Full text of Monthly Labor Review : July 1963, Vol. 86, No. 7
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JULY 1 9 6 3 VOL. 86 N O . Work Stoppages During 1962 H igh School Graduates and Dropouts Inter-American Conference of Labor M inisters The Negro’s Economic Status UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W . W il l a r d W i r t z , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E wan C lague, Commissioner of Labor Statistics R obert J. M yers, Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics W. D uane E vans, Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth P aul R. K erschbaum, Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations H erman B. B yer, Assistant Commissioner J ack Alterman, Chief, Division of Economic Growth G ertrude Bancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner A rnold E. C hase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions H. M. D outv, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics L eon G reenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications (on leave) H yman L. L ewis , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner L eonard R. L insenmayer, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards A be Rothman, Chief, Division of Statistical Standards W illiam C. S helton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions R obert B. Steffes , Departmental Statistical Officer Regional Offices and Directors N E W E N G L A N D REGION W endell D. 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B edell, Executive Editor CONTENTS Special Articles 765 White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe Special Labor Force Reports: 772 Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts, 1962 780 Economic Status of Nonwhite Workers, 1955-62 789 Labor Ministers’ Conference on the Alliance for Progress Summaries of Studies and Reports 794 796 802 808 810 814 817 Announcement of the 1964 Revision of the CPI A Review of Work Stoppages During 1962 Changes in Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1961-June 1962 Unemployment and Labor Market Policy Sixth Annual Economic Conference of the NICB Earnings in Wood Household Furniture, July 1962 Earnings: Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry, August 1962 Technical Note 820 Tables of Working Life for Men, 1960 Departments m 824 828 830 838 849 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Labor Month in Review Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Chronology of Recent Labor Events Developments in Industrial Relations Book Reviews and Notes Current Labor Statistics July 1963 • Voi. 86 • No. 7 6 4 -3 I 504 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Labor Month in Review the United Steelworkers of America and 11 major steel producers reached an agree ment that, by extending the present contract until May 1965, assures them the longest period of labor peace since World War II. The agreement was achieved through steel's joint Human Relations Committee in the face of economic troubles within the industry; for the second year in a row, the parties to the agreement gave maximum credit to the committee for peaceful attainment of a settlement. Calling the committee a “significant development" for collective bargaining, both industry and union representatives consider that this year’s experience “proves the permanent worth’’ of the committee idea, now being tried by negotiators in other industries. Both the industry and the union were gratified by the avoidance of a formal reopening notice, since the strike-hedging inventory buildup was smaller this year than last, when it took 8 months to work off inventories even though the settlement came 3 months before the contract would have expired. The major feature of the steel settlement is a 13-week vacation once every 5 years for employees on the top half of each company’s continuous service rooster. Sought by the union as a job-creating measure, the extended vacation will include the 3- or 4-week regular vacation to which the worker would otherwise be entitled that year. Beginning January 1, 1964, 5 percent of the senior half of each company’s work force will become eligible for the extended vacation every 3 months, “to the extent that there are sufficient funds in the account’’; vacations will be scheduled before the end of the calendar year following the quarter in which the employee becomes eligible. Financed by a 9.5-cent increase in the present 3-cents-per-hour company contribution, beginning January 1, 1964, the enlarged savings and vacation I n late J u n e , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fund will also accelerate vacation benefits received by junior employees. Under the 1962 agreement, all employees were to receive an extra week of vacation credit every other year, contingent on the availability of funds, with the option of using it for a vacation or saving it toward a layoff or retirement. Retiring workers and senior employees had priority in receiving the credits. Under the new plan, it is anticipated that sufficient funds will be available to ensure junior employees their vacation credits; senior employees will receive a 1-week credit every 5 years to be automatically deferred until retirement. The revised program also encourages retirement upon attainment of full pension eligibility (age 65, 15 years’ service). Those employees who retire before January 1, 1964, will be eligible for payment for the extended vacation on that date; employees who are eligible for a pension when they become entitled to the 13-week benefit will receive the full benefit only if they retire. Continuing the procedure under the existing savings and vacation plan, benefits payable only on retirement will be reduced by 10 percent for every 3 months an employee works after he becomes eligible for a pension. The Steelworkers thus kept pace with their in novatory agreement signed last September with the major can makers, which granted an extended vacation of 3 months every 5 years for hourly employees with 15 or more years of service. Since average seniority in steel varies greatly from company to company, the Human Relations Committee hit upon the 50-percent formula to be used instead of a flat seniority requirement, hoping to make the plan’s cost roughly equal for all em ployers and to keep its coverage from rising if technological change reduces hiring and thus in creases seniority levels. To place in the senior group, for example, an employee at Inland Steel Corp. or Youngstown Sheet and Tube will need only 12 years’ service, while a Pittsburgh Steel Co. employee will need 21 years; the average appears to be about 16 years. of the settlement is an “ex perimental agreement’’ designed to cover other job security issues. This agreement puts into effect for the period August 1, 1963, through December 31, 1964, provisions which spell out rights and restrictions on contracting out of inA nother feature m IV stallation, maintenance, and repair work. Past practice will rule unless the company can demon strate to a joint plant committee that contracting out work previously done by bargaining unit em ployees is a more reasonable course than keeping the work within the bargaining unit. If the com mittee cannot agree, the matter will be handled under the regular grievance and arbitration pro cedure. Other provisions prohibit, with excep tions, supervisors from performing bargaining unit work; preserve for the bargaining unit jobs combined to include nonbargaining unit duties; and require joint discussions before overtime can be scheduled if enough work exists to recall laid-off employees for at least 2 weeks. From time to time, the Human Relations Committee will re view the experience under the “experimental agreement.” The remaining benefits provided by the new settlement include an increase in the maximum duration of hospitalization payments from 120 days to 365 days a year; a $10 increase in weekly sickness and accident payments; and a $500 in crease in the basic life insurance schedule—all to be effective on August 1, 1963. Revision and up dating of the job classification manual bee?me effective on July 1, 1963; and the Human Relations Committee was authorized to designate a joint committee to consider future changes, particularly with respect to changes in technology. In exchange for these contract gains, the union agreed to extend the agreement, which had been subject to termination after June 30, 1964, to be reopenable on 120 days’ notice served on or after January 1, 1965. This prevents a strike before May 1, 1965. in a row, the Steelworkers forewent a general wage increase to concentrate on job security measures; their last pay raise, a result of the 1960 settlement, came in October 1961. The major reason for this shift in emphasis has been the employment situation in the industry. After every postwar recession, steel employment has failed to regain its prerecession level; since 1957, the average number of production workers employed in the industry has dropped by about 20 percent. At its September 1962 convention, the union made reducing hours of work on a yearly or lifetime basis its major bargaining goal, in addition to F or the second year https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 aiming for more restrictions on overtime and con tracting out. Union officials consider that the newly won vacation plan will create “at least 15,000 new jobs in the basic steel operations of these 11 companies alone,” and they mean to attempt to apply the plan throughout their juris diction, beginning with the aluminum industry talks now under way. To win its objectives, the union accepted a settlement generally regarded as being the lowest cost agreement since World War II. Mr. Cooper estimated that the new benefits in the vacation plan, “together with the total cost of the improved insurance program, will increase the employment costs of the companies over the line of the agree ment by about 15 cents an hour.” Other industry sources valued the cost of the insurance improve ments at around 1 cent an hour; no estimate was offered on the cost of the “experimental” agree ment or the new job classification manual. Last year’s agreement, at the time it was signed, was valued at about 10 cents an hour. joint Human Relations Committee was established as part of the settlement following the 1959 negotiations. Hoping to avoid a repetition of the 116-day strike that preceded that settle ment, the Steelworkers and the basic steel industry sought a peaceful study of mutual problems away from the pressures of the bargaining table. Chaired by union President David J. McDonald and chief industry negotiator R. Conrad Cooper, the committee includes representatives of both parties; in particular, those ordinarily responsible for negotiation. According to the 1959 contract, the committee was authorized to study and recom mend solutions to, among others, problems of wage and benefit adjustments, incentive pay, medical care, seniority, and job classifications. During the 1962 steel talks, the committee was given much of the credit for the accommodation achieved 3 months in advance of the contract deadline; this success led to continuation of the committee and devolution of greater responsibili ties upon it. Although the Human Relations group was not authorized to negotiate contracts, the meetings of the 10-man committee and its 80-member subcommittees that began in January of this year produced a contract settlement with out the official contract reopener that the 1962 contract terms permitted on May 1, 1963. T he White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe E ditor ’s N ote .— The article which follows is the first half of a paper dealing with the development of white-collar unions in Western Europe. The second part, which is to appear in the August issue, covers the structure of white-collar unions , their organizing tactics and programs, and key aspects of their bargaining structures and patterns. E verett M. K a ssa l o w * among European white-collar employees goes back long before World War II and, indeed, in some countries before World War I. For the most part, however, unions of whitecollar employees, as distinguished from more purely professional and mutual types of societies, were not numerically well established before the period of World War II. The countries of Central Europe, notably Germany1 and Austria, were something of an exception to this state of affairs. In these countries, continuity of feudal-guild concepts of organization and granting of special legal status to white-collar employees, often as a support for the royalist regimes against the Socialist manual workers’ movements, resulted in the organization of a fairly large number of white-collar unions and union-like organizations. Certain white-collar occupations, as for example in retail trade, insurance, and banking, followed a recognized guild apprentice structure and this also encouraged organization. The modern Swedish white-collar workers’ federation traces the main lines of its origins to the period after World War I in the 1920’s, but its membership was modest until well into the thirties. White-collar workers’ unions of modest strength were also to be found in other European countries before World War II.2 Compared with unionization of manual workers, however, the greatest growth of white-collar unionism in Western Europe has come about since World War II. This recent increase in whitecollar unionism can be traced to a number of T rade unio n ism https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis forces—economic, social, and political factors, as well as union adaptation of structural forms, policies, and activities to white-collar workers’ needs and desires. A few of these forces parallel developments in the United States, but in some instances, they are unique to Europe and to some of the individual countries here studied. And in some cases, it is difficult to establish a clear causeand-effect relationship. Nevertheless, the experi ence of European white-collar unions in the postwar period has a good deal of relevance for the United States. »Director of Research, Industrial Union Department, A FL -C IO , and also Director, continuing Seminar on Comparative Labor M ovements, National Institute of Labor Education. The material for this article was gathered during several trips to Western Europe in 1959-62: specifically, Great Britain, the Low Countries (especially The Netherlands), Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and Austria. Time did not permit study in Italy and Switzerland. While some brief reference will be made to France, the special character of trade unionism in that country, including the significant role played by the Communist-dominated Confeder ation Generate du Travail, makes it less germane to the central concern of this article. In addition, written materials from some of the European white-collar unions and from the files of the U.S. Department of Labor, as well as a few other cited volumes, were employed. The author also had the benefit of fruitful conversation with several international labor experts, both European and American, residing in Washington, D .C . The central concern has been with unionism in the private sector of the economy, with a particular eye for aspects of this subject which might shed light on the problems and prospects of white-collar union development in the United States. Unionism among public employees, both white-collar and blue-collar, is a separate field which is treated in less detail. 1 For a description of white-collar unionism in pre-Hitler Germany, see The Trade Union Movement of Germany (Amsterdam, International Federa tion of Trade Unions, 1928), especially the section by Bernhard Goring on the “ Non-Manual Workers’ Trade Union M ovement,” pp. 133-154. 2 The same situation, i.e., the existence of a fair number of white-collar unions of rather limited strength was also true in the United States before World War II. For a brief sketch of the history of white-collar unionism in the United States, see the chapter by Everett M . Kassalow to be published in 1964 in White-Collar Unions in Seven Countries, edited by Adolf SturmthaL 765 766 The Extent of White-Collar Unionism Precise measurement of the degree of whitecollar unionism in Western Europe is almost impossible, particularly if one is interested in making comparisons with American figures.3 As a general tendency, it probably can be stated that the higher the percentage of manual-worker union ism in a country, the higher the percentage of white-collar unionism. Thus, white-collar unionism appears to be most advanced in Sweden, Austria, and Denmark. In Sweden, around 90 percent of the manuals are unionized, while over 50 percent of the nonmanuals are in unions. In Denmark, the comparable figures are 70 percent for manuals and around 60 percent for nonmanuals. Figures on unionization in the private economy in Austria show 75 percent unionization for manuals and close to 60 percent for nonmanuals. The degree of organization among government white-collar employees is usually greater than among those in the private sector. In Sweden, for example, in private employment, a little less than 50 percent of the nonmanuals are unionized, while 80 percent of those in different levels of government belong to unions. While unionization among nonmanual workers has been growing in a number of the other coun tries, it does not approach the degree of organiza tion in Austria, Sweden, or Denmark. In Great Britain, although individual white-collar unions have been growing rapidly in the past decade,4 it can be estimated that nonmanual unionization is still probably only around 25-30 percent of the total employed, as against about 50 percent among manuals. Again, this takes in public and private employment, and unionization is higher in the public sector. In Germany, whereas around 50 percent of the blue-collar workers are unionized, only 20-25 per cent of the white-collar force are to be found in unions. In the Netherlands, about 20 percent of the privately employed nonmanual workers are unionized, compared with around 50 percent of the manuals in the private sector. While these figures show great variation in the degree of unionization among white-collar work ers, in most of these countries, only in the past https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 two decades or so has notable progress been made in this field. The Swedish Central Organization of Salaried Employees (TCO), for example, today numbers around 430,000 members; only 19 years ago, when formally established by a merger of previously organized bodies in the private and public sectors, it could claim but 175,000 mem bers. Similarly, the Austrian Union of Nonmanual Workers in Private Industry (GAP), which has a membership of about 236,000 (1961) and has become the second largest affiliate to the Austrian Federation of Trade Unions (OGB), had 147,000 members in 1951. The GAP has been the fastest growing union in the OGB for a number of years. While comparisons are difficult, it has been estimated that in the United States 2-2% million nonmanual workers are in unions, or in the neighborhood of 10-12 percent of those normally eligible for unionism. In contrast, somewhere around 50-60 percent, depending upon the as sumed potential, of U.S. manual workers are unionized. In the United States as in Western Europe, however, individual white-collar unions are among the fastest growing unions. Alongside of the traditional and generally known white-collar union organizations in several European countries, one also finds independent associations or unions which cater to civil service employees. Often these bodies are a “cross” between a mutual society, a professional guild, a “company union” and a regular union, though some seem to have evolved into full-fledged unions. I t is also interesting to observe that according to one recent study in the United States, some 392,000 employees in State and local service are to be found in similar, independent type associations.5 s Generally, when Europeans estimate the degree of unionization, they place the number of union members against the total employed or the civilian labor force, with the possible exclusion of the self-employed. Thus, they include agricultural workers, foremen, supervisors, and managers, etc. Fore men and supervisors are highly organized, although generally in separate unions from rank-and-file workers. t The National Union of Bank Employees, for example, increased its mem bership between 1950 and 1960 from 29,622 to 52,787; the Clerical and Adminis trative Workers’ Union, from 33,150 to 59,145. The Draughtsmen and Allied Technicians’ Association increased from 45,000 in 1939 to 67,040 in 1960. The membership of the British Trades Union Congress (TU C ), to which all of these unions are affiliated, increased only 6 percent during the 1950’s. J Joseph Krislov, “ The Independent Public Employee Association: Char acteristics and Functions,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, July 1962, pp. 510-520. WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE Forces Underlying Growth Several external factors seem important in the expansion of European white-collar unions. As previously noted, some of these, like the rising proportion of white-collar workers in the labor force, are also characteristic of the United States. Others, like the widespread unionization of supervisors, are without U.S. parallels. L abor Force T ren ds. While labor force statistics for recent years are not available for all of the Western European countries, available data clearly illustrate that relatively greater growth of whitecollar as opposed to blue-collar employment, so familiar in the United States, has also been taking place in Western Europe. In Austria, for ex ample, between 1934 and 1951 salaried or whitecollar employment rose from 21.5 percent to 32 percent of total employment. In Sweden, between 1940 and 1960 the percentage of white-collar employees rose from 25 percent to 40 percent of employment (excluding the self-employed). In Germany, if one excludes the classified civil servants (the so-called Beamte), white-collar workers increased from less than 25 percent of the labor force in 1950 to 30 percent in 1959.6 This great increase in the European white-collar force has naturally led to greater concentrations of employment of white-collar workers and facili tated the efforts of unions to organize such workers. Some of the bonds of personal identification be tween employer and employee which existed on the white-collar side began to weaken or break down among the larger pools of employees. The Clerical and Administrative Workers’ Union of Great Britain, in appealing to office workers to unionize themselves, notes for example, 6 These data are derived from a number of sources but for a general summary of some of these trends, see Otto Nordenskiold, “ Trends in Nonmanual Employment and Their Social Effects,” International Nonmanual Workers’ Conference, Nov. 8-4, 1961 (Brussels, International Con federation of Free Trade Unions), pp. 11-27. Also see Problems of Nonmanual Workers, Including Technicians, Supervisory Staff, etc. (Geneva, International Labor Office, 1958), pp. 3-7. In some countries, the growth of nonmanual employment in the past few decades has been particularly accelerated by an increase in the public sector. 7 Office Workers in the Mid-Twentieth Century (London, Twentieth Century Press, Ltd., 196-), p. 4. 8 David Lockwood describes this process as it has been operating in Great Britian in The Black Coated Worker (London, George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1958), pp. 196-110. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 767 The clerical labor force of a single employer may now number several thousands, concentrated in one or two administrative offices in the center of cities or spread through the country. In these circumstances, there can be no question of personal contact between employer and clerk. A hierarchy of managers and departmental heads stands between the clerk and his ultimate employer, the board of directors, from whence come the policy decisions affecting his conditions. The personal and individual salary, with the personal and individual contact, has disappeared, and however employers may seek to disguise the fact by maintaining a system of merit increases, they cannot avoid establishing group standards of payment to correspond with the grouping of work.7 Related trends have also facilitated rapid post war gains in European white-collar unionism. As educational opportunities for the entire popu lation have broadened, more and more children of working class parents have taken advantage of these opportunities and moved into white-collar jobs. Increasingly, as compared with the preWorld War II period, white-collar workers come from working class families.8 While these em ployees may exhibit some of the psychological outlook and characteristics of white-collar workers, unionism as such—because of their family back grounds—is something not completely alien. In addition, the growing importance of govern ment employment, coupled with the well-estab lished pattern of unionization among most govern ment employees, including white-collar workers, accounts for some of the progress European unions have made among privately employed nonmanu als. This contrasts, of course, with the United States, where unionization of government whitecollar workers, outside of the postal service, has lagged. Recent gains by government workers and teacher unions in the United States may change this situation in the future. O rg a n iza tio n o f M a n u a l W orkers a n d E m p lo y e rs. The great upsurge and strengthening of manual workers’ unionism in the last few decades in a number of European countries has also contributed to the spread of white-collar unionism. When top economic and social decisions in the nation, including the setting of a national wage policy or the determination of training and retraining programs, are being decisively influenced by a predominantly manual workers’ union federation 768 and the top employers’ association, organization by white-collar workers tends to become a necessity.9 In Sweden, for example, the spread of unionism among white-collar employees, including pro fessional college graduate workers, has undoubt edly been due in part to the high degree of organi zation and the great political and social effectiveness of the manual workers’ union move ment in the past 30 years. In Great Britain, the recent government efforts to introduce some sort of a national wage policy and a pay pause in 1961-62 led to an outburst of militance on the part of certain professional white-collar workers’ union groups, who are ordinarily less well organized and have a less militant tradition than the manual workers. When the government sought to exercise this policy, it helped to provoke demonstrations by the teachers (an already well-organized group) and the nurses. The centralization of employer associations and their role in area- or industry-wide bargaining in some Western European countries has added to the pressures on white-collar workers to join unions.10 The central secretary of the Union of Nonmanual Workers in Private Industry in Aus tria states that the existence of “the powerful employers’ organizations has an effect in the case of those middle-class nonmanual workers who have a strong aversion to organization in a quite particular sense: it is not merely a question of recognizing the necessity of becoming trade union organized—this is also supplemented with some such remarks as: ‘Oh, well, if even the bosses need an organization, it can’t be as bad as all that . . .’ ” 11 With the increase in union membership since World War II as well as the development in • One is led to speculate what long-term union organizational effects upon nonmanual workers may stem from such new U.S. institutions as the Pres ident’s Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy, the advisory committee to the Area Redevelopment Administration, and other bodies, all of which include representation from the AFL-C IO and such important unaffiliated manual unions as the United M ine Workers. The higher degree of employer association, including the individual em ployer’s dependence upon his association, in Western Europe also helps to account for the higher degree of unionization among manual workers as com pared with the United States. This is particularly true in the case of firms with a relatively small number of employees, which are frequently so difficult to unionize in the United States. In certain industries like garments (men’s and women’s), printing, trucking, and construction, where employer-associa tion-union bargaining is a common practice, the degree of organization among small employers is also high in the United States. 11 International Nonmanual Workers’ Conference, op. cit., p. 31. 12 Office Workers in the Mid-Twentieth Century, op. cit., p. 5. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 several countries of national wage determination systems in which public policy plays a great role, the classical labor market has probably given way to a “collective bargaining” labor market in which union and management institutions take over much of the power which formerly lay in the market itself. In consequence, any large group naturally develops a propensity to organize itself to participate in this decisionmaking process. One undoubted stimulant of white-collar union ism is the substantial relative economic advance (compared with white-collar groups) registered by the manual workers through their unions, especially in the past 12 years or so. Again to quote the British Clerical and Admin istrative Workers’ Union, another . . . factor bearing on the changed position of the office worker is the improved status of the productive worker. The statement can be misunderstood. The improve ments which the unions have brought about in the position of the manual worker do not in themselves adversely affect the clerical worker and recognition of the value of work performed by other workers is welcomed by him. Indeed, the trade union clerk has actively worked for and contributed to the raising of living standards generally. The problem arises through the fact that the concentra tion on the value of direct production and the productive worker which has been a feature of the past 20 years has been accompanied by a denigration of the value of other forms of work, including office work. The bright boy has been encouraged to take up a craft or technical train ing. Office work has been regarded as the refuge of the second best.12 In Sweden, their relative economic disadvan tages appear to have been the main impulse which prompted college graduates to establish the Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations (SACO). SACO describes these unfavorable eco nomic trends for professional employees, which helped lead to their unionization, as follows: 1. The costs of studying increased and consequently the amount of the debts incurred while studying; 2. the ratio of higher appointments to lower paid posts worsened; 3. the cost of living increased; 4. the pressure of taxation on those income groups in which university graduates are to be found increased enormously, owing to the fact th at the progressive scale of taxation was altered so that the amounts due on higher incomes increased more steeply; 5. towards the end of the thirties and at the beginning of the forties, university graduates in a number of branches found it impossible to obtain employment; [and] 6. the policy of equalizing incomes was put into effect with increasing stringency thus reducing the chances of 769 WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE obtaining compensation, through higher salaries in later life, for the years devoted to study and for the unpaid or badly paid probationary years.13 Wage movements as between white- and bluecollar workers in the United States, compared with Western Europe, seem to have followed a somewhat different course, at least in recent years. From 1950 to 1960, for example, while all male semi skilled manual workers (Census classified as operatives and kindred workers) experienced a 56.3-percent rise in median annual income, clerical and kindred employees made an advance of 59.9 percent, and professionals and technicals rose 63.7 percent. This was in contrast with the period from 1939 to 1950, when the annual median income of the operatives rose 171.7 percent as opposed to an advance of 111.3 percent for cleri cals and 114.2 percent for professionals and technicals.14 During the 1939-50 period, many of the same forces currently favoring blue-collar workers in Europe were also operating in the United States. Thus, there was a very pressing demand for manu factured goods, the labor market for all skills (manual and nonmanual) was in tight supply, the low birth rates of the thirties led to only modest additions to the labor force, etc. In addition, the manual workers in the United States, were, in many industries, in the first phases of successful unionism and they exercised strong bargaining power. Since the midfifties, the more or less slack state of manufacturing and related industries, plus the growing need for clericals, technicals, and professionals seems to have tilted the labor market somewhat more favorably to nonmanuals. It is not yet clear whether (or when) similar developments will overtake the European labor market. In the case of some groups of professional employees in Europe, an infringement of their professional rights spurred them to militancy and eventual unionization. It is interesting to observe that, in the 1962 dispute between the unionized New York City teachers and the City Board of Education, the issues which seemed to arouse them as much as anything else involved the assign ment of such nonprofessional tasks as bus patrol and cafeteria watch. The research of Professor S. M. Miller on pro fessionalism and organization among nurses in 6 9 0 -7 8 3 — 63------ 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the United States suggests that similar work issues also lie behind the unionization stirrings going on in this profession.15 Studies of the causes of dissatisfaction among engineers in American industry indicate that the infringement of pro fessional status is one of the forces behind the emergence of unionism among these groups in the past decade.16 In listing the elements which have facilitated the organization of white-collar workers, one should also call attention to the special legal status which they sometimes enjoy in European countries. There are, for example, in some Western European nations, special (usu ally more liberal) social security retirement and health laws governing white-collar as against bluecollar workers. The legally established vacation privileges of white-collar employees have often been superior to the blue, especially before World War II. Protection against dismissal, under the law, is often stronger for white-collar employees than for blue. The necessity to lobby for the protection of this separate and generally superior status has prob ably encouraged unionization of some categories of white-collar workers, especially in the past dec ade, when the blue-collar unions have begun to close the “ gap” by strong bargaining. The desire to protect, for example, what usually has been a superior social security retirement arrangement is obviously of considerable importance here. On the other hand, in Sweden, while employers had recognized early the right of manual workers to unionize and sign collective agreements, not until white-collar workers organized and brought great pressure to bear did they obtain, by statute in 1936, the right to negotiate and sign collective agreements. Generally, employers in Western Europe, as in the United States, have been more reluctant to negotiate and sign agreements with white-collar workers than with blue-collar workers. This traS p e c ia l L eg a l S ta tu s. '8 Swedish Professional Associations as Trade Unions (Trelleborg, Sweden, Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations, 1959), p. 5. h Current Population Reports, Consumer Income (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1962), Series P-60, No. 37. is S. M. Miller, “ Professionalization, Organization, and Economic Advance in the Nursing Profession,” New York State Nurse, March 1961, pp. 10-12, and 15. is Richard E. Walton, The Impact of the Professional Engineering Union: A Study of Collective Bargaining Among Engineers and Scientists and Its Significance for Management (Boston, Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, 1961). dd . 21-aa. 770 ditional reluctance stems, in part, from the fact that most of today’s white-collar functions were historically “ once performed by the employer” and are still, in the employer’s mind, managerial.17 It might also be noted that in most of the Euro pean countries, employers, when confronted with the necessity to bargain with their white-collar workers, prefer to see them in separate unions— separate, that is, from the manual workers’ unions. U n io n iz a tio n o f F o re m e n a n d S u p e r v is o r s . Another factor in explaining the appeal of unionism among white-collar workers is the high degree of unioni zation of foremen and supervisors in Western Europe.18 Perhaps no aspect of European whitecollar unionism is more striking to American ob servers. In a society where social hierarchy and group status, whether of the feudal, guild, mer cantile, or capitalist variety, have always been more deeply etched than in the United States, it is not surprising that even managerial employees have found it desirable (and not so difficult) to organize. Added to this, of course, in the fore men’s case was the “risk of being ground between the millstones of two other very strong groups, namely the workers’ union organizations on the one hand, and the employers on the other.” 19 Moreover, long experience with unionism as man ual workers makes the typical foreman easily per suaded of the value of unionism after he has moved up.20 While foremen and supervisors are well orga nized within a few of the traditional labor federa tions, the stronger unions covering these workers in Europe usually are either independent or part of a separate white-collar federation as such. In Denmark, for example, this union stands independently. In Sweden, the foremen make up an important separate union in the TCO and many other supervisors in industry and govern ment are to be found in other TCO affiliates. In Austria, the GAP takes in both foremen and supervisors. In France, despite relatively weak union organization and membership among man uals, the unionization of supervisors and foremen is surprisingly strong.21 Structurally, in France, these unions usually combine engineers, super visors, and foremen in one organization. One of these French unions, the independent General Confederation of Supervisory Employees (Con federation Generale des Cadres—CGC) particu https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 larly includes in its ranks some management personnel in virtually the highest executive levels. There are, of course, special links between various levels of supervision and white-collar workers generally. In fact, it used to be said that everyone in a typical office above the level of messenger, clerk, and typist was a supervisor in one sense or another. Even in today’s larger white-collar concentrations, this continuum be tween occupational levels still holds to some ex tent. Thus, there are senior clerks, engineers, senior design draftsmen, as well as supervisors and managers as such. Under these circumstances, European unionists stress that the example of union joining by super visors frequently induces lower level white-collar workers to sign up. To choose two examples, this is cited as a factor in unionism among large groups of government white-collar employees in France and England (in England, especially the National Association of Local Government Officers). Moreover, because of the continuum between supervision and other levels of whitecollar work (in contrast to most manual working situations), typically the white-collar worker is more prone to have “ upward aspirations” than the manual worker. While recognizing that the large increases in white-collar employment have reduced the possibilities of individual advance ment, the Swedish TCO notes, “Almost all salaried (white-collar) employees regard oppor tunity for promotion as a practical reality— an essential difference between salaried employees and manual workers.” 22 The British Clerical and Administrative Workers’ Union includes among its broad objectives “ to keep open avenues of promotion for those who make office work 17 Fritz Croner, “ Salaried Employees in M odem Society,” International Labor Review, February 1954, p. 105. 18 For purposes of rough distinction here, foremen are concerned with managing manual employees while supervisors are normally looked upon as managing white-collar operations. 19 SA F , The Swedish Foremen's Association (Stockholm, 1953), p. 8. 29 Much of the same type of force was operating in the early 1940’s to create a favorable climate for organization of foremen in the United States. The failure of the labor movement to take full advantage of this situation, fol lowed by the Taft-Hartley Act restrictions on foremen’s unionization, en acted in 1947, cut down what might otherwise have been a significant union development. 21 Virtually at the outset of the nationwide coal miners’ strike in France in the early part of 1963, the foremen and engineers’ unions announced their general solidarity with the miners. 22 TCO, Central Organization of Salaried Employees in Sweden (Stockholm; 1953 ed.), pp. 13-14. Office Workers in the Mid-Twentieth Century, op. cit. p. 7. WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE 771 their career.” Especially when the union is able to span almost all occupations in the office, including at least some of those in supervision, its general appeal is strengthened. Members can see the union as a control point in the promo tion process, since it has the right to bargain on higher posts. Contrary to what might be the expectations of American students and practitioners in the labor relations field, the problem of dual loyalty on the part of unionized supervisors seems to be taken right in stride in Western Europe. These super visors manage to carry out their supervisory functions on the one hand, and yet they can turn around on other occasions and bargain as employ ees on their own wages and working conditions across the table from very top management. Several European white-collar union leaders, on learning that unionization of supervisors is extremely difficult under United States labor laws and practice, expressed the view that this might greatly hinder the unionization of white-collar workers in the United States. Here the experi ence of U.S. unions in both private and public employment is relevant. Some of the organizing gains by the Retail Clerks Association in Califor nia in the late 1930’s seemed to have been due, in part, to the fact that it was then possible to include “store managers” in the union.23 Simi larly, a number of locals of the American Federa tion of State, County and Muncipal Employees have found that signing up “supervisors” is frequently a key factor in organizing white-collar employees in State and local public employment.24 It is too early to tell whether Executive Order 10988 (Jan. 17, 1962), which was designed to encourage unionism among Federal employees, borrowed too heavily from the National Labor Relations Act as amended by Taft-Hartley in the way in which it seems to limit the inclusion of so-called “supervisors” in bargaining units. 23 The present national president of the Retail Clerks was once a retail store manager in Oakland, Calif. 2< Col. A. E. Garey, the Wisconsin State Director of Personnel, and his Senior Personnel Examiner, Arnold S. Zander (present national president of the union), founded what was to become the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees in 1932. Both Garey and Zander were in supervisory positions. See Leo Kramer, Labor’s Paradox, The American Federation of State, County and M unicipal Employes, A F L -C IO (New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1962). Dear Mary Haworth: We are three men in our upper fifties, who have given more than 25 years’ service to our employer. We are what is generally known as “white-collar” employees, having no affiliation with a labor union. All other employees of our organization belong to a union, with the exception of three young women coworkers in the same office. We haven’t been able to convince our employer that cost of the necessities of life have risen to a point where we, too, should be given a pay increase, along with union workers, to meet the rise in living costs. Individually, we have approached our employer on this subject, but the invariable reply is: “if you aren’t satisfied, you know what you can do.” He knows that it is almost impossible, at our age, to get another position paying the same wage. The young women recognize this, too, from our point of view, and realize our family obligations, whereas their earnings are supplemented by other income. The union workers get their periodic pay increase, in addition to pension, health, and welfare insurance benefits that are paid for by the company. We realize how unfair our employer is; but even so, what can we do? We are trapped. We doubt th at you can suggest a constructive way out of the difficulty; but nevertheless we decided to get your opinion. D. S. Dear D. S.: My first reaction to your letter is to wonder why you aren’t affiliated with a labor union, if you are suffering for lack of effective bargaining power. If you aren’t management, nor a representative of management in dealing with labor in your outfit, then you come under the heading of labor, I should think—and perhaps ought to explore the possibilities of joining forces with organized labor, to get the help of union backing. M. H. —From Washington Post and Times Herald cited in Jack Barbash, “The White Collar Employee and Unions”—Proceedings of the Ninth Personnel Management Conference, University of Illinois, Urbana, March 4-5, 1957. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Special Labor Force Reports E ditor ’s N ote .— T he f o llo w in g tw o a r tic le s a re p a r ts o f a se r ie s o f re p o r ts on s p e c ia l la b o r f o r c e su b je c ts. O th er a r tic le s in th is se r ie s cover su ch su b je c ts a s the w o rk ex p e rie n c e o f the p o p u la tio n , m u ltip le jo b h o ld e r s, a n d m a r ita l a n d f a m i l y c h a ra c te ristic s o f w o rk e rs, a n d in c lu d e the a n n u a l re p o r t o f the la b o r fo r c e . R e p r in ts o f a ll a rtic le s in the s e rie s , in c lu d in g in m o st ca ses a d d i tio n a l d e ta ile d ta b le s a n d a n e x p la n a to r y n o te, a re a v a ila b le u p o n re q u e st to the B u r e a u or to a n y o f its r e g io n a l offices (lis te d on the in s id e f r o n t cover o f th is is s u e ). Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts in 1962 J acob S c h if f m a n * expected in the 1960’s warrant a close analysis of the early job market experience of young people recently out of school. Sharp increases due in the numbers of young people reaching working age, whose un employment rates are typically high, will probably exert an upward pressure on the already high levels of total unemployment. Also, because of the growing need for a better trained, better educated labor force, it is necessary to examine the starting jobs of young workers and their progress in moving into more skilled jobs. The extent to which they can move into expanding, higher level occupations will in turn have an important bearing on the amount of unemploy ment to which they will be subjected in the coming years. The information in this article was obtained from the October 1962 regular monthly labor force survey, the fourth annual survey providing special information on the labor market experience of young high school graduates and school dropouts.1 Information obtained for each of these groups included data on unemployment, part-time work, and occupation and industry of those employed. P opulation and occupation changes 772 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis High school graduates not attending college and school dropouts were both identified by the year they last attended school in order to measure the job progress they had made since leaving school. June 1962 High School Graduates The high school graduating class of June 1962 numbered about 1,850,000.2 A slightly higher proportion of the graduates were women (53 percent) than men. In October 1962, half the graduates were enrolled in college (55 percent of the men and 43 percent of the women) and 8 ♦Of the Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. i Previous survey findings were published in the Monthly Labor Review issues of M ay 1960, 1961, and 1962 and reprinted with additional tabular material and special explanatory notes as Special Labor Force Reports Nos. 6,15, and 21, respectively. Since the estimates resulting fromthis survey are based on a sample, they may differ fromthe figures that would have been obtained froma complete census. The sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbersin each group are small. Therefore, smaller estimates, or small differences between estimates, should be interpreted with caution. i Data presented in this report relate to persons 16 to 24 years of age in the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar week ending October 13,1962. All members of the Armed Forces and inmates of institutions are excluded. Estimates of June graduates shown in these reports m ay differ from figures of the Office of Education because of these exclusions, the age lim i tation, and other minor differences in measurement. The proportion o f grad uates entering college may also disagree with Office of Education estimates based on first-time college enrollments in one year as a percent of the esti mated number of high school graduates for the previous school year because of differences in measurement; for example, first-time enrollments relate to the entire school year and include some persons graduating in an earlier class whose college entrance was postponed. The number of school dropouts in 1962 includes only those who left school between January and October, the month of the survey. EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN 1962 T a b l e 1. C ollege E nro llm ent an d L abo r F orce S t a t u s o f J u n e 1962 H i g h S c h o o l G r a d u a t e s i n t h e C iv il ia n N o n in s t it u t io n a l P o p u l a t io n , O c t o b e r 1962 [Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age] College enrollment status, sex, color, and marital status of women Civilian non institutional population Civilian labor force Not in labor force N um Percent of ber population N um ber Per cent T o ta l-............. ..................... 1,838 100.0 946 51.5 892 White— . ____________________ Non w hite____ ______________ 1,660 178 90.3 9.7 853 93 51.4 52.2 807 85 Enrolled in college....................... Full tim e....... ........................... Part tim e______ . _______ N ot enrolled in college.............. In special schools..................... 900 863 37 938 148 49.0 47.0 200 22.2 19.8 (>) 79.5 31.8 700 692 8.1 171 29 746 47 M ale Total________ ____ ______ 872 100.0 488 56.0 384 Enrolled in college------------------N ot enrolled in college_________ 480 392 55.0 45.0 132 356 27.5 90.8 348 36 966 100.0 458 47.4 508 68 16.2 71.4 75.1 352 156 117 B oth Sexes 2.0 51.0 8 192 101 F emale Total.................... ................. Enrolled in c o lle g e ----------------N ot enrolled in college......... ......... Single____________________ Married and other marital status 2________ — ............. 420 546 469 43.5 56.5 48.6 390 352 77 8.0 38 (0 39 1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. 2 Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. percent in technical, secretarial, and other special schools (table 1). Over one-fifth of those in college were in the labor force—that is, working or looking for work. Nine out of ten of the 400,000 male graduates who did not enter college were in the labor force in October; the proportion was smaller (7 out of 10) for the 550,000 women not enrolled in college, partly because of the number who had already married and were out of the labor force because of household responsibilities. Of the graduates not in college (hereafter referred to simply as grad uates) and in the labor force in October, 14 percent were unemployed (table 2), reflecting the diffi culties usually encountered by relatively inex perienced and untrained jobseekers. In addition, a relatively large proportion (10 percent) of those at work in nonfarm jobs worked only part time (less than 35 hours) during the survey week, because of slack work, inability to find full time work, and other economic reasons. The somewhat improved economic situation in October 1962 over 1961 resulted in a slightly lower unemployment rate for the June 1962 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 773 graduates (14 percent) than for their counterparts a year earlier (18 percent). There was no clear indication, however, that the 1962 graduates were able to obtain better starting jobs. In each year, roughly one-third of the men were operatives and another third were either farm or nonfarm laborers; and approximately two-thirds of the women were in clerical and sales occupations. As usual, very few of the 1961 or 1962 graduates were in professional, technical, or managerial work because of the education and training necessary in most of the jobs in this broad category. The extent to which graduates who have been out of school for several years, and consequently have more work experience, are in a better economic situation than recent graduates is il lustrated in tables 3 and 4. xlbout 10 percent of the men employed in October 1962 were pro fessional workers among those who graduated from high school in 1960, compared with only 2 percent of the young men who graduated in June 1962, 4 months prior to the survey. Skilled craftsmen accounted for 12 percent of the em ployed men who graduated earlier and 6 percent of the recent graduates. The earlier graduates had smaller proportions employed as farm and nonfarm laborers (18 as against 34 percent) and as service workers (3 as against 7 percent). Occupational upgrading among women is dif ficult to measure, because of the substantial proportion of them in the clerical group, which embraces a wide range of job duties and respon sibilities. The rate of unemployment for 1960 graduates was 10 percent in October 1962, compared with the 14-percent rate for those graduates of 1962. Similarly, only 4 percent of the persons at work on nonfarm jobs worked part time for economic reasons among those who graduated in 1961 (data not available for 1960) as against 10 percent of the June 1962 graduates. School Dropouts The survey sustained earlier findings showing the less favorable labor market position of school dropouts compared with high school graduates. Furthermore, the situation for dropouts can be expected to worsen in the coming years, because little growth or some declines are expected in occupations with low educational and skill re- 774 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T a b l e 2. E mployment S t a tu s and M ajor O ccupation G roup of J u n e 1962 N ot E nrolled in C ollege , by S e x and J u n e 1961 H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s [Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age] June 1962 graduates in October 1962 June 1961 graduates in October 1961 Employment status and occupation group of employed Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Civilian noninstitutional population........................................................................ 938 392 546 916 345 571 Labor force: Number_________________________ ____ ________________________ Percent of population...................................................................................... E m ployed......... ........................... ..................................................................................... Unemployed: Percent of labor force........................................................ ................... 746 79.5 641 14.1 356 90.8 305 14.3 390 71.4 336 13.8 730 79.7 599 17.9 297 86.1 242 18.5 433 75.8 357 17.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.2 .8 .6 2.3 2.1 35.9 7.6 3.1 20.3 2.3 9.4 8.9 8.9 10.8 1. 5 .8 .2 41.6 5.7 4.2 18.2 .4 9.9 4.5 9.9 31.0 8.7 6.7 9.5 23.6 Occupation G roup of E mployed All occuDation croups fpercent') ___ Professional, technical, and kindred w orkers...................................................... ............ Farmers and farm managers____ ________ __________________________________ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm............................................................. Clerical and kindred workers_____________ _______ _______________ _________ Sales workers________ _____ _______________________________________________ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_______ ____________________________ Operatives and kindred workers____________________________________________ Private household workers............................ ............................... ........................................ Service workers, except private household............ .................. ........................................ Farm laborers and foremen_____________ ____ _____ ____ _____ _____ _________ Laborers, except farm and mine 1.6 .7 .6 58.6 9.5 5.6 5.9 31.5 .7 6.9 15.4 18.7 .6 10.1 2 8 3. 9 11.6 3.0 2.5 2 1 6.6 12.0 63.2 6.5 .3 9.6 10. i 3.1 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. quirements, and workers without at least a high school diploma will have increasing difficulty entering expanding occupations where educational and training qualifications are high. T a b l e 3. M ajor O ccupation G rou p of H igh S chool G r a d u atio n a n d 1962 of of In addition to their educational handicap, many school dropouts suffer in the job market because of their extreme youth. Of the approxi mately 3.00,000 young people 16-24 years of age E mployed H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E nrolled in C ollege by Y ea r S chool D r opo uts b y Y e a r L a st A t t e n d e d S chool , by S e x , O ctober [Percent distribution of persons 16 to 24 years of age] Graduates of— Major occupation group and sex Dropouts, last attended in— June 1962 and 1961 1962 or 1961 1960 Total 1962 1961 1960 Total 1962 1961 Prior to 1960 M ale All occupation eroups: Number ('thousands) Percent_____________________ Professional, technical, and kindred workers_____ _ Farmers and farm managers_____ _______ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm......................... Clerical and kindred workers........................................................... Sales workers_________ ______ ___ ______ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers________ Operatives and kindred workers___________________ . . Private household workers_________ __________________ Service workers, except private household________ Farm laborers and foremen__________ Laborers, except farm and mine_________________ 618 305 313 100.0 100.0 418 247 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.6 2.6 2.3 1.0 2.7 11.3 .7 3.5 4.8 10.3 1.7 3.1 11.8 0. 8 .8 .8 12.0 12.0 34. 8 2. 6 50 13.4 6.1 11.3 31.5 .3 5.7 8.7 18.1 1.6 10.8 5.6 5.9 31.5 .7 6.9 15.4 18.7 6.7 16.6 31. 5 4. 5 2.2 17.5 50 78 169 190 1,378 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.0 7.2 72 1. 6 26.5 1 2 1 2 83 3 1 1 2 2 0 2 0 2 4 24.9 a7 38.3 34 u 16 7 38 0 13.3 23 3 18.5 18.3 18.7 15.6 (>) 13 0 88 F emale All occupation groups: Number (thousands)................. Percent_____________________ Professional, technical, and kindred workers____________ . Farmers and farm managers_______________ . Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm________ Clerical and kindred workers..................... ........... Sales workers____ _______ ____ _____________ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers____ Operatives and kindred workers__________________ Private household workers______ __________________ Service workers, except private household__________ Farm laborers and foremen......................................................... Laborers, except farm and mine.......................... ......................... 1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 720 100.0 336 384 452 100.0 132 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.6 2.1 3.1 .5 .5 63.1 6. 8 1.3 7.0 3.1 4.0 1.5 .3 .6 .6 61.0 58.6 9.5 8.0 1.0 8.5 3.5 11.9 2.4 .3 .6 10.1 3.9 11.6 3.0 1 2 .2 1 .8 .5 1.8 58.8 3.1 .9 11.9 3.8 14.2 1.5 15. 7 6 7 1.5 20.1 28.4 19.4 6. 7 37 0) 95 (>) 96 (') 558 100.0 0 7 4 4 12 5 A G 5 33 0 13 6 23 10 2 N ote : Because of rounding, sums ofindividual items may not equal totals. :4 EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN T able 4. U nemployment and E conomic P art-time W ork 1 for H igh S chool Graduates N ot E nrolled in College and S chool D ropouts, 16 to 24 Y ears of A ge, October 1962 Both sexes Unemployment and part-time work in October 1962 Male Female Unemployed as percent of civilian labor force in each group: High school graduates: June 1962--------1960...................... School dropouts: 1962................................. 1960................................. 14.1 10.3 28.6 18.3 14.3 11.3 27.1 18.1 13.8 9.4 0 18.6 Persons in nonagrieultural industries who worked less than 35 hours because of eco nomic reasons,1 as percent of persons at work in nonagriculture: High school graduates: June 1962............ 19613__________ School dropouts: 1962................................. 1961 3-............................. 10.3 4.1 0 15.9 13.3 4.2 0 22.0 8.0 4.1 (3) (3) 1 Includes slack work, material shortages, repairs to plant or equipment, start or termination of job during survey week, and inability to find full-time work as causes of working less than 35 hours a week. 2 Data not available for 1960. • Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. in October 1962 who dropped out of school be tween January and October, about three-fourths were either 16 or 17 years old.3 Only one-fifth of the June graduates were in these ages, while three-fifths of the graduates were 18 years old. Other characteristics of dropouts distinguishing them from high school graduates are the higher proportions who are in farm areas (judging from the number in farm jobs) or who are nonwhite. T a b l e 5. 