Full text of Monthly Labor Review : July 1966, Vol. 89, No. 7
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Monthly
Labor \
Review \
------------ 7
> a S~
\
Employment of School Age Youth
Leisure and Long Hours
Work Stoppages in 1965
Hours and Earnings in Retail Trade
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. Willard Wirtz , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Commissioner of Labor Statistics
A rth u r M . R o ss,
R obert
J.
M yer s,
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
•
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Lawrence R. Klein, Editor-in-Chief
CONTENTS
Special Articles
721
728
733
736
739
744
Leisure and the Long Workweek
Representation Among Teachers
The UAW’s 20th Constitutional Convention
State, County, and Municipal Employees’ Biennial Convention
Special Labor Force Reports
I. Employment of School Age Youth, October 1965
II. The Effects of Employment Redistribution on Earnings
Summaries of Studies and Reports
749
754
760
762
765
769
/72
A Review of Work Stoppages During 1965
Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade: Part I
New Facts and New Law in the NLRB Annual Report
Earnings in Synthetic Textile Mills, September 1965
Earnings in Cotton Textile Mills, September 1965
Earnings in Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry
U.S.S.R. Worktime Requirements for Consumer Purchases
Departments
ii
hi
774
776
7 80
781
788
798
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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
57-5 2380
July 1966 • Vol. 89 • No. 7
This Issue in B rief.. .
b e c o m e s increasingly evident that the availa
bility of manpower is tied up with the type and
quantity of education and skills training available
to the population. The education already attained
by today’s adults is itself a determinant of the
number who enter the labor force, and what they
do there. At the same time, occupational de
mands of industry, for today and tomorrow,
help to set the Nation’s educational style.
In line with the theorem that manpower plan
ning is education planning, and vice versa, the
Review this month offers several studies, each fo
cused on a different aspect of the work force and
each related to educational attainment.
In a Special Labor Force Report on Employ
ment of School Age Youth October 1965 (p. 739),
Forrest Bogan notes the increasing tendency of
young Americans to stay in school longer; in Oc
tober 1965, more than half of the 32.8 million 14
to 24 year-olds were in school. Improved job op
portunities appear to be important in making this
possible. Both the number of students in the labor
force and the number of students employed had
increased sharply since October 1964.
For another Special Labor Force Report, Claire
Hodge studied the redistribution of employment
in the 1950-63 period, and found that the upgrad
ing of the occupational structure had more effect
on average annual earnings than did shifts in the
industrial composition of employment. In The
Effects of Employment Redistribution on Earn
ings (p. 744), the author estimates that by 1975, as
the occupational pattern continues to move toward
more professional and technical jobs and fewer
low-skilled jobs, the effect of this change will
contribute another 2-percent increase to the alloccupations average annual earnings figure.
Along with the increased awareness of the
interweaving of labor supply and educational pol
icy has come increasing attention to the relations
between school management and the teachers
who play a dual manpower role—as developers
n
It
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,
and shapers of the labor force, and themselves a
significant segment of that labor force. In Rep
resentation Among Teachers (p. 728), Michael H.
Moskow discusses the application to education of
a principle long accepted in private employment
collective bargaining, and describes the attitudes
toward exclusive recognition exhibited by leading
teacher organizations. An expanded version of
this article appears as a chapter of his new book on
Teachers and Unions.
Following are some recent key statistics from continuing
B L S series. See current Labor Statistics, pp. 798-840.
June
1966
Total civilian labor force (in thousands) _________________ 79,601
Employment____________________________________ 75, 731
Unemployment___________________________________
3,870
Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted ) ( percent) ----------------4.
Earnings of production workers in manufacturing (pre
liminary):
Average hourly earnings__________________________
$ 2.70
Average weekly hours.____________________________
41.5
Average overtime hours________________________________ 4.0
1965
78,003
73,716
4,287
0 4.7
$ 2.61
41.3
3.6
M ay
Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in
manufacturing (excluding overtime and interindustry
shifts) (1957-59=100)_______________________________
Consumer Price Index (including single workers) (1957-59=
100)______________________________________________
124.4
120.6
112.6
109.6
p e r s i s t e n t r is e in the number and proportion
of employees working longer hours—“an incon
gruous phenomenon in today’s leisure-minded
world”—is examined by Peter Henle in Leisure
and the Long Workweek (p. 721). From 1948 to
1965, the proportion of nonfarm wage and salary
employees who worked more than 48 hours a week
rose from 12.9 to 19.7 percent. Aside from those
individuals, most often professional or technical
workers, who enjoy their work and could not be
kept from working long hours, and those who hold
such responsible positions that long hours are
either required or expected of them, there is a re
latively high incidence of longer-hour workers
among men age 25-44, among married men, and
among low-paying industries and occupations such
as trade and services. No clear-cut pattern of con
centration in the lower wage brackets emerges,
however, and the degree of association between
longer hours and earnings on the job appears to
be importantly affected by characteristics of the
industry.
T he
The Labor Month
in Review
The Teamsters Prepare
for Nationwide Contracts
to the auditorium in Miami
Beach, where the Teamsters Union began its 19th
international convention on July 4, was a booth
plugging two songs: “Teamsters’ Serenade” and
“Hoffa’s Blues.” These titles were thematic to
much that transpired at the meeting. There were
three dominant efforts:
1. To strengthen international office control in
the negotiation of industry, area, and nationwide
contracts.
2. To portray General President James R. Hoffa
as a victim of Government and press persecution.
3. To provide for a leadership succession if
President Hoffa should vacate his office under
specified conditions, and to leave the gates ajar
for his return.
Fundamental constitutional changes made at the
1961 convention had shifted controlling power in
the union from locals to the international, but a
few,buttressing amendments were made in 1966.1
Topside Control. One major change evoked es
pecially vigorous debate. A local union party to
area, conference, industry, or national bargaining
must now accept the terms of an ensuing contract
even though its members vote against it. It may
not withdraw from the larger bargaining unit
except on 6 months’ notice, and then only upon
approval of the parent unit and the International
Executive Board. Moreover, the General Presi
dent may appoint the negotiating committees for
the large geographic or industry units. The same
negotiating committee is authorized with broad
latitude to conduct ratification or strike votes.
At
the
entrance
* »ee L. R. Klein, “The Eighteenth Convention of the Team
sters Union,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1961, p-p. 829-834.
The 1961 article summarizes and interprets the significance of
the 1961 constitutional shifts in power to the presidency which
made possible the major events at the 1966 convention.
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It is now union policy to foster “national nego
tiations and national agreements in any industry
in which the . . . Teamsters has jurisdiction.”
Carte blanche is offered the top officers to “expend
any funds . . . to accomplish negotiation, adminis
tration, and enforcement of national agreements.”
Topside Push. International officers considered
the national agreement clauses so important to
union welfare and bargaining power that Larry
Steinberg, Mr. Hoffa’s personal representative,
and Vice Presidents Dominick Calabrese and
Harold J. Gibbons spoke for their passage.
Robert J. Coar of Local 701, New Brunswick,
N.J., led the fight against the proposals, and sum
marized thus:
When you centralize control and power in
or through industrial corporations;, it is
monopoly. And . . . when you centralize
bargaining rights, there is no stronger
monopoly . . . .
economics
termed a
power of
economic
Because President Hoffa has been convicted
of mail fraud and jury tampering (both cases are
under appeal), there is a strong possibility that he
may serve part of his current 5-year term in prison,
and numerous 'and unabashed allusions to this risk
were made during the proceedings, especially while
the convention considered a series of constitutional
amendments relating to vacancies and expulsions.
A new post of General Vice President was
created (salary, expenses, and duties to be deter
mined by the General President). Upon death,
resignation, or removal of the General President
(not imprisonment per se), the General Vice Presi
dent automatically takes over for the unexpired
term. Meanwhile, his duties and salaries are set by
the President. Frank E. Fitzsimmons, of Mr.
Hoffa's home local 299, Detroit, was elected with
out opposition to the new office.
(Mr. Hoffa, Secretary-Treasurer John F. Eng
lish, an officer of the Teamsters since 1912, and all
12 remaining Vice Presidents were reelected by
acclamation.)
Security. Any effort to suspend or expel Mr.
Hoffa either as a local union member or inter
national officer until his eases are finally adju
dicated is forestalled by two new constitution
changes. One prohibits trials of members or local
officers on the same set of facts which they may
be facing in a criminal or civil trial, pending final
hi
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
IV
verdict on appeal. The other provision proclaims
that elective officers Can be brought up on union
charges only for current sins: that is, misbehavior
during current terms of office unless the charges
relate to actions not generally known to the mem
bership prior to the current term.
The convention program adroitly portrayed the
General President as a victim of forces who hoped
to weaken the union by destroying him. At the
same time, he was depicted as a doting grandfather,
the man for whom eight $4,000 college scholar
ships (financed by the union) would be named.
Comments of delegate Joseph Konowe, Local
210, New York City, were typical:
. . . When they are in the national office I have
witnessed upon hundreds of occasions children of
our members and officers . . . run into the arms of
the General President, because they feel 'a genuine
affection ; something that comes from within this man
reaches out to the children . . .
Messages to the convention were received from
74 U.S. Senators and Congressmen (14 of them on
video tape) and from 12 unions, including 9 affili
ated with the AFL-CIO.
There was a considerable effort to create an
analogy between Mr. Hoff a and John L. Lewis.
This began at the opening session with a film of
Mr. Lewis’ career, casting him as reviled by the
press, hounded by the Government, and castigated
by the public. Mr. Hoffa called the film “a perfect
setting for this convention.”
Only two outside speakers gave major talks:
Senators Edward V. Long of Missouri and Eugene
P. McCarthy of Minnesota. Both made vigorous
pleas for due process of law and respect for the
sanctity of individual rights as a safeguard against
government tyranny.
Senator Long:
This law [respecting wire tapping] and these con
stitutional rights [of privacy] apply to Harold Gibbons
[and] Jimmy Hoffa . . . and it is not for some [gov
ernment] agent to determine. I want the right for
a jury to determine whether I am guilty or not . . . .
When privacy vanishes, democracy as we know and
love it is in deep trouble.
Mr. Hoffa responded:
. . . Nobody knows what it is to lose your right of
counsel; nobody knows what it is to lose your right
of a fair tr ia l; nobody knows what it is to have per
jured testimony used against you until you have been
the victim of the same.
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Senator McCarthy:
. . . And I remind the press that its basic func
tion is really not to bring about convictions, but to
give as much protection as it can to the accused . . .
But no trial by police and no trial by press, and cer
tainly no trial by Congress . . .
The union’s record, as revealed in its officers'
report, indicates noteworthy progress, despite its
problems. Per capita membership figures (some
what ambiguous in the report) appear to have in
creased about 7 percent since 1961 to 1,600,000.
Net worth was $50 million, up $12 million in 5
years. But only $5 million of the increase in net
worth was derived from per capita tax; the re
mainder came from investments.
Per capita tax payments to the international
were consequently raised from $1 to $1.50 a month
and monthly dues of members were raised to at
least $6, with a mandatory raise of at least $1.
The President’s salary was raised from $75,000
to $100,000, and all other officers received substan
tial increases.
Resolutions. Response of the 1,845 delegates to
President Hoffa’s and other union officers’ legal
problems took tangible form in two hard cash
reso lu tio n s. These authorized payments of
$1,277,680 in legal expenses incurred in criminal
proceedings.
A resolution on civil rights, though passed,
made no mention of Negroes (nor did the five
lines on the subject in the officers’ report). Vice
President Gibbons, however, made a strong plea
for Negro rights, pointing to their effect on politi
cal and economic progress.
Determination to enter tne agriculture and food
processing industries was expressed by the General
President:
. . . We must expand into the agricultural field.
We must recognize that the packing plant or cannery
is no longer a packing shed by a mobile unit . . .
moving into the fields, picking . . . cleaning . . .
packing . . . and into a high speed semitrailer and
on the way to the markets.
Resolutions were also endorsed for equalization
of Canadian wages (the union has about 45,000
members in Canada), highway safety, organiza
tion of white-collar and technical workers, and a
Federal Department of Transportation.
Leisure and the Long Workweek
Recent Studies Suggest That
Long Hour Schedules Are Increasing
For Much of the Labor Force
P eter Henle *
M o s t p r o j e c t i o n s of the future course of the
economy assume a gradual but continuing decline
in time that employees spend at work. Such pro
jections overlook an important set of statistics that
demonstrate a quite different pattern of behavior.
A significant portion of the Nation’s work force
consistently works more than a 48-hour week and
from all indications, this proportion has been in
creasing rather than declining.
This article is aimed at exploring two aspects
of this trend: (1) who are the individuals work
ing such long hours? and (2) at what types of jobs
are they working ?
There can be little doubt about the basic trend.
From 1948 to 1965, the number of nonfarm wage
and salary employees working more than 48 hours
almost doubled, rising from 4.8 million to 9.4 mil
lion, or from 12.9 percent to 19.7 percent of the
full-time nonfarm work force (table 1) 4
This increase occurred at the same time that
other groups of workers were shifting to shorter
workweeks. From 1948 to 1965, the proportion of
full-time nonfarm employees working between 35
and 40 hours increased from 4.8 percent to 8.2 per
cent and the proportion working 41 to 48 hours
dropped from 30.5 percent to 18.3 percent (table
2). However, the increase in longer hours em
ployees has been so persistent that average weekly
hours for the full-time nonfarm work force was
almost the same in 1965 as it had been in 1948
(about 45 hours).
Who works these long hours? In May 1965,2
a total of 14.8 million persons were working 49
hours or more, 21 percent of the total at work.
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Of these workers, 9.4 million were nonfarm wage
and salary workers, or almost one-fifth of the
full-time work force. These individuals are not
simply a smaller version of the total labor force.
Men in the primary age groups, married men, and
white men are more heavily represented. Groups
represented to a lesser degree are women, teenagers,
older men, single men, and nonwhites.
Of the employees working long hours, the ma
jority worked between 49 and 59 hours, but fully
40 percent were on the job 60 hours or more. It
can therefore be assumed that the longer hours
group does not simply consist of individuals with
a regular 48-hour schedule working a few overtime
hours. Rather, the group includes many working
exceedingly long hours—often much longer than
60 hours a week. In fact, the average workweek
reported for those working more than 60 hours was
♦Deputy Associate Commissioner, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 The basic data used in this article relate to nonfarm wage and
salary employees. This definition omits the following three groups
in the work force whose inclusion in the data would tend to dis
tort basic trends in average time at work: (1) part-time em
ployees (mostly women and teenagers), (2) self-employed (includ
ing farmers), and (3) farm laborers. Since the number of parttime employees working less than 35 hours has been increasing
rapidly in recent years while the self-employed and farm workers
whose hours are traditionally quite lengthy have been declining,
it is clear that inclusion of these groups in the basic data depict
ing changes in work time over a period of years would produce a
statistically correct but quite misleading decline in average hours
worked.
2 Throughout this article, May is used as the month of reference
for data obtained through the household survey. This practice is
followed for two reasons : (1) May is considered a normal month
for data on working hours because the survey week does not in
clude a holiday, while annual average data are often distorted be
cause of the varying incidence of holidays in other months of the
year, and (2) for some of the earlier years, data on hours are
available only for the month of May when special surveys were
taken.
721
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
722
69 hours, indicating that many worked well be
yond that amount.3
Answers obtained in a special inquiry of single
jobholders in May 1964 show the way the long
hours were scheduled. The schedule for threefourths of the group included a 5-day workweek
of longer than 40 hours as well as weekend work.
Only 18 percent of those working 49-59 hours and
4 percent of those working 60 hours or more worked
a 5-day week. Here is how the long hours group
is divided among single and multiple jobholders:
Nonagricultural Employees Working Long Hours
M ay 1965
[In millions]
Total__________________ ______
______
Single jobholders___
Multiple jobholders____ ____ ______
19 hours
or more
9.4
7.5
1.9
19-59
hours
60 hours
or more
5.5
3.8
4.7
.9
1.0
2 .8
The 1.9 million multiple jobholders working 49
hours or more represents more than three-fifths of
all nonfarm wage and salary “moonlighters.” 4
As expected, a higher proportion of multiple job
holders worked longer hours than did the com
parable group of single jobholders. The distribuT a b l e 1.
P e r s o n s W o r k i n g 49 H o u r s o r M o r e P e r
W e e k a s a P r o p o r t io n o f T o t a l P e r s o n s a t W o r k
b y C la ss of W o rk er
[In thousands]
May 1948
May 1965
Total
at
work
Work
ing 49
hours
or
more
Per
cent
Total
at
work
Work
ing 49 Per
hours cent
or
more 1
56,899
12,074
21.2
70,005
14, 833
21.2
Wage and salary__________ 44,629
Self-employed____________ 10,431
Unpaid family workers____ 1,839
5,686
5, 832
556
12.7
55.9
30.2
59, 537
8,860
1,608
9,938
4, 557
338
16.7
51.4
21.0
7,650
4,541
59.4
5,031
2,398
47.7
1,614
4,544
1,492
842
3,228
471
52.2
71.0
31.6
1,568
2, 465
998
583
1,638
177
37.2
66.5
17.7
Total_______________ 49,249
7, 533
15.3
64,974
12, 435
19.1
Wage and salary__________ 43,015
Full-time_____________ 37, 538
Self-employed____________
5,887
Unpaid family workers____
347
4, 844
4,844
2,604
85
11.3
12.9
44.2
24.5
£7, 969
47, 534
6,395
610
9, 355
9,355
2,919
161
16.1
19.7
45.6
26.4
Item
A ll Workers
T otal_______________
A griculture
T otal_______________
Wage and salary. _ ______
Self-employed____________
Unpaid family w orkers.. . _
N ONAGRICULTURAL
1 The estimated number of persons working 49 hours or more for May 1965
was revised upward by 700,000 from the regularly published figure. Basically,
this adjustment corrects for an underreporting of hours by multiple job
holders revealed by probing questions in the May survey.
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tion pattern according to age, sex, and color does
not differ markedly between multiple and single
jobholders.5
Industry Comparison
The incidence of long hours varies by industry
and occupation. Higher rates are more prevalent
in the trade and service industries and among man
agerial, professional, sales, and private household
workers than in construction, manufacturing, and
government, or among blue-collar and clerical
workers where the incidence of long hours is
lower than the average rate.
For some industries there are significant differ
ences between the proportion of single and multiple
jobholders working long hours. In manufactur
ing and government, for example, where fixed
working hours are generally the rule, opportunities
are limited for overtime or work beyond 48 hours
weekly. The employee who wants to work longer
hours than this must obtain a second job. While
a relatively small proportion of employees in these
industries are working longer than 48 hours on a
single job, the proportion of multiple jobholders is
relatively high.
From the data we can identify three types of
individuals working long hours. The first group
includes those who genuinely enjoy their work and
therefore want to work long hours. This group is
certainly illustrated, for example, by the relatively
high proportion of professional and technical em
ployees working long hours.
In the second group are those persons who hold
responsible positions and are either required or
expected to work long hours. This helps to ex
plain the high incidence of long hours among man
agerial employees.6
3 Based on special inquiry in May 1964.
i
Detailed information on multiple jobholders is given in
“Multiple Jobholders in May 1905,” Monthly Labor Review, Feb
ruary 1966, pp. 147-154, which was reprinted with additional
statistical tables as Special Labor Force Report No. 63.
3 Detailed information on characteristics of persons working
long hours and three additional tables will be contained in the
reprint of this article.
8 A number of comments have been published on the different
attitudes toward work of the rising numbers of professional, tech
nical, and managerial employees. See J. K. Galbraith, The
Affluent Society (Boston, Hougliton-Mifilin Co., 1958), ch. XXIV;
Harold L. Wilensky, “The Uneven Distribution of Leisure : The
Impact of Economic Growth of ‘Free Time,’ ” Social Problems,
January 1961, pp. 32-56 ; and A. M. Ross, “The New Industrial
Relations,” The Changing Patterns of Industrial Relations: Pro
ceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Relations,
Tokyo, Japan, 1965 (Tokyo, Japan Institute of Labor, 1966).
p. 144.
723
LEISURE AND THE LONG WORKWEEK
T a b l e 2.
H ours W orked b y F u ll -T ime N onagricul tu ra l W age a n d S alary W orkers
Percent distribution by hours worked
M ay
1948___________
1953___________
1957___________
1959___________
1963___________
1965___________
Total
at work
35 hours
or more
Total
3539
40
4148
49
and
over
4959
37, 538
41, 206
41,801
42,641
45,370
47,537
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.8
5.5
7.5
7.4
7.7
8.2
51.8
58.0
59.2
59.6
56.4
55.3
30.5
24.1
19.0
18.3
18.0
18.3
12.9
12.4
14.3
14. 7
17.9
18.2
8.0
(>)
8.4
8.1
10.4
10.8
60
and
over
4.9
(9
5.9
6.6
7.5
7.4
1 N ot available.
The third classification is in sharp contrast to
the other two. It includes those people who work
long hours because of their need for additional
income. Evidence for this conclusion is drawn
from the relatively heavy incidence of long hours
found among men in the 25-44 age group, married
men, and among certain low-paying industries and
occupations, especially trades and service. On the
other hand, other low-income groups such as la
borers and Negro workers include a smaller than
average proportion working longer hours. This
anomaly might well be explained by the limited
opportunities offered to these groups to work
longer hours and the more physically exhausting
nature of their jobs which would limit the individ
ual’s interest in extending his worktime.
The relation between long working hours and
earnings can be explored at greater length, using
results from recent Bureau of Labor Statistics sur
veys. In 1964, the annual May survey of em
ployees working long hours included, for the first
time, an inquiry on total weekly earnings. Pre
liminary results, as shown in table 3, support
previous indications that among the group work
ing long hours is a heavy representation of both
low-wage workers a n d higli-salary earners.
Among both men and women, the proportion
working 60 hours or more a week was highest for
workers whose weekly earnings were less than $60
or more than $150. Because respondents were not
asked the dollar amount of their weekly earnings
but only to indicate in which of several groupings
their earnings fell, the data cannot be readily
translated into hourly earnings. Since for any
7 For 1964 data, see James R. Wetzel, “Long Hours and
Premium Pay,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1965, reprinted
as Special Labor Force Report No. 5i7. Data for 1965 will be
included in a forthcoming article in the Monthly Labor Review.
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given level of weekly earnings, the longer the work
week the lower the hourly earnings, it is clear that
transforming the data in table 3 into hourly earn
ings would have the effect, of concentrating an even
larger proportion of the longer hours workers at
the lower end of the earnings scale.
The May 1964 inquiry was directed at total
weekly earnings and thus includes all pay at
overtime premiums. However, from this and sub
sequent studies, it is clear that only a small pro
portion of those working 49 hours or longer are
receiving premium pay for any hours above 40.
In May 1965, only 27 percent of those single job
holders working 49 hours or more received any
premium pay. This group was concentrated
largely among blue-collar workers in manufactur
ing, construction, transportation, and public utili
ties, all of which fall within the jurisdiction of the
Fair Labor Standards Act. Beceipt of premium
pay was far less common among white-collar work
ers in these industries and for all occupations in
other industries generally falling outside the scope
of the Federal statute. Only 11 percent of the
more than 4 million single jobholders in trade and
service industries working over 49 hours received
any premium pay.
Moreover, the longer the workweek, the less
likely the employee is to receive any premium pay.
Over 40 percent of single jobholders working 4148 hours received premium pay, but only 32 per
cent of those working 49-59 hours and 18 percent
of those working 60 hours or longer received pre
mium pay. Average overtime hours at premium
pay for those persons working 60 hours or more
was actually less than it was for persons working
49-59 hours.7
T a ble 3. D ist r ib u t io n of F u ll -T im e W age and
S a lary W or k er s by W e e k l y E a r n in g s and H ours
of W ork , M ay 1965.
Percent distribution
by weekly earnings
Weekly hours
Number (in
millions)
Less
than
$40
$40$59
$60$79
$80$149
$150$199
13.7
12.5
13.9
13.8
M en
35-40________________
41-48________________
49-59________________
60 and over__________
17.9
6.9
4.8
3.9
2.2
1.6
2.6
3.6
7.6
7.4
6.1
7.0
12.1
14.1
10.4
13.2
56.5
57.1
54.3
45.9
W omen
35-40________________
41-48________________
49-59________________
60 and over_ _______ _
11.6
2.3
.8
.4
8.2
16.5
19.0
28.1
26.0
23.3
19.8
16.8
26.8
27.9
14.0
14.1
36.7
29.0
38.9
33.0
2.4
3.4
8.3
8.1
$200
and
over
7.9
7.3
12.5
16.5
724
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY I960
T a ble 4. P r opo rtion of L ong -H o urs E m ployees w ith
Low S traigh t -T ime E a r n in g s , M a n u fa c t u r in g I n
d u s t r ie s , M ay 1964
Number of
employees
(in thousands)
Percent
with hourly
earnings
under $1.30
Characteristics
Total
United States____
Percent
with
hourly
earnings
under $1.50
49
49
49
40 hours 40 hours 40 hours
hours or hours or hours or
more
more
more
14,590 6,098 1,271
6
6
13
15
Metropolitan areas_____
10,578 4,508
Nonmetropolitan areas____ 4,013 1,590
868
403
3
12
3
12
9
25
9
27
Northeast . . . ...... ............. 4,923 1,998
S o u th ... _
. _______ 3, 229 1,286
North Central. _ ____ ____ 4,806 1,976
W est_____________________ 1,633
838
362
333
474
101
4
15
3
1
2
15
3
1
11
31
8
4
9
37
8
4
Food_____________________
Textile___
_ . . . ._ _ .
A p p a rel__ _____
...
Lumber____ _ ______ _
Furniture________ ______
Pap er... _ __ _
Printing and publishing___
Leather.. _____ _ _ . . . . . .
Stone, clay, and glass.__ . .
Fabricated metal products..
Machinery, except electrical.
Instruments. _____
Miscellaneous manufactoring.. ___ _ . . . ._
1,293
849
1,243
536
357
542
837
326
528
1,034
1,324
309
423
303
340
184
141
222
204
91
229
508
609
173
166
84
37
67
52
66
50
13
52
118
208
18
7
10
30
23
10
2
8
15
3
2
1
3
14
5
21
15
10
(O
4
15
9
3
1
1
13
39
55
37
27
6
21
43
9
7
3
9
29
25
40
38
36
2
10
35
19
11
5
4
339
162
24
9
2
24
9
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
Hours and Earnings
Specific data on straight-time hourly earnings
by weekly hours worked are available from a series
of recent BLS studies conducted at the request of
the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divi
sions. The data provide the most comprehensive
picture available of average hourly straight-time
earnings for production or nonsupervisory work
ers classified by the number of hours worked.
Results of three specific studies in this series
(manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail trade)
show no simple direct relation between hours of
work and levels of pay (tables 4-6). For both
wholesale and retail trade, and for almost all indi
vidual industries for which information is avail
able, the longer hours employees are more heavily
concentrated at the lower end of the earnings
scale.8 This same relationship holds for each major
section of the country as well as for metropolitan
and nonmetropolitan areas. Interestingly, al
though this concentration is also evident in a num
ber of manufacturing industries, it is not found in
manufacturing as a whole or in a majority of
individual manufacturing industries with recorded
data.
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It seems clear that certain characteristics of indi
vidual industries play an important role in deter
mining the degree of association between low pay
and longer hours. For example, in manufactur
ing, individual overtime is relatively rare. An
increase in the weekly schedule beyond 40 hours
necessarily involves large groups of employees.
Since overtime premium pay is almost universally
applicable, the employer must carefully weigh the
advantage of increased production against very
specific increased labor costs. The result is that
although there has been considerable overtime
worked in manufacturing industries, it seldom
goes beyond 48 hours weekly. In the March 1964
manufacturing survey, only 9 percent of the non
supervisory employees were working 49 hours or
more. Undoubtedly, many of these—except for
certain numbers of guards, janitors, etc.—were the
more highly skilled maintenance employees whose
overtime efforts are often needed to put equipment
in working order for the regularly scheduled day
time shifts. There is thus no clear-cut pattern of
concentration of longer hours employees in the
lower wage brackets.
In wholesale trade, the great majority of em
ployees are covered by the Fair Labor Standards
Act. This is undoubtedly an important factor
responsible for the quite small proportion (9 per
cent) of the employees working 49 hours or more.
However, overtime can be more easily scheduled
on an individual basis. From the data, it is clear
that a disproportionately large number working
these long hours fall at the low-wage end of the
distribution. For example, fully one-fifth of
those working 49 hours or more are earning less
than $1.30, compared to only 8 percent of those
working the standard 40-hour week.
In retail trade, the Fair Labor Standards Act
was applied for the first time by the 1961 amend
ments. The law provided a gradual introduction
of an hours standard beginning with a 44-hour
standard in 1963 and ending with the 40-hour
standard in September 1965. However, the 1961
law extended coverage only to the larger retailing
firms. In June 1965, when the wage survey was
undertaken, about 40 percent of the industry’s
8 There does not appear to be any concentration at the upper
end of the earnings scale but this is not inconsistent with earlier
findings since these studies covered only nonsupervisory em
ployees.
725
LEISURE AND THE LONG WORKWEEK
employees were covered by the law. The survey
shows a close relation between longer hours worked
and lower straight-time earnings. For each sec
tion of the country and for each individual indus
try for which data are available, the proportion
of employees receiving less than $1.00 or $1.25 an
hour is higher among employees working 48 and
more hours a week than it is for those working
only 40 hours. Similarly, a much higher propor
tion of low-wage than higher wage workers work
48 hours or more.
Further evidence on this question is given by a
study of employees of motor carriers, who are gen
erally not covered by hours provisions of the Fair
Labor Standards Act, Wage data for November
1964 show a close correspondence between longer
hours and lower pay for a number of specific
occupations.9
Policy Problems
What conclusions can be drawn from this evi
dence? In the first place, it sheds some light on
the relationship between hours of work offered and
rates of pay.
The finding that a relatively large proportion
of long-hours employees are concentrated at the
lower end of the wage distribution is consistent
with a negative slope in the curve for the supply
of labor—as wages rise, fewer hours will be offered.
In effect, the lower wage induces the worker to
accept longer hours in order to achieve a certain
income standard. However, the evidence also
suggests at least two situations where employees
are willing to work long hours; if the employees
enjoy their work, or if they receive premium pay
for overtime work.10
The facts regarding the prevalence of long
working hours raises questions about the long0
M o to r C a rrie rs, A S tu d y to E v a lu a te th e N eed f o r an d F e a si
b ility of E x te n d in g O v e r tim e P r o v is io n s to E m p lo y ee s o f M o to r
C a rrie rs, S u b m itte d to th e C on gress J a n u a ry 1966 (U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions,
1966), tables 34 (p. 64) and 42 (p. 77).
10 For a more complete discussion including extensive statistical
analyses see T. Aldrich Finegan, “Hours of Work in the United
States, A Cross-Sectional Analysis,” J o u rn a l o f P o litic a l E co n o m y,
October 1962, pp. 452-470. For an international analysis of in
come and hours of work, see Gordon C. Winston, “An Interna
tional Comparison of Income and Hours of Work” The R e v ie w of
E con om ics an d S ta tis tic s , February 1966, p. 28.
11 For a more complete examination of postwar trends in paid
leisure, see “Recent Growth of Paid Leisure for U.S. Workers,”
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , March 1962.
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standing belief that Americans are showing in
creasing preference for leisure instead of income.
Many workers, for reasons either of choice, habit,
or necessity, seem to regard leisure as second to in
come. However, the recent trend toward leisure
has frequently taken the form of increasing paid
vacations and paid holidays. Since the data un
der discussion is limited to length of workweek
and not extended paid leave, the results may sim
ply indicate the changing attitude toward leisure
time; a shift from preference of short periods of
leisure at the end of the workday to more extended
periods through an increased number of days off
with pay.11
Finally, what implications can be drawn from
these data regarding efforts through public policy
to limit work time by setting an hours standard
beyond which work must be paid at premium rates
of pay ? Does the persistence of such long hours
indicate that the current hours standards have
failed to achieve their purpose or are these long
hours largely outside the scope of today’s
legislation ?
Previous mention has been made of the fact
that only a small proportion of longer hours
workers are receiving premium pay for hours
worked beyond 40. The distribution of these
workers by industry and occupation is generally
T a b l e 5. P r o po rtion of L ong -H o urs E m plo y ees w ith
Low S tr aig h t -T ime H o urly E a r n in g s , W ho lesa le
T r a d e , M arch 1964
Percent
Percent
with
with hourly
hourly
earnings
earnings
under $1.30 under $1.50
Number of
employees
(in thousands)
Characteristics
Total
United States-
-- ----
2,288
49
49
49
40 hours 40 hours 40 hours
or
hours
or
hours or hours
more
more
more
999
215
8
20
14
38
17
28
11
34
31
54
Metropolitan areas___ ____
Nonmetropolitan areas-----
1,908
380
886
114
145
70
5
25
Northeast__ _____
South--- ------ ------ North Central.
_
. -W est___ : ________________
642
620
649
377
268
246
282
204
43
92
64
17
5
18
4
3
5
36
12
8
9
28
11
7
14
61
28
13
128
92
57
38
9
2
9
9
10
26
16
21
19
34
385
136
56
18
32
23
50
83
20
15
18
26
25
57
Drugs, chemicals and
allied products_____ __ .
D ry goods and apparel____
Groceries and related
products--------------- _ __
Farm products—raw
materials-.
Hardware and plumbing
and heating equipment
and supplies
-----Machinery, equipment and
supplies__
--- Miscellaneous wholesalers.—
102
50
7
7
16
14
32
366
776
203
330
21
74
4
6
17
16
9
13
32
31
726
T a ble 6.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
P roportion
of
L ong -H o urs E m ployees W ith Low S traigh t -T im e H o urly E a r n in g s , R e ta il T r a d e ,
J u n e 1965
Number of employees
(in thousands)
Characteristics
Total
Percent with earnings
under $1.00
40
hours
40-48
hours
48 hours
or more
40
hours
Percent with earnings
under $1.25
40-48
hours
48 hours
or more
40
hours
40-48
hours
48 hours
or more
U nited States________ _ _ __ ______ .
6,687
1,662
1,092
1,267
2
5
10
9
17
22
Metropolitan areas___ ___________ _________
Nonmetropolitan areas_____ _________ __ .
4, 977
1, 710
1,344
319
762
330
766
501
1
7
3
10
6
16
7
21
12
28
16
31
Northeast_________________ . . . . . .
South____________________________ _
North Central_________
West_________________________________
1, 752
1,884
1,865
1,186
431
402
428
401
240
385
307
160
218
503
334
212
11
3
1
1
21
4
1
5
20
10
3
4
31
14
5
5
41
14
6
Building materials, hardware, and farm equipm ent___ - .
General merchandise2___________________ _ . .
Department stores.......... ................
. .
Limited price variety s t o r e s ......... .
Food stores2_____ __________ _ . _
Grocery stores_____________________
_ _
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations 2_.
.
_ .
Motor vehicle dealers ______ . _
Gasoline service stations__ _________ .
Apparel and accessories 2_______ ________ _ __ .
Men’s and boys’ _______________
Women’s ready-to-wear_____ .
______
Shoe stores___ . . . _____ ______
Furniture, home furnishings and household appliances 2__
Furniture, home furnishings and equipm ent_____________
Household appliances__________ .
Miscellaneous retail stores2_______ _ . .
Drug and p ro p rieta ry .___ . . ______ . . . . . . .
489
1,647
1,019
277
1,367
1,151
1,270
604
476
582
99
215
105
364
232
79
968
372
114
495
343
61
342
285
199
106
54
150
24
55
22
114
71
26
249
81
119
176
97
27
178
160
317
236
38
77
18
22
19
80
53
18
146
51
164
104
29
10
205
163
490
193
222
57
20
9
17
73
46
18
175
51
4
17
4
10
5
32
8
7
7
5
13
15
9
20
11
6
5
7
13
24
8
28
14
53
16
16
9
8
18
26
13
41
16
11
12
7
26
42
13
31
7
41
26
26
22
15
32
20
12
42
13
14
16
10
22
40
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
2 Includes industries in addition to those shown separately.
consistent with the existing coverage of the Fair
Labor Standards Act. Although the law has been
amended several times to increase its scope, many
sections of the economy still remain outside its
protection.12 The employees not covered by the
FLSA are usually not covered by State statutes,
either. Only a few States require premium pay
ments for lengthy workweeks.13 Although defin
itive statistics are lacking, it seems clear that a
relatively small proportion of employees covered
by the FLSA are working 49 hours or more weekly
while a much larger proportion of employees out
side the scope of the act are working these hours
at straight-time rates of pay. This supports the
12 About 17.5 million workers currently are not covered, 38 per
cent of all nonsupervisory employees. In addition, a number of
specific exemptions from the hours standard are provided for cer
tain industries or parts of industries, in some cases only for peak
seasonal periods. Taken together, the statute fails to cover many
large groups of employees, particularly in trade and service in
dustries. Pending legislation would cover an additional 7 million
workers in 1967 and 1969.
13 Although 35 States and the District of Columbia have enacted
minimum wage statutes, only 23 of them include any limitations
or standards for overtime hours worked. Of these, only 15 and
the District of Columbia require, by law or by wage order, the
payment of premium pay at a rate of time and one-half the
regular rate for work after a certain number of hours worked per
week. Even for these States, the overtime provision is often
limited in coverage, applies only to women and minors, or is
effective only after 48 hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0)
6
2
1
1
1
(0
6
2
2
2
1
6
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
4
8
(')
2
10
2
25
3
3
2
2
5
7
2
14
3
3
4
2
9
18
«
29
11
12
10
6
15
9
4
20
5
6
6
5
12
24
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of components may not equal totals.
conclusion that the penalty rates under FLSA (and
collective bargaining) have tended to discourage
the use of overtime.
Retail Trade
This conclusion can be tested further by refer
ence to recent studies of hours worked in retail
trade prior to and after the effective dates of the
44-hour and 42-hour standards. The data show a
substantial increase in the employment of parttime employees, and a gradual reduction in the
proportion of employees working beyond the
newly effective standards. From June 1961 to
June 1965, the proportion of employees in estab
lishments covered by FLSA working over 44 hours
declined from 16 percent to 13 percent. The pro
portion working over 42 hours has dropped from
22 percent to 16 percent as shown in the following
tabulation :
Covered
Weekly hours of work
Under 35____ _ _ __________ ____. . . .
35 to 40_________________________ . . . .
Over 40 and under 42.. _________ . . . .
Over 42 and under 44_____________. . . .
Over 44 and under 4 8 . . __________ . . .
Over 48... ______
____ _ . . . . . . . .
Uncovered
1961 1962 1965 1961 1962 1965
28.1 30.3 33.7 28.3 28.4 31.3
45.3 46.2 44.3 27.0 27.0 29.4
3.2
4.8 4.8 5.8 3.2 3.4
6.1 4.8 3.6 6.0 6.1
5.7
9.0 8.0 6.3 16.8 16.7 14.5
6.8 6.1 6.4 18.6 18.4 16. 0
Y27
LEISURE AND THE LONG WORKWEEK
Sharper declines were noted among employees
of drug, apparel, and limited price variety stores.
Little change in hours took place among employees
of furniture, appliance, and other retail stores
where a large proportion of sales employees work
on a commission basis and continue to be exempt
from overtime provisions of the act.14
A similar drop in the proportion of long-hours
employees took place among employees in the
smaller stores which make up the section of the in
dustry not covered by the new hours standards.
The fact that reductions in worktime have been in
dustry wide suggests that either the rapid trans
fer of new practices induced by an hours standard
or the presence of other factors such as the shift
to the suburbs or the availability of part-time
workers may be affecting the hours pattern for the
industry as a whole.
If imposition of an overtime penalty does have
the specific effect of reducing long hours of work,
a critical question still remains: What will be the
effect of such a reduction on the earnings of those
affected ? Conceivably, the net result of the hours
reduction, together with the payment of overtime
premiums for hours worked over 40 could range
from a sharp increase in earnings for the individ
ual whose hours were not reduced but whose earn
ings were substantially increased as a result of the
premium pay requirement to a sharp decrease for
the individual whose hours were cut back to 40
without any offsetting increase in hourly earnings.
The actual effect of imposing an hours standard
could be expected to depend upon a number of fac
tors, including conditions in the product market,
the relative availability and costs of additional
labor or capital inputs, and possible improvements
in technology. To provide a better basis for pub
lic policy, however, more needs to be known about
the characteristics of employees working long
hours and the reaction of employers to the imposi
tion of an hours standard. An additional survey
of wages and hours in retail trade with informa
tion for a June 1966 payroll period will provide
a better basis for judging the effect of the 40-hour
standard, effective in September 1965. Other
studies will be necessary to explain more clearly
the persistent rise in the number and proportion of
employees working long hours, an incongruous
phenomenon in today’s leisure-minded world.
14
R e ta il T ra d e : A S tu d y to M easu re th e E ffe c ts of th e M in im u m
W age an d M axim u m H o u rs S ta n d a rd s of th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d
ards A c t, S u b m itte d to th e C ongress J a n u a ry 1966 (U .S . D e p a r t
m en t o f Labor, W age and H ou r and P u b lic C on tracts D ivision .
1 9 6 6 ), pp. ’3 6 -4 4 and app en dix tab les. F o r a d iscu ssio n o f the
im p act o f th e 44-hour standard, see M yron Josep h, “H ours of
W ork I ssu e s” th e N a tio n a l C om m ission on T echn ology, A u tom a
tion , and E con om ic P rogress, A ppendix, Vol. II, pp. 3 4 0 -3 4 1 .
The country is ready for the 5-day week. It is bound to come through all
industries. . . . The short week is bound to come, because without it the coun
try will not be able to absorb its production and stay prosperous.
We think that, given the chance, people will become more and more expert
in the effective use of leisure. And we are giving the chance.
But it is the influence of leisure on consumption which makes the short day
and the short week so necessary. The people who consume the bulk of goods
are the people who make them. That is a fact we must never forget—that
is the secret of our prosperity.
People who have more leisure must have more clothes. They must have a
greater variety of food. They must have more transportation facilities. They
naturally must have more service of various kinds.
—“The 5-Day Week in the Ford Plants,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1926, pp.
1162- 1166 .
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Representation Among Teachers
The Exclusive Recognition Principle
Is Being Measured A gainst Other A lternatives
For Collective B argaining in Education
Michael H. Moskow*
S in c e t h e p a s s a g e of the National Labor Relations
Act in 1935, exclusive recognition has been accepted
as one of the basic principles of collective bargain
ing in the private sector. It was felt that a single
representative of all employees in a particular bar
gaining unit was necessary in order to have effec
tive collective bargaining.
Prior to the passage of the Wagner Act, em
ployer associations wTere usually opposed to exclu
sive recognition and unions were usually found
arguing the other side of the case. Because of its
wide acceptance and utilization, however, exclusive
recognition is merely mentioned in today’s text
books, and there is rarely any explanation of its
purpose and function.
Many other forms of representation have de
veloped recently in public education, and the pros
and cons of exclusive recognition are once more
being debated. The difference is that today the
discussants are school boards, educational adminis
trators, and teacher organizations.
Application to Public Education
Several problems arise in attempting to use
exclusive recognition in public education. First,
since great variety exists among the States in
terms of the degree of State control and State
support of public education, it is difficult to make
sweeping generalizations. In States where many
decisions affecting the salaries and working con
ditions of teachers are made at the State level, ex
clusive recognition at the local level loses much
of its significance. Although an exclusive repre
sentative may be chosen at the local level, his
728
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actual benefit to the teachers will be limited.
When the scope of decisions made at the local
level is too small for any meaningful negotiations
to take place, exclusive representation at the local
level will probably not be crucial to effective rep
resentation for the teachers.
On the other hand, in States where local school
boards exercise considerable autonomy in setting
the salaries and working conditions of teachers,
meaningful negotiations can be conducted at the
local level. In all States, however, many more
decisions affecting the working conditions of
teachers are made at the State level than is the
case with private employees. Thus, exclusive
representation at the local level will have to be
supplemented by other mechanisms at the State
level. In addition, organizations serving as ex
clusive representatives on the local level will have
to coordinate their efforts with State-level
organizations.
Second, since teachers are public employees,
rights of individuals and minority organizations
will be stressed to a greater extent than in private
employment. The right of any citizen or group
of citizens to petition their government cannot be
abridged, and in establishing any system of rep
resentation in public employment, these rights
should be stressed. School boards will have to
give specific guarantees that any employee or mi*Assistant Professor of Management, Drexel Institute of
Technology. By permission of the Trustees of the University of
Pennsylvania, this article is taken from chapter VI of Teachers
and Unions, published early this month by the Industrial Re
search Unit of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce.
University of Pennsylvania. Clothbound $8.50, paperbound
$5.95. Some subtitles have been added, or altered, and deletions
are not indicated.
REPRESENTATION AMONG TEACHERS
nority organization may make a statement to the
board even though an exclusive representative has
been chosen.
Third, it appears that in some States nego
tiated agreements which limit an employee’s
choice of a representative in a grievance procedure
may be declared illegal. Where grievance pro
cedures are provided by State law, any negotiated
procedures will have to be subject to the legislative
framework.
Fourth, since no legislation has been passed
regulating the internal structure of teacher orga
nizations, it would most likely be desirable to estab
lish school board policies or to formulate codes of
ethics guaranteeing a voice to all employees in the
unit of representation.
Obviously, the precise implementation of the
above modifications will depend upon the various
State legislative frameworks and on the wishes
of the parties. It does appear, however, that in
some cases, a modified form of exclusive recog
nition is viable in the environment of public
education.
The Position of the NEA
In 1963, the NEA did not require its local
affiliates to be the exclusive representative of all
teachers in their respective school districts in
order for them to be engaging in professional
negotiations. The sample Level I and Level I I
negotiation agreements contained in the 1963 edi
tion of the NEA’s Guidelines for Professional
Negotiation consisted of two different types of
agreements. In each case one agreement was a
school board policy which recognized any organi
zation of employees, and the other agreement was
a board policy recognizing one association of em
ployees. The first two paragraphs of the agree
ments on both Level I and Level I I recognizing
any association were as follows:
The Board of Education o f ------recognizes that certi
fied employees are free to join organizations that are
compatible with the law of ------ and that exist for
the benefit of the teaching profession and for the indi
vidual teacher. The Board encourages every teacher
to join the organization of his choice.
The Board of Education of the ------ will hear and
consider the representations and proposals of orga
nized employee groups providing they have on file in
the district office a notarized statement which shall
include: (a) name and business address of the orga
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
729
nization, (b) purpose of the organization, (c) direct
affiliations maintained by the organization, (d) list
of current officers of the organization, (e) statement
of current number of employee members of the orga
nization, (f) statement of financial support for
organization, whether by dues, contribution, grants,
or other.1
Thus, the association classified as professional
negotiation a general school board .policy state
ment which established a procedure for recogniz
ing employee organizations, but named no specific
representative of the teachers. Some locals were
merely recognized by the school board as the rep
resentative of their members, and this is far dif
ferent from any kind of meaningful negotiations
taking place.
In addition, dual and proportional representa
tion were considered professional negotiation.
Mt. Diablo, Calif., had a Level I professional nego
tiation agreement in this category; San Bruno
Park, San Mateo, and Placentia Unified, Calif.,
Vigo County (Terre Haute), Ind., and Ports
mouth, Ohio, had Level I I professional negotiation
agreements in this category. Howell, Mich., had a
Level I I I professional negotiation agreement that
named no specific employee organization.
Cahokia, 111., and Gary, Ind., had professional
negotiaton agreements, while the AFT locals had
collective bargaining agreements in the same school
districts. Dearborn, Mich., had proportional rep
resentation, yet this too was considered profes
sional negotiation.
The NEA changed its policy on recognition at
its 1965 convention. A new edition of its Guide
lines for Professional Negotiation was approved
which advocated exclusive recognition as a funda
mental element of professional negotiation.
It is a fundamental principle of professional nego
tiation that the teachers organization which has ma
jority support should have exclusive recognition
rights. This is particularly important when there
is more than one local organization. In some districts
local units of the American Federation of Teachers,
AFL-CIO, are competing with NEA affiliates. Only
one of these organizations can negotiate effectively
for the professional staff.2
1 National Education Association, Office of Professional De
velopment and Welfare, G u id elin es f o r P r o fe s sio n a l N e g o tia tio n
(Washington, National Education Association, 1963), p. 28.
2 National Education Association, Office of Professional De
velopment and Welfare, G u idelin es fo r P r o fe s sio n a l N e g o tia tio n ,
Revised Edition (Washington, National Education Association,
1965), p. 12.
730
By early 1966, however, the NEA still classified
local affiliates which had nonexclusive forms of
recognition as engaging in professional negotia
tion. At the same time, the NEA considered the
1965 California statute which provided for propor
tional representation and the 1965 Oregon statute
which provided for teacher councils to be “profes
sional negotiation laws.” Thus exclusive recogni
tion does not appear to be a necessary element of
professional negotiation as the latter term is used
by the NEA.
Although acceptance of dual and proportional
representation may harm NEA efforts to achieve
professional negotiations in the long run, local
leaders will usually be willing to accept propor
tional representation rather than have no repre
se n ta tio n w h atev er.
O ne d is a d v a n ta g e of th e
NEA advocating dual and proportional represen
tation is that it will become exceedingly difficult in
the future to eliminate this type of representation
from local school districts engaging in the practice.
The AFT Position
The AFT takes a position very similar to that
of the NEA on the issue of exclusive recognition.
Nationally, it advocates exclusive recognition for
all local affiliates who desire to engage in collec
tive bargaining.3 The AFT will accept, however,
dual and proportional representation and refer to
it as collective bargaining. For example, in the
April 1964 issue of the American Teacher the head
line read: “Chicago, Local One Wins Collective
Bargaining.” The article did not mention that
the school board had merely recognized the Chi
cago Teachers Union as representative of its mem
bers, and that it had given similar recognition to
the local affiliate of the NEA.4
The AFT considers the Gary Teachers Union in
Gary, Ind., one of its strongest locals.5 The local
is reputed to have been engaging in collective bar
gaining from 1960 to 1965, yet in reality a dual
representation system existed in Gary which was
quite different from exclusive recognition.
In Manchester, Conn., and Dearborn, Mich.,
AFT locals accepted proportional systems of rep
resentation. Here, too, the AFT may have diffi
culty in eliminating this type of representation
once it becomes established. Thus, exclusive rec
ognition is not an essential element of collective
bargaining as practiced by the AFT.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY I960
On the basis of a study of 20 school districts in
which negotiations wrere conducted, it was found
that 16 had exclusive recognition while the other
4 districts had either dual or proportional repre
sentation. A detailed breakdown is given in the
accompanying table.
It should be emphasized that recognition of an
exclusive representative by the board of education
gives no assurance that collective bargaining is ac
tually taking place. Often a teacher organization
is recognized informally as the representative of
the teaching staff, and its only function is to
make a salary proposal at an open meeting of the
board of education.
Dual Representation
In two of the districts in which a system of dual
representation was being utilized, the school board
negotiated with representatives of both teacher
organizations at separate times. The teacher rep
resentative negotiated only for members of their
own particular organization, yet any agreement
that was reached had to apply to all teachers in the
school district. In both cases the school board
signed a written agreement with both teacher orga
nizations in the particular district. Although the
terms and conditions of employment for all teach
ers in the district were identical, the written agree
ments exhibited marked differences.
In two other school districts which did not have
exclusive representation, a system of proportional
representation was utilized whereby a joint com
mittee was formed which consisted of representa
tives of all employee organizations. Membership
on the committee was set in proportion to the size
of each organization.
In school districts which had representation sys
tems other than exclusive recognition, there was
general dissatisfaction among all participants over
the duplication of time and effort in negotiations.
In addition, the results of nonexclusive recognition
were often chaotic.
One of the districts utilizing a system of propor
tional representation was Dearborn, Mich. In the
school year 1959-60, both the Dearborn Federation
3 American Federation of Teachers, Executive Board Policy
Statement, dated Sept. 4, 1964.
4 American Teacher Magazine, April 1964, p. 1.
6
American Federation of Teachers, Convention Proceedings
(abridged), selected years, 1960-65 (Chicago, American Federa
tion of Teachers, 1960-65).
731
REPRESENTATION AMONG TEACHERS
of Teachers (DFT) and the Dearborn Education
Association (DEA) were represented equally in
negotiations with the superintendent. At that
time the DFT decided to seek an election to choose
an exclusive representative of all teachers. Conse
quently, they circulated petitions and received sig
natures of over 800 teachers who said they were
in favor of a representational election.
The school board, however, was strongly op
posed to any representation election. As a com
promise measure, the board proposed a Classroom
Teacher Negotiating Committee (CTNC) which
would be organized on a proportional basis. For
every 100 members or any part thereof each orga
nization would be permitted to appoint one repre
sentative to the CTNC. The CTNC would then
select five persons to negotiate with the superin
tendent and the board if necessary. The board
permitted the CTNC to decide how the five-man
final negotiating team would be selected.
In 1964, the CTNC was composed of 12 mem
bers. , The DFT had eight representatives and
the DEA four representatives. Since the CTNC
chooses its final negotiating team by a majority
vote, the final negotiating team was composed of
five members of the Dearborn Federation of
Teachers.
The CTNC met and attempted to formulate a
common set of proposals. The five-man negoti
ating team was then given authority to come to
agreement with the board of education within the
general framework of the proposals of the CTNC.
C om parative A n a ly sis
Name of district
Abington, P a_______ . _______
___
Cahokia, 111___________________ ________ _ _ . . .
Dearborn, M ich______________ ______
Denver, Colo__ . . . _
East Hartford, Conn____ ______ ____
Eau Claire, W is_______ _____________
Elgin, 111____________________________
Gary, Ind___________________________
Manchester, Conn. _____________ ___
Maywood, 111______ ___________ . . .
Milwaukee, W is.. .
New Rochelle, N .Y ___ . ___ _____
N ew York, N .Y _____________________
Norwalk, C onn.. . . _________________
Plainview, N .Y __ __________________
Proviso, 111 ________ _ ___________________________
Union County Regional, N .J _________
Wallingford, C onn.. ________________
Wetherfield, Conn___________________
Willingboro, N . J ____________________
No. of
teachers
550
275
1,200
3,800
500
450
750
1,850
450
200
4,300
450
46,000
750
500
350
270
400
450
200
1 Two organizations negotiating for teachers.
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of
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Minority Rights
In most instances, it has been concluded that
boards of education could not deny any organiza
tion or any individual the right to make a state
ment to the board. When formal bargaining took
place, questions soon arose as to the rights of mi
nority organizations in the districts studied.
20 S chool D istrict s S t u d ie d
Exclusive
recognition
Yes
Agreements with the school board were never sub
mitted to the teaching staff for approval.
As would be expected, there was general dis
satisfaction with the proportional representation
plan. First, a great deal of time was spent on
procedural matters. Entire negotiating sessions
have been devoted to questions of how the CTNC
would determine the final negotiating team or its
alternate members. Second, from the DEA’s
standpoint the CTNC plan was completely unsatis
factory since the only part they would play in
negotiations would be to make proposals at meet
ings of the CTNC. They were not kept informed
on developments in the actual negotiations with
the school board. In fact, at times the DEA did
not even know that negotiating sessions were
taking place. For all practical purposes, the ne
gotiations were completely dominated by the DFT.
Both the teacher organizations and the admin
istration felt that because of the above difficulties,
eventually the CTNC would evolve into a formal
system of exclusive representation as opposed to
the de facto system which was in current use.
A FT,
N E A , or
both
N
B
B
N
N
A
N
B
B
A
N
N
A
N
A
A
N
N
N
N
Propor
tional
Dual
representa representa
tion
tion
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
by th e
Fiscally
inde
pendent
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
A u t h o r , 1964
Principals
in units of
representa
tion
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Principals’
salaries
negotiated
by agent of
teachers
Principals in
organization
representing
teachers
No
No/Yes 1
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No/Yes
No/Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No/Yes
No/Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
1
i
i
i
732
In New York City, when any other organiza
tion or individual made a presentation to the
board of education, the exclusive representative
retained the right to be present at such a hearing.
In addition, the UFT negotiated a clause which
prevented an officer of any minority organization
from representing an employee in the grievance
procedure. Article 6, section 6d of the agreement
was as follows:
No officer or executive board member, delegate, repre
sentative, or agent of a minority organization shall
represent the agreed employee at any step in the
grievance procedure. An agent shall include any per
son who, acting in an official capacity for a minority
organization, regularly performs for that organiza
tion such acts a s : distributing literature, collecting
dues, circulating petitions, soliciting membership, or
serving regularly as spokesman at teacher meetings.
An agent shall not include any person who performs
such duties occasionally or without any official desig
nation by the minority organization involved. The
minority organization shall mean any organization
other than the union, which exists or acts for the
purpose of dealing with the head of the school or any
other school official, improvement of working condi
tions, or the handling of grievances, of employees in
the bargaining unit.6
The agreement between the New Rochelle, New
York School Board and the New Rochelle
Teachers Association contained the following
clause of a similar nature :
Any party in interest may be represented at all meet
ings and hearings at all steps and stages of the
grievance and arbitration procedure by another
teacher or by another person. Provided, however:
That the party in interest may in no event be repre
sented by an officer, agent, or other representative of
any teacher organization other than the New Rochelle
Teachers Association.7
The above two provisions have been superseded
by section 603-a, article 16, of the General Munic
ipal Law of New York State, passed in 1964.
Every public school teacher shall have the right to
present his grievance to his employer in accordance
with the provisions of this article, free from inter
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
ference, coercion, restraint, discrimination or reprisal,
and the grievance procedure established under this
article shall provide the right to be represented at
all stages thereof and the representative shall be
designated by the public school teacher at the time
he presents his grievance or at a subsequent date.8
In a 1965 case decided by the Supreme Court of
New York State, section 603-a has been inter
preted as guaranteeing the public school teacher
“. . . not only a right, but also an unlimited right
to designate any person of her own choosing to
represent her at all stages of a grievance
procedure.” 9
Section 603-a was sponsored by the City
Teachers Association, the NEA affiliate in New
York City, apparently because the provision ne
gotiated by the UFT prevented CTA officers from
representing teachers in the grievance procedure.
In 1963, the CTA had unsuccessfully attacked this
provision in a proceeding before the Commis
sioner of Education of the State of New York.10
In Milwaukee, Wis., after the Milwaukee
Teachers’ Education Association won a representa
tion election, questions arose as to the right of the
Milwaukee Union of Teachers to a checkoff, to
the use of bulletin boards in the school, and to the
making of presentations to the board of educa
tion. The Wisconsin Employment Relations
Board ruled in March 1966 that municipal em
ployers may grant the above rights to minority
organiz ations.11
6 Agreement Between the Board of Education of the City of
New York and United Federation of Teachers, Local 2,
American Federation of Teachers, AFL—CIO Covering Classroom
Teachers, July 1, 1963-June 30, 1965 (New York, City School
District of New York, no date), p. 28.
7 Principles Governing Relationships Between the Board of
Education of the City School D istrict of New Rochelle and the
New. Rochelle Teachers Association (New Rochelle, N.Y., City
School District of New Rochelle, Nov. 24, 1964), reprinted as The
New Rochelle, New York Professional Negotiation Agreement
(Washington, National Education Association, no date), p. 2.
8 General Municipal Law of New York State, art. 16, sec. 603-a.
0 Mauer v. Gross, 45 Mise. (2d) 13,256 nys (2d) 2 (1965).
10 Commissioner of Education of the State of New York, Case
No. 7262, Aug. 13, 1963.
11 Milwaukee Board of School Directors, Declaratory Ruling,
Decision No. 6833-A, Mar. 24, 1966.
The UAW’s 20th
Constitutional
Convention
Rose T. Selby*
to abolish the hourly
rate system dominated the 20th Constitutional
Convention of the United Auto Workers, held at
Long Beach, California, May 16-21. Solution of
the special problems of the skilled trades, and
parity for both Canadian workers and for those in
small parts plants were other major goals adopted
by the 2,470 delegates, representing 769 locals of
the largest affiliate of the AFL-CIO.
In addition to these issues, President Walter P.
Reuther emphasized the importance of the union’s
support for and stake in implementation of the
Civil Rights Act and the poverty programs.
These two issues were major themes in a tele
phoned speech by President Johnson to the con
vention, and in an address by Secretary of Labor
W. Willard Wirtz, at a special ceremony cele
brating the UAW’s 30th anniversary.
T he
u n i o n ’s d e t e r m i n a t i o n
Salary System
Endorsed at the last convention, achievement of
a salary system appeared to be the paramount
concern of the 1966 convention. Mr. Reuther asked
the union to “nail down” a pledge that “in
1967 . . . we will not sign a basic agreement ex
cept as it contains the guaranteed annual salary
for the production and maintenance workers of
this union.” This has been a goal of the union
since 1955. During that time, the supplementary
unemployment benefits plan was negotiated; the
plan was later expanded to include short workweek
benefits to a point where (under typical plans)
workers may receive 80 to 90 percent of their
weekly wages. With SUB and fringe benefits
similar to those received by salaried workers, Mr.
Reuther stated, “the gap between salaried and
wage status has been so narrowed already as to
demonstrate the feasibility of taking the remain
ing short step to full salary status for blue-collar
workers.” President Reuther also quoted from
the recent report of the National Commission on
Technology, Automation and Economic Progress,
of which he was a member: “We see little justice
in a system whereby a production worker is laid
off or works ‘short weeks’ when the schedule so
dictates, while office workers and clerks receive
full salaries, whatever the flow of work.”
Parity
The second key demand—abolishing the wage
differential between Canadian and U.S. auto
workers—evoked vigorous support by the conven
tion. In stressing the importance of this goal, Mr.
Reuther stated that, “The negotiation of the U.S.Canadian automotive trade agreement eliminates
the last vestiges of the excuses heretofore given
for the differential in wages . . . ” for workers
“. . . for the same companies, at the same jobs
producing the same products for the same mar
ket.” Looking further toward a single master
agreement covering each company operating in
the United States and Canada, he pointed out that,
because of differences in legislation between the
two countries, intensive study will be required.
A related objective, wage and fringe benefit
parity and job security for members employed by
parts suppliers and other small companies, was
placed on the priority list for the 1967 negotia
tions. This section of the collective bargainingresolution also received strong support in the
convention. The program outlined included :
A pooled plan to make SUB protection possible.
A preferential hiring system for laid-off workers,
covering all companies in the industry and area.
Support of a proposed legislation to provide public
reinsurance for private pension plans.
Creation of a labor-management research institute,
to include among its activities research into diversi
fication of the products of smaller companies and
pooling of their equipment.
*Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
733
221-143 0 —66----- 2
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734
More Bargaining Issues
The special problems of skilled trades workers
were recognized in a proposal to amend the con
tract ratification procedure of the constitution to
permit skilled trades workers, engineers, tech
nicians, and office workers to “vote separately on
contractual matters common to all and, in the
same vote, on those matters which relate exclu
sively to their group.” The proposal evoked
considerable discussion before it was adopted.
In answer to the concern of some delegates over
participation by minority groups in contractual
matters involving production workers only, Mr.
Reuther pointed out the need for united action
by the skilled trades and production workers, and
recalled the lengthy 1939 tool and die makers
strike, resulting in agreements covering 47 GM
plants, at a time when it was considered impracti
cal to call a strike of production workers. Meet
ings were to be held in June of this year to deal
with the joint problems of skilled and pro
duction workers, and to evolve plans for better
communications between the two groups.
President Reuther reiterated his demand for
wage increases and improved fringe benefits to be
paid out of the increased productivity and “not
out of the pockets of the American consumers
through higher prices.” He was critical of the
Council of Economic Advisers’ wage-price guideposts, calling such a policy “wrong in principle;”
its application “grossly inequitable;” and, further
stating “. . . when the method used . . . fails to
produce the results the Council wants, it is arbi
trarily cast aside.” He also called on the auto in
dustry to reduce prices of cars and trucks by $100
to $200 to stimulate sales and counteract infla
tionary forces, stating that the industry could do
this and still have higher earnings than most in
dustries. Liberalization of the escalator-improve
ment factor wage formula was again called for.
Adoption of Federal legislation regulating auto
mobile design and inspection safety standards wTas
also urged.
The International Executive Board was also di
rected to devote intensive study, prior to a 1967
Special Collective Bargaining Convention, to:
1. Special problems of technical, office, and profes
sional workers, particularly erosion of their
bargaining units.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
2. Transfer of blue-collar workers to white-collar jobs.
3. Application of attrition to adjust to reduced work
force requirements resulting from technological
advance.
4. Civilization and humanization of working condi
tions.
5. Overtime.
6. Shorter workweek (added by vote of delegates).
7. Coordinated bargaining with multiplant companies
having multiunion representation.
A resolution aimed at worldwide coordinated
bargaining with corporations operating plants in
other countries was adopted and is to be imple
mented over a number of years. The first Inter
national Metalworkers Federation international
corporation councils in the automobile industry
convened in Detroit on May 31, to explore plans
for eventual worldwide bargaining. Priority
goals were international equalization of fringe
benefits and harmonization of wages.
Internal Affairs
For the first time, a woman wTas elected to the
International Executive Board; this was made
possible by an amendment to the constitution
which added a fourth member-at-large and in
creased the Board’s membership from 25 to 26.
Miss Olga Madar, Director of the Union’s Recrea
tion Department for 19 years and the administra
tion’s choice, was elected in a rollcall vote. She
had been challenged by the Recording Secretary
of Canadian Local 22, Miss Beverly Gibson.
The four top officers were reelected by acclama
tion—President Reuther, Secretary-Treasurer
Emil Mazey, and Vice-Presidents Leonard Wood
cock and Pat Greathouse.
Another constitutional amendment raised sal
aries in two steps, as follows:
Jan.
Present
1967
President_____ _______
$28,000
$28,750
Secretary-Treasurer_____ _________________
24,000
24,750
Vice-Presidents__________________________
22,500
23,250
Other Executive Board members__________
18,500
19,250
Internationa* representatives.____ ___________
11,139 11,660
Jan.
1968
$29,500
25,500
24,000
20,000
12,160
The union reported a membership increase of
157,329 over 1964, bringing the average dues-paying membership to 1,326,136—the highest level
since 1955.
The financial condition of the union, Secretary
Mazey reported, “continues to be good, due princi-
UAW’S 20TH CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
735
pally to increased membership that reflects recordbreaking production in the auto and agricultural
implement industries.” Net worth of the union
exceeded $73.4 million as of March 31, 1966. The
strike fund totaled $42.9 million. Because of the
union’s sound financial condition, no increase in
monthly dues was requested.
The convention approved the six members of
the Public Review Board proposed by Mr. Reuther,
to serve until the next convention. Msgr. G.
Higgins replaced the late Rabbi Morris Adler as
chairman; two new members—Rabbi Jacob J.
Weinstein and Professor Robben Wright Flem
ing—filled vacancies created by resignations.1
President Reuther paid tribute to Rabbi Morris
Adler, chairman of the PRB from its founding
until his tragic death earlier this year.
Retired members were granted a “bill of rights”
in a constitutional amendment, which provided
that: “Each member of the International Retired
Worker Advisory Council shall automatically be
a delegate to the UAW Constitutional Convention
with voice . . . and one (1) vote . . .” Local
union Retired Worker Chapters, Area and Re
gional Councils, and an International Advisory
Council are to be established. A $1 voluntary
dues payable by retired workers was voted upon
to assist in financing these activities.
Resolutions and Visitors
Breaking new ground, the foreign policy reso
lution adopted by the Convention favored ad
mission of Red China into the United Nations,
stating, however, that, “this in no way implies ap
proval of Red China’s policies,” but that “it is
reasonable to hope that this would reduce Red
China’s truculence in world affairs.” Introduced
in the closing hours of the convention, the resolu
tion rejected withdrawal from Vietnam or further
escalation of the war, and urged continued and
intensified efforts for a negotiated peace.
A new era of renewed cooperation between the
UAW and the Steelworkers was evidenced by the
appearance of the Steelworkers President, I. W.
Abel, and by pledges of cooperation exchanged
by the two leaders. Mr. Reuther plans to address
the Steelworkers convention in September, his
first appearance since 1952.
Another union leader, President P. L. Siemiller
of the Machinists, addressed the convention and
pledged continued cooperation with the UAW.
Mr. Siemiller cited the joint IAM-UAW bargain
ing conferences in the aerospace industry.
A resolution pledging the UAW’s continued
support to the National Farm Workers Associa
tion in the Delano grape strike was enthusiasti
cally adopted, after a demonstration by 35 strikers
was led around the convention hall by Cesar
Chavez, president of the NFWA.
President Lyndon B. Johnson was awarded the
UAW’s Social Justice Award. In a tribute to
Mr. Reuther, on his 20th anniversary as UAW
President, the convention unanimously voted to
contribute $1,200,000 toward the construction of a
new archives building on the campus of Wayne
State University. The Walter P. Reuther Library
and Labor History Archives will be used to house
historical material of the UAW and other unions.
1 The other members of the PRB are : Dr. Henry Hitt Crane,
Judge George N. Leighton, and Dr. Jean T. McKelvey.
“If we made an income pyramid out of a child’s blocks, with each layer
portraying $1,000 of income, the peak would be far higher than the Eiffel
Tower, but almost all of us would be within a yard of the ground.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—Paul A. Samuelson, quoted in Rich Man, Poor Man.
State, County, and
Municipal Employees’
Biennial Convention
D onald C. Kay *
D e l e g a t e s to t h e 19 66 c o n v e n t i o n of the Ameri
can Federation of State, County and Municipal
Employees (AFSCME, A FE-CIO), meeting in
Washington, D.C., April 25-29, focused their
almost undivided attention on a variety of admin
istrative and operational matters. There was none
of the bitter political contests between pro- and
anti-administration factions that marked the
meeting of 1964.
An increase in per capita tax, a controversial
issue in the past, was approved with little debate.
President Jerry W urf was reelected without op
position, although in 1964 he won by a mere 21vote margin. And the union’s membership was
reported to have reached a new peak, continuing
its outstanding record of growth since 1936, when
the organization was chartered.
Union Growth
Secretary-Treasurer Gordon W. Chapman re
ported that AFSCME membership had increased
each year (with the exception of 1951) since the
union was chartered in 1936, and totaled 320,595
in March 1966. Since the 1964 convention, the
increase was 22 percent—a rate of growth five
times that of the rest of the labor movement, and
the fastest in the AFL-CIO. This growth took
place despite interunion raiding of membership
which had rocked the union when dissident key
736
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
staff members (including an assistant to former
president Arnold Zander) had joined another un
ion after W urf’s election in 1964. Mr. W urf noted
that, for the first time in 10 years, the union’s
growth rate exceeded that for public employment.
Union officials optimistically forecast that the con
tinued growth of public employment gave the
AFSCME a membership potential that could
eventually make it the largest AFL-CIO affiliate.
Mr. Wurf cited three significant events of recent
years which have given public employees broad
ened organizational rights:
While [Executive Order No. 10988] is full of faults
and shortcomings, it laid down a philosophical basis
for trade unionism in the public service. It means as
much to public employees, be they Federal, local, or
State, as the Wagner Act [meant] to workers in private
industry . . .
. . . In addition, the long overdue reapportionment
of State legislatures is serving to replace outmoded, re
actionary resistance to public service unionism with a
new willingness to meet with labor and seek construc
tive agreements.
. . . A flock of laws [have been] passed in many
States, which have given us rights that men in this room
wouldn’t have dreamed were possible 10 years a g o :
The right to organize freely, . . . the right to join to
gether, the right to petition for an election, the right
to exclusive representation, and the right to sit down
at the bargaining table and bargain those rights.
Still another avenue for increasing membership,
as seen by the AFSCME, is the merger with public
employee associations long active in a number of
States and municipalities. The executive board
called for seizing these opportunities should they
arise. Consequently, the convention amended the
constitution to authorize the president “. . . to
negotiate and consummate . . . mergers of con
solidations with organizations representing public
employees . . .”
Consistent with the union’s organizational pro
gram, the convention approved expenditures to ex
pand the organizational department, to recruit and
train members for full-time staff positions, to pro
vide expanded educational and research services,
and to increase the headquarters staff and the size
of the union’s monthly publication, The Public
Employee.
♦Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES’ BIENNIAL CONVENTION
New Constitution
The 1964 convention established a commission
to revise the constitution, primarily to improve
the administrative mechanism of the union. This
commission completed its work in May 1965, when
a special convention adopted a new constitution.
The major changes included a provision for 16
legislative districts and new procedures for the
election of district vice presidents, creation of a
judicial panel, and establishment of more strin
gent administrative reporting requirements. The
convention reviewed the union’s operation under
the new constitution during its first year, espe
cially with respect to these three areas.
President W urf initiated these changes to ful
fill campaign pledges of “democratic procedures,
local autonomy, cleanliness, and decency in the
administration of the union.” These changes
were points of contention between former presi
dent Zander and W urf at prior conventions.
In contrast to the previous constitution, which
had provided for the election of 11 vice presidents
at large by all convention delegates, the new con
stitution established 16 vice presidencies (one for
each legislative district) and provided that vice
presidents be elected solely by convention dele
gates from the district. This arrangement
resulted in seven election contests at the conven
tion, two of which required further runoffs since
no candidate received a majority of the votes.
The elections, however, were not marked by the
kind of factionalism that was apparent at previous
conventions.
The new AFSCME judicial panel is the su
preme judicial body in the union; appeals from it
can be made only to the biennial conventions. This
panel hears appeals from decisions of subordinate
trial bodies, as well as charges originating at the
international level. The panel consists of seven
union members, chosen by the international execu
tive board, who cannot be members of the inter
national executive board or salaried employees.
It assumes the judicial function previously held
by the international executive board. In the
course of its work, the panel is to review the
union’s disciplinary procedures and is authorized
to submit proposals for change to the convention.
The constitution was changed to require all
departments—the secretary-treasurer, for exam
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
737
ple—to submit reports of their activities to the
international executive board. This requirement
reflects an attempt to prevent the kinds of finan
cial difficulties that, according to Mr. Wurf, the
union had experienced in the past. Upon assum
ing office, Mr. W urf informed the delegates, he
had found the union’s debts to be “hundreds of
thousands of dollars” greater than he had ex
pected. The union had been sponsoring low and
middle income nonprofit housing projects in Cali
fornia, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, New York, and
Puerto Rico, for which it was financially liable
under the National Housing Act. Accounting
records for these projects were incomplete, said
Mr. Wurf, and some records for cash transactions
were not located. These housing operations
have since been transferred to other organizations,
lifting from the union a liability for $20 million
in mortgages and property.
Per Capita Tax Increase
The minimum per capita tax of 65 cents a month
had not been increased since 1956, largely because
the administration’s attempts to do so had been
thwarted by factions within the union. The
result of this continued opposition, according to
former president Zander, was to hamper the
union’s operations and organizational efforts.
During the 1960-62 period, the AFSCME bor
rowed money from the United Auto Workers and
the Steelworkers, among others, to meet operatingexpenses.
The convention quickly moved to remedy the
union’s financial situation by voting a two-step
increase of per capita tax to $1. The increase will
raise the union’s annual revenue by more than
$800,000, according to union officials.
In a related action, the convention raised Presi
dent W urf’s salary from $21,000 to $27,500, and
that of Secretary-Treasurer Gordon W. Chapman
from $16,000 to $22,500.
Bargaining and Strikes
The convention adopted the board’s “Collective
Bargaining Policy Statement” of last February,
which said, in part: “. . . strikes are as much of
a hardship to the community as to the strikers
and they must be used as a last resort. . . . [The]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
738
AFSCME asserts the right of all public em
ployees . . . except for police and other law en
forcement officers, to strike, for to forestall this
right would be to nullify the free collective bar
gaining process.”
Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz took issue
with this pro-strike view in his remarks to the
convention. In response, President Wurf, reas
serted that the strike weapon was not to be used
indiscriminately. Both agreed, however, that
mediation and factfinding had a place in public
employee bargaining and deplored repressive antistrike measures that gave no alternatives to the
strike. The executive board was also unequivocal
in its rejection of compulsory arbitration. As Mr.
W urf said, “we have found that it is not possible
to solve our problems by arbitration.”
General Resolutions
The delegates passed resolutions against wageprice guidelines supported by the Council of Eco
nomic Advisors, branding them as “unrealistic and
unworkable” and emphasizing that many wage
rates in State and local employment are far below
those paid for comparable work in private employ
ment. Resolutions were also passed in opposition to
section 11(b) of the Labor Management Relations
Act, discrimination in employment, lie detector
employment tests, and New York State’s CondonWadlin Act. Other resolutions passed unani
mously favored liberalization of the minimum
wage law, urging an increase to $2.00 per hour
and extension of coverage to noncitizen employees
of the United States, as in the Panama Canal Zone.
Lack of initiative, compartmentalization, feelings of dependence . . . go
hand in hand with an appreciable easing of both the physical burden of work
and an increase in material benefits. . . .
During the course of the last decades, workers have learned that increasing
material benefits and a much greater amount of social security were not ac
companied by greater equality on the job. Whatever may have been changed
in the organization of the group in command of the enterprise, the workers'
visions which had the least chance of realization were those colored by any
type of egalitarian ideology. Expectations of more egalitarian working con
ditions faltered when faced with the realities of the industrial situation. In
this respect, it seems significant that . . . a majority of American workers
would not choose again the type of work in which they are engaged now.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—Otto Kirchheimer, “Private Man and Society,” Political Science Quarterly,
March 1966.
Special Labor Force Reports
I. Employment of School Age
Youth, October 1965
F orrest A. B ogan*
G ain s in e m p l o y m e n t and declines in unemploy
ment during 1965 combined to make the year one
of the best in employment for young people in al
most a decade. Over a million more persons 14 to
24 years old were working in October 1965 than
a year earlier. Employment of students rose by
700,000 over the year as the student population
increased and as more students were attracted to
the labor force. For nonstudents, the 400,000 in
crease in employment resulted from a decline in
the number unemployed and modest increases in
population and in labor force participation rate.
As a result of the decrease in the jobless rate for
youths no longer in school, the traditional rela
tionship between unemployment rates of students
and nonstudents was reversed in October 1965; the
rate among youths in school (8.3 percent in 1965)
did not change materially, while the comparable
rate for those out of school fell to 7.6 (from 9.7)
percent.1
Greater proportions of school-age youth are
staying in school and postponing the age at which
they enter the full-time labor force; 56 percent of
the 32.8 million school-age youth were enrolled in
regular schools in October 1965. Among the
many Federal, State, and local programs designed
to encourage youths to stay in school are the
Neighborhood Youth Corps, the Vocational Edu
cation Act of 1963, the Elementary and Secondary
School Act of 1965, and the Higher Education Act
of 1965.
Students
Of the students 14 to 24 years old, both the num
ber in the labor force and the number employed
increased sharply between October 1964 and Octo
ber 1965. About 5.1 million students were work
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ing or looking for work in 1965 (750,000 more than
year earlier); their labor force participation rate
rose to 28 from 25 percent. Only one-fourth of
the increase in the labor force rate is accounted for
by a rise in the proportion of students in the older
group—18 to 24 years old—which has a higher
rate than the younger students. Economic expan
sion during 1965 was responsible for attracting
additional students to the labor force. The
1964-65 rise in the student labor force was as great
as the gain between 1961 and 1964 (table 1).
Employment of students rose by 700,000 over
the year to 4.7 million. (The Neighborhood Youth
Corps accounted for 80,000 of the increase.)
Nearly all of the over-the-year increase in employ
ment was among white persons as employment and
unemployment for nonwhite students did not
change significantly. The unemployment rate for
nonwhite students (16 percent) was as usual dou
ble that for the white students. Overall, the total
number of unemployed students in October 1965
(425,000) and the student unemployment rate
(8.3 percent) were about the same as a year earlier.
Young people tend to be attracted to the labor
force when economic activity increases. The in
crease between October 1964 and October 1965 in
the number of students 14 to 17 years old in the
labor force resulted from a rise in their labor force
participation rate rather than a gain in the popu
lation enrolled in school (chart 1). The labor
force rate for these students increased over the year
to 23.2 percent from 20.9 percent. The largest
rate increase (to 37.2 from 32.5 percent) occurred
*Of the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1
Data presented in this report relate to the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar week ending Oct. 16, 1965.
All members of the Armed Forces and inmates of institutions are
excluded. The report is derived from supplemental questions to
the October 1965 monthly survey of the labor force conducted
by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Previous survey findings were published in the Monthly Labor
Review issues of July 1960, July 1961, June 1962, August 1963,
July 1964, and July 1965, and reprinted with additional tabular
material as Special Labor Force Reports Nos. 6, 16, 22, 34, 42,
and 55, respectively. Reprints of all articles in the series are
available upon request to the Bureau or to any of its regional
offices.
739
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
740
Chart 1.
Increase of Students in Population and Labor
Force, October 1964 to October 1965
Thousands of students
0
250
500
750
1,000
1,250
among the 16 and 17 year-old boys; the participa
tion rate for the girls in the age group increased
by a similar amount (to 26.0 from 22.7 percent).
Employment of 14 to 17 year-old students has risen
from three-fourths million since 1961 to 2.8 million,
with 300,000 of the gain in the year ended Octo
ber 1965. The over-the-year increase was equally
divided between boys and girls.
Among the older students (18 to 24 years old),
the labor force has increased by 750,000 since 1961.
Over one-half of this growth occurred in 1965 and
is attributable in large part to the rise in both the
population 18 and 19 years old and the proportion
in school. Because job opportunities have been
sufficient to absorb nearly all of the large increase
in the labor force, the unemployment rate for this
group did not rise significantly over the year.
Occupation and Hours
There is a noticeable difference in the employ
ment experience of the younger and older students.
The latter’s age and maturity, additional educa
tion, and (possibly) more work experience help
older students in holding better jobs, working
longer hours, and in being less likely to be unem
ployed than younger students. About 4 out of
10 boys 14 to 17 years old worked as farm and non
farm laborers in October 1965 and the same pro
portion were sales (newsboys) and service
workers. Half the men 18 to 24 years old were
white-collar workers, primarily in the professional
2
See Harvey R. Hamel, “Employment of High School Gradu
ates and Dropouts in 1965,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1966,
pp. 643-649.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and technical and in the clerical occupations;
2 out of 10 were operatives (chart 2). Half the
girls 14 to 17 years old were private household
workers (mainly babysitters), and one-fourth were
clerical and sales workers. Few of the older girls
were private household workers; two-thirds were
clerical or professional and technical workers.
Older students were not only more likely to be
in the labor force than younger students, but they
also averaged more hours on their jobs. About
70 percent of the students 14 to 17 years old worked
less than 15 hours a week on their nonfarm jobs;
very few worked 35 hours or more. On the other
hand, among students 20 to 24 years old, many of
whom attend school part time, only about onefourth worked fewer than 15 hours a week and
about half worked 35 hours or more. Women
tended to work somewhat fewer hours than the
men in comparable age groups.
Unemployment
The unemployment rate of students 14 to 24
years old has historically been below that for
young people out of school. In the past few years,
however, the difference between the two rates has
narrowed as increasing proportions of out-of
school youth have completed at least high school.2
(High school graduates generally have lower un
employment rates than dropouts.) Between Oc
tober 1964 and October 1965, the unemployment
Chart 2. Selected Occupations of 14 to 24 Year-Old
Youths Enrolled in School, October 1965
741
EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL AGE YOUTH, OCTOBER 1965
T able
1.
E m ploym ent S tatus of S tu d en ts and N o n stu d e n ts
14
to
24
Y ear s O ld, by A g e, and S e x , O ctober
1961-65
[Numbers in thousands]
14 to 19 years
14 to 24 years
Enrollment status, sex, and employment
status
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1965
1964
20 to 24 years
1963
1962
1961
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
E nrolled in School
Male
Civilian noninstitutional population. 9,861
9, 228
8,947
8, 421
7,863
8,302
7,896
7, 582
7, 244
6,875
1, 559
1,332
1,365
1,177
988
Civilian labor force____ ____ _ _ _______ 3,213
Labor force participation rate 1____
32.6
E m p lo y ed ._________________________ 2,920
293
Unem ployed.
__________________
9.1
Unemployment rate 2____________
2, 732
29. 6
2, 508
224
8.2
2,711
30.3
2, 485
226
8.3
2, 481
29.5
2, 282
199
8.0
2,223
28.3
2,025
198
8.9
2,449
29.5
2,193
256
10.5
2,092
26.5
1,909
183
8.7
2,030
26.8
1,839
191
9.4
1,860
25.7
1,699
161
8.7
1,734
25.2
1, 554
180
10.4
764
49.0
727
37
4.8
640
48.0
599
41
6.4
681
49.9
646
35
5.1
621
52.8
583
38
6.1
489
49.5
471
18
3.7
Female
8,030
7,645
7,188
6,719
7,661
7,314
6,996
6, 640
6,240
801
716
649
548
479
1,862
22.0
1,732
130
7.0
1,583
19.7
1,425
158
10.0
1, 509
19.7
1,356
153
10.1
1,391
19.4
1,280
111
8.0
1,328
19.8
1,230
98
7.4
1, 545
20.2
1,437
108
7.0
1,312
i7.9
1,176
136
10.4
1,260
18.0
1,127
133
10.6
1,143
17.2
1,051
92
8.0
1,135
18.2
1,047
88
7.8
317
39.6
295
22
6.9
271
37.8
249
22
8.1
249
38.4
229
20
8.0
248
45.3
229
19
7.7
193
40.3
183
10
5.2
Civilian noninstitutional population. 5,887
5,857
5,495
5,409
5,638
1,806
1,593
1,530
1,563
1,722
4,081
4, 264
3,965
3,846
3,916
1,369
87.6
1,185
184
13.4
1,468
85.2
1,221
247
16.8
3,930
96.3
3,765
165
4.2
4,117
96.6
3,818
299
7.3
3,804
95.9
3,539
265
7.0
3, 702
96.3
3,431
271
7.3
3,760
96.0
3,439
321
8.5
2,520
6,004
5,855
5,667
5,453
5,307
1,436
57.0
1,216
220
15.3
3, 111
51.8
2,912
199
6.4
3,034
51.8
2,789
245
8.1
2,796
49.3
2, 499
297
10.6
2, 713
49.8
2,475
238
8.8
2,566
48.4
2,323
243
9. 5
Civilian noninstitutional population. 8,462
Civilian labor force__________________ . . .
Labor force participation rate 1_____
E m ployed__________________________
U nem ployed____ . . . _________ _____
Unemployment rate 2_ ................ .
N ot E nrolled in School
M ale
Civilian labor force__________ . . ______ 5, 518
Labor force participation rate 1_____
93.7
Em ployed______________________ . _ 5,169
Unem ployed__ _ ______ ______ . . .
349
Unemployment rate 2 . _____ ._
6.3
5,490
93.7
5,006
484
8.8
5,158
93.9
4,677
481
9.3
5,071
93.8
4,616
455
9.0
5,228
92.7
4,660
568
10.9
1, 588
87.9
1,404
184
11.6
1,373
86.2
1,188
185
13.5
1,354
88.5
1,138
216
16.0
8,306
8,077
7,895
7,827
2, 544
2, 451
2,410
2,442
1,360
56.4
1,116
244
17.9
1,365
55.9
1,184
181
13.3
Female
Civilian noninstitutional population. 8,548
Civilian labor force__________ . . . ______
Labor force participation rate 1_____
E m ployed__________________________
Unem ployed______ _ ______________
Unemployment rate 2____________
4, 613
54.0
4,190
423
9.2
4,402
53.0
3,924
478
10.9
4,156
51.5
3,615
541
13.0
4,078
51.7
3, 659
419
10.3
4,002
51.
3,539
463
11.6
1 Percent of civilian noninstitutional population in the labor force.
2 Percent cf civilian labor force who were unemployed.
rate for male students 14 to 24 years old remained
at about 9 percent while that of out-of-school youth
declined to 6.3 from 8.8 percent. This was the
first time that the rate for students was signifi
cantly greater than the rate for males in the same
age group who were no longer in school (chart 3).
At the time of the last survey, some 300,000 male
students were looking for work, about 70,000 more
than a year earlier. The unemployment rate for
young women students declined over the year to
7 percent, and continued to be below the rate for
girls who were no longer in school.
Out-of-School Youth
As greater proportions of youths remain in
school, workers who are no longer in school are
a declining proportion of the labor force in the 14
to 24 year-age group. In October 1965, the 10.1
million out-of-school youths in the labor force ac
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,502
59.0
1,278
224
14.9
1, 368
55.8
1,135
233
17.0
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal
totals.
counted for two-thirds of all young people in the
labor force, a substantially smaller percentage than
in 1961 (72 percent).
Of the 14.5 million young men and women no
longer in regular schools in October 1965, about
800,000 were enrolled in special schools to learn a
specific trade or skill, such as automobile mechanics
or television repair for the boys and nursing or
secretarial work for the girls. A majority of the
boys but a minority of the girls in special schools
were also in the labor force. Persons who had
graduated from high school were more likely to be
attending such schools than those who had
dropped out of school.
In contrast to the relative stability in student
unemployment over the year, the number of job
less among those not in school fell by one-fifth to
775,000. Their unemployment rate dropped to
7.6 from 9.7 percent (the lowest rate for nearly a
decade). This marked reduction in the number
742
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
primarily because household responsibilities pre
vented them from working. Nearly all of the
boys (91 percent) were in the labor force; the
number of young men not in the labor force and
not in regular schools (275,000) was the same as
in October 1964.
Over the year, employment of persons 16 to 21
years old increased by nearly 300,000 to a total of
5 million (table 2). At the same time, unem
ployed youths in this age group decreased sig
nificantly as a proportion of the labor force (to
10.6 from 12.7 percent). In spite of the rise in
employment, labor force participation rates gen
erally did not change significantly. The excep
tion was the labor force participation rate for 16
and 17 year-old boys which rose over the year to
81 from 72 percent—the highest rate for this group
since 1960. Though employment of 16 and 17 yearold boys increased, their unemployment rate re
mained high (16 percent). On the other hand,
lower unemployment rates occurred among older
youths.
Among women 16 to 21 years old and not in
school, 80 percent of the single girls but only 40
percent of the married women were in the labor
unemployed occurred exclusively among the 20 to
24 year-old young men and women and was largely
attributable to the expansion of full-time job
opportunities.
Unemployment of non white youths out of
school, as was also true of those in school, was sub
stantially higher than unemployment for white
youths. Even though the rate for the nonwhites
fell over the year to 12 from 15 percent, it was still
nearly double that of white youths.
As a result of the decline in unemployment and
the expansion in the number in the labor force,
employment among youths no longer in school rose
by about 400,000 over the year.
16 to 21 Year-Olds
Many of the young people who are 16 to 21 years
old and who are no longer in school are dropouts
and high proportions of those in the labor force
are unemployed. For example, in October 1965
one-third of the 5.6 million 16 to 21 year-old
youths in the labor force and no longer in school
had not graduated from high school. Less than
60 percent of the girls were in the labor force
T able
2.
E m ploym ent Status of P er so n s
16
to
21 Y e a r s O l d N o t E n r o l l e d i n S c h o o l , b y A g e , S e x , a n d C o l o r ,
O c t o b e r 1964-65
[Numbers in thousands]
1964
1965
Sex, age, and color
Popu
lation
Number
in labor
force
Percent
in labor
force
Em
ployed
Unem
ployed
Unem
ploy
ment
rate
Popu
lation
Number
in labor
force
Percent
in labor
force
Em
ployed
U nem
ployed
U nem
ploy
ment
rate
B oth Sexes
Total, 16 to 21 years___
7,884
5,632
71.4
5,036
596
10.6
7,758
5,451
70.3
4,756
695
12.7
16 and 17 years_____ ______ .
18 and 19 years_____________
20 and 21 years - . .
872
3,399
3,613
536
2,529
2,567
61.5
74.4
71.0
434
2,223
2,379
102
306
188
19.0
12.1
7.3
868
3,080
3,810
478
2,235
2,738
55.1
72.6
71.9
383
1,915
2, 458
95
320
280
19.9
14.3
10.2
White ____________________
Non white__ ____ _________ _
6, 759
1,125
4,844
788
71.7
70.0
4,382
654
462
134
9.5
17.0
6,660
1,098
4,665
786
70.0
71.6
4,130
626
535
160
11.5
20.4
Total, 16 to 21 years___
3,165
2,882
91.1
2,617
265
9.2
3,104
2,838
91.4
2,499
339
11.9
16 and 17 years.- . _______
18 and 19 years.. . ................
20 and 21 vears___ . .
420
1,351
1,394
342
1,232
1,308
81.4
91.2
93.8
286
1,104
1,227
56
128
81
16.4
10.4
6.2
363
1,196
1,545
263
1,100
1,475
72.5
92.0
95.5
224
954
1,321
39
146
154
14.8
13.3
10.4
W hite_______________
N onw hite. . . . .
.
.
2,679
486
2,442
• 440
91.2
90.5
2, 236
381
206
59
8.4
13.4
2,623
481
2,414
424
92.0
88.1
2,152
347
262
77
10.9
18.2
4,719
2,750
58.3
2,419
331
12.0
4, 654
2,613
56.1
2,257
356
13.0
452
2,048
2,219
194
1,297
1,259
42.9
63.3
56.7
148
1,119
1,152
46
178
107
23.7
13.7
8.5
505
1,884
2,265
215
1,135
1,263
42.6
60.2
55.8
159
961
1,137
56
174
126
26.0
15.3
10.0
4,080
639
2,402
348
58.9
54.5
2,146
273
256
75
10.7
21.6
4, 037
617
2,251
362
55.8
58.7
1,978
279
273
83
12.1
22.9
M ale
F emale
Total, 16 to 21 years...
