ Structural clay products P o ttery and related p r o d u c ts ___ Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products O ther stone and m ineral p roducts------Blast furnace and basic steel pro d u cts.. Tron and steel foundries _ _ Nonferrous sm elting and refining-------N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and extru d in g ____ _____ N onferrous foundries _ _ _ M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries . _______ _ _ - - 40.6 41.5 41.7 42.0 42.7 40.1 41.7 41.8 40. 0 42.0 42.8 41.3 41.7 41.5 39.7 41.4 42.6 41.0 40.7 40.7 39.6 41.6 42.5 41.4 41.6 40.9 39.8 42.2 41.5 41.4 41.1 41.5 40.2 42.3 43.3 40.9 41.8 41.7 40.2 42.3 42.2 40.6 40.9 41.8 40.3 42.3 43.2 40.2 42.4 41.8 39.9 42.5 41.9 40.2 40.9 42.3 39.9 42.3 42.3 40.4 41.3 42.0 38.8 42.3 42.9 40.3 41.3 42.0 39.9 42.4 42.4 40.5 41. 2 42.1 39.7 41.9 42.5 40.4 41. 2 41.6 39.8 41.7 41.9 40.4 41.4 41.2 39.8 44.4 42.3 44.0 42.2 43.7 42.0 42.1 41.9 42.5 41.5 43.7 42.4 44.0 42.1 44.7 42.2 44.7 41.8 45.7 42.1 45.4 41.8 44.7 42.2 45.0 42.1 43.9 41. 9 43.5 41.8 42.2 43.0 42.2 42.3 41.4 43.3 42.4 42.1 40.9 43.3 41.9 42.0 40.6 43.4 41.7 41.9 40.3 43.1 41.8 41.4 38.9 43.9 42.0 40.7 38.2 43.1 41.9 40.9 38.6 43.4 42.0 41.7 40.2 43.5 42.5 41.8 41.2 42.5 41.7 42.4 42.1 43.1 41.7 42.6 42.0 44.0 41.9 42.3 41.5 43.8 42.0 42.1 41.2 43.4 41.9 41.8 41.2 42.8 41.6 44.4 42.2 43.9 42.2 44.0 42.3 44.2 42.3 44.4 42.5 44.4 42.9 43.6 42.0 43.6 42.0 44.0 41.5 43.4 41.5 43.3 40.9 43.7 41.9 43.5 41.9 43.5 41.9 42.6 41.4 44.3 42.7 43.8 44.1 43.6 44.0 44.0 44.0 43.5 42.0 42.5 42.6 42.9 43.1 42.2 42.3 Average hourly earnings 2.70 3.17 2.36 $2.71 3.65 2.73 3.17 2.35 2.45 $2.68 3.61 2.71 3.14 2.31 2.44 $2.67 3.57 2. 70 3.12 2.30 2.44 $2.66 3.56 2.69 3.12 2.29 2.44 $2.66 3.54 2.70 3.11 2.28 2.43 $2. 67 3.60 2.68 3.15 2.28 2.40 $2.67 3.62 2.66 3.1C 2.29 2.39 $2.65 3. 58 2.64 3.12 2.2C 2.3S $2.63 3.47 2.64 3.02 2.26 2.36 $2.62 3.49 2.63 3.00 2. 27 2.37 $2. 61 3.48 2.63 2.96 2. 26 2.40 $2.61 3.49 2.63 2.95 2. 26 2.38 $2. 62 3.52 2. 63 3. 02 2.26 2.38 $2.53 3.44 2.53 2.93 2.18 2.34 2.68 2. 75 2.65 2.74 2.61 2.71 2.5S 2.71 2 .6( 2.68 2. 61 2.68 2. 65 2.69 2.65 2.68 2.62 2.66 2.61 2. 61 2.60 2.62 2. 60 2.62 2.58 2.61 2.58 2.63 2.49 2.56 3.27 2.95 3. 05 3.28 3. 55 2.96 3.05 3.26 3.51 2.97 3.03 3.24 3.49 2.95 3.02 3.23 3.48 2.93 3. 01 3.20 3. 45 2.9i 3.00 3.19 3.42 2.92 3.00 3.18 3.42 2.90 2.99 3.20 3. 44 2 .9C 3.03 3.17 3.39 2. 85 2. 98 3. 20 3.43 2.86 2.99 3.19 3. 42 2.89 2. 96 3.17 3.39 2.89 2.93 3.18 3. 42 2.88 2. 97 3.11 3.36 2.79 2.89 3.10 2.80 3. 07 2.79 3.05 2.77 3.05 2.76 3. 06 2. 78 3.M 2. 76 3.02 2. 75 3.02 2.74 3.03 2. 71 3. 00 2.69 2.99 2. 69 3. 00 2. 70 2. 96 2. 70 2.99 2. 71 2.87 2. 66 3.42 3.43 3.43 3.42 3 .4( 3.42 3. 4( 3. 3f 3. 3c 3.30 3.33 3.30 3.30 3. 32 3.17 Stone clay, and glass products .. _ _ F la t glass _ _ _ _ _________ Glass"and glassware, pressed or blow n. C em ent, hydraulic _ _____ _ _ ____ Structural-clay products _ _ . P o ttery and related products Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products .. . .. . . . __ ____ O ther stone and m ineral products___ $2.72 Prim ary m etal in d u stries. _ __ Blast furnace and basic steel products Iron and steel foundries N onferrous sm elting and re fin in g .. . . . . N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and extru d in g ....... Nonferrous foundries M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal industries See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e C -l. 817 Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 Annual average 1965 Industry May 2 Apr.2 Mar. Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Fabricated metal products.......................... Metal cans__________________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_____________________________ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_____________________________ Fabricated structural metal products.. Screw machine products, bolts, etc____ Metal stam pings._______ ___________ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____________________ ____ _____ Machinery_____________________ ______ Engines and turbines________________ Farm machinery and equipment_____ Construction and related machinery__ Metalworking machinery and equipm ent_____ _______________________ Special industry machinery__________ General industrial machinery________ Office, computing and accounting machines____________________________ Service industry machines___________ Miscellaneous machinery_____________ Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings $121. 84 $119.99 $119.85 $119.00 $118. 02 $119. 71 $118.72 $118.30 $116.48 $115. 08 $114. 68 $117. 02 $116. 75 $116. 20 $111.34 141. 7C 138.14 135.36 135.14 133.66 135. 68 136.32 134.4C 133.22 140.92 141. 36 138. 45 134. 83 137. 49 131.82 114.26 113. 02 113. 57 113.15 112. 47 114. 51 114.93 112. 71 111. 22 108. 09 107. 33 108. 92 110. 81 110. 81 107. 23 110.03 119. 42 128.13 134.9C 107.36 110. 46 108.40 117.73 126.83 132.75 105. Ci 108.84 108.00 117. OS 128. 82 131.8£ 105.42 108. 52 108.27 116. 76 127.63 129.99 104.25 109. 56 105. 6( 116. 48 126. 62 129.68 102.18 107. 01 109.08 118. 3C 126. 34 132. 41 103. 49 108. 8C 108.4C 116.62 124.32 132. 41 103. 0C 108. 54 109. 59 117.45 123.20 130.20 102.58 106. 85 106. 53 116. 06 121. 21 125. 38 102. 51 105. 75 105. 06 115. 90 120. 01 122. 96 99. 46 104. 00 104. 66 113.98 117. 39 125.38 98.98 102. 50 106. 78 115. 21 121. 55 130. 09 101.22 104. 75 104. 40 114.11 121. 00 131. 26 98. 95 104. 25 105. 06 114. 26 121.16 128. 60 100. 02 104.92 102. 91 110. 27 113.85 123. 41 95.58 99. 46 119.99 117.46 117.87 116. 06 114. 95 114. 95 114.26 115.23 113. 42 113.15 111. 37 113. 55 116.05 113.15 108. 65 135.83 134. 03 144. 86 131. 09 133.85 132. 07 134. 51 141. 57 132.62 133.42 133. 76 138.32 130.11 131.94 132.41 135.85 128. 59 129. 73 133. 48 140. 71 127.14 131. 24 130.20 135.76 125.22 128.40 129.47 136. 08 123.79 . 130.33 127.12 135 43 122. 30 126.65 124.95 132 57 117. 56 124. 66 125.83 128. 03 127. 74 131 43 133 76 132 29 118 26 120 18 119 31 125. 97 126. 56 124.82 127.15 121. 69 133 44 127 30 121 30 118 82 125.97 120. 25 156.37 153.45 153.64 152. 06 150.29 151. 45 146.IS 144.00 140. 75 139.10 141. 75 145. 33 146.10 144. 05 137. 06 125. 99 124.98 125.24 124.80 124. 24 126. 05 122. 64 121. 52 120. 37 117. 85 118.28 120. 77 120.22 120. 22 114.86 134.33 132.24 132. 54 132. 71 131.67 132. 88 129. 6C 129.17 127. 41 125. 83 124. 82 127. 74 125. 99 126. 56 120. 83 131. 63 128. 52 132.13 132.62 133. 06 133. 24 130.42 129.38 126. 60 123.85 126. 95 126. 35 125.33 126. 78 120. 60 116.34 115.79 115.92 115. 51 113. 44 114.93 113.30 112.61 109. 62 110.15 111. 78 115. 06 113.82 112.19 107.16 128.03 127. 58 127.87 127.43 125. 97 126. 66 124.36 123.36 119. 56 119.11 119.66 120.93 122. 48 120.93 115.83 Average weekly hours Fabricated metal products________ ____ Metal cans__________________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_____________________________ Heating equipment and plumbing fix_______________________ tures___ Fabricated structural metal products.. Screw machine products, bolts, etc____ Metal stampings__________ _____ ____ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. Machinery____________________________ Engines and turbines________________ Farm machinery and equipment........... Construction arid related machinery___ Metalworking machinery and equipm ent_____________________________ Special industry machinery_________ General industrial machinery________ Office, computing and accounting machines________ ______ __________ Service industry machines___________ Miscellaneous machinery............... ........... 42.6 43.6 42.1 42.9 42.2 42.3 42.2 42.1 42.0 41.9 42.6 42.8 42.4 42.6 42.4 42.0 41.9 41.5 42.0 43.9 41.7 43.9 42.4 43.4 42.3 42.4 42.1 43.1 41.7 42.8 41.7 41.4 41.6 41.6 41.5 42.1 42.1 41.9 41.5 41.1 40.5 41.1 41.5 41.5 41.4 40.6 41.9 44.8 43.8 42.1 42.0 42.7 40.0 41.6 44.5 43.1 41.7 41.7 42.1 40.0 41.5 45.2 43.1 42.0 41.9 42.4 40.1 41.7 45.1 42.9 41.7 42.3 41.9 39.7 41.6 44.9 42.8 41.2 41.8 41.8 40.7 42.4 44.8 43.7 41.9 42.5 41.8 40.6 42.1 44.4 43.7 41.7 42.4 41.7 41.2 42.4 44.0 43.4 41.7 41.9 41.9 40.2 41.9 43.6 42.5 41.5 41.8 41.7 40.1 42.3 43.8 42.4 41.1 41.6 41.6 40.1 41.6 43.0 42.5 40.9 41.0 41.4 40.6 42.2 44.2 43.8 42.0 41.9 41.9 40.0 41.8 44.0 43.9 41.4 41.7 42.2 40.1 41.7 43.9 43.3 41.5 41.8 41.6 40.2 41.3 42.8 43.0 41.2 41.1 41.0 44.1 43.6 43.8 43.5 42.7 43.3 44.1 42. 9 43 2 43.6 44.0 42.3 42.8 43.4 43.7 41.8 42.3 43.1 44.2 42. 9 42.1 43.6 43.4 41.9 41.6 42.8 43.3 42. 0 41 4 43.3 42.8 41 8 41 0 42.5 42.5 41 3 40 4 42.4 42.8 41 2 40 5 42.7 43.4 41 8 41. 3 42.9 43.3 41 6 41 0 42.6 43.1 41. 7 41. 4 42.7 42.4 40.8 41 4 41.9 47.1 43.9 43.9 46.5 43.7 43.5 46.7 44.1 43.6 46.5 44.1 43.8 46.1 43.9 43.6 46.6 44.7 44.0 45.4 43.8 43.2 45.0 43.4 43.2 44.4 43.3 42.9 44.3 42.7 42.8 45.0 42.7 42.6 45.7 43.6 43.3 45.8 43.4 43.0 45.3 43.4 42.9 44.5 42.7 42.1 42.6 41.7 44.3 42.0 41.8 44.3 42.9 42.0 44.4 43.2 41.7 44.4 43.2 41.4 44.2 43.4 42.1 44.6 42.9 41.5 44.1 42.7 41.4 43.9 42.2 40.6 42.7 41.7 41.1 43.0 42.6 41.4 43.2 42.4 42.3 43.5 42.2 42.0 43.9 42.4 41.4 43.5 41.3 40.9 42.9 $2.74 3. 21 $2. 75 3.22 $2. 76 3.19 $2. 76 3.18 $2. 76 3.19 $2. 67 3.08 Average hourly earnings Fabricated metal products_____________ Metal cans____________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_______________ ___ ___ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures__________ _______ Fabricated structural metal products... Screw machine products, bolts, e tc .. . Metal stampings__________________ Coating, engraving, and allied services Miscellaneous fabricated wire products Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. $2.86 3.25 Machinery_______ Engines and turbines_______________ Farm machinery and equipment- . . . Construction and related machinery . Metalworking machinery and equipment. Special industry machinery__________ General industrial machinery________ Office, computing and accounting machines__________ Service industry machines. ____ Miscellaneous machinery____________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.85 3.22 $2.84 3.20 $2. 82 3.21 $2.81 3.19 $2. 81 3.17 $2.80 3.20 $2.79 3.20 $2.78 3. 21 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.72 2. 71 2. 72 2.73 2.69 2.68 2.63 2.65 2.65 2. 67 2. 67 2.59 2.71 2.85 2.86 3.08 2.55 2.63 2.81 2.71 2.83 2.85 3.08 2.52 2.61 2.79 2.70 2.82 2.85 3.06 2.51 2.59 2.78 2. 70 2.80 2.83 3.03 2.50 2. 59 2. 77 2.66 2. 80 2. 82 3.03 2. 48 2. 56 2. 75 2.68 2.79 2. 82 3.03 2. 47 2. 56 2. 75 2.67 2.77 2.80 3.03 2.47 2.56 2.74 2.66 2.77 2.80 3.00 2.46 2. 55 2.75 2.65 2.77 2.78 2.95 2. 47 2.53 2.72 2.62 2.74 2. 74 2.90 2.42 2.50 2. 72 2.61 2.74 2.73 2. 95 2.42 2.50 2.69 2.63 2.73 2.75 2. 97 2.41 2. 50 2. 71 2. 61 2.73 2.75 2.99 2.39 2. 50 2.75 2.62 2. 74 2. 76 2. 97 2. 41 2. 51 2. 72 2. 56 2. 67 2. 66 2. 87 2. 32 2. 42 2.65 3.08 3. 07 3.32 2.87 3.06 3.06 3.33 3. 07 3. 05 3.30 2.86 3.04 3. 05 3.30 3. 07 3.06 3.29 2.84 3. 04 3.04 3.27 3.04 3.04 3.27 2.83 3.03 3.03 3.25 3.04 3.01 3. 26 2.83 3. 02 3.02 3. 28 3. 02 3. 01 3. 25 2. 82 3.02 3.00 3.24 3.01 3.00 3.22 2.80 3.00 2.99 3.24 2. 99 3.01 3.20 2.80 2.99 2.97 3 24 2 94 2.98 3.17 2.78 2.97 2.94 3. 21 2 91 2.94 3.14 2.76 2.94 2.94 3.19 2. 92 2.95 3.15 2.77 2.93 2.95 3. 20 2. 91 2.95 3.18 2.77 2.95 2. 95 3.18 2. 91 2.93 3.19 2.77 2.93 2.95 3. 20 2. 93 2. 95 3.18 2. 77 2. 95 2.87 3.12 2. 87 2.87 3.08 2. 69 2.87 3.09 2.79 2.89 3.06 2.77 2.88 3.08 2.76 2.88 3.07 2.77 2. 87 3.08 2. 74 2.85 3. 07 2.73 2.84 3.04 2.73 2.82 3.03 2.72 2.81 3.00 2.70 2.80 2. 97 2.68 2.77 2. 98 2.70 2. 77 2.98 2. 72 2.78 2.97 2. 71 2.79 2.99 2.71 2.78 2.92 2.62 2.70 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 818 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. Annual average 1955 1966 Industry M a y 2 A pr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1%5 1%4 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued 37 $105. 78 $101.66 Electrical equipment and supplies--------- $108. 09 $107. 68 $107.79 $108.47 $108.21 $110. 04 $108.32 $107.12 $106. 08 $104. 60 $103.97 $106.04 $105. 71 112.75 113. 02 110.83 Electric distribution eq u ip m en t--........ 114. 53 113.30 115. 50 113.57 113.98 116. 75 115.23 114.68 113.58 113. 44 113.85 113. 113. 70 109. 56 115.48 115. 48 Electrical industrial apparatus----------- 117.73 117.87 118.71 118.00 115. 78 117.58 114. 81 114.68 113.98 112.19 113.70 114. 95 107.33 Household appliances........... ................... 118.24 119.68 114.77 118.69 119.83 123.26 119. 70 119.28 115.34 113.83 111.60 113.98 112. 33 Electric lighting and wiring equip 100. 37 98.01 97.93 99. 31 99. 63 99.14 95. 04 m ent............ ................ ............................ 102.91 101.34 101.43 100.78 100.28 102.42 101.68 101.27 89.17 91.57 91.87 93.43 92.66 95.24 93. 50 93.03 92. 50 91. 43 89.67 89. 27 88.98 90. 91 87. 47 Radio and T V receiving sets------- -----119.26 118. 53 117. 29 113. 65 117.58 116. 31 116. 88 112.07 120. 25 121.54 122. 98 121.67 120. 67 119.65 120.22 Communication equipm ent---------93.25 91.35 92.43 92.25 92.03 92.51 91.21 89.91 88. 62 87. 34 86.24 91. 02 90.20 89.28 86.18 Electronic components and accessories. Miscellaneous electrical equipment 110.95 113.70 112. 33 114. 95 108.67 and supplies................. .................. ........ 117. 79 117.62 117.10 119.81 118.12 120. 98 119. 28 116.06 112. 74 111.38 135. 01 130.82 133. 46 137.49 137.81 137. 71 130. 09 Transportation equipment------------ ------ 140.48 141. 47 140.06 141.14 142. 46 145.53 144.87 141.48 148. 68 144. 57 1 46 .4 5 148.58 155. 38 156.18 151.53 1 4 2 . 1 3 136. 45 1 4 1 . 1 4 147. 74 148. 07 147. 63 138. 03 M otor vehicles and e q u ip m en t---------141 70 139. 75 141.48 142.14 143.00 141.15 138. 35 134.51 130. 73 130. 52 130. 31 131.04 130. 73 131.88 125.03 Aircraft and parts......... - .........- ........... 120. 60 122. 78 121. 91 121.10 Ship and boat building and repairing. 130.83 129. 07 130.10 130.00 129.27 126.07 123.22 125. 86 123. 32 120. 50 119. 50 130.33 127. 92 129.44 127. 39 138.20 132.44 133.82 135. 71 135.% 133.32 129.03 130. 25 125.19 126. 72 Railroad equipm ent------------------------95.63 93. 56 93.09 93.89 90.68 96. 05 97.11 97. 58 94. 87 94.13 91.80 89.86 95.60 95.68 Other transportation equipm ent.......... Average weekly hours Electrical equipment and suppliesElectric distribution equipment. Electrical industrial apparatus—. Household appliances--------------Electric lighting and wiring equip m en t_______________ ___________--Radio and TV receiving sets................... Communication equipm ent---------Electronic components and accessories. Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies.........- ............................... 41.1 41.8 42.5 41.2 41.1 41.5 42.4 41.7 41.3 42.0 42.7 40.7 41.4 41.6 42.6 41.5 41.3 41.6 42.1 41.9 42.0 42.3 42.6 42.8 41.5 41.9 41.9 42.0 41.2 41.7 41.7 42.0 40.8 41.3 41.6 40.9 40.7 41.4 41.4 40.8 40.3 41.4 41.8 40.0 41.1 41.5 42.3 41. 0 41.0 41.3 42. 3 40.7 41.0 41.4 41. 8 41. 2 40. 5 41.2 41.5 40.5 41. 0 38.6 41. 6 40.9 40.7 39.3 41.4 40.6 40.9 39.6 41.9 40.9 40.8 40.1 42.1 41.0 40.6 39.6 42.2 40.9 41.3 40.7 42.7 41.3 41.0 40.3 41.9 40.9 41.0 40.1 41.7 40.5 40.8 39.7 41.3 40.1 40.5 40.1 41.3 39.7 40.3 39.5 40.3 39.2 40.7 39. 5 41. 4 41.0 41. 0 39. 2 41.1 41. 0 40.8 39. 7 41.3 40. 4 40.1 39.4 40.9 39.9 40.9 40.7 40.8 41.6 41.3 42.3 42.0 41.6 40.7 40.5 40.2 40.9 40.7 41.2 40.7 Transportation equipm ent..........- ............. Motor vehicles and equipm ent.............. Aircraft and parts.................. - ................ Ship and boat building and repairing. Railroad equipm ent................................. Other transportation equipment.......... 42.7 43.0 43.6 43.0 41.5 41.5 40.2 42.7 42.9 43.4 41.7 40.5 40.0 42.9 43.2 43.6 41.4 40.8 38.9 43.3 43.7 44.0 41.3 41.0 38.9 44.1 45.3 43.7 40.8 41.2 40.2 43.9 45.4 43.1 40.4 40.4 40.4 43.4 44.7 42.3 41.4 39.7 41.5 41.8 42.3 41.5 40.7 40.2 41.7 41.4 41.6 41.7 40.3 39. 0 41.4 42.1 42.9 41.9 40.1 39.6 39. 6 43.1 44. 5 42. 0 40. 2 40. 6 41. 4 43.2 44. 6 41.9 41.2 40.1 40. 5 42.9 44. 2 42.0 40. 5 40. 2 40.3 42.1 43.0 41.4 40.5 40.7 41.0 $2.58 2. 73 2. 72 2. 79 2. 43 2. 29 2. 83 2. 21 $2.51 2.69 2.64 2.65 2.37 43.6 41 8 Average hourly earnings Electric distribution equipment.. Electrical industrial apparatus.— Household appliances--------------Electric lighting and wiring equipment Radio and TV receiving sets___ Communication equipm ent____ supplies. Transportation equipment______ Motor vehicles and equipment. Aircraft and p arts..------- -------Railroad equipm ent..................— Other transportation equipment. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.63 2.74 2.77 2.87 2.51 2.31 2.89 2.28 $2.62 2.73 2.78 2.87 2.49 2.33 2.89 2.25 $2.61 2.75 2.78 2.82 2.48 2.32 2.88 2.26 $2.62 2.73 2.77 2.86 2.47 2.33 2.89 2.25 $2.02 2.74 2.75 2.86 2.47 2.34 2.88 2.25 $2. 62 2. 76 2. 76 2.88 2. 48 2. 34 2.88 2.24 $2.61 2. 75 2.74 2.85 2. 48 2.32 2.87 2.23 $2.60 2.75 2.75 2.84 2.47 2.32 2.86 2.22 $2.60 2.75 2.74 2.82 2. 46 2. 33 2.87 2. 21 $2.57 2.74 2.71 2.79 2. 42 2.28 2.84 2. 20 $2.58 2. 75 2.72 2.79 2. 43 2.27 2.82 2.20 $2.58 2. 74 2. 73 2.78 2. 44 2. 26 2.84 2. 22 $2. 57 2. 73 2. 73 2. 76 2. 43 2. 27 2.83 2. 20 2.88 2.89 2.87 2.88 2.86 2.86 2.84 2.79 2.77 2. 75 2. 76 2.78 2. 76 2. 79 2. 67 3.19 3. 32 3.12 2.98 3.19 2. 31 3. 21 3.34 3.14 3. 01 3. 22 2. 31 3.09 3. 21 3.02 2.99 3.13 2.29 3.29 3.25 3.13 3.29 3.41 3.25 3.11 3.33 2.38 3.28 3.37 3.26 3.12 3.27 2.39 3.29 3.39 3.26 3.14 3.28 2.36 3.29 3.40 3.25 3.13 3.31 2.31 3. 30 3. 43 3.23 3.09 3. 30 2.36 3.30 3. 44 3. 21 3. 05 3. 30 2.33 3.26 3.39 3.18 3.04 3.25 2.34 3. 23 3. 36 3.15 3. 03 3.24 2.34 3.16 3.28 3.13 2.99 3. 21 2. 32 3.17 3.29 3.11 2.98 3. 20 2. 29 3.19 3.32 3.12 3. 00 3. 21 2. 31 2.22 2.74 2.16 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e C -l 819 Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 1965 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings M anufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Instruments and related products---------- $114.33 $112. 29 $112.67 Engineering and scientific instruments. 130. 5£ 133.18 Mechanical measuring and control devices___________________________ 116.14 114.36 113. 79 Optical and ophthalmic goods________ 102. 43 96.63 101. 46 Ophthalmic goods __ _____________ 88. 26 91.24 Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent------------ ------------------- . 96. 51 93. 7S 93.8S Photographic equipment and supplies.. 135. 21 131.63 Watches and clocks__________ _____ 90.50 91.62 $112.25 $111.72 $111.30 $110.88 $109. 78 $108. 58 $108.05 $107. 53 $108.99 $107.90 $108. 05 $103.63 131. 70 132. 25 133. 8C 129.13 124. 8C 125.1C 125. 63 124.42 127. 26 124.44 124. 92 119. 66 114.06 114.06 109.06 111.34 110.92 109. 93 109.15 109. 41 109. 41 108. 47 108. 62 103. 79 100.38 99.42 100.44 99.83 98. 7C 99.12 97.86 98.88 98.41 96. 70 98.23 94.81 91. 05 89.35 90. 23 89.84 89.4C 89 84 87. 76 89. 60 88. 56 88.37 88. 99 85.67 92.57 93. 2C 94. 3C 93.43 91.94 90.80 89. 95 87.58 91.30 90.63 90.63 88.22 133.29 130. 29 131.97 129.63 131.26 127.87 125. 24 124. 95 127.87 129.90 128.14 120.38 91. 02 89.35 91. 27 89.76 88.94 86 94 87. 23 86. 62 87.60 87.85 87. 85 84.50 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 88.80 87.74 88.88 88.44 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—. 100.12 100. 21 100. 60 97.68 Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.. 77. 61 78.99 78. 00 Pens, pencils, office and "art materials 84.84 85. 44 84.80 Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. 79.97 82.42 82.21 Other manufacturing industries______ 95.75 94.80 95.47 95.47 Musical instruments and parts_____ 98.25 99.53 102.18 87.12 87.48 86. 46 86.46 96.63 103. 39 102.67 100.14 77. 00 76. 05 76.62 77.39 82.29 85. 70 85.49 85.49 80.38 80.80 78.01 77.03 94.24 94. 60 94.19 94. 60 96.80 99. 77 101.22 101.22 85.20 97.06 76.24 84. 46 77. 62 92. 23 99.29 84.80 94.53 75.85 83. 84 77.81 92.69 97.58 83.71 90. 91 75.66 81.16 75.85 91.94 93.85 84.96 94.19 76.64 83.63 76.44 91.83 95.99 84.56 93.96 76.05 82.41 78.41 90. 52 95.27 84.99 95.53 76. 05 82. 82 77. 62 92.23 97.34 82.37 91.58 74.30 78.80 73.90 88.98 94.66 Average weekly hours Instruments and related products______ Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control devices___________________________ Optical and ophthalmic goods________ Ophthalmic goods. _____________ Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent-------------------------------------------Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks_____________ . . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods. Pens, pencils, office and art materials. Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries______ Musical instruments and parts_____ 42.5 41.9 42.4 42.2 43.1 42.2 42.9 42.0 42.8 42.0 43.3 42.0 42.2 41.9 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.4 41.6 41.2 41.2 41.6 42.0 41.5 41.9 41.4 41.5 40.8 40.7 42.7 42.5 42.2 40.6 40.3 42.3 42.1 41.1 42.4 42.0 41.2 42.4 41.6 40. 8 41.0 42.2 41. 2 41.7 42.3 41.4 41.7 42.0 41.2 41.8 42.0 41.4 41.5 42.0 41.2 41.6 41.9 41.1 41.6 41.7 41.0 41.4 41.5 41.1 41.3 41.8 41. 2 40.7 41.4 40.6 41.6 40.6 43.9 40.4 41.0 43.3 40.9 40.6 43.7 41.0 40.7 43.0 40.8 41.0 43.7 41.3 40.8 43.5 40.8 40.5 43.9 40.8 40.0 43.2 39. 7 39.8 42.6 40.2 39.1 42.5 40.1 40.4 43.2 40.0 40.1 43.3 40.3 40.1 43.0 40.3 40.1 41.8 39.3 40.0 40.7 39.7 40.9 39.0 40.4 39.2 40.0 40.6 40.4 41.4 39.3 40.3 40.4 40.8 41.3 40.2 40.7 39.0 40.0 40.3 40.8 42.4 39.6 40.6 38.5 39.0 39.4 40.1 40.5 40.5 42.9 39.2 41. 6 40.4 40.6 41.4 40.4 42.6 39.7 41.3 39.6 40.6 42.0 40.4 41.9 40.1 41.3 39.3 40.6 42.0 40.0 41.3 39.5 40.8 39.6 40.1 41.2 40.0 41.1 39.3 40.7 39.9 40.3 41.0 39.3 39.7 38.6 39.4 39.3 39.8 39.6 39.7 40.6 39.1 40.4 39.0 40.1 40.5 39.7 40.5 39.2 40.2 39.8 39.7 40.2 39.9 41.0 39.2 40.4 39.6 40.1 40.9 39.6 40.7 38.9 39.4 39.1 39.9 40.8 40.4 Average hourly earnings Instruments and related products.. Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control devices___________ . . . . ______ Optical and ophthalmic goods________ Ophthalmic goods ___ ______ Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent_______ ___________________ Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks__________________ $2.69 $2.68 3.08 $2.67 3. 09 $2.66 3.07 $2. 66 3.09 $2. 65 3.09 $2.64 3.06 $2.62 3.00 $2. 61 3.00 $2.61 3.02 $2. 61 3.02 $2.62 3.03 $2.60 2. 97 $2. 61 3. 01 $2.54 2.94 2.72 2.41 2.71 2.38 2.19 2.69 2.41 2. 22 2.69 2.39 2.21 2.69 2. 39 2.19 2. 66 2. 38 2.19 2.67 2.36 2.17 2.66 2.35 2.17 2.63 2.36 2.17 2.63 2.33 2.13 2.63 2.36 2.18 2.63 2.36 2.16 2.62 2.33 2.15 2.63 2. 35 2.16 2. 55 2.29 2.11 2.32 2.31 3.08 2.24 2.29 3.04 2. 24 2.28 3. 05 2.22 2.29 3.03 2.19 2. 30 3.02 2. 21 2.29 2.98 2.20 2.27 2.99 2.18 2. 27 2. 96 2.19 2. 26 2. 94 2.17 2.24 2. 94 2.16 2.26 2.96 2.19 2. 26 3.00 2.18 2. 26 2. 98 2.18 2.20 2.88 2.15 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.. Toys, amusement, and sporting goods. Pens, pencils, office and art materials . Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries___. . . Musical instruments and parts_____ 2.22 2.46 2. 21 2. 45 1.99 2.10 2.04 2.37 2.42 2.20 2.43 2.01 2.12 2. 04 2.34 2.41 2.20 2.40 2.00 2.12 2.04 2.34 2.41 2.20 2.38 2.00 2.11 2.04 2.35 2.39 2.16 2.41 1.94 2. 06 2.00 2.33 2.41 2.14 2.41 1.93 2.07 1.97 2.32 2.41 2.14 2.39 1.93 2. 07 1.96 2.33 2.41 2.13 2.35 1.93 2.07 1.96 2.30 2.41 2.12 2.30 1.93 2.06 1.95 2.30 2.38 2.13 2.29 1.96 2.06 1.93 2.31 2.37 2.14 2.32 1.96 2.07 1.96 2.29 2.37 2.13 2.32 1.94 2.05 1.97 2.28 2.37 2.13 2.33 1.94 2.05 1.96 2.30 2. 38 2.08 2.25 1.91 2.00 1.89 2.23 2.32 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 820 T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. Annual average 1965 1966 Industry M a y 2 1 Apr.2 | Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. | Nov. Oct. Sept. Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods Food and kindred products____________ $103.89 $102. 