1962 775 Twenty-one percent of the 1962 school dropouts employed in October were in farm work, compared with 10 percent of the June graduates. Con sidering that a large portion of farm residents work at nonfarm jobs, the proportion of all dropouts residing on farms would be significantly higher. Nonwhite youth accounted for about one-fourth of the 1962 school dropouts, about twice the proportion they comprised of the June 1962 graduates. A much smaller proportion of the 1962 drop outs (56 percent) than of the graduates (80 per cent) were working or looking for work (table 5). A substantial part of the difference was accounted for by women dropouts who were already married, but men and single women who dropped out of school were also less likely to be in the labor force than those who graduated. Furthermore, the dropouts who were not in the labor force were much less likely than the graduates to be attend ing special schools for instruction and training which would improve their job opportunities. Only 6 percent of the dropouts not in the work force were in these schools, compared with fully 3 Age 16 was the most common age (as of October) for the 1962 dropouts and a sizable number were reported as having left school at an even earlier age. E m ploym ent S ta tus of J u n e 1962 H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s n o t E nrolled in C ollege S chool D ropo uts , by S e x , C olor , and M arita l S t a t u s , O ctober 1962 1962 a nd of [Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age] Civilian labor force Civilian noninstitutional population Number Number N ot in labor force Unemployed Graduation status, sex, color, and marital status of women Percent Percent of population Employed Number Percent of civilian labor force In special schools Total J u n e 1962 H igh School G raduates 101 T otal..................................................... 938 100.0 746 79.5 641 105 14.1 192 W hite______ ____ _______ ____________ N onw hite_________________________ _ - 820 118 87.4 657 89 568 73 89 16 13.5 12.6 80.1 75.4 163 29 0 0 M ale____________ - _________________ Female_____ _ . . ----------------------- Single___________________________ Married and other marital status 392 546 469 77 41.8 58.2 50.0 8.2 356 390 352 38 90.8 71.4 75.1 305 336 309 27 51 54 43 14.3 13.8 12.2 36 156 117 39 0 0 285 100.0 161 0 11 (2) 0 12 89 1962 School D ropouts T otal............ ........................................ W hite___ _______________ ____ - ...........N onwhite...................... - .............. ................ 210 Male_______________ - _______ _____ Female____________ ________ ____ Single------------------------------Married and other marital status J_. 126 159 83 76 75 1 N ot available. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73.7 26.3 113 48 44.2 107 54 43 11 55.8 29.1 26.7 56.5 115 46 28.6 124 53.8 83 32 30 16 26.5 97 0 78 37 28 9 29 17 15 2 0 0 0 (2) 84.9 34.0 (2) (2) 27.1 27 19 105 40 65 8 (0 0 3 5 0 (0 Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals- 776 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T able 6. M ajor Occupation Group of E mployed H igh S chool Graduates N ot E nrolled in C ollege S chool D ropouts by Y ears of School Completed, by Color and S ex, October 1962 and of [Percent distribution of persons 16 to 24 years of age] Graduates i Dropouts Both sexes Major occupation group and color Both sexes Male Male Completed Fe male Total Elemen tary, 8 years or less Female Completed High school, Ito 3 years Total Elemen tary, 8 years or less Completed High school, 1 to 3 years Total Elemen tary, 8 years or less High school, 1 to 3 years T otal All occupation groups: Number (thousands)______ 5,625 Percent________ 100.0 Professional, technical, and kindred workers__ Farmers and farm managers ____________ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm___________ _______ Clerical and kindred workers___________ Sales workers_________ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers____________ Private household workers_____ Service workers, except private household_____ Farm laborers and foremen___________ Laborers, except farm and mine _____ 12.0 .9 3.9 34.5 5.3 7.6 18.2 1.7 7.8 2.9 5.2 2,784 100.0 10.0 1.8 6.6 12.9 6.3 14.7 28.0 2,841 2,601 100.0 100.0 100.0 1Ò0.0 1Ò0.0 100.0 14.0 1.0 0.3 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.7 3.9 2.9 13.3 37.3 1.9 8.9 35.8 .1 923 1 2 1 2 1 0 55.8 4.4 6.5 3.5 9.5 35.3 4.9 13.3 3.0 .6 .1 8.5 3.1 4.8 4.2 10.5 10.6 1.6 .1 2,508 100.0 12.8 1.0 4. 2 36.4 5.7 7.8 17.6 .7 6.5 2.6 4.8 1.6 6.7 34.7 5.7 11.0 1,678 1 3 8.3 4.4 1 1.1 35.7 4. 5 14.6 7.1 1,815 667 1,148 786 1 Ó0.0 100.0 0.3 1. 7 0. 6 1.6 1.8 2.6 4. 6 3. 5 15.8 38.2 8.7 13.1 16.4 21.0 10.2 19.5 9.4 8.5 14.6 679 100.0 1,353 100.0 1,453 1Ó0.0 510 100.0 0.3 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.8 7.7 4.2 11.4 38.7 2.3 12.4 8.8 10.2 4.0 2.3 8.3 40.4 3. 5 10.4 15.1 13.2 9.6 5. 2 12. 9 37.9 1. 7 13.4 5.6 8.7 4.6 3.3 15.4 40.3 6.7 10.4 14.0 5.3 16.7 17.0 7.4 6. 9 12.4 569 100.0 244 10C.0 325 100.0 362 100.0 157 100.0 205 100.0 0.8 0.9 0. 7 1. 3 1.5 1.1 2.0 .8 3.0 23.6 14.0 16.6 22. 4 16.8 5 3 2 1. 4 3.5 26 7 15.8 19 6 13 0 16.1 10 1 3 4.8 25.4 7 2.3 19. 5 11.6 12.6 34. 9 17.7 3.6 18.2 1 1 2 5.6 30.9 lfi fi 23 3 26.0 13 Q 34 3 27.7 13 fi lfi 7 24! 8 11.8 11.7 20.5 14.4 2,612 100.0 2,032 1ÒO.O 10.5 2.0 14.9 .1 1.3 1.4 7. 2 13.1 6.8 15.3 27.5 13 58b 4.6 .5 8.0 1.5 9.1 1.2 7.3 12.5 4. 8 .7 30.8 lfi 4 24.1 8. 9 256 100.0 530 100.0 0 9 4.1 .9 Q 32 0 20 fi 20. 5 .6 19.2 .9 943 100.0 579 100.0 169 100.0 0.5 1.6 2.1 2.0 0.8 3.2 2. 5 10.6 41.3 5.3 3. 7 18.1 39.8 15.8 16. 6 fi fi 7 30* 2 14 3 2fi 3 4.0 .4 W hite All occupation groups: Number (thousands)............... 5,120 Percent________ 100.0 Professional, technical, and kindred workers__ Farmers and farm managers_____ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm____________ ______ Clerical and kindred workers _ Sales workers__ _____ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers____ Operatives and kindred workers__ _ Private household workers. . Service workers, except private household__ Farm laborers and foremen ____ Laborers, except farm and mine________ 3.8 4.0 9. 7 1 fi 410 100.0 1 2 .6 1 fi 6.4 1. 4 14 6.6 1.0 34.7 3 2 26! 9 4. 7 37.6 14 9. 26. 2 9 9 19.6 8 7 q 33 fi 27 2 5 8 2 fi 1.4 N onwhite All occupation groups: Number (thousands)_______ 505 Percent________ 100.0 Professional, technical, and kindred workers___ Farmers and farm managers____ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm_________ ______ Clerical and kindred workers Sales w o rk ers...________ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers__ Operatives and kindred w orkers... Private household workers. Service workers, except private household... Farm laborers and foremen. Laborers, except farm and m in e... 276 100.0 229 100.0 4.4 5.2 3.5 .4 16.0 1.8 5.6 24.3 11.0 20.6 6.0 10.0 .7 10.3 1.8 9.6 32.8 1.5 14.0 6.3 17.7 22. 6 1.7 .9 14.3 22.2 28.3 5. 7 .9 | Data include a relatively small number of January 1962 graduates. 1Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. one-half (53 percent) of the 1962 graduates who were not in the labor force.4 The rate of unemployment for 1962 school drop outs in October was 29 percent, about twice as high as the rate for the June high school graduates, despite the higher proportion of dropouts in farm 4 Although a much larger proportion of the out-of-labor-force dropouts than graduates were married women, this factor fails to explain entirely the considerable difference noted in attendance at special schools. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 207 100.0 3.8 120 87 (2) m o 6.5 ? 20 5 37 3 lfi 3 20 ö 1.1 19 6 42 1 1.9 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. areas, where unemployment is less common. (This ratio also held true when the comparison was limited to white dropouts and graduates or to men.) The total number of unemployed drop outs 16 to 24 years old, irrespective of the year they left school, was 430,000, representing about two-fifths of all the unemployed in this age group and one-half of all jobless persons in these ages who were not in school. 777 EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN 1962 As shown in previous surveys, the proportion of employed youths in less desirable jobs was also much higher for dropouts than for graduates, reflecting the large representation of nonwhites and farm residents among the dropouts, as well as their youth and inadequate schooling.5 Among employed men who last attended school in 1961 or 1962,6 the proportion of farm laborers was about 2 K times as large for young men who dropped out of school (23 percent) as for those who graduated in June 1962 or in 1961 (9 percent) and more of the dropouts were in relatively unskilled service jobs. Only 2 percent of the male dropouts for these years were craftsmen, compared with 11 percent of the graduates, and fewer dropouts than graduates were in white-collar occupations. Only 16 percent of the female dropouts for these years were in clerical occupations, while 48 percent were in relatively unskilled service occupations, including private household work. For women graduates, the corresponding proportions were 61 percent in clerical occupations and 15 percent in service jobs. Older school dropouts, who had been in the labor market for longer periods, had lower rates of unemployment and were employed at a somewhat higher occupational level than those who recently left school; however, they continued to be in a worse situation than graduates who had been out of school about the same length of time (tables 3 and 4). The unemployment rate in October 1962 for those who dropped out of school in 1960 was 18 s On the other hand, the 1962 school dropouts include those who left school as early as January and had somewhat more tim e to obtain better jobs than the 1962 graduates who left school in June. 6 For dropouts, the 1962 base taken alone is too small for reliable compari sons. Selected Labor Market Indicators for 1962 M ale High School Graduates and 1960 M ale School Dropouts in October 1962 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PERCENT *Data for 1961 dropouts, as 1960 data not available 778 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T a b l e 7. M ajor O ccupation G rou p of E mployed H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E nrolled in C ollege b y Y ea r of H igh S chool G r ad u atio n a n d of S chool D ropo uts by Y e a r L a st A t t e n d e d S chool , by C olor , O ctober 1962 [Percent distribution of persons 16 to 24 years of age] Graduates White Major occupation group 1960 to 1962 All occupation groups: Number (thousands) Percent____________ Professional, technical, and kindred workers____ Farmers and farm managers__________________ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm. Clerical and kindred workers_________________ Sales workers_________ ____ __________________ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers______ Operatives and kindred workers_______________ Private household workers........................................ Service workers, except private household______ Farm laborers and foremen___________________ Laborers, except farm and mine_______________ Dropouts Nonwhite Prior to 1960 1960 to 1962 Nonwhite White Prior to 1960 1960 to 1962 Prior to 1960 1960 to 1962 1,981 3,111 100.0 227 272 100.0 494 1,541 100.0 171 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.4 1.3 18.1 0.9 7.3 2.0 39.7 6.4 6.2 19.8 1.1 7.9 3.8 7.5 .8 5.7 34.2 5.3 8.7 16.2 .5 5.6 1.8 3.1 .9 17.2 2.2 3.5 27.8 9.7 17.6 10.6 9.7 1.2 1.6 15.0 1.5 7.3 21.5 11.0 12.0 7.0 3.0 32.7 5.2 23.0 12.2 10.2 13.8 12.2 2.2 1.4 1.8 1.8 7.4 3.3 14.0 39.4 1.4 12.2 8.1 9.3 1.1 4.0 1.1 19.5 13.1 20.0 28.0 13.1 Prior to 1960 395 100.0 0.5 .5 .8 1.0 4.3 24.9 14.5 16.2 18.5 18.8 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals. percent—smaller than the 29-percent rate for re cent dropouts of 1962 but still considerably above the 10-percentrateforgraduatesof 1960. Similarly, young men who dropped out of school in 1960 were more likely than recent dropouts to be craftsmen and operatives while fewer were relatively un skilled service workers; however, compared with male graduates who also left school in 1960, the dropouts were more concentrated in farm and nonfarm laboring jobs, and fewer were craftsmen or white-collar workers. The proportion of non farm workers who worked part time because of economic reasons—often a characteristic of their occupations—was 16 percent for 1961 school drop outs but only 4 percent for the 1961 graduates.7 The limited success which dropouts achieve even after an extended time in the labor market is dramatically illustrated in the chart which shows that in October 1962, young men who had dropped out of school in 1960 fared worse in the labor market than young men who graduated 2 years later—only 4 months before the survey. This con clusion holds in comparisons of unemployment, shortened workweeks, and occupational levels. In addition, a greater proportion of the dropouts were neither in the labor force nor attending special schools. Information obtained for the first time on the years of school completed by dropouts shows that those who left school at a later grade had higher 7 D ata not available for 1960. 8 See “ Economic Status of Nonwhite Workers, 1955-62,’ ’ which will appear in the July issue of the Review. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis level occupations than those with less education. Of all white 16- to 24-year-old male dropouts em ployed in October 1962, 17 percent of those who completed only elementary school or less were farm laborers and another 17 percent were nonfarm laborers, compared with only 7 and 12 percent, respectively, for those completing 1 to 3 years of high school (table 6). Moreover, the proportion of craftsmen was noticeably smaller among the dropouts with less education. Among white fe male dropouts, those who had not finished at least 1 year of high school were more likely to be domestic workers or farm laborers and less likely to be clerical or sales workers. Nonwhite Graduates and Dropouts Results of this survey give further evidence of the unfavorable position of young nonwhites with respect to educational and economic attainment— despite their advances in these areas in recent years.8 As mentioned previously, nonwhites com prised 1 out of 4 of the 1962 school dropouts, about twice their proportion of the June 1962 graduates. Among both high school graduates and dropouts in the labor force in October 1962, nonwhites were much more likely to be in less skilled and less desirable occupations and more of them, partly as a result of their occupations, were unemployed. Of those persons who graduated between 1960 and 1962, about one-half of the nonwhite graduates, but only one-fifth of the white graduates, were in a service occupation (including private household) EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN 1962 or were farm or nonfarm laborers (table 7). Among dropouts, fully three-fourths of the non white youths, compared with two-fifths of the white youths, were in these occupational groups. The unemployment rate for nonwhite graduates was noticeably higher than for white graduates, but among dropouts, rates were about equally high for both white and nonwhite youths,9 as shown in the following tabulation: Unemployed, as percent of cioilian labor force in each group Last attended school during 1960-62 High school graduates not en rolled in college: Nonwhite----------- ------------White--- ------- ----------- --School dropouts: Nonwhite------------------------White______ _____ ___ Last attended school prior to 1960 17. 2 10. 0 14. 5 5. 3 21. 3 19. 8 18. 0 10. 2 Furthermore, nonwhites failed to improve their economic position over time as much as white youth. Comparing the October 1962 jobs of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 779 young people who last attended school before 1960 and of those who left school between 1960 and 1962, the proportion of graduates and dropouts in service and laboring jobs dropped off noticeably for the older white youth but remained approxi mately the same for the older as for the younger nonwhites. Fewer of the earlier than the recent nonwhite graduates were farm laborers, but more were in service occupations. There was also some increase in the proportion employed as craftsmen and as professional and technical workers among the earlier graduates.10 Rates of unemployment for nonwhite graduates and dropouts remained relatively high even after they had been out of school several years, while the rates for the older white graduates and dropouts declined sharply. » N on white dropouts include a larger proportion in farm areas, where un employment is comparatively low. These rates are based on relatively small numbers; however, data from previous surveys substantiate these figures. io Pre-1960 graduates m ay include persons who have also graduated from college. Since the white group presumably includes a larger proportion of college graduates than does the nonwhite group, this difference may partially account for the greater job progress shown b y whites. Economic Status of Nonwhite Workers, 1955-62 M atthew A. K essl e r * gradual m ovem ent of nonwhite workers (over 90 percent of whom are Negroes) into higher skilled and better paying jobs has continued since the mid-1950 s. However, despite these recent gains, large gaps continue to exist between white and nonwhite workers, as measured by most indi cators of social and economic well-being.1 Nonwhites continue to be concentrated in lessskilled jobs and are subject to more unemployment than whites. The jobless rates of nonwhites are still at least one and one-half times higher than for w h ites in every age-sex g ro u p in g , and for some age groupings are three times as high. Unem ployment bears disproportionately on the nonwhite worker whatever his industry or occupation. Not only is he subject to more frequent spells of unem ployment; once out of a job, he has tended to re main jobless for a longer period of time. After achieving relatively substantial gains in money income during the early postwar period, nonwhite families have failed to keep pace with the rise in average income of white families since the mid-1950’s, despite the continued shift of nonwhite workers into higher paying jobs. During the past two decades, nonwhites have narrowed the educational gap that had historically existed between themselves and white persons, a development which has helped to foster their steady but slow movement up the occupational skill ladder. Since the mid-195Q’s, however, differences in the level of educational attainment between whites and nonwhites have remained essentially unchanged. T he South, as well as the growth of alternative employ ment opportunities in other sectors of the economy. In this quest for a higher money income, how ever, many nonwhites who shifted to nonfarm em ployment paid the price of greater job insecurity. As they often lack education and vocational train ing and are limited by discriminatory hiring and layoff practices, their employment opportunities are restricted to relatively unskilled and semi skilled occupations. These are the very lines of work that are particularly sensitive to the business cycle and are vulnerable to large-scale reductions through automation. Although professional and clerical occupations have provided a major source of both white and nonwhite employment growth since the mid-1950’s, nonwhites continue to be overrepresented in such occupations as domestic servants, laborers, and semiskilled operatives. W h ite-C o lla r O ccupations. Between 1955 and 1962, an increasing number and proportion of nonwhite workers entered the higher skilled and better paying white-collar occupations. In 1962, however, only 17 percent of all employed non whites were in white-collar occupations, compared with 47 percent of white workers (table 2). White workers in this group outnumbered non whites 28 to 1, in marked contrast to their com parative representation in the civilian labor force (9 white for each nonwhite worker). The number of nonwhites in white-collar jobs has risen by 50 percent since 1955, about the same rate of increase as noted during the early postwar period and two and one-half times the increase for whites. How ever, unless there is a substantial acceleration of these trends, the percentage of nonwhite workers in white-collar employment will still be substan tially below that of white workers for many years. Nonwhite workers have been entering the professional, technical, and clerical fields faster Industry and Occupation Changes Throughout the postwar period, there has been a dramatic shift of nonwhites out of agriculture. In 1962, 12 out of every 100 employed nonwhite workers were employed in agriculture, compared with 16 out of 100 in 1955 and 21 out of 100 in 1948.2 (See table 1.) The precipitous fall in this proportion throughout the postwar period is a result of the exodus of nonwhites from sharecropping and marginal farms, particularly in the 780 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis *Of the D ivision of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 This article reviews recent trends (1955-62) in the employment status of nonwhites in the United States, with particular emphasis on occupational shifts, manpower utilization, income, and educational attainment. The analysis of the two most recent business cycles, 1957-59 and 1960-62, uses seasonally adjusted quarterly average unemployment data not previously available. This article updates and complements a series of studies on the economic status of the Negro by the U.S. Department of Labor; the last previous study in the series was The Economic Situation of Negroes in the United States (U.S. Department of Labor, Bulletin S-3, rev. 1962). 2 Differs slightly from occupational totals shown in table 2 since the indus try classification includes some occupations not classified as farm workers in the classification by occupation (e.g., agronomists, veterinarians, and book keepers). 781 ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62 T able 1. E mployed P ersons, by I ndustry and Color, 1948, 1955, and 1962 » [Percent distribution] Non white White Industry 1962 1955 1948 Total employed: Number (thousands).. 60,749 56,698 53,434 100.0 100.0 Percent______________ 1Ò0.0 ' ===== Goods-producing indus46.2 48.6 41.4 tries___________________ 12.6 10.1 7.2 Agriculture.—................ Mining, forestry, and 1.5 1.4 1.1 fisheries........................ 6.0 6.5 6.4 Construction.................. 28.5 28.2 26.8 Manufacturing_______ Service-producing indus tries___________________ T ransportation and public utilities........... Trade___ ___________ Service and finance___ Private households___ Educational services... Professional services, except education____ Business and repair services____________ Other services, includ ing entertainm en t... Finance, insurance, and real estate_____ Public administration. 1962 1955 1948 7,098 100.0 6,496 100.0 5,944 100.0 36.2 11.7 41.5 15.7 47.5 21.1 .4 5.7 18.4 .7 5.3 19.7 3.0 4.4 18.9 58.6 53.8 51.4 63.8 58.5 52.5 7.0 19.8 26.8 2.6 5.5 7.4 20.2 21.5 2.2 4.0 8.3 20.1 18.5 1.7 2.8 5.4 13.8 39.1 15.8 4.4 6.0 13.5 34.7 16.3 3.0 6.4 11. 5 31.4 16.1 2.1 6.9 5.3 3.9 7.4 4.9 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.4 1.0 4.3 3.5 4.2 7.2 7.2 7.4 4.7 5.1 4.0 4.6 3.5 4.6 2.1 5. 4 1.9 4.2 1.5 3.3 l Data for 1948 and 1955 not adjusted to reflect changes in definition of unemployment adopted in 1957. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not equal 100. than other white-collar occupations. These oc cupations have risen by 60 percent since the mid1950’s, reflecting expanded job opportunities, particularly in public administration. The larg est concentration of nonwhite workers in the whitecollar group (almost 1 out of 2) is employed in such clerical occupations as office machine opera tors, bookkeepers, typists, secretaries, stenogra phers, and filing and recording clerks. The largest relative gains posted by nonwhites during 1955-62 were in professional services (such as hospital, medical, and other health services, welfare and religious institutions) and busi ness and repair services-—all of which grew nearly 70 percent in the 7-year span. This approximated advances noted in the earlier postwar period and compared with about a 35-percent increase for whites since 1955. Nonwhites also recorded relatively sharp gains in the growing field of educational services—up by 60 percent compared with a 50-percent rise among whites. Govern mental policies assuring nondiscriminatory ems U.S. Bureau of tbe Census, U.S. Census of Population, I960, General Social and Economic Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1)-1C, table 88; and U.S. Census of Population, I960, Characteristics of the Population, United States Summary, Vol. II, Pt. 1, table 128. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployment practices may account for the continued gains registered by nonwhites in public adminis tration since the mid-1950’s—up 40 percent compared with an 18-percent rise among whites. Nonwhite employment in the professional and technical fields has increased at a somewhat faster rate than for whites since the mid-1950’s. Yet in 1962, only about 5 percent of all employed nonwhites were engaged in these occupations compared with 12% percent of all white workers. While teaching provides a major source of pro fessional employment for both whites and non whites, a higher proportion of nonwhite than white professional workers (mainly women) were em ployed as elementary and secondary school teachers in 1962—nearly two-fifths and one-fifth, respectively. Indicating of nonwhites’recent prog ress in the professional field is the fivefold increase in their employment in the growing engineering occupations during the 1950’s compared with a two-thirds rise for the occupational group as a whole. Nevertheless, nonwhites accounted for only 1% percent of all professional engineers by I960.3 Only 4 of every 100 nonwhites were employed as managers, officials, and proprietors and as sales T a b l e 2. E m ployed a n d C olor , P e r so n s , b y O c cupation G roup 1948, 1955, a n d 1962 1 [Percent distribution] N on white White Major occupation group 1955 1948 1962 1955 1948 Total employed: Number (thousands).. 60, 749 1Ò0.0 Percent________ _____ 56,698 100.0 53,434 100.0 7,098 100.0 6,496 100.0 5,944 100.0 White-collar workers_____ Professional and tech nical workers_______ M anagers, officials, and proprietors, ex cept farm__________ Clerical workers______ Sales workers................. 47.3 42.1 39.1 16.7 12.0 070 12.6 9.8 7.2 5.3 3.5 2.4 11.9 15.8 7.0 11.1 14.2 6.9 11.6 13.6 6.7 2.6 7.2 1.6 2.3 4.9 1. 3 2.3 3.3 1. 1 Blue-collar workers______ Craftsmen and fore m en_______________ Operatives___________ Laborers, except farm and m ine__________ 35.4 39.0 40.5 39.5 41.8 39.7 6.0 19.9 5.2 20.9 5.3 20.1 Service workers__________ P r iv a te h o u seh o ld workers_______ . _. Other service workers.. Farm workers....................... Farmers and managers. Laborers and foremen.. 1962 13.6 17.5 14.1 20.2 14.6 21.0 4.3 4.7 4.9 13.6 15.8 14.3 10.6 9.0 7.9 32.8 31.6 30.3 2.1 8.5 1.8 7.2 1.5 6.4 14.7 18.1 14.8 16.8 15.6 14.7 6.8 4.0 2.8 9.9 6.0 3.9 12.4 7.8 4. 6 11.0 2.7 8.3 14.5 5. 0 9. 5 21.0 8.5 12.5 i See footnote 1, table 1. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages m ay not equal 100. 782 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 workers in 1962, a somewhat higher proportion than in 1955 and 1948. The proportion of white workers in these occupations in 1962 was much higher (19 percent). After registering small gains in the early postwar period, the proportion of nonwhites employed in blue-collar occupations fell slightly between 1955 and 1962, returning to levels prevailing in 1948. Blue-collar jobs have accounted for two-fifths of total nonwhite em ployment throughout most of the postwar period. During the more recent 7-year period, the propor tion of white workers in these occupational categories also declined moderately. More than 8 of every 10 nonwhite workers in blue-collar jobs (compared with 6 out of 10 white workers) continued to be in either the semiskilled or unskilled occupations. These jobs tend to be concentrated in those goods-producing and related industries (such as transportation) which are quite sensitive to the business cycle. Moreover, the demand for this type of labor has diminished steadily during the postwar period as a result of automation and other technological develop ments. B lu e -C o lla r O c c u p a tio n s. O c c u p a tio n s. Nonwhites are still seven times as likely as white workers to be employed as private household workers (including maids, babysitters, housekeepers, chauffeurs, laun dresses). During the earlier postwar period, the number of nonwhite private household workers remained virtually unchanged, while nonwhite employment in other service occupations, such as hospital attendant, barber, and cook, rose significantly (25 percent). During the 1955-62 period, this trend appears to have continued, with little change in nonwhite private household S erv ic e T a ble 3. Year 1962___ 1961___ 1960___ 1959___ 1958___ 1957___ 1956___ 1955___ U n em plo ym ent R a t e s , White N on white 4.9 6.0 5.0 4.9 6.1 3.9 3.3 3.6 11.0 12.5 10.2 10.7 12.6 8.0 7.5 7.9 N on white as per cent of white 224 208 204 218 207 205 227 219 Year 1954___ 1953___ 1952 1951___ 1950___ 1949___ 1948___ 1947___ by C olor , 1 9 4 7 -6 2 1 White Non white 4.5 2.3 2.4 2.8 4.6 5.2 3.2 3.3 8.9 4.1 4.6 4.8 8.5 8.2 5.2 5.4 N on white as per cent of white 1Q8 178 192 171 185 158 163 164 m e °taadopte1d1L~i9570t adjusted to reilectchanges in definition ofunemploy https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b l e 4. U nem plo ym ent R a t e s , b y C olor , A g e , S e x , 1948, 1955, and 1962 i White Age and sex a nd N on white 1962 1955 1948 1962 Males, 14 years and over........ .............. ......... 4.6 3.4 3.1 11.0 8.2 5.1 14 to 19 years_______________ 20 to 24 years_______________ 25 to 34 years............................. 35 to 44 years_______________ 45 to 54 years____________ 55 years and over______ . . . 12.3 8.0 3.8 3.1 3.5 4.1 9.6 6.3 2.5 2.4 2.8 3.7 8.3 5.8 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.8 20.7 14.6 10.5 8.6 8.3 10.1 13.2 11.2 8.0 7.4 5.8 7.8 7.6 10.6 4.2 4.5 3.1 3.5 1955 1948 Females, 14 years and over________________ 5.5 3.9 3.4 11.1 7.5 5.2 14 to 19 years_______________ 20 to 24 years__________ ____ 25 to 34 years____________ .. 35 to 44 years_________ . . . . 45 to 54 years____ _____ 55 years and over___________ 11.5 7.7 5.4 4.5 3.7 3.5 8.2 4.5 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.8 6.9 3.6 3.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 28.2 18.2 11.5 8.9 7.1 3.6 16.2 11.4 9.1 4.9 4.6 4.4 10.4 8.9 6.1 3.3 2.4 2.2 1 See footnote 1, table 1. employment and a substantial gain (18 percent) in the number of nonwhites entering other service jobs. Among white workers also there was a steady rise in the proportion of service workers outside of private households throughout the postwar period—up between 20 and 25 percent in each of the two periods. In 1962, as in the earlier postwar period, proportionately twice as many non white as white workers were in these rapidly expanding but still relatively low-paying and low-to-moderately skilled service occupations. Manpower Utilization U n e m p lo y m e n t. Throughout the postwar period, unemployment has consistently fallen most heav ily on the nonwhite worker. Comprising only a tenth of the civilian labor force in 1962, non whites accounted for two-tenths of the jobless total. This disparity was evident among both men and women. The unemployment rate for nonwhites, at 11.0 percent in 1962, stood at its third highest level in the postwar period (table 3) and was only slightly lower than rates recorded in the recession affected years of 1958 and 1961. Their 1962 unemployment rate was double the jobless rate of white workers. This relationship has persisted throughout the postwar period, and in fact tended to increase in the latter part of the postwar period. In the years 1947-49, the nonwhite unemploy ment rate averaged about 60 percent higher than for white workers, whereas in each year from 783 ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62 T a b l e 5 . U nem plo ym ent R a tes of E x p e r ie n c e d W o r k er s , 1 by C olor and M ajor O ccupation G r o u p , 1955 and 1962 White Nonwhite Major occupation group Nonwhite as percent of white 1955 1962 1955 4.9 3.5 11.0 7.7 224 208 Clerical and sales workers.................. 3.8 Craftsmen and foremen___________ 4.8 6.9 Operatives_____ ____ - ....................... Private household workers....... ......... 3.1 Other service workers_____________ 5.3 Farm laborers and forem en... ----- 3.9 Laborers, except farm and m ine----- 11.0 3.2 3.9 5.5 3.0 5.2 3.0 9.8 7.7 9.7 12.0 7.1 10.8 5.8 15.8 7.0 8.8 8.4 5.6 8.8 6.3 12.1 203 202 174 229 204 149 144 219 226 153 187 169 210 123 All occupation groups2............ 1962 1955 1962 1 The base for the unemployment rate includes the employed, classified according to their current jobs, and the unemployed, classified according to their latest civilian job, if any; excludes the unemployed persons who never held a full-time civilian job. 2 Includes the following groups not shown separately: Professional and technical workers; managers, officials, and proprietors; and farmers and farm managers. 1954 through 1962, it was consistently twice as high. Nonwhite boys and girls 14 to 19 years of age continued to have one of the highest jobless rates of any age-color group. (See table 4.) In 1962, the unemployment rate of nonwhite teenagers remained near 25 percent, compared with about 12 percent for white youth of the same ages. Since 1955, the jobless rate of nonwhite teenagers has increased faster than for white youngsters—• up about 60 percent among nonwhites compared with a 30-percent rise for white youth. In 1962, nonwhite men in both the 25-34 and 35-44 age brackets (primarily family bread winners) recorded unemployment rates about three times as high as for white men (about 9 and 3 percent, respectively). A differential of similar proportions was recorded in 1955. Even within the same major occupation group large differences in unemployment rates persisted, with rates for nonwhites generally substantially exceeding those of white persons. Among both white and nonwhite workers at the lower end of the occupational hierarchy, both nonfarm laborers and operatives usually have relatively high unem ployment rates; however, differences are not (and have not been) as great as in most other occupation groups (table 5). This may reflect a high propor tion of such workers in highly unionized massproduction industries, some of which provide for nondiscrimination clauses in their collective bar gaining agreements.4 4 See “Antidiscrimination Provisions in Major Contracts, 1961,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1962, pp. 643-651. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Differences in overall unemployment rates by color are partially explained by the higher concen tration of nonwhites at the lower rungs of the occupational skill ladder. Even assuming there were no differences in the occupational distribution of both groups, however, nonwhites still would have had a higher unemployment rate than whites in 1962. But assuming that the experienced nonwhite civilian labor force had the same occupa tional distribution as the experienced white civilian labor force, and applying actual jobless rates of nonwhites to this adjusted occupational distribu tion, the difference in the overall jobless rate between whites and nonwhites in 1962 would have been cut in half. Under these assumptions, the unemployment rate for nonwhites would have been 8.1 rather than 11.0 percent of their number in the labor force, compared with an actual rate of 4.9 percent for whites. Non white workers not only have higher rates; they are also subject to more frequent spells of unemployment. For persons experiencing any unemployment throughout the year, the chances are much greater that nonwhites rather than whites will have repeated spells of unemployment during the year. About 3 of every 10 nonwhite men who had been unemployed sometime during the year were subject to 3 spells or more of un employment in 1961, compared with 2 of every 10 white men who had some unemployment. More over, nonwhite workers spend a considerably longer period of time on layoff or looking for work beT a ble 6. E m ployed P e r so n s in N o n a gricultural I n d u s t r ie s , b y F ull - or P art -T im e S t a t u s and C olor , 1956 and 1962 [Percent distribution] Non white White Full- or part-time status 1962 52,661 100.0 6,267 100.0 5.733 100.0 85.7 3.2 1.6 1.6 88.4 3.0 1.8 1.2 78.6 10.3 2.8 7.5 79.5 9.0 3.3 5.7 11.1 8.6 11.0 11.5 All employed persons: Number (thousands)---------------------- 56,388 Percent___________________________ 100.0 At work— On full-time schedules 1-----------------On part time for economic reasons 2._ Usually work full tim e-------------Usually work part time------------On part time for other reasons; usually work part time___________ 1956 1956 1962 1 Includes persons who actually worked 35 hours or more during the survey week and those who usually work full time but worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey week because of noneconomic reasons (bad weather, illness, holidays, etc.). , , „ , , 2 Includes persons who worked less than 35 hours a week because of slack work, material shortages, job turnover, inability to find full-time work, etc. N ote : Because of rounding sums of individual percentages m ay not equal 100. 784 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 tween jobs. Since 1954 (earliest year for which these data are available), nonwhites have con sistently accounted for 20 to 30 percent of both long-term unemployment of 15 weeks or more and very long-term unemployment of 27 weeks or more, as the following tabulation shows: Nonwhites as a percent of total unemployed for— Year 15 weeks or more 1962____________________ 1961____________________ 1960____________________ 1959____________________ 1958______________ 1957____________________ 1956____________________ 1955____________________ 1954____________________ 27 weeks or more 25.9 22.5 24.9 24.3 22.0 22.4 21.8 20.0 20.4 28. 4 23. 6 26. 0 26. 2 23. 0 23. 8 21. 6 21.5 24. 0 Since the peak of the 1957 cycle (on a seasonally adjusted basis), nonwhites have consistently had a higher proportion of their total unemployment concentrated in the group out of work 15 weeks or more than have the white unemployed (chart 1). In the 1957-59 cycle, after seasonal adjustment, unemployment among both whites and nonwhites rose by about 70 percent between the third quarter of 1957 (prerecession peak) and the second quarter of 1958 (recession trough). (See chart 2.) During the downturn phase of the most recent cycle (1960-62), the number of jobless white and non white workers both increased by similar propor tions from prerecession peak to the recession trough—up 30 and 25 percent, respectively. In the upturn of the 1957-59 cycle (four quarters after the trough had been reached), differences in the rate of decline in unemployment among whites and nonwhites were not significant. There was, however, a relatively sharper drop in the rates for whites in the 1961-62 recovery period. During Chart 1. Unemployment 1 5 Weeks or More as Percent of Total Unemployment, by Color, 1 955-62 [Seasonally adjusted quarterly averages; semilog scale] PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED N ote : The quarters indicated as peaks or troughs (P and T, respectively, in the chart) include the months designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research as the turning points in the general business cycle. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 785 ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62 Chart 2. Unemployment Rates, by Color, 1955-62 [Seasonally adjusted q uarterly averages; semilog scale] this later period, whites recorded a 25-percent decline in joblessness, compared with only a 10percent dip among nonwhites. By the subsequent quarter, however, the improvement from the trough was about the same for both groups. In every year since 1956, a higher proportion of nonwhite than white persons were working at part-time jobs. In 1962, 21 per cent of all employed nonwhites, compared with 14 percent of all white workers, were working less than 35 hours a week; however, the rate of “eco nomic part time” continued to be three times as high for non whites as for white workers—10 per cent of total nonwhite employment as compared with 3 percent of total white employment (table 6). In 1962, as in previous years, nonwhites accounted for about one-fourth of all nonfarm P a r t-T im e E m p lo ym en t. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers on part time for economic reasons while constituting only 10 percent of nonagricultural employment. Non white workers in 1962 accounted for 16 percent of those on reduced workweeks because of economic reasons (such as slack work and material shortages), while comprising 35 percent of those on part time because they were unable to find full-time jobs. This latter category is likely to have a high proportion of young workers and adult women, many of whom are employed in private household and other service occupations. The proportion of nonwhite workers on part time for economic reasons has risen significantly over the past 6 years, while that of white workers has remained about the same. On the other hand, the entire rise in voluntary part-time em ployment was among white workers. 786 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T a ble 7. C iv il ia n L a bor F orce P a rtic ipatio n R a t e s , b y A ge , C olor , and S e x , 1948, 1955, a n d 1962 White Age and sex 1962 1955 Nonwhite 1948 1962 1955 1948 Both sexes.................................... 56.1 57.1 56.7 60.0 61.9 63.5 M ale_________________ 78.6 82.8 84.2 76.4 81.8 84.8 14 to 19 years_______________ 20 to 24 years........... ................. 25 to 34 years_______________ 35 to 44 years_______________ 45 to 54 years_______________ 55 to 64 years__________ ____ 65 years and over................... . 40.8 86.5 97.4 97.9 96.0 86.7 30.6 45.6 86.5 97.8 98.3 96.7 88.4 39.5 50.7 84.4 96.0 98.0 95.9 89.6 46.6 38.4 89.3 95.3 94.5 92.2 81.5 27.2 48.8 89.7 95.8 96.2 94.2 83.1 40.0 58.4 85.6 95.3 97.2 94.6 88.4 50.3 Female_______________ 35.6 33.7 30.6 45.6 44.4 44.4 14 to 19 years............................... 20 to 24 years............................. 25 to 34 years_______________ 35 to 44 years_______________ 45 to 54 years_______________ 55 to 64 years............................... 65 years and over....................... 29.7 47.1 34.1 42.2 48.9 38.0 9.8 30.5 45.8 32.8 39.9 42.7 31.8 10.5 32.8 45.1 31.3 35.1 33.3 23.3 8.6 24.0 48.6 52.0 59.7 60.5 46.1 12.2 25.3 46.7 51.3 56.0 54.8 40.7 12.1 30.4 47.1 50.6 53.2 51.1 37.6 17.3 The difference in the proportion of white and nonwhite workers who work at year-round full time jobs is appreciable. Only one-half of non white men compared with two-thirds of white men with work experience were reported to have worked steadily at full-time jobs in 1961.5 This difference has persisted since the late 1940’s when such data first became available. During the postwar period, nonwhite women made sizable gains in full-time year-round jobholding, while the proportion of white women in this category remained relatively stable. This improvement among nonwhite women has resulted in part from their shift away from farm occupa tions—jobs where work schedules tend to be unstable. In 1961, there were proportionately almost as many nonwhite as white women with full-time year-round jobs (32 and 38 percent, respectively). L abor Force P a rtic ip a tio n . A salient development in labor force activity of nonwhite workers in recent years has been the sharp decline in labor force participation rates of teenage boys and older men (table 7). In 1962, rates for nonwhites in these groups were below those of white men in the same ages. The especially sharp decline for non whites continued a secular trend, including the long-term decline in agriculture, increased years of schooling, and liberalized retirement programs— developments which have also affected whites greatly in recent years. During the 1950’s, at least 70 percent of the net migration from farms consisted of young people https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis under 20 or who reached 20 during the decade.6 In general, farm youth, whether in or out of school, tend to be an integral part of the farm labor force. Their rates of labor force participation are usually higher than those of nonfarm youngsters of the same ages. In view of the continuing decline in the proportion of nonwhites employed in agricul ture between 1955 and 1962, it is reasonable to assume that many of these young farm leavers were non white. A sharp rise in the number of youngsters enrolled in school, as well as unusually high jobless rates which have prevailed in recent years among nonwhite teenagers, may have contributed to their drop in participation. Participation rates of both white and nonwhite older men (65 and over) dropped very significantly between 1955 and 1962-—down about 9 and 13 percentage points, respectively. Probably because of the trend toward earlier retirement, participa tion has also been declining (although to a much smaller extent) among men 55 to 64 years of age, with the nonwhites again showing sharper declines. Among men in the central age group 25 to 64 years, where participation rates tend to be the highest, nonwhite men continued to have some what lower rates than whites. This may be due to a higher incidence of disabling illness and injury among nonwhite men, associated with their concen tration in manual, more hazardous occupations.7 Non white women historically have participated in the labor force in greater proportions than white women. The postwar rise in labor force partici pation rates of adult women has occurred both 8 See “ Work Experience of the Population in 1961,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1962, pp. 1347-1358. 8 See Current and Foreseeable Trends in Rural Population, paper presented by Calvin L. Beale, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agri culture, at the 40th Agricultural Outlook Conference, Washington, N ov. 14, 1962. 7 See Current Population Reports, Employment of White and Nonwhite Persons: 1955 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-50, No. 66, p. 2. T a b l e 8. M e d i a n F a m i l y I n c o m e , b y C o l o r , 1948-61 Year White Non white Non white as percent of white 1948___ 1949___ 1950___ 1951___ 1952___ 1953___ 1954___ $3,310 3,232 3,445 3,859 4,114 4,392 4,339 $1,768 1,650 1,869 2,032 2,338 2, 461 2,410 53.4 51.1 54.3 52.7 56.8 56.0 55.5 Year White 1955....... $4,605 1956___ 4,993 1957....... 5,166 1958___ 5,300 1959___ 5,643 1960___ 5,835 1961___ 5,981 Non Non white white as percent of white $2, 549 2,628 2,764 2,711 2,917 3,233 3,191 55.4 52.6 53.5 51.2 51.7 55.4 53.4 S ource : Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Persons in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, Nos. 6-39. 787 ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62 T a b l e 9. T otal M o ney I ncome o p F a m ilies , 1948, 1955, and 1961 C olor , by [Percent distribution] 1948 1955 1961 Fam ily income White Non white White Non white White Non white All income classes. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under $3,000......... .......... $3,000 to $4,999................. $5,000 to $9,999................ $10,000 and over.............. 18.6 19.4 44.7 17.1 47.5 24.4 22.8 5.6 25.7 30.3 36.6 6.5 57.3 28.3 13.7 .6 42.6 35.2 19.1 3.1 78.1 16.3 5.3 .4 Median income_______ $5,981 $3,191 $4,605 $2,549 $3,310 $1,768 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not equal 100. Source : Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Persons in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, Nos. 6, 24, and 39 among white and nonwhite women. Despite these changes, only about two-fifths of all white women 25 to 64 were in the labor force in 1962, compared with nearly three-fifths of nonwhite women of the same ages. Income and Education In com e. Non whites tend to have a somewhat larger number of wage earners per family unit and higher rates of labor force participation than whites, which tend to reduce white-nonwhite in come differentials. Partially offsetting this is the relatively high concentration of nonwhites in agri culture, where income received in kind is excluded. Family income is nevertheless a useful criterion of socioeconomic wellbeing since many expenditure patterns relate to the family unit as a separate entity. The average (median) income of both white and non white families has increased quite sub stantially in dollar amounts during the past two decades. Very notable income advances by non whites were made particularly diming World War II and the early postwar period as a result of wartime induced shortages of unskilled workers and governmental action designed to raise the income level of lower paid workers. The family income of nonwhites climbed from less than 40 percent of white family income in 1939 to nearly 60 percent in the early 1950’s. Although since then nonwhites have continued to raise their money income, they have failed to bring about a s See Herman P. Miller, “Is the Income Gap Closed? No!” York Times Magazine, November 11,1962, pp. 50-58. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The New further narrowing of income differentials between the two groups. In fact, on a relative basis, nonwhite family income as a percent of white family income has shown little change since 195253 (table 8). This phenomenon seems to be due to the fact that during the past decade, profes sional, technical, and managerial workers (where nonwhites are still very underrepresented) showed much larger relative income gains (up nearly 70 percent) than workers at the lower rung of the occupational skill ladder (where nonwhites are still disproportionately concentrated). The in comes of laborers and service workers rose by only 40 percent during this same period, com pared with an increase of about 180 percent during the forties.8 In 1948, nearly 8 of every 10 non white families had money incomes of less than $3,000. (See table 9.) This proportion had dropped to 6 out of 10 by 1955 and to 5 out of 10 by 1961, but it was about 2% times the proportion of white families in this relatively low income category. Since 1955, the proportion of nonwhite families in the $5,000 to $10,000 category had increased by approximately one-half (to 23 percent), but was still well below the comparable proportion of white families in that category (45 percent). At the upper end of the income scale—$10,000 or more—6 percent of nonwhite families were in this group in 1961, in sharp contrast to their negligible proportion in 1948 and 1955 (about 0.5 percent in both years). Despite recent employment gains made by nonwhites, which is reflected by their movement into higher money income groups, a substantial gap continues to exist, with propor tionately three times as many white families in the $10,000 or more bracket. T a b l e 10. M e d i a n I n c o m e o f F a m i l i e s i n 1961, b y C o l o r a n d E d u c a t io n a l A t t a in m e n t o f F a m il y H e a d Years of school completed Total White Nonwhite Nonwhite as percent of white Elementary...... .................... $4,074 3, 279 4, 772 $4,378 3,656 4,911 $2,539 2, 294 3,338 58.0 62.7 68.0 High school.......................... 6,032 5, 644 6,302 6,186 5,882 6,390 3,863 3, 449 4,559 62.4 58.6 71.3 8,210 7,250 9, 264 8,288 7,344 9,315 6,444 5, 525 7,875 77.8 75.2 84.5 Less than 8 years_____________ 8 years.......................................... 1 to 3 years_____ _____________ 4 years_______________________ C o lle g e ................... . . .. 1 to 3 years..................................... . 4 years or more_______________ Source : Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1961 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, No. 39. 788 Very large strides have been made during the past two decades in reducing the persistent educational gap between nonwhite and white persons. By 1962, the average white person 25 to 29 years of age had completed 12.5 years of schooling, compared with 11.2 years of schooling completed by the average nonwhite person in the same age bracket.9 For nonwhite men, this represented a gain of some 4% years of school since 1940; for whites, the average gain was 2 years. This narrowing of the educational gap during the postwar period can be largely attributed to the rising proportion of nonwhite youngsters who have been enrolled in school. At the elementary school level, the differential has been markedly reduced. But at the high school level, despite some narrowing of differentials during this period, the percentage of nonwhites attending school falls appreciably below that of whites. E d u ca tio n a l A tta in m e n t. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Since the mid-1950’s, however, the gap has essentially remained the same, with both groups showing a rise of about 1 full year in median school years completed, which departs from pre vious longrun trends. Recent income data by color and educational attainment of the head of the family also support conclusions found in other studies 10 that the income gap between whites and nonwhites is not completely closed even when educational levels of both groups increase (table 10). However, the differential is substantially reduced at the college level, with the family income of nonwhite college graduates in 1961 about 85 percent of that of white college graduates. 8 See “ Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962,” pp. 504-515 of the Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1963. See Herman P. Miller, Income of the American People (New York, John W iley & Sons, Inc., 1955), pp. 42-48; and Current Population Reports, Income of Families and, Persons in the United States: 1956 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, No. 27, pp. 10-11. 10 Labor Ministers’ Conference on the Alliance for Progress E d i t o r ’ s N o t e .— This article presents excerpts, with some minor style changes, from the final report of the first Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor on the Alliance for Progress, which met in Bogota, Colombia, May 6-11, 1963, and excerpts from the speech made at the conference by Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz, who headed the U.S. delegation. The conference, called by the Council of the Organization of American States at the suggestion of the Colombian representative on the Council, was attended by representatives of the Ministry of Labor of every country in the OAS except Haiti, and most of the delegations included representatives of labor unions. Final Report of the Conference Background. The “ Declaration to the Peoples of Amer ica,” which was approved at Punta del Este in August 1961, indicated, as one of the goals of the Alliance for Progress, the following: “To assure fair and satisfactory working conditions to all our workers; to establish efficient systems of labor-management relations and procedures for consultation and cooperation among government author ities, employers’ associations, and trade unions in the interests of social and economic development.” Resolution A—10 of the First Annual Meeting of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council at the Ministerial Level (Mexico City, October 22-27, 1962), states: “Since the Alliance for Progress is an unprecedented procedure of joint action intended to solve the basic problems of the Latin American people, it is essential that new elements be included in the agencies charged with carrying it out; it is admitted th at popular support for all the aspects of the program of the Alliance be the surest guarantee of its success.” Accordingly, the following agenda of the Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor on the Alliance for Progress was adopted by the Council of the Organization of American States: 1. The participation of the Ministers of Labor in the formulation and carrying out of national plans and programs of economic and social development. 2. The participation of workers in national plans for economic and social development. Declaration and Recommendations. The Ministers of La bor, after careful examination and debate of the issues and problems relating to the two agenda items, have reached a consensus and wish to set forth the following principles and recommendations: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D e c l a r a t i o n a n d P r i n c i p l e s . [Editor’s Note.—The statement of principles is known as the Declaration of Cundinimarca, since Bogotá is located in the Colombian Department of Cundinimarca.] 1. The Alliance for Progress is an alliance by and for the peoples of the Americas; it is essential that the Ministers of Labor and the democratic trade unions play an active role at the national and inter-American level in order to achieve more rapidly and effectively the objectives of the Alliance. 2. Since the adoption of the Charter of Punta del Este, unquestionable advances have been scored in the social sphere. The Latin American governments have pushed forward particularly in the field of tax and agrarian reform, low-cost housing programs, and educational plans. Never theless, serious problems still remain in achieving the basic objectives of the Alliance and these must be overcome with maximum speed. 3. In order to achieve continuing progress and to launch and evolve well-conceived economic and social policies with the active participation of the broad masses, effective measures should be adopted so that the benefits of economic advance can be translated into a steady improvement of the real income of workers and a more equitable distribu tion of the national income. 4. One of the main obstacles to the achievement of the goals of the Alliance is the marked deterioration of the terms of trade for Latin America’s basic export products, the progressive limitations imposed on Latin America’s access to world markets, and the continued fluctuations in export prices. These are fundamental obstacles; they create unemployment and induce wage reductions; they reduce government revenues and the ability to finance urgent social reforms and they make the execution of long-term planning practically impossible. Financial aid and trade policy must be integrated, and the measures envisaged in the Charter of Punta del Este must continue to be implemented at the inter-American or international level to stabilize Latin America’s foreign exchange earn ings. In this way, the fruits of Latin American labor can be translated into accelerated industrialization, the creation of new employment opportunities, higher wages and better working conditions, and a greater degree of well-being and social stability. 5. It is recognized th at these measures should be adopted, and that the volume of external financing for Latin American economic and social development should be maintained at an adequate level, in accordance with the provisions contained in the Declaration to the Peoples of America. 6. There can be no effective economic and social de velopment planning unless the legitimate rights of labor are recognized and the aspirations of the workers are expressed in terms of concrete achievements involving wages, employment, working conditions, social security, health, housing, and education. 789 790 7. In all these tasks, the ministries of labor have a vital role to play. They are a part of the social conscience of the governments and they are the public agencies that can mobilize and prepare the indispensable human re sources. They are also the mechanism through which the participation of the workers in the efforts toward and the benefits of progress are assured. 8. In order to obtain greater popular participation and support, it is deemed desirable to strengthen the multi lateral nature of the Alliance mechanisms and to study the possibilities of adjusting the structure of these mech anisms to the specific regional and even national conditions within the Latin American area. R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . Taking into consideration the decla rations and principles adopted, the Conference Recommends: 1. That ministries of labor not limit themselves to technical matters, but should promote social policies in accordance with the objectives of the Alliance for Progress. 2. That in the execution of all programs by the minis tries of labor, priority be given to the development of human resources and their full utilization. 3. That ministries of labor participate actively in formulating and implementing economic and social de velopment plans in coordination with the activities of other agencies in their respective fields and collaborate with the international organizations. To this end, planning units will be established within the ministries of labor. 4. That standing committees representing both labor and management be established to advise the ministries of labor on all programs related to economic and social development, thereby ensuring the active participation of workers in the planning and implementation of such programs. 5. That labor legislation, and in particular minimum wage systems, be accompanied by an effective system of inspection th at would guarantee compliance and enable the workers to share in the benefits of economic develop ment. 6. That labor, management, and government be repre sented in the setting of minimum wages 7. That government, management, and labor organiza tions assume their primary responsibility for the training of the labor force. The ministries of labor should see that training is available to all workers, organized and unorganized, in both rural and urban areas, and especially to the great mass of unemployed and underemployed workers. 8. That on-the-job training be encouraged. 