16 and 17 years .
.
18 and 19 y e a r s ___. . .
20 and 21 years...
...
W hite_____________
Nonwhite______ . .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL AGE YOUTH, OCTOBER 1965
Chart 3.
P p rrp n t
Unemployment Rates of M ale Youth, 14 to
24 Years O ld ,' October 1948-65
ried women who were out of school and in the labor
force in October 1965 was greater than at the be
ginning of the decade. This tendency for rela
tively more young women to continue workingafter they are married may be related to later
family formation and lower birth rates of recent
years.
A greater proportion of young men no longer
in school were blue-collar workers (craftsmen,
operatives, and nonfarm laborers) in October 1965
than a year earlier, primarily because of increased
employment in manufacturing. In October 1965,
69 percent were blue-collar workers; the propor
tion who were operatives (38 percent) was double
that for laborers. Only a small percentage (17)
of the young men had white-collar jobs—primarily
clerical. Among the women, however, a majority
(60 percent) were white-collar workers and, as
usual, almost all were clerical.
Nonwhite youths were heavily concentrated in
the lower paying unskilled jobs. Greater propor
tions of nonwhites than whites worked in service
occupations while smaller percentages were whitecollar workers.
Unemployment among 16 to 21 year-old out-ofschool youth fell by 100,000 over the year and their
unemployment rate dipped to 10.6 percent in
October 1965, the lowest in this decade. The
600,000 jobless former students accounted for 22
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
743
percent of all the unemployed, a proportion three
times greater than their share of the labor force.
Many related factors contribute to the rela
tively high unemployment rate among youth who
are no longer acquiring a formal education.
They frequently hold jobs which require little or
no training and in which tenure is uncertain; they
are most likely to be laid off during seasonal slow
downs or other lulls as they are the least experi
enced workers and have little or no seniority.
Relatively few of the youths have family respon
sibilities and many do not hesitate to quit their
job to seek one more to their liking.
The unemployment rate for 16 and 17 year-old
boys not in school (16 percent) failed to decline
over the year as it had declined for those 18 to 21
and for adult workers. Both their young age and
lack of adequate education put these 55,000 job
less 16 and 17 year-old boys at a disadvantage
in finding work. The unemployment rate for the
16 and 17 year-old girls also remained high with
1 out of 4 of those in the labor force jobless.
The 20 and 21 year-old men had the sharpest
decline in unemployment rate over the year; this
decline is attributable, in part, to the fact that
they may have had more training and work ex
perience than the younger workers and that many
of them had attended college and some may even
have graduated from college and were therefore
better qualified for job opportunities in the ex
panding professional, technical, and clerical
occupations.
Unemployment rates for nonwhite youths who
are no longer in school continue to be high in
spite of special programs to train and develop
jobs for these workers. The unemployment rate
for non white boys (13 percent) was 60 percent
higher than that for white boys; the rate for non
white women (22 percent) was double that for
white women. While discriminatory hiring prac
tices are undoubtedly a factor in the higher un
employment rate for nonwhites, another impor
tant factor is the greater proportion of nonwhites
who are dropouts; half the nonwhite youths in
the labor force but only 30 percent of the white
youths had not graduated from high school.
744
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
II. The Effects of Employment
Redistribution on Earnings
Claire H odge*
T h e s h i f t in the occupational structure of em
ployment since 1950 had more effect on the average
annual earnings of workers than did the shift in
the industrial structure of employment. This
conclusion is based on the findings of a study of
changes in employment from 1950 to 1963 and
their effect on average earnings.1 The data show
that the changes since 1950 in the occupational
distribution of employment have contributed to
an increase in the annual average earnings level
for both men and women, and for all workers and
those who worked full time the year round.
On an overall basis, the changed occupational
pattern yielded an earnings level in 1963 which
was about $100 higher than it would have been
had the 1950 pattern persisted. (See table.) This
is a comparatively small difference in relation to
the rising level of income over this same period.2
On the other hand, the average annual earnings
level of male year-round full-time workers rose sub
stantially as a result of the changed occupational
distribution. For this group, the average earnings
figure was nearly $500 higher than it otherwise
would have been.
S h ifts From Goods to Services
Throughout the 20th century, the composition
of the Nation’s employment has been changing
from goods-producing and associated industries to
service-producing industries.3 Changes in employ
ment have reflected a decline in the proportion of
persons working in agriculture, mining, soft-goods
manufacturing, and transportation, and a rise in
the proportion employed in service industries—
finance, education, public administration, and pro
fessional and personal services.
One of the important questions raised by these
employment trends is the effect they have had on
the average earnings of the work force. Concern
has been expressed about the long-term employ
ment declines in mining, railroading, and several
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
manufacturing industries where production work
ers hold relatively skilled jobs and earn compara
tively high wages.
The net shift in the distribution of employment
among the major industry divisions actually made
a slight positive contribution to the increase in the
average annual earnings figure during the period
1950-63. In large part, this reflects the fact that
the most rapid decline took place in agriculture,
where average earnings have been the lowest (in
1963, $1,900, contrasted with the overall average
of $4,350).
Developments in manufacturing combined with
the decline in agriculture and a very rapid growth
in professional services to raise the 1963 average
annual earnings level for all male workers to a
*Of th e D iv isio n of E m p loym en t and U n em p loym en t A n alysis,
B ureau o f Labor S ta tis tic s.
1 T he b asic procedure in volved com pu ting a c tu a l m ean earn in gs
per w orker (in each of th e selected w orker grou p s) in 1963—
th e la te s t year fo r w h ich a ll th e n ecessary d eta iled earn ings
s ta tis tic s w ere ava ila b le a t th e tim e of th e stu d y.
(S in c e then,
th e d ata fo r 1964 have becom e ava ila b le ; w ith resp ect to th e
ea rn in g s effect, com p u tation s u sin g 1 9 5 0 -6 4 ch an ges in em
p loym en t y ield ed p recisely th e sam e r esu lts as th e 1 9 5 0 -6 3
changes. 1950 w a s th e e a r lie st year fo r w h ich com parable w ork
experien ce d a ta w ere a v a ila b le.)
T hese average e arn in gs w ere
th en com pared w ith average ea rn in g s estim a te d under th e a s
su m p tion th e 1950 em ploym en t d istrib u tio n by m ajor in d u str y
d iv isio n and, sep arately, by m ajor occu p ation group had re
m ain ed unchanged. D ifferences b etw een th e a c tu a l and the
estim a te d le v e ls o f earn in gs provided a m easure o f th e effect
o f ch an ges in th e in d u str ia l and o ccu p ation al com p osition of
em ploym en t.
S ep arate com parisons w ere developed by sex, and for all
w orkers and year-round fu ll-tim e w orkers. T h e la tte r group
com prises person s w ho w orked, or w ere on paid leave, in each
o f 50 w eek s or m ore, p rim arily a t jobs w h ich provided 35 hours
or more of w ork per week.
T he in d u str y and occu p ation d ata rela te to th e lo n g e st job
h eld by th e w orker du rin g th e calen d ar year. T he average an
n u al e arn in gs in 1963 fo r each in d u stry and occu p ation w ere
com pu ted from un publish ed data c ollected by th e B ureau of th e
C ensus in th e Current Population Surveys o f February and
M arch 1964.
E m p loym en t w as defined on a p aid w ork exp erien ce basis— th a t
is, th e to ta l num ber o f different person s w ho w orked for pay or
profit a t a n y tim e du rin g th e calendar year. T h e w ork ex p eri
ence data, also derived from Current Population Surveys , are
co n cep tu a lly c o n s iste n t w ith th e d ata on earn ings.
T he m ajor lim ita tio n s of th e stu d y w ere th a t (1 ) d ata by in
d u stry and occu p ation w ere ava ila b le on ly a t th e m ajor group
level, and also could n ot be in ter r e la te d ; and (2 ) p erson s w ith
m ore th a n one job w ere cla ssified in th e in d u str y and occu pation
of th eir lo n g e s t job, and a ll th eir earn in gs w ere a ttrib u ted
to th a t in d u str y and occu p ation group.
2 P r e c ise ly com parable figures are n o t availab le, but m edian
to ta l m oney incom e, a d ju sted fo r ch an ges in prices, rose by about
$1,150, or 40 p ercent, from 1950 to 1963.
3 In th is stu d y , goods-producing industries com prise ag r ic u l
ture, m in in g, con stru ction , m an u factu rin g, and th e clo sely re
la te d tr a n sp o r ta tio n and pu blic u t ilitie s groupin g. Service-pro
ducing industries com prise trade, finance, m iscellan eou s services,
and public ad m in istra tio n .
EFFECTS OF EMPLOYMENT REDISTRIBUTION ON EARNINGS
figure $200 higher than would have been true in
the absence of any industrial redistribution after
1950. In hard goods manufacturing industries,
the average earnings level for male workers in
1963 was about $1,000 more than the average for
all male workers; in these industries, employment
of men rose by 26 percent from 1950 to 1963, com
pared with a rise of 13 percent in all industries.
The average annual earnings figure for workers
in nonagricultural industries was slightly lower in
1963 than if the 1950 employment distribution by
industry had remained unchanged.4 This resulted
mainly from the tremendous influx of women into
the service industries, the majority of these women
working only part year or part time and thus
earning relatively small amounts for the year as a
whole.
Employment Trends
From 1950 to 1963, the number of different per
sons employed at some time during the year rose
by 15 million—or 23 percent—to 80.4 million. The
vast majority of these 15 million workers were
4
In d u stry d a ta on e a rn in g s a nd em ploym ent, derived m ain ly
from em ployer rep orts to a d m in istr a tiv e agencies, are published
by th e U .S . D ep a rtm en t o f Commerce, Office o f B u sin ess E co
nom ics. T he OBE series s u b sta n tia te s the fin dings o f th is stu d y
in regard to differences betw een a c tu a l and estim a te d ea rn in gs
in 1963 o f n o n a g ricu ltu ra l w orkers.
745
added to the service-producing industries—9.3 mil
lion to miscellaneous services and finance, 2.4 mil
lion to trade, and 1.2 million to public adminis
tration.
Sizable employment gains were also registered
in durable goods manufacturing (2.4 million) and
in construction (800,000), but there were losses of
1.6 million from agriculture and 400,000 from
mining. Altogether, the goods-producing indus
tries increased their employment by only 6 percent
from 1950 to 1963, in contrast to a gain of 42 per
cent in the service industries. (See chart 1.) The
goods-producing sector, which employed 53 percent
of all workers in 1950, declined to 45 percent in
1963.
But from the standpoint of earnings, the most
significant developments were that the greatest de
cline in the goods sector was in agriculture, and
the strongest gain in the service sector was in pro
fessional services.
Taking account of changes in all major industry
divisions, the average annual earnings figure was
about $50 higher than it would have been if the
1950 employment distribution had prevailed.
When the nonagricultural industry groups were
examined separately, however, it was revealed that
the 1950 industry pattern would have yielded a
slightly higher level of earnings. It is clear that
this resulted m a in ly from the effect of women
E f f e c t o f 1 950-63 C h a n g e s i n D i s t r i b u t i o n o f E m p l o y m e n t o n A v e r a g e A n n u a l E a r n i n g s o f S e l e c t e d W o r k e r
G roups 1
[Numbers in thousands]
1963
Effect of employment changes on earnings 2
Selected worker group
Average
(mean)
earnings
80,355
$4,342
$51
$108
1.2
2.5
50,296
30,059
5,489
2,330
203
1
354
61
3.7
6.4
2.6
______________
44,969
6,043
185
330
_________
33,474
11,495
All workers_______ ______ _____________ _________
M ale______ ______ _ _ . . ______________ _ . __________
Fem ale_____________ ________________________________
Year-round full-time workers_____________ _____ __
M ale___ ________ _ _____________ ________
Female_______________________________________
As a percent of 1963 earnings
Number
of
workers
B y indus
try
3.1
5.5
7.1
3.4
.5
3.6
1.6
2.7
75,081
4,512
-5 5
24
M ale________________ ______ . . . . _________ _____ _ .
Female_____________________ ____ ___ ______
45,927
29,154
5,798
2,384
37
-1 8
209
39
-.8
.3
42, 550
6,205
21
168
.8
3.5
31,145
11,405
7,087
3,749
54
21
250
113
.6
3.0
1 Data relate to persons with paid work experience at some time during
the year.
2 This effect represents the difference between actual earnings in 1963 and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
484
126
(3)
B y occu
pation
All nonfarm workers_________ ____________________________
M a le ..__________ __________________________ ____ _____ .
Female__________________________
_____
302
31
B y indus
try
4.4
.8
-1 .2
.6
Year-round full-time nonfarm workers.. _______ ____ _____ _______ _
6,819
3,736
B y occu
pation
the average earnings that would have been received in 1963 had the 1950
distributions of employment by industry and occupation group persisted.
3 Less than 0.1 percent.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
746
Chart 1.
Changes Between 1950 and 1963 in the Total Number of Persons W ith Paid Work
Experience, by Industry
Industry and earnings in 1963
-60
-40
working part time. and intermittently, since the
figures for year-round full-time workers and for
men showed a slight gain as a result of the em
ployment redistribution by industry.
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
The proportion of workers in all industries em
ployed year round on full-time jobs declined
slightly between 1950 and 1963 (from 58 to 56 per
cent of total employment). The drop resulted
entirely from changes in the employment of wo
men ; about two-thirds of the male work force had
year-round full-time jobs in both 1950 and 1963.
The proportion of women who worked full time
year round declined from 40 percent to 38 percent
over this period.
The shift from goods to services during the
1950-63 period was less pronounced among year-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent change in number of workers, 1950-63
-20
0
+20
+40
+60
+80
round full-time workers, since the industrial com
position of this group was not affected by the in
flux of part-time and part-year workers into trade
and services. Of those in year-round full-time
employment, 51 percent were in the goods sector
in 1963, 56 percent had been in this sector in 1950.
In 1963, the level of earnings among persons
who worked full time all year was $200 higher as
a result of the shift in the composition of industry
employment. Among men, the differentials were
even more impressive. For men in all industries
who worked full time the year round, the earnings
average was $300 more in 1963 than it would have
been if no shifts in employment had occurred after
1950. The substantial influence of the movement
from farming to better paying jobs outside of
agriculture was evident. When nonfarm indus
tries alone were considered, the actual average
earnings level in 1963 for year-round full-time
747
EFFECTS OF EMPLOYMENT REDISTRIBUTION ON EARNINGS
male workers was only about $50 above the esti
mated earnings had these employment shifts not
taken place.
Professional and Technical Workers
In 1950, professional and technical employees
represented only 8 percent of all paid workers ;
by 1963, 12 percent. Since 1950, employment in
the professional occupations had increased by 4.2
million, or more than 80 percent. (See chart 2.)
The vast majority of these additional profes
sional and technical workers were employed in the
service-producing sector. Their average earnings
are high, and the rapid growth in the number
employed in services helps to explain why the re
distribution of employment from goods to service
industries did not have a depressing effect on
earnings.
Chart 2.
Employment Trends by Sex
Women constituted 60 percent of the gain in
total employment from 1950 to 1963. The maj ority of the women added to the work force dur
ing this period were part-time or intermittent
workers employed in service, finance, and trade.
In the service and finance group, growth in the
number of part-time and intermittent workers was
more than double the increase in the number of
year-round full-time workers. In trade, the num
ber of part-time and intermittent workers in
creased five times as fast as the number who
worked full time all year.
Although these developments held down the
level of annual average earnings among women ill
nonfarm industries, they should not be interpreted
as adverse to women workers. It is known that
a great many women are employed only part time
Changes Between 1950 and 1963 in the Total Number of Persons W ith Paid W ork
Experience, by Occupation
Occupation and earnings in 1963
All workers
Year-round full-time
Professional, technical
and kindred
Managers, officials, and
proprietors
Clerical workers
Sales workers
Craftsmen and foremen
Operatives and kindred
Nonfarm laborers
Private household workers
Other service workers
Farmers and farm managers
Farm laborers and foremen
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-60
-40
-20
Percent change in number of workers, 1950-63
0
+20
+40
+60
+80
+100
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
748
or part year by choice; they have entered the labor
force to take advantage of part-time jobs which
fit their schedules or are near their homes. Of all
women who had work experience in 1963, 60 per
cent were married and living with their husbands.
Nearly two-thirds of these secondary earners
worked only part time or intermittently, most of
them to provide supplementary buying power for
their families. The availability of part-time jobs
has been beneficial to married women who desire
or need them for the additional family income;
at the same time, the availability of part-time
workers has benefited those industries, such as
trade and service, that can utilize them.
Men accounted for only 40 percent of the gain
in total employment during the 13-year period,
but for about 60 percent of all new professional
and technical workers and for 90 percent of the
additional managers, officials, and proprietors.
Most of these new jobs for men were on a yearround full-time schedule and, of course, were the
most remunerative in terms of average annual
earnings. Men registered large gains in service,
finance, and durable goods manufacturing, and
substantial losses in agriculture and mining. Ex
cept for the job loss in mining (about 400,000), all
these employment changes contributed to an in
crease in the average earnings level of male
workers.
Future Trends
Projections of the occupational distribution of
employment in 1975 indicate that the trends of
1950-63 will continue during the 1963-75 period,5
and this continuing shift toward higher skilled
and higher paid occupations will tend to raise the
level of average earnings. Keweighting 1963
earnings for each major occupational group by
the projected distribution of employment among
occupations for 1975 produces an average for all
workers about $75 (2 percent) higher than the
actual average annual earnings figure for 1963.
5 Manpower Report of the President, March 19G6, p. 217.
The occupational group of the future will combine elements from both the
professional and bureaucratic models; the average professional man will com
bine professional and nonprofessional orientations; the typical occupational
association may be neither a trade union nor a professional association. Mixed
forms of control, hybrid organizations—not a straight-line “professionaliza
tion of labor”—are the likely outcomes.
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—Harold L. AVilensky, “The Professionalization of Everyone?”
Journal of Sociology, September 1964.
The American
Summaries of Studies and Reports
A Review of Work Stoppages
During 1965
In 1965, the number of work stoppages beginning
during the year reached the highest annual level
since 1955. However, both the number of work
ers involved in these stoppages and the idleness
resulting from all strikes in effect during the year
were below the average for the previous decade.
As shown in chart 1, the 3,963 work stoppages
which began in 1965 involved 1,550,000 workers.1
Idleness resulting from strikes which were in effect
during the year totaled 23.3 million man-days, or
0.18 percent of the estimated total working time
of the nonagricultural work force (exclusive of
government). Strikes ending during the year
averaged 25 days in duration—compared with
22.9 days in 1964.
Twenty-one major stoppages (strikes involving
10,000 workers or more) began in 1965 and
accounted for a significant proportion of the year’s
worker and idleness totals. The Atlantic and
Gulf Coast longshoremen’s strike which began in
1964 continued into the year. Seven of the major
stoppages were in progress in July when monthly
strike idleness reached its peak for the year (3.7
million man-days). None of the stoppages which
either began in or were threatened during the year
was deemed serious enough to warrant utilization
of the national emergency provisions of the TaftHartley Act, but high-level Government mediation
was invoked to settle several strikes and to avert
a nationwide stoppage in the basic steel industry.
Size and Duration
Work stoppages among groups of 100 workers
or more occurred with greater frequency in 1965
than in recent years. Approximately 46 percent
of the 1965 stoppages were of this size compared
with 41.7 percent in 1964, and an average of 41.4
percent during the 1960-64 period. The increase
in the incidence of strike activity in 1965 was con
centrated in this group, rather than among stop
pages of smaller size. The number of stoppages
of the smallest size (those involving fewer than
20 workers) was less in 1965 (686) than in 1964
(718).
Of the larger strikes, 268 directly affected as
many as 1,000 workers—the highest incidence in
this size group since 1958. These stoppages ac
counted for 7 percent of all strikes in 1965, and
involved nearly two-thirds of the workers par
ticipating in new strikes. Including those con
tinuing from 1964, stoppages of this magnitude
were responsible for nearly two-thirds of the
year’s total strike idleness. Slightly more than
three-fifths of these large stoppages wTere re
negotiation disputes, while about a third occurred
during the term of agreements.
Twenty-one stoppages beginning in 1965 in
volved as many as 10,000 workers each; there were
18 in 1964. These strikes directly idled 387,000
workers, and, combined with the idleness accruing
in 1965 from the Atlantic and Gulf Coast long
shoremen’s strike, resulted in approximately 6
million man-days of idleness. The largest stop
page (40,000 workers) commencing during the
year was an 11-day interstate strike against the
Glass Container Manufacturers Institute; the
longest of the major stoppages was an 89-day con
struction strike in upstate New York.
Since 1959, the average duration of work stop
pages has been high relative to earlier post1
T h ese d ata in clu d e a ll w ork stop p ages know n to th e B ureau of
Labor S ta tis tic s and v ariou s coop eratin g a gen cies in v o lv in g 6
w orkers or m ore and la s tin g a fu ll day or s h ift or longer. F ig u res
on w orkers in volved and m an-days idle inclu de a ll w orkers m ade
id le for as lo n g as one s h ift in e sta b lish m e n ts d ir e c tly in volved
in a s to p p a g e ; th ey do n o t m easure th e in d ir ec t or second ary
effects on oth er esta b lish m e n ts or in d u str ies w h ose em ployees are
m ade id le as a r e s u lt of m aterial or service sh ortages.
A fo rth co m in g b u lletin w ill provide a d d itio n a l d ata and
a n a ly sis on stop p ages du rin g 1965. F o r d a ta on 1964 stoppages,
see “A R eview of W ork Stop p ages D u rin g 1 9 6 4 ,” M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v ie w , Ju n e 1965;, pp. 6 6 1 -6 6 8 , and A n a ly s i s o f W o r k S to p p a g e s ,
1964 (B L S B u lle tin 1460, 1 9 6 5 ).
T he term s “w ork sto p p a g e” and “s tr ik e ” are used in ter c h a n g e
ably in th is a r tic le and in clu d e lockouts.
749
2 2 1 -1 4 3 O — 6(
-3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
750
war experience. In 1965, the average duration
reached its highest level since 1947; strikes ending
during the year averaged 25 calendar days—com
pared with an average of 22.9 days in 1964, and
an average of 20 days during the 1948-58 period.
As the increase in average duration indicated,
there was a greater number of stoppages lasting a
month or longer in 1965 than in 1964. The 938
stoppages of such length which ended in 1965
constituted the highest total for any year since
1953. (See table.) While greater in number
than in the previous year, these stoppages in
volved fewer workers and resulted in less idleness
than strikes of such length in 1964; the latter re
sult is largely explained by the 1964 nationwide
General Motors strike. (See chart 2.)
Most strikes are still settled promptly. Ap
proximately two-fifths of the strikes ending in
1965 were terminated in less than a week, and
three-fifths were settled in 2 weeks or less. The
median duration of strikes ending in 1965 was 9
days.
Contract Status
Continuing the pattern of recent years, the
largest proportion (46 percent) of the work stop
pages beginning in 1965 were renegotiation dis
putes. Strikes arising during the term of an
agreement accounted for 35 percent of the year’s
total; 18 percent of the stoppages occurred during
the negotiation of the initial agreement or in the
union’s quest for recognition.
In both absolute and relative terms, the number
of workers participating in renegotiation strikes
D u r a t io n o f W o r k S t o p p a g e s E n d in g in
Stoppage
Duration (calendar
days)
N um Per
ber
cent
All stoppages___ 3,973 100.0
1 day-----------------------2 to 3 day
. -4 to 6 d a y s . . . ---- -- -7 to 14 days______ 15 to 29 d a y s _______
30 to 59 days -___
60 to 89 days______ 90 days and over__ _
448
565
558
822
642
476
241
221
11.3
14.2
14.0
20.7
16.2
12.0
6.1
5.6
W orkers involved
1965 1
Man-days idle
Number
Per
cent
Major Issues
1,610,000 100.0
23,800,000
100.0
11.2
9.8
12.2
17.8
23.8
12.5
10.6
2.1
179,000
328,000
702,000
1,950,000
5,080,000
5,140,000
6,100,000
4,340,000
0.8
1.4
2.9
8.2
21.3
21.6
25.6
18.2
While the distribution of the number of work
stoppages by major issues deviated little from the
1964 pattern, differences did appear in the alloca
tion of Workers and idleness among the various is
sues, with the most significant changes developing
among disputes over plant administration and
job security matters. Largely as a consequence
of the General Motors strike, plant administra-
Number
179,000
158,000
196,000
285,000
383,000
200,000
170,000
34,400
Per
cent
i The totals in this table relate to stoppages ending during the year
Idleness for prior years is included in the 1965 total.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and the amount of resultant idleness declined from
the levels of the previous year. Renegotiation
stoppages accounted for 64 percent of all strikers
and were responsible for four-fifths of total strike
idleness. As in recent years, more than fourfifths of these stoppages resulted from disputes
over general wage changes and/or supplementary
benefits. A smaller proportion (7 percent) of the
renegotiation strikes developed out of disputes
over plant administration or job security matters.
Largely because four of the major stoppages were
included in this category, these strikes accounted
for nearly one-fifth of the total idleness from re
negotiation stoppages.
The number of workers involved in strikes which
occurred during the term of an agreement was
slightly larger in 1965 than in 1964, but the idle
ness resulting from these stoppages was nearly 20
percent greater than the year before. Of these
disputes, those lasting 30 days or longer involved
a larger number of workers in 1965 than in 1964,
thus accounting in part for the higher level of
idleness. Plant administration or job security
disputes accounted for more than two-fifths of the
strikes which occurred during the term of an
agreement; intra- or interunion conflicts for an
other third.
The stoppages which occurred during the es
tablishment of a collective bargaining relation
ship were small ones; more than four-fifths
directly affected fewer than 100 workers each, and
only 10 involved as many as 1,000 workers—2 were
strikes by taxicab drivers in New York City.
Such strikes accounted for 5 percent of all strikers
and for 8 percent of total idleness. Disputes over
union organization and security matters led to 66
percent of these stoppages; demands for general
wage changes and/or supplementary benefits
added another 24 percent to the total.
A REVIEW OF WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1965
tion stoppages accounted for 36 percent of total
idleness in 1964; in 1965, such disputes led to only
8 percent of the year’s idleness. On the other
hand, job security disputes accounted for 16 per
cent of total idleness in 1965, compared with 6
percent in the previous year.
Demands for general wage changes and/or
supplementary benefits were the major issues in
more than two-fifths of the year’s stoppages.
These disputes involved 46 percent of the workers
participating in strikes, and accounted for 54
percent of total idleness. In each of five industry
groups, strikes over these issues resulted in more
than 1 million man-days of idleness—the greatest
volume (2.2 million man-days) occurred in the
construction industry.
Disputes over plant administration matters de
clined slightly in number from the previous year,
and involved less than half as many workers as in
1964 (287,000 compared with 576,000). The
General Motors strike of 1964 accounts for the
significantly higher workers’ total in that year.
The construction and mining industries, however,
experienced more than one-fourth of these
disputes.
Job security issues led to 5 percent of all stop
pages which began in 1965 and accounted for ap
proximately one-tenth of the workers involved in
these disputes; these measures were below the 1964
levels.2 However, because this group included
the 1964-65 longshoremen’s strike as well as three
of the major strikes beginning in 1965, idleness
resulting from-job security strikes was more than
twice as great as in the previous year. More than
two-fifths of the idleness resulting from strikes
over these issues occurred in the transportation
and communication industries group.
The number of disputes over union organization
and security matters was slightly higher than in
1964, but these disputes involved a significantly
larger number of workers and resulted in a con
siderably higher level of idleness than in the
earlier year. A similar situation prevailed in the
case of strikes over inter- or intra-union affairs,
nearly seven-eighths of these disputes occurred in
the construction industry.
2
Since the longshoremen’s strike began in October 1964, the
workers involved are included in the workers’ total for 1964,
rather than for 1965.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
751
Industries Affected
The increase in strike incidence in 1965 was con
centrated among manufacturing industries, these
industries accounted for 2,080 of the stoppages in
1965, compared with 1,794 stoppages in 1964.
Idleness resulting from manufacturing strikes
was, however, less than in the previous year; on
the other hand, the time lost from nonmanufactur
ing stoppages rose to its highest level since 1959.
The number of workers involved in strikes de
clined from the 1964 level in both manufacturing
and nonmanufacturing, but the greater decline
occurred in the manufacturing sector.
Significant increases in idleness over 1964 levels
were recorded in several manufacturing industries,
including the paper, chemicals, leather, machinery,
and stone, clay, and glass products industries.
The paper industry experienced its greatest
recorded level of idleness, more than one-fifth of
Chart 1.
Number of Work Stoppages and Workers
Involved, 1916-65
[Semilog scale]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
752
the time lost resulted from a 22-day major stop
page at the International Paper Co. Nearly a
third of the idleness in the chemicals industry was
attributable to a 222-day strike at the Wyandotte
Chemical Co.; two-fifths of the time lost in the
leather industry resulted from a 3-month strike at
plants of the Acme Boot Co. An 11-day major
stoppage involving the Glass Container Manufac
turers Institute accounted for slightly more than
a third of the idleness in the stone, clay, and glass
products industry. The higher level of time lost
in the machinery industry was largely attributable
to a marked increase in the number of strikes,
several of which were of long duration.
Though recording a decline in idleness from the
1964 level, the transportation equipment industry
nonetheless experienced the highest volume of
idleness among manufacturing industries; the
previous year’s idleness in this group had been
concentrated in the motor vehicles and parts indusChart 2.
Man-Days Idle in Work Stoppages,
1927-65
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[Semilog scale]
try, but more than a third of the 1965 idleness
occurred in the aircraft and parts industry with
another fourth accruing from strikes at firms en
gaged in the construction and repair of ships. In
the printing, rubber, and fabricated metal prod
ucts industries, strike idleness declined slightly
from 1964 levels, but, as in the transportation
equipment industry, the lost time ratio in each
case remained substantially above the national
average.
Among nonmanufacturing industries, substan
tial increases in idleness were recorded in construc
tion, transportation and communication, and
government. The construction industry sustained
the greatest volume of idleness recorded during
1965 (4.6 million man-days); more than two-fifths
of the time lost resulted from four major stop
pages, the shortest of which was of 24 days dura
tion. Both the idleness from construction strikes
and the number of workers involved in these dis
putes reached the highest levels since 1958. In
the transportation and communication industries,
which experienced their highest level of idleness
since 1955, three-fifths of the time lost was attrib
utable to seven major stoppages, the largest of
which was the longshoremen’s strike. Govern
ment employees experienced their highest recorded
level of strike idleness; a 28-day stoppage by wel
fare workers in New York City accounted for
three-fourths of total idleness.
On the other hand, idleness in the mining and
trade industries declined markedly from the prior
year’s level. In mining, the number of strikes
increased by more than a fifth, but idleness was
only slightly more than half as great as in 1964.
The number of stoppages in wholesale and retail
trade was also higher than in 1964, but the level of
idleness was less than half as great as in the previ
ous year.
State Experience
New York was directly affected by nine of the
major stoppages in progress during the year and
led all States in strike idleness (2.9 million mandays) in 1965. California ranked second (2.3
million man-days); slightly more than half of
the time lost in this State resulted from construc
tion strikes. Four other States (Illinois, Michi
gan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) experienced more
A REVIEW OF WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1965
than 1 million man-days of idleness in 1965, but
the time lost in three of these States was less than
that recorded in 1964. In Pennsylvania, however,
where the time lost from strikes had been on the
decline for 5 consecutive years, idleness rose to its
highest level since 1961.
Although experiencing less idleness than those
States noted above, several States, including Ari
zona, Louisiana, Nevada, and Washington, none
theless sustained a percentage loss in total esti
mated working time which was significantly
greater than the national average. In Arizona, the
high percent of working time lost (0.78 percent)
was attributable mainly to the 76-day major strike
in the construction industry which accounted for
nine-tenths of the State’s idleness. A lengthy con
struction strike in Louisiana was responsible for
slightly more than half of the idleness in that
State; two prolonged strikes in this industry ac
counted for a similar proportion of the total idle
ness in Nevada. Two strikes in the transportation
equipment industry, accounted for more than
seven-tenths of the State’s idleness, and were re
sponsible for the high percent of working time lost
in Washington.
New York and California, which led all States
in strike idleness, also ranked first and second,
respectively, in the number of workers involved in
stoppages. The number of strikers in New York
753
(186.000) increased by one-sixth over the previous
year’s level, while in California the 150,000 work
ers represented a 63-percent increase over the 1964
level. Construction strikes, which contributed sig
nificantly to California’s strike idleness, accounted
for approximately half of the workers participat
ing in strikes in that State. Other States with
large numbers of strikers were Pennsylvania
(132.000) , Illinois (102,000), Ohio (97,000), and
Michigan (82,000), but the number involved in all
but the first of these States was less than in 1964.
Thirteen States experienced 100 stoppages or
more each in 1965, with Pennsylvania and New
York ranking first and second, respectively, in
strike incidence. Despite its high ranking, the
number of stoppages in New York (397) was at
its lowest level since 1945. On the other hand,
in California, which ranked fourth in strike inci
dence, the number of stoppages reached its highest
level since 1941. Among States experiencing fewer
than 100 stoppages each, records were either estab
lished or equaled in Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Missis
sippi, Nevada, and North Dakota. The lowest in
cidence of strike activity occurred in the District
of Columbia, Alaska, South Dakota, Vermont, and
Wyoming, each of which experienced 10 or fewer
stoppages in 1965.
— E d w a r d D. O n a n i a n
D iv isio n of In d u stria l and Labor R elation s
I do wish that when a principle has been worked out, say in ethics, it didn’t
have to be discovered all over again in psychology, in economics, in govern
ment, in business, in biology and in sociology. I t ’s such a waste of time.
—Mary Parker Follett, quoted by Richard Cabot in Ra&cliffe Quarterly, April 1934.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
754
Employee Earnings and Hours
in Retail Trade: Part I
T a ble 1.
C u m u l a t iv e P e r c e n t D ist r ib u t io n of N on
su p e r v iso r y
E m plo y ees in R et a il T rad e 1 B y
A v erage S traigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s ,2 U n it e d
S t a tes and R e g io n s ,3 J u n e 1965
West
United
States
North
east
South
North
Central
Under $0.50_______________
Under $0.75_______________
Under $1.00_______________
0.2
1.9
5.4
(4)
0.1
.8
0.6
5.5
14.1
0.1
1.1
4.0
Under $1.05_______________
Under $1.10_______________
Under $1.15_______________
Under $1.20_______________
Under $1.25_______________
9.8
10.6
12.1
17.4
19.3
3.5
3.9
4.6
7. 2
8.3
20.8
22.3
24.4
34.4
37.6
9.2
9.9
12.1
17.5
19.8
2.6
3.0
3.7
5. 5
6. 0
Under $1.30_______________
Under $1.35_______________
Under $1.40_______________
Under $1.45_______________
Under $1.50_______________
30.9
34.6
38.9
42.1
44.4
23.2
27.1
32.4
35.8
38.1
49.5
53.2
57.2
60.3
62.4
31.3
34.8
39.0
42.4
44.9
12.0
15.6
19.4
22.3
24.1
Under $1.55_______________
Under $1.60_______________
Under $1.65.
Under $1.70_______________
Under $1.75_______________
50.7
52.9
56.0
58.3
60.2
45.4
47.9
51.8
54.1
56.1
66.9
69.0
71.4
73.2
74.8
51.3
53.4
56.6
58.9
60.8
31.8
33.9
36.6
39.8
41.8
Under $1.80_______________
Under $1.85_______________
Under $1.90_______________
Under $1.95_______________
Under $2.00 __
_ _ _ _
63. 2
64.9
67.1
68.6
69.8
59.5
61.1
63.6
65.3
66.3
77. 0
78.4
80.2
81.4
82.4
63.7
65.5
67.7
69.3
70.6
46. 0
47.8
50.5
52. 2
53. 6
Under $2.10_______________
Under $2.20_______________
Under $2.30_______________
Under $2.40_______________
Under $2.50_______________
74. 2
76.7
79.6
81.5
83. 0
71.6
74.7
78.2
80.3
82.3
85.5
87.2
89.1
90.2
91.1
74.9
77.7
80.4
82.5
84.1
58.7
61.6
65. 0
67. 7
69.8
Under $2.60
Under $2.70_______________
Under $2.80--- - --------- - Under $2 .9 0 . _. - Under $ 3 .0 0 _______________
85.7
87.1
85.3
87.0
92.7
93.5
86.7
88.1
73.6
75.6
88 .6
8 9 .8
9 0 .7
8 8 .8
90.1
9 1 .0
94.4
95.1
95 .6
8 9 .5
90 .6
9 1 .7
77. 5
79.6
80. 9
T otal------ ----------------
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 00.0
Number of employees (in
thousands)------ -Average hourly earnings-----
6,687. 0
$1.85
1 .7 5 2 .1
$1.95
1 ,8 8 4 .4
$1.54
1 ,8 6 4 .8
$1.85
1 ,1 8 5 .7
$ 2.22
Average hourly earnings 2
in the Nation’s retail
trade industry earned an average of $1.85 on a
straight-time hourly basis in June 1965; on the
average, they earned $68.07 and worked 36.9 hours
a week, according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics
survey 1 covering nearly 6.7 million nonsupervi
sory retail trade employees in the industry. Be
cause of the importance of the industry, which pro
vides jobs (part- and full-time) for 15 percent of
the Nation’s nonagricultural employees, this article
(Pt. I) deals with the survey results in some de
tail. It analyzes some of the factors influencing
employee earnings and hours in retail trade. Part
II, which will appear in next month’s issue of the
Review, will examine some of the changes in earn
ings and hours which took place after 1962.2
Retail establishments vary widely in terms of
employment—from the large department store
which may employ several thousand people to the
neighborhood grocery which may have only one or
two paid employees. According to the 1963 Cen
sus of Business, about 75 percent of the 1.2 million
retail establishments (excluding eating and drink
ing places) in the United States which were open
during the entire year had fewer than 4 paid em
ployees, while only 13 percent had 10 or more.
Establishments employing 10 people or more ac
counted for 64 percent of retail sales; only 6
N
o n s u p e r v iso r y e m p l o y e e s
1
The survey was made at the request of the U.S. Department
of Labor’s Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions as part
of their studies of minimum-wage and maximum-hours standards.
In this connection, data from the survey were published in the
Secretary of Labor’s R e p o r t S u b m itte d to th e C on gress in A c
c o rd a n ce w ith th e R e q u ire m e n ts o f S e c tio n 4 ( d ) of th e F a ir L a b o r
S ta n d a r d s A c t, J a n u a ry 1966.
The survey relates to all establishments having one paid em
ployee or more engaged in retail trade (except eating and drink
ing places) as defined in the 1957 edition of the S ta n d a rd I n d u s
tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M a n u a l prepared by the Bureau of the Budget.
Included also are auxiliary units affiliated with and primarily
engaged in serving the various establishments (e.g., warehouses
and central offices). The sample used in the study was designed
to yield national and regional estimates for all retail trade, each
major retail group, and selected retail groups. The data reflect
earnings and hours of work of nonsupervisory employees for 1
week in June 1965.
The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this article dif
fer in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published
in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike the
latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for
overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
More comprehensive information on the nature and results of
the survey will be presented in E m p lo y e e E a rn in g s an d H o u rs in
R e ta il T ra d e , J u n e 1 9 65, (BLS Bulletin 1501).
2 See M o n th ly L a b o r R ev ie w , July 1963, pp. 802-807.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
«
0.2
.8
1 Excludes eating and drinking places.
2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
„
s The regions used in this study include: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, N ew Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin; and W est- Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
* Less than 0.05 percent.
percent of the establishments had as many as 20
employees but they accounted for almost half (47
percent) of all retail sales. Chain stores are quite
common in retail trade but single unit establish
ments accounted for 54 percent of the employ
ment and 62 percent of the sales.
Some occupations are peculiar to certain lines
of business—e.g., tailors and seamstresses in ap
parel stores, mechanics at automobile dealers, and
pharmacists in drug stores. Even among sales
positions, occupational requirements vary from the
limited training required to sell sundry items in
a variety store to the experience, training, and
knowledge required to sell an automobile.
EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN RETAIL TRADE
Average H ourly Earnings
than $1.25 an hour, but two-fifths of the men
earned at least $2 an hour and a sixth earned at
least $3, whereas only a sixth of the women earned
$2 or more and all but 2 percent earned less than
$3. The disporportionate representation of women
at the lower end of the pay scale is well illustrated
by the tabulation below:
The wide dispersion of average hourly earnings
(about 4 out of 5 employees earned between $1.10
and $3 an hour) reflects the effects of the factors
characteristic of the industry. Median earnings
were $1.54 an hour; the middle 50 percent of the
employees earned between $1.27 and $2.13, and
nearly an eighth (the largest concentration of em
ployees at a single wage interval) earned between
$1.25 and $1.30 an hour (table 1).
The South was the only region 3 in which em
ployees averaged less than the industrywide pay
level. As compared with the other regions, earn
ings of employees in the South were heavily con
centrated in the lower reaches of the pay scale.
For example, while 3 of every 10 employees worked
in the South, that region accounted for 3 of every
4 employees who earned less than $1 and for 1 of
2 who earned less than $1.25. In contrast, em
ployees in the West constituted 18 percent of the
retail work force but 36 percent of the employees
with earnings of $3 an hour or more.
Men’s earnings were substantially higher, on the
average, than those of women, $2.04 as compared
with $1.52 an hour (table 2). Differences be
tween the earnings distributions were promi
nent especially in the upper reaches of the wage
scale. For example, fewer than a sixth of the men,
compared with a fourth of the women, earned less
Percent Percent who
Employees earning—
of total were women
Total________________________________ _____
100
41
Less than $1____________________________________
5
50
Less than $1.25__________________________________
19
55
Less than $1.50__________________________________
44
55
$2 or more_____________________________________________ 30
21
9
8
$3 or more______________________________________
3
T he reg io n s used in th is stu d y are defined in fo o tn o te 3,
tab le 1.
T a b l e 2.
755
Community size appeared to influence the level
of earnings. Employees working in metropolitan
areas earned an average of $1.95 an hour, 38 cents
an hour more than those in less populous areas.
Earnings of employees in nonmetropolitan areas
were grouped towards the lower end of the pay
scale: a fourth earned less than $1.15 and nearly
half less than $1.35, while fewer than a fifth earned
as much as $2 an hour. In metropolitan areas,
on the other hand, nearly seven-eighths of the em
ployees earned at least $1.25, somewhat more than
a third $2 or more, and nearly an eighth at least
$3. The pay differential between the two areas
may reflect a higher value of sales per employee
in urban than in rural firms, resulting from a
greater volume of sales and more rapid turnover
of merchandise. According to the 1963 Census
of Business, the volume of sales per employee in
establishments with $1 million or more in annual
A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 a n d P e r c e n t o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s i n
T r a d e 2 E a r n i n g L e s s T h a n S p e c i f i e d A m o u n t s o f P a y , U n i t e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1965
Selected characteristics
Number of
employees
(thousands)
Average
hourly
earnings
Percent of emplc)yees eai•ning les s than—
$1.15
All nonsupervisory employees
R e t a il
$1.20
$1.25
$1.30
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
6,687. 0
$1.85
12.1
17.4
19.3
30.9
44.4
69.8
83.0
Metropolitan areas 3__
Nonmetropolitan areas--
4, 977.4
1,709.6
1.95
1.57
7.8
24.7
12.7
31.2
14.5
33.5
25.8
45.7
39.6
58.1
65.9
81.2
80.4
90.9
M en -,.
-,
W om en... . ____
3,913. 2
2,773.8
2. 04
1.52
10.5
14.4
13.8
22.5
15.0
25.5
24.4
40.0
34.1
58.8
59.2
84.8
74.7
94.8
Enterprises with annual sales of $1,000,000 or more 4
Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more 4—
Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,0004. _
3,385. 9
3,142.3
243.6
1.99
2. 02
1.55
4.0
2.3
24.7
11.5
9.8
32.4
13.8
12.1
35.4
24.3
22.5
47.5
40.3
38.5
64.3
65.4
64. 0
83.6
79.9
78.9
92.3
Enterprises with annual sales of at least $250,000 but less than $1,000,0004
Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more 4
Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 4 _
Enterprises with annual sales of less than $250,0004
1,399.6
1,262.3
137.2
1,901.5
1.88
1.91
1.62
1.58
13.0
11.8
24.7
26.0
16.8
15.4
29.6
28.4
18.3
16.8
31.6
30.0
28.7
27.3
42.3
44.1
40.6
39.0
55.6
54.3
67.0
65.6
80.2
79.6
81.2
80.2
89.9
90.1
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Excluding eating and drinking places.
3 The term “metropolitan areas” as used in this report refers to the cities
and county areas defined by the Bureau of the Budget as Standard Metro
politan Statistical Areas. Metropolitan areas include the counties containing
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
at least 1 central city of 50,000 population and those counties around such
cities which are metropolitan in character and economically and socially
integrated with the county of the central city.
4 Excludes excise taxes at the retail level.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals-
756
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
T a ble 3. A v erage S tr aigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s 1 and P e r c e n t of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees in R eta il
T rad e E a r n in g L e ss T h a n S p e c ifie d A m o unts of P a y , S elected K in d s of B u s in e s s , U n it e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1965
Kind of retail business
Number of
employees
(thousands)
Percent of employees earning less than—
Average
hourly
earnings
$1.15
Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment dealers__
General merchandise stores___________________________
Department stores__________________________ _____ ___
Limited price variety stores.___ ___________________
Food stores_______________________________________
Grocery stores___ _______________________________
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations__________
Motor vehicle dealers____ ___ ___________________
Gasoline service stations_________________________
Apparel and accessory stores_________________________
Men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores_______
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____________________
Shoe stores____________________________________
Furniture, home furnishings, and household appliance stores.
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores____
Household appliance stores_______________________
Miscellaneous retail stores___________________________
Drug and proprietary stores.____ _________________
488.9
1,647.3
1, 019. 3
277.1
1,366.8
1,150.9
1, 269.8
604.4
476.1
582.1
98.5
215.0
105.0
363.9
232.4
79.0
968.2
371.8
$1.98
1.63
1.75
1.31
1.91
1.93
2. 02
2.40
1.52
1.70
1.92
1.55
1.84
2.10
2.10
2. 09
1.75
1.56
6.8
9.4
2.0
21.5
12.5
10.9
13.7
8.0
23.4
12.6
8.4
15.6
11.4
7.9
8.0
7.1
18.3
28.9
$1.20
8.6
19.2
10.3
39.0
18.1
17.0
15.2
9.0
25.5
20.3
12.6
26.0
16.9
9.7
10.2
8.5
21.8
35.0
$1.25
9.7
22.6
12.8
47.4
19.8
18.7
16.2
9.9
26.6
22.2
13.9
28.7
19.1
10.7
11.3
9.2
23.6
37.6
$1.30
$1.50
19.7
36.1
27.5
62.8
30.5
28.5
25.2
14.9
40.3
35.2
25.9
42.0
28.3
20.1
21.3
18.1
37.1
52.6
30.4
57.0
49.9
83.0
41.3
39.2
35.6
22.5
54.5
50.3
36.2
58.7
42.5
29.4
30.6
26.6
47.7
63.1
$2.00
$2.50
59.6
82.3
78.4
95.2
63.0
61.0
62.2
45.5
83.4
77.2
64.7
84.5
69.5
57.9
58. 9
54.7
73.2
81.6
77.5
91.6
89.6
98.3
78.5
77.5
77.1
63.4
93.9
89.8
82.3
94.3
85.5
74.6
74.1
74.9
84.5
88.2
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
sales was 14 percent higher than in smaller estab
lishments, and 76 percent of the retail establish
ments (except eating and drinking places) which
had annual sales of $1 million or more were in
metropolitan areas.4
The influence which the sales size of the enter
prise and establishment in which he works has on
an employee’s earnings was brought out when data
for retail establishments were tabulated according
to these characteristics. Establishments were di
vided into two groups—those with an annual sales
volume of $250,000 or more and those with a lower
sales volume. Establishments in each group were
further classified by the annual sales volume of
the parent enterprise.
Employees in enterprises with $1 million or more
in annual sales were found to average $1.99 an
hour—11 cents an hour more than those in the in
termediate size enterprises, and 41 cents an hour
more than those in enterprises with less than
$250,000 in annual sales. Similarly, regardless of
the enterprise group, employees in establishments
with $250,000 or more in sales averaged more than
their counterparts in lower volume establishments.
A wide distribution of employee earnings in
retail trade is partially attributable to the varia
tion in earnings among employees of the seven
major industry groups which constitute the indus
try (except eating and drinking places). The
average pay level ranged from $1.63 in general
merchandise stores to $2.10 in furniture and
household appliance stores (table 3). Employees
in apparel and in miscellaneous retail stores also
averaged less than the $1.85 earnings level re
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
corded for all retail trade. The average was
exceeded by employees in food stores, buildingmaterials establishments, and at automotive
dealers and gasoline service stations, in addition
to those in furniture and appliance stores. Em
ployment was almost evenly divided between the
groups with earnings below and those with earn
ings above the industry average, 48 percent in the
former and 52 percent in the latter group.
Interindustry differences in pay levels and earn
ings distributions, which result partly from dif
ferences in skill requirements and methods of
wage payment, are sometimes hidden when a
major group is examined in its entirety and its
component industries are not considered. The
automotive dealers and gasoline service stations
major group may serve as an example.
About half the employees in the automotive
dealers and gasoline stations group worked at
motor vehicle dealers and nearly two-fifths
worked at gasoline stations. Most motor vehicle
dealers employ a large proportion of highly
skilled automotive mechanics and automobile
salesmen, and frequently pay them on a commis
sion basis. The typical job at a gasoline station,
on the other hand, requires relatively little skill
or experience, and employees are usually paid on
a time basis. Employees at motor vehicle dealers
earned an average of $2.40 an hour, 88 cents an
hour more than those at gasoline stations.
Among employees at motor vehicle dealers only
a tenth earned less than $1.25 and more than a
4
C ensus o f B u sin e ss, 1963. R e ta il T r a d e : S a les S ize.
B ureau o f th e C en su s), B C 6 3 -R S 2 , tab les 2 and 5.
(U .S.
757
EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN RETAIL TRADE
third received at least $2.50 an hour. In con
trast, more than a fourth of the gasoline station
employees earned less than $1.25 and fewer than
a tenth were paid as much as $2.50.
T a b l e 4. P e r c e n t D ist r ib u t io n of N o n su p e r v iso r y
E m ployees in R et a il T rade 1 by W e e k l y H o urs of
W ork , U n it e d S ta tes and R e g io n s ,2 J u n e 1965
Weekly Hours of Work
Under 15___ - - - - - 15 and under 35. _ _____
35 and under 40___________
40________________________
Over 40 and under 48.. ___
48 and over_______ _______
Employees in retail trade worked an average
of 36.9 hours a week in June 1965 (table 4).
More employees were found at the 40-hour mark
than at any other point along the hours scale, but
they constituted only a fourth of the industry’s
work force. Part-time work (less than 35 hours
a week) and a relatively long workweek (48 hours
or more) were both widespread, applying to threetenths and nearly a fifth of the employees,
respectively.
The South was the region with the longest aver
age workweek—39.6 hours, or 2.6 hours longer
than the average in the West, the region with the
next highest average. This longer workweek
may, in part, reflect an attempt by some lower
paid employees in the South to boost their weekly
earnings by working longer hours. Thus, more
than a fourth of the employees in the region
worked 48 hours or more during the week, ac
counting for 2 of every 5 retail employees with
such hours. On the other hand, fewer than a
fourth of the southern employees worked part
time, compared with nearly three-tenths to some
what more than a third among the other regions.
In the West, a relatively large proportion of emT able 5.
Weekly hours of work
United
States
North
east
South
North
Central
8.3
21.6
9.9
24.9
16.3
18.9
10.1
26.0
13.1
24.6
13.7
12.5
6.4
16.2
8.9
21.4
20.3
26.7
9.0
24.0
9.7
22.9
16.5
17.9
7.6
20.2
7.0
33.8
13.4
17.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6, 687. 0
36.9
1,752.1
34.4
1, 884. 4
39.6
1,864. 8
36.3
1,185. 7
37.0
Total______________
Number of employees (in
thousands)______________
Average weekly hours_____
1 Excludes eating and drinking places.
2 For definition of regions used here, see footnote 3, table 1.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
ployees—a third, compared with fewer than a
fourth in the other regions—worked exactly 40
hours.
Men, on the average, worked 39.3 hours a week,
nearly 6 hours more than women (table 5).
Women made up a disproportionately large part
of the part-time work force whereas men generally
worked the long hours. Thus, while women con
stituted about two-fifths of all employees, every
other part-time employee was a woman.
Employees in metropolitan areas had a shorter
workweek, on the average, than their counter
parts in less populous areas. Part-time work, as
well as a 40-hour workweek, were more common
in metropolitan areas, while a workweek of 48
hours or more prevailed for a relatively large part
of the nonmetropolitan area work force.
P er cen t D istr ibu tio n of N o n su per v iso r y E m ployees in R etail T rade 1
S elected C haracteristics , U n ited S tates , J u n e 1965
Selected characteristics
All nonsupervisory employees.
West
Number of
employees
(thousands)
Average
weekly
hours
by
W e ek ly H ours
of
W ork ,
Percent of employees working—
Under
15 hours
15 and
35 and
under 35 under 40
hours
hours
Over 40 48 hours
40 hours and un der and over
48 hours
. . . . _______ . . . ____
6,687.0
36.9
8.3
21.6
9.9
24.9
16.3
18.9
M etropolitan areas2 _________________ ______ . . .
Nonmetropolitan areas_________________________________________
4,977. 4
1, 709.6
36.0
39.3
8.5
7.9
23.1
17.4
10.7
7.5
27.0
18.6
15.4
19.3
15.4
29.3
M en _______________________________________________________ .
Women____ ____ ______________________________________________
3,913.2
2,773.8
39.3
33.4
7.7
9.2
17.0
28.2
4.9
16.9
21.9
29.0
19.9
11.3
28.6
5.3
Enterprises with annual sales of $1,000,000 or m ore3. _______ ____
Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or m ore3 _______
Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 3_. _____
3,385.9
3,142.3
243.6
35.7
35.8
35.1
7.9
7.4
13.6
23.0
23.0
23.4
13.1
13.4
8.9
28.3
28.9
21.2
16.0
16.3
12.5
11.6
10.9
20.3
Enterprises w ith annual sales of at least $250,000 but less than
$1,000,000 3______________________________ . _________________
Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more 3 ____ . . .
Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,0003______ .
1,399. 6
1,262.3
137.2
39.3
39.6
37.3
6.9
6.5
10.5
16.3
15.8
20.8
6.8
6.9
6.5
23.0
23.7
17.0
20.4
20.8
17.3
26.5
26.3
27.9
Enterprises with annual sales of less than $250,000 3______________ .
1,901. 5
37.1
10.1
23.1
6.5
20.0
13.7
26.5
1 Excludes eating and drinking places.
2 For definition of metropolitan areas, as used here, see footnote 3, table 2.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Excludes excise taxes at retail level.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
758
T a ble 6.
P e r c e n t D i s t r i b u t i o n o f N o n s u p e r v i s o r y E m p l o y e e s i n R e t a il T r a d e b y W e e k l y H o u r s o f W o r k ,
S e l e c t e d K i n d s o f B u s i n e s s , U n i t e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1965
Perce nt of empl oyees work ing—
Kinds of retail business
Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment dealers________
General merchandise stores____ _______ _ ___
D epartm ent stores_____________________ _ ___ . . . . . _____
Limited price variety stores. . . . . _ ____ __ ____________ _
Food stores____ ___________________ _____ _____ . . .
. . . ___
Grocery stores____ . . . . . _________________________________
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations__________________
Motor vehicle dealers___ _________ ______ __ . . . . . . _ ____
Gasoline service stations.. . . ______ _ _________ _________
Apparel and accessory stores.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . _________ ____
M en’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores______ ____ . . .
W omen’s ready-to-wear stores____ . . . _____________________ ._
Shoe stores___ ______________ . . . . . .
______ ___________
Furniture, home furnishings, and household appliance stores_______
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores____________
Household appliance stores.. ___________ . . . . . __________
Miscellaneous retail stores__________________ _____ ________ ____
Drug and proprietary s to r e s _____ . _______ ________ ____
Number of
employees
(thousands)
Average
weekly
hours
488.9
1,647.3
1, 019. 3
277.1
1,366. 8
1,150.9
1,269.8
604.4
476.1
582.1
98.5
215.0
105.0
363.9
232.4
79.0
968.2
371.8
42.3
34.0
33.6
31.7
34.3
34.3
42.8
43.7
41.6
33.8
36.7
32.6
33.8
38.9
39.0
39.8
35.9
33.4
A relationship between average weekly hours
and enterprise size was not evident from the data.
Employees in enterprises with highest sales volume
had the shortest workweek, but those in the inter
mediate size enterprises the longest. In the largest
enterprises, more than two-fifths of the employees
worked 35 to 40 hours, a greater proportion than
in either of the other enterprises, while all but
about an eighth worked fewer than 48 hours, the
largest proportion among the enterprise groups.
The smallest enterprises had the largest proportion
of part-time employees, a third.
Employees in establishments with $250,000 or
more in annual sales worked longer hours than
their counterparts in lower sales volume establish
ments which were part of the same enterprise
group. However, when employees were grouped
by sales volume of establishments regardless of en
terprise size, the length of the average workweek
was 36.9 hours, in both establishment groups.
Among the various sales-volume groups, the
smallest proportion of employees working longer
than 40 hours a week (about a fourth) was found
in establishments with $250,000 or more in sales
which were parts of enterprises with $1 million
or more in sales. This is of interest since em
ployees in these establishments made up the vast
majority of those brought under the maximum
hours provisions of the F air Labor Standards Act
amendments of 1961. Under the terms of the
amendments, most large retail establishments
would have to pay their employees time and onehalf for work after 44 hours a week beginning
September 1963, after 42 hours starting September
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Under
15 hours
4.1
9.1
8.4
13.1
10.3
10.2
4.9
1.9
8.7
11.6
9.7
10.5
16.1
5.8
5.0
5.3
9.8
11.9
35 and
15 and
under 35 under 40
hours
hours
10.5
25.3
26.1
29.3
30.4
30.5
12.1
5.9
21.3
24.2
18.9
29.0
20.4
13.5
13.7
12.1
22.9
29.9
Over 40 48 hours
40 hours and under and over
48 hours
4.3
18.6
19.5
22.0
6.3
6.4
3.9
3.8
4.1
15.6
8.1
20.7
8.1
7.3
8.7
3.7
8.4
9.0
23.2
30.0
33.6
22.1
25.0
24.8
15.6
17.5
11.3
25.7
24.7
25.6
21.0
31.2
30.3
33.1
25.8
21.7
24.2
10.6
9.6
9.7
13.0
13.9
24.9
39.0
7.9
13.2
18.6
10.2
17.9
21.9
22.7
22.8
15.0
13.7
33.5
6.3
2.9
3.7
15.0
14.2
38.5
31.9
46.7
9.7
20.0
3.9
16.5
20.2
19.7
23.0
18.1
13.8
1964, and after 40 hours beginning September
1965. However, in June 1961, prior to the imple
mentation of the amendments, a survey similar to
this revealed that even then these establishments
had the smallest proportion of employees working
longer than 40 hours.5
Among employees of the major industry groups,
the average number of hours worked during the
week ranged from 33.8 for those in apparel and
accessory stores to 42.8 for those at automotive
dealers and gasoline service stations (table 6).
With an average of 42.3 and 38.9 hours a week,
respectively, employees in building materials and
hardware dealerships, as well as in furniture and
appliance stores, were the only others who worked
longer than the industry average.
The average workweek varied more widely
among the 11 selected retail groups, ranging in
duration from 31.7 hours for employees in limited
price variety stores to 43.7 hours for those at motor
vehicle dealers. Employees in gasoline stations,
furniture stores, and appliance stores also worked
longer, on the average, than the all-industry
average workweek.
Relation of Hours and Earnings
Employees in retail trade were grouped by
their average hourly earnings and, within each
earnings group, were distributed by their weekly
hours bf work. Tabulating the data in this man
ner revealed that among lower paid employees
5
See E m p lo y e e E a rn in g s in R e ta il T ra d e , J u n e 1961
B u lle tin 1 S 3 8 -8 , 19&3), tab le 15.
(B L S
759
EMPLOYEE EARNINGS AND HOURS IN RETAIL TRADE
(those paid less than $1.25 an hour) part time
as well as relatively long weeks (although to
a lesser extent) were more common than among
the employees who received $1.50 an hour or
more, as shown below:
Percent of workers with average hourly earnings
_____________________ of—___________________
Weekly hours
$1.60
$2
Under Under Under and
and
$1 $1.15 $1.25 over
over
Under 35-----------------------40 to 42 inclusive-------------Over 42-----48 and over---------------------
35
13
45
34
41
15
38
27
42
17
31
21
20
36
35
20
$2.50
$3
and
and
over
over
15
41
37
19
11
46
37
18
11
47
37
17
At the same time, the proportion of employees
working from 40 to 42 hours, inclusive, increased
at each progressively higher point on the pay
scale.
The fact that a relatively large proportion of
lower paid employees work part time is clear,
but the relationship which exists between lower
earnings and long workweeks is somewhat blurred.
This relationship becomes striking when employees
are grouped by the number of hours worked each
week and, within each hours grouping, distributed
by their average hourly earnings. Thus, among
employees working part time as well as among
those working long hours, greater proportions
earned less than $1.25 an hour than among those
working 40 to 42 hours. This last hours group,
on the other hand, had the greatest proportion
of employees paid $1.50 or more and the smallest
proportion of those receiving less than $1.25 an
hour.
Percent of employees with weekly
hours of work of—
Average hourly earnings
Under $1____ _____ ____ _
Under $1.15_______________
____
Under $1.25_______________________
$1.50 and over__ ____ _____ ___ . .
$2 and over_______ ____ ______ _ _
$2.50 and over______ .
______
$3 and over
_ _ __ _ _ _ __
Under
35
6
16
27
38
15
6
3
iß to Í2
inclusive
3
6
11
70
43
27
15
Over
42
8
15
19
62
36
20
11
48 and
over
10
17
22
58
31
16
8
Weekly Earnings by Weekly Hours
Employees in retail trade earned an average of
$68.07 a week in June 1965 (see following tabula
tion), the earnings ranging from $13.56 for those
who spent less than 15 hours a week at work to
$98.36 for those who worked 44 hours. Longer
hours did not always bring employees higher
weekly earnings. Those who worked over 40 but
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less than 44 hours averaged less per week than
those who worked 40 hours. Thus, even by work
ing longer hours, some employees, because of their
lower hourly earnings, earned less per week (on a
straight-time basis) than employees with shorter
hours but higher hourly earnings.
Although employees in the South worked longer
hours, on the average, than those in the other
regions, their weekly earnings were not on a par
with those in any other region. However, the
earnings differential between the South and each
of the other regions was narrower on a weekly
than on an hourly basis.
The tabulation below presents comparisons by
various characteristics:
Average
weekly
earnings
United States_______________________________________________
Northeast___________________________________________________
South------------------------------ -------- -------------------------------------------North Central_______________________________________________
West_________ ______________________ ____ ___________ ____ —
$68.07
67. 27
60.95
66.96
82.34
Metropolitan areas------------------------- ---------------------------------------Nonmetropolitan areas_______________________________________
70.31
61.58
Men________________________________________________________
Women_____________________________________________________
80. 24
50.91
Employees in enterprises with $1 million or more in sales________
Establishments with $250,000 or more in sales_______________
Establishments w ith less than $250,000 in sales______________
Enterprises with $250,000 to $1 million in sales__________________
Establishments with $250,000ormore in sales________________
Establishments with less than $250,000 in sales______________
70.98
72.29
54.20
73.92
75.40
60.30
Enterprises w ith less than $250,000in sales________________________
58. 59
The earnings differential between metropolitan
and nonmetropolitan areas was smaller on a
weekly basis than on an hourly basis. On the
other hand, the relative difference between men’s
and women’s weekly earnings was greater than
that between their hourly earnings. It reflected
the fact that men had higher hourly earnings than
women and worked longer hours.
Employees in establishments with $250,000 or
more in annual sales which were parts of enter
prises with between $250,000 and $1 million in
sales, had the highest weekly earnings of any estab
lishment grouping. Although they averaged less
on an hourly basis than employees in similar estab
lishments in $1 million enterprises, their substan
tially longer (by 3.8 hours) workweek made their
weekly earnings the highest.
— A l v in B a u m a n
Division of National Wage and Salary Income
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
760
New Facts and New Law
in the NLRB Annual Report
E
N o t e .— The following article has been
excerpted from the Thirtieth Annual Report
of the National Labor Relations Board for
the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,1965. Minor
changes have been made for ease of reading
and signs to note deletions have not been
employed.
d it o r ’s
I n t h e c o u r s e o f th e B o a rd ’s a d m in is tra tio n o f
th e a c t d u r in g th e r e p o rt y e a r, i t w as re q u ire d to
co n sid er a n d d e te rm in e m a n y com plex p ro b lem s
a ris in g fro m th e in n u m e ra b le fa c tu a l v a ria tio n s in
th e cases re a c h in g it. I n som e cases new d ev elo p
m en ts in in d u s tria l re la tio n s, as p re se n te d b y th e
fa c tu a l situ a tio n s , re q u ire d th e B o a rd ’s accom m o
d a tio n o f e stab lish ed p rin c ip le s to th o se d ev elo p
m ents. I n o th e rs, th e B o a rd w as re q u ire d to m ake
a n in itia l c o n stru c tio n o f s ta tu to ry pro v isio n s.
Representation Cases
T h e “s e p a ra b ility f o r u n it p u rp o se s b etw een sell
in g a n d n o n se llin g p erso n n el in th e r e ta il store
in d u s tr y ” w as o f p rim a ry concern to th e B o a rd
in sev eral cases in w h ic h b a r g a in in g u n its o f re ta il
d e p a rtm e n t sto re em ployees less th a n sto re w id e in
scope w ere a p p ro v e d .1 I n th e absence o f p rio r
b a rg a in in g h is to ry a n d w ith no u n io n seek in g a
sto rew id e u n it, th e B o a rd co n clu d ed a f te r e v a lu a
tio n o f c o n v e n tio n a l u n it d e te rm in a tio n c rite ria
th a t, a lth o u g h a sto rew id e u n it in r e ta il e sta b lish
m en ts is “b a sic a lly a p p r o p r ia te ” th e “ o p tim u m
u n it,” i t is n o t th e o n ly a p p r o p r ia te u n it.
Union Rules
T h e effo rts o f u n io n s to en fo rce ru le s o f th e ir
ow n m a k in g d esig n ed to re g u la te th e actio n s o f
th e ir m em bers u n d e r c e rta in circ u m sta n ces m ay
o r m ay n o t be p ro te c te d b y th e p ro v iso to section
8 (b ) (1 ) (A ) even th o u g h coercive in th e ir im p act
u p o n th e em ployee-m em bers. W h e n cases in v o lv
ing such effo rts com e b efo re th e B o a rd th e q uestion
u su a lly is w h e th e r in e n fo rc in g its ru le th e u n io n
h as re m a in e d w ith in th e a re a o f u n io n -m em b er
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re la tio n sh ip o r affected th e area o f em ployer-em
ployee re la tio n sh ip . I n Local 138, ITJOE,2 th e
B o a rd h eld t h a t a u n io n m ay n o t th ro u g h its
in te rn a l p ro c ed u re s im pose a fine u p o n a m em ber
fo r filin g ch a rg es w ith th e B o a rd even th o u g h th e
m em ber th e re b y v io la te d th e u n io n ’s ru le re q u irin g
ex h a u stio n first of its p re scrib ed g riev an ce
procedure.
T h e B o a rd co n clu d ed t h a t its affirm ative d u ty
to p ro te c t em ployees w ho p a rtic ip a te d in th e
B o a rd ’s processes re q u ire d th a t “ no p riv a te o r
g a n iz a tio n sh o u ld be p e rm itte d to p re v e n t o r re g u
la te access to th e B o a rd , a n d a ru le re q u irin g ex
h a u stio n o f in te rn a l u n io n rem edies by m ean s of
w h ich a u n io n seeks to p re v e n t o r lim it access to
th e B o a rd ’s processes is beyond the la w fu l com
petency o f a la b o r o rg a n iz a tio n to enforce, by
coercive m ean s.”
Racial Discrimination
I n Local 1367, IL A ,3 th e B o a rd fo u n d t h a t a
local u n io n com prised o f w h ite m em bers only an d
its p a r e n t d is tric t o rg a n iz a tio n , a c tin g as jo in t
re p re se n ta tiv e s, in c o n tra v e n tio n o f section 8 (b )
(1) (A ) v io la te d th e ir d u ties of f a ir re p re se n ta tio n
by m a in ta in in g a n d e n fo rc in g a c o n tra c t p ro v isio n
w h ich allo ca te d lo n g sh o rem en jo b re fe rra ls on a
75-25 p e rc e n t ra tio betw een th e w h ite local a n d
th e siste r N e g ro local, a n d by e n fo rc in g a “ no
d o u b lin g ” a rra n g e m e n t fo rb id d in g th e assig n m en t
of w h ite a n d N eg ro g a n g s to w o rk to g e th e r in
sh ip hatch es.
I n L,ocal Union No. 12, United Rubber Work
ers,* a lth o u g h ra c ia lly d isc rim in a to ry p ro v isio n s
h a d been e lim in a te d fro m th e c o n tra c t, th e local
u n io n c o n tin u ed to s u p p o rt seg reg ated p la n t fa c ili
ties. I t h a d also re fu sed to process griev an ces
asse rted by N e g ro em ployees seeking th e e lim in a
tio n o f th e seg reg ated fa cilities, as w ell as th e re
covery o f b a c k p a y lost th ro u g h th e a p p lic a tio n of
th e ra c ia lly d is c rim in a to ry layoff p rio ritie s es
ta b lis h e d by th e sin ce-elim in ated c o n tra c t pro-
1A llie d S to r e s of N ew Y o rk , In c ., d.b.a. S te r n ’s, P a ra m u s, 150
NLRB 799; A rn o ld C o n sta b le C orp., 150 NLRB 788; L o rd t£T a y lo r , 150 NLRB 812. See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w March 1965.
p. iii.
2 148 NLRB 679.
2 148 NLRB 897.
* 150 NLRB 312.
NEW FACTS AND NEW LAW IN NLRB ANNUAL REPORT
visions. T h e B o a rd fo u n d th a t th e re fu s a l to
process th e g riev a n ces w as f o r ra c ia lly d isc rim in a
to ry reasons, a n d th e re fo re a v io la tio n o f th e d u ty
o f f a ir re p re s e n ta tio n ow ed th e em ployees.
Bargaining
T h e scope o f th e o b lig a tio n o f a n e m p lo y er to
b a rg a in w ith th e re p re s e n ta tiv e of h is em ployees
w as f u r th e r d e lin e a te d th ro u g h a n u m b e r o f s ig
n ifican t B o a rd decisions. N o t o n ly w ere th e term s
“e m p lo y e r” a n d “em p lo y ee” f u r th e r defined, b u t
th e B o a r d ’s Fibreboard decision co n c ern in g th e
o b lig a tio n to b a rg a in a b o u t th e s u b c o n tra c tin g o f
u n it w o rk , w h ich w as affirm ed b y th e S u p rem e
C o u rt d u rin g th e r e p o rt y e a r, received ex p lic a tio n
in th e course o f a s u b s ta n tia l n u m b e r o f decisions
re q u irin g its a p p lic a tio n .
I n a d h e rin g to a case-by-case a p p ro a c h th e
B o a rd h a s id en tified re c u rre n t fa c to rs w h ich in
its view p lace p a r tic u la r lim its u p o n th e scope o f
th e Fibreboard d o ctrin e. I t h as em p h asized t h a t
some c o n tra c tin g in acco rd an ce w ith a n em p lo y e r’s
estab lish e d p ra c tic e m ay n o t c o n s titu te v io la tio n s.6
A lth o u g h th e B o a rd h as m ad e it clea r t h a t th e
p rin c ip le is n o t lim ite d in its a p p lic a tio n to th o se
situ a tio n s in w h ich th e s u b c o n tra c tin g re su lts in
p e rm a n e n t e lim in a tio n o f an e n tire d e p a rtm e n t o r
u n it, o r o f in d iv id u a l jobs, it h a s also m ad e it clea r
th a t un less th e actio n re su lts in “sig n ifican t d e tr i
m e n t” to th e em p lo y m en t e x p e c ta tio n s o f th e u n it
em ployees it m ay n o t c o n stitu te a v io la tio n o f th e
s ta tu te .6
A sig n ific a n t d ev elo p m en t in re m e d ial p ro v i
sions p re sc rib e d by th e B o a rd in p la n t re lo c atio n
s itu a tio n s o cc u rre d in a n o th e r case. A lth o u g h in
cases w h ere a n em p lo y er h a s re lo c ated h is p la n t a t
a d is ta n t lo catio n in o rd e r to av o id h is s ta tu to ry
5 Shell Oil Go., 149 NLRB 283.
a American Oil Co., 151 NLRB 421.
7 153 NLRB No. 59.
8 152 NLRB No. 38.
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761
b a rg a in in g o b lig atio n , th e B o a rd h as n o t h e re to
fo re im posed a b a rg a in in g o b lig a tio n a t th e new
lo catio n u n til th e re p re se n ta tiv e re estab lish ed its
m a jo rity , in Garmin Corp. et al.,7 th e B o a rd co n
cluded th a t such a n o rd e r sh o u ld be issued “ i f th e
p u rp o se s o f th e a c t a re to be serv ed in th is ty p e
o f case.” A p p ro a c h in g th e p ro b lem as one of
b a la n c in g th e in te re sts o f th e n ew ly h ire d em
ployees, w hose v ery jobs ex isted o nly by v irtu e o f
th e u n f a ir la b o r p ra ctices a n d th e in ad eq u acy of
th e B o a rd ’s u su al o ffer-o f-re in state m e n t rem edy,
a g a in st th e v alu e o f a b a rg a in in g o rd e r w h erev er
th e em p lo y er rem ain s w hich w ill d issip a te th e con
sequences o f a d e lib e ra te v io la tio n o f th e s ta tu te ,
th e B o a rd concluded th a t th e b alance sh o u ld be
stru c k in fa v o r o f th e s ta tu to ry objectiv e o f a
m e a n in g fu l rem edy.
Hot-Cargo Agreements
A lth o u g h m an y o f th e im p lica tio n s o f section
8 (e ) o f th e act h av e been resolved in litig a tio n ,
a d d itio n a l pro b lem s o f co n stu ctio n co n tin u e to
arise as u n io n s seek to o b ta in c o n tra c t clauses a f
fo rd in g th e fu lle st p erm issib le p ro te c tio n to th e ir
w o rk u n it a n d sta n d a rd s. I n Greater Muskegon
General Contractors Association,8 a co n stru c tio n
u n io n s tru c k to o b ta in in clu sio n in th e c o n tra c t
o f a clause w h ich p ro v id e d t h a t th e u n io n m em bers
could “ refu se to w o rk on a n y job w here an y o f th e
w ork, irre sp ectiv e o f c r a f t,” w as p e rfo rm e d u n d e r
co n d itio n s less fa v o ra b le th a n th e u n io n s ta n d a rd s
fo r t h a t c ra ft. F in d in g t h a t th e clause ex ten d ed
“ beyond p ro te c tio n of th e w o rk a n d w o rk s ta n d
a rd s o f th e em ployees re p resen te d by th e u n io n ,”
th e B o a rd concluded th a t th e em p lo y e r’s accep t
ance o f such a clause p e rm ittin g em ployees to
refu se to w o rk in th e event h e does bu sin ess w ith
a n o th e r em p lo y er consid ered o b jectio n ab le 'by th e
u n io n , w as th e e q u iv ale n t o f a n ag reem en t by th e
em p lo y er n o t to do business w ith a n y o th e r em
p lo y ers w ith in th e m e a n in g o f section 8 (e ).
762
Earnings in Synthetic Textile
Mills, September 1965
h o u r l y e a r n i n g s o f p ro d u c tio n
a n d re la te d w o rk e rs in sy n th e tic te x tile m ills a v e r
ag ed $1.74 in S e p te m b e r 1965 1— th e sam e as fo r
w o rk e rs in c o tto n te x tile m ills su rv e y ed in th e sam e
m o n th b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .2 T h e
a v e ra g e w as 11 p e rc e n t h ig h e r th a n in M ay 1963,
w h en a s im ila r su rv e y w as co n d u cted ,3 w ith m uch
o f th e in crease due to g e n e ra l w age changes.
M an y o f th e m ills in th e S o u th e a st, w h ere th reefo u r th s o f th e w o rk e rs w ere em p lo y ed , ra ise d
w ages b y a p p ro x im a te ly 5 p erc e n t on each o f th re e
se p a ra te occasions. N ew E n g la n d m ills in creased
w ages b y a b o u t 5 p ercen t in A p r il 1964, a n d a g a in
in A p r il 1965.4 E m p lo y m e n t in S e p te m b e r 1965,
w as a b o u t 20 p e rc e n t h ig h e r th a n in M ay 1963.
E a r n in g s o f w o rk e rs in S e p te m b e r 1965 v a rie d
by lo catio n , size a n d ty p e o f m ill, ty p e o f p ro d u c t,
a n d o ccu p atio n . A lm o st a ll o f th e 100,353 p ro d u c
tio n w o rk e rs in th e re g u la r te x tile o p e ra tio n s 5 of
th e sy n th e tic te x tile m ills covered by th e su rvey
h a d e a rn in g s w ith in a ra n g e o f $1.25 to $2.50 an
h o u r ; th e m id d le h a lf ra n g e d fro m $1.52 to $1.94.
S t r a ig h t -t im e
1 The survey covered mills employing 20 workers or more,
primarily engaged in manufacturing silk or man-made yarn (or
thread) and broadwoven fabrics (12 inches or more in width).
Mills manufacturing mixtures containing 25 percent or more wool
were excluded.
Earnings information developed by the survey excludes pre
mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts and, thus, is not comparable with the gross average
hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and
earnings series. The monthly series provides data for silk and
synthetic broadwoven fabric mills (weaving and integrated mills).
These mills, as well as those primarily engaged in spinning yarn
or thread, are included in this survey.
A more comprehensive account of this survey will be presented
in a forthcoming BLS bulletin. Separate releases providing in
formation on earnings and supplementary benefits for selected
areas and States are available upon request to the Bureau or any
of its regional offices.
2 See pp. 765-768, of this issue.
3 For an account of the earlier survey, see Monthly Labor Re
view, June 1964, pp. 677-679.
4 Late in March 1966, some large New England textile com
panies and the Textile Workers Union of America negotiated 3year contracts with wage increases totaling 23 cen ts: 10 cents
an hour in April 1966, 6 cents in April 1967, and 7 cents in
April 1968. These increases are not included in the earnings data
presented in this article.
BEarnings data for an estimated 3,783 workers employed in
bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing, and fabricating depart
ments are excluded from earnings information in this article.
These workers were included, however, in developing the pro
portions of production workers in mills providing selected sup
plementary benefits.
0
For definition of regions used in this study, see table, foot
note 2.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
P a id v acatio n s, as w ell as v a rio u s ty p es of h e a lth
a n d in su ran c e benefits, w ere p ro v id e d by esta b lish
m en ts em p lo y in g n e a rly all o f th e w orkers. M ills
h a v in g collective b a rg a in in g ag reem en ts accounted
fo r n e a rly th re e -fifth s o f th e w o rk ers in New
E n g la n d , tw o -fifth s in th e M id d le A tla n tic region,
a n d ab o u t 1 p ercen t in th e S o u th e a st.6 T h e m a jo r
u n io n in th e in d u s try w as th e T e x tile W o rk e rs
U n io n o f A m erica.
Earnings
W o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a st re g io n av e rag e d $1.72
an h o u r in S ep tem b er 1965, co m p ared w ith $1.77
fo r w o rk ers in th e M id d le A tla n tic a n d $1.85 fo r
those in N ew E n g la n d . A s in d ic a te d in th e fo l
lo w in g ta b u la tio n , w age levels v a rie d by area
w ith in each re g io n :
Selected States and areas
N ew England:
Maine and New Hampshire_________________
Southern New England____________________
M iddle Atlantic:
A llentown-Bethlehem-Easton, P a.-N .J--------Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N . J_______________
Scranton, P a__________________
Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, Pa_________________
Southeast:
Georgia____________________________________
North Carolina____________________________
Charlotte, N .C ____________________________
Winston-Salem-High Point, N .C ------------------
Number of
production
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
1, 491
9,728
$1. 77
1.86
1,110
1,194
2,006
1,363
1.89
2.29
1.57
1.60
5,723
40,271
14,790
10,479
1.66
1.70
1.67
1.74
N atio n w id e, a n d in each o f th e tw o reg io n s p e r
m ittin g com parisons, av e rag e h o u rly e a rn in g s of
all w o rk ers w ere h ig h e st in w eav in g m ills a n d
low est in sp in n in g m ills, w ith in te g ra te d m ills
(th o se h a v in g b o th sp in n in g a n d w eav in g o p e ra
tio n s) in a n in te rm e d ia ry positio n . A lth o u g h th e
d isp ro p o rtio n a te influence of sk illed w eav in g jobs
was a contributing factor, workers in y a r n m ills
n e a rly alw ay s a v e rag e d less th a n w o rk ers in th e
o th e r tw o ty p e s of m ills am ong those o ccupations
fo r w hich co m p ariso n s could be m ade.
A v e rag es also v a rie d by p re d o m in a n t class of
fa b ric , ra n g in g fro m $1.73 an h o u r in m ills p ro
d u c in g silk a n d silk -m ix tu re fa b ric s to $1.87 in
those p ro d u c in g p ile, u p h o lste ry , d ra p e ry , ta p e s
tr y , a n d tie fa b rics. I n th e S o u th e ast, h o u rly
av erag es fo r th e fa b ric classifications show n w ere
w ith in a 5-cent r a n g e ; in N ew E n g la n d , th e ra n g e
in av erag es fo r c o rresp o n d in g fa b ric classifications
w as 18 cents. A s im ila r co m p ariso n fo r th e M id d le
A tla n tic re g io n w as n o t possible.
EARNINGS IN SYNTHETIC TEXTILE MILLS
I n th e M id d le A tla n tic a n d S o u th e a st regions,
w o rk e rs in m e tro p o lita n a re a s a v e ra g e d c o n sid er
ab ly m o re th a n w o rk e rs in s m a lle r co m m u n itie s;
in N ew E n g la n d , how ever, av e rag e s w ere n e a rly
id en tica l. I n th e S o u th e a st, th e o n ly re g io n w here
co m p ariso n b y size o f m ill is feasible, av erag es in
m ills em p lo y in g 250 w o rk e rs o r m o re w ere h ig h e r
th a n th o se re p o rte d in sm a lle r m ills.
A b o u t th re e -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in re g u la r
te x tile d e p a rtm e n ts w ere m e n ; th e y av e ra g e d $1.82
an h o u r, w h ile w om en av e ra g e d $1.63. D iffe r
ences in av e ra g e p a y levels f o r m en a n d w om en
m ay be th e re s u lt o f sev eral fa c to rs in c lu d in g v a r i
atio n in th e d is trib u tio n o f th e sexes am o n g e sta b
lish m e n ts a n d am o n g jobs w ith d is p a ra te p a y
levels.
E a r n in g s o f alm o st a ll w o rk e rs w ere betw een
$1.25 a n d $2.50 an h o u r, b u t th e d is trib u tio n o f
w o rk ers w ith in specified e a rn in g s classes v a rie d
by regio n . F o r ex am p le, 5 p e rc e n t o f th e w o rk ers
in N ew E n g la n d e a rn e d less th a n $1.50 a n h o u r,
co m p ared w ith 21 p e rc e n t in th e S o u th e a s t an d
35 p e rc e n t in th e M id d le A tla n tic reg io n . C o rre
sp o n d in g p e rcen tag e s o f w o rk e rs e a rn in g $2.50 or
m o re w ere 3.3,0.8, a n d 9.2 p ercen t.
W om en w ere p rin c ip a lly em p lo y ed in occu p a
tio n s w ith s im ila r sk ill re q u irem en ts, a n d th e ir
e a rn in g s w ere m o re c o n c e n tra te d th a n th o se o f
m en. N a tio n a lly , th e m id d le h a lf o f th e e a rn in g s
ra n g e w as $1.50-$1.74 f o r w om en, co m p ared w ith
$1.54—$2.08 f o r m en.
In fo rm a tio n on e a rn in g s w as o b tain ed se p a
ra te ly f o r a n u m b e r o f jo b s selected to re p re se n t
th e ty p e s o f sk ills a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g o p era tio n s
in th e in d u s try . (S ee ac c o m p a n y in g ta b le fo r
som e o f th ese jobs.) P a y re la tio n s h ip s am o n g th e
reg io n s v a rie d b y o ccu p atio n .
E a r n in g s o f in d iv id u a l w o rk e rs w ere w id ely d is
trib u te d w ith in th e sam e j ob a n d g e o g ra p h ic area.
I n som e jobs, p a r tic u la r ly th o se p a id on a n in cen
tiv e b asis,7 th e h ig h e st h o u rly e a rn in g s exceeded
th e low est in th e sam e o cc u p atio n a n d a re a by $1
o r m ore. T h u s, a n u m b e r o f w o rk e rs in co m p ara7 Incentive systems, nearly always individual piece rates, ap
plied to about three-tenths of the workers in the Southeast, a
fourth in the Middle Atlantic, and nearly a fifth in New England.
Incentive workers included seven-eighths of the weavers; a
majority of spinning-frame doffers and slubber tenders; and
nearly half of the yarn winders.
8 For purposes of this study, percentage payments were con
verted to an equivalent time basis.
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763
tiv ely lo w -p a id jobs (a s m easu red by th e av e rag e
fo r a ll w o rk ers) e a rn e d m ore th a n som e w o rk e rs
in jobs fo r w hich sig n ifican tly h ig h e r av erag es
w ere recorded. F o r exam ple, som e w om en em
p lo y ed as y a r n w in d ers (cone a n d tube, n o n a u to
m a tic ) ea rn ed as m u ch as $2.40 an h o u r, a n d some
m en dobby-loom w eavers as low as $1.80— d esp ite
a 47-cent av e rag e w age a d v a n ta g e f o r m en dobbyloom w eavers over th is g ro u p o f y a r n w inders.
Establishm ent Practices
W o rk schedules o f 48 h o u rs a w eek a p p lie d to
ab o u t sev en -ten th s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in
th e S o u th e a s t; in th e M id d le A tla n tic a n d New
E n g la n d reg io n s sim ila r p ro p o rtio n s w ere sch ed
u led to w o rk 40 h o u rs a week. N e a rly a ll m ills
h a d p ro v isio n s fo r e x tra s h if t o p e ra tio n s f o r m ost
p ro d u c tio n d e p a rtm e n ts. I n each o f th e th re e re
gions, a p p ro x im a te ly th re e -te n th s of th e w o rk ers
w ere em ployed on second s h ifts a t th e tim e o f th e
s t u d y ; in th e M id d le A tla n tic reg io n a b o u t onelia lf o f these w o rk e rs received d iffe re n tia l p a y , b u t
th is p ra c tic e w as n o t com m on in th e S o u th e a st o r
N ew E n g la n d regions. T h ir d - s h if t o p e ra tio n s a c
co u n ted fo r o n e -fo u rth o f th e w o rk e rs in th e
S o u th e ast, a n d fo r slig h tly m o re th a n o n e-six th
in th e o th e r tw o regions. T h ir d - s h if t w o rk ers
u su ally received 5 cents an h o u r above d ay ra te s in
th e S o u th e a st a n d 7 cents in th e N ew E n g la n d
re g io n ; in th e M id d le A tla n tic re g io n d iffe re n tia l
p a y fo r th ir d - s h if t w o rk w as v arie d , w ith no
single am o u n t p re d o m in a tin g .
P a id h o lid a y s w ere p ro v id e d by m ills em p lo y in g
th re e -fifth s o f all p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs; alm o st all
in N ew E n g la n d , n in e -te n th s in th e M id d le A tla n
tic reg io n , a n d a h a lf in th e S o u th e ast. M ost
com m only, w o rk ers in N ew E n g la n d received 6
p a id h o lid a y s a n n u a lly ; 6 a n d 8 d ay s w ere ab o u t
eq u ally com m on in th e M id d le A tla n tic region.
I n th e S o u th e ast, 2 p a id h o lid a y s u su a lly a p p lie d
to those g ra n te d an y h o lid a y pay.
P a id v acatio n s ( a f te r q u a lify in g p erio d s of
service) w ere p ro v id e d to p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs by
alm o st all o f th e m ills stu d ied . T y p ic a l v ac atio n
p ay m en ts— u su a lly based on a s tip u la te d p e rc e n t
age o f th e em ployee’s a n n u a l e a r n in g s 8— w ere 1
w eek’s p a y a f te r 1 y e a r o f service a n d 2 w eeks’ p a y
a f te r 5 y ea rs o r m ore. P ro v isio n s fo r 3 w eeks of
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
764
N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n S y n t h e t ic T e x t il e M il l s
S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s , 2 S e p t e m b e r 1965
United States 3
Characteristic
Earn
ings 1
Workers
A ll M ills
All production w orkers... . . _____ .
M en__
. ______ _
_____________
W omen__________ „ . .
________________
N ew England
Workers
Earn
ings 1
Middle Atlantic
Workers
Earn
ings 1
Southeast
Workers
Earn
ings 1
100,353
59,782
40,571
$1.74
1.82
1.63
11,219
6,598
4,621
$1.85
1.95
1.70
14,433
7,167
7,266
$1.77
1,95
1,59
73,979
45,679
28,300
$1.72
1.78
1.62
31,545
68,808
1.81
1.71
6,912
4,307
1.85
1.84
10,985
3, 448
1.81
1.64
12, 926
61,053
1.79
1.70
24,149
30, 356
33, 897
11,951
1.73
1.73
1.75
1.75
5,410
3,138
1.84
1.88
7,956
5,890
1,85
1.65
10,783
20,612
32, 273
10,311
1. 59
1.73
1. 75
1.73
29, 825
11, 808
18, 017
35, 314
35,214
1.58
1.53
1.61
1.84
1.77
21,722
7,216
14,506
21,339
30,918
1.57
1.56
1.58
1.81
1.76
_ _ __
80,739
19,614
Filament flat fabrics___
____________ ________________ ___________
Filament twisted yarn fabrics
Spun synthetic fabrics
Silk and silk mixture, fabrics
P ile, upholstery, drapery, tapestry, and tie fabrics. _ _
_______ _
Size of C ommunity
Metropolitan areas4- .- _ . . . _ _________ _ _
Nonmetropolitan areas___ _
________ ________ __
Size of E stablishment
20-249 workers____
_______ _ _ _
___________
250-499 workers _ _____
_ __ _ __________
_ _
_ _
500-999 workers
1,000 workers or more
_ _
T ype of M ill
Yarn or thread mill__________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ _ __ __________
Filament yarn or thread
Spun yam or thread
Weaving mills. _
____ _
__________ - - - - - - - - - _____
Integrated mills
3,416
1.74
4,687
4,178
1.50
1.48
3,002
5,139
2,665
1.76
1.92
1,86
8,836
1.89
1.72
1.84
10, 580
1.84
12,483
1,950
1.70
2.17
56, 954
17,025
1.70
1.79
14, 812
5,290
34,174
1,071
14,990
1.84
1.80
1.77
1.73
1.87
4,200
1,000
1,144
1.88
1.84
1.84
1,861
1.93
8,751
3,363
32,094
1.81
1.82
1.77
1,459
2.02
1,071
5,672
1.73
1.95
7,859
1.78
2,365
268
1, 760
1, 122
252
3,265
1,425
5,240
348
1,433
4i 834
3, 058
3,901
1,442
959
9,274
1,591
3, 570
1,896
2,217
12,550
1.54
1.98
1.76
1.65
2.18
1.62
1.46
2.39
2.21
1.77
1.68
1.50
1.59
1.55
1.78
2.11
2.12
2.09
2.22
2.04
1.60
308
18
121
82
26
495
84
921
35
69
450
179
386
69
104
1,179
183
373
123
500
1,008
1.58
1.93
1.78
1.75
2.44
1.62
1.54
2.33
2.33
1.97
1.77
1.62
1.62
1.70
1.81
2. 08
2.13
2.04
2.35
2.02
1.67
371
1.46
107
23
520
120
872
11
1.68
2.18
1.60
1.55
2.56
2.56
1,666
246
1,589
927
203
2,236
1,197
184
389
1,011
584
390
2,264
609
507
1,095
53
2,685
1.71
1.48
1. 50
1.43
1.82
2.21
2.08
2.12
2.34
2.04
1.50
1.54
1. 99
1.76
1.63
2.14
1.62
1.44
2.36
2.18
1.76
1.66
1. 49
1.61
1.63
1-73
2-08
2-15
2-09
1-99
2-05
1-61
F ib e r C ontent of P redom inant P roduct
Synthetic fibers only
_____
___ _
Blends of synthetic and cotton fibers
_ _ _ _
_ _
P redom inant C lass of F abrics
s
Selected Occupations
Battery hands (480 men and 1,885 wom en)____
Card grinders (all men)
__ __ _ ___ _ ___ _
Drawing-frame tenders (756 men and 366 wom en)____ ___
_________
Electricians, maintenance (all m en)__ ___ ___ ____ . . .