21 $101. 25 $101. 59 $100.94 $101.84 $100.77 $100.19 $100.19 Meat products______________________ 109. 20 106.53 105. 73 106. 00 108.94 109.03 109.82 108. 05 110.46 Dairy products-------------------------------- 107.94 107. 26 106.85 106. 59 106.59 106.68 105. 59 105.59 106.60 Canned and preserved food, except 83.55 81.30 82.80 79.36 79. .58 77.42 80.20 80. 59 meats____________________________ Grain mill products-----, ------------------- 115. 44 114. 23 114.84 115. 88 115. 54 119. 21 116.15 117. 76 118. 78 102.40 104. 75 101.35 101.85 101.20 102. 36 102.77 104.39 102. 06 Bakery products-----------------------------117. 01 119.97 117. 07 105.73 109.04 106. 00 97.14 120.28 Sugar______________________________ 85.14 86.46 86.18 84.89 84.50 84.80 83.53 85.20 87. 74 Confectionery and related products---Beverages__________________________ 116.64 116.93 114.97 113. 60 112.75 116.28 116. 52 114.62 114.09 Miscellaneous food and kindred prod ucts______________________________ 102.06 99.84 99.54 101.44 99.17 100.42 101.12 99. 56 99.92 86. 41 85. 65 84.80 88. 31 82.30 83.07 80.35 77.62 78.41 Tobacco manufactures------------------------103. 72 . 102.80 111.25 101.38 103.09 100. 73 97.99 96.10 Cigarettes__________________________ 65.28 66.15 66.15 64.05 64.90 67.30 66.13 65.11 Cigars_____________________________ 81.64 79.90 81.22 81.22 79.84 80.79 80.79 79.99 78.62 Textile mill products__________________ 83. 76 82.84 84.15 84.97 84.39 83.57 83.96 83.18 81.60 Cotton broad woven fabrics--------------87.32 85.14 86.68 86.24 84.83 86.63 86.24 85.22 85.06 Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. 89.76 87.26 87.23 87. 44 85.80 85.80 83.38 83.78 84.58 W eaving a n d finishing broad woolens 80.64 77.49 79.52 79.10 77.38 79. 48 77.56 77.19 75.85 Narrow fabrics and smallwares---------72.68 68.81 70.98 69.69 68.02 68.71 70.53 70.31 69.42 Knitting___________________________ Finishing textiles, except wool and 90.92 92.19 91.94 90.87 87.96 90.25 89.63 87. 74 85.68 knit_____________________________ 79.95 81.60 82. 22 81.25 88.58 85.31 83.96 84. 78 Floor covering______________________ 76. 50 76.32 76. 79 76. 72 76.72 76.46 76.46 76.11 74.87 Yarn and thread____________________ 91.59 91.38 92. 02 90. 74 93. 52 91.59 90.95 89. 25 92.45 Miscellaneous textile goods---------------- Aug. July June May 1965 1964 $99.19 $100.98 $100.53 $100.45 $99.87 $97.17 105.63 108.94 107.38 107. 42 107.27 105. 98 104.48 106. 70 105.90 105.15 105. 08 102.12 79.00 75.86 113.85 109.07 101. 00 97.12 110. 50 106.32 83.53 80.38 113. 68 109.89 81.41 116.46 101. 50 121.24 87.08 114.12 79.37 115. 82 102. 00 122. 54 82.78 116. 90 77.00 112. 75 102. 66 116.89 83.03 116.34 79.17 110. 25 100.35 117.17 83.28 114.95 98. 75 78.07 97.38 65.32 79.19 81.60 85. 61 85. 34 75.85 69.92 98. 75 82. 72 98.02 63.92 77.64 79.80 83,76 85.34 74.48 68.29 98.09 83.16 98.80 64.60 77. 52 78.38 83. 60 84.00 74.80 69.17 97.86 81.10 96.72 62.87 76.54 78.38 82.78 83.42 75. 76 67.55 98.37 79. 59 97.27 63. 95 77.98 80.28 83.90 83.69 75.99 68. 29 96.25 76.05 93.45 64.24 73.39 74.34 79.24 76.86 73.03 65.45 86.09 86.14 75.68 87.36 84.04 80.60 74.12 85.90 86.60 80. 75 72.42 88.83 84. 77 76.63 72.25 86.11 85.85 81.51 73.70 88. 20 81.90 76.44 66. 99 83.63 Average weekly hours Food and kindred products-----------------Meat products______________________ Dairy products-------------------------------Canned and preserved food, except meats____________________________ Grain mill products_________________ Bakery products____________________ Sugar______________________________ Confectionery and related products---Beverages__________________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred prod ucts______________________________ Tobacco manufactures___________ Cigarettes------------------------------Cigars________________________ Textile mill products____________ Cotton broad woven fabrics____ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens.. Narrow fabrics and small wares______ Knitting___________________________ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering________________ Yarn and thread______________ Miscellaneous textile goods_____ 40.4 40.2 41.9 40.5 39.6 41.9 40.8 40.0 41.8 40.7 40.8 41.8 41.4 41.3 42. 0 41.3 41.6 41.9 41.4 41.4 41.9 41.4 42.0 42.3 41.5 41.1 42.3 41.9 41.9 43.2 41.2 41.3 42.7 41.0 41.0 42.4 41.1 41.1 42.2 41.0 41.4 42.2 38.5 43.6 40.0 41.2 38.7 40.6 38.9 44.0 39.9 43.0 39.9 40.2 40.0 44.4 40.1 43.2 39.3 40.0 38.9 44.1 40.0 41.3 39.3 39.7 39.2 45.5 40.3 46.4 40. C 40.8 39.7 44.5 40.3 45.3 39.4 40.6 40.3 46.0 41.1 38.7 40.0 40.5 39.7 46.4 40.5 42.5 41.0 40.6 40.5 46.4 40.6 43.3 40.5 41.2 40.7 46.7 40.8 43.3 38.5 41.9 38.5 45.1 40.9 42.2 38.8 41.7 39.0 44.1 40.3 42.3 39.1 41.2 39.5 45. 0 40.4 42. 5 39.4 40. 6 38.9 44. 7 40.3 42.7 39.4 40.4 42.5 42.8 41.6 37.9 38.7 37.3 41.4 42.7 43.0 43.2 41.0 37.6 43.9 41.0 42.4 42.6 42.0 38.2 38.5 37.8 42.3 43.6 44.0 43.4 42.3 39.0 44.2 42.5 42.9 42.9 42.8 39.6 40.9 37.8 42.3 43.8 44.0 43.5 42.3 38.5 43.9 42.6 43.1 43.0 42.2 38.1 38.4 36.6 41.8 43.5 43.5 42.9 41.6 38.0 42.7 42.1 43. 1 42.6 43.1 39.0 38. t 37.2 42.3 43. i 44.2 42.9 42.5 38.6 43.6 44.4 43.2 43.7 43.4 37.9 38.3 38. t 42.3 43.5 44. C 41.9 41.7 39.4 43. i 44.2 43.2 43.0 43.1 39.2 37.4 38.9 42.1 43.1 43.7 42.1 41.5 39.5 42.8 43.5 43. C 42.9 42.7 39.4 36.4 38.3 41.6 42.5 43.4 42.5 41. C 39. C 42. C 43.7 42.3 42.3 42.2 37.9 37.6 38.2 41.9 42.5 43. f 43.1 41. C 39.5 42.2 44.4 43. C 41.8 42.2 37.6 37.7 37.6 41.3 42.0 43.4 43.1 40.7 38.8 41.4 42.2 42.6 41.1 42.1 37.8 38.0 38.0 41.9 42.6 44.0 43.3 41.1 39.3 43.3 42.5 42.6 42.5 42.0 37.2 37.2 37.2 41.6 42.6 43.8 43.0 41.4 38.6 42.6 41.2 42. 5 41.8 42.4 37.9 37.7 37.4 41.7 42.7 43.7 42.7 41.3 38.8 42. 5 42.9 42.6 42.2 42.4 38.8 39.1 38.7 41.0 42.0 43.3 41.1 40.8 38. 5 42.0 42.0 41.1 41.4 $2.54 2.67 2.57 $2.53 2.65 2.56 $2.50 2.67 2.55 $2.49 2.65 2. 55 $2.48 2.67 2.55 $2.46 2.64 2.54 $2.44 2.64 2.52 $2.42 2.61 2.52 $2.42 2.63 2.52 $2.39 2. 57 2.47 $2.41 2. 60 2. 47 $2.44 2.60 2.48 $2.45 2.62 2.48 $2.43 2.61 2.49 $2.37 2. 56 2.42 2.17 2.62 2.56 2. 84 2.20 2.88 2. 09 2.61 2.54 2.79 2.16 2.86 2.07 2.61 2.54 2. 71 2.16 2.84 2.04 2.62 2.53 2.56 2.15 2.84 2.03 2. 62 2.54 2.35 2.12 2.85 1.95 2.61 2.55 2.34 2.12 2.87 1.99 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.13 2.83 2.03 2. 56 2.52 2.83 2.14 2.81 2. 01 2. 51 2.50 2.80 2.15 2. 77 1.95 2.48 2.50 2.83 2.15 2. 79 2.00 2.50 2.51 2.77 2.14 2.79 2.03 2. 50 2.49 2.77 2.13 2. 79 2.00 Z. 53 2. 50 2. 60 2.12 2.80 1.95 2.44 2.41 2.49 2.04 2.72 2. 40 2.26 2.68 1.75 1.93 1.94 1.98 2. 02 1.89 1.83 2.10 1.95 1.80 2.15 2.37 2.22 2.67 1.75 1.92 1.93 1.97 2. 01 1.88 1.82 2. 08 1.92 1.79 2.13 2. 37 2.23 2.72 1. 75 1.92 1.94 1.96 2. 01 1.87 1.81 2. 07 1.93 1.78 2.14 2.35 2.16 2.64 1.75 1.91 1.94 1.95 2.00 1.86 1.79 2.06 1.93 1.78 2.13 2.33 2.13 2. 65 1.74 1.91 1.93 1.96 2. 00 1.87 1.78 .2.07 1.95 1.77 2.14 2.33 2.12 2.63 1.73 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.99 1.86 1.79 2. 07 1.93 1.77 2.13 2.31 1.98 2.62 1.70 1.90 1.93 1.95 1.99 1.86 1.78 2.05 1.93 1.77 2.12 2.34 1.99 2.64 1.70 1.89 1.92 1.96 1.99 1.85 1.78 2.04 1.94 1.77 2.11 2. 34 2.06 2.59 1.71 1.89 1.92 1.95 1.98 1.85 1.77 2.04 1.94 1.76 2.09 2.34 2.20 2. 60 1.70 1.88 1.90 1.93 1.98 1.83 1.76 2. 03 1.91 1.74 2.09 2.33 2.20 2.60 1.70 1.85 1.84 1.90 1.94 1.82 1.76 2.00 1.90 1.70 2. 09 2.33 2.18 2. 60 1 69 1.84 1.84 1.89 1.94 1.83 1.75 1.99 1.86 1.70 2.06 2. 32 2.10 2. 58 1.71 1.87 1.88 1.92 1. 96 1. 84 1.76 2. 02 1.90 i. 73 2. 09 2.27 1.96 2.39 1.66 1.79 1.77 1.83 1.87 1. 79 1.70 1.95 1.82 i. 63 2. 02 40.9 40.9 42.0 44.4 40.6 38.6 40.5 42.0 37.9 42.3 43.4 44.1 44.0 42.0 39.5 43.5 Average hourly earnings Food and kindred products____________ Meat products______________________ Dairy products_____________________ Canned and preserved food, except meats____________________________ Grain mill products_________________ Bakery products____________________ Sugar______________________________ Confectionery and related products___ Beverages__________________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred prod ucts_____________________________ Tobacco manufactures________________ Cigarettes---------------------------------------Cigars_____________________________ Textile mill products____________ _____ Cotton broad woven fabrics__________ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens.. Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______ Knitting___________________________ Finishing textiles, except wrool and knit. Floor covering______________________ Yam and thread____________________ Miscellaneous textile goods__________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2. 60 2.58 2.24 2.88 2.43 2.28 1.93 1.93 1.98 2.04 1.92 1.84 2.09 1.80 2.16 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e C -l. 821 Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 Annual average 1965 Industry M ay 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued $68.44 $67. 51 $69.37 $68.81 $66. 05 $67. 33 $67. 70 $67.52 $67.33 $67. 53 $66.43 $66. 61 $65.52 $66. 61 $64.26 Apparel and related products.- . — 85.47 83.92 85.25 85.69 83. 76 84. 20 83.98 84.36 83.54 83.44 82. 08 84.32 81.37 81.86 76.23 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats.57.93 57.67 59. 09 59. 31 58. 46 58. 56 59.03 58.81 58. 66 58.14 57. 00 58.37 57.68 58.28 56. 09 M en’s and boys’ furnishings-------------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer71.40 70.99 73.28 72. 38 66.73 68.68 68. 21 68.27 69.14 70. 79 69.83 67. 72 66.84 68. 54 66.78 w ear.. . -------------------------------Women’s and children’s undergarm ents____ .. ------------ 63.30 61.39 63.07 62.73 59. 45 60. 96 62.33 62.29 61.92 61.50 59.13 59.45 59. 50 60.56 58. 97 66.23 73. 66 74.05 68. 42 69. 36 66.18 68.95 71. 57 72. 76 72.83 67.89 67.13 70 08 60 33 ITflt.s o.a.ps and millinery Girls’’ and children’s outerwear----------- 64.24 62.47 64.38 64.94 61.40 60.16 61.01 61.01 60.16 61.96 62.53 62.12 61.12 61.15 58.19 71.34 71.57 72. 50 70. 76 72. 60 73. 57 75. 68 73. 60 73.30 71. 20 71.37 70. 25 71.18 67.87 Fur goods and miseellaneous apparel.. Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod74.69 73.71 73.92 73.34 72.35 75. 08 77.42 75.66 74.31 71.25 73.15 74.11 73.54 73. 73 70.47 ucts------- -------------------------------------------Paper and allied products------Paper and p u lp .-------- ------- --------------------------------Paperboard Converted paper and paperboard products__ Paperboard containers and boxes-------Printing, publishing and allied industries. Newspaper publishing and printing---Perindio-al publishing and printing Books .. __ Commercial printing... - - - - Bookbinding and related industries----Other publishing and printing indust r ie s ... . . . 119.30 117. 50 116.91 115.94 115.13 117. 82 116. 58 117.12 116.48 115.18 114.65 114.31 112. 66 114. 22 109. 57 135. 00 132.91 131.72 131.28 130. 69 131.87 131.12 131. 56 132.16 129. 20 130. 08 127.84 127.11 128.16 121. 88 142.13 141.52 136.96 133.95 136. 05 138.16 136. 80 136.64 134.85 134. 52 134. 06 129.94 130.34 132.14 124.32 103.99 101.92 101.99 101. 09 100. 85 102. 55 100. 91 100. 74 99. 77 98.95 98. 53 100.14 97.88 99. 42 96.28 107. 78 105.34 107.10 105.50 103. 58 108. 07 107. 57 107.32 106. 75 105. 72 102.58 104.30 102.41 103. 81 100. 56 122. 22 120.12 121. 06 124.87 122.38 119.60 124. 74 126. 00 112. 05 114.36 125.85 124. 03 125.77 94.92 93. 65 94.95 119. 74 119.26 125.22 111.22 124.03 94.17 117. 73 118. 22 124. 50 111.22 120. 59 90.58 121. 60 125. 06 121. 06 114. 51 124. 80 93. 93 119.66 122.33 128 47 111.51 122.14 92.11 120.28 121.94 131.14 114. 93 123. 07 92.19 118.81 119.13 129. 60 115.18 121.75 90.40 117.12 118.80 126. 63 111.64 120. 04 89.32 117.43 120.15 124. 71 110.84 119. 95 92. 59 117. 04 120.15 122.30 110.12 119.87 92.28 118.12 119. 49 126. 23 110. 68 120. 96 91.57 114.35 116.84 122. 01 106.90 116.42 89.40 122. 50 122.11 125.05 124. 41 122.92 124. 82 120. 51 121.99 121. 60 121.29 118.42 119.12 119.12 120. 51 116.10 Average weekly hours Apparel and related products.. -----M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______ M en’s and boys’ furnishings— ------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw e a r .----------------------------Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_____ - ------TTats raps, and millinpry __ Girls’ and children’s outerwear----------Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel.. Miscellaneous fabricated textile products___ ___ -------- - - 36.6 38.5 36.9 36.1 37.8 36.5 36.9 38.4 37.4 36.6 38.6 37.3 35.7 37.9 37.0 35.0 34.8 35.4 34.8 33.2 36.8 35.9 35.8 35.9 36.4 37.1 37.2 37.0 36.7 36.9 37.4 36.9 36.8 35.6 36.2 35.7 36.1 38.3 37.8 38.3 38.0 37.1 Paper and allied products.. Paper and pulp____ - . - - - -- --Paperboard_____ - — Converted paper and paperboard prodUCtS__ _ --- -- - - - - - - Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 43.7 45.0 46.6 43.2 44.6 46.4 43.3 44.5 45.5 43.1 44.5 44.5 42.8 44.3 45.2 42.1 42.6 41.6 41.8 41.8 42.5 41.6 42.2 Printing, publishing and allied industries. Newspaper publishing and printing---Periodical publishing and printing Books _ . Commercial printing____ ____ _ __ Bookbinding and related industries___ Other publishing and printing industries_____ ____ -------------------- ------ 38.8 36.3 39.7 38.9 38.5 36.1 39.6 41.5 39.5 38.7 38.8 35.7 40.0 42.2 39.8 39.4 38.4 38.4 Apparel and related products______ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______ M en’s and boys’ furnishings.. _ . Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw e a r... _ . . . . Women’s and children’s undergarments. Hats, caps, and m illinery.. Girls’’ and children’s outerwear_______ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel.. Miscellaneous fabricated textile produ c ts ... ----- _ $1.87 2.22 1.57 2. 04 1.72 1.95 1.95 1.93 1.93 1.95 1.94 Paper and allied p r o d u c ts.._______ . .Paper and p u lp .______ ________ ___ Paperboard. ___ _____ _____ ____ ____ Converted paper and paperboard products___ - -- - --------- ________ Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 2.73 3.00 3.05 2.72 2.98 3.05 2.70 2.96 3. 01 2.69 2.95 3. 01 2.69 2. 95 3. 01 2.69 2. 95 3. 01 2.47 2.53 2. 45 2.52 2.44 2.52 2.43 2. 50 2.43 2.49 2.43 2.49 Printing, publishing and allied industries. Newspaper publishing and printing___ Periodical publishing and printing. . _ Books Commercial printing________________ Bookbinding and related industries___ Other publishing and printing indust r ie s ... ______________ --_ _ See footnotes at end of table. 3.15 3.44 3.12 3.35 3.15 2.71 3.16 2. 41 3.11 3. 35 3.17 2. 68 3.14 2. 3E 3.09 3. 33 3.16 3.17 2.44 3.12 3.39 3.15 2. 70 3.14 2.42 3.19 3.18 3.19 3.19 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 118. 97 122. 33 122.15 111. 11 122.14 91. 48 36.5 1.76 36.2 38.1 37.3 36.4 38.0 37.6 36.3 38.0 37.7 36.2 37.8 37.6 36.9 38.1 38.0 36.5 38.0 37.5 36.6 38.5 37.9 36.4 38.2 37.7 36.4 37.9 37.6 33.5 33.6 33.3 33.4 34.7 34.4 34.2 34.1 34.1 33.9 36.5 36. 7 35.6 36.3 37.1 35.2 36.1 36.6 37.3 36.1 36.1 37.1 37.3 36.7 35.6 36.8 37.5 37.7 37.1 37.4 36.5 36.6 37.0 36.7 36.7 36.5 37.2 36.6 36.5 35.9 36.6 36.4 36.7 36. 5 36.4 36.5 36.4 36.3 35.7 36.1 38.7 39.1 39.0 38.5 37.9 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.3 43.8 44.7 45.9 43.5 44.6 45.6 43.7 44.9 45.7 43.3 44.8 44.8 43.3 44.4 45.6 43.1 44.7 45.6 43.3 44.7 44.5 43.0 44.6 45.1 43.1 44. 5 45. 1 42.8 44. 0 44.4 41.5 41.6 42.2 43.4 41.7 43.2 41.8 43.1 41.4 42.7 41.4 42.8 41.4 41.7 41.9 42.4 41.3 41.8 41. 6 42.2 41.5 41.9 38.5 35.6 39.5 41.5 39.5 39.4 38.1 35.5 39.4 41.5 38.9 37.9 39.1 37. 0 38. 8 42.1 40.0 39.3 38.5 36.3 38. 9 41.0 39.4 38.6 38.6 36.3 40.4 41.3 39.4 38.7 38.8 36.4 40. 6 42.1 39.7 38.9 38.7 36.1 40. 5 42.5 39.4 38.8 38.4 36.0 40. 2 41.5 39.1 38.5 38.5 36.3 40.1 40.9 39.2 39.4 38.5 36.3 39.2 41.4 39.3 39.1 38.6 36.1 40. 2 41.3 39.4 38.8 38.5 36.4 40.4 40.8 39.2 38.7 39.2 39.0 38.9 39.1 39.1 39.5 39.0 Average hourly earnings 39.0 38 7 38.8 38.8 39.0 38.7 $1.87 2.22 1.58 $1.88 2.22 1.58 $1.88 2. 22 1.59 $1.85 2. 21 1.58 $1.86 2. 21 1. 57 $1.86 2.21 1. 57 $1.86 2.22 1.56 $1.86 2. 21 1.56 $1.83 2.19 1.53 $1.82 2.16 1.52 $1.82 2.19 1.54 $1.80 2.13 1.53 $1.83 2.16 1. 55 $1.79 2.10 1.52 2.04 1.71 1.85 1.74 1.96 2.07 1.70 1.98 1.74 1.95 2.08 1.70 1.98 1.76 1.97 2. 01 1.67 1.89 1.72 1.96 2. 05 1. 67 1. 89 1. 69 2. 0C 2.03 1.68 1. 88 1.69 2. 01 2.05 1.67 1.91 1.69 2.04 2.07 1.66 1.95 1.69 2. 00 2.04 1.64 1.93 1.67 1.96 2. 03 1.62 1.99 1.69 1.94 1.98 1.62 1.86 1.67 1.95 1.96 1.63 1.87 1.67 1.93 2. 01 1.65 1.92 1. 68 1.95 1.97 1.62 1.91 1.63 1.88 1.98 1.94 1.93 1.88 1.90 1.93 1.92 1.92 1.84 2. 68 2.94 3.00 2.68 2.93 2.99 2.69 2.95 3. 01 2.66 2.91 2. 95 2.66 2.91 2.94 2.64 2.86 2.92 2. 62 2.85 2.89 2.65 2. 88 2.93 2. 56 2. 77 2.80 2.42 2. 49 2.41 2.49 2.41 2. 50 2.39 2.47 2.38 2.46 2.39 2.46 2.37 2.45 2.39 2. 46 2.32 2.40 3.10 2. 39 2.68 3.11 3. 38 3.12 2. 72 3.12 2. 3E 3.09 3. 37 3.14 2. 71 3.10 2. 37 3.10 3.37 3.18 2.70 3.10 2.38 3.10 3.35 3.23 2.73 3.10 2.37 3. 07 3.30 3.20 2.71 3.09 2.33 3. 05 3.30 3.15 2.69 3. 07 2.32 3.05 3.31 3.11 2.71 3.06 2.35 3. 04 3.31 3.12 2. 66 3. 05 2.36 3. 06 3.31 3.14 2. 68 3. 07 2. 36 2.97 3. 21 3. 02 2. 62 2. 97 2.31 3.16 3.16 3.09 3.12 3.11 3.11 3.06 3. 07 3. 07 3. 09 3. 00 35.9 36.3 36.9 822 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, 808. 1966 M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Annual average 1965 Industry Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 $121.35 136.18 121.11 105.73 113.96 113.82 99.72 117.74 $120.22 135. 43 120.69 105. 99 111.63 113.13 100. 06 117.46 $120. 96 135. 66 121.27 106. 86 113.16 114.51 97.25 117.17 $120. 69 135.24 120.13 106. 60 110.70 115.06 105.11 116.20 $121.09 136. 08 120. 70 107.30 112.74 112. 88 100. 69 116. 48 $116. 48 131.04 116.89 102.77 108.27 109. 03 97.63 112.56 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods— Continued Chemicals and allied products--------------- $124. 49 $124. 66 $122. 64 $123.19 Industrial chemicals____ . _ ------------ 137. 61 139.68 137. 76 137.34 Plastics materials and synthetics____-- 124.12 125.70 122. 09 123. 54 112.88 111. 93 111. 93 111.79 ___ ------D r u g s ___ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ 119. 52 116.18 116. 20 115.90 Paints, varnishes, and allied products— 120. 70 117.74 115. 23 113.99 Agricultural chemicals________ . . — 108. 03 108. 35 106. 48 103.49 Other chemical products______ _____ 119.42 118. 43 115. 62 116. 72 $122.18 136.27 121. 25 111. 79 115. 62 112.75 102. 53 117.03 $123.35 $123.06 $122.06 138. 32 138. 65 137.34 122. 98 122. 40 120.69 110. 56 110.15 109.20 117.18 115. 92 115. 49 113. 85 113. 30 113.44 102. 67 100.44 100. 01 116. 90 118. 86 118.86 $123. 65 140.15 123. 69 107. 59 116.20 114.26 101. 76 118. 72 Petroleum refining and related industries. 144. 24 146.12 141. 62 140. 95 140.87 140. 53 142.97 141.10 142.68 138.35 139.10 137.38 137. 80 138. 42 133.66 Petroleum refining---------------------------- 151. 98 154. 64 149.58 148.10 148. 39 148. 87 150. 78 147.49 148. 94 143.03 144.21 143. 52 143.72 145. 05 139. 52 Other petroleum and coal products___ 118. 96 116.14 111. 87 113.13 113.82 110.77 114. 65 119.97 123. 66 123. 47 122. 43 117. 59 116.33 115. 90 112. 75 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prodUCtS---____ -- ----------- - --------- 111. 41 110. 51 110. 46 110.88 111. 14 113.42 111. 94 112.10 110. 46 109.88 109.25 109. 46 107. 59 109. 62 104.90 163.16 159. 56 161. 01 162.62 167.17 161. 73 165.62 162. 62 163.08 161.19 155. 05 148. 43 158.06 142.54 Tires and inner tu b es._______________ Other rubber products.. ____________ 107.01 104.14 105. 57 105. 83 106.08 108.03 106. 59 104.39 102.82 102.75 101.75 104. 83 102.75 103. 41 99.96 Miscellaneous plastic products. ____ 93. 79 92.25 92. 96 93.15 91.91 93.02 92.80 93.44 92.35 91.08 90. 61 92.60 91.52 91.72 89.64 74.69 72.95 73.92 75.26 Leather and leather products----- --------Leather tanning and finishing------------ 103.16 101. 43 101. 52 100.61 72.19 69. 94 71.05 72.34 Footwear, except rubber.. _ ------ . . . 71.82 71.63 72. 77 73.33 Other leather products______ ______ 67.52 69.91 70.09 Handbags and personal leather goods. 74.11 74.87 72.58 71.82 99. 31 101. 02 101. 50 101. 02 71.39 71.94 68. 82 67.53 71.44 74.11 72.93 72.56 65.88 68.22 71.34 70.80 71.82 98.40 68.63 70.68 67.69 72.19 97.75 69.34 70. 67 68. 04 71.80 94. 96 69.30 70. 09 69.45 72.19 98.47 69.16 70. 47 67.84 71.44 99.42 68.25 69.74 66.05 71.82 97.99 68.80 70. 49 67. 86 68. 9$ 94.19 66.55 66.73 64.88 Average weekly hours Chemicals and allied products_______ _ Industrial chemicals____ _____ _ ____ Plastics materials and synthetics . ----Drugs__ _ _______ - --------- -Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ Paints, varnishes, and allied products,. Agricultural chemicals_______________ Other chemical products. . . . _____ 42.2 41.7 42.8 40.9 41.5 42.5 45.2 41.9 42.4 42.2 42.9 41.0 41.2 41.9 46.5 41.7 42.0 42.0 42.1 41.0 41.5 41.6 45.7 41.0 41.9 42.0 42.6 41.1 41.1 41.3 43.3 41.1 41.7 41.8 42.1 41.1 41.0 41.0 42.9 41.5 42.1 42.3 42. 7 41.1 41.7 41.4 42.6 41.6 42.0 42.4 42.5 41.1 41.4 41.2 42.2 42.0 41.8 42.0 42.2 40.9 41.1 41.4 42.2 42.0 42.2 42.6 42.8 40.6 41.5 41.7 42.4 42.1 41.7 41.9 42.2 40.2 40.7 42.0 41.9 42.2 41.6 41.8 42.2 40.3 40.3 41.9 42.4 42.1 42.0 42.0 42.7 41.1 41.0 42.1 42.1 42.3 42.2 42.0 42.6 41.0 40.4 42.3 45.7 42.1 41.9 42.0 42.5 40.8 40.7 41.5 43.4 41.9 41. 41. 42. 40. 40. 41. 43. 42. Petroleum refining and related industries. Petroleum refining. _ _ _____ Other petroleum and coal products___ 42.3 42.1 43.1 42.6 42.6 42.7 41.9 41.9 41.9 41.7 41.6 41.9 41.8 41.8 42.0 41.7 41.7 41.8 42.3 42.0 43.1 42.5 41.9 44.6 43.5 42.8 45.8 42.7 41.7 45.9 42.8 41.8 46.2 42.4 41.6 45.4 42.4 41.9 44.4 42.2 41.8 43.9 41. 41. 43. 42.2 41.7 44.7 41.0 41.0 42.0 44.2 41.4 41.5 42.0 44.6 41.5 41.4 42.1 44.8 41.6 41.4 42.8 45.8 41.9 42.4 44.8 41.8 41.8 42.3 45.5 41.1 41.9 42.0 44.8 40.8 41.6 42.1 45.3 41.1 41.4 41.7 44.9 40.7 41.0 42.1 43.8 41.6 41.9 41.7 42.9 41.1 41.6 42.0 44.4 41.2 41.5 41. 41. 40. 41. 37.8 40.9 37.4 37.9 37.1 38.5 41.1 38.2 38.5 38.2 39.2 40.9 39.1 38.8 38.3 38.8 40.7 38.8 38.0 36.6 39.2 41.4 39.1 38.8 37.9 38.2 41.6 37.4 39.0 39.2 37.8 41.4 36.9 38.8 38.9 37.8 41.0 37.3 38.0 37.4 38.4 40.9 38.1 38.2 37.8 38.6 39.9 38.5 38.3 38.8 38.4 41.2 38.0 38.3 37.9 38.0 41.6 37.5 37.9 36.9 38.2 41.0 37.8 38.1 37.7 37. 40. 37. 37. 37. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___ __________________________ Tires and inner tubes___________ . . Other rubber products______________ Miscellaneous plastic products_______ Leather and leather products_______ . . . Leather tanning and finishing_____ . Footwear, except r u b b e r .._____ . . . _ Other leather products. . . . . . .. Handbags and personal leather goods. 41.8 41.5 38.5 41.1 38.4 38.0 49 9 Average hourly earnings C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ___ ______ I n d u s t r ia l c h e m i c a ls ______________________ P l a s t i c s m a t e r ia l s a n d s y n t h e t i c s ----------D r u g s ______ ___________ . _ ______ _____ S o a p , c le a n e r s , a n d t o i l e t g o o d s _________ P a i n t s , v a r n i s h e s , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s . . A g r i c u lt u r a l c h e m i c a l s . _____ O th e r c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s . _ _ ___________ $ 2 .9 5 3 .3 0 2. 90 2. 76 2 .8 8 2 .8 4 2 .3 9 2 .8 5 $2. 94 3. 31 2 .9 3 2. 73 2 .8 2 2 .8 1 2. 33 2. 84 $ 2 .9 2 3 .2 8 2. 90 2. 73 2. 80 2. 77 2 .3 3 2 .8 2 $ 2 .9 4 3 .2 7 2 .9 0 2 .7 2 2 .8 2 2 .7 6 2 .3 9 2 .8 4 $ 2 .9 3 3 .2 6 2 .8 8 2 .7 2 2 .8 2 2. 75 2 .3 9 2 .8 2 $ 2 .9 3 3 .2 7 2 .8 8 2 .6 9 2 .8 1 2. 75 2 .4 1 2. 81 $ 2 .9 3 3 .2 7 2 .8 8 2 .6 8 2 .8 0 2 .7 5 2 .3 8 2 .8 3 $ 2 .9 2 3 .2 7 2 .8 6 2 .6 7 2 .8 1 2 .7 4 2 .3 7 2 .8 3 $ 2 .9 3 3 .2 9 2 .8 9 2 .6 5 2 .8 0 2 .7 4 2 .4 0 2 .8 2 $ 2 .9 1 3 .2 5 2 .8 7 2 .6 3 2 .8 0 2 .7 1 2 .3 8 2 .7 9 $ 2 .8 9 3 .2 4 2 .8 6 2 .6 3 2 .7 7 2 .7 0 2 .3 6 2 .7 9 $ 2 .8 8 3 .2 3 2 .8 4 2 .6 0 2 .7 6 2 .7 2 2 .3 1 2 .7 7 $ 2 .8 6 3 .2 2 2 .8 2 2 .6 0 2 .7 4 2 .7 2 2 .3 0 2 .7 6 $ 2 .8 9 3 .2 4 2 .8 4 2 .6 3 2. 