9. That training be provided in accordance with a program carefully adjusted to both the present needs and the projected future needs of the country. That the Council of the Organization of American States make representations before the agencies that administer Alliance for Progress funds, for technical and financial assistance for the Inter-American Vocational Train ing, Information, and Research Center (CINTERFOR) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 and for national vocational training institutions. 10. That ministries of labor establish employment services to assist workers in finding suitable employment, and employers in finding best qualified workers, and to disseminate information on labor needs and employment opportunities. 11. That the ministries of labor of the Latin American countries intensify their statistical research activities and endeavor to establish a body of basic data, through standardized methods of compilation, preparation, and presentation, that will make it possible to record labor statistics more accurately and will facilitate the dynamic evaluation of problems arising from economic and social development. 12. That consideration be given to the establishment of a regional pilot project for labor statistics. That the activities of Inter-American Labor Ministers’ Conference, which has headquarters in Santiago, Chile, be expanded to include research, training, and the comparative study of labor statistics systems. 13. That ministries of labor seek to speed the adoption, extension, and improvement of social security systems. 14. That plans for social security systems be integrated with national plans for economic and social development. 15. That international technical assistance resources be expanded in the field of social security, and that increased support be furnished to the Inter-American Center for Social Security Studies, with headquarters in Mexico City, sponsored by the Inter-American Social Security Institute and the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. 16. That organizations concerned with carrying out the Alliance for Progress be asked to facilitate financial assist ance for constructing and equipping of social security hospitals, and to provide technical and financial assistance for social security programs, especially those of preventive medicine. 17. That the member states of the Organization of American States collaborate in the creation of a technical consultation center for research, planning, and training for personnel of the ministries of labor. The proposed center would direct studies on a wide range of subjects in the labor field, both national and international; it would serve as consultant on promotion of cooperation among the member states in this field and would furnish direct technical assistance on such matters to the countries at their request. That the Council of the Organization of American States be asked to request that the International Labor Organization, in consultation with the other ap propriate international agencies, prepare draft bylaws for the center, together with a draft plan for financing it, which shall be submitted to the ministers of labor of the member states 30 days before the next meeting of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council and included in the agenda of that meeting. 18. That the ministries of labor formulate clearly and precisely the objectives of their labor policy within plans for economic and social development, and attem pt to make them as uniform as possible; and that this policy be formulated in consultation with organizations representing the sectors concerned. INTER-AMERICAN LABOR MINISTERS’ CONFERENCE 19. That labor programs formulated by ministries of labor in consultation with the sectors concerned establish an appropriate policy designed to strengthen democratic trade unionism, minimum wages, social assistance, social security systems, collective bargaining, employment, vo cational training, and services for the recreation and cultural improvement of the workers; and promote the institutional and legal reforms necessary to achieve the desired goals. 20. That members of the Organization of American States should endeavor to harmonize their labor and social security legislation in such a manner th at the rights of the workers will be uniformly protected throughout the area of the member countries. 21. That Alliance economic and technical assistance be provided for social welfare programs aimed a t improving the living conditions of marginal sectors of the society not included in the wage-earning sector. 22. That a technical meeting be held, on the level of directors of government planning agencies, to exchange information and experience, with particular attention to the social aspects of development, especially the utiliza tion of human resources and the specific problems directly or indirectly affecting the labor sector. 23. That the ministries of labor be duly represented on their countries, delegations to the annual meetings of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council. 24. That the Inter-American Economic and Social Council create a seventh special committee to deal spe cifically with labor matters. 25. That periodic meetings of the Ministers of Labor be held for the purpose of improving and providing con tinuity for inter-American activities in the social field, proposing specific social goals and how and when they shall be attained within the terms of the Charter of Punta del Este. 26. That participation by the workers in the formula tion, execution, and evaluation of national development programs include the representatives of democratic trade unions in the collaboration of such programs. 27. That the national governments recognize th at the full and active participation of labor in all stages of national planning and in their development efforts is an important element in securing for their plans the full support of the Alliance and related international agencies. 28. That the member countries of the Alliance, through their representatives on the Inter-American Economic and Social Council, provide th at one of the criteria for evalua tion of national development programs shall be th at such plans be prepared in effective consultation with the repre sentatives of the democratic trade union organizations and implemented with their participation. 29. That trade union freedom, guaranteed interna tionally by the rules embodied in Conventions 87 and 98 of the International Labor Organization, including the right of association, the right to bargain collectively, and the right to strike, be considered as the essential basis for securing for workers an effective role in national develop ment activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 791 30. That labor legislation be revised to assure trade union organizations the right of complete freedom and independence. 31. That trade union education preferably be entrusted to the trade union organizations themselves in cooperation with national and international agencies. 32. That the governments of Latin America recognize the same rights for agricultural workers th at legislation guarantees other labor sectors, especially their right to free trade union organization. 33. That governments make available specialized train ing for agricultural workers, in such manner as to assure them participation in the benefits of economic and social development. 34. The promotion of cooperatives, including such fields as housing, production, distribution, credit, transporta tion, and consumption, which would greatly contribute to accelerated development and the strengthening of the role of the people as producers and consumers. Ministries of labor should view as a basic part of their task the en couragement of cooperative activities by workers in col laboration with other national and international agencies. A fundamental part of this effort is the assistance to train ing activities designed to build a corps of qualified ad ministrators of cooperatives, and the implementation of other measures of technical assistance. 35. That workers’ banks be developed to promote savings by that sector, satisfy their credit needs, protect them against usury, and enable them to participate di rectly in the development process. Most of the capital of such banks should be owned by workers without prejudicing the use of funds obtained from national and international sources. 36. That the provision of adequate financial facilities should be promoted with respect to amortization terms and interest rates for workers’ housing. 37. That national and municipal governments facilitate the acquisition of land for workers’ housing. 38. That programs of housing and related public services for workers be undertaken in the centers of economic activity. 39. The Conference, fully aware of the vital importance of the deterioration in the terms of trade and of its direct relationship to the standard of living of the workers of Latin America, takes note of the draft resolution presented by the Delegation of Colombia and, recognizing th at it deals with a technical subject which is the primary re sponsibility of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council, transmits the said draft resolution to the next meeting of the IA-ECOSOC for consideration in regard to the aspects therein referring to the deterioration in the terms of trade, and especially since it is consistent with point 4 of the Declaration of Cundinamarca. Therefore: The Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor on the Alliance for Progress requests of the Council of the Organization of American States that these recommendations be transmitted to the next meeting of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council. In witness whereof, the Chairmen of the Delegations of the American States accredited to this Inter-American 792 Conference of Ministers of Labor on the Alliance for Progress, sign1 the Spanish text of this Final Report, in Bogotá, Republic of Colombia, on the eleventh day of May, one thousand nine hundred sixty-three. Speech by Secretary Wirtz Social progress, even at the revolutionary rate to which our nations have committed us, may nonetheless seem plodding to the mass of men once their hopes have been aroused. Our concern as labor ministers is not only to provide leadership in the establishment of human and progressive social policies, but equally to see to it th at once adopted, such policies are carried out. This task is not always a glamorous one, but it has begun, and we can take pride in the beginning th at has been made. The findings of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council on the accomplishments of the first year of the program, set forth in Mexico City last year, are that self-help in the Americas has received strong impetus, that comprehensive programs of agrarian reform and agricul tural developments have been initiated, th at substantial improvements have been made in the administration of taxation, and th at expenditures devoted to education and the improvement of human resources have increased. The start on a vast expansion of housing for low-income families, through a broad program of credit facilities, technical assistance, and specific building projects, the contributions of the Social Progress Trust Fund, the ad vances in the field of public health, water, and sewerage are all specific actions toward the goals of the Alliance. The conclusion of an International Coffee Agreement and moves toward closer economic ties through the Latin American Free Trade Association are of the first impor tance. During the year, the flow of external public funds increased and almost all of the Latin American countries had established, or were preparing to establish, planning agencies whose work could improve the technical levels of plans submitted for outside financing and insure an even greater speedup in the rate of availability of capital. But major problems still lie ahead. The rate of growth during the first year of the program was below the objective set at Punta del Este. The goals of eliminating illiteracy and increasing life expectancy and building more low-cost housing are still long-range goals. The increased avail ability of public capital funds has not been matched in the private sphere, a sphere which is crucial to the achievement of the jobs and production so essential for improved levels of income and living. The pace of underlying changes necessary for the achievement of a new order must not be allowed to lag and in many cases must be speeded up. Our concern is particularly with those aspects of the program which permit the fullest effective use of the trade union organizations. I trust that it will not appear presumptuous to suggest several propositions in a form dictated more by the de sirability of discussion than by the interests of caution. 1. I propose that La Alianza para el Progreso adopt the permanent view that investment in human beings is the very first priority in this decade of development. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 All of the investment we may make in physical resources will come to little, and may indeed be wasted, if it does not at the same time lead to improvement in the quality of human resources. I would propose, for instance, th at it be a routine requirement that any capital improvement program financed under the Alliance be accompanied by an on-thejob training program that will add to the human as well as the physical capital of the nation concerned. I suggest our careful consideration at this meeting of the proposals which have been made for the creation of regional institutes to which key technicians and trainers might go for underlying technical training that will be of use in their own countries. It may well be that regional training institutes would lead to the coordination of national development plans on a regional basis. I mention particularly the major need for high-level, and middle-level, manpower to perform the tasks at hand. Shortages a t these levels create a major limitation on the development of new enterprises, and limit the creation of jobs and realization of the goal of growth. 2. The responsible trade unions must be made integral agencies in the development of the Alliance program. Four weeks ago, the Department of Social Affairs of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States received a report from a distinguished group of labor leaders, drawn from our countries and from abroad, which began with these words: We wish to make it emphatically clear at the very outset of these observations th at we found no evidence that organized labor is participating, or even being consulted in a meaningful way, in national economic and social development planning and programming in the countries we visited. The declared intent of the Alliance for Progress, in this regard, is being ignored. 1 Although the Minister of Labor of Brazil, Almino Affonso, signed the report, he appended the following “ explanation” of his vote: “ Reaffirmining its general statement and the proposals it has presented, the Delegation of Brazil considers the results of the Alliance for Progress unsatis factory and, above all, disagrees with the approach being taken in assistance. It is understood that the fundamental problem of Latin America is that of underdevelopment and it w ill only be possible to solve it by structural reforms and massive investments, of a minimum level of $2 billion a year, as pro claimed in the Declaration to the Peoples of America, to enable the countries of Latin America to industrialize and assure them greater productivity from the land, with due regard for the nationalist character of their process of de velopment. There is an urgent need to reformulate the Alliance for Progress by decentralizing, within the jurisdicational sphere of each country, the organs of the Agency for International Development, and guarantee the workers effective participation in the decisions through representatives freely designated by trade unions. “ As to specific proposals, whether of a social or technical nature, that will assure the participation of Ministers of Labor and of the workers in formulating, carrying out, and receiving the benefits of national economic and social development plans, the Delegation of Brazil believes that, no matter how excellent they may be, they will probably encounter some insurmount able obstacle: the shortage or total lack of human resources, materials, and above all, of financing, that will make impossible their realization. This deficiency of resources—that justifies the fact that our countries have not, up to now, supported the measures so praised—is a symptom of the structural situation of Latin American underdevelopment and therefore, strengthens the reservations the Brazilian Delegation has in approving this document. “ This criticism arises from the deep conviction that only through progress can a true alliance of the peoples of America be forged.” INTER-AMERICAN LABOR MINISTERS’ CONFERENCE I t is already the declared intent of the Alliance for Prog ress to provide "procedures for consultation and coopera tion among government authorities, employer associations, and trade unions in the interests of social and economic development.” There is nothing to be accomplished sim ply by reasserting those principles. The issue before us is how those principles will be put into effect. I therefore propose that this Conference call upon the Inter-American Economic and Social Council to require that in the review of any National Development Program, the committee inquire into the question of whether the program has been developed with th at degree of consulta tion and collaboration which will meet the objectives of the Alliance, namely th at it move forth in concert with the free democratic trade unions of the Americas. A program which does not meet this requirement simply ought not be approved. I hope th at we can talk a t this Conference about the possibility of further experiment along lines illustrated by the establishment in my country—not by the government, but under trade union auspices, with the support of en lightened employer interests—of the Institute for Free Labor Development. This institute results from a strictly trade union project of help to other unions in the hemi sphere. It permitted union leaders to receive expert aid in carrying out leadership jobs in their own unions. Once trained, they could train their own colleagues. From train ing in self-help came the additional idea of a properly con tinuing effort. I t covered housing, ownership, and active participation in community life. This truly demonstrates th at once all segments of our national life are brought into a program, new and workable ideas result. 3. A larger development of the role of cooperatives will per mit that broader degree of participation in the Alliance pro gram which is necessary to assure its maximum achievement. The Charter of Punta del Este recognizes the role th at cooperatives should play in achieving the goals of the Alliance. The role of cooperatives in the Alliance for Progress effort should not be limited, however, to applying for financing to carry out much needed social and economic improvements. The ministries of labor can play a decisive role in the encouragement and the development of activi ties that cooperatives, particularly under trade union auspices, can undertake in support of the Alliance. 4. Better procedures must be established for finding and reporting the specific facts of the unmet needs of the Americas. Where resources are limited, they must be carefully used to get at the root problems instead of being wasted on what are only the manifestations of these difficulties. Ministries of labor must develop skills for making com plete and comprehensive analyses of manpower resources and needs. Systematic assessments or surveys are needed to identify both the critical shortages of skilled manpower in each major sector of the economy and the reasons for the shortages. A thorough manpower survey will also identify surpluses of manpower. This type of analysis must be qualitative as well as quantitative and based upon that wise judgment which keeps precise data from creating a false sense of accuracy. 6 9 0 -7 8 3 — 63------- 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 793 With this analysis at hand, the country’s planners can then consider a strategy of human resource development. This responsibility is worthy of the highest skills which labor ministries can command. 5. Labor ministries must exert leadership in the development, maintenance, and strengthening of fair labor standards that are feasible in the light of the development of the country or of the various segments of its economy. In the early stages of the industrial revolution in Europe and in the United States, little heed was given to labor standards. This mistake must not be repeated in the economic development process taking place in the 20th century. Great vigilance in labor ministries needs to be exercised in the promotion of labor standards, particularly those relating to health, safety, and the special problems of such groups as women workers, older workers, younger workers, migratory workers, and handicapped people. A social insurance system, commensurate in scope with the country’s state of development, is an important accom paniment of the development process. There need be no conflict between a sound labor standards program and a program for economic progress. Such standards must of necessity be geared to the ability of a country to pay for them and to enforce them equitably. 6. The progress we seek depends on a careful and constant balancing of the values of growth and of stability. If the governments of this hemisphere mean what they have said at Punta del Este, in ILO conferences, and in individual pronouncements, there must be a rise in workers’ real income as an accompaniment to, and a result of, industrial development. While, at the same time, there are some stages of social development in which high wages increase the attainment of higher economic goals, in others, they merely add to inflationary pressures. I t is the role of the Labor Minister to provide leadership in promoting a balance between these two factors, keeping in mind the given circumstances of developing in each country. The major element that emerges from a review of achievements of the Alliance to date is the importance of imagination in the development of new ideas and ways of achieving social breakthroughs. Just as the job of administration requires the combined resources of all groups within nations, so this mobilization requires a widespread willingness to accept new ideas. The builder must be willing to accept the imagination of the designer and architect; the legislator must be willing to accept land reform, an effective minimum wage, a nonpolitical civil service, and effective administration of taxes; the technician and the planner must be willing to listen to the advice and counsel of trade unionists; and the banker and the industrialist must be willing to plan mass production at price levels within the reach of large groups of new consumers. Thus we are embarked on enterprises not only of the greatest complexity, but also of the highest purpose. La Alianza para el Progreso has brought us together in these enterprises as never before, and I count that fact one of the great sources of our strength. Summaries of Studies and Reports Announcement of the 1964 Revision of the CPI with its January 1964 report (to appear near the end of February), the Bureau of Labor Statistics will issue an updated and improved Consumer Price Index, based on prices in an up-to-date sample of cities, retail stores, and service establishments. The list of consumer goods and services for which prices are obtained will also be modernized and the index will be calculated with expenditure weights which reflect spending patterns for urban wage earner and clerical consumers in 1960-61. The updated index will be issued as a continuation of the previously published series, thus providing an uninterrupted series of price indexes for users interested in observing price changes over a con siderable period. For the convenience of users, the Bureau will also continue to publish the CPI on its present, unrevised basis for the months of January through June 1964. These figures will be designated as the “old series” and the updated indexes will be called the “new series.” The base period will remain 1957-59 = 100, although the indexes will also be published on the 1947-49 base. A significant change in the index will be an extension of coverage, now limited to families of two or more persons, to include single persons, to make it more representative of the total urban wage and clerical-worker population. A U.S. index covering only wage-earner and clericalworker families of two or more persons will also be published, as in the past, for the convenience of those who prefer to adhere to the more limited index. Present plans do not call for calculation of a separate index for single persons. Both the total index covering all urban wage and clerical workers and that for families alone will be joined to the current index as of December 1963 to form continuous series. B e g in n in g 794 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Derivation of the expenditure weights for the revised index has not yet been completed, but preliminary examination of the expenditure data shows that food will have considerably less im portance in the new index, while weights for housing and transportation will be relatively larger. These changes represent shifts in con sumer spending habits in the decade since the earlier expenditure surveys from which the current index weights were derived. The national index will be obtained by combining city indexes with weights based on the 1960 Census of Population. The revised city sample, beginning January 1964, will contain 50 metropolitan areas and cities selected to represent all urban places in the United States including Alaska and Hawaii. It provides an up-to-date geographic representation of the total urban population. Six additional large cities will be included in 1966. City Indexes The Bureau’s program provides for publication of city indexes only for the largest metropolitan areas as outlined below and summarized in table 1. A. Updated indexes for 14 large metropolitan areas now included in the present index will be published beginning in 1964 for families and single consumers combined. The old series for families in these cities will be continued for the 6-month overlap period through June 1964. B. Indexes will be initiated for three metropolitan areas which are not now included in the Consumer Price Index—Buffalo, Dallas, and Honolulu.1 These will be added to the national index and separate city indexes for families and single consumers combined will be published. C. Six other cities will be added to the national index early in 1966, as soon as expenditure surveys are com pleted to obtain comprehensive weight data and pricing can be established on the new list of items. Four of these cities—Cincinnati, Houston, Kansas City, and Minne apolis—are represented in the present index, but will not be included in the updated national index during 1964 and 1965. Meanwhile, these four city indexes will be 1 Under provisions of special legislation, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also publishes in a separate release semiannual price indexes for four Alaskan cities. Prices will be obtained in one of these—Anchorage—on a quarterly cycle for inclusion in the revised national CPI. 795 ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE 1964 REVISION OF THE CPI continued for families alone, calculated from the present T a b l e 2. G r o u p a n d S u b g r o u p I n d e x e s o f the samples of stores and commodities and present expendi C o n su m e r P rice I n d e x B e g in n in g J a n u a r y 1964 ture weights. Indexes for the two other cities—San [Indexes not previously published are italicized] Diego and Milwaukee—will not be available until 1966. D. Two cities—Portland (Oreg.), and Scranton—for Groups and subgroups Comments which city indexes have been published, did not fall in the revised national sample of cities. Consumer price indexes All items for these two cities will be discontinued as of April and Food Food at home May 1964, respectively. Thus, city indexes on the new base will be available for 17 cities in 1964 and 1965 and for 4 cities on the old base. Beginning in 1966, separate city indexes will be published on the new basis as part of the national index for 23 cities. Housing Shelter Rent Component Indexes The updated index will introduce a number of changes in the list of published group and sub group indexes. Three subgroups presently pub lished will be discontinued—housefurnishings, household operation, and other apparel. The apparel component has been redefined to include laundry and dry cleaning of apparel, which were formerly included in household operation. Re vised apparel indexes reflecting this redefinition T a b l e 1. S t a t u s o f C it y C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x e s , Ja n uar y 1964 to Metropolitan area Pricing cycle A . Cities included in both present and revised CPI. Atlanta................... Baltimore_______ Boston__________ Chicago_________ Cleveland_______ Detroit..... .............. Los Angeles........... New York_______ Philadelphia_____ Pittsburgh______ St. Louis________ San Francisco____ Seattle__________ Washington, D .C . Mar., June, Sept., Dec. Do. Jan., Apr., July, Oct. M onthly. Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov. M onthly. Do. Do. Do. Jan., April, July, Oct. Mar., June, Sept., Dec. Do. Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov. Do. Buffalo__________ Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov. Dallas__________ Do. Honolulu................ Mar., June, Sept., Dec. C. Cities to be added in 1966.. C incinnati1........... Do. Houston 1_______ Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov. Kansas C ity 1____ Jan., Apr., July, Oct. Minneapolis 1____ Do. San Diego_______ N ot yet known. Milwaukee......... . Do. D . Cities to be dropped in early 1964. Portland (Oreg.).. Jan., Apr., July, Oct. S c r a n to n .._____ Feb., M ay, Aug., N ov. 1 Will be published on old basis during 1964 and 1965. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Available for cities; previously pub lished for U.S. only. Includes room rents and hotel and motel rates not shown separately. Rent of dwelling Home ownership Fuel and utilities Solid and petroleum fuels Gas and electricity Household furnishings and oper ation Apparel M en’s and boys’ Women’s and girls’ Footwear Includes homo purchase, mortgage interest, settlement charges, taxes, insurance, and repairs and mainte nance. Includes telephone, water, and sewer not shown separately. Includes housefurnishings and house keeping supplies and services. Includes other apparel not shown separately. 1966 National index status B. Cities to be added in January 1964. Cereals and bakery prod ucts Meats, poultry, and fish Dairy products Fruits and vegetables Other food at home Food away from home Transportation Private Public Health and recreation Medical care Personal care Reading and recreation Other goods and services will be calculated back to 1953. Table 2 shows the series which will be published regularly in the CPI report for the U.S. average and for individual cities, beginning with the index for January 1964. Users of the Consumer Price Indexes should re gard the new indexes as continuations of the present indexes. Where legal or definitional considerations preclude them from doing so, the Bureau will be glad to assist users facing such problems. The Bureau also is planning to pub lish in October 1963 a statement giving possible methods of adapting existing wage escalation contracts to the new index. — D o ris P. R o t h w e l l Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 796 A Review of Work Stoppages During 1962 T he n u m ber of strik es and the amount of strike idleness in 1962 dropped below levels for most postwar years, but increased over 1961. The number of workers involved in strikes begin ning in 1962 dropped to the lowest level since 1942. (See chart and table 1.) Total man-days of idleness, at 18.6 million, was lower than in any postwar year except 1957 and 1961. Total idleness diminished by 0.16 percent, the estimated total work time of employees in nonagricultural establishments excluding government.1 Strikes with duration of 60 days or more involved nearly 10 percent of the total workers and accounted for more than two-fifths of the idleness. Size and Duration of Stoppages W o r k S t o p pa g e s in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s , 1945-621 Work stoppages W orkers involved2 Man-days idle during year Year Number Average Number duration (thou(calendar sands) days)3 Percent of total em ployed Number (thousands) Percent Per of estimated worker in total working volved time 1945.__ 1946.__ 1947.... 1948.— 1949— 1950— 4, 750 4, 985 3.693 3, 419 3,606 4,843 9.9 24.2 25.6 21.8 22.5 19.2 3,470 4,600 2,170 1,960 3,030 2,410 12.2 14.5 6.5 5.5 9.0 6.9 38,000 116,000 34, 600 34,100 50, 500 38, 800 0.47 1.43 .41 .37 .59 .44 11.0 25.2 15.9 17.4 16.7 16.1 1951— 1952— 1953— 1954— 1955— 1956.__ 4, 737 5,117 5,091 3, 468 4,320 3,825 17.4 19.6 20.3 22.5 18.5 18.9 2, 220 3, 540 2, 400 1,530 2, 650 1,900 5.5 8.8 5.6 3.7 6.2 4.3 22, 900 59,100 28, 300 22, 600 28, 200 33,100 .23 .57 .26 .21 .26 .29 10.3 16.7 11.8 14.7 10.7 17.4 1957— 1958— 1959— I960— 1961.__ .1962— 3,673 3, 694 3,708 3, 333 3,367 3, 614 19.2 19.7 24.6 23.4 23.7 24.6 1,390 2,060 1,880 1,320 1, 450 1,230 3.1 4.8 4.3 3.0 3.2 2.7 16, 500 23. 900 69,000 19,100 16, 300 18, 600 .14 .22 .61 .17 .14 .16 11.4 11.6 36.7 14.5 11.2 15.0 1 The number of stoppages and workers relate to those beginning in the year; average duration, to those ending in the year. Man-days of idleness include all stoppages in effect. Available information for earlier periods appears in Handbook of Labor Statistics (BLS Bulletin 1016, 1951), table E-2. For a discussion of the procedures involved in the collection and compilation of work stoppage statistics, see Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statistical Series (BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954), ch. 12. 2 In these tables, workers are counted more than once if they were involved in more than 1 stoppage during the year. 3 Figures are simple averages; each stoppage is given equal weight regardless of its size. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able 2. W o r k S t o p p a g e s , b y S iz e o f S t o p p a g e , 1962 Stoppages beginning in 1962 Size of stoppage (number of workers involved) With the exception of 1961 when 195 strikes occurred, the 211 strikes involving 1,000 or more workers was the lowest number of large strikes in T a b l e 1. postwar years table 2. They accounted for nearly two-thirds of the workers and man-days of idleness. A comparatively low proportion of the total idleness (25.8 percent) resulted from strikes involving 10,000 workers or more. Since 1946, in only 3 years, 1951, 1953, and 1957, has the percentage of total man-days been lower than in 1962. In years when major strikes occurred in the steel industry, the proportion of total idleness in this size group ranged from 43.4 to 73.7 percent. Continuing the trend of most postwar years, nearly three-fifths of the stoppages involved fewer than 100 workers, but accounted for only 6.2 percent of the total number of workers involved and 7.2 per cent of total strike idleness. W orkers involved N um ber A ll sizes..............— 3,614 732 6 and under 20—.............. 20 and under 100______ 1,417 699 100 and under 250_____ 361 250 and uuder 500-------194 500 and under 1,000-----173 1.000 and under 5,000__ 22 5.000 and under 10,000— 16 10.000 and over_____ _ Per cent Number Per cent Man-days idle during 1962 (all stoppages) Number Per cent 100.0 1, 230,000 100.0 18,600.000 100.0 176,000 1.170.000 1.840.000 1, 910,000 1.730.000 5.030.000 1, 930,000 4.800.000 0.9 6.3 9.9 10.3 9.3 27.1 10.4 25.8 20.3 39.2 19.3 10.0 5.4 4.8 .6 .4 8, 650 67, 800 110, 000 126,000 128,000 326.000 149.000 318.000 0.7 5.5 8.9 10.2 10.4 26.4 12.1 25.8 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Sixteen major stoppages involved 10,000 or more workers each, compared with 14 in 1961 and 17 in 1960. Slightly more than 300,000 workers were involved in strikes in this size group, just over half as many as in 1961, and except for 1957, the lowest in the postwar years. Idleness in these strikes (4,800,000 man-days) accounted for a fourth of the total. Among the largest stoppages were those involving longshoremen on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (50,000), construction workers in i These data include all work stoppages known to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and various cooperating agencies involving six or more workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and mandays idle include all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish ments directly involved in a stoppage; they do not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages. A forthcoming bulletin will provide additional data and analysis on stop pages during 1962. For data on 1961 stoppages, see “ A Review on Work Stoppages During 1961,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1962, pp. 662-667, and Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1961 (BLS Bulletin 1339,1962). The terms “ work stoppage” and “ strike” are used interchangeably in this article, and include lockouts. WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1962 797 the Northern California area (38,000) and in the Detroit area (25,000), New York newspaper workers (20,000), and employees of the Lockheed Aircraft Corp. (20,000). Average strike duration in 1962 (24.6 days) persisted at the high levels which commenced in 1959. The 862 stoppages of 30 days or more (table 3) accounted for slightly over a fifth of the stoppages ending in 1962, equivalent to the 1961 proportion. These longer strikes, however, ac counted for 70 percent of idleness in 1962, com pared with just about 50 percent in 1961. Stop pages lasting 90 days or more numbered 224, the highest since 1946. At the other extreme, 2 out of 5 strikes ended in less than a week. These stoppages involved three-eighths of the total of idle workers but accounted for only one-twentieth of idle time. Seven major strikes commencing during 1962 2 lasted 1 month or more: New York newspapers * The duration distribution shown in table 3 is not affected by those major strikes which began in 1962 and continued into 1963. 3 The strike was ended on October 4 by a Taft-Ilartley injunction but the strike was resumed on December 23 at the expiration of the 80-day injunc tion and continued into 1963. T a ble 4. W ork S to ppa g es , by T a b l e 3. D u r a t io n of W ork S toppages E n d in g 1962 i Stoppages Workers involved Duration (calendar days) N um Per ber cent A ll periods................ 3,632 1day.................................. . 2 and less than 4 days....... 4 and less than 7 days....... 7 and less than 15 days___ 15 and less than 30 days___ 30 and less than 60 days___ 60 and less than 90 days___ 90 days and over................. 372 540 525 774 559 470 168 224 N um ber in Man-days idle Per cent N um ber Per cent 100.0 1,150,000 100.0 16, 900,000 100.0 10.2 134.000 11.6 134,000 0.8 2.4 14.9 182,000 15.8 397, 000 14.5 111,000 9.6 371.000 2.2 21.3 15.4 12.9 4.6 6.2 258,000 169,000 187,000 71,600 37,900 22.5 14.7 16.2 6.2 3.3 1.670,000 2,300,000 5,060,000 3,190,000 3,770,000 9.9 13.6 30.0 18.9 22.3 i The totals in this table differ from those in the preceding tables because these (like the average duration figures shown in table 1) relate to stoppages endin during the year, including 1961 idleness in these strikes. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals which continued into 1963 (114 days); Eastern Air Lines; construction work in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (61 days), Northern California (57 days), and Eastern Michigan (52 days); longshoring3 (October and December-January— 39 days); and the Chicago & North Western Railway Co. (30 days). C ontract S t a tus and M ajor I s s u e s , 1962 Stoppages beginning in 1962 Contract status and major issue Man-days idle during 1962 (all stoppages) Workers involved Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent All stoppages........................... ....................................................................................................... 3,614 100.0 1,230,000 100.0 18,600,000 100.0 Negotiation of first agreement _______ __________________________________ General wage changes and supplementary benefits_______________________ _______ Wage adjustments _ _______________________________ _________________ Honrs of work__ __________________ Union organization and security _ _________________________________________ Job security and plant administration______ ___ _ _ ______________________________ Interunion or intraunion matters________________________________________________ Other - ____________________________________________________ Renegotiation of agreement (expiration or reopening)_________________________________ General wage changes and supplementary benefits________________________________ Wage adjustments _ ____________________________________________________ Hours of work ______ ____________________________________________ Union organization and security_________________________________________________ Job security and plant administration__________ _______________________ _________ Interunion or intraunion matters________________________________________________ Other . ______________________ ___________ __________ _______ During term of agreement (negotiation of new agreement not involved)_________________ General wage changes and supplementary benefits _______________________________ Wage adjustments . - ______________________________________ ________ Hours of work __ ________ _________________________________________ Union organization and security__________________________________________ ______ Job security and plant administration.. . _________________________ _____________ Interunion or intraunion matters ______ ______________________________________ Other ____ _______________ _____________________________________ No contract, or other contract status. ___________ _________________________________ General wage changes and supplementary benefits________________________________ Wage adjustments _________________ _____________________ ___________________ Honrs of work _________________________________________ Union organization and security_________________________________________________ Job security and plant administration___ ______________________________________ Interunion or intraunion matters _ ___________________________________________ Other . ________ ______________________________________ N o information on contract status _____________________________________ 608 166 4 16.8 50,100 16,100 1,000 4.1 1,230. 000 490,000 61,000 6.6 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not eaual totals, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 394 28 12 4 1.747 1,431 58 5 100 114 5 34 1,078 5 93 1 60 548 305 66 91 20 11 17 24 16 3 90 48.3 29.8 2.5 2.5 27,200 2,970 2,320 490 798,000 600,000 40,100 1.530 69,800 76,000 2,690 7, 780 349,000 390 39,600 130 6,850 241,000 43,400 17,400 30,600 23,100 370 1,440 2,360 3,070 250 6,440 64.6 28.3 2.5 .5 622,000 23,300 25,100 12,700 14,900, 000 11,900,000 490,000 45,300 1,090,000 1,250,000 53, 600 55, 200 2,260,000 1,250 144,000 380 45,200 1,730,000 171. 000 167,000 88,600 30,000 6,420 9,590 15,300 26,200 970 78,100 80.3 12.2 .5 .4 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 798 T able 5. M ajor I s su e s I nvolved in W o r k S t o ppa g es , 1962 St ippages be ginning in 1962 Man-days idle during 1962 (all stoppages) Workers involved Major issues Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent All issues.......................................................................................................................................... 3,614 100.0 1,230,000 100.0 18,600,000 100.0 General wage changes.................................................................................................- ........................... General wage increase__________________________________________________________ General wage increase, plus supplementary benefits----------------------------------------------General wage increase, hour decrease_____________________________________________ General wage decrease____________ ___________________________ _______ __________ General wage increase and escalation................... ................ ...................................... - .........— Wages and working conditions............................................................................. ..................— 1,529 579 643 38 14 4 251 42.3 612,000 113,000 328,000 16,800 4,980 660 149,000 49.6 12,000,000 1,460,000 6, 520 000 126,000 144,000 10, 000 3,760,000 64.7 Supplementary benefits--------------- ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------Pensions, insurance, other welfare programs................ - .................. - ....................— ............ Severance or dismissal pay; other payments on layoff or separation-----------------------Premium p a y ......................... ................... ............. .............. ......................................................... Other _ _ ____ ___________________________________ ______________ 109 37 12 13 47 3.0 29, 400 11,200 1,290 2,000 14,900 2.4 481,000 143,000 41,900 47, 800 249,000 2.6 Wage adjustments.................................................................................................................. .................. Incentive pay rates or administration.................................... ....................................- .............. Job classification or rates........................................................................................................ ......... Downgrading_______ _________________________________________________________ Retroactivity.................................. - ...................................................................... - ...........- ............ M ethod of computing p a y ...................................... - ---------- -------------- ---------------- -------- 180 61 78 3 11 27 5.0 81,800 18, 800 45,800 280 11, 700 5,190 6.6 704,000 252,000 344,000 1,920 15,800 30,400 3.8 Hours of work_____________________________________________________________________ Increase________________ _______ _________- ------------------------------------------------------Decrease______________________________________________________________________ 6 1 5 .2 1,650 10 1,640 .1 45,600 50 45,600 .2 Other contractual matters..... ............................................................................................................. — Duration of contract....................................... ........................................... .................................... U nspecified...................... ....................................... ............................. — .................................... 34 8 26 .9 7,560 2,200 5, 360 .6 39,900 21, 700 18, 200 .2 Union organization and security........................................ ...............................................................— Recognition (certification)------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------Recognition and job security issu es........................................................................ — .........— Recognition and economic issues_________________________________ _______________ Strengthening bargaining position or union shop and economic issues----------------------Union security----------------------- ------------------------------ ------ ------------------------------------Refusal to sign agreem ent......................................... ................................................... .............. Other union organization matters________________________________________________ 582 220 9 85 136 35 18 79 16.1 106,000 10, 500 270 4, 770 42,800 30, 200 1,410 16,200 8.6 1, 780,000 205,000 14,000 171,000 1,050,000 82, 300 7,920 252,000 9.6 Job security................................................................................................................... - .............. ........... Seniority and/or layoff----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------Division of work----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------Subcontracting------------------------------- -------------- --------------------------------------------------N ew machinery or other technological issues______________________________________ Job transfers, bumping, e t c .. ....................... ....... ..............................................— ...................... Transfer of operations or prefabricated goods............................................................................. Other _ _____ _____________________________________________________________ 220 96 5 38 9 8 13 51 6.1 126,000 60,400 830 15,400 19,100 1,510 2, 740 25, 900 10.2 1, 570,000 697,000 4,570 354,000 61, 900 57, 700 25,200 367,000 8.4 Plant administration_______________________________________________________________ Physical facilities, surroundings, etc_____________________________________________ Safety measures, dangerous equipment, etc ______________________________________ Supervision-------- ---------- ------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------Shift work.......... ............................ .................................................- ............ ......................- ........... Work assignments________ ______ ______________________________________________ Speedup (workload)____________________________________________________________ Work rules_______ _________ ___________________________________________________ Overtimework____ ______ _________ _______________________________________ . . . Discharge and discipline____ __________________________ ________________________ O th e r ._______________________________________________________________________ 516 9 21 16 20 42 40 27 12 200 129 14.3 198,000 2,200 9,730 2, 580 9, 360 21,600 7,090 26, 800 5,030 82,300 31,100 16.0 1,450,000 5,100 117,000 8,270 81.600 106,000 64,100 393,000 20, 300 298,000 359,000 7.8 Other working conditions___________________________________________________________ Arbitration__________ . . ____________________________________________________ Grievance procedures____ ______________________________________________________ Unspecified contract violations________________________________ _________________ 44 9 18 17 1.2 13,100 2, 920 8, 370 1,950 1.1 181, 000 35, 400 34,300 112,000 1.0 Interunion or intraunion matters____________________________________________________ Union rivalry 1____ _____ _______________ __________________ . -------------------------Jurisdiction ^representation of w ork ers.................................................................................. Jurisdictional—work assignment_________________________________________________ Union adm inistration3. ____________ . ________________________ _______________ Sym pathy_____________________________________________________________________ Other. . ___________________________________________________________________ . 349 14 16 258 1 58 2 9.7 53,000 930 9,580 20, 800 30 21,100 520 4.3 287,000 15, 500 102,000 75,900 170 85,200 8, 380 1.5 N ot reported......... .................................................................................................................................... 45 1.2 5,560 .5 16,500 .1 i Includes disputes between unions of different affiliation, such as those between unions affiliated with AFL-CIO and nonaffiliates. 1 Includes disputes between unions, usually of the same affiliation or 2 locals of the same union, over representation of workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Includes disputes within a union over the administration of union affairs or regulations. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 799 WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1962 T able 6. W ork S toppages Industry group bt I n d u str y G rou p , 1962 Stoppages begin Man-days Percent idle dur of esti ning in 1962 mated ing 1962 total (all stop work pages) N um Workers ing time involved ber All industries........................................ 13,614 1,230,000 18,600,000 0.16 Manufacturing.......................... 11,789 638,000 10,100,000 0.24 Primary metal industries------------Fabricated metal products, except ordnance, machinery, and trans portation equipment----------------Ordnance and accessories------------Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies------------- --------------Machinery, except electrica l.......... Transportation equipment............... Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________ ____ - .............. Furniture and fixtures----------------Stone, clay, and glass products........ Textile mill products....... .................. Apparel and other finished prod ucts made from fabrics and sim ilar materials........................... ......... Leather and leather products-------Food and kindred products.............. Tobacco manufactures__________ Paper and allied products.......... — Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________ _______ Chemicals and allied products-----Petroleum refining and related in dustries_________ ______ _______ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products---------- ----------------------Professional, scientific, and control ling instruments; photographic and optical goods; watches and clocks_________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing in dustries........ ...................................... 176 84,800 872,000 0.29 220 42,500 29,900 651,000 7 202,000 .23 .37 99 196 631,000 100 64,200 63,300 81,500 1,200,000 .16 .32 .34 72 61 113 50 13,100 12,300 15,600 6,990 448,000 298,000 318,000 99,900 .29 .31 95 32 206 3 63 23, 600 7,550 54,500 990 18,800 130, 000 58,100 614, 000 20,600 436,000 .04 .06 .14 .09 .28 53 103 45,200 29,400 694,000 767,000 .29 . 35 10 6,890 522,000 1.05 43 14,800 159,000 .16 38 15,100 418,000 .46 54 7,350 178,000 Nonmanufacturing.................. 1,825 596,000 8,460, 000 2.11 Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.. M ining-------------------------------------Contract construction........................ Transportation, communication, electric, gas, and sanitary services. Wholesale and retail trade............ . Finance, insurance, and real estate. Services________________________ Government........................ —.......... 16 159 913 2,560 51,800 284,000 59,000 983,000 4,150,000 (3) 0.60 .60 213 364 182,000 29,700 1,440 12, 700 31,100 2,490,000 535,000 15,100 145,000 79,100 (3) (3) (3) 11 121 28 1,410, 000 .22 .04 .18 .25 .02 1 Stoppages extending into 2 or more industry groups have been counted in each industry affected; workers involved and man-days idle were allo cated to the respective groups. Excludes government. N ot available. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 2 2 Contract Status Strikes over agreement renegotiations, either on expiration or reopening, accounted for almost half of all 19G2 stoppages (table 4). Kenegotiation strikes involved more than three-fifths of the workers and caused more than four-fifths of the total idleness. Within this group of disputes, general wage changes and supplementary benefits contributed the largest proportions of stoppages, workers, and man-days idle. One-sixth of the strikes took place during the negotiation of a first agreement. Less than 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis percent of the workers were involved and idleness amounted to about 7 percent of the total. Disputes arising during the term of the agree ment accounted for nearly one-third of the stop pages and workers but only one-eighth of the idleness. About four-fifths of these generally short disputes related either to job security, plant administration, or interunion and intraunion disputes. Chart 1. Man-days Idle in Work Stoppages, 1927-62 [Semilog scale] 800 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Chart 2. Number of Work Stoppages and Workers Involved, 1916-62 Job security issues predominated in 220 strikes involving 10 percent of the workers and accounting for nearly 1.6 million man-days of idleness. Disputes over plant administration issues drop ped considerably from 1961 levels. The number of workers involved dropped from 500,000 to a little less than 200,000 and man-days from 3.6 million to 1.5 million. Major strikes at General Motors and Ford plants in 1961 were attributed to this issue. Industries Affected Major Issues Disputes over general wage changes, alone or combined with supplementary benefit issues, led to 2 out of 5 strikes in 1962 as in 1961 (table 5). The proportion of workers involved increased, however, to one-half the total, from one-third in 1961. Idleness from this source also increased from 40 percent of the total in 1961 to 65 percent in 1962. Ten of the 16 major stoppages stemmed from these sources. Stoppages over union organization and security matters ranked next highest in frequency, amount ing to about one-sixth of the total, and resulting n about 10 percent of the idleness. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The number of workers involved in stoppages has been higher in manufacturing (table 6) than in nonmanufacturing industries since 1950; meas ured in man-days of idleness, this relationship has persisted since 1944. Workers involved in 1962 strikes in manufacturing dropped below the 1961 level (by 29 percent) while idleness increased slightly (3 percent). Workers in strikes in nonmanufacturing industries rose 7 percent and idleness 30 percent over 1961 levels. In 14 industry groups, the number of workers involved in strikes dropped from their 1961 levels. Decreases of 50 percent and over occurred in leather and leather products, fabricated metal products, petroleum refining, and wholesale and retail trade. The number of workers in printing and publishing industry strikes increased over 500 percent from 1961 (idleness in this group showed an increase of nearly 750 percent, owing largely to long newspaper stoppages in New York and Cleve land). In each year, 4 major strikes occurred in transportation and communications. The number of workers was 14 percent lower in 1962, but idle ness increased 45 percent, indicating somewhat longer duration of the 1962 strikes. Industry groups sustaining more than 1 million man-days of idleness in 1962 were: contract con struction (4.2 million), transportation and com munication (2.5 million), transportation equip ment (1.4 million), and machinery (1.2 million). Idleness by State In California, New York, Michigan, Pennsyl vania, and Ohio, more than a million man-days of idleness resulted from strikes in 1962 (table 7). WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1962 801 T able 7. Stoppages begin ning in 1962 W ork Stoppages Workers involved Number 3,614 1, 230,000 18,600,000 50 10 26 22 19, 900 1,040 16, 800 4,220 143,000 196,000 Colorado....................................... Connecticut------------------------Delware____________________ District of Columbia________ Florida......... ................................ 33 63 6,710 26, 000 4,420 370 13, 500 273,000 450,000 46,900 Georgia____ _____ ____ ______ H aw aii..____ _______________ Idaho______________________ Illin o is.._______________ . . . Indiana_____ _______________ 21 34 22 4,780 4,190 , 860 63, 700 47, 000 193,000 71,000 47,600 995,000 821,000 .08 .19 .15 .13 .26 Iow a.______________________ Kansas_____________________ K en tu ck y _________________ Louisiana___________________ M aine___ _____ ____________ 48 14 90 45 15, 500 1,460 27,000 145,000 47,000 236,000 459,000 .10 Maryland------- -- . . . . . . ___ Massachusetts___ _____ _ . . . Michigan__________________ Minnesota__________________ M ississippi— ............................. 42 153 196 47 7 15,000 23,100 81,400 263 12 5 48 240 136 12 2 20,000 1,240 10,100 1,850 175,000 41,700 2,660,000 456,000 11,200 151,000 442,000 1, 440,000 259,000 15,800 Number Percent of estimated total working time 0.12 26,000 5,890 3,810 3,640 3,020 361,000 169,000 57,200 49,900 16,400 .25 N ew Jersey_________ _______ N ew Mexico________________ New York_____________ ____ North Carolina_____________ North Dakota_________ ____ _ 238 17 464 17 7 58,000 6,330 214,000 646,000 175,000 2, 410,000 96,900 17,500 .14 .39 .18 .04 .07 Ohio_________ _____________ Oklahoma___ ______________ Oregon__________ __________ Pennsylvania_______________ Rhode Island______ _________ 298 18 37 397 25 75,100 1,980 17,200 118,000 4,080 1,110,000 .16 .04 .16 .17 .07 South Carolina.......................... South D akota............................. Tennessee....................... ............ Texas______________________ U tah.................. ............ ............ . 9 49 12,500 18,900 208,000 468,000 19 1,760 2,860 8,580 23,100 4,650 Vermont________ _________ Virginia______ ____ _______ Washington— ______________ West Virginia_______________ Wisconsin__________________ Wyoming__________________ 13 37 85 84 64 9 2,280 42,400 17,200 21,900 530 110,000 201,000 289,000 8,220 .21 .14 .16 .04 .17 .28 .02 .07 .10 .28 .12 .02 These same five States were affected by relatively high idleness in 1961. California lost most time with 2,660,000 man-days in 1962, highest in the State since 1959. Slightly more than half of this idleness resulted from 3 major strikes—2 in the construction industry and 1 at the Lockheed Aircraft Corp. New York had the next highest idleness (2,410,000 man-days), more than onefourth of which occurred as a result of 7 of the 16 major strikes. Next in order of high idleness were: Michigan, 1,440,000 man-days; Pennsyl vania, 1,390,000 man-days; and Ohio, 1,110,000 man-days. The percent of estimated total working time in nonagricultural employment lost through strike https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Workers involved 26 31 15 1 4 N um ber 21 Stoppages extending across State lines have been counted in each State aflected; workers involved and man-days idle were allocated among the States. 