__ ____
Inspectors, cloth, machine (543 men and 2,722 wom en)—. _ _
_ ___
Janitors, except machinery cleaners (1,326 men and 99 women) ___ __
_ ______ _
__ _ _ _ ______
Loom fixers (all m en)____ _
Machinists, maintenance (all m en)_____
___ _
______ ___
Slubber tenders (1,160 men and 273 women)
Spinners, ring-frame (435 men and 4,399 w o m e n )___ _._ ___ _
Truckers, hand, including bobbin boys (3,039 men and 19 women)-------Twister tenders, ring-frame (1,242 men and 2,659 w om en)__ ----Uptwisters (777 men and 665 w om en).. ______ _
_ ____ ____
Warper tenders (392 men and 567 w om en)__ _______
Weavers (6,349 men and 2,925 w o m en ).. _
_
______ _
___
Box looms (1,231 men and 360 women)—_ ___________
___ _
Dobby looms (2,442 men and 1,128 wom en)_____ _
_ ____ ___
Jacquard looms (1,435 men and 461 women) _______ _____ ___ _
Plain looms (1,241 men and 976 women)
_ _ ____
_
--------Winders, yam (287 men and 12,263 wom en)____
_ _ __ ___ ______
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts. Also excluded are data for an estimated 3,783 workers (with
an average of $1.65 an hour) employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and finishing,
and fabricating departments.
2 The regions used in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle
Atlantic—N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Pennsylvania; and Southeast—Ala
bama, Florida, Georgia, M ississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia.
v ac atio n p a y a f te r 25 y e a rs o f service a p p lie d to
a b o u t a te n th o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers.
M o re th a n n in e -te n th s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk
ers w ere in m ills t h a t p a id a t le a st p a r t o f th e cost
o f life , h o s p ita liz a tio n , a n d s u rg ic a l in su ran ce.
S ickness a n d ac c id e n t in su ra n c e w as a v a ila b le to
tw o -th ird s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs a n d acci-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,433
302
1, 350
4,132
2,488
2, 456
789
463
5, 803
799
2,690
678
1,636
8,729
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.
4 The term “metropolitan areas” as used in this study refers to Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget
through March 1965.
5 Includes weaving and integrated mills only. Data could not be shown
separately for synthetic-wool fabric mills.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi
cation criteria.
d e n ta l d e a th a n d d ism em b erm en t in su ra n c e to
a b o u t th re e -fifth s. M edical in su ran c e w as p r o
v id ed by estab lish m en ts w ith a p p ro x im a te ly oneh a lf o f th e w o rk ers, a n d c a ta s tro p h e in su ran c e
w as a v a ila b le to a six th . M ost o f th e benefits w ere
p ro v id e d u n d e r p la n s u su a lly financed w h o lly by
th e em p lo y er in each region.
EARNINGS IN COTTON TEXTILE MILLS
765
P e n sio n p lan s, p ro v id in g re g u la r p a y m e n ts
(o th e r th a n F e d e r a l social se c u rity ) to w o rk e rs on
re tire m e n t, w ere p ro v id e d b y m ills e m p lo y in g tw ofifth s o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers. R e g io n a lly th e
p ro p o rtio n s w ere a te n th in N ew E n g la n d , a
fo u r th in th e M id d le A tla n tic , a n d o n e -h a lf in th e
S o u th e a st. I n th e la tte r re g io n , benefits fo r m ost
o f th e w o rk e rs in th ese m ills w ere financed th ro u g h
a n n u ity -ty p e p ro fit-s h a rin g p la n s ; in th e N ew
E n g la n d a n d M id d le A tla n tic reg io n s, p la n s m a k
in g p re d e te rm in e d p a y m e n ts w ere th e p re d o m in a n t
ty p e. P la n s p ro v id in g lu m p -su m p ay m en ts u p o n
re tire m e n t a p p lie d to 6 p e rc e n t o f th e w o rkers.
M ills h a v in g fo rm a l p ro fit-s h a rin g p lan s, u su
a lly p ro v id in g fo r d e fe rre d d is trib u tio n , ac
co u n ted fo r a b o u t o n e -fo u rth o f th e p ro d u c tio n
w orkers.
Earnings in Cotton Textile
Mills, September 1965
h o u rs a w eek lo n g e r in S ep tem b er 1965, th a n
in th e e a rlie r p e rio d .5
E a r n in g s o f w o rk e rs v a rie d b y lo catio n , size an d
ty p e o f m ill, ty p e o f p ro d u c t, a n d occupation.
N e a rly a ll o f th e 219,477 w o rk e rs em p lo y ed in
re g u la r te x tile o p e r a tio n s 6 of th e m ills covered by
S tr aig h t - t im e ea r n in g s o f p ro d u c tio n a n d re
la te d w o rk e rs in c o tto n te x tile m ills a v e ra g e d $1.74
an h o u r in S e p te m b e r 1965, a c c o rd in g to a su rv ey
co n d u c te d b y th e B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .1
T h e a v e ra g e w as n e a rly 14 p e rc e n t h ig h e r th a n in
M ay 1963, w hen a s im ila r su rv e y w as co n d u c te d .2
M u ch o f th is rise w as d ue to g e n e ra l w age in
creases in th e S o u th e a s t re g io n , w h ich accounted
fo r 94 p e rc e n t o f th e in d u s tr y ’s w o rk force. I n
th is re g io n , m a n y o f th e m ills in cre ased w ages by
a b o u t 5 p e rc e n t on each o f th re e occasions b e
tw een th e tw o su rv e y d ates. M ost N ew E n g la n d
m ills in cre ased w ages b y a b o u t 5 p e rc e n t in A p ril
1964, a n d by a lik e a m o u n t in A p r il 1965.3 A s
C o m m issio n er o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s A r t h u r M. R oss
in d ic a te d in h is F e b r u a r y 8, 1966, sta te m e n t to th e
J o in t E co n o m ic C o m m ittee o f th e U .S . C o n g ress,4
these g e n e ra l w ag e in creases reflect m a n y fa cto rs.
W ith specific re fe re n c e to th e S o u th e rn te x tile in
d u s try , he said , “te x tile [w ag e] in creases reflect
n o t o n ly th e w id e sp re a d p ro s p e rity in th e c o u n try
as a w hole, b u t circ u m sta n ces sp ecial to th is in d u s
tr y , in c lu d in g th e effect o f th e c o tto n eq u a liz a tio n
law , im p ro v e d eq u ip m e n t a n d m an ag e m en t, u n ion
o rg a n iz in g p re ssu res, a n d in c re a sin g difficulties o f
re c ru itin g te x tile w o rk e rs fro m r u r a l a re a s.”
T h e n u m b e r o f p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w o rk ers
in m ills w ith in scope o f th e su rv e y w as a b o u t 2
p e rc e n t below th e em p lo y m en t level o f M ay 1963.
O n th e av e rag e , how ever, th e y w o rk e d a b o u t 2
221-143 O—66—— 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— C h arles M. O ’C onnor
Division of Occupational Pay
1 The survey covered mills employing 20 workers or more, pri
marily engaged in manufacturing cotton yarn (or thread) and
broad-woven fabrics (12 inches or more in width). Mills manu
facturing mixtures containing 25 percent or more wool were
excluded.
Earnings information developed by the survey excludes pre
mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late shifts and, thus, is not comparable with the gross average
hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and
earnings series. The monthly series provides data for cotton
broadwoven fabric mills (weaving and integrated mills). These
mills, as well as those primarily engaged in spinning yarn or
thread are included in this survey.
A more comprehensive account of this survey will be presented
in a forthcoming BLS bulletin. Separate releases providing in
formation on earnings and supplementary benefits for selected
areas and States are available upon request to the Bureau or any
of its regional offices.
2 For an account of the earlier survey, see M o n th ly L a b o r R e
v ie w , June 1964, pp. 673-676.
3 Late in March 1966, four large New England textile com
panies and the Textile Workers Union of America negotiated
3-year contracts with wage increases totaling 23 cents ; 10 cents
an hour in April 1966, 6 cents in April 1967, and 7 cents in
April 1968. These increases are not included in the earnings
data presented in this article. Another round of wage increases
for Southern textile mills, to be effective in mid-1966, was an
nounced in May.
4 The E con om ic S itu a tio n in 1966, Statement Submitted to the
Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, H e a rin g s on th e 1966
E con om ic R e p o r t of th e P r e sid e n t, Feb. 8, 1966.
5 According to the Bureau’s employment and earnings series,
production workers in the cotton broadwoven fabrics industry
averaged 42.5 hours a week in September 1965, compared with
40.6 hours in May 1963.
0
Earnings information in this article excludes data for an
estimated 21,519 workers employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and
finishing, and fabricating departments in mills covered by the
survey. These workers were included, however, in developing the
proportions of production workers in mills providing selected
supplementary benefits.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
766
th e su rv e y e a rn e d betw een $1.25 a n d $2.50 an
h o u r; th e m id d le h a lf e a rn e d betw een $1.53 a n d
$1.94.
A lm o st a ll o f th e w o rk e rs w ere in m ills p r o v id
in g p a id v a c a tio n s a n d v a rio u s ty p e s o f h e a lth a n d
in su ra n c e benefits. N e a rly sev e n -eig h th s 7 o f th e
p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d w ere in m ills
w ith la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t c o n tra c ts, c o m p ared w ith
an e ig h th in th e S o u th e a st. I n th e la tte r reg io n ,
N o rth C a ro lin a , S o u th C a ro lin a , a n d V irg in ia ac
co u n ted f o r fo u r-fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in u n io n
m ills, b u t fo r o n ly tw o -th ird s o f th e to ta l em p lo y
m ent. T h e m a jo r u n io n s in th e in d u s try a re th e
T e x tile W o rk e rs U n io n o f A m e ric a a n d th e U n ite d
T e x tile W o rk e rs o f A m erica.
Earnings
I n S e p te m b e r 1965, w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a st
r e g io n 8 a v e ra g e d $1.74 a n h o u r, c o m p a re d w ith
$1.82 f o r w o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d a n d $1.53 fo r
th o se in th e S o u th w e st reg io n . (S ee a c co m p an y
in g ta b le .) E a r n in g s in fo rm a tio n w as also d e
veloped se p a ra te ly fo r sev eral S ta te s a n d are a s in
th e S o u t h :
Alabama__ ____ _____ _ ___
... _______
Georgia____________
_ _ ______ _______
North Carolina_________ _ _______ _______
Charlotte.. :
. _ ...
..
_ _ _______
Statesville.. . . . . ____ . . . _ __ _______
____ _______
South Carolina________ .
Greenville-Spartanburg._ _
_ ... _______
Texas____ _ ___
. . . . . . . _______
Number of
production
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
21,504
42,595
67,248
29,677
9,485
60,911
24,530
4,222
$1. 75
1.74
1.69
1.67
1.67
1.77
1.77
1.51
Workers in integrated mills (those having both
spinning and weaving operations) had higher
average hourly earnings than those in yarn mills;
in the Southeast region the difference amounted
7 The estimate of the proportion of workers in union mills in
New England (95 percent) for the Bureau’s May 1963 survey was
overstated; the revised estimate for the earlier survey is 88 per
cent.
8 For definition of regions used in this study, see table, foot
note 2.
9 A comparison of occupational pay relationships between yarn
and integrated mills in the Southeast indicated that workers in
selected jobs in integrated mills averaged 11 cents an hour more,
as a group, than their counterparts in yarn mills. This was de
termined by multiplying the average earnings for occupations
found in both types of mills by the respective occupational em
ployments in integrated mills, and dividing the sums of these
products by the total employment factors. The wage advantage
held by workers in integrated mills amounted to 12 cents for men
and 10 cents for women.
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to 15 cents. A lth o u g h th e absence o f skilled
w eav in g occu p atio n s in y a rn m ills c o n trib u te s to
th e difference in o v erall e a rn in g s levels in th e tw o
ty p e s o f m ills, y a rn m ill w o rk ers also h a d con
siste n tly lo w er p a y in co m p ariso n s a t th e occu
p a tio n a l level.9 W o rk e rs in in te g ra te d m ills in
N ew E n g la n d a v e rag e d $1.83 an h o u r— 6 cents
m ore th a n th e ir c o u n te rp a rts in th e S o u th e ast
r e g io n ; th e difference w as 8 cents w h en com p ariso n
w as lim ite d to in te g ra te d m ills p rim a rily p ro d u c
in g c a rd e d -y a rn fa b rics. A m o n g fa b ric m ills,
av erag es v a rie d by p re d o m in a n t class o f fa b ric.
T h e re w as little difference in o v erall p ro d u c tio n
w o rk e r av erag es in m e tro p o lita n a n d n o n m e tro
p o lita n areas. A c c o rd in g to m ill em p lo y m en t
size, how ever, av e rag e s ra n g e d , pro g ressiv ely ,
fro m $1.61 a n h o u r in m ills em p lo y in g fe w er th a n
250 w o rk e rs to $1.80 in those w ith 1,000 o r m ore.
T h is re la tio n sh ip h eld in th e S o u th e ast, b u t n o t
in N ew E n g la n d .
A b o u t th re e -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in re g u la r
te x tile d e p a rtm e n ts w ere m e n ; th e y a v e rag e d $1.78
an h o u r, co m p ared w ith $1.67 fo r w om en. D iffe r
ences in a v e rag e p a y levels fo r m en a n d w om en
m ay be th e re s u lt o f several fa c to rs, in c lu d in g
v a ria tio n in th e d is trib u tio n o f th e sexes am o n g
estab lish m en ts a n d am o n g jobs w ith d is p a ra te
p a y levels.
E a r n in g s o f alm o st all w o rk ers w ere w ith in a
ra n g e o f $1.25 to $2.50 an h o u r, w ith th e m id d le
h a lf o f th e w o rk e rs’ e a rn in g s betw een $1.53 a n d
$1.94. A t th e low er en d o f th e a r ra y , 8 p e rc e n t
o f th e w o rk ers ea rn ed less th a n $1.40 a n d 21 p e r
cent ea rn ed less th a n $1.50. A s in d ic a te d belowy
th e c o n c en tratio n s o f w o rk e rs a t lo w er e a rn in g s
levels w ere p ro p o rtio n a te ly g re a te r in th e S o u th
w est th a n in th e o th e r re g io n s :
Percent of production workers earning less than—
e g i o n -----------------------------------------------------------------$1.30
$1 .4 0
$1.50
N ew England___________
0.7
1.8
2.9
Southeast_______________
2.0
7. 5
20. 5
Southwest.______________
13.6
39.3
57.9
R
E a r n in g s o f w om en, m ost o f w hom w ere em
p lo y ed in occu p atio n s re q u irin g s im ila r skills,
w ere m ore co n c en trate d th a n those o f m en. N a
tio n a lly , th e m id d le 50 p ercen t of e a rn in g s fo r
w om en ra n g e d fro m $1.53 to $1.80; th e c o rre sp o n d
in g ra n g e fo r m en w as fro m $1.53 to $2.03.
767
EARNINGS IN COTTON TEXTILE MILLS
In f o r m a tio n on e a rn in g s w as o b tain ed sep
a ra te ly fo r a n u m b e r o f jo b s selected to re p re sen t
th e d iffe re n t ty p e s o f sk ills a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g
o p e ra tio n s in th e in d u s try . (S o m e o f th ese jobs
a re in c lu d e d in th e a c co m p an y in g ta b le .) O ccu
p a tio n a l av erag es w ere n e a rly alw ay s h ig h e st in
N ew E n g la n d a n d low est in th e S o u th w est.
E a r n in g s o f w o rk ers p e rfo rm in g sim ila r task s
also v a rie d w ith in th e sam e estab lish m en t, p a r tic u
la rly fo r o ccu p atio n s ty p ic a lly p a id u n d e r incen-
N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n C o t t o n T e x t il e M il l s b y
S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g i o n s ,2 S e p t e m b e r 1965
United S tates3
N ew England
Southwest
Southeast
Characteristics
Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1 Workers Earnings1
All Mills
219, 477
136,641
82,836
$1.74
1.78
1.67
6,879
4,209
2,670
$1.82
1.87
1.73
206,046
128,342
77, 704
$1.74
1.78
1.67
4,824
3, 029
1,795
$1. 53
1. 55
1.48
50,888
168, 589
1.77
1.73
3,369
3, 510
1.82
1.82
44,788
161,258
1.76
1.73
1,126
3,698
1.50
1.53
Size of E stablishment
20-249 workers______ ____ _______________ ___________ ____ _____
250-499 workers__________ •_____ _______ _______ _________________
500-999 workers________________________________ ____ __________
1,000 workers or m ore._________________________________________
30 099
58,678
102
74 .598
1. 61
1.71
1 70
1. 80
1.59
1.72
1.76
1.79
1.50
1.83
1.81
27,499
55, 365
52, 415
70j 767
2, 581
2 259
3¡ 777
T ype of Mill and P roduct 5
Yarn m ills._____ ____ _____ ___________________________________
Carded yarn_________________________________________ _____
Combed yarn_____________________________________________
Integrated m ills______ ______________________________________
Carded-yam fabrics_____ __________________________________
Combed-yarn fabrics______________________________________
44, 463
17' 568
26 895
171, 471
140,951
30, 520
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.77
1.75
1.83
42, 313
17; 342
24; 971
161,603
132, 329
29,274
1.62
1. 63
1.61
1.77
1.76
1.83
4,619
4, 619
1.53
1.53
203,295
10 182
1.73
1 79
191,953
14,093
1.74
1. 78
4,682
1.53
7 844
14 265
55, 311
25, 404
11 101
lsj 832
6, 567
28,647
12 043
1. 70
1. 64
1. 76
1. 78
1. 77
1.82
1.74
1. 83
1. 76
6,476
13, 703
5i; 501
24, 680
10,101
13, 741
6,567
27; 134
9, 830
1.75
1.65
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.74
1.83
1.73
9,724
1,746
4,332
10,712
687
5,401
5,238
10, 331
1,160
5,102
18,962
6,740
19, 075
1 853
3 546
1 121
12, 555
16,402
1.56
2. 03
1.62
1. 85
2.21
1.63
1.45
2.27
2.18
1.87
1.70
1.49
2.00
2. 00
2. 04
2.16
1.97
1.63
9,150
1,672
4,143
10,299
655
5,027
4,993
9,672
1,106
4,885
18, 202
6,481
17, 775
1,781
3', 435
786
11,773
15,617
1.56
2.03
1.62
1.85
2. 21
1.64
1.45
2. 27
2.19
1.86
1. 70
1.50
2. 00
2.01
2. 04
2.09
1.98
1.63
261
29
96
229
10
82
101
243
24
113
338
146
354
1.41
1.77
1.48
1.69
2.07
1.39
1.34
2.03
1.88
1.64
1.50
1.32
1.74
354
272
1.74
1.47
A ll production workers_________________
Men______________________________
Women____________________________
Size
of
Community
Metropolitan areas 4_________________________
Nonmetropolitan areas______________________
5,047
3,801
1.83
1.84
5,766
1,113
1.81
1.85
F ib e r C ontent of P redom inant P roduct
Cotton fibers only..................... ...................................................................
Blends of cotton and syhthetic fibers____________ _______________
P redom inant C lass of F abrics 6
Duck and allied fabrics________________________________________
Narrow sheeting and allied coarse and medium yarn fabrics_______
Wide sheeting and allied coarse and medium yarn fa b rics.............
Printcloth-yarn fabrics________________________________________
Colored-yarn fabrics____________ ______________________________
Towels, toweling, and. dishcloths____ ___________________________
Napped fabrics, blankets, and blanketing_______________________
Fine cotton fabrics (combed, part combed, and fine carded)_______
Specialties and other woven cotton fabrics_______________________
Selected O ccupations
Battery hands (463 men and 9,261 women)______________________
Card grinders (all m en)_________________________ ______________
Card tenders (4,246 men and 86 wom en)________________________
Doffers, spinning-frame (10,588 men and 124 women)_____________
Electricians, maintenance (all m en)_____________________________
Inspectors, cloth, machine (831 men and 4,570 women)____________
Janitors, except machinery cleaners (4,408 men and 830 women)___
Loom fixers (all m en)__________________________________________
Machinists, maintenance (all m en)______________________________
Slubber tenders (4,548 men and 554 wom en)________ _____________
Spinners, ring-frame (186 men and 18,776 women)________________
Truckers, hand, including bobbin boys (6,523 men and 217 women)
Weavers (9,242 men and 9,833 w om en)______ ____ _______________
Box looms (1,089 men and 764 women)______________________
D obby looms (1,987 men and 1,559 wom en)__________________
Jacquard looms (837 men and 284 w om en)___________________
Plain looms (5,329 men and 7,226 women)___________________
Winders, yarn (200 men and 16,202 w om en)____ _________________
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts. Also excluded are data for an estimated 21,519 workers (with
an average of $1.73 an hour) employed in bleaching, cloth dyeing and fin
ishing, and fabricating departments.
2 The regions used in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Southeast—
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee, and Virginia; and Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
and Texas.
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.
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285
44
87
181
18
240
120
286
23
97
417
89
523
1. 59
1.99
1. 73
1.89
2.16
1.61
1.53
2.29
2. 20
2.20
1.75
1.56
2. 09
385
355
2.02
1.77
4 The term “metropolitan areas” as used in this study refers to Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget
through March 1965.
.
5 Data are not shown separately for weaving mills, but are included m the
data for all production workers. Mills engaged in weaving fabrics from
purchased yarn employed an estimated 3,543 workers at the time of the study
and were mostly concentrated in the Southeast region.
6 Includes data for weaving and integrated mills only.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
768
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
tiv e w age system s.10 I n m a n y in stan ces, th e
difference in e a rn in g s b etw een th e h ig h e s t a n d
low est p a id w o rk e rs in th e sam e jo b a n d e s ta b lish
m en t am o u n te d to m o re th a n 50 cen ts a n h o u r.
E n g la n d , how ever, n e a rly a ll p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers
received ov er 1 b u t less th a n 2 weeks o f p ay a f te r
3 y ears o f service. P ro v isio n s fo r 3 weeks o f p a id
v ac a tio n w ere seldom re p o rte d fo r p ro d u c tio n
w orkers.
Establishm ent Practices
L ife , h o sp ita liz a tio n , a n d su rg ic a l in su ran ce, fi
n an ced a t least in p a r t by em ployers, w ere re p o rte d
W o rk schedules o f 48 h o u rs a w eek w ere in effect
by m ills em p lo y in g over n in e -te n th s o f th e p ro d u c
in m ills em p lo y in g th re e -fifth s o f th e in d u s tr y ’s
tio n w orkers. A c cid en tal d e a th an d dism em b er
p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs a t th e tim e o f th e stu d y .
m en t in su ran c e w as p ro v id e d to n e a rly th re e -fifth s
T h ese schedules a p p lie d to n e a rly tw o -th ird s of
o f th e w o rk ers, a n d sickness an d accid en t a n d m ed
th e w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a st. F o rty - h o u r w eekly
ical in su ran c e to ab o u t h a lf. A b o u t a fifth of th e
w o rk schedules w ere re p o rte d by m ills ac c o u n tin g
p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers w ere in m ills p ro v id in g ca
fo r n in e -te n th s o f th e w o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d
ta s tro p h e in su ran ce. P a id sick leave pro v isio n s
a n d n e a rly th re e -fifth s o f th o se in th e S o u th w est.
(f u ll p a y a n d no w a itin g p e rio d ) w ere seldom
N e a rly a ll c o tto n te x tile m ills h a d p ro v isio n s
re p o rte d fo r p ro d u c tio n w orkers. T h e p ro p o r
fo r th re e -s h ift o p e ra tio n s f o r m o st p ro d u c tio n
tio n s o f w o rk ers receiv in g th e benefits described
d e p a rtm e n ts, a n d s lig h tly m o re th a n h a lf o f th e
above (w ith th e ex cep tio n o f life, h o sp ita liz a tio n ,
p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs w ere em p lo y ed on la te s h ifts
a n d su rg ic a l in su ra n c e ) v a rie d co n sid erab ly by
in S e p te m b e r 1965. N e a rly th re e -te n th s o f th e
region. M ed ical in su ran c e, fo r exam ple, a p p lie d
w o rk ers in each o f th e th re e re g io n s w ere on sec
to ab o u t tw o -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs in th e S o u th
ond s h ifts a n d ra re ly received d iffe re n tia l p ay.
east, co m p ared w ith n e a rly all w o rk e rs in N ew
T h ir d - s h if t o p e ra tio n s acco u n ted f o r a f o u r th o f
E n g la n d . I n m ost instances, h e a lth a n d in su ran ce
th e w o rk e rs in th e S o u th e a s t a n d a fifth in th e
benefit p la n s in N ew E n g la n d a n d th e S o u th w est
o th e r tw o reg io n s. T h ese t h i r d - s h i f t w o rk ers
w ere financed exclusively by em p lo y ers; in th e
u su a lly receiv ed 7 cents a n h o u r above d a y ra te s
S o u th e a st such p la n s w ere u su a lly jo in tly financed.
in N ew E n g la n d , a n d 5 cen ts in th e S o u th e a s t a n d
P en sio n p la n s p ro v id in g re g u la r p ay m en ts fo r
S o u th w est.
th e re m a in d e r o f th e re tire e ’s life (in a d d itio n to
P a id h o lid a y s w ere p ro v id e d b y m ills em p lo y in g
F e d e ra l social se c u rity ) a p p lie d to a m a jo rity of
n e a rly h a lf o f th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers. N e a rly all
th e w o rk ers in th e S o u th e a st an d to ab o u t tw ow o rk e rs in N ew E n g la n d received 6 d ay s a n n u a lly .
fifth s o f those in th e S o u th w est, b u t to o nly a few
I n th e S o u th e a s t a n d S o u th w est, s lig h tly m ore
in N ew E n g la n d . I n th e tw o S o u th e rn regions,
th a n tw o -fifth s o f th e w o rk e rs w ere p ro v id e d p a id
m an y o f th e re tire m e n t p lan s fo r p ro d u c tio n w o rk
h o lid ay s, m o st com m only 2 d ay s a y ear.
ers w ere financed th ro u g h a n n u ity -ty p e p ro fitP a id v ac atio n s, a f te r q u a lify in g p e rio d s o f se rv
s h a rin g p lan s. P la n s p ro v id in g lu m p -su m p a y
ice, w ere p ro v id e d b y m ills ac c o u n tin g f o r n e a rly
m en ts a t re tire m e n t a p p lie d to n e a rly a ll w o rk ers
all p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers. T y p ic a l v a c a tio n p a y
in N ew E n g la n d , b u t w ere v irtu a lly n o n ex isten t
prov isio n s, w h ich w ere u su a lly based on p e rc e n t
in th e S o u th e rn regions.
ages o f a n n u a l e a rn in g s, w ere 1 w eek a f te r 1 y e a r
P ro fit-s h a rin g p la n s, n e a rly all d e fe rre d d is tr i
o f service a n d 2 w eeks a f te r 5 years. I n N ew
b u tio n p lan s, w ere p ro v id e d by m ills em p lo y in g
10
Two-thirds of the industry’s production workers were paid ab o u t o n e-fifth o f th e wm rkers in th e S o u th e a st an d
time rates, usually under formal systems providing a single rate
a p p ro x im a te ly tw o -fifth s in th e S o u th w est. S uch
for a given occupation. Incentive methods of wage payment,
p la n s w ere ra re ly re p o rte d b y N ew E n g la n d m ills.
nearly always individual piece rates, applied to slightly more
than two-fifths of the workers in New England, a third in the
Southeast, and a fourth in the Southwest. Numerically im
portant occupations usually paid under incentive wage systems
included spinning-frame doffers, weavers, and yarn winders.
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— G eorge L . S telluto
Division of Occupational Pay
EARNINGS IN WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY
Earnings in Women’s and Misses’
Coat and Suit Industry
A verage straight-time hourly earnings of pro
duction and related workers in shops manufactur
ing women’s and misses’ coats and suits varied sub
stantially among the nine areas surveyed by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in August 1965. To
gether, these nine areas accounted for slightly
more than one-half of the industry’s work force.1
Averages ranged from $2 in Kansas City and $2.02
in Baltimore to $2.92 an hour in New York.
In each area, individual earnings were widely
dispersed, with some workers earning as low as
$1.25 and some as high as $5 an hour. These dis
persions in earnings resulted largely from the ex
tensive use of incentive wage systems and from
diiferences in types of work. Sewing machine op
erators, for example, made up a large segment of
the industry’s work force. Those performing all
or most of the sewing operations required to make
a complete garment (single-hand or tailor system)
typically had higher earnings than those whose
sewing was limited to a specific part or parts of a
garment (section system).
Establishments having agreements with the In
ternational Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
(ILGWU) accounted for 85 percent of the work
ers in Newark and Jersey City and in San Francisco-Oakland, and for 90 percent or more of the
workers in all other areas. These agreements in
cluded provisions for paid holidays, paid vaca
tions, various types of health and welfare benefits,
and retirement pension plans.
769
trained sewing machine operators than are gen
erally needed under the section system. In Kan
sas City and Baltimore, where three-fourths or
more of the sewing machine operators were on the
section system, production workers averaged $2
and $2.02, respectively. ( S e e accompanying
table.)
Averages in Newark and Jersey City ($2.49)
and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ($2.25), where all
sewing machine operators were on the section sys
tem, were also influenced to some extent by the
dominance of contract shops which manufacture
garments from materials owned and frequently cut
by others. As a result, the proportion of cutters
and markers—who usually receive relatively high
wages—was smaller in these areas than in the
others.
In each area men, as a group, averaged more
than women; the average wage advantages for men
ranged from 22 percent in Kansas City to 61 per
cent in Los Angeles-Long Beach. Differences in
average pay levels for men and women may be the
result of several factors, including variations in
the distributions of the sexes among establishments
and among jobs with disparate pay levels. Men
were more heavily concentrated in jobs requiring
the greatest experience and skill, such as cutting
and marking, pressing, and the single-hand system
of sewing.
Earnings as low as $1.25 and as high as $5 an
hour were recorded for some workers in all areas.
There were no significant concentrations in the
earnings arrays in any of the areas, except Kansas
City, where nearly a fourth of the workers earn
ings were between $1.60 and $1.70 an hour. This
dispersion of individual earnings reflects the wide-
Earnings
Variations in area wage averages for production
workers were in part due to differences in manu
facturing methods and processes. New York, Los
Angeles-Long Beach, and Chicago ( the three areas
with highest paying levels) were the only areas,
except San Francisco-Oakland, in which extensive
use was made of the single-hand (tailor) system of
sewing. In each of the three areas, single-hand
sewing machine operators earned substantially
more than those working under the section system.
The single-hand system requires more highly
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i
T he stu d y in clu d ed e sta b lish m e n ts em p loyin g 4 w orkers or
more, p rim arily engaged in m a n u fa ctu rin g w om en’s and m is s e s ’
co a ts and su its, e x cep t fu r co a ts and r a in c o a ts (p a r t of in
d u stry 2 337 as defined in th e 1957 ed ition o f th e S ta n d a r d I n
d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n M an u al and its 1963 S u p p le m e n t, U .S.
B ureau of th e B u d g e t). C ontract sh op s m ak ing sk irts fo r su it
m an u factu rers or su it jobbers w ere inclu ded, bu t oth er sk irt
m an u factu rers w ere excluded.
E a rn in g s in fo rm a tio n presen ted in th is a r tic le exclu d es pre
m ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eek en ds, h o lid a y s, and
la te sh ifts.
T he term “p rodu ction w ork ers,” as used in th is stu d y, in clu d es
w ork in g forem en and a ll n o n su p ervisory w orkers engaged in nonoffice fu n c tio n s.
A d m in istr a tiv e , e xecu tive, and p r ofession al
w orkers w ere excluded.
A m ore com prehensive a cco u n t of th e stu d y w ill be presented
in a fo rth co m in g B L S b u lletin .
In d iv id u a l area relea ses are
a v ailab le from th e B u reau or an y o f it s region al offices.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
770
spread use of piece rate pay systems,2 and the dif
fering earnings among jobs with varying degrees
of skill.
Singlehand-system sewing machine operators
typically had higher earnings than section-system
operators; in the four areas for which data are
shown for both types of operators, singlehandsystem operators held an average wage advan
tage of more than 50 cents an hour. Of the jobs
studied separately, machine pressers were usually
highest paid and thread trimmers lowest paid.
Earnings of individuals performing similar tasks
also varied within the same establishment, par
ticularly for jobs typically paid under incentive
wage systems.
Establishm ent Practices
Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in eifect
in shops employing nine-tenths or more of the
workers in six areas, nearly seven-eighths in San
Francisco-Oakland, and three-fourths in Kansas
City and in Newark and Jersey City. A fifth of
the workers in Newark and Jersey City had weekly
2
In c en tiv e pay, a lm o st a lw a y s in d iv id u a l piecew ork, applied
to s lig h tly m ore th a n tw o -fifth s of th e w orkers w ith in th e scope
o f th e survey. T he prop ortion s o f in ce n tiv e-p a id w orkers d if
fered am ong th e areas, ran gin g from a fo u rth in P a te r s o n C lifto n -P a ss a ic to sev e n -te n th s in P h ilad elp h ia. W orkers em
ployed as p ressers and sew in g m achin e op erators w ere com m only
paid under in c e n tiv e sy ste m s in m o st areas. A m ajority o f th e
tim e-rated w orkers in m ost areas w ere paid under fo rm a l system s
p rovid in g a sin g le rate for a given occu pation .
N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in t h e W o m e n ’s a n d M i s s e s ’
C o a t a n d S u i t M a n u f a c t u r i n g I n d u s t r y I n 9 S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 A u g u s t 1965
All production workers.
Women___________
Men............. ...............
Workers
Earnings :
Workers
489
358
131
$2.02
1.91
2. 34
1,184
858
326
26
2. 58
73
Newark and Jersey
City
Los Angeles-Long
Beach
Kansas C ity
Chicago
Baltimore
Earnings 1 Workers
Earnings :
Workers
Earnings :
Workers
Earnings 1
$2.64
2.28
3.59
2,062
1,783
279
$2.00
2,142
1,465
677
$2.87
2.41
3.88
6,756
5,202
1, 554
$2.49
2. 31
3.08
S3
30
36
85
2.73
1.80
1.59
4.20
2.03
1. 77
3.32
4. 81
4.31
2. 38
43
23
3.94
2. 72
321
365
116
1,004
3.06
4.08
2.71
2.36
1.94
2.36
Selected Occupations 4
Cutters and markers__________________
Inspectors, final (examiners)___________
Packers, shipping_____________________
Pressers, hand____ ___________________
Pressers, machine_____________________
Pressers, hand and machine____________
Sewers, hand (finishers)_________ ______
Sewing machine operators, section sys
tem ________________________________
Sewing machine operators, single-hand
(tailor) system ______________________
Thread trimmers (cleaners)____ ________
51
55
68
2. 30
2. 63
2.70
1.92
3.40
1.82
1.83
3.48
5.17
211
2.23
221
1.86
147
36
53
65
105
29
416
104
1.91
240
2.74
755
2.14
354
2.69
3,145
2.59
1.75
410
30
3.46
1.43
169
1.53
11
11
18
20
8
3.00
1.35
36
6
3.28
1.44
143
27
88
25
N ew York
A ll shops
3.11
Paterson-CliftonPassaic
Philadelphia
San FranciscoOakland
Contract shops
Earnings 1
Earnings 1
Workers
Earnings 1
Workers
Earnings 1
Workers
Earnings 1
Workers
Earnings 1
Workers
28, 334
15,668
12, 666
$2.92
2.57
3. 37
9,893
3,193
6, 700
$3.19
2. 82
3.36
18,441
12,475
5,966
$2.78
2.50
3.37
3,624
2,932
692
$2.25
2.07
2.98
1,843
1,343
500
$2. 52
2.21
3.35
696
561
135
$2.44
2.23
3.30
1,560
490
921
1,382
1,126
540
5,812
6,362
3.90
3.02
1. 87
3.88
4.23
4.20
2.73
2.70
1,307
281
921
296
227
151
2,146
448
3.91
3.13
1.87
4.19
5.19
5.12
3. 00
3.07
199
209
3.82
2.87
67
20
4.04
2.71
3.56
3. 79
3.99
3. 84
2.58
2.67
175
205
26
443
1,594
2. 62
3.47
4.00
1.98
2.29
3.41
1.99
1.75
4.23
4. 38
49
1,086
899
389
3,666
5,914
72
27
10
88
98
17
40
39
1.94
2.91
3. 52
245
716
2.35
2.43
97
1.96
’465
L 60
43
3 78
1.66
2 3fiR
’ 422
3.25
1. 59
Ü6
1.54
33
1.40
129
21
2.22
1.81
Workers
All production workers.
Women__________
Men______________
Regular shops3
2.12
Selected Occupations 4
Cutters and markers___________ _____ __
Inspectors, final (examiners)____________
Packers, shipping_______ ____ ____ ____
Pressers, hand________________________
Pressers, machine_____________________
Pressers, hand and machine_______ ____
Sewers, hand (finishers)________________
Sewing machine operators, section system.
Sewing machine operators, single-hand
(tailor) system ______________________
Thread trimmers (cleaners)____________
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget through March 1965.
3 Include jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations such
as cutting, finishing, or packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside)
shops.
4 Data relate to all workers in the selected occupations. Women accounted
for a large majority of the thread trimmers, hand sewers, and section system
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
operators in all areas, whereas most single-hand system operators in N ew York
and Chicago were men. Men also accounted for a majority of the shipping
packers, cutters and markers, and pressers in most areas. The forthcoming
bulletin will present separate wage data for men and women m the selected
occupations wherever publication criteria are met.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica
tion criteria.
771
EARNINGS IN WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY
work schedules of 40 hours, and nearly a fourth
in Kansas City were scheduled to work 44 hours
a week.
Provisions for paid holidays, health and welfare
benefits, vacation pay, severance benefits, and re
tirement pension plans, summarized below, were
stipulated in collective bargaining agreements
with the ILGWU.3
Paid holiday provisions varied from 4 days a
year in Chicago4to 7y2 days in Paterson-CliftonPassaic. In most areas, time workers were paid
their regular rates and incentive workers were
given flat amounts varying by craft.
Health and welfare benefits in all areas, and
vacation payments in all areas except Chicago and
Kansas City, were provided from a health and
welfare fund to which employers contributed
specified percentages of their payrolls for work
ers covered by the union agreement. The provi
sions included hospitalization, disability, mater
nity, eyeglass, and death benefits in nearly all
areas, and surgical and medical benefits in several
areas. In all areas except Baltimore, Paterson,
and San Francisco, union health centers were main
tained through employer contributions.
In New York, Newark and Jersey City, and Pat
erson—Clifton-Passaic vacation payments varied
3 P r o v isio n s differed s lig h tly in a fe w shops. A m ong th e shops
w h ich did n o t h a v e a c o n tr a c t w ith ILGW U, fo rm a l p ro v ision s
fo r p aid h o lid a y s and v a c a tio n s w ere com m on, but in su ra n ce and
pen sion p la n s w ere rep orted in on ly a fe w in sta n ces.
4 W orkers in C hicago w ere gu a ra n teed o n e-lia lf d a y ’s pa y for
each h olid ay, th o se w orking 3 days in th e h o lid a y w eek received
th ree-fou rth s pay, a n d th o se w o rk in g 4 days received fu ll pay.
by occupation, ranging from $50 to $70. In Chi
cago and Kansas City, vacation benefits (paid di
rectly by employers to workers) amounted to 1
week of pay after 1 year of service and 2 weeks
after 5 years; both areas had provisions for pro
rating vacation pay for workers with less than 1
year of service. In the other four areas, vacation
payments were determined as a percentage of the
worker’s annual earnings, usually with minimum
and maximum payments specified.
Severance benefits were provided from a na
tional fund to which the employer contributed
one-half percent (1 percent in Baltimore) of his
weekly payroll for workers covered by the union
contract. This fund provides both a lump-sum
severance allowance and weekly supplemental un
employment benefits to qualified workers.
Retirement pension benefits (other than Federal
social security) were provided through employer
contributions to a retirement fund. The amounts
contributed varied among the areas from 2y2
614 percent of payroll for workers covered by the
union agreements. Benefits were paid from the
fund to qualified workers over age 65 at the rate
of $65 a month in New York, Newark and Jersey
City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and $50 a
month in the other areas. In nearly all areas,
totally disabled workers might retire with full
benefits at age 60. Reduced benefits for early re
tirement were available to workers in all areas.
The fund also provided a $500 death benefit.
— G eorge L. S telluto
Division of Occupational Pay
The New York Factory Investigating Commission, in 1915, in submitting
its conclusions regarding the clothing costs of working women, states that
‘‘the matter may be summed up by saying that a girl may respectably clothe
herself on between $85 and $90, and that she can maintain a fairly good ap
pearance with about $100.” The New York commission’s standard of $88 per
year may thus be taken as providing only the barest minimum for “decent”
clothing. Thus, it is of striking significance to note that, even with this
low minimum as a standard, 42 percent of the 600 wage-earning women
included in the Washington investigation had a yearly expenditure of less
than that amount, and in many cases the expenditure was very much less.
—“Cost of Living in the District of Columbia,” Monthly Labor R eview, February 1918.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
772
U.S.S.R. Worktime Requirements
for Consumer Purchases
v e r a g e m o n t h l y e a r n i n g s of all wage and sal
ary earners in 1965 in the U.S.S.R.1 were reported
as 95 rubles2 (US$105.56).3 Average monthly
wages have increased steadily in the postwar pe
riod (by 19 percent in the last 5 years alone) ,4 and
State-fixed retail prices of essential consumer
goods have been, with a few exceptions, relatively
stable since 1955. Clothing, meat, and milk prod
ucts are still in short supply; and much of the
clothing is of low quality. Table 1 shows that the
approximate worktime required to buy fixed quan
tities of selected foods at State-fixed prices in Mos
cow declined, as a percent of 1928 worktime re
quired, from 145 percent in 1953 to 89 in January
1966. A large part of this percentage decline is
due to the cut in the number of working hours per
day, for most workers, from 8 hours to 7 hours.
But the increase in average earnings has been a
more important factor. The increase in average
earnings has been due primarily to (1) the sweep
A
T
able
1.
A
p p r o x im a t e
W
o r k t im e
1923,
R
A
e q u ir e d
p r il
to
B
1, 1953,
uy
J
All seven foods . . . . . .
and
1953 2 19623 1966 4
1. 35
.75
12.60
26. 75
9. 09
2. 20
6.88
0.13
.10
1.60
3. 60
.89
.29
.80
S t a t e - F ix e d P
J a n u a r y 15, 1966
oods at
r ic e s in
M
o sco w
, A
p r il
1,
Approximate worktime for weekly consumption 5
0.14
. 10
1.60
3. 60
1. 04
L 30
8.90
. . .
1 Official Soviet prices from the People’s Commissariat of Labor, as trans
mitted to the International Labor Office. See International Labor Review,
October-November 1928, pp. 657-660. These prices were lower than those
in private trade which played a large role in workers’ consumption, and their
use may somewhat inflate the workers’ real purchasing power at that time.
On the other hand, it appears that Moscow food prices were noticeably higher
than the national average in 1928; but Moscow goods were superior in quality.
See Naum Jasny, The Soviet Economy During the Plan Era (Stanford, Calif.,
Stanford University Press, 1951), p. 105.
2 Data from “Purchasing Power of Soviet Workers in the U .S.S.R .,”
Monthly Labor Review, April 1960, pp. 359-364.
3 Prices in Moscow state stores during June 1962, based on information
appearing in the Soviet press and in published reports of U.S. and European
visitors to the U .S.S.R.
‘‘Based on published reports of U.S. and European visitors to the U .S.S.R.
and on information appearing in the Soviet press; where several prices were
reported, the one nearest the 1962 price was used.
5 W eekly consumption figures per person in 1928 from International Labor
Review, ibid., p. 659; the average worker’s family in 1928 consisted of 4 persons.
See Solomon Schwarz, Labor in the Soviet Union (New York, Praeger, 1952),
p. 145. The same percent relationship between 1928 and 1966 would be
obtained if the quantities for 1 person were used instead of the quantities
for a family of 4.
6 Worktime is computed by multiplying quantity consumed by price and
dividing the product by average hourly earnings. In 1928, official national
average earnings were 703 rubles per year (figure given in Trud v SSSR
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15, 1962,
Quantity con
sumed per week
by a family
of four 5
Food
R ye bread, 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) ___ . . . 0. 080
Potatoes, 1 kilogram. . . . . _ _ _ _
.085
Beef, 1 kilogram ..
...
.870
Butter, 1 kilogram
2. 430
Sugar, 1 kilogram.
.. . .. ..
.620
M ilk, 1 liter (1.06 quarts)_____ _ . . . . . ____ .063
Eggs, per 10_______________________________ .200
1 E ditor' s N ote.— This excerpt is taken from “Recent Trends
in Labor Controls in the Soviet Union,” prepared at the request
of the Joint Economic Committee. An earlier version of the
article appears in D im e n sio n s o f S o v ie t E co n o m ic P o w e r , Hear
ings Together With Compilation of Studies Prepared for the Joint
Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (87th Cong.,
2d sess., 1962), pp. 391-407; 691-693.
3 Pravda, February 3, 1966, p. 2.
3 At the tourist rate of 0.90 ruble equals US$1, fixed by the
Soviet Government.
4 Pravda, March 30, 1966, pp. 6-7 (report of L. Brezhnev).
For table of average monthly wages for selected years in the
period 1940—64, see N arodn oe K h o s ia is tv o S S S R v. 1964 0- (The
National Economy of the U.S.S.R. in 1964), Moscow, 1965, p. 555.
5 For discussion of recent Soviet wage developments, see L a b o r
D e v e lo p m e n ts A b ro a d (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), April
1966.
S elected F
une
Prices (in rubles)
19281
ing reorganization of the wage structures in So
viet industry during the years 1956-61, when the
wage rates of the workers in the lower wage cate
gories were raised; (2) the increase during 1964
and 1965 of the wage rates of some 20 million
persons in the service sectors of the national econ
omy ; and (3) the raising of the minimum monthly
wage to 40 rubles ($44.44) in rural areas and 45
rubles ($50) in urban areas, which was completed
by January 1, 1966.5 The previous minimums,
fixed by the decree of September 1965, were 27
rubles ($30) and 30 rubles ($33.33), respectively.
9.84 kilograms.
12.16 kilograms..
3.68 kilograms. . .
.44 kilogram __
1.80 kilograms.. .
4.96 liters___ _
6.40 eggs-----------
In h ours
1953 2 as
percent
of 1928
1962 « as
percent
of 1928
1966 as
percent
of 1928
1928 2 1953 2
1962
1966
2. 71
3. 56
11.04
3.69
3.85
1. 08
.44
4. 52
3.10
15. 77
4. 00
5.57
3. 71
1. 50
2.84
2. 70
13. 08
3. 52
3.56
3. 20
1.14
2. 30
2. 03
9.81
2.64
3.12
2. 48
.96
167
87
143
108
145
344
341
105
76
118
95
92
296
259
85
57
89
73
81
230
218
26.37
38.17
30.04
23.34
145
114
89
[Labor in U .S.S.R.], Moscow, 1936, p. 17), or 0.29 rubles per hour; in 1953.
the estimated average earnings were about 600 rubles a month, or 2.94 rubles
per hour according to an analysis of scattered data appearing in the Soviet
press. In June 1962, estimated average earnings of manufacturing workers,
in terms of the recent revaluated ruble were about 80 rubles a month, or 0.45
ruble an hour; and in January 1966, the estimated average earnings were 105
rubles a month, or about 0.60 rubles per hour.
2
M ilk was usually available only in half-liter bottles, at 0.30 rubles per
bottle.
.
8 Usually eggs were not available at this lowest observed price. They
were more often available at 1.34 rubles per 10.
N ote: In the interest of a balanced view of the main trends in living
standards in the U .S.S.R . since 1928, it is important to take cognizance of the
fact that as a result of the increase in industrial production under the economic
plans, manufactured consumer goods have become more available, although
they are still inadequate to meet existing consumer needs and are below
prevailing standards in other industrialized countries. In addition, it
needs to be noted that the consumer in the U .S.S.R . is provided by the state
with a number of free services, such as medical service, education, and pen
sions. Furthermore, Soviet workers pay low housing rentals, usually
amounting to 4 to 6 percent of their monthly earnings. However, most
workers live in cramped quarters; for example, in Moscow most families
live in only 1 room and have to share bathrooms and kitchens with other
families.
U.S.S.R. WORKTIME REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSUMER PURCHASES
T
able
2.
A
p p r o x im a t e
W
and
o r k t im e
at
R
R
e q u ir e d
e t a il
Commodity
Foods:
White bread:
1 pound____________________________
500 grams (1.1 pounds)___ ________
Potatoes:
1 pound____________________________
1 kilogram___________________________
Beef, rib roast:
1 pound_____________________________
1 kilogram_______ ___________________
Butter, salted:
1 pound_____________________________
1 kilogram________________________
Sugar:
1 pound_____________________________
1 kilogram___________________________
Milk, at grocery:
1 quart-—_____ ______ _______________
1 liter (1.06 quarts)..____ ___________
Eggs, 2d grade:
Per dozen____________ ___ ___________
Per 10______________________________
Tea, 50 grams (1H ounces)____________________
Men’s clothing:
Shirt, cotton 8___________________________
Suit, wool, single-breasted, middle of price range.
Shoes, leather oxfords, pair_________________
Women’s clothing:
Dress, street, rayon_______________________
Shoes, leather oxfords, middle of price range___
Stockings, nylon_________ ________________
Other commodities:
Soap, toilet, 100-gram cake (3J4 ounces)_______
Cigarettes, package of 20__________
Vodka:
Fifth________________
H liter (.662 fifth)_______
S tore
to
P
B
uy
r ic e s
in
.045
.10
.066
. 146
1
in
M
o sco w
Approximate worktime 4
Moscow work
time as a
percent of
New York City N ew York City
worktime
Unit
Moscow
Pound—
500 grams____
23 minutes
28 minutes___
6 minutes
6.6 minutes__ }
400
Pound_______ 4.5 minutes__
Kilogram____ 10 minutes___
1.5 minutes__
3.3 minutes__ ]
300
.884
1.945
Pound____ _ 73 m inutes.- . 20 m in utes.._
Kilogram____ 160 m in u te s... 44 minutes___ }
350
1.63
3. 60
5.775
1.705
P ou n d .. ____ 163 m in utes.. . 17 m inutes___
Kilogram____ 360 m in utes.- . 37 m inutes___ }
1,000
.47
1.04
.121
.266
P ou n d .. ____ 47 m inutes___
Kilogram____ 104 m in utes.. .
2.7 m inutes__
6 m in u tes.. .. }
1,500
.28
.30
.264
.280
Quart ______
L iter,-.
28 m inutes___
30 m inutes___
5.9 minutes__ }
6.2 m inutes__
500
«.96
.90
.38
7 .630
.525
. 145
Dozen____ __
Per 10_____ _
Ounce_______
50 grams___ .
108 m in u tes..- 14 m inutes___
90 m inutes___ 11.7 m inutes... }
22 minutes___ 1.8 minutes__
38 m inutes___ 3.2 m inutes__ }
1,200
8.00
110.00
24. 50
4. 70
63.66
17.93
Each.
13 hours. .
__do______
183 hours .
Pair -_ - -_ 41 hours
1.7 hours
23.6 h o u r s .__
6.6 hours
29.40
23. 00
3.20
13.88
15. 06
1.39
E ach ... ____ 49 hours ____
Pair________
38 h o u r s .__
_do___ ___ 5 hours
5 hours
5.5 hours .
31 minutes
.21
9 .20
4.64
3. 07
U .S .S .R .; where several prices were reported, the one nearest the 1962 price
was used (or the 1962 price, for nonfoods only, when no current price was
available). Especially valuable for comparison were the prices listed in
P. Hanson, “Soviet Living Standards,” Bulletin of the Oxford University
Institute of Economics and Statistics, August 1965, pp. 201-207.
3 N ew York C ity prices in retail stores were collected by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics; the prices for kilogram, liter, and 10 eggs were calculated
from N ew York City prices for pound, quart, and dozen, respectively.
The new 5-year economic plan (1966—
70) provides
for raising the monthly minimum wage to 60
rubles (about $67). The number of industrial
workers paid on the piece-rate basis has declined
in recent years, from 63 percent in March 1961
to 57.6 percent in August 1965.°
The purchasing power of workers has been
gradually increased also by such measures as (1)
the cancellation by the end of 1957 of compulsory
bond purchases, which amounted to several weeks
of pay annually (however, the redemption date of
all outstanding bonds was extended for 20 years) ;
(2) the abolition on October 1,1961, of the income
tax for those earning under 60 rubles ($66.67) a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.248
.546
r ic e s
.75
1.60
1 Prices observed on the open market, where collective farmers sell their
produce, were much higher in comparison with state store prices.
2 Moscow prices in state stores, based on information appearing in the
Soviet press and in published reports of U.S. and European visitors to the
V e s tn ik S ta t is tik i , No. 3, 1966, p. 95.
S e l e c t e d C o m m o d it ie s a t S t a t e - F ix e d P
N e w Y o r k C i t y , J a n u a r y 15, 1966
Moscow price New York City
(in rubles) 2
prices
(in dollars)3
0.23
.28
773
.12
.363
1» 5.12
3. 39
Each____
Package_____
21 m in utes.. - 2.7 minutes__
20 m inutes___ 8 minutes____
Fifth________ 8 hours______
liter__ -- . 5 hours___ _
2 hours______ 1
1 hour, 15
!minutes.
800
750
800
600
1, 000
700
1, 000
800
250
400
4 Worktime figures for Moscow were computed on the basis of estimated
average gross earnings of 0.60 ruble per hour of Moscow workers in manu
facturing, a figure that is consistent with the BLS estimates of about 105
rubles a month. New York City worktime figures were computed from BLS
retail prices and earnings in mid-January 1966 of $2.70 per hour of production
workers in manufacturing in New York City.
5 First quality (92-93 score).
6 Eggs were usually not available at this lowest observed price.
7 Large eggs, grade A.
8 Low-priced shirt.
9 Brand name: Belomorkanal.
10 Spirit blended whisky.
month (a year earlier the income tax had been
abolished for all those earning under 50 rubles
($55.56) a month) ; and (3) the State pensions
law of July 14, 1956, which reportedly increased
the average of all pensions by about 50 percent
(the minimum old-age pension was set at 22.5
rubles ($25) and the maximum at 120 rubles
($133.33) a month.
Figures in table 2 show that the average worker
in Moscow must work 3 to 15 times as long as the
average worker in New York City to buy certain
basic consumer foods, and 6 to 10 times as long for
clothing.
— E dm und N ash
Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Foreign Labor Briefs*
International —M an pow er D rain
The exodus of professionals, scientists, and other
highly educated persons has long been headlined
in Europe and is also emerging as a problem in
Latin America. Now another type of interna
tional labor migration—the flow of blue-collar
workers to labor-short Western European coun
tries—is attracting attention. Hitherto, this lat
ter flow has been regarded as beneficial to both the
host countries which receive needed workers, and
to the countries of origin (Greece, Italy, North
African countries, Spain, Turkey, and others)
whose surplus emigrant workers receive jobs and
new skills and provide an important source of
foreign currency.
That domestic problems in the host country can
develop is now acknowledged. For example, in
Switzerland the high percentage of foreign popu
lation (over 25 percent of the total) has caused
concern and led to Government regulations to re
strict immigration. A complementary concern has
been created in the countries of origin; in Greece,
a Government official expressed alarm that the out
flow of workers—200,000 per year—was double
the officially estimated growth rate of the popula
tion ; in Portugal, where 40,000 reportedly left the
country illegally in 1965, seeking higher pay
abroad, a Lisbon court imposed a stiff sentence on
a “smuggler” of emigrants to Canada, under the
terms of a new law aimed at halting the illegal
outflow.
ILO T ra in in g C en ter. The International Center
for Advanced Technical and Vocational Training
of the International Labor Organization (ILO)
officially opened in Turin, Italy, in March 1966.
Established primarily for the benefit of develop
ing countries, the Center is to provide advanced
training to qualified persons who live in countries
or regions which cannot provide training for
skilled workers, foremen and supervisors, in
structors, technicians, and senior managers. The
774
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Center’s courses initially cover basic industries
and occupations, e.g., mechanics and maintenance,
sheet metal work, welding, and the electrical and
electronics trades; in the future, they will also
include construction, manufacturing, and agri
culture.
Financial contributions promised or announced
for the first 4 years of operation exceed US$5 mil
lion; donors include 34 governments (the largest
contribution coming from the Italian Govern
ment), the Arab League, the High Authority of
the European Coal and Steel Community, and the
Austrian Trade Union Confederation. Contribu
tions of equipment have been received from manu
facturers in several industrialized countries;
“Tools for Freedom,” a U.S. business program, has
donated US$500,000 in new machinery and
equipment.
Chile —L a yo ff a n d S evera n ce P a y
The justice of an employer’s layoff »practices is
henceforth to be determined by Decree Law 16,455,
promulgated April 6, 1966, which includes sever
ance pay provisions and fines for violations. The
decree’s explanation of “just cause” includes the
normal reasons for dismissing workers, i.e., dis
ciplinary reasons or market-demand problems;
however, it also provides a legal framework with
in which the worker may appeal his dismissal to
the labor court. Union leaders are granted pro
tection from layoff for production reasons but not
for “just cause.” As defined by the decree, sever
ance pay amounts to 1 month’s pay for every year
worked with the employer.
Denmark —H o sp ita l a n d M ed ica l W o rk ers
Uniform pay scales and employment conditions
for the 2,000 technical and administrative em
ployees of municipal hospitals and medical in
stitutions are provided, for the first time, in a
national contract won by the Danish Retail Clerks’
and Office Workers’ Union. Effective April 1,
monthly salaries range from 1,536 Danish kroner
(about US$222.30) for beginning switchboardoperatofs to 2,942 kroner (approximately
US$425.75) for higJhly skilled technicians. More*P repared in th e Office o f F oreign Labor Trade, B ureau of
Labor S ta tis tic s.
775
FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS
over, all employees have been brought under the
special pension system for hospital personnel; the
employee contributes 4 percent and the employer
8 percent of the salary to the system. A separate
agreement with the Ministry of Economics exists
for employees of national hospitals.
France — C h ristia n W orkers
In a surprise move, the Council of Ministers
accorded official status to the 80,000-member
French Confederation of Christian Workers
(CFTC). This puts the federation on the same
level as its former parent organization, the 60,000member French Confederation of Democratic
Workers (CFDT), the Communist-oriented Gen
eral Confederation of Labor (CGT), the Force
Ouvriere (FO), and the General Confederation
of Supervisory Employees (CGC).
Germany —F o reig n W orkers
The substantial contribution made by foreign
workers to the growth of the economy of the Fed
eral Republic of Germany was a major topic at a
recent conference sponsored by the German Con
federation of Employers’ Associations. Members
of the conference acknowledged that the coun
try will continue to employ these workers (at pres
ent about 5.5 percent of all wage and salary earn
ers) for an indefinite period. Government as well
as management representatives urged that the
resentment against alien workers which prevails
among certain sectors of the population be
vigorously combated.
Italy — U n em p lo ym en t C om pen sation
Recognizing the high priority of its responsi
bility for relief of unemployment and underem
ployment, the Government has issued a law which
increases compensation payments to unem
ployed workers. The law (a) extends to 21
months (from 18) the “wage equalization” (sup
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
plementary) payments to laid-off industrial work
ers or those on a reduced workweek; (b) extends
until the end of the year special provisions for
supplementary payments to workers in the de
pressed construction industry who are laid off or
put on shorter hours; and (c) extends through
December 31, 1966, the law authorizing family
allowances for unemployed workers, which was
due to expire April 1. All benefits are payable
through June 1967, as long as the individual
worker’s eligibility period has not run out.
Japan —T ra d e U nion M em bersh ip
Trade union membership in Japan increased
from 9,800,000 in 1964 to almost 10,150,000 in 1965.
According to a recently released survey by the
Ministry of Labor, about 36 out of every 100
workers in the organizable work force is a union
member. The unions in the right-wing Socialist
Japanese Confederation of Labor (Domei) were
the biggest gainers (193,000 additional members
for a total of 1,659,100 in 1965). The General
Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo) re
tained its position as the largest national center,
though it gained only a modest 43,000 new mem
bers to reach a total of 4,249,700 or 42 percent of
total union enrollment. The rise in membership
chiefly reflects increasing employment.
United Kingdom —“R e s tric tiv e P ra c tic e s”
Inaugurating what he described as a “crusade”
for higher productivity, Prime Minister Harold
Wilson addressed the Amalgamated EngineeringUnion (AEU) national committee’s conference
on April 29. The Prime Minister’s speech urging
support for the Government’s incomes policy was
part of a series which he is to make at trade union
conferences this year. Elis theme is to be the need
for eliminating restrictive union practices in a
“second industrial revolution.” He startled the
rule-oriented AEU by suggesting that it relegate
the rule book to the union’s industrial museum.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Operating During a Strike. The U.S. Supreme
Court ruled1 that a struck railroad, being re
quired by the Interstate Commerce Act to provide
transportation to the public at all times, may,
under the theory of self-help, institute unilateral
changes in an existing collective bargaining agree
ment but only as a court may find them to be
“reasonably necessary” for continued operation
with replacements.
Following an impasse in contract negotiations
with a railroad company, and after the failure of
mediation under the Railway Labor Act, the
union of nonoperating railroad employees called
a strike. After a brief shutdown, the company
resumed operations by using supervisory per
sonnel and replacements, the latter under indi
vidual agreements “substantially different” from
provisions of the existing collective agreement.
Subsequently the company proposed to replace the
union contract with a new and vastly different one,
but when further negotiations failed to resolve the
issue, it established a new agreement by unilateral
action and operated thereunder until this suit was
filed.
During the pendency of this action, a parallel
action2 by the operating employees against the
company for unilaterally instituting a new agree
ment was decided. The court there held that the
company had violated the act by abrogating the
collective agreement; that the company could in
stitute unilateral changes in the collective agree
ments but only if the court found them to be “rea
sonably necessary to effectuate its right to continue
to run its railroad under the strike conditions;”
and that the company must abide by all the con
tractual provisions regarding pay rates and
working conditions until termination of the statu
tory mediation procedure, “except upon specific
authorization of this court after a finding of
reasonable necessity therefor.”
776
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The company then applied for approval to de
part from the collective agreement in this case,
and the court permitted it to exceed the ratio of
apprentices to journeymen and age limitations pro
vided in the collective agreement. However, the
court denied the requests to disregard craft and
seniority district restrictions, to use supervisors to
do craft work, to declare the union shop void as
to new employees, to permit it to contract outwork
when experienced and trained personnel were not
available, and certain other requests.
The Supreme Court pointed out that both par
ties, having exhausted all statutory procedures,
were relegated to self-help in adjusting the dis
pute.3 Since the company was required by law to
provide continuous service to the public, “even
when beset by labor-management controversies,”
the Court said, it was justified in establishing,
without the union’s consent, certain conditions of
work necessary for the operation with new and
inexperienced personnel. Without this freedom
of unilateral action the railroad could not operate,
the Court held.
However, the Court said, a carrier’s right to
self-help is not absolute, and “any power to change
and revise basic collective agreement must be
closely confined and supervised.” A collective
agreement is the product of years of struggle and
negotiation, and applies to all employees in the
designated craft, members and nonmembers alike.
In affirming the lower court’s decision, the Court
concluded:
While the carrier has the duty to make all reason
able efforts to continue its operations during a strike,
its power to make new terms and conditions govern
ing the new labor force is strictly confined, if the
spirit of -the Railway Labor Act is to be honored.
*Prepared in th e U .S . D ep artm en t o f Labor, Office of th e
S olicitor. T h e ca ses covered in th is a r tic le rep resen t a sele c
tio n o f th e sig n ifica n t d ecision s believed to be o f sp ecia l in terest.
No attem p t h as been m ade to reflect a ll recen t ju d ic ia l and
a d m in istr a tiv e d evelop m en ts in th e field o f labor la w or to
in d ica te th e effect of p a r tic u la r d ecision s in ju risd ic tio n s in
w h ich con trary r esu lts m ay be reached based upon lo c a l sta tu to r y
p rovision s, th e e x isten ce of lo c a l precedents, or a different
approach by th e cou rts to th e issu e presented.
1 B ro th e rh o o d of R a ilw a y a n d S te a m s h ip C lerks v. F lo rid a
E a s t C o a st R a ilw a y (U .S . Sup. Ct., M ay 23, 1 9 6 6 ).
2 F lo rid a E a s t C o a st R a ilw a y Co. v. B ro th e rh o o d of R a ilw a y
T ra in m en , 336 F. 2d 172.
3 In lin e w ith th e Suprem e C ourt’s d ecision in L o c o m o tiv e
E n g in e e rs v. B a ltim o r e cC- Ohio R a ilr o a d Co., 372 U .S. 284 ; see
also M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , Jan u ary 1963, pp. 62—63.
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
The court of appeals used the words “reasonably
necessary.” We do not disagree, provided that “rea
sonably necessary” is construed strictly. The carrier
must respect the continuing status of the collective
agreement and make only those changes as are truly
necessary in light of the inexperience and lack of
training of the new labor force or the lesser number
of employees available for the continued operation.
The collective agreement remains the norm; the bur
den is on the carrier to show the need for any altera
tion of it, as respects the new and different class of
employees that it is required to employ in order to
maintain that continuity of operation that the law
requires of it.
The dissenting Justice White said that the car
rier was free to operate but only under the terms
of the existing contract, as modified up to the time
of the impasse. He contended that the majority
opinion, in effect, permitted the company to bar
gain with the court, rather than with the union,
and that such an exception was contrary to the
clear intent of the act.
Justice Fort as did not participate in delibera
tions or in the decision.
Federal Preemption. The U.S. Supreme Court
ruled 4 that a Federal district court had properly
exercised jurisdiction in a suit for damages under
Federal and State laws, where it appeared that
the claims arose from a “common nucleus of oper
ative fact” and a compelling State interest to
maintain peace was apparent. The Court further
held that an international union which intervened
in an unauthorized action by one of its locals pre
vented the spread of violence, and directed the dis
pute onto a lawful path was not guilty of a sec
ondary boycott under the Labor Management
Relations Act, nor was it responsible under State
law for the violence and alleged conspiracy to in
terfere with plaintiff’s contractual relationship,
and therefore could not be held responsible under
the State law for damages resulting from such
action.
If a union were to be held responsible under
the State law for the unlawful and violent acts of
its individual members, the union, its officers, or
its members must have authorized, participated
in, or ratified the acts, and such conduct must be
proved by clear, unequivocal, and convincing evi
dence, which was missing in this case, the Court
ruled.
This case resulted from rivalry between the
United Mine Workers (UMW) and the Southern
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
Labor Union (Inch) for representation of mine
workers in southern Appalachian coal fields.
When the Tennessee Consolidated Coal Co. closed
its mines in the spring of 1960, it laid off 100
members of a local UMW union. Thereafter,
Grundy Co., a subsidiary of Consolidated, hired
the plaintiff as superintendent to open a new mine
on Consolidated’s property, using members of the
Southern Labor Union, and to haul the mine’s
coal to the nearest railroad loading point. Armed
members of the UMW local forcibly prevented the
opening of the mine by threatening plaintiff and
beating an organizer of the Southern Labor Union
because they believed Consolidated had promised
them the new jobs. No representative of the
UMW was present.
The field representative of the UMW was out
of the State, attending an executive board meeting
at the time, but as soon as he learned of the dis
pute he returned with instructions from the inter
national to establish a limited picket line and to
prevent further violence and spread of the strike,
which he did. The picket line was maintained
for 9 months while the mine remained closed.
The plaintiff was discharged as superintendent
and allegedly lost other hauling and mine lease
contracts as a result of the UMW local’s concerted
action against him. He sued the UMW inter
national for damages allegedly resulting from vio
lations of the secondary boycott provisions of
section 303 of the Labor Management Relations
Act,5 and from violence and conspiracy to inter
fere with his contract with Grundy in violation
of the State common law.
The jury awarded plaintiff $60,000 damages un
der the employment contract, $45,500 under the
hauling contract, and $100,000 punitive damages.
Upon motion, the trial court set, aside the award
on the haulage contract for failure to prove dam
age. The district court held that there was no
violation of section 303 because the dispute was
4 U n ite d M in e W o rk e rs v. G ibbs (U .S . Sup. Ct., Mar. 28, 1 9 6 6 ).
5 S ection 303 o f th e LM RA read s in p a r t :
“ (a ) I t s h a ll be u n la w fu l, fo r th e purpose of th is section
only, . . . for a n y lab or orga n iza tio n to e n g a g e in any a c tiv ity
or con d u ct defined as an u n fa ir labor p r a c tic e in sectio n 8 ( b f (4)
of th e [L M R A ],
“ (b) W hoever sh all be in ju red in h is b u sin ess or property by
reason of an y v io la tio n o f su b section (a ) m ay su e th erefor in
any d is tr ic t cou rt o f th e U n ited S ta te s . . . w ith o u t resp ect to
th e am ou n t in con troversy, or in an y oth er cou rt h a v in g ju ris
d ictio n o f th e parties, and sh a ll recover th e d am ages by him
su sta in e d and th e co st of th e s u it.”
778
primary, since plaintiff did not prove that the
UMW local attempted to induce coal and mine
operators other than Grundy to cease doing; busi
ness with him. A remitted award on the State
claim was sustained. A Federal court of appeals
affirmed, and the UMW appealed.
In applying its rule established in the Garmon6
decision, that in the absence of congressional
direction State law is not preempted when there is
a compelling State interest to maintain domestic
peace, the Supreme Court held that plaintiff’s
State claim was sufficient for the trial court to
assume “pendent jurisdiction” since the claim
alleged conspiracy, violence, and intimidation
under the State law. However, the mere fact
that Federal law does not preempt the State law
does not necessarily give the district court juris
diction to adjudicate the State claim, the Court ob
served. The Court went on to say that “pendent
jurisdiction” means that—
“The State and Federal claims must derive from a
common nucleus of operative fact. But if, consid
ered without regard for their Federal or State char
acter, a plaintiff’s claims are such that he would
ordinarily be expected to try them all in one judicial
proceeding, then, assuming substantiality of the Fed
eral issues, there is power in Federal courts to hear
the whole.”
The Court added that it is a “doctrine of discre
tion, not of plaintiff’s right. Its justification lies
in consideration of economy, convenience, and
fairness to its litigants; if these are not present, a
Federal court should hesitate to exercise jurisdic
tion over State claims, even though bound to
apply State law to them.”
The Court further said that even though the
district court dismissed the Federal claims of un
lawful secondary boycott and damages for the
haulage contract for lack of proof, the district
court committed no error in retaining jurisdiction
of the State claims of violence and unlawful con
spiracy to interfere with plaintiff’s contractual
relations, although in its discretion it could have
dismissed them.
With respect to plaintiff’s unseparated State
claims, the Court pointed out that recovery is
limited to “the consequences, as defined by the
traditional law of torts, of conduct marked by
violence and imminent threats to the public order,”
and even then only to damages directly caused by
the wrongful conduct.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
Regarding the union’s alleged participation in
a conspiracy, the trial court had said that under
Tennessee law, “conspiracy” required that each
participant know of the agreement and agree to
assist in “the furtherance of an unlawful purpose
. . . or any unlawful means of accomplishing an
unlawful purpose,” whether or not such person
authorized, participated in, or ratified it. The
trial judge instructed the jury accordingly, with
out limiting this definition to evidence of violence.
In ruling the trial court’s unlimited instructions
erroneous, the Court held that there was no un
lawful object or unlawful means, other than the
violence, to which the jury could have attributed
the instruction because the picketing had been
found to be lawful under section 303 of the Labor
Management Relations Act.
Moreover, the Court said, section 6 of the
Norris-LaGuardia Act, which “applies to Federal
court hearings of State tort claims arising out of
labor disputes,” specifies 7that in order to be liable,
an officer, member, or organization in a labor dis
pute must have authorized, participated in, or
ratified the violence, which must be established by
a quantum of proof that is clear, unequivocal, and
convincing. The Court went on to explain that
section 6 was applicable to State claims because it
was the intent of Congress to relieve organizations
and their officers and members from lawless acts
of individual members, and to prevent unions from
being destroyed by huge awards of damages, par
ticularly punitive damages provided by State laws.
The Court stressed that for the purposes of the
LMRA, “the responsibility of a union for the acts
of its members and officers is to be measured by
reference to ordinary doctrines of agency.” Con
gress did not repeal the seemingly conflicting sec
tion 6 of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, “but left it
applicable to cases not arising under [LMRA],”
including claims under State laws. Under the test
of section 6, plaintiff failed to prove that the
UMW engaged in conspiracy as charged. Neither
the international nor its field representative knew
6359 U .S. 23G, 2 4 7 ; see also M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , Jun e
1959, pp. G69-G70.
7 S ection 6 of th e N orris-L aG uardia A ct p r o v id e s : “No
officer or m em ber o f a n y a s so c ia tio n or organ ization , and no
a sso c ia tio n or orga n iza tio n p a r tic ip a tin g or in terested in a labor
dispu te, sh a ll be h eld resp on sib le or liab le in an y court of the
U n ited S ta te s for th e u n la w fu l a cts of in d ivid u al officers, m em
bers, or a g e n ts, e x cep t upon clear proof o f a c tu a l p a r tic ip a tio n in,
or a c tu a l a u th o riza tio n of, such a cts, or o f ratification of such
a c ts a fter a c tu a l k n ow led ge th er e o f.”
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
about the violence or the picketing until it had
started, and then they did everything possible to
avoid further violence, the Court said.
With respect to whether an aura of violence re
mained from the initial violence for which the
UMW could be held liable, the Court held that in
the absence of proof that the union approved, par
ticipated in, or tolerated further violence, or in
tentionally drew upon the previous violence for
their force, liability could not be imposed upon
the union. A contrary “ ‘impression’ is too
ephemeral a product to be the result of ‘clear
proof,’ ” the Court said.
The concurring Justice Harlan, with whom
Justice Clark joined, agreed with the Court’s ap
plication of section 6, but differed with its inter
pretation of the necessary quantum of proof. The
Court’s interpretation reduces the quantum of
proof to less than “beyond a reasonable doubt” nec
essary for criminal cases, he said.
“The best reading I can give the statute, absent
more light than has been shed upon it in this case,
is one^ directing it against a particular type of in
ferential proof of authority or ratification unac
ceptable to those who framed the law,” Justice
Harlan said.
Enforceability of NLRB Order. In an unfairlabor-practice case8 involving illegal discharge
and discrimination for union activities, a Federal
court of appeals enforced an order of the National
Labor Relations Board to a company only insofar
as backpay was concerned, but not with regard to
provisions (including one for negotiation with a
newly certified union) which require the existence
of a “functioning employer,” since the company
had sold its production facilities following the is
suance of the order. The case was remanded for
determination by the Board whether the successor
companies were employers against whom the entire
order could be enforced.
Following a representation election among em
ployees of two corporations, subsequently found
by the Board to be actually one enterprise, the cer
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
779
tified union failed to reach an agreement with the
management and instituted proceedings before the
Board, alleging unfair labor practices. The joint
management was charged with discharging some
employees for union activities, and with leasing
a plant of one of its corporations to an outside firm
and refusing to reemploy 13 of the affected em
ployees in the second corporation, which was then
hiring men.
The Board ordered the management to reinstate
all discharged workers with backpay and to bar
gain with the union upon request. It further
directed the management to make available to the
Board all records necessary for the computation
of backpay and to take certain procedural steps
usual in such cases. The appeals court was asked
to enforce the order.
Following the issuance of the NLRB order, the
management sold all its production facilities to
other companies.
The court said the evidence in the record sup
ported the findings of the Board. It agreed with
the Board that 13 employees of the leased plant
had been cliscriminatorily discharged. It pointed
out, however, that there was no evidence in the rec
ord that the employees sustained losses by reason
of wrongful discharge, and remanded the question
of the loss of pay to the Board for determination.
In denying other actions ordered by the Board,
the court said “the change of circumstances since
the adoption of the Board’s order (it appearing
that respondents are no longer functioning em
ployers having sold all their manufacturing facil
ities) , a decree of enforcement against respondents
of the full terms of the order, which was rendered
prior to the said sales would be in the court’s opin
ion, a vain act.” It also denied the Board’s re
quest for full enforcement of the order, with the
Board subsequently determining whether the order
was enforceable against the successor companies.
This would be an improper procedure, the court
held.
8N L R B
v. Sc hn ell Tool & D ie Corp. (C.A. 6, Apr. 27, 1 9 6 6 ).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
benefits; the first increase, of 20 cents, is effective June
1966 for about 21,000 workers.
The Timber Operators Council agreed to similar terms
with the same two unions, except that it granted a 2y2cent inequity adjustment effective in 1968 for the 27,000
workers employed by 200 firms in the Council.
June 21
June 10,1966
T h e NLRB found that both General Motors (Van Nuys,
Calif.) and the Auto Workers had violated the LMRA
by including in their contract provisions prohibiting dis
tribution of union literature by labor organizations other
than the contracting union. The Board found that deny
ing employees the right to encourage changes in union
representation infringes upon the basic rights, and or
dered the parties to nullify the provisions.
h e Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers ended
their 30th convention after delegates .reelected President
Norman Zuhcnvsky and other officials, established a
national policy committee, increased per capita payments
by 13 cents a month, and adopted minimum standards for
collective bargaining contracts throughout the industry.
A 1-year agreement between Schenley Industries, Inc.,
and the National Farm Workers Association (Ind.) pro
vided a 35-cent an hour across-the-board increase and
raised minimum pay to $1.75 an hour. Provisions were
made for a full union shop with dues checkoff and hiring
hall.
June 22
T h e International Labor Conference ended its 3-week
annual session in Geneva, Switzerland. United States
worker delegate Rudolph Faupl had left the conference
on June 1 when delegates elected a Polish candidate to
preside over the conference.
T
o l l o w i n g a 2-day strike, the Commercial Telegraphers
reached agreement with Western Union covering 20,000
workers throughout the United States. Wage increases
of over 9 percent during the 2 years of the contract cover
all workers except bicycling and walking messengers. In
addition, the contract included provisions for job pro
tection, special raises for workers with technical skills,
gradual elimination of all pension plan contributions by
telegraphers and lowering of the mandatory retirement
age.
F
A 3-year a g r e e m e n t was signed between five forest prod
ucts companies—Weyerhauser Corp., U.S. Plywood Corp.,
Crown Zellerhach Corp., International Paper Co., and
Rayonier, Inc.—and two major lumber unions—Lumber
and Sawmill Workers and the Woodworkers. The in
crease includes 48y2 cents in wages and 6% cents in
780
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June 24
W ester n
Greyhound
and the Amalgamated Transit
Union ended a 6-week strike. The 2-year settlement pro
vides wage increases in the first year of 4 mills a mile for
drivers and 10 cents an hour for other employees. In the
second year, the company will make all contributions to
the pension plan, presently 4 percent of the employees’
wages. Cost-of-living adjustments, pension and vacation
improvements, and an added holiday were included.
June 29
e w Y o r k Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller signed bills
repealing two sections of the State’s 53-yea.r-old railroad
full crew law. State AFL-CIO leaders had announced 2
weeks earlier that they would no longer oppose repeal, on
grounds that most national agreements now provide this
protection. Repeal action authorizes the State’s rail
roads to eliminate gradually about 600 firemen jobs on
trains other than those with diesel engines.
N
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
W it h construction b a r g a in in g at its seasonal
peak, the building trades were most actively
engaged in strikes for the second consecutive
month.1 Questions of manning and automation
were dealt with in two maritime settlements, while
a railroad settlement improved job security
provisions.
Construction
Strikes by Carpenters in Denver, and Flint and
Saginaw, Mich., by Carpenters and Bricklayers in
South Central Michigan and by Bricklayers in
Minneapolis were still in progress in early June.
A strike by Operating Engineers in northern Illi
nois ended over the Memorial Day weekend when
strikes by Carpenters in Miami and in Washing
ton, D.C., and by Hod Carriers in Detroit were
also settled.
The 7-week strike by 4,500 Operating Engineers
in 12 northern Illinois counties ended early in
April when 35 major contractors signed separate
agreements. The 52-month contracts provided
$1.40-an-hour package increases. Prior to the
settlement, workers had reportedly averaged $4.30
an hour in wages and employers had contributed
20 cents for benefits; the package would therefore
represent a 31.1-percent increase or 6.4-percent
annual increase. A State of Illinois official esti
mated that nearly 20,000 additional construction
workers had been laid off because of the strike
before it was settled with the aid of Mayor Bich
ard J. Daley of Chicago.
A 47-day strike in the Miami area against the
Associated General Contractors and the Home
Builders Association ended on May 17 when some
5,000 Carpenters agreed on a 3-year $1.26 package.
About 1,000 Carpenters had returned to work
early in April after 91 contractors had signed
agreements. The 20-cent-an-hour wage increase
provided a base rate of $4.10 an hour. The rate
will rise to $4.25 an hour, effective October 1, 1966,
to $4.45 on April 1, 1967, to $4.60 on October 1,
1967, to $4.80 on April 1, 1968, and to $4.95 by
October 1, 1968. Employers’ contributions for
health and welfare were increased to 20 from
10 cents an hour; employers also agreed to con
tribute an additional 1 cent an hour to establish
an apprenticeship fund. Contractors will con
tribute 10 cents an hour to establish a pension plan
to be effective April 1, 1967. The package
amounted to a 31.5-percent increase or 9.6 percent
annually.
A 3-year, 85-cent-an-hour package agreement
for 6,000 workers ended a 3%-week strike on
May 24 by carpenters in the Washington, D.C.,
area. The contract provided a 15-cent-an-hour
wage increase effective May 1, 5 cents in November
1966, 15 cents in May 1967, 15 cents in November
1967, and 30 cents in May 1968. Increases in em
ployer contributions of 2 cents to the pension fund
and 1 cent to the health and welfare fund are to be
effective November 1, 1966; employers also agreed
to contribute 2 cents an hour to establish an ap
prentice training school which is to begin Novem
ber 1966. The prevailing rate was $4.10 an hour
plus 25 cents in contributions to benefit funds; the
total increase of 19.5 percent averaged 6.1 percent
annually.
Construction settlements which affected at least
70,000 other workers were reported during M ay:
Boston Carpenters: A $1.15-an-hour wage increase over
a 3-year period provided 5,000 workers with a 25-cent-anliour wage increase May 1, 1966, 10 cents in November
1966, 35 cents in May 1967, 5 cents in November 1967,
and 40 cents in May 1968. The previous area scale for
carpenters was $4.50 an hour in wages plus 15 cents an
hour for welfare and 15 cents for pension benefit funds.
The contract amounted to a 23.96-percent increase, or 7.4
percent annually.
Philadelphia Laborers: Over the next 4 years, 9,000
laborers were to receive 90 cents an hour in wage in
creases : 20 cents an hour on May 1, 1966, 25 cents in
1967, 25 cents in 1968, and 20 cents in 1969. The previous
wage scale ranged from $3.15 to $3.45 an hour and bene
fits were 25 cents an hour. The May 3 contract provided
^Prepared in th e D iv isio n of W age E con om ics, B ureau of
L abor S ta tis tic s, on th e basis o f pu blished m a ter ia l a v ailab le in
early June.
1 Id len ess caused by strik es in M ay w as th e h ig h est fo r th e
m on th since M ay 1959. Id len ess am ou nted to 2,8 7 0 ,0 0 0 mandays or 0.26 percen t of th e e stim ated to ta l w ork in g tim e, com
pared w ith 0.19 p ercen t in M ay 1965 and 0.24 p ercen t in M ay
1964. Som e 480 stop p ages in v o lv in g 2 0 8 ,0 0 0 w orkers began in
M ay, a g a in st 4 5 0 stop p ages in v o lv in g 127,000 w orkers th e
previous M ay (p relim in ary figu res).
781
2 2 1 -1 4 3 0 — 66—
5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
782
for a 24.3- to 26.5-percent increase, or 5.6 to 6.0 percent
annually.
Buffalo Electricians: A 3-year pact providing a total of
$1.10 an hour in wages was agreed to by Electrical Work
ers (IBEW) and the Buffalo Chapter of the National
Electrical Contractors Association. Ratified April 12, the
agreement provides 25 cents on May 1, 1966, 35 cents in
May 1967, and 40 cents in May 1968. In addition to wage
increases, the contract reduced the workweek to 35 from
37x/£ hours beginning May 1 for the 1,000 workers. Em
ployers also agreed to contribute 10 cents an hour begin
ning November 1, 1966, to establish an annuity fund.
Previous scale was $5.11 an hour plus 35.1 cents an hour
in employer contributions for benefits. The contract pro
vided a 20.1-percent increase or 6.3 percent on an annual
basis.
Chicago Carpenters: A 1-year agreement providing a 35cent-an-hour wage increase was effective June 1 for 20,000
Carpenters. Contractors will continue to contribute an
additional 31 cents an hour to various benefit funds.
Based on the previous scale of $4.85 an hour and the
employers’ contributions, the contract represents a
6.8-percent increase.
Southern Illinois Carpenters: A 3-year 70-cent-an-hour
agreement announced April 7 provided wage increases
of 25 cents an hour April 1, and 2 2^ cents effective both
April 1, 1967, and April 1, 1968, for 20,000 workers. The
previous scale was $3.90 an hour.
Tampa Carpenters: A 65-cent-an-hour package settle
ment reached in April provided 2,750 workers with a 20cent-an-hour wage increase the first year, 10 cents an
hour the second year, and 20 cents the third year. The
agreement established employer welfare contributions of
10 cents an hour the second year, increased by 5 cents the
third year. The 65-cent package increase was 17.6 percent
over 3 years, or 5.5 percent annually.
D etroit Electricians: A 2-year 72.6-cent pact provided 3,000
Electrical Workers (IBEW) a 20-cent-an-hour wage in
crease May 1, an additional 20 cents in 1967, and a 10cent-an-hour increase in both the pension fund and the
welfare fund, effective May 1, 1966. Employer contribu
tions were to increase by 5 cents for pensions and 4 cents
for welfare, effective May 1, 1967. The contract also pro
vided double time for work after 7 hours a day. The
previous scale was $5 plus 75 cents in various benefit
funds—a 12.6-percent increase, or 6.1 percent annually.
Minnesota Highway Construction Drivers (T eam sters):
A 4-year contract provided a 20-cent-an-hour wage in
crease to 5,000 drivers in each year of the contract. Pre
vious scales ranged from $3.22 to $4.00 an hour. The 80cent package increase represents a 20.0- to 24.8-percent in
crease, or 4.7 to 5.7 percent annually.
St. Louis Unions: Carpenters, Laborers, Operating Engi
neers, and Iron Workers agreed to 3-year $1.05-an-hour
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
package settlements. Signed in late April, the Carpenters
settlement provided 5,000 workers with a 20-cent-an-hour
increase May 1, 1966, 15 cents November 1966, 35 cents
May 1967, and 35 cents May 1968. (The May 1968 in
crease could be allocated to wages or benefits.) The
previous scale was $4,775 an hour with additional em
ployer contributions of 10 cents each to the welfare and
vacation funds and 1 cent to the industry advancement
fund. The $1.05 increase was a 21.1-percent increase, or
6.6 percent annually.
The Laborers agreement included increases in wage and
fringe benefits totaling 35 cents an hour in each of the
3 years of the contract. Previous scale for laborers was
$3,475 per hour for residential and $4,035 per hour for
commercial work, including 30 cents in fringe benefits.
The increase for 6,100 workers amounted to a 26- to 30.2percent, or 8 to 9.2 percent yearly.
The Operating Engineers agreement provided 2,300
workers with wage increases of 20 cents an hour on May
1, 15 cents an hour in May 1967, and 35 cents May 1968.
( Some of the 35-cent wage increase for 1968 could be di
verted to benefits.) Terms included 15 cents an hour be
ginning May 1, 1966, to establish a welfare fund, and 20
cents an hour beginning May 1, 1967, to establish a va
cation fund. The prevailing wage ranged from $4,225 to
$4,775 an hour including 10 cents an hour originally in
tended to be used to establish a welfare fund but paid in
wages instead. Employers contributed an additional 20
cents to a pension fund and 2 cents to an industry pro
motion fund. The $1.05 an hour was an increase of 21.0
to 23.6 percent, or 6.6 to 7.3 percent annually.
The Iron Workers contract provided 1,800 employees
with a 15-cent-an-hour wage increase effective May 1, and
additional wage increases of 10 cents November 1, 1966,
25 cents May 1967, and 25 cents May 1968. Employer
contributions to benefit funds were increased as follow s:
welfare fund to 15 cents (from 10 cents) effective May
1, 1966; vacation fund to 20 cents (from 10) effective
November 1, 1966; and pension fund to 20 cents (from
10) beginning May 1, 1967, and an additional 5 cents in
May 1968. The previous wage scale was $4,775 which
included the employer vacation fund contributions. The
increase was 21.0-percent total, or 6.6 percent annually.
Southern Nevada Plumbers and Pipefitters: A 3-year $1.20an-hour package agreement was signed in early May, 54
days before the old contract expired. The agreement pro
vided 1,100 workers with a 23-cent-an-hour scale increase,
12 additional cents for fringes effective July 1, 1966, and
a 10-cent scale-increase effective January 1, 1967. In
creases of 40 cents (effective July 1967) and 35 cents
(July 1968) were to be allocated between fringes and
wages as designated by the members. The $1.20-,an-hour
package^was a 17.8-percent total increase, or 5.6 percent
annually.
Transportation and U tilities
After almost a year of negotiations, the Pacific
Maritime Association, which represents 12 United
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
States Flag Companies with more than 6,000 jobs,
reached a tentative 4-year agreement2 with three
unions3 affiliated with the Pacific District of the
Seafarers International Union.
The contract stipulated that there must be
agreement on all changes in crew size; this provi
sion is not to be subject to arbitration or court re
view. If involuntary reduction in manning is
caused by automation, employers must pay half
of the base pay for the ratings eliminated into a
jointly administered automation fund for a period
of 5 years after the job is abolished. Employers
must also continue contributions for pensions, wel
fare, and other benefits for the jobs that were
abolished.
Retirement was provided after 20 years of
service in June 1968; previous normal retirement
was at age 62 with 20 years of service. The maxi
mum pension benefit was increased to $200 a
month from $150, retroactive to June 16,1965, and
to $250 a month on June 16, 1968; early and dis
ability pensions, as well as benefits for children
under 18 years of age, were to be improved. To
finance these benefits, ship operators agreed to
increase their contributions to $2.26 (from $1.27)
a man-day retroactive to June 16, 1965, with a
further increase to $3.99 on June 16, 1968.
An “economic package” was also agreed to
under which employers were to increase their pay
ments by $100 by the fourth contract year ($25 a
month per job in each successive year of the con
tract),4 to be allocated by each of the unions to
wages, health and welfare benefits, work rules
changes, etc. One union official predicted that 85
percent of the amount would be allocated to wages,
thus raising the basic monthly pay for an ablebodied seaman from its present $521 to more than
$600 in the fourth contract year.
Ship operators agreed to pay for a training pro
gram to instruct union members in skills required
by new equipment and to upgrade existing skills.
In addition, the companies agreed to increase their
contributions to the Seamen’s Medical Center to
10 cents (from 5 cents) per man-day on the ac
ceptance of the contract, with a further increase
to 15 cents when determined by the fund trustees.
Other pact provisions included provisions for
a television receiver, not less than 21 inches, to be
installed in the ship’s recreation room or its
equivalent, and an automatic ice cube machine on
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
783
each vessel. It was stipulated that the laundry
room must be equipped with a steam iron and
dryer. A rate of $6.76, instead of $4.82, an hour
was provided for the handling of explosives.
After several months of negotiations with the
American Merchant Marine Institute, the Na
tional Maritime Union (NMU), which represents
unlicensed shipboard personnel, won its demand
to have three additional crewmen in the deck de
partment on automated ocean freighters operated
by five major steamship lines.5 The additional
crew positions bring the total to 26 or 27 per
freighter, depending upon the type of vessel; most
nonautomated vessels have 34 crew members.
Signed in late May, the agreement immediately
affected 10 freighters that had entered service in
recent years with automatic bridge-control of
engine room functions and various devices below
deck designed to lessen manual functions.
In mid-May, Railway Express Agency, Inc.
(REA) and the Railway Clerks negotiated a 13month contract providing a 25-cent-an-hour wage
increase in three steps and a minimum wage of
$120 a week for 35,000 workers. A 10-cent in
crease was made retroactive to July 1, 1965, for
most workers and to January 1, 1965, for former
Teamster members. (In a systemwide represen
tation election late in 1965, the Clerks had dis
placed the Teamsters, which represented 3,200
vehicle workers in eight cities.) An additional 6
cents an hour was provided for July 1, 1966, and
a final 9 cents on January 1,1967. The minimum
of $3 an hour or $120 a week becomes effective on
May 1, 1967—reportedly bringing adjustments of
up to $41 a week in addition to the across-theboard increases.