77 2 .7 2 2 .3 2 2. 78 $ 2 . 8( 3 .1 . 2 .7 ' 2 .5 , 2. 6f 2. 62 2 . 2f 2. 6S P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s . P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g . . _ _ _ _ ___________ O th e r p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s .......... 3. 41 3. 61 2. 76 3. 43 3. 63 2. 72 3 .3 8 3 .5 7 2. 67 3 .3 8 3 .5 6 2 .7 0 3. 37 3 .5 5 2. 71 3 .3 7 3. 57 2 .6 5 3 .3 8 3 .5 9 2 .6 6 3 .3 2 3 .5 2 2 .6 9 3 .2 8 3. 48 2 .7 0 3 .2 4 3. 43 2 .6 9 3 .2 5 3. 45 2 .6 5 3 .2 4 3. 45 2 .5 9 3 .2 5 3 .4 3 2 .6 2 3 .2 8 3. 47 2. 64 3 .1 ' 3 .3 ' 2. 5 f 2 .6 4 2 .6 5 3. 65 2. 54 2. 25 2. 63 3. 61 2 .5 5 2. 24 2 .6 4 3 .6 1 2 .5 5 2 .2 5 2 .6 4 3. 63 2 .5 5 2 .2 2 2. 65 3. 65 2. 56 2 .2 2 2. 64 3. 61 2 .5 5 2 .2 2 2 .6 5 3 .6 4 2 .5 4 2 .2 3 2 .6 3 3 .6 3 2 .5 2 2 .2 2 2 .6 1 3 .6 0 2 .5 0 2 .2 0 2 .6 2 3 .5 9 2 .5 0 2 .2 1 2 .6 0 3. 54 2 .5 2 2 .2 1 2 .5 8 3 46 2 .5 0 2 .2 0 2. 61 3 .5 6 2. 51 2 .2 1 2. 52 3. 4 2 .4 , 2. If 1. 93 2 .4 8 1 .8 7 1 .8 9 . 1 .8 2 1 .9 2 2 .4 7 1 .8 6 1 .8 9 1 .8 3 1 .9 2 2 .4 6 1 .8 5 1 .8 9 1 .8 3 1 .9 1 2 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 8 1 .8 0 1 .9 1 2. 44 1 .8 4 1 .9 1 1 .8 0 1 .9 0 2. 44 1 .8 4 1 .8 7 1 .8 2 1 .9 0 2 .4 4 1 .8 3 1 .8 7 1 .8 2 1 .9 0 2 .4 0 1 .8 4 1 .8 6 1 .8 1 1 .8 8 2 .3 9 1 .8 2 1 .8 5 1 .8 0 1 .8 6 2 .3 8 1 .8 0 1 .8 3 1 .7 9 1 .8 8 2 .3 9 1 .8 2 1 .8 4 1 .7 9 1 .8 8 2 .3 9 1 .8 2 1 .8 4 1 .7 9 1 .8 8 2. 39 1 .8 2 1 .8 5 1 .8 0 1.81 2 .31 1.7" 1.7" 1.71 R u b b e r a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s p l a s t i c p r o d u c t s ____ _____________ . . . _____ . . T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s . . . O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . ______________ _ M is c e ll a n e o u s p l a s t i c p r o d u c t s . . . ... L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ______ L e a t h e r t a n n i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g ______ . . . F o o tw e a r , e x cep t r u b b e r . . _____ O th e r l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s . . . . . H a n d b a g s a n d p e r so n a l le a th e r g o o d s. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2. 56 2 .2 6 1 .9 4 2. 51 1 .8 8 1 .8 9 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e C -l. 823 Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 1965 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads3--------- --------------------Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation___ Intercity and rural bus lines.................... Motor freight transportation and storage. Public warehousing...... ............................. Pipeline transportation________________ Communication______________________ Telephone communication___________ Telegraph communication 4__________ Radio and television broadcasting------Electric, gas, and sanitary services______ Electric companies and systems______ Gas companies and systems__________ Combined utility systems____________ Water, steam, and sanitary systems___ $ 132 . 76 $ 133 . 04 $ 128 . 23 $ 131 . 54 $ 129 . 77 $ 1 3 1 .1 0 $ 1 3 2 .1 6 $ 19!Q 42 $ 1 1 0 .8 8 $ 1 0 9 .6 2 $ 1 0 9 .1 0 $ 1 0 8 .0 0 143 . 42 . 131 . 77 1 3 8 .6 0 141 . 32 131 . 25 1 3 1 .8 8 1 3 2 .4 0 128 . 54 9 3 .5 3 1 5 2 .8 1 115 . 89 1 1 1 .0 8 1 2 4 .8 5 148 . 52 133 . 99 1 3 5 .8 8 1 2 3 .2 2 14 5 .9 1 109 . 74 9 5 .3 4 9 2 .9 8 150 . 75 1 5 1 .0 0 116 . 47 117 . 74 1 1 1 .6 3 1 1 2 .8 7 1 2 4 .2 6 1 2 3 . 54 1 4 8 .4 5 1 5 0 .4 2 133 . 25 1 3 5 .6 2 1 3 6 .2 9 136 . 54 121 . 58 1 2 4 .9 2 1 4 4 .8 9 1 4 9 .2 9 1 0 7 .8 3 11 0 .5 1 9 3 .2 6 150 . 32 1 1 5 .2 0 1 1 0 .1 2 1 2 3 .9 7 1 4 8 .4 5 135 . 20 137 . 03 124 . 31 1 4 8 .1 9 1 0 8 .9 9 1 0 8 .8 8 1 0 9 .0 4 110 . 08 135 . 72 137 . 02 13 5 .9 1 1 3 2 .3 7 131 . 44 1 3 3 .1 8 9 4 .1 3 9 4 .7 6 9 3 .0 6 1 4 8 .8 8 1 4 9 .1 9 147 . 50 117 . 45 119 . 97 1 1 6 .9 7 1 1 2 .5 9 115 . 50 1 1 1 .6 6 1 2 4 .9 9 126 . 44 124 . 56 150 . 75 149 . 60 1 5 1 .9 3 134 . 05 135 . 43 1 3 4 .6 9 135 . 38 134 . 96 1 3 4 .9 6 1 2 3 .3 0 124 . 50 125 . 52 147 . 42 150 . 88 1 4 7 .7 7 106 . 55 107 . 90 106 . 50 109 . 56 1 3 9 .2 9 133 . 92 9 4 . 58 147 . 84 1 1 8 .1 2 1 1 2 .7 5 1 2 6 .1 5 153 . 03 133 . 86 136 . 69 123 . 07 145 . 05 107 . 43 $ ia n sn $ 1 2 1 .8 0 1 1 0 .1 7 143 . 04 1 3 2 . 62 96 . 46 145 . 73 1 1 3 .5 2 1 0 8 .2 7 126 . 00 146 . 43 130 . 60 133 . 31 1 1 9 .3 6 1 4 1 .5 9 1 0 6 .8 5 108 . 97 140 . 67 1 3 1 .2 7 9 4 .8 7 144 . 55 1 1 3 .2 7 108 . 40 125 . 43 144 . 54 1 3 0 .5 1 133 . 31 119 . 43 140 . 76 1 0 6 .3 4 109 . 06 1 3 2 .3 2 1 3 1 .2 7 9 4 .1 6 1 4 1 .2 9 112 . 80 1 0 7 .3 3 1 2 4 . 42 147 . 94 129 . 47 1 3 2 .5 7 1 1 8 .2 6 140 . 35 103 . 98 109 . 06 1 3 0 .9 4 129 . 55 9 1 .4 9 1 4 8 . 45 113 . 08 1 0 7 .8 7 1 2 2 .2 4 1 4 6 .5 2 1 3 1 .1 4 1 3 3 .2 2 120 . 83 1 4 2 .5 4 1 0 4 .8 3 107 . 78 133 . 42 130 . 48 9 3 . 26 1 4 5 .8 5 1 1 4 .6 2 109 . 08 122 . 55 1 4 7 .6 3 1 3 1 .2 4 133 . 31 1 2 0 .8 3 143 . 79 1 0 5 .1 6 1 0 4 .1 6 1 2 5 .8 3 1 2 4 .0 2 9 1 .5 3 1 4 2 .5 5 1 1 0 .1 5 1 0 5 .3 2 116 . 05 1 4 0 .6 6 1 2 5 .2 5 127 . 62 116 . 03 1 3 5 . 55 1 0 1 .1 9 Average weekly hours Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads3___________________ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation___ Intercity and rural bus lines--------------Motor freight transportation and storage. Public warehousing________ ______ _ Pipeline transportation________________ Communication_______________________ Telephone communication___________ Telegraph communication4__________ Radio and television broadcasting____ Electric, gas, and sanitary services______ Electric companies and system s______ Gas companies and systems__________ Combined utility systems____________ Water, steam, and sanitary systems___ 4 2 .0 4 5 .1 4 1 .8 3 9 .3 4 1 .3 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 4 3 .2 3 9 .5 4 1 .1 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 3 9 .4 4 1 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 2 .7 3 9 .8 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .8 4 4 .0 4 2 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 2 .6 3 9 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 4 .3 4 1 .6 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 2 .6 3 9 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 2 .1 4 1 .6 4 4 .4 4 4 .2 4 2 .6 4 3 .7 4 3 .4 4 3 .7 4 4 .2 4 3 .0 4 3 .6 4 3 .5 4 2 .2 4 3 .5 4 2 .7 4 0 .4 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 3 .1 4 0 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .1 4 2 .0 4 1 .3 4 2 .1 4 4 .2 4 2 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 4 1 .8 4 2 .0 4 3 .3 4 0 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 2 .5 4 1 .5 4 2 .5 4 3 .7 4 3 .1 4 2 .3 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 3 .1 4 0 .3 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 2 .1 4 1 .6 4 2 .3 4 4 .5 4 3 .2 4 1 .3 4 2 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 3 .5 4 0 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .3 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 2 .7 4 5 .7 4 3 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 4 0 .4 4 0 .4 4 3 .6 3 9 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 4 0 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .9 4 2 .4 4 4 .8 4 2 .9 4 0 .2 4 1 .3 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 3 .4 3 9 .6 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 2 .6 4 3 .1 4 2 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .6 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 3 .2 4 0 .2 4 1 .1 4 1 .3 4 0 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .1 4 2 .6 4 3 .5 4 2 .2 3 9 .1 4 1 .7 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 4 3 .5 3 9 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .1 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 2 .1 4 3 .6 4 2 .5 4 0 .2 4 1 .2 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 3 .0 3 9 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .1 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 2 .0 4 2 .8 4 1 .9 4 0 .5 4 1 .2 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 4 2 .2 3 9 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 Average hourly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads3___________________ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation___ Intercity and rural bus lines__________ Motor freight transportation and StoragePublic warehousing--o_____________ Pipeline transportation._____ __________ Communication______________________ Telephone communication___________ Telegraph communication4__________ Radio and television broadcasting____ Electric, gas, and sanitary services______ Electric companies and systems______ Gas companies and systems__________ Combined utility systems____________ Water, steam, and sanitary systems___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ 2 .6 4 $ 2 .6 1 $ 2 .6 1 $ 2 . 59 3 .1 8 3 .1 4 2 .3 8 3 . 70 2 .8 9 2 . 77 2 .8 9 3 . 76 3 .2 6 3 .2 9 3 . 02 3 . 55 2 .6 7 3 .1 3 3 .1 4 2 .3 6 3 . 65 2 .8 9 2 .7 7 2 .9 1 3 .7 3 3 .2 5 3 .3 0 2 .9 8 3 . 56 2 .6 3 3 .1 5 3 .1 3 2 .3 6 3 .7 1 2 .9 0 2 .7 8 2 .9 0 3 .7 7 3 .2 6 3 .2 9 3 .0 1 3 .5 8 2 . 65 3 .1 9 3 .0 9 2 . 32 3 .7 3 2 .8 8 2 . 76 2 .9 1 3 .7 3 3 .2 5 3 .3 1 3 .0 1 3 .5 2 2 . 62 $ 2 .9 9 $ 3 .0 1 $ 3 . 01 $ 3 . 01 $ 2 .9 9 $ 3 . 00 $ 2 .9 9 $3 01 $ 3 .0 0 $2 80 2 . 58 3 .1 2 3 .1 0 2 . 33 3 . 64 2 . 90 2 .7 8 2 . 90 3 .7 5 3 .2 3 3 .2 7 3 .0 0 3 .5 1 2 .5 8 2 .5 9 3 .1 0 3 .1 0 2 .3 0 3 .6 3 2 . 87 2 . 75 2 .9 2 3 . 74 3 . 24 3 .2 6 3 .0 0 3 . 55 2 .6 0 2 .5 9 3 .1 1 3 .0 9 2 .2 0 3 .5 8 2 .8 6 2 .7 3 2 .8 9 3 .7 7 3 .2 3 3 .2 6 3 . 01 3 .5 1 2 .5 6 2 .5 9 3 .1 3 3 .1 0 2 .2 9 3 .5 2 2 .8 6 2 .7 3 2 . 90 3 . 76 3 .2 1 3 .2 7 2 .9 8 3 . 47 2 .5 7 2 .5 8 3 .1 3 3 . 07 2 .3 7 3 .5 2 2 .8 1 2 .6 8 2 .8 9 3 . 67 3 .1 7 3 .2 2 2 .9 4 3 .4 2 2 .5 5 2 .5 7 3 .1 4 3 . 06 2 .3 6 3 . 50 2 .7 9 2 .6 7 2 .8 9 3 . 65 3 .1 6 3 .2 2 2 .9 2 3 .4 0 2 .5 5 2 .5 6 3 .0 7 3 .0 6 2 .3 6 3 . 48 2 .8 2 2 .6 9 2 .8 8 3 . 68 3 .1 5 3 .2 1 2 .9 2 3 . 39 2 .5 3 2 .5 6 3 . 01 3 . 07 2 .3 4 3 .5 6 2 .8 2 2 .6 9 2 .8 1 3 . 70 3 .1 6 3 .2 1 2 .9 4 3 . 41 2 .5 2 2 .5 6 3 .0 6 3 .0 7 2 . 32 3 . 54 2 .8 3 2 . 70 2 . 85 3 . 70 3 .1 7 3 . 22 2 . 94 3 .4 4 2 . 54 2 .4 8 2 .9 4 2 .9 6 2 .2 6 3 .4 6 2 .7 4 2 .6 2 2 .7 5 3 .5 7 3 .0 4 3 .0 9 2 .8 3 3 .2 9 2 .4 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 824: T a b l e C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 1965 Annual average Industry May 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade 5______________ $78.23 $77.86 $77. 49 $77. 70 $77. 54 Wholesale tr a d e ___ __ _ ________ 111.11 110. 03 109. 48 109.08 108. 94 Motor vehicles and automotive equip 103.00 102.66 101.33 101.09 __________ ____ ment ____ Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. 113.77 112. 00 111.08 112.44 Dry goods and apparel—_ _ _________ 105. 75 105.08 105.18 103. 32 100. 04 99. 72 99. 31 98.33 Groceries and related products_______ — Electrical goods.. _ _______ 126.42 125.85 126. 58 124. 84 Hardware, plumbing, and heating 107. 57 105. 67 106. 37 105. 41 goods_____ ________________ . . . . Machinery, equipment, and supplies__ 119. 60 117.96 117. 55 117. 01 ... 110.15 109.07 109. 34 109. 89 Miscellaneous w holesalers___ Retail trade 5. ___ ____ _____________ 67.83 67.47 67.47 67.30 67. 49 General merchandise stores_______. . . 59. 73 59.40 59. 22 58.53 Department stores_____________ ___ 63.83 63.17 62.98 62.08 Mail order houses. _ __ ____ _ 68.41 68.94 67.40 66. 78 44. 82 44.82 44. 53 44. 53 Lim ited price variety stores _ Food stores__ _____ _________________ 70.26 70.26 70.56 70. 56 Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. 71.05 71.26 71.69 71.57 Apparel and accessories stores... _ _ 58.18 56.90 57. 55 58.38 Men’s and boys’ apparel stores___ _ 69.65 68. 56 69.40 71.20 Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______ 52.49 5Î.36 51.04 52.49 Fam ily clothing stores_____ _ _____ 57.38 57.40 56.57 58. 71 Shoe stores... __ _____ __ 59.36 55.67 56.52 56. 65 $77. 29 $76.80 $77.42 $77. 25 $77.75 $77.95 $76. 56 $76.33 $76. 53 $74.28 109. 59 108.12 107.57 106. 90 106. 60 106.60 105.93 106.75 106. 49 102. 56 102. 06 112. 06 105. 26 98. 77 130. 24 101.82 111. 24 104. 98 96. 80 128. 63 100.91 110. 84 105.46 97.10 127. 02 101.40 99.54 100. 20 99. 72 99.48 99. 72 96. 79 110.16 108.27 108. 54 107.33 108. 00 108. 68 105. 04 104.23 104. 23 101. 79 101.14 103.19 103.19 99. 94 98.16 98. 53 98. 70 97.11 97. 00 97.00 94.16 123. 55 121.41 120.27 122. 55 123. 55 122. 84 111. 79 105. 67 104. 04 104.19 103. 53 103.32 101.91 101. 50 101.66 101. 91 98. 01 117. 99 116. 88 116.75 115.23 116. 06 115. 92 113.99 115. 77 115. 23 111. 52 111. 11 108. 81 107.74 107.33 107. 06 107. 06 106. 80 107.46 107. 20 104.38 67. 90 67.13 67.33 67.53 68. 07 68.25 67.16 66.43 66. 61 64. 75 60.55 58. 74 59.79 60.16 60.19 60. 72 59.33 58.29 58.81 56. 77 63.30 61.88 63.69 64. 51 64.22 64.98 63. 69 62. 79 62. 98 61.18 79. 80 68. 61 69.81 72.67 70.56 71.08 72.30 70.95 71. 00 70.12 46. 53 44. 64 44.62 44. 47 44.98 45.30 43.92 42. 98 44.10 41.53 70. 17 71. 19 70. 51 71.76 72.78 72.42 71.14 69.29 70.32 68. 51 71.53 72. 21 71.87 73.01 74.05 74.05 72.38 70.85 71.69 69. 55 60. 38 57. 23 57.93 57.78 57.97 58.82 57.29 56.27 57. 46 55.26 70. 42 69. 05 69.89 69. 06 70. 64 72.67 70.76 70.23 69. 84 67.53 54. 54 51.52 51.99 51.65 51.10 52.48 51.10 50. 67 51.46 49. 73 60.53 56. 90 57.61 56.95 58.31 59. 00 55. 77 55.61 56. 45 54.27 59. 40 56.03 57.33 59.33 58. 65 57. 75 56.99 54.60 56.64 55.21 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade 5______________ 36.9 Wholesale trade __ _ .. __ __ 40. 7 Motor vehicles and automotive equip m ent____ ______________________ Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. D ry goods and apparel________ ______ Groceries and related products. ____ Electrical goods. _________ _ ._ . . . Hardware, plumbing, and heating ____________ _____ goods.. Machinery, equipment, and supplies. „ — Miscellaneous wholesalers___ _ . . . Retail tra d e5 ___ _. _______ ______ 35.7 General merchandise stores ______ . Department stores___ _______ . . . . . Mail order houses.. ______ . . . Limited price variety stores________ — Food stores__ _ .. . __ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores. Apparel and accessories stores.. . . . Men’s and boys’ apparel stores______ Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____ Fam ily clothing stores___ _ _ ... Shoe stores____ _ . . . 36.9 40.6 36.9 40.7 37.0 40.7 37.1 40.8 37. 7 41.2 37.1 40.8 37.4 40.9 37.5 40.8 38.3 41.0 38.4 41.0 37.9 40.9 37.6 40.9 37.7 40.8 37.9 40.7 41.7 40.2 37. 5 40.5 43.0 41.9 40.0 37.8 40.7 43.1 41. 7 40.1 37. 7 40.7 43.2 41.6 40.3 37.3 40.8 42.9 42. 0 40. 6 38.0 41.5 44.3 41.9 40. 6 37.9 40. 5 43.9 41.7 40.6 37.8 40.8 43.5 41.9 40.5 37.9 40.9 42.9 42.0 40.4 37.9 41.4 42.6 42.1 40.5 37.7 42.0 42.2 41.9 40.2 37.6 41.5 43.0 41.8 40.3 37.8 41.1 43.2 41.9 40. 4 37.8 41.1 42.8 41.9 40.4 38.0 41.3 41.1 40.9 41.1 40.2 35. 7 33.0 32.9 33.7 30.7 33.3 33.2 32.5 35.0 32.4 32.6 30.6 40.8 41.1 40.1 35.7 33.0 32.9 34.3 30.7 33.3 33.3 32.7 34.8 32.3 32.8 31.1 40.6 41.1 40.2 35.8 32.9 32.8 33.7 30.5 33.6 33.5 32.7 34.7 32.1 32.7 31.4 40.7 41.2 40. 4 35.9 32.7 32. 5 33.9 30.5 33.6 33.6 32.8 34.9 32.4 32.8 31.3 40.8 41.4 40. 7 36. 7 35. 0 34. 4 42. 0 33.0 33.9 33.9 34. 5 36.3 34.3 34. 2 33.0 40.8 41.3 40.3 35. 9 33. 0 32.4 36.3 31.0 33.9 33.9 32.7 34.7 32.4 32. 7 31.3 40.7 41.4 40.2 36.2 33.4 33.0 35.8 31.2 33.9 33.9 33.1 35.3 32.7 33.3 31.5 40.6 41.3 40.2 36.5 33.8 33.6 36.7 31.1 34.5 34.6 33.4 35.6 32.9 33.5 31.9 41.0 41.6 40.4 37.4 34.2 33.8 36.0 31.9 35.5 35.6 34.3 36.6 33.4 34.3 34.1 40.6 41.4 40.4 37.5 34.5 34.2 35.9 31.9 35.5 35.6 34.6 36.7 34.3 34.5 33.0 40.6 41.3 40.3 36.9 33.9 33.7 36.7 31.6 34.7 34.8 33.7 36.1 33.4 33.0 32.2 40.5 41.2 40.4 36.5 33.5 33.4 36.2 30.7 33.8 33.9 33.1 36.2 32.9 33.3 30.5 40.6 41.3 40.3 36.6 33.8 33.5 36. 6 31.5 34.3 34.3 33.6 36. 0 33.2 33.4 32.0 40.5 41.0 40.3 37.0 34.2 33.8 37.7 31.7 34.6 34.6 33.9 36.7 33.6 33.5 32.1 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade 5 _____________ $2.12 Wholesale trade.. ____________________ 2. 73 Motor vehicles and automotive equip m ent____________ . . . . . . Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. D ry goods and apparel... Groceries and related products_______ Electrical goods.. _ . _______________ Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods.. __________ . . _ _ Machinery, equipment, and supplies... Miscellaneous wholesalers____________ Retail trade s_ . . . ______ _ _ _ . . . . . . 1.90 General merchandise stores_____ _____ Department stores. ________ ______ Mail order h o u se s ___ _______ Limited price variety stores.. _ _ _. Food stores_________ _ _ _ _ _ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores. _ Apparel and accessories stores________ Men’s and boys’ apparel stores_____ Women’s ready-to-wear stores______ Fam ily clothing stores._. . . . ___ Shoe stores ____ _________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.11 2. 71 $2.10 2 69 $2.10 2 68 $2.09 2. 67 $2.05 2. 66 $2.07 2. 65 $2.07 2.63 $2.06 2.62 $2.03 2.60 $2.03 2.60 $2.02 2. 59 $2.03 2.61 $2. 03 2. 61 $1.96 2.52 2.47 2.83 2.82 2.47 2.94 2.45 2.80 2.78 2. 45 2.92 2.43 2. 77 2. 79 2.44 2. 93 2. 43 2. 79 2. 77 2. 41 2. 91 2. 43 2. 76 2. 77 2.38 2. 94 2. 43 2. 74 2. 77 2.39 2. 93 2 42 2.73 2.79 2.38 2.92 2.42 2.72 2. 75 2. 40 2.88 2.37 2.68 2.75 2.38 2.85 2.38 2. 68 2. 70 2.35 2.85 2.38 2.67 2.69 2.34 2.85 2.38 2. 68 2.73 2.36 2.86 2. 38 2.69 2.73 2. 36 2.87 2.31 2. 60 2.63 2.28 2. 72 2.63 2.91 2.74 1.89 1. 81 1.94 2. 03 1.46 2.11 2.14 1. 79 1.99 1.62 1. 76 1.94 2. 59 2.87 2. 72 1.89 1.80 1.92 2. 01 1. 46 2.11 2.14 1.74 1. 97 1. 59 1.75 1.79 2. 62 ■ 2. 59 2.86 2.84 2. 72 2. 72 1. 88 1. 88 1.80 1. 79 1.92 1.91 1.97 2.00 1.46 1.46 2.10 2.10 2.14 2.13 1.76 1. 78 2.04 2.00 1.62 1. 59 1.79 1. 73 1.81 1.80 2.59 3. 85 2. 73 1.85 1. 73 1. 84 1.90 1. 41 2. 07 2.11 1. 75 1.94 1. 59 1. 77 1.80 2. 55 2.83 2. 70 1. 87 1.78 1.91 1. 89 1. 44 2.10 2.13 1.75 1.99 1. 59 1. 74 1.79 2.56 2.82 2.68 1.86 1.79 1.93 1.95 1.43 2.08 2.12 1.75 1.98 1.59 1.73 1.82 2. 55 2.79 2.67 1.85 1.78 1.92 1.98 1.43 2.08 2.11 1.73 1.94 1.57 1.70 1. 86 2. 52 2. 79 2. 65 1.82 1.76 1.90 1.96 1.41 2. 05 2.08 1.69 1.93 1.53 1.70 1.72 2.51 2.80 2.65 1.82 1.76 1.90 1.98 1.42 2.04 2.08 1.70 1.98 1.53 1.71 1. 75 2. 50 2. 76 2. 65 1.82 1.75 1.89 1.97 1.39 2. 05 2.08 1.70 1.96 1.53 1.69 1.77 2.51 2.81 2.66 1.82 1.74 1.88 1.96 1.40 2.05 2.09 1.70 1.94 1.54 1.67 1.79 2. 51 2. 79 2. 66 1.82 1.74 1.88 1.94 1.40 2. 05 2. 09 1.71 1.94 1. 55 1.69 1.77 2.42 2. 72 2.59 1.75 1.66 1.81 1.86 1.31 1.98 2. 01 1.63 1.84 1.48 1.62 1.72 825 C —EARNINGS AND HOURS Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1965 1966 Annual average Industry M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Nov. Dec. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade—Continued Retail trade—Continued Furniture and appliance stores-----Furniture and home furnishings. Eating and drinking places 6________ Other retail trade__________________ Building materials and hardw are.. Motor vehicle dealers------------------Other vehicle and accessory dealers Drug stores_____________________ Fuel and ice dealers______________ Finance, insurance, and real estate7------Banking------ ----------------------------------Credit agencies other than b an ks.,....... Savings and loan associations_______ Security dealers and exchanges----------Insurance carriers___________________ Life insurance_____________________ Accident and health insurance-------Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. $88.03 $88.09 $87.47 $88.82 $92. 75 $89.10 $89.15 $88. 75 $88.80 $89.02 $87. 42 $86. 76 $88.18 $85. 44 87. 07 87.30 86.24 88.03 91.98 88.13 88.18 87.56 87.78 87. 82 86.00 85. 57 86. 58 83.82 46.31 46.31 46.38 46.17 46.23 45.49 46.02 45. 46 46. 70 46.70 45.67 45. 41 45. 76 44. 38 84.61 84.00 83.41 83.82 84. 46 84.03 83.84 83.03 84. 46 85.08 83.44 83.03 83.23 80.34 90.49 88.81 88.38 89.02 90.10 89.25 90.52 89.89 89.67 90. 73 89.25 89.04 88. 41 85.46 107.68 106.64 104.49 104. 54 106.09 106.33 105.22 102. 62 104. 88 107.31 106.92 106. 68 104.88 100. 76 87.03 86. 76 86.76 87.16 86.24 85. 93 86.17 85.41 88.20 87.16 86.60 86.17 85.89 85.41 61.72 61.02 61.58 61.23 63.55 61.93 61.94 62.65 63. 53 62. 80 60.88 60.19 61.42 59.76 98.41 99.54 102.58 104.40 101. 05 99.49 98.21 94.47 92. 77 93.02 93. 02 92.82 96.05 93.09 $92.63 92.50 91.76 92.00 91.63 90.88 90.27 89.65 89. 04 88.91 89. 01 88. 30 88. 54 88. 77 85.79 81.99 81.84 81.47 82.28 80.35 80.35 80.35 79.18 79.24 79.24 78.44 78.86 79. 24 76.67 86. 03 85.50 86.26 87.32 85. 28 84. 67 84.67 84. 52 85.50 84.36 82.88 83.92 84.29 80.89 86.54 85.56 86.16 87.70 84.67 84.22 84.82 84. 44 85. 27 85.96 83.48 84. 52 84. 67 82.72 146. 29 145.16 144. 02 139.13 138. 28 135. 72 131.89 124. 21 120.11 123.33 124. 88 127.13 127. 43 120.99 98.74 98.47 98.74 97.73 96. 87 96.49 95.86 95.86 95.86 95.74 94. 74 94. 86 95.12 92.01 96.99 97.72 97.99 97.15 96.05 95.31 94.79 94. 54 94.79 94.79 94.90 94. 28 94.79 91.62 88.06 87.22 87.32 85.41 85.38 85.24 84.50 83. 68 84. 64 84. 41 84.18 84. 41 84. 41 81.70 101. 84 100.70 101.08 100.17 100.20 99.44 99.18 99.06 99.06 98.94 96. 77 97.92 97. 92 94. 75 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade— Continued Retail trade— Continued Furniture and appliance stores____ Furniture and home furnishings.. Eating and drinking places6________ Other retail trade__________________ Building materials and hardw are.. Motor vehicle dealers------------------Other vehicle and accessory dealers . Drug stores--------- -----------------------Fuel and ice dealers______________ Finance, insurance, and real estate7------B a n k in g ..._________________________ Credit agencies other than banks_____ Savings and loan associations---------Security dealers and exchange................ Insurance carriers................................. Life insurance_____________________ Accident and health insurance_____ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. 37.2 39.3 39.4 33.8 40.1 41.7 42.9 43.3 34.1 41.7 39.5 39.5 33.8 40.0 41.5 43.0 43.6 33.9 42.0 39.4 39.2 34.1 40.1 41.3 43.0 43.6 34.4 43.1 39.3 39.3 34.2 40.3 41.6 43.2 43.8 34.4 43.5 40.5 40.7 34.5 40.8 42.3 43.3 44.0 35.7 43. 0 39.6 39,7 34.2 40.4 41.9 43.4 43.4 34.6 42.7 39.8 39.9 34.6 40.5 42.3 43.3 43.3 34.8 42.7 39.8 39.8 34.7 40.5 42.2 43.3 43.8 35.0 41.8 40.0 39.9 36.2 41.4 42.7 43.7 44.1 36.3 41.6 40.1 40.1 36.2 41.5 43.0 43.8 43.8 36.3 41.9 40.1 40.0 35.4 40.9 42.5 44.0 43.3 35.6 41.9 39.8 39.8 35.2 40.9 42.4 43.9 43.3 35.2 42.0 39.9 39.9 35.2 40.8 42.1 43.7 D. 6 35.3 42.5 40.3 40.3 35.5 41.2 42.1 44.0 43.8 36.0 42.9 37.3 37.1 37.9 37.3 37.8 37.4 36.6 37.0 38.0 37.3 37.2 38.0 37.2 38.0 37.3 36.6 36.8 38.0 37.4 37.2 38.0 37.3 37.8 37.4 36.7 37.0 38.0 37.4 37.4 38.3 37.8 37.1 37.3 36.8 36.5 37.8 37.4 37.2 37.9 37.3 38.2 37. 4 36.8 36.8 38.1 37.3 37.2 37.8 37.1 37.7 37.4 36.8 36.9 38.1 37.2 37.2 37.8 37.2 37.9 37.3 36.6 36.9 38.0 37.1 37.0 37.9 37.2 37.3 37.3 36.5 36.7 38.1 37.2 37.2 38.0 37.4 37.3 37.3 36.6 36.8 38.1 37.4 37.2 38.0 37.7 37.6 37.4 36.6 36.7 38.2 37.1 37.0 37.5 37.1 37.5 37.3 36.5 36.6 38.1 37.2 37.2 37.8 37.4 37.5 37.2 36.4 36.7 38.1 37.3 37.2 37.8 37.3 37.7 37.3 36. 6 36.7 38.1 37.3 37.4 37.8 37.6 37.0 37.1 36. 5 36.8 37.9 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade—Continued Retail trade—Continued Furniture and appliance stores-----Furniture and home furnishings . Eating and drinking places 6________ Other retail trade________________ Building materials and hardware.. Motor vehicle dealers____________ Other vehicle and accessory dealers Drug stores-------------------------------Fuel and ice dealers______________ Finance, insurance, and real estate 7------Banking____________________________ Credit agencies other than banks_____ Savings and loan associations_______ Security dealers and exchanges----------Insurance carriers........ .........1_________ Life insurance------------------------------Accident and health insurance_____ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.24 $2.23 $ 2.22 2.21 2. 21 2.20 1.37 1.37 2.11 2.10 2.17 2.51 1.81 2.36 2.14 2.48 1.99 1.80 2.37 1.36 2.08 2.14 2.43 1.99 1.79 2.38 2.48 2.46 2.21 2.20 2.27 2.32 3.87 2.64 2.65 2.38 2.25 2.30 3.82 2.64 2.67 2.37 2.65 2.01 $2.49 2.68 2.46 2.19 2.27 2.31 3.81 2.64 2.67 2.36 2.66 $2.26 2.24 1.35 2.08 2.14 2.42 1.99 1.78 2.40 2.45 2.20 2.28 2. 32 3.75 2.62 2.64 2'. 34 2.65 $2.29 2. 26 1.34 2.07 2.13 2. 45 1.96 1.78 2.35 $2. 25 $2.24 $2.23 $ 2.22 $ 2.22 2. 22 2.21 1.33 2.07 2.14 2.43 1.99 1.78 2.30 2.20 2.20 1.33 2.08 2.13 2. 45 1.98 1.79 2.33 2. 43 2.16 2. 25 2. 27 3.62 2.59 2. 61 2. 32 2.63 2.42 2.16 2.24 2. 27 3. 60 2.58 2.59 2.31 2. 61 2.41 2.16 2.24 2.28 3.48 2.57 2.59 2.29 2.61 21 $2.12 2.17 1.30 2. 04 2.08 1.25 1.95 2.03 2.29 1.95 $ 2. 1.31 2. 05 2.13 2.37 1.95 1.79 2.26 1.29 2. 04 2.19 1.29 2.05 $2.18 2.15 1.29 2.04 $2.18 2.15 1.29 2.03 2.10 2.11 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.40 2. 45 1.99 1.73 2.43 2.22 2 . 22 2.43 1.99 1.71 2. 21 2. 40 1.97 1. 74 2.26 2.40 2.14 2.23 2.27 3.33 2. 57 2.59 2.28 2.60 2. 39 2.13 2.25 2.28 3.22 2. 57 2.59 2. 30 2. 60 2. 38 2.13 2.38 2.38 2.12 2.38 2.13 2.23 2. 27 3. 38 2. 55 2.59 2.30 2. 57 2.00 1.75 2.23 2.00 1.71 2.22 2.12 2.21 2. 28 3. 28 2. 56 2.59 2.30 2.59 2.25 3.33 2. 54 2.60 2.30 2. 54 2.22 2.26 3.39 2. 55 2.59 2.30 2. 57 1.66 2.17 2.30 2.05 2.14 2.20 3.27 2.48 2. 51 2.22 2.50 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 826 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production w orkers,1 b y industry— C ontinued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1965 1966 Annual average Industry May 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 Average weekly earnings Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6____ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8. Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distributing. $52.45 $51.99 $52.08 $51. 99 $52.36 $51.99 $52.30 $51. 65 $51. 74 $52.13 $50. 90 $51. 65 $51.17 $49. 54 60.04 59.82 59.06 59.44 59.68 58. 83 60.14 59.06 58. 67 59.28 59.58 60.19 58. 98 55.73 152.00 150. 00 152. 74 157.56 160.37 155.63 161.18 152.88 157. 58 157.12 152. 36 146. 20 151. 64 136.97 1 Average weekly hours Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6........ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plan ts8. Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distributing. 37.2 37.4 37.2 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.9 37.7 38.9 38.9 37.7 37.7 37.9 38.4 38.2 38.8 38.6 38.6 39.0 39.2 39.6 38.8 38.7 39.4 40.6 39.2 40.2 40.6 40.2 39.3 39.8 39.7 $1.29 38.0 38.1 38.1 38.1 38.5 40.0 40.0 40.3 40.4 40. 6 Average hourly earnings Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6___ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plan ts8. Motion pictures: M otion picture filming and distributing - - - $1.41 $1.39 $1.40 $1.39 $1.40 $1.39 $1.38 $1. 37 $1. 33 $1.34 $1.35 $1.37 $1.35 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.55 1.53 1.52 1. 52 1.52 1.52 1. 52 1.44 3.80 3.75 3.79 3.90 3. 95 3. 95 3.97 3.90 3.92 3.87 3.79 3.72 3. 81 3.45 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. * Preliminary. 3 Based upon m onthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues of $5,000,000 or more. 4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places. ®M oney payments only, tips not included. 7 Beginning January 1964, data on non-office salesmen excluded from all series in this division. 8 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are not comparable with production worker levels of prior years. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.) 0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e C -2 . 827 A verage w eekly h o u rs, seaso n ally a d ju ste d , of p ro d u c tio n w orkers in selected in d u strie s 1 Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 1965 Industry division and group May 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay M ining______________________________________________ 42.4 42.0 43.2 42.7 42.5 43.0 41.9 42.2 42.2 42.7 42.6 41.9 42.3 Contract construction___________ ______ ___________ 36.2 37.3 38.5 38.2 37.8 39.2 37.1 37.0 36.2 37.3 37.4 37.1 37.5 __________ 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.5 41.4 41.4 41.2 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.1 Durable goods______________________________________ Ordnance and accessories____ _____________________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture________ Furniture and fixtures___ _________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products_______ - _________ Primary metal industries_________________ - ______ Fabricated metal products___________________ _____ Machinery_______________________________________ Electrical equipment and supplies___ ______________ Transportation equipment____ _________________ Instruments and related products. ___ _ __________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________ 42.2 42.2 41.4 42.1 41.8 42.0 42.4 43.8 41.2 42.5 42.6 40.1 42.4 42.3 41.2 41.6 42.0 41.9 42.4 43.7 41.4 43.4 42.2 40.0 42.3 41.9 41.1 42.0 42.7 41.9 42.5 43.9 41.4 42.9 42.5 40.3 42.4 42.3 41.1 41.7 42.4 42.0 42.6 44.0 41.6 43.4 42.5 40.3 42.4 42.4 41.5 41.7 42.7 41.9 42.6 43.9 41.5 43.5 42.2 40.0 42.2 42.4 41.8 41.8 43.0 41.2 42.3 43.9 41.5 42.9 41.7 40.2 42.2 42.2 41.3 41.7 42.2 41.1 42.4 43.7 41.3 43.4 41.7 40.2 42.0 42.3 41.1 41.5 41.8 41.4 42.3 43.5 41.0 43.0 41.7 40.0 41.6 41.9 40.5 40.9 41.9 41.8 41.6 43.0 40.5 41.8 41.5 39.8 41.7 42.1 40.7 41.3 41.8 42.1 41.7 42.7 40.8 42.2 41.3 40.0 41.7 42.7 40.5 41.3 41.7 42.4 41.8 42.9 40.6 42.3 41.3 39.7 41.8 41.8 39.9 41.4 41.6 42.1 42.0 43.0 41.0 42.9 41.4 39.6 42.0 41.7 41.0 41.6 41.9 42.1 42.1 43.0 41.1 43.0 41.6 39.8 Nondurable goods_____ _____ ________ . _______ _____________ Food and kindred products.______ Tobacco manufactures_________________ _ .... Textile mill products____ _______________________ Apparel and related products________________ ____ Paper and allied products__________ _____________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________ _ Chemicals and allied products_____________ . ____ Petroleum refining and related industries__ ___ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________ Leather and leather products_______________________ 40.3 40.9 38.1 42.2 36.6 43.8 38.8 42.0 42.1 42.2 38.9 40.3 41.1 39.0 41.9 36.5 43.7 38.7 42.2 42.6 42.0 39.1 40.4 41.1 39.3 42.4 36.5 43.5 38.7 42.1 42.5 42.2 38.5 40.6 41.6 41.4 42.5 36.6 43.5 38.7 42.2 42.8 42.3 38.9 40.2 41.2 39.1 42.4 36.3 43.2 38.5 42.0 42.0 42.4 38.2 40.2 41.2 37.7 42.0 36.5 43.6 38.7 42.0 42.0 42.3 38.4 40.3 41.1 38.0 41.9 36.5 43.6 38.6 42.0 42.4 42.5 38.6 40.1 41.0 37.7 41.8 36.4 43.4 38.4 41.9 42.5 42.3 38.6 40.1 40.7 37.8 41.7 36.0 43.0 38.6 42.2 42.7 41.6 38.4 40.0 41.1 37.4 41.8 36.2 42.9 38.6 41.8 42.7 41.9 37.9 40.0 41.4 38.1 41.4 36.3 42.9 38.6 41.6 42.1 41.8 37.9 39.9 41.0 37.2 41.4 36.5 43.0 38.5 41.7 41.9 41.8 37.8 40.0 41.0 37.3 41.5 36.4 43.1 38.5 42.0 42.2 41.7 38.4 Wholesale and retail trade 3. . . _____ _______ Wholesale trade. . ._ ... _ _ . . . ._ . . . . ___ Retail trade 3_______________ . . . . . . __________ ____ 37.1 40.7 36.0 37.1 40.7 35.9 37.2 40.9 36.0 37.3 41.0 36.1 37.4 41.0 36.2 37.5 40.9 36.4 37.4 40.8 36.3 37.5 40.9 36.4 37.5 40.8 36.5 37.8 41.0 36.7 37.8 40.7 36.8 37.7 40.8 36.6 37.8 40.9 36.8 Manufacturing_________ ______________ 1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. 2 Preliminary. 3 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places. T a b l e C -3 . N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. A v e rag e h o u rly e a rn in g s ex clu d in g o v e rtim e of p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers in m a n u fa c tu rin g , b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1 Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 Annual average 1965 Major industry group May 2 Apr.2 Mar. Manufacturing_____________ _ ______ __ $2.58 Durable goods___ _ _ _ _____ Ordnance and accessories. . ____ Lumber and wood products, except furniture . . . ___ Furniture and fixtures.. ___. . . . . _ Stone, clay, and glass products . Primary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products . . Machinery____ __ . . . . . ._ ___ Electrical equipment and supplies __ . Transportation equipm ent.. ____ Instruments and related products ___ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ ._ . . . ________ . . . 2.74 Nondurable goods____ . . . Food and kindred products . . Tobacco manufactures . Textile mill products______ _ Apparel and related products.. _____ Paper and allied products.. ___ Printing, publishing, and allied industr ie s.. ___ _ . . . . . . ____ Chemicals and allied products. . Petroleum refining and related industries______ _ ______ _____ . Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______ _____ _______ Leather and leather products.. ___ 2.33 (3) Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 $2.58 $2. 56 $2.56 $2.56 $2.54 $2.53 $2.52 $2.51 $2.49 $2.50 $2.50 $2.50 $2.50 $2.44 2.74 3.02 2.72 3.03 2.72 3.02 2.72 3.03 2.70 3.05 2.69 3.02 2.68 3.02 2.68 3.00 2.65 3.01 2. 67 3. 01 2.67 3.00 2.66 3. 01 2.67 3.01 2.60 2.95 2.13 2.08 2. 57 3.13 2. 71 2. 88 2.53 3.11 2.58 2. 08 2.07 2.55 3.11 2.70 2.87 2.51 3.11 2. 56 2 09 2.06 2. 55 3.09 2.68 2.86 2.52 3.11 2.55 2. 07 2. 06 2. 54 3.10 2. 68 2.86 2. 52 3.11 2. 55 2.08 2.05 2. 54 3.08 2.67 2. 84 2. 51 3.10 2. 54 2.10 2.05 2.54 3. 06 2.66 2. 84 2. 51 3.09 2.53 2.10 2.05 2.53 3.06 2.65 2.83 2. 50 3.07 2.52 2.11 2. 05 2. 51 3.06 2.64 2.82 2. 50 3.07 2. 51 2.10 2.03 2. 49 3.03 2. 62 2. 79 2.49 3.01 2.52 2.09 2.03 2.49 3.05 2.63 2. 79 2. 50 3.02 2. 52 2.09 2.02 2.49 3.04 3.63 2. 79 2.50 3.03 2.53 2. 06 2.02 2.48 3.03 2. 64 2.80 2. 50 3. 02 2. 51 2.07 2.03 2. 49 3.04 2.63 2.80 2.50 3.04 2. 52 2.03 1.97 2.42 2.99 2.57 2.75 2. 44 2.96 2.47 2.13 2.12 2.13 2.13 2.08 2. 06 2.05 2.05 2. 05 2. 08 2.07 2.07 2.06 2.02 2.33 2. 42 2. 23 1. 83 1. 83 2. 56 2.31 2. 40 2.19 1. 82 1. 84 2. 55 2. 31 2.38 2.17 1.82 1.84 2.54 2.31 2.38 2.14 1.82 1.82 2.54 2.30 2.36 2.09 1.81 1.82 2. 53 2.29 2.33 2. 09 1. 81 1.82 2.52 2.28 2.31 1.95 1.80 1.82 2.51 2.28 2.31 1.95 1.80 1.82 2. 52 2. 26 2.29 2.03 1.80 1.79 2. 51 2. 27 2.30 2.17 1.79 1.79 2.51 2. 26 2.33 2.17 1.76 1.78 2.49 2. 26 2.35 2.16 1.76 1.77 2.49 2.27 2.32 2.07 1.78 1.79 2.50 2.21 2.27 1.92 1.71 1.76 2.43 (3) 2.82 P) 2. 81 (3) 2.83 (3) 2.83 C3) 2.83 (3) 2.83 (3) 2.82 (3) 2.82 (3) 2.80 (3) 2.80 (3) 2.78 (3) 2.75 P) 2. 79 P) 2. 72 3.30 3.27 3.28 3.28 3. 27 3. 27 3.20 3.16 3.12 3.13 3.12 3.14 3.17 3.10 2. 52 1.89 2. 51 1.87 2.51 1.86 2. 51 1.86 2. 51 1.86 2. 50 1.85 2.51 1.85 2. 50 1.85 2. 49 1.83 2. 51 1.82 2.48 1.84 2.47 1.84 2. 49 1.84 2.44 1.78 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Preliminary. . ,, , 3 N ot available because average overtime rates are significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods total has little effect. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 828 T a b l e C -4 . Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1 Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 A nnual average 1965 In d u str y M a y 2 A p r. 2 M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S e p t. A ug. J u ly June M ay 1965 1964 3 .9 4 .3 3 .3 3 .8 4. 2 3 .3 3 .8 4 .2 3 .3 3 .7 4 .1 3 .1 4 .0 4 .4 3 .4 3 .9 4 .3 3 .4 3 .9 4 .2 3 .4 3 .8 4 .0 3 .5 3 .5 3 .8 3 .2 3 .4 3 .7 3 .1 3 .6 4 .0 3 .1 3 .5 3 .9 3 .1 3 .6 3 .9 3 .1 3 .1 3 .3 2 .9 3 .7 3 .1 3 .5 5. 0 3 .3 2.8 3 .4 4. 5 A F) A 9 3 .7 4 .4 3 .8 3 .8 3 .4 4. 0 4 .0 4 .4 2. 6 3 .9 3 .7 3 .6 2 .5 4 .1 3 4 3 .3 1.8 3 .9 3 .3 3 .5 2.0 3 .1 3 .3 3 .5 1.1 3 .2 2.8 3 .0 1 .4 2 .5 2 .4 2 .5 .6 2 .3 2 .9 3 .0 1.6 2 .9 1.8 1.8 1 .3 2.0 4 .2 4 .1 4 .0 4 .0 3 .7 3 .7 3 .8 3 .8 3 q 3 9 3 .7 4 .1 4 .0 4 .0 4 .0 4 .2 4 .2 3 .8 3 .8 3 .8 3 .8 4 .0 4 .0 3 .8 3 .7 3 .4 3 .4 4. 4 4 .2 3 .8 4 .1 3 .5 3 .8 3 .9 3 6 3 .6 3 .9 3 .6 3 .6 4 9 4. 4 3 8 3 .8 4 .3 4 .5 3 .9 4 .1 3 .7 3 .9 4 .6 3 .7 3 .7 4 .1 3 .7 3 .3 4 .2 3 .8 3 .5 4 .2 3 .7 3 .6 4 .0 3 .6 3 .6 3 .6 2.8 3 .4 F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s _ _ ____ H o u s e h o l d f u r n it u r e _ _ _ O ffie e f u r n it u r e P a r t i t i o n s ; o ffie e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s 3 .5 3 .4 4 .5 3 .7 3 .4 3 .7 3 .6 4 .4 4 .0 3 .4 3 5 3 4 4 .5 3 6 3 .2 3 .4 3 .3 4 .1 3 .5 3 .0 4 4 4 .1 4 .1 3. 7 4 5 3. 7 4 .2 4 .2 4 .0 4 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .7 4 .2 4 .8 3 .9 3 .8 3 .5 4 .6 5 .4 4 .3 3 .0 2 .7 4 .1 3 .9 3 .6 3 .6 3 .5 3 .9 3 .6 4 .4 3 .2 3 .2 3 .4 3 .1 3 .3 3 .6 3 .6 3 .6 3 .7 3 .7 3 .2 3 .4 2 .5 2 .4 3 .1 S t o n e , e l a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s __ F l a t g la s s _ _ __ ___ G la s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n 4 .6 4 .8 4 .1 2.8 3 .9 2.6 4 .4 4 .4 4 .4 2 .7 3 .6 2 .3 4 .0 4 .3 4 3 2 .3 3 .1 2 4 3 .9 4 .3 4. 0 2 .5 3 .3 2 .3 4 2 3 4 1 Q 3 fi 2 .4 4. 5 5 .6 4. 4 2. 2 3. 7 2.6 4 .6 4 .9 4 .2 1 .9 3 .8 2.6 4 .6 5 .0 4 .6 2 .9 4 .2 2 .7 4 .7 3 .3 4 .1 2 .4 4 .0 2.2 4 .5 3 .5 4 .1 2 .5 3 .9 1 .9 4 .3 3 .7 4 .0 2.2 3 .8 2 .3 4 .4 3 .3 3 .8 2 .3 3 .8 2.0 4 .2 4 .1 4 .0 2.2 3 .6 2.2 3 .9 3 .7 3 .6 2.1 3 .3 2.0 6.6 4 .3 6 .3 4 .0 5 .0 4 .0 5 .3 3 .4 fi 0 3 8 6 .3 3 .9 6.8 4 .0 6 .3 3 .7 7 .4 3 .8 7 .0 3 .6 6.6 3 .6 6 .9 3 .7 6. 2 3 .5 5 .9 3 .3 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s B l a s t fu r n a c e a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s _ Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d r ie s N o n f e r r o u s s m e l t i n g a n d r e f i n i n g ____ N o n f e r r o u s r o ll i n g , d r a w i n g , a n d e x __ __ tr u d in g _ _ _ _______ N o n fe r r o u s f o u n d r ie s . . . . ... M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s . __________________ ____ ________ - 4 .2 2.8 5 .7 4 .0 3 .9 2 .4 5 .6 3 .6 3 .9 2 .3 5 .6 3 .5 3 .6 1.8 5 .1 3 .2 3 5 1 F) 5 5 3 .5 3 .4 1 .4 5 .6 3 .6 3 .4 1.6 5 .7 3 .5 3 .8 2 .5 5 .7 4 .1 3 .7 2.8 5 .1 3 .3 3 .9 3 .2 5 .2 3 .3 4 .1 3 .2 5 .9 3 .6 3 .9 2 .9 5 .8 3 .5 3 .8 2 .7 5 .5 3 .5 3 .2 2 .4 4 .7 3 .1 6.0 4 .6 5 .8 4 .5 5 .9 4 .5 6.0 4 .7 5 Q 4. 7 5 .4 4 .2 5 .4 4 .0 5 .8 3 .4 5 .1 3 .5 4 .8 3 .2 5 .4 3 .8 4 .9 3 .6 5 .0 3 .9 3 .9 3 .2 5 .5 6.2 6 .3 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 5 .6 4 .9 5 .3 4 .8 4. 6 5 .2 4 .0 F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _____ M e t a l c a n s ___ ’ C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls , a n d g e n e r a l h a r d w are__ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ H e a t i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d p l u m b i n g fix t u r e s ___ _ _ _ F a b r ic a te d str u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts S c r e w m a c h in e p r o d u c ts , b o lts , e tc M e ta l s t a m p in g s ... C o a t i n g , e n g r a v in g , a n d a l li e d s e r v i c e s . M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d w i r e p r o d u c t s . M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _____ _________ . _ 4 .3 4 .4 4 .2 3 .8 4 .2 4 .0 4 .1 3 .4 4. 4 2. 9 4 .4 3 .5 4 .5 3 .6 4 .2 4 .3 4 .0 5 .0 3 .8 5 .0 4 .1 4 .6 4 .0 4 .2 4 .0 4 .5 3 .4 3 .8 3 .6 3 .4 3 .3 3 .4 3 .8 4 .0 3 .8 3 .3 3 .0 2.8 3 .0 3. 5 3. 4 3 .1 2.2 3 .0 4 .3 4 .5 3 .8 3 .1 M a n u f a c t u r i n g -----------------------------------------------D u r a b l e g o o d s -------------------------------------------N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ------------------------------------- 4 .0 4 .4 3 .4 D u r a b le goods S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t . . , L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts, ex cep t f u r n it u r e _ ______________ S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n in g m i l l s _______ M i l l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d r e la t e d p r o d n ets _ _ _ _ _ _____ W o o d e n e o n t a in e r s _ _ _ _ __ M is c e ll a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ---------------- S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c ts _ _ _____ P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r p r o d u cts - - - -- - - ______ - O t h e r s t o n e a n d m in e r a l p r o d u c t s __ _ 3 .8 3 .7 4 2 2 .5 4 .0 5 .1 4 .7 4 .0 3 .9 2 .4 3 .7 4 .8 4 .9 3 .8 3 .4 2.8 3 .9 5 .4 5 .3 4 .2 3 .9 2.1 3 .4 5 .2 5 .5 4 .1 3 .6 2. 3 3 .6 5 .4 5 .2 4 .3 3 .8 3 .7 3 .4 3 .0 3 .6 3 .7 3 .4 2 .7 4 .5 4 .5 3 .0 4 .2 4 .4 4 .1 2 .5 4 .1 4 .5 4 .0 2.6 4 .4 4 .8 4 .0 2.8 4 .4 4 .6 3 .7 2.8 4 .2 4 .6 4 .1 2 .9 4 .2 3 .9 3 .1 2.6 3 .5 6.1 4 .8 4 .7 6.0 4 .4 4 .4 6 .3 4 .3 4 .2 6 .9 5 .0 4 .7 7 .0 4 .7 4 .5 6 .7 4 .8 4 .4 5 .9 4 .1 3 .5 4 .0 3 .2 5 .6 3 .6 2 9 4 .8 2 .9 3 .0 5 .2 3 .5 3 .0 5 .2 3 .7 3 .7 5 .5 2.6 3 .1 5 .5 3. 4 2 .9 5 .3 2 .3 2 .3 4 .7 3 4 3. 4 3. 7 3 .8 3 .2 3. 0 3. 4 3 .0 3 .2 3 .5 3 .5 3 .9 3 .1 3 .1 3 .3 2.6 3 .1 3 .1 3 .6 3 .2 2 .9 3 .1 3 .3 2.8 2 .7 2.8 3 .1 2.6 2.6 2.6 2 .9 2 .3 2 .3 3 .1 3 .4 2.2 2.2 1 .9 1 .9 1 .9 2.8 3 .2 3 .9 2.8 2.6 2 .3 2 .7 2.6 2 .5 2 .7 3 .8 2 .5 2.6 1 .9 2.2 2.2 2.8 3 .0 3 .5 3 .0 2 .7 2. 3 2 .7 2 .4 2 .3 2.6 3 .0 2.2 2.1 1.7 2.2 2.1 4 .1 4. 0 3 .6 2 .9 2.6 2 .3 2 .9 2 .7 3. 2 2.6 5. 7 6 .9 4 .9 3 .6 3 .2 2. 6 6. 0 7 .4 4 .9 3 .8 2. 5 2 .9 5 .4 6.6 4 .0 4 .1 2.2 3 .7 4 .4 5 .0 3 .7 3 .9 2.6 3 .8 4 .1 4 .8 3 .6 3 .0 2 .4 3 .5 4 .2 5 .3 3 .2 2 .9 1 .9 3 .1 4 .8 6.1 2 .9 3 .6 2.6 3 .7 4 .8 6 .4 2 .7 3 .6 2 .4 3 .2 4 .8 6.2 3 .3 3 .4 2.6 2 .9 3 .9 5 .0 2 .5 3 .1 2.8 3 .2 3 .5 3 .9 3 .6 4 .5 3 .5 4 .0 3 .5 3 .8 3 .4 3 .9 2 .9 3 .2 2.8 3 .3 2 .9 3 .3 3 .0 3 .3 3 .0 3 .3 2 .4 2 .3 4. 0 3 .2 2 .7 4 .0 2.8 2 .5 3 .3 2. 9 2. 5 3. 4 2.8 2. 5 3 .5 2 .9 2 .4 3 .4 2 .9 2.6 3 .1 2 .3 1.8 3 .0 2 .5 2.2 2 .9 2.8 2 .4 2.8 2 .7 2.6 2. 9 2 .7 2 .4 2. 5 2 .4 2.1 2 .4 5 .0 2.6 2 .5 4 .3 2 .5 3 .0 4 .6 3 .2 2. 7 4 .8 3 .1 2 .5 4 .8 3 .0 2 .3 4 .5 2 .7 2.2 3 .5 2 .9 1 .7 3 .4 2 .4 2.1 3 .9 2 .1 2.0 4 .1 2 .4 2.1 4 .0 2. 4 2.0 3 .2 2 .5 3 .6 6 .5 5 .5 5 .0 4 .1 2 .4 3 .5 6.8 5 .3 4 .8 4 .1 2 .5 3 .4 6 .9 5 .1 4 .7 4 .4 2.1 3 .4 6.6 5 .3 4 .3 4 .0 2. 7 4. 0 6. 8 5. 6 4 .8 4 .1 2 .7 4 .0 6.1 5 .8 4 .7 4 .4 3 .2 4 .4 5 .9 5 .5 4 .7 4 .4 3 .9 4. 3 4 .1 3 .7 3. 8 3 .8 3 .8 5 .5 5 .8 4 .5 5 .0 5 .7 5. 4 4 .3 5 .1 5. 6 4 .4 4 .0 5 .0 5 .3 3 .9 3 .7 4 .5 5. 5 4. 9 3 .7 4 .7 5 .0 4 .0 2.8 4 .4 4 .9 4 .4 2 .9 4 .7 8.0 5 .3 5 .2 8.2 5. 6 5 .2 8.0 5. 6 5 .3 7 .6 5 .4 5 .1 7. 6 5 .8 5 .4 7 .0 5 .3 5 .0 6 .4 5 .1 4 .8 3 .6 3 .2 6 .3 4 .2 3. 5 6 .3 4 .6 3 .3 6.2 4 .9 3 .0 6.1 5. 0 3. 2 6 .1 4 .3 3 .0 5 .8 E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s ___ __ E l e c t r i c d i s t r i b u t i o n e q u i p m e n t ____ E l e c t i c a l i n d u s t r i a l a p p a r a t u s ___________ H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s .. . . E l e c t r i c l i g h t i n g a n d w i r in g e q u i p m e n t . R a d io a n d T V r e c e iv in g s e t s . . . . ... C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t .. E l e c t r o n i c c o m p o n e n t s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s . M is c e lla n e o u s e le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s . . ____________ 3 .2 3 .4 4 .5 3 .7 2.8 2 .5 3 .1 3 .1 3 .3 3 .7 4 .4 2 .9 2 .7 2 .3 3 .3 3 .4 3 .4 3 .4 4 .3 3 .6 2 .9 2 .3 3 .4 3 .5 3 .2 3 .3 4 .1 3 .3 2.8 2 .3 3 .6 2 .9 3 .6 3 .8 4. 2 4 .4 3 .1 3 .0 3 .9 3 .1 3 .0 3 ,0 3 .5 3 .2 T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t. . _______ M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ______ ._ A ir c r a ft a n d p a r t s . .. ... . . . . S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g .. R a i l r o a d e q u i p m e n t ____ ' . . . . . O th e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t . . _ __ 5 .1 5 .7 4 .7 4 .2 3 .7 3 .0 4 .7 4 .7 5 .1 4 .4 3 .0 2.8 4 .8 5 .3 5 .0 3 .8 2 .9 2.0 5 .1 5 .5 5 .6 3 .8 3 .0 2.0 I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . . . . . . E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n tific in s t r u m e n t s . M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tr o l d e v ic e s . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O p t i c a l a n d o p h t h a l m i c g o o d s ......... .. O p h t h a lm ic g o o d s . S u r g i c a l, m e d i c a l , a n d d e n t a l e q u i p m e n t _______ P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s . W a t c h e s a n d c l o c k s . __________ .. ... 3 .5 3 .8 3 .6 3 .9 3 .7 4 .2 4 .0 2.2 2.1 3 .7 3 .3 2 .9 2 .7 4 .9 2 .5 2 .7 4 .7 2.8 M a c h i n e r y _____ . . . . _________ . E n g i n e s a n d t u r b i n e s ____ __ . F a r m m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t . .. _ . C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d r e la t e d m a c h i n e r y ___ M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t _____________ _______________ . . _ S p e c ia l in d u s t r y m a c h in e r y . .. . . G en era l in d u s tr ia l m a c h in e r y .. _ . . . . O ff ic e , c o m p u t i n g , a n d a c c o u n t i n g m a c h i n e s .............. _ _________ S e r v ic e i n d u s t r v m a c h i n e s ___ ... .. M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a c h i n e r y __________ S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 .9 4 .1 5 .4 5 .0 4 .6 3 .7 C —EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C-4. 829 Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 808. 1966 Annual average 1965 Industry M ay 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1965 1964 2.8 4.2 2.6 2.0 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.1 4.3 2.7 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.7 2.5 2.1 3.0 2.9 3.5 2.7 3.6 2.4 1.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 5.2 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.5 3.2 4.8 3. 0 3.1 2.9 3.1 4.2 3.3 4.9 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.1 4.0 3.0 3.8 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.9 3.2 2.7 3.4 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.2 2.6 1.8 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.4 3.4 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.7 3.6 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.0 2.4 3.3 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.2 3.2 3.8 4.3 3.3 3.9 4.9 3.3 4.0 4.4 3.5 4.2 5.0 3.9 3.8 4.1 3.6 4.1 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.6 4.2 3.5 2.9 5.4 3.3 3.5 1.9 3.6 3.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 4.5 5.3 5.5 5.4 3.6 2.4 5.8 4.2 5.2 5.2 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.5 2.8 5.6 3.1 4. 6 2.6 3.1 3.9 1.0 .9 1.1 4.6 5.5 5.7 5.1 4.4 2.5 5.8 4.4 5.2 4.8 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.8 3.4 6.3 3.2 4.5 2.4 2.8 4.4 1.9 2.9 1.2 4.6 5.6 5.5 5.2 4.5 2.3 5.5 4.7 5.4 4.9 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.5 2.6 6.0 3.1 3.4 2.5 2.7 4.0 .9 .6 1.2 4.3 5.4 4.8 4.7 4.1 2.1 5.1 4.0 5.2 4.8 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.2 2.7 6.9 3.3 3.7 2.7 3.2 4.5 1.3 .9 1.2 4.6 5.3 5.5 4.6 4.2 2.4 5.6 6.3 5.1 5.3 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.2 2.8 6.2 3.4 4.1 2.7 3.3 4.9 1.1 .6 2.0 4.6 5. 4 5. 5 4.1 4.1 2.7 5. 4 6.2 5.2 5.1 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 2.9 7.5 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.5 4.7 1.3 1.0 1.7 4.5 5.0 5.3 4.1 4.1 3.0 4.8 5.6 5.0 5.1 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.3 3.2 8.0 3.6 5.2 3.4 3.4 4.5 1.5 .7 1.3 4.5 5.3 5.7 4.7 3.5 2.9 4.5 5.7 4.9 4.8 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.2 3.0 7.5 3.4 4.6 2.9 3.6 4.2 1.2 .7 1.4 4.3 4.7 5.4 4.5 3.4 2.8 4.5 6.3 5.0 4.1 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 2.9 8.1 3.6 4.5 1.9 4.3 4.