690783— 63 State Missouri___________________ Montana____________ ____ _ Nebraska___________________ Nevada____________________ N ew Hampshire......................... .24 .05 .25 (2) Man-days idle during 1962 (all stoppages) 0.12 .12 0.16 10,200 2,200 Stoppages begin ning in 1962 Percent of estimated total working time N um ber United States1________ S tate, 1962 Man-days idle during 1962 (all stoppages) State Alabama_______ __________ Alaska_______________ ______ Arizona_________ _________ Arkansas_________ . . _ ______ California____________ ____ __ by 2 95 10 86 6,100 1,600 10,100 50,800 177,000 1,390,000 46,400 .51 .07 .19 .04 .01 .07 .10 21,000 .08 .04 89,800 .38 .05 .42 727,000 .21 .11 .04 Less than 0.005 percent. N ote : Because of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay n o t equal totals idleness was highest in Montana (0.51 percent), followed by Washington (0.42 percent). Other States leading in strike idleness in relation to nonagricultural employment were New Mexico (0.39 percent), Vermont (0.38 percent), and Louisiana and Michigan (0.28 percent). States with the highest number of stoppages were: New York (464), Pennsylvania (397), Ohio (298), California (263), Illinois (240), and New Jersey (238). There were fewer than 10 stoppages in Mississippi, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. — L oretto R . N o la n Division of Industrial and Labor Relations 802 Changes in Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1961-June 1962 N o n s u pe r v iso r y w orkers in retail trade throughout the United States averaged $1.68 an hour at straight-time rates 1 in June 1962, 6 cents an hour more than a year before, as shown by a survey of employee earnings in the industry made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.2 This article summarizes the results of the study and highlights some of the wage changes that occurred in the industry between the surveys conducted 3 months prior and 9 months subsequent to the application of the $1 Federal minimum wage to retail trade employees.3 Overall Earnings, by Employment Characteristics In June 1962, about a tenth of the Nation’s 6.2 million nonsupervisory retail workers covered by the survey earned less than $1 an hour, a third less than $1.25, and three-fourths less than $2 (table 1). The distribution of workers’ earnings was not markedly different from that of June 1961, except for a reduction of 5 percentage points in the proportion of workers employed at rates below $1 an hour. The proportion of workers concentrated at or just above the $1 level in creased from 10 to only 12 percent. The minor changes in proportions of workers at pay levels above $1.25, as shown in chart 1, at least partially reflected factors other than the introduction of a Federal minimum wage, such as changes in the composition of the labor force, and occupational requirements, commission payments, and wage changes resulting from collective bargaining or employee personnel action. Increases in average earnings between the two surveys raised regional hourly pay levels in June 1962 to $1.39 in the South, $1.68 in the North Central, $1.81 in the Northeast, and $2.05 in the West. The 7-cent increases in average earnings of workers in the South and Northeast, as com pared with 4 cents in the West, served to narrow somewhat regional pay differentials. The most striking change in the distribution of earnings occurred in the South, where the proportion of workers receiving less than $1 an hour declined from 31 percent in June 1961 to 20 percent in June 1962, a reduction of 181,000 workers. The https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 shift in the South accounted for more than twothirds of the total change in workers at this pay level. The proportion of southern workers clus tered at or just above the $1 Federal minimum rose from 11 to 17 percent, an increase of almost 100,000 workers. Men and women holding retail jobs in June 1962 averaged $1.85 and $1.37 an hour, respec tively (table 2)—a 5-cent-an-hour advance for each group since June 1961. The earnings dis tributions, however, changed markedly only for women at the lower pay levels. The proportion of women earning less than $1 an hour declined by half—from almost a fifth in June 1961 to about a tenth in June 1962. The proportion of women with these earnings was about twice the proportion of men in June 1961, but the difference had narrowed to just a few percentage points by June 1962. This reduction accounted for about seven-tenths of the overall decrease of 268,000 retail workers in the United States who were paid less than $1 an hour. Changes in the proportion of women at other pay levels were substantially smaller. For example, the proportion of women earning between $1 and $1.05 an hour increased from 14 to 16 percent, and those earning less than $1.25 an hour decreased from 51 to 47 percent. The proportions remained roughly twice those found for men in both surveys. In metropolitan areas, retail employees averaged $1.79 an hour, and in nonmetropolitan areas, $1.45 in June 1962. Average earnings for both 1The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this article differ in con cept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike the latter, the estimates pre sented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 The June 1962 survey included all retail establishments (except eating and drinking places) with one or more paid employees, located in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The survey was conducted on a sample basis designed to yield national and regional estimates for major retail business groups and specific lines of retail business. More comprehensive information on the scope and method and the f in d i n gs of the overall study will be presented in a forthcoming BLS bulletin. Sepa rate bulletins will also be issued for seven major retail groups which will in clude data for selected lines of business: Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment; general merchandise; food; automotive dealers and gasoline service stations; apparel and accessories; furniture, home f u r n i s h i n gs, and household appliances; and miscellaneous retail stores.^ 2 The Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1961 (Public Law 87-30), effective September 3, 1961, extended the Federal minimum wage coverage to employees in large retail enterprises. The minimum hourly rates for such employees were set at not less than $1 for the first 3 years from that date, not less than $1.15 in the fourth year, and at least $1.25 thereafter. The findings of the Bureau’s June 1961 study of retail trade were presented in Monthly Labor Review, January 1963, pp. 44-51, and BLS Bulletin 1338-8. 803 RETAIL TRADE EMPLOYEES’ EARNINGS groups of workers had advanced by 6 cents an hour between survey periods. Proportions of workers earning less than $1 decreased in both area groups—from 9 to 5 percent in the larger (metropolitan) communities, and from 25 to 18 percent in the smaller ones. Changes in earnings above the $1 level were relatively small for both groups of workers. Ten percent of the workers in metropolitan areas earned between $1 and $1.05 an hour in June of both 1961 and 1962, while the proportion in nonmetropolitan areas in that wage Chart 1. Nonsupervisory Employees in Retail Trade Receiving Specified Average StraightTime Hourly Earnings, Selected Character istics, June 1961 and June 1962 T a b l e 1. C u m u la tiv e P e r c en t D ist r ib u t io n of N on su p e r v iso r y E m ployees in R eta il T r ad e ,1 by A v e ra g e S tr aigh t - tim e H ourly E a r n in g s ,2 U nited S t a tes a n d R eg io n s , 3 J u n e 1962 Average hourly earnings 3 Under $0 50 $0 50 and $0 55 and $0 60 and $0 65 and $0.70 and un dor $0.55 _ under $0.60 _ under $0.65 under $0.70 under $0.75 ______ $0.75 and $0.80 and $0.85 and $0.90 and $0.95 and under $0.80__________ under $0.85__________ under $0.90..................... under $0.95____ ______ under $1.00__________ United North South States east 1 1 2 2 West 2 3 4 6 7 9 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 10 12 15 21 5 6 8 9 9 21 $1.00 and under $ 1 .0 5 .................. $1.05 and under $1.10.......... ......... $1.10 and under $1.15................. $1.15 and under $1.20..................... $1.20 and under $1.25..................... 23 27 31 34 $1.25 and under $1.30__________ $1.30 and under $ 1 .3 5 .._______ $1.35 and under $1.40__________ $1.40 and under $1.45_____ ____ _ $1.45 and under $1.50...................... 42 44 48 50 53 32 35 39 42 45 $1.50 and $1.60 and $1.70 and $1.80 and $1.90 and under $1.60__________ under $1.70__________ under $1.80_____ ____ _ under $1.90__________ under $2.00__________ 60 64 69 72 75 53 58 63 $2.00 and $2.10 and $2.20 and $2.30 and $2.40 and under $2.10__________ under $2.20__________ under $2.30__________ under $2.40_____ _____ under $2.50__________ 79 81 84 $2.50 and $2.60 and $2.70 and $2.80 and $2.90 and under $2.60__________ under $2.70------ --------under $2.80_________ under $2.90__________ under $3.00__________ Total_____ _____ ________ North Central 24 12 15 17 19 20 37 41 45 50 53 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 21 24 28 31 34 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 8 9 11 14 15 70 42 45 49 51 53 24 25 29 31 33 71 75 79 82 85 87 60 65 69 73 76 42 47 51 55 58 89 90 92 93 94 80 82 85 87 63 87 76 80 83 85 87 89 91 92 94 94 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 97 97 90 92 93 94 95 78 80 83 87 100 100 100 100 68 86 59 62 65 68 Number of employees (thousands)___ ___________ ______ 6,175. 5 1,599. 5 1,773.6 $1.81 $1.39 Average hourly earnings2.........— $1.68 88 1,868.6 $1.68 66 69 72 74 88 100 933.8 $2.05 i Excludes eating and drinking places. * Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. The regions used in this study include: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West V ir g i n i a ; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 3 N o t e : Dashes indicate less than 0.5 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis •'Establishments which are part of enterprises with annual sales offless than $1 million. Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more and part of enter prises with annual sales of $1 million or more. 3 interval increased from 12 to 15 percent; the proportion of those earning $1.25 or more increased from 69 to 72 percent in the former areas, and from 50 to 53 percent in the latter. Retail establishments were classified by their annual gross volume of sales (exclusive of excise taxes at the retail level) and by the sales of their parent enterprises.4 Those which had annual * The terms “ enterprise” and “ establishment” were used synonymously for single-unit firms. 804 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T able 2. A v erage S traight -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s 1 T rade 2 E a r n in g L ess T h a n S pec ified A mounts of P ay , and P er cen t of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees in R etail b y S elected C haracteristics , U nited S ta tes , J u n e 1962 Number of Average employees hourly (thousands) earnings 1 Selected characteristics Percent of employees earning less than— $1.00 $0.75 $1.05 $1.15 M en............... .............. ......................... Women_________________ ______ ____ P3 Metropolitan areas3.......... .................. ............... Nonmetropolitan areas............. _........................................ 3,666.0 2, 509.4 $1.85 1.37 3 4 8 11 16 27 20 4,257.2 1,918.3 1.79 1.45 2 5 18 15 33 Enterprises with annual sales of $1,000,000 or more * Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more * _ Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 * ._ 3,078.0 2,806. 6 271.4 . 81 1.84 1.48 4 7 2 20 14 13 34 19 42 Enterprises with annual sales of less than $1,000,000 *_ Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more * Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 A 3,097. 5 1,158.7 1,938. 8 1.56 1.74 1.44 6 3 8 15 19 27 18 33 39 1See footnote 2, table 1. 1See footnote 1, table 1. 3 The terms “metropolitan areas,” as used in this report, refers to the cities and county areas defined by the Bureau of the Budget as Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Metropolitan areas include those counties which contain at least 1 central city of 50,000 population, and those counties T a b l e 3. 1 7 1 8 $1.25 $1.50 $2.00 25 47 41 69 65 90 21 28 47 47 65 71 84 21 30 28 50 48 46 66 71 69 82 39 29 44 58 47 64 79 72 84 37 40 33 22 around such cities which are metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the county of the central city. * Excludes excise taxes at the retail level. N ote : Dashes indicate less than 0.5 percent. C u m u la tiv e P e r c en t D ist r ib u t io n of N o n s u p e r v iso r y E m ployees b y A v e ra g e S traigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s ,1 S elected L in e s of R et a il B u s in e s s , 2 U n it e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1962 Average hourly earnings 3 Building materials, hard Depart Limited Motor Gasoline ware, ment price Grocery vehicle service and farm stores variety stores dealers stations equip stores ment dealers Under $0.50................. ................. ....... 1 $0.50 and under $0. 55____________ $0. 55 and under $0.00.. _________ $0. 60 and under $0.65_________ _ $0.65 and under $0.70____________ $0.70 and under $0.75____________ 1 1 1 1 1 $0. 75 and under $0.80____________ 2 1 $0. 80 and under $0. 85___________ $0.85 and under $0.90___ _______ $0. 90 and under $0.95.................... $0.95 and under $1.00___________ 3 3 3 5 4 4 8 8 6 3 12 2 3 4 2 2 Furniture, House Drug Women’s Shoe home hold and ready- stores furnishings, appli proprie to-wear aDd equip ance tary stores ment stores stores stores x x x x 1 1 1 x x 3 2 3 2 3 2 8 3 3 5 6 5 3 4 5 5 6 3 4 5 6 6 3 3 4 5 5 13 15 19 22 23 39 42 47 51 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Men’s and boys’ clothing and furnish ings stores 3 4 5 5 1 1 2 2 9 14 16 17 7 8 9 9 3 4 5 6 14 16 18 19 6 7 8 9 10 $1.00 and under $1.05___________ $1.05 and under $1.10... . . . ____ $1.10 and under $1.15___________ $1.15 and under $1.20___________ $1.20 and under $1.25___________ 12 13 15 19 21 13 17 22 29 34 48 57 65 73 77 21 22 25 28 30 10 11 13 15 17 32 35 38 42 44 17 18 22 25 27 27 31 37 43 47 17 21 24 28 31 13 14 17 20 21 10 13 16 19 21 53 $1.25 and under $1.30___________ $1.30 and under $ 1 .3 5 ........... ........ $1.35 and under $1.40... ________ $1.40 and under $1.45___________ $1.45 and under $1.50___________ 28 31 34 37 39 42 46 52 84 86 89 90 91 35 37 40 42 44 21 23 25 28 30 57 60 64 67 68 36 38 42 43 45 57 60 65 70 72 37 40 44 46 48 28 31 33 36 38 28 30 33 36 38 62 64 67 69 70 $1.50 and under $1.60___________ $1.60 and under $1.70___________ $1.70 and under $1.80___________ $1.80 and under $1.90___________ $1.90 and under $2.00___________ 49 54 60 65 68 67 72 76 80 83 94 96 97 97 98 50 37 41 47 51 55 78 81 84 87 89 54 59 64 68 70 80 84 87 90 92 54 60 64 68 71 46 59 64 67 57 61 64 48 53 59 64 66 75 78 80 82 83 $2.00 and under $2.10______ ____ _ $2.10 and under $2.20_____ _____ $2.20 and under $2.30______ . . . . $2.30 and under $2.40______ ___ $2.40 and under $2.50___________ 73 76 79 82 84 85 87 89 91 92 98 99 99 99 99 72 76 79 82 84 60 63 68 71 73 92 93 94 95 96 76 79 83 85 87 94 96 96 97 98 76 79 83 85 87 69 72 75 78 79 73 75 79 82 84 85 87 87 89 89 $2. 50 and under $2.60___________ $2.60 and under $2. 70___________ $2.70 and under $2.80__________ _ $2. 80 and under $2. 90___________ $2. 90 and under $3.00___________ 87 88 90 92 93 93 94 95 95 96 99 99 99 99 99 87 88 91 94 95 77 79 81 83 85 97 97 98 98 98 98 99 89 90 92 93 94 99 99 99 90 91 92 93 95 83 84 86 87 88 86 89 90 92 92 91 91 92 92 Total_______________ Number of employees (thousands). Average hourly earnings 1............ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 505.7 $1.80 823.0 $1.62 292.0 $1.13 1,072. 8 $1.75 560.5 $2.14 438.2 $1.33 103.1 $1.76 229.1 $1.36 107. 5 $1.76 224. 8 $1.92 $1.85 88. 8 353 1 55 59 55 1 See footnote 2, table 1. 2 The 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the Bureau of the Budget, was used in classifying establishments by kinds https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 51 93 $1.45 of retail business. T h e selection of retail businesses show n separately is based on th e ir num erical im portance in retail trade. N o t e : Dashes indicate less th a n 0.5 percent. RETAIL TRADE EMPLOYEES’ EARNINGS 805 sales of $250,000 or more and were part of enter prises with sales of at least $1 million were in cluded, with some exceptions, under the coverage of the 1961 amendments to the Fair Labor Stand ards Act (FLSA).5 In June 1962, workers in such establishments averaged $1.84 an hour. A 6-cent increase in average hourly earnings between June 1961 and June 1962 was accompanied by a decrease from 9 to 2 percent in the proportion of workers paid less than $1 an hour, and by an in crease from 8 to 11 percent in the concentration of workers in the $1 to $1.05 wage interval. The rise in the proportion of workers earning at least $1.15 an hour was somewhat larger (from 76 to 81 percent) than that of the group earning $1.25 an hour or more (from 70 to 72 percent). Kegionally, the most pronounced wage change occurred in the South. About a fifth of the southern retail work ers in establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more which were part of enterprises with sales of $1 million or more earned less than $1 an hour in June 1961, as compared with only a twentieth in June 1962. Concomitantly, the proportion of workers earning from $1 to $1.05 doubled—from a tenth to a fifth. Establishments which are part of retail enter prises with annual sales of less than $1 million comprise most of retail trade exempt from the provisions of the act. Average earnings for workers in these establishments were $1.56 an hour in June 1962, exceeding the June 1961 level by 5 cents. Although this increase differed by only 1 cent from that noted for the higher salesvolume establishments, relatively little change occurred at the lower pay levels for workers in the lower sales-volume establishments. The pro portion of these workers earning less than $1 an hour decreased only slightly during the year— from 17 to 15 percent. Consequently, of course, the employees of such enterprises in June 1962 accounted for an even greater proportion of the Nation’s retail trade workers earning less than $1 an hour than a year earlier—four-fifths, as com pared with three-fifths. In the South, even though average pay levels increased between survey periods by 5 cents an hour in establish ments generally exempt from the act, the reduction * Of the 2.8 million workers employed in 1962 in retail establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more which were part of enterprises with annual sales of $1 million or more, approximately 400,000 were employed in food service jobs and by motor vehicle and farm implement dealers and were specifically exempt from the provisions of the act. T a b l e 4. N u m ber a n d A v era g e S tr aigh t - tim e W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 op N o n s u p e r v iso r y E m p l o y e e s , H o urs o f W ork , S elec ted L in e s of R e t a il B u is n e s s , 2 U n it e d S t a t e s ,^Ju n e 1962 by W eekly [Employees in thousands] Building materials, hardware, and farm Department stores equipment dealers W eekly hours of work Limited price variety stores Grocery stores Motor vehicle dealers Gasoline service stations Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of weekly of weekly of weekly of weekly of weekly of weekly employees earnings employees earnings employees earnings employees earnings employees earnings employees earnings 1 and under 15..................... ....... 15 and under 35_____________ 35 and under 4 0 ..___________ 40_________ ________________ Over 40 and under 44________ 44.................................................. Over 44 and under 49________ 49 and o v e r ..____ __________ 19.5 50.2 20.5 95.3 25.9 45.7 $13. 74 40. 80 70.17 84.32 81.17 148.7 100.0 T otal_________________ 505.7 $12.19 33. 50 56.99 69. 31 75.87 71. 75 76. 81 96.16 38.0 79.7 59.8 73.3 13.1 3.2 18.6 $9.15 26.78 42. 55 47. 87 44.57 48. 38 56. 42 57. 91 95.6 290.7 65.2 290.6 84.7 17.7 115.4 113.0 $13.61 35.07 58.66 85.17 82.32 73.31 79. 75 78. 38 8.8 84. 39 86.13 63.7 194.8 133.3 313.7 62.4 6.9 35.0 13.2 25.0 20.9 87.2 23.2 117.9 115.1 162.1 $15.38 44.69 85.52 100.29 93.03 103.06 103.17 97.40 36.6 80.7 12.5 42.9 7.6 7.3 74.5 175.7 $11. 89 30.19 44.64 61. 34 69.07 75.60 73.61 72.29 77.41 823.0 55.68 292.0 36. 58 1,072.8 61.89 560.5 95.95 438.2 57.83 88.01 M en’s and boys’ clothing and fur nishings stores 1 and under 1 5 ................ ........... 15 and under 35_____________ 35 and under 40.____________ 40___________________ ____ Over 40 and under 44________ 44____________________ Over 44 and under 49________ 49 and over_________________ 9.0 17.6 9.7 23.5 7.4 4.3 T o t a l................................ 103.1 1 See footnote 2, table 1. * See footnote 2, table 3. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20.6 11.0 Women’s ready-towear stores $13. 56 33. 59 62. 55 78.20 72. 88 76.87 83. 37 93. 44 19.1 57.3 45.5 61.8 19.3 65.67 6.2 Shoe stores Furniture, homefurnishings, and equipment stores 3.3 $11.58 31. 77 53.06 57.23 51.79 54.22 59.51 83.15 18.0 19.0 7.3 23.4 7.1 2.7 19.4 $13.24 31.96 61.91 78. 24 73.48 82.28 85.07 94.02 9.8 26.7 15.6 72.3 14.9 14.2 38.8 32.5 $15. 79 39. 42 71.78 85. 79 80. 24 78. 65 85. 36 95. 52 229.1 46.28 107.5 60.61 224.8 76.76 3.3 19.4 10.6 Household appli ance stores 3.9 10.4 7.9 19.1 3.6 Drug and pro prietary stores 16.4 14.9 $14.01 36.17 61. 42 77.16 83.42 82. 98 90.67 97. 58 40.6 93.1 29.9 75.0 20.9 11.3 63.2 29.1 $13.12 31.23 49.73 64. 41 56.84 74.99 68.40 80. 56 88.8 75.15 353.1 50.33 12.6 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 806 of workers paid less than $1 an hour, from 37 to 31 percent, was small compared with the decrease which occurred in the covered segment of retail trade in the region. Selected Lines of Retail Business Pay levels among 12 lines of retail business for which data are shown separately varied from $1.13 an hour in limited price variety stores to $2.14 at motor vehicle dealers in June 1962 (table 3). Average earnings had increased since June 1961 in all but one of the retail businesses by amounts ranging from 1 to 10 cents an hour, the most frequent increases being between 4 and 7 cents an hour. No relationship was apparent between the size of the increase and industry pay level. For example, a 5-cent increase occurred in limited price variety stores where hourly earn ings in June 1962 averaged 55 cents below the overall retail trade average, and in shoe stores where earnings were 8 cents above the overall average. Differences in average pay increases among the selected lines of retail business resulted in a decline of three percentage points in indexes of earnings (relative to the average for retail trade as a whole) for employees in women’s ready-to-wear stores; men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores; and building materials, hardware, and farm equip ment dealers. Changes in pay relationships for the other groups were mostly negligible, as indi cated in the following tabulation: Index of average hourly earnings (national retail trade average=100) June 19GB June 1961 Line of retail business Limited price variety stores----------------------Gasoline service stations--------------------------Women’s ready-to-wear stores-------------------Drug and proprietary stores---------------------Department stores_______________________ Grocery stores__________________________ Shoe stores-------------------------------------------Men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores_______________________________ Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment dealers-------------------------------Household appliance stores----------------------Furniture, home furnishings, and equip ment stores__________________________ Motor vehicle dealers----------------------------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 67 79 80 81 84 86 86 96 97 104 104 105 106 105 108 107 110 110 110 114 127 115 126 The proportion of workers receiving less than $1 an hour by line of business ranged up to 40 percent in June 1961; in six retail groups, at least a tenth of the workers had such earnings. By June 1962, the proportion of workers paid less than $1 was no more than 23 percent in any line of business, and only four retail groups had a tenth or more of their workers with these earnings. In the earlier period, four lines of business had more than a tenth of their workers earning from $1 to $1.05 an hour. In June 1962, the number of these retail groups had increased to eight. In creases in the proportions of workers whose earn ings corresponded with the $1 Federal minimum wage, however, were relatively small, as shown in chart 2. Only in variety stores was there a marked change in the proportion of workers in the $1 to $1.05 wage interval, from less than a fifth in June 1961 to more than three-tenths in June 1962. Weekly Hours and Earnings Data on weekly hours of work reflected the prevalence of short and long workweeks in retail trade. In June of both 1961 and 1962, approxi mately a fourth of all nonsupervisory employees worked less than 35 hours a week; three-fifths, 40 hours or less; and seven-tenths, 44 hours or less. Similarly, in 8 of the 12 retail business groups, at least a fourth of the employees worked less than 35 hours a week, and in 9 of the groups, more than three-tenths worked more than 40 hours (table 4). Although changes in weekly hours worked between survey periods were re latively small, a gradual downward trend con tinued for that portion of the retail work force that was employed long hours. The proportion of employees who worked more than 40 hours a week declined from 40 percent in June 1961 to 39 percent in June 1962, a decrease of 35,800 workers, even though overall employment rose slightly during this period. Since October 1956, the date of the Bureau’s first comprehensive survey of employee earnings in retail trade,6 the reduction in employees who worked in excess of a 40-hour week has totaled 283,300, or 12 percent. • Employee Earnings in Retail Trade in October 1956 (BLS Bulletin 1220, 1957). RETAIL TRADE EMPLOYEES’ EARNINGS Charf 2. 807 Nonsupervisory employees in Selected Lines of Retail Business Receiving Specified Average Straight-Time Hourly Earnings, June 1961 and June 1962 PERCENT O F EMPLOYEES 0 i 20 40 ------- — — i 1 i 60 PERCENT O F EMPLOYEES 80 i— i------ 1— i-------r— 100 i— 0 20 Grocery Stores A 60 ____J $1.00 “ U n d e r $ 1.0 0 40 80 100 0 20 40 —i--- 1--- 1-- 1--- 1--- 1--- 1-- 1--- 1-- r Limited Price Variety Stores 60 n b a 100 I---- «---- 1---- 1---- 1---- r I U n d e r $1.00 80 Building Materials, Hardware and Farm Equipment Dealers 0 20 U n d e r $ 1 .2 5 U n d e r $1.25 U n d e r $1.25 U n d e r $1.25 $ 1.0 0 -1 .0 5 U n d e r $ 1.2 5 Womens' Ready-toWear Stores Department Stores $1.00-1.05 $1.0 0-1.0 5 U n d e r $1.25 U n d e r $ 1.25 U n d e r $1.2 5 U n d e r $ 1.00 ¡a flmm# . H Gasoline Service Stations H ^ U n d e r $1.0 0 j $1.00-1.05 $1.00-1.05 H Furniture, Homefurnishings, and Equipment Stores $1.00-1.05 1 U n d e r $1.25 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 -- 1-- 1---1___1__ 1___1___1 1 1 1 1 . i June 1961 On a weekly basis, the June 1962 average earnings of employees working less than 35 hours but at least 15 hours a week ranged from $26.78 in limited price variety stores to $44.69 at motor vehicle dealers. In the same two lines of business, weekly earnings of those working 40 hours a week were $47.87 and $100.29, respectively; and of those working 44 hours a week, $48.38 and $103.96. Except in a few instances, weekly earnings ad https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 U n d e r $1.00 $1.00-1.05 $ 1 .0 0 -1 .0 5 U n d e r $ 1 .2 5 100 1 mi Shoe Stores U n d e r $1.00 j-1 Stores 1 ■J $1.00-1.05 U n d e r $ !.o o 1 U n d e r $1.00 $1.0 0-1.0 5 Men’s and Boys’ Clothing and Furnishing Stores 80 --- -- --- -- Drug Stores $1.00-1.05 U n d e r $1.00 60 l $ 1.0 0-1.0 5 J 40 U n d e r $ 1.25 J ____I I I I I • I I ---- 1___ 1____1___ I___ L___ 1____l_ _ J ___ I___ l June 1962 vanced between June 1961 and June 1962 by various amounts ranging up to $2.55 a week, or 7 percent, for workers employed 15 and less than 35 hours; up to $5.68, or 7 percent, for those employed 40 hours; and up to $8.57, or 13 percent, for those employed 44 hours. —H e r b e r t S c h a f f e r Division of Wages and Industrial Relations 808 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Unemployment and Labor Market Policy E ditor ’s N ote .— The fo llo w in g article w a s excerpted fr o m a speech which D e a n George P . S ch u ltz o f the G raduate School o f B u sin e ss, U n iv e rsity of C hicago, delivered a t the 5 1 st A n n u a l M eetin g o f the Cham ber o f Com m erce o f the U n ited S tates, held in W ash in gton , D .C ., A p r il 2 8 to M a y 1, 1963. M in o r changes in w ord in g a n d syn ta x have been m ade a n d sym bols to denote e lisio n s have n ot been em ployed. A n e w w illing ness is abroad in the land to reexamine the operation of labor markets and to experiment with a variety of devices to improve their efficiency. This new look can in the long run provide a vital part to an overall solution of the unemployment problem. Like many others, I favor an immediate and substantial net reduction in tax rates, but I argue that steps such as this— which operate at the aggregate level—have the best chance of producing full employment with a reasonably stable price level if they are accom panied by improved operation of labor markets. My thesis, then, is “policies for full employment and for efficient labor markets go hand in hand.” No doubt much unemployment will disappear with a rise in aggregate demand. But some of it is best cured by a combination of adequate demand with improved location, training, information, or treatment. It is in this sense that labor market or manpower policies designed to bring about such improvements are the handmaidens of a full employment policy. To neglect the operation of labor markets and the institutional arrange ments which shape their character is to invite an approach confined to the aggregate level, likely to be inflationary, and therefore employed with a timidity inappropriate to the seriousness of the problem. The demands made upon the operation of labor markets will surely be greater in the next 10 years than in the last. Added to the shifting about of workers occasioned by change are wellestablished prospects for the labor force. It will be growing at a relatively rapid pace and shifting sharply in its composition. Growth will be most rapid among those under 25 and over 45 years https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis old. Growth, that is, compared with the last decade, will rise sharply for the under 25 age group, the only group where the rate of increase will be more rapid than that of the past decade. It is important, then, from the standpoint of meeting long-term manpower developments as well as immediate unemployment problems to make the labor market process as efficient as possible. We ignore at our peril the fact that this market like others relies on good information about supply and demand, the possibility of movement away from one industry, occupation, or area and of entry into others, and that the price of labor in a given market will have impact on the quantity demanded. We seem to be in the position of responding to large and important problems with small bits and pieces. But how aggravating it is to read state ments that “only 15 percent of the unemployed workers were able to benefit” by such and such an approach, and that therefore the approach was hardly worthwhile. What we must do is work on as many bits of the problem as possible, knowing that in total these bits will add up to something worthwhile. Let me now take up two areas where attention is being and can be further focused to improve our labor markets. In each, we see a combination of public and private policies and in each we see possibilities for improvement. Public and Private Retraining In general, the retraining approach suggested by recent legislation strikes me as in keeping with the objective of improving the operation of labor markets. The concept involved is one of adjust ment to the difficulties of an area, industry, occupation, or group of people, by expanding individual skills and job horizons. Among other things, it puts pressure for better performance on the employment service, as an agent for the collection and dissemination of information. And it helps dramatize the inadequacies of our system of vocational education and so, we may hope at least, will lead to improvements. Contrast this approach with that so frequently found in private and public policy. Import quotas for lead, zinc, and oil producers, tariff protection for a wide variety of industries, the efforts of some unions to block the effective use of new technology, the drive for special subsidies UNEMPLOYMENT AND LABOR MARKET POLICY in some industries and “fair trade” in others are all examples of policies that thwart market proc esses. Businessmen who extol the virtues of free enterprise and decry governmental interven tion are often the most vocal in demanding pro tection when competition pinches. Using the protective approach, monstrous structures are built out of cumulative maladjustments and inefficiency, structures which cannot be pulled down without peril. A grotesque agricultural program stands as one dramatic testimonial to the bankruptcy of this approach. Certainly, the money spent on agricultural price supports last year alone could finance an extensive program of education, retraining, and relocation for displaced farmers and a substantial tax cut as well. If the retraining approach has the merit of emphasizing adjustment in the right direction, it also has built into it many problems. Informa tion in the Manpower Report transmitted by the President to the Congress in March 1963,1 sug gests some of these problems and points up the issue of defining the appropriate role for public and private responsibility in this area. Of those receiving training under the Manpower Act in 1962, 90 percent of the 6,315 persons in volved were under 45 years of age, and 90 percent had an eighth grade or better education. The really disadvantaged groups, the ones who present the greatest difficulties for training and placement, are the older, poorly educated workers. Often they have been displaced after long service with one employer and are bewildered by the task of finding a new line of work and a new job. To be sure, the training program that takes them in will not show so good a record in terms of trainees placed, but it may make a greater contribution to the most difficult aspects of the readjustment problem. The implied suggestion here, that retraining efforts should concentrate more on the people who need help and less on the numerical record scored, is supported by the Manpower Reports’ figures on workers in training programs operated by private concerns in the spring of 1962. The establish ments surveyed covered the full range of industries and included over 36 million workers, half the labor force. About half of the workers surveyed were in establishments with training programs and 1See Monthly Labor Review, March 1963, p. 237. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 809 7 percent were actually being trained at the time of the survey. The number of people involved in training, if extrapolated to a national estimate, certainly exceeds 3 million. This is truly a massive program, going on all the time, more important in large companies than small and, no doubt following the normal course of private incentives, emphasiz ing skills useful to the firm and workers best able to acquire these skills—the younger, better edu cated workers. We must recognize that employers find it in their interest to provide training for their em ployees and more employees will receive training in this way than through any governmental pro gram, however grandly conceived. Yet the role of the Government program is a vital one. It should help those who fall outside the natural scope of private efforts. The Government pro gram, then, should be conceived not as massive and general, but as directed to special objectives derived from inadequate formal education and the residue of displacement left from a changing econ omy. The unskilled and the unschooled are most in need of help and least likely to get it from the present array of Government training programs. The Structure of Compensation As a sample of a different area of policy, let me comment on the division of total income received by an employee between direct money payments and items tied to length of service and continued employment with a firm. Roughly 20 percent of total income falls in the second category. For some industries or companies, the fraction may go to one-third or even higher. What are the labor market effects of such a structure? Certainly it may inhibit voluntary movement, essential to the use of manpower at maximum productivity. A new job starts on the bottom of the ladder, in terms of benefits as well as direct compensation. That is, especially for the older worker, if a comparable new job can be found. For an employer, the age distribution of his labor force affects his benefit costs, which, like any other costs, he seeks to minimize. In addi tion, the benefit structure is an overhead cost which he must pay as a cost of hiring an individual. He is obviously encouraged, within limits, to work his existing force longer rather than take 810 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 on extra employees. The unemployed, unrepre sented, unwanted, and, in the sense described above, overpriced, are left out—out of a job and out of a myriad of indirect benefits that go with a job, yet place an economic barrier around that job. I suggest, therefore, that the structure of com pensation be reexamined to see if the proportions make sense and, indeed, if the particular benefits, which have been developed for a work force gradually growing older, are really what is wanted by the youngsters now streaming into the labor market. This is as much a matter for public policy as for private. After all, the tax laws have provided a powerful incentive to the development of private benefit plans, and payroll taxes are not the only way to finance the social insurance system. In this short statement, I have emphasized the operation of particular markets because I think this side of the coin is too widely neglected. My side of the coin has an overall design: Re spect for the general contours of the economics of employment, as it appears to the individual employer and employee in particular labor markets the country over. A clearer figure in the design requires long and painstaking efforts, where small and sometimes individually insignificant bits and pieces are sharpened and integrated. But the implications are broad. Sixth Annual Economic Conference of the NICE schaft, and Peter von Siemens, president of the Association of German Electrical Manufacturers, to a belief in the efficacy of cooperative govern ment, industry, and labor planning of the economy, set forth by Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, deputy governor of the Bank of France, and Patrice Leroy-Jay, director of the general secretariat of the National Council of the French Management Association. A middle view was taken by Marcus Wallenberg, vice chairman of the Stockholms Enskilda Bank, while Sir Robert Shone, director general of Britain’s National Economic Develop ment Council, reminded his listeners that planning in Britain is so new that it has not yet had a chance to show what it can accomplish. According to Mr. Boden, German business makes its own investment and production deci sions within the economic framework set by the Government’s taxation, credit, and other fiscal policies. Acknowledging the necessity for gov ernment regulation of certain industrial activities, such as railroad and other transportation systems, postal and telephone services, and public utilities, all of which are nationalized in Germany, Mr. Boden recommended that “all unnecessary interference of the Government be avoided in order to keep private enterprise flexible and to encourage its initiative.” Even though national economic planning might result in more efficient investment in the short run, German industrialists and economists, he F o c u sin g on the “Outlook for Jobs, Profits, and Economic Growth/’ the economic conference held as part of the 47th Annual Meeting of the National Industrial Conference Board in New York, May 15-17, 1963, provided a forum for discussion of the role and responsibilities of government, industry, and labor in solving current problems. This article reports on sessions examining (1) ap proaches toward national economic planning in several European countries, (2) the effect of tech nological change on employment, and (3) adjust ments required by the changing demands on the labor force. Economic Planning in Western Europe To acquaint conference participants with the attempts of other industrial countries to stimulate economic growth, the NICB invited speakers from Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom to outline and evaluate their countries’ approaches to growth through economic planning. The attitudes toward national planning expressed by the six speakers ranged from a conviction that economic growth will suffer if government plans for industry, voiced by Hans C. Boden, chairman of the board of Allgemeine Elektricitats-Gesell- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NICB ECONOMIC CONFERENCE reported, consider that in the long run planning could only stultify economic growth because rigidities imposed by a necessarily cautious bureaucracy would prevent the plan from keeping pace with the rate of technological change. Both Mr. Boden and Mr. von Siemens referred to the need of the individual firm for market forecasting and investment planning, but they concluded that implementation of a similar plan developed on a national scale would eventually result in govern ment control over business to the degree now reached in nationalized industries. The French plan, according to Mr. Schweitzer, a central banker, develops for the whole economy the kind of market studies and investment pro grams that the individual firm develops for itself, but it has the support of the business community since industry representatives play such a large part in its formation. Twenty-five commissions 1 and 300 working groups, whose some 3,500 mem bers are experts drawn from business firms and associations, labor unions, and Government agen cies, gather data and meet to set goals for the 4 years to be covered by each plan. Projecting investment for each sector, the plan, he said, seeks to achieve rapid growth in a balanced economy, and to build desirable goals, such as priorities for health and education, into the overall pattern of growth. The plan does not have the force of law; where its goals have been reached, Mr. Schweitzer noted, success has been due partly to the important role played by public investment in the French economy, partly to tax, credit, and loan incentives provided by the Government, and mostly to “a sense of enlightened self-interest and to the active participation’’ of almost all economic agents. Reiterating the great extent of business partici pation in the French planning process, Mr. Schweitzer gave this advice: I t is perhaps in the interests of U.S. businessmen to begin thinking about the implications of economic planning. Whether you like it or not, you have all over the world a large amount of government intervention in business operations. In the United States, you have as much as anywhere else in the western world. And government interference is likely to increase rather than decrease. Discussing the French plan from a businessman’s point of view, Mr. Leroy-Jay reported that 1 Twenty commissions cover the major sectors in which investment must be made; the remaining five deal with problems common to all sectors: financing, manpower, research, productivity, and regional planning. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 811 although the individual firms are free to develop and carry out their own programs, many, regarding the plan “as an overall market study that no specialists, in France at least, would be able to complete,” gear their development to its projec tions of manpower, consumption, and investment in their sector. The projections set forth in the plan, Mr. Leroy-Jay observed, allow businessmen to anticipate the potential demand of their customers, and to identify with almost complete certainty the expected purchases and production of the Government in its role as purchaser of one-fourth and producer of one-tenth of the national product. Mr. Leroy-Jay emphasized the essential func tion of “an extensive network of solid professional organizations” in business participation in the planning system. “Many industrialists,” he said, “know the plan only through their organization and trust it only insofar as they trust their pro fessional representatives.” He considered that “in the absence of such an organizational structure, which exists probably only in France, planning would be not only inefficient but dangerous because it could succeed only with the help of dictatorial methods applied at the level of the firms.” Since planning is “an attempt to insure an overall balance between production, consumption, and investment” that would be “favorable to economic expansion,” Mr. Leroy-Jay considers that the French plan’s major shortcoming has been its failure to educate farmers and wage earners to the necessity for restraining consumption expenditures to noninflationary levels. French businessmen had thought that continuing the planning process begun in 1946 beyond the original goal of repairing a war-torn economy would ensure rapid expansion without inflation. However, labor and farm groups often, he ex plained, make wage and price demands incom patible with the balance that the plan tries to achieve, thus making a wage-price spiral a con stant threat. “The Government itself,” he said, “sometimes forgets what it has solemnly approved: At the beginning of the year, a very large nation alized industry granted an extension of holidays in direct contradiction of the recommendations of the plan on the workweek.” Preventing inflation is also a problem in Sweden, because if the wage drift resulting from labor 812 scarcity were permitted to push costs and prices up it would be disastrous, according to Mr. Wal lenberg, since Sweden has low tariffs and exports one-fourth of its total production. Planning in the Swedish sense, therefore, encompasses labor market policy and business fluctuation remedies, as well as “attempts to outline the opportunities for long-term economic growth.” Beginning in 1947, Mr. Wallenberg reported, long-term growth investigations have been carried out jointly by private firms and their associations, central and local governments, and special research units. Their reports contain forecasts of economic performance for the various sectors and propose fiscal and monetary policies that would induce the public and private sectors to develop in line with the forecasts. Mr. Wallenberg emphasized the preeminence of private enterprise in Sweden (over 90 percent of the manufacturing industry is in private hands) to show the great degree of con sultation and coordination between government and business necessary for development of a national economic plan. Noting that no clear principles have yet been worked out for long-term planning and that disagreements still exist as to the conditions for and possibilities of such plan ning, he concluded that “private enterprise undoubtedly stands to gain more from adequate planning of a coordinated economic policy than by government inactivity as to problems of economic development.” Acceptance of national economic planning in Britain is still uncertain, too, if only because of the recency of its introduction. Established early in 1962, Britain’s planning organization, the National Economic Development Council, this spring published a general plan for 1966, along with recommendations for policies which would support economic growth. According to Mr. Shone, the NEDC is aiming for a national eco nomic growth rate of 4 percent a year; a product of that growth, he added, will be “to raise in capacity and quality our schools, cities, standards of living, our aid to underdeveloped nations.” Some of the recommendations, he noted, were taxation policies to favor exports, such as tax forgiveness; policies to improve the manpower supply, such as apprenticeship or mobility incen tives; and an incomes policy designed to increase exports by restricting income growth to the rate of increase in productivity. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Much more centralized than that of France, Britain’s planning agency is composed of 20 mem bers, who are assisted by a staff of 80. Chaired by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Council includes two other Government ministers, six representatives from industry, six from labor, and two chairmen of nationalized industries, as well as Mr. Shone. The Council is made up of mem bers who are in a position to implement their decisions if, as Mr. Shone expects, they become committed to them while composing and amending their reports. Such committal will be a necessity, said Mr. Shone, since the Council has no power to enforce the plan’s recommendations. Although Britain lacks the strong employer groups upon which much of France’s planning attempts rest, the NEDC’s discussions with business leaders have encouraged many industries to set up special development bodies which will be able to partici pate more fully in the developing planning process. Manpower Shortages and Surpluses Members of the “Labor Scarcity Amid Abun dance” panel generally supported the current view that expansion and improvement of education and training programs is necessary to ameliorate unemployment and to meet the increasing demand for personnel in occupations requiring a relatively high level of education. Commissioner of Labor Statistics Ewan Clague, a member of the panel, also brought forward several measures now under discussion: Better use of manpower resources by, for example, assigning the administrative and clerical duties performed by scientists and engi neers in some occupations to technicians, admin istrators, and clerks; incentives to increase the mobility of workers tied down by homeownership or by non vested pension and other benefit rights; reduction of the turnover and labor market withdrawals of women in shortage occupations such as teaching and nursing; and improving job guidance and counseling in the schools. Other panelists pointed out specific failings in the educational process. Concerned by the recent downward swing in the number of men annually receiving engineering degrees, Jess H. Davis, president of the Stevens Institute of Technology, identified the curriculum as the culprit for the “dropouts and transfers and discontent and apathy” found even in the best engineering schools. NIOB ECONOMIC CONFERENCE The narrow focus of today’s engineering curricu lum, he said, not only discourages students but also produces graduates equipped with specific skills that obsolesce rapidly, rather than with an understanding of principle and method that will enable them to adapt themselves to the changing demands of the profession. Most of the “Scarcity Amid Abundance” panel members discussed personnel shortages in occu pations requiring advanced education and train ing, but Richard S. Eckaus, associate professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a member of the “Extending Labor’s Effectiveness” panel, reminded conference participants that roughly 90 percent of the labor force is not college trained and that the resurgent enthusiasm for education had all but passed by the noncollege preparatory curriculums. “Re form and upgrading of the education and training procedures for noncollege educated workers,” he said, “remains one of the major educational prob lems of the 1960’s.” Changing Technology and Employment Accepting the premise that technological in novation creates employment, at least in the long run, the remaining members of the “Extending Labor’s Effectiveness” panel considered various aspects of automation’s effect on the labor force. Simon Ramo, vice chairman of the board of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., characterized the coming civilization as one in which machines would partner men, rather than replace them. He anticipates that demand for labor will rise as technological innovations spawn new industries and spur old ones, and he envisions the possi bility that improved teaching systems may raise the educational level of the labor force so high that a shortage of people willing to do unskilled operation and maintenance work could develop. During the discussion session, Dr. Ramo acknowl edged that it may well be that we lose more jobs by automation than we gain during the adjustment period, but he asserted that it is within our power to alter this situation. John W. Kendrick, professor of economics at The George Washington University, also rejected the threat of longrun technological unemployment. Identifying alternating periods of faster and slower https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 813 rates of productivity increase as regular charac teristics of economic growth, Professor Kendrick suggested that last year’s BLS-estimated 4 per cent increase in output per man-hour for the private economy, coming after 8 years when the rate of increase averaged 2.5 percent, might well presage a period of greater economic growth, with a consequent rise in employment. He based this prediction on the theory that accelerated advances in innovation and productivity reduce real unit cost and widen profit margins, thus in creasing investment and consequently total de mand and employment. Professor Kendrick also noted that industries with greater than average productivity advance have historically increased employment relative to other industries. James T. O’Connell, vice president of the Hudson Pulp & Paper Corp., agreed that techno logical innovation can create jobs in the long run, but reminded the meeting that short-run human and economic dislocations inevitably accompany automation. He concluded that business must be prepared to accept some of the costs of re training and other adjustment measures “as a required offset to the savings inherent in automation.” Not all speakers at the NICB conference were content to rely on the expectation that the economy will, in the long run, solve the problem of technological unemployment. Jacob Perlman, head of the Office of Economic and Statistical Studies of the National Science Foundation, told the panel on Job Creation that “innovations are likely to come forward in lumps or waves, leading to the well-known Schumpeter cycle.” He held that it may take considerable time before jobs are created for technologically unemployed workers and, in the meantime, their skills may deteriorate or become obsolescent. Mr. Perlman found the key to the problem of technological unemployment in the allocation of investment funds, advocating a greater share for research and development. Research and development activity in itself generates employment; it also, he contended, could appreciably reduce the “cyclical movements caused by the lumpy nature of innovation.” — M a rtha S. R ic h e Division of Publications MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 814 Earnings in Wood Household Furniture, July 1962 S traight - time ea r n in g s of production and related workers in the nonupholstered wood household furniture industry averaged $1.57 an hour in July 1962. About 15 percent of the 106,193 workers covered by a Bureau of Labor Statistics study1 earned less than $1.20 an hour, and 32 percent earned less than $1.30; fewer than 5 percent of the workers earned $2.50 or more. Variations around the industry average were found by location, community size, estab lishment size, labor-management contract status, and occupation. The large majority of the workers were in establishments providing paid vacations and holidays, as well as several types of health and insurance plans. Earnings Regionally, average hourly earnings of pro duction workers ranged from $2.38 in the Pacific to $1.34 in the Southeast.2 Earnings of workers in the Border and Southwest regions averaged a few cents an hour more than those in the South east, whereas average earnings in the New England, Great Lakes, and Middle Atlantic regions amounted to $1.68, $1.72, and $1.82, respectively. (See accompanying table.) Men accounted for nine-tenths of the production and related workers in the industry. The national average for men ($1.58) was 15 cents above the average for women; regionally, this difference ranged from less than 10 cents in the Southeast and Southwest to more than 30 cents in the New England and Middle Atlantic regions. The $1.57 hourly average for all production workers in July 1962 was 7.5 percent above the average of $1.46 shown in a similar Bureau study in April-May 1959.3 Regionally, the increases were between 5 and 10 percent in four regions, about 10 percent in New England and the Southwest, and 17 percent in the Pacific region. Slightly more than three-fifths of the industry’s production workers were employed in localities outside the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget. The Middle Atlantic, Pacific, and South west were the only regions in which most workers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis were employed in metropolitan areas. In five of the seven regions for which data are available, workers in metropolitan areas averaged more than those in the smaller communities by amounts ranging from 5 cents in the Middle Atlantic region to 26 cents in the Border region. In New England, workers in nonmetropolitan areas aver aged 18 cents an hour more than those in metro politan areas. Nearly identical averages were recorded for the two community-size groups in the Southwest. In all but two of the seven regions, workers in establishments with 100 or more employees aver aged more than workers in smaller establishments, by amounts ranging from 7 to 12 cents an hour. In the two exceptions, the wage advantage of workers in the smaller establishments was 7 cents an hour in the Pacific region and 13 cents in the Middle Atlantic region. With the exception of the Southeast and South west regions, workers in establishments having contractual agreements with labor organizations averaged considerably more than workers in es tablishments not having such agreements. Identi cal averages were recorded for the two groups of establishments in the Southeast; in the Southwest, workers in nonunion plants averaged 4 cents an hour more than in those plants having labor management contracts. The exact impact on earnings of any of the previously mentioned characteristics cannot be isolated and measured because of their inter relationship and the influence of other factors, including method of wage payment. Four-fifths of the industry’s workers were paid time rates. However, the proportions of workers paid under 1 The study covered establishments employing 20 workers or more and engaged primarily in manufacturing nonupholstered wood household furni ture commonly used in dwellings (industry 2511 as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, U.S. Bureau of the Budget). A more comprehensive account of this study will be presented in a forth coming BLS Bulletin, Industry Wage Survey: Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, July 1962, No. 1369. Individual releases providing data on earnings and supplementary benefits for 10 areas of industry concentration and the State of Indiana were issued earlier. The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this article differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike the latter, the averages presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts and are calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of such individuals. In the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry is divided into the reported payroll totals. For definition of regions used in this study, see footnote 2 of the accompanying table. See “ Earnings in Wood Household Furniture, April-M ay 1959,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1959, pp. 1357-1362. 3 3 EARNINGS IN WOOD HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE 815 incentive wage systems (most commonly, bonuses based on the production of the individual) ranged from approximately a third in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Great Lakes regions, to less than a tenth in the Southeast and Pacific regions. Earnings of almost all of the workers were within a range of $1.15 to $3 an hour—the middle half of the workers earned between $1.26 and $1.77. At the lower end of the earnings array, about 15 percent of the workers earned less than $1.20, 23 percent earned less than $1.25, and 32 percent earned less than $1.30. Fewer than 5 percent of the workers earned $2.50 or more an hour. The following tabulation indicates that the Border States, Southeast, and Southwest had heavier concentrations of workers at lower earnings levels than the other regions. Percent of workers with straight-time hourly: earnings of less than— $1.20 $1.25 New E n g la n d -___ 7. 6 Middle Atlantic__ 3. 7 Border States, _ __ 17. 6 Southeast- ____ 24. 9 Southwest__ _____ 23. 5 Great Lakes_______ 4. 0 Pacific.. ________ 1Less than 0.05 percent. 10. 6. 30. 38. 38. 6. $1.30 9 9 2 7 2 7 17. 9. 42. 50. 47. 11. $1.50 9 9 5 7 9 7 42. 28. 71. 79. 75. 33. 0) 1 8 & 5 4 3 The 24 occupational classifications for which separate data were obtained accounted for nearly half the production workers within the scope of N umber and A verage Straight-T ime H ourly E arnings 1 of P roduction W orkers in W ood H ousehold F ur niture , E xcept U pholstered, M anufacturing E stablishments, by S elected Characteristics and R egions,2 J uly 1962 United States 3 N ew England Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Pacific Characteristic Work Earn W ork Earn Work Earn Work Earn Work Earn W ork Earn Work Earn W ork Earn ers ings i ers ings i ers ings i ers ings i ers ings i ers ings i ers ings i ers ings i All production workers_____ 106,193 $1.57 6,145 $1.68 11,727 $1.82 1.58 1.43 5,243 902 1.72 1.40 10,531 1.196 37,840 ,353 1.76 1.46 1,443 4,702 1.54 1.72 20-99 workers___ ____ ________ 27,194 workers or more.............. ....... 