Other terms of the agreement include a fourth
week of vacation after 20 years of service, an
eighth paid holiday—Good Friday, and health
and welfare benefits similar to those for railroad
nonoperating employees. REA was to pay $25.72
a month to provide these benefits.
The Southern Pacific Co. and the Railway
Clerks negotiated a pact—effective May 1, 1966,
2R etro a ctiv e to
3 S ailors U nion
Jun e 16, 1965.
of th e P acific, M arine F irem en, and M arine
Cooks, rep orted ly w ith a com bined m em bership o f 15,000.
4T he first-year a llo c a tio n is also r etro a c tiv e to Jun e 16, 1965.
5U .S. L in es Co., L ykes B ro th ers Steam sh ip Co., th e G race L ine
D iv isio n of W. R. Grace an d Co., M oore-M cCorm ack L ines, Inc.,
and P ru d en tia l Steam ship.
784
and extending to December 31, 1970—that im
proved the jbb security provisions of their 1963
agreement.6 Protection was provided for all
employees with 2 years of service as of May 1,
1966, and 15 days of service in 1965. Both new
employees and those not qualified under the pre
vious agreement were to become eligible for pro
tection after 12 months of continuous assignment
to permanent positions (including guaranteed
“extra board” jobs), and at least 2 years of em
ployment. No more than 4 percent of the perma
nent j obs were to be eliminated by attrition in any
year. In each region, the minimum number of
jobs on the extra board was raised to at least 12
percent, from 7 percent, of the number of perma
nent positions. All employees who must change
residence to fill a job were to receive various mov
ing benefits, such as protection from loss by selling
their homes.
On May 28, Mayor John V. Lindsay of New
York City awarded increases in commission rates
to 18,000 part- and full-time drivers of fleet-owned
taxicabs and provided a union shop for the Taxi
Drivers Organizing Committee (TDOC) as part
of an 18-morith contract.7 A 5-day strike had
ended May 17 when both sides submitted outstand
ing issues in the dispute to Mayor Lindsay for
arbitration.
The award increased drivers’ commissions in
two steps; a 46-percent commission rate was pro
vided retroactive to May 17, increasing to 47 per
cent on December 1, 1966. Most fleet taxicab
drivers had received a 44-percent commission and
some received 45 percent. Industry sources esti
mated the increased rates would provide a $4.50
increase for a 5-day week.
The TDOC represents 18,000 drivers in 67 fleet
garages. An additional 5,000 drivers employed
by 13 additional fleets were expected to receive
similar terms. Before submitting the dispute to
Mayor Lindsay, the parties had agreed to 1 week
of vacation after 1 year of service and 2 weeks
after 4 years. The Mayor added a provision en
titling drivers working at least 240 days a year
for not more than two garages to pro rata vacation
pay. Other provisions of this first contract in
cluded retirement pay of $50 a month at age 65
with 25 years of service with any New York cab
fleet; life insurance with a special benefit for death
while on duty; health and welfare benefits; break
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
down pay for time spent in a disabled cab; and
call-in pay.
Appointed as arbitrator by Mayor Lindsay,
Eric J. Schmertz issued a companion award for
mechanics and maintenance men, providing a $4a-week wage increase, a reduction in hours, and
other improvements.
About 5,000 Transit Union bus drivers and
clerks in 11 western States8 struck Western Grey
hound Lines on May 15; their contract had ex
pired on February 28. The company had offered
a 4y2- to 5-percent wage and supplementary bene
fit package in each year of a proposed 2-year
contract. Many issues of wages and working con
ditions were still unresolved—but the major out
standing issue was the union’s demand for an
improved pension plan.
A 9-day strike by 11,000 Electrical Workers
(IBEW) against the New England Telephone and
Telegraph Co. ended on May 25 with the return
of 10,000 of the strikers. (Some 1,000 members
of Local 2, 1 of the 25 locals involved in the dis
pute, returned the following day after a 1-day sus
pension.) Two members of Local 2 were sus
pended after refusing to work on a new type of
telephone that they claimed was not covered by
the contract. After seven additional members of
the Local were suspended for refusing to work the
overtime necessitated by the original disciplinary
action, the entire Local walked out for 4 hours.
Refusal of the company to allow members of Local
2 to return to work for 3 days led to a walkout of
another 10,000 Electrical Workers in Massachu
setts, Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire, and
Vermont.
A 1-year agreement between Peoples Gas Light
and Coke Co. in Chicago, and the Building Service
Employees Union provided for a 4.26-percent
wage increase, averaging 15.29 cents an hour.
Reached on May 1, the contract covered some 2,100
service and repair employees.
The Georgia Power Co. and the Electrical
Workers (IBEW) agreed to a 3-year contract
covering 3,500 workers. Provisions were made
for a 3.5-percent wage increase (with a minimum
$22-a-month increase to journeymen), retroactive
8 See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
7See M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
8A rizona, C alifornia, Idaho,
M ay 1963, p. 558.
A u gu st 1965, pp. 9 9 3 -9 9 4 .
M ontana, N evada, N ew M exico,
Oregon, U tah, W ash in gton , W yom ing, and w estern T exas.
785
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
to July 7, 1965; and a similar wage increase to be
effective on July 1,1966.
M etalworking
After breaking off contract negotiations with
the Machinists, the Hamilton Standard Division
of United Aircraft Corp. (manufacturer of air
plane propellers at Broad Brook and Windsor
Locks, Conn.) announced in late April that it
was putting into effect a wage and benefit package
similar to that provided by the Sikorsky Division
agreement with the Teamsters 9 and the Pratt and
Whitney Division agreement with the Machinists
at Southington, Conn.10 In an effort to settle liti
gation, a similar arrangement had been put into
effect in December for the 18,000 workers repre
sented by the Machinists at Pratt and Whitney
Aircraft Division, East Hartford. The package
included 8- to 14-cent-an-hour wage increases in
each of 3 years, a 9th paid holiday, 3 week’s vaca
tion after 10 years rather than 12 and 4 weeks
after 20 years, improved pension and insurance
benefits, and a combination sick leave or funeral
leave plan.
On May 2, the Essex Wire Corp. announced the
establishment of a retirement program for some
5,000 nonunion salaried workers at 43 plants and
27 warehouses throughout the Nation. Pension
benefits, fully paid by the company, were to be $2
a month for each year of credited service to Janu
ary 1, 1967; $5.50 a month for service between
January 1, 1967, and January 1, 1972; and $6.50
a month for each year of service thereafter. Re
tirement benefits were to be effective after January
1, 1969, for employees retiring with 2 years or
more of coverage. The plan included provisions
for early retirement, vesting, disability, optional
retirement, and death benefits. Employees could
continue to accumulate benefits beyond retirement
age.
By ratifying a 3-year contract covering 2,600
workers, the Independent Steel Workers’ Alliance
ended its strike of almost 3 months against Key
stone Steel and Wire Co. of Peoria, 111. The May
3 agreement provided an immediate upgrading of
maintenance journeymen by two job classes; in
addition there was a S^-cent-an-hour general
wage increase with increment increases to higher
9See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , M ay 1966, p. 540.
10See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w , February 1966, pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 9 1 -1 9 2 .
classified workers or a 7-cent-an-hour increase to
nonclassified tonnage and piece workers effective
August 1, 1967. Other provisions included a
funded pension plan effective July 1, 1968, which
was to provide early retirement after 30 years
at age 60 and improved insurance benefits.
Negotiating under a wage reopener of an agree
ment due to expire in April 1967, the independent
Communication Equipment Workers agreed on
May 1, with officials of the Baltimore Works of
Western Electric Co. on a 7- to 12-cent-an-hour
wage increase. Some 4,900 hourly employees
were affected by the increase which was retro
active to April 24.
Other M anufacturing
A 1-year agreement was reached on May 11 by
the Associated Milk Dealers, Inc., and Local 754
of the Teamsters ; the contract provided wage in
creases of $4 a week retroactive to May 1 for some
2,000 inside dairy employees in Chicago. Supple
mentary benefits, including an additional week of
vacation for each employee, were expected to cost
$4 a week; employees had previously received 2
weeks of vacation after 1 year, 3 weeks after 5, and
4 weeks after 15 years. Procedures for arbitration
of grievances and disputes were also modified.
The settlement was preceded by 4-hour strikes at
three of the dairies, Some dairy officials indi
cated that a price rise in certain dairy products
was in the offing. The association represents 26
major dairies which provide 95 percent of all milk
and related dairy products consumed in the Chi
cago area.
Wages were increased 6 to 8 cents in each year;
3 weeks of vacation were provided after 10 instead
of 12 years; and a major medical plan was estab
lished in a 2-year contract between the Campbell
Soup Co. and the Packinghouse Workers which
represents 2,500 employees at the company’s Cam
den, N. J., plant. A long-term disability insurance
plan for full-time employees which provides bene
fits until the employee returns to work or reaches
age 65 was to become effective in 1967; the previous
maximum was 26 weeks.
Agreement was reached on a 2-year contract
between Planters Peanuts (a division of Standard
Brands, Inc.,) and the Retail, Wholesale and De
partment Store Union, representing 1,700 em-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
786
ployees in Suffolk, Va. Wages were increased 9
cents an hour retroactive to May 1, 1966, with an
additional 9 cents becoming effective on February
1 , 1967. Vacations, pensions, and job security
benefits were also improved.
In the women’s coat and suit industry, the
Ladies’ Garment Workers signed a 3-year contract
with the Kansas City Garment Manufacturers’
Association for some 2,000 workers in Kansas City,
Mo., and a similar agreement with the Coronet
Manufacturing Co., employing 700 workers. Un
der the agreements, signed in mid-May, piecework
ers and cutters received wage increases of 15 cents
and other timeworkers, 10 cents an hour, with ad
ditional increases of 7 cents, 15 cents, and 6 cents
to these respective classifications to be effective
May 1, 1968. New minimum rates ranged from
$1.50 for miscellaneous help, to $3.25 for skilled
cutters—increasing to $3.35 on May 1, 1968.
Piecework earnings were set to yield at least 20
percent above craft minimums. A seventh paid
holiday, the last working day before Christmas,
and 2 weeks of vacation after 3 instead of 5 years
were included. There were also provisions for
renegotiation of the wage structure when the Fed
eral minimum is raised and for a wage reopener
when the CPI rises 2 percent.
Conventions
One major convention discussed current pro
posals for putting production workers on an an
nual salary, and salaries for blue-collar workers
were also discussed by the president of the Steel
workers. Walter Reuther keynoted the Auto
Workers 20th Biennial Convention, by calling for
replacement of hourly pay for production work
ers by an annual salary plan.11 Mr. Reuther de
clared that he would seek the salary plan in the
1967 round of bargaining with the auto industry,
and then propose the plan to employers in the agri
cultural implement and aerospace industries.
The delegates approved a constitutional change
that added a fourth member-at-large to the union’s
executive board. (Of 1.3 million dues-paying members in 1965, 170,000 were women). All
the top officers were reelected by acclamation.
In an address to the University of California’s
annual industrial relations conference, Steelwork
ers President I. W. Abel echoed Walter Reuther’s
call for the conversion of hourly wage rates to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
salaries. Mr. Abel asked for contracts providing
for “payment of wages from the time a worker
leaves his home until he returns.” Another bar
gaining goal suggested by the union leader would
give production workers the right to participate
in stock option plans and similar fringe benefits
currently used by corporations “to lure and keep
top executives.” Mr. Abel stated that these and
other proposals were an “agenda for the bargain
ing table of tomorrow” and “should not be miscon
strued as the 1968 collective bargaining program
of the United Steelworkers.”
Some 1,500 delegates to the Clothing Workers
25th biennial convention which started May 23 in
Atlantic City, N.J., heard President Jacob Potofsky outline five union goals in the social welfare
field: The best education and training possible, the
best medical care, a decent home, a suitable job,
and an adequate income. Making his first major
talk to a union convention, United Nation’s Secre
tary-General U Thant urged the labor movement
to devote “energy and organization” toward es
tablishing a world order in which peace and
democratic principles “really prevail.” The con
vention adopted a resolution urging the adminis
tration to “renew its efforts to negotiate a peaceful
settlement” in Vietnam.
Addressing the Packinghouse Workers 15th
biennial convention in Los Angeles which began
May 16, President Ralph Helstein stated that the
labor movement must be an instrument of protest
and social change in the slums and ghettos as well
as in the factories and shops. The convention
passed a resolution which declared that “This is
no time for a slowdown in civil rights” and en
dorsed pending civil rights legislation.
The Retail, Wholesale and Department Store
Union began its 10th quadrennial convention in
Miami Beach, Fla., on May 23. President Max
Greenberg told the delegates that the union has
had “amazing success” during the past year in
organizing some 5,000 employees in Georgia, Ala
bama, and other southern States. The convention
voted to raise per capita payments, unchanged
since 1958, from 85 cents to $1.15 per month.
Other union conventions held in May included
the 25th anniversary convention of the Distillery
Workers in Miami Beach, May 14-21; the Uphol
sterers in Palm Beach, beginning May 5-13; the
11
See pp. 7 3 3 -7 3 5 of th is issu e.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
F u r n itu r e W o rk e rs in M ilw au k ee, on M ay 9 -1 3 ;
th e F ire m e n a n d O ilers in M o n tre a l, C a n a d a , on
M ay 9 ; a n d th e 7 5 th a n n iv e rs a ry co n v en tio n of
th e H o te l a n d R e s ta u ra n t E m p lo y ees in S t. L o u is
on M ay 23.
Other Developments
T h e P r e s id e n t’s C o m m ittee on L a b o r-M a n a g e
m en t P o lic y w as re a c tiv a te d b y P re s id e n t L y n d o n
B . Jo h n s o n a f te r a n 18 -m onth h ia tu s. I n a d d re ss
in g th e C o m m ittee’s o p e n in g session, P re s id e n t
Jo h n so n ask ed fo r “ co n stru c tiv e su g g estio n s” on
th e A d m in is tr a tio n ’s w a g e-p ric e g u id ep o sts, th e
effectiveness o f its o v erall p ro g ra m o f v o lu n ta ry
re s tra in ts , a n d business a n d la b o r’s ro le in th e p r o
g ra m . C o ch airm e n o f th e co m m ittee a re S ecre
ta r y o f L a b o r W . W illa rd W ir tz a n d S e c re ta ry of
C om m erce J o h n T . C o n n o r. T h e re s t o f th e p an el
consists o f re p re se n ta tiv e s o f lab o r, m a n ag e m en t,
a n d th e p u b lic.
L lo y d G reen , 45, fin an c ial s e c re ta ry o f P a in te rs
L ocal 1178 in H a y w a rd , C a lif., wTas th e second
u n io n official in th e S a n F ra n c isc o a re a to be m u r
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
787
d ered w ith in a m o n th ; on A p r il 5, D ow W ilso n , 40,
re c o rd in g se c re ta ry o f P a in te rs L o cal 4 in S a n
F ran c isc o , h a d been shot. T h e tw o u n io n lead ers
h a d been h ig h ly c ritic a l o f th e co n d u ct o f th e in te r
n a tio n a l union. A f te r th e second k illin g , M o rris
E v en so n , M r. W ilso n ’s successor as L o cal 4 re c o rd
in g sec retary , s ta te d t h a t because o f th e fa ilu re of
th e in te rn a tio n a l to send a w o rd o f condolence fo l
lo w in g th e d e a th of D ow W ilso n , th e L o cal w ould
no lo n g e r p a y dues to th e u n io n ’s in te rn a tio n a l
office. O n M ay 11, 5 d ay s a f te r L lo y d G re en ’s
d e a th , fo u r suspects in th e slay in g s w ere a rre ste d
by S a n F ra n c isc o police, a n d a fifth m an w as
a rre s te d b y th e F B I on th e fo llo w in g day. T w o
o f th e suspects, N o rm a n C all a n d M ax W a rd , w ere
c o n tra c to rs in th e S a c ra m e n to are a a n d w ere em
p lo y e r m em bers o f a jo in tly a d m in iste re d pension
fu n d . M r. W ilso n h a d re p o rte d ly questioned
some loans m ad e fro m th e fu n d . I n a re la te d
d evelopm ent, S tu re Y o u n g re n , a d m in is tra to r of
th e fu n d , co m m itted suicide a f te r a d m ittin g th e
m is a p p ro p ria tio n o f $60,000 fro m th e fu n d . M r.
Y o u n g re n h a d im p lic a te d N o rm a n C all in th e
m isa p p ro p ria tio n .
Book Reviews
and Notes
X=Lag
The TJse of Mathematics in Economics. E d ite d by
V . S. N em ch in o v (R u ssia n e d itio n ) a n d A .
N ove (E n g lis h e d itio n ). C a m b rid g e , M ass.,
T h e M .I.T . P re ss, 1965. 377 p p . $12.50.
I le a rn e d so m eth in g a b o u t th e d ev e lo p m e n t o f
m a th e m a tic a l econom ics in th e U .S .S .R . fro m re a d
in g th is book, b u t n o t n e a rly as m u ch as I h a d
a n tic ip a te d . T h e ir d ev elo p m en t is co m in g a lo n g
nicely , b u t, fig u rin g as scien tists o fte n do, th is
book in d ic a te s t h a t th e R u ssia n s w ill ta k e a t least
a decade to ca tc h u p to o u r p re s e n t sta g e o f k n o w l
edge in th is area.
T h o se o f us w ho h a v e p a r tic ip a te d in th e in te l
lectu a l s tru g g le f o r th e re c o g n itio n a n d accep tance
o f m a th e m a tic a l m eth o d s in econom ics a re n a tu r
a lly p leased to see S o v ie t econom ics tu r n in th is
d ire c tio n , f o r th e com m on la n g u a g e o f m a th e m a t
ics w ill su re ly g iv e us a so u n d m ean s o f o b jective
co m m u n icatio n w ith o u r E a s te r n colleagues. I t
w as w ith m u ch h o p e fu l a n tic ip a tio n t h a t I re a d
th is sy m p o siu m b y S o v ie t econom ists a n d O sk a r
L an g e.
T h e book co n ta in s c o n trib u tio n s b y N em chinov,
V. N ovozhilov, L . K a n to ro v ic h , O. L a n g e , an d
A . L u r ’e. N e m c h in o v ’s c o n trib u tio n s a re g e n
e ra l a n d p a re n ta l. T h e y c o n ta in little in th e w ay
o f m a th e m a tic s o r on th e p ro sp e c tiv e use o f m a th e
m atics in econom ics. T h e o th e r p a p e rs h av e m ore
m a th e m a tic a l co n ten t, b u t th e y a re a ll “ w o rd y ” by
o u r s ta n d a rd s . S om e o f th e m w o u ld be classified
as n o n m a th e m a tic a l p a p e rs in o u r p re s e n t j o u m al
collections.
N o v o z h ilo v ’s “ C o st-B en efit C o m p ariso n s in a
S o c ia list E c o n o m y ” is a n ex cellen t p a p e r, th o u g h
so m ew h at lo n g a n d ted io u s in its n u m e ric a l ex am
ples. I t is a re m a rk a b le p a p e r f o r its econom ic
co n ten t, a p a r t fro m th e q u estio n o f th e use o f m a th
em atics. I t d eals w ith c r ite ria f o r in v e stm en t
decisions, o p tim iz a tio n in econom ic p la n n in g , an d
so cialist p rin c ip le s o f m easu rem en t, N ov o zhilov
788
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
develops m a n y in te re stin g concepts lik e ou rs on
in te rn a l ra te o f re tu rn , p ro fit, in te re st, p ro d u c tiv
ity , a n d o th e r objects o f econom ic calculations.
T h is is clea rly an im p o rta n t piece o f w o rk , b u t is
m isp laced in a book on th e use o f m ath e m a tic s in
econom ics.
L a n g e ’s p a p e r read s b e a u tifu lly a n d calls to
m in d h is d a y s in th is co u n try . A c tu a lly , L a n g e ’s
is th e only p a p e r in th e book t h a t does n o t clearly
sm ack o f h a v in g been tra n s la te d . T h e re is an u n
fa m ilia rity in style, term in o lo g y , a n d a p p ro a c h in
a ll th e p ap e rs. L a n g e gives a nice ex p o sito ry
tre a tm e n t o f in p u t-o u tp u t an aly sis, fo llo w in g
closely th e p re se n ta tio n in h is book, An Introduc
tion to Econometrics. H e d e m o n stra te s b o th sta tic
a n d d y n am ic in p u t-o u tp u t m odels w ith close a n a l
ogy to th e M a rx ia n schem es o f re p ro d u c tio n .
(Das Kapital: V ol. I I .) A n o th e r in te re stin g b it
o f m a n ip u la tio n is L a n g e ’s w o rk in g o u t o f fo rm u
las fo r m acroeconom ic g ro w th ra te s, a n d o th e r
a g g re g a tiv e sta tistic s fro m th e d y n am ic in p u to u tp u t m odel.
I n tw o ch a p te rs, K a n to ro v ic h g ives h is o rig in a l
co n trib u tio n s to th e su b ject we call lin e a r p r o
g ra m in g . T h e first c h a p te r com es fro m h is
o rig in a l w o rk s (1 9 3 9 ), a n d estab lish es h is
p rio rity o f th o u g h t. T h e second c h a p te r b rin g s
h is ideas fo rw a rd in to th e 1940’s a n d 1950’s.
T hese a re th e m o st m a th e m a tic a l o f th e w hole
volum e a n d show th e d irec tio n s t h a t S o v ie t m a th e
m a tic a l econom ics is fo llo w in g in w o rk in g out
m odels o f o p tim iza tio n . T h e a rg u m e n t proceeds
to a la rg e e x te n t by ex am p les w h ich a re confined
to th e specific p ro b lem s o f in d iv id u a l processes,
th e single firm , o r th e in d u stry .
T h e re a re some g en e ral o b serv atio n s on o v erall
p la n n in g by m a th e m a tic a l m ethods. K a n to ro v ic h
show s how h is lin e a r m eth o d s can solve specific
p roblem s, a n d in an a p p e n d ix p ro v es th e existence
o f “ re so lv in g m u ltip lie rs ,” w h ich com plete th e
so lu tio n o f th e lin e a r o p tim iz a tio n p ro b lem w ith
in eq u ality co n stra in ts.
T h e re a re tw o ex trem ely im p o rta n t aspects to
K a n to ro v ic h ’s c o n trib u tio n . I n th e first place,
th ey show th e u n iv e rs a lity o f scientific th o u g h t.
I f th e m eth o d s o f lin e a r p ro g ra m in g h a d not
been developed in one p a r t o f th e w o rld , th ey
w ould clea rly h av e been developed in an o th er. I t
is am az in g t h a t D a n tz ig , K o o p m an s, an d o th ers
w ere w o rk in g on th e sam e p ro b lem in th e 1940’s,
u n a w a re o f K a n to ro v ic h ’s 1939 resu lts.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NO'TES
T h e second asp e ct o f K a n to ro v ic h ’s p a p e rs is
th e ir d e m o n s tra tio n t h a t m a th e m a tic a l m eth o ds
w ill su re ly m ake an im p o rta n t c o n trib u tio n to th e
S o v iet econom y a t th e level o f th e in d iv id u a l p la n t,
o r d e p a rtm e n t w ith in a p la n t. T h e y w ill defi
n ite ly lead to cost sav in g s. S o v ie to lo g ists are
b e a rish on th e possible c o n trib u tio n o f these
m eth o d s to o v erall p la n n in g , ho w ev er, because th e
S o v iets la c k o u r ty p e o f p ric e system . I th in k
t h a t th e e x p e rts m a y be in f o r a m a jo r s u rp ris e on
th is score, b u t I am w illin g to concede t h a t th e
p o in t is d eb atab le. I n a n y event, th e re are a l
re a d y sig n ifican t c o n trib u tio n s a t th e p la n t level.
I n th e final c o n trib u tio n , L u r ’e show s how th e
tr a n s p o r ta tio n p ro b lem can be w o rk e d o u t f o r r a il
w ay n etw o rk s. H e c o n c en trate s on th e g ra p h ic a l
m eth o d , b u t in d ic a te s how K a n to ro v ic h ’s g e n e ral
m a th e m a tic a l m eth o d s can be used to re ach a so lu
tion. I n c o m p licated s itu a tio n s w ith m a n y p o in ts
o f o rig in a n d d e s tin a tio n o f sh ip m en ts, th e p ro b lem
is too difficult f o r a fu ll g ra p h ic a l tre a tm e n t, a n d
g en e ra l m eth o d s w ill h a v e to be a p p lie d w ith a
co m p u te r fa c ility .
— L aw rence R . K l e in
Professor of Economics
Wharton School of Finance and Commerce
Teachers’ Aid
Labor in the United States. B y S a n fo r d C ohen.
C olu m b u s, O hio, C h a rle s E . M e rrill B ooks,
In c ., 1966. 640 p p . 2d ed. $8.95.
T h is book is th e second ed itio n o f a w id ely used
te x t w h ich first a p p e a re d in 1960. T h o se pleased
w ith th e firs t e d itio n w ill be fa v o ra b ly in clin ed
to w a rd th e second, since th e changes, beyond u p
d a tin g , a re s lig h t; o n ly 2 o f th e 24 c h a p te rs a re
new .
C o v erag e o f th e book, as in th e first ed itio n , is
b ro ad . T h e la b o r force, th e m a jo r p ro b lem s a r is
in g fro m th e em p lo y er-em p lo y ee re la tio n sh ip ,
tra d e u n io n ism a n d co llective b a rg a in in g , a n d
le g isla tio n re la te d th e re to , w ages a n d econom ic
in secu rity , a n d re le v a n t U .S . law s a re a ll covered.
M ost p ro fe sso rs w ho w ish to base a su rv e y course
in la b o r p ro b lem s on one te x t book w ill fin d th e
b u lk o f th e su b je c t m a tte r th e y w ish to cover
discussed b y C ohen.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
789
A s in th e first ed itio n , C ohen, a n experienced
p ro fesso r, a u th o r, a n d g o v ern m e n t em ployee w rites
clearly a n d com m unicates w ell. I h av e fo u n d th e
first ed itio n o f th e book to be “te ac h ab le” a n d g e n
era lly accepted by s tu d e n ts ; it seems lik ely th a t
th is e d itio n w ill e a rn a s im ila r response.
N o book is lik ely to escape a ll criticism , how ever.
W h ile I feel th e coverage, c la rity , a n d p ro fessio n al
com petence of p re se n ta tio n is q u ite good, I w ould
p re fe r a d ifferen t o rg a n iz a tio n . A f te r in tr o
d u cin g th e g en e ral su b ject m a tte r a n d th e b ac k
g ro u n d a n d co m position o f th e la b o r force, th e
a u th o r m oves to an e x a m in a tio n o f u n io n ism an d
b a rg a in in g in th e U n ite d S ta tes. I t w o u ld seem
t h a t b efo re such a discussion is u n d e rta k e n , th e
stu d e n t sh o u ld be led th ro u g h som e e x a m in a tio n
of th e pro b lem s t h a t arise o u t o f em ployee statu s,
th e difficulty o f so lv in g m a n y o f th ese p roblem s
th ro u g h in d iv id u a l effort, a n d th e co n flictin g goals
a n d p o in ts o f view o fte n h eld by w o rk ers a n d em
ployers. S u ch an aly sis w ou ld seem to be basic to
u n d e rs ta n d in g w hy u n io n s evolved a n d w hy th ey
g rew so slow ly a n d w ith such fre q u e n t oppo sitio n .
A lso, in m y view , econom ic in se c u rity m e rits
m ore extensive e x a m in a tio n th a n C ohen gives it.
T h e m an y facets o f th is p ro b lem a re a t th e base
o f m u ch o f th e b a rg a in in g a n d p o litic a l actio n of
u n io n s— as w ell as th e actio n o f u n o rg a n iz e d
w o rkers. T h e book w o u ld p ro fit fro m a m o re in
ten siv e e x a m in a tio n o f th is sub ject, in an an aly sis
p laced som ew here o th e r th a n th e v ery en d o f th e
tex t.
F in a lly , th e p o litic a l actio n o f o rg a n iz ed lab o r
p ro b a b ly is u n d e rp la y e d . U n io n s a re now b ein g
an d w ill co n tin u e to be fo rced in to m o re an d m ore
p o litic a l effort to b o lste r th e sh o rtco m in g s o f eco
nom ic action. F u r th e r , th e lik ely g ro w th of
u n io n s am ong g o v ern m e n t em ployees sh o u ld serve
to e n la rg e th e influence o f unio n s in s h a p in g p u b lic
policy.
I n m y view , th e sh o rtco m in g s m en tio n ed above
a re o f some consequence. H o w ev er, th e tre a tm e n t
o f some o f th e issues t h a t I co n sid er in ad eq u a te
a n d th e o rg a n iz a tio n used by C ohen m ay b o th
be acceptable to m an y . I n an y case, C ohen has
offered a solid a n d u p -to -d a te te x t to p ro fesso rs
a n d stu d e n ts in la b o r su rv ey courses.
— G l e n n W . M iller
Professor of Economics
Ohio State University
790
Pride and Prejudice
The Labor Arbitration Process.
By R. W .
F le m in g . U rb a n a , 111., U n iv e rs ity o f Illin o is
P re ss, 1965. 233 p p . $5.
Labor Arbitration: A Dissenting View. B y P a u l
R . H a y s. N ew H a v e n , C onn., Y a le U n i
v e rs ity P re ss, 1966. 118 p p . $4.50.
I n th e H o u se o f A rb itr a tio n th e re a re m an y
M an sio n s a n d p o in ts o f v iew ; a n d it h a s been
com m odious en o u g h to accom m odate th e m all.
W e lik e to th in k , how ever, t h a t p erso n s o f sim
ila r p ro fe ssio n a l tr a in in g a n d ex p erien ce w ould
sh a re so m ew h at s im ila r view s o f th is “ p e c u lia r in
s titu tio n .” T h ese tw o books in s tru c t us t h a t th is is
n o t n ecessarily tru e . T h e y leave us b e w ild ered as
to w h a t o cc u rre d to m ak e tw o v e te ra n te a c h e rs of
la b o r law , b o th o f w hom w ere a r b itr a to r s fo r
m an y y e a rs, reach such d iffe ren t conclusions fro m
like experience.
R o b b en F le m in g is C h a n c e llo r o f th e M ad ison
C am p u s o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f W isco n sin a n d p re s
en tly P re s id e n t o f th e N a tio n a l A cad em y o f A r b i
tra to rs .
P a u l H a y s, re c e n tly , w as a p p o in te d
J u d g e o f th e S econd C irc u it C o u rt o f A p p e a ls a n d
h as also been a n ac tiv e a r b itr a to r . I f th e re is an y
aspect o f a r b itr a to r s o r a r b itr a tio n on w hich th e y
agree, th is re v ie w er h a s n o t id en tified it.
C h a n c e llo r F le m in g th in k s h ig h ly o f a r b itr a
tio n as a d is p u te -s e ttlin g p ro ced u re. H e reco g
nizes flaw s a n d fa u lts . H is book is a n an a ly sis of
p ro b lem s fa c in g th o se w ho a r b itr a te a n d those
w ho decide— a n d w h a t m ig h t be do n e to e lim in ate,
am e lio ra te , o r m a n ip u la te th o se p roblem s.
J u d g e H a y s denounces th e process a n d e x co ri
ates th e a r b itra to rs . H e w o u ld w ith d ra w th e s u p
p o r t o f th e law fro m g rie v a n c e a r b itr a tio n a n d
re q u ire th e p a rtie s to su b m it th e ir d isp u te s to a
trib u n a l m o re in th e n a tu re o f a sm all claim s c o u rt
o r a la b o r co u rt. H e h a s n o th in g good to say
ab o u t a r b itra to rs , in g e n e ra l, a n d sta te s t h a t “ only
a h a n d f u l” o f th e m “ h av e th e k n ow ledge, tra in in g ,
sk ill, a n d c h a ra c te r to m ak e . . . good a r b itr a
to rs .” H e a c tu a lly id en tifies only tw o o f th is
“h a n d f u l.” T h is leaves a v e ry sm all h a n d f u l of
a rb itra to rs , in d eed , to squeeze betw een H a y s ’
p e a rly g ates.
F le m in g ’s m eth o d is to id e n tify c e rta in p ro b lem s
a ris in g in th e process o f a r b itr a tin g cases, su b
je c t th em to th o ro u g h a n d sober a n a ly sis, a n d to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
su g g est w ays a n d m eans o f d e a lin g w ith them .
T h u s, he considers th e p ro b lem o f th e cost o f
a r b itra tio n a n d th e re la te d p roblem s o f tim e -la g
a n d fo rm a lity o f p ro ced u re. T h e cost p ro b lem is
one t h a t is ra ise d p e re n n ia lly , m ost o fte n by p e r
sons w ith o u t an y g en e ral fa c tu a l d a ta on th e p ro c
ess fro m w hich g en e ra liz a tio n s m ig h t be p e rm is
sible. W ell, F le m in g has th e facts. I t w ill
fa sc in a te all p ra c titio n e rs a n d a r b itra to rs to learn ,
n o t only w h a t a r b itra to rs ch a rg e a n d ea rn , b u t
w h a t a tto rn e y s fo r m an ag e m en ts a n d fo r unio n s
in sm all, m edium -size, a n d la rg e cities are p a id .
F le m in g th e n d em o n strate s t h a t m an y o f th e
item s o f cost a n d inefficiency in a d m in is tra tio n o f
th e process a re due to th e d isin c lin a tio n o f th e
p a rtie s to ta k e re m e d ial action.
T w o o th e r c h a p te rs discuss “ P ro b lem s o f P r o
c e d u ra l R e g u la rity ” an d “ Som e P ro b le m s o f E v i
dence.” T h is m a te ria l faces u p sq u arely to reco g
n ized defects a n d w eaknesses in th e a r b itra tio n
process a n d co n tain s v alu ab le advice on how to
overcom e them .
I n h is final c h a p te rs, h e su g g ests th e need of
an A rb itra tio n C o n feren ce to stu d y th e process
a n d to m ak e su g g estio n s as to th e b est p ractices.
C h an ce llo r F le m in g ’s a p p ro a c h is to recognize
t h a t th e w o rld o f a r b itra tio n is n o t p e rfe c t b u t
t h a t th in g s a r e p re tty good a n d can be im proved.
T h is rev iew er re g a rd s h is book as a d istin g u ish e d
c o n trib u tio n to th e lite ra tu re o f th e social sciences.
J u d g e H a y s ’ book, on th e o th e r h a n d , is tru ly a
J e re m ia d . H e w ould d estro y a r b itra tio n (a n d
a rb itra to rs ) ro o t a n d b ra n c h !
B ecause som e v ery few a w a rd s h av e been
“ rig g e d ,” because some v ery few a r b itra to rs h av e
fa ile d to act in accordance w ith th e e th ica l canons,
he condem ns th e lo t (e x cep tin g , as h a s been said
above, fo r a “ h a n d f u l” ). Y e t, in resp ect o f th e
g e n e ra lity o f a rb itra to rs , he loosely uses w o rd s
lik e “in co m p eten t,” “ ra scals,” “ am b u lan ce ch a s
in g ,” “ fee p a d d in g ,” etc. I f H a y s ’ p o r tr a it o f th e
a r b itr a to r a n d h is process w ere tru e , it w o u ld be
difficult to u n d e rs ta n d th e b asis f o r th e confidence
expressed c u rre n tly in a r b itra to rs a n d a r b itra tio n
by em ployers a n d unions. I t w o u ld be difficult,
also, to u n d e rs ta n d w hy, fo r so m an y y ea rs (on
p ag e 41 H a y s says 16; on p a g e 42 h e says n e a rly
2 5 ), H a y s w as an activ e p ra c titio n e r in a p ro fe s
sional o ccu p atio n on w h ich he now p o u rs o u t his
co n tem p t. H is fo rm e r colleagues, u n d e rsta n d a b ly ,
are m ystified.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
791
J u d g e H a y s does c h a ra c te riz e h is book as “A
D isse n tin g V iew ” ; a n d a d isse n tin g view it c e r
ta in ly is. T h e n u m b e r o f com panies a n d u n io n s
w ith a r b itr a tio n clauses in th e ir la b o r co n tra c ts h as
been e s tim a te d a t 100,000 to 150,000. I h av e n o t
h e a rd o f a sin g le co m p an y o r u n io n w hich, h a v in g
p laced th ese p ro v isio n s in th e ir co n tra c ts, decided
to e lim in a te th em . T h e a lte rn a tiv e s to a r b itra tio n ,
in c lu d in g J u d g e H aj^s’, a re sim p ly f r i g h t f u l !
— P eter S eitz
Professional Arbitrator
New York, N.Y.
Som ething for Everybody
Accelerating Development: The Necessity and the
Means. B y L a u c h lin C u rrie . N ew Y o rk ,
M c G ra w -H ill B ook Co., 1966. $7.50.
A ll too o fte n , a n a n n u a l rise in th e incom e of
a d ev e lo p in g n a tio n is accep ted as b e in g good in
itself. T h e im p lic a tio n is t h a t everyone in th e
co u n try is b en e fitin g now , o r w ill benefit soon, fro m
th e increm en ts. L a u c h lin C u rrie d isp u te s th is by
id e n tify in g g ro u p s w ith in th e econom y w h ich do
n o t benefit a n d h av e little h o p e o f b en e fitin g if
th e dev e lo p m e n t process c o n tin u es a lo n g accepted
lines.
D r. C u rrie is an econom ist w ith a n eclectic in
s tin c t to in te g ra te o th e r p h y sical a n d social sci
ences in a n effort to d e te rm in e how to ra ise th e
liv in g s ta n d a r d am o n g a ll g ro u p s in a d ev elo p in g
c o u n try . H is su g g ested m eth o d o f a c h ie v in g a
m ore diffu sed d is trib u tio n o f n a tio n a l incom e is
th ro u g h th e use o f a “B re a k th ro u g h P la n .”
T h e b re a k th ro u g h p la n w o u ld be used in p lace
o f th e m o re com m only used c a p ita l in v estm en t
p la n in d e v e lo p in g c o u n tries. I n th e la tte r m ethod,
th e re is u su a lly a d ra in -o ff b efo re benefits o f th e
p ro g ra m reach th a t seg m en t o f th e p o p u la tio n
w h ich need i t th e m ost. T h ese “ d isg u ise d u n em
p lo y ed ” c o n tin u e to ex ist in a c o u n try d esp ite
in c re a sin g an n u a l g ro w th rates.
R a th e r th a n d ire c t in crease in th e G N P by itse lf,
th e p la n stresses a s h o rt-te rm rise in social benefits
such as b e tte r h o u sin g , a d im in u tio n in th e d e a th ly
effects o f m a ss-p o p u la te d a g r ic u ltu r a l co m p etitio n ,
th u s fo rc in g th e w hole econom y to se lf-g e n e ra tin g
develo p m en t. T h a t is, effo rts w o u ld be d irec ted
to w a rd th e tr a d itio n a lly n eg lected p a r ts o f th e
econom y.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e b re a k th ro u g h p la n co n tain s id eas c o m p a ra
ble w ith a w a rtim e situ a tio n in m o re developed
countries. J u s t as p ro g ra m c o n tro ls a re in s titu te d
d u rin g w a r in an in d u s tria l econom y, so w o u ld
c e n tra l g u id an ce be used in an u n d ev elo p ed b u t
free econom y d u rin g its b re a k th ro u g h p erio d .
Accelerating Development h a s no a p p e ara n ce
o f b ein g a m odel in th e m o d ern sense. I t is m ore
a w ell-docum ented a n d th o u g h t-th ro u g h p le a fo r
a new concept aim ed a t a fa s te r ra te o f d ev elo p
m en t w ith m o re diffused d is trib u tio n o f benefits
th a n is g e n e ra lly accep ted to d ay . I n ta k in g h is
N o rth e rn colleagues to ta sk fo r p a s t lax itie s, D r.
C u rrie first e x p la in s it co n cep tu ally a n d goes on
to p ra c tic a lly a p p ly it to a p a r tic u la r c o u n try —
C olom bia.
A ll possible influences— social, b irth ra te s , in te r
n a tio n a l, a n d dom estic p o litics— a re ex am in ed in
th is ap p e a l fo r a “ th o ro u g h g o in g ch an g e in th e
a p p ro a c h to th e p ro b lem on th e p a r t o f th e U n ite d
S ta te s G o v ern m en t a n d th e v a rio u s in te rn a tio n a l
agencies.”
— E dward D . U nger
Economic Development Administration
Turnabout’s Fair Play
The Executive Role Constellation: A n Analysis
o f P e rso n a lity an d R o le R ela tio n s in M an
agement. B y R ic h a rd C. H o d g so n , D a n ie l J .
L evinson, A b ra h a m Z aleznik. B o ston, M ass.,
H a r v a r d U n iv e rsity , G ra d u a te School o f
B u siness A d m in is tra tio n , D iv isio n o f R e
search, 1965. 509 p p . $8.
I f th e m a n ag e m en t o f affairs in business, g o v e rn
m ent, a n d la b o r is to evolve to w a rd h ig h e r fo rm s
o f u n d e rs ta n d in g a n d effectiveness, a n a ly tic a l
stu d ies o f th e k in d fo u n d in th is book are needed.
T h is is a 2 -y ear s tu d y o f th e th re e to p m en w ho ru n
a m en tal in stitu tio n . T hese h ig h ly tra in e d m en
d ire c t a la rg e a n d com plex o rg a n iz a tio n . T h e ir
g o als a re to cu re p a tie n ts, tr a i n y o u n g e r doctors,
a n d do p s y c h ia tric research.
T h e stu d y finds th e successes a n d fa ilu re s in
ach iev in g th e goals a re la rg e ly re la te d to th e p e r
sonal in te ra c tio n am ong th e th re e executives.
H o w th e y ac t w ith each o th er, a n d w ith th e ir as
w ell as o th e rs’ su b o rd in ates is observed firs th a n d
by th e au th o rs. I d e n tify in g th e “ good g u y s ”
a n d th e “b ad g u y s” a n d d e te rm in in g th e u sefulness
o f th e ir roles are described a n d discussed. D e
sc rip tio n s o f th e m ens’ in te ra c tio n s, g iv en in n e a rly
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
792
v e rb a tim d ialo g u e, a re in tr ig u in g a n d in stru c tiv e.
T h e a n a ly tic a l discussion, how ever, cries o u t fo r
p la in c lea r lan g u ag e .
T h e d ev elo p m en t o f good m a n a g e m e n t is a m a t
te r o f ev e r-g ro w in g im p o rta n c e to m o d e rn society,
a n d w hen new in s ig h ts in to th e p e rso n a l com po
n e n t a re discovered, as h ere, th e need is fo r
s tra ig h tf o r w a r d w ritin g , n o t th e p re te n tio u s te c h
n ical j a rg o n used b y th e a u th o rs.
T h e w o rk in v o lv ed in th is stu d y w as p ro d ig io u s,
b u t th e ideas, w h ich sh o u ld be b ro a d c a st, a re b a d ly
obscu red b y a sty le ad d ressed to a sm all b a n d o f
cognoscenti. I t ’s sad to re p o rt t h a t th is stu d y w ill
be v e ry n e a rly im p e n e tra b le to p re cisely th o se peo
ple w ho s h o u ld re a d it,
— K . G. V a n A u k e n , J r .
Assistant to the Commissioner
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Latin Problems
Obstacles to Change in Latin America. E d ite d by
C la u d io V eliz. N ew Y o rk , O x fo rd U n iv e r
s ity P re ss, 1965. 252 p p . $6.75.
T h e essays in c lu d e d in th is v olum e w ere p r e
p a re d f o r a C o n feren ce on O bstacles to C h a n g e in
L a tin A m e ric a w h ich m et in C h a th a m H o u se in
F e b r u a r y 1965. B o th th e co n feren ce a n d th ese
essays a re p a r t o f a la r g e r p ro g ra m o f L a tin A m e r
ican stu d ies b e in g c a rrie d o u t b y th e R o y a l I n s t i
tu te o f I n te r n a tio n a l A ffa irs a n d S t. A n th o n y ’s
C ollege, O x fo rd , u n d e r a F o r d F o u n d a tio n g ra n t.
T h e book co n ta in s an in tro d u c tio n b y th e e d ito r
a n d 10 essays b y L a tin A m e ric a n s p ro m in e n t in
th e fields o f econom ic, fin an c ial, a n d social d evel
o pm en t, T h e essays a re e q u a lly d iv id e d betw een
discussions o f obstacles to a ll L a tin A m e ric a ’s d e
v elo p m en t— re s u ltin g fro m tr a d itio n a l p o litical,
la n d te n u re , a n d fo re ig n in v e stm e n t p a tte r n s —
a n d specific c o u n try situ a tio n s. S e p a ra te essays
a p p e a r on C hile, B ra z il, C olom bia, a n d M exico.
I n sp ite o f o v erw h elm in g obstacles, g re a t
chan g es h a v e ta k e n p lace in L a tin A m eric a, p a r
tic u la rly in th e la s t 30 to 40 y ears. P o litic a l re
fo rm , how ever, h a s been la rg e ly ineffective in
c h a n g in g tr a d itio n a l social, p o litic a l, a n d a d m in is
tra tiv e s tru c tu re s. T h e new n a tio n a lism w h ich is
e m erg in g in m a n y c o u n trie s is n o t y e t seen as a
stro n g p o litic a l fo rce b u t la rg e ly as a n a s p ira tio n
to n a rro w th e g a p betw een d eveloped a n d u n d e r
developed are a s o f th e w o rld .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e essay by H e lio J a g u a rib e de M atto s, “T h e
D y n am ics o f B ra z ilia n N a tio n a lism ,” describes
clea rly a n d w ith g re a t in sig h t th e v ag a ries of
B ra z ilia n p o litic a l developm ent, p a rtic u la rly in
th e la s t 30 years.
A lth o u g h th e n a tu re o f th e obstacles to change
cited b y th e v a rio u s c o n trib u to rs w ill n o t su rp rise
close fo llo w ers o f th e L a tin A m eric an scene, new
in s ig h t a n d b re a d th o f u n d e rs ta n d in g re g a rd in g
th e seriousness o f th ese obstacles in th e p re sen t
w o rld s itu a tio n a re p ro v id e d b y th e a u th o rs.
— A n n a -S tin a E ricson
Office of Foreign Labor and Trade
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Great Insobriety
Skid Bow as a Way of Life. B y S am u el E .
W allace. T o to w a, N .J ., B e d m in ste r P ress,
1965. 219 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y . $5.50.
L o n g b efo re th e re w as a U n ite d S ta te s, th e
a u th o r re m in d s us, th e re w as a “sk id ro w ” of so rts
in E n g la n d , “ a s h a re d w ay o f life am o n g th e
hom eless.” S k id row’ is a d e v ia n t co m m u n ity , th e
denizen of w h ich “ does n o t b ath e, eat re g u la rly ,
dress resp ectab ly , m a rr y o r ra ise c h ild re n , a tte n d
school, vote, ow n p ro p e rty , or re g u la rly live in th e
sam e place. H e does little w o rk o f an y k in d . H e
does n o t even steal. T h e sk id ro w e r does n o th
in g ; h e ju s t is. H e is e v e ry th in g th a t a ll th e re st
of us t r y n o t to be . . .”
A p p a re n tly th e su b ject o f th e d erelict, th e v a
g ra n t, th e bum , th e tra m p , th e hobo h as fa scin ated
sociologists a n d o th ers fo r w ell over a c e n tu ry in
th e U n ite d S ta te s— th e b ib lio g ra p h y is a sto u n d
ing] y extensive.
P ro fe sso r W a lla c e ’s book tells us how th e sk id
ro w er g o t to sk id row7 a n d describes th e k in d of
su b c u ltu re he finds th ere .
A s p a r t o f a re searc h team fro m th e S ociology
D e p a rtm e n t o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f M in n eso ta, P r o
fesso r W a lla ce (now7 a t C o lu m b ia) d id h is research
th e h a r d w ay. H e liv ed as a casu al la b o re r on
M in n eap o lis’ sk id row fo r sev eral m o nths. T h e
book is based on th is experience p lu s in terv iew s
a n d jo u rn a l en trie s o f th e e n tire re searc h g ro u p .
R e c ru its fo r sk id row com e fro m th re e so u rc e s:
w o rk ers w hose jobs by th e ir n a tu re se p a ra te m en
fro m “e sta b lish e d ” so ciety ; w e lfa re c lie n ts; an d
aficionados— th o se lik e alcoholics a n d p e tty crim -
793
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
in a ls w ho a re “in h e re n tly d e v ia n t” a n d seek san c
tu a ry . I n a ll cases, th e re a re fo rces th r u s tin g th e
new com ers o u t o f e stab lish ed society a n d recep tiv e
forces d ra w in g th em in to th e sk id ro w su b cu ltu re.
T h e re th e y find th e ir p lace in a w e ird a n d in v e rte d
h ie ra rc h y .
N e a r th e low est p o in t in t h a t h ie ra rc h y is th e
“to u r d ire c to r.” H e is d escrib ed th u s by th e
a u th o r : “ T h e to u r d ire c to rs h av e ta k e n on th e
e n te rta in m e n t o f to u ris ts , n e w sp a p e r re p o rte rs,
a n d re searc h ers, as th e ir p a r tic u la r re sp o n sib ility .
[T h e y ] a re o fte n th e first p erso n s t h a t th e sk id
row v isito rs m eet, a n d p ro b a b ly m o re th a n one
book on sk id row’ h a s been b ase d on ta le s d re am ed
u p b y th ese g ra ss ro o ts, sk id ro w fo lk lo ris ts .”
A n d w h a t h a p p e n s to sta tis tic s on th e la b o r fo rce
w hen th e census in te rv ie w e r m eets u p w ith th e
to u r d ire c to r?
Dealing With Job Data
The Measurement and Interpretation of Job Va
cancies. (P ro c e e d in g s o f a C o n feren ce H e ld
by th e N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E co n o m ic R e
search , 1965.) N ew Y o rk , C o lu m b ia U n i
v e rs ity P re ss, 1966. 593 p p . $12.50.
I n p ro b in g th e p ath o g en e sis o f u n em p lo y m en t
a n d in tr y in g to d ete rm in e its clin ical m a n a g e
m en t, econom ic p ra c titio n e rs h av e en g a g ed in ex
tensive p u ls e -ta k in g o f th e econom y. A t tim es,
th ey h av e been re lu c ta n t to p re sc rib e re m e d ial
m easures o r m ak e p ro g n o ses, n o t because o f u n d u e
tim id ity as a g ro u p , b u t because o f difficulty in d e
te rm in in g w h a t c o n stitu te s a g e n u in e s ta te o f u n
em p lo y m en t, a n d w h a t re p re se n ts th e v a rio u s d e
grees a n d g ra d a tio n s o f u n e m p lo y m en t. W h e n
th e y d id h a z a rd d iag n o ses a n d p re sc rib e rem edies,
th e y o fte n av a ile d them selves o f th e tim e -h o n o re d
p re ro g a tiv e am o n g d o cto rs, econom ic o r m ed ical,
to d iffe r in th e ir opinions. O ne o f th e few areas
o f ag re e m e n t am o n g econom ic g e n e ra lists o r u n e m
p lo y m e n t sp ec ia lists w as th e n eed fo r a n im p ro v ed
system o f u n e m p lo y m e n t s ta tis tic s u se fu l f o r b o th
o p e ra tiv e a n d a n a ly tic a l purp o ses.
T h e discussions on jo b v acan cy d a ta m e a su re
m en t a n d in te rp re ta tio n co n ta in e d in th is volum e
o f p ro c eed in g s o f a co n feren ce sp o n so red by th e
N a tio n a l B u re a u o f E co n o m ic R esea rch a re v ery
in te re stin g . T h e d ra m a tis p e rso n a e o f th is im
pressive assem blage in c lu d e d A r t h u r F . B u rn s, a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
fo rm e r c h a irm a n o f th e C ouncil o f E co n o m ic A d
visers a n d p re se n t p re sid e n t o f th e N a tio n a l B u
re au o f E co n o m ic R esearch , a n d a d istin g u ish e d
s u p p o rtin g cast of acad em ician s a n d econom ists,
re p re se n tin g m an ag em en t, la b o r, a n d g o v ern m en t.
T h e co n tro v ersy betw een advocates o f th e s tru c
tu r a l u n em p lo y m en t th esis a n d th o se u p h o ld in g
th e insufficient d em an d in te rp re ta tio n h a s w axed
h o t a n d h eav y over th e tw o decades since th e p a s
sage o f th e F a i r E m p lo y m e n t A ct. M oreover, re
cent la b o r sh o rtag es, b o th in th e U n ite d S ta te s an d
in W e ste rn E u ro p e , h av e p la g u e d th e m o st a d
v an ced econom ies in th e w o rld . B o th o f th ese fa c
to rs, alo n g w ith th e necessity fo r ex ten siv e r e tr a in
in g p ro g ra m s because o f th e p o w e rfu l im p a c t o f
v a st tech n o lo g ical changes, in c lu d in g a u to m atio n ,
h av e called a tte n tio n to th e need fo r im p ro v ed an d
m ore extensive job vacancy d a ta .
T h e re w as g en e ral a g reem en t am o n g th e con
ferees t h a t in definitions, concepts, a n d d a ta col
lectio n techniques, job vacancy d a ta h av e lag g ed
co n sid erab ly in th e m in o rity o f co u n tries w hich
h av e a tte m p te d to sy stem atically g a th e r such d a ta .
T h e conferees ex p lo red th e m an y p ro b lem s in
volved a n d th e difficulties en co u n tered .
T h e w o rk focuses u p o n fo u r b ro a d to p ic s : needs
a n d uses o f d a ta fo r m e a su rin g co rrect d em an d fo r
la b o r; u tiliz a tio n o f job v acan cy d a ta by fo re ig n
c o u n trie s; effect o f ex p e rim e n ta l a n d e x p lo ra to ry
jo b v acan cy su rv ey s in th e U n ite d S ta te s ; an d an
ev a lu a tio n o f p ro p o se d a p p ro ach e s to m ea su rin g
vacancies. T h e d e sc rip tio n b y c o u n try of job v a
cancy d a ta collection system s by e x p e rts on C a n
ad a, F ra n c e , J a p a n , th e N e th e rla n d s, a n d Sw eden,
is especially in stru c tiv e fo r A m eric an read ers.
I n a sense, no d efinitive so lu tio n s could h ave
been a n tic ip a te d b y th e conferees, since, in th e
p re se n t p rim itiv e s ta te o f job v acan cy d a ta te c h
niques a n d th e o ry , th e r ig h t q u estio n s w ere n o t
lik ely to be asked. N evertheless, th is conference
re p re se n ts a h o p e fu l b eg in n in g , a n d f u r th e r con
ferences in th is a re a w ould c e rta in ly be f r u itf u l
once sig n ifican t ad v an ces ta k e place. F o r som e
tim e to come, how ever, th is co n feren ce re p o rt w ill
be p re scrib ed re a d in g fo r th o se p io n e e rin g a n d
e x p lo rin g in a h ith e rto m u ch n eg lected a n d re la
tiv e ly u n fille d field.
—H
a r r is
P
r o sch an sk y
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division
New York Regional Office
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
794
Site Insight
Economics of the Property Tax. B y D ick N etzer.
W a s h in g to n ,
D .C .,
B ro o k in g s
I n s titu tio n ,
1965. $6.75.
T h is book re p re se n ts a la n d m a rk in lite ra tu re
on p ro p e rty tax es. I t s b ris k sty le a n d o rd e rly
p re se n ta tio n , a n d th e im p o rta n c e a n d v a rie ty of
th e issues i t an a ly z es m ak e it im p o rta n t re a d in g
n o t only fo r th o se p eo p le tr y in g to re fo rm a n ti
q u a te d ta x s tru c tu re s a t th e local level, b u t also
f o r officials s tru g g lin g w ith th e p re se n t o v e r-b u r
d e n in g econom ic p ro b lem s o f th e c e n tra l cities.
N e tz e r h a n d le s th e th e o re tic a l a rg u m e n ts w ith v i r
tu o sity , a n d th e s ta tis tic a l evidence h e h a s m a r
sh a lle d to s u p p o rt h is a rg u m e n ts is im pressive.
T h e n o tio n t h a t p ro p e rty ta x e s a re n o t re sp o n
sive to in c re a sin g incom es a n d econom ic g ro w th ,
a n d th e re fo re p ro v id e an in a d e q u a te rev en u e base,
is re fu te d b y N etzer. H is use o f p o s tw a r d a ta
to d isp ro v e th is th o u g h t a t th e sam e tim e disposes
o f a m a jo r a rg u m e n t f o r th e so-called “ H e lle r
p ro p o s a l” fo r g r a n ts to S ta te s fro m F e d e r a l g e n
e ra l revenues. H e concedes t h a t th e ta x is re g re s
sive— in fa c t, N e tz e r says “th e deg ree o f reg ressiv ity is p ro b a b ly g re a te r th a n t h a t f o r an y o th er
m a jo r ta x in use in th e U n ite d S ta te s ” (a s ta te
m e n t w h ich m ay be in c o rre c t i f p a y ro ll ta x e s are
ta k e n in to c o n sid e ra tio n ). N ev erth eless, N etzer
finds a s u rp ris in g n u m b e r o f g ood th in g s to say
a b o u t th e ta x on re a l p ro p e rty , a n d p o in ts o u t th a t
th e re g ressiv e s tru c tu re o f benefits i t finances (fo r
exam p le, schools) com pensates to som e ex te n t fo r
its incidence.
M a n y people w ill be esp ecially in te re ste d in
N e tz e r’s discussion o f th e possible b enefits to be d e
riv e d by th e cities fro m h e a v ie r ta x a tio n o f site
valu es a n d lo w e r ta x a tio n on im p ro v em en ts— a
device w hich h a s been re g a rd e d b y som e as th e key
to slu m clearan ce a n d u rb a n re ju v e n a tio n w ith o u t
fu ss o r F e d e ra l su b sid y . N e tz e r believes th a t it
w o u ld be fe asib le to v alu e sites in d e p e n d e n tly of
s tru c tu re s a n d o th e r im p ro v e m e n ts a n d to ta x them
m o re h e a v ily ; m o reo v er, he says th a t, “ it is difficult
to find an y flaw s in th e a rg u m e n t t h a t th is ta x
ch an g e w ill . . . h av e fa v o ra b le reso u rce a llo ca
tio n effects.”
R a is in g th e ta x on th e f u tu r e “u n e a rn e d in c re
m e n t” in la n d v alu es w o u ld n o t acco m p lish m uch
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
since i f th e ta x w ere ra ise d o nly a little , th e y ield
w ould be sm all, b u t i f it w ere ra ise d too h ig h
re a liz a tio n w o u ld be d isco u rag ed , a c co rd in g to
N etzer. H e overlooks th e p o in t, how ever, t h a t a
h ig h e r c a p ita l g a in s ta x on u n im p ro v e d la n d
w o u ld d isco u rag e lo n g -ra n g e in v estm en t in la n d
fo r sp ec u la tiv e g a in — a tre n d w h ich is re d u cin g
th e su p p ly o f la n d a v a ila b le fo r h o m eb u ild in g an d
o th e r p re se n t needs.
— M ary W . S m elkee
Office of the Economic Consultant
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Education and Training
Facts on American Education. (In NEA Research Bulle
tin, National Education Association, Washington,
May 1966, pp. 35-41. 60 cents. )
Trade Unions and the Manpower Development and Train
ing Act. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Manpower Administration, 1966. 11 pp.
Counseling and the World of Work in the 1970’s. By
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Statistics, Washington, May 1966, pp. 19-23. 35
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Employee Benefits
Administration of the Welfare and Pension Plans Dis
closure Act, Calendar Year 1965. (Report of the
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sentatives. ) Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Office of Labor-Management and Welfare-Pension
Reports, 1966. 25 pp.
Fire Department Pension Profile. Washington, Interna
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partment of Education and Research, 1966. 21 pp.
International Insxirancc and Employee Benefit and Pen
sion Management. New York, American Manage
ment Association, 1966. 47 pp. (Management Bulle
tin 76. ) $4.50 ; $3 to AMA members.
The Tax Effect of Corporate Reorganizations on Pension
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Notre Dame, Ind., April 1966, pp. 470-486. $2.)
795
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Consolidated Bargaining in California Construction: An
Appraisal of Twenty-five Year’s Experience. By
Gordon W. Bertram. Los Angeles, University of
California, Institute of Industrial Relations, 19.66.
259 pp. $3, paperback.
The Role of Collective Bargaining in the Evolution of
Company Health Insurance Programs. By R. Heath
Larry. (In Archives of Environmental Health,
Chicago, April 1966, pp. 441-444. $1.25.)
Major Collective Bargaining Agreements: Management
Rights and Union-Management Cooperation. By
Leon E. Lunden and others. Washington, U. S. De
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966.
68 pp. (Bulletin 1425-5.) 60 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Legal Aspects of Public School Teacher negotiating and
Participating in Concerted Activities. By Reynolds
C. Seitz. (In Marquette Law Review, Milwaukee,
Wis., February 1966, pp. 487-511. $1.25.)
Strikes in Breach of Contract. (From Proceedings of
New York University Eighteenth Annual Conference
on Lahor, pp. 85-192.) Washington, BNA Inc., 1966.
Equal Employment Opportunity Under Federal Law.
Washington, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1966.
10 pp. (COR Special Publication 5.)
Employment for Older Workers, No. 3: Placement Tech
niques for Older Workers. By Irvin Sobel and
Richard C. Wilcock. Paris, Organization for Eco
nomic Cooperation and Development, Manpower and
Social Affairs Directorate, 1966. 80 pp., bibliography.
$2, OECD Publications Center, Washington.
Keynes Isn’t Enough: The Goal Beyond Full Employment.
By Louis J. Walinsky. (In The New Republic,
Washington, April 16, 1966, pp. 14-16. 35 cents.)
Individualism and the Unemployment Problem. By
Harry L. Johnson. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
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What About Manpower Shortages? (In Occupational
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of Labor Statistics, Washington, May 1966, pp. 24-26.
35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Sources of Farm Labor in 1965. By Cora S. Cronemeyer.
(In Employment Service Review, U.S. Department of
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April 1966, pp. 55-57. 40 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
Strikes and Lockouts in Canada, 196Jj. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1966. 51 pp. 35 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Labor Migration cmd Economic Growth: A Case Study of
Puerto Rico. By Stanley L. Friedlander. Cam
bridge, Mass., The M.I.T. Press, 1965. 181 pp. $6.
A Managerial Theory of Unionism. By Martin Meadows.
(In American Journal of Economics and Sociology,
New York, April 1966, pp. 127-140. $2.)
Job Inflation in Indonesia. By Everett D. Hawkins.
(In Asian Survey, University of California, Institute
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264-275.)
Should Blue Collar Workers be Salaried? (In Business
Management, Greenwich, Conn., March 1966, pp. 4346, 86. $1.)
A Municipality’s Rights and Responsibilities Under the
Wisconsin Municipal Labor Law. By Charles C.
Mulcahy. (In Marquette Law Review, Milwaukee,
Wis., February 1966, pp. 512-532. $1.25.)
Fair Representation—Duties and Obligations. (From
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Second Special Report of the Director-General on the
Application of the Declaration Concerning the Policy
of “Apartheid” of the Republic of South Africa.
Geneva, International Labor Office, 1966. 34 pp.
(50th sess., 1966.) 50 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Influence of Labor Supply on Location of Electronics
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Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1966. 76 pp. (Re
port 34.)
Labor Force
Labor Organizations
A Symposium: Manpower Projections. (In Industrial
R elations: A Journal of Economy & Society, Univer
sity of California, Institute of Industrial Relations,
Berkeley, May 1966, pp. 1-85. $1.50.)
Organized Labor and National Economic Objectives. By
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Equal Opportunity in Employment. By Paul Bullock.
Los Angeles, University of California, Institute of
Industrial Relations, 1966. 114 pp. 75 cents.
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Union conventions and Executive Boards: A Formal
Analysis of Organizational Structure. By Philip M.
Marcus. (In American Sociological Review, Wash
ington, February 1966, pp. 61-70. $2.50.)
Y96
The UA TV and White Collar Unionisation. By Carl Dean
Snyder. (In Management of Personnel Quarterly,
University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Rela
tions, Ann Arbor, Winter 1966, pp. 11-19.)
Ascertaining Attitudes of Union Members in Public and
Private Employment. By Justus D. Sundermann.
(In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, April 1966,
pp. 115-121. $2.)
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Cases in Personnel Management and Supervision. By
Richard P. Calhoon. New York, Appleton-CenturyCrofts, 1966. 229 pp. $2.95.
Personnel Panorama, 1965: II, Personnel Developments
on the U.S. Federal Level. John W. Macy, Jr. (In
Public Personnel Review, Chicago, January 1966,
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Private Pensions, Personnel Practices, and Worker Mo
bility. By Thomas B. Hoffman, Alton C. Johnson,
Robert C. Miljus. (In Management of Personnel
Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Indus
trial Relations, Ann Arbor, Winter 1966, pp. 20-23.)
Problems of Work Evaluation. By Walter S. Neff. (In
Personnel and Guidance Journal, Washington, March
1966, pp. 682-688. $1.)
Performance Review: Measuring Sticks. By Donald L.
Kirkpatrick. (In Management of Personnel Quar
terly, University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial
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Employee Referrals: Prime Tool for Recruiting Workers.
By Joseph C. Ullman. (In Personnel, American
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pp. 30-35. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Do Cultural Differences Affect Workers' A ttitu des? By
Lawrence K. Williams, William F. Whyte, Charles S.
Green. (In Industrial R elations: A Journal of
Economy & Society, University of California, Insti
tute of Industrial Relations, Berkeley, May 1966, pp.
105-117. $1.50.)
The Role of the Public Employment Service. Princeton,
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40 cents.
Compulsory and Flexible Retirement in the American
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Prices and Consumption Economics
Prices and Pressures. By Albert T. Sommers. (In Con
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Board, New York, May 1966, pp. 3-7.)
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view, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland,
Ohio, April 1966, pp. 3-13.)
Annual Price Survey—Family Budget Costs, October 1965.
New York, Community Council of Greater New York,
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Spending Patterns of the College Family. By Fabian
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The Sociological and Ideological Assumptions Underlying
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The Economics of the Flew England Fishing Industry:
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Aid. By Frederick W. Bell. Boston, Mass., Federal
Reserve Bank of Boston, 1966. 216 pp., bibliography.
(Research Report 31.)
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Appraisal of State UI Reserve Funds, June 1965. By
Paschal C. Zecca. (In Unemployment Insurance
Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employ
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pp. 1-5. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
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Progress in Workmen’s Compensation. By Andre Maisonpierre. (In Archives of Environmental Health, Chi
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Year Ended June SO, 1965. Chicago, U.S. Railroad
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W ages and Hours
Wage Policy Under the W alsh-Healey Publie Contracts
Act—A Critical Review. By Carroll L. Christenson
and Richard A. Myren. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana
University Press, 1966. 239 pp. $4.50.
Wage Chronology : Dan River Mills, 1943-65. By Albert
A. Belman. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
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1495.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
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Wage Rates, Salaries and Hours of Labor, 1964. Ottawa,
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English and French. $2, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Time-Series Elasticities of Substitution and Labor's Share
in U.S. Manufacturing : The Postwar Period. By
John R. Moroney. {In Southern Economic Journal,
Chapel Hill, N.C., April 1966, pp. 474-483. $1.50.)
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The Double Development Squeeze on Agriculture. By
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1966. 106 pp. (Bulletin 1497.) 60 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
221-143 0 —66------ 6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.
- Employment
799
800
805
809
A-l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.
809
A-5.
810
A-6.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
811
B.
- Labor Turnover
B - l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
C. —Earnings and Hours
814
827
827
C—l .
C-2.
C-3.
828
830
C-4.
C-5.
830
C-6.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average weekly overtime ‘hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
D.
—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
831
D-l.
Consumer Price Index— U .S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
832
D-2.
833
D -3.
C o n su m e r P rice In d e x — U.S. c ity av erag e for u rb a n w age ea rn ers an d clerical w o rkers,
selected g ro u p s, su b g ro u p s, a n d special g ro u p s of item s, seaso n ally a d ju s te d
Consumer Price Index— U .S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
834
836
837
D -4.
D -5.
D -6.
workers
Indexes of
Indexes of
Indexes of
E.
—Work Stoppages
E-l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
838
(including single workers)
wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
F.—Work Injuries
839
F-l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries
1 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N ote: With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statisti
cal Series (BLS Bulletin 1168,1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.
798
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
799
A.—EMPLOYMENT
A.—Employment
T a b l e A - l . E s tim a te d to ta l la b o r force classified b y em p lo y m en t s ta tu s an d sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1966
Employment status
M ay.
Apr.
Mar.
Annual
average
1965
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1964
1965
Total, both sexes
Total labor force___________________
Civilian labor force_________________
Unemployment________ ___ ______
Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted
Unemployed 4 weeks or less.............
Unemployed 5-10 weeks__________
Unemployed 11-14 weeks_________
Unemployed 15-26 weeks_____ ___
Unemployed over 26 weeks_______
Employment______ ______________
Nonagricultural.____ ___________
Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours.......... _..............
With a job but not at work 3...........
Agricultural,______ ____________
Worked 35 hours or more________
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours..........................
With a job but not at.work 3_____
79,751 78,914 78,034 77,632 77, 409 78,477 78,598 78,713 78, 044 80,163 81,150 80, 683 78,425 76,971
75,635
3,456
4.6
1,718
707
276
404
351
72,179
67,594
51,611
8, 590
4,027
3,368
4,585
3, 027
1,011
391
157
Total labor force........ .......................
52,135 51,748 51,180 50,911 50, 778 51,148 51,200 51,481 51, 398 53 360 54,019 53,395 51,908 51,118
51,705
Civilian labor force...................... .
Unemployment_____ ____ ____
Employment_________________
Nonagricultural.........................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work 3.
Agricultural________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 3.
49,123
1,537
47,586
44, 090
37, 042
3,721
1,932
1,395
3,496
2,448
672
279
94
75,906
2,802
3.7
1,448
364
209
482
297
73,105
68,900
53,189
8,576
4,249
2,887
4,204
2,809
925
369
102
75,060
3,037
3.8
1,339
611
339
438
310
72,023
68,244
53,831
7,880
4, 276
2, 258
3,780
2,406
908
336
129
74,708
3,158
3.7
1,425
792
256
404
281
71, 551
67,939
53, 079
8,219
4.336
2,304
3,612
2,128
802
429
253
75,636
2,888
4.1
1,442
614
233
334
266
72, 749
69,103
54,807
8,114
4,330
1,850
3,645
2,353
779
342
170
75,803
2,966
4.2
1,620
589
226
257
274
72,837
68, 709
49,347
12, 657
4,538
2,167
4,128
2, 773
859
352
145
75,953
2, 757
4.3
1,407
571
191
286
302
73,196
68,242
52,746
8,726
4,326
2,444
4,954
3,376
1,087
389
102
75,321
2,875
4.4
1,599
405
262
295
314
72, 446
67,668
53, 666
7,281
3,876
2,843
4, 778
3,233
963
436
145
77,470
3, 258
4.5
1,612
745
287
296
316
74, 212
69, 077
51,108
7,313
3,093
7,562
5.136
3, 617
955
394
169
78,457
3,602
4.5
1,888
948
180
250
337
74,854
69,228
50,539
7,402
3,373
7,912
5,626
3,933
1,168
404
119
78, 003
4,287
4.7
2,696
634
196
384
378
73, 716
68, 094
52,867
7,448
4, 012
3, 765
5, 622
3,866
1,243
402
108
75, 741
3,335
4.6
1,688
656
187
442
363
72, 407
67, 278
53, 008
7, 563
4, 403
2,304
5,128
3,475
1,162
394
97
78,357
74,233
3,876
5.2
1,787
797
319
490
482
70,357
65,596
48,421
9,877
3,971
3,326
4,761
3,079
1,101
409
169
76,706
2,942
4.0
1,651
552
137
307
295
73,764
69,472
54,391
8,409
4,363
2,310
4,292
2,806
995
387
105
74, 519
3,290
4.0
1, 701
673
238
383
296
71, 229
67, 652
52,976
8,137
4, 271
2,268
3, 577
2,105
866
407
200
Males
48,773
1,556
47, 217
43,684
36,497
3,718
1,789
1,680
3,533
2, 513
637
287
95
48,240
1,847
46,393
43,168
36,730
3,333
1,764
1,341
3,225
2,167
666
276
115
48,021
1,909
46,112
43, 014
36,159
3. 605
1,826
1,424
3,098
1,879
602
373
242
47,922
1,963
45, 959
42,890
36,137
3,653
1,693
1,406
3, 069
1,883
656
348
182
48,340
1,726
46,615
43,509
37,153
3,373
1,802
1,181
3,106
2,114
550
280
162
48,438
1,528
46, 910
43,559
34,122
6, 280
1,807
1,350
3, 351
2,428
522
272
128
48, 753
1,462
47,290
43,456
36,441
3,727
1,788
1,500
3,835
2,841
638
259
97
48, 706
1,507
47,199
43,436
37, 044
3,085
1,571
1,735
3, 763
2,712
594
325
130
50,697
1,801
48, 896
44, 801
36 046
3,293
1,311
4,151
4, 095
3, 092
553
300
153
51,356
2,069
49,287
44, 903
35,920
3,305
1,465
4, 213
4,384
3,357
652
275
101
50, 746
2,315
48,431
44, 015
37, 018
3,213
1, 797
1.986
4,416
3,321
710
298
87
49,255
1,941
47,314
43,216
36,648
3,246
1,922
1,399
4,098
3, 022
690
299
87
48,410
2,271
46,139
42,255
33,854
4,811
1,679
1,911
3,884
2,705
709
323
147
49, 014
1,980
47,034
43,304
35,808
3,870
1,686
1,939
3,729
2,638
643
306
141
Females
Total labor force........ ................ ........
Civilian labor fo rce................ ..........
Unemployment____ ____ _____
Employment_________________
N onagri cultural___ _________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work 3_
Agricultural________________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 3.
27,617 27,166 26,855 26,721 26,631 27,329 27,398 27,231 26, 646 26, 804 27,132 27,288 26,517 25,854
26,653
25,823
1,605
24,218
23,341
14,566
5,066
2,294
1,414
877
378
391
87
21
26,621
1,476
25,145
24,289
15,798
4,721
2,341
1,428
856
388
367
85
16
27,584
1,405
26,179
25,382
17,348
4,689
2,431
915
797
354
323
107
12
27,133
1,245
25,888
25,216
16,691
4,858
2,461
1,207
671
293
288
82
8
26,821
1,190
25,630
25,075
17,100
4,546
2, 513
917
555
240
242
60
14
26, 687
1,249
25, 438
24,924
16,920
4, 614
2,510
880
514
246
199
56
11
26, 597
1,327
25, 271
24, 762
16, 837
4,485
2, 578
863
508
223
208
60
18
1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
containing the 12th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
3 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27,296
1,162
26,134
25, 595
17,653
4,741
2,531
669
539
240
229
62
8
27,365
1,438
25,926
25,149
15,227
6,377
2, 731
817
777
344
337
80
17
27,200
1,295
25,905
24,786
16,306
4,998
2,538
944
1,119
536
450
130
5
26,615
1, 368
25,246
24,232
16, 620
4,195
2,307
1,108
1,015
519
369
111
16
26, 773
1,457
25, 316
24, 275
15, 061
4,019
1,784
3,410
1,041
528
403
95
16
27,101
1,534
25,567
24,325
14, 619
4,098
1,910
3, 700
1,242
576
516
130
18
27,257
1, 972
25, 284
24, 079
15, 848
4,235
2, 218
1, 779
1,206
544
533
105
21
26,486
1,393
25,093
24,062
16,360
4,318
2,481
905
1,031
453
473
95
10
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in E m ploy
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.
800
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
T a b l e A -2 .
E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e stab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[I n th o u sa n d s]
1966
1965
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Total employees________________________
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
63, 070 62, 497 61, 826 61, 212 61,041 62, 660 62,029 61,786 61,515 60,960 60, 694 60,848 60,000 60,444 58,156
_ _ _____ _______
586
628
615
613
617
629
627
631
627
641
640
629
640
628
633
M etal mining_________________________
84.4
83.5
83.4
83.9
84.3
83.8
82. S
83.6
85. 2
84.3
84.5
82.9
83. 3
79 4
25.0
25. 4
24. 3
24.7
24.7
26.2
26. 4
Iron ores..!________ . . ____________
26. 5
26 1
24 7
26. 7
26. 9
26. 7
26. 7
31.9
31. 7
31.5
31.2
31.1
Copper ores .
_ ___
30.9
29.3
30.1
30 4
29 6
29 9
29. 4
30 8
Coal mining__________________________
105.1 141. 8 142.9 143.0 143. 9 144 6 143 4 136.0 139.7 138.7 141.6 142.1 142. 4 147. 5
Bitum inous___ _____ _______________
95. 7 132.1 132. 8 132.8 133. 3 133 8 132 7 125. 4 129. 4 127.5 131.1 131.9 131.9 136 0
Crude petroleum and natural gas_______
274. 5 275. 3 275.3 277.3 280. 9 279. 0 278 2 281.1 287.8 290. 5 288.4 282.4 282. 4 289 4
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
149.8 149.8 149.8 150.3 151.5 151.4 151.9 154.6 158.0 158.2 156.8 154.1 154.4 159.6
Oil and gas field services.___ ..________ ______ 124.7 125.5 125.5 127.0 129.4 127.6 126.3 126.5 129.8 132.3 131.6 128.3 128.1 129.8
Quarrying and nonmetallic m in in g ...___
122.1 114. 2 110 6 113.2 119. 2 123 1 124 5 126.6 127. 4 127.1 125.3 121.1 119.8 116 7
Crushed and broken stone___________
42.1
42. 7
44 4
44.7
45.1
45. 4
42. 7
38.9
41. 8
44.1
36. 9
38.8
43 4
40 8
Sand and gravel____ ________________
40.0
43.1
43.3
43.1
39.8
36. 3
34. 9
35.8
38. 7
41 0
42. 3
40. 8
42.8
39 5
C o n tra ct co n stru c tio n ______________ ______
3, 353 3, 196 3, 015 2,851 2,974 3,203 3,375 3,465 3,495 3,575 3,476 3,412 3,223 3,211 3,056
General building contractors. _________
1, 046. 3 993.9
1,083.1 1, 098. 6 1, 111. 5 1,140.3 1,105. 3 1, 081. 2 1, 009. 8 1 024 Q 956. 6
H eavy construction....................................
611.2 513.7
681.2 730.9 ' 740. 9 768.8 - 737. 8 724. 7 663.8 ’ 684 1 610. 5
Highway and street construction_____
294.4 221. 5
217 4
349.1 390. 4 393.1 414.2 396.4 385.1 345.4 819 7 312.4
Other heavy construction____________
316.8 292.2 270 0 283 ?
332.1 340.5 347.8 354. 6 341. 4 339. 6 318. 4 314.4 298.1
Special trade contractors_______________
1, 538. 6 1, 507. 6 1,443. 0 1,485.7 1,562. 3 1,610. 7 1,635.5 1, 642. 7 1,665. 5 1,633.1 1,606. 3 1, 549.1
1,488. 4
Plumbing, heating, and air conditionin g ...___ ^ _ _____ ___ _ ______ ___
370.5 367.1 360.2 369.5 377.9 381. 7 385. 7 382. 9 387. 8 383. 4 375. 0 362. 7 371.5 355.8
Painting, paperhanging, and decorating_______ ____ ________________
127.8 121.6 116 3 117 6 132 3 142.9 151.8 157. 3 161. 0 151.4 150.1 143.1
139 3
Electrical work_____ _ ______________
245.3 241.5 237.6 239.1 246.1 246.8 245.4 247. 6 251. 9 247.5 239. 5 232. 9 239.4 220.6
Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile
work_____________________________
238.8 237.0 214. 1 216 1 234.1 244.2 252.3 257 2 255. 9 253 4 250 6 245 0
241 6
108.3 106.0
Roofing and sheet metal work________
98. 5 106.6 116. 2 118.5 120.1 117. 9 120.2 116. 8 114.9 109. 6
108 0
18,412
M a n u fa c tu rin g ___ _______ _______
____ __ 18,825 18, 708 18, 588 18,457 18,274 18,415 18,443
18,428 18,211 18,016 18,027 17,745 17,984 17,259
Durable goods............ .............. .................. 11,106 11, 025 10,910 lo; 812 10,697 10, 718 10,686 10,623 10,608 10,410 10,416 10,437 10,2791 10,379 9,813
7,719 7,683 7,678 7; 645 7,577 7,697 7,757 7,789 7,820 7,801 7,600 7,590 7,466 L 604 7,446
Nondurable goods_____ _____________
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories.. . . . . . . ____ . 265.1 260.2 257.4 255.1 250.8 244.8 246.4 243.8 241.7 237.4 235.4 232.1 230.4 286 1 247.1
197.2 195.2 193.1 191.9 189.3 187.6 186.3 183.9 181.7 179.2 178.3 175.9 175.2 178 8 186.9
Ammunition, except for small arms___
13.7
13.4
Sighting and fire control equipment___
12. 7
12.4
12.1
13 2
13 0
12 8
12.8
12.6
12.3
12. 0
14.2
12. 5
54.1
51.3
50.9
47.2
44.1
47.4
43.2
46.0
45.8
44.8
44.4
47.3
50.0
48.5
44.9
Lumber and wood products, except
624.3 612.2 604.1 597.4 597.7 608.5 614.8 617.8 624.5 633.3 628.6 627.6 605.4 606 1 602.5
furniture_________________________
83.7
91.6
82.7
91.0
Logging camps and logging contractors.
94.1
94.1
92.9
91.3
85.2
86.8
81.9
86.7
80.6
85 6
89.9
Sawmills and planing mills___________ 255.6 251.6 248.9 244.7 247.4 250.3 252.8 253.4 256.9 260.4 258.8 260.8 252.8 251 0 253.3
Millwork, plywood, and related prod163.3 164.3 161.4 160.6 160.4 161.6 162.3 163.4 164.2 167.5 165.4 163.9 158.5 160 4 157.4
u c ts... . . . . . _______________________
35. 2
36.0
34.2
Wooden containers__________________
36.3
35.0
34.1
34.2
34.7
35.2
35.0
34.9
33.8
33.9
84 5
33. 7
77.4
76.9
77.8
Miscellaneous wood products________
75.3
75.3
76.4
75.4
75.8
75.8
75.8
76.1
73.9
70.1
76.1
74.7
447.2
448.8
447.3 443.3 442.0 443.2 441.4 439.8 437.6 432.8 425.6 427.6 421.8 429 1 405.9
Furniture and fix tu r es...__________ ___
327.1 328.1 326.8 325.1 322.1 323.3 321.6 319.0 315.9 313.2 306.0 309.0 306.1 311. 2 293.1
Household-furniture_____ ___________
28. 6
30.3
Office furniture . ___
29.9
28 6
28 4
30.1
29 6
29 4
29 1
27 8
28 4
29.3
28.8
45.1
44.8
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
44.9
40.3
43.1
44.9
45.6
45.4
44.3
43.2
42.0
45.4
44.8
43 5
45. 4
45.
8
45.4
Other furniture and fixtures__________
45.0
45.4
45.1
45.1
46.7
46.9
46.8
45.3
44.8
46.1
45.7
45.7
639.5 635.9 618.6 609.6 611.7 622.6 631.4 635.5 642.9 641.6 636.0 629.6 618.8 620.9 611.8
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
33.0
32.8
Flat glass__________________ .
81 2
33 2
32 5
30 9
30.8
32.8
00. z
Glass' and glassware, pressed or blown. 119.1 117.8 115.7 115.0 113.6 113.8 114.7 115.4 115.8 115.9 114.6 115.1 113.5 113.5 111.5
38.3
37.7
36.1
Cement, hydraulic__________________
38.7
39.4
39.7
39.6
39.5
38.6
35.9
37.9
38.9
36.5
38.3
38.9
72.1
73.1
69.8
Structural clay products_____________
69.7
73.3
72.8
73.5
72.5
70.5
69.2
70.1
71.2
72.0
72. 5
70.8
42.8
43.0
Pottery and related products__
42.8
43.0
41.2
44.3
41.4
41.9
42.0
41.4
42.3
43.3
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod180.1 177.7 168.4 163.5 166.2 172.5 177.0 179.9 182.5 184.3 181.9 181.2 177.2 174. 2 172.1
u c ts ..._________ _____ ___________
130.2 132.3 130.4 129.0 128.9 129.6 129.7 129.6 132.6 132.2 131.7 128.8 125.7 128.8 126.4
Other stone and mineral products____
1,324.8 1, 317.1 1,299. 2 1,286.9 1,272.7 1,263. 7 1,255.1 1,270.2 1,308. 7 1,317.1 1, 319.8 1,322.6 1,300. 2 1,291.7 1,231. 2
Primary metal industries.. ■.. . .
651.6 638.4 ■626. 8
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
615.1 613.4 631.2 666.9 686.3 687.4 687.5 672.3 660. 2 629.4
236.2 235.9 232. 7 233.2 618.9
Iron and steel foundries___
231. 5 230.7 225.1 225.2 228.3 224.8 225.8 227.9 225.5 225.3 212.0
75.0
74. 4
73.9
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
69.2
73.3
73.5
73.0
72.0
71.6
73.7
72.6
72.3
74.1
72.1
73.8
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex202. 7 202. 8 202.1 201.2 198.9 195.8 196.5 195.9 195.0 191.2 191.5 192.8 190.2 191.6 185.2
truding___ _________________ _____
83. 3
83. 6
82. 8
Nonferrous foundries..._______ .
74.3
81.3
79.0
77.9
76.4
80.4
76.8
77.4
79.2
82.6
77.8
81.2
Miscellaneous primary metal indus69.
2
69.1
69. 3
tries______________ . . .
61.0
67.1
63.4
66.4
66.2
65.3
65.0
64.2
64.8
69.0
67.1
68.4
Fabricated metal products___ _________ 1, 331. 8 1, 326.9 1, 317. 0 1, 310.1 1,301.2 1,304.3 1,304.3 1,292.2 1,285. 8 1, 266.9 1, 261. 2 1,270. 4 1, 251. 0 1, 260. 5 1,187.3
Metal cans.. ___________ .
62.4
65.3
64.3
65.8
65.8
64.9
62.0
61. 2
61.5
60.4
64.4
62.9
62.2
60.5
61.5
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware___ _ __ ___
143.9
155.1
150.0
155.2
152.6
155.8 154.9
162.8 162.9 163.0 161.2 160.6 158.5 159.3 156.3
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures____ . . . _
____ . . .
80.4
80.6
79.2
78.9
79.3
80.6
78.8
79.9
81.1
80.3
79.7
80.3
80.7
80.8
79.6
Fabricated structural metal products. _ 394.5 391.1 385.7 385.2 385.5 389.9 391.3 388.9 388.8 389.5 386.6 380.7 368.3 376.4 354. 8
89.0
Screw machine products, bolts, etc . .
92.2
94.4
93.1
97.7
95.3
93.5
92.9
93.3
100.1
99.5
96.8
96.4
99.0
94.5
Metal stampings____ _ .
235.5 237.3 237.5 236.2 234.8 235.6 234.1 231.2 225.5 211.6 214.1 220.8 219.9 221.4 198.5
70.6
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
73.5
74.1
71.9
77.6
73.1
72.1
72.7
75.8
78.4
78.1
78.2
75.6
76.2
75.5
57.7
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
62.1
65.0
61.2
64.1
62.7
62.3
62.3
62.4
65.4
65.7
65.7
64.7
64.8
63.2
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products________________________
149.6 149.1 144.9 145.1 143.0 142.2 141.7 141.5 138.8 139.7 138.7 140.5 138.5 138.6 130.2
M in in g ..
________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
801
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -2 .
E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l estab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[in thousands]
1966
1965
Annual
average
Industry
M ay’
Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery________________ __________ 1,834. 7 1,824. 2 1,812.8 1,798.1 1,778. 7 1, 766. 3 1, 749. 4 1,730.9 1, 730. 6 1, 719. 7 1, 727. 5 1,722. 4 1, 702. 4 1,713.9 1, 606.1
93.5
93.4
94.0
91.8
Engines and turbines________________
96.3
92.8
91.1
90.7
90.6
88.5
95.5
94.8
90.9
90.4
87.0
Farm machinery and equipment_____
148.1 147.9 145.8 142.1 138.9 135.0 131.9 134. 0 133.1 134.3 135.8 135.7 135.1 126. 5
Construction and related m achin ery... 265.9 262.5 260.3 257.7 253.6 252.3 253.8 251.9 253.2 249.3 253.4 250.1 247.9 249.5 234.7
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent___________ ______________
320.7 319.9 317.8 316.0 310.8 309. 0 304.1 300.6 301.4 298.4 299.7 300.6 298.0 298.9 281.4
Special industry m achin ery________
197.7 197.1 197.9 197.2 197.2 195.5 194.1 192.8 192.9 192.0 191.6 191.0 190.2 190.9 180.9
General industrial machinery________
273.9 271.5 271.5 269.6 267.5 266.4 263.1 261.7 259.3 262.2 261.0 260.5 256.0 257.7 243.0
Office, computing, and accounting
machines_____________________ . 218.9 218.3 215.8 212.9 211.2 210.3 208.9 205.2 202.5 200.7 197.0 194.1 190.8 196.6 174.6
Service industry machines___________
114.6 113.4 110.4 110.8 110.7 109.2 108.4 108.9 109.2 109.2 115.8 115.6 114.0 111.1 105.9
Miscellaneous machinery_____________ 198.5 197.9 196.4 194.1 191.8 191.3 189.2 186.1 187.0 184.1 183.8 184.1 181.3 183.7 172.2
Electrical equipment and supplies______ 1,878.4 1, 862. 0 1,829. 7 1,818.8 1, 796. 2 1, 786. 6 1, 762.4 1,740.8 1, 714. 3 1,679. 5 1, 660. 6 1,658. 2 1, 631. 7 1,672. 3 1, 548. 4
Electric distribution equipment. _ ___ 190.2 188.1 186.2 184.3 183.5 181.7 180.1 178.1 176.7 175.3 173.5 171.1 168.8 172.6 162.4
Electrical industrial a p p aratu s.______ 209.5 209.2 207.2 204.8 202.7 201.2 197.4 196.6 195.0 194.3 194.9 193.7 190.6 192. 5 178.1
Household appliances... ___________
185.9 183.3 169.3 178.9 173.8 174. 4 170.6 168.8 166.9 161.0 165.2 166.6 168.1 167.4 161.1
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 183.6 181.6 179.8 177.8 175.4 175. 1 173.9 171.6 170.4 165.3 164.3 166.2 163.9 166.7 156.4
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
158.5 158.9 158.9 158.4 158. 6 159.9 157.6 155.2 151.4 145.5 138.1 137.3 129.0 139.9 120.0
Communication equipm ent.................... 475.6 470.9 465.3 458.9 455.1 450. 6 444.6 439.1 433.9 428.4 425.4 423.7 419.9 428.0 411.6
Electronic components and accessories. 369.4 365.3 359.4 353.3 344.9 338.5 332.6 325.0 315.0 308.1 301.1 299.8 293.2 304.4 264.9
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies________________________
105.7 104.7 103.6 102.4 102.2 105.2 105.6 106.4 105.0 101.6
98.2 100.9
98.1
99.8
94.0
Transportation equipment_____________ 1,903. 0 1,893.3 1,887. 6 1,868. 9 1,840. 4 .1,839. 0 1,823. 9 1,795.3 1, 777. 6 1, 650. 7 1, 721.1 1, 741. 9 1, 730.1 1, 739. 7 1, 604. 8
Motor vehicles and equipment................
889. 6 892.1 888.2 878.8 896. 5 896.5 884.7 872.9 759.8 851.0 865.3 855.9 853. 6 755. 4
Aircraft and parts____ T_____________
725.6 715.1 706.7 694.1 680.5 666.8 651.8 637.0 632.2 622.9 615.7 603.3 602.3 617.8 603.7
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 171.9 172.8 177.5 177.1 173.3 165.0 163.3 163.4 160.0 156.1 143.1 161.5 161. 6 159. 0 145.1
56.5
57.0
55.4
55. 0
Railroad equipment_________________
56.7
56.6
56.2
54.6
54.9
57.2
53.9
54.9
58.5
50.1
53.0
50.8
54. 0
56.4
55.4
54.3
Other transportation equipment______
54.1
55.7
56.3
56.3
57.3
56. 4
50.6
57.3
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___ _________ ___________
Optical and ophthalmic goods_____ _
Ophthalmic g o o d s... _____________
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent________ _________ . .
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks_________________
417.4
413.9
71.3
411.8
71.8
407.6
71.6
402.5
70.8
400.0
70.6
397.2
69.9
394.0
70.4
392.8
70.0
389.8
69.8
387.1
69.4
384.2
69.0
375.2
65.1
385.0
69.2
369.3
69.6
104.8
49.3
104.2
49.3
34.2
103.2
48.9
33.9
102.3
48.5
33.6
101.4
47.7
32.9
101. 0
47.6
32.9
100.5
47.3
32.7
99.0
47.0
32.5
100.2
46.7
32.2
99.9
45.5
31.2
100.3
45.4
31.2
100.1
45.9
31.7
98.9
45.7
31.6
99.4
46.1
31.7
96.4
43.5
29.5
64.1
91.0
63.6
90.9
34.6
62.8
89.8
35.3
61.9
88.7
34.6
60.8
87.3
34.5
60.2
86. 2
34. 4
59.8
85.6
34.1
58.9
85.1
33.6
58.4
84.3
33.2
57.8
84.8
32.0
57.5
83.7
30.8
57.6
81.0
30.6
56.7
78.8
30.0
57.6
81.5
31.4
54.6
75.9
29. 4
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are..