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.8 4.1 5.0 4.7 3.2 2.5 3.9 4.4 4.6 3.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 3.1 6.3 3.6 3.8 1.8 4.0 4.1 .9 .6 1.3 4.2 4.6 5.4 4.7 3.5 2.6 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 3.0 5.8 3.3 3.6 2.0 3.7 4.1 .9 .8 1.1 4.0 4.8 5.4 4.6 3.6 2.3 4.7 4.0 4.4 3.9 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 2.9 6.5 3.3 4.0 2.4 3.3 4.3 1.1 .8 1.3 4.2 4.8 5.3 4.4 3.6 2.5 4.6 5.1 4.7 4.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.3 2.8 6.3 3.1 3.7 2.2 3.1 4.0 1.6 1.6 2.1 3.6 4.3 5.0 3.4 3.1 2.1 4.2 4.4 3.6 3.6 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.9 .8 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.9 5.3 6.3 8.3 2.0 5.3 6.2 7.5 1.8 5.1 6.2 7.0 1. 7 5.0 6.1 7.5 2.2 5.5 6.2 7.7 2.9 5.6 6.3 7.6 2.6 5.7 6.4 7.9 2.1 5.7 6.6 8.4 1.6 5.2 5.9 7.7 2.1 5.0 6.0 7.2 1.9 5.0 5.9 6.7 2.1 4.7 5.8 6.5 2.1 5.0 6.0 7.0 1.9 4.7 5.7 6.3 3.7 4.3 3.9 4.8 3.7 4.5 3.5 4.2 4.0 5.2 4.0 5.4 4.0 5.6 3.7 5.2 3.6 4.8 3.5 4.2 3.5 4.6 3.1 4.1 3.5 4.5 3.3 4.1 3.3 2.6 3.8 4.7 3.6 2.7 3.5 2.3 4.1 5.1 3.9 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.7 4.4 3.5 2.4 2.8 1.9 3.4 4.3 3.1 2.2 3.6 3.2 3.1 4.6 3.9 2.5 3.2 2.7 3.4 4.2 3.5 2.5 3.4 2.8 4.4 4.3 3.6 2.6 3.4 2.6 4.8 4.9 3.8 2.6 3.2 2.3 3.4 5.6 3.3 2.5 2.8 2.3 3.2 3.9 3.1 2.2 2.9 2.5 2.7 4.0 3.0 2.6 3.1 2.6 3.4 4.4 3.2 2.7 3.1 2.4 3. S 4.2 3.4 2.5 2.9 2.4 4.0 3.8 3.1 2.4 2.8 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.0 2.9 3.2 9.0 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.6 7.3 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.5 4.7 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.2 4.1 2.9 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.3 4.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.4 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.6 3.6 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 2.5 3.0 3.1 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.3 3.0 3.6 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.7 3.2 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.1 3.3 7.7 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.7 4.9 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.5 2.5 4.6 3.0 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re... Toys, amusement and sporting goods.. Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials.. Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries............ Musical instruments and parts______ Nondurable goods Food and kindred products____________ Meat products._______ _____________ Dairy products______ _______________ Canned and preserved food, except m e a ts..____________ _____ _________ Grain mill products_________________ Bakery products..____ ______________ Sugar_________________________ ____ _ Confectionery and related products___ Beverages____ ______________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred products. Tobacco manufactures_________________ Cigarettes__________________________ C ig a rs..................... ................ ................ . Textile mill products__________________ Cotton broad woven fabrics__________ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad w oolens.. Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______ Knitting_____ _________ ____________ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering______________________ Yarn and thread____________________ Miscellaneous textile goods___ _______ Apparel and related products__________ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats............. M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________ Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear.. Women’s and children’s undergar m ents____________________________ Hats, caps, and millinery____ ________ Girls’ and children’s outerwear_______ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel . Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod ucts_________________ ____ ________ Paper and allied products_______ _____ _ Paper and pulp_____________________ Paperboard_________________________ . Converted paper and paperboard products________ _________________ . Paperboard containers and boxes....... . Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries_______ ___ ___ ________________ _ Newspaper publishing and printing------------Periodical publishing and printing----- --------Books_______ ____ ___ _________ ______ Commercial printing______________ _____ Bookbinding and related industries------------Other publishing and printing indus tries.____ ____________________ ______ Chemicals and allied products________ ______ Industrial chemicals___________ _________ Plastics materials and synthetics___________ Drugs________ _________________ ______ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods--------- --------Paints, varnishes, and allied products..------Agricultural chemicals___________________ Other chemical products___________ -.........Petroleum refining and related indus tries________________________________ Petroleum refining________________ ______ Other petroleum and coal products...... .......... Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products......... Tires and inner tubes____________________ Other rubber products___________________ Miscellaneous plastic products______ ______ Leather and leather products.................. ............ Leather tanning and finishing_______ ______ Footwear, except rubber__ 1._____________ Other leather products__________________ _ Handbags and personal leather goods______ 3.4 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.5 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.4 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.3 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.2 3.9 4.0 4.2 5.2 5.0 4.8 6.7 6.1 6.9 5.5 3.8 7.3 6.5 5.9 3.4 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.8 3.8 3.7 6.7 4.3 6.6 5.8 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.1 6.7 7.4 6.3 6.2 5.9 4.7 3.4 4.1 2.7 3.5 3.2 3.7 4.0 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.6 2.7 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.4 4.0 3.9 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.5 4.0 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.8 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.6 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.8 2.6 1.9 1.8 1.3 2.0 2.0 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week 1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which A-3. only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related were paid are excluded. workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over 2 Preliminary. time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded 221-143 O—66----- 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 830 T able Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1 C-5. Revised series; see box, p. 808. [1957-59 = 100] Annual average 1965 1966 A ctivity M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 Man-hours T otal__________________________________ M ining________________________________ Contract construction................._.................... Manufacturing_____________________ ____ 114.6 83.5 115.0 116.1 112.0 74.4 108.8 114. 5 111.3 109.0 81.0 79.6 103.5 93.6 114.2 113.3 108.4 80.8 98.9 111.5 112.3 83.5 109.8 114.2 112.5 82.2 114.2 113.7 113.8 83.9 124.1 113.5 112.9 82.6 121.4 112.8 112.9 85.9 130. 5 111.0 110.8 84.6 125.5 109.4 111.2 85.0 121.0 110.7 108.4 83.5 114.6 108.5 109.0 82.5 111.3 109.9 103.1 82.6 105.4 103.8 Durable goods________________________ Ordnance and accessories------------------Lumber and wood products, except furniture__________________________ Furniture and fixtures_______________ Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products----------------Machinery_________________________ Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment___________ Instruments and related products____ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries______________________________ 123.3 148.3 121.9 144.1 120.6 119.4 141.5 140.0 117.9 137.2 119.8 130.5 118.4 131.0 117.5 129.1 116.0 125.5 112.9 120.7 113.2 119.2 115.4 116.2 113.3 114.4 114.0 120.4 105.5 120.9 101.7 124.1 111.3 115.6 125.3 134. 7 143.8 117.2 125.4 97.8 122.0 109.9 115.3 123.3 133.0 142.4 117.6 122.4 95.6 123.7 106.6 113.1 122.3 132.9 140.4 116.5 123.0 94.0 121.6 103.3 111.7 121.6 131.4 140.5 115.7 121.8 95.2 120.7 104.1 109.8 120.2 129.0 138.3 114.9 119.5 98.0 126.4 107.7 107.6 122.7 129.5 140.0 117.4 119.0 98.3 124.0 109.7 105.0 122.1 125.5 136.2 115.9 118.0 100.3 124.2 110.7 106.9 120.8 123.8 133.4 112.7 116.7 100.5 122.1 112.1 113.0 118.6 122.3 129.5 106 9 115.7 103.1 121.6 112.3 114.0 116.5 120.0 125.5 95.2 113.2 100.7 116.3 110.7 115.8 115.0 121.6 122.6 103.2 111.6 100.5 118.4 109.6 117.1 118.2 123.3 125.6 107 9 112.0 98.1 115.1 107.7 114.3 115.8 121.7 122.8 107.7 108.1 97.0 119.0 107.0 112.5 116.4 122.0 126.3 107.1 111.8 95.5 111.6 105.0 106.0 107.8 111.9 113.2 94.9 104.4 114. 5 111.9 111.3 108.5 102.7 116.3 123.0 124.0 119.2 116.0 105.5 109.1 106.6 110.6 103.0 104.6 93.4 83.3 101.3 114.8 109.5 101.5 93.8 91.6 96.7 109.1 106.7 109.8 109.5 106.4 105.9 Nondurable goods------------------------------Food and kindred products__________ Tobacco manufactures______________ Textile mill products-----------------------Apparel and related products________ Paper and allied products-----------------Printing, publishing, and allied in dustries__________________________ Chemicals and allied products_______ Petroleum refining and related indus tries_____________________________ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________________________ Leather and leather products________ 106. 6 87.6 69.8 105.9 118. 7 114.3 104.9 86.0 71.5 103. 2 115.9 112.5 105.8 86.2 74.6 105.0 120.4 112.1 105.3 86.8 81.1 104.1 118.7 110.9 103.2 87.6 80.9 102.3 110.3 110.3 106.9 93.1 90.4 104.1 115.6 113.7 107.7 97.7 86.4 104.7 117.2 112.7 108.2 101.0 102.8 103.8 117.2 112.5 108.7 103.9 103.0 102.2 116.8 111.8 108.5 103.2 89.8 102.8 118.2 111.2 104.5 97.5 72.1 99.5 111.6 109.7 104.6 91.7 72.7 102.3 116.0 110.2 102.2 87.7 71.3 100.3 113.2 107.5 114.4 115.0 113.9 115.2 113.7 112. 5 112.5 110.7 110.4 109.3 114.3 110.1 112.3 109.9 111.9 109.2 111.7 111.1 110.5 110.6 108.9 109.9 109.0 110.1 108.6 110.4 76.8 76.4 73.4 73.7 74.4 76.3 78.0 81.1 80.1 80.3 78.4 76.1 76.7 78.5 130.1 94.8 133.2 97.1 121.5 94.9 97.5 148.2 133.8 96.5 145.3 135.9 93.0 132.5 124.2 143.3 99.7 140.8 97.2 74.2 140.1 99.6 140.4 139.5 100.4 102.5 142.9 101.4 140.7 98.6 138.4 96.0 136.0 96.7 134.3 99.8 129.8 97.3 132.8 97.4 97.2 160.7 140.3 100.5 170.2 136.1 98.3 162.0 135.1 99.1 156.8 136.7 Payrolls M ining_____________ Contract construction. Manufacturing............. . _ _ 101.9 155.3 148.3 87.8 146.5 146.1 97.1 95.9 139.0 126.4 144.7 143.2 96.9 132.5 140.8 i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. # For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related T able C-6. 97.4 99.4 151.2 165.3 142.4 141.4 99.4 146.5 143.8 workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote 1, table A-d. 2 Preliminary. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing Revised series ; see box, p. 808. [In current and 1957-59 dollars] » Annual average 1965 1966 Item Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Oct. N ov. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1965 1964 Manufacturing Gross average weekly earnings: $107. 53 $105.82 $107. 53 $102.97 _ _ _ $111.24 $110.95 $110.27 $110. 00 $110. 92 $109. 71 $108.62 $107.83 $106.45 $107.01 $107.79 Current dollars___ 96.82 97.84 95.25 1957-59 dollars - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 98.88 99.06 98.81 99.10 99.93 99. 20 98. 39 97.85 96.77 97.11 97.90 98.11 Spendable average weekly earnings: Worker with no dependents: 89.08 87.71 89.08 84.40 90.73 90. 51 90.00 89.79 91.80 90.83 89.95 89.32 88.21 88.66 89.29 Current dollars___ __ _ ______ _ 81.28 80.25 81.06 78.08 80.65 80.81 80.65 80.89 82.70 82.12 81.48 81.05 80.19 80.45 81.10 1957-59 dollars______________________ Worker with 3 dependents: 96. 78 95.34 96.78 92.18 96.99 98.57 98.34 97.80 97.58 99.62 98. 61 97.69 97.03 95.87 96.34 88.09 88.30 Current dollars ____ _ _ __ ____ _ 87.23 88.06 85.27 87.62 87.80 87.63 87. 91 89. 75 89.16 88.49 88. 05 87.15 87.42 1957-59 dollars. ____________________ 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January 1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’ Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p u ic u IUI A t jp c o in w m v v-/ and (2) a worker with 3 dependents. . The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been a d ju s te d for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau s Consumer Price Index. 2 Preliminary. N o t e : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses oi the Spendable ESrnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, A pnl 1966, pp. 406-410. D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES 831 D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices T able D - l . Consumer Price Index 1—U .S . city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1966 1965 A nnual average G rou p M ay A p r. M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S e p t. A ug. J u ly June M ay 1965 1964 A l l i t e m s ______________ _______________________ A l l i t e m s ( 1 9 4 7 - 4 9 = 1 0 0 ) _______________________ 1 1 2 .6 1 3 8 .2 1 1 2 .5 1 3 8 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 3 7 .4 1 1 1 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 1 1 .0 1 3 6 .2 1 1 1 .0 1 3 6 .2 1 1 0 .6 1 3 5 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 3 5 .5 1 1 0 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 1 0 .0 1 3 5 .0 1 1 0 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 1 0 .1 1 3 5 .1 1 0 9 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 0 9 .9 1 3 4 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 3 2 .6 F o o d __________ ._ ____ ... _______ F o o d a t h o m e ______________ ____________ . . . C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s . . . _______ M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h ___________ ______ D a i r y p r o d u c t s ____________ _ ___________ F r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s . . ______ _______ O t h e r fo o d s a t h o m e 2____________________ F o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e _________________ __ . 1 1 3 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 0 9 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 0 2 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 0 3 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 0 8 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 2 1 .2 1 1 3 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .2 115. 7 1 0 7 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 0 3 .5 1 2 0 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 0 9 .8 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 1 1 .3 1 0 2 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 0 .1 1 0 6 .1 1 1 1 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 1 9 .9 1 0 9 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 0 8 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 0 9 .9 1 0 2 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 0 9 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 1 .3 1 0 8 .9 1 0 5 .5 1 0 8 .5 1 0 3 .5 1 1 9 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 0 8 .0 1 1 1 .3 1 0 9 .8 1 0 5 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 3 .0 1 1 8 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 0 8 .6 111. 1 1 0 9 .8 1 0 5 .0 1 1 4 .6 1 0 1 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 1 0 .9 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .1 1 0 9 .2 1 0 4 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 0 6 .4 1 0 4 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 0 0 .5 1 1 7 .2 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .2 1 1 0 .8 1 0 0 .3 1 0 4 .2 1 2 1 .4 1 0 0 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 1 1 .2 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .0 1 1 5 .2 1 0 1 .8 -1 1 7 .8 1 0 6 .4 1 0 4 .7 1 0 9 .6 9 8 .6 1 0 4 .7 1 1 5 .3 1 0 1 .6 1 1 5 .2 H o u s i n g _____ ____ _____________ __ ______ S h e l t e r 3_______________________________________ _ ____________ R e n t _____ . . . . . ______ H o m e o w n e r s h i p 4. . ______________________ F u e l a n d u t i l i t i e s 3___________________________ F u e l o il a n d c o a l 8___ __________ _______ G a s a n d e l e c t r i c i t y __________ . ._ ______ H o u s e h o l d f u r n is h i n g s a n d o p e r a t i o n 7___ 1 1 0 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 0 .2 1 1 5 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 4 .6 1 1 0 .3 1 1 3 .0 1 1 0 .1 1 1 4 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 0 4 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 0 9 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 9 .4 112 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 1 3 .3 1 0 6 .5 1 0 9 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 3 .8 1 0 9 .2 1 1 2 .0 1 0 9 .7 1 1 3 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .9 1 0 7 .9 1 0 3 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 2 .9 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .0 1 0 3 .6 1 0 9 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 0 9 .3 1 1 2 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .0 1 0 3 .3 1 0 9 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 0 9 .2 1 1 2 .1 1 0 7 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .9 1 0 3 .3 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 1 1 .6 1 0 7 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 7 .9 1 0 3 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 1 0 .7 1 0 9 .0 1 1 1 .4 1 0 5 .3 1 0 3 .5 1 0 7 .7 1 0 2 .9 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 1 1 .2 1 0 6 .6 1 0 3 .2 1 0 6 .9 1 0 2 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 1 0 .3 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 3 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 0 3 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 0 8 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 0 7 .1 1 0 4 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 0 3 .1 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 1 1 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .6 1 0 7 .8 1 0 3 .1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 0 7 .3 1 0 3 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 0 2 .8 A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p 8______ _____________ M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’. . . . . __________ . __ __ W o m e n ’s a n d g i r l s ’____ __ _________________ F o o t w e a r ____ _ . . _________________ ____ 1 0 9 .3 1 0 9 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .6 1 0 4 .2 1 1 8 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .0 1 0 3 .9 1 1 6 .9 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 3 .1 1 1 6 .2 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 1 5 .6 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .2 1 0 4 .6 1 1 5 .1 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 1 4 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .9 1 0 3 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 2 .6 1 1 2 .7 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .8 1 0 2 .5 1 1 2 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 3 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .0 1 0 3 .4 1 1 2 .2 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .4 1 0 3 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .1 1 0 2 .3 1 1 1 .0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . _ ___________ __ . _____ . . . P r i v a t e __________ _______ . ____________ P u b l i c . __________ __________ ____ ____ 1 1 2 .0 1 1 0 .5 1 2 2 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 0 .5 1 2 2 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 0 9 .9 1 2 2 .1 1 1 1 .1 1 0 9 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 0 9 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 2 2 .0 1 1 1 .5 1 1 0 .1 1 2 1 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 1 1 .5 1 1 0 .0 1 2 1 .4 1 1 1 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 2 1 .3 1 1 1 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 2 1 .3 1 1 1 .1 1 0 9 .7 1 2 1 .4 1 0 9 .3 1 0 7 .9 1 1 9 .0 H e a l t h a n d r e c r e a t i o n . . _________ _ _____ . . _____________ M e d i c a l c a r e . . . _______ . P erson al c a r e ... . . . _______ _____ R e a d i n g a n d r e c r e a t i o n __________ __________ . O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s 8— 1 1 8 .4 1 2 6 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 4 .7 1 1 8 .1 1 2 5 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 6 .8 1 1 4 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 2 5 .3 1 1 1 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 7 .1 1 2 4 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 2 4 .2 1 1 0 .4 1 1 5 .7 1 1 3 .4 1 1 6 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 1 3 .4 1 1 6 .4 1 2 3 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 3 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 0 9 .2 1 1 5 .2 1 1 3 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 2 2 .8 1 0 9 .2 1 1 4 .8 1 1 2 .7 1 1 5 .6 1 2 2 .8 1 0 9 .0 1 1 4 .3 1 1 2 .6 1 1 5 .3 1 2 2 .7 1 0 8 .7 1 1 4 .6 1 1 1 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 1 1 .0 115. 7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 2 1 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 5 .9 1 1 0 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 2 2 .3 1 0 9 .9 1 1 5 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .6 1 1 9 .4 1 0 9 .2 1 1 4 .1 1 0 8 .8 S p e c ia l g ro u p s: A ll ite m s le ss s h e lt e r .. A l l i t e m s l e s s f o o d ___ . . . __________ __ .. ... .. 