78,999 1.69 1.52 2,189 3,956 1.60 1.72 1.82 3,222 1.43 2,923 8,857 1,286 1,689 1,845 1.72 1.47 1.74 1.51 1,146 6,180 2,899 1,849 3.130 2.281 849 5,723 6,432 4,059 2,373 5,431 1.79 1.36 1.50 1.62 1.46 1.46 1.44 1.45 1.56 1.62 1.45 211 1.55 1.84 1.82 1.68 147 164 1.86 747 1.83 63 15,298 $1.42 38,519 $1.34 5,842 $1.36 21,082 $1.72 6,690 $2.38 1.53 14,352 946 1.42 1.30 36,269 2,250 1.34 1.26 4,843 999 1.37 1.30 17,225 3,857 1.77 1.49 6,290 400 2.3» 2.15 7,256 4,471 1.84 1.79 4,161 11,137 1.60 1.34 7.246 31,273 1.43 1.32 3.335 2,507 1.36 1.37 7.434 13,648 1.83 1.66 6,075 615 2.39 5,843 5,884 1.89 1.76 1,368 13,930 1.31 1.43 5,151 33,368 1.28 1.35 1,306 4,536 1.28 1.38 7,111 13,971 1.67 1.74 3,474 3,216 2.41 2.34 1.84 7,008 1.91 3,343 1.68 3,107 1.34 3,415 1.34 10,711 1.82 5,394 2.42 1.50 4, 719 1.69 11,955 1.34 35,412 1.34 2,427 1.38 10,371 1.61 1,296 2. IT 135 143 123 89 1.90 1.73 1.70 1.67 1,182 218 248 191 2.12 1. 54 1.89 1.76 1,079 94 155 261 1.46 1.49 1.57 1.39 2,828 490 563 831 1.34 1.26 1.39 1.29 455 63 80 62 1.43 1.24 1.46 1.32 2,242 175 294 274 1.87 1.50 1.82 1.71 821 103 226 2.51 2.07 2. 56 2.38 76 235 168 1.82 1.47 1.60 1.62 1. 29 1.37 1.50 1.30 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.49 1.51 1.42 1.51 771 1,498 1,060 438 2,163 2,848 1,596 1,252 1,954 1.27 1.36 1.27 1.25 1.31 1.25 1.37 1.40 1.35 1.38 71 214 169 77 164 119 45 294 349 187 162 259 1.61 1.30 1.31 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.45 1.36 1.34 1.39 1.27 1.47 231 782 683 270 432 406 26 1,145 1,189 824 365 1,270 2.00 1.68 1.59 1.73 1.81 1.56 1.87 36 439 189 151 156 127 29 362 294 255 39 301 2. 70 2.08 2.18 2. 56 1.85 135 1,058 370 240 537 331 206 526 892 669 223 710 444 2,917 1.76 1.71 1.92 1.50 1.73 1.85 2.04 2.09 1.96 1.60 1.79 1.87 1.67 2.08 1.66 131 89 42 194 358 152 535 275 228 180 117 63 889 485 300 185 694 1.86 103 1.98 101 1.71 252 1.53 25 1.63 146 1.99 57 2. 67 Sex M en_________________ ______ 95,540 W omen............ ............................... 10,653 S iz e of C o m m u n it y Metropolitan areas 4____ _____ Nonmetropolitan areas_______ S iz e of E 68 abor -M 2.22 s t a b l is h m e n t 100 L 1.86 anagem ent tract Co n - Status Majority of workers covered___ 37,090 None or minority of workers covered_____ ______________ 69,103 S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s 8 Assemblers, case goods________ Assemblers, chairs........................ Cutoff saw operators____ _____ Gluers, rough stock___________ Maintenance men, general utility_______ _____________ Off-bearers, machine__________ Packers, furniture. __________ Rip-saw operators____________ Rubbers, furniture___________ Hand____________________ Machine.................................. Sanders, furniture, hand______ Sanders, furniture, machine___ Belt_____________________ Other than B elt__________ Sprayers_______________ Tenoner operators (set up and operate)__________ _________ 1 8 112 1.66 1.86 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. The regions in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—Del aware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,021 1.21 1.54 1.64 1.78 1.74 1.75 121 2.10 2.11 2.05 2.08 2.42 2.45 2.24 2.42 and Texas; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. The term “ metropolitan area” as used in this study refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas established by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget. * On a nationwide basis, all or a large majority of the workers in the occupa tions shown were men; women outnumbered men sanders, furniture (hand), in the Southwest and Great Lakes regions. 8 8 816 the study. Job averages ranged from $1.36 for machine off-bearers to $1.83 for tenoner operators who set up their own machines. Case goods assemblers, numerically the most important job studied separately, averaged $1.72. Generally, job averages were lowest in the Southeast and highest in the Pacific region. Wage rates for occupa tions common to the industry are included in the table, as well as variations in earnings levels among the regions. Establishment Practices4 A 40-hour weekly work schedule was predomi nant in each of the regions studied separately and, nationally, in establishments employing seven-tenths of the industry’s production workers in July 1962. Most of the remaining workers were in plants with 45- or 50-hour weekly work schedules. Fewer than 4 percent of the workers were employed on late shifts. Paid holidays—ranging from 1 to 11 annually— were provided by establishments employing nearly two-thirds of the workers. Regionally, the pro portions were nearly a third in the Southeast, two-fifths in the Border States, four-fifths in the Southwest, and more than nine-tenths in all other regions. Six days a year was the most common holiday provision in all regions except the Pacific, where seven-tenths of the workers received 7 paid holidays annually, and the Southeast, where provisions for 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days a year were of nearly equal importance. * Establishment practices for production workers are briefly summarized in this article. Additional detail for these workers and information for office workers will be presented in the forthcoming bulletin. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Paid vacations after qualifying periods of service were provided by establishments accounting for nine-tenths of the industry’s work force. Most commonly, workers were provided 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service and 2 weeks after 5 years. A fifth of the workers were in establishments providing 3 weeks or more of vacation pay after 15 years of service. Provisions were almost the same after longer periods of service. Vacation provisions were somewhat more liberal in the Pacific than other regions. Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance for which the employer paid at least part of the cost were available to nearly nine-tenths of the industry’s workers. Nearly two-thirds of the workers were in establishments providing sickness and accident insurance; almost three-fifths, acci dental death and dismemberment insurance; twofifths, medical insurance; and about a sixth, catastrophe (major medical) insurance. The pro portions of workers in plants providing specified health and insurance benefits varied by region. Pension benefits—providing regular payments for the remainder of the worker’s life upon retirement (other than those available under Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insur ance)—were available to slightly more than a fifth of the production workers. The proportions of workers covered by such benefits ranged from about an eighth in the Border and Great Lakes regions to nearly half in the Pacific region. — G eorge L. S t e l l u t o Division of Occupational Pay EARNINGS: WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY Earnings: Women’s and M isses’ Coat and Suit Industry, August 1962 A verage straight - time hourly e a r n in g s of production workers in the women’s and misses’ coat and suit industry in August 1962 ranged from $2.81 in New York to $1.88 in Baltimore, as shown by a survey of 10 labor market areas made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 These areas,2 with 47,000 production workers, accounted for more than three-fifths of the industry’s work force at the time of the study. New York, the industry’s largest center, employed 28,145. Individual earnings in each area were widely dispersed, reflecting such industry characteristics as the extensive use of incentive wage systems and differences in types of work. Earnings information was obtained separately for selected occupations. Approximately 95 percent of the workers covered by the study were in shops having agreements with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. These agreements included provisions for paid vacations, paid holidays, various types of health and welfare benefits, and retirement pension plans. Earnings Variations in area wage averages for production workers were partly due to differences in manu facturing methods and processes. New York and Los Angeles-Long Beach, with averages of $2.81 and $2.60, respectively (as shown in the accom panying table), made the most extensive use of the single-hand (tailor) system of sewing. This system requires more highly trained operators than are generally needed on the section system, which was predominant in each of the remaining areas. Nearly half of the sewing machine operators in New York and somewhat more than half of those in Los Angeles— Long Beach were assigned to perform all or most of the sewing operations required on the garment (single-hand system). In the other areas, the proportions of workers limited to sewing a specific part (or parts) of the garment were: approximately three-fifths in Chicago and San Francisco-Oakland; four-fifths in Baltimore, Boston, and Phildelphia; and virtually all in Kansas City, Newark and Jersey City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 817 Production worker averages in Newark and Jersey City ($2.25) and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ($2.13) were also influenced, to some extent, by the dominance of contract shops which manu facture from materials owned and frequently cut by others. More than nine-tenths of the workers in both areas were in shops of this type. As a result, the proportion of cutters and markers, who usually receive comparatively high wages, was smaller in these areas than in the others. Approximately equal numbers of men and women were employed in New York. In all other areas, women greatly outnumbered men. As a group, men averaged approximately 20 percent more than women in Kansas City; between 30 and 40 percent more in 5 areas; approximately 50 percent more in Chicago and San Francisco-Oak land, and between 60 and 70 percent more in Los Angeles-Long Beach and Philadelphia. The dif ference in the general earnings levels for men and women reflects the concentration of men in jobs requiring the greatest experience and skill, such as cutting and marking, pressing, and the single hand system of sewing. In New York, for ex ample, men outnumbered women as single-hand system sewing machine operators by a ratio of more than 2% to 1, whereas women outnumbered men as section system operators by a ratio of more than 4 to 1. Earnings as low as $1.15 and as high as $5 an hour were recorded for some workers in all areas. A fourth of the workers in Baltimore earned $1.60 but less than $1.70 an hour. In no other area was there any large concentration of workers at a particular point in the earnings distributions. Workers paid on an incentive basis (nearly always individual piecework) accounted for threefifths or more of the work force in Chicago, Kansas City, Philadelphia, and San Francisco-Oakland; approximately one-half in Boston and Los AngelesLong Beach; two-fifths in New York and Newark 1 The study included establishments employing four or more workers and primarily engaged in manufacturing women’s and misses’ coats and suits, except fur coats and raincoats, part of industry 2337 as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Contract shops making skirts for suit manu facturers or suit jobbers were included but other skirt manufacturers were excluded. td The term “ production workers,” as used in this study, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonofllce functions. Administrative, executive, and professional workers were excluded. A more comprehensive account of the study will be presented in a forth coming BLS bulletin. Individual area releases are available on request. s Shown in the accompanying table. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 818 single-hand system operators exceeded those of section system operators by substantial amounts. Machine pressers, predominantly men, had the highest average hourly earnings among the jobs studied separately in five areas, with averages of $4.38 in New York and $4.61 in Chicago. Cutters and markers and workers performing both hand and machine pressing were also among the highest paid jobs studied. Thread trimmers, nearly all women, had the lowest average earnings in eight of the nine areas for which data could be presented for the occupa- and Jersey City; and slightly more than a fourth in Baltimore and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. Sewing machine operators accounted for at least three-tenths of the total production workers in each area and for approximately half the workers in Newark and Jersey City and PatersonClifton-Passaic. In New York, single-hand sys tem operators, predominantly men, averaged $3.45 an hour, compared with $2.49 for section system operators who were mostly women. In the five other areas for which data are shown for both types of operations, average earnings of N dmbeb and A verage"Straight-T ime H ourly E arnings 1 of P roduction W orkers in the W omen’s Coat and S uit I ndustry in 10 S elected A reas,2 A ugust 1962 Baltimore Kansas City Chicago Boston Los AngelesLong Beach and M isses ’ Newark and Jersey City Occupation Work ers A1 lproduction workers_________________ M e n ........................ ................................. Women______ ____ ________________ S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s Earn ings 1 Work ers Earn ings 1 Work ers Earn ings 1 __ ____ P re sse rs, h a n d a n d m a c h in e Sewers, hand (finishers)________________ Sewing machine operators, section system . Sewing machine operators, single-hand Work ers Earn ings 1 434 134 300 $2.13 2.64 1.90 1,292 451 841 $2.54 3.21 2.17 1,779 245 1,534 $1.95 2.27 1.90 2,446 840 1,606 $2.60 3.45 2.15 5,642 1,317 4,325 $2.25 2.77 2.09 56 15 $3.03 96 74 23 33 93 73 $2.43 1.61 1.43 219 32 49 90 9 $3.40 2.64 3.27 52 124 2.08 2.32 53 46 23 231 251 $3.15 1.75 1.61 3.48 4.61 3.63 2.03 2. 51 $3.90 26 42 25 48 118 376 $2.53 1.92 1.28 2.28 2. 53 2.35 1.76 1.70 194 761 1.65 2.11 105 35 475 341 87 25 2. 72 1.26 34 18 2.78 1.28 181 30 3.07 1.36 1.70 439 27 11 19 11 15 1.33 3.29 4.00 11 22 N ew York All shops Regular shops4 32 2.11 Paterson-Clifton-Passaic 88 2.02 1.81 2. 47 3.90 4.78 2.14 286 251 155 938 2,656 3.44 1.50 85 2.00 Philadelphia 2.86 3.37 2.65 2.03 2.41 1.32 San FranciscoOakland Contract shops Earntags * Workers Earntags 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers $2. 81 3.24 2.39 10, 715 7, 467 3,248 $2.97 3.13 2.59 17,430 , 636 10, 794 $2.72 3.36 2.32 4,470 889 3, 581 $2.13 2.65 1,187 349 838 $2.35 3.27 1.97 544 107 437 $2.22 3.00 2.03 1,764 517 1,143 li 199 1,117 575 ,444 4, 792 $3.68 3.04 1.69 3.87 4.38 4.26 2.62 2.49 1,514 281 1,118 '278 319 214 2, 587 352 $3. 66 3.19 1.69 4.01 4.95 4. 56 . 81 2.73 250 236 $3.84 2.85 53 33 $3. 81 1.98 $3.32 1.55 3. 82 4.15 4.08 2.50 2.47 212 233 36 470 2,274 2. 56 3.29 3.65 1.93 $3.14 1.54 1.46 3.59 3. 66 4. 51 29 13 921 798 361 3,857 4,440 13 35 10 2.21 54 43 23 44 49 24 172 437 3.06 3.47 2. 79 1.55 4,402 ' 376 3.45 1.49 1,739 67 3,50 1.79 2,663 '309 3.41 1.42 1.31 87 26 3.73 1.36 66 2.80 163 All production workers................................. 28,145 M en___________ ___________________ 14,103 W omen.. _________________________ 14,042 Earnings 1 6 2.00 Earntags 1 Workers Earntags 1 Workers Workers 3 Cutters and markers..................................... . Inspectors, final (examiners)____________ Packers, shipping__ Pressers, hand____ _____________________ Pressers, machine______ _____ __________ Pressers, hand and machine...................... . Sewers, hand (finishers)_____ ___________ Slewing machine operators, section system. Sewing machine operators, single-hand (tailor! system___ Thread trimmers. _ 6 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined b y the Bureau of the Budget, 1961. These definitions are not exactly comparable with those used in the Bureau’s February 1957 study, particularly with reference to Chicago, which in the prior study was limited to Cook County; New York, which was limited to the 5 boroughs; and Philadelphia, which was limited to Philadel phia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden County, N .J. Data relate to all workers in the selected occupations. Cutters and mark ers, shipping packers, pressers, and sewing machine operators, single-hand https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Earn ings1 $1.88 2.29 1.75 Thread trimmers (cle. ners)........................... 3 Work ers 1,026 256 770 (tailor') s y s te m 2 Earn ings 1 3 Cutters and markers.—................... .............. Inspectors, final (examiners)____________ Packers, shipping __ ___ ____________ Pressers, hand—I............................................. Pressers, machine______ ______________ S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s Work ers 2 2.01 104 2.18 (tailor) system, in most areas, were predominantly men; in the remaining jobs shown, women were usually predominant. The forthcoming bulletin w ill include separate wage data for men and women in these occupations wherever publication criteria are met. Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations, such as cutting, finishing, or packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside) shops. 4 N o t e : D a sh e s in d ic a te n o d a ta re p o rte d o r d a ta t h a t d o n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r ite ria . EARNINGS : WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY tion. Their average earnings ranged from $1.26 in Baltimore to $1.70 in Kansas City. Earnings of individual workers varied greatly within the same job and area. Particularly among piecework jobs, hourly earnings of the highest paid worker commonly exceeded those of the lowest paid worker in the same job and area by substantially more than $1 an hour, even when earnings at the extremes were excluded from the measure. The following tabulation indicates the number of incentive-paid women sewing machine operators (section system) in New York with specified hourly earnings. Hourly earnings Number of workers Under $1.50_______________________________ $1.50 and under $2.00______________________ $2.00 and under $3.00________________________ $3.00 and under $4.00______________________ $4.00 and over_____________________________ 199 565 1,286 369 86 Total number of workers__________________ Average hourly earnings__________________ 2,505 $2.41 Establishment Practices Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in effect in August 1962 in shops employing ninetenths or more of the production workers in six areas and more than three-fourths in three others. A majority of the workers in Boston were in shops reporting a 40-hour workweek. Provisions for paid holidays, health and welfare benefits, vacation pay, severance benefits, and retirement pension plans were stipulated in col lective bargaining agreements with the Inter national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which were in effect in shops employing approximately 95 percent of the production workers.3 These provisions are summarized in the following paragraphs. Paid holiday provisions varied from 4 days a year in Chicago to 6% days in New York, Newark and Jersey City, Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and Philadelphia. Timeworkers were paid their regu lar rates; incentive workers in some areas were given flat amounts varying by craft, and in other s Provisions differed slightly in a few shops. Among the shops contacted which did not have a contract with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, formal provisions for paid holidays and vacations were common, but insurance and pension plans were reported in only a few instances. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 819 areas, seven times their average hourly earnings for specified periods. Health and welfare benefits in all areas studied and vacation payments in all areas except Chicago and Kansas City were provided from health and welfare funds to which employers contributed speci fied percentages of their payrolls for workers covered by union agreements. The provisions included hospitalization, disability, maternity, eyeglass, and death benefits in nearly all areas and surgical and medical benefits in several areas. In Chicago and Kansas City, union health centers which provide free medical care to union members were maintained through employer contributions to a health center fund. Vacation payments to workers in three areas varied by occupation, ranging from $50 to $70 annually in New York, and $50 to $65 in Newark and Jersey City and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. In Chicago and Kansas City, employers paid—• directly to the workers—vacation benefits of 1 week after 1 year of service; in Kansas City, 2 weeks’ pay was provided after 5 years’ service. In the other five areas, workers’ vacation pay ments were determined as a percentage of their annual earnings, with certain limitations in some areas. Severance benefits were provided from a na tional fund to which employers contributed onehalf of 1 percent of their weekly payrolls for workers covered by the union contract. This fund provides a lump-sum severance allowance and weekly supplemental unemployment benefits to qualified workers. Retirement pension benefits (other than those available under Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance) were provided through em ployer contributions to a retirement fund. The amounts contributed varied among the areas from 2% to 6 percent of the payrolls for workers covered by union agreements. Benefits of $65 a month were paid from the fund to qualified workers over age 65 in New York, Newark and Jersey City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and $50 a month in the other areas. Totally disabled workers, in most areas, might retire with full benefits at age 60. The fund also provided a $500 death benefit. — F r e d W . M ohr Division of Occupational Pay Technical Note Table of Working Life for Men, 1960 Stuart Garfinkle* A rev ised table of working life for men 1 as of 1960 is presented with this technical note to meet the continuing demand for these measures of labor force entry and separation as well as for measures of occupational separation to be used in estimating occupational replacement needs. Another im portant use of the table is in court proceedings involving loss of earning capacity through death or disability. The present table must be regarded as prelimi nary because the two critical variables, the 1960 death rates and labor force participation rates (percent of the population of each age who are working or looking for work) may be subject to minor modification on the basis of later tabula tions. However, the final table will not be greatly different. This article describes the major assumptions and the meaning and method of computation of each column shown in the table. In common with the conventional life table, the table of working life for men begins with an initial group of 100,000 born alive and follows it through life, subject to a pattern of attrition determined by a specified set of mortality rates. Since the focus here is on the span of working life, the table begins with age 14, the age at which labor force measurement begins in the United States. Beginning at that age, the life table population is also subject to two other factors: the probability of accession to and of separation from the labor force each year. Precise measurement of labor force “births” or “deaths” is not feasible with presently available information, if only because labor force status of an individual may change a number of times, especially during the marginal or intermittent employment period at both ends of the age scale. 820 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis However, for purposes of work-life table con struction, the solution turns out to be conceptually and technically straightforward. Net changes in labor force activity by men in successive ages are used as a basis for estimating entries and with drawals, with accessions and separations being derived from differences in successive worker rates. Thus, under a given pattern of worker rates for a specified period of time, a cohort of male workers 60 years of age would acquire the lower worker rates of persons aged 61 as they become 1 year older. From the difference in successive worker rates in combination with mortality data, it is possible to derive the probabilities of separation due either to death or retirement—the latter term being used to cover all exits from the labor force for causes other than death. The following is a very brief description of each of the columns appearing in the accompanying table. Some of the functions normally included in the standard life table, e.g., qx—the mortality rates, lx—number living at the beginning of the age, and dx—number dying, are omitted in the interest of compactness. They can readily be derived from the table and a description can be found in any standard life table. (1) Year of age (x to x + 1) All of the variables in the table are expressed in terms of the exact birthday (x) or of the interval between successive birthdays (x to x+1), in ac cordance with standard life table practice. (2) Number living in year of age (Lx) This is the “stationary population” or number of persons who would be living in any age interval under the assumption of 100,000 live births an nually, subject throughout life to the specified *Of the Office of Manpower, Automation, and Training. For an extensive description of working life patterns and a detailed exposi tion of techniques used in the preparation of tables of working life, see Tables of Working Life: Length of Working Life for M en (BLS Bulletin 1001, 1950). Abridged tables of working life for men in 1950 were published in the Monthly Labor Review for March 1955 (pp. 297-300). 1 821 TABLE OF WORKING LIFE FOR MEN, 1960 mortality rates. Under these fixed conditions, if births were distributed evenly throughout each year and if there were no migration, a census taken at any time would show no change in either the total population or the number of persons in each age interval. The 1960 mortality data are from life tables prepared by the National Office of Vital Statistics. (3) Percent of population in labor force in year of age (wx) The worker rate has the same critical relation ship to the estimates of work-life expectancy as the mortality rate has to total life expectancy. Unlike the mortality function which describes a rate during a specified time interval, the worker rate is based on a cross section as of a given point in time. For the 1960 table, the worker rates were derived from those for 2-year age groups from 14 to 20, 5-year groups from 20 to 70, and for the age group 70 years and over published in the M o n th ly R e p o rt on the L abor Force for April 1960. These data were adjusted to incorporate single year of age patterns for ages 14-24 and 60-69, 5-year patterns for ages 70-84, and those for age 85 and over from the 1960 decennial census. All of the rates were adjusted to reflect the total labor force including the Armed Forces overseas and the total population including persons in institutions. (4) Number in labor force in year of age (Lwx) This is the “stationary labor force” similar in concept to the stationary population and shows the number in labor force status in each year of age under conditions of labor force participation prevailing in the reference year. (5) Accessions to labor force (1,000 Ax) This column shows the net accessions to the life table labor force per 1,000 population between successive years of age. It is calculated from successive increases in the stationary labor force figures up to the point at which the worker rate reaches a peak, after accounting for losses to the labor force due to death during the year: (6) Probability of separations due to all causes (1,000 Q*8) The probability of separation is defined as the net separations from the life table labor force between successive ages of those in the stationary labor force in the base year. The annual proba bility of labor force separations for persons in the labor force in a given year of age is computed as a ratio of the difference between the stationary labor force in successive years to the labor force in the base year: 1,000 Qi=Lw\ ^ ' For the younger ages prior to the point where the worker rate reaches a peak, the assumption is that net separations are due entirely to death: 1,000 Q ^ L -+r Lg (7) Probability of separations due to death (1,000 QH) (8) Probability of separations due to retirement (1,000 QO In deriving the probabilities of separation due to death or retirement after the point where the worker reaches a peak, it was assumed, in the absence of differential mortality rates separately for workers and nonworkers, that the age-specific death rates for men in the labor force approximated those for the population as a whole. The proba bility of death is defined as the ratio of the number of separations from the labor force because of death during a year to the number of persons in the stationary labor force at the beginning of the year. On the assumption that retirements are distributed evenly within each year of age, the average person retiring is exposed to death, as a worker, for only half a year. The total number of workers exposed to death during the year would then be the number at the beginning of the year less half of those retiring. Knowing Qx= ^ x ^Jx+1 and the separation rate Lwx—Lwx-(-i ^~ Lwx we solve algebraically to get Thus: 1,000 a x= https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -^ tl ± L wx(Q x- i) Q '= Q 2 -Q ? :) and q;= q; - q: 822 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T able (i) (2) (3) op (4) W o rking L i f e : M a l e s , 1960 (5) (6) Number living of 100,000 bom alive Year of age In population x to x+1 Lx Number Percent of population Lw, w, 1000Ax (In year of age) 14............................... 15 ......................... 16 ........................... 17 ........................... 18 ........................... 19................................ 20............................... 21................................ 22................................ 23............................... 24__________ _____ 96,102 96, 020 95, 918 95, 800 95, 666 95, 523 95,374 95, 211 95,039 94, 865 94, 692 14,800 19, 780 31,269 45, 026 61, 992 73. 075 79, 065 82,167 84, 490 86,137 87,306 25. ......................... 26. ......................... 27 ........................... 28 ........................... 29 ........................... 30 ........................... 31. ......................... 32. ............ ............ 33................................ 34............................... 94, 526 94,360 94,197 94,033 93,869 93, 697 93. 522 93,341 93,151 92, 948 35 ........................... 36 ............................ 37 ........................... 38 ............................ 39 ............................ 40 .......................... 41 .......................... 42 .......................... 43 ........................... 44............................... 65................................ . 56 .......................... . 57 .......................... . 58 ............................ 59 .......................... . 60 ............................ 61............................... . 62................................. 63 ............................ 64 .......................... . 92, 728 92,493 92,238 91, 960 91, 659 91,326 90, 964 90, 568 90,131 89,654 89,106 , 534 87, 904 87,206 , 428 85. 596 84, 637 83, 591 82, 468 81,283 80. 020 78, 717 77,344 75, 881 74,306 72, 588 70, 774 68,849 , 820 64, 699 88,193 88,887 89, 487 89. 990 90,396 90, 699 90, 716 90, 634 90. 543 90, 438 90,132 89,811 89, 471 89.109 . 726 88,312 87, 871 87. 398 , 886 . 337 85, 720 85, 081 84,300 83, 456 82, 452 81,316 79, 982 78, 492 76,860 75,105 65 ............................ 66 .......................... . 67 ............................ 68 ............................ 6 9 - .............................. 70................................ 71................................ 72............................... . 73 .... ..................... 74 ............................ 62, 533 60,246 57, 879 55, 438 52, 923 50, 374 47, 733 45,046 42.325 39, 586 75 ...... .................... 76............................... . 77 .......................... . 78 ............................ 79............................... . 80................................. 81................................. 82— ............................ 83................................ . 8 4 - .............................. 36, 785 34, 047 31.320 28. 617 25, 946 23, 245 20, 669 18. 159 15, 734 13, 408 6,984 5. 838 4, 826 3, 905 3,121 2. 433 1,841 1,368 85 years and o v e r... 55, 525 4,386 45 ........................... 46 .. ......................... 47 .......................... 48 .......................... 49 .......................... . 50 .......................... . 51............................... . 52 ............................ 53 ............................ 54 .......................... . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 88 86 66 88 86 86 73,218 71.239 69.223 67,003 64,646 61. 990 59, 026 55, 837 52,387 47,813 35,206 29, 219 25, 640 23,118 20, 746 18, 538 16, 468 14, 550 12, 782 11,124 9,638 8, 239 (8) Average number of remaining v ears of— Due to all causes D ue to death Due to retirement Life 1000QÏ 1000Qx 1000 Qi 0 6* (Between years of age) 15.4 20.6 32.6 47.0 64.8 76.5 82.9 86.3 88.9 90.8 92.2 93.3 94.2 95.0 95.7 96.3 96.8 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 97.2 97.1 97.0 96.9 96.8 96.7 96. 6 96.5 96.4 96.3 96.2 96.1 95.9 95.7 95.4 95.0 94.5 93.9 93.2 92.4 91.5 90.5 89.5 88.3 87.0 85.4 83.4 81.1 78.4 73.9 56.3 48.5 44.3 41.7 39.2 36.8 34.5 32.3 30.2 28.1 26.2 24.2 22.3 20.4 18. 6 16.8 15.1 13.4 11.7 10.2 7.9 52.0 119.9 143.8 177.8 116.8 63.9 33.9 26.0 18.9 14.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 5.9 5.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.4 5.9 6.3 7.1 7.5 9.2 10.0 12.0 13.8 16.4 18.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.3 6.1 6.4 7.1 7.9 8.9 9.6 11.2 20.8 22.8 12.4 13.4 14.3 15.4 27.0 28.3 32. 1 35.2 41.1 47.8 54.0 61.8 87.3 263.7 170.1 122.5 98.4 6 106.4 111.7 116.5 121.5 129.7 133.6 16.2 17.3 18.8 25.1 102 145.2 152.3 164.1 173.3 190.8 200.8 220.4 243.3 256.9 265.4 Labor force participation 0 ewr (At beginning of year of age) 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 (10) (9) Separations from the labor force ( ner 1.000 in labor foree) Accessions to the labor force (per 1,000 in population) In labor force (7) 20.6 22.9 24.7 26.8 29.0 30.8 29.6 34.1 37.6 41.0 44.1 46.8 50.8 54.6 58.5 62. 5 68.5 71.7 77.1 82.8 89.4 99.6 105. 5 115.0 125. 6 139.1 140.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.1 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.4 8.5 9.7 10.8 11.0 13.3 14.6 18.2 23.1 27.2 32.8 56.5 234.1 136.0 84.9 57.4 58 5 59.6 60.9 61.9 63 0 67.2 65.1 73.5 75.2 81.3 83.9 91.2 95.3 105.4 117.7 117.8 125.0 55.2 54.2 53.3 52.3 51.4 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.8 45.9 48.3 47.3 46.3 45.4 44.4 43. 5 42.6 41.6 40.7 39.8 38.9 45.0 44.1 43.1 42.2 41.3 40.4 39.4 38.5 37.6 36.7 37.9 37.1 36.0 35.1 34.2 33.2’ 32.3 31.4 30.4 29.5 28.6 27.7 26.8 25.9 25.0 24.1 23.2 22.3 21.4 35.7 34.8 33.9 33.0 32.1 31.2 30.3 29.5 28.6 27.7 26.9 26.0 25.2 24.4 23.6 22.8 22.1 20.6 21.3 19.9 19.2 18.5 17.8 17.1 16.4 15.8 15.2 14.6 14.0 13.4 20.6 19.7 18.8 18.0 17.2 16.4 15.6 14.8 14.0 13.3 12.6 11.2 11.9 10.5 9.8 9.1 8.5 7.8 7.2 6.7 6.1 12.8 12.3 11.8 11.2 10.7 10.2 6.3 7.0 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.4 8.8 8.4 8.0 5.9 5.6 5.3 9.8 93 6.1 6 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.7 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.5 3.6 7.5 7.1 6.7 3 823 TABLE OF WORKING LIFE FOR MEN, 1960 (9) Average number of remaining years of life (ex) The total life expectancy function is identical with that shown in the conventional life tables and is computed by dividing the cumulative manyears of life in the given year and all succeeding years (Tx) by the number living at the beginning of the age (lx). The population living at the beginning of the age (lx) was derived by consecu tive subtractions of the number of deaths as described in (2) from the 100,000 assumed to be born alive. The formula used is: °e*= ± Lx x= n lx = TX lx (10) Average number of remaining years of working life (ewx) This function for ages older than the age at which the worker rate reaches a peak was similarly derived by dividing the cumulative man-years in the labor force in the given year and all succeed ing years by the number in the labor force at the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis beginning of the age (lwx). The labor force at the exact age interval was estimated by linear interpolation from corresponding Lwx values on the assumption of an even distribution of deaths and retirements within each year of age. The formula used is: oo ewx= S Lwx x = n ________ lw x _Tw x lwx Since work-life expectancy has been defined in these tables as the average number of years of working life remaining to a group of persons in the labor fo rce at a given age, a modification of the above formula is needed for the younger ages to eliminate the effect of entries into the work force in the following years. For this purpose^ Lwx values at the younger ages were estimated by applying the maximum labor force participation rate to all ages younger than the age at which the maximum rate was attained. This assumes, for example, that no one in the labor force at age 14 would leave the force until after the age when the labor force rates begin to decline unless he died. Significant Decisions in Labor Cases* Labor Relations In a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld 1 a finding of the National Labor Relations Board that a struck company committed an unfair labor practice by awarding 20 years of extra seniority to strike replacements and employees who returned to work during the strike, even if the company’s action was motivated by a legitimate business purpose. The Board had refused to accept evidence supporting the company’s argument that granting of additional benefits was necessary to keep its operations going during the strike. During a strike following an impasse in con tract negotiation, the company notified the union members that it intended to begin hiring replace ments and that strikers would retain their jobs until replaced. It assured replacements that they would not be laid off or discharged after the strike and subsequently granted 20 years’ seniority, for layoff purposes only, to replacements and strikers who returned to work. The strike eventually collapsed as increasing numbers of strikers re turned to work, and the company reinstated those strikers whose jobs had not been filled. A substantial number of employees resigned from the union. The union subsequently filed an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations Board, which held, without finding on the em ployer’s intent, that the granting of superseniority violated the guarantees of section 8(a) (1) and (3) of the Labor Management Relations Act that employees shall not be discriminated against for engaging in protected concerted activities. The employer had argued that its overriding purpose in granting additional seniority was to keep its plant open and that business necessity justified its conduct. It was further argued that the right to grant extra seniority was a corollary to the recognized right of employers to replace strikers.2 S u p e rse n io rity . 824 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In the Board’s view, granting of superseniority was distinguishable from replacement of strikers in that the latter affects only employees replaced, whereas the former affects the tenure of all strikers. Unlike the replacement of strikers, the Board had said, superseniority creates a cleavage in the plant continuing long after the strike is ended. “ Employees are henceforth set apart into two groups: Those who stayed with the union . . . and those who returned before the end of the strike and thereby gained extra seniority. This differ ence is reemphasized with each subsequent layoff . . . and stands as an ever-present reminder of the dangers connected with striking and with union activities in general.” The Board concluded that even if the business purpose alleged by the com pany were indeed its true principal purpose, it was not sufficient to justify the granting of superseniority. The court of appeals denied the Board’s peti tion for enforcement, but its decision was reversed by the Supreme Court. Speaking for the Court, Justice White endorsed the Board’s conclusion that superseniority has a greater impact on union activities than the replacement of strikers which has been declared to be lawful. He emphasized the importance of the strike as an economic weapon and the necessity of protecting that weapon from undue interference. He pointed out that the weighing of the complex interests involved here was within the competence of the Board and that its findings were supported by substantial evidence. The Board could, therefore, properly decline to consider evidence as to whether the employer’s actions were motivated by the claimed business purpose. Uncertain if the Court intended to hold that the Board could disregard the employer’s motive in any case involving superseniority, Justice Harlan concurred in this case that the Board was justified in striking down the 20-year supersenior ity without examining evidence as to the employer’s ♦Prepared in the U .S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented. 1N L R B v. Erie Resistor Corp., 53 L R R M 2121 (M ay 13, 1963). For a summary of the N L R B decision, see Monthly Labor Review, October 1961, p. 1111. 2 N L R B v. Mackay Radio and Telephone Co., 304 U .S. 333 (1938). DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES business motive. He believed, however, that under some circumstances, such examination by the Board might be necessary, including, for example, the granting of extra seniority for con siderably shorter periods of time. Railway Labor Act U n io n D u es. The U.S. Supreme Court held3 that under union shop agreements protected by the Rahway Labor Act, unions may not exact funds from employees for political purposes over the employees’ express objection. The Court also said that it was not necessary for an employee to allege and prove each distinct political expendi ture to which he objected, so long as his opposition to any political expenditures is made known to the union. When the union shop agreement went into effect, certain employees refused to pay periodic dues, initiation fees, and assessments uniformly required as a condition of acquiring or maintain ing membership in the union. They brought an action in a North Carolina court, seeking to enjoin enforcement of the union shop agreement because of alleged expenditures by the unions for political purposes which they disapproved. The court prohibited the union from compelling employees to join its ranks or to pay any of the union fees, but provided that the injunction would be modified appropriately when the union had shown what proportion of these funds -was rea sonably necessary and relevant to collective bargaining. The Supreme Court, in accordance with its decision in In tern a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n of M a c h in ists v. S treet, 4 agreed that it was improper for unions under a union shop agreement to use exacted funds for political purposes where employees affirmatively protest such expenditures. On the other hand, it concluded that the State trial court had erred in permitting employees to with hold all payments to the union pending a showing by the union as to the proportion representing political expenditures. As the Court suggested in the S treet case, the employees were obliged, as a 3 Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks v. Allen S3 L R RM 2128 (M ay 13,1963). <367 U.S. 740 (1961); for summary, see Monthly Labor Review, September 1961, pp. 998-999. 6Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers v. Louisville and Nashville Railroad Co., 52 L R R M 2944 (April 29, 1963). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 825 condition of continued employment, to make pay ments to their unions, though they might seek injunctive relief against expenditures which they opposed and restitution of that portion of pay ments made to the unions which had already been wrongly expended. The Supreme Court went beyond the remedies outlined in the Street case and suggested a refund to employees of exacted funds in the same pro portion that union political expenditures bore to total union expenditures, and a similar reduction of future demands. The Court noted that the unions bear the burden of proof as to the size of the proportion since they are in the possession of financial records. The Court also took note of the difficulty involved in solving these problems through court action and suggested that unions work out internal procedures excusing dissenters from assessments to the extent that they will be used for political purposes. Nevertheless, the Court indicated that it could fashion a judicial remedy if necessary. Justice Harlan, while agreeing with the Court in its reversal of the State court decision, believed that union members objecting to political expendi tures should be required to specify the particular payments which they oppose. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 that a railroad union was properly en joined from striking in support of its interpreta tion of the National Railroad Adjustment Board’s award of backpay to a discharged employee. The railroad company dismissed an employee for allegedly assaulting other employees; the employee’s union protested. When grievance procedures failed to resolve the dispute and the union threatened to strike, the employer submitted the matter to the National Railroad Adjustment Board. The Board sustained the employee’s claim, but a controversy arose subsequently as to whether the Board ruling had awarded the em ployee total backpay or whether the employer could deduct the amount the worker had earned elsewhere during the period of his dismissal. The union continued to threaten a strike; after the Board turned down the employer’s request for clarification of the award, he obtained injunctive relief from a Federal district court. The court held that, under the Railway Labor Act, the union could not legally strike to enforce its interpretation A n tistrik e In ju n c tio n . 826 of the Board’s money award, but should instead seek judicial enforcement provided by the act. Justice Stewart, speaking for the majority, con cluded that the grievance procedures set forth in the act were a “mandatory, exclusive, and com prehensive system for resolving grievance dis putes,” and that a party cannot defeat it by re sorting to another forum or by striking in order to enforce its interpretation of a Board ruling. He noted that in T ra in m en v. Chicago R . cfc I .R .R . C o.,6 the Court held that a strike called by the union while Board hearings on a grievance were in progress violated those provisions of the act which make minor dispute procedures compulsory on both parties. He saw no distinction between a strike to compel compliance with a Board ruling and a strike to enforce union demands while Board hearings were pending. Justice Stewart noted that this case involved a monetary award and, therefore, was not final and binding under the act. He pointed out that the act specifically provides that suits may be insti tuted in Federal district courts to enforce such awards. Board findings are regarded as prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the complaint. He concluded that a strike in this instance would be no less destructive of the statutory procedures than a strike called while Board procedures were in progress. Justices Goldberg, Douglas, and Black dis sented. In his dissent, joined in by Justice Douglas, Justice Goldberg argued that the ra tionale of the Chicago R a ilro a d case did not apply to this situation. In that case, the Court had concluded that a strike would interfere with a congressional intent to establish an exclusive and comprehensive system of compulsory arbitration for such disputes. Justice Goldberg pointed out that Chicago R a ilro a d involved a nonmonetary award by the Railroad Adjustment Board. Such awards are final and binding under the act. The present case involved a monetary award, which is not final and binding. He, therefore, did not re gard such awards as subject to this comprehensive system of compulsory arbitration. Justice Goldberg regarded the majority’s de cision as contributing to an unfair imbalance in favor of carriers. He noted that unions are not permitted to appeal to the courts or strike if the Board denies their claim, whereas the employer https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 can seek a court trial on the merits if the union wins. He, therefore, regarded it as particularly unfair to deny the union in addition the right to strike for the purpose of enforcing a favorable Board monetary award. Federal-State Jurisdiction The Supreme Court held 7that State laws forbid ding racial discrimination in hiring may be applied to interstate ah* carriers since they do not place an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce and Federal law does not prevent such regulation. Upon rejection of his job application by the airline, the petitioner filed a complaint with the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission alleging that the company had refused to hire him because he was a Negro. The Commission found that the airline had committed an unfair employment prac tice by refusing to select the petitioner solely because of his race, and ordered the airline to cease such discrimination and to offer the peti tioner the first opening in its training school. The Supreme Court of Colorado affirmed the judg ment of a lower State court setting aside the Commission’s findings and dismissing the peti tioner’s complaint. The argument that State regulation of inter state carriers relative to racial discrimination placed an undue burden on interstate commerce was founded on earlier decisions of the Court that have been overruled.8 The basis of this conten tion was that the subject must be free from differing schemes of regulation by the various States, and, if at all, it should be regulated uni formly by Congress. The earlier decisions, in validating State laws concerning discrimination by interstate carriers, were based on the assumption that State laws requiring segregation and those forbidding it would otherwise both be valid, thus subjecting a carrier to conflicting State laws. Subsequent Supreme Court decisions,9 however, made it clear that this kind of burden could not exist. “Any State or Federal law,” the Court 6 353 U .S. 30 (1957) 7Colorado A nti-Dis crimination Commission v . Continental A ir Lines; Green v. Same (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 22, 1963). s Hall v. De Cuir, 95 U.S. 485 (1878); and Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946). 9 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954); Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 483 (1954); and Bailey v. Patterson, 369 U.S. 31 (1962). DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES said, “requiring applicants for any job to be turned away because of their color would be invalid.” In rejecting the argument that Federal law relating to racial discrimination in interstate commerce preempts State legislation in this field, the Court held that mere identity in purpose of Federal and State laws does not invalidate the State law. The Court then systematically ex amined the Federal regulation involved. Concededly, the Federal Aviation Act authorizes the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Federal Aviation Agency to prevent air carriers from subjecting any person to “any unjust discrimination.” How ever, these agencies have not yet exercised the authority to prohibit racial discrimination by air https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 827 carriers, and as long as this power remains “dor mant and unexercised,” it does not preempt State legislation in the field, nor did Congress intend to bar such legislation. Although the Railway Labor Act bars dis crimination by unions against minority groups in employee representation and employer’s as sistance to unions in such discrimination, nothing in the act places a duty upon an employer to engage in fair employment practices. The Court also disposed of a contention that the President’s executive orders requiring nondiscriminatory pledges in Government contracts preempts the subject, noting that this airline had no mail contract with the Government and would not be subject to those executive orders. Chronology of Recent Labor Events May 7 S e a f a r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n rejoined the International Transportworkers Federation after being suspended and subsequently resigning from the federation 2 years ago (Chron. item for Apr. 18, MLR, June 1961) in a dispute over the union’s aid to British seamen revolt ing against the leadership in their own union. When the federation lifted its suspension, the Seafarers withdrew its resignation. T he May 1, 1963 announced th at he had directed Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall to conduct a review of safety regulations and practices in the coal industry, because of the loss of 59 lives in two recent mine disasters. (See also MLR, May 1963, pp. 560-561.) P r e sid e n t J ohn F . K e n n e d y May 3 to the U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C., the Railway Labor Act requires th at employees have the chance to vote expressly for no collective bar gaining representative in a representation election. The National Mediation Board had construed the act as for bidding such an express choice. The NMB maintained the rights of the majority are protected, because if only a minority of the employees in a craft or class return ballots, no representative is certified. The court held, however, that since the scope of the craft or class of employees is at the discretion of the NMB, the “no-union” choice is a necessary safeguard against arbitrary Board action. As a result of the suit—brought by the Association for the Benefit of Non-Contract Employees against the NMB—an election scheduled for the Railway Clerks and Machinists at United Airlines, Inc., was halted by injunction. A ccording May 6 R a tific a tio n of a 50-month Teamsters’ union contract for 18,000 Montgomery Ward and Co. employees was announced, to provide increases averaging 9.8 cents the first year, 7.5 cents the second, and 5 cents in the third and fourth. A profit sharing plan (MLR, June 1963, p. 711), and improved health and welfare benefits which the union estimates will cost the company over $3 million a year were among terms of the contract effective June 1. (See also pp. 832-833 of this issue.) Later in the month, six Teamster locals ratified a 3-year contract with Motor Transport Labor Relations, Inc., and 500 independent truckers in eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, Delaware, and northern Maryland providing increases up to 57 cents in wages and fringes. Except for road drivers or platform men and helpers, all covered employees received wage increases of 43 cents an hour during the agreement’s first year. Road drivers received 12 to 33 cents, depending on previous rates; platform men and helpers received 23 cents. (See also p. 833 of this issue.) 828 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 12 was reached b y the Amalgamated Clothing Workers and the nationwide Clothing Manufacturers Association on a 3-year contract for 125,000 workers valued at about 26 cents an hour. Wages, which averaged $1.96% an hour for a 40-hour week, are to be raised 17% cents an hour on June 1. Health and welfare provisions include increases in disability benefits, hospital allowances (from $18 to $23 a day), incidental hospital expenses, and surgical payments. Employees with at least 1 year’s service are to receive a third week of vacation. (See also p. 830 of this issue.) A greem ent May 13 A P r e sid e n t ia l e m e r g en c y board appointed April 3 under the Railway Labor Act recommended gradual elimination of the jobs of most diesel locomotive firemen in freight and yard service, except where elimination would jeopardize safety or unreasonably burden other employees. (See also Chron. item for Mar. 4, MLR, May 1963.) E n g in e e r s on the nuclear ship Savannah, represented by the Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association, were paid off and dismissed by States Marine Lines, which has operated the ship under contract. The following day, Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges announced the ship would not sail for 4 to 6 months while new engi neers were trained, to replace those involved in the long standing labor dispute (Chron. item for Aug. 12, MLR, Oct. 1962.) T h e U.S. Supreme Court held that employees covered by a union shop agreement under the Railway Labor Act are not required to pay that part of their dues used for political purposes to which they object. The case was Railway and Steamship Clerks v. Allen. (See also p. 825 of this issue.) a U.S. court of appeals decision in the Erie Resistor case (Chron. item for May 15, MLR, July 1962), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an employer violated the Labor Management Relations Act by offering 20-year seniority credit for determining layoffs to new employees hired as strikebreakers or to strikers returning to work. The Court held that since the National Labor Relations Board found that the “ consequences upon employees’ R e v e r sin g CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS rights” outweighed the employer’s claimed lawful business purpose, it need not consider his motive. (See also p. 824 of this issue.) G eorge M. H a rr iso n retired as president of the Railway Clerks at the organization’s 22d convention in Los Angeles to the newly created advisory post of chief executive. (See also p. 837 of this issue.) May 14 I n Locomotive Firemen v. Southern Ry. Co., the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that past practice of operating locomotives with a fireman or helper established a working condition within the meaning of Sec. 6 of the Railway Labor Act. The railroad may not modify this practice until the National Railroad Adjust ment Board so rules under existing contract provisions relating to the employment of firemen. The carrier had contended th at the contract requires only th at it “endeavor to man . . . trains with firemen currently in the seniority ranks. Or in other words, if firemen are not available, the railroad may operate without firemen.” A 4 - y e a r contract providing a $65 minimum for a 35hour workweek for 5,000 nonmedical employees of the Metropolitan New York Nursing Home Association was signed with the Building Service Employees’ International Union. The contract also provided in the first year $6 to $15 weekly increases and $3 increases in each subsequent year, with additional improvements in meals, vacations, pensions, sick leave, and holidays. (See also p. 833 of this issue.) May 15 T he I n ter n a t io n a l A sso ciation of M a c h in ist s an nounced ratification by a 14,205 to 4,688 vote of a 3-year contract with the Boeing Co. for 40,000 production and maintenance workers. Wage increases from 11 to 14 cents an hour are included, retroactive to September 16, 1962, and 5 to 9 cents on September 16 of 1963 and 1964. Changes in the performance rating system (which provides th at employees with lowest ratings are laid off first) are to protect workers whose jobs are downgraded. Union security and job evaluation provisions are also included in the contract. selec tio n of trial examiner Arthur Leff as Chief Counsel for the National Labor Relations Board was announced. Mr. Leff succeeds Arnold Ordman, who re signed to become NLRB General Counsel. (See Chron. item for Apr. 24, MLR, June 1963.) T he At its q u a rterly Executive Council meeting in St. Louis, the AFL-CIO resolved to oppose tax cuts not con centrated among low and middle income taxpayers, asked for Federal aid for urban renewal and other building pro grams, announced plans for coordinated organizing in the Washington-Baltimore area, and established a committee to study use of union funds for urban renewal projects. (See also p. 836 of this issue.