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods _
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries... . .
Musical instruments and parts_______
437.9
47.1
432.5
47.3
118.6
35.3
55.1
176.2
26.7
424.7
46.8
112.9
35. 0
54.6
175.4
26.7
416.6
46.2
108.1
34.4
54.0
173.9
26.4
403.0
44.8
102.4
32.9
51.4
171.5
26.4
438.9
46.2
128.4
35.4
55.1
173.8
26.4
459.7
46.2
146.1
35.5
56.3
175.6
26.2
462.2
46.2
149.0
34.8
56.1
176.1
25.8
451.2
45.6
141.5
34.3
54.8
175.0
25.3
440.7
44.8
134.9
34.0
55.0
172.0
24.7
412.8
41.8
122.5
33. 0
51.4
164.1
24.1
420.3
44.2
120.8
32.8
53.5
169.0
24.4
412.1
44.5
114.4
32.7
52.5
168.0
24.0
424.1
44.6
122.4
33.4
53.9
169.8
24.7
398.5
43.4
106.5
31.9
54.8
161.9
21.9
176.1
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products..
________ 1,665.5 1,657. 6 1,656. 8 1,654.8 1, 670.1 1, 721. 9 1,779.8 1,822.6 1,859.1 1,854. 4 1,776. 5 1,722. 5 1,670. 0 1,737. 2 1,745.8
298.6 295.7 296.2 298.3 299.7 311.3 316.1 315.7 312.9 313.4 309.9 306.0 300.6 308.3 313.6
Meat products____________ ________
Dairy products__________________
277.3 276.4 274.3 273.6 274.0 277.1 277.9 281.3 287.1 294.5 295.4 293.3 286.7 284.7 288.6
Canned and preserved food, except
meats___ _______________ _
Grain mill products____
_____
Bakery products_________ ______
Sugar _ ______________
Confectionery and related products__
Beverages___ ____ :___
Miscellaneous food and kindred products____ ______ . . . .
Tobacco manufactures___________
Cigarettes___ ____ _______ .
Cigars__________________
Textile mill products. ___
Cotton broad woven fabrics____ _
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens
Narrow fabrics and smallwares__ . ..
Knitting_____
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering__ _____
Yarn and thread_____
Miscellaneous textile goods______ .
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
120.2
275.8
70.7
222.7
136.8
72.1
231.3
119.9
276.3
30 7
70.4
220.4
136.5
73.7
37. 9
21 7
948.0 945.7
237.1 237.0
93.3 93.4
44.3 44.0
30.5 30.5
238.9 237.2
75.7 75.5
41.1
114.8 113.8
72.5 73.2
224.5
121.3
277.2
31. 8
76.1
217.3
226.1
121.2
276.0
33.3
75.9
211.5
229. 2
120.9
277.2
41 0
76.0
212.4
242.1
121.7
279. 2
47.4
82.6
218.1
138.1
138.9
139.7
142.4
75.8
37.4
21. 5
79.2
37.2
21.8
81.6
36.8
21.5
941.1 933.9
236.4 235.8
93.5 92.9
44.1 43.7
30.4 30.2
232.9 228.1
74.8
75.1
41.2 41. 5
114.0 113.6
73.5 73.3
279.6
122.7
282.2
51.1
83.9
222.1
315.7
126.4
283.2
48. 8
83.3
371. 4
126.6
282.9
30. 8
81.1
144.2
143.6
141.1
139.6
88.1
37.8
23.5
86.7
37.8
23.8
98.2
37.9
23. 8
97.8
38.6
23.4
927.0 933.5
235.5 235.3
92.6 92.7
43.3 43. 1
29.8 29.8
223.5 230.0
74.5 74.9
41.7 42. 1
113.4 113.2
72.7 72.4
937.6
233.5
92.3
43.0
29.5
238.5
74.3
42.0
112.1
72.4
220.1
220.1
254.1
127.4
289.9
37.6
77.4
139.3
137.2
140.2
141.0
74.4
37.9
23.3
74.0
37.3
22.9
83.7
37.7
23.3
89.1
37.3
25.3
924.2 914.4 919.5
230.8 229.3 230.7
90.4 89.4 90.6
44.3 44.0 43.5
29.2 29.0 29.1
233.9 229.0 230.1
76.3 76.4 75.6
39.5 39.8 40. 6
109.2 107.7 109.1
70.6 69.8 70.2
891.1
226.8
90.1
44.8
27.8
215.1
76.1
38.5
104.6
67.4
216.0
123.9
283.3
29.8
72.4
140.0
89.3
38. 4
23.0
73.9
37.6
22.3
935.0 931.8 929.3
232.0 231.0 231.1
91.6 90.9 90.8
43.1 43.8 43.9
29.6 29.6 29.3
240.4 239.6 239.1
74.2 74.4 74.7
41.7 41.2 40.2
111.0 110.3 110.0
71.4 71.0 70.2
914.4
230.4
89.7
43.5
27.9
231.7
74.5
39.3
108.1
69.3
227.2
289. 2
126.5
288.1
29. 5
69.9
262.4
124.6
283.6
35.9
77.3
241.3
127.8
286.5
29.7
72.5
224.6 225.2
360.7
126.9
284.8
30. 2
77.1
228.0
226.1
216.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
802
T a b l e A -2 .
E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l estab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[inthousands]
1965
1966
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
M a n u fa c tu rin g — C ontinued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products--------------- 1, 391.9 1, 376. 7 1,398. 0 1, 388. 6 1,329. 4 1,371.1 1, 380. 5 1,380.3 1,380.3 1,374.1 1,311.6 1,355.9 1,330. 8 1,351.2 1,302. 0
121.7 120.3 121.2 120.8 119.7 121.2 119.5 118.0 120.5 120.1 112.3 120.7 119.4 118.6 114.7
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats--------368.7 365.3 364.3 360.9 357.0 357.7 359.5 359.3 358.6 358.6 347.8 354.8 349.6 350.7 327.7
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear---------- ------------------------------- 418.6 412.3 428.5 428.8 396.7 416. 5 414.8 415.6 419.1 420.9 399.3 413.4 399.8 412.3 404.3
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_________ ________ __________ 128.4 128.5 128.3 126.8 121.7 127. 0 129.6 129.2 128.3 127.0 118.5 124.0 122.8 124.5 121.4
29. 6
28.9
32.2
28.9
32.0
29.7
31.4
30.3
27.3
30.7
30.0
28.0
28.0
30.1
Hats, caps, and millinery _
_____
75.9
78.3
77.2
79.4
81.8
79. 0
79.1
81.6
79.0
81.9
79.3
80.0
78.7
81.7
77.8
Girls’ and children’s outerwear____ _
75. 2
79.2
68.9
73.8
79.3
75.0
76.5
75.7
75.4
79.1
77.5
72.8
73.5
72.1
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod168.9 167.4 166.4 163.5 159.3 168. 0 170. 7 169.8 165.0 158.6 152.2 157.7 158.4 160.9 154.0
ucts______________________________
Paper and allied products____________ - 657.1 654.9 651.5 649.0 647.6 651.3 649.1 647.0 646.9 644.4 640.6 639.0 628.7 637.5 625.2
Paper and pulp_____________________
212.7 211.6 210.8 210.2 210.1 211. 0 210.1 210.3 211.9 215.1 215.2 213.9 209.4 211. 0 213.0
68. 0
67.9
68.8
68.5
68.2
67.5
68.6
66.5
67.9
68.1
66.9
66.6
68.2
68.7
68.2
Paperboard________________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products______________ _________
164.7 164.9 163.2 162. 0 161.1 161. 6 160. 9 159.8 160.0 160.2 157.3 155.8 154.2 156.8 151.7
Paperboard containers and boxes_____ 211.5 210.2 208.8 208.0 207.8 210. 7 210. 2 208.7 206.4 202.6 200.2 201.2 198.2 202.2 193.9
81. 0
317. 0
52. 3
995.4
350.9
70. 5
80.1
315.8
52. 2
989.6
350. 6
70. 0
79.6
313.2
51. 4
125.1
125. 7
125. 9
124. 8
123.6
123.3
122.8
122.1
120.6
122.4
118.6
918.9
292.0
207.8
119.2
102. 5
64. 4
52.1
80.9
912.7
290.2
206.7
118.6
103.0
63.8
50.1
80.3
912.3
291.8
206. 0
118.8
103.0
64.3
48.9
79.5
909.4
289.8
205.1
118.0
104.5
64.8
48.2
79.0
907.2
288.7
203.4
117.4
105.6
64. 8
48.5
78.8
912.5
290.1
204.7
117.6
106.2
65.9
48.8
79.2
918.0
293.6
204.5
118.6
106.3
67.3
48.3
79.4
913.9
292.6
202.3
118.2
105.1
67.2
48.4
80.1
903. 5
288.8
199.9
112.8
105.0
66.7
51.1
79.2
898.8
286.5
196.1
110.6
103.3
65.1
59.3
77.9
902.3
288.6
199.1
115.3
104. 0
65. 3
51. 5
78. 6
877.4
288.0
183.1
112.1
101.1
64.0
51.0
78.1
173.3
139.9
33.4
173.0
139.9
33.1
172.8
139.8
33.0
174.7
140. 8
33.9
176.6
141.3
35.3
178.4
141.4
37.0
180.6
143.1
37.5
182.5
144.7
37.8
182.4
145.1
37.3
180.0
144.4
35.6
176.6
142.8
33.8
178.0
143.2
34.9
182.7
148.4
34.4
492.2
105.5
177.4
209.3
487.9
105.1
177. 5
205.3
484.3
104.8
177.1
202.4
484.3
106.0
177.8
200.5
485.0
106.1
177.9
201. 0
482.6
106.0
176.3
200.3
476.4
104.9
174.5
197.0
471.7
103.9
172.6
195.2
466.7
103.3
170.3
193.1
456.8
100.0
168.7
188.1
461.9
100.1
171.8
190.0
457.2
100.4
170.4
186.4
463.7
102.1
171.6
190. 0
433.6
99.0
163.7
170.9
360.6
31.7
237.5
91.4
358.7
31.8
235.2
91.7
37.7
362.8
32.0
238.7
92.1
39.3
363.7
32.1
240.3
91.3
38.7
358.1
32.4
237.6
88.1
36.5
360.0
32. 6
236.6
90.8
37. 6
359.3 354.2
32.4
32.1
234. C 230.1
92.9
92.0
39.5
39.1
355.5
32.1
231.6
91.8
38.8
360.7
31.7
237.0
92.0
38.5
351.2
31. 2
233.0
87.0
35.4
353.4
31.4
233.5
88.5
36.3
347.7
31.0
230.9
85.8
35.0
353.8
31.7
233.3
88.8
37.4
348.4
31.4
230.5
86.5
37.8
4,113
4,077
71/i n
4,054
710. 7
4,025
717 6
2fiK f i
81. 9
107. 9
41 4
974.0
75 7
251. 9
225. 3
18. 6
319. 1
909. 0
759. 8
32.1
110. 7
620. 8
252. 6
154.9
175.1
38.2
271. 9
82. 7
109. 6
40. 9
970.5
78. 0
247. 6
221. 4
18. 6
314. 3
901. 4
753. 0
31.9
110.1
619. 0
251.9
154.9
174. 6
37. 6
4,034
710 5
614 6
272 4
82. 6
110. 7
40. 7
961.7
77. 6
246. 3
220. 5
18.7
311. 4
895.9
747. 9
31.8
109. 8
617. 5
251.1
154.6
174.4
37.4
4,087 4,091 4,104 4,112
732. 6 730. 5 73K 0 741.3
643.6
fi32 4 fi33 fi
272. 8 270. 0 9 ,7 fi Q 269.7
83.7
83. 0
83. 2
83 2
110. 1 107. 8 107 3 106.5
43.3
41. 7
41.1
42 0
992.7 1, 000. 7 1, C05. 4 1, 000. 6
81.6
84. 5
87 8
89. 3
243. 2 240. 5 237. 6 236.0
216. 6 214. 8 212. 7 211.4
19. 5
18. 9
18.9
19 0
312. 5 320. 8 321.1 322.1
893. 6 891. 8 889.9 892.8
745. 0 743.6 741. 7 744.5
31.0
31.2
31. 6
31. 0
110.6 110.6 110. 8 110.9
620. 6 617.9 621. 6 629.8
251.9 248.8 251.8 255.2
155. 6 155.6 155. 8 157.9
175. 3 175.6 176.1 178.4
38.3
37.9
37.8
37.9
4,098
749.6
652.2
251.6
82.8
105.1
43.7
984.8
76.2
234.4
210.5
19.9
316.1
902.9
755.9
31.1
109.5
638.7
258.4
160.8
180.8
38.7
4,083
749.3
652.5
247.9
82.9
100.7
43.6
986.1
77.6
233.0
209.4
20.0
311.8
901.2
755.0
31.3
108.5
633.7
258.2
156.8
179.8
38.9
4,070
747.0
650.8
263.1
83.4
106.6
42.5
977.7
77.7
229.3
206.6
20.0
320.5
884.5
739.9
31.3
106.9
627.4
255.3
156.8
176.8
38.5
4,008
737.0
640.6
270.4
83.5
107.8
41.0
946.2
77.1
226.9
204.3
19.3
319.7
875.4
731.3
31.4
106.3
613.5
249.7
152.6
173.6
37.6
4,031
737. 0
639.8
266.8
83.2
108. 0
41.8
964.6
80. 5
230.7
207.1
19. 4
309.8
882. 2
736.6
31.2
108.1
620.5
251.8
155.1
175.7
37.8
3,947
756.1
665.0
266.8
83.9
109.2
42.0
919.8
82.2
212.7
190.8
20.0
310.4
848.0
706.1
32.4
103.1
613.6
248.6
153.2
174.1
37.7
Printing, publishing and allied industries. 1, 009. 2 1, 010. 0 1, 001. 2
Newspaper publishing and printing---351.3 353.0 347.0
70.9
70.7
Periodical publishing and printing____
84.2
84.6
Books
__ ___ ___ _ _________
320.1
321.5
321.3
Commercial printing_________ _______
53.4
53.7
54.0
Bookbinding and related industries----Other publishing and printing indus126.6 126.7 125.6
tries________________ . . -------------
999.4
350. 6
70. 9
82.9
316.1
52. 4
993.0
349.2
70.2
81.6
315.1
51.8
999.1
ó5¿. b
126. 5
Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial chemicals____ . _ ------Plastics materials and synthetics___ . .
Drugs__________ . . . . ________ _ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural ch em icals______________
Other chemical products.____________
942.9
294.2
212.0
120.4
106.6
66.1
57.7
85.9
938.5
294.8
210.6
119.9
102.0
65.3
61.5
84.4
929.8
293.5
209.7
119.7
101.0
65.0
57.6
83.3
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining__________________
Other petroleum and coal products___
176.2
140.3
35.9
174.9
140.2
34.7
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________________
Tires and inner t u b e s _______________
Other rubber products_______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
495.5
106.7
179.3
209.5
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except rubber_____________
Other leather products_______ _______
Handbags and personal leather goods.
. . ..
Railroad transportation________ _______
Class I railroads 3___________________
Local and interurban passenger transit__
Local and suburban transportation. . .
Taxicabs... . .
. . . . . . ___ ____
Intercity and rural bus lines _______
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing_________________
Air transportation____ _______ . . . . . .
Air transportation, common carriers. .
Pipeline transportation________________
Other transportation__________________
Communication____ . . . ____ ________
Telephone communication
.
Telegraph communication___ . . . . ._
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems______ . . .
Combined utility systems____ _______
Water, steam, and sanitary system s.. .
T ra n sp o rtatio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s .
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
27.8 0
82. 7
110. 4
41.4
954.1
78 8
242.1
216.2
18.8
308.3
891.6
744.6
31.2
109.4
619.1
251.4
154.9
175.0
37.8
984.1
347.6
70.1
79.7
311.5
51.6
981.4
347.6
69.6
80.2
307.5
53.2
978.8
348.7
68.5
79.6
306.5
52.7
975.3
346.7
68.2
79.1
307.1
52.1
967.3
341.7
67.7
79.7
306.7
50.9
977.3
345.9
69. 0
79.6
309. 0
51.3
950.5
336.0
68.3
76.6
301.9
49.1
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -2 .
803
E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e stab lish m en ts, b y i n d u s t r y 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[In thousands]
1966
1965
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
Wholesale and retail trade........ ..................... 12,913 12,871 12,700 12,617 12,716 13,638 12,960 12,736 12,639 12,574 12,583 12,596 12,437 12.588 12,132
Wholesale trade.............................................. 3, 321 3,313 3,305 3,299 3,303 3,345 3, 326 3,321 3,307 3,312 3 ,3Ó1 3, 269 3, 213 3,263 3,173
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
254.3 254.1 253.2 254.2 254.6 253.6 252.5 252.7 254.0 253.2 251.5 248.9 250.8 244.2
m ent_____ _____________ __________
199.4 199.8 199.0 198.8 201.9 199.6 198.3 197.6 197.6 196.4 195.5 194.3 196.1 191.4
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
142.9 143.2 142.3 140.0 142.1 141.8 141.2 140.1 141.1 139.8 138.5 135.9 138.5 133.8
Dry goods and apparel______________
481.4
483. 1 482.5 492.1 502.5 504.5 506.6 502.6 494.8 509.7 507.7 484.0 494.6 492.5
Groceries and related products_______
269.9 267.8 266.2 263.1 265.7 262.2 260. 4 261.9 264.0 261.8 257.9 254.0 257.2 242.7
Electrical goods_____________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
155.2 154.2 154.1 153.2 153.9 153.6 152.5 152.1 152.7 152.3 150.6 148.5 150. 2 145.9
goods____________________ _______ _
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
590.8 586.6 581.9 578.7 577.1 574.5 573.4 573.8 574.2 573.9 568.4 563.6 565. 6 544.9
Miscellaneous wholesalers____ _______
1,141.3 1,135. 2 1,132.9 1,128.7 1,142.9 1,137.9 1,135.6 1,131.0 1,136. 2 1,128.1 1,118. 0 1,104. 0 1,117.7 1, 076. 6
Retail trade__________________________ 9,592 9, 558 9,395 9,318 9, 413 10,293 9,634 9, 415 9,332 9,262 9,282 9,327 9,224 9,325 8,959
General merchandise stores__________
1, 877. 3 1,838. 7 1, 817.1 1,908.0 2,483. 2 2,060. 4 1,905. 0 1,838.3 1, 786. 4 1,778. 8 1, 793.9 1. 783. 6 1,869. 2 1, 761. 5
1, 174. 3 1,152. 7 1,138. 5 1. 200.1 1, 579. 7 1, 289.5 1,186. 3 1,139.7 1,110.2 1,108.3 1,115. 5 1,107.0 1 ,164. 9 1, 086. 2
Department stores__________________
Mail order houses________ ____ ______
114.3 116.0 118.4 130.1 162.9 148, 5 129.7 118.3 112.0 109.4 108.5 107.3 119. 5 108.3
317.9 308.8 300.3 313.5 413.4 341. 2 314.1 306.9 296.0 293.9 300.3 305.7 314. 5 309.2
Limited price variety stores___ ____ _
1, 533. 5 1, 533. 5 1, 527.1 1, 518.0 1,537.9 1,509. 6 1, 492. 6 1,469. 7 1,450.1 1, 464. 7 1, 468. 4 1,457.1 1,473.4 1,419. 9
Food sto res.......... ............... ............... ........
1, 361. 5 1. 364. 1 1, 356. 6 1,351.8 1,359.4 1,338.5 1,324.9 1,302.8 1, 285. 6 1,297. 3 1, 297.8 1, 287. 7 1,303.9 1,251.7
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores...
652.6 616. 1 607.7 628.6 762.4 648.9 629.9 621.7 598.7 595.2 620.9 624.3 630. 9 614.3
Apparel and accessories stores___ ______
109. 1 106.3 109.3 114.0 140.4 110.6 105.4 103.5 101.3 101.6 104.2 101.8 106. 5 100.1
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.............
229.5 222.6 218.5 226.2 271.0 236.3 231.1 226.5 220.9 217.0 225.0 228.0 229.8 228.3
Women’s ready-to-wear stores................
100.1
98.2 102.2 131.4 105. 5 100.8
98.3
99.3
Fam ily clothing stores_______________
96.6
97.4 102.7 101.8 104.2 103.2
140.4 118.0 113.4 117.3 138.3 121. 6 119.8 122.5 115.0 115.0 118.7 122.8 120.7 116.5
Shoe stores____ ____________________
417.8 418.5 417.9 418.3 437.3 423. 0 417.3 411.8 409.5 407.4 405.8 402.8 410.1 394.4
Furniture and appliance stores..................
270.3 269. 5 269.3 270.0 283.8 273.9 270.0 266.7 265.6 263.9 264.4 261.1 266.0 255.1
Furniture and home furnishings______
1, 943. 9 1, 899. 8 1, 871. 5 1,858.2 1,898. 5 1,900. 2 1,910.8 1,938. 3 1, 955.3 1, 964. 7 1,966. 9 1,923. 6 1,898. 4 1,836. 7
Eating and drinking places____________
3,133.1
3, 088. 7 3, 076. 7 3,081. 5 3,173. 5 3, 091. 4 3, 059.2 3, 052. 5 3, 062.1 3, 071. 0 3, 070. 8 3,032. 7 3, 042. 6 2,932. 6
Other retail trade_____________________
549.6 537.5 528.4 533. 4 548.1 548.8 547.0 551.2 562.0 562.3 553.7 540. 2 541.0 ' 532. 7
Building materials and hardware_____
1, 441. 4 1,439.1 1, 443. 5 1,451. 6 1, 442. 6 1,433.5 1, 432. 7 1, 437. 2 1, 442. 6 1,440. 7 1,419. 3 1,424.0 1,366. 0
1,
450.1
Auto dealers and service stations_____
746.1 746.2 744.0 743.0 741.0 738.2 734.9 730.1 731.3 733.3 728.8 721.2 725.6 ’ 692. 0
Motor vehicle dealers______________
180.6
176.7 175.0 178.3 189.0 184. 1 178.4 175.4 178.6 179.2 180.3 176.9 176.8 166.8
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
523.4 518.5 520.1 522.2 521.6 520.3 520.2 527.2 527.3 530.1 531.6 521.2 521.6 507.1
Gasoline service stations___________
1,
109.
8 1,109. 2 1,104.6 1,173.8 1,100. 0 1, 078. 7 1, 068. 6 1, 062. 9 1, 066.1 1, 076. 4 1, 073. 2 1, 077. 6 1, 033. 9
1,133.4
Miscellaneous retail stores___________
420.1 415.3 414.9 417. 3 437.7 416.3 409.6 404.6 401.6 404.0 404.3 399.7 406.0 ' 389.3
Drug stores___________ _______ ____
93.5
93.2
92.6
108.9
102.3
96.7
95.8
93.0
Farm and garden supply stores____
92.8
93.7
94.1
98. 2
99. 3
93. 5
108.6 113.5 117.5 118.9 115.5 110.8 107.8 103.1 101.5 101.3 102.6 102.7 108.3 108.3
Fuel and ice dealers..............................
Finance, insurance, and real estate______ 3,099
Banking_______________________________
Credit agencies other than banks....................... .
Savings and loan associations_____________
Personal credit institutions_______________
Security dealers and exchanges______________
Insurance carriers_____________________ ___
Life insurance_________________________
Accident and health insurance____________
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...------Insurance agents, brokers, and services..-------Real estate_______________________ ______
Operative builders________________ ______
Other finance, insurance, and real estate. ..........
Services and miscellaneous____________ 9,346
Hotels and lodging places___________ J _____
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels__________
Personal services_________________________
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants______
Miscellaneous business services_____________
Advertising___________________________
Credit reporting and collecting agencies______
Motion pictures_________________________
Motion picture filming and distrib
uting_________________________ ______
Motion picture theaters and services________
Medical and other health services____________
Hospitals_______________________ ______
Legal services_____________________ ______
Educational services________________
Elementary and secondary schools___
Higher educational institutions____________
Miscellaneous services____________________
Engineering and architectural services______
Nonprofit research organizations_____ ______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
---------
3,090
798.7
335.6
93.7
185.4
138.3
921.4
483.0
59.6
333.4
237.6
575.7
46.1
82.8
3,075
795.8
336.2
93.8
185.6
136.7
920.5
482.7
59.3
333.0
237. 1
566.2
44.9
82.5
3,054
792.3
334.7
93.9
184.0
133.8
918.5
483.2
58.2
331.6
235.3
557.5
43.1
82.0
3,049
790.2
336.3
95.0
184.6
131.0
917.1
483.6
57.8
329.9
233.7
559.0
43.5
81.6
3,064
791.6
336.4
94.5
184.5
131. 0
919.0
484.1
57.6
330.9
234.8
568.8
45.7
81.9
3,062
788.8
334.7
94.0
183.2
129.8
919.3
485.1
57.2
330.7
234.2
573.5
46.4
81.5
3,066
787.5
334.3
94.6
182.8
129. C
918.7
485.0
57.1
330.2
234.2
580.3
48.1
81.6
3,073
788.9
333.2
94.4
182.0
128.6
921.6
486.4
57.4
330.9
234.3
584.1
50.1
81.8
3,102
798.0
335.0
95.6
182.4
130.5
927.9
489.2
57.8
333.6
236.5
592.1
50.8
82.1
3,098
794.6
335.2
96.8
181.4
131.1
923.6
486.5
57.6
332.4
236.0
595.7
50.7
82.1
3,062
784.5
330.8
94.8
179.7
129.0
912.5
481.3
57.1
327.8
232.9
591.2
50.1
81.4
3,029
774.3
328.0
94.0
177.9
127.9
906.1
480.1
56.3
324.6
231.1
581.1
47.4
80.6
3,044
783.1
330.5
94.6
179.4
128.7
913.6
482.8
56.8
328.0
232. 7
573.9
46.9
81.4
2,964
764.4
316.0
93.8
166.6
125.8
895.2
475.1
55.9
319.4
225.6
557.8
46.2
79.4
9,243 9,112 9,030 8,959 9,046 9,054 9,073 9,039 9,062 9,081 9,008 8, £05 8,907 8,569
684. 3 657.2 651.1 636.9 645.2 648.4 666.7 708.6 799.9 793.3 712.2 675.7 678. C 639.9
631.6 608.9 603.6 589.5 595. 9 598.1 613.3 643.3 679.4 674.6 644.4 617.9 613.1 575.0
978.3 971.7 966.4 967.6 973.1 976.1 977.2 973.3 973.0 977.9 978.8 969.7 968.3 947.1
541.2 535.7 531.4 534.1 538.3 541.2 543.4 542.1 543.3 549.9 551.3 544.0 539.9 531.0
1,149. 4 1,138.1 1,128.4 1,113.1 1,127.9 1,110.4 1,105.3 1, 097. 5 1, 090. 0 1, 084. 9 1, 076. 6 1, 061. 4 1, 074. 9 1, 001. 6
114.7 114.5 114.4 113.7 113.6 113.9 114. 2 114.0 113.9 115.2 114.1 114.0 113.7 110.9
66.2
66.6
67.7
67.1
67.0
67.1
65.4
66.7
63.0
66.2
66.3
66.1
65.5
64.8
179.3 173.4 171.6 178.3 183.8 181.4 185.5 192.3 198.3 198.4 189.2 180.7 183.0 177.4
57.9
52.5
48.5
47.9
50.2
51.0
52.0
52.5
46.0
42.2
42.7
48.3
53.8
51.7
131.0 125.5 121.4 124.5 125. 9 128.9 133.8 141.3 145.8 146.4 143.2 138.5 134. 5 134.6
2, 249. 2 2, 237. 0 2,225. 3 2,210. 5 2, 203. 9 2, 202. 3 2,192. 9 2,184. 2 2,188. 4 2,189. 0 2,165. 4 2,141. 4 2,163. 5 2, 061. 4
1, 491. 8 1, 488. 7 1, 480. 4 1,471.2 1,469.1 1, 470. 2 1,466.5 1, 460.1 1, 461. 1 1, 463. 9 1, 450. 0 1, 439. 7 1,449.9 1,395. 0
183.8 184.5 182.9 181.7 184. 5 182.8 182.4 183.6 188.0 188.0 181.7 175.9 180. 6 173.8
1, 040. 3 1, 044. 4 1, 034. 5 1,022.2 1, 023. 8 1, 026.1 1,005.9 919.7 825.3 840.5 911.7 956.9 942.5 892.3
346.0 346.0 345.0 343.8 344.3 344.0 337.0 318.8 273.4 275.0 312.7 326.3 319.3 301.6
622.4 626.8 618.3 609.8 610.8 612.6 599.8 535.6 489.1 501.1 533.9 564.4 556.9 527.9
476.9 477.7 472.9 467.1 460.8 457.6 454. 5 458.5 459.7 457.5 446.2 437.0 448.6 425.3
261.7 260.2 257.2 255.2 252.6 250.7 248. 2 250.4 251.7 250.0 243.6 236.2 242.6 225.9
62.7
62.4
63.2
63.1
62.7
62. 7
62.2
63.3
62.9
63.9
63.9
61.7
62.8
62.6
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
804
T a b l e A -2 .
E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e stab lish m en ts, b y in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[In thousands]
1965
1966
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
. . _______ 10, 794 10, 726 10, 667 10, 556 10,427 10, 579 10,413 10,301 10,102 9,698 9,716 10,033 10,024 10, 051 9,595
Federal Governm ent4 ___________
2,520 2, 493 2, 460 2,431 2 ,4Ó6 2,543 2,402 2,384 2,377 2,408 2,407 2,374 2,338 2,378 2,348
Executive__ _ _ . . ________________
2, 461. 5 2,428. 8 2, 399. 7 2,375.4 2, 511.8 2,370. 4 2, 352. 7 2,345. 2 2,376.1 2,375.1 2,341. 9 2,307. 6 2,347. 0 2, 317. 5
Department of Defense____________
991.9 980.0 964.8 956.2 951. 6 955.7 949. 4 947.3 954.9 951.3 940.8 927.9 938.8 933.7
Post Office Department____ ___ _
652. 8 639. 5 632.4 624.4 771.5 617.8 608. 0 602.8 608.5 604.1 593.9 594.5 614.2 599.9
Other agencies____________________
816. 8 809. 3 802.5 794.8 788.7 796.9 795.3 795.1 812.7 819.7 807.2 785.2 793.9 783.9
25.0
26.4
25.9
25.0
24.5
25.8
26.2
25.4
25.2
24.9
25.6
Legislative__________________________
25.6
25.4
25. 4
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
Judicial____________________________
6. 0
6.0
State and local government5___________ 8,274 8,233 8, 207 8,125 8,021 8,036 8, Oil 7,917 7, 725 7,290 7,309 7, 659 7, 686 7,673 7,248
1,855.
6
2,
066.
2
1,
932.
8
1,
979.3
1,976.
8
1,981.
5
1,990.
5
1,935.
4
2,
064.
6
2,
092.9
2,
065.9
2,
045.
9
State government___________________
2,111.3 2,109. 6
State education_________________ .
793. 7 793.2 779.5 761.9 764.0 765.9 745.3 662.5 582.8 590.5 661.9 699.6 683.1 608.9
1,277.2
1,
246.
7
1,302.
2
1,317.
4
1,
298.5
1,350.0
1,344.9
1,302.7
1,300.
0
1,328.
0
1,300.6
1.
313.
4
Other state government___________
1,317.6 1, 316. 4
6,121. 8 6, 097. 8 6,032. 3 5,956.7 5,969.8 5,944. 6 5, 871. 2 5, 734. 3 5,357. 0 5,373.9 5, 679. 2 5, 709. 0 5,690.8 5,391. 8
Local government___________________
Local education____
__________
3, 518.9 3, 504. 7 3, 451.0 3, 388.6 3,394.9 3,369. 7 3,301.1 3,124. 7 2,681. 1 2,694. 7 3, 068. 5 3,180. 7 3,125. 5 2,906. 5
2, 602.9 2, 593.1 2, 581.3 2, 568.1 2, 574. 9 2,574. 9 2, 570.1 2, 609. 6 2,675. 9 2, 679. 2 2,610. 7 2, 528.3 2, 565. 3 2,485.3
Other local government____________
Government _____
1 Beginning with the January 1966 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1964 bench
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-65 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-3). Statistics from April 1964 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
4 Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for
the last day of the month.
5 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
805
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -3 .
P ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk ers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y in d u s try 1
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[inthousands]
1966
1965
A nnual
average
In d u stry
A p r .2
492
449
7 0 .2
2 1 .0
2 6 .3
479
69. 3
20. 3
26. 1
476
69. 5
2 0 .7
2 6 .0
482
6 9 .3
2 0 .6
2 5 .8
491
6 9 .7
2 1 .3
25. 6
495
7 0 .2
2 2 .1
25. 4
494
6 8 .9
2 2 .3
24. 0
490
6 9 .4
2 2 .4
2 4 .2
501
70. 8
22. 6
25. 3
502
69. 9
22. 7
2 4 .6
502
7 0 .1
22. 9
25. 0
493
69. 0
22. 8
24 3
492
69. 3
2 2 .1
24 6
496
65. 8
21 1
22. 0
8 7 .1
78. 7
124. 0
115. 4
1 2 5 .1
1 1 6 .0
1 2 5 .1
1 1 5 .9
1 2 6 .1
116. 5
126. 6
1 1 6 .9
125. 5
115. 9
118. 3
10 8 . 8
1 2 1 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 2 0 .7
110. 7
1 2 3 .7
114. 5
124 4
1 1 5 .4
1 2 4 .6
115. 2
129 9
119. 7
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l ga s C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l g a s fie ld s .
O il a n d g a s f ie l d s e r v i c e s _______
.
1 9 1 .1
8 3 .3
107. 8
191. 7
83. 4
108. 3
1 9 1 .7
8 3 .5
1 0 8 .2
1 9 4 .3
8 4 .2
1 1 0 .1
197. 2
8 5 .0
112. 2
195. 7
8 4 .9
1 1 0 .8
195. 2
8 5 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 9 6 .9
8 7 .1
109. 8
2 0 2 .3
8 9 .9
112. 4
2 0 5 .1
9 0 .0
1 1 5 .1
2 0 3 .7
8 9 .2
114. 5
1 9 8 .1
8 6 .4
111 7
1 9 8 .4
8 7 .1
111. 3
2 0 4 .2
9 1 .5
112 7
Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e ta llic m in in g . _ _
C r u s h e d a n d b r o k e n s t o n e ___
101. 0
36. 3
93. 5
32. 6
9 0 .1
3 0 .6
9 2 .8
32 . 5
9 8 .4
35. 5
102. 5
3 7 .1
1 0 3 .9
3 8 .1
1 0 5 .8
3 8 .3
106. 6
38. 8
1 0 6 .3
39. 0
104. 5
37. 7
101 0
36 5
9 9 .4
3 5 .8
96 3
34. 5
M in in g ,
M e ta l m in in g ..
I r o n o r e s ______ _ .
_
C o p p e r o r e s ,.
_____
C o a l m i n i n g ___
B itu m in o u s ..
- ____
_.
____
____
.
___
_
C o n tr a c t c o n s t r u c t io n ____
G en er a l b u ild in g c o n tr a c to r s . .
_ .
H e a v y c o n s tr u c t io n .. .
. . .
. . .
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n _____
O t h e r h e a v y c o n s t r u c t io n
S p e c ia l tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s .
P l u m b i n g , h e a t in g , a n d a ir c o n d i t i o n in g „ _
_
_ __ _
_
P a in t in g , p a p e r h a n g in g ,
a n d decor a tin g ..
E le c tr ic a l w o r k .. . .
M a s o n r y , p l a s t e r in g , s t o n e a n d t i l e
w o r k ___ .
.
R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l w o r k . . . _____
2 ,8 4 9
M a n u f a c t u r i n g . _ __
D u r a b l e g o o d s ____ _________ __ __ _ ._
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ____________________
M ar.
2 ,7 0 5
898. 3
523. 6
2 5 8 .0
2 6 5 .6
1, 2 8 3 .4 1,
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
M ay2
A ug.
J u ly
June
2 ,3 6 5
2 ,9 7 5
2 ,4 8 9
2 ,7 1 7
2 ,8 8 4
3 ,0 8 5
2 ,9 2 7
2 ,5 2 5
3 ,0 0 8
2 ,9 8 7
9 6 5 .1
7 9 3 .7
952. 5
8 4 1 .7
912 6
846. 3
936. 6
992. 4
957 3
935. 4
3 8 2 .5
4 1 5 .6
495 7
593. 8
6 4 2 .3
652. 2
679 5
650 0
426. 9
636 3
1 6 3 .2
3 5 4 .6
1 8 3 .7
237. 0
3 1 4 .0
3 7 8 .3
361. 2
3 4 9 .6
186. 8
358. 3
2 1 9 .3
2 3 1 .9
2 8 7 .7
240. 1
258 7
2 9 3 .9
2 7 9 .8
301 2
288 8
286 7
252. 2 1 ,1 8 8 .5 1 ,2 3 1 .6 1 ,3 0 8 .4 1 ,3 5 3 . 4 1 ,3 8 0 .3 1 ,3 9 1 .1 1 ,4 1 2 .9 1 ,3 7 9 .9 1 ,3 5 4 . 8
M ay
1965
1964
2 ,7 3 1
2 ,7 4 5
866 5
880. 6
577 7
547 6
2 8 5 .1
311 4
266 8
262. 5
1 , 30o! 8 1 ,3 0 2 . 9 1,
2 ,6 0 2
823 9
526 5
278 4
248 1
2 5 1 .2
2 9 9 .6
296. 3
2 8 9 .3
2 9 8 .9
307. 5
3 1 1 .4
3 1 4 .9
313. 5
317. 2
3 1 2 .9
3 0 5 .1
2 9 3 .3
3 0 1 .9
2 8 7 .3
113. 8
195. 7
107 1
191. 9
1 0 1 .4
1 8 7 .9
1 0 2 .7
1 8 9 .8
117 4
1 9 7 .1
128. 0
1 9 8 .2
1 3 7 .3
1 9 7 .1
143 3
199 9
146 7
203. 9
137 5
1 9 8 .6
135 5
191. 6
128 7
1 8 5 .9
125. C
1 9 1 .7
125 6
1 7 5 .6
2 1 7 .1
8 7 .2
215 4
84. 9
1 9 2 .8
7 7 .5
1 9 3 .8
8 5 .5
212 9
9 5 .1
222. 6
9 7 .2
2 3 0 .7
9 9 .0
235 6
9 6 .6
234 5
98. 9
231 6
95. 2
228 5
93. 4
228 2
89 2
220. 0
9 0 .9
220 7
87. 5
14, 014
8, 256
5 ,7 5 8
13, 921
8 ,1 9 3
5 ,7 2 8
13, 828
8 ,0 9 8
5 ,7 3 0
1 3 ,7 2 7
8, 024
5, 703
13 ,5 7 1
7 ,9 2 9
5, 642
1 3 ,7 2 4
7 ,9 6 8
5 ,7 5 6
1 3 ,7 7 0
7 ,9 4 9
5 ,8 2 1
1 3 ,7 5 4
7 ,9 0 0
5 ,8 5 4
1 3 ,7 7 3
7, 887
5 ,8 8 6
1 3 ,5 4 0
7 ,6 8 3
5 ,8 5 7
1 3 ,3 6 1
7 ,7 0 1
5 ,6 6 0
1 3 ,4 1 2
7, 750
5 ,6 6 2
1 3 ,1 8 0
7 ,6 2 1
5, 559
1 3 ,3 7 6
7 ,6 9 3
5 ,6 8 4
1 2 ,7 6 9
7 ,2 0 9
5, 560
1 2 5 .2
8 1 .8
3 7 .6
1 2 1 .6
8 0 .5
5. 7
3 5 .4
1 2 0 .2
7 9 .2
5. 6
3 5 .4
1 1 7 .8
7 7 .7
5. 5
3 4 .6
1 1 4 .3
7 5 .6
5 .3
3 3 .4
1 0 8 .0
7 3 .6
5. 2
2 9 .2
1 0 9 .9
7 2 .3
5. 3
3 2 .3
1 0 8 .2
7 0 .7
5 1
3 2 .4
1 0 6 .4
6 9 .0
5 .0
3 2 .4
1 0 2 .3
6 6 .5
4 .9
3 0 .9
1 0 0 .5
6 5 .8
4. 8
2 9 .9
9 8 .8
6 4 .8
4. 7
2 9 .3
9 7 .7
6 4 .5
4 .7
2 8 .5
1 0 2 .2
6 7 .2
5 .0
3 0 .0
1 0 6 .1
6 9 .3
5 .9
3 0 .9
5 4 5 .6
2 3 3 .4
5 3 4 .8
2 3 0 .0
5 2 7 .4
2 2 7 .2
5 2 1 .9
2 2 2 .7
5 2 1 .6
2 2 5 .4
5 3 3 .1
2 2 8 .7
5 4 0 .0
2 3 1 .1
5 4 3 .1
2 3 1 .9
5 4 9 .5
2 3 5 .4
5 5 8 .1
2 3 8 .6
5 5 3 .4
2 3 6 .7
5 5 2 .6
2 3 8 .8
5 3 0 .7
2 3 1 .3
5 3 2 .2
2 2 9 .5
5 3 0 .2
2 3 1 .0
1 3 7 .0
3 2 .4
6 6 .9
1 3 7 .7
3 1 .7
6 6 .4
1 3 5 .2
3 0 .6
6 5 .9
1 3 4 .9
3 0 .5
6 5 .6
1 3 4 .4
3 0 .6
6 4 .4
1 3 6 .0
3 0 .6
6 4 .8
1 3 6 .9
3 0 .4
6 5 .3
1 3 7 .8
3 0 .8
6 5 .0
1 3 8 .7
3 1 .2
6 4 .7
1 4 1 .7
3 1 .8
6 5 .2
1 3 9 .9
3 1 .6
6 4 .0
1 3 8 .5
3 2 .8
6 4 .3
1 3 3 .6
3 1 .6
6 3 .0
1 3 5 .2
3 1 .1
6 3 .9
1 3 3 .4
3 1 .7
6 0 .2
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ____ __
...
...
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e ___
O ffic e f u r n i t u r e ____
P a r t it io n s ; o ffic e a n d s t o r e f i x t u r e s _____
O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____
3 7 2 .6
2 8 0 .6
3 7 1 .0
2 8 0 .4
22. 5
3 3 .3
3 4 .8
3 7 0 .8
2 7 9 .7
23 6
32. 9
3 4 .6
3 6 6 .9
2 7 8 .0
23. 4
3 1 .2
3 4 .3
3 6 6 .2
2 7 5 .6
2 3 .3
3 2 .9
3 4 .4
3 6 8 .5
2 7 7 .4
23 1
3 3 .1
3 4 .9
3 6 7 .2
2 7 6 .2
2 2 .8
3 3 .1
3 5 .1
3 6 6 .0
2 7 3 .5
23 0
34. 0
3 5 .5
3 6 4 .0
2 7 0 .7
2 3 .1
3 4 .3
3 5 .9
3 5 9 .9
2 6 8 .5
22. 7
3 4 .1
3 4 .6
3 5 3 .1
2 6 1 .6
2 2 .1
33. 2
3 6 .2
3 5 5 .3
2 6 4 .6
22 3
32. 2
3 6 .2
3 4 9 .7
2 6 1 .7
2 2 .1
3 1 .1
3 4 .8
3 5 6 .3
2 6 6 .5
2 2 .4
3 2 .3
3 5 .1
3 3 7 .1
2 5 1 .1
21. 7
2 9 .7
3 4 .5
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ____ . . .
F l a t g l a s s __________ . .
G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n .
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ____
. . . .
. . .
____
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ___
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _____ .
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p r o d u c t s ___
.
. . .
O t h e r s t o n e a n d m in e r a l p r o d u c t s . . .
5 1 4 .7
5 1 1 .4
26. 4
1 0 2 .8
2 9 .1
6 1 .0
36. 4
495. 7
26 1
1 0 0 .8
2 7 .6
5 8 .8
3 6 .8
4 8 7 .7
2 6 .1
1 0 0 .2
2 7 .4
5 8 .1
3 5 .9
4 8 9 .2
2 6 .4
9 8 .8
2 8 .0
5 9 .2
3 5 .3
4 9 9 .6
26 8
9 9 .1
2 9 .2
6 0 .0
3 6 .4
5 0 7 .8
27. 0
9 9 .9
3 0 .0
6 1 .0
3 7 .2
5 1 1 .3
26 9
9 9 .9
3 0 .2
6 1 .5
37. 7
5 1 8 .9
2 6 .8
1 0 1 .1
3 0 .7
6 2 .3
3 8 .1
5 1 6 .4
2 6 .3
1 0 1 .3
3 0 .9
6 1 .7
36. 6
5 1 1 .7
25. 9
1 0 0 .0
3 1 .0
6 2 .6
3 5 .0
5 0 6 .9
24 8
1 0 0 .8
3 0 .8
6 1 .5
3 5 .1
4 9 6 .8
25. 0
9 9 .3
3 0 .0
5 9 .6
35. 6
4 9 8 .7
2 5 .9
9 9 .0
2 9 .7
5 9 .9
3 6 .1
4 9 2 .2
2 4 .8
9 7 .2
3 0 .3
5 9 .2
3 6 .2
1 3 6 .8
1 0 0 .1
1 2 8 .9
98. 1
1 2 4 .7
9 6 .8
1 2 6 .6
9 6 .7
1 3 2 .6
9 7 .2
1 3 7 .2
9 7 .1
1 3 9 .5
9 7 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 4 2 .9
9 9 .5
1 4 1 .1
9 8 .9
1 4 0 .8
9 6 .7
1 3 7 .2
9 3 .8
1 3 4 .3
9 6 .7
1 3 3 .4
9 4 .8
Durable qoods
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ____
__________
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t ___
O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ______ .
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts,
excep t
f u r n it u r e ___________ . . .
_____ . . . __
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ____
M il l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d r e la t e d p r o d . . .
_
u c t s ____ ____ . . .
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ____ _ . . __ . . . __
M is c e ll a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ___ „ _
3 4 .9
1 0 4 .0
2 9 .7
6 2 .1
1 3 8 .9
9 8 .2
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ________________
1, 0 8 1 .4 1, 076. 4 1, 060. 3 1, 0 4 9 .2 1 ,0 3 5 .3 1, 025. 9 1 ,0 1 7 .3 1 ,0 3 1 .6 1 ,0 6 8 .9 1 ,0 7 5 .8 1 ,0 7 9 . 6 1 ,0 8 4 . 7 1 ,0 6 5 .7 1 ,0 5 5 .0 1 ,0 0 1 .9
5 4 0 .8
B l a s t fu r n a c e a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s ..
5 0 1 .3
4 9 4 .4
5 1 1 .0
5 4 5 .3
5 1 5 .8
4 9 6 .7
553. 7
533. 0
5 0 9 .6
5 6 3 .6
565. 4
5 6 7 .1
520. 6
1 9 3 .2
1 8 1 .7
I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s _____ .". . _ ____
1 9 8 .9
2 0 1 .2
1 9 2 .3
1 9 2 .5
1 9 5 .6
1 9 2 .1
2 0 2 .1
2 0 0 .0
1 9 7 .7
1 9 3 .4
1 9 5 .6
1 9 3 .8
199. 1
5 6 .1
N o n f e r r o u s s m e l t i n g a n d r e f i n i n g _______
5 7 .4
5 3 .3
5 8 .2
5 6 .2
5 7 .4
5 6 .3
5 7 .5
5 6 .4
5 7 .7
5 7 .1
5 6 .9
5 5 .8
5 7 .7
5 7 .4
N o n f e r r o u s r o llin g , d r a w i n g , a n d e x 1 4 7 .4
t r u d i n g ______ __ _ . . . ____
... .
1 4 0 .9
1 5 3 .8
1 5 1 .6
1 5 6 .2
1 5 1 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 5 0 .6
1 5 7 .0
1 5 7 .2
1 4 6 .5
1 4 6 .8
1 4 8 .1
1 4 6 .5
1 5 6 .9
6 5 .3
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s ___
__ __________
6 8 .4
6 1 .7
6 6 .7
6 7 .9
6 9 .8
6 8 .6
6 6 .5
6 5 .5
6 5 .0
6 4 .0
7 0 .3
7 0 .3
6 4 .5
7 0 .1
M i s c e l l a n e o u s p r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s 52.2
48.5
t r i e s ______________ . . .
5 5 .5
5 3 .6
5 4 .4
5 3 .4
5 5 .9
5 4 .3
5 1 .0
51.9
5 6 .1
5 2 .6
52.5
5 6 .1
5 6 .2
Fabricated metal products..
___
1, 038. 5 1,033. 4 1, 023. 4 1,018.5 1,011.5 1,016.3 1, 016. 7 1,004.5
Metal ca n s...
_____ _. . ______
50.9
50.8
51.8
52.3
54.7
53.4
52.6
51.8
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware. _
129.6 129.7 129.4 128.1 127.7 125.7 126.8 123.8
Heating equipment and plumbing
60.2
fixtures______
...
_ ..
61.0
60.6
60.9
61.4
60. 0
61.1
61.2
Fabricated structural metal products.
287.8 284.0 279. 1 279.2 279.9 284.2 286.0 282.8
76.7
76.4
Screw machine products, bolts, e tc ...
77.3
75.5
79.3
78.6
78.2
74.8
Metal stampings______ . . . _ _.
192.2 193.8 194.2 193.3 192.4 193.8 192.3 190. 0
65.2
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
63.3
64.3
66.2
63.9
65.9
65.9
63.3
52.5
52.8
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
52.7
52.2
51.2
53.1
53.3
53.3
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products___ _____________ .
114.2 113.6 109.5 109.9 107.9 107.7 106.8 106.8
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
998.8
55.9
978.6
56.0
973.5
55.2
984.3
54.6
967.9
54.1
976.0
51.4
912.5
52.6
122.6
119.7
117.6
122.8
123.1
122.6
113.1
60.8
283.3
74.7
184.0
62.4
50.8
59.4
283.9
73.6
170.3
61.0
50.3
59.5
281.1
72.8
173.4
59.9
50.2
60.2
275.9
73.4
180.2
61.1
50.4
59.1
265.2
72.8
179.7
60.5
49.3
59.7
271.9
73.4
180.9
61.7
50.2
60.6
252.7
69.6
161.1
59.5
46.3
104.3
104.4
103.8
105.7
104.1
104.2
97.0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
806
T a b l e A -3 .
P ro d u c tio n o r n o n su p e rv iso ry w orkers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y
in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[in thousands]
1966
1965
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr. 2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery____ _._ _ __ __________ _ 1,294.2 1,285.6 1,276.8 1,266. 3 1, 250. 5 1, 242.1 1,226. 0 1,211.5 1,211.5 1,195.6 1,203.6 1,205. 5 1,192. 4 1,199. 2 1,117.8
64.4
66.3
65.0
64.6
Engines and turbines_____ _______
66.7
65.7
63.8
63.0
61.4
62.0
61.7
61.6
59.6
61.6
58.4
110.4 108.7 105.1 102. 0
110.2
98.2
95.7
Farm machinery and equipment_____
95. 8
98.6
97. 3
97. 2
99. 0
99. 4
92. 0
Construction and related machinery__
184.2 181.5 178.9 177.4 173.9 172.9 174.6 172.8 173.6 170.4 173.8 171.3 170.3 171.2 159.5
Metalworking machinery and equip243.4 243.1 241.1 240.3 235.9 234.3 229.4 226.8 227.5 223.3 224.6 226.9 225.1 225.3 211.4
_ _ ______
m ent______ ______
Special industry machinery_______ _
137.1 136.2 137.2 136.4 137.0 135.6 134.6 133.4 133. 5 132.0 131.8 132.2 131.9 132.1 124.2
General industrial machinery.......... ...
185.3 183.7 184.4 182.5 181.0 180.5 177.6 176.6 175.3 176.6 176. 1 176.2 173.1 173.9 163. 1
Office, computing, and accounting
machines___________ _ ___ _____ _ 130.6 129.0 127.8 126.2 125.9 126.2 124.9 122.6 120.9 117.8 114.5 113.7 111.9 116. C 103.0
79.4
Service industry machines___________
80.6
76.6
77.0
75.7
75.2
76.1
74.8
75.5
75.3
81.5
80.4
77.4
81.3
72.8
Miscellaneous machinery___ _
_ ...
156.3 156.2 154.7 152.8 151.0 150.5 148.1 145.4 145. 9 143.0 142.6 143. 1 140.7 143.1 133.4
Electrical equipment and supplies_____ 1,299. 8 1,289.1 1,265. 3 1,261. 2 1,244. 7 1,240.6 1,221. 3 1,202.9 1,180.2 1,147. 8 1,131.9 1,135. 5 1,113.9 1,146.1 1,038.5
Electric distribution equip m ent-------130.3 129.3 127.9 126.2 125.7 125. 0 123.7 121.9 120.9 119. 4 117. 5 116. 2 114.4 1 1 7 . 5 109. 0
Electrical industrial apparatus____ __ 149.6 149.2 147.6 145.6 144.1 142.6 139.4 138.2 136.7 136.2 136.7 135.8 133.1 134.8 122.7
Household appliances.
_ ________ 147.3 145.2 131.7 141.7 137.3 137.6 134.1 132.6 131.0 124.6 129.0 130.5 132.2 131.3 124.7
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent____ __ _ ____ _ ________ _
143.7 142.1 140.8 139.3 137. C 137.1 136.3 134.1 133.2 128. 1 127.3 129.5 127.4 130. C 121.9
Radio and TV receiving sets__ _ _____ 124.1 124.7 126.1 126.4 127.4 129.2 127.6 125.1 121.5 116. 2 109.6 108.5 100.4 110.9
92.7
Communication equipm ent..
240.2 238.2 235.1 232.0 229.7 228.1 224.0 220.2 216. 6 212. 7 210.2 210.8 209.8 214.1 202.8
Electronic components and accessories.. 283.1 279.9 276.1 271.4 264.7 259.7 254.1 248.0 238.7 232.4 226.9 227.8 221.4 230. C 193.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_______ _ ___________
80.0
78.6
81.5
80.5
78.8
81.3
81.6
76.4
77.5
82.1
78.2
75.2
82.8
74.7
70.9
Transportation equipment_____________ 1, 363. 7 1,358.4 1,354. 6 1, 340. 5 1,318. 4 1,323.8 1,313. 8 1,290. 6 1,270.2 1,144. 0 1,217.9 1,244. 4 1,239.5 1,241.0 1,120.3
Motor vehicles and equipment
696. C 698.8 696.1 687.5 706. 0 706. 4 696.6 681. 6 567.7 659. 5 678. 0 672. 5 667.3 581. 1
Aircraft and parts__ '__ ' _ ____ _ _ _ _ 431.0 425.4 417.2 408.4 400.2 391.4 381.2 369.0 364.4 355.6 350.1 340.6 342.3 352. 9 337.7
Ship and boat building and repairing.__ 142.4 143.3 149.3 148.3 145.1 137.4 135.6 136.6 133.8 130.9 118.8 136.0 136.2 133.1 121.1
44.3
44.9
44.3
42.4
Railroad eq u ip m en t.. . .......................
46.1
44.7
44. 1
43. C 43.1
44. 5
41.9
42. 8
43. 5
38. 7
44. 4
43.4
41.3
Other transportation equipm ent__ ___
47.6
44.6
41. 7
44.3
46.3
46. 7
46.3
45. 5
46.1
46.5
47. 4
Instruments and related products.- . . . .
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control devices. _ __ ______
____ _ _ ___
Optical and ophthalmic goods____ _ _
Ophthalmic goods....... _ ._
.. ...
Surgical, medical, and dental equipmentPhotographic equipment and supplies _
Watches and clocks . . . . ______ .
268.9
266.4
36.9
266.0
37.5
263.2
37.4
259.6
37.0
258.2
36.8
256.5
36.6
254.3
36.9
254.1
36.6
249.5
35.7
247.2
35.8
245.4
35.7
237.6
31.7
246.4
35.6
233.8
35.9
68.7
35.7
68.4
35.8
26.3
44.1
53.1
28.1
67.9
35.5
26.1
44.0
52.3
28.8
67.2
35.2
25.9
43.3
51.9
28.2
66.6
34.4
25.1
42.4
51.1
28.1
66.4
34.5
25. 2
41.9
50.6
28. 0
65.9
34.3
25.1
41.4
50.3
28. 0
64.5
34.0
24.9
40.8
50.3
27. 8
66.0
33.7
24.6
40.6
49.8
27. 4
65. 1
32. 7
23. 7
40.2
49.8
26.0
65.6
32.6
23. 6
39.6
48.8
24. 8
65.5
32.7
23.9
39.8
47. 1
24. 6
64.7
32.7
23. 9
39.1
45.4
24. 0
65.1
33.1
24.1
39.9
47.4
25.4
63.1
31.0
22. 4
37.5
42.8
23.4
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods _
Pens, pencils, office and art materials
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries____.
Musical instruments and parts
350.9
37.2
345.1 337.8
37. C 36.7
98.5
92.8
26.2
25.9
45.6
45.1
137.8 137.3
22.2
22.3
330.3
36.3
88.4
25.3
44.3
136.0
22.1
317.6
35.1
82.8
23.9
42.1
133.7
21.9
352. 0
36.4
107.5
26. 3
45.6
136.2
22.1
372.7
36.3
125.0
26. 4
46.7
138.3
22.1
375.5
36.4
127.9
25.8
46.5
138.9
21.5
364.9
35.9
121. 1
25. 5
45.3
137. 1
21. 1
354.7
35.2
114.4
25. 2
45.4
134.5
20. 5
328.6
32.5
102.4
24. 3
42. 1
127.3
19. 9
336.1
34.8
100.5
24.3
43.9
132.6
20. 4
329.0
35. 1
95.2
24.1
43.0
131.6
19. 9
44.4
53.1
137.9
339.5 318.7
35. C 34. 1
102.4
88.3
24.7
23.6
44.3
45.1
133. C 127.6
20. 6
18. 2
Nondurable aoods
Food and kindred products ____________________
Meat products__________ __________
Dairy products_____ . . . _______ ____
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
Grain mill p r o d u c ts..___ __ ______________
Bakery products... ______ . . . _ _ __
Sugar _
_ _ .
_____ _
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages__________ ______________
Miscellaneous food and kindred products___ ____ _ _ ________________
Tobacco manufactures __ ______ ______
Cigarettes......... .
_
_____
C igars___
_
.
___ __
Textile mill products... _______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics________ _
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad w oolens._
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
K nitting.. . _ . _ _ _______ ____ _ __
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering. _
Yarn and thread______ _ _ _ _____ _
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
,
081.8 1,074.6 1, 075.3 1,073. 6 1,088.3 1,135.9 1,193. 9 1,232.5 1,265. 9 1.255. 7 1,175. 2 1,124.2 1, 080. 2 1,146.4 1,154.3
236.9 233.8 234.4 236.3 237.4 248.7 253.5 252.9 249.7 249.6 245.7 241.8 236.8 244.6 250.4
127.7 126.3 124.4 123.3 122.7 125.1 125.7 127.5 131.6 137. 1 138.3 137.0 132.4 130.7 134.7
83.5
159.3
57.1
114.2
189 5 182. 9 184. 4
83.0
84.5
84.3
159.7 160.4 159.3
23.9
25. C 26.6
56.9
62.5
62.5
113. C 110.9 105.9
188. 0
84.1
160.1
34.4
62.7
107.1
200 8
85.1
162.1
40. 6
67.7
111.3
288 fi
85.9
165.3
44 2
68.8
115.5
273 8
89.8
165.4
41 7
68.3
117.2
329 3
89.9
165. 1
24. 1
66.3
116.5
318 8
89.9
166.5
23. 4
62.3
116.8
947 0
89.2
167.8
22.6
55.3
117.5
199 6
90.6
166.5
22. 9
57.9
116.8
176 5
86.9
164.4
23. 2
57.9
112.8
221 8
87.7
164.5
29.1
62.5
113.1
21 fi 1
9o! 3
166.5
30. 6
62.2
111. 7
88.3
88.5
90.3
91.0
91.8
94.5
96.4
95.9
93.4
91.3
91.8
91.1
89.3
92.3
92.8
60.4
61.9
31. C
20. 1
64.0
30.5
19.9
67.2
30. 5
20.2
69.7
30.2
19.9
76.1
31.3
21.8
74.8
31 4
22.1
86.0
31.5
22.1
85.7
32. 2
21. 7
77.6
32. 0
21. 4
62.8
31. 4
20. 7
63.1
31. 5
21. 7
62.8
31. 0
21. 2
72.1
31.4
21.7
77.4
31.1
23. 7
846.7
218.2
84.1
38. S
27.2
214.5
63.8
844.1
217.5
84.3
38.6
27.2
212.6
63.9
33.4
105.8
60.8
840.0
217.2
84.4
38.7
27.1
208. 5
63.6
33.6
105.9
61.0
833.5
216.4
83.9
38.4
26.8
204. C
63.4
34.2
105.6
60.8
827.6
216.3
83.7
37.9
26.5
199.8
63.4
34.4
105.2
60.4
833.9
216.2
83.8
37.8
26.6
20o. 7
63.6
34.8
105.2
60.2
837.8
214.2
83.6
37.6
26.3
214.3
63. k
34. 6
103.9
60.2
835.3
212.8
82.8
37.7
26.4
216.4
63.0
34.3
102.7
59.2
832.0
211.5
82. 1
38.4
26.4
215.7
63.2
33. 8
102.2
58.7
830. 1
211.9
82.0
38.5
26.0
215.4
63.6
32. 7
102.0
58.0
816.0
211.4
80.8
38.2
24.8
208.3
63.3
32. 0
99.9
57.3
826.3
211.9
81.5
38.9
26.1
210.7
64.8
32.3
101.3
58.8
816.6
210.7
80.4
38.6
25. 7
206.1
64.7
32.6
99.9
57.9
821.4
211.9
81.8
38.1
25.9
206.8
64.2
33.3
797.5
209.0
81.3
39.2
24.6
193.4
65.3
31. 9
96.8
56. 1
106.7
60.1
1 0 1 .1
58.2
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -3 .
807
P ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk ers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y
in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[inthousands]
1966
Annual
average
1966
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
M a n u fa c tu rin g —Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products__________ 1, 237.0 1, 222.9 1, 244.1 1, 236. 2 1,178.6 1,219.5 1,228. 4 1,229.3 1, 229.4 1, 223. 6 1,164. 9 1, 207. 8 1,183. 9 1,202. 9 1,157.8
109.0 107.5 108.4 108.2 107.0 108.7 107.2 105.8 108.3 108.0 100.3 108.5 107.3 106.4 102.6
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats--------333.5 330.4 329.4 326.4 322.9 323.6 325.3 325.5 325.2 325.6 315.1 322.8 317.6 318.2 297.3
M en’s and boys’ furnishings________
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_________
_________ _______ 374.1 368.0 384.0 384.7 353.8 373.2 371.8 372. 2 375.7 377.2 357.5 370.3 357.3 369.6 361.5
Women’s and children’s undergar113.4 113.6 113.4 111.9 107.1 111.9 114.5 114.1 113.3 111.9 104.0 109.4 108.3 109.8 107.5
m ents______ - ----------------- --------26. 4
24.2
28.9
25.6
26.9
28.6
25.7
27.4
26. 5
28.1
26.9
24.8
24. 6
Hats ea.ps and millinery
26. 7
71.3
73.4
71.0
70.0
73.5
73.7
70.7
69.1
67.8
70.6
71.7
70.5
73.7
70.9
69.5
Girls’ and children’s outerwear----------69.1
66.5
68.7
65.0
65.6
63.7
64. 8
58.6
67.3
Fur goods and mi seellaneons apparel
68. 9
62. 8
65. 2
63.8
62.7
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod143.0 141.7 141.2 138.7 134.4 143.0 145.3 144.9 140.0 133.8 127.8 133.1 134.1 136.4 129.9
ucts______________________________
Paper and allied products--------------------Paper and pulp------ -----------------------Paperboard___ - ------------Converted paper and paperboard products___ ______ ____________________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries -------------------------Newspaper publishing and printing—
Periodical publishing and printing, . . .
Books
_____________
Commercial printing...
. ------------Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries ____________________________
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals_________________
Plastics materials and synthetics_____
Drugs______________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods____ _
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals___ __________
Other chemical products.. __________
Petroleum refining and related industries_____ ________________ _______
Petroleum refining. ________________
Other petroleum and coal products___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________________
Tires and inner tubes________ . . . . . .
Other rubber products. . . . ________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except rubber____ _
___
Other leather products... __________
Handbags and personal leather goods.
512.5
168.3
53. 9
510.9
167.6
53.8
506.9
166.7
53. 5
504.3
166.2
53.5
504.4
166.6
53.7
508.6
167.4
53.9
507.1
166.4
54.0
504.7
166.7
53.8
506.1
168.8
54.7
502.9
171.5
52.5
498.6
171.2
54.2
499.0
169.9
54.6
490.1
166.0
53.2
497.2
167.5
53.6
488.7
169.8
53.0
121.8
168. 5
121.9
167.6
120.3
166.4
118.8
165.8
118.2
165.9
119.1
168.2
118.7
168.0
117. 5
166.7
117.7
164.9
117.7
161.2
114.7
158.5
114.4
160.1
113.3
157.6
115.2
161.0
111.9
154.0
641. 6
178. 0
637. 6
175. 7
25. 5
53. 0
251. 6
635.3
177.7
25.6
52.0
248.0
635.3
179.8
25.4
49 9
248.8
634. 0
179.3
25. b
49. 2
248.1
630.4
179.9
25.3
48.9
245.7
625.7
177.6
25.4
49.0
244.1
621.7
176.3
25.0
49.1
240.3
44 . 0
630.4
176.9
25.2
50 8
247.3
616.4
175.5
24.1
48.6
239.9
613.1
173.8
24.4
49.2
239.7
4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
241.8
601.4
169.9
25.9
47.1
235.8
4 2 .9
42. 7
617.9
176.4
24.1
48.7
238.9
619. 6
175.8
24.9
252.0
44. 7
642.9
179.3
25.1
53.1
252.3
44. 3
4 2 .1
4 3 .7
4 3 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .9
3 9 .6
8 8 .6
88. 8
8 7 .8
8 9 .1
8 7 .9
8 8 .6
9 8 .1
8 8 .4
8 7 .5
8 7 .3
8 6 .6
8 5 .9
8 4 .6
8 6 .2
8 3 .2
5 6 6 .0
165 . 8
141 . 9
63 . 5
6 3 .9
3 7 .1
3 8 .8
55. 0
5 6 4 .4
166 . 7
140 . 6
63 . 4
6 1 .1
36. 2
42 . 6
53 . 8
5 5 6 .5
166 . 2
139 . 4
63. 0
60. 4
36 . 1
38 . 5
52 . 9
5 4 8 .9
1 6 5 .3
1 3 8 .6
6 2 .6
6 2 .1
3 5 .8
3 3 .7
5 0 .8
5 4 4 .3
1 6 4 .4
1 3 8 .4
6 2 .2
6 1 .7
3 5 .4
3 1 .9
5 0 .3
5 4 3 .4
1 6 5 .2
1 3 7 .7
6 2 .2
6 1 .9
3 5 .8
3 0 .8
4 9 .8
5 4 2 .9
164 . 2
137 . 7
61. 8
63. 4
36. 2
3 0 .1
49. 5
5 4 2 .6
1 6 3 .6
1 3 6 .1
61. 4
6 5 .1
36. 2
3 0 .7
49. 5
5 4 6 .8
1 6 4 .8
1 3 8 .1
6 1 .4
6 5 .2
3 6 .9
3 0 .6
4 9 .8
5 5 0 .8
1 6 7 .5
1 3 7 .6
6 1 .9
6 5 .5
3 8 .1
3 0 .3
4 9 .9
5 4 8 .3
1 6 7 .1
1 3 6 .2
6 2 .1
6 4 .6
3 8 .0
3 0 .0
5 0 .3
5 4 4 .4
1 6 5 .6
1 3 5 .7
5 7 .8
6 4 .5
3 7 .8
3 3 .0
5 0 .0
5 4 3 .6
1 6 4 .3
1 3 3 .4
5 6 .3
6 3 .3
3 6 .4
4 1 .3
4 8 .6
5 4 2 .4
1 6 5 .0
1 3 4 .5
6 0 .1
6 3 .6
3 6 .6
3 3 .5
4 9 .2
5 2 8 .6
1 6 5 .1
1 2 3 .1
5 9 .4
6 2 .1
3 6 .2
3 3 .7
4 9 .0
109 . 8
8 4 .6
25 . 2
1 0 8 .6
8 4 .4
24 . 2
1 0 7 .2
8 4 .1
2 3 .1
1 0 6 .7
8 4 .1
2 2 .6
1 0 6 .7
8 4 .0
2 2 .7
1 0 8 .0
8 4 .6
2 3 .4
109 . 3
84. 9
24. 4
1 1 1 .0
8 4 .9
2 6 .1
1 1 2 .8
8 5 .9
2 6 .9
1 1 3 .6
8 6 .6
2 7 .0
1 1 3 .6
8 7 .1
2 6 .5
1 1 1 .8
8 6 .8
2 5 .0
1 0 8 .6
8 5 .4
2 3 .2
1 1 0 .0
8 5 .7
2 4 .3
1 1 3 .6
8 9 .6
2 4 .0
3 8 6 .3
7 5 .7
1 4 2 .2
1 6 8 .4
3 8 3 .6
7 4 .6
1 4 0 .8
1 6 8 .2
3 8 0 .3
7 4 .3
141 . 1
1 6 4 .9
3 7 7 .3
7 4 .1
1 4 0 .8
1 6 2 .4
3 7 8 .0
7 5 .2
1 4 1 .7
1 6 1 .1
3 7 9 .8
7 5 .7
1 4 1 .8
1 6 2 .3
377. 5
75. 5
1 4 0 .7
161 . 3
3 7 1 .9
7 4 .7
1 3 8 .5
1 5 8 .7
3 6 8 .7
7 4 .4
1 3 6 .9
1 5 7 .4
3 6 3 .0
7 3 .7
1 3 4 .2
1 5 5 .1
3 5 4 .0
7 1 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 4 9 .8
3 5 8 .2
7 1 .1
1 3 5 .7
1 5 1 .4
3 5 5 .2
7 1 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 4 8 .9
3 6 0 .9
7 2 .9
1 3 5 .8
1 5 2 .1
3 3 4 .7
7 0 .9
1 2 8 .3
1 3 5 .4
3 1 6 .3
2 7 .8
2 1 1 .0
7 7 .5
3 1 3 .9
2 7 .6
2 0 8 .8
7 7 .5
3 2 .7
3 1 8 .5
2 7 .9
212 . 5
78 . 1
3 4 .2
3 1 9 .6
2 8 .1
2 1 4 .0
7 7 .5
3 3 .6
3 1 3 .8
2 8 .3
2 1 1 .1
7 4 .4
3 1 .6
3 1 5 .9
28 . 5
210 . 6
76 . 8
32. 5
3 1 5 .5
2 8 .1
2 0 8 .1
7 9 .3
3 4 .4
3 1 0 .7
2 7 .9
2 0 4 .6
7 8 .2
3 4 .1
3 1 2 .4
2 8 .0
2 0 6 .1
7 8 .3
3 3 .8
3 1 7 .9
2 7 .6
2 1 1 .6
7 8 .7
3 3 .5
3 0 8 .3
2 7 .2
2 0 7 .4
7 3 .7
3 0 .5
3 1 0 .4
2 7 .4
2 0 7 .8
7 5 .2
3 1 .3
3 0 5 .3
2 7 .0
2 0 5 .5
7 2 .8
3 0 .1
3 1 0 .8
2 7 .6
2 0 7 .7
7 5 .5
3 2 .5
3 0 6 .3
2 7 .5
2 0 4 .8
7 4 .0
3 2 .8
77 . 6
37 . 8
8 8 5 .9
6 5 .9
15 . 5
7 1 7 .9
6 0 4 .3
2 2 .1
8 9 .4
5 3 9 .2
2 1 4 .4
1 3 4 .1
1 5 7 .2
3 3 .5
78 2
37. 2
8 8 3 .0
68. 1
15 . 5
712 . 4
599 . 7
22. 0
88. 6
537 . 4
213 . 8
1 3 4 .0
156 . 6
3 3 .0
78. 2
3 7 .1
8 7 4 .8
67. 8
15 . 6
7 0 7 .3
5 9 5 .0
2 1 .9
8 8 .3
5 3 5 .8
2 1 2 .9
1 3 4 .1
1 5 6 .2
3 2 .6
7 8 .3
3 7 .9
8 6 6 .3
6 9 .0
1 5 .7
7 0 4 .1
5 9 2 .4
2 1 .7
8 7 .9
5 3 6 .9
2 1 2 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 5 6 .4
3 3 .0
78 fi
38 2
9 0 5 .6
74 6
15 8
707 4
594 2
21 9
89. 2
539 . 0
2 1 3 .4
135 . 5
157 . 0
3 3 .1
7 8 .8
3 7 .8
9 1 3 .0
7 9 .2
1 5 .8
7 0 5 .4
5 9 2 .8
2 1 .6
8 8 .9
5 3 6 .3
2 1 0 .4
1 3 5 .7
1 5 7 .1
3 3 .1
78 9
38 7
9 1 7 .0
77 9
15 9
7 0 4 .9
591. 7
21. 6
8 9 .6
540 . 5
213. 5
1 3 6 .1
1 5 7 .9
3 3 .0
7 9 .2
4 0 .0
9 1 4 .2
7 1 .7
1 6 .3
7 0 7 .5
5 9 4 .0
2 1 .7
8 9 .8
5 4 9 .1
2 1 7 .0
1 3 8 .3
1 6 0 .3
3 3 .5
7 8 .3
4 0 .4
8 9 9 .2
6 6 .5
1 6 .8
7 1 8 .1
6 0 5 .8
2 1 .6
8 8 .7
558 . 5
2 1 9 .9
1 4 2 .0
1 6 2 .6
3 4 .0
7 8 .5
4 0 .3
9 0 0 .9
6 7 .8
1 6 .8
7 1 6 .7
6 0 5 .2
2 1 .8
8 7 .7
5 5 2 .7
2 1 9 .9
1 3 7 .4
1 6 1 .3
3 4 .1
7 8 .9
3 9 .2
8 9 2 .8
6 8 .1
1 6 .8
7 0 2 .1
5 9 1 .3
2 1 .8
8 7 .0
5 4 6 .7
2 1 7 .1
1 3 7 .5
1 5 8 .4
3 3 .7
7 9 .3
3 7 .9
8 6 1 .9
6 7 .3
1 6 .2
6 9 3 .9
5 8 3 .7
2 1 .8
8 6 .4
5 3 3 .6
2 1 1 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 5 5 .6
3 2 .7
7 8 .9
3 8 .4
8 7 9 .3
7 0 .6
1 6 .3
6 9 9 .6
5 8 8 .2
2 1 .8
8 7 .6
5 3 9 .9
2 1 3 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 5 7 .5
3 3 .0
7 9 .7
3 8 .7
8 3 7 .3
7 2 .4
1 6 .9
6 7 4 .5
5 6 5 .9
2 2 .7
8 4 .1
5 3 4 .2
2 1 1 .4
1 3 4 .5
1 5 5 .5
3 2 .8
T ra n sp o rtatio n a n d public u tilitie s :
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation. .
Intercity and rural bus lin es.. ______
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public w arehousing.________________
Pipeline transportation___ ___________
Communication . . . . . ______________
Telephone communication. _ . . .
Telegraph communication 3__ _____ _
Radio and television broadcasting___
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.. . . .
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems__________
Combined utility systems ____
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
W h o lesale a n d retail tra d e b _ .
. _____ . .
Wholesale trade____
_ ... .
Motor vehicles and automotive equipment . . .
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel.. . . . ______
Groceries and related products _______
Electrical goods . _________ . . . . .
Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods.
Machinery, equipment,, and supplies
Miscellaneous wholesalers_____ ______
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1 ,5 0 9 1 1 ,4 6 7 1 1 ,3 0 6 1 1 ,2 3 1 1 1 ,3 2 5 12,2 5 1 1 1 ,5 8 0 1 1 .3 6 4 1 1 ,2 7 8 11,220 1 1 ,2 2 7 1 1 ,2 4 6 11,101 1 1 ,2 4 0 1 0 ,8 4 5
2 , 705
2 ,7 2 7
2 ,8 0 9
2 ,8 0 7
2 , 778
2 , 797
2 ,8 1 8
2 ,8 4 1
2 , 771
2 ,7 9 3
2 , 825
2 ,8 0 9
2 ,8 2 1
2 , 801
2 , 795
213 . 5
164 . 5
115 . 7
4 2 1 .0
223 . 3
1 3 1 .3
4 9 9 .3
9 6 7 .5
213 3
165 . 4
116 . 5
4 2 2 .9
221 . 8
1 3 0 .5
4 9 5 .9
9 6 1 .3
212. 6
1 6 4 .9
1 1 5 .5
4 2 3 .2
2 2 0 .8
1 3 0 .6
4 9 1 .7
9 5 9 .8
213. 5
1 6 4 .8
1 1 3 .0
4 3 2 .0
2 1 8 .6
1 3 0 .2
4 8 8 .2
9 5 6 .4
214 . 2
168 .1
1 1 4 .9
4 4 3 .8
2 1 9 .5
1 3 1 .0
4 8 7 .4
9 7 1 .0
213 . 5
1 6 5 .8
1 1 5 .0
4 4 5 .4
2 1 6 .5
1 3 0 .8
4 8 5 .9
9 6 7 .0
212 . 5
1 6 4 .6
114 . 1
447. 6
2 1 4 .9
1 2 9 .9
485. C
9 6 4 .2
2 1 2 .2
1 6 3 .8
1 1 3 .3
4 4 3 .5
2 1 7 .1
1 2 9 .6
4 8 6 .2
9 6 0 .6
2 1 4 .2
1 6 3 .5
1 1 4 .3
4 3 6 .4
2 2 0 .8
1 3 0 .2
4 8 7 .5
9 6 6 .5
2 1 3 .1
1 6 2 .8
1 1 3 .3
4 4 9 .0
2 1 9 .3
1 2 9 .7
4 8 7 .4
9 5 9 .5
2 1 1 .4
1 6 1 .8
1 1 2 .1
4 4 8 .9
2 1 6 .2
1 2 8 .3
4 8 1 .8
9 4 9 .3
2 0 8 .8
1 6 0 .8
1 0 9 .8
4 2 5 .7
2 1 2 .8
1 2 6 .5
4 7 7 .7
9 3 7 .3
2 1 0 .9
1 6 2 .6
1 1 2 .2
4 3 5 .7
2 1 4 .1
1 2 7 .8
4 7 9 .0
9 4 9 .8
205 . 5
1 5 8 .6
1 0 9 .7
4 3 5 .0
2 0 3 .5
1 2 5 .1
462 . 4
9 1 8 .3
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
808
T a b l e A -3 .
P ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w o rk ers in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y
in d u s try 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box below.
[inthousands]
1966
Annual
average
1965
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
9,410
2,321.6
1,478.9
155.5
391.7
1,431.0
1,262. 7
697.7
129.1
248.9
124.5
122.3
387.1
251.3
1,765. 8
2,806. 7
472.3
637.0
164. 9
400.2
101.8
8, 755
1,901. 0
1,189. 2
140.9
320.5
1,400. 5
1,239.9
584.9
99.6
214.2
98.3
106.2
373.3
241.6
1.768.1
2.727.2
473.2
634.6
160.4
379.8
97.4
8,543
1,749. 8
1,089.3
122. 5
293.7
1,385.7
1,227.9
566.9
94. 7
209.8
93.8
104.1
367.7
237.4
1,777. 5
2,695. 8
471.7
631.8
154. 7
373.2
94.4
8,469
1,683.0
1,042.2
111.0
286.8
l, 362.3
1,205. 4
559.3
93.1
205.3
91.9
107.3
363.5
235.4
1,809.7
2,691.5
474.9
628.4
151.2
369.6
90.1
8,402
1,634. 4
1,016.0
105.0
275.7
1,343. 8
1,189.1
537.6
91.0
200.1
89.4
100.0
360.9
233.8
1,824.4
2,701.0
486.5
630.7
155.5
365.6
89.0
8,420
1, 626.0
1,013.3
102.1
273.5
1.359.3
1.201.4
534.3
91.2
196.0
90.3
100.0
359.5
232.8
1,830. 2
2,711.0
486.8
632.7
156.5
369.0
88.6
8,468
1,641. 3
1,021.9
101.4
279.7
1.362.9
1.201.9
559.1
93.7
203.8
95.2
103.6
358.8
233.6
1,835.8
2,709.6
478.7
628.5
157.1
368.4
89.9
8,374
1,632.3
1,014. 2
100.2
285.4
1,354.2
1,194. 5
561.9
91.4
206.6
94.2
107.6
356.8
230.9
1,794.0
2,674. 7
466.2
621.6
154.0
364.6
90.0
2,446
662.1
269.8
77.2
115.6
645.8
277.0
48.8
281.1
2,445
660.0
268.3
76.8
114.6
645.3
276.7
48.5
281.3
2,451
658.9
268.6
77.4
113.8
645.5
277.3
48.5
280.8
2,457
660.9
267.6
77.2
113.3
649.0
278.7
48.8
281.9
2,490
669.6
269.7
78.5
115.1
656.7
282.4
49.2
284.9
2,488
668.0
270.5
79.7
115.9
652.2
279.4
49.0
283.8
2,456
657.7
266.8
77.8
113.8
643.3
276.5
48.4
279.2
2,424
648.0
264.2
77.1
112.7
638.3
276.0
47.7
276.7
2,437
656.0
266.1
77.6
113.6
644.2
277.6
48.2
279.6
W h o lesale a n d re ta il tra d e — Continued
Retail trade *—
________
- ----- 8,700
General merchandise stores____________
__
Department stores_____________
M ail order houses __ ________ _
Limited price variety stores _
___
. . . ___________
Food stores___ _
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores... . . . .
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores_____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores____ _
Fam ily clothing stores___ _ _________
Shoe stores
_ __ _______
Furniture and appliance stores...
....
Furniture and home furnishings____
Eating and drinking places___ _____ . . .
Other retail trade__
____ . . .
Building materials and hardware_____
Motor vehicle dealers______
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___
D ru g sto res..
. ______
Fuel and ice dealers________ . . . . . .
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , re a l e s ta te s. . —
2,470
______
Banking.
.. ..
Credit agencies other than banks.
Savings and loan associations____ ___
Security dealers and exchanges____ ._
Insurance carriers_____ _
__
Life insurance
Accident and health insurance.
___
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
8,666
1, 719.2
1, 074. 7
106.9
297.0
1, 424.1
1,263. 7
587.4
97.9
208.1
92.6
124.2
366.9
236.6
1,815. 2
2, 753. 6
473.0
638.0
156. 4
381.4
94.5
2,461
665.0
267.7
76.0
121.7
647.0
276.0
50.8
282.4
8,511 8,438 8, 528
1, 683. 0 1, 663. 0 1,751.1
1, 055. 3 1, 042.1 1,102.4
108. 7 110.9 122.7
287. 8 279.6 291.8
1, 424. 4 1,417.5 1,409.1
1, 266. 4 1, 257.2 1,253.0
551. 5 543.7 565.1
98.7 103.3
95.7
201.4 197.2 204.7
90.5
95.1
90.4
97.7 101.6
102.0
367.6 366.9 368.2
236. 5 236.1 237.3
1, 772. 8 1,741.6 1, 728.3
2, 712. 0 2, 702.1 2, 706.1
461. 0 452.1 457.5
638.9 637.5 637.4
152.8 151. 0 154.3
377.3 376.5 379.4
99.4 103.7 103.4
2,448
662.3
268.5
76.0
120.4
645.5
275.4
50.2
282.2
2,429
659.5
267.6
76.2
117.7
643.0
275.2
49.4
280.5
2,425
658.6
269.2
77.3
115.0
642.0
275.1
48.9
279.9
1965
1964
8,468 8,140
1,715.6 1,611.6
1, 070. 0 996.5
112.2 101.3
293.9 285.4
1,368.5 1,321. 4
1, 208. 7 1,162.1
568. 7 555.2
95.9
90.5
208.5 207.6
96.1
97.0
105.4 101.8
362.6 349.8
234.9 226.0
1,769. 0 1,711.3
2,684. 0 2,590.6
466.4 460.2
625.2 596.3
153.6 144.1
370. 7 356.1
95.4
95.5
2,390
644.2
255.0
77.6
111.6
641.5
282.0
47.5
274.1
S ervices a n d m isc e lla n e o u s :
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels__ _
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plan ts«_ ___
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming and distribution ________
. .
----------
590.9
568.5
564.2
550.5
556.2
558.7
574.4
602.7
637.7
632.5
604.0
579.2
573.8
539.1
488.3
483.0
478.7
480.7
484.2
486.8
488.7
486.7
488.1
494.4
494.8
487.6
484.4
472.7
28.2
29.0
29.2
31.7
34.6
31.8
31.7
31.4
32.1
32.0
29.1
26.3
29.8
27.0
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,
repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super
visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
3 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places.
5 Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper
visory count for all series in this division.
9 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.
Caution
The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to January 1966. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “BLS Establishment Employment
Estimates Revised to March 1964 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the December 1965
issue of E m p lo ym en t an d E arnings. Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted
to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those
in later issues which reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings
S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-65 (BLS Bulletin 1312-3), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $4.25 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request
to the Bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -4 .
809
E m p lo y ees in n o n a g ric u ltu ra l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y in d u s try division a n d selected g ro u p s,
sea so n ally a d ju s te d 1
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[inthousands]
1966
Industry division and group
T otal.
M ay 2 Apr.2 Mar.
1965
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
______ _____ _ - - - ---------------- ----------------- 63, 099 62,933 62,918 62,501 62,148 61,884 61,472 61,001 60, 756 60,621 60,501 60, 290 60,032
M ining---------------------------------------------------------------------Contract construction.__
---- --------------------------------
625
592
632
631
632
630
627
622
617
627
633
626
627
3,317
3,375
3,462
3,374
3,383
3,386
3,267
3,202
3,186
3,189
3,154
3,195
3,188
Manufacturing_______________________________________ 18,918 18,860 18, 780 18,691 18, 522 18,429 18,321 18,163 18,098 18, 072 18,032 17,943 17,835
Durable goods. ____________________________________ 11,094 11,053 10,996 10,919 10,805 10,707 10,615 10,523 10, 494 10,476 10,424 10,345 10,266
Ordnance and accessories___ _ ------- ------------- -----255
266
261
257
243
243
242
250
244
239
236
234
231
Lumber and wood products, except furniture________
622
630
628
636
633
623
605
613
601
603
602
601
603
Furniture and fixtures.. ._
________ _ ________
456
448
442
451
451
447
432
430
435
427
430
428
428
Stone, clay, and glass products..
640
634
642
643
644
636
624
622
627
618
612
618
613
Primary metal industries____ _
__
1,309 1,303 1,294 1,288 1,283 1,274 1,269 1,284 1,308 1,318 1,317 1,306 1,285
Fabricated metal products. ---------------------------- . . . 1,332 1,335 1,334 1,327 1,314 1,300 1,294 1,274 1, 269 1,263 1,269 1,259 1,251
Machinery_________ ________ _ ________________ 1,824 1,808 1,800 1,798 1,783 1,771 1,768 1,745 1, 736 1, 728 1,728 1,707 1, 692
Electrical equipment and supplies__________________ 1,895 1,879 1,843 1,826 1,794 1,769 1,741 1,722 1, 697 1,683 1,677 1,665 1, 647
Transportation equipm ent_________________ ______ 1,894 1,887 1,884 1,860 1,822 1,805 1,790 1,767 1,771 1, 781 1,740 1, 735 1,722
410
Instruments and related products___ _______________
420
416
414
398
392
405
394
390
388
389
383
378
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries_____________
437
446
442
443
440
430
440
435
428
428
418
415
416
Nondurable goods____ .
_____ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Food and kindred products___ _______ _ ___ ______
Tobacco manufactures . . . _ . .
.__
_ _
Textile mill products___________________________ _.
Apparel and related products. ___ . . . _____ ______
Paper and allied products. _.
_ . _ _ ________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______ ___
Chemicals and allied products.._ .
Petroleum refining and related industries___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.- . . . __
Leather and leather products_. _________ . . . _. . . .
Transportation and public utilities.
______
_ .
. ...
7,824
1,730
84
948
1,407
661
1,013
938
176
499
368
7,807
1,738
85
948
1,392
659
1,013
932
176
496
368
7,784
1,748
84
946
1,384
659
1,003
931
175
491
363
7,772
1,749
82
943
1,383
658
1,004
927
176
487
363
7,717
1,743
83
939
1,355
654
998
922
177
485
361
7,722
1,745
84
937
1,377
650
992
918
178
483
358
7,706
1,761
81
933
1,369
646
990
914
178
477
357
7,640
1,733
81
928
1,362
643
984
909
177
469
354
7, 604
1,717
79
924
1,356
640
980
910
179
465
354
7,596
1,723
80
921
1,345
637
981
911
179
466
353
7,608
1,733
87
921
1,343
641
981
908
179
464
351
7,598
1,728
86
916
1,367
634
975
900
177
463
352
7, 569
1,734
86
914
1,346
633
971
894
176
460
355
4,125
4,114
4,107
4,104
4,090
4,079
4,079
4,071
4,067
4,049
4,031
4,034
4,020
Wholesale and retail trade. ...... ......................
___ 13, Oil 12, 992 13, 015 12,942 12,909 12,822 12,754 12,684 12, 641 12, 600 12, 619 12,580 12, 532
Wholesale trade------------------------------------------------------- 3,361 3,357 3,349 3,336 3,323 3,309 3,300 3,288 3, 281 3, 273 3,281 3, 272 3,252
Retail trade___ ____ _______ __ ________________ __ 9,650 9,635 9,666 9,606 9,586 9,513 9,454 9,396 9,360 9, 327 9,338 9,308 9,280
_ 3,102
3,102
3,100
3,082
3,080
3,082
3,074
3,069
3,061
3, 053
3,049
3, 041
3,032
9,281
9,262
9, 251
9,205
9,142
9,128
9,081
9,019
8,967
8, 946
8,929
8,857
8,843
Government
____________________
10,720 10,636 10,571 10,472 10, 390 10,328 10,269 10,171 10,119 10, 085 10, 054 10,014
Federal. __________________________________________ 2, 528 2, 501 2, 477 2,451 2,425 2,395 2,400 2,386 2, 379 2, 379 2,376 2,355
State and local_______ ______________ ______________ 8,192 8,135 8, 094 8,021 7,965 7,933 7,869 7,785 7,740 7, 706 7,678 7,659
9,955
2,345
7,610
Finance, insurance, and real estate___________________
Service and miscellaneous_____________________________
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
prelim in ary.
T a b l e A -5 .
N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonai Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
P ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs in m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p , seaso n ally
a d ju s te d 1
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[in thousands]
1966
Major industry group
lanufacturing__________________________
May 2 Apr.2 Mar.
1965
Feb.
Jan.
________ . 14, 090 14, 055 14,003 13,937 13,801
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
13,731 13, 647 13,507 13, 457 13, 440 13, 405 13, 340 13,252
Durable goods. ._ __ _ _ __________ _________ _
Ordnance and accessories________________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture________
Furniture and fixtures. _________________
Stone, clay, and glass products____ ______________ _
Primary metal industries. . . . _ ___________ . __
Fabricated metal products__
_____ ____ ______
Machinery.
___
__ _ _____ ___
Electrical equipment and s u p p lie s ..___._ . . . . . .
Transportation equipm ent________________________
Instruments and related products_____________ ____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries-------------------
8,236
126
544
380
509
1,065
1,039
1,281
1,316
1,350
271
355
8,213
123
550
374
517
1,061
1,041
1,271
1,305
1,349
268
354
8,177
121
558
375
518
1,055
1, 040
1,264
1,278
1,348
267
353
8,122
118
553
373
516
1,050
1,036
1,262
1,260
1,330
265
350
8,027
113
556
370
520
1,045
1,024
1,252
1,244
1,297
261
345
7,955
107
547
368
512
1,035
1,012
1,244
1,225
1,290
256
359
7,878
108
538
362
503
1,031
1,006
1,242
1,199
1,282
254
353
7,798
107
530
358
500
1,046
987
1,224
1,182
1,263
252
349
7,781
105
527
357
500
1,068
983
1,218
1,163
1,267
251
342
7,769
104
530
354
495
1,079
977
1,208
1,152
1,280
248
342
7,721
102
528
357
495
1,077
983
1,208
1,149
1,238
250
334
7, 662
100
527
356
490
1,068
973
1,192
1,142
1,237
245
332
7,599
99
529
356
491
1,050
968
1,181
1,127
1,227
239
332
Nondurable goods___________________________ . . .
Food and kindred products ________________
Tobacco manufactures . . . . . _____
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products__ . . . _ _ __ ... .............