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .2 1 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .3 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .9 C o m m o d i t i e s 10___________ _____________________ N o n d u r a b l e s 11__________________________ . . . D u r a b l e s 1012________________________________ S e r v i c e s 1013 74_________________ . . . . . ______ 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .3 1 0 2 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 0 2 .3 1 2 1 .1 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 2 0 .1 1 0 8 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 1 9 .7 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 0 1 .9 1 1 9 .5 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 0 2 .4 1 1 9 .3 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .9 1 0 2 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 1 8 .7 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 1 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 0 1 .8 1 1 7 .9 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 0 2 .3 1 1 7 .8 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 1 7 .6 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 2 .9 1 1 7 .5 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .9 1 0 2 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .0 1 0 3 .0 1 1 5 .2 C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s fo o d I0. . . _________ ____ N o n d u r a b l e s l e s s f o o d ____ . . . _____ ____ A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s _____ __ _ . . . . . A p p a r e l l e s s f o o t w e a r ___ N o n d u r a b l e s l e s s fo o d a n d a p p a r e l . . . . . . N e w c a r s _________________ _______ . . . _ ______ _____ _ U sed c a r s .._ ... _ H o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e s 13_______________________ H o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ____ __ .. _ _________ 1 0 6 .3 1 0 9 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 0 6 .1 1 1 0 .0 9 7 .0 1 1 7 .5 9 6 .7 9 8 .5 1 0 6 .0 1 0 9 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 0 5 .6 1 0 9 .8 9 7 .4 1 1 7 .4 9 6 .4 9 8 .3 1 0 5 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 7 .1 1 0 5 .2 1 0 9 .4 9 7 .1 1 1 5 .4 9 6 .2 9 8 .0 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .3 1 0 6 .5 1 0 4 .6 1 0 9 .3 9 7 .2 1 1 4 .0 9 6 .1 9 7 .8 1 0 5 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 0 6 .2 1 0 4 .3 1 0 9 .1 9 7 .4 1 1 4 .8 9 6 .1 9 7 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 8 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 9 .1 9 8 .7 1 1 8 .2 9 6 .1 9 7 .8 1 0 5 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .7 1 0 8 .9 9 8 .7 1 1 8 .7 9 6 .0 9 7 .6 1 0 5 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 0 6 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .7 9 7 .7 1 1 9 .4 9 6 .0 9 7 .6 1 0 4 .9 1 0 7 .7 1 0 6 .2 1 0 4 .8 1 0 8 .5 9 6 .5 1 1 8 .9 9 6 .0 9 7 .5 1 0 4 .7 1 0 7 .1 1 0 5 .3 1 0 3 .8 1 0 8 .2 9 7 .1 1 2 0 .3 9 5 .8 9 7 .3 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 5 .0 1 0 3 .6 1 0 8 .0 9 7 .2 1 2 3 .0 9 6 .3 9 7 .6 1 0 5 .1 1 0 7 .3 1 0 6 .0 1 0 4 .7 1 0 8 .1 9 7 .4 1 2 2 .7 9 7 .3 9 8 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .9 1 0 4 .6 1 0 8 .0 1 0 0 .2 1 2 1 .1 9 7 .8 9 8 .3 1 0 5 .1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .8 1 0 4 .4 1 0 8 .0 9 9 .0 1 2 0 .8 9 6 .9 9 7 .9 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 2 1 .6 9 8 .4 9 8 .4 S e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t 1013__________ _______ __ H o u s e h o ld s e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t 10_______ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ____ __ _ ____ .. M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s _______________________ O th e r s e r v i c e s 70 78_________ . . . . _______ 1 2 4 .1 1 2 0 .9 1 2 3 .0 1 3 2 .1 1 2 5 .9 1 2 3 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 3 1 .4 1 2 5 .5 1 2 2 .5 1 1 8 .5 1 2 2 .6 1 3 0 .8 1 2 5 .0 1 2 2 .0 1 1 8 .1 1 2 2 .6 1 2 9 .9 1 2 4 .1 1 2 1 .8 1 1 7 .9 1 2 2 .5 1 2 9 .5 1 2 3 .8 1 2 1 .6 1 1 8 .4 1 2 1 .3 1 2 8 .9 1 2 3 .2 1 2 1 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 2 1 .0 1 2 8 .5 1 2 3 .0 1 2 1 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 2 8 .1 1 2 2 .8 1 2 0 .7 1 1 7 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 7 .8 1 2 2 .6 1 2 0 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 7 .7 1 2 2 .1 1 2 0 .0 1 1 6 .9 1 1 9 .1 1 2 7 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 2 7 .0 1 2 1 .7 1 1 9 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .7 1 2 6 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 0 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 2 7 .1 1 2 1 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 2 3 .2 1 1 8 .5 ... .. 1 The C PI measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning January 1964, the index structure has been revised to reflect buying patterns of wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers, including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more persons. 2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and prepared and partially prepared foods. 3 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately. 4 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main tenance and repairs. 3 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately. 6 Called “ Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964. 7 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services. 8 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately. 8 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank service charges. 10Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed. 11 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers, magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages. 72 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to 1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household appliances, dinnerware, tableware, leanin g equipment, power tools, lamps, Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment. 13 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading prior to 1964. 14 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property, home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water, sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance, registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab, airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services, health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports, television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services. 13 Called “ Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts, durable toys, and sports equipment. 13 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub lished prior to 1964. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 832 T able D -2. Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers, selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2 [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1965 1966 Group M ay M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dee. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 114.0 112.6 116.0 110.2 115.3 104. 0 114.3 113.2 117.1 109.4 117.7 104.5 114.2 112.9 117.7 108.0 117.4 104.4 113.1 111.8 115.7 106.7 117.7 103.3 111.6 110.0 112.9 105.9 113.9 102.1 110.8 109.2 110.3 105.4 114.1 103.3 110.0 108.2 108.1 105.2 114.4 102.1 109.7 107.8 107.6 104.9 113.3 101.7 109.4 107.7 107.5 105.1 112.6 101.6 109.8 108.2 108.3 105.1 113.8 102.1 109.8 108.3 109.0 104.8 116.5 102.0 110.2 108.9 108.0 105.1 119.8 102.1 108.3 106.7 102. 1 105.0 117.4 102.0 108. 5 109. 5 108.2 107.7 106.3 106.9 106.3 106.5 106.0 106.6 107.7 107.3 107.7 106.6 107.7 107.1 107.6 105.7 105.8 105.6 107.1 105.4 107.3 105.5 107.4 106.1 Apparel and up keep5 _____ __. . _______ M en’s and boys’ _____ . - - . - - - - - ___ _ Women’s and girls’___ _______ . . _______ _______ Footwear___ _______ . . . _____ . 109.4 109.9 105.4 119. 0 108.8 109.7 104.5 118.1 108.5 109.4 104.4 117.0 108.0 109.0 103.8 116.3 107.8 109.0 103.6 115.6 107.6 108.8 103.3 115.4 107.5 108.5 103.4 114.9 107.2 108.3 102.9 114.3 107.0 107.7 103.3 113.4 106.8 107.5 103.3 112.9 106.5 107.1 103.0 112.3 107.0 107.2 103.8 112.4 106.9 107.0 103.8 112.2 Transportation____ ____ _ _____ Private__________ - - - - - - - - - 112.0 110.5 112.3 110.8 111.8 110.5 111.4 110.0 110.8 109.2 111.3 109.8 110.9 109.4 110.8 109.2 111.2 109.7 111.0 109.5 111.4 109.9 111.3 109.8 111.4 110.0 . 109.0 111. 6 _ 102. 5 109.0 111. 6 102.3 108.6 111. 4 102.1 108.1 110.7 101.9 107.5 109.8 101.9 107.4 109.5 102.2 107.0 108.9 102.0 106.7 108.5 101.9 106.5 108.5 101.9 106.6 108.4 102.0 106.7 108.3 102.4 106.8 108.6 102.6 106.4 107.8 102.9 106.4 109.4 108.4 106.3 97.4 117.6 98.4 106.0 109.1 107.8 105.9 97.4 118.2 98.0 105.7 108.8 107.4 105. 6 96.9 117.6 97.8 105.6 108.6 107.0 105.2 96.8 117.3 97.9 105.4 108.1 106.8 104.9 96.6 116.5 97.9 105.4 108.1 106.5 104.8 97.6 118.4 97.8 105.2 108.0 106.3 104.8 96.9 117.4 97.5 105.0 107.6 105.9 104.5 96.8 118.0 97.6 104.9 107.5 106.0 104.5 98.4 117.5 97.5 105.0 107.3 105.8 104.3 98.4 119.0 97.6 104.8 107.1 105.2 103.9 98.4 121.3 97.7 105.2 107.4 106.1 104.9 98.0 121.2 98.0 105.3 107.3 106.0 104.8 100.6 121.2 98.2 Food- ---- _____ __________ Food at home - - - - - - ______ M eats, poultry, and fish_________ ____ ___ _ Dairy p r o d u c ts...____ __ - - - ______ - _____ Fruits and vegetables __ _ _ ______- _______ Other foods at hom e... _____ - - - - - - _____ Fuel and u tilities3 Fuel oil and co a l4 _ ... . . . __. , - . . __ . . Special groups: C ommodities6 - - - - - - - - - - - - . . Nondurables _ ____ ___________ D urables67 _____________________ . . . ... - Commodities less food6 _ _ . Nondurables less f o o d __________ - _____ . . _ - ---___ Apparel co m m o d ities.--__ . _ . Apparel less footwear__ _ _____ New cars _ _____ _ _______ __ . . . Used cars___ - - - - - . Housefurnishings... . . _______ 1See footnote 1, table D -l. 2Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes will be shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes ie.g., Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index: Selected Series). The factors currently used were derived by the BLS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Seasonal Factor M ethod using data for 1956-65. These factors w ill be up dated at the end of each calendar year, but the revised factors w ill be used only for future seasonal adjustments and not for revision of previously published indexes. A detailed description of the BLS Seasonal Factor M ethod is available upon request. 3See footnote 5, table D -l. 4See footnote 6, table D -l. 5See footnote 8, table D -l. 6See footnote 10, table D -l. 2See footnote 12, table D -l. 833 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-3. Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical workers 1 [1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified] 1966 1965 Annual average Area 2 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July 194749=100 June May 1965 1964 May 1966 All items U.S. city average3 112.5 112.0 111.6 111.0 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 109.9 (4) 109.9 109.1 <4) 105.8 (4) (4) 110.2 110.3 112.5 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 109.4 104.4 (4) 115.3 108.1 103.4 108.8 (4) (4) (4) 113.7 (4) (4) 114.8 112.7 (4) (4) 113.4 109.5 (") 114.2 112.4 (4) (4) 112.1 (4) -------------- 112.6 Atlanta, Ga.- ____ _ -----------Baltimore, Md__ -- -.- . ----Boston, Mass----- -----------------Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___ Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind___ Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky______ 116.8 « 106 6 (4) (4) Cleveland, O hio... ---------- ------ 109.7 104. 6 Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)___ Detroit, M ich__ ___ _______ _ 110.4 Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100). (4) Houston, Tex_________________ .. (4) Kansas City, M o.-Kansas__ . . (4) 110.0 (4) 110.9 (4) 114.3 (4) Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___ 114.2 Milwaukee, Wis__ ____________ - - 110.1 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn______ (4) NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. 115.2 Philadelphia, P a.-N .J ___________ 113.1 Pittsburgh, P a__________________ (4) Portland, Oreg.-Wash.5__________ (4) 115.2 113.2 113.0 II 4 .7 St. Louis, M o.-Ill___ __________ (*) San Diego, Calif. (Peb. 1965=100)... 101.6 San Franciseo-Oakland, Calif_____ (4) Scranton, Pa.5___________________ II 4 .I Seattle, W ash.. ________________ 113.7 Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a______ 112.8 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 111.8 (4) 114.9 (4) (4) (4) 109.3 (4) 101.2 (4) US. 9 112.6 111.9 113.9 (4) 111.0 110.6 109.2 110.9 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 104.6 110.4 110.2 110.0 110.2 110.1 109.6 109.9 108.1 138.2 (4) (4) 113.6 (4) 108.2 110.0 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 107.7 (4) 108.1 109.6 113.2 103.5 106.7 107.9 111.1 101.1 (4) (4) 108.0 107.1 107.9 110.0 (4) (4) 106.1 106.3 139.0 (4) (4) (4) 106.9 102.3 (4) 114.3 107.1 101.7 106.8 (4) (B (4) (4) (4) 104.0 (4) 113.5 (4) (4) 108.6 (4) 108.8 107.9 108.4 (4) 108.3 (4) (4) (4) 108.4 (4) (4) (4) 108.0 103.9 (4) 114.6 107.8 102.7 107.6 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 107.4 (4) 109.3 (4) 105.2 136.2 104.0 100.3 107. t 109.8 136.1 113.2 (4) (4) 113.5 112.8 112.7 112.8 111. 5 112.7 112.9 112.6 112.5 110.2 108.9 108.2 108.2 106.0 (4) (4) (4) (4) 110.1 (4) 109.7 109.5 108.0 (4) (4) (4) 113.0 112.9 112.6 112.4 112.2 111.8 112.2 110.4 111.1 110.8 110.6 111.0 110.7 110.1 110.6 108.8 110.7 110.8 (4) 110.2 108.5 (4) (4) (4) 142.4 138.8 (4) 138.8 138.9 (4) (4) 110.0 (4) 112.8 (4) 110.5 113.4 111.6 111.8 111.0 (4) lit. 9 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 111.5 (4) 113.6 (4) (") (4) 108.7 (4) 113.2 111.4 (4) (4) (4) 100.3 (4) 111.7 111.8 110.5 lit. 9 (4) (4) (4) (") (4) (4) (4) (4) 109.9 (4) 112.7 (4) (4) (4) (4) 99.6 (4) 1 1 1 .6 111.5 109.6 107.7 (4) (4) (4) 106.9 (4) 108.5 (4) lit. 4 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 107.9 107.5 (4) (4) 103.0 (4) (4) 107.0 101.7 (4) 113.9 107.2 (4) 107.6 107.2 106.8 106.9 101. 4 106.4 101.1 106.1 (4) (4) 102.1 108.5 113.3 100.1 (4) (4) (4) (4) 1 1 1 .8 109.0- 110.2 (4) 100.5 (4) 110.5 109.9 108.1 (4) 112.7 110.6 109.5 (4) 136.1 142.9 135.8 (4) 113.0 (4) (4) (4) 100.1 110.8 111.0 109.6 109.3 109.7 108.1 106.4 1 1 1 .0 Food 114.0 113.9 113.1 111.4 110.6 109.7 109.7 109.7 110.1 110.9 110.1 107.9 108.8 Atlanta, Ga . . . Baltimore, M d. ............ Boston, M ass. . . . . Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963 = 100) Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern In d ___ Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky........ . 112.0 112.8 110.5 112.7 113.6 106. 0 109.8 111.5 112.5 105.2 108.8 110.7 108.4 108.1 108.8 111.9 114.9 106.9 108.4 116.3 116.6 109.2 114.2 111.2 111.9 115.5 115. 4 108. 2 114.2 110.9 108.4 115.3 115.3 108.0 113.6 110. 7 112.4 115.5 116. 0 108.0 115.1 110.9 108. 9 107.8 106.8 106.9 106.6 107.0 108.5 108.1 105. 5 108.3 111. 7 103.9 107.3 105.7 107.4 104.8 109.3 3106. 6 112 5 109.8 104.1 101.5 108.8 106.1 106. 2 IO4 . 5 Cleveland, Ohio______________ Dallas, Tex. (N ov. (1963V100) Detroit, Mich N— )_ Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100) Houston, T e x __ . . Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas 110.0 110.3 109. 4 111.5 106.2 114.1 116.0 110.1 109.8 108. 6 106.9 107.6 108.9 106.2 113. 2 115.3 107.2 106.2 107.9 105.9 112.4 114.4 106.7 105.5 106.5 104.6 110. 5 114.3 106.8 105.1 106.2 103.9 106.6 105. 5 106.6 103.2 111. 1 106.8 105.3 108.0 103.9 110.4 106.0 104.2 106.8 103.7 109. 7 103.1 111.0 106.2 105.1 105.8 103.3 111. 1 103. 5 102.4 107. 7 109.3 104.8 103.9 105.0 103.5 109.2 111.3 105.7 107. t Los Angeles-Long Beach, C alif.... Milwaukee, Wis.. Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn_____ New York, N .Y.-Northeastern N .J. Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J Pittsburgh, P a .. . _ . . . Portland, Oreg.-Wash.5 113.0 113.5 111.7 114.4 112.5 111.5 114-7 110.4 109. 3 108.3 110.5 108.1 108.5 109.9 108.2 108.0 109. 6 108.4 108.9 107.9 108.2 110.5 110. t 107.9 108.2 110.5 109.6 110.5 107.9 110.9 108.0 109.3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .6 109.9 106. 2 106.6 108.9 106.1 106.8 109. t 110.7 107.7 107.1 109.8 107.2 107.5 109.5 108.2 105.0 IO4 . 6 108.4 105.2 104.8 107.1 St. Louis, M o.-U l - . . _ San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100) San Francisco-Oakland, Calif Scranton, Pa.5 Seattle, Wash . _ Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a ______ 117.0 106.3 113.9 lit. 1 114.4 113.6 U.S. city average 3---------- ------- . 113.5 110.2 111.6 106.6 114.8 116.5 109.0 111.3 106.7 114.3 116. 7 110.0 106.4 113.6 116.4 110.8 111.2 110.8 110.0 113.0 112.6 112.8 113.2 114. 5 105.9 104.8 104.2 104.5 105.3 112.0 111.2 110.4 110.0 109.8 110.3 110.6 110.1 113.5 113.4 112.9 112.1 111.1 112.4 115.0 113.4 112.7 115.1 110.3 II 4 .O 111.9 113. 4 111.3 114.2 111.9 111.7 113.0 117.1 116.7 114.7 113.1 114.0 114.2 114.6 lit. 8 113.7 113.8 112.8 112.8 112.6 116.3 106.6 113.8 li t . 1 112.9 113.2 109. 5 109.7 111 . 8 109.3 111.5 109. 5 109.3 ll l . S 114.4 114.0 112.9 110 . 8 111. 5 111.8 112.1 110.6 109.5 110.3 110.4 1See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in another. 2The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960 Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used for New York and Chicago. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 112.7 103.7 110.7 107.7 109.2 109.3 112.6 112.6 112.2 111.6 111.7 112.2 111.7 111.8 111.5 113.0 110.0 110.8 110.8 111.6 108.2 108.2 112.0 112.8 113.4 112. 5 104.7 111.4 111. 1 111.2 112.0 ï i ï . î 108.3 108. t 108 t 110.5 109.6 111.0 111. 1 111. 1 111.9 112.0 112.4 109 3 109.5 109.3 110.5 109.4 102.8 110.7 101.5 109. 4 106.8 110. 5 107.4 102.1 100.5 101.9 100.8 111.5 102.7 107.6 107.7 110.3 108.4 107.7 105.6 108.7 106.0 110.2 3Average of 56 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban places) beginning January 1966. 4All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3 months on a rotating cycle for other areas. 3Old series. 310-month average. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 834 T a b l e D -4. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] * 1965 1966 Annual average Commodity group All commodities________________________ Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June 105.4 104.6 104.1 103.5 103.1 103.0 102.9 102.9 107.7 106.5 104.3 103.6 103.5 103.3 103.7 102.8 102.1 102.5 103.5 101.1 102.1 100.5 109.8 107.4 98.0 92.9 116.7 89.5 111.5 116.3 116.6 102.3 104.5 97.5 92.4 103.0 92.2 90.1 109.0 89.6 108.0 118.2 99.4 95.6 99.5 96.1 89.3 99.1 85.5 88.3 106.4 90.5 103.9 100.0 94.3 103.2 94.1 84.7 98.3 112.7 110.9 110.5 111.3 105.5 110.4 100.3 109.0 89.6 104.6 92.0 100.7 82.0 114.7 95. 6 106.1 108.5 105.5 107.1 98.4 118. 5 91.0 96.2 91.8 103.5 109.4 100.3 94.2 87.4 104.0 89.8 107.3 114.0 107.2 99.9 107.6 <104.8 <104.8 <105.2 109.3 <109.7 <110.1 93.5 93.5 93.5 <115.2 121.8 126.2 <106.7 104.3 107.6 111.3 112.0 116.0 <102.5 103.0 102.5 114.0 114.4 114.1 105.3 105.2 105.1 104.3 104.0 103.8 104.7 109.4 93.5 125.8 106.5 116.1 99.5 114.0 104.6 103.5 101.9 105.1 108.8 93.4 116.4 100.3 109.1 98.4 114.1 104.2 103.2 101.5 109.2 93. 5 108.4 94. 4 89. 2 100.4 108.7 93. 5 107.4 96.9 93.7 102.3 106.0 90.8 151.4 104.7 126.3 105.8 91.0 155.3 104.7 124.2 105.9 91.3 147.6 104.6 124.7 105.4 91.9 143.6 104.3 130.0 118.7 147.8 123.3 115.3 112.5 99.9 97.5 107.3 128.2 100.4 97.2 97.6 95.2 105.9 89.8 94.4 106.4 105.4 104.7 117.8 152.8 118.0 114.9 116.0 140.0 116.6 114.4 110.3 100.5 98.1 107.3 128.2 100.4 98.3 97.6 95.1 105.9 89.5 94.4 113.1 105.4 103.8 114.6 132.3 114.2 113.8 94.3 91.2 91.1 98.7 105.6 107.4 109.3 97.7 94.1 91.0 91.1 98.5 103.7 105.6 108.4 94.0 101.3 98.0 105.5 105.4 96.7 Feb. 105.5 105.4 107.8 108.7 109.4 Farm products and processed foods---------- 104.5 102.7 93.6 110.4 90.3 110.9 86.9 106.4 <110.3 91.2 112.4 89.9 111.9 Farm products _ ____ -- - ---Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables.. Grains _____ - ______ _ _____ Livestock and live poultry ------- . .. Plant and animal fibers . _. . . Fluid milk __ _ __________ - Eggs----------------------------------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds. . -----Other farm products___ ____ __ Processed foods. _ _ __ --- - — Cereal and bakery produ cts---- -----.. . . Meats, poultry, and fish____ Dairy products and ice cream------ ---Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables -- ___- _______ - __ Sugar and confectionery-------------------Packaged beverage materials_______ Animal fats and oils_______ ______ Crude vegetable oils____ ___ _____ Refined vegetable oils .. .......... Vegetable oil end products. ------- . . . Miscellaneous processed foods All commodities except farm products. All commodities except farm and foods . . Textile products and apparel ___ Cotton products___ _____ - __ Wool products - - --Manmade fiber textile products.. Silk products________-------------------- . Apparel -------------- -------- ---------------Miscellaneous textile products----------Hides, skins, leather, and leather produot.s -- Hides and skins 106.8 101.3 90.8 114.2 89.7 113.3 118.5 115.6 Footwear _______ ___ Other leather products. . . . . . . . . . Fuel and related" products, and power— ______ __ Coal Coke _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Gas fu els5 _ _ __ __ ___ _______ Electric power 8___. . . Petroleum products, refined___ ____ Chemicals and allied products . . . Industrial chemicals___ _ _____ Prepared paint__________________ . . ___ ___ Paint materials___ _____ Drugs and pharmaceuticals___ Fats and oils inedible ___ .. Mixed fertilizer __ . __ Fertilizer materials . . . . . . _ ____ _ Other chemicals and allied products— Rubber and rubber products... _____ _______ ___ Crude rubber Tires and tubes . ______ Miscellaneous rubber products______ Lumber and wood products __ ___ Lumber__ . ____________ ____ M illw o r k _____________ . _____ _ Plywood ___ _________ Pulp, paper, and allied products_____ Woodpulp . . . ________ . ___ Wastepaper.. . . ___________ . . Paper . . ______ _ ... Paperboard . ___ _______ . .. Converted paper and paperboard prod ucts _________ ______ ____ Building paper and board_____ . . . . S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105.5 120.2 101.8 116.9 101.4 <102.5 102.1 110.5 <110.6 111.5 111.8 113.0 112.6 112.2 112.1 110.9 <110.9 113.3 114.9 114.9 <114.8 <115.0 <113.0 105.4 109.3 93.5 107.7 105.6 108.5 101.5 113.1 105.6 104.7 112.6 89.6 108.4 99.8 113.5 102.5 110.3 110.8 88.6 103.2 89.9 105.9 105.1 102.6 90.0 104.8 105.9 105.4 102.6 100.1 100.8 106.5 106.3 90.5 89.9 140.9 151.6 104.8 <104.7 124.7 125.1 122.8 <120.8 163.0 148.8 125.1 122.4 119.2 <118.6 114.8 114.4 100.5 100.0 96.9 <94.9 107.3 107.3 128.3 <129.2 100.2 100.3 98.4 97.7 97.7 <97.6 95.6 95.8 106.2 <106.2 90.4 90.2 94.1 <94.1 102.5 <104.0 105.8 105.8 106.6 105.5 100.0 <100.0 95.4 95.4 90.0 90.0 94.4 94.4 98.7 98.7 109.7 108.4 113.1 <110.9 110.4 <109.6 101.1 <102.4 102.6 102.3 98.0 98.0 112.0 110.3 107.1 <106. 0 97.2 <97.1 110.0 105.3 104.7 100.2 100.2 100.2 101.8 98.0 108.7 105.4 97.0 102.2 102.2 101.6 92.6 111.6 100.3 98.2 107.3 128.9 100.4 97.8 97.6 95.2 105.9 89.5 94.5 92.7 100.9 92.7 93.7 90.0 91.1 97.9 102.8 104.3 107.9 93.9 101.2 98.0 105.8 105.2 96.7 100.8 92.7 110.2 100.6 97.6 107.3 128.6 100.7 98.4 97.6 95.5 105.9 89.0 94.6 110.1 105.5 103.8 99.8 93.5 89.6 91.1 97.7 101.9 103.4 107.9 92.1 100.9 98.1 104.6 104.9 96.5 100.4 92.7 100.0 106.6 98.3 106.7 108.8 106.3 108.5 106.9 109.4 104.9 109.4 106.7 109.1 105.3 109.1 105.4 109.2 93.4 115.8 100.9 105 0 104.7 109.4 93.4 101.8 114.2 103.9 103.2 101.9 114.1 103.5 114.3 103.4 102.7 105.4 92.5 142.2 104.2 127.0 93.3 140.3 104.3 127.1 94.2 134.9 104.2 127.7 113.6 126.5 113.3 113.7 109.0 100.3 97.5 107.3 126.8 113.3 125.6 111.9 113.6 109.0 99.4 97.3 107.3 125.8 111.3 124.9 110.9 110.3 109.3 99.2 96.6 107.3 125.3 98.1 97.5 95.5 195.9 89.0 94.7 106.7 105.2 103.8 96.6 97.6 95.4 105.9 89.7 94.1 96.4 97.1 95.0 105.7 89.2 93.9 104.4 105.7 93. 5 89.3 91.1 97.7 93.4 89.0 91.1 97.6 96.4 97.2 95.0 105.7 89.2 93.9 108.4 105.9 102.5 99.9 93.3 88.7 91.1 97.5 103.0 107.8 91.7 103.0 107.8 91.6 100.5 98.1 104.5 104.5 96.5 103.1 107.8 93.3 98.1 97.3 104.1 96.4 102.5 107.8 94.6 99.9 98.1 97.5 104.1 96.3 99.8 93.8 99.6 93.4 99.4 93.3 111.8 111.2 110.6 122.1 101.3 94.6 103.9 88.4 105.0 91.8 102.4 84.7 113.8 95.4 106.6 109.3 106.3 107.8 100.4 108.8 <108.9 93.4 93.4 119.7 114.1 93.2 100.3 90.0 91.0 101.8 114.8 103.3 102.7 101.9 100.4 105.0 94.7 132.8 104.1 113. 4 103. 2 102. 5 101.9 100.3 104.4 95.7 127.6 103.8 120.7 112.7 103.1 102.5 101.9 133.4 112.5 108.8 117.4 105.9 109.1 93. 5 115.9 91.3 89.4 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 102.8 102.0 102.1 102.0 102.2 102.2 102.1 102.0 102.6 102.3 101.8 101.5 101.0 101.2 101.0 100.8 100.6 105.4 105.2 92.5 May Jan. Mar. M a y 3 Apr. 122.8 112.2 110.2 110.0 108.8 99.0 95.8 107.3 123.9 100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8 110.1 105.9 103.4 100.1 100.0 102.1 99.8 93.2 88.6 91.1 97.4 101.6 101.6 102.0 101.8 100.8 98.1 107.0 104.8 96. 5 100.1 93.3 100.0 105.2 98.7 95. 2 107 3 122.5 100.7 96 0 97.4 95.0 105.7 89.6 94.0 110.3 104.8 103.3 99.8 93.0 89.1 90.2 97.4 100.5 100.2 79.0 115.4 94.8 103.3 108.3 97.7 106.8 112.2 99.3 93.2 98.4 101.8 89.6 98.9 91.1 103.5 93.5 112.9 97.6 105.1 109.0 1964 98.0 102.0 90.8 110.1 98.6 101.0 108.5 101.0 107.8 90.8 107.8 102.1 104.8 109.0 93.8 113.4 100.9 97.0 101.2 111.8 96.9 95.4 84.5 82.2 89.7 108.9 102.5 102.3 113.6 102.9 102. 