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 829 May 18 U n de r the Federal Salary Reform Act of 1962 (Chron. item for Oct. 11, MLR, Dec. 1962) and Executive Order 11073, the Civil Service Commission increased minimum salary rates and rate ranges for Internal Revenue agents and accountants. The minimum and maximum rates for affected grades are GS-5, $5,525 to $6,965; GS-6, $5,885 to $7,415; GS-7, $6,280 to $7,945; GS-8, $6,705 to $8,550; and GS-9, $7,125 to $9,150. The new starting rates range from $450 (for GS-9) to $1,035 (for GS-8) above regular rates for these grades. May 21 A P r e sid e n t ia l m em orandum set out standards of con duct for employee organizations and a code of fair labor practices for the Federal service. This extended the policy of encouraging recognition of unions set forth in Execu tive Order 10988 (Chron. item for Jan. 17, MLR, Mar. 1962). Employee organizations are to be recognized only if they subscribe to provisions which call explicitly for democratic procedures, the exclusion of Communists from office, the prohibition of conflict of interest on the part of officers, and fiscal integrity. Unfair practices prohibited to management include abridging the exercise of rights guaranteed in the Executive order, encouraging or discouraging membership through discrimination, con trolling an employee organization, disciplining an em ployee because of compliance with the order or the code, refusing to recognize a qualified organization, and re fusing to bargain. Employee organizations are prohibited from interfering with or attempting to induce management to interfere with the rights assured by the order, coercing or disciplining any member in hindrance of the discharge of his duties as a Federal employee, striking, discriminating because of race, color, creed, or national origin. Although it became effective immediately, the order allowed 6 months for agencies to adopt needed procedures. (See also pp. 835-836 of this issue.) The President also requested the Civil Service Commis sion to develop “regulations, standards, and procedures” for Federal agencies to withhold union dues from pay checks of employees authorizing such deductions. The cost is to be paid by the employee organization, and the program is to be operative by January 1, 1964. (See also p. 836 of this issue.) May 23 A m inim um wage in the machine tools industry of $1.65 an hour for blueprint machine operators and draftsmen and $1.80 for employees in other occupations took effect for contracts covered by the Walsh-Healey Act. There was no previous determination made specifically for the industry. No provision was made for learners. May 25 P r e sid e n t K e n n e d y appointed a 12-member panel authorized by the Labor Management Relations Act to advise the director of the Federal Mediation and Con ciliation Service. The panel has been dormant since the early 1950’s. (See also p. 836 of this issue.) Developments in Industrial Relations* Wages and Collective Bargaining On May 12, 1963, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, representing 125,000 workers, and the Clothing Manufacturers Association of the United States, representing 700 manufacturers of men's and boy’s clothing across the country, announced agreement on a 3-year contract which the employers estimated would cost 26 cents an hour. The settlement called for a 17%-cent-anhour wage increase effective June 1; health and welfare improvements, also effective June 1, which include higher disability benefits, an increase in the hospital room allowance to $23 from $18 a day, an increase in incidental hospital benefits, and a higher surgical fee schedule; and effective in 1964, a third week of vacation (4 additional days during Christmas week) for employees with more than 1 year of service. The preceding wage increase for these workers was 17% cents effective on June 1, 1960. Among the union’s initial demands were a reduction in the workweek from 40 to 35 hours (with no loss in pay) and a 25-centan-hour increase. The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and Maidenform, Inc., on May 14 an nounced a plan designed to insure that any expansion in company production in Puerto Rico will not be at the expense of current jobs on the mainland. If demand remains stable, the com pany will not cut the number of production workers below the March 16, 1963, level (job vacancies from attrition will be filled). If production falls below the March 16, 1963, level, job reduction will be equal on the mainland and the island, and any increase in production can be allocated to Puerto Rico so long as the number of mainland jobs does not fall below the March 16, 1963, level. The agreement covers 2,500 workers in plants in Bayonne and Perth Amboy, N.J., Princeton, Clarksburg, and Huntington, W. Va., and in Puerto Rico. A p p a r e l. 830 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis New rules adopted by the ILGWU Supple mentary Unemployment-Severance Benefit Fund raised by 50 percent weekly benefits for workers who remain unemployed more than 26 weeks and provided a new lump-sum payment for those who remain unemployed a full year. These lumpsum-payments, ranging from $12.50 to $400, are the same as those paid when firms go out of business. Weekly benefit rates were not changed for the first 26 weeks of unemployment ($12.50 to $25) or for workers having at least 9 years’ service with an employer who goes out of business (3 weeks’ benefits for each year of employment). The fund, covering approximately 412,000 workers, is the only national severance pay fund which compensates workers losing their jobs because of business failure. The United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers, representing approximately 1,000 workers, and the John B. Stetson Co. of Philadelphia, agreed May 14 on a contract providing inequity adjust ments ranging from 7 to 20 cents an hour to some 400 workers, a third week of vacation (4 additional days to be taken in the Christmas-New Year season) for all workers with 10 years’ seniority, an eighth paid holiday, and pay for jury duty. J. F. McElwain Co. of Manchester and Nashua, N.H., and the New Hampshire Shoe Workers Union (Ind.), representing about 2,500 employees, reached agreement in midApril on a 2-year contract. Major improvements included a 3-cent general wage increase and an increase in the minimum wage to $1.25 an hour, retroactive to April 1, 1963, with funds allocated for future wage adjustments to lower classified jobs; a ninth paid holiday; an increase in weekly sickness and accident benefits (from $25 to $30) and daily hospitalization allowances (from $15 to $18), with the duration of hospital benefits doubled, to 120 days. F ootw ear. The Omaha works of the Western Electric Co. and Local 1974 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers negotiated a 1-year extension of their contract due to expire May 12 that provided 6- to 12-cent-an-hour wage increases (averaging nearly 9 cents) effective M eta lw o rk in g . ‘ Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics on the basis of currently available published material. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS May 13 for 3,500 workers. Negotiations con tinued on health insurance, pensions, holidays, and vacation schedules. Later in the month, the union rejected an employer offer to establish a jointly financed hospital-surgical-medical plan, with increased death benefits for retired employ ees and a liberalized major medical plan. A contract reached in April between the company and the Communications Workers for telephone equipment installers had provided a 90-day reopener on these same issues, which will also be subject to negotiation between the CWA and Bell System affiliates of American Telephone and Telegraph Co. this summer.1 In mid-April, the Kohler Co. of Kohler, Wis., and the United Automobile Workers negotiated a general 3-percent wage increase under a quarterly wage reopening clause for 2,500 employees, retro active to April 8; skilled workers received an additional 3 percent. The increases ranged from 5 to 14 cents an hour, according to a union spokesman. The Gibson Kefrigerator Division of the Hupp Corp. and the United Automobile Workers reached an agreement that halted a move of the plant from Greenville, Mich., to northern Mississippi, reportedly planned by the company to reduce costs. The agreement—ratified by the union membership on May 27—extends to November 2, 1965, the wage scales which are now in effect under a contract due to expire November 2, 1963, and increases severance pay from $30 to $45 per year of service. The union agreed to cooperate with management to raise productivity and lower costs, and the company agreed to give 6 months’ notice of intention to move after termination of the contract. The workers earlier rejected various proposals for reductions in wages and supple mentary benefits. Over 17 percent of Greenville’s 7,400 inhabitants are employed at the Gibson plant. The agreement also affected a smaller air-conditioner plant at Belding, Mich. A 3-year contract between Cutler-Hammer, Inc., of Milwaukee and the International Associa tion of Machinists, representing about 2,400 work ers, was ratified by union members on May 3. The settlement provided a 9-cent-an-hour wage increase immediately and a 3-percent increase after 18 months. Length-of-service requirements for vacations were reduced from 25 to 20 years for 4 weeks effective immediately, and from 15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 831 to 10 years for 3 weeks effective in the next vacation period. Holiday and pension provisions were also improved. Automatic cost-of-living increases amounting to 1 cent an hour were put into effect in late May or early June for about 950,000 workers, as a result of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for April of 106.2 (1957-59 = 100). Of these, 800,000 are employed in the automobile and automotive parts industries. Others include some 50,000 workers in the farm equipment industry and 75,000 in the aerospace industry. Other M a n u fa ctu rin g . In mid-April, the Inter national Woodworkers of America and five lumber firms represented by the Timber Products Manu facturers Association negotiated a 10-cent-an-hour wage increase retroactive to April 1 for 700 workers in Spokane, Wash., and Coeur d’Alene and Sandpoint, Idaho. The agreement extended existing contracts to June 1, 1964. The Chicago Lithographers Association and the Amalgamated Lithographers (Ind.) agreed in May on a 3-year contract affecting about 5,000 employees. The contract provided a $3-a-week increase effective August 1, 1963, and additional increases of 3%percent on May 1 of 1964 and 1965. Employees will receive 4 weeks’ vacation after 1 y e a r of service (ra th e r th a n a fte r 25 years, as in the previous agreement). The employer has the option, however, of (1) paying for the fourth week in lieu of time off or (2) giving the week off a day or two at a time. Employers’ contribu tions to the health and welfare fund will be in creased to $5 a week from $4.50 on May 1, 1964, and to $5.50 on May 1, 1965. Contributions for the lithographic technical and training school were also increased to $2 a week from $1.50 ef fective May 1, 1963, and to $2.50 a year later. Merck and Co., Inc., and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union, representing approxi mately 2,600 workers at three plants in Pennsyl vania and New Jersey, reached agreement on 8to 10-cents hourly wage increases effective May 1. The agreement was reached under a reopener of a contract expiring in May 1964. C onstruction. As bargaining in the construction industry neared its peak for the year, a number of major settlements were reported. 1See Monthly Labor Review, June 1963, p. 713. 832 Carpenters. A $l-an-hour wage increase spread over 5 years and 5 cents an hour for the health and welfare fund were provided for about 5,000 carpenters in the Boston area. The previous scale was $3.85 an hour plus 25 cents an hour in contributions for supplementary benefits. Increases of 10 cents an hour in wages and in health and welfare contributions for carpenters engaged in bridge and highway construction in upstate New York are retroactive to January 1, 1963, and a 20-cent wage increase goes into effect in January 1964. The previous scale was $3.95 an hour plus 10 cents in contributions to the welfare and health fund. Increases in wage scales of 14% cents an hour on May 1, 1963, and 15 cents on May 1 of 1964 and 1965, plus a %-cent increase in contractors’ contributions to the union’s apprentice training fund, were agreed to in a 3-year contract for about 4,500 carpenters in the Denver area. The pre vious scale was $3.97 an hour and contributions to the training fund were one-half cent an hour. Eight thousand carpenters in the Philadelphia area received a 10-cent-an-hour increase effective May 1, 1963, with 15 cents more due May 1, 1964. Contributions of 7 cents an hour for a pension fund and 3 cents for welfare were effective May 1, 1963. Laborers. Increases of 15 cents on May 1 of 1963, 1964, and 1965 are to go to 7,500 building laborers in the Philadelphia area. The previous scale was $2.70 plus 25 cents for supplementary benefits. About 15,000 laborers in the Chicago area are to receive a 12%-cent-an-hour wage increase effective June 1, 1963, and 17% cents effective June 1,1964, and a pension plan is to be established with employer contributions of 7% cents an hour from June 1, 1963, rising to 10 cents on June 1, 1964. The previous scale was $3.22% plus a 7%-cent contribution to the health and welfare fund. Painters. On May 15, wages for about 3,500 painters in the Detroit area were increased 10 cents an hour and contributions to the vacation fund were increased 5 cents an hour. The previous scale was $3.70 an hour plus 40 cents for benefits. The union reduced rates for weekend industrial repainting work from November through April from time and one-half for all weekend hours to 7 hours’ work for 8 hours’ pay. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Steamfitters. Wage increases of 10 cents an hour effective in May 1963 and 25 cents in May 1964 and 1965 were negotiated for 2,200 steamfitters in the Philadelphia area. The union has the option to apply the increases to wages or fringe benefits. The previous scale was $4.47 an hour plus 39% cents for fringe benefits. Sheet-Metal Workers. Effective June 1, 1963 and 1964, 20-cent-an-hour wage increases will go to 5,500 sheet metal workers in the Chicago area. Also included in the agreement were 2-cent-anhour increases in contributions effective on the same dates to the health and welfare fund. The previous scale was $4.45 an hour plus 25 cents for fringe benefits. Multicrajt Settlements. A 40-cent-an-hour pack age increase over 3 years was agreed to for 6,000 laborers, carpenters, hoisting engineers, iron work ers, and cement masons in Peoria, 111. A 59-cent-an-hour package increase—-39 cents in wages and 20 cents in fringes—over a 3-year period was negotiated for carpenters, laborers, and cement masons in the St. Louis area. Theodore W. Kheel, in a report at a meeting on automation in New York City sponsored by the City Central Labor Council and the American Foundation on Automation and Employment, said that the shorter workweek negotiated in 1962 in the New York City electrical industry had created 800 to 1,000 jobs. Mr. Kheel had pre dicted that 1,600 jobs would be added; he attrib uted the smaller number to a decline in construction activity in New York City. Labor costs have been held in check by increasing the number of apprentices, staggering hours, lowering wage rates for residential maintenance and repair jobs, and stressing greater efficiency and productivity, he said. Trade and Services. The Teamsters on May 6 ratified a 50-month contract with Montgomery Ward and Co. that will provide wage increases of about 27 cents an hour over the life of the contract. The first increases, averaging 9.8 cents, were retroactive to April 18. The agreement covered an estimated 18,000 employees in warehouses, retail stores, and mail-order houses, nearly onefourth of Ward’s 75,000 employees. Thirty-five locals were covered by the national settlement, which will be effective from June 1 until August 1. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1967. The contract also incorporated the recently approved company savings and profit-sharing plan,2 which ties the company’s contributions to its annual earnings. A 2-year contract covering about 2,500 clerks in independent St. Louis food stores, and ratified May 12, provided a $10-a-week wage increase over the term of the contract. The workers, repre sented by Local 655 of the Retail Clerks, got a $3-a-week increase on May 1, effective date of the contract, and will receive $2 on August 4, $2 on May 1, 1964, and $3 on September 14, 1964. The Chicago Residential Hotel Association and the Building Service Employees’ Union on May 15 signed a 3-year contract reducing the workweek from 45 hours in 6 days to 37% hours in 5 days for about 4,000 employees outside the downtown area. The contract calls for a $6-amonth wage increase on May 1, 1963, additional $3-a-month increases in the remaining 2 years, and coverage of employees by a comprehensive medical program. The Metropolitan New York Nursing Home Association and the Building Service Employees’ Union on May 14 signed a 4-year contract affect ing about 5,000 nonmedical employees. The contract provides $65 minimum pay for a 35-hour workweek. Pay increases ranging from $6 to $15 a week the first year and additional $3-a-week increases in each succeeding year were included, as well as meals and pension contributions of $1 a week, to be increased to $2 in 1965. Other benefits include improvements in vacations and holidays and an increase in sick leave. Local 174 of the Meat Cutters union in New York City ratified a contract ending a 19-day strike. The union, representing about 3,500 em ployees of three wholesale meat associations, gained a 37%-hour week with no loss in pay in the third year of the contract. The shorter workweek had been the main source of controversy between the parties. A $3-a-week wage increase in the second year and improved supplementary benefits were also provided. Teachers and other professional people who appear as experts and not as entertainers on WNDT, an educational television station in New York City, voted 57 to 14 against the American 2 See Monthly Labor Review, June 1963, pp. 711-712. *See Monthly Labor Review, November 1962, p. 1284. 6 9 0 - 7 8 3 — 63- 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 833 Federation of Television and Radio Artists in a union representation election, it was announced on May 21. The election was a condition of settlement of a strike by the union against the station in late 1962.3 The ballots were sent to 154 persons; 86 were returned and 15 of these were challenged. The election excluded staff announcers, specialists who appeared no more than twice in the past 6 months, and New York City public school teachers, who are represented by the United Federation of Teachers. On commercial television stations in the New York metropolitan area, AFTRA repre sents professional experts, together with perform ers, masters of ceremonies, and announcers. T ra n sp o rta tio n . The Teamsters union reportedly reached agreement with Motor Transport Labor Relations, Inc., and other truckers on a 3-year contract covering about 30,000 employees in the Philadelphia area to replace one that expired December 31, 1962. The contract provided a 43-cent-an-hour increase for local cartage drivers, with 20 cents retroactive to January 1, 1963, an additional 10 cents effective July 1, 1963, and 13 cents effective January 1, 1964. Platform employees and helpers received a 20-cent-an-hour increase retroactive to January 1, 1963, and an additional 3 cents effective July 1, 1963. Pro vision was made for elimination of differentials for over-the-road drivers which had ranged to 21 cents, depending on destination of runs. Runs formerly paid $2.80 an hour were increased by 20 cents retroactive to January 1, 1963, 10 cents July 1, 1963, and 3 cents January 1, 1964. Rates of $2.90 an hour were also increased 20 cents, retroactive to January 1, 1963, but the increase due July 1, 1963, was 3 cents. Rates of $3.01 an hour were to be increased 12 cents retroactive to January 1, 1963. Other contract changes were a fourth week of vacation after 18 years, increased contributions to the health and welfare and pension funds, improved funeral leave provisions, and the establishment of a cost-of-living escalator. The contract may be reopened in September 1964, to coincide with expiration dates of most contracts in the Eastern Conference of Teamsters. The American Maritime Association and the Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association in early May agreed to increase monthly pensions to $300 834 from $200 for engineers retiring at any age after 20 years’ service. The agreement also provided a $46.22-a-month pay increase for chief engineers on Class B vessels. All other basic scales remained the same. Penalty rates and overtime pay for all categories were increased, as was compensation for nonwatch standers and night relief engineers. The agreement was negotiated under the re opening clause of a 3-year contract negotiated in 1961 which provided annual reviews bilt limited any changes to 3% percent of basic monthly wages. The contract was extended to June 16, 1965, with a reopener in June 1964, again limiting changes to 3% percent. The union still had not negotiated with the American Merchant Marine Institute and the Tanker Service Committee, whose contracts are also subject to reopening in June 1963. The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Boston and the Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employes Union in early May negotiated a 3-year contract providing a 29-cent-an-hour wage in crease for about 4,400 employees. The first increase of 9 cents an hour was retroactive to January 1, 1963, with additional increases of 10 cents an hour effective January 1, 1964, and 1965. Hospital room benefits were increased to $24 a day from $20, with a guarantee that benefits would not be reduced during the agreement term. The 10%-cent cost-of-living allowance under the previous contract was incorporated into base rates, and the escalator clause was discontinued. The settlement was reportedly the first agreement negotiated by the parties in more than a decade; previous negotiations had ended in arbitration. American Airlines, Inc., and the Air Line Stewards and Stewardesses Association, an affiliate of the Transport Workers Union, in mid-May signed an agreement covering about 1,500 em ployees which modified a company policy that stewardesses must retire at age 32. Steward esses now may fly until age 33, but if they do they lose rights to severance pay or a guaranteed ground job at no less than their basic monthly pay as stewardesses plus 5 hours of premium pay. The contract reduced basic monthly pay scales slightly but also cut from 75 to 70 the flight hours required. Stewardesses flying more than 70 hours monthly will receive premium pay, with total flying time limited to 80 hours and, beginning in January 1964, to 78K hours. Operational https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 duty over-ride pay of 20 cents for each hour of flight time was also established for stewardesses, and they were to receive 7 percent of total earn ings from July 1, 1962, when the former contract expired, through May 31, 1963. The company assumed 30 percent of the cost of the group insurance plan, advancing to 75 percent in No vember 1963. Three weeks’vacation was provided after 10 years’ service instead of 12, and a fourth week of vacation was added after 20 years. Reduction of the existing 40-hour work week to 37y2 hours with no loss in take-home pay in the first contract year and a 10-cent-an-hour general wage increase in the second year were provided for plant workers in a contract concluded on May 2 by 22 major dairies in Minneapolis-St. Paul and the Milk Drivers and Dairy Employees Union Local 471, a Teamster affiliate. The agree ment, covering about 1,300 workers, increased the base pay rates of wholesale drivers but, at the same time, reduced commissions for massvolume routes, some of which had reportedly yielded about $12,000 a year. The contract also improved health and welfare and vacation schedules. About 50 dairies of the Associated Milk Dealers, Inc., of Chicago and the Milk Wagon Drivers Union, Local 754, a Teamster affiliate representing approximately 2,500 inside dairy employees, agreed on April 28 to a new 1-year contract which increased fringe benefits by 10 cents an hour, but provided no pay increase. Local 753 of the Milk Wagon Drivers Union, representing about 5,000 regular drivers, and the same association agreed on May 18 to a 1-year contract retroactive to May 1, which retained 6-day deliveries. The dairies had sought to eliminate Wednesday deliveries, a plan the union charged would cost the jobs of 500 to 600 drivers. The agreement also provided a $1.60-a-week increase (4 cents hourly) to regular drivers and a $7-a-week increase to 200 extra drivers—raising the contractual minimum weekly pay to $125. Additional benefits include a 50-cent-a-week per capita increase in company contributions to the drivers’ fund for severance pay and pension benefits and an additional 50 cents a week to the health and welfare fund. The agreement was preceded by a 12-hour strike lockout which had followed a 2%-week contract extension. Food. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS About 300 Chicago area meatpackers and food chains and another Teamster affiliate, Local 710 of the Meat Drivers and Helpers Union repre senting approximately 1,800 drivers, agreed on May 9 to a 2-year contract, which will run through April 1965. The agreement provided raises of 11 cents an hour for tractor-trailer drivers and 6 cents for straight truckdrivers, retroactive to May 1, 1963, with an additional 6 cents for all drivers on May 1, 1964. A 5-cent-an-hour costof-living allowance was incorporated into base rates, and employer contributions to the union health and welfare and pension funds were in creased to $3.50 per man-week, from $3, and to $6, from $4, respectively. U tilitie s. Building Service Local 555, repre senting 2,900 employees in northeastern Ohio, and the East Ohio Gas Co. agreed in May to a 2-year contract calling for wage raises of 2.25 percent retroactive to June 1, 1962, and an additional 4.85 percent effective May 1, 1963, together with improvements in hospitalization, vacation, and other benefits. Employees were also guaranteed existing pay if forced to transfer to another job after 10 or more years’ service. Negotiation of the contract was delayed 11 months because the company challenged the representation rights of the Building S ervice E m p lo y e e s; fo rm e rly the Independent Natural Gas Workers Union held bargaining rights. Other Developments G overnm ent. A Fair Labor Standards amendment Act guaranteeing equal pay for equal work passed both Houses of Congress in late May and was signed by the President on June 10. The legis lation, intended primarily to raise pay of women, requires employers engaged in interstate com merce to provide equal pay for ‘‘equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility and which are per formed under similar working conditions.” Ex ceptions are provided where there is a seniority or merit system or where earnings vary with quality and quantity of production. Employers are prohibited from equalizing pay by reducing men’s pay. The legislation is to take effect on June 10, 1964, or no later than 2 years after its 4See Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, p. III. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 835 date of signature for employees under collective bargaining contracts. President John F. Kennedy issued a memoran dum May 21, 1963, promulgating Standards of Conduct for Employee Organizations in the Civil Service and a Code of Fair Labor Practices gov erning agency-employee organization relationships, both effective immediately. The memorandum was issued under Executive Order 10988 of January 17, 1962.4 Under the Standards of Conduct, employee organizations must: 1. Maintain union democracy by periodic elections, mem ber participation in union affairs, fair and equal treatment of members, and fair discipline procedure. 2. Exclude from union office Communists, members of other totalitarian movements, and people subject to corrupt influences. 3. Prohibit business or financial interests by officers and agents that conflict with their duty to the union. 4. Maintain fiscal integrity through accounting controls and regular financial reports to members. The penalty for noncompliance will be loss of union recognition. The Code of Fair Labor Practices prohibits agency management from: 1. Interfering with any employee’s exercising rights assured by Executive Order 10988. 2. Encouraging or discouraging membership in a union by discrimination in regard to hiring, tenure, promotion, and other conditions of employment. 3. Exerting control over or assisting any union. 4. Disciplining or discriminating against any employee who has filed a complaint or testified under the Executive Order, the Standards of Conduct, or the Code. 5. Refusing to recognize any union qualified for rec ognition. 6. Refusing to negotiate with the unions. Unions are prohibited from: 1. Interfering with any employee’s exercising rights assured by the Executive Order. 2. Attempting to influence agency management to coerce any employee asserting his rights under the Order. 3. Punishing or hindering any member who does or is doing his duties as an officer or employee of the United States. 4. Calling or engaging in any strike, work stoppage, slow down, or related picketing against the Government. 5. Discriminating against any employee with regard to terms or conditions of membership because of race, color, creed, or national origin. In addition, a union may not deny membership to any employee except for failure to meet uni form occupational standards or failure to pay an initiation fee or dues. The union may, how- 836 ever, impose discipline by democratic means under its constitution and bylaws. Each agency was requested to adopt permanent procedures implementing enforcement of these prohibitions within 6 months. In other actions affecting Federal employees, the President ordered the Civil Service Commis sion to draft regulations authorizing the check off of union dues upon employee request, effective January 1 , 1964. Expenses entailed by with holding are to be borne by the unions. The President also directed the Commission to de velop a plan for withholding contributions to charities. President Kennedy announced May 25 the appointment of a 12-man labor-management panel, provided for in the Taft-Hartley Act, to advise Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service Director William E. Simkin on settlement of labor disputes. President Harry S. Truman had appointed such a panel after passage of the act, but the panel has been inactive since 1950. Representing labor and management on the panel for 3-year terms were Cornelius J. Haggerty, president of the Building and Construction Trades Department of the AFL-CIO; Leonard Woodcock, vice-president of the UAW; Gerry E. Morse, vice president, Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., and J. Paul St. Sure, president of the Pacific Maritime Association. Selected for 2-year terms were Thomas E. Harris, AFL-CIO counsel; Jesse C. McGlon, general vice president of the Machinists; Wayne T. Brooks, director of industrial relations, Wheeling Steel Corp.; and J. Curtis Counts, manager, employee relations, Douglas Aircraft Corp. Selected for 1-year terms were John H. Lyons, Jr., president of the Iron Workers Union; Marvin J. Miller, special assistant to the President of the Steelworkers; Joseph V. Cairns, director of industrial relations, Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.; and Jesse Freidin, of Poletti & Freidin, labor-management consultants. Governor John A. Burns of Hawaii signed a Fair Employment Practices law on June 3, despite objections from businessmen and industry representatives that the law was unnecessary. To take effect January 1 , 1964, the law prohibits employers and labor unions from discriminating against an employee or union member because of age, race, sex, color, or ancestry. It will be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 administered by the State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations. The President’s Advisory Committee on LaborManagement Policy met April 29 in Washington, D.C., to consider a report from the President’s Committee on Youth Employment entitled “The Challenge of Jobless Youth” and sent a statement to President Kennedy. The Committee stressed today’s youth’s lack of preparation for employ ment and stated that the problem was aggravated by an increasing supply of young workers com peting for a decreasing number of entrance level jobs. The Committee urged that labor, manage ment, and the public act on the need for more training and education of youth. It recommended that government, especially at the State and local level, review its policies and practices to increase the number of opportunities for jobs for youth, as a supplement to efforts of labor and management. U n io n . The AFL-CIO Executive Council, at its quarterly meeting in St. Louis in mid-May resolved that “any tax reduction policy that fails to concentrate its benefits among low- and middle-income taxpayers—that fails to focus on creating jobs and reducing unemployment—will be opposed by organized labor.” The Council asked for Federal aid for school and hospital construction, urban renewal, and mass transporta tion. Plans were also announced for an organizing campaign in the Washington-Baltimore area patterned after the Los Angeles campaign.5 The Council also established a committee to study use of union funds for urban renewal projects. During the month, the Dayton, Ohio, AFL-CIO an nounced plans for an apartment building for senior citizens. In Boston, Local 254 of the Building Service Employees’ International Union announced plans to invest its pension funds in a housing project for families displaced by urban renewal. Delegates to the 47th annual convention of the American Federation of Hosiery Workers held in Milwaukee during May resolved in favor of a 35-hour workweek with double time for longer hours and for employees who hold a second job after working full time. The convention elected «See Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1963, p. 560. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Adolph Benet, of Chattanooga, Tenn., as inter national president, over Andrew J. Janaskie, the incumbent. At the 22d convention of the Railway Clerks in Los Angeles May 13-18, retiring President George M. Harrison said in his address that technological progress had caused a 36-percent drop in employ ment of railway clerks during the past 10 years. He urged a shorter workweek—in the absence of full employment at 40 hours a week—improve ment in railroad retirement, social secu rity , and unemployment insurance benefits, and continued opposition to railroad mergers and “right-towork” laws. Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon warned delegates against compulsory arbitration, but pointed out that the rights of the public must be respected if free collective bargaining is to be maintained. C. L. Dennis of Chicago was elected president to succeed Mr. Harrison, who was named to the new advisory position of chief executive. The Arizona State AFL-CIO convention at Phoenix in early May voted to give financial support to the teaching of basic conversational English to non-English speaking children in Phoenix and Tucson. The object of the program was to reduce the number of repeaters among first and second graders. Utah public school teachers, members of the Utah Education Association, refused to sign con tracts for the 1963-64 school year providing salary increases averaging $500 unless their demands were met for additional professional staff, elimi nation of double sessions, provision of full-day first grades, and establishment of regular kindergartens instead of summer kindergartens. The refusal to sign contracts was considered by the Association as being “more professional” than a strike; the National Education Association warned teachers in other States that they would be expelled if they filled jobs in Utah. It was reported that Utah, with 65 children for each 100 adults, ranks 36th in per pupil expenditures, although 80 percent of the State’s budget is spent for education. Gover nor George D. Clyde estimated that the teachers’ demands would cost $24,700,000 a year. After a 1-day strike by 1,400 teachers on May 28, the Gary, Ind., School Board agreed to for mally recognize Local 4 of the AFL-CIO affiliated https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 837 American Federation of Teachers as bargaining representative for the system’s teachers. The strike had been precipitated by the Board’s deci sion to discontinue a 26-year-old informal arrange ment under which the union had negotiated on salaries and working conditions. Recognition of the union included dues checkoff; the union will negotiate with the school superintendent, repre senting the school board, on salaries, professional standards, working conditions, and fringe benefits. C ivil R ig h ts. One week’s picketing of a public school construction site in Philadelphia, spon sored by the National Association for the Ad vancement of Colored People to protest union discrimination against Negro skilled workers, re sulted in an agreement on May 31 to hire a Negro plumber, a steamfitter, and two apprentice elec tricians, with two sheet-metal workers to be added later. The agreement, to which the Steamfitters union protested it was not a party, provided that other nonwhite journeymen or apprentices would be hired as the work progressed and that the new workers would become union members if they qualify “ by meeting union requirements.” It also provided for further negotiations on the employ ment of Negroes on public and private construc tion throughout the city. Violence had broken out earlier when police officers had cleared a path through the pickets so workers could enter the site. A survey by the Philadelphia Commission on Human Rights in April 1962 had found that on city projects the only craft unions not practicing discrimination were the Carpenters and Cement Finishers; the rest of the nonwhite workers were in the Laborers union. Most of the carpenters and laborers did not report for work during the picketing; the few Negroes who did so would be ostracized by the Negro community, according to the NAACP. Later, the NAACP announced plans to use the same tactics at construction sites in major northern and western cities, especially those financed by Federal and State funds. In early May, sit-in demonstrations in the recep tion room of Philadelphia Mayor James H. J. Tate had caused him to stop construction on the municipal services building where, it was admitted, discrimination existed. Book Reviews and Notes o t e .— Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use. E d it o r ’s N Special Reviews So Much Alive: The Life and Work of Wladimir S. Woytinsky. Edited by Emma S. Woytinsky. New York, Vanguard Press, Inc., 1962. 272 pp., bibliography. $6. Gunnar Myrdal recently expressed keen dis appointment over the nearsightedness of con temporary economic thinking and debate in this country. “There is an astonishing number of people who can offhand give a detailed and comprehensive analysis of how all important economic indexes have recently been moving and how they are likely to move in the months ahead. . . . In regard to the long-range develop ment there is a corresponding lack of interest. . . . Not only the President and the Congress, but also leaders in business are left without that image of what the future holds in store which is needed for rational action. . . . ” Whether justified or not, Myrdal’s indictment underscores the vanishing role of the socioeconomic generalist in an age of increasing specialization—a role Wladimir Woytinsky filled to an impressive degree. This book of articles and reminiscences by professional colleagues and friends testifies ad mirably to Woytinsky’s remarkable and broad ranging abilities—a high order of scientific and technical competence in analysis of economic problems, deep concern with human welfare here and abroad, and a unique capacity to penetrate and clarify complex issues and reduce them to meaningful terms. A pragmatist, Woytinsky permitted no unnecessary abstractions and mathe matical elegance to intrude to the point where 838 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis they would begin to obfuscate, rather than il luminate, the broad social and economic policy questions which were his concern. Woytinsky’s involvement in the historic events and issues of this century was recounted a few years ago in Stormy Passage, memoirs completed before, but published after, his death in 1960. It receives further attention in this volume: Anti-Czarist revolutionary activities in his native Russia in the first decade of the century; counter revolutionary resistance to the Bolshevik coup d’etat in 1917; economic adviser to German trade unions and his start on comprehensive empirical research during the twenties and early thirties; following emigration to the United States in 1935, consultant to, and later, staff member of, the Social Security Board; and, in the last decade of his life, research activities—largely for the Twen tieth Century Fund—resulting in those compre hensive studies of U.S. labor, world production, and world commerce which became standard and familiar items on reference shelves. This book, edited by his lifelong and major collaborator, includes 23 original articles on varied aspects of his life and professional career. There are selections by Bertram D. Wolfe, Jacob Marschak, Ewan Clague, Wilbur Cohen, Raymond Goldsmith, Gerhard Colm, Louis H. Bean, and numerous others, as well as contributions by Mrs. Woytinsky. A complete bibliography of Woy tinsky’s writings is a useful addition. The articles fully reveal Woytinsky’s unique ability to sense long-range developments and emerging problems. This was the case in his preKeynesian, unorthodox, and therefore rejected (perhaps with painful consequences for German democracy) proposals in 1932-33 to combat un employment with tools of public policy. It was demonstrated again some years later while Woy tinsky was working on the statistical and philo sophical underpinnings of United States social security. His actuarial analysis of the unemploy ment compensation trust account led to the obser vation that a tendency toward overfinancing was likely to hold back the economic benefit of these funds when they might be needed. Perhaps his most notable projection was a minority assess ment, toward the end of World War II, that 839 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES inflation, rather than depression and large-scale unemployment, was the principal danger during the initial postwar decade. Even then, however, his gaze into the future did not leave him with untempered optimism. Perhaps the essence of Woytinsky’s career is most fittingly described in this passage from Bertram D. Wolfe’s title essay: “Wladimir Woytinsky lived more fully and deeply, and in a very real sense lived longer and lived more than it is given to most of men to live, for he put so much into every moment of living, gave so much and got so much from every moment, every situation, every human being with whom his crowded and wide-wandering life brought him in touch.” — J oel D armstadter National Planning Association Washington, D.C. T he G reat A s c e n t: T he S tru g g le D e v e lo p m e n t in O u r T im e s. fo r E c o n o m ic By Robert L. Heilbroner. New York, Harper & Row, Pub lishers, 1963. 189 pp. $4. Mr. Heilbroner argues in clear prose the follow ing thesis: Americans such as government officials, university scholars, and foundation bureaucrats do not fully understand the consequences of economic development. By consequences, he means the divergence from American experience that political, social, and economic institutions of the developing countries are taking. In short, “ the sophisticated American view shares with the popular view a disregard of the possibility that the propensities, capabilities, and charac teristics of the great Ascent may be far removed from our own experience, may be, in fact, highly un-American.” In a book, the play is the thing rather than the apologia for writing it. In this respect, Mr. Heilbroner’s essay represents a competent presen tation to the layman of the antecedents, problems, processes, and consequences of economic develop ment. I should like to mention in summary his treatment of these matters. P o litic a l and S o c ia l Im p a ct of D e v e lo p m e n t. The argument here is that development is not only an economic process but also a social and political one which implies revolutionary changes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in the structure of society in the developing coun tries and indicates that the price for change is likely to be some form of political and economic authoritarianism. S o c ia l a n d E n v ir o n m e n ta l C a u se s o f P o v e r ty in D e v e lo p in g A r e a s . The volume discusses how particular configurations of poverty are shaped by such factors as climatic conditions, natural resources, population explosion, low productivity, and social attitudes that inhibit capital formation. I m p e r ia li s t a n d N a tio n a lis t O rig in s o f D e v e lo p In such a short volume, justice cannot be done to such a complex history. Some of Heil broner’s assertions are questionable. Less argu able is his observation that colonialism stimulated development (albeit an unbalanced variety), its inheritance being a hostile image of capitalism and a belief in “ socialism” as the wave of the future. M e c h a n is m o f E c o n o m ic G row th . The author discusses the launching process of development through the raising of productivity b}7the creation of private, social, and industrial capital, by the dis placement of agricultural labor, and by the crea tion of an agricultural surplus. The speed of growth, he states, is affected by such factors as population increase, extent of savings, terms of trade for developing countries, foreign aid, the flow of p riv a te c a p ita l to dev elo p in g n a tio n s, a n d the extent to which income generation is maxi mized out of given investment allocations. S o c ia l C o sts o f D e v e lo p m e n t. A fundamental question is raised as to whether free enterprise can be the agent of development. He presents effec tively the revolutionary upheaval that is latent in development areas. P o lic y I m p lic a tio n s . America will be able to control development, he writes, only by accepting some degree of authoritarianism and economic collectivism during its early stages. He suggests increased internationalization of foreign aid and domestic reform to improve the image of America abroad. The danger of short reviews is superficiality. Hit-and-run quarrels can be picked easily. I wish, nevertheless, the author had developed more extensively his view on the danger of reducing returns from economic investment by taking social deterrents to change for granted. Judging from m e n t. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 840 the reviewer’s experience in Sicily, the assumption that social inhibitions to development vanish with economic innovation is unwarranted. Whether social or economic investment should come first or whether the one can be expected to issue from the other is a dangerous form of purism that policy makers can best avoid. On the Alliance for Progress and its implication as a new approach to foreign aid, there is less than one line. The author’s assertion that evidence controverts the notion that mass poverty is anthropological rather than social in character is questionable. Also, when he urges his readers to remove from their minds the making of comparisons through Ameri can standards, he relies on such comparisons to make his point. What is needed is a method that would interpret poverty through the eyes of the impoverished themselves. But this is beyond the scope of his book. His warning that American political appeals in support of foreign aid rest on quicksand is well taken. Exhortations in the name of altruism and self-interest suggest, as an end result, the acquisition of friends and institutions similar to those of the United States. Appeals of this type are laying the groundwork for disillusionment in the future. In fact, considerable Americanization is going on in the world through development. In some instances, sad to say, technological and mass market attitudes have been exported effectively. Mr. Heilbroner is at his best in explaining the intricate mechanism and impact of development to those without economic training. The overall message of his essay is so important one hopes his work will be read extensively by the public. Since the book lacks comprehensive analysis of the social characteristics of poverty, it cannot be considered a complete short survey of the subject. But there is no quarreling with his message that the question in developing economies is not whether to have or not have a revolution, but whether it will be violent or no, who will be its managers, and with what results. Whether the foreign aid organization in its present formula tion can provide leadership for a democratic revolution remains to be seen. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — J oseph A. R affaele Professor of Economics Drexel Institute of Technology Edited by Walter Galenson. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1962. 299 pp. $6. Once again we are in debt to the Inter-Uni versity Study of Labor Problems in Economic Development for an excellent series of case histories on the problems of labor in developing economies. The individual contributions in this volume are the equal of the studies which appeared in the first of this two-volume series, L a b o r a n d E con om ic D evelo p m en t , also edited by Walter Galenson. The countries selected for study run the gamut of size and diversity. Irvin Sobel presents what is undoubtedly the most useful study of the Israeli labor movement yet to appear in the United States. He carefully sketches the manner in which the traditional Western European social democratic background of Histadrut (the Israel Labor Federation) has given way to—or better, has been modified by—the harsh realities and needs of Israel’s economic development. Sobel shows how Histadrut has had to function as a quasi-state as well as a labor organization. The contributions of Willis D. Weatherford, Jr., (on Pakistan) and Everett D. Hawkins (on In donesia) demonstrate the problems of a struggling labor movement in a newly independent nation whose basic political structure still remains un settled. It is not surprising to find the state playing a formidable role in industrial relations in both these nations. This is true even though u n io n development in these two countries has followed a somewhat different path. In Pakistan, the unions have, at least formally, developed in clear separation from all political parties. In Indonesia, on the other hand, the union move ments tend to be the industrial expression of different political groups. Yet in both countries, the needs of economic development (the desire to accumulate capital, the effort to curtail inflation, etc.) and the enormous handicaps to the spread of unionism (illiteracy, redundant population, etc.) compel the government to intervene directly in the labor market with the result that relatively little discretion is left to either labor or manage ment. Sumner Rosen’s chapter on Turkey is par ticularly interesting for its excellent treatment of the background economic development aspects L a b o r in D evelo p in g E con om ies. BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES 841 of the labor “question” in Turkey. Here again is shown the heavy hand of government on both labor relations and union development. In all of the countries under study in this vol ume, however, there are at least important as pects in which labor is independent of government controls. Indeed, as Walter Galenson concludes, the transcending question that emerges from the studies is whether labor relations and union de velopment in these and other developing countries will follow the Western course which “starts with the basic assumption that sectional interests may on occasion diverge from the national interest, and permits the establishment of organizational means by which parochial interests may be furthered.” Under this concept, collective bargaining becomes the “classic modus operandi” in labor relations and “trade unions must be basically independent of state and employer influence.” Alternatively, there is the other conception of the “labor market organization” that prevails in the Communist bloc and in certain countries with corporate systems, such as Egypt and Spain. This concept regards “the interests of labor, as well as of other social groups, as subordinate to the interests of the state, which is conceived of as the only legitimate representative of parochial in terests. Trade unions, or similar bodies, are regarded accordingly as administrative arms of the state.” As a choice is made consciously or unconsciously in the developing countries, the chapter of Robert J. Alexander on labor experience to date in Argen tina, Brazil, and Chile should have much rele vance. Alexander’s analysis of these relatively more advanced countries shows that although there have been many difficult labor problems in them, the labor-management systems which have evolved, and under which “the workers could at least partially defend their own interests,” have helped these countries to avoid some of the worst human abuses which have usually been associated with the early phases of industrialization. — E verett M. K assalow Research Director, Industrial Union Department AFL-CIO https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis By Geoffrey Maynard. London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1962. 296 pp. $7.50, St. Martin’s Press, New York. Geoffrey Maynard, Lecturer in Economics at the University College of South Wales and Mon mouthshire, Cardiff, divides his book into two parts: som e theoretical considerations and som e historical evidence. The four chapters in part 1 attempt to set a theoretical framework for devel opmental-price level relationships for underdevel oped economies, countries possessing backward economies, economies in an advanced stage of development, and countries which he describes as possessing an “institutional economy.” This is no mean task to be performed within 113 pages and the author’s som e is used advisedly. The some historical evidence of part 2 cursorily examines a few countries to establish empirically a connection between the rate of economic growth and the behavior of the price level. The countries examined include the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, the U.S.S.R., and selected coun tries of Latin America. Though it may be impor tant, historical fact can, however, seldom be relied upon, observes the author, to reject conclusively one hypothesis in favor of another. The study emphasizes the relative rates of growth of agriculture and industry. Unless an appropriate relationship obtains between these two growth rates, the terms of exchange between them change. Generally, agricultural prices re spond more rapidly than the prices of industrial goods to changes in supply and demand forces. Therefore, when agricultural growth tends to lag materially behind industrial output and the growth of real income, excessive demand pressures are likely to appear in the agricultural product mar ket. The tendency for the price of agricultural products to rise generates increased costs of indus trial products and produces a rise in the general price level. This phenomenon can be particularly expected in the case of an underdeveloped country which engages in an excessive rate of industriali zation. The author observes: “The moral is that, whilst underdeveloped countries may be well ad vised to court the risk of some inflation in the. E conom ic D evelopm en t a n d the P ric e L evel. 842 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 interests of growth, there is a better chance that inflation will be useful in this direction if agricul ture is encouraged to develop at a rate appropriate to the growth of industry.” The same analysis applies to developed coun tries. However, the inflation of prices in such countries is likely to be less violent since the products of agriculture are a smaller percentage of total national output, and developed countries are in a strong trading position in worldwide agricultural markets. The author further ob serves that many agricultural and other primary product prices are largely determined in inter national markets—implying that the price level of a particular country may be subject to the con trol of forces external in character. The modern development of Britain is a case in point. Final ly, all other things being equal, specialized indus trial countries are likely to enjoy faster rates of growth when the prices of primary products are falling. Rising primary product prices appear to deter the growth of a specialized industrial economy. Modern governments often are faced with an economic policy dilemma in choosing between fast economic growth and stability in the price level. The author presents a choice of either of two solutions for the dilemma. In the first alternative, economic policy objectives must not be stated or pursued in absolute terms. Governments should not insist on maximum growth. When concerned with the problem of unemployment, they should not insist on employment rising to an absolute fixed level. The other alternative is additional governmental intervention in free private enter prise economies. For example, a government might use the tax system to regulate employment and production, or it might fix prices and wages and impose other controls in order to maxi mize production and growth. He concludes that policy decisions involve compromise among many objectives, such as economic growth, full employment, stability of the price level, and economic freedom—all of which are desirable but cannot be completely achieved at one and the same time. — A lonzo B. M ay https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Chairman, Department of Economics University of Denver E conom ic B a ck w a rd n ess in H isto ric a l P ersp ective: A B ook o f E ssa y s. By Alexander Gerschen- kron. Cambridge, Mass., Belnap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962. 456 pp. $8.75. It is a pleasure to be able to read Mr. Gerschenkron’s collection of essays. They are written beautifully and cover a wide area, indicative of the author’s catholicity of scholarship. The general problem of economic backwardness is Gerschenkron’s general theme, but he does not permit himself to be tied down to any artificial discipline and its jargonese. The essays are written in English. They display a command of statistics where appropriate, the skills of the economic historian where they fit, and, perhaps most important of all, the insights of the humanist at all times. Fourteen essays cover the wide range of the problem of economic growth. They include Reflections on the Concept of Prerequisites of Modern Industrialization; Social Attitudes, En trepreneurship, and Economic Development; Eco nomic Development in Russian Intellectual History of the Nineteenth Century; Reflections on Soviet Novels; and Notes on Dr. Zhivago. Gerschenkron goes armed with rapier and shuttle. With the first he punctures obsolete concepts, while with the other he weaves exciting new ideas of his own to take their place. For example, in discussing the limitations of Soviet statistics, he writes, “an economic historian, once the importance of the index-number problem has been called to his attention, does not necessarily view it—as does the statistician—simply as a regrettable failure of our tools. He will realize that the longrun changes in weights of output indices are themselves an integral part of eco nomic history and as such a very worthwhile object of historical study.” Gerschenkron does not waste his time gener ating fashionable mathematical economic models. Instead, he has taken to heart Aristotle’s dictum that every area deserves a methodological treat ment specifically appropriate to the material with which he is dealing. His approach is that of the institutionalist. He sees and reports what he sees; he is most modest in the scale of his theories. For example, BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES writing about our current thinking on economic backwardness, he sweeps aside many of the un conscious cliches we have inherited from the Marxists, according to which the history of ad vanced countries presents to the underdeveloped country a picture of the latter’s failure. He spells out the institutional uniqueness of each country in these terms: “Differences in the speed and char acter of industrial development were to a consid erable extent the result of application of institu tional instruments for which there was little or no counterpart in an established industrial country.” His comparison of the roots of French and Ger man entrepreneurial thinking enriches David Landes’ pictures of the uniqueness of the French. His analysis of the Crédit Mobilier, his portrayal of its founder as a follower of the “Socialist SaintSimon” leads him to ask why this socialist form was so readily accepted by the greatest capitalist entrepreneurs in France. It seems to me this is because the French under stand the uses of government. They can use this partnership in two different ways. The earlier method was to use the government’s power to underpin their cartels to restrict production. Now they have joined with the government in semi voluntary national planning to bring to the French economy the American concept of the mass market. The French businessmen understand that the gov ernment is a force to be used. They are not ham pered by the antigovernment ideology of their American counterparts. Insight after insight follow one another in these essays. They are a must for the student of entre preneurial history. — W il l ia m G om berg Wharton School of Finance and Commerce University of Pennsylvania T rade a n d the N a tio n a l E con om y. By Charles P. Kindleberger. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1962. 