Paper and allied products__________________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________
Chemicals and allied products ______ _______ _.
Petroleum refining and related industries
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_______
Leather and leather products________
5,854
1,143
71
847
1,252
516
644
560
110
388
323
5, 842
1,150
72
846
1,238
515
644
556
110
388
323
5,826
1,161
72
844
1,229
513
640
556
109
383
319
5,815
1,161
70
842
1,229
512
639
554
110
379
319
5, 774
1,155
71
840
1,203
510
637
551
110
380
317
5,776
1,156
72
837
1,225
507
629
548
110
378
314
5,769
1,174
69
834
1,216
503
630
547
110
372
314
5, 709
1,144
70
828
1,212
500
625
544
110
365
311
5, 676
1,129
68
825
1,205
499
621
546
111
362
310
5,671
1,135
68
823
1,195
497
622
548
110
363
310
5,684
1,141
75
822
1,196
500
622
548
111
361
308
5, 678
1,134
75
818
1,221
494
616
542
110
359
309
5,653
1,141
74
817
1,198
493
615
538
108
357
312
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ N ew Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components.” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
810
T able A -6 .
U n em p loym en t insurance and em ploym ent service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1965
1966
Item
Mar.
Apr.
Employment service:2
New applications for work___________
Nonfarm placements_______ _____ ___
806
533
Feb.
850
547
Dec.
Jan.
852
460
905
452
707
462
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
795
531
806
611
Aug.
857
644
June
July
883
603
945
554
Apr.
M ay
1,410
610
890
573
857
555
State unemployment insurance programs:
976
870
956
760
1,078
763
791
1, 285
1,004
769
985
693
1,399
Initial claims 34____________________
Insured unemployment5(average weekly
1,132
1,059
1,470
1,102
1,179
1,307
1,033
916
959
1,301
1,590
1,044
1,644
volume) 6_______________________
3.4
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.0
2.9
3.6
2.3
3.7
Rate of insured unemployment7---------6,039
3,965
4,101
4,142
4,450
3,669
4, 555
3,129
5,852
3,495
5,653
5,587
4,098
Weeks of unemployment compensated—
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment___________________ $39.38 $39.83 $39. 66 $39. 36 $38. 81 $38. 08 $37.32 $37. 23 $36. 58 $36.40 $36.07 $36.40 $37.16
Total benefits paid..----------------- ------- $155,494 $225,472 $217,171 $212,659 $172,110 $132,158 $117,784 $138,580 $148,021 $149, 495 $156, 276 $165,717 $224,897
Unemployment compensation for ex-service
men: 8 9
Initial claims 36. . . ....... ....... .............. ......
Insured unemployment8(average weekly
volume)------------------------------------Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid------- -------------------
13
17
18
20
20
18
16
19
25
26
22
17
21
22
92
$3, 558
27
121
$4,620
31
120
$4,572
32
126
$4,816
29
111
$4, 278
25
94
$3,654
24
95
$3, 712
28
120
$4,637
33
135
$5,197
33
119
$4, 461
30
134
$5,241
33
142
$5,339
41
182
$6,752
Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:910
Initial claims 3_____________________
Insured unemployment5(average weekly
volume)________________________
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Total benefits paid----- -------------- -------
7
8
11
19
12
10
10
9
9
12
10
8
10
21
92
$3, 718
26
118
$4,717
29
109
$4,319
29
100
$3,973
23
94
$3, 740
21
82
$3,336
20
74
$3,141
19
79
$3,338
21
87
$3, 691
22
79
$3,182
20
91
$4,008
22
92
$3,919
27
119
$4,815
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11_____________________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)________________________
Number of payments 12______________
Average amount of benefit payment13—.
Total benefits paid 14________________
6
5
4
11
14
9
7
11
10
30
19
5
5
23
53
$69. 79
$3, 606
26
69
$77.68
$5,154
28
54
$79.10
$4,148
30
68
$77.32
$5, 092
28
66
$71.04
$4, 587
25
52
$75. 89
$3,840
22
50
$74.20
$3,550
24
52
$74. 03
$3,746
22
52
$76.09
$3, 793
24
48
$75.15
$3,494
21
53
$73.39
$3,794
26
62
$71.27
$4,264
33
81
$77. 27
$6, 207
All programs: 15
Insured unemployment8_____________
1,112
1,381
1,679
1,739
1, 394
1,123
1,013
1,067
1,218
1,255
1,182
1,316
1,622
1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
3 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
8 Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
9 Includes the Virgin Islands.
18 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
42 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
43 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
811
B.—Labor Turnover
T able B - l .
L a b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1
[Per
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1 0 0 employees]
1966
1965
Annual
average
Major industry group
Apr .2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1965
1964
Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual___
_ ___________ __ _ . .
Seasonally adjusted__
_____
Durable goods___
______
___
Ordnance and accessories_ _ _____
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture___ _ _______
_ .. .
Furniture and fixtures___ ______ __ _
Stone, clay, and glass products...
Primary metal industries. . . ______
Fabricated metal products___________
M ach inery.. .
___
______
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipm ent..
______
Instruments and related products.. .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ _____ _______
Nondurable goods____
______
____
Food and kindred products___
___
Tobacco manufactures.. ______
Textile mill products___ . . ___ .
Apparel and related products_________
Paper and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____ _____ . ______
Chemicals and allied products_____ _
Petroleum refining and related industries__ ____ _____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______ ____ ______
Leather and leather products. . ____
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal m in ing..
_ ..
C o a lm in in g .____
... _
4.5
4.7
4.9
6. a
4.2
4.8
4.6
4.9
3.1
4- 9
3.9
5.0
4. 5
5.5
4.5
5.4
4 2
4.5
4 1
5.6
1, 5
4.1
/ /
3.8
8 9
4.3
4.0
4.5
3.5
4.9
3.9
4.2
3.5
4.7
3.5
3.1
2.1
3.9
2.9
4.2
3.5
5.3
3.7
5.1
4.2
4.0
3.6
5.3
4.1
3.9
2. 8
3. 7
2.2
4.1
3. 0
3 7
2 n
8.1
6.3
5.1
3.3
4.9
3.6
4.3
4.2
3.7
7.2
6.5
5.7
3.9
5.2
3.8
4.7
5.4
3.8
5.9
5.6
3.8
3.5
4.6
3.5
4.2
4.3
3.5
6.0
5.7
4.0
4.0
5.0
3.9
4.6
5.4
3.6
3.7
3.7
2.4
2.7
3.2
2.7
3.4
3.5
2.5
4.8
5.3
2.8
3.0
4.3
3.4
4.2
4.1
2.9
5.4
6.2
3.4
2.5
4.9
3.3
4.6
4.7
3.2
6.7
6.9
4.2
2.9
6.0
3.8
5.1
7.9
3.8
6.1
7.3
3.9
3.0
5.7
3.5
4.8
7.2
4.1
5.9
5.5
4.1
2.7
4.4
3.1
3.4
4.2
3. 5
8.4
5.8
5.7
4.5
5.9
4.6
4.6
5.3
4.6
7.2
5.1
4.6
2.8
4.3
3.0
3.4
4.0
2.9
6.3
4.8
4.9
2.6
4.2
2.8
3.3
3.8
2.8
6.0
5. 4
4. 0
2. 9
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
3.2
5.3
4.8
3 8
3 0
4.2
3 0
3^3
4 1
2.8
4.5
5.6
6.9
6.5
6.9
3.3
4.7
6.3
8.1
8.5
7.7
7.3
5.7
5.7
6.4
5.7
4.5
5.5
2.7
5.3
5.4
3.6
4.8
5.5
4.2
5.3
5.8
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.4
4.4
5.8
3.2
4.4
4.4
4.9
4.6
6.4
3.2
3.0
3.4
7.4
3.1
3.7
2.3
4.0
5.1
4.1
4.0
4.9
2.9
4.8
6.8
4.7
4.6
5.7
3.4
5.8
9.0
9.1
5.3
6.1
4.0
5.9
9.4
18.1
5.2
6.6
3.7
5.4
8.1
7.9
4.4
7.5
3.1
6.1
8.6
4.4
5.0
7.0
5.3
4.4
6.1
3.5
4.4
5.9
3.0
3.9
5.0
1.9
4.2
4.9
2.8
4.6
6.2
5.9
4.4
5.8
3.2
4.3
6.1
6.7
3.8
5.5
2.8
3.3
2.7
3.5
3.4
3.2
2.6
3.2
2.5
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.0
3.4
2.1
4.2
2.6
3.5
2.3
3.2
2.2
4.5
4.0
2.9
2.4
2.8
2. 5
3.2
2.4
3.1
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.9
3.7
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
4.9
5.4
5.2
6.0
4.4
6.1
4.7
7.1
3.1
4.4
4.4
5.5
4.9
5.5
5.4
5.7
5.2
6.0
4.6
6.7
5.6
6.4
4.1
5.4
3.7
4.6
4.4
5.4
3.9
5.1
3.3
1.8
2.9
1.7
2.9
1.4
3.4
1.8
2.5
1. 1
2.8
1.5
2.6
1.8
3.2
1.8
4.0
2.1
3.1
2.3
5.8
2.0
3.3
1.8
4.0
1.6
3.2
1.7
3.2
1.7
4.3
3.1
2.6
Accessions: N ew hires
Manufacturing:
Actual____________________ . _
Seasonally adjusted___ ______ _
Durable goods_____ . . . . .
Ordnance and accessories______ . . . . .
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture. _ _______
Furniture and fixtures__ _____
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal ind ustries.. .
. ...
Fabricated metal products. _ _____
M achinery____ _____
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipm ent.. _ __ ____
Instruments and related p ro d u cts____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________________
Nondurable goods______
_____
Food and kindred products..
Tobacco manufactures___ ________
Textile mill products
Apparel and related products__
___
Paper and allied products..
_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____ ______ .
Chemicals and allied products__
Petroleum refining and related industries_______ _ ___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______________ _
Leather and leather products______
N onmanufacturing:
Metal m in in g ... ._
C oalm ining___ . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.6
3.9
3.7
4-3
3.1
3.9
3.2
8. 9
2.9
3.7
3.5
4.0
8 8
8 1
3.9
29
3.2
9, 8
8 1
3.0
2 9
2.6
4.0
3.6
2.8
3.8
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.3
2.8
2.2
1.3
2.9
1.8
3.4
2.1
3.8
2.3
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.3
4.2
2.7
2.9
1.6
2.6
1.4
3.0
1.8
2.4
1.1
6.4
5.7
3.9
2.7
4.1
3.1
3.6
2.7
3.3
6.0
5.8
3.8
2.7
4.2
3.2
3.9
3.3
3.3
4.5
4.9
2.6
2.1
3.6
3.0
3.4
3.0
3.0
4.4
4.9
2.5
2.0
3.7
3.3
3.6
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.3
1.5
1.3
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.2
2.1
4.2
4.6
2.1
1.6
3.4
2.6
3.3
2.8
2.5
4.8
5.4
2.8
1.6
4.0
2.7
3.7
3.5
2.8
5.9
6.3
3.4
2.0
4.7
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.2
5.4
6.5
3.1
2.0
4.1
2.6
3.5
3.0
3.3
4.9
4.7
3.1
1.9
3.2
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.6
7.3
5.0
4.5
3.7
4.7
3.8
3.5
3.6
3.9
5.6
4.4
3.3
2.0
3.3
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
4.6
4.0
2.9
1.9
3.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.1
4.7
4.7
2.7
2.0
3.5
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6
4.1
3.9
2.4
1.8
2.9
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
4.1
2.5
3.9
5.3
6.8
7.0
4.5
5.3
4.0
4.0
4.5
3.8
3.5
3.8
1.5
4.4
4.1
3.1
3.6
3.4
1.9
4.2
4.4
3.3
3.0
2.8
1.8
3.4
3.7
2.6
3.0
2.7
1.9
3.4
4.0
2.6
2.1
2.1
4.3
2.4
2.2
1.8
2.9
3.3
1.2
3.2
3.3
2.5
3.6
4.8
3.1
3.8
4.0
3.0
4.3
6.2
5.4
4.3
4.4
3.4
4.4
7.0
11.9
4.1
4.5
3.1
3.6
5.6
3.1
3.2
4.1
2.4
4.4
5.9
2.5
4.1
4.3
4.4
3.1
4.1
1.6
3.5
3.7
2.3
2.7
2.9
1.0
3.2
3.3
2.0
3.2
4. 1
3.2
3.4
3.7
2.5
2.8
3.8
3.7
2.7
3.3
2.0
2.8
2.3
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.0
2.5
1.9
1.9
1.2
2.4
1.5
2.9
1.7
3.6
2.1
2.9
1.8
2.6
1.7
3.6
3.4
2.2
1.8
2.2
1.9
2.6
1.9
2.4
1.6
2.2
2 8
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.2
.8
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
3.1
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.1
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.4
3.5
5.1
2.4
3.3
3.6
4.2
4.0
4.3
4.4
4.4
3.8
4.6
3.1
4.3
4.5
4.8
2.9
3.8
2.7
3.1
3.3
3.9
2.6
3.4
2.0
1.0
2.1
1.1
2.0
.9
1.9
1.0
1.8
.7
1.9
.9
2.0
1.1
2.6
1.0
2.2
1.0
2.4
.9
4.9
1.1
2.3
.8
2.0
.9
2.2
.9
2.1
.9
812
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
T able B - l .
L a b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1—C o n tin u e d
[Per
100 employees]
Revised series ; see box, p. 808.
1966
1965
Annual
average
Major industry group
Apr .2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1965
1964
Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual---------- ----- ---------------------------Seasonally adjusted___________________
Durable goods____________ _____ ______
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____ __________________
Furniture and fixtures.- ________ --Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products.-...................
Machinery________________________ .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries- ____________________________
Nondurable goods. __________________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco m anufactures______________
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products____________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______________________________
Chemicals and allied products.. - ___
Petroleum refining and related industries______________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________________
Leather and leather products_________
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal m in ing,---------------------- ------------
4.1
4-4
4.1
4.6
3.6
4.8
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.9
4.4
4.1
5.7
4-4
5.1
4.7
4.3
4.0
3.6
4.0
3.6
8.9
3.7
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
2.4
3.8
2.4
3.5
2.1
3.7
2.1
3.6
1.6
3.6
2.1
4.1
2.4
5.2
3.3
5.1
2.8
4.1
2.7
3.3
2.4
3.2
2.3
3.3
2.5
3.8
2.5
3.6
3.3
6.6
6.2
3.9
2.4
4.5
3.2
3.5
3.6
2.9
7.2
6.1
3.7
2.6
4.5
3.1
3.5
3.8
2.8
5.3
5.2
3.7
2.3
4.1
2.6
3.0
4.2
2.5
6.2
5.0
4.5
2.6
4.2
2.9
3.2
3.9
2.7
6.6
4.3
4.3
2.9
3.9
2.3
2.9
3.2
2.2
6.2
4.7
4.0
3.5
3.9
2.5
2.8
3.4
2.2
6.1
5.6
4.1
4.8
4.8
3.0
3.2
4.0
3.1
8.4
6.9
5.4
5.5
5.8
4.3
4.3
4.8
3.6
6.7
6.2
4.2
3.7
5.5
3.6
3.6
8.8
3.2
5.5
5.6
3.5
2.6
4.5
3.0
3.3
6.2
3.0
5.2
4.7
3.5
2.3
4.0
2.7
3.0
3.4
2.5
5.1
4.9
3.5
2.3
3.8
2.4
2.9
3.2
2.4
5.4
5.1
3.3
2.2
3.7
2.6
3.0
3.3
2.6
6.0
5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2
2.8
3.1
4.2
2.7
5.5
4.6
3.7
2.3
4.1
2.6
3.2
4.1
2.7
5.2
5.0
4.7
5.6
11.3
7.0
5.7
7.0
5.9
5.9
5.2
5.2
5.0
6.0
5.7
4.7
5.5
6.0
4.9
6.7
3.5
4.4
5.6
6.0
4.7
5.6
3.3
3.8
5.1
5.4
3.9
4.5
2.9
4.5
5.9
9.1
4.4
5.7
3.3
4.6
6.9
6.9
4.0
5.8
3.1
4.4
6.9
10.6
3.8
5.2
2.9
4.9
7.9
8.1
4.2
5.5
3.2
6.3
9.9
5.5
5.2
6.2
5.3
5.1
6.7
8.4
4.8
6.1
4.1
4.7
5.4
5.6
4.4
7.9
2.8
3.9
4.9
2.7
3.7
5.3
2.7
4.0
4.9
4.1
3.9
5.9
2.7
4.2
4.8
4.9
3.9
6.9
2.8
4.4
6.1
6.2
4.1
5.8
3.1
4.3
6.0
6.8
3.8
5.6
2.8
3.2
2.4
2.9
2.3
2.8
1.8
3.3
2.1
3.1
1.9
2.9
1.8
3.2
2.2
4.3
3.6
3.7
2.6
2.7
1.9
3.1
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.0
3.1
2.2
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.1
3.2
2.4
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.8
4.6
6.2
4.6
6.2
3.9
5.1
4.0
6.1
3.9
5.6
4.1
4.6
4.5
5.2
5.9
6.9
4.8
6.2
4.8
6.5
3.9
4.6
4.0
4.8
4.0
5.6
4.2
5.3
3.8
5.0
2.7
2.7
3.2
1.9
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.7
3.3
1.7
3.2
1.9
3.1
1.7
5.3
1.8
3.6
1.9
3.7
1.7
2.8
1.6
2.3
2.3
2.8
2.0
3.1
1.9
2.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.5
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual------------- ----------------------------Seasonally adjusted___- . --------Durable g o o d s .- - ---- -- ------- ---------Ordnance and accessories.
.
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture___ ______ . . . -------------Furniture and fixtures.. -- ---Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries.......................
Fabricated metal products_____ _____
Machinery__
.
- - ---............
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment____ ____ _
Instruments and related products. .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__________ ______ _____ _ ..
2.4
2.6
2.3
2.7
1.8
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.3
1.4
2.2
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.7
1.2
1.3
.8
4.6
4.5
2.3
1.4
2.8
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.9
4.3
4.3
2.0
1.4
2.5
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.8
3.2
3.3
1.6
1.1
2.0
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.5
2.8
3.1
1.6
1.1
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.5
3.1
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
1.3
3.7
3.2
2.2
2.4
2.4
1.7
3.3
2.9
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.3
2.6
2.5
1.6
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.2
1.7
.9
1.8
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.2
3.5
2.6
1.8
1. 8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
3.2
1.9
2.4
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.6
1.1
1.6
1.0
1.5
.9
1.7
1.1
1.3
.9
3.9
3.6
1.9
1.2
2.3
1.5
1.8
1.5
2.0
6.3
5.0
3.3
2.9
3.5
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.5
4.5
4.3
2.4
1.9
2.8
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.9
3.4
3.0
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
3.3
2.7
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
3.4
3.1
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
3.3
3.1
1.4
1.0
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
3.4
3.1
1.6
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4
2.8
2.4
1.3
.9
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
2.5
3.3
4.9
3.7
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.7
2.0
1.9
2.2
1.3
2.4
2.4
1.5
2.5
3.2
1.6
2.9
2.9
1.9
3.9
5.4
2.6
3.9
3.6
3.8
2.9
3.6
2.8
3.4
3.5
2.4
2.0
2.3
1.2
2.5
2.9
1.4
1.9
2.1
1.1
2.3
2.4
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.2
2.6
2.5
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.3
2.5
2.4
1.4
2.1
2.4
1.5
2.5
2.6
1.7
1. 7
2.0
1.3
2.1
2.2
1.3
1.5
.8
1.8
1.0
2.9
2.5
2.3
1.5
1.5
.9
1.8
.9
1.5
.9
1.5
.9
1.7
1.0
1.5
.8
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.2
2.5
2.4
1.2
.8
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.2
3.1
3.0
1.5
.9
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.3
2.5
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.5
2.7
2.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.4
.7
1. 9
Nondurable goods____________________
Food and kindred products. .. .
Tobacco manufactures. . ____ - . . ..
Textile mill products_______________
Apparel and related products.
- .
Paper and allied products______ ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________ ______________ ...
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries________________ ____ ______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________ ____________ _
Leather and leather products___ - ...
.9
.7
.5
.5
.5
.5
.9
1.8
1.3
.7
.6
.6
.6
.7
.6
3.0
3.9
2.7
3.9
2.2
3.2
2.1
3.3
1.7
2.7
2.2
2.9
2.5
3.5
3.6
4.6
2.7
4.0
1.9
3.2
1.9
2.8
2.0
2.9
1.9
2.7
2.1
3.0
1.5
2.4
N onmanufactur ing:
Metal mining.
. _ _ . ..
Coal mining________________________
1.7
.7
1.6
.8
1.3
.6
1.2
.5
1.2
.4
1.3
.6
1.5
.7
4.2
.8
2.3
.6
1.6
.6
1.5
.5
1.6
.6
1.5
.6
1.7
.6
1.5
.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able B - l .
813
L a b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s, b y m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1—C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[Per 100 employees]
1966
1965
Annual
average
Major industry group
Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1965
1964
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual----------------------------------Seasonally adjusted_____________ _____
Durable goods_____ .._ ______
Ordnance and accessories______ _ _ _
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____________ _____ - - - Furniture and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries . _ _____
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery_________________ _ _
Electrical equipment and supplies.........
Transportation equipment---- -------- __
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus_ ______ ____
tries................ _
Nondurable goods_____
_ ________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures. _
_ _____
Textile mill products___ _ _____ __
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products.._
...
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______________________________
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum refining and related industries____ _ . . . ___ _________ -__ .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products. ___
_ _ _ ._ ._
Leather and leather products________
Nonmanufacturing:
M etal m in ing...
____ __ ______
Coal mining______________ _ ______
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.1
n
1.1
A4
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.7
.6
.5
.7
.4
.9
.3
1.1
.4
1.5
.3
1.2
.5
1.2
.6
1.0
0.4
1.8
.6
1.8
.8
1.0
.7
.9
.8
.9
1.1
1.2
.8
1.5
1.8
1.1
.6
.8
.'2
.7
.3
.4
1.1
.3
1.8
.6
.8
.4
1.1
.4
.4
1.2
.4
1.3
.8
1.4
.4
1.1
.3
.4
2.0
.3
2.5
.9
2.1
.7
1.3
.4
.5
1.6
.4
3.3
1.0
2.4
1.3
1.5
.4
.6
1.4
.3
2.1
.7
1.8
1.8
1.2
.5
.5
1.4
.3
1.2
.9
1.4
2.6
1.4
.7
.4
1.4
.4
1.0
.7
1.2
1.7
1.2
.8
.6
1.3
.4
1.0
.7
.9
.9
1.8
1.0
.7
6.1
.6
1.2
1.7
1.1
.8
1.9
1.1
1.2
4.2
1.2
.8
1.1
.9
.5
1.3
.6
.7
1.5
.6
.8
.8
1.1
.4
1.2
.5
.7
1.3
.5
1.3
1.0
1.1
.4
1.1
.5
.9
1.4
.6
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.4
.6
.8
2.1
.6
1.9
1.3
1.7
.8
1.8
.8
1.2
2.3
.9
1.2
.9
1.3
3.0
8.5
3.3
1.2
.9
1.1
2.6
1.9
1.7
1.7
2.4
2.9
1.3
2.1
4.1
.4
2.7
.5
1.3
2.5
3.8
.5
2.0
.5
1.1
2.4
3.6
.6
1.3
.5
1.7
3.1
7.0
.9
2.1
.8
2.3
4.5
5.5
1.3
3.3
1.0
1.8
3.9
8.9
.8
2.1
.7
1.7
3.9
6.0
.5
1.9
.6
1.6
3.5
2.3
.5
1.8
.7
1.3
2.3
4.8
.6
1.7
1.9
2.5
3.9
1.1
4.1
.8
1.3
2.1
1.0
.6
2.2
.5
1.5
2.2
2.5
.6
2.6
.6
1.7
2.4
3.1
.7
3.6
.8
1.6
3.0
4.3
.8
2.4
.8
1.9
3.4
4.9
1.1
2.6
.9
.6
.6
.9
.4
.6
1.3
.7
.9
.6
.8
.6
.8
.5
.5
.7
.6
.7
.4
.6
.6
.9
.8
1.0
.8
.6
.7
.9
1.0
.8
.3
.5
.5
.8
1.0
1.0
.7
.8
.5
.5
.5
.3
.5
.6
.7
.6
1.6
.7
1.3
.8
.9
1.3
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.9
2.5
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.8
.3
1.6
.9
1.2
1.0
.8
.5
.2
.5
.9
1.4
.6
.5
.6
.1
1.4
.6
.9
.7
.7
.9
.6
.9
1.9
2.2
.4
.5
.4
1.3
.8
.6
1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes
221-143 O 66------ 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.4
.9
.9
.9
during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence
of such stoppages.
2 Prelim inary.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
814
C.—Earnings and Hours
T able C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
Annual
average
1965
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Peb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
M ining..................... - ......................................... $129. 81
M etal mining..................................................
Iron o r e s ...------ --------------------------- --Copper o r e s........................ .............. .........
Coal m ining............... .................................Bituminous—---------- -----------------------Crude petroleum and natural gas_______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services-------------------Quarrying and nonmetallic mining-------Crushed and broken stone_____ _____ _
$122. 60
134.30
139.07
141. 76
117.64
120.05
122.12
128. 84
116. 87
120.50
119.66
$127. 37
129. 79
133.74
135. 99
143. 44
146.08
121. 69
126.36
118.09
116.22
114.29
$126.30 $126.18 $127.12 $123. 73 $126.26 $124. 66 $126.14 $122.96 $123.97 $123.97
130.94 132.19 131.67 128.96 130.31 131. 57 127. 71 128. 21 126. 77 127. 68
133.74 136.36 133.50 129. 52 129.36 133. 54 130. 71 133. 22 128.13 131.04
137. 49 139.64 140.60 139. 64 143.11 143. 44 136. 32 134.90 133. 61 134.42
142.45 142.04 142.96 129. 78 143.24 135. 29 141.98 134. 46 142.27 138. 40
144. 79 144. 73 146.02 131.98 146.30 137. 90 144. 67 137.11 145. 67 141. 40
120.13 121. 27 119. 69 117.87 115.92 116. 47 117.12 116.03 113.97 117.15
127.39 128.84 127.20 127.10 123.42 125. 55 123.41 123. 71 120.80 123. 73
115.10 115.28 114.11 110. 93 109.91 109. 65 112.33 110.06 108. 61 112. 20
113.70 112.05 117.78 123.02 123.87 122. 62 122.25 119.97 120. 02 119.09
109.03 107. 65 117.00 121.64 124.71 122. 98 123. 50 123. 25 119. 56 117. 85
Contract construction.......................... ........... 141.35 140.60 142. 88 138.30 137.97 139. .50 136.14 144. 01 138. 75
131. 74 134.32 129.93 129.23 132.13 126. 71 132.49 128. 52
General building contractors.....................
137. 48 138. 65 130.68 132.44 131. 87 135.83 149.45 138. 63
H eavy construction.....................................
134. 89 133.95 123. 00 126.96 125.06 133. 87 151.70 138.84
H ighw ay and street construction...........
139. 87 142. 61 136.04 137. 28 138. 38 137. 32 146. 01 139.12
Other heavy construction.......................
147. 42 149.92 146.65 145.89 148.00 142. 52 150.00 145. 27
Special trade contractors...------ -----------Plumbing, heating, and air condition
155.07 155.96 154.77 154.79 156.00 150.07 156. 01 151. 26
ing......... .......................................— *----Painting, paperhanging, and decorating
136. 22 134. 82 132.83 131. 67 135.10 132. 59 140. 54 138. 52
171. 97 173. 38 171.38 173.16 174. 49 166. 94 174.39 164.93
Electrical work------------------------ -------Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile
140.59 142.40 134.52 125.58 136.11 130.26 137.11 134.98
work______________ _______ _______
116.90 122.50 119.06 118.41 118.19 113.19 127. 41 122.50
Roofing and sheet metal w ork...............
Average weekly hours
143.15
131. 33
148. 43
149. 52
147.00
148. 96
M ining................... ............................................ .
Metal m in in g ........................ ......................
Iron ores...................................................... .
Copper ores........... .....................................
Coal mining..................................................
Bitum inous________ ________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services........ ...............
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____
Crushed and broken stone.....................
42.7
Contract construction..................................
General building contractors...................
Heavy construction....................................
Highway and street construction____
Other heavy construction.......................
Special trade contractors______________
Plumbing, heating, and air condition
ing......... ...................................................
37.1
Electrical work............ ................. ............
Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile
work_________________ ____ ______
Roofing and sheet metal work_______
140.50
129.15
143. 38
145.86
140.90
147.04
140.16
129. 54
139. 86
139.53
140. 22
147.04
138.01
128.16
137.50
136.36
138.45
144.65
132.06
122. 79
131.78
129. 58
133. 93
138.35
153. 27 152.10 151.32 152.10 151.31 144.02
137. 56 135. 42 136.88 136.90 133. 52 128.16
171. 39 168. 44 169. 22 170.82 168.68 165.17
140.50 138. 22 137. 03 137. 47 133. 21 127.31
122. 30 123.65 120.01 121.97 117.30 112.49
42.5
41.1
43.5
46.5
49.3
42.6
41.7
41.2
43.1
41.0
41.5
41.9
40.4
43.1
46.7
48.6
42.6
42.0
41.6
43.5
40.0
40.4
42.6
40.7
44.0
46.7
48.1
42.3
41.6
40.9
43.4
39.9
40.2
42.3
40.8
43.6
45.7
47.2
41.9
41.4
40.2
42.9
39.0
39.2
42.5
41.0
43.7
45.1
45.9
38.9
37.1
43.4
44.5
42.0
38.0
38.6
36.9
42.8
44.2
41.2
37.8
38.0
36.3
41.7
42.5
40.7
37.4
38.4
36.8
42.0
42.8
41.0
37.8
37.4
36.1
40.8
41.7
39.9
36.9
37.2
35.8
40.8
41.4
40.1
36.6
39.1
36.2
39.4
39.0
36.9
38.9
38.9
36.5
38.9
39.0
36.8
39.0
38.6
35.7
38.6
38.1
35.7
38.5
36.4
36.4
35.9
36.8
35.5
35.4
35.8
36.3
34.6
34.5
34.5
34.4
$2.91
3.04
3.11
3.10
3.47
3. 51
2.72
2.73
2.99
3.01
2. 52
2. 53
2.57
2.58
2.46
2. 5C
$2.91
3.04
3.15
3.09
3.46
3.50
2.75
3.04
2.55
2. 55
2.45
$2.92
3.07
3.16
3.15
3. 45
3.49
2. 74
3.03
2.53
2.57
2. 47
$2.81
2.96
3.13
3.04
3.26
3.30
2.66
2.95
2.43
2.48
2.41
41.7
42.5
42.4
44.3
34 fi
35,0
42.7
40.9
44.1
45.3
46.2
42.6
41.6
40.9
42.9
41.1
41. 5
43.0
40.5
44.9
44.7
45.9
42.1
41.7
40.9
43.1
40. 7
40.9
42.3
40.7
43.6
43.9
44.5
42.2
42.1
41.7
43.5
40.7
41. 0
42.7
40.9
44.0
43.6
44.3
42.8
41.8
40.7
43.8
41.2
41.6
42.9
40.9
44.4
45.3
46.8
41.8
41.2
40.1
43.5
37.4
37.6
42.4
41.0
43.5
46.6
47.7
42.8
41.5
40.3
43.9
41.4
41.8
42.0
40.6
43.1
47.1
49.1
42.4
41.9
41.6
44.0
39.1
39.4
42.2
41.3
43.0
46.8
48.8
43.2
41.6
42.3
42.6
40.8
41.1
42.9
41.0
44.4
47.2
49.6
42.4
41.9
42.7
43.1
37.0
35.8
40.2
41.0
39.4
36.4
37.7
36.8
40.9
41.6
40.4
37.2
36.3
35.5
38.1
38.2
38.0
36.3
36.5
35.6
39.3
39.8
39.0
36.2
37.1
36.4
38.9
38.6
39.2
37.0
36.4
35.1
39.6
40.2
38.9
35.9
38.3
36.6
42.7
44.1
40.9
37.5
37.1
35.6
40.3
41.2
39.3
36.5
38.1
35.2
38.3
38.7
35.2
38.7
38.5
34.5
38.6
38.6
34.2
39.0
39.0
35.0
39.3
37.8
34.8
37.6
39.1
36.6
39.1
38.1
35.7
37.4
34.8
33.4
35.6
34.9
33.8
32.8
32.2
32.8
34.9
33.2
34.7
33.4
34.8
36.3
35.1
33.0
Average hourly earnings
139.08
127. 78
140.53
140. 68
140. 01
145.86
$123. 52 $117.74
127. 71 122. 54
129.24 125.83
136. 71 130.42
137. 38 126.82
140. 23 128. 91
115. 90 113.05
123.62 120.95
110. 31 106.19
117. 45 111.85
116. 58 110. 62
M ining............ ................................................... .
M etal m in in g ...______ _______________
Iron ores____________________ ______
Copper ores_________________ ______ _
Coal mining....................................................
Bitum inous________________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields
Oil and gas field services____________
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining____
Crushed and broken stone__________
$3.04
$2.94
3.16
3.28
3.20
3 40
3.43
2. 86
3.15
2.65
2.66
2. 59
$2.99
3.12
3.27
3.17
3 49
3.52
2.83
3.12
2.63
2.60
2. 49
$3.00
3.14
3.27
3.19
3 50
3.54
2.84
3.13
2.64
2.59
2.45
$2.99
3.14
3.27
3.21
3.49
3.53
2.84
3.15
2.62
2.57
2.43
$2. 97
3.15
3.28
3. 21
3. 47
3.51
2.79
3.11
2.57
2.60
2.50
$2.96
3.13
3.23
3.21
3. 47
3. 51
2. 78
3.10
2. 55
2.64
2. 55
$2.95
3.14
3.21
3.26
3.46
3.50
2.76
3.04
2.55
2.63
2.54
$2.94
3.14
3.21
3.26
3.46
3.50
2.76
3.04
2.55
2.62
2.52
$2.92
3.07
3.09
3.20
3.48
3.52
2.73
3.01
2.53
2.59
2. 49
$2.90
3.06
3.12
3.13
Contract construction_____________
General building contractors............
H eavy construction______________
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction______
Special trade contractors_________
Plumbing, heating, and air condition
ing—
3.81
3.80
3.68
3.42
3. 29
3.55
4.05
3.79
3.65
3.39
3.22
3.53
4.03
3.81
3.66
3.43
3.22
3.58
4.04
3.78
3.63
3.37
3.19
3.52
4.03
3. 76
3.63
3.39
3.24
3.53
4.00
3. 74
3. 61
3.43
3.33
3.53
3.97
3.76
3.62
3.50
3. 57
4.00
3.74
3.61
3. 44
3.37
3.51
3.98
3.68
3.54
3.42
3.36
3. 5(
3.92
3.64
3.5C
3.35
3.3C
3.42
3.8Í
3.66
3.52
3.37
3.31
3.44
3 .9(
3.65
3.52
3.33
3.26
3.42
3.89
3.69
3. 55
3.37
3.27
3. 47
3.92
3.55
3.43
3.23
3.13
3.34
3.78
4.03
3.83
4. 48
4.02
3.85
4. 44
4.01
3.85
Electrical work.
4.07
3.87
4. 49
4.44
4.00
3.86
4. 44
3.97
3.81
4. 44
3.99
3.84
4.46
3.97
3.88
4.41
3.92
3.80
4.35
3.90
3.67
4.3Í
3.89
3. 75
4.35
3.90
3.72
4.38
3.92
3. 74
4.37
3.78
3.59
4.29
work___ _____________________
Roofing and sheet metal work____
4.04
3.50
4.00
3. 51
3.98
3.63
3.90
3.61
3.90
3.56
3.90
3. 43
3.94
3.51
3.89
3.49
3.86
3.36
3.85
3.36
3.86
3.39
3.84
3.36
3.85
3.40
3.69
3.27
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.........
3.44
C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l .
815
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
1965
A nnual
average
In d u str y
M a y 2 A p r .2
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
1965
1964
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s
$ 1 1 2 .0 5 $111. 24 $ 1 1 0 .9 5 $ 1 1 0 .2 7 $110. 00 $110. 92 $109. 71 $ 1 0 8 .6 2 $107. 83 $106. 45 $ 1 0 7 .0 1 $107 79 $107 53 $107 53 $102 97
M a n u f a c t u r i n g _____
- _____ - - - - __________ 1 2 1 .8 2 121. 54 1 2 0 .6 9 12 0 .4 1 1 1 9 .9 9 1 2 0 .9 8 119. 43 1 1 8 .7 2 1 1 7 .1 8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 1 6 .0 6 1 1 7 .7 4 1 1 7 .4 6 1 1 7 .1 8 1 1 2 .1 9
D u r a b l e g o o d s ____________
9 5 .5 2
9 6 .3 2
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ____________ . . —
9 6 .8 8
9 6 .4 8
9 5 .6 8
9 7 .9 3
96. 71
96. 96
9 5 .6 8
9 5 .1 1
9 4 .8 7
9 4 .4 7
9 4 .0 0
9 4 .6 4
90. 91
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________ __ - - .
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t ____
O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________
1 3 2 .1 9
131. 52
1 3 4 .2 3
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x cep t
9 4 .4 7
f u r n i t u r e _______________________________ _
S a w m i ll s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ____________
88. 41
M illw o r k ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
r e la t e d
p r o d u c t s __________________________________ 103. 39
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ___________ __________
7 6 .2 6
M i s c e ll a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s - - - , - - - 8 7 .5 6
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ___ __________________
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e _________
O ffic e f u r n i t u r e ____
__________
P a r t it io n s ; o f fic e a n d s t o r e f i x t u r e s . . . .
O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . . _______
9 0 .6 7
8 4 .8 7
9 7 .2 9
132. 62
132. 99
130. 42
1 3 2 .0 0
1 3 1 .6 7
1 3 2 .7 5
1 3 4 .5 1
1 2 9 .0 3
1 3 2 .9 3
1 3 5 .4 3
13 6 .2 0
1 2 7 .5 8
135. 36
138. 88
135. 79
1 2 6 .9 8
85
40
78
82
133. 56
1 3 8 .2 2
127. 39
123. 97
133. 56
1 3 8 .1 3
1 2 4 .4 0
1 2 4 .1 0
1 3 1 .1 5
1 3 4 .2 7
12 fi 30
1 2 5 .2 4
1 3 1 .1 5
1 3 6 .2 1
127 80
1 2 0 .7 7
1 3 1 .6 6
136. 53
120 00
12 1 .5 1
129. 58
134. 30
12Q 34
1 1 9 .3 6
9 1 .8 4
85. 48
88. 51
8 2 .6 2
8 8 .4 8
8 1 .5 9
88. 75
8 1 .8 1
8 9 .4 0
8 2 .4 2
89. 76
82. 42
9 1 .4 9
8 4 .2 6
9 0 .6 1
8 4 .2 5
9 1 .0 8
8 4 .4 6
8 8 .9 4
8 2 .2 2
9 9 .2 5
75. 53
8 7 .1 4
97. 47
7 3 .9 8
8 7 .1 4
9 7 .0 6
7 3 .6 2
8 5 .9 0
9 7 .7 6
7 2 .9 8
8 5 .9 0
9 8 .2 8
75. 36
8 6 .1 1
9 8 .2 3
74. 46
8 6 .3 2
9 8 .4 7
7 5 .9 6
8 6 .3 2
9 7 .9 4
7 3 .4 4
8 6 .5 3
9 8 .9 4
73. 93
8 6 .3 2
8 8 .7 5
8 3 .6 4
1 0 8 .2 0
1 1 2 .8 9
9 4 .5 8
8 9 .6 4
84. 67
1 0 8 .9 7
1 1 3 .0 2
9 4 .4 3
8 8 .5 8
8 3 .6 4
1 0 9 .6 2
1 1 0 .8 3
9 2 .0 6
8 8 .1 5
8 2 .8 2
1 0 8 .5 4
1 1 0 .4 3
9 1 .4 3
9 2 .0 2
87. 96
10 8 .1 1
1 1 4 .3 6
9 5 .8 5
9 0 .3 0
8 6 .1 0
1 0 6 .6 8
113. 42
9 4 .0 8
9 0 .7 3
8 5 .8 8
1 0 6 .7 5
1 1 5 .8 7
9 3 .6 8
8 9 .2 4
8 4 .2 5
107 03
110 70
9 2 .3 5
136.
139.
137.
130.
1 2 8 .9 6
133. 34
130. 73
1 3 4 .5 0
127 08
12L 93
116! 40
88. 73
8 1 .8 0
8 9 .4 2 • 8 8 .5 4
8 2 .4 0
8 1 .8 1
8 5 .2 4
79. 60
9 7 .1 6
7 3 .1 0
8 5 .9 0
9 7 .9 0
73. 57
85. 91
98. 79
7 2 .9 8
8 5 .0 8
96. 51
72. 92
8 4 .6 7
9 3 .1 1
68. 63
8 1 .7 9
89. 04
83. 42
108 00
120 22
9 1 .3 8
8 6 .5 1
80. 60
100 00
113 7Q
9 1 .5 6
8 6 .9 4
8 1 .3 8
8 5 .8 9
8 0 .9 9
102 48
112 02
9 4 .3 7
9 0 .4 7
8 7 .9 8
8 2 .8 0
104 48
112 80
9 2 .1 8
8 4 .4 6
7 9 .9 3
97 88
105 85
87! 54
12
o!2 2
1 2 2 .3 1
1 2 4 .4 3
A verage w e e k ly h ou rs
M a n u f a c t u r i n g _________________ __ __________
D u r a b l e g o o d s ______________ . . . ______
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ____ __
___________
4 1 .5
4 2 .3
4 0 .3
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
3 9 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 0 .2
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 2 .1
3 9 .8
4 1 .7
4 2 .6
4 0 .4
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 0 .3
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
4 0 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 2 .1
4 0 .0
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
3 9 .7
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _______ ___________
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t — .
O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ............
4 2 .1
4 1 .1
4 4 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 4 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 2 .7
4 3 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
43 6
4 3 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
40. 7
4 2 .6
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
40. 0
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
40 5
4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
40 6
4 1 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
40 4
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
40 8
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
30 8
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
40 0
4 1 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
40 8
4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 2 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
3 9 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 2 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 3 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 2 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
42. 5
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
43 4
42. 4
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
43 4
44 2
4 2 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
42 2
42 3
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
42 7
41 8
4 2 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
42 0
41 5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
41 3
40 4
4 1 .1
L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts, ex cep t
f u r n i t u r e ______________
_______________
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ______________
M illw o r k ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
r e la t e d
p r o d u c t s _____________ __________ ________
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ____________ __________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s -------------- --F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ___ _____ __ _______
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e __________
_______
O ffic e f u r n i t u r e ____
.
_ ________
P a r t i t i o n s ; o ffic e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s _____
O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____________
4 2 .3
A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s
M a n u f a c t u r i n g _________________________________
D u r a b l e g o o d s . ______
_________ __ _
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ______________________
$ 2 .7 0
2 .8 8
2 .4 3
$ 2 .7 0
2 .8 8
2. 43
$ 2 .6 8
2 .8 6
41
$ 2 .6 7
2 .8 6
2 .4 0
$ 2 .6 7
2 .8 5
2 .4 0
$ 2 .6 6
2 .8 4
2 .4 0
$ 2 .6 5
2 .8 3
2 .3 9
$ 2 .6 3
2 .8 2
2 .3 8
$ 2 .6 3
2 .8 1
2 .3 8
$ 2 .5 9
2 .7 7
2 .3 6
$ 2 .6 1
2 .7 9
2 .3 6
$ 2 .6 1
2 .7 9
2 .3 5
$ 2 .6 1
2 .7 9
2 .3 5
$2. 61
2 .7 9
2. 36
$ 2 .5 3
2 .7 1
2 .2 9
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ___________ _______
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t - .
O t h e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ________
3 .1 4
3 .2 0
3 .0 3
3 .1 5
3 .2 2
3 .1 2
3 .0 0
3 .1 5
3 .2 3
3 .1 5
2 .9 8
3 .1 5
3 .2 4
3 .1 6
2 .9 6
3 .1 7
3 .2 6
3 .1 8
2 .9 6
3 .1 9
3. 28
3 .1 6
2 .9 8
3 .1 5
3. 26
3 .1 3
2 .9 1
3 .1 5
3 .2 5
3 .1 1
2 .9 2
3 .1 3
3 .2 2
3 12
2 .9 4
3 .1 3
3 .2 2
3 15
2 .9 1
3 .1 2
3 .2 2
3 12
2 .9 0
3 .1 0
3 .1 9
3 17
2 .8 9
3 .1 0
3 .1 9
3 .1 5
2 .8 9
3 .1 2
3 .2 1
3 .1 3
2. 91
3 .0 2
3 .0 8
3 .1 7
2 .8 6
2 .2 6
2 .1 1
2 .2 4
2 .0 9
2 .1 8
2 .0 4
2 .1 9
2 .0 5
2 .1 7
2 .0 2
2 .1 7
2. 02
2. 04
2 .2 1
2 .0 5
2 .2 1
2 .0 6
2 .2 0
2 .0 5
2 .1 8
2 .0 3
2 .1 8
2 .0 4
2 .1 6
2 .0 0
2 .1 7
2 .0 2
2 .1 1
1 .9 8
2 .3 8
1 .8 2
2 .1 1
2 .3 6
1 .8 0
2 .1 1
2 .3 5
1 .8 0
2 .0 9
2 .3 5
78
2 .0 9
1.
2 .3 4
1 .7 9
2 .0 7
2 .3 5
1 .7 9
2 .0 8
2 .3 5
1 .8 0
2 .0 7
2 .3 6
1 .8 0
2 .0 9
2 .3 5
1 .7 9
2 .0 8
2 .3 3
1 .7 7
2 .0 8
2 .3 2
1 .7 6
2 .0 7
2 .3 3
1 .7 5
2 .0 5
2 .3 2
1 .7 7
2 .0 5
2 .2 6
1 .7 2
1 .9 9
2 .1 7
2 .0 6
2 .5 4
2 .7 4
2 .2 9
2 .1 6
2 .0 5
2 .5 4
2 .7 3
2 .2 7
2 .1 5
2 .0 4
2 .5 2
2 .6 9
2 .2 4
2 .1 5
2 .0 3
2. 53
2 .7 0
2 .2 3
2 .1 6
2. 06
2 .5 2
2. 71
2 .2 5
2 .1 5
2 .0 5
2 .5 1
2. 72
2. 24
2 .1 5
2 .0 4
2 .5 0
2 .7 2
2 .1 4
2 .0 3
2. 48
2 .7 3
2 .1 2
2 .0 1
2. 50
2 .7 2
2 .1 5
2 .1 1
1 .9 9
2 .5 0
2. 69
2 .1 8
2 .1 0
1 .9 8
2. 48
2 .6 8
2 .2 1
2 .1 0
1 .9 9
2 .4 4
2 .6 9
2 .1 8
2 .1 2
2 .0 0
2 .4 7
2 .7 0
2 .2 0
2 .0 5
1 .9 4
2 .3 7
2 .6 2
2 .1 3
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c ep t
f u r n it u r e .—
.
.......... .......................
S a w m i ll s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s _________ __ .
M illw o r k ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
r e la t e d
p r o d u c t s . __________
. . ___________ . .
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ________ . . . . ______
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s - _______
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s _____ __ __________
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e _________ . ________
O ffic e f u r n it u r e
P a r t it io n s ; o ffic e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s
O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2. 41
1 .8 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 9
2 .0 7
2 .3 0
2.
2. 20
2.22
2.22
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
816
T a b l e C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1965
1966
A nnual
average
In d u stry
M a y 2 A p r.2 M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Ju ly
June
May
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable poods—C ontinued
$115.06 $113.82
155.86
109. 62 109.47
131.56 132.19
98.41 98.23
98.00
Pnftpry and related products
Concrete, gypsum and, plaster products. 118.99 116.60
O ther stone and m ineral p roducts-------- 116.33 115.63
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
flpmpnt, hydraulic _ _ _ __
_____
B last furnace. and basic steel products
Iran and steal foundries _
__ __
Non ferrous sm elting and refining___
Nonferrous rolling, draw ing, and extrn d in g
__
_ _ _
Nonferrous foundries
_
_ __
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal industries
—
137.99 138. 74
146.97
126.85 128.17
128. 71 129.32
$112. 56 $110. 54 $110.66 $112.25 $112.94 $112.94 $112.10 $111.78 $110.83 $110.40 $110. 66 $109. 78 $105. 50
154.51 152. 08 151.30 146. 91 155. 88 152.76 154. 66 145. 39 147. 63 149.29 147. 98 149.60 144.14
111.92 110. 70 111.37 111.78 109. 61 108.00 106.13 106.13 106. 25 105.99 106.52 106. 25 102. 21
130.94 126.98 129. 79 127.82 131. 67 126.79 132. 29 123. 52 123.90 122. 25 121.54 124.42 121.30
95.87 93.61 93.66 94.62 95.08 95.72 95. 72 95. 60 95.34 94.92 95.15 94.02 89.82
96.87 96.62 97.11 97.69 96.48 96.32 95.36 94.16 91.96 95.76 94.49 94.72 93.13
114.06 109.04 110. 50 114.06 115. 72 118. 46 117.11 119.28 118. 04 116. 22 116.10 113. 26 108.32
113.82 113. 55 111. 22 113. 63 113.25 113.10 111.19 111.14 109. 52 110. 56 119. 88 110. 20 107.01
137.25
143. 56
128. 60
126.96
136. 08
141. 69
128. 03
125. 93
135. 34
140.24
126.28
125.82
132.48
134.21
128.63
126.00
129.83
130. 64
125. 85
125. 70
130.06
132. 01
125.86
125.58
133. 44
138. 29
126.15
128. 78
132. 51
139. 67
121.13
124. 27
135.68
144. 40
123.27
124. 68
135.89
143.64
127.16
124.02
134.09
140. 69
126. 58
123.06
133. 88
140. 90
124. 99
124. 44
130.00
138. 43
119.41
120. 22
137. 64 134. 77 134.20 134. 81 135.86 134. 98 131.67 131.67 133.32 130.20 129. 47 131.10 128. 76 130. 07 112. 26
118.16 117. 74 117.17 116. 75 118.15 118.40 115. 50 115. 08 112.47 111.64 110. 02 113.13 113.13 113. 55 110.12
151.51 146. 46 150.23 150.82 148.24 150.48 149. 60 148. 72 144. 86 138. 60 141. 53 140. 58 141.57 143.09 133. 77
Average weekly hours
Stone clay and glass products __ __ _ _
Flat, glass
__ _
___Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Clamant, hydraulic
_ __ _ __ _
Structural clay products
P o ttery and related p r o d u c ts ___
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products
O ther stone and m ineral p roducts------Blast furnace and basic steel pro d u cts..
Tron and steel foundries _ _
Nonferrous sm elting and refining-------N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and extru d in g
____
_____
N onferrous foundries
_ _ _
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries .
_______ _ _ - -
40.6
41.5
41.7
42.0
42.7
40.1
41.7
41.8
40. 0
42.0
42.8
41.3
41.7
41.5
39.7
41.4
42.6
41.0
40.7
40.7
39.6
41.6
42.5
41.4
41.6
40.9
39.8
42.2
41.5
41.4
41.1
41.5
40.2
42.3
43.3
40.9
41.8
41.7
40.2
42.3
42.2
40.6
40.9
41.8
40.3
42.3
43.2
40.2
42.4
41.8
39.9
42.5
41.9
40.2
40.9
42.3
39.9
42.3
42.3
40.4
41.3
42.0
38.8
42.3
42.9
40.3
41.3
42.0
39.9
42.4
42.4
40.5
41. 2
42.1
39.7
41.9
42.5
40.4
41. 2
41.6
39.8
41.7
41.9
40.4
41.4
41.2
39.8
44.4
42.3
44.0
42.2
43.7
42.0
42.1
41.9
42.5
41.5
43.7
42.4
44.0
42.1
44.7
42.2
44.7
41.8
45.7
42.1
45.4
41.8
44.7
42.2
45.0
42.1
43.9
41. 9
43.5
41.8
42.2
43.0
42.2
42.3
41.4
43.3
42.4
42.1
40.9
43.3
41.9
42.0
40.6
43.4
41.7
41.9
40.3
43.1
41.8
41.4
38.9
43.9
42.0
40.7
38.2
43.1
41.9
40.9
38.6
43.4
42.0
41.7
40.2
43.5
42.5
41.8
41.2
42.5
41.7
42.4
42.1
43.1
41.7
42.6
42.0
44.0
41.9
42.3
41.5
43.8
42.0
42.1
41.2
43.4
41.9
41.8
41.2
42.8
41.6
44.4
42.2
43.9
42.2
44.0
42.3
44.2
42.3
44.4
42.5
44.4
42.9
43.6
42.0
43.6
42.0
44.0
41.5
43.4
41.5
43.3
40.9
43.7
41.9
43.5
41.9
43.5
41.9
42.6
41.4
44.3
42.7
43.8
44.1
43.6
44.0
44.0
44.0
43.5
42.0
42.5
42.6
42.9
43.1
42.2
42.3
Average hourly earnings
2.70
3.17
2.36
$2.71
3.65
2.73
3.17
2.35
2.45
$2.68
3.61
2.71
3.14
2.31
2.44
$2.67
3.57
2. 70
3.12
2.30
2.44
$2.66
3.56
2.69
3.12
2.29
2.44
$2.66
3.54
2.70
3.11
2.28
2.43
$2. 67
3.60
2.68
3.15
2.28
2.40
$2.67
3.62
2.66
3.1C
2.29
2.39
$2.65
3. 58
2.64
3.12
2.2C
2.3S
$2.63
3.47
2.64
3.02
2.26
2.36
$2.62
3.49
2.63
3.00
2. 27
2.37
$2. 61
3.48
2.63
2.96
2. 26
2.40
$2.61
3.49
2.63
2.95
2. 26
2.38
$2. 62
3.52
2. 63
3. 02
2.26
2.38
$2.53
3.44
2.53
2.93
2.18
2.34
2.68
2. 75
2.65
2.74
2.61
2.71
2.5S
2.71
2 .6(
2.68
2. 61
2.68
2. 65
2.69
2.65
2.68
2.62
2.66
2.61
2. 61
2.60
2.62
2. 60
2.62
2.58
2.61
2.58
2.63
2.49
2.56
3.27
2.95
3. 05
3.28
3. 55
2.96
3.05
3.26
3.51
2.97
3.03
3.24
3.49
2.95
3.02
3.23
3.48
2.93
3. 01
3.20
3. 45
2.9i
3.00
3.19
3.42
2.92
3.00
3.18
3.42
2.90
2.99
3.20
3. 44
2 .9C
3.03
3.17
3.39
2. 85
2. 98
3. 20
3.43
2.86
2.99
3.19
3. 42
2.89
2. 96
3.17
3.39
2.89
2.93
3.18
3. 42
2.88
2. 97
3.11
3.36
2.79
2.89
3.10
2.80
3. 07
2.79
3.05
2.77
3.05
2.76
3. 06
2. 78
3.M
2. 76
3.02
2. 75
3.02
2.74
3.03
2. 71
3. 00
2.69
2.99
2. 69
3. 00
2. 70
2. 96
2. 70
2.99
2. 71
2.87
2. 66
3.42
3.43
3.43
3.42
3 .4(
3.42
3. 4(
3. 3f
3. 3c
3.30
3.33
3.30
3.30
3. 32
3.17
Stone clay, and glass products .. _ _
F la t glass
_ _ _ _ _________
Glass"and glassware, pressed or blow n.
C em ent, hydraulic _ _____ _ _ ____
Structural-clay products _
_ .
P o ttery and related products
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster products
.. . ..
. . . __ ____
O ther stone and m ineral products___
$2.72
Prim ary m etal in d u stries.
_
__
Blast furnace and basic steel products
Iron and steel foundries
N onferrous sm elting and re fin in g .. . . . .
N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and extru d in g
.......
Nonferrous foundries
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal industries
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l.
817
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
Annual
average
1965
Industry
May 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products..........................
Metal cans__________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_____________________________
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_____________________________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stam pings._______ ___________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____________________ ____ _____
Machinery_____________________ ______
Engines and turbines________________
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery__
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent_____ _______________________
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing and accounting machines____________________________
Service industry machines___________
Miscellaneous machinery_____________
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
$121. 84 $119.99 $119.85 $119.00 $118. 02 $119. 71 $118.72 $118.30 $116.48 $115. 08 $114. 68 $117. 02 $116. 75 $116. 20 $111.34
141. 7C 138.14 135.36 135.14 133.66 135. 68 136.32 134.4C 133.22 140.92 141. 36 138. 45 134. 83 137. 49 131.82
114.26 113. 02 113. 57 113.15 112. 47 114. 51 114.93 112. 71 111. 22 108. 09 107. 33 108. 92 110. 81 110. 81 107. 23
110.03
119. 42
128.13
134.9C
107.36
110. 46
108.40
117.73
126.83
132.75
105. Ci
108.84
108.00
117. OS
128. 82
131.8£
105.42
108. 52
108.27
116. 76
127.63
129.99
104.25
109. 56
105. 6(
116. 48
126. 62
129.68
102.18
107. 01
109.08
118. 3C
126. 34
132. 41
103. 49
108. 8C
108.4C
116.62
124.32
132. 41
103. 0C
108. 54
109. 59
117.45
123.20
130.20
102.58
106. 85
106. 53
116. 06
121. 21
125. 38
102. 51
105. 75
105. 06
115. 90
120. 01
122. 96
99. 46
104. 00
104. 66
113.98
117. 39
125.38
98.98
102. 50
106. 78
115. 21
121. 55
130. 09
101.22
104. 75
104. 40
114.11
121. 00
131. 26
98. 95
104. 25
105. 06
114. 26
121.16
128. 60
100. 02
104.92
102. 91
110. 27
113.85
123. 41
95.58
99. 46
119.99 117.46 117.87 116. 06 114. 95 114. 95 114.26 115.23 113. 42 113.15 111. 37 113. 55 116.05 113.15 108. 65
135.83 134. 03
144. 86
131. 09
133.85 132. 07
134. 51
141. 57
132.62
133.42
133. 76
138.32
130.11
131.94
132.41
135.85
128. 59
129. 73
133. 48
140. 71
127.14
131. 24
130.20
135.76
125.22
128.40
129.47
136. 08
123.79
. 130.33
127.12
135 43
122. 30
126.65
124.95
132 57
117. 56
124. 66
125.83 128. 03 127. 74
131 43 133 76 132 29
118 26 120 18 119 31
125. 97 126. 56 124.82
127.15 121. 69
133 44 127 30
121 30 118 82
125.97 120. 25
156.37 153.45 153.64 152. 06 150.29 151. 45 146.IS 144.00 140. 75 139.10 141. 75 145. 33 146.10 144. 05 137. 06
125. 99 124.98 125.24 124.80 124. 24 126. 05 122. 64 121. 52 120. 37 117. 85 118.28 120. 77 120.22 120. 22 114.86
134.33 132.24 132. 54 132. 71 131.67 132. 88 129. 6C 129.17 127. 41 125. 83 124. 82 127. 74 125. 99 126. 56 120. 83
131. 63 128. 52 132.13 132.62 133. 06 133. 24 130.42 129.38 126. 60 123.85 126. 95 126. 35 125.33 126. 78 120. 60
116.34 115.79 115.92 115. 51 113. 44 114.93 113.30 112.61 109. 62 110.15 111. 78 115. 06 113.82 112.19 107.16
128.03 127. 58 127.87 127.43 125. 97 126. 66 124.36 123.36 119. 56 119.11 119.66 120.93 122. 48 120.93 115.83
Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products________ ____
Metal cans__________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_____________________________
Heating equipment and plumbing fix_______________________
tures___
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc____
Metal stampings__________ _____ ____
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
Machinery____________________________
Engines and turbines________________
Farm machinery and equipment...........
Construction arid related machinery___
Metalworking machinery and equipm ent_____________________________
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing and accounting machines________ ______ __________
Service industry machines___________
Miscellaneous machinery............... ...........
42.6
43.6
42.1
42.9
42.2
42.3
42.2
42.1
42.0
41.9
42.6
42.8
42.4
42.6
42.4
42.0
41.9
41.5
42.0
43.9
41.7
43.9
42.4
43.4
42.3
42.4
42.1
43.1
41.7
42.8
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.6
41.5
42.1
42.1
41.9
41.5
41.1
40.5
41.1
41.5
41.5
41.4
40.6
41.9
44.8
43.8
42.1
42.0
42.7
40.0
41.6
44.5
43.1
41.7
41.7
42.1
40.0
41.5
45.2
43.1
42.0
41.9
42.4
40.1
41.7
45.1
42.9
41.7
42.3
41.9
39.7
41.6
44.9
42.8
41.2
41.8
41.8
40.7
42.4
44.8
43.7
41.9
42.5
41.8
40.6
42.1
44.4
43.7
41.7
42.4
41.7
41.2
42.4
44.0
43.4
41.7
41.9
41.9
40.2
41.9
43.6
42.5
41.5
41.8
41.7
40.1
42.3
43.8
42.4
41.1
41.6
41.6
40.1
41.6
43.0
42.5
40.9
41.0
41.4
40.6
42.2
44.2
43.8
42.0
41.9
41.9
40.0
41.8
44.0
43.9
41.4
41.7
42.2
40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41.6
40.2
41.3
42.8
43.0
41.2
41.1
41.0
44.1
43.6
43.8
43.5
42.7
43.3
44.1
42. 9
43 2
43.6
44.0
42.3
42.8
43.4
43.7
41.8
42.3
43.1
44.2
42. 9
42.1
43.6
43.4
41.9
41.6
42.8
43.3
42. 0
41 4
43.3
42.8
41 8
41 0
42.5
42.5
41 3
40 4
42.4
42.8
41 2
40 5
42.7
43.4
41 8
41. 3
42.9
43.3
41 6
41 0
42.6
43.1
41. 7
41. 4
42.7
42.4
40.8
41 4
41.9
47.1
43.9
43.9
46.5
43.7
43.5
46.7
44.1
43.6
46.5
44.1
43.8
46.1
43.9
43.6
46.6
44.7
44.0
45.4
43.8
43.2
45.0
43.4
43.2
44.4
43.3
42.9
44.3
42.7
42.8
45.0
42.7
42.6
45.7
43.6
43.3
45.8
43.4
43.0
45.3
43.4
42.9
44.5
42.7
42.1
42.6
41.7
44.3
42.0
41.8
44.3
42.9
42.0
44.4
43.2
41.7
44.4
43.2
41.4
44.2
43.4
42.1
44.6
42.9
41.5
44.1
42.7
41.4
43.9
42.2
40.6
42.7
41.7
41.1
43.0
42.6
41.4
43.2
42.4
42.3
43.5
42.2
42.0
43.9
42.4
41.4
43.5
41.3
40.9
42.9
$2.74
3. 21
$2. 75
3.22
$2. 76
3.19
$2. 76
3.18
$2. 76
3.19
$2. 67
3.08
Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products_____________
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_______________ ___ ___
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures__________ _______
Fabricated structural metal products...
Screw machine products, bolts, e tc .. .
Metal stampings__________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
$2.86
3.25
Machinery_______
Engines and turbines_______________
Farm machinery and equipment- . . .
Construction and related machinery .
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
Special industry machinery__________
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing and accounting machines__________
Service industry machines. ____
Miscellaneous machinery____________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.85
3.22
$2.84
3.20
$2. 82
3.21
$2.81
3.19
$2. 81
3.17
$2.80
3.20
$2.79
3.20
$2.78
3. 21
2.74
2.73
2.73
2.72
2. 71
2. 72
2.73
2.69
2.68
2.63
2.65
2.65
2. 67
2. 67
2.59
2.71
2.85
2.86
3.08
2.55
2.63
2.81
2.71
2.83
2.85
3.08
2.52
2.61
2.79
2.70
2.82
2.85
3.06
2.51
2.59
2.78
2. 70
2.80
2.83
3.03
2.50
2. 59
2. 77
2.66
2. 80
2. 82
3.03
2. 48
2. 56
2. 75
2.68
2.79
2. 82
3.03
2. 47
2. 56
2. 75
2.67
2.77
2.80
3.03
2.47
2.56
2.74
2.66
2.77
2.80
3.00
2.46
2. 55
2.75
2.65
2.77
2.78
2.95
2. 47
2.53
2.72
2.62
2.74
2. 74
2.90
2.42
2.50
2. 72
2.61
2.74
2.73
2. 95
2.42
2.50
2.69
2.63
2.73
2.75
2. 97
2.41
2. 50
2. 71
2. 61
2.73
2.75
2.99
2.39
2. 50
2.75
2.62
2. 74
2. 76
2. 97
2. 41
2. 51
2. 72
2. 56
2. 67
2. 66
2. 87
2. 32
2. 42
2.65
3.08
3. 07
3.32
2.87
3.06
3.06
3.33
3. 07
3. 05
3.30
2.86
3.04
3. 05
3.30
3. 07
3.06
3.29
2.84
3. 04
3.04
3.27
3.04
3.04
3.27
2.83
3.03
3.03
3.25
3.04
3.01
3. 26
2.83
3. 02
3.02
3. 28
3. 02
3. 01
3. 25
2. 82
3.02
3.00
3.24
3.01
3.00
3.22
2.80
3.00
2.99
3.24
2. 99
3.01
3.20
2.80
2.99
2.97
3 24
2 94
2.98
3.17
2.78
2.97
2.94
3. 21
2 91
2.94
3.14
2.76
2.94
2.94
3.19
2. 92
2.95
3.15
2.77
2.93
2.95
3. 20
2. 91
2.95
3.18
2.77
2.95
2. 95
3.18
2. 91
2.93
3.19
2.77
2.93
2.95
3. 20
2. 93
2. 95
3.18
2. 77
2. 95
2.87
3.12
2. 87
2.87
3.08
2. 69
2.87
3.09
2.79
2.89
3.06
2.77
2.88
3.08
2.76
2.88
3.07
2.77
2. 87
3.08
2. 74
2.85
3. 07
2.73
2.84
3.04
2.73
2.82
3.03
2.72
2.81
3.00
2.70
2.80
2. 97
2.68
2.77
2. 98
2.70
2. 77
2.98
2. 72
2.78
2.97
2. 71
2.79
2.99
2.71
2.78
2.92
2.62
2.70
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
818
T able C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
Annual
average
1955
1966
Industry
M a y 2 A pr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1%5
1%4
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
37 $105. 78 $101.66
Electrical equipment and supplies--------- $108. 09 $107. 68 $107.79 $108.47 $108.21 $110. 04 $108.32 $107.12 $106. 08 $104. 60 $103.97 $106.04 $105.
71 112.75 113. 02 110.83
Electric distribution eq u ip m en t--........ 114. 53 113.30 115. 50 113.57 113.98 116. 75 115.23 114.68 113.58 113. 44 113.85 113.
113. 70 109. 56
115.48
115.
48
Electrical industrial apparatus----------- 117.73 117.87 118.71 118.00 115. 78 117.58 114. 81 114.68 113.98 112.19 113.70
114. 95 107.33
Household appliances........... ................... 118.24 119.68 114.77 118.69 119.83 123.26 119. 70 119.28 115.34 113.83 111.60 113.98 112. 33
Electric lighting and wiring equip
100. 37 98.01 97.93 99. 31 99. 63 99.14 95. 04
m ent............ ................ ............................ 102.91 101.34 101.43 100.78 100.28 102.42 101.68 101.27
89.17 91.57 91.87 93.43 92.66 95.24 93. 50 93.03 92. 50 91. 43 89.67 89. 27 88.98 90. 91 87. 47
Radio and T V receiving sets------- -----119.26
118. 53 117. 29 113. 65 117.58 116. 31 116. 88 112.07
120.
25
121.54
122.
98
121.67
120.
67
119.65
120.22
Communication equipm ent---------93.25 91.35 92.43 92.25 92.03 92.51 91.21 89.91 88. 62 87. 34 86.24 91. 02 90.20 89.28 86.18
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
110.95 113.70 112. 33 114. 95 108.67
and supplies................. .................. ........ 117. 79 117.62 117.10 119.81 118.12 120. 98 119. 28 116.06 112. 74 111.38
135. 01 130.82 133. 46 137.49 137.81 137. 71 130. 09
Transportation equipment------------ ------ 140.48 141. 47 140.06 141.14 142. 46 145.53 144.87 141.48
148. 68 144. 57 1 46 .4 5 148.58 155. 38 156.18 151.53 1 4 2 . 1 3 136. 45 1 4 1 . 1 4 147. 74 148. 07 147. 63 138. 03
M otor vehicles and e q u ip m en t---------141 70 139. 75 141.48 142.14 143.00 141.15 138. 35 134.51 130. 73 130. 52 130. 31 131.04 130. 73 131.88 125.03
Aircraft and parts......... - .........- ...........
120. 60 122. 78 121. 91 121.10
Ship and boat building and repairing. 130.83 129. 07 130.10 130.00 129.27 126.07 123.22 125. 86 123. 32 120. 50 119. 50 130.33
127. 92 129.44 127. 39
138.20 132.44 133.82 135. 71 135.% 133.32 129.03 130. 25 125.19 126. 72
Railroad equipm ent------------------------95.63 93. 56 93.09 93.89
90.68
96.
05
97.11
97.
58
94.
87
94.13
91.80
89.86
95.60
95.68
Other transportation equipm ent..........
Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and suppliesElectric distribution equipment.
Electrical industrial apparatus—.
Household appliances--------------Electric lighting and wiring equip
m en t_______________ ___________--Radio and TV receiving sets...................
Communication equipm ent---------Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies.........- ...............................
41.1
41.8
42.5
41.2
41.1
41.5
42.4
41.7
41.3
42.0
42.7
40.7
41.4
41.6
42.6
41.5
41.3
41.6
42.1
41.9
42.0
42.3
42.6
42.8
41.5
41.9
41.9
42.0
41.2
41.7
41.7
42.0
40.8
41.3
41.6
40.9
40.7
41.4
41.4
40.8
40.3
41.4
41.8
40.0
41.1
41.5
42.3
41. 0
41.0
41.3
42. 3
40.7
41.0
41.4
41. 8
41. 2
40. 5
41.2
41.5
40.5
41. 0
38.6
41. 6
40.9
40.7
39.3
41.4
40.6
40.9
39.6
41.9
40.9
40.8
40.1
42.1
41.0
40.6
39.6
42.2
40.9
41.3
40.7
42.7
41.3
41.0
40.3
41.9
40.9
41.0
40.1
41.7
40.5
40.8
39.7
41.3
40.1
40.5
40.1
41.3
39.7
40.3
39.5
40.3
39.2
40.7
39. 5
41. 4
41.0
41. 0
39. 2
41.1
41. 0
40.8
39. 7
41.3
40. 4
40.1
39.4
40.9
39.9
40.9
40.7
40.8
41.6
41.3
42.3
42.0
41.6
40.7
40.5
40.2
40.9
40.7
41.2
40.7
Transportation equipm ent..........- .............
Motor vehicles and equipm ent..............
Aircraft and parts.................. - ................
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm ent.................................
Other transportation equipment..........
42.7
43.0
43.6
43.0
41.5
41.5
40.2
42.7
42.9
43.4
41.7
40.5
40.0
42.9
43.2
43.6
41.4
40.8
38.9
43.3
43.7
44.0
41.3
41.0
38.9
44.1
45.3
43.7
40.8
41.2
40.2
43.9
45.4
43.1
40.4
40.4
40.4
43.4
44.7
42.3
41.4
39.7
41.5
41.8
42.3
41.5
40.7
40.2
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.7
40.3
39. 0
41.4
42.1
42.9
41.9
40.1
39.6
39. 6
43.1
44. 5
42. 0
40. 2
40. 6
41. 4
43.2
44. 6
41.9
41.2
40.1
40. 5
42.9
44. 2
42.0
40. 5
40. 2
40.3
42.1
43.0
41.4
40.5
40.7
41.0
$2.58
2. 73
2. 72
2. 79
2. 43
2. 29
2. 83
2. 21
$2.51
2.69
2.64
2.65
2.37
43.6
41 8
Average hourly earnings
Electric distribution equipment..
Electrical industrial apparatus.—
Household appliances--------------Electric lighting and wiring equipment
Radio and TV receiving sets___
Communication equipm ent____
supplies.
Transportation equipment______
Motor vehicles and equipment.
Aircraft and p arts..------- -------Railroad equipm ent..................—
Other transportation equipment.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.63
2.74
2.77
2.87
2.51
2.31
2.89
2.28
$2.62
2.73
2.78
2.87
2.49
2.33
2.89
2.25
$2.61
2.75
2.78
2.82
2.48
2.32
2.88
2.26
$2.62
2.73
2.77
2.86
2.47
2.33
2.89
2.25
$2.02
2.74
2.75
2.86
2.47
2.34
2.88
2.25
$2. 62
2. 76
2. 76
2.88
2. 48
2. 34
2.88
2.24
$2.61
2. 75
2.74
2.85
2. 48
2.32
2.87
2.23
$2.60
2.75
2.75
2.84
2.47
2.32
2.86
2.22
$2.60
2.75
2.74
2.82
2. 46
2. 33
2.87
2. 21
$2.57
2.74
2.71
2.79
2. 42
2.28
2.84
2. 20
$2.58
2. 75
2.72
2.79
2. 43
2.27
2.82
2.20
$2.58
2. 74
2. 73
2.78
2. 44
2. 26
2.84
2. 22
$2. 57
2. 73
2. 73
2. 76
2. 43
2. 27
2.83
2. 20
2.88
2.89
2.87
2.88
2.86
2.86
2.84
2.79
2.77
2. 75
2. 76
2.78
2. 76
2. 79
2. 67
3.19
3. 32
3.12
2.98
3.19
2. 31
3. 21
3.34
3.14
3. 01
3. 22
2. 31
3.09
3. 21
3.02
2.99
3.13
2.29
3.29
3.25
3.13
3.29
3.41
3.25
3.11
3.33
2.38
3.28
3.37
3.26
3.12
3.27
2.39
3.29
3.39
3.26
3.14
3.28
2.36
3.29
3.40
3.25
3.13
3.31
2.31
3. 30
3. 43
3.23
3.09
3. 30
2.36
3.30
3. 44
3. 21
3. 05
3. 30
2.33
3.26
3.39
3.18
3.04
3.25
2.34
3. 23
3. 36
3.15
3. 03
3.24
2.34
3.16
3.28
3.13
2.99
3. 21
2. 32
3.17
3.29
3.11
2.98
3. 20
2. 29
3.19
3.32
3.12
3. 00
3. 21
2. 31
2.22
2.74
2.16
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l
819
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
1965
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products---------- $114.33 $112. 29 $112.67
Engineering and scientific instruments.
130. 5£ 133.18
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___________________________ 116.14 114.36 113. 79
Optical and ophthalmic goods________ 102. 43 96.63 101. 46
Ophthalmic goods __ _____________
88. 26 91.24
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent------------ ------------------- . 96. 51 93. 7S 93.8S
Photographic equipment and supplies..
135. 21 131.63
Watches and clocks__________ _____
90.50 91.62
$112.25 $111.72 $111.30 $110.88 $109. 78 $108. 58 $108.05 $107. 53 $108.99 $107.90 $108. 05 $103.63
131. 70 132. 25 133. 8C 129.13 124. 8C 125.1C 125. 63 124.42 127. 26 124.44 124. 92 119. 66
114.06 114.06 109.06 111.34 110.92 109. 93 109.15 109. 41 109. 41 108. 47 108. 62 103. 79
100.38 99.42 100.44 99.83 98. 7C 99.12 97.86 98.88 98.41 96. 70 98.23 94.81
91. 05 89.35 90. 23 89.84 89.4C 89 84 87. 76 89. 60 88. 56 88.37 88. 99 85.67
92.57 93. 2C 94. 3C 93.43 91.94 90.80 89. 95 87.58 91.30 90.63 90.63 88.22
133.29 130. 29 131.97 129.63 131.26 127.87 125. 24 124. 95 127.87 129.90 128.14 120.38
91. 02 89.35 91. 27 89.76 88.94 86 94 87. 23 86. 62 87.60 87.85 87. 85 84.50
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 88.80 87.74 88.88 88.44
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—. 100.12 100. 21 100. 60 97.68
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
77. 61 78.99 78. 00
Pens, pencils, office and "art materials
84.84 85. 44 84.80
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
79.97 82.42 82.21
Other manufacturing industries______
95.75 94.80 95.47 95.47
Musical instruments and parts_____
98.25 99.53 102.18
87.12 87.48 86. 46 86.46
96.63 103. 39 102.67 100.14
77. 00 76. 05 76.62 77.39
82.29 85. 70 85.49 85.49
80.38 80.80 78.01 77.03
94.24 94. 60 94.19 94. 60
96.80 99. 77 101.22 101.22
85.20
97.06
76.24
84. 46
77. 62
92. 23
99.29
84.80
94.53
75.85
83. 84
77.81
92.69
97.58
83.71
90. 91
75.66
81.16
75.85
91.94
93.85
84.96
94.19
76.64
83.63
76.44
91.83
95.99
84.56
93.96
76.05
82.41
78.41
90. 52
95.27
84.99
95.53
76. 05
82. 82
77. 62
92.23
97.34
82.37
91.58
74.30
78.80
73.90
88.98
94.66
Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods________
Ophthalmic goods.
_____________
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent-------------------------------------------Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks_____________ . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______
Musical instruments and parts_____
42.5
41.9
42.4
42.2
43.1
42.2
42.9
42.0
42.8
42.0
43.3
42.0
42.2
41.9
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.2
41.6
42.0
41.5
41.9
41.4
41.5
40.8
40.7
42.7
42.5
42.2
40.6
40.3
42.3
42.1
41.1
42.4
42.0
41.2
42.4
41.6
40. 8
41.0
42.2
41. 2
41.7
42.3
41.4
41.7
42.0
41.2
41.8
42.0
41.4
41.5
42.0
41.2
41.6
41.9
41.1
41.6
41.7
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.8
41. 2
40.7
41.4
40.6
41.6
40.6
43.9
40.4
41.0
43.3
40.9
40.6
43.7
41.0
40.7
43.0
40.8
41.0
43.7
41.3
40.8
43.5
40.8
40.5
43.9
40.8
40.0
43.2
39. 7
39.8
42.6
40.2
39.1
42.5
40.1
40.4
43.2
40.0
40.1
43.3
40.3
40.1
43.0
40.3
40.1
41.8
39.3
40.0
40.7
39.7
40.9
39.0
40.4
39.2
40.0
40.6
40.4
41.4
39.3
40.3
40.4
40.8
41.3
40.2
40.7
39.0
40.0
40.3
40.8
42.4
39.6
40.6
38.5
39.0
39.4
40.1
40.5
40.5
42.9
39.2
41. 6
40.4
40.6
41.4
40.4
42.6
39.7
41.3
39.6
40.6
42.0
40.4
41.9
40.1
41.3
39.3
40.6
42.0
40.0
41.3
39.5
40.8
39.6
40.1
41.2
40.0
41.1
39.3
40.7
39.9
40.3
41.0
39.3
39.7
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.8
39.6
39.7
40.6
39.1
40.4
39.0
40.1
40.5
39.7
40.5
39.2
40.2
39.8
39.7
40.2
39.9
41.0
39.2
40.4
39.6
40.1
40.9
39.6
40.7
38.9
39.4
39.1
39.9
40.8
40.4
Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products..
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___________ . . . . ______
Optical and ophthalmic goods________
Ophthalmic goods
___
______
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent_______ ___________________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks__________________
$2.69
$2.68
3.08
$2.67
3. 09
$2.66
3.07
$2. 66
3.09
$2. 65
3.09
$2.64
3.06
$2.62
3.00
$2. 61
3.00
$2.61
3.02
$2. 61
3.02
$2.62
3.03
$2.60
2. 97
$2. 61
3. 01
$2.54
2.94
2.72
2.41
2.71
2.38
2.19
2.69
2.41
2. 22
2.69
2.39
2.21
2.69
2. 39
2.19
2. 66
2. 38
2.19
2.67
2.36
2.17
2.66
2.35
2.17
2.63
2.36
2.17
2.63
2.33
2.13
2.63
2.36
2.18
2.63
2.36
2.16
2.62
2.33
2.15
2.63
2. 35
2.16
2. 55
2.29
2.11
2.32
2.31
3.08
2.24
2.29
3.04
2. 24
2.28
3. 05
2.22
2.29
3.03
2.19
2. 30
3.02
2. 21
2.29
2.98
2.20
2.27
2.99
2.18
2. 27
2. 96
2.19
2. 26
2. 94
2.17
2.24
2. 94
2.16
2.26
2.96
2.19
2. 26
3.00
2.18
2. 26
2. 98
2.18
2.20
2.88
2.15
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials .
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries___. . .
Musical instruments and parts_____
2.22
2.46
2. 21
2. 45
1.99
2.10
2.04
2.37
2.42
2.20
2.43
2.01
2.12
2. 04
2.34
2.41
2.20
2.40
2.00
2.12
2.04
2.34
2.41
2.20
2.38
2.00
2.11
2.04
2.35
2.39
2.16
2.41
1.94
2. 06
2.00
2.33
2.41
2.14
2.41
1.93
2.07
1.97
2.32
2.41
2.14
2.39
1.93
2. 07
1.96
2.33
2.41
2.13
2.35
1.93
2.07
1.96
2.30
2.41
2.12
2.30
1.93
2.06
1.95
2.30
2.38
2.13
2.29
1.96
2.06
1.93
2.31
2.37
2.14
2.32
1.96
2.07
1.96
2.29
2.37
2.13
2.32
1.94
2.05
1.97
2.28
2.37
2.13
2.33
1.94
2.05
1.96
2.30
2. 38
2.08
2.25
1.91
2.00
1.89
2.23
2.32
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.37
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
820
T a b l e C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
Annual
average
1965
1966
Industry
M a y 2 1 Apr.2 | Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec. | Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products____________ $103.89 $102. 21 $101. 25 $101. 59 $100.94 $101.84 $100.77 $100.19 $100.19
Meat products______________________ 109. 20 106.53 105. 73 106. 00 108.94 109.03 109.82 108. 05 110.46
Dairy products-------------------------------- 107.94 107. 26 106.85 106. 59 106.59 106.68 105. 59 105.59 106.60
Canned and preserved food, except
83.55 81.30 82.80 79.36 79. .58 77.42 80.20 80. 59
meats____________________________
Grain mill products-----, ------------------- 115. 44 114. 23 114.84 115. 88 115. 54 119. 21 116.15 117. 76 118. 78
102.40
104.
75
101.35 101.85 101.20 102. 36 102.77 104.39 102. 06
Bakery products-----------------------------117. 01 119.97 117. 07 105.73 109.04 106. 00 97.14 120.28
Sugar______________________________
85.14
86.46
86.18 84.89 84.50 84.80 83.53 85.20 87. 74
Confectionery and related products---Beverages__________________________ 116.64 116.93 114.97 113. 60 112.75 116.28 116. 52 114.62 114.09
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts______________________________ 102.06 99.84 99.54 101.44 99.17 100.42 101.12 99. 56 99.92
86. 41 85. 65 84.80 88. 31 82.30 83.07 80.35 77.62 78.41
Tobacco manufactures------------------------103. 72 . 102.80 111.25 101.38 103.09 100. 73 97.99 96.10
Cigarettes__________________________
65.28 66.15 66.15 64.05 64.90 67.30 66.13 65.11
Cigars_____________________________
81.64 79.90 81.22 81.22 79.84 80.79 80.79 79.99 78.62
Textile mill products__________________
83. 76 82.84 84.15 84.97 84.39 83.57 83.96 83.18 81.60
Cotton broad woven fabrics--------------87.32 85.14 86.68 86.24 84.83 86.63 86.24 85.22 85.06
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
89.76 87.26 87.23 87. 44 85.80 85.80 83.38 83.78 84.58
W eaving a n d finishing broad woolens
80.64 77.49 79.52 79.10 77.38 79. 48 77.56 77.19 75.85
Narrow fabrics and smallwares---------72.68 68.81 70.98 69.69 68.02 68.71 70.53 70.31 69.42
Knitting___________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
90.92 92.19 91.94 90.87 87.96 90.25 89.63 87. 74 85.68
knit_____________________________
79.95 81.60 82. 22 81.25 88.58 85.31 83.96 84. 78
Floor covering______________________
76. 50 76.32 76. 79 76. 72 76.72 76.46 76.46 76.11 74.87
Yarn and thread____________________
91.59
91.38 92. 02 90. 74 93. 52 91.59 90.95 89. 25
92.45
Miscellaneous textile goods----------------
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
$99.19 $100.98 $100.53 $100.45 $99.87 $97.17
105.63 108.94 107.38 107. 42 107.27 105. 98
104.48 106. 70 105.90 105.15 105. 08 102.12
79.00 75.86
113.85 109.07
101. 00 97.12
110. 50 106.32
83.53 80.38
113. 68 109.89
81.41
116.46
101. 50
121.24
87.08
114.12
79.37
115. 82
102. 00
122. 54
82.78
116. 90
77.00
112. 75
102. 66
116.89
83.03
116.34
79.17
110. 25
100.35
117.17
83.28
114.95
98. 75
78.07
97.38
65.32
79.19
81.60
85. 61
85. 34
75.85
69.92
98. 75
82. 72
98.02
63.92
77.64
79.80
83,76
85.34
74.48
68.29
98.09
83.16
98.80
64.60
77. 52
78.38
83. 60
84.00
74.80
69.17
97.86
81.10
96.72
62.87
76.54
78.38
82.78
83.42
75. 76
67.55
98.37
79. 59
97.27
63. 95
77.98
80.28
83.90
83.69
75.99
68. 29
96.25
76.05
93.45
64.24
73.39
74.34
79.24
76.86
73.03
65.45
86.09
86.14
75.68
87.36
84.04
80.60
74.12
85.90
86.60
80. 75
72.42
88.83
84. 77
76.63
72.25
86.11
85.85
81.51
73.70
88. 20
81.90
76.44
66. 99
83.63
Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products-----------------Meat products______________________
Dairy products-------------------------------Canned and preserved food, except
meats____________________________
Grain mill products_________________
Bakery products____________________
Sugar______________________________
Confectionery and related products---Beverages__________________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts______________________________
Tobacco manufactures___________
Cigarettes------------------------------Cigars________________________
Textile mill products____________
Cotton broad woven fabrics____
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and small wares______
Knitting___________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering________________
Yarn and thread______________
Miscellaneous textile goods_____
40.4
40.2
41.9
40.5
39.6
41.9
40.8
40.0
41.8
40.7
40.8
41.8
41.4
41.3
42. 0
41.3
41.6
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.9
41.4
42.0
42.3
41.5
41.1
42.3
41.9
41.9
43.2
41.2
41.3
42.7
41.0
41.0
42.4
41.1
41.1
42.2
41.0
41.4
42.2
38.5
43.6
40.0
41.2
38.7
40.6
38.9
44.0
39.9
43.0
39.9
40.2
40.0
44.4
40.1
43.2
39.3
40.0
38.9
44.1
40.0
41.3
39.3
39.7
39.2
45.5
40.3
46.4
40. C
40.8
39.7
44.5
40.3
45.3
39.4
40.6
40.3
46.0
41.1
38.7
40.0
40.5
39.7
46.4
40.5
42.5
41.0
40.6
40.5
46.4
40.6
43.3
40.5
41.2
40.7
46.7
40.8
43.3
38.5
41.9
38.5
45.1
40.9
42.2
38.8
41.7
39.0
44.1
40.3
42.3
39.1
41.2
39.5
45. 0
40.4
42. 5
39.4
40. 6
38.9
44. 7
40.3
42.7
39.4
40.4
42.5
42.8
41.6
37.9
38.7
37.3
41.4
42.7
43.0
43.2
41.0
37.6
43.9
41.0
42.4
42.6
42.0
38.2
38.5
37.8
42.3
43.6
44.0
43.4
42.3
39.0
44.2
42.5
42.9
42.9
42.8
39.6
40.9
37.8
42.3
43.8
44.0
43.5
42.3
38.5
43.9
42.6
43.1
43.0
42.2
38.1
38.4
36.6
41.8
43.5
43.5
42.9
41.6
38.0
42.7
42.1
43. 1
42.6
43.1
39.0
38. t
37.2
42.3
43. i
44.2
42.9
42.5
38.6
43.6
44.4
43.2
43.7
43.4
37.9
38.3
38. t
42.3
43.5
44. C
41.9
41.7
39.4
43. i
44.2
43.2
43.0
43.1
39.2
37.4
38.9
42.1
43.1
43.7
42.1
41.5
39.5
42.8
43.5
43. C
42.9
42.7
39.4
36.4
38.3
41.6
42.5
43.4
42.5
41. C
39. C
42. C
43.7
42.3
42.3
42.2
37.9
37.6
38.2
41.9
42.5
43. f
43.1
41. C
39.5
42.2
44.4
43. C
41.8
42.2
37.6
37.7
37.6
41.3
42.0
43.4
43.1
40.7
38.8
41.4
42.2
42.6
41.1
42.1
37.8
38.0
38.0
41.9
42.6
44.0
43.3
41.1
39.3
43.3
42.5
42.6
42.5
42.0
37.2
37.2
37.2
41.6
42.6
43.8
43.0
41.4
38.6
42.6
41.2
42. 5
41.8
42.4
37.9
37.7
37.4
41.7
42.7
43.7
42.7
41.3
38.8
42. 5
42.9
42.6
42.2
42.4
38.8
39.1
38.7
41.0
42.0
43.3
41.1
40.8
38. 5
42.0
42.0
41.1
41.4
$2.54
2.67
2.57
$2.53
2.65
2.56
$2.50
2.67
2.55
$2.49
2.65
2. 55
$2.48
2.67
2.55
$2.46
2.64
2.54
$2.44
2.64
2.52
$2.42
2.61
2.52
$2.42
2.63
2.52
$2.39
2. 57
2.47
$2.41
2. 60
2. 47
$2.44
2.60
2.48
$2.45
2.62
2.48
$2.43
2.61
2.49
$2.37
2. 56
2.42
2.17
2.62
2.56
2. 84
2.20
2.88
2. 09
2.61
2.54
2.79
2.16
2.86
2.07
2.61
2.54
2. 71
2.16
2.84
2.04
2.62
2.53
2.56
2.15
2.84
2.03
2. 62
2.54
2.35
2.12
2.85
1.95
2.61
2.55
2.34
2.12
2.87
1.99
2.56
2.54
2.51
2.13
2.83
2.03
2. 56
2.52
2.83
2.14
2.81
2. 01
2. 51
2.50
2.80
2.15
2. 77
1.95
2.48
2.50
2.83
2.15
2. 79
2.00
2.50
2.51
2.77
2.14
2.79
2.03
2. 50
2.49
2.77
2.13
2. 79
2.00
Z. 53
2. 50
2. 60
2.12
2.80
1.95
2.44
2.41
2.49
2.04
2.72
2. 40
2.26
2.68
1.75
1.93
1.94
1.98
2. 02
1.89
1.83
2.10
1.95
1.80
2.15
2.37
2.22
2.67
1.75
1.92
1.93
1.97
2. 01
1.88
1.82
2. 08
1.92
1.79
2.13
2. 37
2.23
2.72
1. 75
1.92
1.94
1.96
2. 01
1.87
1.81
2. 07
1.93
1.78
2.14
2.35
2.16
2.64
1.75
1.91
1.94
1.95
2.00
1.86
1.79
2.06
1.93
1.78
2.13
2.33
2.13
2. 65
1.74
1.91
1.93
1.96
2. 00
1.87
1.78
.2.07
1.95
1.77
2.14
2.33
2.12
2.63
1.73
1.91
1.93
1.96
1.99
1.86
1.79
2. 07
1.93
1.77
2.13
2.31
1.98
2.62
1.70
1.90
1.93
1.95
1.99
1.86
1.78
2.05
1.93
1.77
2.12
2.34
1.99
2.64
1.70
1.89
1.92
1.96
1.99
1.85
1.78
2.04
1.94
1.77
2.11
2. 34
2.06
2.59
1.71
1.89
1.92
1.95
1.98
1.85
1.77
2.04
1.94
1.76
2.09
2.34
2.20
2. 60
1.70
1.88
1.90
1.93
1.98
1.83
1.76
2. 03
1.91
1.74
2.09
2.33
2.20
2.60
1.70
1.85
1.84
1.90
1.94
1.82
1.76
2.00
1.90
1.70
2. 09
2.33
2.18
2. 60
1 69
1.84
1.84
1.89
1.94
1.83
1.75
1.99
1.86
1.70
2.06
2. 32
2.10
2. 58
1.71
1.87
1.88
1.92
1. 96
1. 84
1.76
2. 02
1.90
i. 73
2. 09
2.27
1.96
2.39
1.66
1.79
1.77
1.83
1.87
1. 79
1.70
1.95
1.82
i. 63
2. 02
40.9
40.9
42.0
44.4
40.6
38.6
40.5
42.0
37.9
42.3
43.4
44.1
44.0
42.0
39.5
43.5
Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products____________
Meat products______________________
Dairy products_____________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats____________________________
Grain mill products_________________
Bakery products____________________
Sugar______________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages__________________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts_____________________________
Tobacco manufactures________________
Cigarettes---------------------------------------Cigars_____________________________
Textile mill products____________ _____
Cotton broad woven fabrics__________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting___________________________
Finishing textiles, except wrool and knit.