5 104.0 95. 9 132. 2 103.6 123.3 103.8 96.0 135.1 103.2 121.7 104.3 95.0 134.3 103.7 123.0 103.0 95.8 117.3 107.7 103.1 107.6 109.8 104.7 98. 7 94. 7 107.3 122.7 107.4 105.9 104.2 109.7 104.9 98.4 94. 6 107.3 109.2 104.6 87.5 102.9 108.5 103.1 97.1 96.9 106.3 121.3 96. 0 97.4 94. 8 105.7 89.3 93.9 114.0 104.8 104.3 99.8 93.1 90.1 90.2 97.2 100.3 95.4 97.6 94.8 105.7 90.1 95.0 116.7 104.9 104.3 99.8 92.9 91.8 89.7 96.8 100.4 95.9 97.4 95.0 105.4 89.8 94.4 112.7 105.1 103.5 99.8 92.9 90.0 90.0 97.1 92.7 96.7 94.2 104.7 91.0 95.0 96.8 103.9 107.8 90.5 107.9 91.3 98.1 98.0 104.1 96.3 98.1 100.3 104.0 96.3 101.9 107.7 92.3 99.9 98.1 99.4 104.1 96.4 100.7 108.5 92.3 99.0 96.1 92.4 103.6 96.4 99.5 92.7 99.5 92.7 99.3 92.9 98.3 94.2 101.2 101.2 101.6 101.8 101.2 100.2 99.9 100.2 99.6 111.2 108.1 110.7 106.1 98.9 96. 5 107.3 124.1 102.8 117.9 122.2 100.8 100.8 100.8 101.1 101.2 101.1 101.0 107.8 91.0 99.9 98.1 98.3 104.1 96.3 1965 100.0 100.0 100.1 99.4 92. 5 90.6 89.0 96.9 101.1 100.6 835 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T a b l e D -4. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified) 3 1965 1966 Annual average Commodity group All commodities except farm and foods— Continued M etals and metal products-------------Iron and steel---- ------- ------Nonferrous metals------ -- - - - ------ . . . . . - -M etal containers... Hardware___ . . . ----Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings.. . Heating equipment------------------------ . Fabricated structural metal products . Fabricated nonstructural metal prod ucts-------------------------------Machinery and motive products------------Agricultural machinery and equipment. Construction machinery and equip m ent_________________ . ------- Metalworking machinery and equip m ent_____________ ______ _____ General purpose machinery and equip m ent_____ _ ___ . . ---------------Miscellaneous machinery___ _ . . Special industry machinery and equip ment 8______ . . . ...... .......... . Electrical machinery and equipment _. Motor vehicles_________________ — Transportation equipment, railroad rolling stock6___ - - - - - - - - - - .. ... Furniture and other household durables.. Household furniture ---------- ----------Commercial furniture________ ___ Floor co v erin g s------ -- ----------------Household appliances. . . _ ---------- — Television, radio receivers, and phono graphs. ______ ____— Other household durable goods.......... . Nonmetallic mineral products__________ _________________ Flat glass. . . . . Concrete ingredients___ _____ ____— Concrete products__________________ Structural clay products______ _____ Gypsum products__________ _ . . . . . . Asphalt roofing 1...... ....... ........................... Other nonmetallic minerals__________ Tobacco products and bottled beverages.. Tobacco products___ _ ---------_____ Alcoholic beverages_______ Nonalcoholic beverages_____ _ _____ Miscellaneous products_______________ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am munition_____________ __________ Manufactured animal feeds__________ Notions and accessories______________ Jewelry, watches, and photographic equipment___ ___ Other miscellaneous products_____ . . . Aug. July June May 1965 1964 106.3 106.2 117.0 108.3 106.5 105.2 91.9 102.0 102.0 101.8 101.8 106.2 101.4 116.5 108.3 106.4 105.3 91.9 101.7 105.8 101.5 115.5 108.3 106.1 104.3 91.7 101.4 105.9 101.3 116.2 108.3 105.9 104.1 92.0 105.7 101.5 115.2 108.3 105.8 104.2 91.6 105.7 101.4 115.2 107.6 106.0 104.7 91.7 102.8 117.4 108.3 106. 7 105.2 91.9 109.1 103.7 lH .^ 109.2 103.8 114.7 109.2 103.7 114.7 109.4 103.7 115.1 108.5 102.9 112.9 112.4 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 108.4 4108. 2 108.0 107.5 107.0 106.6 101.7 117.2 109.8 107.2 106.7 91.6 106.7 101.3 118.7 108.3 107.0 105.4 91.6 101.8 102.0 102.3 102.2 102.0 122.6 4122.1 120.8 119.5 118.3 110.1 4110.0 109.8 109.8 109.8 101.2 101.2 100.5 105.9 105.5 104.8 109.6 4108. 4 109.7 4108. 9 92.1 92.1 103.5 103.4 108.3 107.5 91.8 103.1 107.4 106.7 91.7 102.6 107.3 106.6 91.5 102.3 110.9 105.2 118.1 110.9 105.0 118.0 110.5 104.7 117.8 110.0 104.4 117.3 109.7 104.2 117.0 109.8 104.1 116.8 109.8 103.9 114.9 109.9 103.8 115.0 109.9 103.8 114.8 118.7 4118.5 117.9 117.5 116.9 116.5 116.4 115.8 115.6 115.6 115.3 115.2 115.1 115.3 121.2 121.1 4121.0 119.8 118.9 118.6 118.3 117.9 117.4 116.5 116.4 116.2 116.9 112.6 106.8 105.4 106.5 105.4 106.5 105.3 106.3 105.1 105.7 104.9 105.3 105.1 104.7 105.2 104.7 105.5 104.7 105.4 105.1 105.2 104.4 104.5 110.0 109.9 109.4 109.1 109.0 108.9 108.2 108.2 108.0 107.9 107.9 107.8 498. 4 98.2 97.8 97.0 96.6 96.5 96.6 96.6 96.7 97.0 96.9 97.1 4100. 2 100.3 100.4 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.8 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 100.6 498. 6 98.4 98.4 98.3 98.2 98.0 97.8 97.7 97.7 97.8 98.0 98.0 108.0 96.8 100.7 105.9 96.8 100.5 100.9 98.0 106.2 103.7 97.7 89.2 100.5 98.5 105.3 103.2 99.4 91.3 87.2 104.2 101.5 102.4 108.1 107.4 85.2 105.4 101.7 100.9 103.2 101.5 105.1 104.0 92.8 101.3 107.7 106.2 111.0 128.1 108.9 111.0 101.5 107.4 106.0 100.7 127.0 109.2 110.9 105.7 118.1 122.4 109.2 4108. 5 105.9 105.7 110.8 98.6 101.0 101.0 98.9 108.8 4108. 3 105.4 104.1 97.5 97.5 89.4 489.3 107.3 105.8 107.2 104.1 97.5 89.1 106.8 105.6 107.2 104.1 97.7 89.0 83.5 <83.5 * 83. 5 <83.8 106.7 4106. 7 106.9 107.1 102.4 4102.3 102.1 102.1 99.9 100.5 499. 5 99.2 103.6 103.8 103.8 103.7 102.7 102.7 102.2 102.1 106.3 106.0 105.9 105.8 102.2 101.4 101.4 101.4 94.4 94.8 94.8 94.8 102.2 102.0 102.1 101.7 109.4 109.4 109.2 108.0 110.3 110.2 109.8 106.6 107.0 104.1 97.7 89.0 106.7 104.0 97.5 88.8 106.6 104.0 97.4 88.6 106.4 103.7 97.3 88.6 106.2 103.7 97.5 88.6 106.1 103.7 97.5 88.6 105.9 103.7 97.7 89.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 105.9 103.7 97.7 89.4 106.0 103.7 97.7 89.2 84.4 85.9 85.9 483.9 84.5 84.5 84.5 84.6 105.3 105.2 105. 2 105.2 106.8 106.2 106.2 105.5 101.6 101.6 102.0 101.9 101.7 102.0 101.6 101.6 101.6 99.9 100.2 100.2 101.7 101.7 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 103.6 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.2 103.2 103.1 103.1 103.2 102.0 101.8 101.8 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.7 101.6 101.3 105.6 105.6 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.3 104.9 104.9 104.9 99.9 100.6 105.7 107.5 108.1 98.6 99.1 101.4 97.4 95.0 92.1 92.1 92.1 92.1 94.6 94.6 94.6 94.6 101.8 100.9 101.0 101.1 101.3 101.4 101.4 101.6 101.6 84.4 105.4 108.1 106.6 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.1 111.2 107.7 106.1 100.9 128.5 111.5 107.6 106.1 100.7 128.5 111.5 107.6 106.1 100.7 128.1 107.9 106.0 101.3 128.5 112.5 107.7 106.1 100.9 128.5 113.2 107.7 106.1 100.9 128.5 107.6 106.1 100.7 128.1 100.8 100.8 128.3 101.8 92.0 99.3 102.8 100.9 104.2 108.2 88.8 128.5 113.0 128.5 113.1 128.5 116.0 128.5 114.3 103.7 4103. 7 123.0 119.2 100.6 99.8 103.3 119.6 99.8 103.3 124.8 99.8 121.8 99.1 103.1 118.6 99.1 103.0 119.9 99.1 103.1 116.2 99.1 103.2 116.8 99.1 102.7 116.9 99.1 102.9 118.8 99.1 102.5 116.6 99.1 102.5 112.9 99.1 102.7 116.3 99.1 113.9 99.1 105.1 105.1 105.2 4105. 0 105.1 104.7 105.1 104.9 105.0 105.0 105.1 104.9 105.1 104.7 105.1 104.0 105.1 104.6 105.1 104.4 105.1 104.6 104.3 102.9 102.8 103.8 104.4 103.7 103.5 102.5 128.5 115.1 103.2 1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were Introduced into the index. See “ Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182. 2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of 1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59 = 100. Technical details and earlier data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sept. M a y 3 Apr. 112.6 3 Preliminary. 4 Revised. 5 January 1958=100. 6January 1961 = 100. ? Formerly titled “prepared asphalt roofing.” 101.0 836 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 T a b l e D -5. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings r [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2 1966 1965 Annual average Commodity group May 3 Apr. Mar. All foods..- . . _________ . _____________________ All fish_______ . . . . ------ ------ . . . . . ------ . . . All commodities except farm products____ ____ . Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products5. Bituminous coal—domestic sizes____________________ Refined petroleum products____ ___ _ . ____ . . . East Coast markets_________ _____ . . . ___ ____ Midcontinent markets . . . ________ . . . _____ Gulf Coast markets . . . . . . Pacific Coast markets . . . ___ . . . M idwest markets 6____________________________ Soaps____________ . . . ___________________________ Synthetic d e te r g e n ts ..___. . . ______ . Pharmaceutical preparations_______________________ Ethical preparations 3_________________________ Anti-infectives 6_____________ ____ ____ ____ Anti-arthritics 3.__ __________ ____________ Sedatives and hypnotics 3__________________ Ataractics 3__________________________ . Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 3__ . Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 3__. __ D iabetics3____________________________ Hormones 3___ . __________ . _____ . . . D iuretics3. . . . _ _ . .. Dermatologicals 3_ _ _________________ Ilematinics 3____ ______ _______ _ . A nalgesics3.- . . . . . . ___ Anti-obesity preparations 3____________ _ Cough and cold preparations 3_________. „ V itam ins3. . -_. _ . . __ . ..... Proprietary preparations 3__________________ 109.1 126.9 105.6 98.7 94.8 98.4 96.3 97.1 100.7 89.4 92. C 113.7 99.3 96.2 94.1 78.3 Feb. 110.2 110.9 110.8 126.5 126.7 123.2 105.3 105.2 105. 1 98.3 98.6 98.5 492. £ 97.7 100. ( 97.7 97.2 97. f 96.3 98.2 98.2 97.7 93.7 98.9 100.2 98.6 98.6 89.4 89.4 86. f 89.0 93.3 93.9 113.7 113.7 113.7 499.3 99.7 99.7 496. 2 96.5 96.5 94.1 95. C 95.0 78.3 82.3 82. S Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 108.9 108.3 106.7 106.0 124.5 119.3 119.4 118. C 104.6 104.2 103. £ 103.5 98. £ 98.6 98.7 98.9 100.0 99.7 99.5 98. S 98. £ 98.4 98.1 96.6 98.2 98.2 96.6 96.6 98.5 98.6 98.6 98. C 99.7 99.7 99.5 96.5 88. £ 88.3 89. C 89. C 93. f 93. S 93.2 92.8 113.7 113.1 113.1 112.4 99.7 99.7 100.8 100.8 96.5 96.8 97.0 96.3 94. £ 95. C 95.0 94.8 82.3 82.3 82.3 82.3 Sept. Aug. 105.8 116.2 103.4 99.1 97.7 96.4 95.2 97. S 96.5 89. C 92.2 112.3 104.8 114.3 103.3 99.1 95.6 96.4 93. S 97.3 96.5 91.5 91.6 112.3 95.9 94.7 81.8 95.9 94.7 81.8 July June M ay 105.6 109.8 103.2 99.4 93.6 96.0 93.8 96.7 95.9 91. 5 91.6 112.3 105.5 108.9 103.1 99.4 93. C 96.0 93.8 96.6 95. £ 91.5 91.6 112.3 103.6 109.2 102.5 99.2 92.4 95.4 93.8 97.1 94.4 91.5 91.6 112.3 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 96. C 96. C 96.8 94.7 94.6 94.6 81.9 81.9 81.9 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 113.2 113.2 113.2 101.4 100.0 100.0 100. C 100. c 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0 118.3 101.4 102.3 94.9 103.8 104.1 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 100.6 100. 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 109.7 109.7 109.7 109.7 109.7 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105. 8 105.8 105.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 104. 4 104.4 100.7 100.7 100.7 104.4 104.4 104.4 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 103.0 4103. 0 102.2 102.1 102.1 103.0 103.7 101.6 100.9 100.9 101.1 101.2 104.2 Vitamins 3__ ______ .. _______ ... . 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 Cough and cold preparations 3____________ 101.2 101.2 100.5 99.9 99.9 102.4 102.4 100.0 98.6 98.6 99.2 99.2 102.9 Laxatives and elimination aids 3____ .. . 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 106.9 106.9 106.1 104.9 104.9 104.9 104.9 106.6 Internal analgesics 3__ __ _ .. _ . __ 104.4 104.4 104.4 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.5 102.5 Tonics and alteratives 3_ __ . ____ 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 98.2 98.2 89.2 87.3 87.3 89.4 89.4 100.2 External analgesics 3_. . _ _ __ _ 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 107.3 107.3 105.4 103.4 103.4 103.8 103.8 106.6 Antiseptics3.. . .. ___ ... ......................... 101.8 4101.8 96.4 101.8 101.8 102.9 108.3 100.1 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 110.6 Antacids 3__________ ___ ___ . ___ 103.0 103.0 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 103.0 103.0 103.0 Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)___ 110.5 109.0 105.3 103.0 102.0 100.9 100.5 100.5 100.9 100.8 99.0 98.7 98.9 Softwood lumber__ _ _ _ ... 109.0 4106. 7 102.8 100.9 99.9 99.1 99.1 99.8 100.0 99.7 98.4 98.4 98.6 Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building ___ 103.1 102.7 102.2 101.7 101.5 101.2 101.1 100.8 100.3 100.2 100.2 100.3 100.3 paper and board). . _ _ . __ ___ Special metals and metal products 2_______ ____ Steel mill products__ _ ______ ____ _ Machinery and equipment____________________ Agricultural machinery (including tractors)____ _. Metalworking machinery. __________ . . . ... All tractors______ _ __ ___ . Industrial valves__ . . . ________________ _______ Industrial fittings. . ______ .. __________ Anti-friction bearings and components_________ _ Abrasive grinding wheels______________ Construction materials____ . ________ . . 1See footnote 1, table D-4. 2 See footnote 2, table D-4. 3Preliminary. 4Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 104.9 104.9 104.4 104.4 106.8 104.3 107.6 119.9 122.7 119.8 115.2 93.9 83.0 93.3 105.1 106.5 104.3 107.2 119.9 4121.1 119.4 114.0 92.9 83.0 93.3 104. 3 106.3 104.3 106.9 119.8 120.9 119.4 110.5 92.9 83.0 93.3 103.2 106.0 104.2 106.5 119.6 120.7 119.1 109.4 492.9 83.0 93.3 102. 4 105.7 104.1 106.0 119.1 120.0 118.8 109.3 91.9 84.0 93.3 101.9 105.4 103.9 105.7 118.7 119.5 118.6 108.9 91.9 83.7 93.3 101.4 105.4 103.6 105.5 118. 5 119.3 118.4 109.4 91.9 83.7 93.4 101.3 105.1 103.7 105.2 116.4 119.1 116.9 108.6 91.9 83.7 93.4 105.1 103.5 105.1 116.5 118.8 116.8 106.6 91.4 83.7 93.9 105.1 103.5 105.0 116.4 118.2 116.8 105.1 91.4 83.7 93.9 104.8 103.4 104.9 116.5 117.0 116.8 105.2 89.3 83.7 93.9 101.2 101.2 101.2 100.8 104.9 103.2 105.0 116.2 116.8 116.4 105.3 88.3 83.9 94.0 100.7 104.8 103.2 104.9 116.2 116.6 116.4 105.8 88.3 83.9 94.0 100.7 1965 104.5 112.8 102.9 99.1 96.6 95.9 95.3 97.6 95.1 90.6 91.7 112.3 100.5 96. 5 94.7 82.0 100.6 100.0 115.3 102.3 94.9 103.8 102.3 100.0 108.7 110.0 105.5 100.0 102.9 88.1 102.7 100.3 100.9 106.0 102.3 95.0 105.2 104.9 102.9 99.8 99.1 100.2 104.7 103.3 105.0 116.6 117.4 116.8 105.7 90.8 84.1 94.2 100.8 1964 100.8 107.4 101.2 98.9 96.7 92.7 93.6 89.7 94.0 87.4 88.0 107.1 99.6 97.1 95.4 85.4 100.6 113.3 100.0 100.2 97.6 103.8 100.6 100.0 108.7 108.8 101.8 100.0 103.5 87.7 103.1 100.3 101.0 105.4 102.2 100.2 103.1 108.6 103.0 98.9 99.3 99.3 102.6 102.8 103.8 114.3 112.6 114.4 107.2 92.7 89.0 96.1 99.6 5 Formerly titled “textile products, excluding hard fiber products.” 3 New series. January 1961=100. 2 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and motor vehicles. D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T a b l e D -6. 837 Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product [1957-59=100] 2 1966 1965 Annual average Commodity group M a y 3 Apr. Mar. All commodities....... ...... ... .........- ------ - Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. S e p t. Aug. July June May 1965 1964 102.8 102.1 102.5 100.5 100.5 100.6 98.3 100.9 101. C 97.3 99.6 99.8 100.2 98.9 98.3 99.8 94.1 91.9 97.8 ---- -- - 105.5 105.5 105.4 105.4 104.6 104.1 103.5 103.1 103.0 102.9 102.9 Stage of processing Crude materials for further processing________ Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs-----------------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel. -----Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing---- ------- - --------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for construction.. . . . -- ------ - Crude fuel. _ - - - - - - - - - - --------Crude fuel for manufacturing.. - . --------Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing----- . ---- 105.7 4106.3 106.9 107.5 105.2 103.2 100.8 106.5 107. 5 108.3 109.6 106.8 104. 1 100.7 104.5 4104.5 104.6 103.8 102.2 101.3 100.7 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components----Intermediate materials and components for manu facturing _____ Intermediate materials for food manufacturing. Intermediate materials for nondurable manu facturing________________________________ Intermediate materials for durable manu facturing---------- ----------- ---------------------Components for manufacturing_____________ Materials and components for construction______ Processed fuels and lubricants______ ____ Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac turing --------------------------------------------- . . . Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu facturing___ . --_ _ _ -------------- ------Containers, nonreturnable______ ___________ _ Supplies.__ _ _ ._ -----Supplies for manufacturing________________ Supplies for nonmanufacturing_____________ Manufactured animal feeds___ . ________ Other supplies____ ______ . . . Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and fuels)_________ . . -------------- . . ----------Consumer finished goods_____________ _______ Consumer foods_______________ ____ _____ Consumer crude foods--------- _ ______ _ Consumer processed foods . . . . ---------Consumer other nondurable goods__________ Consumer durable goods. . . . . . . __________ Producer finished goods_______________________ Producer finished goods for manufacturing _ Producer finished goods for non manufacturing. 100.1 100.0 100.8 100.1 100.0 101.1 100.1 99.9 100.0 104.7 4104. 7 104.8 104.0 102.2 101.2 100.6 99.8 99.7 103.6 105.0 105.0 105.2 103.6 105.6 105.5 105.9 103.4 105.4 105.3 105.7 103.4 104.8 104.7 105.0 103.4 104.3 104.3 104.6 103.2 103.7 103.7 103.9 104.8 104.3 103.9 103.8 103.4 103.0 103.0 102.6 102.5 102.4 102.3 4103. 9 4104. 0 4103. 9 4104.2 103.8 105.2 105.1 105.5 103.8 105.9 105.8 106.2 100.0 99.5 97.4 103.2 103.1 103.1 103.2 102.7 101.9 101.7 101.5 102.7 101.8 101.6 101.4 103.0 102.1 101.9 101.6 103.2 103.3 103.2 103.5 102.8 99.8 99.3 99.6 102.2 101.9 104.0 4103.7 103.4 103.2 102.8 102.6 102.5 102.4 102.2 102.1 102.0 101.9 101.7 109.8 4110.1 110.8 111.1 109.7 108.8 108.1 107.5 106.9 106.5 106.2 105.9 104.9 99.7 106.9 104.7 104.8 100.7 99.4 99.2 99.0 98.9 98.9 98.8 98.9 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 102.2 102. 0 106.6 102.5 102.4 102.8 100.9 100.4 104.0 98.7 98.7 97.8 106.6 106.1 105. 8 105.5 105.2 105.3 105.1 105.1 105.0 104.8 104.8 104.6 4104.1 103.3 102.9 102.5 102.3 102.2 101.9 101.6 101.6 101.4 101.4 101.2 104.3 103.4 102.7 102.3 101.9 101.8 101.7 101.7 101.7 101.3 101.2 101.2 100.3 99.8 100.2 100.7 100.9 100.8 99.9 99.8 99.9 99.7 99.8 99.4 104.6 101.3 101.4 99.5 102.5 99.7 101.0 99.8 101.9 4101. 7 101.2 101.5 101.9 102.1 102.0 101.3 98.7 105.1 109.5 108.8 109.2 116.0 103.1 97.4 104.8 108.0 108.0 107.4 112.7 102.3 97.9 104.3 109.3 107.7 109.3 117.7 102.1 98.7 104.2 108.2 107.3 108.0 114.8 101.9 98.8 104.1 107.0 106.6 106. 6 111.7 97.5 97.5 97.6 97.5 97.5 102.9 102.8 102.4 102,2 102.4 106.3 106.3 106.2 106.5 106.1 106.6 106.4 106.3 106.2 105.9 105.5 105.6 105.5 106.1 105.5 109.6 110.1 110.1 111.9 109.9 101.1 101.0 100.8 100.7 100.9 106.4 106.1 111.5 107.4 106.3 106.0 111.5 105.6 112.4 104.0 99.7 106.6 109.6 103.5 105. 6 105.3 104.7 104.3 104.1 103.8 105.2 104.9 104.2 103.7 103.5 103.1 109.5 108.9 107.2 106.3 106.1 105.3 101.0 102.6 102.7 101.0 101.2 94.4 110.8 109.9 107.8 107.1 106.9 107.0 103.9 103.7 103.6 103.3 103.0 102.8 99.7 99.6 99.6 99.5 99.5 99.5 106.2 106.0 105.9 105.6 105.5 105.5 109.1 108.8 108.7 108.4 108.3 108.1 103.3 103.2 103.1 102.8 102.8 102.8 104.9 105.5 104.9 104.8 104.8 107.5 111.4 107.3 104.6 104.5 104.4 104.5 104.3 105.3 108.2 105.1 97.9 4105.1 108.3 108.3 107.6 112.4 102.8 106.2 105.6 109.6 99.6 106.3 105.9 4110. 7 4107. 5 111.1 4111.2 104.5 104.3 100.2 499.8 107.6 4107. 0 112.1 104.1 99.7 106.8 110.8 110.0 109.8 104.3 <103.8 103.7 98.7 103.3 107.2 106.5 106.9 113.1 101.6 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.0 101.1 100.8 104. 0 103.4 106.0 98.8 107.1 102.7 99.6 105. 4 107.9 102.9 103.9 103.2 105.6 99.6 106.6 102.6 99.7 105.4 107.8 103.0 96.9 102.2 105.1 105.8 104.2 106.4 101.0 103.2 102.3 103.5 103.3 103.5 102.5 99.6 105.3 107.7 103.0 97.1 102.1 100.6 98.1 95.2 100.2 106.0 106.1 105.4 109.7 100.9 105.0 105.5 104.2 107.4 100.4 103.6 101.8 100.9 100.6 102.8 104.5 100.2 105.2 102.8 99.6 105.4 108.0 102.9 99.8 100.7 101.6 99.9 104.1 106.2 102.0 Durability of product Total durable goods... - - - - - ..............................------Total nondurable goods______ - - . ------ . ---------Total manufactures._ . . . . . ______ ____ . . . . . Durable manufactures.. . _____ _______ - ___ Nondurable manufactures_____________________ Total raw or slightly processed goods_______________ Durable raw or slightly processed goods _____ Nondurable raw or slightly processed good s... 1See footnote 1, table D-4. 2See footnote 2, table D -4. 2Preliminary. 4Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 106.1 105.0 105.5 106.0 104.8 105.7 105.7 105.1 105.1 105.6 104.6 107.0 110.1 113.9 105.5 106.6 105.3 105.3 105.0 105.1 104.7 107.3 114.7 106.9 104.2 103.9 104.1 104.2 103.8 104.0 105.4 104.0 104.2 102.9 103.7 104.2 103.2 102.4 106.5 102.2 104.0 102.4 103.4 104.0 102.7 101.7 105.3 101.5 103.9 103.9 103.7 103.7 103.6 102.2 102.0 102.2 102.0 100.8 103.2 103.2 103.1 103.0 103.9 103.9 103.7 103.7 102.5 102.4 102. 5 102.3 101.6 101.3 101. 5 101.6 104.6 105.7 103.6 105.4 101.4 101.1 101.4 101.4 102.4 103.6 101.1 100. 5 106.1 100.2 103.7 101.5 102.8 103.7 101.9 100.7 104.7 ICO. 5 102.4 99.1 101.1 102.5 99.7 97.5 98.0 97.5 N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see “ N ew BLS Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS Bulletin 1235, 1958). 838 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 E.—Work Stoppages T a b l e E - l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1 Number of stoppages M onth and year Beginning in month or year Workers involved in stoppages In effect dur ing month Beginning in month or year 1Q35-3Q (average) _ _____ _ ____ _______ 1947-49 (average) _ _____________________ ______ _ __ 1945 ' “ _______________________________ . . . 1946 ___________________________ 1947 _____________________________ 1948 _________________________________ 1949 _ . _ _ ________ _______ __ _ 1950 . . ________ ___ _ ____ 1951 __________________________________ 1952 ______ ___________________ 1953 _______________ ______________ 1954 . ______ _________________ ___________ 1955 . ___________________________________ 1956 . _ _____. . . ______ __________ 1957 ___________________________________ 1958 _____________________________________ 1959 . . __________________________ I960 - . __________________ ______________________ 1961 _ _ _ ___________________________ 1962 _____________________________________ 1963 _ . . _______ ____ 1964 . . ................... . ........ ......... ........ . . January----- ------------------- ------------ ----------------------February___ ___________________________ ______ March___________ _________________ ____ April__________ _ _______ . . ------ --------. . . M ay_________ ___ - ________ _______ --June........................................................ ............................. July.............................................. .......................................... August ------------------------------------ - .............. - ...........September--------------------------------------------------------October..................... . .............. ........ . . . . ____ November________________ --------------------------December__________________ _______ ____ ________ 2,862 3,673 4,750 4,985 3,693 3,419 3,606 4,843 4,737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 3,825 3,673 3,694 3,708 3i 333 3,367 3; 614 3 ’ 362 3,655 211 233 241 364 442 376 416 306 336 346 238 146 375 375 399 529 651 586 639 556 574 584 469 346 1,130,000 2,380, 000 3,470,000 4,600,000 2,170,000 1,960.000 3,030,000 2,410,000 2,220,000 3,540,000 2,400,000 1,530,000 2,650,000 1,900, 000 1,390,000 2,060,000 1,880,000 1,320,000 1,450,000 I! 230.000 941,000 1,640,000 53,300 80,600 79,300 140,000 192, 000 124, 000 126, 000 73,100 374,000 214,000 141,000 42,000 1965: January--------------------------- --------------------------February_______________ _ _ _ _ _ _ March__________________ ___ --------------April---------------- ----------------- ------------------------M ay________________ __ ___________ June_________________________________________ July-----~ - . . --- ---------------------------August_________________________________________ September _____ _ ___________________________ October... ______ _____ _ ___ ___ November_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ ------ -----------December_____________ ______________ _____ _ 244 208 329 390 450 425 416 388 345 321 289 158 404 393 511 603 669 677 702 685 631 570 505 371 1966: January2_____________________ _ _ ________ February2___________________ _________________ M arch2_____________________________ _ ._ _ ______ ___ - _________ A p ril2________ M ay 2---------- --------------------- . ------------------ ------ 205 240 310 350 480 335 380 450 500 640 • The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in establlshments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In effect dur ing month Man-days idle during month or year Number Percent of estimated working time 0 27 46 .47 1 43 .41 37 59 91,400 116,000 123,000 187, 000 249,000 222,000 195,000 133,000 432,000 549.000 274,000 149,000 16,900,000 39,700,000 38,000,000 116, OOO! 000 34| 600' 000 34,100,000 50j500! 000 38’ 800,000 22| 900| 000 59,100,000 28j 300’000 22,600,000 28,200,000 33,100,000 16,500,000 23,900,000 69,000,000 19,100,000 16,300,000 18,600; 000 16,100,000 22,900,000 898,000 1,040,000 816, 000 1,170,000 2,400,000 1, 900,000 1, 740,000 1,200,000 2,390, 000 6,590,000 1, 730, 000 1, 060,000 98,800 45,100 180,000 141,000 127,000 268,000 156,000 109,000 155,000 101,000 140,000 24,300 183,000 149,000 274,000 194,000 201,000 354,000 334,000 229,000 250,000 209,000 192,000 75,800 1, 740,000 1,440,000 1,770,000 1,840,000 1,850,000 2, 590,000 3, 670,000 2,230,000 2,110,000 1, 770,000 1, 380, 000 907,000 .18 .15 .16 .17 .19 .23 .34 .20 .20 .16 13 .08 101,000 107, 000 198,000 228,000 208,000 127,000 142,000 236,000 379,000 294,000 1,000,000 865, 000 1,350,000 2,450,000 2,870,000 .09 .09 .11 .23 .26 44 23 57 .26 .21 .26 29 .14 .22 .61 .17 .14 .16 .13 .18 .09 .11 .08 .11 .24 .18 .15 .12 .23 .61 .17 .10 or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages, 2 Preliminary, F.— WORK INJURIES 839 F.—Work Injuries T able F - l. Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries 1966 Jan. Manufacturing______ __ _________________________ . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3rd 2nd 1st 4th 3rd 2nd 1st 4th quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1965 ter ter ter ter ter ter ter Feb. Mar. Quar ter ter 12.6 12.2 12.4 13.5 12.9 12.1 12.9 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.4 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.4 2.2 2.9 4.0 1.8 11.0 8.2 6.5 8.7 4.8 3.6 6.2 8.2 6.4 7.1 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.1 2.3 23.7 23.1 21.8 22.9 24.1 26.0 22.8 22.3 22.5 25.4 23.7 22.5 24.2 38.9 34.8 33.5 35.7 41.6 40.4 36.8 34.6 34.3 37.6 35.5 35.9 38.4 20.8 21.2 18.1 20.0 20.5 21.8 21.1 20.4 21.7 22.4 22.7 20.2 21.2 21.2 19.1 17.9 19.4 27.6 30.5 19.5 18.9 23.6 27.8 23.3 21.5 25.3 18.6 18.8 21.2 19.7 18.9 19.1 18.6 18.3 17.7 18.9 17.9 16.0 18.8 16.6 18.3 17.9 17.6 15.0 16.8 15.5 15.3 15.8 16.8 20.0 15.2 16.4 14.1 9.9 10.6 11.5 22.2 24.5 19.9 24.3 20.7 23.8 22.9 28.5 24.2 19.7 14.3 15.6 16.6 15.8 17.3 18.2 17.1 20.3 15.4 13.3 15.8 18.1 22.4 23.4 20.4 22.0 18.2 24.4 19.9 21.0 16.6 25.2 22.0 20.5 21.5 24.5 25.7 25.6 25.2 24.1 25.4 24.0 22.3 23.7 25.6 21.8 22.3 24.5 10.0 9.9 9.7 9.8 8.5 9.5 9.9 8.7 8.6 9.5 9.0 8.7 9.2 7.5 6.6 5.9 6.6 5.8 6.5 5.9 6.2 5.8 6.5 6.3 5.9 6.1 9.0 8.0 7.4 7.1 7.5 8.5 7.2 6.6 7.1 8.7 7.7 7.3 7.6 19.7 19.6 22.5 20.5 16.6 17.0 18.5 19.8 21.0 18.5 14.3 15.9 18.0 8.5 15.9 14.9 13.0 11.1 19.1 12.7 12.1 11.4 12.2 10.8 12.3 13.5 7.2 8.1 8.7 5.9 5.8 8.2 7.3 6.4 7.4 8.3 7.3 7.3 7.7 14.8 23.8 15.8 18.0 12.3 12.8 14.4 12.8 14.3 12.7 12.0 9.0 12.8 9.3 10.8 10.4 9.6 9.6 13.2 9.5 11.3 11.1 10.6 11.2 12.0 11.0 11.1 9.9 11.9 10.9 10.3 13.0 15.3 9.1 13.0 14.7 11.8 16.1 12.5 7.0 7.2 7.4 6.9 6.9 6.2 6.8 7.4 7.8 6.7 7.1 6.8 8.1 9.4 9.4 8.9 9.2 8.8 10.9 6.3 7.0 8.3 8.7 9.4 8.7 10.5 6.3 6.4 7.2 6.1 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.7 6.2 6.8 5.7 6.7 6.5 5.4 5.4 5.2 6.0 5.0 6.4 8.3 6.3 4.6 4.7 5.0 7.2 7.0 5.2 8.0 5.2 6.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 6.9 6.3 2.9 3.9 4.3 4.3 10.1 13.2 4.8 9.1 4.2 7.7 5.7 8.6 5.8 6.8 4.5 4.3 6.5 8.0 10.5 12.8 9.3 9.4 9.6 7.1 9.3 11.9 10.3 10.5 10.6 11.8 1964 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.9 12.4 13.4 12.7 3.2 2.4 2.9 1.9 2.9 1.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.1 1.6 2.8 6.1 2.7 1.4 32.5 44.2 32.3 24.1 48.3 28.4 18.9 15.1 32.6 41.7 31.7 27.4 26.7 33.8 17.4 14.9 16.4 31.3 27.0 12.3 11.4 8.4 16.4 9.4 18.7 8.5 9.2 9.9 3.0 10.0 7.9 13.1 10.3 13.8 16.4 8.7 9.1 1.4 7.4 9.8 11.3 20.0 6.0 3.7 4.3 6.5 7.6 5.1 12.6 10.8 Paving and roofing materials Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. . . _ . --------- 11.2 Tires and inner tubes.. _______________ . . . . . . . 5.1 Rubber footwear ____ . . . . . . . ____ _ _____ 1.6 Fabricated rubber products, not elsewhere classified. . _ . . _ 11.2 Miscellaneous plastics products______________________________ 18.0 See footnotes at end of table. Annual average First quarter Industry Ordnance and accessories. _ . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _. Ammunition, except for small arms . . . . Sighting and fire control equipment __ _ __ Small arms . . Small arms ammunition _ _____ __ Food and kindred products------------------ ------------------------Meat products--------- --------- -- --------- ----------- -----------------Dairy products. . . . . . . __ ----------- ------------------------- ------ -Canned and preserved foods, except meats-----------------------------Grain-mill products. _. ____________________________________ Bakery products____ . . . . ___________ ____ ____________ .. Sugar_________ ... . _____ . . . ------ . . . . ... . Confectionery and related products-------------- -----------------------B everages... . ._ __________ . _____ — ------ . . . . ------Miscellaneous food and kindred products-------------------------------________ _ . . . . . Textile mill products_______ Cotton broad woven fabrics ____ _____ . . - . Silk and synthetic broadwoven fabrics... . . . . .. . . . . . Weaving, dyeing, and finishing broad woolens------------------------Narrow fabrics and smallwares. . . ..... . . . -----Knitting m ills______ ______________________________________ Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool and kn it-----------------Yarn and thread m ills______________________________________ Miscellaneous textile goods_____________ _____ _____________ Apparel and related p r o d u c t s . . . . . __________ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats . . . . ............ . . . ... _ . ---------. .. . .. M en’s and boys’ furnishings. _______ W omen’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_____________________ W omen’s and children’s undergarments______________________ . . . . . --------- . Girls’ and children’s outerwear . _____ Miscellaneous fabricated textile products_____________________ Lumber and wood products except furniture---------------------Logging camps and logging contractors_______________________ Sawmills and planing m ills. __ ______ ______ . . -- ----Millwork, plywood, and related products------ -----------------------Wooden containers------------- --------------------- -----------------------Miscellaneous wood products.. _ . _ . . . . Furniture and fix tu r e s.____ . ..... .. . .. Household furniture.. _ ______ . . . . . __________________ Office furniture______ __ _______________________ _________ Public building and related furniture Partitions; office and store fixtures. . . . . . _ .. Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures Paper and allied products _ __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulp mills Paper mills, except building paper... ___ . _ . _ _ _ Paperboard m ills. _ _ ___ _____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Converted paper and paperboard products____________________ .......... Paperboard containers and boxes.. . . Building paper and building board mills________ ___ _ Printing, publishing, and allied industries. -------------- -----Newspapers: publishing and printing__ . ____ —~ Periodicals: publishing and printing. . . . ------- ------Books___ . ______ . . . _ _ _________ __ ____ ________ Miscellaneous publishing Commercial printing________ . . ______ _ __________ _____ Manifold business forms Greeting cards Chemicals and allied products. . ----Industrial chemicals____________ ___________________________ Plastics and synthetic m aterials.-_ ______ D r u g s . . . ______________ . . . . . . -- . . . _________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods____ _ ___ ......... Paints, varnishes, and allied products. . . . _ -----------Agricultural chemicals _ .. _ _ . . Miscellaneous chemical products.. _ 1964 1965 6.0 3.4 4.0 5.5 9.7 11.4 13.9 7.3 11.8 4.0 3.0 13.1 18.0 32.4 41.9 33.6 22.7 35.4 39.8 17.7 16.2 21.6 21.8 12.0 8.8 15.4 8.2 15.2 13.8 9.9 8.5 3.2 11.5 12.8 7.2 5.0 3.8 6.3 10.4 6.4 18.3 15.0 11.5 4.9 4.0 11.7 16.3 32.5 42.5 32.5 24.7 36.8 34.2 18.3 16.7 17.9 21.9 26.6 11.9 35.9 56.3 36.5 27.0 29.3 35.6 17.9 16.6 19.2 19.3 38.6 60.2 36.8 26.8 35.5 49.2 19.4 18.2 24.3 24.6 22.2 20.6 12 . 6 12.3 35.9 50.2 34.0 27.2 41.5 39.6 18.2 16.9 18.0 22.6 ‘22.6 11.5 8.8 12.6 10.2 14.3 12.8 12.6 11.8 12.6 9.3 8.7 8.8 10.2 9.2 7.5 10.1 7.8 2.6 7.7 4.6 8.9 8.3 15.1 9.3 15.8 8.7 12.3 11.4 17.5 8.3 16.0 11.7 16.1 9.8 9.0 7.3 9.8 11.3 14.7 7.9 6.5 4.1 4.0 9.1 7.8 9.5 11.5 14.3 9.2 6.9 4.8 4.4 5.8 9.7 11.9 7.9 6.1 9.2 7.6 15.2 11.3 6.2 4.4 3.1 4.5 7.5 9.6 18.7 14.2 11.5 4.7 11.7 5.1 3.9 17.4 14.9 2.8 12.0 12.1 10.8 17.2 9.4 12.3 4.9 3.0 13.6 16.0 7.2 4.4 3.7 7.2 9.5 7.4 21.7 15.7 12.5 6.2 4.0 11.5 16.3 34.9 51.4 34.8 25.7 35.2 37.8 19.2 18.3 25.7 18.9 19.6 11.5 10. 0 8.9 12.3 9.6 15.2 8.4 9.0 33.9 50.5 33.0 27.1 30.2 32.9 18. 7 19.3 17.8 20.5 18.7 38.5 56.0 36.2 28.0 42.9 42.2 20.3 19.9 18.1 21.6 21.1 11.6 12.1 8.3 9.1 12.7 9.4 14.9 9.4 11.7 11.8 10.8 11.8 8.6 9.3 8.2 6.4 6.2 5.3 4.3 10.3 8.9 10.2 7.3 11.2 11.7 10.2 8.5 12.2 12.7 7.1 4.8 2.8 11.8 7.8 7.7 7.4 6.0 3.5 6.7 14.9 36.0 55.1 35.5 24.8 39.8 40.2 17.6 19.4 15.1 15.0 16.2 34.0 56.3 33.6 23.5 34.6 36.4 18.0 19.6 15.4 14.0 14.6 36.6 55.8 35.9 26.7 35.5 39.7 18.9 17.7 21.9 13.0 12.5 9.5 12.3 13.4 16.7 16.6 9.2 13.4 12.4 15.7 14.7 9.3 9.3 6.5 12.0 7.6 8.8 8.8 8.1 7.4 15.9 12.5 5.3 3.2 13.1 17.7 12.0 5.8 1.9 10.5 19.9 13.5 11.4 16.3 8.7 7.4 4.8 4.1 5.9 13.7 7.0 7.5 4.2 4.4 6.3 9.7 10.9 6.3 7.1 4. 4 4.1 6.4 13.8 5.8 2.5 14.3 19.0 13.3 4.9 4.4 13.1 21.3 11.3 5.2 2.2 11.3 15.4 21.8 24.7 17.6 16.9 23.8 16.3 21.1 23.3 9.0 6.1 7.4 17.4 11.7 6.9 12.0 10.3 13.9 6.7 7.6 6.4 5.2 5.9 5.3 10.5 35.7 54.6 34.6 25.8 37.0 37.8 18.6 19.5 16.6 17.8 17.7 12.3 8.4 9.3 12.6 9.1 8.3 11.7 15. 6 13.4 8.9 7.5 6. 4 10.9 6.9 10.7 7.6 6.9 4. 6 3.8 6. 4 9.8 8.7 17.6 13.5 11.4 7.4 7.2 4.9 4.1 6. 4 9.8 9.9 16.9 13.9 11.6 6.2 10.2 8.1 11.4 8.6 10.6 11.0 5.4 14.3 11.2 8.2 10.1 11.1 11.2 9.7 16.7 21.5 12.7 12.6 16.6 13.5 13.2 7.4 10.4 14.8 22.1 20.9 16.2 1.9 23.6 35.8 22.8 12.3 5. 4 3.5 12.8 16.6 10.2 18.4 12.6 5. 4 2. 8 12.3 18.9 840 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966 Table F - l. Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries2—Continued 1966 Industry Leather and leather products____________________________ Leather tanning and finishing_____ ___________________ ___ Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_______ _ _ Footwear, except rubber____ ___ _ _ _ --------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Stone, clay, and glass products----------------------- _ _ --------— ---------------Flat glass._ ______ ~ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown________________________ Glass products, made of purchased glass______________________ Structural clay p r o d u cts.------- -- --------- -- _ _ _ ------ _ ---Pottery and related products_____ __ -----------------------Concrete, gypsum and plaster products----------------------------------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products---------------------------Primary metal industries. _ _ ------------ -- _ ------ _ -----Blast furnaces, steel works, basic steel products------ -----------------Iron and steel foundries___________ _ Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrudine-----------------------------Nonferrous foundries___________ _ _ _ ___ ------------------ -----Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________ Fabricated metal products___ ________ _ _ ___ _______ Metal cans. ................... ......... ...... __ . . __ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware.._ . . . . _ _ Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures-------------------------------Fabricated structural metal products. __ ------- _ _ _____ _____ Screw machine products, bolts, etc------- --------- ------------ ----------Metal stampines_____________ _ _ _ ------- _. . . . ------ ------Coating, engraving, and allied services____ Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.. . . . . _ . _ . ---------Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. ------- -- --------- ------- _ Machinery, except electrical________ _ _ . . . _ ___ Engines and turbines.. ___ _ __ _ _________ _ _ .__ _ _ __ Farm machinery and equipm ent------ ----------- ------- . . . -----Construction, mining, materials-handling machinery______ _._ Metalworking machinery and equipment_____________________ Special industry machinery______ ____ _____ _ . _ _ ----------General industrial machinery and equipment-------------------------Office, computing, and accounting machines__________________ Service industry machines_______ _ __ _______ ____ ____ Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical____________________ Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ ______ _ Electric transmission and distribution equipment_____________ Electrical industrial apparatus__ _ _________ ____ ________ Household appliances____________________ ___ ---------- . . ___ Electric lighting and wiring equipment_______________________ Radios and television receiving s e ts... _ -------------- ------- -- _ Communication equipment--------- ------- ----------- --------- _ . . . Electronic components and accessories________________________ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_______________ Transportation equipment______ ______ ___ _ _________ Motor vehicles and equipm ent.. ______ . . . ________________ Aircraft and parts____________________ ________ __ Ship and boat building and repairing_____ _________________ Railroad eq u ip m en t... _______ _____ . . . . ____ . __ Instruments and related products________ _____ _ _______ Engineering and scientific instruments_______ . . . _ ____ . . . Mechanical measuring and control devices____________________ Optical instruments and lenses___________ ____ . _____ _ . .. Surgical, medical, and dental equipment______________________ __ . . . __ . . . . . . . Ophthalmic goods _ Photographic equipment and supplies_____________________ Watches and clocks... . . _ ._ ............... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware________ ___ _ __ . Musical instruments and parts. _ . . . Toys, amusement, and sporting goods_____ ______________ Pens, pencils, office and art materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ____ Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. __ ______ ______ __ Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries____ _________ 1964 Annual average F rst qu arter 4th 3rd 2nd 1st 4th 3rd 2nd 1st quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1965 Mar. Quar ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter Jan. Feb. 16.8 48.0 14.7 43.6 14.8 32.5 13.0 10.7 21.3 16.1 9.5 7.9 26.2 32.0 35.9 13.3 13.9 5. 5 27.0 15.8 11.3 20.5 12.5 22.1 15.9 9.6 16.7 29.0 26.2 29.7 16.3 13.9 5.3 27.6 14.3 23.9 25.3 20.4 15.4 41.3 13.3 31.7 13.9 35.8 13.8 31.0 13.2 30.6 13.9 35.1 14.8 33.2 13.7 33.9 14.3 34.7 11.8 10.2 10.5 22.9 16.0 8.4 9.1 36.7 19.8 31.4 16.3 13.1 5.3 28.1 15.4 22.9 23.9 19.5 8.7 14.3 10.9 18.7 10.0 9.7 18.1 9.2 20.0 11.9 10.3 19.0 7.5 7.5 4.9 33.2 20.7 27.5 13.3 12.5 4.8 26.7 13.7 23.9 II. 6 16.4 21.3 14.8 9.6 10.0 11.2 11.8 30.3 31.4 24.7 12.6 13.2 5.3 25.3 14.6 28.6 29.9 29.7 14.0 13.6 5.3 26.6 14.8 20.1 22.2 22.1 26.6 26.1 20.1 21.5 20.7 12.0 6.0 4.4 7.3 15.5 16.6 16.3 16.1 19.7 21.8 25.6 22.5 26.3 28.1 19.0 13.1 27.4 15.3 12.3 30.9 17.0 14.1 28.9 17.1 13.2 18.9 18.2 11.9 6.9 7.1 13.8 10.3 19.0 11.4 5.7 14.7 14.4 5.7 23.9 18.6 24.6 18.6 13.2 22.5 18.5 12.7 7.4 8.3 15.4 6.2 7.6 7.1 10.6 7.1 2.2 4.9 7.5 6.1 12.8 7.2 8.9 16.3 12.3 17.9 11.5 4.8 12.1 18.1 5.4 5.3 8.3 5.7 7.7 5.5 2.5 6.9 4.8 8.2 8.7 16.2 12.4 16.3 13.2 3.8 16.0 18.7 5.8 7.1 4.8 4.2 4.8 3.7 10.7 5.1 2.7 5.9 10.4 6.3 3.0 9.2 6.8 11.1 9.0 4.7 4.4 4.9 13.5 11.4 14.8 9.5 13.8 15.6 17.6 14.8 9.5 10.1 4.8 3.9 21.3 10.8 6.0 3.5 8.4 9.7 17.1 18.7 16.7 8.4 9.0 28.7 17.6 27.3 11.9 13.5 4.8 26.3 15.3 21.5 27.2 18.9 8.0 14.6 17.8 29.0 17.4 9.9 18.8 18.7 11.4 5.4 11.6 9.8 16.3 12.1 10.8 17.6 4.7 14.4 17.1 5.7 6.2 21.1 22.6 11.8 10.1 16.1 4.8 3.9 21.7 10.6 5.9 3.1 7.8 8.9 3.2 4.7 3.7 14.1 10.3 18.3 15.9 12. 6 9.8 15.1 20.6 28.2 17.4 11.4 23.4 18.0 12.7 5.8 10.6 7.5 13.9 33.1 21.9 26.0 11.3 12.4 4.9 24.6 14.2 21.0 26.3 18.0 8.9 13.6 17.7 25.4 16.9 10.2 34.6 23.0 17.1 12.2 6.0 10.1 10.2 10.0 12.8 15.4 15.3 4.6 13.0 15.4 5.4 5.2 7.8 6.9 6.6 7.4 6.3 6.3 11.8 10.0 10.0 6.1 6.3 6.1 2.0 2.2 2.5 7.7 6.5 5.3 6.1 6.1 5.6 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.8 1The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a) results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any 1 or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occupational diseases. 2 Beginning with the first quarter of 1963, the revised injury data reflect both changes in industry definitions and reclassification of individual reports on the basis of improved classification information. A detailed explanation of the changes in industry definitions is available upon request. Compari https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1965 4.9 3.4 20.6 11.3 5.9 2.2 7.3 10.9 5.3 5.5 6.0 14.2 7.2 23. 5 16.9 10.7 12.5 10.9 16.7 13.2 3.2 16.4 18.0 5.8 5.8 6.8 7.6 12.9 5.8 2.3 6.2 6.9 6.6 5.1 3.6 21.4 9.1 6.7 2.7 10.3 7.3 6.4 6.3 4.3 14.4 7.7 18.5 12.9 8.9 15.5 10.3 17.7 11.1 4.2 13.9 16.8 5.5 5.8 7.2 7.3 9.7 6.3 2.2 6.2 6.0 6.5 4.4 3.6 23.9 10.0 6.5 2.6 9.1 6.5 5.1 6.8 5.3 13.2 7.3 12.9 15.5 12. 5 13.3 11.0 17.1 5.0 10.7 9.3 28.0 15.8 26.7 8.0 10.4 27.3 15.3 27.6 13.1 11.8 11.8 12.0 4.7 25.6 4.5 27.4 11.8 12.0 21.0 21.4 23.9 17.8 13.6 18.2 24.2 15.1 10.3 33. 0 21.9 19.3 12.5 23.4 17.8 7.3 15.6 18.3 25.0 17.1 9.4 22 6 23.7 14.0 11.9 10.7 14.7 9.3 15.3 16.8 12.5 3.8 13.1 18.3 5.5 5.8 7.3 6.7 9.7 5.6 2.4 14.1 11.4 3.8 12.9 17.0 5.3 5.9 6.5 6.5 10.3 5.0 6.8 6.1 6.8 11.0 10.1 6.2 6.7 5.9 4.2 3.3 25.6 9.9 5.9 3.5 8.4 8.3 2. 6 4.9 6.8 6.0 14. 0 12.6 ii.6 14 3 8.9 10.7 2.1 5.1 6.9 6.4 4.6 3.4 21.5 10.2 5.7 3.0 7.4 5.2 3 0 7.3 3. 0 12.5 7.6 16. 4 13.8 10 6 9.3 14.3 9.9 8.4 10.9 31.3 17.7 29.6 14.3 12.4 4.8 27.1 13.8 25.7 22.9 19.4 8.3 14.0 20.1 28.9 15.0 10.9 36 8 16.3 18.8 12.3 6.0 8.4 15.5 11.4 14.9 11.8 5.0 12.1 11.8 17.2 5.5 5.2 6.3 6.7 15.3 5.2 2.0 6.8 16.5 5.8 7.3 7.1 4.8 3.6 26.8 3.6 8.7 6.8 6.2 4 5 42 12.9 4.1 11 2 16.5 10 5 12.8 12.0 5.8 27.6 16.2 27.6 11.3 10.7 32.2 18.8 28.7 4.3 22.9 13.3 23.5 4.9 26.8 14.1 12.8 11.6 12.8 13.8 15.8 23.0 14.3 8.8 22.1 IQ 2 14.0 11.4 6.0 9.6 13.8 22.2 26.0 18.9 8.3 13.9 18.6 27.4 16.8 10.9 3fi 1 21. 5 18.2 12.5 5.9 10.5 15.0 10.1 10.6 14.8 11.4 3.5 11.3 16.7 5.4 5.9 6.3 7.3 6.8 8.0 9.2 10.6 6.1 4.9 2.1 2.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.3 7.0 4.6 3.4 26.0 10.4 6.2 6.1 10.8 6.8 8.8 22.2 20.8 17.3 16.3 8.8 6.3 13.9 16.0 24.6 15.9 9.7 17 7 19.7 16.1 11.9 6.9 9.6 13.8 11.7 15.3 10.5 4.6 13.7 32.7 23 fi 10.4 19.5 11.8 5.6 3.0 8.7 6.4 4.4 3.4 25.5 10.3 5.6 3.4 8.3 5.1 5 5 4.7 53 7.3 58 3.9 3 0 5.8 15 1 13.8 15 7 10.4 15.4 7.7 3 7 16.3 ft 3 10.9 14.0 12.6 12.6 16.9 12.4 4.0 14.4 17.1 5.7 5.8 7.3 7.2 10.9 6.1 2.4 6.0 1964 14.2 34.2 22 3 10.8 8.2 18.4 7.7 7.9 29.9 17.5 28.1 13.0 12.1 4.5 26.0 13.2 23.5 22.3 17.7 7.6 14.4 17.5 25.4 15.6 9.7 21.3 15.8 11.9 6.4 9.2 14.7 10.9 14.8 11.3 4.2 12.0 16.8 5.4 6.1 6.5 7.2 11.3 5.3 2.0 6.3 2.9 8.5 5.9 6.4 6.7 4.6 3.4 24.9 10.7 5.7 3.2 8.3 4Q 5.8 57 13.4 7.0 1ft 4 15.7 15 fi 4 7 5.5 4 1 12.7 6.3 12 Q 15.1 11 1 6.4 6.5 4.7 3.6 23.4 10.1 8.0 8.2 10.2 12.9 6.0 10.8 13.9 sons to the series prior to 1963 should be made with caution. Industries classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1967 Edition, Bureau of the Budget. Industry group totals include data for industries not shown separately. N : Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual data become available. These data were compiled according to the American Standard Method of Recording and Measuring Work-Injury Experience, approved by the American Standards Association, 1954. Dashes indicate data not available or insufficient to warrant presentation of average. o t e s U .S . G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O F F IC E 1966— 0 - 2 2 1 - 1 4 3 New Publications Available For Sale Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Bulletin 1425-5: Major Collective Bargaining Agreements: Management Rights and Union-Management Cooperation. 68 pp. 60 cents. Area Wage Surveys: BLS Bulletins— 1465-44: Jackson, Miss., Metropolitan Area, February 1966. 30 pp. 25 cents. 1465-46: Pittsburgh, Pa., Metropolitan Area, January 1966. 23 pp. 25 cents. 1465-48: Des Moines, Iowa, Metropolitan Area, February 1966. 31 pp. 25 cents. 1465-49: Toledo, Ohio-Mich., Metropolitan Area, February 1966. 19 pp. 20 cents. 1465-50: Newark and Jersey City, N.J., Metropolitan Area, February 1966. 38 pp. 30 cents. 1465-51: Louisville, Ky.-Ind., Metropolitan Area, February 1966. 20 pp. 20 cents. 1465-52: Waterbury, Conn., Metropolitan Area, March 1966. 30 pp. 25 cents. 1465-53: Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa.—N.J., Metropolitan Area, February 1966. 31 pp. 25 cents. 1465-54: Burlington, Vt., Metropolitan Area, March 1966. 15 pp. 20 cents. BLS Bulletin 1495: Wage Chronology: Dan River Mills, 1943-65. 10 pp. 15 cents. BLS Bulletin 1499 : Wage Chronology : Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 1943-66. 41 pp. 30 cents. For Limited Free Distribution Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 20212, or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61: Consumer Expenditures and Income: BLS Report—237-92: Total Western Region, Urban and Rural, Supplement 3-Part A. 165 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis t R DEC £11 KALAMAZOO PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 15 S ROSE KALAMAZOO MICH H9OO6 l G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t in g O f f i c e DIVISION O F P U B L IC D O C U M E N T S W a s h in g t o n , D.C. 20402 OFFICIAL B U SIN ESS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P O S T A G E A N D F E E S P A ID u .s . g o v er n m en t pr in t in g o f f ic e