265 pp., bibliog raphy. (Studies in Comparative Economics, 2.) $6, cloth; $1.45, paper. Professor Kindleberger’s fine survey is the second volume of Studies in Comparative Eco nomics, a series produced under the sponsorship of the Inter-University Committee on Compara tive Economics. “Modern economics,” write the sponsors of the series, “has been bred chiefly in Western Europe F oreign https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 843 and the United States and despite its aspiration toward generality it bears the stamp of institutions and issues characteristic of these areas.” As a result, questions have been raised as to the rele vance of its principles to socialist nations and underdeveloped nations struggling toward eco nomic independence and industrial growth under institutional arrangements quite unlike those of the West. “A concern with comparative experience,” con cludes the Committee, “can profitably be infused into any of the standard branches of economic study”—of which, of course, international trade is one of the most important. “This series is inspired by the hope that a rethinking of particular branches of economics in world perspective, com bined with a bibliography of available material from many countries, may help teachers give their courses a broader and more comparative orienta tion.” In this book, Professor Kindleberger has more than achieved the hope of the Committee. As he points out in his introduction, “the analysis of foreign trade, which forms the subject of the present study, has always been comparative. Its foremost principle is embodied in a generalization called ‘the law of comparative costs,’ signifying that what a country exports and imports is deter mined not by its character in isolation but only in relation to those of its trading partners.” Kindleberger here concerns himself only with merchandise trade, which he deals with in broad terms. He excludes factors determining capital movements, monetary problems, and the adjust ment mechanism in the balance of payments. The author addresses his investigation to two specific questions: (1) What determines the nature and amount of goods a country buys and sells in international trade? (2) What is the impact of foreign trade on national economic life? He examines these questions extremely well in the 14 chapters of the volume. The first of the questions posed above is examined in the first 11 chapters. Many of the topics in these chapters are traditional; for example, chapter 2 considers the impact of transportation costs on trade; chapters 3-5, factor endowments; and chapter 6, technology. All are freshly treated, however, and incorporate the most recent work in the field. Kindleberger discusses the relevance and validity of the Hecks- 844 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 cher-Ohlin theory which explains comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments. (He finds a basic flaw in the Ohlin thesis in the “as sumption of relatively fixed proportions of factor inputs in different commodities” in different countries. However, he still considers the theorem “useful.”) The second section of the book con sists of three chapters and deals with the effects of trade on the national economy. Altogether this is a most useful and stimulating piece of work. It is an incisive review of the most recent theoretical developments. Although it is brief, the interested reader is referred to extensive sources should he wish to investigate further. It is a “must” for professionals in international trade and will certainly be included in many reading lists of courses, both graduate and undergraduate. — C h a r l e s J. W a lsh Chairman, Department of Economics Fordham University T h e P r o f e s s io n a l S c ie n tis t— A S tu d y o f A m e r ic a n C h em ists. By Anselm L. Strauss and Lee Rainwater. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1962. 282 pp. $6. The American Chemical Society, the sponsor of this sociological study, was interested in having the views of its members on three issues: To what extent do its members believe that the public does not give them sufficient professional recognition? What meaning does professional status have for chemists? What can and should the chemists' own society do about the problems and difficulties connected with their status as professionals? These questions arise from the trend in industri alized society toward a more complex technology and the growth of investment in science and scien tists. While chemists contribute significantly to technology, diversity and change mark their roles. Tasks may be menial or creative; men may be “bench” chemists, research administrators, or university professors; educational qualifications extend from B.S. to Ph. D. degrees. Such variety and the rapid changes in the careers of chemists justify the author’s decision to place the questions in a broad sociological context as a basis for a com prehensive analysis of both behavior and attitudes of chemists. Approximately 2,700 detailed ques tionnaires and 325 interviews were analyzed. The first part of the study reviews the develop ment of the professions and industrialization in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis general terms, describes the evolving pattern of employment opportunities for chemists, and char acterizes chemists by differences in both academic and nonacademic locales and by position, i.e., bench chemist, researcher, administrator. The most interesting segment of the study is part II, which describes the work world of chemists—their social origins, how they are recruited into chemis try, career patterns, and elements in work morale. Also discussed are income; opportunities for free dom of judgment, learning in work, and communi cation with scientific colleagues; and prospects for advancement. Part III concentrates on profes sional status and the members’ views of the chemi cal society as a professional organization. The book contains much interesting information. An illustration is the finding that chemists gener ally oppose unions and, at the lower levels, are overly optimistic about personal career opportuni ties in the light of the work and wage experiences of chemists with Ph. D.’s. A typical view is that the rapid expansion of the field will continue. At the same time, chemists express concern about in sufficient money and status rewards. The prosspect that specialization and the development of ever newer techniques may threaten individual careers is also of concern. The value of the report lies in its careful analysis of the multiple roles of chemists—as employees, scientists, professionals, and association members. The expansion in numbers of other “new men” in scientific and technical specialties points to the need for additional similar studies. —Louis H. O rzack Department of Sociology Boston University Edited by Morris Bornstein and Daniel R. Fusfeld. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1962. 382 pp., bibliography. $6. The core of the book of readings prepared by Professors Bornstein and Fusfeld of the University of Michigan is a compilation of papers of the Joint Economic Committee published in 1959. Their choices from the committee papers, editing, and omission of technical footnotes are all to be commended. Their selection of supplemen tary readings, which is also well conceived, draws on materia] appearing in journals and other publications which are not easily accessible to the T h e S o v ie t E c o n o m y — A B o o k o f R e a d in g s . 845 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES nonspecialist in th e Soviet field. Who would know to look in the L lo y d ’s B a n k R eview for the excel lent article on Soviet economic development byAlec Nove? The articles chosen are grouped together in five major categories: Soviet Economic Growth; Eco nomic Planning; Management, Labor, and Foreign Trade; Soviet Consumer; and Implications for U.S. Policy. Certainly no economist specializing on the Soviet economy would agree on the same choice of categories or individual subjects to be covered in a book of readings on the Soviet economy. A good standard of comparison, how ever, is the 1962 compilation of the Joint Economic Committee entitled D im e n sio n s o f S oviet E conom ic P o w er. Noteworthy additions in that publication are discussions of the economic claims of the Soviet military establishment, comparisons of Soviet growth rates with other rapidly growing economies, and discussions of the administration and distribution of Soviet industry. This is not a valid criticism of the Bornstein-Fusfeld choice, but in a revised version of these readings, such additional material might well be considered. For the non-Soviet specialist student of the Soviet economy who wishes to obtain a representa tive sample of research covering Soviet economic development, these readings of Professors Bornstein and Fusfeld supply the best answer available to date. — J ohn P. H ardt Research Analysis Corp. Bethesda, Md. G uides fo r U n ion s. Chicago, National Safety Council, 1962. 230 pp. The purpose and objective of this guide for or ganized labor is to support labor’s safety efforts and projects on and off the job. It spells out methods of participation by the international union, the state and local central body, and the local union in occupational safety. Safety and health resolutions adopted by the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations and by various inter national unions, a policy statement of the Labor Conference of the National Safety Council, and statements of outstanding labor leaders emphasize cooperation with management on safety matters. This is not a technical handbook. It covers many areas briefly; but, with frequent references S a fe ty https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to specific safety standards and organizations, it provides a roadmap containing many avenues of aid and interest to the union representative who is interested. The text reads easily but re quires considerable study and effort for effective utilization. There is a lot of material in the Guide’s 230 pages. An index of Safety Information Sources fists the organizations having consulting services and the publications which are available. If labor takes up the gauntlet, it should do much to stem the tide of accidental injury which threatens us at home, at work, on the road, and at play. — K obert D. G id e l Assistant Director for Safety Bureau of Labor Standards Education and Training Vocational Education: Philosophy and Objectives. East Lansing, Michigan State University, College of Education, Office of Research and Publications, 1962. 32 pp. Programmed Learning: The Whole Picture. By Geary A. Rummler. (In Training Directors Journal, New York, April 1963, pp. 30-32, 34-35. $1.) Young Workers: Their Special Training Needs. By Lloyd Feldman and Michael R. Peevey. Washing ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automation, and Training, 1963. 19 pp. (Bulletin 3.) Characteristics of 6,000 White and Nonwhite Persons Enrolled in Manpower Development and Training Act Training. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower, Automation, and Training, 1963. 6 pp. Transition From School to Work. By Oswald Hall and Bruce McFarlane. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, 1962. 89 pp., bibliography. (Research Program on the Training of Skilled Manpower, Report 10.) 35 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. Occupational Briefs on America’s Major Job Fields: Archaeologists (No. 212); Hospital Attendants (No. 236); House-to-House Salespeople (No. 237). Chicago, Science Research Associates, Inc., 1963. 4 pp. each. Your Future in Accounting. By Edmond Locklear, Jr. New York, Richards Rosen Press, Inc., 1963. 159 pp., bibliography. (Careers in Depth.) $2.95. Employment Outlook for Oceanographers. By Howard V. Stambler. (In Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S. 846 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, May 1963, pp. 15-18. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Employee Benefits Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Remun eration Practices for Production Workers in— Mining Industries, 1960. By Aloysius Robert Pfeffer. Wash ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 78 pp. (Bulletin 1332.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Growth of Employee-Benefit Plans, 1954-61. By Alfred M. Skolnik. {In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Depart ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Washington, April 1963, pp. 4-17. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Coordination of Employee Benefit Plans. Chicago, Charles D. Spencer & Associates, Inc., 1963. 26 pp. $2. Financial Position of Companies With Unfunded Pension Plans. By Joseph Krislov. Washington, U.S. De partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, 1963. 4 pp. (Analytical Note 1.) Industrial Relations Freedom and Responsibility in Collective Bargaining. By George W. Taylor. {In Quarterly Review of Econo mics and Business, University of Illinois, Champaign, Spring 1963, pp. 23-32. $1.50.) Legal Aspects of Featherbedding. By William R. Sherrard. {In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., April 1963, pp. 170-178. 75 cents.) An Employer’s Rights in a National Labor Relations Board Representation Election. By Charles G. Bakaly, Jr., and Alfred C. Phillips. Pasadena, California Institute of Technology, Industrial Relations Center, 1963. 11 pp. (Circular 28.) Arbitration and/or the NLRB. By Frank W. McCulloch. {In Arbitration Journal, New York, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1963, pp. 3-16. $1.75.) Rights Without Remedies in Labor Arbitration. By Josef Sirefman. {In Arbitration Journal, New York, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1963, pp. 17-35. $1.75.) Arbitration of Work Rule Disputes. By Walter L. Daykin. {In Arbitration Journal, New York, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1963, pp. 36-45. $1.75.) Fifteenth Annual Report of the Federal Mediation and Con ciliation Service, Fiscal Year 1962. Washington, 1963. 60 pp. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. The Integration of Seniority Lists in Transportation Mergers. By Dan H. Mater and Garth L. Mangum. {In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., April 1963, pp. 343-365. $1.75.) Industrial Relations in Sweden— Myth or Model? By Joseph A. Raffaele. {In Personnel, American Man agement Association, New York, May-June 1963, pp. 43-52. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.) Health and Safety The Diseases of Occupations. By Donald Hunter, M.D. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1962. 1,180 pp., bibliographies. 3d ed. $28.50. Advancing Frontiers in Industrial Health. By L. G. Norman. {In British Journal of Industrial Medicine, London, April 1963, pp. 78-81. 18s. 6d.) Interpretive Problems of Title I of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act. By Linda Rosenberg. {In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., April 1963, pp. 405-427. $1.75.) Occupational Health in Eastern Europe. By R. M. Malan. {In British Journal of Industrial Medicine, London, April 1963. pp. 154-164, bibliography. 18s. 6d.) Free Speech, Propaganda and the National Labor Relations Act. By Thomas G. S. Christensen. {In New York University Law Review, New York, April 1963, pp. 243-279. $2.) Government and Medicine Abroad [A Symposium}. (Dis cussions include Canada, Sweden, the Soviet Union, West Germany, France, and India.) {In Current History, Philadelphia, Pa., June 1963, pp. 321-365, et. seq. 85 cents.) Midwest Seminar on N L R B Policy Developments. Spon sored by University Extension of the University of Chi cago. {In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, April 1963, pp. 293-386. $1.) N L R B Re-Run Elections: A Study. By Daniel H. Pollitt. {In North Carolina Law Review, Chapel Hill, Winter 1963, pp. 209-224. $1.50.) N L R B Membership Cleavage: Recognition and Organiza tional Picketing. By Fred Witney. {In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, May 1963, pp. 434-458. $1.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor Force The Forecasting of Manpower Requirements. By Matilda R. Sugg. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 96 pp., bibli ography. (BLS Report 248.) Free. Manpower in the Technological Revolution. By L. V. Berkner. {In Civil Service Journal, U.S. Civil Service Commission, Washington, January-M arch 1963, pp. 12-14, 22-25. 25 cents.) BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES Report of 1962 Seminar on Problems of Manpower Planning, Development, Utilization, Distribution, and Administra tion [June 18 to September 19, 1962]. Edited by J. Fletcher Wellemeyer and Francis L. Hauser. Wash ington, U.S. Department of State, Agency for Inter national Development, 1963. ix, 179 pp., bibli ography. Automation and Employment Trends: The Indiana Motor Vehicle Industry. Indianapolis, Indiana Employ ment Security Division, 1963. 73 pp., bibliography. Employment Trends in Major Industries. {In Occupa tional Outlook Quarterly, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, May 1963, pp. 19-23. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) Improving the Operation of Labor Markets Through An Employment Service Advance Notice System. By E. E. Liebhafsky. {In Southern Economic Journal, Chapel Hill, N.C., April 1963, pp. 317-325. $1.50.) Employment and Earnings in the Scientific and Technical Professions [of Canada], 1958-1961. Ottawa, Cana dian Department of Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1962. 31 pp. (Professional Manpower Report 12.) 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. The American Public-School Teacher, 1960-61— Personal and Professional Characteristics, Assignments, Attitudes. By Hazel Davis and Eleanor Donald. Washington, National Education Association, 1963. 112 pp. (Research Monograph 1963-M2.) $2.25. The Labor Force of Czechoslovakia: Scope and Concepts. By Andrew Elias. Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1963. 96 pp., bibliography. (International Population Reports, Series P-95, No. 61.) Labor Organizations Union Labor in California, 1961. San Francisco, Depart ment of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and Reasearch, 1963. 31 pp. Trade Union Growth— Structure and Policy: A Compara tive Study of the Cotton Unions in England. By H. A. Turner. Toronto, Ontario, University of Toronto Press, 1962. 413 pp. Personnel Management Personnel Management. By Michael J. Jucius. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 700 pp. 5th ed. $11.35. Personnel Testing: What the Critics Overlook. By Saul W. Gellerman. {In Personnel, American Management Association, New York, May-June 1963, pp. 18-26. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 847 Front-Line Management: A Guide to Effective Supervisory Action. By James M. Black and Guy B. Ford. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1963. 282 pp. $6.95. Leadership in the Office: Guidelines for Office Supervisors. New York, American Management Association, 1963. 287 pp. Problems of Worker Groups Death of a Newspaper: The Story of the Detroit Times— A Study of Job Dislocation Among Newspaper Workers in a Depressed Labor Market. By Louis A. Ferman. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for Em ployment Research, 1963. 63 pp., bibliography. La Réinsertion Professionnelle des Jeunes dans le Monde du Travail. By M. Pierre Laurent. {In Revue Fran çaise du Travail, Ministry of Labor, Paris, OctoberDecember 1962, pp. 25-34.) Social Security Disability Applicants Under the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Program— Selected Data, 1961. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, 1963. 53 pp. Unemployment Insurance for Government Employees in Hawaii. Honolulu, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1963. 30 pp. Family Characteristics of the Long-Term Unemployed in South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina Employ ment Security Commission, Research and Statistics Section, 1963. 45 pp. TEC Claimants in Four Survey Periods, New York State, 1961-1962. New York, State Department of Labor, Research and Statistics Office, 1963. 49 pp. (TEC Report 1.) Characteristics of T.E.C. Claimants in Mississippi: A Report on a Study of Claimants Under the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Program, 196162. Jackson, Mississippi Employment Security Com mission, 1963. 131 pp. Personal Characteristics and Family Status of TEC Claim ants. Indianapolis, Indiana Employment Security Division, Research and Statistics Section, 1963. 23 pp. Railroad Retirement Board— Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1962. Chicago, Railroad Retirement Board, 1963. 162 pp. 60 cents, Super intendent of Documents, Washington. Workmen’s Compensation in Canada: A Comparison of Provincial Laws, October 1962. By Evelyn Woolner. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Legislation Branch, 1962. 45 pp. 35 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. 848 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 Syketrygden, 1960. Oslo, Norway, Rikstrygdeverket, 1963. 101 pp. (Offisielle Statistikk, X II 98.) Table of contents and summaries in English. Kr. 7. Wages and Hours ■Occupational Wage Survey: Philadelphia, P a.-N .J., November 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 36 pp. (Bulletin 1345-31.) 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Other bulletins in this series include: San Francisco-Oakland, Calif., January 1963__ ______ _____ Jacksonville, Fla., January 1963. York, Pa., February 1963_____ Des Moines, Iowa, February 1963______________________ Jackson, Miss., February 1963__ New Orleans, La., February 1963______________________ Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa.-N .J., February 1963___ Detroit, Mich., January 1963__ Price {cents) Bulletin No. Pages 1345-34 1345-39 1345-41 32 26 18 25 25 20 1345-42 1345-43 20 18 20 20 1345-44 30 25 1345-45 1345-47 20 32 20 25 Industry Wage Survey—Footwear, April 1962. By Fred W. Mohr. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 71 pp. (Bulletin 1360.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Wage Administration—Plans, Practices, and Principles. By Charles W. Brennan. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 463 pp., bibliography. Rev. ed $10. Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1961. Washing ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 67 pp. (Bulletin 1338-8.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Wage Settlements, California Union Agreements, 1962. San Francisco, Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1963. 56 pp. Pay Surveys in Perspective. By S. Avery Raube. {In Business Management Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, May 1963, pp. 11-16.) The Wage Fixers: A Study of Arbitration in a Free Society. By Henry Smith. London, Institute of Economic Affairs, 1962. 47 pp., bibliography. (Hobart Paper 18.) 5s. Size Distribution of Income in 1962. By Jeannette M. Fitzwilliams. {In Survey of Current Business, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Eco nomics, Washington, April 1963, pp. 14-20. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Miscellaneous United States Department of Labor Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1962. Washington, 1963. 289 pp. $1, Super intendent of Documents, Washington. Annual Report of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1962. Washington, 1963. 433 pp. $1.25, Superintendent of Documents, Wash ington. Annual Report of the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor for the Year Ending June SO, 1962. New York, 1962. 28 pp. Report of the Director-General to the 41th Session of Inter national Labor Conference, Geneva, 1963: Program and Structure of the ILO. Geneva, International Labor Office, 1963. 206 pp. (Report I.) $2. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. The Older American. Washington, President’s Council on Aging, 1963. 73 pp. 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. The Art of Working. By R. B. Lai. Publishing House, 1962. 188 pp. New York, Asia American Economic Development: Growth of the U.S. in the Western World. By Lester S. Levy and Roy J. Sampson. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1962. 623 pp., bibliographies. $7.95. Readings in Economic Development. Edited by Theodore Morgan, George W. Betz, N. K. Choudhry. Belmont, Calif., Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1963 431 pp. Economics: A General Introduction. By Lloyd G. Reynolds. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 739 pp. (Irwin Series in Economics.) $10.60. Interests, Ideologies, and the Problem of Stability and Growth. By Edward S. Mason. {In American Economic Review, Menasha, Wis., March 1963, pp. 1-18. $2.) Trends in Natural Resource Commodities: Statistics of Prices, Output, Consumption, Foreign Trade, and Employment in the United States, 1870-1957. By Neal Potter and Francis T. Christy, Jr. Washington, Resources for the Future, Inc., 1962. 568 pp. $17.50, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md. The Origins of Modern Labor Law. By Stephen J. Barres. {In American Journal of Economics and Sociology, New York, April 1963, pp. 279-286. $1.) Retirement Money Guidebook. Stamford, Conn., Retire ment Council, Inc., 1963. 126 pp. $4.50, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York. The New Soviet Society: Final Text of the Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. New York, The New Leader, Paperback Division, 1962. 251 pp. 75 cents Current Labor Statistics TABLES A. —Employment 850 851 855 859 A -l. Estimated total, labor force classified by employment status and sex A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,, seasonally adjusted 859 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted 860 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations B. —Labor Turnover 861 B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group C. —Earnings and Hours 864 C -l. 876 C-2. 876 C-3. 877 C-4. 879 C-5. 879 C-6. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices 880 D -l. Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items 881 D-2. Consumer Price Index—Allitems and food indexes, by city 882 D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 884 D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 885 D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product E. —Work Stoppages 886 E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes F. —Work Injuries 887 F -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1 • This table Is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review. N o t e : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described In Technique of Preparing Major B L S Sta tistical Series (BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 849 850 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 A.—Employment T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex [In thousands] Estimated number oi persons 14 years of age and over • Employment status 1963 M ay Apr. Mar. 1962 Jan. Feb. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. Annual aver age July June May 1961 1960 Total both sexes Total labor force................................................. 75,864 74, 897 74,382 73,999 73,323 74,142 74,532 74,923 74,914 76,554 76,437 76,857 74,797 74.175 73,126 Civilian labor fo rce......................... ................ Unemployment_______________________ Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted 2................................................... Unemployed 4 weeks or less........... ......... Unemployed 5-10 weeks_____________ Unemployed 11-14 weeks ....................... Unemployed 15-26 weeks......................... Unemployed over 26 weeks__________ Employm ent____ _____________________ Nonagricultural____ ________________ Worked 35 hours or more...................... Worked 15-34 hours_______________ Worked 1-14 hours________ ________ W ith a job but not at work • ............... Agricultural ................. ............................ Worked 35 hours or more...................... Worked 15-34 hours_______________ Worked 1-14 hours------------------------W ith a job but not at work !_______ 73,127 72,161 71,650 71,275 70, 607 71,378 71,782 72,187 72,179 73,695 73,582 74.001 71,922 71,603 4,066 4,063 4,501 4, 918 4,672 3,817 3,801 3,294 3,512 3,932 4,018 4,463 3,719 4,806 70,612 3,931 5.6 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.5 5,4 6.7 1,597 1,553 1,814 1,996 1,697 1,960 1,546 1,681 1,702 1,805 2,536 1,523 1,897 963 1,315 1,162 684 630 672 840 654 940 1,037 664 064 709 598 485 361 300 292 295 212 411 371 229 358 255 230 696 612 525 684 469 418 341 345 449 608 743 428 728 691 453 619 541 397 447 477 593 584 666 804 681 576 68,097 67,148 66, 358 65,935 67,561 67,981 68,893 68,668 69, 762 69,564 69,539 68,203 66,796 63, 424 62,812 62,309 61, 730 63,495 03,098 63.418 63,103 63,993 63, 500 63,249 62, 775 61,333 46, 505 48,669 47,063 48, 480 49,175 46,107 48,047 49,684 47,264 46,372 49, 209 49,711 47,257 10, 455 7,588 8, 573 7,235 7,932 11,894 9,426 7,265 6,849 6, 598 6,927 7,209 7,522 3, 856 4,119 4, 238 3,845 4,143 4,074 3,811 3,475 3,222 3,185 3,365 3,912 3,610 2, 608 2,436 2, 432 2,172 2,243 2,021 2,133 2,680 6,657 7,343 3,748 1,944 2,946 4,673 4,337 4,049 4,206 4,066 4,883 5,475 5, 564 5, 770 6,064 6,290 5,428 5.463 3,198 2,587 2,261 2,522 2,352 3,262 3,688 3,693 3,900 4,270 4,377 3.801 3,540 1,041 1,042 1.040 987 907 1,069 1,232 1,310 1,285 1,215 1,346 1,149 1,245 467 398 462 483 444 490 426 404 447 446 388 477 305 182 122 241 267 249 316 153 129 101 133 89 200 129 5.6 1,799 823 353 502 454 66,681 60,958 46,388 8,249 3,279 3,043 5,723 3,811 1,279 444 190 5.9 1,833 679 262 649 643 69,061 63, 883 50,383 7,261 4,144 2, 093 5,178 3, 489 1,196 415 80 Males Total labor force---------- ------ ------------------- 50,483 50,010 49, 675 49, 508 49,269 49,574 49,719 49,974 50,110 51,657 51.733 51,832 50,272 49,918 49, 507 Civilian labor force_____________________ Unemployment_______________________ Em ploym ent_________________________ Nonagricultural_____ _______________ Worked 35 hours or more__________ Worked 15-34 hours------- ---------------Worked 1-14 hours................................. With a job but not at work *........... A gricu ltural___ _______ ____________ Worked 35 hours or more...................... Worked 15-34 hours......... ..................... Worked 1-14 hours___ _____ _______ W ith a job but not at work *_______ 47,378 3,060 44,318 39,811 32,984 3,587 1,511 1,729 4,508 3,132 827 370 179 47,025 2, 541 44,485 39,807 32,511 4,100 1,360 1,836 4,678 3,365 792 348 172 Total labor force________________________ 25,381 24, 886 24, 707 24,492 24,054 24,568 24,812 24,949 24,804 24,897 24,703 25,026 24,525 24,257 23,619 Civilian labor force.............. ............................ Unemployment............................................... Em ploym ent................................................... Nonagricultural........................................... Worked 35 hours or more _________ Worked 15-34 hours............................... Worked 1-14 hours________________ W ith a job but not at work *........... Agricultural__ ____ _____ ___________ Worked 35 hours or m o r e ............... Worked 15-34 hours_______ ________ Worked 1-14 hours................................. With a Job but not at work *_______ 23,587 1,390 22,196 21,151 13, 627 4,149 1,919 1,206 1,045 445 486 96 17 47,778 2,434 45,345 41,205 35, 055 3.161 1,795 1,193 4,140 3,071 702 296 68 47,306 2,600 44, 706 40, 762 32,806 4, 941 1,658 1,357 3,945 2,888 700 247 112 46,975 3,013 43.962 40,251 33,648 3,439 1,688 1,476 3,711 2,383 730 384 216 46, 816 3,293 43, 523 39, 994 32, 710 4,026 1,779 1,481 3, 529 2,074 786 423 246 46, 585 3,080 43, 505 39.839 33,648 3, 251 1, 593 1,351 3,666 2,281 751 400 232 46,841 2, 522 44,319 40,782 33,946 3,612 1,760 1,461 3,537 2,181 656 424 276 47,001 2,259 44,743 40,703 31,704 6,130 1,618 1,250 4,040 2,908 692 307 133 47,269 1,881 45,387 41.131 33,774 4,428 1,628 1,302 4,256 3,168 694 281 114 47,406 1,991 45,415 41,052 34,769 3,261 1,433 1,588 4,363 3,180 780 309 92 48,830 2,327 46,503 41,899 33,483 3,316 1,449 3,652 4,604 3,327 819 293 165 48,911 2,406 46,505 41,732 32,952 3,183 1,337 4,261 4,773 3,634 687 332 121 49,009 2,698 46.310 41,421 34,624 3,244 1,518 2,035 4,889 3, 743 733 305 109 47,430 2,296 45,134 40.687 34, 579 3,223 1,713 1,171 4,447 3,365 706 291 85 Females 25,349 1,632 23,717 22, 679 15,327 4,099 2,352 900 1,038 418 493 117 12 24,854 1,463 23,391 22, 663 13, 699 5, 515 2,198 1,251 728 311 341 59 17 24,675 1,489 23,186 22,560 15,022 4,149 2,430 960 625 204 312 83 26 24,460 1,625 22,835 22,315 14, 356 4, 547 2,459 950 520 187 255 57 20 24,022 1,592 22.430 21,890 14,835 3.983 2, 252 820 540 243 236 44 17 1 Estimates are based on Information obtained from a sample of households and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included. Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal totals. 2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force. 3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute. Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24,537 1,295 23, 242 22,714 15,228 4,319 2,383 782 528 172 252 66 40 24,781 1,543 23,238 22,395 13,404 5,763 2,457 771 843 355 377 91 27 24,918 1,413 23,505 22,287 14,273 4,998 2,184 832 1,219 520 538 145 15 24,773 1,520 23,253 22,051 14,914 4,004 2,042 1,092 1,201 512 529 152 9 24,865 1,605 23,260 22,094 13,782 3,533 1,773 3,005 1,166 573 466 110 17 24,671 1,611 23,059 21.768 13,420 3,415 1,848 3,082 1,291 636 530 116 12 24,993 1,764 23,228 21,827 14, 583 3, 682 1,847 1,713 1,491 634 613 141 13 24,492 1.423 23,069 22,088 15,130 3,985 2,199 773 982 438 443 i 7 4 24,225 1,747 22,478 21,523 14,273 3.934 2,098 1,217 955 408 419 107 22 new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of the persons in these groups have, since that tim e, been classified as unem ployed. N o t e : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (In Employ ment and Earnings, u.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics, current issues). Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. A.—EMPLOYMENT T a b le 851 A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 [In thousands] 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Maya Total employees....................... ......................... Apr.* Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1961 1960 56,167 55,822 55,068 54, 780 54,833 56,444 56,214 56,333 56,252 55,709 55,493 55,777 55,209 54,077 54,347 627 81.7 26.0 28.1 612 79.8 25.1 28.0 614 80.7 25.0 28.0 617 78.9 23.3 28.0 628 78.3 24.4 28.0 638 78.9 25.1 27.8 645 79.4 25.9 27.7 651 80.3 26.4 27.9 658 83.8 28.3 28.8 648 87.8 29.0 28.8 661 89.2 29.8 29.2 657 88.5 29.7 28.9 666 87.1 27.5 28.9 709 93.3 33.2 28.3 Coal mining Bituminous 135.6 127.6 134.5 126.3 139.7 131.3 140.4 131.9 140.2 131.6 142.2 133.4 143.8 135.2 142.6 134.2 141.9 133.4 129.9 120.7 142.8 134.2 145.0 135.9 155.5 145.1 182.2 168.2 Crude petroleum and natural gas_______ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. Oil and gas field service*_____________ 297.1 171.9 125.2 294.5 170.8 123.7 294.1 171.5 122.6 295.3 171.6 123.7 301.2 171.6 129.6 300.1 172.1 128.0 303.0 172.8 130.2 307.2 175.5 131.7 309.2 178.0 131.2 310.1 178.0 132.1 307.9 177.5 130.4 304.0 174.9 129.1 308.9 176.8 132.2 313.9 181.7 132.2 112.3 102.7 99.3 102.2 108.2 116.4 119.1 121.0 122.9 120.2 120.6 119.3 114.9 119.5 G35 Mining______ ______________ _______ ___ Metal mining_________________________ .................... Tron ores Copper ores ___________ ____ _ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____ Contract construction__________________ 2,749 General building contractor*___________ Heavy construction______ ____________ Highway and street construction Other heavy construction____________ Special trade contractors_______________ — 2,589 2,315 2,241 2,349 2,532 2,801 2,936 2,978 3,031 2,982 2,839 2,749 2,760 2,882 809.6 718.0 693.7 731.4 786.2 861.7 889.1 903.2 929.2 9Í6. 4 873.0 843.0 860.8 911.7 514.7 412. 5 383.8 409.6 471.1 579.3 648.4 667.6 685.4 675.0 624.5 594.7 565.6 581.3 284.1 207.8 185.5 201.4 244.9 326.9 379.0 394.5 405.2 393.6 359.6 335.4 302.8 302.4 230.6 204.7 198.3 208.2 226.2 252.4 269.4 273.1 280.2 281.4 264.9 259.3 262.9 278.9 1,264. 5 1,184. 5 1,163.0 1,207.8 1,274.4 1,360.4 1,398.8 1,407.1 1,416.5 1,390.9 1,341.0 1,311.2 1,333.2 l, 388.8 Manufacturing______ _________________ 16,775 16,693 16,613 16,546 16,551 16,727 16,891 17,028 17,127 16,931 16,782 16,870 16,682 16,267 16,762 Durable goods............ ................................ 9,585 9, 505 9,430 9,399 9,407 9,473 9,533 9,562 9,571 9 ,4Ó2 9,463 9,547 9,475 9,042 9,441 Nondurable goods_____________ _____ 7,190 7,188 7,183 7,147 7,144 7,254 7,358 7,466 7,556 7,529 7,319 7,323 7,207 7,225 7,321 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories___ ____ ______ Ammunition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire control equipment___ Other ordnance and accessories........... ... Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________________________ Logging camps and logging contractors. Sawmills and planing mills__________ Millwork, plywood, and related products...... .............................................. Wooden containers................... ................ Miscellaneous wood products________ Furniture and fixtures__________ __ ___ Household furniture_________________ Office furniture.............. ............... ............ Partitions; office and store fixtures____ Other furniture and fixtures__________ 212.7 214.2 111.8 48.5 53.9 217.5 113.7 49.8 54.0 219.2 114.3 51.1 53.8 220.3 114.1 52.1 54.1 221.0 114.8 52.0 54.2 221.6 114.7 52.6 54.3 220.4 114.2 52.5 53.7 220.7 114.0 53.0 53.7 221.6 115.0 53.4 63.2 217.0 113.7 53.3 50.0 211.8 110.7 52.5 48.6 211.6 108.5 62.4 50.7 200.6 103.1 51.1 46.5 187.3 93.9 50.0 43.4 612.1 590.0 81.0 265.0 579.1 78.7 261.1 574.7 80.6 257.5 579.2 82.4 259.7 592.0 88.1 261.9 608.6 >94.0 269.2 620.7 97.2 273.9 629.9 101.2 277.1 639.6 104.5 280.1 632.9 103.7 279.0 635.8 101.8 281.6 609.6 90.3 272.5 600.5 91.5 268.9 636.8 92.6 294.7 145.0 38.7 60.3 141.3 37.6 60.4 140.0 37.4 59.2 140.6 37.5 59.0 143.6 38.7 59.7 140.4 39.0 60.0 148.9 40.0 60.7 150. 7 39.6 61.3 152.9 40.5 61.6 149.2 40.8 60.2 149.6 41.2 61.6 145.8 40.3 60.7 141.3 40.8 58.0 146.6 43.2 59.6 377.4 271.6 28.5 33.8 43.5 378.1 271.7 28.8 34.6 43.0 377.1 270.4 28.9 34.8 43.0 379.5 270.3 30.0 35.4 43.8 383.3 273.5 30.5 34.9 44.4 387.1 275.8 30.7 35.7 44.9 388.2 276.9 28.5 37.8 45.0 388.0 276.0 28. 2 38.0 45.8 387.6 273.3 30.3 37.7 46.3 378.3 266.5 29.2 37.2 45.4 382.3 269. 1 29.7 37.1 46.4 379.3 268.8 29.1 36.4 45.0 367.4 259.6 27.4 36.2 44.2 383.4 271.1 28.3 39.0 45.1 574.3 29.5 102.6 39.0 69.6 44.4 153.7 120.8 550.4 28.8 101.2 35.5 65.9 43.6 141.5 119.0 540.7 29.0 100.0 34.6 64.8 43.4 136.0 118.3 545.2 29.2 98.4 36.3 65.9 43.4 138.3 118.8 560.3 30.3 99.7 37.9 68.6 43.7 144.9 120.2 578.2 31.0 100.4 40.3 70.6 44.5 154.7 121.4 588.0 30.5 101.8 40.8 71.4 45.3 160.7 122.2 692.8 30.4 102.8 41.4 72.5 44.8 163. 2 122.7 595.6 30.1 103.1 41.7 73.1 44.2 165.1 123.5 590.1 29. 7 103.0 41.5 72.1 43.5 163.0 123.0 589. 5 29. 6 103.9 41.3 71.8 43.9 162.2 122.4 579.1 28.6 101.8 40.0 71.0 43.5 157.9 122.0 566.8 27.9 100.6 40.0 70.7 43.4 150 2 119.5 595.3 31.1 102.9 42.8 76.1 47.1 155.4 124.0 376.4 Stone, clav. and glass products _ __ 583.9 Flat glass___________________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. Cement, hydraulic..................................... Structural clay products_____________ Pottery and related products_________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. Other stone and mineral products.......... — Primary metal industries....................... . 1,188. 9 1,175.0 1,153. 5 1,137.6 1,124. 2 1.124.4 1,118.7 1,123.1 1,136. 4 1,134. 7 1,134. 7 1,166.0 1,193. 8 1,142.3 1.228.7 602.1 583.9 569.4 555.8 555.3 550.8 555.2 566.3 567. 5 570.8 594.9 622.5 599. 9 652.5 Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel foundries............................ 199.0 196.9 196.2 195.3 195.3 194.9 195.5 196.6 193.8 194.0 196.9 196.5 186.0 203.6 Nonferrous smelting and refining_____ 68.2 68.6 67.1 67.4 68.9 67.8 68.8 67.4 66.9 68.2 68.7 69.1 69. 4 70.8 Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding________________________ 177.5 177.3 176.8 176.6 176.8 176.7 177.5 177.5 176.8 177.3 178.0 177.6 169.9 175.6 Nonferrous foundries________________ 66.0 67.4 67.1 64.7 61.4 68.1 68.2 68.1 68.4 68.4 67.5 67.1 67.1 65.1 Miscellaneous primary metal industries. 60.1 60.1 60.6 60.1 61.4 61.2 61.1 60.2 60.4 60.1 58.7 59.5 57.8 60.7 Fabricated metal products. . . . ... 1,135.1 1,121.8 1,109. 5 1,108.1 1,111.3 1,122.1 1,128.3 1,134.1 1,135. 7 1,115. 6 1,115.8 1,129.0 1,121.2 1,076.4 l, 128.6 62.9 Metal cans_________________________ 65.4 65.2 60.6 62. 7 57.6 61.0 65.7 60.4 59.0 58.3 57.9 65.3 62.5 Cutlery, handtools, and general hard w are.......... .................................. ........... 140.5 140.0 140.7 141.0 141.5 141.3 140.0 138.4 134.7 133.6 138.7 138.4 129.7 136.0 Heating equipment and plumbing 76.3 fixtures___________________________ 78.0 77.0 75.2 79.0 79.0 78.6 78.8 76.7 77.2 77.2 76.0 77.0 77.8 Fabricated structural metal products.. 320.5 315.1 313.9 317.0 322.3 325.8 330.9 335.1 333.7 334.4 332.3 326.9 325.8 334.3 87.5 80.4 8.5.6 Screw machine products, bolts, etc 87.0 87.0 86. 1 87.1 87.9 88.4 87. 9 88.0 87.8 87.7 88.3 Metal sta m p in g s......... ......... .1______ 193.5 191.8 192.2 195.3 197.1 196.4 196.4 193.2 180.2 184.3 188.3 191.1 179.4 197.7 63.9 Coating, engraving, and allied services.. 67.4 68.9 67.6 64.2 67.3 69.6 69.2 67.8 67.4 65.7 66.1 66.0 70.0 56.8 55.6 57.1 53.7 56.9 57.4 55.7 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. 56.4 56.4 56.1 56.2 57.0 57.7 56.8 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products. 114.9 114.5 114.6 113.6 114.3 113.9 111.8 112.1 112.2 112.0 114.4 113.7 107.8 112.4 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 852 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T able A-2. Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued fin thousands] 1963 1962 Annual average Industry M ay 2 Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1961 1960 Manufacturing—Continued Durable floods—Continued Machinery..... .................. 1,485.4 1,485.0 1,481.5 1. 474. 0 1,469 3 1,464. 2 1. 462 9 1.463 1 1.466. 7 1,463. 9 1,468.1 1,479.5 1,468. 6 1,401.1 1,471.L 4 Engines and turbines______ 88.5 86 3 86 6 87.9 88 3 87.0 86 8 86.8 85.7 88.1 86.6 86.7 80 0 86.1.8 Farm machinery and equipment......... 132.3 132.3 130. 5 125. 1 120 8 117 4 1180 118 7 117.7 119 0 120.5 121.0 1124 114.!. 1 Construction and related machinery. 210.7 209.4 20S. 8 208.7 209.0 208.6 207 8 211. 1 212 3 211.2 2120 209.0 198.1 219. 17 Metalworking machinery and equip ment___________________ ____ 262.6 262.1 260. 7 259. 5 259. 6 258 3 256 4 255. 0 253. 1 256 7 259 7 260 5 943 8 2583 .2 Special industry machinery_________ 170.3 169.9 169.2 169. 9 170 8 170 8 171 6 171 6 172 4 172 9 173. 5 171. 5 167 9 1733 .8 General industrial m achinery... 221.7 221.8 221.2 222.2 220.6 222.6 223 4 223.2 222.9 222.0 222.8 220. 1 211.1 223. 3.0 Office, computing, and accounting machines_____ _______ ___________ 148.2 148.8 148. 7 149.6 150. 0 1.50 4 150. 5 151. 9 152. I 151.0 151. 8 151. 7 149 3 1455 .7 Service Industry machines__________ 96 0 90 2 99.2 97.3 95. 3 95 3 96. 7 96.3 99 7 101.0 99 6 95.9 94 1 993 .8 Miscellaneous machinery____________ ....... 152.1 151.8 150.7 150. 5 151. 3 152.6 152 7 151.7 150.3 149.9 151.6 148.5 144.6 150. 3.4 Electrical equipment and su p p lies... 1,526.1 1,515. 9 1,524.0 1. 633. 7 l. 543. 6 1.556.0 1.561 1 1.561 2 1,556 7 1,538.9 1,529 1 1,534. 2 1,513 1 1.436 0 1,445.5 .6 Electric distribution equipment.... ........ 160.2 159.9 160.7 161 9 163 1 163 5 163 5 163 3 163 2 161 7 162 2 159 3 160 9 1633 2 Electrtcal industrial apparatus_______ 174.3 174.1 174 8 175.3 176 4 176.9 176 6 176 9 175. 7 177 0 178 3 176 5 170 5 1771. 4 Household appliances.______________ 154.6 154.0 154 4 154. 6 155 2 154 8 155 0 155 0 151 9 150 7 154. 3 154 8 151 0 72 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 138.3 137.8 138.2 137 6 138 6 138 9 139 4 138 8 136. 1 133 6 135.4 134.8 128.5 1322 7 Radio arid TV receiving sets________ 118.8 120.6 122. 1 124.6 128 2 132 9 135 7 135 2 132.2 129 9 127 8 122 9 113 1 1111.5 Communication equipment__________ 413.3 419.4 423. » 426 5 428.9 427 4 424 7 422.6 420.0 415. 7 416. 2 412 3 378 4 3663.0 Electronic components and accessories 240.8 241.1 241.8 244.5 246 6 247 6 247 6 248.0 246.5 246.7 245.7 240.0 227.2 225.5.2 Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_____________ ________ ........... 116.1 116.6 117.8 118.5 119 1 119. 1 118. 1 116.9 113.3 113.8 114.3 113.5 106.4 111. 1.4 Transportation equipment......................... 1,714. 8 1,709. 9 1,698. 4 1,702.6 1,709.2 1, 705. 6 1.695 4 1.683 9 1.668.7 1,536.2 1,647.4 1,660.4 1,650. 6 1.522.5 1,617.r . 3 Motor vehicles arid equipment__ 759.9 748.0 751. 3 761. 2 762 4 755 1 746.8 731 8 607. 3 727.5 746 4 738. 3 647 9 727.7.6 Aircraft and parts.............................. 720.4 724.2 728.2 730.8 729. 7 726 5 719. 7 719 0 709. 7 705. 1 695. 6 692.8 669 4 6733 8 Ship and boat building and repairing.. 152.9 152.2 150 1 148. 5 145. 1 144.0 145.5 144 3 144 3 141.8 142.6 144. 1 142. 2 141 Railroad equipment_______ 46.0 45.3 42 0 43.2 45.5 43.6 42.8 41. 9 44.8 45.5 44.4 44. 4 35.8 43.3 .8 Other transportation equipment_____ 27.8 30.7 28. 7 28.8 29.4 29.4 28.7 25. 9 26. 6 30.3 28 5 31l. 1 31. 0 27 3 1.0 Instruments and related products______ Engineering and scientific Instruments Mechanical measuring and control devices__ _______________________ Optical and ophthalmic g o o d s ............ Surgical, medical, and dental equipm e n t ..._________________ ______ Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks_________________ 363.9 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods. Pens, pencils, office and art materials. Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries______ 385.5 383.2 72.7 362.0 73.2 361.2 73.3 361.3 74. 2 362 0 74. 4 362.1 74.3 361.6 74. 4 361.3 74.1 361.3 73.6 357. 4 72.3 358.2 72. 6 355. 8 72 5 346 4 73.9 354.1.2 75.5.7 97. 7 42.1 97.6 42.0 41. 9 97.0 41.6 96. 5 41.7 98.3 41.6 95.8 41.8 95.7 41.8 95.9 41.7 95.0 41.8 94. 7 42.4 95.2 42.1 91 8 39 3 955.1 40.3.6 50.7 71.1 28.9 50.3 70.8 28.1 50.0 70.6 27.9 49. 7 71 1 28.6 49 7 71.2 29.0 49.6 71.0 29.0 49.6 71.0 29.1 49.5 71.8 28.8 49.2 71.4 27. 7 49.0 70.5 29.0 48 2 69.2 28 6 47 6 68 4 25 3 4 77.3 . 693.0 263.6 378.2 40.4 98.3 34.5 51.8 163.2 375.7 40.6 95.0 34.2 52.9 153.0 363.9 40. 9 84. 1 33.5 52.8 152. 6 382.4 41.8 95.3 34. 2 55.2 155.9 409 0 42.8 116 1 34 9 57.1 158.1 418. 1 42 6 123 1 35. 1 56. 9 160. 4 414.5 42 3 119. 7 34.6 56.8 161.1 407.3 41.5 117. 1 34.1 56.0 158.6 392.4 40.0 112.4 32. 6 53.1 154.3 399.9 41.2 112.2 33. 2 56.3 157.0 391.8 41.2 107.6 32. 6 55. 1 155.3 381. 6 41.8 101.9 31 2 54. 0 152.7 2.1 392. 43.3.2 2.3 102. 311.0 57.7.5 158.3.1 70 3 370.2 41. 0 89 1 53 3 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products________ 1,682. 6 1,679. 4 1,674.7 1, 665.1 1,686.9 1,738. 8 1, 780. 7 1,858.5 1,931.1 1,910.5 1,829. 6 1,777. 9 1,711.5 t, 780. 2 1,792.2.7 Meat products_____________________ 300.0 298.6 300. 8 304.1 311 5 316 0 315 9 312 7 314 7 313 4 314 4 307 7 Dairy products_____ ____________ 301.6 298.9 297.4 298. 4 301.2 303.0 306.1 312. 3 320.5 322.3 318.8 311.5 313.3 316.3.6 Canned and preserved food, except meats_____ _______ _________ 189.7 188. 3 181.1 187 4 202 2 227. 6 298. 1 379. 1 359.1 286 7 236 3 904 1 1.8 Grain mill products_____________ ____ 122.7 124.3 123.7 124 4 124 8 124 9 128. 2 130. 5 131.1 131 0 128 7 127 4 3.4 Bakery products____________________ 302.4 303.3 302.3 303. 2 307.0 308 9 308.0 307. 3 308.0 308. 1 308 8 30? 1 305 7 Sugar.................. ............... ............. 28.5 27.0 28.1 44 1 29 3 28 8 97 9 34 8 45.7 45 1 32 1 30 0 34 3 363.9 Confectionery and related products___ 78.7 76.0 78.3 84 0 87. 5 85. 1 83.0 73 8 ¿0 0 76 9 73 2 79. 9 69 1 3.6 Beverages......... ........................................... 217.7 214. 6 210.1 212. 2 2Í7 9 219 7 223.5 228.6 227.2 229.1 227.7 217.8 216.5 218.3.2 Miscellaneous food and kindred products______________________________ 141.2 141. 5 142.5 142. 5 146.1 147. 5 148.5 145.6 143 0 140. 6 141 2 13Q 9 2.8 Tobacco manufactures 77.2 85.2 76.7 79.5 96.2 111. 2 117.6 102 6 88.3 94.1 76.9 76.2 75.7 90.5 94.1. 1 Cigarettes__________________________ 37.2 37. 2 36.8 37 0 37 9 37 6 37 0 37 1 37 2 37 0 37 9 37 9 37.7.2 Cigars_____ ________ _____________ _ 23 1 22.0 22. 8 22. 6 22 0 22 9 21.8 22.1 22.0 23 0 22. 0 22. 6 7.9 1.1 7.5 Textile mil! products______________ Cotton broad woven fabrics__ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens.. Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______ Knitting....................................... . . . Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering.................. . . Yarn and th rea d ...____ _____________ Miscellaneous textile goods___________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 857.8 ___ 858.0 238.3 69.8 50.1 26.5 202.5 70.6 33.8 101.1 65.3 857.3 238.8 69. 7 50.3 26.5 201. 9 70.6 33.8 100.7 65.0 854. 4 23S. 7 69.8 50. 2 26 5 199. 2 70.4 34. 2 100. 9 64.5 855. 2 240.2 70.1 48.6 26. 6 198 1 70.8 34 6 100 7 65.7 867. 5 242. 2 70. 6 48.8 27 3 203 5 71 6 35 0 102. 2 66.3 876.2 243 1 70.3 49.6 27 5 210. 3 71. 5 35 1 102. 3 66.5 881.3 243 2 70. 1 50.8 27 2 214 4 71.6 34 7 102. 9 66.4 883.7 244 2 70 6 51.5 27. 4 215 3 71 2 34 2 103 0 66.4 885.8 245.0 70.6 52 2 27 3 217 2 71. 1 33 1 103. 8 65.5 872.9 243.4 68. 7 52.2 26 6 213 0 70.6 33 0 101 3 64.1 890.9 247.0 70 4 52.9 27 4 217 6 72 2 33 4 103 6 66.4 884.4 246. 1 69 7 52.2 97 6 71 8 33 5 103 1 66.2 879.8 251 2 6Q 8 52 3 70.8 914.1.6 260.3.4 i 4 563 0 7.6 1.4 74. 100.4 64.6 103.!. 7 69.3.0 3.3 5.9 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 853 A-2. Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In thousands] 1963 1962 A n n u al averag e I n d u s tr y M ay’ A pr. 2 M ar. F eb . Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay 1961 1960 Manufacturing—Continued N ondurable ooodt— C o n tin u e d A p p arel an d re la te d p ro d u c ts ___________ 1,243.4 1,245.6 1,267. 0 1,250.6 1,219. 2 1.235. 6 1,252 7 1, 258. 5 1,264.2 1,266. 7 1,207.8 1,230.5 1,216.3 1,199. 5 1.228. 4 116.2 118.2 118.5 118.5 118.5 119.3 120.2 119.8 115.2 119. 4 115.6 116.4 121.5 119.1 M e n ’s an d b o y s ’ su its and c o a ts_______ 335.7 332.2 330.7 327.5 331.8 334.9 335.2 336.4 336.1 324.7 331.2 324.7 302.2 307.6 M e n ’s an d b o y s’ fu rn ish in g s__________ W o m e n 's, m isses', a n d Jun io rs' o u te r 350.4 363.7 356.0 337.9 339.5 343.4 342.3 349.7 356.7 335.5 342.2 355.5 348.3 361.3 w e a r__________ ____ ________________ W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d e rg a r 122.4 122.7 121.7 120.2 123.6 126.0 126.7 124.6 123.3 116.7 120.0 119.2 118.0 119.7 m e n ts ___________ ________________ 36.8 33.8 39.9 32.9 36.2 36.2 34.5 35.8 36.8 32.0 31.7 H a ts , caps, and m illin e ry __ ________ 39.3 31.8 34.9 76.3 74.4 79.5 76.8 77.2 77.2 78.6 78.2 75.3 76.1 G irls ’ an d c h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r________ 79.0 75.1 79.2 74. 4 62.9 66.5 66.7 72.3 73.3 72.2 71.6 69.0 68.2 68.7 F u r goods an d m iscellaneous ap p a re l _ 65.0 67.8 66.2 69. 5 M iscellaneous fab ricate d te x tile p ro d 146.2 144.1 140.4 139.1 143.8 147.9 148.7 147.7 143.8 137.7 138.1 142.5 135.8 136.9 u c ts . _ _ 601.0 224.6 67.6 599.8 223.7 68.3 597.0 223.4 68.3 600.3 225.2 68.5 605.7 226.2 68.5 606.4 226.8 68.3 608.8 227.9 6S.3 610.7 229.0 67.7 610.4 231.4 66.7 602.2 227.7 66.4 607.3 228.5 68.1 598.7 224.9 67.5 589.5 224 5 66. 8 503.3 224.4 69.3 130.3 178.5 129.8 178.0 128.6 176.7 128.9 177.7 130.2 180.8 129.7 181.6 130.5 182.1 130.6 183.4 130.4 181.9 129.3 178.8 130.2 180.5 128.6 177.7 124.3 174.0 124.4 175.1 934.7 931.8 342.0 67.9 76.2 289.1 48.7 913.5 322.2 68.8 75.6 290.6 48.4 909.2 321.0 68.7 75.1 288.6 47.8 912.2 320. 6 69.5 75.4 291.2 48.0 920.1 323. 7 69. 1 75. 4 294.7 48.4 045.7 348.5 69.4 75 7 293 8 48.4 945.0 346.6 68.9 76.0 293.8 48.7 941.3 345. 1 68.3 76.4 292.2 49.3 934.0 345. 5 66.1 75.8 288.9 49.5 930.7 343.1 66.4 76.1 289.2 48.3 933.4 343. 7 66 4 75.4 292.0 48.0 929. 0 341. 0 68.5 74. 4 291. 1 47.3 926.3 339.1 71.0 73. 0 289. 8 47.1 917.2 332.6 71.0 71.1 289.2 47.0 107.9 107.9 108.0 107.5 108.8 109.9 111.0 110.0 108.2 107.6 107.9 100.7 106.3 100.3 865.5 C h em ica ls an d allied p ro d u c ts __________ In d u s tria l chem icals P la s tic s an d s y n th e tic s , except glass___ T im es S oap, cleaners, an d toilet g oods_______ ___ P a in ts , varnishes, and allied p ro d u cts A g ricu ltu ral ch e m ica ls________________ O th e r chem ical p ro d u c ts 870.8 286.6 164.6 112.9 100.3 63.4 56.3 86.7 860.6 285.4 163.5 112.5 100.7 62.6 49.3 86.6 852.7 284.4 163.2 112.0 99.9 62.0 45.4 85.8 850.1 284.6 163 4 111 6 999 61.6 43.5 85.5 849.9 284. 9 162.9 111.7 100.2 61.7 42.3 86.2 852.0 285.2 163 3 111.3 101.2 62.0 41.6 87.4 853.6 284.9 163.2 110. 6 101.8 62.8 42.9 87.4 855.9 285.1 164.3 110. 5 101.8 63. 6 42.7 87.9 858.0 287.8 163.4 111 4 101.2 64. 7 40 7 88.8 855.0 288.9 162.9 110.7 99.2 64. 5 40.5 88.3 851. 2 287. 7 158.4 lit). 0 99 4 64. 2 43.3 88.2 851.9 284. 6 159.7 108.7 98.0 63. 0 52.5 85.4 830.2 284. 8 152.3 106. 6 96. 5 62. 4 44. 7 82.9 829.6 286.8 153.2 107.4 92.2 63.5 44.8 81.8 189.7 P etro leu m refining and related In d u strie s P etro leu m re fin in g . . O th e r p elro leu in an d coal p ro d u c ts ___ ........... 188.3 155.0 33.3 186.3 155.2 31.1 186.3 154.6 31.7 185. 4 153. 0 32.4 186.9 153. 5 33.4 189.1 154. 3 34.8 190.7 154.9 35.8 192.8 156. 4 36.2 199.9 163. 5 36.4 200.9 165.0 35.9 200.9 165.3 35.6 199 3 164. 6 34.7 203.0 170.0 33.0 211 7 177.6 34.1 R u b b e r an d m iscellaneous p la stic produ c ts _________ _____ _________________ T ires and in n e r t u b e s . _ __ _ ___ O th e r r u b b e r p ro d u cts . M iscellaneous plastic p ro d u cts ______ 393.7 393.2 105.0 160.4 127.8 392.1 104.3 160.8 127.0 391. 5 104. 4 161.0 126.1 394.7 105.3 163.9 125.5 395.8 105. 7 104. 4 125.7 398 2 105 3 164 4 128.6 399.9 105.3 164.7 129.9 397.7 105. 7 164.3 127.7 392.1 104. 5 161. 4 126.2 384.5 103.5 157.1 123.9 391.4 104 5 161. 5 125. 4 385.0 103 0 158. 8 123.2 365.1 101. 0 149 1 114.9 374.0 106.8 153.3 113.8 344.0 342.8 31. 4 229.9 81.5 352.2 31. 7 235.1 85.4 354. 6 32. 1 237.6 84.9 351. 4 32 9 236 1 82.4 359. 3 33. 1 238.4 87.8 361.0 33 1 235. 8 92.1 358.6 32. 9 233.4 92.3 360.8 32 8 236.9 91.1 368.6 32 8 243 5 92.3 358.4 31.6 239.2 87.6 363.5 32.7 241.7 89.1 355. 4 32 2 236.6 86.6 361.0 33 0 239 3 88.7 365.8 34 1 242.0 89.1 3,910 3,884 773. 2 674.4 265.8 85.5 107.5 47.6 902.6 213. 2 190.3 19.9 295.5 815.6 687.1 34.1 92.5 598.0 244. 6 150.3 172.7 30.4 3,868 765. 0 666.9 267.7 86.0 110.0 46.6 890.4 212.6 190.2 19.9 299. C 813.0 684.8 34.4 91. t 599.9 247. 5 150.0 172.4 30.0 3,862 761. 4 664. 4 268. 8 86.2 110.7 46.7 888.2 211. t 190.3 19.9 301. C 811.3 682.7 34.7 92. f 599. 8 247.4 150.2 172.4 29.8 3,794 760. 4 663 4 270.0 86. 5 110.2 48.2 884.8 212.4 190.8 20.2 233.8 811. 5 683.3 34 9 91. 4 600. 5 247 4 150. 5 172.8 29.8 3,937 786. 7 681.6 269 a 86.9 109. 4 47.9 925.4 210.5 189 1 20.5 306. C 815.8 685.9 35. 7 92. i 602.5 247. 7! 151.2 173.6 ! 30.0 1 3,934 781.8 683 1 266.9 87 1 107.0 47 9 939. 0 209 2 188.3 20.6 296 6 816.9 687 5 35.7 91.6 603 4 247. 7 151.7 174.0 30.0 3,959 792. 5 692.9 267.0 87.7 105 7 48. 4 947. 9 210.6 189. 5 20.8 296. C 818.8 688.3 35.6 92.6 604.9 3,959 784.4 685. C 265 2 87.9 105 0 49.7 942.1 210. C 188. 5 21.2 300.7 823.6 693. 2 36.2 92.3 612.1 251.4 153 4 176.8 30.5 3, 963 810.2 710. « 253. 6 87. 7 103.0 50 1 927. 5 199.2 177. 8 21.6 302. 6 829 1 699.1 36.6 91. 5 619. 2 253. i 155.3 178.7 31.4 3, 948 811.1 711. ? 254.4 87.8 102.7 50. 4 920. 3 193. 1 172. 0 21.6 299.9 829 1 698. 5 36.8 91. t 618.3 253. { 154.9 178.1 31.4 3, 965 819.2 719. C 261.0 88. 6 104.2 49. 6 919. 2 207. 6 185. 0 21.6 301.2 822.3 692. 5 36.7 91.2 012.7 251 6 1537 176.5 30.9 3. 924 815.1 715. C 266.0 88. 6 105. 5 48. 7 893.2 206. 7 184 0 21.3 302. 6 816.9 687 9 36.6 90.5 602.3 247. 6 151.1 173.2 30.4 3. 923 819. 5 717 4 270.0 91. 5 109. 5 48.2 875.2 19 7 . a 175.6 22.2 302 1 826.2 694.8 37 1 92. 4 610.7 252.2 153.1 175.3 30.1 4. 017 886 9 780.5 282. 6 94.6 120 4 47.2 873 8 191 0 171.6 23 1 308. 0 838 7 706.0 38.3 92 4 613 0 254. 3 153. 1 176 0 30.3 P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _______________ 601.7 P a p e r an d p u lp ______________ ________ ______ P a p e rb o a rd C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p ap e rb o a rd p ro d u c ts _ P a p e rb o a rd c o n tain ers a n d boxes P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied Industrie s ................. .....................—........... ......... N ew sp n n er p u b l’sh ln g an d p r in tin g .. P erio d ical p u b lish in g “an d p rin tin g ! ___ B o o k s____ __ ________ _____________ C o m m ercial p rin tin g B o o k b in d in g and related In d u strie s O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g in d u s tr ie s . . ________ ___ . ______ ___ L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___________ F o o tw ear, except ru b b e r ______________ O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts ____________ . . T ra n sp o rta tio n an d public utilities______ R ailro ad tra n s p o rta tio n _________________ C lass I ra ilro a d s ______________________ Local an d In te ru rb a n passenger tr a n s i t... Local arid s u b u rb a n tra n s p o rta tio n __ T a x icab s___ . . . __________ I n te rc ity and ru ra l buslines ___ M o to r freight tra n s p o rta tio n an d sto rag e .. A ir tr a n s p o rta tio n . A ir tra n sp o rta tio n , com m on carriers . . P ip e lin e tra n s p o rta tio n ....................... ........... O th e r tr a n s p o rta tio n ____________________ C o m m u n ic a tio n ________________________ T e lep h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n ____________ T e leg rap h c o m m u n ic a tio n ... ________ R ad io an d television b ro a d c a stin g _____ E lectric, gas, a n d sa n ita ry serv ic es.......... .. E lectric com panies and s y s t e m s __ G as com panies an d s y ste m s __________ C o m b in ed u tility sy ste m s _____________ Water, steam, and s a n ita ry sy ste m s ___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _____ 248. a 151.8 174. 5 30.3 854 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In thousands] 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Apr.* Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May 1961 1960 11 Wholesale and retail trade_______________ 11,685 11,730 11,477 11,415 11,520 12,401 11,842 , 582 11,627 11,558 11,540 11,582 11,476 11,368 11,412 Wholesale trade............. ............................. 3,092 3,089 3,082 3,078 3,086 3,129 3,113 3,113 3,105 3,107 3,091 3,074 3,034 3,008 3,009 Motor vehicles and automotive equip m ent.......................................................... 228.0 226.8 225.9 224.9 226.7 226.0 226.4 226.9 226.8 226.3 224.2 215.6 213.6 Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. 198.8 198.5 197.9 197.4 199.3 199.2 198.4 196.8 196.9 195.4 194.4 193.2 188.3 183.8 Dry goods and apparel______________ 134.3 134.5 134.0 134.8 135.2 135.1 135.7 135.1 135.9 135.8 134.5 132.5 130.7 130.8 Groceries and related products_______ 485.6 490.1 487.8 491.6 502.9 602.7 497.9 492.8 491.8 498.9 499.7 490.1 491.5 494.0 Electrical goods_____________________ 219.2 217.6 217.6 217.2 216.5 215.8 215.2 214.1 215.3 215.2 213.5 204.8 208.1 Hardware, plumbing and heating goods____________________________ 144.5 143.3 142.8 142.7 143.6 144.1 144.8 145.0 145.4 145.3 144.9 143.1 142.6 145.1 Machinery, equipment, and supplies.. 525.0 521.3 519.0 514. 8 514.8 512.2 511.9 514.5 513.5 512.1 508.5 502.6 483.6 479.1 Retail trade.................................................... 8,593 , 641 ,395 8,337 ,434 9, 272 8,729 , 669 8,522 8,451 8,449 8,508 8,442 8,361 8,403 General merchandise stores__________ 1, 555. 9 1,482.5 1,461.2 1,534. 2 2,045.5 1,700.9 1, 590.5 1,556.8 1,512.8 1,501. 5 1,526.8 1,523.9 1, 554.8 1,563.1 Department stores_________________ 916.9 875.2 861.9 915.0 1,242. 8 1,014.2 936.2 911.0 885.7 878.1 898.5 897.4 910.6 914.4 Limited price variety stores________ 330.8 309.7 302.2 313.0 417.6 347.8 329.7 326.9 311.5 308.4 312.3 317.9 330.0 335.4 Food stores....................... .............. ............ 1,404.1 1,393.4 1,397.6 1.386.4 1.417.6 1,396. 7 1,383.6 1,368.7 1.36A0] 1,376.6 1,374.9 1,370.1 1,358.3 1,356.1 Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. 1,225.2 1,224.4 1,223. 2 1, 218. 4 1,239.1 1,226.2 1,216.5 1,204.0 .202.2 1,211.3 1,208.8 1,201.4 1,186.9 1,181.6 Apparel and accessories stores________ 732.9 645.9 634.1 661.2 801 2 695.7 674.6 663.3 6305. 630.2 663.0 668.5 645.7 637.2 M en’s and boys’ apparel stores_____ 113.8 107.5 109.9 117.3 146.3 117. 1 108.9 106.6 107.9 113.2 108.9 107.7 104.3 Women’s ready-to-wear stores______ 271. 9 252.2 244.3 252. 7 304. 1 268.4 259.9 252. 8 241.1 242.0 251.7 256.9 246.2 243.1 Family clothing stores_____________ 103.6 97.9 95.7 95.8 100.3 96.9 99.6 130.9 106.7 96.8 94.7 Shoe stores_______ ________________ 154.7 114. 6 .7 114.7 114.7 120.5 123.5 116.0 119.0 113.7 132.2 119.4 119.7 Furniture and appliance stores_______ 415.1 416.0 413.3 416. 5 432.4 419.6 414.5 413.0 409.1 407.8 410.0 407.6 405.4 409.2 Eating and drinking places________ 1, 663.3 1,622.9 1,610.9 1,607. 9 1,651.0 1,658. 7 1,670.5 ,686.0 1. 700.9 1,699. 2 1,706.3 1,663.7 1,617.6 1,626. 5 Other retail trade___________________ 2,870. 0 2,834.1 2,820. 3 2,828.1 2,924. 4 2,857.6 2,834.8 2.834.3 2,832. 7 2,833. 5 2,826. 7 2,808. 5 2, 776.9 2,811.1 Motor vehicle dealers______________ 710.6 707.5 706.0 701.9 696.4 692.3 687.3 683.4 683.9 681.8 675.3 669.5 656. 5 674.6 Other vehicle and accessory dealers. 138.5 133.2 132.0 134.2 142.1 138.3 133.9 134.7 135.6 136.3 136.4 132.9 138.3 142.8 Drug stores______________________ 383.6 382.7 379.6 383.2 402.7 386.9 384.7 382.2 382.5 378.0 379.5 377.1 372.9 369.5 221.1 210.2 8 8 8 8 1 111.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate______ Banking________ ____________________ Credit agencies other than banks_______ Savings and loan associations_________ Personal credit institutions__________ Security dealers and exchanges_________ Insurance carriers__________________ _ Life Insurance______________________ Accident and health Insurance_______ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance ._ Insurance agents, brokers, and services... Real estate...................................................... Operative b u ild ers................................... Other finance, Insurance, and real estate. Services and miscellaneous_____________ Hotels and lodging places______________ Hotels, tourist courts, and motels______ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants. Miscellaneous business services: Advertising_________________________ Motion pictures............................................. Motion picture filming and distribut ing............................................................... Motion picture theaters and services... Medical services: Hospitals______ _____________________ Government_____________________ Federal Government *_____ _______ Executive_____________________ Department of Defense............... Post Office Department_______ Other agencies________________ Legislative_____________________ Judicial________ ______ ________ State and local government *............. State government_______________ Local government....... ..................... Education..................... ..................... Other State and local government. 1 2,845 8,009 2,834 730.5 272.4 89.5 142.4 120.3 873.2 475.8 52.8 302.0 203.0 559.7 32.2 74.7 2,821 728.9 271.0 2,810 727.0 270.8 88.5 142.2 88.8 120.8 120.2 142.0 875.4 477.4 52.8 302.4 102.6 2,808 720.9 268.6 87.0 141.2 2,807 720.0 267.3 2,813 719.9 268.3 2,841 729.0 271.2 869.9 473.1 52.8 301.6 202.3 549.6 30.8 75.1 868.5 472. 3 52.7 300.9 869.4 472.5 52.8 301.7 543. 