Floor covering______________________
Yam and thread____________________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2. 60
2.58
2.24
2.88
2.43
2.28
1.93
1.93
1.98
2.04
1.92
1.84
2.09
1.80
2.16
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l.
821
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
Annual
average
1965
Industry
M ay 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
$68.44 $67. 51 $69.37 $68.81 $66. 05 $67. 33 $67. 70 $67.52 $67.33 $67. 53 $66.43 $66. 61 $65.52 $66. 61 $64.26
Apparel and related products.- . —
85.47 83.92 85.25 85.69 83. 76 84. 20 83.98 84.36 83.54 83.44 82. 08 84.32 81.37 81.86 76.23
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats.57.93 57.67 59. 09 59. 31 58. 46 58. 56 59.03 58.81 58. 66 58.14 57. 00 58.37 57.68 58.28 56. 09
M en’s and boys’ furnishings-------------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer71.40 70.99 73.28 72. 38 66.73 68.68 68. 21 68.27 69.14 70. 79 69.83 67. 72 66.84 68. 54 66.78
w ear.. .
-------------------------------Women’s and children’s undergarm ents____
..
------------ 63.30 61.39 63.07 62.73 59. 45 60. 96 62.33 62.29 61.92 61.50 59.13 59.45 59. 50 60.56 58. 97
66.23 73. 66 74.05 68. 42 69. 36 66.18 68.95 71. 57 72. 76 72.83 67.89 67.13 70 08 60 33
ITflt.s o.a.ps and millinery
Girls’’ and children’s outerwear----------- 64.24 62.47 64.38 64.94 61.40 60.16 61.01 61.01 60.16 61.96 62.53 62.12 61.12 61.15 58.19
71.34 71.57 72. 50 70. 76 72. 60 73. 57 75. 68 73. 60 73.30 71. 20 71.37 70. 25 71.18 67.87
Fur goods and miseellaneous apparel..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod74.69
73.71 73.92 73.34 72.35 75. 08 77.42 75.66 74.31 71.25 73.15 74.11 73.54 73. 73 70.47
ucts------- -------------------------------------------Paper and allied products------Paper and p u lp .-------- ------- --------------------------------Paperboard
Converted paper and paperboard products__
Paperboard containers and boxes-------Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing---Perindio-al publishing and printing
Books
..
__
Commercial printing...
- - - - Bookbinding and related industries----Other publishing and printing indust r ie s ...
. . .
119.30 117. 50 116.91 115.94 115.13 117. 82 116. 58 117.12 116.48 115.18 114.65 114.31 112. 66 114. 22 109. 57
135. 00 132.91 131.72 131.28 130. 69 131.87 131.12 131. 56 132.16 129. 20 130. 08 127.84 127.11 128.16 121. 88
142.13 141.52 136.96 133.95 136. 05 138.16 136. 80 136.64 134.85 134. 52 134. 06 129.94 130.34 132.14 124.32
103.99 101.92 101.99 101. 09 100. 85 102. 55 100. 91 100. 74 99. 77 98.95 98. 53 100.14 97.88 99. 42 96.28
107. 78 105.34 107.10 105.50 103. 58 108. 07 107. 57 107.32 106. 75 105. 72 102.58 104.30 102.41 103. 81 100. 56
122. 22 120.12 121. 06
124.87 122.38 119.60
124. 74 126. 00
112. 05 114.36
125.85 124. 03 125.77
94.92 93. 65 94.95
119. 74
119.26
125.22
111.22
124.03
94.17
117. 73
118. 22
124. 50
111.22
120. 59
90.58
121. 60
125. 06
121. 06
114. 51
124. 80
93. 93
119.66
122.33
128 47
111.51
122.14
92.11
120.28
121.94
131.14
114. 93
123. 07
92.19
118.81
119.13
129. 60
115.18
121.75
90.40
117.12
118.80
126. 63
111.64
120. 04
89.32
117.43
120.15
124. 71
110.84
119. 95
92. 59
117. 04
120.15
122.30
110.12
119.87
92.28
118.12
119. 49
126. 23
110. 68
120. 96
91.57
114.35
116.84
122. 01
106.90
116.42
89.40
122. 50 122.11 125.05 124. 41 122.92 124. 82 120. 51 121.99 121. 60 121.29 118.42 119.12 119.12 120. 51 116.10
Average weekly hours
Apparel and related products..
-----M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en’s and boys’ furnishings— ------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw e a r .----------------------------Women’s and children’s undergarm ents_____
- ------TTats raps, and millinpry __
Girls’ and children’s outerwear----------Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products___ ___ -------- - -
36.6
38.5
36.9
36.1
37.8
36.5
36.9
38.4
37.4
36.6
38.6
37.3
35.7
37.9
37.0
35.0
34.8
35.4
34.8
33.2
36.8
35.9
35.8
35.9
36.4
37.1
37.2
37.0
36.7
36.9
37.4
36.9
36.8
35.6
36.2
35.7
36.1
38.3
37.8
38.3
38.0
37.1
Paper and allied products..
Paper and pulp____
- . - - - -- --Paperboard_____
- —
Converted paper and paperboard prodUCtS__ _ --- -- - - - - - - Paperboard containers and boxes_____
43.7
45.0
46.6
43.2
44.6
46.4
43.3
44.5
45.5
43.1
44.5
44.5
42.8
44.3
45.2
42.1
42.6
41.6
41.8
41.8
42.5
41.6
42.2
Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing---Periodical publishing and printing
Books _
.
Commercial printing____ ____
_ __
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries_____ ____ -------------------- ------
38.8
36.3
39.7
38.9
38.5
36.1
39.6
41.5
39.5
38.7
38.8
35.7
40.0
42.2
39.8
39.4
38.4
38.4
Apparel and related products______
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en’s and boys’ furnishings.. _
.
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerw e a r... _ .
. . .
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and m illinery..
Girls’’ and children’s outerwear_______
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile produ c ts ...
----- _
$1.87
2.22
1.57
2. 04
1.72
1.95
1.95
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.94
Paper and allied p r o d u c ts.._______ . .Paper and p u lp .______ ________ ___
Paperboard. ___ _____ _____ ____ ____
Converted paper and paperboard products___ - -- - --------- ________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
2.73
3.00
3.05
2.72
2.98
3.05
2.70
2.96
3. 01
2.69
2.95
3. 01
2.69
2. 95
3. 01
2.69
2. 95
3. 01
2.47
2.53
2. 45
2.52
2.44
2.52
2.43
2. 50
2.43
2.49
2.43
2.49
Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing___
Periodical publishing and printing. . _
Books
Commercial printing________________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing indust r ie s ...
______________ --_ _
See footnotes at end of table.
3.15
3.44
3.12
3.35
3.15
2.71
3.16
2. 41
3.11
3. 35
3.17
2. 68
3.14
2. 3E
3.09
3. 33
3.16
3.17
2.44
3.12
3.39
3.15
2. 70
3.14
2.42
3.19
3.18
3.19
3.19
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
118. 97
122. 33
122.15
111. 11
122.14
91. 48
36.5
1.76
36.2
38.1
37.3
36.4
38.0
37.6
36.3
38.0
37.7
36.2
37.8
37.6
36.9
38.1
38.0
36.5
38.0
37.5
36.6
38.5
37.9
36.4
38.2
37.7
36.4
37.9
37.6
33.5
33.6
33.3
33.4
34.7
34.4
34.2
34.1
34.1
33.9
36.5
36. 7
35.6
36.3
37.1
35.2
36.1
36.6
37.3
36.1
36.1
37.1
37.3
36.7
35.6
36.8
37.5
37.7
37.1
37.4
36.5
36.6
37.0
36.7
36.7
36.5
37.2
36.6
36.5
35.9
36.6
36.4
36.7
36. 5
36.4
36.5
36.4
36.3
35.7
36.1
38.7
39.1
39.0
38.5
37.9
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.4
38.3
43.8
44.7
45.9
43.5
44.6
45.6
43.7
44.9
45.7
43.3
44.8
44.8
43.3
44.4
45.6
43.1
44.7
45.6
43.3
44.7
44.5
43.0
44.6
45.1
43.1
44. 5
45. 1
42.8
44. 0
44.4
41.5
41.6
42.2
43.4
41.7
43.2
41.8
43.1
41.4
42.7
41.4
42.8
41.4
41.7
41.9
42.4
41.3
41.8
41. 6
42.2
41.5
41.9
38.5
35.6
39.5
41.5
39.5
39.4
38.1
35.5
39.4
41.5
38.9
37.9
39.1
37. 0
38. 8
42.1
40.0
39.3
38.5
36.3
38. 9
41.0
39.4
38.6
38.6
36.3
40.4
41.3
39.4
38.7
38.8
36.4
40. 6
42.1
39.7
38.9
38.7
36.1
40. 5
42.5
39.4
38.8
38.4
36.0
40. 2
41.5
39.1
38.5
38.5
36.3
40.1
40.9
39.2
39.4
38.5
36.3
39.2
41.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
36.1
40. 2
41.3
39.4
38.8
38.5
36.4
40.4
40.8
39.2
38.7
39.2
39.0
38.9
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.0
Average hourly earnings
39.0
38 7
38.8
38.8
39.0
38.7
$1.87
2.22
1.58
$1.88
2.22
1.58
$1.88
2. 22
1.59
$1.85
2. 21
1.58
$1.86
2. 21
1. 57
$1.86
2.21
1. 57
$1.86
2.22
1.56
$1.86
2. 21
1.56
$1.83
2.19
1.53
$1.82
2.16
1.52
$1.82
2.19
1.54
$1.80
2.13
1.53
$1.83
2.16
1. 55
$1.79
2.10
1.52
2.04
1.71
1.85
1.74
1.96
2.07
1.70
1.98
1.74
1.95
2.08
1.70
1.98
1.76
1.97
2. 01
1.67
1.89
1.72
1.96
2. 05
1. 67
1. 89
1. 69
2. 0C
2.03
1.68
1. 88
1.69
2. 01
2.05
1.67
1.91
1.69
2.04
2.07
1.66
1.95
1.69
2. 00
2.04
1.64
1.93
1.67
1.96
2. 03
1.62
1.99
1.69
1.94
1.98
1.62
1.86
1.67
1.95
1.96
1.63
1.87
1.67
1.93
2. 01
1.65
1.92
1. 68
1.95
1.97
1.62
1.91
1.63
1.88
1.98
1.94
1.93
1.88
1.90
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.84
2. 68
2.94
3.00
2.68
2.93
2.99
2.69
2.95
3. 01
2.66
2.91
2. 95
2.66
2.91
2.94
2.64
2.86
2.92
2. 62
2.85
2.89
2.65
2. 88
2.93
2. 56
2. 77
2.80
2.42
2. 49
2.41
2.49
2.41
2. 50
2.39
2.47
2.38
2.46
2.39
2.46
2.37
2.45
2.39
2. 46
2.32
2.40
3.10
2. 39
2.68
3.11
3. 38
3.12
2. 72
3.12
2. 3E
3.09
3. 37
3.14
2. 71
3.10
2. 37
3.10
3.37
3.18
2.70
3.10
2.38
3.10
3.35
3.23
2.73
3.10
2.37
3. 07
3.30
3.20
2.71
3.09
2.33
3. 05
3.30
3.15
2.69
3. 07
2.32
3.05
3.31
3.11
2.71
3.06
2.35
3. 04
3.31
3.12
2. 66
3. 05
2.36
3. 06
3.31
3.14
2. 68
3. 07
2. 36
2.97
3. 21
3. 02
2. 62
2. 97
2.31
3.16
3.16
3.09
3.12
3.11
3.11
3.06
3. 07
3. 07
3. 09
3. 00
35.9
36.3
36.9
822
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
T able C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, 808.
1966
M a y 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Annual
average
1965
Industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
$121.35
136.18
121.11
105.73
113.96
113.82
99.72
117.74
$120.22
135. 43
120.69
105. 99
111.63
113.13
100. 06
117.46
$120. 96
135. 66
121.27
106. 86
113.16
114.51
97.25
117.17
$120. 69
135.24
120.13
106. 60
110.70
115.06
105.11
116.20
$121.09
136. 08
120. 70
107.30
112.74
112. 88
100. 69
116. 48
$116. 48
131.04
116.89
102.77
108.27
109. 03
97.63
112.56
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Chemicals and allied products--------------- $124. 49 $124. 66 $122. 64 $123.19
Industrial chemicals____ . _ ------------ 137. 61 139.68 137. 76 137.34
Plastics materials and synthetics____-- 124.12 125.70 122. 09 123. 54
112.88 111. 93 111. 93 111.79
___
------D r u g s ___
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ 119. 52 116.18 116. 20 115.90
Paints, varnishes, and allied products— 120. 70 117.74 115. 23 113.99
Agricultural chemicals________
. . — 108. 03 108. 35 106. 48 103.49
Other chemical products______ _____ 119.42 118. 43 115. 62 116. 72
$122.18
136.27
121. 25
111. 79
115. 62
112.75
102. 53
117.03
$123.35 $123.06 $122.06
138. 32 138. 65 137.34
122. 98 122. 40 120.69
110. 56 110.15 109.20
117.18 115. 92 115. 49
113. 85 113. 30 113.44
102. 67 100.44 100. 01
116. 90 118. 86 118.86
$123. 65
140.15
123. 69
107. 59
116.20
114.26
101. 76
118. 72
Petroleum refining and related industries. 144. 24 146.12 141. 62 140. 95 140.87 140. 53 142.97 141.10 142.68 138.35 139.10 137.38 137. 80 138. 42 133.66
Petroleum refining---------------------------- 151. 98 154. 64 149.58 148.10 148. 39 148. 87 150. 78 147.49 148. 94 143.03 144.21 143. 52 143.72 145. 05 139. 52
Other petroleum and coal products___ 118. 96 116.14 111. 87 113.13 113.82 110.77 114. 65 119.97 123. 66 123. 47 122. 43 117. 59 116.33 115. 90 112. 75
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prodUCtS---____ -- ----------- - --------- 111. 41 110. 51 110. 46 110.88 111. 14 113.42 111. 94 112.10 110. 46 109.88 109.25 109. 46 107. 59 109. 62 104.90
163.16 159. 56 161. 01 162.62 167.17 161. 73 165.62 162. 62 163.08 161.19 155. 05 148. 43 158.06 142.54
Tires and inner tu b es._______________
Other rubber products.. ____________ 107.01 104.14 105. 57 105. 83 106.08 108.03 106. 59 104.39 102.82 102.75 101.75 104. 83 102.75 103. 41 99.96
Miscellaneous plastic products.
____ 93. 79 92.25 92. 96 93.15 91.91 93.02 92.80 93.44 92.35 91.08 90. 61 92.60 91.52 91.72 89.64
74.69 72.95 73.92 75.26
Leather and leather products----- --------Leather tanning and finishing------------ 103.16 101. 43 101. 52 100.61
72.19 69. 94 71.05 72.34
Footwear, except rubber.. _ ------ . . .
71.82 71.63 72. 77 73.33
Other leather products______
______
67.52 69.91 70.09
Handbags and personal leather goods.
74.11 74.87 72.58 71.82
99. 31 101. 02 101. 50 101. 02
71.39 71.94 68. 82 67.53
71.44 74.11 72.93 72.56
65.88 68.22 71.34 70.80
71.82
98.40
68.63
70.68
67.69
72.19
97.75
69.34
70. 67
68. 04
71.80
94. 96
69.30
70. 09
69.45
72.19
98.47
69.16
70. 47
67.84
71.44
99.42
68.25
69.74
66.05
71.82
97.99
68.80
70. 49
67. 86
68. 9$
94.19
66.55
66.73
64.88
Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products_______ _
Industrial chemicals____ _____ _ ____
Plastics materials and synthetics . ----Drugs__
_ _______
- --------- -Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied products,.
Agricultural chemicals_______________
Other chemical products.
. . . _____
42.2
41.7
42.8
40.9
41.5
42.5
45.2
41.9
42.4
42.2
42.9
41.0
41.2
41.9
46.5
41.7
42.0
42.0
42.1
41.0
41.5
41.6
45.7
41.0
41.9
42.0
42.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
43.3
41.1
41.7
41.8
42.1
41.1
41.0
41.0
42.9
41.5
42.1
42.3
42. 7
41.1
41.7
41.4
42.6
41.6
42.0
42.4
42.5
41.1
41.4
41.2
42.2
42.0
41.8
42.0
42.2
40.9
41.1
41.4
42.2
42.0
42.2
42.6
42.8
40.6
41.5
41.7
42.4
42.1
41.7
41.9
42.2
40.2
40.7
42.0
41.9
42.2
41.6
41.8
42.2
40.3
40.3
41.9
42.4
42.1
42.0
42.0
42.7
41.1
41.0
42.1
42.1
42.3
42.2
42.0
42.6
41.0
40.4
42.3
45.7
42.1
41.9
42.0
42.5
40.8
40.7
41.5
43.4
41.9
41.
41.
42.
40.
40.
41.
43.
42.
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining.
_
_ _____
Other petroleum and coal products___
42.3
42.1
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.7
41.9
41.9
41.9
41.7
41.6
41.9
41.8
41.8
42.0
41.7
41.7
41.8
42.3
42.0
43.1
42.5
41.9
44.6
43.5
42.8
45.8
42.7
41.7
45.9
42.8
41.8
46.2
42.4
41.6
45.4
42.4
41.9
44.4
42.2
41.8
43.9
41.
41.
43.
42.2
41.7
44.7
41.0
41.0
42.0
44.2
41.4
41.5
42.0
44.6
41.5
41.4
42.1
44.8
41.6
41.4
42.8
45.8
41.9
42.4
44.8
41.8
41.8
42.3
45.5
41.1
41.9
42.0
44.8
40.8
41.6
42.1
45.3
41.1
41.4
41.7
44.9
40.7
41.0
42.1
43.8
41.6
41.9
41.7
42.9
41.1
41.6
42.0
44.4
41.2
41.5
41.
41.
40.
41.
37.8
40.9
37.4
37.9
37.1
38.5
41.1
38.2
38.5
38.2
39.2
40.9
39.1
38.8
38.3
38.8
40.7
38.8
38.0
36.6
39.2
41.4
39.1
38.8
37.9
38.2
41.6
37.4
39.0
39.2
37.8
41.4
36.9
38.8
38.9
37.8
41.0
37.3
38.0
37.4
38.4
40.9
38.1
38.2
37.8
38.6
39.9
38.5
38.3
38.8
38.4
41.2
38.0
38.3
37.9
38.0
41.6
37.5
37.9
36.9
38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7
37.
40.
37.
37.
37.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products___ __________________________
Tires and inner tubes___________ . .
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
Leather and leather products_______ . . .
Leather tanning and finishing_____ .
Footwear, except r u b b e r .._____ . . . _
Other leather products.
. . . . . ..
Handbags and personal leather goods.
41.8
41.5
38.5
41.1
38.4
38.0
49 9
Average hourly earnings
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ___ ______
I n d u s t r ia l c h e m i c a ls ______________________
P l a s t i c s m a t e r ia l s a n d s y n t h e t i c s ----------D r u g s ______ ___________
. _ ______ _____
S o a p , c le a n e r s , a n d t o i l e t g o o d s _________
P a i n t s , v a r n i s h e s , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s . .
A g r i c u lt u r a l c h e m i c a l s . _____
O th e r c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s . _ _ ___________
$ 2 .9 5
3 .3 0
2. 90
2. 76
2 .8 8
2 .8 4
2 .3 9
2 .8 5
$2. 94
3. 31
2 .9 3
2. 73
2 .8 2
2 .8 1
2. 33
2. 84
$ 2 .9 2
3 .2 8
2. 90
2. 73
2. 80
2. 77
2 .3 3
2 .8 2
$ 2 .9 4
3 .2 7
2 .9 0
2 .7 2
2 .8 2
2 .7 6
2 .3 9
2 .8 4
$ 2 .9 3
3 .2 6
2 .8 8
2 .7 2
2 .8 2
2. 75
2 .3 9
2 .8 2
$ 2 .9 3
3 .2 7
2 .8 8
2 .6 9
2 .8 1
2. 75
2 .4 1
2. 81
$ 2 .9 3
3 .2 7
2 .8 8
2 .6 8
2 .8 0
2 .7 5
2 .3 8
2 .8 3
$ 2 .9 2
3 .2 7
2 .8 6
2 .6 7
2 .8 1
2 .7 4
2 .3 7
2 .8 3
$ 2 .9 3
3 .2 9
2 .8 9
2 .6 5
2 .8 0
2 .7 4
2 .4 0
2 .8 2
$ 2 .9 1
3 .2 5
2 .8 7
2 .6 3
2 .8 0
2 .7 1
2 .3 8
2 .7 9
$ 2 .8 9
3 .2 4
2 .8 6
2 .6 3
2 .7 7
2 .7 0
2 .3 6
2 .7 9
$ 2 .8 8
3 .2 3
2 .8 4
2 .6 0
2 .7 6
2 .7 2
2 .3 1
2 .7 7
$ 2 .8 6
3 .2 2
2 .8 2
2 .6 0
2 .7 4
2 .7 2
2 .3 0
2 .7 6
$ 2 .8 9
3 .2 4
2 .8 4
2 .6 3
2. 77
2 .7 2
2 .3 2
2. 78
$ 2 . 8(
3 .1 .
2 .7 '
2 .5 ,
2. 6f
2. 62
2 . 2f
2. 6S
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s .
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g . . _ _ _ _ ___________
O th e r p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ..........
3. 41
3. 61
2. 76
3. 43
3. 63
2. 72
3 .3 8
3 .5 7
2. 67
3 .3 8
3 .5 6
2 .7 0
3. 37
3 .5 5
2. 71
3 .3 7
3. 57
2 .6 5
3 .3 8
3 .5 9
2 .6 6
3 .3 2
3 .5 2
2 .6 9
3 .2 8
3. 48
2 .7 0
3 .2 4
3. 43
2 .6 9
3 .2 5
3. 45
2 .6 5
3 .2 4
3. 45
2 .5 9
3 .2 5
3 .4 3
2 .6 2
3 .2 8
3. 47
2. 64
3 .1 '
3 .3 '
2. 5 f
2 .6 4
2 .6 5
3. 65
2. 54
2. 25
2. 63
3. 61
2 .5 5
2. 24
2 .6 4
3 .6 1
2 .5 5
2 .2 5
2 .6 4
3. 63
2 .5 5
2 .2 2
2. 65
3. 65
2. 56
2 .2 2
2. 64
3. 61
2 .5 5
2 .2 2
2 .6 5
3 .6 4
2 .5 4
2 .2 3
2 .6 3
3 .6 3
2 .5 2
2 .2 2
2 .6 1
3 .6 0
2 .5 0
2 .2 0
2 .6 2
3 .5 9
2 .5 0
2 .2 1
2 .6 0
3. 54
2 .5 2
2 .2 1
2 .5 8
3 46
2 .5 0
2 .2 0
2. 61
3 .5 6
2. 51
2 .2 1
2. 52
3. 4
2 .4 ,
2. If
1. 93
2 .4 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
. 1 .8 2
1 .9 2
2 .4 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 9
1 .8 3
1 .9 2
2 .4 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 9
1 .8 3
1 .9 1
2 .4 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 8
1 .8 0
1 .9 1
2. 44
1 .8 4
1 .9 1
1 .8 0
1 .9 0
2. 44
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 2
1 .9 0
2 .4 4
1 .8 3
1 .8 7
1 .8 2
1 .9 0
2 .4 0
1 .8 4
1 .8 6
1 .8 1
1 .8 8
2 .3 9
1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1 .8 0
1 .8 6
2 .3 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 3
1 .7 9
1 .8 8
2 .3 9
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .7 9
1 .8 8
2 .3 9
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .7 9
1 .8 8
2. 39
1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1 .8 0
1.81
2 .31
1.7"
1.7"
1.71
R u b b e r a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s p l a s t i c p r o d u c t s ____
_____________ . . . _____
. .
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s . . .
O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . ______________ _
M is c e ll a n e o u s p l a s t i c p r o d u c t s . . .
...
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ______
L e a t h e r t a n n i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g ______ . . .
F o o tw e a r , e x cep t r u b b e r . .
_____
O th e r l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s . . . . .
H a n d b a g s a n d p e r so n a l le a th e r g o o d s.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2. 56
2 .2 6
1 .9 4
2. 51
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -l.
823
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
1965
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3--------- --------------------Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural bus lines....................
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing...... .............................
Pipeline transportation________________
Communication______________________
Telephone communication___________
Telegraph communication 4__________
Radio and television broadcasting------Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems__________
Combined utility systems____________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems___
$ 132 . 76 $ 133 . 04 $ 128 . 23 $ 131 . 54 $ 129 . 77 $ 1 3 1 .1 0 $ 1 3 2 .1 6 $ 19!Q 42
$ 1 1 0 .8 8 $ 1 0 9 .6 2 $ 1 0 9 .1 0 $ 1 0 8 .0 0
143 . 42 . 131 . 77 1 3 8 .6 0 141 . 32
131 . 25 1 3 1 .8 8 1 3 2 .4 0 128 . 54
9 3 .5 3
1 5 2 .8 1
115 . 89
1 1 1 .0 8
1 2 4 .8 5
148 . 52
133 . 99
1 3 5 .8 8
1 2 3 .2 2
14 5 .9 1
109 . 74
9 5 .3 4
9 2 .9 8
150 . 75 1 5 1 .0 0
116 . 47 117 . 74
1 1 1 .6 3 1 1 2 .8 7
1 2 4 .2 6 1 2 3 . 54
1 4 8 .4 5 1 5 0 .4 2
133 . 25 1 3 5 .6 2
1 3 6 .2 9 136 . 54
121 . 58 1 2 4 .9 2
1 4 4 .8 9 1 4 9 .2 9
1 0 7 .8 3 11 0 .5 1
9 3 .2 6
150 . 32
1 1 5 .2 0
1 1 0 .1 2
1 2 3 .9 7
1 4 8 .4 5
135 . 20
137 . 03
124 . 31
1 4 8 .1 9
1 0 8 .9 9
1 0 8 .8 8 1 0 9 .0 4 110 . 08
135 . 72 137 . 02 13 5 .9 1
1 3 2 .3 7 131 . 44 1 3 3 .1 8
9 4 .1 3
9 4 .7 6
9 3 .0 6
1 4 8 .8 8 1 4 9 .1 9 147 . 50
117 . 45 119 . 97 1 1 6 .9 7
1 1 2 .5 9 115 . 50 1 1 1 .6 6
1 2 4 .9 9 126 . 44 124 . 56
150 . 75 149 . 60 1 5 1 .9 3
134 . 05 135 . 43 1 3 4 .6 9
135 . 38 134 . 96 1 3 4 .9 6
1 2 3 .3 0 124 . 50 125 . 52
147 . 42 150 . 88 1 4 7 .7 7
106 . 55 107 . 90 106 . 50
109 . 56
1 3 9 .2 9
133 . 92
9 4 . 58
147 . 84
1 1 8 .1 2
1 1 2 .7 5
1 2 6 .1 5
153 . 03
133 . 86
136 . 69
123 . 07
145 . 05
107 . 43
$ ia n sn
$ 1 2 1 .8 0
1 1 0 .1 7
143 . 04
1 3 2 . 62
96 . 46
145 . 73
1 1 3 .5 2
1 0 8 .2 7
126 . 00
146 . 43
130 . 60
133 . 31
1 1 9 .3 6
1 4 1 .5 9
1 0 6 .8 5
108 . 97
140 . 67
1 3 1 .2 7
9 4 .8 7
144 . 55
1 1 3 .2 7
108 . 40
125 . 43
144 . 54
1 3 0 .5 1
133 . 31
119 . 43
140 . 76
1 0 6 .3 4
109 . 06
1 3 2 .3 2
1 3 1 .2 7
9 4 .1 6
1 4 1 .2 9
112 . 80
1 0 7 .3 3
1 2 4 . 42
147 . 94
129 . 47
1 3 2 .5 7
1 1 8 .2 6
140 . 35
103 . 98
109 . 06
1 3 0 .9 4
129 . 55
9 1 .4 9
1 4 8 . 45
113 . 08
1 0 7 .8 7
1 2 2 .2 4
1 4 6 .5 2
1 3 1 .1 4
1 3 3 .2 2
120 . 83
1 4 2 .5 4
1 0 4 .8 3
107 . 78
133 . 42
130 . 48
9 3 . 26
1 4 5 .8 5
1 1 4 .6 2
109 . 08
122 . 55
1 4 7 .6 3
1 3 1 .2 4
133 . 31
1 2 0 .8 3
143 . 79
1 0 5 .1 6
1 0 4 .1 6
1 2 5 .8 3
1 2 4 .0 2
9 1 .5 3
1 4 2 .5 5
1 1 0 .1 5
1 0 5 .3 2
116 . 05
1 4 0 .6 6
1 2 5 .2 5
127 . 62
116 . 03
1 3 5 . 55
1 0 1 .1 9
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3___________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural bus lines--------------Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing________ ______ _
Pipeline transportation________________
Communication_______________________
Telephone communication___________
Telegraph communication4__________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and system s______
Gas companies and systems__________
Combined utility systems____________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems___
4 2 .0
4 5 .1
4 1 .8
3 9 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 3 .2
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
3 9 .4
4 1 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 2 .7
3 9 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 4 .0
4 2 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 2 .6
3 9 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 4 .3
4 1 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 2 .6
3 9 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 4 .4
4 4 .2
4 2 .6
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .6
4 3 .5
4 2 .2
4 3 .5
4 2 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 3 .1
4 0 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 4 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 3 .3
4 0 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 2 .5
4 1 .5
4 2 .5
4 3 .7
4 3 .1
4 2 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 3 .1
4 0 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 2 .3
4 4 .5
4 3 .2
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 3 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 2 .7
4 5 .7
4 3 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 3 .6
3 9 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 4 .8
4 2 .9
4 0 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 3 .4
3 9 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .6
4 3 .1
4 2 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 3 .2
4 0 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .5
4 2 .2
3 9 .1
4 1 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 3 .5
3 9 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 3 .6
4 2 .5
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 3 .0
3 9 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 2 .8
4 1 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 2 .2
3 9 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3___________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural bus lines__________
Motor freight transportation and StoragePublic warehousing--o_____________
Pipeline transportation._____ __________
Communication______________________
Telephone communication___________
Telegraph communication4__________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems__________
Combined utility systems____________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 2 .6 4
$ 2 .6 1
$ 2 .6 1
$ 2 . 59
3 .1 8
3 .1 4
2 .3 8
3 . 70
2 .8 9
2 . 77
2 .8 9
3 . 76
3 .2 6
3 .2 9
3 . 02
3 . 55
2 .6 7
3 .1 3
3 .1 4
2 .3 6
3 . 65
2 .8 9
2 .7 7
2 .9 1
3 .7 3
3 .2 5
3 .3 0
2 .9 8
3 . 56
2 .6 3
3 .1 5
3 .1 3
2 .3 6
3 .7 1
2 .9 0
2 .7 8
2 .9 0
3 .7 7
3 .2 6
3 .2 9
3 .0 1
3 .5 8
2 . 65
3 .1 9
3 .0 9
2 . 32
3 .7 3
2 .8 8
2 . 76
2 .9 1
3 .7 3
3 .2 5
3 .3 1
3 .0 1
3 .5 2
2 . 62
$ 2 .9 9
$ 3 .0 1
$ 3 . 01
$ 3 . 01
$ 2 .9 9
$ 3 . 00
$ 2 .9 9
$3 01
$ 3 .0 0
$2 80
2 . 58
3 .1 2
3 .1 0
2 . 33
3 . 64
2 . 90
2 .7 8
2 . 90
3 .7 5
3 .2 3
3 .2 7
3 .0 0
3 .5 1
2 .5 8
2 .5 9
3 .1 0
3 .1 0
2 .3 0
3 .6 3
2 . 87
2 . 75
2 .9 2
3 . 74
3 . 24
3 .2 6
3 .0 0
3 . 55
2 .6 0
2 .5 9
3 .1 1
3 .0 9
2 .2 0
3 .5 8
2 .8 6
2 .7 3
2 .8 9
3 .7 7
3 .2 3
3 .2 6
3 . 01
3 .5 1
2 .5 6
2 .5 9
3 .1 3
3 .1 0
2 .2 9
3 .5 2
2 .8 6
2 .7 3
2 . 90
3 . 76
3 .2 1
3 .2 7
2 .9 8
3 . 47
2 .5 7
2 .5 8
3 .1 3
3 . 07
2 .3 7
3 .5 2
2 .8 1
2 .6 8
2 .8 9
3 . 67
3 .1 7
3 .2 2
2 .9 4
3 .4 2
2 .5 5
2 .5 7
3 .1 4
3 . 06
2 .3 6
3 . 50
2 .7 9
2 .6 7
2 .8 9
3 . 65
3 .1 6
3 .2 2
2 .9 2
3 .4 0
2 .5 5
2 .5 6
3 .0 7
3 .0 6
2 .3 6
3 . 48
2 .8 2
2 .6 9
2 .8 8
3 . 68
3 .1 5
3 .2 1
2 .9 2
3 . 39
2 .5 3
2 .5 6
3 . 01
3 . 07
2 .3 4
3 .5 6
2 .8 2
2 .6 9
2 .8 1
3 . 70
3 .1 6
3 .2 1
2 .9 4
3 . 41
2 .5 2
2 .5 6
3 .0 6
3 .0 7
2 . 32
3 . 54
2 .8 3
2 . 70
2 . 85
3 . 70
3 .1 7
3 . 22
2 . 94
3 .4 4
2 . 54
2 .4 8
2 .9 4
2 .9 6
2 .2 6
3 .4 6
2 .7 4
2 .6 2
2 .7 5
3 .5 7
3 .0 4
3 .0 9
2 .8 3
3 .2 9
2 .4 5
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
824:
T a b l e C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
1965
Annual
average
Industry
May 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 5______________ $78.23 $77.86 $77. 49 $77. 70 $77. 54
Wholesale tr a d e ___ __ _ ________ 111.11 110. 03 109. 48 109.08 108. 94
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
103.00 102.66 101.33 101.09
__________ ____ ment ____
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
113.77 112. 00 111.08 112.44
Dry goods and apparel—_ _ _________
105. 75 105.08 105.18 103. 32
100. 04 99. 72 99. 31 98.33
Groceries and related products_______ —
Electrical goods..
_ _______
126.42 125.85 126. 58 124. 84
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
107. 57 105. 67 106. 37 105. 41
goods_____ ________________ . . . .
Machinery, equipment, and supplies__
119. 60 117.96 117. 55 117. 01
...
110.15 109.07 109. 34 109. 89
Miscellaneous w holesalers___
Retail trade 5. ___ ____ _____________
67.83 67.47 67.47 67.30 67. 49
General merchandise stores_______. . .
59. 73 59.40 59. 22 58.53
Department stores_____________ ___
63.83 63.17 62.98 62.08
Mail order houses. _ __ ____ _
68.41 68.94 67.40 66. 78
44. 82 44.82 44. 53 44. 53
Lim ited price variety stores _
Food stores__ _____ _________________
70.26 70.26 70.56 70. 56
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
71.05 71.26 71.69 71.57
Apparel and accessories stores...
_ _
58.18 56.90 57. 55 58.38
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores___ _
69.65 68. 56 69.40 71.20
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_______
52.49 5Î.36 51.04 52.49
Fam ily clothing stores_____ _ _____
57.38 57.40 56.57 58. 71
Shoe stores...
__ _____
__
59.36 55.67 56.52 56. 65
$77. 29 $76.80 $77.42 $77. 25 $77.75 $77.95 $76. 56 $76.33 $76. 53 $74.28
109. 59 108.12 107.57 106. 90 106. 60 106.60 105.93 106.75 106. 49 102. 56
102. 06
112. 06
105. 26
98. 77
130. 24
101.82
111. 24
104. 98
96. 80
128. 63
100.91
110. 84
105.46
97.10
127. 02
101.40 99.54 100. 20 99. 72 99.48 99. 72 96. 79
110.16 108.27 108. 54 107.33 108. 00 108. 68 105. 04
104.23 104. 23 101. 79 101.14 103.19 103.19 99. 94
98.16 98. 53 98. 70 97.11 97. 00 97.00 94.16
123. 55 121.41 120.27 122. 55 123. 55 122. 84 111. 79
105. 67 104. 04 104.19 103. 53 103.32 101.91 101. 50 101.66 101. 91 98. 01
117. 99 116. 88 116.75 115.23 116. 06 115. 92 113.99 115. 77 115. 23 111. 52
111. 11 108. 81 107.74 107.33 107. 06 107. 06 106. 80 107.46 107. 20 104.38
67. 90 67.13 67.33 67.53 68. 07 68.25 67.16 66.43 66. 61 64. 75
60.55 58. 74 59.79 60.16 60.19 60. 72 59.33 58.29 58.81 56. 77
63.30 61.88 63.69 64. 51 64.22 64.98 63. 69 62. 79 62. 98 61.18
79. 80 68. 61 69.81 72.67 70.56 71.08 72.30 70.95 71. 00 70.12
46. 53 44. 64 44.62 44. 47 44.98 45.30 43.92 42. 98 44.10 41.53
70. 17 71. 19 70. 51 71.76 72.78 72.42 71.14 69.29 70.32 68. 51
71.53 72. 21 71.87 73.01 74.05 74.05 72.38 70.85 71.69 69. 55
60. 38 57. 23 57.93 57.78 57.97 58.82 57.29 56.27 57. 46 55.26
70. 42 69. 05 69.89 69. 06 70. 64 72.67 70.76 70.23 69. 84 67.53
54. 54 51.52 51.99 51.65 51.10 52.48 51.10 50. 67 51.46 49. 73
60.53 56. 90 57.61 56.95 58.31 59. 00 55. 77 55.61 56. 45 54.27
59. 40 56.03 57.33 59.33 58. 65 57. 75 56.99 54.60 56.64 55.21
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade 5______________
36.9
Wholesale trade __ _
..
__ __
40. 7
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
m ent____ ______________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
D ry goods and apparel________ ______
Groceries and related products.
____
Electrical goods. _________ _ ._ . . .
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
____________ _____
goods..
Machinery, equipment, and supplies. „ —
Miscellaneous wholesalers___ _ . . .
Retail tra d e5 ___ _. _______ ______
35.7
General merchandise stores ______ .
Department stores___ _______ . . . . .
Mail order houses..
______ . . .
Limited price variety stores________ —
Food stores__ _
..
.
__
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessories stores.. . . .
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores______
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____
Fam ily clothing stores___ _
_ ...
Shoe stores____ _ . . .
36.9
40.6
36.9
40.7
37.0
40.7
37.1
40.8
37. 7
41.2
37.1
40.8
37.4
40.9
37.5
40.8
38.3
41.0
38.4
41.0
37.9
40.9
37.6
40.9
37.7
40.8
37.9
40.7
41.7
40.2
37. 5
40.5
43.0
41.9
40.0
37.8
40.7
43.1
41. 7
40.1
37. 7
40.7
43.2
41.6
40.3
37.3
40.8
42.9
42. 0
40. 6
38.0
41.5
44.3
41.9
40. 6
37.9
40. 5
43.9
41.7
40.6
37.8
40.8
43.5
41.9
40.5
37.9
40.9
42.9
42.0
40.4
37.9
41.4
42.6
42.1
40.5
37.7
42.0
42.2
41.9
40.2
37.6
41.5
43.0
41.8
40.3
37.8
41.1
43.2
41.9
40. 4
37.8
41.1
42.8
41.9
40.4
38.0
41.3
41.1
40.9
41.1
40.2
35. 7
33.0
32.9
33.7
30.7
33.3
33.2
32.5
35.0
32.4
32.6
30.6
40.8
41.1
40.1
35.7
33.0
32.9
34.3
30.7
33.3
33.3
32.7
34.8
32.3
32.8
31.1
40.6
41.1
40.2
35.8
32.9
32.8
33.7
30.5
33.6
33.5
32.7
34.7
32.1
32.7
31.4
40.7
41.2
40. 4
35.9
32.7
32. 5
33.9
30.5
33.6
33.6
32.8
34.9
32.4
32.8
31.3
40.8
41.4
40. 7
36. 7
35. 0
34. 4
42. 0
33.0
33.9
33.9
34. 5
36.3
34.3
34. 2
33.0
40.8
41.3
40.3
35. 9
33. 0
32.4
36.3
31.0
33.9
33.9
32.7
34.7
32.4
32. 7
31.3
40.7
41.4
40.2
36.2
33.4
33.0
35.8
31.2
33.9
33.9
33.1
35.3
32.7
33.3
31.5
40.6
41.3
40.2
36.5
33.8
33.6
36.7
31.1
34.5
34.6
33.4
35.6
32.9
33.5
31.9
41.0
41.6
40.4
37.4
34.2
33.8
36.0
31.9
35.5
35.6
34.3
36.6
33.4
34.3
34.1
40.6
41.4
40.4
37.5
34.5
34.2
35.9
31.9
35.5
35.6
34.6
36.7
34.3
34.5
33.0
40.6
41.3
40.3
36.9
33.9
33.7
36.7
31.6
34.7
34.8
33.7
36.1
33.4
33.0
32.2
40.5
41.2
40.4
36.5
33.5
33.4
36.2
30.7
33.8
33.9
33.1
36.2
32.9
33.3
30.5
40.6
41.3
40.3
36.6
33.8
33.5
36. 6
31.5
34.3
34.3
33.6
36. 0
33.2
33.4
32.0
40.5
41.0
40.3
37.0
34.2
33.8
37.7
31.7
34.6
34.6
33.9
36.7
33.6
33.5
32.1
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 5 _____________
$2.12
Wholesale trade.. ____________________
2. 73
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
m ent____________ . . .
. . .
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
D ry goods and apparel...
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods.. _ . _______________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods.. __________ . .
_ _
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
Miscellaneous wholesalers____________
Retail trade s_ . . . ______ _ _ _ . . . . . .
1.90
General merchandise stores_____ _____
Department stores. ________ ______
Mail order h o u se s ___ _______
Limited price variety stores.. _ _ _.
Food stores_________ _ _ _ _ _
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores. _
Apparel and accessories stores________
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores_____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
Fam ily clothing stores._. . . . ___
Shoe stores ____
_________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.11
2. 71
$2.10
2 69
$2.10
2 68
$2.09
2. 67
$2.05
2. 66
$2.07
2. 65
$2.07
2.63
$2.06
2.62
$2.03
2.60
$2.03
2.60
$2.02
2. 59
$2.03
2.61
$2. 03
2. 61
$1.96
2.52
2.47
2.83
2.82
2.47
2.94
2.45
2.80
2.78
2. 45
2.92
2.43
2. 77
2. 79
2.44
2. 93
2. 43
2. 79
2. 77
2. 41
2. 91
2. 43
2. 76
2. 77
2.38
2. 94
2. 43
2. 74
2. 77
2.39
2. 93
2 42
2.73
2.79
2.38
2.92
2.42
2.72
2. 75
2. 40
2.88
2.37
2.68
2.75
2.38
2.85
2.38
2. 68
2. 70
2.35
2.85
2.38
2.67
2.69
2.34
2.85
2.38
2. 68
2.73
2.36
2.86
2. 38
2.69
2.73
2. 36
2.87
2.31
2. 60
2.63
2.28
2. 72
2.63
2.91
2.74
1.89
1. 81
1.94
2. 03
1.46
2.11
2.14
1. 79
1.99
1.62
1. 76
1.94
2. 59
2.87
2. 72
1.89
1.80
1.92
2. 01
1. 46
2.11
2.14
1.74
1. 97
1. 59
1.75
1.79
2. 62 ■ 2. 59
2.86
2.84
2. 72
2. 72
1. 88
1. 88
1.80
1. 79
1.92
1.91
1.97
2.00
1.46
1.46
2.10
2.10
2.14
2.13
1.76
1. 78
2.04
2.00
1.62
1. 59
1.79
1. 73
1.81
1.80
2.59
3. 85
2. 73
1.85
1. 73
1. 84
1.90
1. 41
2. 07
2.11
1. 75
1.94
1. 59
1. 77
1.80
2. 55
2.83
2. 70
1. 87
1.78
1.91
1. 89
1. 44
2.10
2.13
1.75
1.99
1. 59
1. 74
1.79
2.56
2.82
2.68
1.86
1.79
1.93
1.95
1.43
2.08
2.12
1.75
1.98
1.59
1.73
1.82
2. 55
2.79
2.67
1.85
1.78
1.92
1.98
1.43
2.08
2.11
1.73
1.94
1.57
1.70
1. 86
2. 52
2. 79
2. 65
1.82
1.76
1.90
1.96
1.41
2. 05
2.08
1.69
1.93
1.53
1.70
1.72
2.51
2.80
2.65
1.82
1.76
1.90
1.98
1.42
2.04
2.08
1.70
1.98
1.53
1.71
1. 75
2. 50
2. 76
2. 65
1.82
1.75
1.89
1.97
1.39
2. 05
2.08
1.70
1.96
1.53
1.69
1.77
2.51
2.81
2.66
1.82
1.74
1.88
1.96
1.40
2.05
2.09
1.70
1.94
1.54
1.67
1.79
2. 51
2. 79
2. 66
1.82
1.74
1.88
1.94
1.40
2. 05
2. 09
1.71
1.94
1. 55
1.69
1.77
2.42
2. 72
2.59
1.75
1.66
1.81
1.86
1.31
1.98
2. 01
1.63
1.84
1.48
1.62
1.72
825
C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1965
1966
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores-----Furniture and home furnishings.
Eating and drinking places 6________
Other retail trade__________________
Building materials and hardw are..
Motor vehicle dealers------------------Other vehicle and accessory dealers
Drug stores_____________________
Fuel and ice dealers______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate7------Banking------ ----------------------------------Credit agencies other than b an ks.,.......
Savings and loan associations_______
Security dealers and exchanges----------Insurance carriers___________________
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance-------Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
$88.03 $88.09 $87.47 $88.82 $92. 75 $89.10 $89.15 $88. 75 $88.80 $89.02 $87. 42 $86. 76 $88.18 $85. 44
87. 07 87.30 86.24 88.03 91.98 88.13 88.18 87.56 87.78 87. 82 86.00 85. 57 86. 58 83.82
46.31 46.31 46.38 46.17 46.23 45.49 46.02 45. 46 46. 70 46.70 45.67 45. 41 45. 76 44. 38
84.61 84.00 83.41 83.82 84. 46 84.03 83.84 83.03 84. 46 85.08 83.44 83.03 83.23 80.34
90.49 88.81 88.38 89.02 90.10 89.25 90.52 89.89 89.67 90. 73 89.25 89.04 88. 41 85.46
107.68 106.64 104.49 104. 54 106.09 106.33 105.22 102. 62 104. 88 107.31 106.92 106. 68 104.88 100. 76
87.03 86. 76 86.76 87.16 86.24 85. 93 86.17 85.41 88.20 87.16 86.60 86.17 85.89 85.41
61.72 61.02 61.58 61.23 63.55 61.93 61.94 62.65 63. 53 62. 80 60.88 60.19 61.42 59.76
98.41 99.54 102.58 104.40 101. 05 99.49 98.21 94.47 92. 77 93.02 93. 02 92.82 96.05 93.09
$92.63
92.50 91.76 92.00 91.63 90.88 90.27 89.65 89. 04 88.91 89. 01 88. 30 88. 54 88. 77 85.79
81.99 81.84 81.47 82.28 80.35 80.35 80.35 79.18 79.24 79.24 78.44 78.86 79. 24 76.67
86. 03 85.50 86.26 87.32 85. 28 84. 67 84.67 84. 52 85.50 84.36 82.88 83.92 84.29 80.89
86.54 85.56 86.16 87.70 84.67 84.22 84.82 84. 44 85. 27 85.96 83.48 84. 52 84. 67 82.72
146. 29 145.16 144. 02 139.13 138. 28 135. 72 131.89 124. 21 120.11 123.33 124. 88 127.13 127. 43 120.99
98.74 98.47 98.74 97.73 96. 87 96.49 95.86 95.86 95.86 95.74 94. 74 94. 86 95.12 92.01
96.99 97.72 97.99 97.15 96.05 95.31 94.79 94. 54 94.79 94.79 94.90 94. 28 94.79 91.62
88.06 87.22 87.32 85.41 85.38 85.24 84.50 83. 68 84. 64 84. 41 84.18 84. 41 84. 41 81.70
101. 84 100.70 101.08 100.17 100.20 99.44 99.18 99.06 99.06 98.94 96. 77 97.92 97. 92 94. 75
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade— Continued
Retail trade— Continued
Furniture and appliance stores____
Furniture and home furnishings..
Eating and drinking places6________
Other retail trade__________________
Building materials and hardw are..
Motor vehicle dealers------------------Other vehicle and accessory dealers .
Drug stores--------- -----------------------Fuel and ice dealers______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate7------B a n k in g ..._________________________
Credit agencies other than banks_____
Savings and loan associations---------Security dealers and exchange................
Insurance carriers.................................
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance_____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
37.2
39.3
39.4
33.8
40.1
41.7
42.9
43.3
34.1
41.7
39.5
39.5
33.8
40.0
41.5
43.0
43.6
33.9
42.0
39.4
39.2
34.1
40.1
41.3
43.0
43.6
34.4
43.1
39.3
39.3
34.2
40.3
41.6
43.2
43.8
34.4
43.5
40.5
40.7
34.5
40.8
42.3
43.3
44.0
35.7
43. 0
39.6
39,7
34.2
40.4
41.9
43.4
43.4
34.6
42.7
39.8
39.9
34.6
40.5
42.3
43.3
43.3
34.8
42.7
39.8
39.8
34.7
40.5
42.2
43.3
43.8
35.0
41.8
40.0
39.9
36.2
41.4
42.7
43.7
44.1
36.3
41.6
40.1
40.1
36.2
41.5
43.0
43.8
43.8
36.3
41.9
40.1
40.0
35.4
40.9
42.5
44.0
43.3
35.6
41.9
39.8
39.8
35.2
40.9
42.4
43.9
43.3
35.2
42.0
39.9
39.9
35.2
40.8
42.1
43.7
D. 6
35.3
42.5
40.3
40.3
35.5
41.2
42.1
44.0
43.8
36.0
42.9
37.3
37.1
37.9
37.3
37.8
37.4
36.6
37.0
38.0
37.3
37.2
38.0
37.2
38.0
37.3
36.6
36.8
38.0
37.4
37.2
38.0
37.3
37.8
37.4
36.7
37.0
38.0
37.4
37.4
38.3
37.8
37.1
37.3
36.8
36.5
37.8
37.4
37.2
37.9
37.3
38.2
37. 4
36.8
36.8
38.1
37.3
37.2
37.8
37.1
37.7
37.4
36.8
36.9
38.1
37.2
37.2
37.8
37.2
37.9
37.3
36.6
36.9
38.0
37.1
37.0
37.9
37.2
37.3
37.3
36.5
36.7
38.1
37.2
37.2
38.0
37.4
37.3
37.3
36.6
36.8
38.1
37.4
37.2
38.0
37.7
37.6
37.4
36.6
36.7
38.2
37.1
37.0
37.5
37.1
37.5
37.3
36.5
36.6
38.1
37.2
37.2
37.8
37.4
37.5
37.2
36.4
36.7
38.1
37.3
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36. 6
36.7
38.1
37.3
37.4
37.8
37.6
37.0
37.1
36. 5
36.8
37.9
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores-----Furniture and home furnishings .
Eating and drinking places 6________
Other retail trade________________
Building materials and hardware..
Motor vehicle dealers____________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers
Drug stores-------------------------------Fuel and ice dealers______________
Finance, insurance, and real estate 7------Banking____________________________
Credit agencies other than banks_____
Savings and loan associations_______
Security dealers and exchanges----------Insurance carriers........ .........1_________
Life insurance------------------------------Accident and health insurance_____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.24
$2.23
$ 2.22
2.21
2. 21
2.20
1.37
1.37
2.11
2.10
2.17
2.51
1.81
2.36
2.14
2.48
1.99
1.80
2.37
1.36
2.08
2.14
2.43
1.99
1.79
2.38
2.48
2.46
2.21
2.20
2.27
2.32
3.87
2.64
2.65
2.38
2.25
2.30
3.82
2.64
2.67
2.37
2.65
2.01
$2.49
2.68
2.46
2.19
2.27
2.31
3.81
2.64
2.67
2.36
2.66
$2.26
2.24
1.35
2.08
2.14
2.42
1.99
1.78
2.40
2.45
2.20
2.28
2. 32
3.75
2.62
2.64
2'. 34
2.65
$2.29
2. 26
1.34
2.07
2.13
2. 45
1.96
1.78
2.35
$2. 25
$2.24
$2.23
$ 2.22
$ 2.22
2. 22
2.21
1.33
2.07
2.14
2.43
1.99
1.78
2.30
2.20
2.20
1.33
2.08
2.13
2. 45
1.98
1.79
2.33
2. 43
2.16
2. 25
2. 27
3.62
2.59
2. 61
2. 32
2.63
2.42
2.16
2.24
2. 27
3. 60
2.58
2.59
2.31
2. 61
2.41
2.16
2.24
2.28
3.48
2.57
2.59
2.29
2.61
21
$2.12
2.17
1.30
2. 04
2.08
1.25
1.95
2.03
2.29
1.95
$ 2.
1.31
2. 05
2.13
2.37
1.95
1.79
2.26
1.29
2. 04
2.19
1.29
2.05
$2.18
2.15
1.29
2.04
$2.18
2.15
1.29
2.03
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.40
2. 45
1.99
1.73
2.43
2.22
2 . 22
2.43
1.99
1.71
2. 21
2. 40
1.97
1. 74
2.26
2.40
2.14
2.23
2.27
3.33
2. 57
2.59
2.28
2.60
2. 39
2.13
2.25
2.28
3.22
2. 57
2.59
2. 30
2. 60
2. 38
2.13
2.38
2.38
2.12
2.38
2.13
2.23
2. 27
3. 38
2. 55
2.59
2.30
2. 57
2.00
1.75
2.23
2.00
1.71
2.22
2.12
2.21
2. 28
3. 28
2. 56
2.59
2.30
2.59
2.25
3.33
2. 54
2.60
2.30
2. 54
2.22
2.26
3.39
2. 55
2.59
2.30
2. 57
1.66
2.17
2.30
2.05
2.14
2.20
3.27
2.48
2. 51
2.22
2.50
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
826
T able C -l.
Gross hours and earnings of production w orkers,1 b y industry— C ontinued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1965
1966
Annual
average
Industry
May 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
Average weekly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.
$52.45 $51.99 $52.08 $51. 99 $52.36 $51.99 $52.30 $51. 65 $51. 74 $52.13 $50. 90 $51. 65 $51.17 $49. 54
60.04
59.82
59.06
59.44
59.68
58. 83
60.14
59.06
58. 67
59.28
59.58
60.19
58. 98
55.73
152.00 150. 00 152. 74 157.56 160.37 155.63 161.18 152.88 157. 58 157.12 152. 36 146. 20 151. 64 136.97
1
Average weekly hours
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6........
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plan ts8.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.
37.2
37.4
37.2
37.4
37.4
37.4
37.9
37.7
38.9
38.9
37.7
37.7
37.9
38.4
38.2
38.8
38.6
38.6
39.0
39.2
39.6
38.8
38.7
39.4
40.6
39.2
40.2
40.6
40.2
39.3
39.8
39.7
$1.29
38.0
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.5
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.4
40. 6
Average hourly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6___
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plan ts8.
Motion pictures:
M otion picture filming and distributing
- - -
$1.41
$1.39
$1.40
$1.39
$1.40
$1.39
$1.38
$1. 37
$1. 33
$1.34
$1.35
$1.37
$1.35
1.58
1.57
1.55
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.55
1.53
1.52
1. 52
1.52
1.52
1. 52
1.44
3.80
3.75
3.79
3.90
3. 95
3. 95
3.97
3.90
3.92
3.87
3.79
3.72
3. 81
3.45
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
* Preliminary.
3 Based upon m onthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received
pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.
4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places.
®M oney payments only, tips not included.
7 Beginning January 1964, data on non-office salesmen excluded from all
series in this division.
8 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with production worker levels of prior years.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -2 .
827
A verage w eekly h o u rs, seaso n ally a d ju ste d , of p ro d u c tio n w orkers in selected in d u strie s 1
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
1965
Industry division and group
May 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
M ining______________________________________________
42.4
42.0
43.2
42.7
42.5
43.0
41.9
42.2
42.2
42.7
42.6
41.9
42.3
Contract construction___________ ______
___________
36.2
37.3
38.5
38.2
37.8
39.2
37.1
37.0
36.2
37.3
37.4
37.1
37.5
__________
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.2
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.0
41.1
Durable goods______________________________________
Ordnance and accessories____ _____________________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture________
Furniture and fixtures___ _________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______ - _________
Primary metal industries_________________ - ______
Fabricated metal products___________________ _____
Machinery_______________________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies___ ______________
Transportation equipment____ _________________
Instruments and related products. ___ _ __________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________
42.2
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.8
42.0
42.4
43.8
41.2
42.5
42.6
40.1
42.4
42.3
41.2
41.6
42.0
41.9
42.4
43.7
41.4
43.4
42.2
40.0
42.3
41.9
41.1
42.0
42.7
41.9
42.5
43.9
41.4
42.9
42.5
40.3
42.4
42.3
41.1
41.7
42.4
42.0
42.6
44.0
41.6
43.4
42.5
40.3
42.4
42.4
41.5
41.7
42.7
41.9
42.6
43.9
41.5
43.5
42.2
40.0
42.2
42.4
41.8
41.8
43.0
41.2
42.3
43.9
41.5
42.9
41.7
40.2
42.2
42.2
41.3
41.7
42.2
41.1
42.4
43.7
41.3
43.4
41.7
40.2
42.0
42.3
41.1
41.5
41.8
41.4
42.3
43.5
41.0
43.0
41.7
40.0
41.6
41.9
40.5
40.9
41.9
41.8
41.6
43.0
40.5
41.8
41.5
39.8
41.7
42.1
40.7
41.3
41.8
42.1
41.7
42.7
40.8
42.2
41.3
40.0
41.7
42.7
40.5
41.3
41.7
42.4
41.8
42.9
40.6
42.3
41.3
39.7
41.8
41.8
39.9
41.4
41.6
42.1
42.0
43.0
41.0
42.9
41.4
39.6
42.0
41.7
41.0
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.1
43.0
41.1
43.0
41.6
39.8
Nondurable goods_____ _____ ________ .
_______
_____________
Food and kindred products.______
Tobacco manufactures_________________ _
....
Textile mill products____ _______________________
Apparel and related products________________ ____
Paper and allied products__________ _____________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_________ _
Chemicals and allied products_____________ .
____
Petroleum refining and related industries__
___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________
Leather and leather products_______________________
40.3
40.9
38.1
42.2
36.6
43.8
38.8
42.0
42.1
42.2
38.9
40.3
41.1
39.0
41.9
36.5
43.7
38.7
42.2
42.6
42.0
39.1
40.4
41.1
39.3
42.4
36.5
43.5
38.7
42.1
42.5
42.2
38.5
40.6
41.6
41.4
42.5
36.6
43.5
38.7
42.2
42.8
42.3
38.9
40.2
41.2
39.1
42.4
36.3
43.2
38.5
42.0
42.0
42.4
38.2
40.2
41.2
37.7
42.0
36.5
43.6
38.7
42.0
42.0
42.3
38.4
40.3
41.1
38.0
41.9
36.5
43.6
38.6
42.0
42.4
42.5
38.6
40.1
41.0
37.7
41.8
36.4
43.4
38.4
41.9
42.5
42.3
38.6
40.1
40.7
37.8
41.7
36.0
43.0
38.6
42.2
42.7
41.6
38.4
40.0
41.1
37.4
41.8
36.2
42.9
38.6
41.8
42.7
41.9
37.9
40.0
41.4
38.1
41.4
36.3
42.9
38.6
41.6
42.1
41.8
37.9
39.9
41.0
37.2
41.4
36.5
43.0
38.5
41.7
41.9
41.8
37.8
40.0
41.0
37.3
41.5
36.4
43.1
38.5
42.0
42.2
41.7
38.4
Wholesale and retail trade 3. . .
_____
_______
Wholesale trade. . ._
...
_
_ . . . ._ . . . . ___
Retail trade 3_______________ . . . . . . __________ ____
37.1
40.7
36.0
37.1
40.7
35.9
37.2
40.9
36.0
37.3
41.0
36.1
37.4
41.0
36.2
37.5
40.9
36.4
37.4
40.8
36.3
37.5
40.9
36.4
37.5
40.8
36.5
37.8
41.0
36.7
37.8
40.7
36.8
37.7
40.8
36.6
37.8
40.9
36.8
Manufacturing_________
______________
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places.
T a b l e C -3 .
N ote : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.
A v e rag e h o u rly e a rn in g s ex clu d in g o v e rtim e of p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers in m a n u fa c tu rin g , b y
m a jo r in d u s try g ro u p 1
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
Annual
average
1965
Major industry group
May 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Manufacturing_____________ _ ______ __ $2.58
Durable goods___
_ _ _
_____
Ordnance and accessories. .
____
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture . .
.
___
Furniture and fixtures.. ___. . . . . _
Stone, clay, and glass products .
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products . .
Machinery____ __ . . . . . ._
___
Electrical equipment and supplies __ .
Transportation equipm ent..
____
Instruments and related products ___
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ ._ . . . ________ .
. .
2.74
Nondurable goods____
. . .
Food and kindred products
. .
Tobacco manufactures .
Textile mill products______ _
Apparel and related products.. _____
Paper and allied products..
___
Printing, publishing, and allied industr ie s.. ___
_ .
. . . . . ____
Chemicals and allied products. .
Petroleum refining and related industries______ _ ______ _____ .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______ _____ _______
Leather and leather products..
___
2.33
(3)
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
$2.58
$2. 56
$2.56
$2.56
$2.54
$2.53
$2.52
$2.51
$2.49
$2.50
$2.50
$2.50
$2.50
$2.44
2.74
3.02
2.72
3.03
2.72
3.02
2.72
3.03
2.70
3.05
2.69
3.02
2.68
3.02
2.68
3.00
2.65
3.01
2. 67
3. 01
2.67
3.00
2.66
3. 01
2.67
3.01
2.60
2.95
2.13
2.08
2. 57
3.13
2. 71
2. 88
2.53
3.11
2.58
2. 08
2.07
2.55
3.11
2.70
2.87
2.51
3.11
2. 56
2 09
2.06
2. 55
3.09
2.68
2.86
2.52
3.11
2.55
2. 07
2. 06
2. 54
3.10
2. 68
2.86
2. 52
3.11
2. 55
2.08
2.05
2. 54
3.08
2.67
2. 84
2. 51
3.10
2. 54
2.10
2.05
2.54
3. 06
2.66
2. 84
2. 51
3.09
2.53
2.10
2.05
2.53
3.06
2.65
2.83
2. 50
3.07
2.52
2.11
2. 05
2. 51
3.06
2.64
2.82
2. 50
3.07
2. 51
2.10
2.03
2. 49
3.03
2. 62
2. 79
2.49
3.01
2.52
2.09
2.03
2.49
3.05
2.63
2. 79
2. 50
3.02
2. 52
2.09
2.02
2.49
3.04
3.63
2. 79
2.50
3.03
2.53
2. 06
2.02
2.48
3.03
2. 64
2.80
2. 50
3. 02
2. 51
2.07
2.03
2. 49
3.04
2.63
2.80
2.50
3.04
2. 52
2.03
1.97
2.42
2.99
2.57
2.75
2. 44
2.96
2.47
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.08
2. 06
2.05
2.05
2. 05
2. 08
2.07
2.07
2.06
2.02
2.33
2. 42
2. 23
1. 83
1. 83
2. 56
2.31
2. 40
2.19
1. 82
1. 84
2. 55
2. 31
2.38
2.17
1.82
1.84
2.54
2.31
2.38
2.14
1.82
1.82
2.54
2.30
2.36
2.09
1.81
1.82
2. 53
2.29
2.33
2. 09
1. 81
1.82
2.52
2.28
2.31
1.95
1.80
1.82
2.51
2.28
2.31
1.95
1.80
1.82
2. 52
2. 26
2.29
2.03
1.80
1.79
2. 51
2. 27
2.30
2.17
1.79
1.79
2.51
2. 26
2.33
2.17
1.76
1.78
2.49
2. 26
2.35
2.16
1.76
1.77
2.49
2.27
2.32
2.07
1.78
1.79
2.50
2.21
2.27
1.92
1.71
1.76
2.43
(3)
2.82
P)
2. 81
(3)
2.83
(3)
2.83
C3)
2.83
(3)
2.83
(3)
2.82
(3)
2.82
(3)
2.80
(3)
2.80
(3)
2.78
(3)
2.75
P)
2. 79
P)
2. 72
3.30
3.27
3.28
3.28
3. 27
3. 27
3.20
3.16
3.12
3.13
3.12
3.14
3.17
3.10
2. 52
1.89
2. 51
1.87
2.51
1.86
2. 51
1.86
2. 51
1.86
2. 50
1.85
2.51
1.85
2. 50
1.85
2. 49
1.83
2. 51
1.82
2.48
1.84
2.47
1.84
2. 49
1.84
2.44
1.78
1
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Preliminary.
.
,,
,
3 N ot available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
828
T a b l e C -4 .
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
A nnual
average
1965
In d u str y
M a y 2 A p r. 2
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
1965
1964
3 .9
4 .3
3 .3
3 .8
4. 2
3 .3
3 .8
4 .2
3 .3
3 .7
4 .1
3 .1
4 .0
4 .4
3 .4
3 .9
4 .3
3 .4
3 .9
4 .2
3 .4
3 .8
4 .0
3 .5
3 .5
3 .8
3 .2
3 .4
3 .7
3 .1
3 .6
4 .0
3 .1
3 .5
3 .9
3 .1
3 .6
3 .9
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
2 .9
3 .7
3 .1
3 .5
5. 0
3 .3
2.8
3 .4
4. 5
A F)
A 9
3 .7
4 .4
3 .8
3 .8
3 .4
4. 0
4 .0
4 .4
2. 6
3 .9
3 .7
3 .6
2 .5
4 .1
3 4
3 .3
1.8
3 .9
3 .3
3 .5
2.0
3 .1
3 .3
3 .5
1.1
3 .2
2.8
3 .0
1 .4
2 .5
2 .4
2 .5
.6
2 .3
2 .9
3 .0
1.6
2 .9
1.8
1.8
1 .3
2.0
4 .2
4 .1
4 .0
4 .0
3 .7
3 .7
3 .8
3 .8
3 q
3 9
3 .7
4 .1
4 .0
4 .0
4 .0
4 .2
4 .2
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
4 .0
4 .0
3 .8
3 .7
3 .4
3 .4
4. 4
4 .2
3 .8
4 .1
3 .5
3 .8
3 .9
3 6
3 .6
3 .9
3 .6
3 .6
4 9
4. 4
3 8
3 .8
4 .3
4 .5
3 .9
4 .1
3 .7
3 .9
4 .6
3 .7
3 .7
4 .1
3 .7
3 .3
4 .2
3 .8
3 .5
4 .2
3 .7
3 .6
4 .0
3 .6
3 .6
3 .6
2.8
3 .4
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s
_ _
____
H o u s e h o l d f u r n it u r e
_ _ _
O ffie e f u r n it u r e
P a r t i t i o n s ; o ffie e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s
O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s
3 .5
3 .4
4 .5
3 .7
3 .4
3 .7
3 .6
4 .4
4 .0
3 .4
3 5
3 4
4 .5
3 6
3 .2
3 .4
3 .3
4 .1
3 .5
3 .0
4 4
4 .1
4 .1
3. 7
4 5
3. 7
4 .2
4 .2
4 .0
4 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .7
4 .2
4 .8
3 .9
3 .8
3 .5
4 .6
5 .4
4 .3
3 .0
2 .7
4 .1
3 .9
3 .6
3 .6
3 .5
3 .9
3 .6
4 .4
3 .2
3 .2
3 .4
3 .1
3 .3
3 .6
3 .6
3 .6
3 .7
3 .7
3 .2
3 .4
2 .5
2 .4
3 .1
S t o n e , e l a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s
__
F l a t g la s s
_ _ __
___
G la s s a n d g l a s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n
4 .6
4 .8
4 .1
2.8
3 .9
2.6
4 .4
4 .4
4 .4
2 .7
3 .6
2 .3
4 .0
4 .3
4 3
2 .3
3 .1
2 4
3 .9
4 .3
4. 0
2 .5
3 .3
2 .3
4 2
3 4
1 Q
3 fi
2 .4
4. 5
5 .6
4. 4
2. 2
3. 7
2.6
4 .6
4 .9
4 .2
1 .9
3 .8
2.6
4 .6
5 .0
4 .6
2 .9
4 .2
2 .7
4 .7
3 .3
4 .1
2 .4
4 .0
2.2
4 .5
3 .5
4 .1
2 .5
3 .9
1 .9
4 .3
3 .7
4 .0
2.2
3 .8
2 .3
4 .4
3 .3
3 .8
2 .3
3 .8
2.0
4 .2
4 .1
4 .0
2.2
3 .6
2.2
3 .9
3 .7
3 .6
2.1
3 .3
2.0
6.6
4 .3
6 .3
4 .0
5 .0
4 .0
5 .3
3 .4
fi 0
3 8
6 .3
3 .9
6.8
4 .0
6 .3
3 .7
7 .4
3 .8
7 .0
3 .6
6.6
3 .6
6 .9
3 .7
6. 2
3 .5
5 .9
3 .3
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s
B l a s t fu r n a c e a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s _
Ir o n a n d s te e l fo u n d r ie s
N o n f e r r o u s s m e l t i n g a n d r e f i n i n g ____
N o n f e r r o u s r o ll i n g , d r a w i n g , a n d e x __ __
tr u d in g
_ _ _ _______
N o n fe r r o u s f o u n d r ie s . . . .
...
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s .
__________________ ____ ________ -
4 .2
2.8
5 .7
4 .0
3 .9
2 .4
5 .6
3 .6
3 .9
2 .3
5 .6
3 .5
3 .6
1.8
5 .1
3 .2
3 5
1 F)
5 5
3 .5
3 .4
1 .4
5 .6
3 .6
3 .4
1.6
5 .7
3 .5
3 .8
2 .5
5 .7
4 .1
3 .7
2.8
5 .1
3 .3
3 .9
3 .2
5 .2
3 .3
4 .1
3 .2
5 .9
3 .6
3 .9
2 .9
5 .8
3 .5
3 .8
2 .7
5 .5
3 .5
3 .2
2 .4
4 .7
3 .1
6.0
4 .6
5 .8
4 .5
5 .9
4 .5
6.0
4 .7
5 Q
4. 7
5 .4
4 .2
5 .4
4 .0
5 .8
3 .4
5 .1
3 .5
4 .8
3 .2
5 .4
3 .8
4 .9
3 .6
5 .0
3 .9
3 .9
3 .2
5 .5
6.2
6 .3
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.0
5 .6
4 .9
5 .3
4 .8
4. 6
5 .2
4 .0
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _____
M e t a l c a n s ___ ’
C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls , a n d g e n e r a l h a r d w are__
_
_ __
__ _ _
_ __
H e a t i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d p l u m b i n g fix t u r e s ___
_ _ _
F a b r ic a te d str u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts
S c r e w m a c h in e p r o d u c ts , b o lts , e tc
M e ta l s t a m p in g s ...
C o a t i n g , e n g r a v in g , a n d a l li e d s e r v i c e s .
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d w i r e p r o d u c t s .
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _____
_________ . _
4 .3
4 .4
4 .2
3 .8
4 .2
4 .0
4 .1
3 .4
4. 4
2. 9
4 .4
3 .5
4 .5
3 .6
4 .2
4 .3
4 .0
5 .0
3 .8
5 .0
4 .1
4 .6
4 .0
4 .2
4 .0
4 .5
3 .4
3 .8
3 .6
3 .4
3 .3
3 .4
3 .8
4 .0
3 .8
3 .3
3 .0
2.8
3 .0
3. 5
3. 4
3 .1
2.2
3 .0
4 .3
4 .5
3 .8
3 .1
M a n u f a c t u r i n g -----------------------------------------------D u r a b l e g o o d s -------------------------------------------N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s -------------------------------------
4 .0
4 .4
3 .4
D u r a b le goods
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t . . ,
L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts, ex cep t
f u r n it u r e
_ ______________
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n in g m i l l s
_______
M i l l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d r e la t e d p r o d n ets
_ _ _
_ _ _____
W o o d e n e o n t a in e r s
_ _ _ _ __
M is c e ll a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ----------------
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c ts
_ _ _____
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r p r o d u cts
- - - -- - - ______ - O t h e r s t o n e a n d m in e r a l p r o d u c t s __ _
3 .8
3 .7
4 2
2 .5
4 .0
5 .1
4 .7
4 .0
3 .9
2 .4
3 .7
4 .8
4 .9
3 .8
3 .4
2.8
3 .9
5 .4
5 .3
4 .2
3 .9
2.1
3 .4
5 .2
5 .5
4 .1
3 .6
2. 3
3 .6
5 .4
5 .2
4 .3
3 .8
3 .7
3 .4
3 .0
3 .6
3 .7
3 .4
2 .7
4 .5
4 .5
3 .0
4 .2
4 .4
4 .1
2 .5
4 .1
4 .5
4 .0
2.6
4 .4
4 .8
4 .0
2.8
4 .4
4 .6
3 .7
2.8
4 .2
4 .6
4 .1
2 .9
4 .2
3 .9
3 .1
2.6
3 .5
6.1
4 .8
4 .7
6.0
4 .4
4 .4
6 .3
4 .3
4 .2
6 .9
5 .0
4 .7
7 .0
4 .7
4 .5
6 .7
4 .8
4 .4
5 .9
4 .1
3 .5
4 .0
3 .2
5 .6
3 .6
2 9
4 .8
2 .9
3 .0
5 .2
3 .5
3 .0
5 .2
3 .7
3 .7
5 .5
2.6
3 .1
5 .5
3. 4
2 .9
5 .3
2 .3
2 .3
4 .7
3 4
3. 4
3. 7
3 .8
3 .2
3. 0
3. 4
3 .0
3 .2
3 .5
3 .5
3 .9
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
2.6
3 .1
3 .1
3 .6
3 .2
2 .9
3 .1
3 .3
2.8
2 .7
2.8
3 .1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2 .9
2 .3
2 .3
3 .1
3 .4
2.2
2.2
1 .9
1 .9
1 .9
2.8
3 .2
3 .9
2.8
2.6
2 .3
2 .7
2.6
2 .5
2 .7
3 .8
2 .5
2.6
1 .9
2.2
2.2
2.8
3 .0
3 .5
3 .0
2 .7
2. 3
2 .7
2 .4
2 .3
2.6
3 .0
2.2
2.1
1.7
2.2
2.1
4 .1
4. 0
3 .6
2 .9
2.6
2 .3
2 .9
2 .7
3. 2
2.6
5. 7
6 .9
4 .9
3 .6
3 .2
2. 6
6. 0
7 .4
4 .9
3 .8
2. 5
2 .9
5 .4
6.6
4 .0
4 .1
2.2
3 .7
4 .4
5 .0
3 .7
3 .9
2.6
3 .8
4 .1
4 .8
3 .6
3 .0
2 .4
3 .5
4 .2
5 .3
3 .2
2 .9
1 .9
3 .1
4 .8
6.1
2 .9
3 .6
2.6
3 .7
4 .8
6 .4
2 .7
3 .6
2 .4
3 .2
4 .8
6.2
3 .3
3 .4
2.6
2 .9
3 .9
5 .0
2 .5
3 .1
2.8
3 .2
3 .5
3 .9
3 .6
4 .5
3 .5
4 .0
3 .5
3 .8
3 .4
3 .9
2 .9
3 .2
2.8
3 .3
2 .9
3 .3
3 .0
3 .3
3 .0
3 .3
2 .4
2 .3
4. 0
3 .2
2 .7
4 .0
2.8
2 .5
3 .3
2. 9
2. 5
3. 4
2.8
2. 5
3 .5
2 .9
2 .4
3 .4
2 .9
2.6
3 .1
2 .3
1.8
3 .0
2 .5
2.2
2 .9
2.8
2 .4
2.8
2 .7
2.6
2. 9
2 .7
2 .4
2. 5
2 .4
2.1
2 .4
5 .0
2.6
2 .5
4 .3
2 .5
3 .0
4 .6
3 .2
2. 7
4 .8
3 .1
2 .5
4 .8
3 .0
2 .3
4 .5
2 .7
2.2
3 .5
2 .9
1 .7
3 .4
2 .4
2.1
3 .9
2 .1
2.0
4 .1
2 .4
2.1
4 .0
2. 4
2.0
3 .2
2 .5
3 .6
6 .5
5 .5
5 .0
4 .1
2 .4
3 .5
6.8
5 .3
4 .8
4 .1
2 .5
3 .4
6 .9
5 .1
4 .7
4 .4
2.1
3 .4
6.6
5 .3
4 .3
4 .0
2. 7
4. 0
6. 8
5. 6
4 .8
4 .1
2 .7
4 .0
6.1
5 .8
4 .7
4 .4
3 .2
4 .4
5 .9
5 .5
4 .7
4 .4
3 .9
4. 3
4 .1
3 .7
3. 8
3 .8
3 .8
5 .5
5 .8
4 .5
5 .0
5 .7
5. 4
4 .3
5 .1
5. 6
4 .4
4 .0
5 .0
5 .3
3 .9
3 .7
4 .5
5. 5
4. 9
3 .7
4 .7
5 .0
4 .0
2.8
4 .4
4 .9
4 .4
2 .9
4 .7
8.0
5 .3
5 .2
8.2
5. 6
5 .2
8.0
5. 6
5 .3
7 .6
5 .4
5 .1
7. 6
5 .8
5 .4
7 .0
5 .3
5 .0
6 .4
5 .1
4 .8
3 .6
3 .2
6 .3
4 .2
3. 5
6 .3
4 .6
3 .3
6.2
4 .9
3 .0
6.1
5. 0
3. 2
6 .1
4 .3
3 .0
5 .8
E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s ___ __
E l e c t r i c d i s t r i b u t i o n e q u i p m e n t ____
E l e c t i c a l i n d u s t r i a l a p p a r a t u s ___________
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ..
. .
E l e c t r i c l i g h t i n g a n d w i r in g e q u i p m e n t .
R a d io a n d T V r e c e iv in g s e t s . . . .
...
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t ..
E l e c t r o n i c c o m p o n e n t s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s .
M is c e lla n e o u s
e le c tr ic a l
e q u ip m e n t
a n d s u p p lie s . .
____________
3 .2
3 .4
4 .5
3 .7
2.8
2 .5
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
3 .7
4 .4
2 .9
2 .7
2 .3
3 .3
3 .4
3 .4
3 .4
4 .3
3 .6
2 .9
2 .3
3 .4
3 .5
3 .2
3 .3
4 .1
3 .3
2.8
2 .3
3 .6
2 .9
3 .6
3 .8
4. 2
4 .4
3 .1
3 .0
3 .9
3 .1
3 .0
3 ,0
3 .5
3 .2
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t. .
_______
M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ______ ._
A ir c r a ft a n d p a r t s . ..
... . . . .
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ..
R a i l r o a d e q u i p m e n t ____
' . . . . .
O th e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t . . _ __
5 .1
5 .7
4 .7
4 .2
3 .7
3 .0
4 .7
4 .7
5 .1
4 .4
3 .0
2.8
4 .8
5 .3
5 .0
3 .8
2 .9
2.0
5 .1
5 .5
5 .6
3 .8
3 .0
2.0
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . . . . . .
E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n tific in s t r u m e n t s .
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tr o l d e v ic e s . _
_ _ _ _ _ _
O p t i c a l a n d o p h t h a l m i c g o o d s ......... ..
O p h t h a lm ic g o o d s .
S u r g i c a l, m e d i c a l , a n d d e n t a l e q u i p m e n t _______
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .
W a t c h e s a n d c l o c k s . __________
.. ...
3 .5
3 .8
3 .6
3 .9
3 .7
4 .2
4 .0
2.2
2.1
3 .7
3 .3
2 .9
2 .7
4 .9
2 .5
2 .7
4 .7
2.8
M a c h i n e r y _____ . . . .
_________ .
E n g i n e s a n d t u r b i n e s ____ __ .
F a r m m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t . .. _ .
C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d r e la t e d m a c h i n e r y ___
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t _____________ _______________ . . _
S p e c ia l in d u s t r y m a c h in e r y . .. . .
G en era l in d u s tr ia l m a c h in e r y .. _ . . . .
O ff ic e , c o m p u t i n g , a n d a c c o u n t i n g m a c h i n e s .............. _ _________
S e r v ic e i n d u s t r v m a c h i n e s ___
... ..
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a c h i n e r y __________
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .9
4 .1
5 .4
5 .0
4 .6
3 .7
C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C-4.
829
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
1966
Annual
average
1965
Industry
M ay 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1965
1964
2.8
4.2
2.6
2.0
2.8
2.7
2.9
3.1
4.3
2.7
2.4
3.0
3.1
3.2
2.8
3.7
2.5
2.1
3.0
2.9
3.5
2.7
3.6
2.4
1.8
2.7
2.8
2.6
3.1
5.2
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.5
3.2
4.8
3. 0
3.1
2.9
3.1
4.2
3.3
4.9
3.3
3.0
2.7
3.1
4.0
3.0
3.8
3.1
2.8
2.4
2.9
3.2
2.7
3.4
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.1
2.2
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.6
3.2
2.6
1.8
2.5
2.5
2.9
2.4
3.4
2.3
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.7
3.6
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.7
3.0
2.4
3.3
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
4.2
3.2
3.8
4.3
3.3
3.9
4.9
3.3
4.0
4.4
3.5
4.2
5.0
3.9
3.8
4.1
3.6
4.1
4.4
4.1
3.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.9
3.8
4.2
3.6
3.6
4.2
3.5
2.9
5.4
3.3
3.5
1.9
3.6
3.6
1.1
1.2
1.1
4.5
5.3
5.5
5.4
3.6
2.4
5.8
4.2
5.2
5.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.5
2.8
5.6
3.1
4. 6
2.6
3.1
3.9
1.0
.9
1.1
4.6
5.5
5.7
5.1
4.4
2.5
5.8
4.4
5.2
4.8
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.8
3.4
6.3
3.2
4.5
2.4
2.8
4.4
1.9
2.9
1.2
4.6
5.6
5.5
5.2
4.5
2.3
5.5
4.7
5.4
4.9
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.5
2.6
6.0
3.1
3.4
2.5
2.7
4.0
.9
.6
1.2
4.3
5.4
4.8
4.7
4.1
2.1
5.1
4.0
5.2
4.8
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.2
2.7
6.9
3.3
3.7
2.7
3.2
4.5
1.3
.9
1.2
4.6
5.3
5.5
4.6
4.2
2.4
5.6
6.3
5.1
5.3
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.2
2.8
6.2
3.4
4.1
2.7
3.3
4.9
1.1
.6
2.0
4.6
5. 4
5. 5
4.1
4.1
2.7
5. 4
6.2
5.2
5.1
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.3
2.9
7.5
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.5
4.7
1.3
1.0
1.7
4.5
5.0
5.3
4.1
4.1
3.0
4.8
5.6
5.0
5.1
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.3
3.2
8.0
3.6
5.2
3.4
3.4
4.5
1.5
.7
1.3
4.5
5.3
5.7
4.7
3.5
2.9
4.5
5.7
4.9
4.8
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.2
3.0
7.5
3.4
4.6
2.9
3.6
4.2
1.2
.7
1.4
4.3
4.7
5.4
4.5
3.4
2.8
4.5
6.3
5.0
4.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
2.9
8.1
3.6
4.5
1.9
4.3
4.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
3.8
4.1
5.0
4.7
3.2
2.5
3.9
4.4
4.6
3.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.4
3.1
6.3
3.6
3.8
1.8
4.0
4.1
.9
.6
1.3
4.2
4.6
5.4
4.7
3.5
2.6
4.9
4.9
4.5
4.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
3.0
5.8
3.3
3.6
2.0
3.7
4.1
.9
.8
1.1
4.0
4.8
5.4
4.6
3.6
2.3
4.7
4.0
4.4
3.9
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3
2.9
6.5
3.3
4.0
2.4
3.3
4.3
1.1
.8
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
2.8
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.2
3.1
4.0
1.6
1.6
2.1
3.6
4.3
5.0
3.4
3.1
2.1
4.2
4.4
3.6
3.6
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.9
.8
1.6
2.0
1.9
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.9
5.3
6.3
8.3
2.0
5.3
6.2
7.5
1.8
5.1
6.2
7.0
1. 7
5.0
6.1
7.5
2.2
5.5
6.2
7.7
2.9
5.6
6.3
7.6
2.6
5.7
6.4
7.9
2.1
5.7
6.6
8.4
1.6
5.2
5.9
7.7
2.1
5.0
6.0
7.2
1.9
5.0
5.9
6.7
2.1
4.7
5.8
6.5
2.1
5.0
6.0
7.0
1.9
4.7
5.7
6.3
3.7
4.3
3.9
4.8
3.7
4.5
3.5
4.2
4.0
5.2
4.0
5.4
4.0
5.6
3.7
5.2
3.6
4.8
3.5
4.2
3.5
4.6
3.1
4.1
3.5
4.5
3.3
4.1
3.3
2.6
3.8
4.7
3.6
2.7
3.5
2.3
4.1
5.1
3.9
3.0
3.0
2.0
3.7
4.4
3.5
2.4
2.8
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.1
2.2
3.6
3.2
3.1
4.6
3.9
2.5
3.2
2.7
3.4
4.2
3.5
2.5
3.4
2.8
4.4
4.3
3.6
2.6
3.4
2.6
4.8
4.9
3.8
2.6
3.2
2.3
3.4
5.6
3.3
2.5
2.8
2.3
3.2
3.9
3.1
2.2
2.9
2.5
2.7
4.0
3.0
2.6
3.1
2.6
3.4
4.4
3.2
2.7
3.1
2.4
3. S
4.2
3.4
2.5
2.9
2.4
4.0
3.8
3.1
2.4
2.8
3.7
3.4
3.5
3.0
2.9
3.2
9.0
3.1
3.6
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.6
7.3
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.5
4.7
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.8
2.2
4.1
2.9
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.3
4.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.1
2.4
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.6
3.6
2.9
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.6
2.5
3.0
3.1
3.8
3.3
3.5
3.0
3.1
3.1
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.1
2.7
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.4
2.3
3.0
3.6
3.3
2.7
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.5
3.2
3.7
3.2
2.8
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.1
3.3
7.7
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.5
2.5
4.6
3.0
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a re...
Toys, amusement and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries............
Musical instruments and parts______
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products____________
Meat products._______ _____________
Dairy products______ _______________
Canned and preserved food, except
m e a ts..____________ _____ _________
Grain mill products_________________
Bakery products..____ ______________
Sugar_________________________ ____ _
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages____ ______________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures_________________
Cigarettes__________________________
C ig a rs..................... ................ ................ .
Textile mill products__________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics__________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad w oolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting_____ _________ ____________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering______________________
Yarn and thread____________________
Miscellaneous textile goods___ _______
Apparel and related products__________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats.............
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_________
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ outerwear..
Women’s and children’s undergar
m ents____________________________
Hats, caps, and millinery____ ________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear_______
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
ucts_________________ ____ ________
Paper and allied products_______ _____ _
Paper and pulp_____________________
Paperboard_________________________ .
Converted paper and paperboard
products________ _________________ .
Paperboard containers and boxes....... .
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries_______ ___ ___ ________________ _
Newspaper publishing and printing------------Periodical publishing and printing----- --------Books_______ ____ ___ _________ ______
Commercial printing______________ _____
Bookbinding and related industries------------Other publishing and printing indus
tries.____ ____________________ ______
Chemicals and allied products________ ______
Industrial chemicals___________ _________
Plastics materials and synthetics___________
Drugs________ _________________ ______
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods--------- --------Paints, varnishes, and allied products..------Agricultural chemicals___________________
Other chemical products___________ -.........Petroleum refining and related indus
tries________________________________
Petroleum refining________________ ______
Other petroleum and coal products...... .......... Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products.........
Tires and inner tubes____________________
Other rubber products___________________
Miscellaneous plastic products______ ______
Leather and leather products.................. ............
Leather tanning and finishing_______ ______
Footwear, except rubber__ 1._____________
Other leather products__________________ _
Handbags and personal leather goods______
3.4
2.6
2.4
2.6
2.9
2.5
3.4
3.1
3.2
2.8
2.4
3.4
3.3
3.0
3.0
2.3
1.8
2.2
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.2
3.9
4.0
4.2
5.2
5.0
4.8
6.7
6.1
6.9
5.5
3.8
7.3
6.5
5.9
3.4
4.2
4.2
4.4
4.7
4.6
4.1
4.4
4.3
4.1
4.1
4.8
3.8
3.7
6.7
4.3
6.6
5.8
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.1
6.7
7.4
6.3
6.2
5.9
4.7
3.4
4.1
2.7
3.5
3.2
3.7
4.0
3.2
3.2
3.8
3.3
3.1
3.6
2.7
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.8
4.3
4.2
4.2
3.9
4.4
3.9
3.9
3.4
4.0
3.9
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.8
2.9
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.5
4.0
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.8
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.2
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.5
2.7
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
2.8
2.6
1.9
1.8
1.3
2.0
2.0
1
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
A-3.
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
were paid are excluded.
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over
2 Preliminary.
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
221-143 O—66----- 8
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
830
T able
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
C-5.
Revised series; see box, p. 808.
[1957-59 = 100]
Annual
average
1965
1966
A ctivity
M a y 2 Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
Man-hours
T otal__________________________________
M ining________________________________
Contract construction................._....................
Manufacturing_____________________ ____
114.6
83.5
115.0
116.1
112.0
74.4
108.8
114. 5
111.3 109.0
81.0 79.6
103.5 93.6
114.2 113.3
108.4
80.8
98.9
111.5
112.3
83.5
109.8
114.2
112.5
82.2
114.2
113.7
113.8
83.9
124.1
113.5
112.9
82.6
121.4
112.8
112.9
85.9
130. 5
111.0
110.8
84.6
125.5
109.4
111.2
85.0
121.0
110.7
108.4
83.5
114.6
108.5
109.0
82.5
111.3
109.9
103.1
82.6
105.4
103.8
Durable goods________________________
Ordnance and accessories------------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture__________________________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products----------------Machinery_________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries______________________________
123.3
148.3
121.9
144.1
120.6 119.4
141.5 140.0
117.9
137.2
119.8
130.5
118.4
131.0
117.5
129.1
116.0
125.5
112.9
120.7
113.2
119.2
115.4
116.2
113.3
114.4
114.0
120.4
105.5
120.9
101.7
124.1
111.3
115.6
125.3
134. 7
143.8
117.2
125.4
97.8
122.0
109.9
115.3
123.3
133.0
142.4
117.6
122.4
95.6
123.7
106.6
113.1
122.3
132.9
140.4
116.5
123.0
94.0
121.6
103.3
111.7
121.6
131.4
140.5
115.7
121.8
95.2
120.7
104.1
109.8
120.2
129.0
138.3
114.9
119.5
98.0
126.4
107.7
107.6
122.7
129.5
140.0
117.4
119.0
98.3
124.0
109.7
105.0
122.1
125.5
136.2
115.9
118.0
100.3
124.2
110.7
106.9
120.8
123.8
133.4
112.7
116.7
100.5
122.1
112.1
113.0
118.6
122.3
129.5
106 9
115.7
103.1
121.6
112.3
114.0
116.5
120.0
125.5
95.2
113.2
100.7
116.3
110.7
115.8
115.0
121.6
122.6
103.2
111.6
100.5
118.4
109.6
117.1
118.2
123.3
125.6
107 9
112.0
98.1
115.1
107.7
114.3
115.8
121.7
122.8
107.7
108.1
97.0
119.0
107.0
112.5
116.4
122.0
126.3
107.1
111.8
95.5
111.6
105.0
106.0
107.8
111.9
113.2
94.9
104.4
114. 5
111.9
111.3 108.5
102.7
116.3
123.0
124.0
119.2
116.0
105.5
109.1
106.6
110.6
103.0
104.6
93.4
83.3
101.3
114.8
109.5
101.5
93.8
91.6
96.7
109.1
106.7
109.8
109.5
106.4
105.9
Nondurable goods------------------------------Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products-----------------------Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products-----------------Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries__________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries_____________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________________________
Leather and leather products________
106. 6
87.6
69.8
105.9
118. 7
114.3
104.9
86.0
71.5
103. 2
115.9
112.5
105.8
86.2
74.6
105.0
120.4
112.1
105.3
86.8
81.1
104.1
118.7
110.9
103.2
87.6
80.9
102.3
110.3
110.3
106.9
93.1
90.4
104.1
115.6
113.7
107.7
97.7
86.4
104.7
117.2
112.7
108.2
101.0
102.8
103.8
117.2
112.5
108.7
103.9
103.0
102.2
116.8
111.8
108.5
103.2
89.8
102.8
118.2
111.2
104.5
97.5
72.1
99.5
111.6
109.7
104.6
91.7
72.7
102.3
116.0
110.2
102.2
87.7
71.3
100.3
113.2
107.5
114.4
115.0
113.9
115.2
113.7 112. 5
112.5 110.7
110.4
109.3
114.3
110.1
112.3
109.9
111.9
109.2
111.7
111.1
110.5
110.6
108.9
109.9
109.0
110.1
108.6
110.4
76.8
76.4
73.4
73.7
74.4
76.3
78.0
81.1
80.1
80.3
78.4
76.1
76.7
78.5
130.1
94.8
133.2
97.1
121.5
94.9
97.5
148.2
133.8
96.5
145.3
135.9
93.0
132.5
124.2
143.3
99.7
140.8
97.2
74.2
140.1
99.6
140.4 139.5
100.4 102.5
142.9
101.4
140.7
98.6
138.4
96.0
136.0
96.7
134.3
99.8
129.8
97.3
132.8
97.4
97.2
160.7
140.3
100.5
170.2
136.1
98.3
162.0
135.1
99.1
156.8
136.7
Payrolls
M ining_____________
Contract construction.
Manufacturing.............
.
_
_
101.9
155.3
148.3
87.8
146.5
146.1
97.1 95.9
139.0 126.4
144.7 143.2
96.9
132.5
140.8
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2.
#
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
T able
C-6.
97.4 99.4
151.2 165.3
142.4 141.4
99.4
146.5
143.8
workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-d.
2 Preliminary.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
Revised series ; see box, p. 808.
[In current and 1957-59 dollars] »
Annual
average
1965
1966
Item
Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Oct.
N ov.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1965
1964
Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
$107. 53 $105.82 $107. 53 $102.97
_ _ _ $111.24 $110.95 $110.27 $110. 00 $110. 92 $109. 71 $108.62 $107.83 $106.45 $107.01 $107.79
Current dollars___
96.82 97.84 95.25
1957-59 dollars
- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 98.88 99.06 98.81 99.10 99.93 99. 20 98. 39 97.85 96.77 97.11 97.90 98.11
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
89.08 87.71 89.08 84.40
90.73 90. 51 90.00 89.79 91.80 90.83 89.95 89.32 88.21 88.66 89.29
Current dollars___ __ _ ______ _
81.28 80.25 81.06 78.08
80.65 80.81 80.65 80.89 82.70 82.12 81.48 81.05 80.19 80.45 81.10
1957-59 dollars______________________
Worker with 3 dependents:
96. 78 95.34 96.78 92.18
96.99
98.57 98.34 97.80 97.58 99.62 98. 61 97.69 97.03 95.87 96.34 88.09 88.30
Current dollars ____ _ _ __ ____ _
87.23 88.06 85.27
87.62 87.80 87.63 87. 91 89. 75 89.16 88.49 88. 05 87.15 87.42
1957-59 dollars. ____________________
1
For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p u ic u
IUI
A t jp c o
in w m v
v-/
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been a d ju s te d for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N o t e : These series are described in “ The Calculation and Uses oi the
Spendable ESrnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, A pnl 1966, pp. 406-410.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
831
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l .
Consumer Price Index 1—U .S . city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966
1965
A nnual
average
G rou p
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
1965
1964
A l l i t e m s ______________ _______________________
A l l i t e m s ( 1 9 4 7 - 4 9 = 1 0 0 ) _______________________
1 1 2 .6
1 3 8 .2
1 1 2 .5
1 3 8 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 3 7 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 1 1 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 1 1 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 1 0 .6
1 3 5 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 3 5 .5
1 1 0 .2
1 3 5 .2
1 1 0 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 3 5 .2
1 1 0 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 0 9 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 0 9 .9
1 3 4 .8
1 0 8 .1
1 3 2 .6
F o o d __________
._
____
...
_______
F o o d a t h o m e ______________ ____________ . . .
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s . . . _______
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d f i s h ___________ ______
D a i r y p r o d u c t s ____________ _ ___________
F r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s . . ______
_______
O t h e r fo o d s a t h o m e 2____________________
F o o d a w a y f r o m h o m e _________________ __ .
1 1 3 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 1 4 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 0 9 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 0 2 .8
1 2 2 .2
1 1 4 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .1
1 1 5 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 1 9 .8
1 0 3 .6
1 2 1 .6
1 1 3 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 0 8 .1
1 1 7 .4
1 0 3 .7
1 2 1 .2
1 1 3 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 3 .2
115. 7
1 0 7 .0
1 1 6 .5
1 0 3 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 1 2 .9
1 0 6 .6
1 1 1 .3
1 0 2 .9
1 2 0 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 0 .1
1 0 6 .1
1 1 1 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 0 9 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 0 8 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 0 9 .9
1 0 2 .9
1 1 9 .6
1 0 9 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 1 .3
1 0 8 .9
1 0 5 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 0 3 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 0 9 .7
1 0 8 .0
1 1 1 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 1 8 .8
1 1 0 .1
1 0 8 .6
111. 1
1 0 9 .8
1 0 5 .0
1 1 4 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 1 8 .2
1 1 0 .9
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .1
1 0 9 .2
1 0 4 .3
1 2 4 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 1 0 .1
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 0 4 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 0 0 .5
1 1 7 .2
1 0 7 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 1 0 .8
1 0 0 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 2 1 .4
1 0 0 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 0 8 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 1 1 .2
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 0 1 .8
-1 1 7 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 4 .7
1 0 9 .6
9 8 .6
1 0 4 .7
1 1 5 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 1 5 .2
H o u s i n g _____
____
_____________ __ ______
S h e l t e r 3_______________________________________
_ ____________
R e n t _____ . . . . . ______
H o m e o w n e r s h i p 4. . ______________________
F u e l a n d u t i l i t i e s 3___________________________
F u e l o il a n d c o a l 8___ __________ _______
G a s a n d e l e c t r i c i t y __________ . ._ ______
H o u s e h o l d f u r n is h i n g s a n d o p e r a t i o n 7___
1 1 0 .7
1 1 3 .5
1 1 0 .2
1 1 5 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 4 .6
1 1 0 .3
1 1 3 .0
1 1 0 .1
1 1 4 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .3
1 0 4 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 0 9 .9
1 1 3 .5
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 0 8 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 0 9 .4
112 .1
1 0 9 .8
1 1 3 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 0 9 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 3 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 1 2 .0
1 0 9 .7
1 1 3 .1
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .9
1 0 7 .9
1 0 3 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 1 2 .9
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 0 9 .3
1 1 2 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .0
1 0 3 .3
1 0 9 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 1 2 .1
1 0 7 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 0 7 .9
1 0 3 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 0 9 .1
1 1 1 .6
1 0 7 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 0 3 .1
1 0 8 .2
1 1 0 .7
1 0 9 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 0 5 .3
1 0 3 .5
1 0 7 .7
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 1 1 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 0 6 .9
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .2
1 1 0 .3
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 3 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 8 .2
1 1 0 .2
1 0 8 .8
1 1 0 .8
1 0 7 .1
1 0 4 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 0 3 .1
1 0 8 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 1 1 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 0 3 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 0 2 .8
A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p 8______
_____________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’. .
. . . __________ . __ __
W o m e n ’s a n d g i r l s ’____ __ _________________
F o o t w e a r ____
_ . . _________________
____
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .9
1 0 5 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 0 4 .2
1 1 8 .1
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 1 6 .9
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 3 .1
1 1 6 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .3
1 0 4 .3
1 1 5 .6
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .2
1 0 4 .6
1 1 5 .1
1 0 7 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 0 4 .3
1 1 4 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 7 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 1 3 .4
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 2 .6
1 1 2 .7
1 0 6 .1
1 0 6 .8
1 0 2 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 7 .1
1 0 3 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 0 3 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 0 3 .1
1 1 2 .9
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .1
1 0 2 .3
1 1 1 .0
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . _ ___________ __ . _____ . . .
P r i v a t e __________ _______
. ____________
P u b l i c . __________
__________ ____
____
1 1 2 .0
1 1 0 .5
1 2 2 .1
1 1 2 .0
1 1 0 .5
1 2 2 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 2 2 .1
1 1 1 .1
1 0 9 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 0 9 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 1 1 .6
1 1 0 .1
1 2 2 .0
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 2 1 .6
1 1 1 .2
1 0 9 .7
1 2 1 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 0 9 .5
1 2 1 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 0 9 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .0
1 2 1 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 0 9 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 1 1 .4
1 1 0 .0
1 2 1 .3
1 1 1 .1
1 0 9 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 1 9 .0
H e a l t h a n d r e c r e a t i o n . . _________ _ _____ . .
_____________
M e d i c a l c a r e . . . _______ .
P erson al c a r e ... . . .
_______ _____
R e a d i n g a n d r e c r e a t i o n __________
__________ .
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s 8—
1 1 8 .4
1 2 6 .3
1 1 2 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 1 4 .7
1 1 8 .1
1 2 5 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 1 6 .8
1 1 4 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 2 5 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 1 6 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 1 7 .1
1 2 4 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 1 5 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 2 4 .2
1 1 0 .4
1 1 5 .7
1 1 3 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 2 3 .7
1 1 0 .0
1 1 5 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 1 6 .4
1 2 3 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 3 .3
1 1 6 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 0 9 .2
1 1 5 .2
1 1 3 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 2 2 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 1 4 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 1 5 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 0 9 .0
1 1 4 .3
1 1 2 .6
1 1 5 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 0 8 .7
1 1 4 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 1 1 .0
115. 7
1 1 1 .0
1 1 5 .6
1 2 1 .8
1 1 1 .0
1 1 5 .9
1 1 0 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 2 2 .3
1 0 9 .9
1 1 5 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 1 9 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 1 4 .1
1 0 8 .8
S p e c ia l g ro u p s:
A ll ite m s le ss s h e lt e r ..
A l l i t e m s l e s s f o o d ___ . . .
__________ __
..
... ..
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .1
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .3
1 0 9 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .9
C o m m o d i t i e s 10___________ _____________________
N o n d u r a b l e s 11__________________________ . . .
D u r a b l e s 1012________________________________
S e r v i c e s 1013 74_________________ . . . . . ______
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .3
1 0 2 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 0 2 .3
1 2 1 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .1
1 0 2 .0
1 2 0 .1
1 0 8 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 0 1 .8
1 1 9 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 0 2 .4
1 1 9 .3
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 0 2 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 1 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 0 2 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 0 2 .9
1 1 7 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 0 2 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 1 5 .2
C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s fo o d I0. . . _________
____
N o n d u r a b l e s l e s s f o o d ____ . . . _____ ____
A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s _____ __ _ . . . . .
A p p a r e l l e s s f o o t w e a r ___
N o n d u r a b l e s l e s s fo o d a n d a p p a r e l . . . . . .
N e w c a r s _________________
_______ . . . _
______ _____ _
U sed c a r s .._
... _
H o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e s 13_______________________
H o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ____ __
..
_ _________
1 0 6 .3
1 0 9 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .1
1 1 0 .0
9 7 .0
1 1 7 .5
9 6 .7
9 8 .5
1 0 6 .0
1 0 9 .0
1 0 7 .6
1 0 5 .6
1 0 9 .8
9 7 .4
1 1 7 .4
9 6 .4
9 8 .3
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 7 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 9 .4
9 7 .1
1 1 5 .4
9 6 .2
9 8 .0
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 0 4 .6
1 0 9 .3
9 7 .2
1 1 4 .0
9 6 .1
9 7 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .2
1 0 4 .3
1 0 9 .1
9 7 .4
1 1 4 .8
9 6 .1
9 7 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 9 .1
9 8 .7
1 1 8 .2
9 6 .1
9 7 .8
1 0 5 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .7
1 0 8 .9
9 8 .7
1 1 8 .7
9 6 .0
9 7 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .7
9 7 .7
1 1 9 .4
9 6 .0
9 7 .6
1 0 4 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 0 6 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 8 .5
9 6 .5
1 1 8 .9
9 6 .0
9 7 .5
1 0 4 .7
1 0 7 .1
1 0 5 .3
1 0 3 .8
1 0 8 .2
9 7 .1
1 2 0 .3
9 5 .8
9 7 .3
1 0 4 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 0 5 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 0 8 .0
9 7 .2
1 2 3 .0
9 6 .3
9 7 .6
1 0 5 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 4 .7
1 0 8 .1
9 7 .4
1 2 2 .7
9 7 .3
9 8 .2
1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .9
1 0 4 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 2 1 .1
9 7 .8
9 8 .3
1 0 5 .1
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .8
1 0 4 .4
1 0 8 .0
9 9 .0
1 2 0 .8
9 6 .9
9 7 .9
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .2
1 0 1 .2
1 2 1 .6
9 8 .4
9 8 .4
S e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t 1013__________
_______ __
H o u s e h o ld s e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t 10_______
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ____ __ _ ____
..
M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s _______________________
O th e r s e r v i c e s 70 78_________ . . . .
_______
1 2 4 .1
1 2 0 .9
1 2 3 .0
1 3 2 .1
1 2 5 .9
1 2 3 .6
1 2 0 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 3 1 .4
1 2 5 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 2 2 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 2 5 .0
1 2 2 .0
1 1 8 .1
1 2 2 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 2 4 .1
1 2 1 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 2 2 .5
1 2 9 .5
1 2 3 .8
1 2 1 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 2 1 .3
1 2 8 .9
1 2 3 .2
1 2 1 .3
1 1 8 .1
1 2 1 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 2 1 .0
1 1 7 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 2 2 .8
1 2 0 .7
1 1 7 .6
1 2 0 .2
1 2 7 .8
1 2 2 .6
1 2 0 .0
1 1 6 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 2 2 .1
1 2 0 .0
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 1 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .6
1 2 7 .0
1 2 1 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 2 6 .5
1 2 1 .6
1 2 0 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 2 7 .1
1 2 1 .8
1 1 7 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .0
1 2 3 .2
1 1 8 .5
...
..
1 The C PI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure has been revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
3 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
4 Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main
tenance and repairs.
3 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6 Called “ Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
7 Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
8 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
8 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
10Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed.
11 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
72 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, leanin g equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
13 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
14 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
13 Called “ Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
13 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub
lished prior to 1964.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
832
T able D -2. Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1965
1966
Group
M ay
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
114.0
112.6
116.0
110.2
115.3
104. 0
114.3
113.2
117.1
109.4
117.7
104.5
114.2
112.9
117.7
108.0
117.4
104.4
113.1
111.8
115.7
106.7
117.7
103.3
111.6
110.0
112.9
105.9
113.9
102.1
110.8
109.2
110.3
105.4
114.1
103.3
110.0
108.2
108.1
105.2
114.4
102.1
109.7
107.8
107.6
104.9
113.3
101.7
109.4
107.7
107.5
105.1
112.6
101.6
109.8
108.2
108.3
105.1
113.8
102.1
109.8
108.3
109.0
104.8
116.5
102.0
110.2
108.9
108.0
105.1
119.8
102.1
108.3
106.7
102. 1
105.0
117.4
102.0
108. 5
109. 5
108.2
107.7
106.3
106.9
106.3
106.5
106.0
106.6
107.7
107.3
107.7
106.6
107.7
107.1
107.6
105.7
105.8
105.6
107.1
105.4
107.3
105.5
107.4
106.1
Apparel and up keep5
_____
__.
. _______
M en’s and boys’
_____ .
- - . - - - - - ___ _
Women’s and girls’___ _______ . . _______ _______
Footwear___
_______ . . . _____ .
109.4
109.9
105.4
119. 0
108.8
109.7
104.5
118.1
108.5
109.4
104.4
117.0
108.0
109.0
103.8
116.3
107.8
109.0
103.6
115.6
107.6
108.8
103.3
115.4
107.5
108.5
103.4
114.9
107.2
108.3
102.9
114.3
107.0
107.7
103.3
113.4
106.8
107.5
103.3
112.9
106.5
107.1
103.0
112.3
107.0
107.2
103.8
112.4
106.9
107.0
103.8
112.2
Transportation____ ____ _ _____
Private__________ - - - - - - - - -
112.0
110.5
112.3
110.8
111.8
110.5
111.4
110.0
110.8
109.2
111.3
109.8
110.9
109.4
110.8
109.2
111.2
109.7
111.0
109.5
111.4
109.9
111.3
109.8
111.4
110.0
. 109.0
111. 6
_ 102. 5
109.0
111. 6
102.3
108.6
111. 4
102.1
108.1
110.7
101.9
107.5
109.8
101.9
107.4
109.5
102.2
107.0
108.9
102.0
106.7
108.5
101.9
106.5
108.5
101.9
106.6
108.4
102.0
106.7
108.3
102.4
106.8
108.6
102.6
106.4
107.8
102.9
106.4
109.4
108.4
106.3
97.4
117.6
98.4
106.0
109.1
107.8
105.9
97.4
118.2
98.0
105.7
108.8
107.4
105. 6
96.9
117.6
97.8
105.6
108.6
107.0
105.2
96.8
117.3
97.9
105.4
108.1
106.8
104.9
96.6
116.5
97.9
105.4
108.1
106.5
104.8
97.6
118.4
97.8
105.2
108.0
106.3
104.8
96.9
117.4
97.5
105.0
107.6
105.9
104.5
96.8
118.0
97.6
104.9
107.5
106.0
104.5
98.4
117.5
97.5
105.0
107.3
105.8
104.3
98.4
119.0
97.6
104.8
107.1
105.2
103.9
98.4
121.3
97.7
105.2
107.4
106.1
104.9
98.0
121.2
98.0
105.3
107.3
106.0
104.8
100.6
121.2
98.2
Food- ---- _____
__________
Food at home
- - - - - - ______
M eats, poultry, and fish_________ ____ ___ _
Dairy p r o d u c ts...____ __ - - - ______ - _____
Fruits and vegetables
__ _ _ ______- _______
Other foods at hom e...
_____
- - - - - - _____
Fuel and u tilities3
Fuel oil and co a l4 _
...
. . . __.
,
- .
. __
.
.
Special groups:
C ommodities6
- - - - - - - - - - - - . .
Nondurables
_
____ ___________
D urables67
_____________________ . . .
...
-
Commodities less food6 _
_
.
Nondurables less f o o d __________ - _____ . .
_
- ---___
Apparel co m m o d ities.--__ . _ .
Apparel less footwear__
_ _____
New cars _
_____
_
_______
__ . . .
Used cars___
- - - - - .
Housefurnishings...
.
.
_______
1See footnote 1, table D -l.
2Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com
puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes will be
shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes ie.g.,
Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
Selected Series). The factors currently used were derived by the BLS
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Seasonal Factor M ethod using data for 1956-65. These factors w ill be up
dated at the end of each calendar year, but the revised factors w ill be used only
for future seasonal adjustments and not for revision of previously published
indexes. A detailed description of the BLS Seasonal Factor M ethod is
available upon request.
3See footnote 5, table D -l.
4See footnote 6, table D -l.
5See footnote 8, table D -l.
6See footnote 10, table D -l.
2See footnote 12, table D -l.
833
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-3.
Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966
1965
Annual
average
Area 2
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
194749=100
June
May
1965
1964
May
1966
All items
U.S. city average3
112.5
112.0
111.6
111.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
109.9
(4)
109.9
109.1
<4)
105.8
(4)
(4)
110.2
110.3
112.5
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
109.4
104.4
(4)
115.3
108.1
103.4
108.8
(4)
(4)
(4)
113.7
(4)
(4)
114.8
112.7
(4)
(4)
113.4
109.5
(")
114.2
112.4
(4)
(4)
112.1
(4)
-------------- 112.6
Atlanta, Ga.- ____ _ -----------Baltimore, Md__ -- -.- . ----Boston, Mass----- -----------------Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
Chicago, 111.-Northwestern Ind___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky______
116.8
«
106 6
(4)
(4)
Cleveland, O hio...
---------- ------ 109.7
104. 6
Dallas, Tex. (Nov. 1963 = 100)___
Detroit, M ich__
___ _______ _ 110.4
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100).
(4)
Houston, Tex_________________ ..
(4)
Kansas City, M o.-Kansas__ . .
(4)
110.0
(4)
110.9
(4)
114.3
(4)
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif___ 114.2
Milwaukee, Wis__ ____________ - - 110.1
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn______
(4)
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. 115.2
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J ___________ 113.1
Pittsburgh, P a__________________
(4)
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.5__________
(4)
115.2
113.2
113.0
II 4 .7
St. Louis, M o.-Ill___ __________
(*)
San Diego, Calif. (Peb. 1965=100)... 101.6
San Franciseo-Oakland, Calif_____
(4)
Scranton, Pa.5___________________ II 4 .I
Seattle, W ash.. ________________ 113.7
Washington, D .C .-M d .-V a______ 112.8
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
111.8
(4)
114.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
109.3
(4)
101.2
(4)
US. 9
112.6
111.9
113.9
(4)
111.0 110.6
109.2
110.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
104.6
110.4
110.2
110.0
110.2
110.1
109.6
109.9
108.1
138.2
(4)
(4)
113.6
(4)
108.2
110.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
107.7
(4)
108.1
109.6
113.2
103.5
106.7
107.9
111.1
101.1
(4)
(4)
108.0
107.1
107.9
110.0
(4)
(4)
106.1
106.3
139.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
106.9
102.3
(4)
114.3
107.1
101.7
106.8
(4)
(B
(4)
(4)
(4)
104.0
(4)
113.5
(4)
(4)
108.6
(4)
108.8
107.9
108.4
(4)
108.3
(4)
(4)
(4)
108.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
108.0
103.9
(4)
114.6
107.8
102.7
107.6
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
107.4
(4)
109.3
(4)
105.2
136.2
104.0
100.3
107. t
109.8
136.1
113.2
(4)
(4)
113.5
112.8
112.7 112.8 111. 5 112.7 112.9 112.6 112.5 110.2
108.9
108.2 108.2 106.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
110.1 (4)
109.7
109.5 108.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
113.0 112.9 112.6 112.4 112.2 111.8 112.2 110.4
111.1 110.8 110.6 111.0 110.7 110.1 110.6 108.8
110.7
110.8 (4)
110.2 108.5
(4)
(4)
(4)
142.4
138.8
(4)
138.8
138.9
(4)
(4)
110.0
(4)
112.8
(4)
110.5
113.4
111.6 111.8
111.0 (4)
lit. 9
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
111.5
(4)
113.6
(4)
(")
(4)
108.7
(4)
113.2
111.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
100.3
(4)
111.7
111.8
110.5
lit. 9
(4)
(4)
(4)
(")
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
109.9
(4)
112.7
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
99.6
(4)
1 1 1 .6
111.5
109.6
107.7
(4)
(4)
(4)
106.9
(4)
108.5
(4)
lit.
4
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
107.9
107.5
(4)
(4)
103.0
(4)
(4)
107.0
101.7
(4)
113.9
107.2
(4)
107.6
107.2
106.8
106.9
101. 4
106.4
101.1
106.1
(4)
(4)
102.1
108.5
113.3
100.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
1 1 1 .8
109.0-
110.2
(4)
100.5
(4)
110.5
109.9
108.1
(4)
112.7
110.6
109.5
(4)
136.1
142.9
135.8
(4)
113.0
(4)
(4)
(4)
100.1
110.8 111.0
109.6
109.3
109.7
108.1
106.4
1 1 1 .0
Food
114.0
113.9
113.1
111.4
110.6
109.7
109.7
109.7
110.1
110.9
110.1
107.9
108.8
Atlanta, Ga
. . .
Baltimore, M d. ............
Boston, M ass. . . . .
Buffalo, N .Y . (Nov. 1963 = 100) Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern In d ___
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky........ .
112.0 112.8
110.5
112.7
113.6
106. 0
109.8
111.5
112.5
105.2
108.8
110.7
108.4
108.1
108.8
111.9
114.9
106.9
108.4
116.3
116.6
109.2
114.2
111.2
111.9
115.5
115. 4
108. 2
114.2
110.9
108.4
115.3
115.3
108.0
113.6
110. 7
112.4
115.5
116. 0
108.0
115.1
110.9
108. 9
107.8
106.8
106.9
106.6
107.0
108.5
108.1
105. 5
108.3
111. 7
103.9
107.3
105.7
107.4 104.8
109.3 3106. 6
112 5 109.8
104.1 101.5
108.8 106.1
106. 2 IO4 . 5
Cleveland, Ohio______________ Dallas, Tex. (N ov. (1963V100)
Detroit, Mich
N— )_
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100)
Houston, T e x __
. .
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas
110.0
110.3
109. 4
111.5
106.2
114.1
116.0
110.1
109.8
108. 6
106.9
107.6
108.9
106.2
113. 2
115.3
107.2
106.2
107.9
105.9
112.4
114.4
106.7
105.5
106.5
104.6
110. 5
114.3
106.8
105.1
106.2
103.9
106.6
105. 5
106.6
103.2
111. 1
106.8
105.3
108.0
103.9
110.4
106.0
104.2
106.8
103.7
109. 7
103.1
111.0
106.2
105.1
105.8
103.3
111. 1
103. 5
102.4
107. 7
109.3
104.8
103.9
105.0
103.5
109.2
111.3
105.7
107. t
Los Angeles-Long Beach, C alif....
Milwaukee, Wis..
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn_____
New York, N .Y.-Northeastern N .J.
Philadelphia, Pa.-N .J
Pittsburgh, P a ..
. _ . . .
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.5
113.0
113.5
111.7
114.4
112.5
111.5
114-7
110.4
109. 3
108.3
110.5
108.1
108.5
109.9
108.2
108.0
109. 6
108.4
108.9
107.9
108.2
110.5
110. t
107.9
108.2
110.5
109.6
110.5
107.9
110.9
108.0
109.3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .6
109.9
106. 2
106.6
108.9
106.1
106.8
109. t
110.7
107.7
107.1
109.8
107.2
107.5
109.5
108.2
105.0
IO4 . 6
108.4
105.2
104.8
107.1
St. Louis, M o.-U l - . . _
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100)
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif
Scranton, Pa.5
Seattle, Wash . _
Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a ______
117.0
106.3
113.9
lit. 1
114.4
113.6
U.S. city average 3---------- ------- . 113.5
110.2
111.6
106.6
114.8
116.5
109.0
111.3
106.7
114.3
116. 7
110.0
106.4
113.6
116.4
110.8 111.2
110.8
110.0
113.0
112.6 112.8 113.2 114. 5
105.9
104.8 104.2 104.5 105.3
112.0 111.2 110.4 110.0 109.8 110.3 110.6 110.1
113.5
113.4
112.9
112.1 111.1
112.4
115.0
113.4
112.7
115.1
110.3
II 4 .O
111.9
113. 4
111.3
114.2
111.9
111.7
113.0
117.1
116.7
114.7
113.1
114.0
114.2
114.6
lit. 8
113.7
113.8
112.8
112.8
112.6
116.3
106.6
113.8
li t . 1
112.9
113.2
109. 5
109.7
111 . 8
109.3
111.5
109. 5
109.3
ll l . S
114.4
114.0
112.9
110 . 8
111. 5
111.8
112.1
110.6
109.5
110.3
110.4
1See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban
portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for New York and Chicago.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
112.7
103.7
110.7
107.7
109.2
109.3
112.6 112.6 112.2 111.6
111.7
112.2
111.7 111.8 111.5
113.0
110.0 110.8 110.8 111.6
108.2
108.2
112.0 112.8 113.4 112. 5
104.7
111.4 111. 1 111.2 112.0 ï i ï . î
108.3 108. t 108 t 110.5 109.6
111.0 111. 1 111. 1 111.9 112.0
112.4
109 3
109.5
109.3
110.5
109.4
102.8
110.7
101.5
109. 4
106.8
110. 5
107.4
102.1
100.5
101.9
100.8
111.5
102.7
107.6
107.7
110.3
108.4
107.7
105.6
108.7
106.0
110.2
3Average of 56 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) beginning January 1966.
4All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
3Old series.
310-month average.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
834
T a b l e D -4.
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] *
1965
1966
Annual
average
Commodity group
All commodities________________________
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
105.4
104.6
104.1
103.5
103.1
103.0
102.9
102.9
107.7
106.5
104.3
103.6
103.5
103.3
103.7
102.8 102.1 102.5
103.5 101.1 102.1
100.5
109.8
107.4
98.0
92.9
116.7
89.5
111.5
116.3
116.6
102.3
104.5
97.5
92.4
103.0
92.2
90.1
109.0
89.6
108.0
118.2
99.4
95.6
99.5
96.1
89.3
99.1
85.5
88.3
106.4
90.5
103.9
100.0
94.3
103.2
94.1
84.7
98.3
112.7
110.9
110.5
111.3
105.5
110.4
100.3
109.0
89.6
104.6
92.0
100.7
82.0
114.7
95. 6
106.1
108.5
105.5
107.1
98.4
118. 5
91.0
96.2
91.8
103.5
109.4
100.3
94.2
87.4
104.0
89.8
107.3
114.0
107.2
99.9
107.6
<104.8 <104.8 <105.2
109.3 <109.7 <110.1
93.5
93.5
93.5
<115.2 121.8 126.2
<106.7 104.3 107.6
111.3 112.0 116.0
<102.5 103.0 102.5
114.0 114.4 114.1
105.3 105.2 105.1
104.3 104.0 103.8
104.7
109.4
93.5
125.8
106.5
116.1
99.5
114.0
104.6
103.5
101.9
105.1
108.8
93.4
116.4
100.3
109.1
98.4
114.1
104.2
103.2
101.5
109.2
93. 5
108.4
94. 4
89. 2
100.4
108.7
93. 5
107.4
96.9
93.7
102.3
106.0
90.8
151.4
104.7
126.3
105.8
91.0
155.3
104.7
124.2
105.9
91.3
147.6
104.6
124.7
105.4
91.9
143.6
104.3
130.0
118.7
147.8
123.3
115.3
112.5
99.9
97.5
107.3
128.2
100.4
97.2
97.6
95.2
105.9
89.8
94.4
106.4
105.4
104.7
117.8
152.8
118.0
114.9
116.0
140.0
116.6
114.4
110.3
100.5
98.1
107.3
128.2
100.4
98.3
97.6
95.1
105.9
89.5
94.4
113.1
105.4
103.8
114.6
132.3
114.2
113.8
94.3
91.2
91.1
98.7
105.6
107.4
109.3
97.7
94.1
91.0
91.1
98.5
103.7
105.6
108.4
94.0
101.3
98.0
105.5
105.4
96.7
Feb.
105.5
105.4
107.8
108.7
109.4
Farm products and processed foods----------
104.5
102.7
93.6
110.4
90.3
110.9
86.9
106.4
<110.3
91.2
112.4
89.9
111.9
Farm products _
____ -- - ---Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
Grains
_____ - ______ _ _____
Livestock and live poultry ------- . ..
Plant and animal fibers
.
_. . .
Fluid milk
__ _ __________
- Eggs----------------------------------------------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds. .
-----Other farm products___ ____
__
Processed foods. _ _ __ --- - —
Cereal and bakery produ cts---- -----.. . .
Meats, poultry, and fish____
Dairy products and ice cream------ ---Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables
-- ___- _______ - __
Sugar and confectionery-------------------Packaged beverage materials_______
Animal fats and oils_______
______
Crude vegetable oils____ ___
_____
Refined vegetable oils
..
..........
Vegetable oil end products. ------- . . .
Miscellaneous processed foods
All commodities except farm products.
All commodities except farm and foods . .
Textile products and apparel ___
Cotton products___ _____
- __
Wool products
- - --Manmade fiber textile products..
Silk products________-------------------- .
Apparel -------------- -------- ---------------Miscellaneous textile products----------Hides, skins, leather, and leather produot.s
-- Hides and skins
106.8
101.3
90.8
114.2
89.7
113.3
118.5
115.6
Footwear
_______ ___
Other leather products. . . . . . . . . .
Fuel and related" products, and power—
______ __
Coal
Coke
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
Gas fu els5 _ _ __ __ ___ _______
Electric power 8___. . .
Petroleum products, refined___ ____
Chemicals and allied products . . .
Industrial chemicals___ _ _____
Prepared paint__________________
. . ___ ___
Paint materials___ _____
Drugs and pharmaceuticals___
Fats and oils inedible
___ ..
Mixed fertilizer
__
.
__
Fertilizer materials . . . . . .
_ ____ _
Other chemicals and allied products—
Rubber and rubber products...
_____
_______
___
Crude rubber
Tires and tubes .
______
Miscellaneous rubber products______
Lumber and wood products
__
___
Lumber__
. ____________
____
M illw o r k _____________ . _____ _
Plywood ___
_________
Pulp, paper, and allied products_____
Woodpulp . . . ________ .
___
Wastepaper..
. . ___________ . .
Paper
. . ______ _
...
Paperboard . ___ _______
.
..
Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts
_________
______ ____
Building paper and board_____ . . . .
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
105.5
120.2
101.8
116.9
101.4 <102.5 102.1
110.5 <110.6 111.5 111.8
113.0 112.6 112.2 112.1
110.9 <110.9 113.3 114.9
114.9 <114.8 <115.0 <113.0
105.4
109.3
93.5
107.7
105.6
108.5
101.5
113.1
105.6
104.7
112.6
89.6
108.4
99.8
113.5
102.5
110.3
110.8
88.6
103.2
89.9
105.9
105.1
102.6
90.0
104.8
105.9
105.4
102.6
100.1 100.8
106.5 106.3
90.5
89.9
140.9 151.6
104.8 <104.7
124.7 125.1
122.8 <120.8
163.0 148.8
125.1 122.4
119.2 <118.6
114.8 114.4
100.5 100.0
96.9 <94.9
107.3 107.3
128.3 <129.2
100.2 100.3
98.4
97.7
97.7 <97.6
95.6
95.8
106.2 <106.2
90.4
90.2
94.1 <94.1
102.5 <104.0
105.8 105.8
106.6 105.5
100.0 <100.0
95.4
95.4
90.0
90.0
94.4
94.4
98.7
98.7
109.7 108.4
113.1 <110.9
110.4 <109.6
101.1 <102.4
102.6 102.3
98.0
98.0
112.0 110.3
107.1 <106. 0
97.2 <97.1
110.0
105.3
104.7
100.2 100.2 100.2
101.8
98.0
108.7
105.4
97.0
102.2 102.2 101.6
92.6
111.6
100.3
98.2
107.3
128.9
100.4
97.8
97.6
95.2
105.9
89.5
94.5
92.7
100.9
92.7
93.7
90.0
91.1
97.9
102.8
104.3
107.9
93.9
101.2
98.0
105.8
105.2
96.7
100.8
92.7
110.2
100.6
97.6
107.3
128.6
100.7
98.4
97.6
95.5
105.9
89.0
94.6
110.1
105.5
103.8
99.8
93.5
89.6
91.1
97.7
101.9
103.4
107.9
92.1
100.9
98.1
104.6
104.9
96.5
100.4
92.7
100.0
106.6
98.3
106.7
108.8
106.3
108.5
106.9
109.4
104.9
109.4
106.7
109.1
105.3
109.1
105.4
109.2
93.4
115.8
100.9
105 0
104.7
109.4
93.4
101.8
114.2
103.9
103.2
101.9
114.1
103.5
114.3
103.4
102.7
105.4
92.5
142.2
104.2
127.0
93.3
140.3
104.3
127.1
94.2
134.9
104.2
127.7
113.6
126.5
113.3
113.7
109.0
100.3
97.5
107.3
126.8
113.3
125.6
111.9
113.6
109.0
99.4
97.3
107.3
125.8
111.3
124.9
110.9
110.3
109.3
99.2
96.6
107.3
125.3
98.1
97.5
95.5
195.9
89.0
94.7
106.7
105.2
103.8
96.6
97.6
95.4
105.9
89.7
94.1
96.4
97.1
95.0
105.7
89.2
93.9
104.4
105.7
93. 5
89.3
91.1
97.7
93.4
89.0
91.1
97.6
96.4
97.2
95.0
105.7
89.2
93.9
108.4
105.9
102.5
99.9
93.3
88.7
91.1
97.5
103.0
107.8
91.7
103.0
107.8
91.6
100.5
98.1
104.5
104.5
96.5
103.1
107.8
93.3
98.1
97.3
104.1
96.4
102.5
107.8
94.6
99.9
98.1
97.5
104.1
96.3
99.8
93.8
99.6
93.4
99.4
93.3
111.8 111.2 110.6
122.1
101.3
94.6
103.9
88.4
105.0
91.8
102.4
84.7
113.8
95.4
106.6
109.3
106.3
107.8
100.4
108.8 <108.9
93.4
93.4
119.7 114.1
93.2
100.3
90.0
91.0
101.8
114.8
103.3
102.7
101.9
100.4
105.0
94.7
132.8
104.1
113. 4
103. 2
102. 5
101.9
100.3
104.4
95.7
127.6
103.8
120.7
112.7
103.1
102.5
101.9
133.4
112.5
108.8
117.4
105.9
109.1
93. 5
115.9
91.3
89.4
101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2 101.2
102.8
102.0 102.1
102.0
102.2 102.2 102.1 102.0
102.6 102.3 101.8 101.5 101.0 101.2 101.0 100.8 100.6
105.4 105.2
92.5
May
Jan.
Mar.
M a y 3 Apr.
122.8
112.2
110.2 110.0
108.8
99.0
95.8
107.3
123.9
100.8 100.8 100.8 100.8
110.1
105.9
103.4
100.1 100.0
102.1
99.8
93.2
88.6
91.1
97.4
101.6 101.6 102.0 101.8
100.8
98.1
107.0
104.8
96. 5
100.1
93.3
100.0
105.2
98.7
95. 2
107 3
122.5
100.7
96 0
97.4
95.0
105.7
89.6
94.0
110.3
104.8
103.3
99.8
93.0
89.1
90.2
97.4
100.5
100.2
79.0
115.4
94.8
103.3
108.3
97.7
106.8
112.2
99.3
93.2
98.4
101.8
89.6
98.9
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
105.1
109.0
1964
98.0
102.0
90.8
110.1
98.6
101.0
108.5
101.0
107.8
90.8
107.8
102.1
104.8
109.0
93.8
113.4
100.9
97.0
101.2
111.8
96.9
95.4
84.5
82.2
89.7
108.9
102.5
102.3
113.6
102.9
102. 5
104.0
95. 9
132. 2
103.6
123.3
103.8
96.0
135.1
103.2
121.7
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
123.0
103.0
95.8
117.3
107.7
103.1
107.6
109.8
104.7
98. 7
94. 7
107.3
122.7
107.4
105.9
104.2
109.7
104.9
98.4
94. 6
107.3
109.2
104.6
87.5
102.9
108.5
103.1
97.1
96.9
106.3
121.3
96. 0
97.4
94. 8
105.7
89.3
93.9
114.0
104.8
104.3
99.8
93.1
90.1
90.2
97.2
100.3
95.4
97.6
94.8
105.7
90.1
95.0
116.7
104.9
104.3
99.8
92.9
91.8
89.7
96.8
100.4
95.9
97.4
95.0
105.4
89.8
94.4
112.7
105.1
103.5
99.8
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
92.7
96.7
94.2
104.7
91.0
95.0
96.8
103.9
107.8
90.5
107.9
91.3
98.1
98.0
104.1
96.3
98.1
100.3
104.0
96.3
101.9
107.7
92.3
99.9
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4
100.7
108.5
92.3
99.0
96.1
92.4
103.6
96.4
99.5
92.7
99.5
92.7
99.3
92.9
98.3
94.2
101.2
101.2
101.6 101.8 101.2
100.2 99.9 100.2 99.6
111.2
108.1
110.7
106.1
98.9
96. 5
107.3
124.1
102.8
117.9
122.2
100.8 100.8 100.8 101.1
101.2 101.1 101.0
107.8
91.0
99.9
98.1
98.3
104.1
96.3
1965
100.0 100.0
100.1
99.4
92. 5
90.6
89.0
96.9
101.1 100.6
835
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a b l e D -4.
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified) 3
1965
1966
Annual
average
Commodity group
All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
M etals and metal products-------------Iron and steel---- ------- ------Nonferrous metals------ -- - - - ------ . . . . . - -M etal containers...
Hardware___ . . . ----Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings.. .
Heating equipment------------------------ .
Fabricated structural metal products .
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod
ucts-------------------------------Machinery and motive products------------Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip
m ent_________________ . ------- Metalworking machinery and equip
m ent_____________ ______ _____
General purpose machinery and equip
m ent_____ _ ___ . . ---------------Miscellaneous machinery___ _
. .
Special industry machinery and equip
ment 8______ . . . ......
.......... .
Electrical machinery and equipment _.
Motor vehicles_________________ —
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock6___ - - - - - - - - - - .. ...
Furniture and other household durables..
Household furniture ---------- ----------Commercial furniture________
___
Floor co v erin g s------ -- ----------------Household appliances. . . _ ---------- —
Television, radio receivers, and phono
graphs.
______
____—
Other household durable goods.......... .
Nonmetallic mineral products__________
_________________
Flat glass. . . . .
Concrete ingredients___ _____ ____—
Concrete products__________________
Structural clay products______ _____
Gypsum products__________ _ . . . . . .
Asphalt roofing 1...... ....... ...........................
Other nonmetallic minerals__________
Tobacco products and bottled beverages..
Tobacco products___ _ ---------_____
Alcoholic beverages_______
Nonalcoholic beverages_____ _ _____
Miscellaneous products_______________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am
munition_____________ __________
Manufactured animal feeds__________
Notions and accessories______________
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment___
___
Other miscellaneous products_____ . . .
Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
106.3
106.2
117.0
108.3
106.5
105.2
91.9
102.0 102.0 101.8 101.8
106.2
101.4
116.5
108.3
106.4
105.3
91.9
101.7
105.8
101.5
115.5
108.3
106.1
104.3
91.7
101.4
105.9
101.3
116.2
108.3
105.9
104.1
92.0
105.7
101.5
115.2
108.3
105.8
104.2
91.6
105.7
101.4
115.2
107.6
106.0
104.7
91.7
102.8
117.4
108.3
106. 7
105.2
91.9
109.1
103.7
lH .^
109.2
103.8
114.7
109.2
103.7
114.7
109.4
103.7
115.1
108.5
102.9
112.9
112.4
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
108.4 4108. 2
108.0
107.5
107.0
106.6
101.7
117.2
109.8
107.2
106.7
91.6
106.7
101.3
118.7
108.3
107.0
105.4
91.6
101.8 102.0 102.3 102.2 102.0
122.6 4122.1 120.8 119.5 118.3
110.1 4110.0 109.8 109.8 109.8
101.2 101.2
100.5
105.9
105.5
104.8
109.6 4108. 4
109.7 4108. 9
92.1
92.1
103.5 103.4
108.3
107.5
91.8
103.1
107.4
106.7
91.7
102.6
107.3
106.6
91.5
102.3
110.9
105.2
118.1
110.9
105.0
118.0
110.5
104.7
117.8
110.0
104.4
117.3
109.7
104.2
117.0
109.8
104.1
116.8
109.8
103.9
114.9
109.9
103.8
115.0
109.9
103.8
114.8
118.7 4118.5
117.9
117.5
116.9
116.5
116.4
115.8
115.6
115.6
115.3
115.2
115.1
115.3
121.2 121.1 4121.0
119.8
118.9
118.6
118.3
117.9
117.4
116.5
116.4
116.2
116.9
112.6
106.8
105.4
106.5
105.4
106.5
105.3
106.3
105.1
105.7
104.9
105.3
105.1
104.7
105.2
104.7
105.5
104.7
105.4
105.1
105.2
104.4
104.5
110.0 109.9 109.4 109.1 109.0 108.9 108.2 108.2 108.0 107.9 107.9 107.8
498. 4 98.2 97.8 97.0 96.6 96.5 96.6 96.6 96.7 97.0 96.9 97.1
4100. 2 100.3 100.4 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.8
101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 100.6
498. 6 98.4 98.4 98.3 98.2 98.0 97.8 97.7 97.7 97.8 98.0 98.0
108.0
96.8
100.7
105.9
96.8
100.5
100.9
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2
100.5
98.5
105.3
103.2
99.4
91.3
87.2
104.2
101.5
102.4
108.1
107.4
85.2
105.4
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
105.1
104.0
92.8
101.3
107.7
106.2
111.0
128.1
108.9
111.0
101.5
107.4
106.0
100.7
127.0
109.2
110.9
105.7
118.1
122.4
109.2 4108. 5
105.9 105.7
110.8
98.6
101.0
101.0
98.9
108.8 4108. 3
105.4 104.1
97.5
97.5
89.4 489.3
107.3
105.8
107.2
104.1
97.5
89.1
106.8
105.6
107.2
104.1
97.7
89.0
83.5 <83.5 * 83. 5 <83.8
106.7 4106. 7 106.9 107.1
102.4 4102.3 102.1 102.1
99.9
100.5 499. 5
99.2
103.6 103.8 103.8 103.7
102.7 102.7 102.2 102.1
106.3 106.0 105.9 105.8
102.2 101.4 101.4 101.4
94.4
94.8
94.8
94.8
102.2 102.0 102.1 101.7
109.4 109.4 109.2 108.0
110.3 110.2 109.8 106.6
107.0
104.1
97.7
89.0
106.7
104.0
97.5
88.8
106.6
104.0
97.4
88.6
106.4
103.7
97.3
88.6
106.2
103.7
97.5
88.6
106.1
103.7
97.5
88.6
105.9
103.7
97.7
89.2
101.2 101.2 101.2
105.9
103.7
97.7
89.4
106.0
103.7
97.7
89.2
84.4
85.9
85.9
483.9 84.5 84.5 84.5
84.6
105.3 105.2 105. 2 105.2
106.8 106.2 106.2 105.5
101.6
101.6
102.0
101.9
101.7
102.0 101.6 101.6 101.6
99.9 100.2 100.2 101.7 101.7
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
103.6 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.2 103.2 103.1 103.1 103.2
102.0 101.8 101.8 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.7 101.6 101.3
105.6 105.6 105.4 105.4 105.4 105.3 104.9 104.9 104.9
99.9 100.6 105.7 107.5 108.1
98.6
99.1
101.4
97.4
95.0
92.1
92.1
92.1
92.1
94.6
94.6
94.6
94.6
101.8 100.9 101.0 101.1 101.3 101.4 101.4 101.6 101.6
84.4
105.4
108.1
106.6
101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.1
111.2
107.7
106.1
100.9
128.5
111.5
107.6
106.1
100.7
128.5
111.5
107.6
106.1
100.7
128.1
107.9
106.0
101.3
128.5
112.5
107.7
106.1
100.9
128.5
113.2
107.7
106.1
100.9
128.5
107.6
106.1
100.7
128.1
100.8 100.8
128.3
101.8
92.0
99.3
102.8
100.9
104.2
108.2
88.8
128.5
113.0
128.5
113.1
128.5
116.0
128.5
114.3
103.7 4103. 7
123.0 119.2
100.6 99.8
103.3
119.6
99.8
103.3
124.8
99.8
121.8
99.1
103.1
118.6
99.1
103.0
119.9
99.1
103.1
116.2
99.1
103.2
116.8
99.1
102.7
116.9
99.1
102.9
118.8
99.1
102.5
116.6
99.1
102.5
112.9
99.1
102.7
116.3
99.1
113.9
99.1
105.1 105.1
105.2 4105. 0
105.1
104.7
105.1
104.9
105.0
105.0
105.1
104.9
105.1
104.7
105.1
104.0
105.1
104.6
105.1
104.4
105.1
104.6
104.3
102.9
102.8
103.8
104.4
103.7
103.5
102.5
128.5
115.1
103.2
1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were Introduced
into the index. See “ Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59 = 100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
M a y 3 Apr.
112.6
3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
5 January 1958=100.
6January 1961 = 100.
? Formerly titled “prepared asphalt roofing.”
101.0
836
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
T a b l e D -5.
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings r
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1966
1965
Annual average
Commodity group
May 3 Apr. Mar.
All foods..- . . _________ . _____________________
All fish_______ . .
. . ------ ------ . . . . . ------ . . .
All commodities except farm products____ ____ .
Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products5.
Bituminous coal—domestic sizes____________________
Refined petroleum products____ ___ _ . ____ . . .
East Coast markets_________ _____ . . . ___ ____
Midcontinent markets . . . ________ . . . _____
Gulf Coast markets . .
. . . .
Pacific Coast markets . .
.
___
. . .
M idwest markets 6____________________________
Soaps____________ . . . ___________________________
Synthetic d e te r g e n ts ..___. . . ______ .
Pharmaceutical preparations_______________________
Ethical preparations 3_________________________
Anti-infectives 6_____________ ____ ____ ____
Anti-arthritics 3.__ __________ ____________
Sedatives and hypnotics 3__________________
Ataractics 3__________________________ .
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 3__ .
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 3__. __
D iabetics3____________________________
Hormones 3___ . __________ . _____ . . .
D iuretics3. . . .
_ _
. ..
Dermatologicals 3_ _ _________________
Ilematinics 3____ ______ _______ _ .
A nalgesics3.- . . .
. . . ___
Anti-obesity preparations 3____________ _
Cough and cold preparations 3_________. „
V itam ins3. .
-_. _ . . __ .
.....
Proprietary preparations 3__________________
109.1
126.9
105.6
98.7
94.8
98.4
96.3
97.1
100.7
89.4
92. C
113.7
99.3
96.2
94.1
78.3
Feb.
110.2
110.9 110.8
126.5 126.7 123.2
105.3 105.2 105. 1
98.3 98.6 98.5
492. £ 97.7 100. (
97.7 97.2 97. f
96.3 98.2 98.2
97.7 93.7 98.9
100.2 98.6 98.6
89.4 89.4 86. f
89.0 93.3 93.9
113.7 113.7 113.7
499.3 99.7 99.7
496. 2 96.5 96.5
94.1 95. C 95.0
78.3 82.3 82. S
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
108.9 108.3 106.7 106.0
124.5 119.3 119.4 118. C
104.6 104.2 103. £ 103.5
98. £ 98.6 98.7 98.9
100.0 99.7 99.5 98. S
98. £ 98.4 98.1 96.6
98.2 98.2 96.6 96.6
98.5 98.6 98.6 98. C
99.7 99.7 99.5 96.5
88. £ 88.3 89. C 89. C
93. f 93. S 93.2 92.8
113.7 113.1 113.1 112.4
99.7 99.7 100.8 100.8
96.5 96.8 97.0 96.3
94. £ 95. C 95.0 94.8
82.3 82.3 82.3 82.3
Sept. Aug.
105.8
116.2
103.4
99.1
97.7
96.4
95.2
97. S
96.5
89. C
92.2
112.3
104.8
114.3
103.3
99.1
95.6
96.4
93. S
97.3
96.5
91.5
91.6
112.3
95.9
94.7
81.8
95.9
94.7
81.8
July
June M ay
105.6
109.8
103.2
99.4
93.6
96.0
93.8
96.7
95.9
91. 5
91.6
112.3
105.5
108.9
103.1
99.4
93. C
96.0
93.8
96.6
95. £
91.5
91.6
112.3
103.6
109.2
102.5
99.2
92.4
95.4
93.8
97.1
94.4
91.5
91.6
112.3
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6
96. C 96. C 96.8
94.7 94.6 94.6
81.9 81.9 81.9
100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6
118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 118.3 113.2 113.2 113.2
101.4 100.0 100.0 100. C 100. c 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. C 100.0
118.3
101.4
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.3
94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9 94.9
103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8
104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 104.1 100.6 100. 6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7
110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 110.6 109.7 109.7 109.7 109.7 109.7
105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105. 8 105.8 105.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.1 104. 4 104.4 100.7 100.7 100.7 104.4 104.4 104.4
88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1 88.1
103.0 4103. 0 102.2 102.1 102.1 103.0 103.7 101.6 100.9 100.9 101.1 101.2 104.2
Vitamins 3__ ______ .. _______ ... .
100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3
Cough and cold preparations 3____________ 101.2 101.2 100.5 99.9 99.9 102.4 102.4 100.0 98.6 98.6 99.2 99.2 102.9
Laxatives and elimination aids 3____ .. . 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 106.9 106.9 106.1 104.9 104.9 104.9 104.9 106.6
Internal analgesics 3__ __ _ .. _ . __
104.4 104.4 104.4 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.1 102.5 102.5
Tonics and alteratives 3_ __
. ____
92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 98.2 98.2 89.2 87.3 87.3 89.4 89.4 100.2
External analgesics 3_. . _ _ __ _
105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 105.8 107.3 107.3 105.4 103.4 103.4 103.8 103.8 106.6
Antiseptics3.. . .. ___ ... ......................... 101.8 4101.8 96.4 101.8 101.8 102.9 108.3 100.1 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.7 110.6
Antacids 3__________ ___ ___
. ___ 103.0 103.0 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 102.8 103.0 103.0 103.0
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)___ 110.5 109.0 105.3 103.0 102.0 100.9 100.5 100.5 100.9 100.8 99.0 98.7 98.9
Softwood lumber__
_
_
_
...
109.0 4106. 7 102.8 100.9 99.9 99.1 99.1 99.8 100.0 99.7 98.4 98.4 98.6
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
___ 103.1 102.7 102.2 101.7 101.5 101.2 101.1 100.8 100.3 100.2 100.2 100.3 100.3
paper and board). . _ _ . __ ___
Special metals and metal products 2_______
____
Steel mill products__ _ ______ ____ _
Machinery and equipment____________________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)____ _.
Metalworking machinery. __________ . . . ...
All tractors______ _ __ ___ .
Industrial valves__ . . . ________________ _______
Industrial fittings. .
______ .. __________
Anti-friction bearings and components_________ _
Abrasive grinding wheels______________
Construction materials____ . ________ . .
1See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D-4.
3Preliminary.
4Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
104.9 104.9 104.4 104.4
106.8
104.3
107.6
119.9
122.7
119.8
115.2
93.9
83.0
93.3
105.1
106.5
104.3
107.2
119.9
4121.1
119.4
114.0
92.9
83.0
93.3
104. 3
106.3
104.3
106.9
119.8
120.9
119.4
110.5
92.9
83.0
93.3
103.2
106.0
104.2
106.5
119.6
120.7
119.1
109.4
492.9
83.0
93.3
102. 4
105.7
104.1
106.0
119.1
120.0
118.8
109.3
91.9
84.0
93.3
101.9
105.4
103.9
105.7
118.7
119.5
118.6
108.9
91.9
83.7
93.3
101.4
105.4
103.6
105.5
118. 5
119.3
118.4
109.4
91.9
83.7
93.4
101.3
105.1
103.7
105.2
116.4
119.1
116.9
108.6
91.9
83.7
93.4
105.1
103.5
105.1
116.5
118.8
116.8
106.6
91.4
83.7
93.9
105.1
103.5
105.0
116.4
118.2
116.8
105.1
91.4
83.7
93.9
104.8
103.4
104.9
116.5
117.0
116.8
105.2
89.3
83.7
93.9
101.2 101.2 101.2 100.8
104.9
103.2
105.0
116.2
116.8
116.4
105.3
88.3
83.9
94.0
100.7
104.8
103.2
104.9
116.2
116.6
116.4
105.8
88.3
83.9
94.0
100.7
1965
104.5
112.8
102.9
99.1
96.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
112.3
100.5
96. 5
94.7
82.0
100.6
100.0
115.3
102.3
94.9
103.8
102.3
100.0
108.7
110.0
105.5
100.0
102.9
88.1
102.7
100.3
100.9
106.0
102.3
95.0
105.2
104.9
102.9
99.8
99.1
100.2
104.7
103.3
105.0
116.6
117.4
116.8
105.7
90.8
84.1
94.2
100.8
1964
100.8
107.4
101.2
98.9
96.7
92.7
93.6
89.7
94.0
87.4
88.0
107.1
99.6
97.1
95.4
85.4
100.6
113.3
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
103.5
87.7
103.1
100.3
101.0
105.4
102.2
100.2
103.1
108.6
103.0
98.9
99.3
99.3
102.6
102.8
103.8
114.3
112.6
114.4
107.2
92.7
89.0
96.1
99.6
5 Formerly titled “textile products, excluding hard fiber products.”
3 New series. January 1961=100.
2 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a b l e D -6.
837
Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1966
1965
Annual average
Commodity group
M a y 3 Apr. Mar.
All commodities.......
...... ... .........-
------
-
Feb.
Jan.
Dec. N ov.
Oct. S e p t. Aug.
July
June
May
1965
1964
102.8 102.1
102.5
100.5
100.5 100.6 98.3
100.9 101. C 97.3
99.6 99.8 100.2
98.9
98.3
99.8
94.1
91.9
97.8
---- -- - 105.5 105.5 105.4 105.4 104.6 104.1 103.5 103.1 103.0 102.9 102.9
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing________
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs-----------------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel. -----Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing---- ------- - --------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
construction.. . . .
-- ------ - Crude fuel. _
- - - - - - - - - - --------Crude fuel for manufacturing..
- . --------Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing----- . ----
105.7 4106.3 106.9 107.5 105.2 103.2 100.8
106.5 107. 5 108.3 109.6 106.8 104. 1 100.7
104.5 4104.5 104.6 103.8 102.2 101.3 100.7
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components----Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing
_____
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing________________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manu
facturing---------- ----------- ---------------------Components for manufacturing_____________
Materials and components for construction______
Processed fuels and lubricants______ ____
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac
turing --------------------------------------------- . . .
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu
facturing___ . --_ _ _ -------------- ------Containers, nonreturnable______ ___________ _
Supplies.__ _ _
._
-----Supplies for manufacturing________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing_____________
Manufactured animal feeds___ . ________
Other supplies____ ______
. . .
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)_________ . . -------------- .
. ----------Consumer finished goods_____________ _______
Consumer foods_______________ ____ _____
Consumer crude foods--------- _ ______ _
Consumer processed foods . . . . ---------Consumer other nondurable goods__________
Consumer durable goods. . . . . . . __________
Producer finished goods_______________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing _
Producer finished goods for non manufacturing.
100.1 100.0 100.8
100.1 100.0 101.1
100.1 99.9 100.0
104.7 4104. 7 104.8 104.0
102.2 101.2 100.6
99.8
99.7
103.6
105.0
105.0
105.2
103.6
105.6
105.5
105.9
103.4
105.4
105.3
105.7
103.4
104.8
104.7
105.0
103.4
104.3
104.3
104.6
103.2
103.7
103.7
103.9
104.8 104.3 103.9 103.8 103.4 103.0 103.0
102.6
102.5 102.4 102.3
4103. 9
4104. 0
4103. 9
4104.2
103.8
105.2
105.1
105.5
103.8
105.9
105.8
106.2
100.0
99.5
97.4
103.2 103.1 103.1 103.2
102.7 101.9 101.7 101.5
102.7 101.8 101.6 101.4
103.0 102.1 101.9 101.6
103.2
103.3
103.2
103.5
102.8
99.8
99.3
99.6
102.2
101.9
104.0 4103.7 103.4 103.2 102.8 102.6 102.5 102.4 102.2 102.1 102.0 101.9 101.7
109.8 4110.1 110.8 111.1 109.7 108.8 108.1 107.5 106.9 106.5 106.2 105.9 104.9
99.7
106.9
104.7
104.8
100.7
99.4
99.2
99.0
98.9
98.9
98.8
98.9
98.7
98.7
98.7
98.7
102.2
102. 0
106.6
102.5
102.4
102.8
100.9
100.4
104.0
98.7
98.7
97.8
106.6 106.1 105. 8 105.5 105.2 105.3 105.1 105.1 105.0 104.8 104.8 104.6
4104.1 103.3 102.9 102.5 102.3 102.2 101.9 101.6 101.6 101.4 101.4 101.2
104.3 103.4 102.7 102.3 101.9 101.8 101.7 101.7 101.7 101.3 101.2 101.2
100.3 99.8 100.2 100.7 100.9 100.8 99.9 99.8 99.9 99.7 99.8 99.4
104.6
101.3
101.4
99.5
102.5
99.7
101.0
99.8
101.9 4101. 7
101.2
101.5 101.9
102.1 102.0
101.3
98.7
105.1
109.5
108.8
109.2
116.0
103.1
97.4
104.8
108.0
108.0
107.4
112.7
102.3
97.9
104.3
109.3
107.7
109.3
117.7
102.1
98.7
104.2
108.2
107.3
108.0
114.8
101.9
98.8
104.1
107.0
106.6
106. 6
111.7
97.5 97.5 97.6 97.5 97.5
102.9 102.8 102.4 102,2 102.4
106.3 106.3 106.2 106.5 106.1
106.6 106.4 106.3 106.2 105.9
105.5 105.6 105.5 106.1 105.5
109.6 110.1 110.1 111.9 109.9
101.1 101.0 100.8 100.7 100.9
106.4
106.1
111.5
107.4
106.3
106.0
111.5
105.6
112.4
104.0
99.7
106.6
109.6
103.5
105. 6 105.3 104.7 104.3 104.1 103.8
105.2 104.9 104.2 103.7 103.5 103.1
109.5 108.9 107.2 106.3 106.1 105.3
101.0 102.6 102.7 101.0 101.2 94.4
110.8 109.9 107.8 107.1 106.9 107.0
103.9 103.7 103.6 103.3 103.0 102.8
99.7 99.6 99.6 99.5 99.5 99.5
106.2 106.0 105.9 105.6 105.5 105.5
109.1 108.8 108.7 108.4 108.3 108.1
103.3 103.2 103.1 102.8 102.8 102.8
104.9
105.5
104.9
104.8
104.8
107.5
111.4
107.3
104.6
104.5
104.4
104.5
104.3
105.3
108.2
105.1
97.9
4105.1
108.3
108.3
107.6
112.4
102.8
106.2
105.6
109.6
99.6
106.3
105.9
4110. 7
4107. 5
111.1 4111.2
104.5 104.3
100.2 499.8
107.6 4107. 0
112.1
104.1
99.7
106.8
110.8 110.0 109.8
104.3 <103.8 103.7
98.7
103.3
107.2
106.5
106.9
113.1
101.6 101.2
101.2 101.2 101.0 101.1 100.8
104. 0
103.4
106.0
98.8
107.1
102.7
99.6
105. 4
107.9
102.9
103.9
103.2
105.6
99.6
106.6
102.6
99.7
105.4
107.8
103.0
96.9
102.2
105.1
105.8
104.2
106.4
101.0
103.2
102.3
103.5
103.3
103.5
102.5
99.6
105.3
107.7
103.0
97.1
102.1
100.6
98.1
95.2
100.2
106.0
106.1
105.4
109.7
100.9
105.0
105.5
104.2
107.4
100.4
103.6
101.8
100.9
100.6
102.8
104.5
100.2
105.2
102.8
99.6
105.4
108.0
102.9
99.8
100.7
101.6
99.9
104.1
106.2
102.0
Durability of product
Total durable goods... - - - - - ..............................------Total nondurable goods______ - - . ------ . ---------Total manufactures._ . . . . . ______ ____ . . . . .
Durable manufactures.. . _____ _______ - ___
Nondurable manufactures_____________________
Total raw or slightly processed goods_______________
Durable raw or slightly processed goods _____
Nondurable raw or slightly processed good s...
1See footnote 1, table D-4.
2See footnote 2, table D -4.
2Preliminary.
4Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
106.1
105.0
105.5
106.0
104.8
105.7
105.7
105.1
105.1
105.6
104.6
107.0
110.1 113.9
105.5 106.6
105.3
105.3
105.0
105.1
104.7
107.3
114.7
106.9
104.2
103.9
104.1
104.2
103.8
104.0
105.4
104.0
104.2
102.9
103.7
104.2
103.2
102.4
106.5
102.2
104.0
102.4
103.4
104.0
102.7
101.7
105.3
101.5
103.9 103.9 103.7 103.7 103.6
102.2 102.0 102.2 102.0 100.8
103.2 103.2 103.1 103.0
103.9 103.9 103.7 103.7
102.5 102.4 102. 5 102.3
101.6 101.3 101. 5 101.6
104.6 105.7 103.6 105.4
101.4 101.1 101.4 101.4
102.4
103.6
101.1
100. 5
106.1
100.2
103.7
101.5
102.8
103.7
101.9
100.7
104.7
ICO. 5
102.4
99.1
101.1
102.5
99.7
97.5
98.0
97.5
N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see “ N ew BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS Bulletin
1235, 1958).
838
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
E.—Work Stoppages
T a b l e E - l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages
M onth and year
Beginning in
month or year
Workers involved in stoppages
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning in
month or year
1Q35-3Q (average)
_ _____ _ ____ _______
1947-49 (average) _ _____________________ ______ _ __
1945
'
“
_______________________________ . . .
1946
___________________________ 1947
_____________________________
1948
_________________________________
1949
_ . _ _ ________ _______ __ _
1950
. . ________ ___ _ ____
1951
__________________________________
1952
______ ___________________
1953
_______________
______________
1954
. ______ _________________ ___________
1955 .
___________________________________
1956 .
_
_____. . . ______ __________
1957
___________________________________
1958
_____________________________________
1959 .
.
__________________________
I960 - . __________________ ______________________
1961 _
_
_
___________________________
1962 _____________________________________
1963 _
.
. _______
____
1964
. . ................... .
........ .........
........ . .
January----- ------------------- ------------ ----------------------February___ ___________________________ ______
March___________
_________________
____
April__________
_ _______ . . ------ --------. . .
M ay_________ ___ - ________ _______ --June........................................................ .............................
July.............................................. ..........................................
August ------------------------------------ - .............. - ...........September--------------------------------------------------------October..................... .
.............. ........
. . . . ____
November________________
--------------------------December__________________ _______ ____ ________
2,862
3,673
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3i 333
3,367
3; 614
3 ’ 362
3,655
211
233
241
364
442
376
416
306
336
346
238
146
375
375
399
529
651
586
639
556
574
584
469
346
1,130,000
2,380, 000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960.000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2,220,000
3,540,000
2,400,000
1,530,000
2,650,000
1,900, 000
1,390,000
2,060,000
1,880,000
1,320,000
1,450,000
I! 230.000
941,000
1,640,000
53,300
80,600
79,300
140,000
192, 000
124, 000
126, 000
73,100
374,000
214,000
141,000
42,000
1965: January--------------------------- --------------------------February_______________ _ _ _ _ _ _
March__________________ ___ --------------April---------------- ----------------- ------------------------M ay________________
__
___________
June_________________________________________
July-----~ - . .
--- ---------------------------August_________________________________________
September _____ _ ___________________________
October...
______
_____ _ ___ ___
November_____
_ _ _ _ _ _ ------ -----------December_____________
______________ _____ _
244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158
404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371
1966: January2_____________________ _ _ ________
February2___________________ _________________
M arch2_____________________________ _
._
_ ______ ___ - _________
A p ril2________
M ay 2---------- --------------------- . ------------------ ------
205
240
310
350
480
335
380
450
500
640
• The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in establlshments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
Man-days idle during month
or year
Number
Percent of
estimated
working time
0 27
46
.47
1 43
.41
37
59
91,400
116,000
123,000
187, 000
249,000
222,000
195,000
133,000
432,000
549.000
274,000
149,000
16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000,000
116, OOO! 000
34| 600' 000
34,100,000
50j500! 000
38’ 800,000
22| 900| 000
59,100,000
28j 300’000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900,000
69,000,000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600; 000
16,100,000
22,900,000
898,000
1,040,000
816, 000
1,170,000
2,400,000
1, 900,000
1, 740,000
1,200,000
2,390, 000
6,590,000
1, 730, 000
1, 060,000
98,800
45,100
180,000
141,000
127,000
268,000
156,000
109,000
155,000
101,000
140,000
24,300
183,000
149,000
274,000
194,000
201,000
354,000
334,000
229,000
250,000
209,000
192,000
75,800
1, 740,000
1,440,000
1,770,000
1,840,000
1,850,000
2, 590,000
3, 670,000
2,230,000
2,110,000
1, 770,000
1, 380, 000
907,000
.18
.15
.16
.17
.19
.23
.34
.20
.20
.16
13
.08
101,000
107, 000
198,000
228,000
208,000
127,000
142,000
236,000
379,000
294,000
1,000,000
865, 000
1,350,000
2,450,000
2,870,000
.09
.09
.11
.23
.26
44
23
57
.26
.21
.26
29
.14
.22
.61
.17
.14
.16
.13
.18
.09
.11
.08
.11
.24
.18
.15
.12
.23
.61
.17
.10
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages,
2 Preliminary,
F.— WORK INJURIES
839
F.—Work Injuries
T able F - l.
Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries
1966
Jan.
Manufacturing______ __ _________________________ .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3rd
2nd 1st 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
4th
quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1965
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
Feb. Mar. Quar ter
ter
12.6 12.2 12.4 13.5 12.9 12.1 12.9
2.4
2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.4
2.3
2.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.0 1.9
1.4
2.0 2.2 1.8 1.4 2.2 2.9 4.0 1.8
11.0 8.2 6.5 8.7 4.8 3.6 6.2 8.2 6.4 7.1
2.2
3.2
2.5
2.1
2.3
23.7 23.1 21.8 22.9 24.1 26.0 22.8 22.3 22.5 25.4 23.7 22.5 24.2
38.9 34.8 33.5 35.7 41.6 40.4 36.8 34.6 34.3 37.6 35.5 35.9 38.4
20.8 21.2 18.1 20.0 20.5 21.8 21.1 20.4 21.7 22.4 22.7 20.2 21.2
21.2 19.1 17.9 19.4 27.6 30.5 19.5 18.9 23.6 27.8 23.3 21.5 25.3
18.6 18.8 21.2 19.7 18.9 19.1 18.6 18.3 17.7 18.9 17.9 16.0 18.8
16.6 18.3 17.9 17.6 15.0 16.8 15.5 15.3 15.8 16.8 20.0 15.2 16.4
14.1
9.9 10.6 11.5 22.2 24.5 19.9 24.3 20.7 23.8 22.9 28.5 24.2
19.7 14.3 15.6 16.6 15.8 17.3 18.2 17.1 20.3 15.4 13.3 15.8 18.1
22.4 23.4 20.4 22.0 18.2 24.4 19.9 21.0 16.6 25.2 22.0 20.5 21.5
24.5 25.7 25.6 25.2 24.1 25.4 24.0 22.3 23.7 25.6 21.8 22.3 24.5
10.0 9.9 9.7 9.8 8.5 9.5 9.9 8.7 8.6 9.5 9.0 8.7 9.2
7.5
6.6 5.9 6.6 5.8 6.5 5.9 6.2 5.8 6.5 6.3 5.9 6.1
9.0
8.0 7.4 7.1 7.5 8.5 7.2 6.6 7.1 8.7 7.7
7.3
7.6
19.7 19.6 22.5 20.5 16.6 17.0 18.5 19.8 21.0 18.5 14.3 15.9 18.0
8.5 15.9 14.9 13.0 11.1 19.1 12.7 12.1 11.4 12.2 10.8 12.3 13.5
7.2
8.1 8.7 5.9 5.8 8.2 7.3 6.4 7.4
8.3
7.3
7.3
7.7
14.8 23.8 15.8 18.0 12.3 12.8 14.4 12.8 14.3 12.7 12.0 9.0 12.8
9.3 10.8
10.4
9.6
9.6
13.2
9.5 11.3 11.1
10.6
11.2
12.0 11.0
11.1 9.9 11.9 10.9 10.3 13.0 15.3 9.1 13.0 14.7 11.8 16.1 12.5
7.0
7.2
7.4
6.9
6.9
6.2
6.8
7.4
7.8
6.7
7.1
6.8
8.1
9.4
9.4
8.9
9.2
8.8 10.9 6.3 7.0 8.3 8.7 9.4
8.7 10.5
6.3
6.4
7.2
6.1
6.5
6.2
6.6
6.7
6.2
6.8
5.7
6.7
6.5
5.4
5.4
5.2
6.0
5.0
6.4
8.3
6.3
4.6
4.7
5.0
7.2
7.0
5.2
8.0 5.2 6.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 6.9 6.3
2.9
3.9
4.3
4.3
10.1 13.2 4.8 9.1 4.2 7.7 5.7 8.6 5.8 6.8 4.5 4.3 6.5
8.0 10.5 12.8 9.3 9.4 9.6
7.1
9.3 11.9 10.3 10.5 10.6 11.8
1964
12.8 12.8
12.9
12.9
12.4
13.4
12.7
3.2
2.4
2.9
1.9
2.9
1.9
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.1
1.6
2.8
6.1
2.7
1.4
32.5
44.2
32.3
24.1
48.3
28.4
18.9
15.1
32.6
41.7
31.7
27.4
26.7
33.8
17.4
14.9
16.4
31.3
27.0
12.3
11.4
8.4
16.4
9.4
18.7
8.5
9.2
9.9
3.0
10.0
7.9
13.1
10.3
13.8
16.4
8.7
9.1
1.4
7.4
9.8
11.3
20.0
6.0
3.7
4.3
6.5
7.6
5.1
12.6
10.8
Paving and roofing materials
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products. . . _ . --------- 11.2
Tires and inner tubes.. _______________ . .
. . . . . 5.1
Rubber footwear
____ . . .
.
. . . ____
_ _____
1.6
Fabricated rubber products, not elsewhere classified. .
_ . . _ 11.2
Miscellaneous plastics products______________________________ 18.0
See footnotes at end of table.
Annual
average
First quarter
Industry
Ordnance and accessories. _ . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _.
Ammunition, except for small arms . . . .
Sighting and fire control equipment
__
_
__
Small arms
. .
Small arms ammunition
_ _____ __
Food and kindred products------------------ ------------------------Meat products--------- --------- -- --------- ----------- -----------------Dairy products. . . . . . . __ ----------- ------------------------- ------ -Canned and preserved foods, except meats-----------------------------Grain-mill products. _. ____________________________________
Bakery products____ . . . . ___________ ____ ____________ ..
Sugar_________
...
. _____ . . .
------ . . . .
... .
Confectionery and related products-------------- -----------------------B everages... . ._ __________ . _____ — ------ . . . . ------Miscellaneous food and kindred products-------------------------------________ _
. .
. . .
Textile mill products_______
Cotton broad woven fabrics
____ _____ . . - .
Silk and synthetic broadwoven fabrics... . . .
. .. . . . . .
Weaving, dyeing, and finishing broad woolens------------------------Narrow fabrics and smallwares. . .
.....
. . . -----Knitting m ills______ ______________________________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool and kn it-----------------Yarn and thread m ills______________________________________
Miscellaneous textile goods_____________ _____ _____________
Apparel and related p r o d u c t s . . . .
. __________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats . . . . ............
. . . ... _
. ---------. .. . ..
M en’s and boys’ furnishings. _______
W omen’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear_____________________
W omen’s and children’s undergarments______________________
. . . . . --------- .
Girls’ and children’s outerwear . _____
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products_____________________
Lumber and wood products except furniture---------------------Logging camps and logging contractors_______________________
Sawmills and planing m ills. __ ______
______ . . -- ----Millwork, plywood, and related products------ -----------------------Wooden containers------------- --------------------- -----------------------Miscellaneous wood products..
_ .
_ .
. . .
Furniture and fix tu r e s.____
.
.....
..
. ..
Household furniture.. _ ______ . . . . . __________________
Office furniture______ __ _______________________ _________
Public building and related furniture
Partitions; office and store fixtures. . . . .
. _ ..
Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures
Paper and allied products _ __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pulp mills
Paper mills, except building paper...
___ . _ .
_ _ _
Paperboard m ills. _ _
___
_____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Converted paper and paperboard products____________________
..........
Paperboard containers and boxes.. . .
Building paper and building board mills________
___ _
Printing, publishing, and allied industries. -------------- -----Newspapers: publishing and printing__
.
____
—~
Periodicals: publishing and printing. . . .
------- ------Books___
. ______ . . . _ _ _________ __ ____ ________
Miscellaneous publishing
Commercial printing________ . . ______ _ __________ _____
Manifold business forms
Greeting cards
Chemicals and allied products.
.
----Industrial chemicals____________ ___________________________
Plastics and synthetic m aterials.-_
______
D r u g s . . . ______________ . . .
. . . -- . . . _________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods____ _
___
.........
Paints, varnishes, and allied products. . . .
_ -----------Agricultural chemicals
_ ..
_ _ . .
Miscellaneous chemical products.. _
1964
1965
6.0
3.4
4.0
5.5
9.7
11.4
13.9
7.3
11.8
4.0
3.0
13.1
18.0
32.4
41.9
33.6
22.7
35.4
39.8
17.7
16.2
21.6
21.8
12.0
8.8
15.4
8.2
15.2
13.8
9.9
8.5
3.2
11.5
12.8
7.2
5.0
3.8
6.3
10.4
6.4
18.3
15.0
11.5
4.9
4.0
11.7
16.3
32.5
42.5
32.5
24.7
36.8
34.2
18.3
16.7
17.9
21.9
26.6
11.9
35.9
56.3
36.5
27.0
29.3
35.6
17.9
16.6
19.2
19.3
38.6
60.2
36.8
26.8
35.5
49.2
19.4
18.2
24.3
24.6
22.2 20.6
12 . 6 12.3
35.9
50.2
34.0
27.2
41.5
39.6
18.2
16.9
18.0
22.6
‘22.6
11.5
8.8
12.6
10.2
14.3
12.8 12.6 11.8 12.6
9.3
8.7
8.8 10.2
9.2
7.5 10.1
7.8
2.6 7.7 4.6 8.9
8.3
15.1
9.3
15.8
8.7
12.3
11.4
17.5
8.3
16.0
11.7
16.1
9.8
9.0
7.3
9.8
11.3
14.7
7.9
6.5
4.1
4.0
9.1
7.8
9.5
11.5
14.3
9.2
6.9
4.8
4.4
5.8
9.7
11.9
7.9
6.1
9.2
7.6
15.2
11.3
6.2
4.4
3.1
4.5
7.5
9.6
18.7
14.2
11.5
4.7
11.7
5.1
3.9
17.4
14.9
2.8
12.0 12.1
10.8
17.2
9.4
12.3
4.9
3.0
13.6
16.0
7.2
4.4
3.7
7.2
9.5
7.4
21.7
15.7
12.5
6.2
4.0
11.5
16.3
34.9
51.4
34.8
25.7
35.2
37.8
19.2
18.3
25.7
18.9
19.6
11.5
10. 0
8.9
12.3
9.6
15.2
8.4
9.0
33.9
50.5
33.0
27.1
30.2
32.9
18. 7
19.3
17.8
20.5
18.7
38.5
56.0
36.2
28.0
42.9
42.2
20.3
19.9
18.1
21.6
21.1
11.6 12.1
8.3
9.1
12.7
9.4
14.9
9.4
11.7
11.8
10.8 11.8
8.6
9.3
8.2 6.4 6.2
5.3
4.3 10.3
8.9 10.2
7.3
11.2 11.7 10.2
8.5 12.2
12.7
7.1
4.8
2.8
11.8
7.8
7.7
7.4
6.0
3.5
6.7
14.9
36.0
55.1
35.5
24.8
39.8
40.2
17.6
19.4
15.1
15.0
16.2
34.0
56.3
33.6
23.5
34.6
36.4
18.0
19.6
15.4
14.0
14.6
36.6
55.8
35.9
26.7
35.5
39.7
18.9
17.7
21.9
13.0
12.5
9.5
12.3
13.4
16.7
16.6
9.2
13.4
12.4
15.7
14.7
9.3
9.3
6.5
12.0
7.6
8.8
8.8
8.1
7.4
15.9
12.5
5.3
3.2
13.1
17.7
12.0
5.8
1.9
10.5
19.9
13.5
11.4
16.3
8.7
7.4
4.8
4.1
5.9
13.7
7.0
7.5
4.2
4.4
6.3
9.7
10.9
6.3
7.1
4. 4
4.1
6.4
13.8
5.8
2.5
14.3
19.0
13.3
4.9
4.4
13.1
21.3
11.3
5.2
2.2
11.3
15.4
21.8
24.7
17.6
16.9
23.8
16.3
21.1
23.3
9.0
6.1
7.4
17.4
11.7
6.9
12.0
10.3
13.9
6.7
7.6
6.4
5.2
5.9
5.3
10.5
35.7
54.6
34.6
25.8
37.0
37.8
18.6
19.5
16.6
17.8
17.7
12.3
8.4
9.3
12.6
9.1
8.3
11.7
15. 6
13.4
8.9
7.5
6. 4
10.9
6.9
10.7
7.6
6.9
4. 6
3.8
6. 4
9.8
8.7
17.6
13.5
11.4
7.4
7.2
4.9
4.1
6. 4
9.8
9.9
16.9
13.9
11.6
6.2
10.2 8.1
11.4
8.6 10.6 11.0
5.4
14.3
11.2
8.2 10.1
11.1 11.2 9.7
16.7 21.5 12.7
12.6 16.6 13.5 13.2
7.4
10.4
14.8
22.1
20.9
16.2
1.9
23.6
35.8
22.8
12.3
5. 4
3.5
12.8
16.6
10.2
18.4
12.6
5. 4
2. 8
12.3
18.9
840
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1966
Table F - l.
Injury-frequency rates 1 for selected manufacturing industries2—Continued
1966
Industry
Leather and leather products____________________________
Leather tanning and finishing_____ ___________________ ___
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_______
_ _
Footwear, except rubber____ ___ _ _ _ --------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Stone, clay, and glass products----------------------- _
_
--------—
---------------Flat glass._ ______ ~
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown________________________
Glass products, made of purchased glass______________________
Structural clay p r o d u cts.------- -- --------- -- _ _ _ ------ _ ---Pottery and related products_____ __ -----------------------Concrete, gypsum and plaster products----------------------------------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products---------------------------Primary metal industries. _ _ ------------ -- _ ------ _ -----Blast furnaces, steel works, basic steel products------ -----------------Iron and steel foundries___________
_
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrudine-----------------------------Nonferrous foundries___________ _ _ _ ___ ------------------ -----Miscellaneous primary metal industries_______________________
Fabricated metal products___ ________ _ _ ___ _______
Metal cans. ................... .........
......
__ . . __
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware.._ . . . .
_ _
Heating apparatus and plumbing fixtures-------------------------------Fabricated structural metal products. __ ------- _ _ _____ _____
Screw machine products, bolts, etc------- --------- ------------ ----------Metal stampines_____________ _ _ _ ------- _. . . . ------ ------Coating, engraving, and allied services____
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.. . . . . _ . _ . ---------Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. ------- -- --------- ------- _
Machinery, except electrical________
_
_ . . . _ ___
Engines and turbines.. ___ _ __ _ _________ _
_ .__ _ _ __
Farm machinery and equipm ent------ ----------- ------- . . . -----Construction, mining, materials-handling machinery______ _._
Metalworking machinery and equipment_____________________
Special industry machinery______ ____ _____ _ . _ _ ----------General industrial machinery and equipment-------------------------Office, computing, and accounting machines__________________
Service industry machines_______ _ __ _______ ____ ____
Miscellaneous machinery, except electrical____________________
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies___ ______ _
Electric transmission and distribution equipment_____________
Electrical industrial apparatus__ _ _________ ____ ________
Household appliances____________________ ___ ---------- . . ___
Electric lighting and wiring equipment_______________________
Radios and television receiving s e ts... _ -------------- ------- -- _
Communication equipment--------- ------- ----------- --------- _ . . .
Electronic components and accessories________________________
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_______________
Transportation equipment______ ______ ___ _ _________
Motor vehicles and equipm ent.. ______ . . . ________________
Aircraft and parts____________________
________ __
Ship and boat building and repairing_____ _________________
Railroad eq u ip m en t... _______ _____ . . . . ____ . __
Instruments and related products________ _____ _ _______
Engineering and scientific instruments_______ . . . _ ____ . . .
Mechanical measuring and control devices____________________
Optical instruments and lenses___________ ____ . _____ _ . ..
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment______________________
__ . . . __ . . . . . . .
Ophthalmic goods _
Photographic equipment and supplies_____________________
Watches and clocks... .
.
_
._
...............
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware________ ___ _ __ .
Musical instruments and parts. _
. . .
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods_____ ______________
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
____
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. __ ______ ______ __
Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries____ _________
1964
Annual
average
F rst qu arter
4th
3rd
2nd 1st 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1965
Mar. Quar ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
Jan.
Feb.
16.8
48.0
14.7
43.6
14.8
32.5
13.0
10.7
21.3
16.1
9.5
7.9
26.2
32.0
35.9
13.3
13.9
5. 5
27.0
15.8
11.3
20.5
12.5
22.1
15.9
9.6
16.7
29.0
26.2
29.7
16.3
13.9
5.3
27.6
14.3
23.9
25.3
20.4
15.4
41.3
13.3
31.7
13.9
35.8
13.8
31.0
13.2
30.6
13.9
35.1
14.8
33.2
13.7
33.9
14.3
34.7
11.8 10.2
10.5
22.9
16.0
8.4
9.1
36.7
19.8
31.4
16.3
13.1
5.3
28.1
15.4
22.9
23.9
19.5
8.7
14.3
10.9
18.7
10.0
9.7
18.1
9.2
20.0
11.9
10.3
19.0
7.5
7.5
4.9
33.2
20.7
27.5
13.3
12.5
4.8
26.7
13.7
23.9
II. 6
16.4
21.3
14.8
9.6
10.0
11.2 11.8
30.3
31.4
24.7
12.6
13.2
5.3
25.3
14.6
28.6
29.9
29.7
14.0
13.6
5.3
26.6
14.8
20.1 22.2 22.1
26.6 26.1
20.1 21.5 20.7
12.0 6.0 4.4 7.3
15.5 16.6 16.3 16.1
19.7 21.8 25.6 22.5
26.3
28.1
19.0
13.1
27.4
15.3
12.3
30.9
17.0
14.1
28.9
17.1
13.2
18.9
18.2
11.9
6.9
7.1
13.8
10.3
19.0
11.4
5.7
14.7
14.4
5.7
23.9
18.6
24.6
18.6
13.2
22.5
18.5
12.7
7.4
8.3
15.4
6.2
7.6
7.1
10.6
7.1
2.2
4.9
7.5
6.1
12.8
7.2
8.9
16.3
12.3
17.9
11.5
4.8
12.1
18.1
5.4
5.3
8.3
5.7
7.7
5.5
2.5
6.9
4.8
8.2
8.7
16.2
12.4
16.3
13.2
3.8
16.0
18.7
5.8
7.1
4.8
4.2
4.8
3.7
10.7
5.1
2.7
5.9
10.4
6.3
3.0
9.2
6.8 11.1
9.0
4.7
4.4
4.9
13.5
11.4
14.8
9.5
13.8
15.6
17.6
14.8
9.5
10.1
4.8
3.9
21.3
10.8
6.0
3.5
8.4
9.7
17.1
18.7
16.7
8.4
9.0
28.7
17.6
27.3
11.9
13.5
4.8
26.3
15.3
21.5
27.2
18.9
8.0
14.6
17.8
29.0
17.4
9.9
18.8
18.7
11.4
5.4
11.6 9.8
16.3
12.1 10.8
17.6
4.7
14.4
17.1
5.7
6.2
21.1 22.6
11.8
10.1
16.1
4.8
3.9
21.7
10.6
5.9
3.1
7.8
8.9
3.2
4.7
3.7
14.1
10.3
18.3
15.9
12. 6
9.8
15.1
20.6
28.2
17.4
11.4
23.4
18.0
12.7
5.8
10.6
7.5
13.9
33.1
21.9
26.0
11.3
12.4
4.9
24.6
14.2
21.0
26.3
18.0
8.9
13.6
17.7
25.4
16.9
10.2
34.6
23.0
17.1
12.2
6.0
10.1 10.2 10.0
12.8 15.4 15.3
4.6
13.0
15.4
5.4
5.2
7.8
6.9
6.6 7.4
6.3
6.3
11.8 10.0 10.0
6.1 6.3 6.1
2.0 2.2 2.5
7.7
6.5
5.3
6.1 6.1 5.6
6.2 6.3 6.2 5.8
1The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a)
results in death or permanent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured
worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job which
is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to his
regular shift on any 1 or more days after the day of injury (including Sundays,
days off, or plant shutdowns). The term “injury” includes occupational
diseases.
2 Beginning with the first quarter of 1963, the revised injury data reflect
both changes in industry definitions and reclassification of individual reports
on the basis of improved classification information. A detailed explanation
of the changes in industry definitions is available upon request. Compari
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1965
4.9
3.4
20.6
11.3
5.9
2.2
7.3
10.9
5.3
5.5
6.0
14.2
7.2
23. 5
16.9
10.7
12.5
10.9
16.7
13.2
3.2
16.4
18.0
5.8
5.8
6.8
7.6
12.9
5.8
2.3
6.2
6.9
6.6
5.1
3.6
21.4
9.1
6.7
2.7
10.3
7.3
6.4
6.3
4.3
14.4
7.7
18.5
12.9
8.9
15.5
10.3
17.7
11.1
4.2
13.9
16.8
5.5
5.8
7.2
7.3
9.7
6.3
2.2
6.2
6.0
6.5
4.4
3.6
23.9
10.0
6.5
2.6
9.1
6.5
5.1
6.8
5.3
13.2
7.3
12.9
15.5
12. 5
13.3
11.0
17.1
5.0
10.7
9.3
28.0
15.8
26.7
8.0
10.4
27.3
15.3
27.6
13.1
11.8
11.8 12.0
4.7
25.6
4.5
27.4
11.8 12.0
21.0
21.4
23.9
17.8
13.6
18.2
24.2
15.1
10.3
33. 0
21.9
19.3
12.5
23.4
17.8
7.3
15.6
18.3
25.0
17.1
9.4
22 6
23.7
14.0
11.9
10.7
14.7
9.3
15.3
16.8
12.5
3.8
13.1
18.3
5.5
5.8
7.3
6.7
9.7
5.6
2.4
14.1
11.4
3.8
12.9
17.0
5.3
5.9
6.5
6.5
10.3
5.0
6.8
6.1
6.8
11.0 10.1
6.2
6.7
5.9
4.2
3.3
25.6
9.9
5.9
3.5
8.4
8.3
2. 6
4.9
6.8
6.0
14. 0
12.6
ii.6
14 3
8.9
10.7
2.1
5.1
6.9
6.4
4.6
3.4
21.5
10.2
5.7
3.0
7.4
5.2
3 0
7.3
3. 0
12.5
7.6
16. 4
13.8
10 6
9.3
14.3
9.9
8.4
10.9
31.3
17.7
29.6
14.3
12.4
4.8
27.1
13.8
25.7
22.9
19.4
8.3
14.0
20.1
28.9
15.0
10.9
36 8
16.3
18.8
12.3
6.0
8.4
15.5
11.4
14.9
11.8
5.0
12.1 11.8
17.2
5.5
5.2
6.3
6.7
15.3
5.2
2.0
6.8
16.5
5.8
7.3
7.1
4.8
3.6
26.8
3.6
8.7
6.8
6.2
4 5
42
12.9
4.1
11 2
16.5
10 5
12.8
12.0
5.8
27.6
16.2
27.6
11.3
10.7
32.2
18.8
28.7
4.3
22.9
13.3
23.5
4.9
26.8
14.1
12.8
11.6 12.8
13.8
15.8
23.0
14.3
8.8
22.1
IQ 2
14.0
11.4
6.0
9.6
13.8
22.2
26.0
18.9
8.3
13.9
18.6
27.4
16.8
10.9
3fi 1
21. 5
18.2
12.5
5.9
10.5
15.0
10.1 10.6
14.8
11.4
3.5
11.3
16.7
5.4
5.9
6.3
7.3
6.8
8.0
9.2 10.6
6.1 4.9
2.1 2.0
6.0 5.9
6.0
6.5
6.3
7.0
4.6
3.4
26.0
10.4
6.2
6.1 10.8
6.8 8.8
22.2 20.8
17.3 16.3
8.8 6.3
13.9
16.0
24.6
15.9
9.7
17 7
19.7
16.1
11.9
6.9
9.6
13.8
11.7
15.3
10.5
4.6
13.7
32.7
23 fi
10.4
19.5
11.8
5.6
3.0
8.7
6.4
4.4
3.4
25.5
10.3
5.6
3.4
8.3
5.1
5 5
4.7
53
7.3
58
3.9
3 0
5.8
15 1
13.8
15 7
10.4
15.4
7.7
3 7
16.3
ft 3
10.9
14.0
12.6 12.6
16.9
12.4
4.0
14.4
17.1
5.7
5.8
7.3
7.2
10.9
6.1
2.4
6.0
1964
14.2
34.2
22 3
10.8
8.2
18.4
7.7
7.9
29.9
17.5
28.1
13.0
12.1
4.5
26.0
13.2
23.5
22.3
17.7
7.6
14.4
17.5
25.4
15.6
9.7
21.3
15.8
11.9
6.4
9.2
14.7
10.9
14.8
11.3
4.2
12.0
16.8
5.4
6.1
6.5
7.2
11.3
5.3
2.0
6.3
2.9
8.5
5.9
6.4
6.7
4.6
3.4
24.9
10.7
5.7
3.2
8.3
4Q
5.8
57
13.4
7.0
1ft 4
15.7
15 fi
4 7
5.5
4 1
12.7
6.3
12 Q
15.1
11 1
6.4
6.5
4.7
3.6
23.4
10.1
8.0
8.2
10.2
12.9
6.0
10.8
13.9
sons to the series prior to 1963 should be made with caution. Industries
classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1967
Edition, Bureau of the Budget. Industry group totals include data for
industries not shown separately.
N
:
Rates are preliminary and subject to revision when final annual
data become available.
These data were compiled according to the American Standard Method of
Recording and Measuring Work-Injury Experience, approved by the American
Standards Association, 1954.
Dashes indicate data not available or insufficient to warrant presentation
of average.
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