6 28.7 75.0 2,807 723.4 270.1 87.4 142 3 120.4 870.6 473.5 52.7 301. 8 202.3 545.0 29.6 75.1 2,803 722.7 270.3 .88.6 141.4 1193 869 9 474.4 52.5 300.3 201.0 201.2 2,808 715.4 268.2 85.1 143.0 131.9 864.0 469.6 52.8 298.9 551.9 32.2 75.7 553.0 31.8 75.8 875.0 474.0 53.3 304.2 204.0 554.9 32.4 76.0 2,839 725.1 271.6 87.4 143.5 132.4 871.7 472.3 53.2 302.8 203.0 559.4 32.7 75.7 7,856 654.1 597.9 7,867 745.6 640.3 7,884 742.1 638.9 514.1 86.6 86.1 86.6 140.5 142.2 143.9 121.1 122.8 125.5 130.8 202.8 547.0 30.3 74.6 873.2 476.1 52.7 301.8 202.9 541.2 28.4 74.5 7,931 620.4 575.2 7,826 608.8 567.1 7,782 605. 4 564.3 7,761 599.6 558.5 7,805 603.1 560.5 7,830 605.9 662.1 7,870 616.5 570.1 499.0 490.1 487.3 492.8 494.5 498.2 603.4 503.9 504.6 111.4 169.0 111.7 161.5 111.1 111.8 158.2 160.5 112.4 164.3 112.4 167.7 111.6 174.5 111.4 180.7 112.1 111.6 183.2 31.3 137.7 33.1 128.4 33.9 124.3 35.5 124.9 38.5 127.8 36.3 131.4 36.2 138.3 37.2 143.6 36.9 146.3 1 202.1 552.6 30.3 75.2 2,780 705.1 264.9 83.6 141.6 131.8 859.0 468.7 52.0 296.4 198.8 545.2 31.0 75.4 2,748 695.1 262.5 78.6 145.2 126.8 856.7 468.4 51.6 295.1 199.8 631.4 32.5 75.9 2,684 674.7 256.2 72.4 146.0 114.2 839.0 459.0 50.9 287.3 196.2 527.3 36.1 76.7 7,881 672.6 612.7 7,769 604.6 554.4 7,516 587.7 531.3 7,361 567.7 611.1 201.0 518.8 513.3 510.5 621.0 182.0 110.4 179.8 112.1 178.1 110.4 184.4 109.9 189.3 36.1 145.9 35.2 144.6 35.0 143.1 43.5 140.9 43.5 145.8 1 1,224.3 ,222. 2 1, 215.9 1,204. 6 ,201.6 1,202.4 1,196.9 1,192.8 1,192.3 1,194. 5 1,186.6 1,174.2 1,141.7 1,105.0 9,559 9,534 9,536 9,510 9,438 9,607 9,470 2,349 2,344 2,335 2, 332 2,327 2,492 2,348 2,314.2 2,305.0 2, 302. 3 2,297. 5 2. 462. 4 2,318.8 951.4 952.5 957.0 959.1 961.9 965.1 583. 3 582.2 580. 6 582.5 742.7 587.8 779.5 770.3 764.7 755.9 757. 8 765.9 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.6 23.7 23.9 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 7,210 7,190 7,201 7,178 7,111 7,115 7,122 1,802.0 1,803. 5 1,800.0 1, 786.8 1.784.2 1,786.2 5,388.2 5,397.3 5,377.6 5,324. 2 5.330. 3 5,336.0 3, 717.3 3, 746. 7 3, 723.1 3,669. 2 3,674. 6 3,677.0 3,472.9 3,454.1 3,454.5 3,441.8 3.440.0 3,445.2 Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures dlSer from those pre viously published for three reasons. The Industry structure has been con verted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification; the series have been adjusted to March 1959 benchmark levels Indicated by data from government social insurance programs; and. beginning with January 1959, the estimates are prepared from a sample stratified by establishment size and, in some cases, region. For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics (or the United States. 1909-60, (BLS Bulletin 1312). Statistics from April 1959 forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become avail able. In addition, data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning In January 1959. This Inclusion increased the nonagricultural total by 212,000 (0.4 percent) for the March 1959 benchmark month, with Increases for industry divisions ranging from 0.1 percent in mining to 0.8 percent In government. These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and part-time employees In nonagricultural establishments who worked during, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 111.0 101.6 100.8 121 1 S, 406 9,241 8,860 8,870 9,171 #,172 2,333 2,336 2,365 2,368 2,354 2,313 2,303.8 2,306.4 2,335.5 2,338.6 2,324.2 2,284.0 964.0 962.6 972.9 973.4 970.2 961.3 583.9 587.1 589.2 589.9 587.0 582.2 755.9 756. 7 773.4 775.2 767.0 740.5 24.0 23.9 24.1 23.9 23.4 23.9 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 7,073 8,905 6,495 6,502 6,817 6,859 1, 779.9 1, 725.2 1,670. 7 1,677. 6 1, 729. 9 1,731.8 5,293.0 5.180.1 4,824.3 4,824.4 5,087.5 5,127.3 3,629.0 3,410.9 2,938. 4 2,949.2 3,318. 7 3,438.7 3,443.9 3,494.4 3,556.6 3,552. 8 3,498. 7 3,420.4 8,828 8,520 2,279 2,270 2,250.9 2,242.6 943.7 940.6 596.7 686.7 710. 5 715.3 23.2 5.1 4.9 6,548 6,250 1,663.6 1,592.7 4,884. 5 4.657.0 3,175. 4 2,983.3 3,373.9 3,266.4 22.6 or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Therefore, persons who worked In more than 1 establishment dur ing the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are excluded. * Preliminary. * Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month. State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen. 4 S ource: TJ.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 855 A-3. Production workers in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1 [In th o u san d s] 1963 1962 Annual average Industry M ay* Mining_______________________ ____ _ _ Metal m in i n g - ... Iron ores____________________________ Apr.* Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1961 1960 489 67.5 21. 8 23.0 476 65.5 21. 9 22.9 476 66.0 20 7 22 9 479 64.2 19. 2 22. 9 491 63.6 20.0 23.0 501 64.4 20.8 22.8 607 64.7 21.6 22.6 512 65.4 22.1 22.7 517 68. 5 23. 8 23 5 508 72.7 24.4 23 7 520 73.9 25 1 24 0 517 73.1 25 0 23 8 527 71 5 2? 8 23 7 Ooai m in i n g _ . . . Bituminous_________________________ 119.3 112.3 118.3 111. 1 123 0 115 fi 123.6 116.2 123.4 115.8 125.0 117.3 126.6 118.9 125.0 117.6 124.7 117.3 113.7 105.6 125.0 117.4 127 1 119.1 7 127 5 161 2 Crude petroleum and natural gas_______ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. Oil a n d ga* field s e rv ic e s 209.6 102.0 107.6 208.4 102.1 106.3 207.5 102.3 ins 2 209.0 102.5 106.5 215.0 102.5 112 5 214.0 103.0 111 0 215.8 103.2 112.6 219.8 105.2 114.6 221.2 107.2 114.0 221.5 107.0 114. 6 220.1 107.2 112.9 216.4 105.0 111 4 223.1 108.4 114 0 229.1 113.8 82.6 89.1 97.2 99.6 101.3 102.8 100.2 100.8 99.9 95 4 99 6 C o p p e r o re s Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____ Contract construction______ ___________ General building contractors___________ H eavy construction___________________ Highway and street construction......... Other heavy construction____________ Special trade contractors_______________ — 92.8 83.4 79 8 2,182 689.3 445. 7 251.7 194.0 1,046.9 1.915 599.2 345.9 176.6 169.3 970.3 841 573 9 317 6 164 Q 102 7 949.0 1 1,947 2,128 2 397 2,529 2,570 2,621 2,573 2 431 2 344 2 ^44 2 458 6X1. 4 666.1 742.0 769.2 784.2 8Ô9.4 796. 5 753.4 724.6 749 4 788 3 342.1 402. 6 510 0 577.8 596.1 612.2 602.3 552.9 523.6 492 8 170.4 213 6 295 2 346.6 381.8 372. 4 361. 2 327.8 303.7 271 2 171.7 189.0 214 8 231.2 234.3 239.8 241.1 225. 1 219.9 221 fi 238 4 993.0 1,059.1 1,145.2 1,181.6 1,189.6 1,199. 5 1,173.9 1,125.0 1,095.5 l, no. 8 1 ,16o! 7 Manufacturing ______ ___________________ 12,387 12,319 12,240 12,173 12,187 12,358 12,518 12,661 12,751 12,544 12,403 12,516 12,372 12,044 12,562 Durable goods.............. ............................... 7,037 6,967 6,883 6,848 6,862 6,929 6,994 7,027 7,034 6, 862 6, 925 7, 025 6, 975 6,613 7,021 N ondurable goods___________________ 5,350 5,352 5,357 5,325 5,325 5, 429 5,524 5, 634 5,717 5,682 5,478 5,491 5,397 5,431 5,541 Durable goods 96.3 39.2 20.3 36.8 98.4 40.3 21.1 37.0 98.8 40.6 21 4 36! 8 100.2 40.8 22.2 37.2 101.0 41.5 22 0 37.5 101.7 41.7 22.4 37.6 100.9 41.5 22.2 37.2 101.3 41.8 22.2 37.3 101.5 42.7 21.8 37.0 98.6 43.0 21.9 33.7 96.7 41.7 21.8 33.2 97.5 40. 5 22.1 34.9 94.3 39 6 £2 5 32.2 89.4 37 0 22 7 29.7 527.7 75.1 242.1 518.2 73.6 238.1 513.5 75.4 234.4 518.0 77.3 236.7 529.9 82.7 238.8 546.9 89.2 245.7 558.4 92.3 250.1 667.2 96.3 253.1 576.0 99.5 255.6 568.4 98.3 254.3 571.4 96.4 256.9 546.0 84.8 248.3 534.8 85.2 243.4 570.3 87.1 268.5 123.1 35.1 52.3 120.0 34.1 52.4 118 8 33 7 51.2 119.3 33.8 50.9 121 9 34.9 61.6 124.7 35.3 62.0 127.0 36.3 62.7 128.6 35.9 53.3 130.4 36.9 53.6 126.7 36.9 52.2 127.3 37.5 63.3 123.9 36. 5 62.5 119 4 39 8 49.9 124 1 39 1 6l! 4 313.5 232.5 22.6 25.0 33.4 313.2 232.0 22.7 25.6 32.9 312.7 230.8 22 8 26! 0 33 1 315.2 230.8 24. 1 26.7 33.6 318.9 233.7 24 6 26.3 34.3 322.5 236.1 24.7 27.0 34.7 323.7 237.3 22.6 28.9 34.9 323.0 235.9 22.4 29.1 35.6 322.7 233.8 24.4 28.8 35.7 313.3 226.9 23.2 28.3 34.9 316.9 229.4 23. 9 27.8 35.8 314.1 229.3 23.3 27.6 34.5 303.9 221.5 21 8 26.6 34.0 318.0 232.3 Stone, clay, and glass products_________ 468.9 Flat glass___________ _______________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n.. Cement, hydraulic__________________ Structural clay products____ _________ Pottery and related products.................. Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. Other stone and mineral products____ — 460.1 23.8 88.4 31.0 59.1 37.6 120.0 88.2 436.4 23.2 86.7 27.8 55.6 36.7 108.0 86.3 427.5 432.2 23.9 83.9 28.5 55.6 36.6 105. 2 86.2 446.5 24 9 84.8 30 0 58.4 36.8 111. 7 87.5 465.1 25.6 85.8 32.5 60.4 37.8 121.3 89.0 474.2 25.3 87.0 32.9 61.0 38.6 126.9 89.7 478.9 25.0 87.8 33.5 62.3 38.0 129.4 90.6 480.9 24.8 87.5 33. 9 62.8 37.6 131.4 90.8 476.4 24.4 87.6 33.7 62.0 37. 1 129.6 90.3 476.1 24. 5 88.6 33.4 61.4 37.2 129.0 90.1 466.6 23. 8 86.5 32. 1 60.8 36.9 125.4 89.4 455.1 23 7 84.5 32 2 60.4 36.9 118.1 87.4 483.2 85.5 20 9 54.5 36.5 103 0 85.6 Primary metal industries____ __________ Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel foundries_________ ____ Nonferrous smelting and refining_____ Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading___________________________ Nonferrous foundries________________ Miscellaneous primary metal Industries______________________________ 952.2 491.4 168.6 52.7 930.6 473.0 166.6 51. 5 915.4 458 8 165.9 51.3 900.5 443.9 165.0 51.7 900.3 442.3 165.0 52.7 894.2 437.4 164.5 53.0 897.5 440.8 165.0 53.5 910.9 451.9 166.1 53.8 906.3 450.3 163.4 53.0 903.4 451.9 163.1 51.8 935.5 475.4 166.6 52.9 964.5 603.3 166.5 53.0 914.5 992.0 482.0 529 3 156. Ô 172.4 51.7 54.9 135.3 56. 7 135.0 56. 9 134 9 56.8 134. 9 56.9 135.2 57.1 135.4 56.0 135.8 55.9 136.2 55.9 135.3 56.1 135.4 53.4 136. 9 54.7 136. 5 56.4 129 0 50.4 133 fl 47. 5 47. 6 47 7 48.1 48.0 47.9 46. 5 47.0 48.2 47.8 49.0 48.8 45.4 48 2 858.0 52.6 846.4 50.0 844.2 48.6 848.2 47.8 859.2 47.3 864.7 47.5 870.7 50.4 872.1 54. 8 850.9 54.9 851.6 55.2 867.6 55.0 860.7 52. 9 819.6 51.7 869.0 54.1 110. 7 110.2 110.7 111.3 111.8 111.8 110.6 108.8 105.1 104.4 109.4 109. 4 101.4 107.3 58.2 224. 8 69.1 156.6 55.7 44.7 57.8 219. 7 69.4 154.9 54.3 44.7 57 5 218.4 69.6 155. 2 54.6 44.3 56.3 221. 3 69.3 158. 2 54.9 44.6 57.2 226.3 69.4 160.1 56.2 45.4 58.1 229.0 69.2 159. 4 58.7 46.0 58.9 234.7 68.9 159.3 58.4 46.3 58.6 238.4 68.5 156.3 57.9 45.3 58. 5 236.7 68.2 143.4 66.3 44.2 56.8 237.2 67.4 147. 5 56.0 43.9 56.9 236.2 68.8 152.3 67.6 45.3 56.3 231.3 69.1 154. 8 50.4 45.1 65.2 230.3 62.0 143. 7 53.0 42.2 238.1 67.2 160.7 53.8 45.5 85.6 85.4 85.3 84.5 85.5 85.0 83.2 83.5 83.6 83.2 86.1 85.4 79.6 83.6 Ordnance and accessories______________ Ammunition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire c o n tr o l e q u i p m e n t . Other ordnance and accessories_______ 95.8 Lumber and wood products, except furniture___ ___________ _____________ 550.6 Logging camps and logging contractors. Sawmills and planing m ills__________ Millwork, plywood, and related products___ _____ _____________________ Wooden containers____ _____________ Miscellaneous wood products________ ............. Furniture and fix tu res................................ Household furniture_______ __________ Office furniture____ _______ __________ 311.4 P a r t i t i o n s , office a n d s to r e f ix t u r e s _____ Other furniture and fixtures__________ 964.2 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ______________ 869.0 M e ta l c a n s ....................................................... C u tle ry , h a n d to o ls , a n d general h a rd w a re .......................................... ..................... H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g fix tu re s _________________________ . . F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s .. Screw m a c h in e p ro d u c ts, b o lts, e tc ........ M etal s ta m p in g s ...... ................... ................. C o atin g , en g rav in g , a n d allied serv ices. M iscellaneous fab ricate d w ire p ro d u c ts. M iscellan eo u s fa b ric a te d m e ta l p rodu c ts ................ - ------- ---------- ------- ---------- ............. See fo o tn o tes a t e n d of ta b le. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23 6 22 8 29! 2 24 5 n 86.9 27 24 9 65 9 40 3 123 5 91.8 53.7 5 8 .7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 *856 T a b le A -3 . Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In th o u san d s] 1962 1963 A nnual av erag e In d u s tr y M a y 2 A p r.2 M a r. F eb . Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay 1961 1960 ■M anufacturing—C o n tin u e d Durable goods— C o n tin u e d M a c h i n e r y ...______ ____________________ 1,033.9 1,033.6 1,028. 3 1,023.5 1,020.9 1,017.5 1,016.7 1,018.1 1,020.7 1,015.3 1,019.6 1,034. 5 1,026.5 58.2 58.6 58.6 57.7 57.5 56.8 58.6 58.8 59.5 58.0 57.5 57.8 K nginas a n d tu rb in e s _________________ 87.2 84.5 83.8 84.9 86.7 97.4 97.2 95.5 91.1 87. 1 83.9 85.1 F flirn mar*h1np,ry an d e q u ip m e n t 140.6 139.4 138.5 138.6 138.7 138.3 137.6 140.8 141.3 140.3 141.7 139.5 C o n s tru c tio n an d related m a c h in e ry __ M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d equip196.1 194.5 194.3 193.2 193.5 192. 5 191.2 189.8 187.4 191.1 194.2 195.2 _____________ ___________ m ent _ 117.1 116.6 116.1 116.8 118.1 117.9 119.0 118.7 119.0 119.2 120.1 118.6 Special In d u s try m a c h in e ry ___________ 149.4 149.0 148.8 150.1 148.2 151.0 151.7 151.6 151.6 150.9 152.3 150.0 rte n p ral In d u stria l m a ch in ery - _______ Office, co m p u tin g a n d ac co u n tin g m a95.2 90.1 93.1 94.9 90.5 92.8 93.4 94.4 94.3 89.3 91.9 93.3 chines _____________ . ____ _ 69.1 68.7 70.1 66.2 65.3 64.2 64.5 64.8 65.3 65.3 66.0 68.1 Service in d u s try m a ch in es________ - __ 117.0 116.7 115.7 115.5 116.6 117.5 117.7 118.8 114.8 114.6 116.3 113.1 M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry _________. . __ 964.5 1,030.4 51.2 56.1 78.6 79.6 128.2 144.5 E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s---------- 1,026.6 1,019. 2 1,023.9 1,031.5 1.042.3 1,052.9 1,060.1 1,062.0 1,059.2 1,041.1 1,031.4 1,038.9 1,024.7 105.7 105.7 106.5 107.3 108.6 109.1 109. 1 109.0 108.« 107. 0 107.6 104.8 E lectric d is trib u tio n e q u i p m e n t______ 119.0 118.5 119.1 119.7 120.3 120.8 120.3 120.7 119.5 120.6 122.0 119.7 tf.ipptrlpfll in d u s tria l a n n a ra tu s . _ _____ 117.9 117.2 117.9 118.2 118.8 118.8 119. 5 118.8 115.4 114.3 117.7 118.6 H o u seh o ld ap p llan ce sl-'.............................. 107.5 107.9 107.9 107.8 108.5 108.9 109.5 109.2 106.1 104.2 105 8 105.6 E lectric lig h tin g and w iring e q u ip m e n t. 91.5 99.7 97.6 95.4 90.8 86.3 87.7 89.0 95.5 100.2 102.7 102.3 R ad io an d T V receiv ing s e ts .................... 222.4 225.1 227.4 228. 1 227.7 226.7 225.3 222.4 217.8 219.5 219.0 219.1 C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t___________ 176.0 176.4 176.8 179.8 182.0 183.4 183.8 184.5 183.4 183.1 183.3 179.6 F-leetronie co m p o n en ts and ac cesso ries.. M iscellaneous electrical e q u ip m e n t 86.6 87.6 90.6 91.2 90.4 89.4 86.0 80.8 87.7 88.1 89.2 91.1 a n d s u p p lie s -_____ _________________ 180.1 116.2 143.0 194.0 122.3 154.9 94.5 63.8 109.0 95.2 69.7 114.2 963.3 105.3 114.8 114.8 99.9 82.6 200. 4 165.5 986.9 108.3 121. 5 120.7 103.6 82.2 201.4 164.4 79.9 84.9 T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t---------------------- 1,176. 6 1,172. 6 1,158. 5 1,159.1 1,108.3 1,167.8 1,159.6 1,149. 8 1,133.3 1,007.7 1,120. 6 1,136. 6 1,132.8 1,035.0 1,132.7 590.9 579.7 583.3 592.8 595.8 589.3 581.0 566.3 441.2 561.3 580.0 673.1 491.7 566.5 M o to r vehicles an d e q u ip m e n t________ 392.1 392.0 394.0 398.7 398.7 396.4 391.4 389.3 388.0 384.2 378.4 380 4 378.7 392. 5 A ircraft and p a rts ____________________ 129.9 129. 5 126.0 124.9 121. 5 120.7 122. 2 121.0 120.7 118 6 119.6 121.0 117.8 116.8 Rhtp and b o a t b u ild in g a n d re p a irin g __ 32.5 33.9 33.0 30.8 31.9 33.8 24.8 34.5 33.8 31.3 33.3 33.0 30.7 32.0 24.7 25.3 23.5 23.4 24.0 24.0 21.9 25.2 20.6 22.4 23.3 25.1 22.8 21.1 O th e r tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t---------- — ^Instrum ent and related p ro d u c ts -----------E n g in eerin g an d scientific in s tru m e n ts . M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d co n tro l devices - . _______________________ O p tic al an d o p h th a lm ic goods_________ S urgical, m edical, and d e n ta l eq u ip m e n t______________________ _________ P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .. W a tch es a n d clocks___________________ 231.3 M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g I n d u s trie s .. Tewelry silv erw are, and p la ted w are T o y s am usem ent,, an d sp o rtin g g o o d s .. P en s, pencils, office an d a rt m a te ria ls ___ C o s tu m e Jew elry, b u tto n s, an d no tio n s O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _______ 308.8 ................... 231.1 38.2 229.5 38.5 228.9 38.6 229.2 39.3 229.9 39.5 230.5 39.4 230. 5 39.3 229.9 39.1 229.4 38.6 225.8 37.7 228.5 38.4 226.8 38.2 221.6 40.4 232.0 42.8 63.5 30.4 63.5 30.2 63.4 30.3 63.2 30.0 62.8 30.1 62.7 30.2 62.4 30.5 62.3 30.2 62.2 30.4 61.2 30.3 61.3 31.1 61.9 30.8 59.8 29.1 63.3 30.7 35.5 40.1 23.4 35.2 39.5 22.6 35.0 39.3 22.3 34.6 396 22.5 34.3 40. 4 22.8 34.5 40.6 23.4 34.4 40. 5 23.4 34.5 40. 4 23.4 34.3 40. 7 23.2 33.9 40.5 22.2 33.8 40. 4 23.5 33.2 39. 5 23.2 33.0 39. 4 20.1 33.1 41.1 21.1 302.3 31.2 81.4 26.0 42.8 120.9 299.5 31.3 77.9 25.6 43.8 120.9 293. 1 31. 7 71. 9 24.9 44.0 120.6 287.1 31. 7 66. 7 24.8 43. 7 120.2 305.2 32. 5 77. 6 25. 7 45. 8 123.6 332.4 33. 4 99 0 26.3 47.8 125.9 341.6 33.3 105 8 26.6 47.5 128.4 337.8 33. 0 102.2 26.2 47.4 129.0 330. 6 32.3 99.6 25.8 46. 7 126.2 316.1 30. 8 95.3 24.3 43.8 121.9 322.4 32.0 94.4 24 9 46.5 124.6 314.7 31.9 90.1 24.3 45.6 122.8 306.2 32. 7 85.3 23 0 44.5 120. 7 316.0 33. 9 86.4 23.0 47.3 125.4 N ondurable good» F ood a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts -------------------- 1,091.3 1,089. 5 1,086.1 1,076.9 1,098. 9 1,146. 6 1,187.6 1,265.6 1,329.7 1,303.5 1, 223.8 1,175. 8 1.121.0 1.190.8 1,211.3 239.3 237.8 240. 1 243.3 250. 9 254 7 255. 0 261. 0 253 1 251. 5 253. 0 246. 4 254.3 257.9 M e a t p ro d u c ts ________________________ 149.9 147.0 145. 7 146.3 148.3 149 9 152.1 156. 9 162.4 164.8 163.2 158.6 163.0 169.7 D a iry p ro d u c ts _______________________ C a n n e d a n d p reserved food, except 153.0 151. 5 144.3 150.6 165.2 190. 4 260.6 338.1 318.2 246.4 197. 8 166.5 206.2 206.5 m e a ts ..______________________ ____ __ C ralri m ill p ro d u c ts .. . . . .. 90.2 92 1 90.1 88.6 85.0 86.4 86.8 91. 8 89.6 86.0 86.8 86.9 92.0 89. 8 173.3 174.5 173.3 173.6 B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ______________________ 176.7 178.7 179.2 177.8 177.2 177 3 176 4 172.6 174.7 176. « 21.5 21.0 39.8 26.1 23 4 28.4 38.4 38.9 24.1 22.8 21.9 22.5 30.3 28.9 S ugar _______________________________ 62.4 71.0 69.4 67.3 53. 7 57.2 57.8 60.1 63.9 62.8 C o n fec tio n ery an d related p ro d u c ts ___ 62.8 67.7 61.4 63. 5 B e v e r a g e s ___________________________ 113.1 111.2 100.6 110.0 114.2 115.7 118.9 122.4 119.3 121.4 120.9 114.7 115.6 118.3 M iscellaneous food an d k in d re d prod94.3 98.3 95.7 93.3 94.4 93.9 94.3 95.5 98.4 100.5 101.3 96.2 95.6 99.0 u c ts ________________________________ T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s__________________ C ig a re tte s ____________________________ C ig a rs________________________________ 65.2 65.7 31. 0 20.3 67.8 31.0 20.5 73.2 30.7 20.5 76.5 31.0 20.5 81.9 31. 1 21.2 84.1 30 9 21.3 98.7 30.8 20.9 105.1 31.7 21.1 90.4 31.8 20.9 65.2 31.7 20 3 64.7 31.5 21.3 64.5 31.0 21.5 79.4 31. 5 23.1 83 S 32.2 25.0 T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ...____ ____________ C o tto n broad w oven f a b r i c s .................. . 8Hk and sy n th e tic b ro ad w oven fabrics. W eaving and finishing broad w o o le n s... N arrow fabrics an d sm all w ares________ K n i t t i n g .. _______ ____________________ F in ish in g textiles, except wool an d k n it . Floor co v erin g ________________________ Y arn an d th re a d ______________________ M iscellaneous te x tile goods....................... 770.3 769.9 220.5 62.9 44.2 23.3 182.4 60.3 27.9 93.3 55.1 769.2 221.2 62.8 44.5 23.2 181.7 60.2 27.9 93.0 54.7 766. 1 221.4 62 9 44 4 23.2 178.5 60. 1 28.2 93.0 54.1 767. 0 223.0 03. 4 42.8 23. 4 177. 2 60 3 2S.8 93. 1 55.2 778.9 224. 8 63.8 43.0 24.0 182. 4 61.2 29.2 94.6 55.9 787.7 225. 4 63.6 43.8 24.2 189.4 61.2 29.2 94.8 56.1 792.5 225.5 63.3 44.9 23.9 193.2 61.3 28.8 95.4 56.2 795. 7 226. 5 63 9 45. 7 24.1 194 2 61.1 28. 4 96.5 56.3 798.2 227.8 63.9 46.3 23. 9 196. 3 61.0 27.4 96.2 55.4 786.0 226. 0 62.1 46.3 23.3 192. 5 60.6 27.4 93.9 64.0 803.4 229 7 63 7 47 2 24 1 196.7 62.1 27.8 96.2 55.9 797.4 228.8 63.1 46.5 24.2 193.6 61.6 27.9 65.9 55.8 793.2 234. 7 63 1 46.2 23.2 190 7 60.9 27.8 93.0 53.7 826. ? 24 4. 1 66.9 49.« 2 4 .1 194.3 64.1 30. 4 95.9 57.8 ■See footnotes a t end of ta b le. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A.—EMPLOYMENT T a b le 857 A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In th o u san d s] 1963 1962 A nnual av erag e In d u s tr y M ay » A p r. » M a r. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay 1961 1960 M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d Nondurable goods— C o n tin u e d A p p a re l a n d related p ro d u c ts ...................... 1 , 1 0 2 .1 1,105. 7 1,127. 5 1 , 1 1 2 .3 1,081.3 1,096.8 1,113.1 1,118. 5 1,125.3 1.128.7 1,071.2 1,092.6 1,079.9 1,066.8 1,094 2 M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ su its a n d c o a ts ______ 103.9 105.6 105.fi 106.1 106.3 105.8 106.4 107.6 107. 6 103.1 106.7 103. 6 104 3 108 9 M e n 's a n d b o y s’ fu rn ish in g s__________ 305.2 301.6 300.0 297.2 300.5 303.7 304.4 305.7 305.8 294.2 300.6 294.7 273.7 279.6 W o m e n ’s, m isses’ a n d ju n io rs ’ outerw e a r................................................. ............. 313. 8 327.6 320.2 301.9 304. 4 307.5 305.7 313.5 320. 9 300 2 306 7 305 0 3 13 7 3?6 8 W om en’s and ch ild ren ’s u n d e rg a rm e n ts .. 109.3 111.5 1 1 2 .0 108.2 108.3 107.5 106.0 1 1 0 .2 109.2 103 0 106. 2 105 2 104 8 106 2 H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry .......................... 29.4 31.8 32.1 35.6 34.9 32.4 30.2 28.8 32.7 28.2 27.8 28.0 32 4 31 1 G irls ’ a n d c h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r..... .......... 68.0 66.0 71.0 70.7 67.2 69.1 69.1 70.5 69.9 68.7 70.6 67.1 66.4 67.5 F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous a p p a re l... 54.5 59.4 57.6 58.4 56.7 63.2 64.1 63.0 58.8 59.4 57.5 62.3 60.2 60.2 M iscellan eo u s fab ricate d textile' p rodn e ts ________________________________ 1 2 1 .6 119.4 116.4 115.2 119.5 123.9 125.0 124.1 119.8 113.8 114. 7 118.8 1 1 2 6 I I 3 6 P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts .......... ................... 475.8 P a p e r a n d p u lp _______________________ P a p e r b o a rd ____ ____ _______________ C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd produ c ts ............................................................... P a p e rb o a rd c o n tain ers a n d b o x es_____ — P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d Industrie s __________ _______________ _____ N ew sp a p er p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g ___ P erio d ical p u b lish in g a n d p r in tin g ____ B o o k s....................................... 1___________ C o m m ercial p r in tin g _________________ B o o k b in d in g a n d related in d u s trie s ___ O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g Industrie s __________ ____ _____________ . C h em ica ls a n d allied p ro d u c ts __________ I n d u s tr ia l ch e m ica ls__________________ P la s tic s a n d s y n th e tic s , except glass D ru g s ______________ ____ _________ S oap, cleaners, a n d to ile t goods_______ P a in ts , v arn ish e s, a n d allied p ro d u c ts . A g ricu ltu ral c h e m ica ls______________ O th e r ch e m ica l p ro d u c ts ______________ P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d In d u st r i e s . ......................... ............... ..................... P e tro le u m refin in g ____________________ O th e r p e tro le u m a n d coal p ro d u c ts __ R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic produ c ts _____________ _____________ ____ T ire s a n d In n e r tu b e s ______________ O th e r ru b b e r p ro d u c ts _____ __________ M iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts _______ _ L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___________ L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin ish in g _________ F o o tw ear, except ru b b e r______________ O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts 474.7 180.9 53.8 473.3 179.7 54.5 471.1 179.8 54.4 474.4 181.3 54. 8 479.5 182. 5 54.9 480.8 183. 1 54. 8 483.9 183.9 64.9 485.3 184 9 54. 4 484.0 186 6 53 4 476.3 183 0 52.8 482.7 183 9 55.2 475.4 181 2 54.6 469. 5 181 4 64.0 474.0 98.0 142.0 97.7 141.4 96.6 140.3 96.8 141.5 97.6 144.5 97. 5 145.4 98.6 146.5 98.6 147.4 98.3 145.7 97. 5 143.0 98 7 144.9 97 3 142.3 94 9 139.1 96 7 140.1 591.6 589.5 172.1 27.7 46.7 226.8 39.3 579.9 161.8 27.9 46.0 228.6 38.9 576.3 160.7 27.9 45.8 226.8 38.4 579.2 160.8 28.0 45.9 229.3 38.7 587.3 163.7 27.9 45. 7 232.8 39.1 604.3 179.9 28.2 46. 2 232.0 39.1 605.6 178.9 28.2 46.7 232.3 39.3 602.6 177.9 27.8 46 7 231.4 39.8 695.9 177.4 26. 7 46.0 228. Ó 40.1 692.1 175.0 26.4 46 4 228.0 39.0 596.8 177.1 26. 4 46.1 230 8 38.5 594.6 176. 4 27.4 45 6 230 2 38.0 595.7 175 5 29 7 44 4 230 3 38.0 691.5 172 4 29 8 43 0 979 6 38.1 76.9 76.7 76.7 76. 5 78.1 78.9 80.2 79 0 77.7 77.3 77 9 77 0 77 9 78 8 526.0 532.1 165. 6 110.2 60.8 61.2 36.3 41.5 56.5 522.7 164. 5 109.5 60.6 61.4 35.6 34.7 56.4 517.3 163.7 109.8 60.5 61.1 35.1 31.0 56.1 515.4 164.1 110.7 60.3 60.6 34.7 29.3 55.7 615.4 164.2 110. 4 60. 1 61.3 34.7 28.0 56.7 518.6 164. 9 111.0 60.1 62.2 35.2 27. 5 57.7 520.3 164. 6 110.8 59. 4 62.8 35.8 28.9 58.0 622.7 165.3 111.9 59 2 62.9 36.6 28. 4 58.4 522.9 166.9 110.8 60 0 62.2 37.3 26. 5 69.2 521.0 167. 6 110. 7 69 6 60.0 37.6 26. 4 69.1 620.4 167 3 107.0 59 6 60.9 37.3 29 0 59.3 624.6 165 8 108. 9 68 7 69.4 36 3 38 4 57. 1 506.1 164 7 102 6 68 2 58.4 35 5 30 9 55! 8 510.8 169 0 103 5 58 8 56. 1 36 7 31 Q 55.6 120.1 96. 7 23.4 117.7 96. 7 21.0 117.7 96. 1 21.6 117.2 94. 9 22.3 118.7 95. 4 23.3 120.4 95. 8 24. 6 121. 3 95. 9 25.4 122. 5 96. 8 25. 7 128.4 102 6 25.8 129.7 104 2 25.6 129.9 128.7 130.6 137. 7 25. 4 24.6 23.5 24.0 303.2 76.4 125.8 101.0 302.3 75. 7 126.1 100.5 301.6 75.7 126.2 99.7 304.8 76. 7 129.0 99.1 306.4 76. 9 129. 8 99.7 308.9 76. 5 130.1 102.3 310.9 76. 5 130.7 103.7 308.6 77 0 129.9 101.6 303.4 75 8 127. 6 100.1 296.1 75 0 122 9 98.2 303. 5 76 1 127 7 99.7 297.6 74 8 125 1 97. 7 280.2 73 0 117 0 90.2 120 8 sa 7 301.1 27.5 204.4 69.2 310.2 27.7 209.5 73.0 312.8 28.2 211.9 72.7 310.2 28.9 211.1 70.2 317.6 29 3 213.1 75.2 318.8 29.1 210.3 79.4 316.6 29.0 208.1 79.5 319.1 28. 8 211. 6 78 7 326.6 28.8 218.1 79.7 316.4 27. 7 213 8 74.9 321.3 28. 7 216 4 76.2 313.3 28 1 211 3 73.9 318.8 28 9 213 8 76.2 3 2 2.9 81.5 44.0 818.2 17.1 82.2 43.1 806.3 17.1 82.4 43.3 804.1 17.0 82.9 44.8 801.5 17.4 83.3 44.4 843.1 17.6 83.5 44. 4 857.8 17.7 83.9 44.9 867.1 17.9 84. 2 46. 2 862.7 18. 2 83.9 46. 6 848.7 18. 5 84.1 46.9 840.8 18.6 85.0 46. 4 840.5 18.5 85 0 45 5 814.8 18.2 86 7 45 0 800.0 18.8 89 ? 44 6 891 8 193 556.2 24.3 75.1 521.9 208.9 132.6 153.8 26.6 554.2 24.6 75.6 523.7 211.5 132.4 153.6 26.2 553.3 24.8 75.5 624.1 211.5 132.6 154.0 26.0 554.0 25.2 75.3 525.9 211.7 133.1 155.1 26.0 556.8 25.9 75.4 528.5 212.2 133.9 156.2 26.2 558.2 26.0 76.1 530.1 212.6 134.5 156.8 26.2 559.1 26.0 77.3 531.7 213.2 134. 5 157.5 26.5 663. 5 26.4 76.8 638. 7 216.1 136.0 159.9 26.7 569. 3 26.7 76.6 645.8 218.5 137.9 161.9 27.5 668. 7 26.9 76.1 544 8 218.0 137. 9 161. 4 27.5 663 3 26.7 76 4 539. 3 215.7 136. 6 160.0 27.0 660 2 26.6 75.4 529 3 211.8 134 1 156 9 26.51 668 7 26.9 78.3 538 7 216.8 136 4 159 4 2¿1 681 27 77. 543 ....... 121.6 303.7 302.6 181 9 68.4 288.7 29 9 ?1f* 4 76.5 T ra n sp o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s : L ocal a n d in te ru rb a n passen g er tra n s it: L ocal a n d su b u rb a n tra n s p o rta tio n __ I n te r c ity a n d ru ra l b u slin e s___________ M o to r freight tra n s p o rta tio n a n d sto rag e. P ip e lin e tra n s p o rta tio n _________________ C o m m u n ic a tio n ' T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n ____________ T e leg rap h co m m u n ic atio n *___________ R ad io a n d television b ro a d c a stin g ____ E le c tric , gas, a n d s a n ita ry services______ E le c tric com panies a n d sy ste m s _______ G as co m panies a n d s y ste m s ___________ C o m b in ed u tility sy ste m s _____________ W a te r, stea m , a n d s a n ita ry s y ste m s ___ See fo o tnotes a t e n d of ta b le . 6 9 0 - 7 8 3 — 63- 7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ___ ....... Q 9 9 6 2 2 0 .2 137 3 159 i 26.7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 858 T able A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued [In th o u san d s] 1963 A nnual av erag e 1962 In d u s tr y M ay * W h o lesale »nil re ta il tra d e i ....................... W holesale tra d e _________________________ M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tiv e eq u ip m e n t____ __________________________ D ru g s, chem icals, an d allied p ro d u c ts « . D ry goods an d a p p a re l_____________ . . . G roceries a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ________ E lectrical goods______ ________________ H a rd w a re , p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g goods_______________________________ M a c h in e ry , e q u ip m e n t, a n d su p p lie s__ R e ta il tra d e 4___________________________ G eneral m e rch an d ise sto res___________ D e p a rtm e n t s to res_____ ________ ___ L im ite d price v a rie ty sto res_________ Food sto re s ________ ______ ___________ G rocery, m e at, Bnd vegetable s to re s .. A p p arel an d accessories sto res_________ M e n ’s an d b o y ’s ap p a re l sto res______ W o m e n ’s read y -to -w e ar stores_______ F a m ily c lo th in g s to res______________ Shoe sto res__________________________ F u r n itu r e a n d ap p lian ce sto res________ O th e r re ta il tra d e 4______________________ M o to r vehicle d e a le rs_________________ O th e r vehicle a n d accessory d e a le rs___ D r u g s t o r e s ...... ..... _ _ __ F in a n c e , In s u ra n c e ,a n d re a l e s ta te : B a n k in g _______________________ ________ S e c u rity dealers a n d exchanges__________ In s u ra n c e c a rriers_______________________ Life in s u ra n c e ________________________ A ccid en t an d h e a lth In s u ra n c e ________ F ire , m arin e, a n d c a su a lty I n s u r a n c e ... S erv ic es a n d m isc ellan eo u s: H o tels an d lodging places: H o tels, to u ris t c o u rts, a n d m o te ls _____ P erso n al services: L a u n d rie s, clean in g a n d d y ein g p la n ts . M o tio n p ic tu res: M o tio n p ic tu re film ing a n d d is trib u tin g ............. Apr.* M a r. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay 1960 8,961 8,749 8,710 8,822 9,657 9,100 8,939 8,868 8,791 8,775 8,817 8,757 8,744 8,810 2,641 2,636 2,633 2,643 2,689 2,670 2,677 2,668 2,671 2,657 2,642 2,603 2,597 2,610 192.9 165.3 111.2 427.4 190.3 191.6 164.7 111.4 431.9 189.5 125.0 124.1 446.0 442.5 6,320 6,113 1,425.5 1,352.0 841.1 798.6 306.3 284.8 1,308.0 1,296. 7 1,138. 3 1,137.0 669.4 582.9 103.0 96.9 248.5 229.4 96.1 90.2 141.2 100.9 368.7 369.1 2,548. 5 2,512.4 618.0 616.3 118.2 113.0 355.5 354.2 617.4 110.4 782.4 429.0 46.9 269.7 616.3 111.1 78C.0 431.8 47.1 270.1 191.0 164.3 110.5 430.3 189.5 189.9 163.8 111.4 433.8 189.5 123.8 123.5 439.9 438.5 6,077 6,179 1,331.6 1,404.0 785. 6 837.3 278.2 289.0 1,302.3 1,292.7 1,136. 4 1,133.2 ' 572.1 599 3 99.4 107.1 221.6 230.0 89.5 95. 2 97. 5 100.1 367.7 370.4 2, 503.3 2,512. 4 614.8 611.8 111.6 113.5 352.5 355.9 614.2 110.5 784.1 430.7 46.9 269.7 610.9 109.8 781.0 429.3 46.7 268.2 191.3 166.1 112.0 445. 6 189.4 190.7 166.2 112.3 445.5 188.8 124.6 124.9 438.8 437.2 6, 968 6,424 1,910.3 1,567.6 1,163. 8 935.2 390. 8 322.5 1,321.5 1,301.1 1,152. 4 1,139.9 737.7 632.7 135.3 106.3 281.0 245.2 123.2 99 2 118.6 105.9 387.2 373.9 2,611.4 2,548.4 607.0 603.6 122.9 118.8 375.0 359.8 613.3 110.6 783.2 429.2 46.9 270.0 611.5 111.« 782.8 428.5 47.2 270.1 191.4 165 4 113.0 440.5 188.1 191.6 164.5 112.5 435.8 187.4 191.5 165.0 113.0 434.8 188.9 191.5 163.7 113.0 442.1 188.7 189.6 162.8 112.1 442.4 187.2 186.0 161.8 110.6 433.0 183.9 182.0 158.7 111 1 435.7 179.5 181.5 155.6 112.0 439.1 183.6 125.3 125.7 126.2 125.9 125.6 123.4 124.0 127.7 437.2 438.3 437.4 436.6 434.1 428.6 414 1 412.0 6,262 6,200 6,120 6,118 6,175 6,154 6,147 0,201 1, 462. 8 1,430.2 1,388 2 1,377.1 1, 402. 4 1.399. 9 1,433. 5 1,447.9 859.3 834.7 810.2 802.5 823 0 822.4 837.6 843.0 307.7 304.9 290 4 287.3 291.9 297. 5 309.3 316.8 1,290.4 1,275. 2 1,272. 6 1,283.9 1,283 1 1,279.5 1, 273. 4 1,273.1 1,131.8 1,119. 1 1 ,1 1 8 5 1,127. 6 1,120.0 1,119.7 1,109. 7 1,106. 5 611.9 601 0 669.5 569.5 601.9 607.3 586.9 682.3 98.9 97.9 98.0 103.1 100.5 96.2 95.6 98. 6 236.6 229.9 218.4 219.4 229.1 234.2 225 0 223 3 92.0 92.5 89.8 88.5 88.2 88.1 94.2 93.1 106.4 1 083 101.5 101. 6 107.5 110.6 102.9 106.3 368.9 367.8 364.0 363. 4 365.4 362.7 364.2 368.9 2, 527. 7 2, 625. 7 2,526. 1 2, 524 2 2, 522. 2 2, 504. 9 2,489. 7 2. 528. 3 600.0 596.2 596.8 594.6 589.0 583.6 570. 1 696.2 112.9 117.7 123.1 114.1 114.3 115.4 116.2 1 1 6 3 357.5 355.5 355.1 351.1 353.1 351.0 348.4 347.5 610.8 113.3 781.6 428.2 47.2 269.2 610.7 116.1 783.8 429.5 473 270.2 619.9 121.4 789.7 4313 47.8 272.7 616.8 123.1 786.3 429.2 47.8 271.4 607. 5 122.7 779.6 427.0 47.5 267.8 598.2 122.7 774. 9 426.0 46.9 265.4 692.0 119.0 777. C 428.8 46.4 265.2 575.9 107 0 763.9 420.7 46.0 260.3 541.4 533.7 531.7 525.2 528.0 529.7 538.3 665.4 606.3 605.0 679. £ 521. £ 503. Î 485.0 365.4 356.7 355.2 360.0 361.0 364. e 368. C 369.4 369.9 378.1 380.3 376.1 377.9 389.2 20.8 21.6 22.2 23.4 24.7 23.9 24.1 24.1 24.2 23.9 23.6 23.4 28.1 29.0 > F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith those p u b lish e d in Issues p rio r to D ecem b er 1901 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, ta b le A-2. F o r m ining, m a n u fa c tu rin g , an d la u n d rie s, cleaning an d dy ein g p la n ts, d a ta refer to p ro d u c tio n a n d related w orkers; for c o n tra c t co n stru c tio n , to co n stru c tio n w orkers; a n d for all o th e r in d u s trie s , to n o n su p erv iso ry w orkers. Production and related worker» Include w orking forem en and all n o n su p er v iso ry w orkers (in c lu d in g lead m a n and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assem bling, in sp ec tio n , receiving, storage, h a n d lin g , pack in g , w areh o u sin g , sh ip p in g , m a in te n a n c e , rep air, ja n ito ria l an d w atc h m en services, p ro d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t, a u x ilia ry p ro d u ctio n for p la n t’s ow n use (e.g., pow er p la n t), an d recordkeeping a n d o th e r services closely associated w ith th e above p ro d u c tio n operations. Construction worker* In clu d e w o rk in g forem en, jo u rn e y m e n , m ech an ics, ap p re n tic e s, lab o rers, e tc ., engaged in n ew w o rk , a lte ra tio n s , d em o litio n , re p a ir, an d m a in te n a n c e , e tc ., a t th e site of co n stru c tio n or w orking In shop or y ard s a t Jobs (such as p re c u ttin g an d preassem b lin g ) o rd in a rily p erfo rm ed b y m em b ers of th e c o n stru c tio n tra d es. N onsupervisory workers in c lu d e em p lo y ees (n o t ab o v e th e w o rk in g s u p e r v isory level) such as office an d clerical w o rk ers, re p a irm e n , salespersons, o p erato rs, d riv e rs, a tte n d a n ts , service em p lo y ees, lin em e n , lab o rers, ja n ito rs , w a tc h m e n , an d sim ilar o ccu p atio n al levels, an d o th e r em p lo y ees w hose services are closely asso ciated w ith th o se of th e em p lo y ees listed . * P re lim in a ry . » D a ta relate to n o n su p erv iso ry em p lo y ees ex cep t m essengers. < E x clu d es ea tin g a n d d rin k in g places. The revised series on employment, hoars and earnings, and labor turnover in non agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior to December 1961. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “ Technical Note, The 1961 Revision of the BLS Payroll Employment Statistics,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January 1962, pp. 59-62.) Moreover, if future benchmark adjustments require further revisions, the figures presented in this issue should not be compared with those In later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s S t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 - 6 0 (BLS Bulletin 1312), which is available at depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents for $3. For an individual indastry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the Bureau. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1961 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 859 A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups. seasonally adjusted1 [In th o u san d s] 1963 I n d u s tr y d iv isio n a n d g roup M a y 1 Apr.* M a r. 1962 F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S e p t. A ug. J u ly June M ay T o t a l . . .................................................................................................... 66,359 56,189 55,963 55,730 55,536 55,580 55,597 55,647 55, 583 55,536 55,617 55, 535 55,403 M in in g ................................................. ................... ................. ............. 637 635 625 625 623 625 636 C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n ........................................................................ 2,716 2,734 2,634 2,646 2,651 2,654 2,696 638 641 646 648 652 659 2,716 2,715 2,731 2,738 2,671 2,716 M a n u fa c tu rin g ___________________________________________ 16,984 16,908 16,771 16,665 16,632 16,681 16,695 16,781 16,805 16,795 16,908 16,923 16,891 D u ra b le goods__________ ___________________________ _ O rd n an ce a n d accessories.................................................. L u m b e r a n d wood p ro d u c ts, except fu rn itu re .......... F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res___________________________ S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ...................................... P r im a ry m etal In d u s trie s ................................................. F a b ric a te d m e tal p ro d u c ts ............. ................................. M a c h in e ry _________ _____________________________ E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s________________ T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t.............................................. In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ------------------------M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s __________ 9,653 214 611 384 584 1,194 1,149 1,476 1,554 1,727 367 393 9,575 214 610 382 579 1,177 1,136 1,472 1,539 1,715 364 387 9,478 218 617 381 566 1,151 1,117 1,464 1,536 1,680 362 386 9,423 219 610 378 561 1,136 1,109 1, 461 1,534 1,671 361 383 9,399 220 608 380 562 1,121 1,104 1,466 1,533 1,662 360 383 9,418 220 603 380 565 1,121 1, H I 1,468 1,535 1,669 359 387 9,413 221 605 380 572 1,115 1,110 1,481 1,527 1,652 358 392 9,470 222 602 378 579 1,119 1,117 1,482 1, 546 1,674 359 392 9,486 220 603 380 576 1,134 1,129 1,471 1,528 1,694 358 393 9, 461 222 609 385 583 1,141 1,122 1,480 1,541 1,619 362 397 9, 552 217 607 386 581 1,149 1,132 1,474 1, 555 1,688 362 401 9,555 213 611 386 581 1,163 1,131 1,470 1, 554 1,687 359 400 9, 544 213 609 387 579 1,199 1.135 1,460 1, 541 1,663 359 399 N o n d u ra b le goods....................................... ............................... F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ........... ........... ..................... T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ___________________________ T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts _____________________________ A p p arel a n d related p ro d u c ts ..................... ................... P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts ................................................ P r in tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s trie s ................ C h em icals a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ___________________ P e tro le u m refining an d re la te d in d u s trie s ................. R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts .............. L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _____________________ 7,331 1,746 89 864 1,276 607 941 863 190 401 354 7,333 1,767 88 864 1,273 605 935 863 189 397 352 7,293 1,780 88 861 1,253 605 915 859 188 394 350 7,242 1, 768 88 858 1,229 602 911 856 188 392 350 7,233 1,770 87 860 1,220 602 913 853 187 391 350 7,263 1,773 90 866 1,229 604 914 853 189 389 356 7,282 1,763 90 868 1,231 601 938 855 189 389 358 7,311 1,769 93 871 1,242 603 937 855 191 390 360 7,319 1,770 96 874 1,243 603 938 853 191 393 358 7,334 1, 763 93 879 1,246 606 937 855 198 395 362 7,356 1,777 89 885 1,249 606 937 858 199 396 360 7,368 1,774 87 891 1,257 606 937 853 199 399 365 7,347 1, 776 88 890 1,248 604 935 849 199 392 366 T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s .............................................. 3,922 3,915 3,915 3,913 3,836 3,921 3,918 3,935 3,928 3,932 3,913 3,934 3,936 W h o lesale an d re ta il tr a d e _______________________________ 11,807 11,764 11,765 11, 679 11,637 11,573 11,600 11. 594 11,612 11,627 11,652 11,621 11, 596 W holesale tra d e ______________________________________ 3,136 3,123 3,110 3,093 3| 083 3,074 3,076 3,085 3,090 3; 082 3,100 3,096 3,077 R e ta il tr a d e .................................................................................... 8,671 8,641 8,655 8, 586 8,554 8,499 8,524 8,509 8,522 8,545 8,552 8,525 8,519 F in a n c e , In su ran ce, a n d real e s ta te ............................................... 2,851 2,843 2,844 2,836 2,828 2,821 2,822 2,813 2, 799 2,796 2,792 2,788 2,786 Service a n d m iscellaneous.................................... ........................... 7,930 7,915 7,937 7,917 7,895 7,876 7,846 7,831 7,809 7,805 7,783 7,749 7,692 G o v e rn m e n t________ ________________________ ___________ F e d e ra l_____ ___________ _______________ ____________ 8 ta te a n d lo c al. _______ ____ _______________________ 1 F o r coverage of the series, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2. * P re lim in a ry . 9, 512 2,380 7,132 9,475 2,363 7,112 9,472 2,363 7,109 9,449 2.356 9,434 9,429 9,384 9,339 9,274 9,204 9,183 9,197 9,127 2,379 2,391 2,381 2.371 2,369 2,374 2,375 2,366 2,343 7,093 7,055 7,038 7.003 6, 968 6.905 6,830 6,808 6,831 6, 784 N ote: T h e seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d used is d escrib ed in " N e w Seasonal A d ju s tm e n t F acto rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts /’ M onth ly Labor Review , A u g u st I960, p p . 822-827. T able A~5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted 1 [In th o u san d s] 1963 1962 M a jo r In d u s try g roup M ay* Apr.* M a r. Feb. Jan. M a n u fa c tu rin g ______ _________ __________________________ 12,578 12,521 12,386 12,284 12,257 D u ra b le goods............... .............................................................. 7,097 O rd n an ce a n d accessories.................................................. 96 L u m b e r a n d wood p ro d u c ts, except fu rn itu re _____ 549 F u r n itu re an d fix tu res___________________________ 318 S tone, clay a n d glass p ro d u c ts _________ _________ 469 P r im a ry m e tal In d u s trie s ________________________ 971 F a b ric a te d m e tal p ro d u c ts ................... ........................... 881 1,025 M a c h in e ry .............................................................. ......... .. E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s________________ 1,053 T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t______ ________________ 1,186 I n s tru m e n ts an d related p ro d u c ts _____ __________ 234 M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ............ ....... 315 7,036 96 548 319 465 956 871 1,021 1,040 1,178 232 310 6,930 98 556 316 451 929 852 1,012 1,035 1,141 230 310 N o n d u ra b le goods_________ _________ _____ __________ 5,481 Food a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ______________________ 1,152 T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ___________________________ 76 T e x tile mil) p ro d u c ts _____________________________ 776 A p p arel a n d related p ro d u c ts ____________________ 1,134 P a p e r an d allied p ro d u c ts __________ ____ ________ 480 P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s trie s ........ ....... 596 C h em icals an d allied p ro d u c ts ___________________ 522 P e tro le u m refining an d re la te d In d u s trie s_________ 122 R u h h e r a n d m iscellaneous plastic p ro d u c ts _______ 310 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ................ ............. ........... 313 1 F o r d efin itio n of p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers, see footnote 1. ta b le A -3. * P re lim in a ry . 5,485 1,171 77 775 1,131 479 592 523 121 306 310 5,456 1,182 76 774 1,114 478 581 520 119 304 308 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6,874 99 549 314 447 914 846 1,011 1,032 1,127 229 306 6,853 99 547 315 448 898 842 1,016 1,032 1,122 228 306 D ec, N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay 12,311 12,324 12,416 12,446 12,432 12,551 12,581 12,566 6,880 100 541 317 451 898 849 1,021 1,034 1,131 228 310 6,875 101 543 317 459 885 847 1,031 1,029 1,119 228 316 6,933 102 539 315 465 892 854 1,035 1,047 1,139 228 317 6,9.53 101 541 315 462 906 866 1.026 1,032 1,160 228 316 6,925 103 545 320 468 910 858 1,034 1,045 1,090 231 321 7,024 100 543 320 467 920 868 1,029 1,067 1,164 231 325 7,035 97 546 321 467 934 871 1.027 1,058 1,161 231 322 7,037 98 544 321 467 972 873 1.018 1,051 1,142 230 321 5,431 5,449 5,483 5,493 5,507 5,527 5, 546 5, 529 1,175 1,168 1,178 1,179 1,170 1,181 1,180 1,184 77 79 82 84 81 76 76 78 798 803 803 780 783 787 791 777 1,089 1,093 1,105 1,105 1,109 1,110 1,120 1,111 482 479 477 481 481 478 476 478 599 599 600 599 582 597 598 598 521 624 521 628 523 517 520 519 121 121 127 128 128 129 120 120 304 312 306 307 304 300 301 300 320 318 322 316 323 315 316 318 N ote: The seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d used is d escribed in " N e w Seasonal A d ju s tm e n t F acto rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts .” M onthly Labor Review, A u g u st 1960, p p . 822-827. 5,410 1,169 75 771 1,090 476 579 519 120 302 309 5,404 1,173 76 772 1,081 476 581 518 118 301 308 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 860 T a ble A -6 . U n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e a n d e m p lo y m e n t serv ice p ro g ra m o p e ra tio n s 1 [A ll Ite m s except av erag e b en e fit a m o u n ts a re In th o u san d s] 1962 1963 Ite m M a r. A p r. E m p lo y m e n t service: * N e w a p p lic a tio n s for w o rk ______________ N o n fa rm p la c e m e n ts ------------------------------- 904 681 861 496 904 423 1,097 459 O ct. N ov. D ec. Jan. F eb. 766 434 907 533 948 643 856 652 879 642 914 580 A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S ep t. 1,102 605 899 656 847 577 S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e p rogram s: 1,147 1,133 1,083 1,395 1,197 956 1,267 1,353 1,747 2,102 1,308 1,127 1,216 I n itia l claim s * 4_________________________ In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t4 (average w eekly 1,469 1,570 1,831 1,543 1,469 1,385 1,331 1,625 2,063 2,546 2.591 2,298 1.918 v o lu m e ).............. ............................. ................. 4.5 3.6 3.9 3 .6 3.8 3.3 3 .4 4.0 5.1 6.3 6.2 5.6 4.7 R a te of in su red u n e m p lo y m e n t «................. 7,088 5,563 5,507 6,391 4,695 5,781 5,702 5,207 6,307 10,002 9,025 9,091 7.919 W eeks of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d — A verage w eek ly b en efit a m o u n t for to ta l $34. 69 $34.42 $34.29 $34.01 $34.20 $34. 04 $34.52 u n e m p lo y m e n t................................................ $35.54 $35.80 $35. 70 $35. 52 $35.11 $34.95 $193,551 $176,608 $160,559 $197,414 $186,965 $188,871 $215,015 $239,562 T o ta l b en e fits p a id -------------------------- -------- $274,798 $316,422 $313,272 $342,411 $214,203 U n e m p lo y m e n t co m p en satio n for ex-servicem e n :7 8 I n itia l claim s *__________________________ In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t4 (average w eek ly v o lu m e ).................. - ............. - ......................... W eeks of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d -. . T o ta l b en e fits p a id _________ _____ ______ U n e m p lo y m e n t co m p en satio n for F e d e ra l c iv ilian e m p lo y e e s :8 8 I n itia l claim s 3- ________________________ In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t8 (average w eekly v o lu m e )----------------------------------------------W eek s of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d -. . T o ta l b en e fits p a id .....................- ..................... R a ilro a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ran c e: A p p lic atio n s i°------- --------------------------------In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (average w eekly v o lu m e ).............................. ..................... ......... N u m b e r of p a y m e n ts u ................................... A verage a m o u n t of b en e fit p a y m e n t 11----T o ta l b en efits p a id 18—---------------------------A ll p ro g ra m s :14 In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t4------------------------- 23 267 $8,797 13 39 31 29 31 27 39 30 25 22 25 77 77 306 338 303 $9,932 $10,027 $11,100 65 235 $7,679 57 222 $7,298 52 214 $7,019 52 200 $6,549 52 211 $6,934 46 175 $5,659 40 165 $5,420 40 177 $5, 703 45 190 $6,036 25 11 27 12 20 12 12 14 10 12 15 10 11 11 31 116 $4,262 29 115 $4,282 27 111 $4,182 25 98 $3,797 26 114 $4,354 26 97 $3,653 24 107 $4,172 26 114 $4,297 29 128 $4,711 12 16 16 32 4 4 137 $5,241 150 $5, 591 148 $5,433 37 156 $5,744 4 5 7 19 60 61 61 148 133 132 137 173 138 118 $77.11 $80.24 $80. 58 $79. 97 $79. 56 $78. 73 $74. 47 $9,005 $11,004 $10,881 $13,732 $10,358 $10,373 $11,081 2,089 2,465 2,726 2, 778 l in c lu d e s d a ta for P u e rto R ico, b eginning J a n u a r y 1961 w hen th e C o m m o n w e a lth ’s pro g ram becam e p a r t of th e F e d e ra l-S ta te U I sy stem . » In c lu d e s G u am a n d th e V irgin Islands. * In itia l claim s are notices filed b y w orkers to In d ic ate th e y are s ta rtin g p erio d s of u n e m p lo y m e n t. E xcludes tra n sitio n a l claim s. 4 In clu d es in te rs ta te claim s for th e V irgin Islands. s N u m b e r of w orkers rep o rtin g th e com pletion of a t le ast 1 w eek of u n em T h e r e t o is th e n u m b e r of in su red u n em p lo y ed expressed as a p e rc e n t of th e average covered em p lo y m e n t in a 12-m onth period. t E xcludes d a ta on claim s an d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith o th e r pro g ram s. « In c lu d e s th e V irgin Islands. . . . . . » E x c lu d es d a ta on claim s an d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith S ta te pro g ram s. An a p p licatio n for benefits is filed b y a railroad w orker a t th e b eg in n in g of h is first period of u n e m p lo y m e n t in a b en efit year; no ap p lic a tio n is rea u ire d for s u b se q u e n t p erio d s in th e sam e year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2,223 1 ,78C 1,539 22 65 7 50 65 129 124 $83.26 $78.53 $10,134 $10,081 52 98 $75. 84 $7,256 44 108 $71.91 $7,825 1,628 1,699 1,614 1,497 52 64 155 125 $73.03 $76.76 $9,052 $11,807 1,719 1,986 n P a y m e n ts are for u n e m p lo y m e n t in 14-day reg istratio n periods. h T h e average a m o u n t is an average for all co m p en sab le p e rio d s, n o t ad ju ste d for reco v ery of o v e rp a y m e n ts or s e ttle m e n t of u n d e rp a y m e n ts . is A d ju sted for reco v ery of o v e rp a y m e n ts a n d se ttle m e n t of u n d e r p a y m e n ts. 14 R ep re sen ts a n u n d u p lic a te d co u n t of in su red u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r th e S ta te , E x-servicem en a n d U C F E p ro g ram s a n d th e R a ilro a d U n e m p lo y m e n t In su ra n c e A ct. S o u r c e : U .S . D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity for all ite m s except railro ad u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e , w h ich is p re p a re d b y th e U .S . R ailro ad R e tire m e n t B o ard . B.—LABOR TURNOVER 861 B.—Labor Turnover T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1 [P er 100 em ployees] 1963 1962 A n n u al averag e M a jo r In d u s try g roup A p r .2 M a r. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly June M ay A p r. 1961 1960 A ccessions: T o t a l ! Manufacturing: Actual_____________________________ Seasonally adjusted__________________ Durable goods_______ _________________ Ordnance and accessories____________ Lumber and wood products, except fur niture____________________________ Furniture and fixtures.............................. Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products___________ Machinery_________________________ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment...................... Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries.............. ........................................... Nondurable goods........................................ Food and kindred products__________ Tobacco manufactures_______________ Textile mill products________________ Apparel and related products________ Paper and allied products____________ Printing, publishing, and allied in dustries......... ........................................... Chemicals and allied products_______ Petroleum refining and related indus tries. .......................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products..................................................... Leather and leather products_________ Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining............................................. C oalm ining................ .................... ............ 3.7 4.1 3.5 4.1 3.3 3 .9 3.6 S.9 2.4 3.5 3.0 3 .6 3.7 2.0 3.5 2.2 3.2 3.5 2.4 2 .3 2.8 5.9 3.7 4.7 3.6 3.8 4.5 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.7 4.7 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.7 2.5 2.5 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.1 6.1 1.6 1.9 3.9 4.0 4.9 3 .8 5.1 4 .0 4.5 4-1 5.0 3 .9 4.3 4-3 4.0 4-4 4.1 3 .8 3.6 2.4 4.5 2.5 2.6 4.6 3 .8 3 .0 4.5 3 .9 4.1 2.9 2.8 4.0 3 .9 2.8 2.6 4.5 4.3 5.4 5.0 3.3 2.7 4.5 2 .9 3.8 6.0 5.4 6.3 5.2 3 .8 4.7 4.8 7.3 4.6 5.4 5.3 4.1 3.6 3.4 4.4 3.0 3.6 4.7 4.8 3 .9 3.4 2 .4 3.9 2.9 3 .2 4.3 2.4 3.0 3.6 2.5 2.7 3.4 2.4 3.2 2.4 2.6 1.7 3.2 3.3 2.4 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.7 3.5 2.4 5.4 5.2 5.1 6.3 2.4 3 .6 5.8 3.8 4.7 1. 5 3.6 5.1 3.5 4.2 2.7 3.5 4.6 2.4 3.4 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.3 5.8 2.5 3.2 5.9 1.9 3.1 3.1 3.9 5.5 2.7 4.4 1.9 4.2 6.4 4.4 3 .5 5.3 2 .4 5.3 9.2 16.0 3 .8 5.2 2.8 3 .0 5.4 9.1 8.9 3 .9 6.7 2.9 2.5 1.4 3.2 1.8 1.2 3 .7 2.1 3.4 1.5 3.0 4.4 3 .7 4 .8 2.9 1.5 2.7 1.7 4.3 5.1 3.8 4.1 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.3 5.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.6 1.9 2.0 1.6 .9 1.3 3.7 4.4 3.3 4.1 2.9 4.2 3.1 5.9 3.5 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.2 2.9 2.2 3.2 2.0 1.8 2.4 2.9 1.6 2.0 1.3 .6 2.2 1.4 .8 2.8 2.7 3 .9 2.8 3 .4 4.5 2.6 8.0 2.6 6.8 4.0 3.3 5.5 3.2 4.0 6.1 3.4 6.9 5.8 10.0 19.8 4.2 6.2 2.8 4.0 2.9 3 .5 4.2 2.8 6.0 8.8 3 .5 4.6 3.7 4.4 4.4 3 .9 7.5 5.1 4.6 2.5 4.5 3.1 3 .8 4.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 6.2 6 .4 6.4 5.6 5.3 4.5 4.0 5.6 2.7 3.7 5.1 4.2 5.9 4.1 2.8 5.7 9.0 3.2 4.2 6.6 3 .0 4.1 2.2 4.3 3.1 3.6 4.5 6.1 6.0 3.5 5.6 5.6 3 .2 5.3 2.2 1.6 2.7 2.4 2.9 3 .0 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.2 6.6 6.1 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.0 4.1 3 .3 2.9 1.7 1.5 2 .7 4.5 4.7 4.3 5.5 6.1 4.1 6.1 4 .4 4.1 5.3 3.6 4.2 3.8 5.0 3.1 4.8 2.9 2 .5 2.4 2.5 2.4 1.4 3 .8 3.4 4.1 2.1 2.7 3.4 2.2 2.2 4.1 1.2 1.8 2.8 1.6 2.6 2.1 2.6 1.6 A ccessions: N e w hires Manufacturing: Actual_____________________ Seasonally adjusted__________________ Durable goods_________________ Ordnance and accessories_________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture__________________ Furniture and fixtures___________ Stone, clay, and glass products_____ Primary metal industries_________ Fabricated metal products________ Machinery..................................... Electrical equipment and supplies___ Transportation equipment......... ...... Instruments and related products___ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries_____________________ Nondurable goods_______________ Food and kindred products............... Tobacco manufactures___________ Textile mill products____________ Apparel and related products______ Paper and allied products.......... ...... Printing, publishing, and allied in dustries........................... .......... Chemicals and allied products_____ Petroleum refining and related indus tries.............. ........................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________________ Leather and leather products............. Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining___ _____________ Coal mining__________ _______ See fo o tn o tes a t e n d of ta b le. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.5 2 .4 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.0 1.2 1.8 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.4 3.0 2.7 1.5 .9 1.7 2.7 2.7 1.3 .9 1.9 1.9 4.0 3.3 2.5 1.3 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.8 2.4 2.6 1.0 2.4 3.4 3.7 2.7 2.1 1.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.6 2.1 2.1 1.6 2.2 1.6 3.1 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.0 2.7 1.6 .7 1.9 .9 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.1 2.0 3.1 1.2 1.8 1.2 .5 2.3 1.7 2.4 1.5 .7 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.2 2.8 2.3 2.5 2 .3 3.1 2.3 3 .2 2 .4 2.9 2 .5 3.4 2.6 2 .9 2.4 2 .7 1.1 1.6 1.2 2.2 2.6 1.8 2.6 1.8 2.4 1.5 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.0 2 .3 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 .9 2.5 2.5 1.3 .7 3.6 3.4 4.4 4.3 4.6 4 .8 2.5 5.4 4.1 3.1 4.7 3 .3 3.3 2.7 3.0 1.9 2.7 2.9 2.9 1.9 2.8 2.0 .8 2.1 1.7 2.0 .9 1.8 .9 2.6 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.1 1.0 2.2 4.7 4.2 2 .5 .9 2.5 1.9 6.2 3 .9 3 .3 1.3 3 .2 2.7 3 .2 2.5 3 .3 1.1 2 .9 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.8 1.0 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 .9 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.9 3.4 .6 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.5 2.4 4.3 5.3 5.2 4.2 4.7 4.3 3 .7 3.6 3.4 1.3 1.7 3.3 1.9 2.8 3 .7 3.9 6.5 7.8 3.2 4.5 3 .5 5.8 2.5 2.7 4.2 3 .9 2.9 3 .9 1.3 3 .0 3 .9 2.5 2.9 2.5 3.4 3 .2 2.5 3 .5 2.9 2.0 3 .4 1.9 3.1 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.9 3.2 1.3 1.5 .9 2.1 1.2 1.3 .7 .7 .4 1.6 1.1 2.1 1.6 .6 1.1 3.3 1.8 2 .2 .4 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.7 1.2 4.1 3.1 2.5 3.6 1.9 2.5 1.0 .6 1.8 1.2 2.0 1.0 2.6 2.1 2.2 6.0 2.8 3 .8 2.2 2.2 3 .0 1.5 2.7 1.4 10.5 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.6 6.0 1.6 3.1 4.0 3 .2 3.3 .9 1.1 1.3 1.2 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.5 3.1 3.3 3.2 3 .0 3 .9 2 .3 3 .7 3 .1 4.1 3 .2 2 .5 1.2 .6 1.4 1.4 .7 1.3 .7 1.3 .5 2.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 .8 1.5 .4 1.6 1.2 2.6 .8 2.6 .5 1.7 .9 2.1 .4 1.7 2.2 1.4 .9 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 3 .2 2.4 1.4 .8 1.9 2 .9 1.7 2.9 1.2 .6 1.9 .4 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 862 T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group *- -Continued [Per 100 employees] Annual average 1962 1963 Major Industry group A pr.8 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov, Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. 1961 1960 Separations: T o ta l8 Manufacturing: Actual_____________________________ Seasonally adjusted. , , . Durable goods............................... ............ Ordnance and accessories____________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture..................................................... Furniture and fixtures............................. Stone, clay, and glass products........... Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products___________ Machinery____ ________ ____________ Electrical equipment and supplies......... Transportation equipment................... .. Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries............................................................. Nondurable goods_____________________ Food and kindred products__________ Tobacco manufactures_______________ Textile mill products_______ _________ Apparel and related products.................. Paper and allied products......................... Printing, publishing, and allied Industries_______________ ______________ Chemicals and allied products________ Petroleum refining and related Industries................ ............................................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products......................................................... Leather and leather products_________ N onmanu facturing: Metal mining_________________________ Coal mining__________________________ 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.3 3.8 5.0 4.1 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.6 3.8 4-3 3.8 4-1 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.3 3.2 3.0 3.3 4.2 3.1 3.1 3.7 3.2 3.4 2.1 3.6 2.7 3.9 2.7 4.3 3.4 5.4 2.9 4.4 2.2 3.8 2.7 3.6 2.6 3.3 2.5 3.9 2.3 4.3 2.4 5.0 4.3 2.9 1.9 3.4 2.3 3.2 3.7 5.5 4.4 2.9 4.7 3.8 3.3 5.0 4.5 4.9 6.2 4.7 4.6 3.3 4.4 4.1 3.0 3.2 3.9 2.6 2.9 3.5 4.5 3.2 3.2 5.0 3.1 4.7 4.7 3.7 4.5 3.6 2.9 3.1 3.6 2.3 6.1 2.2 5.7 5.2 3.5 4.1 6.4 3.0 3.3 6.5 2.4 5.0 4.2 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.7 6.7 5.2 4.9 3.8 4.9 3.5 4.0 4. 1 3.3 5.5 4.3 3.8 3.6 2.3 3.0 3.3 2.4 5.6 4.6 4.1 3.5 4.7 2.9 3.4 3.8 3.0 6.8 3.8 2.5 3.5 3.4 2.4 5.5 3.6 5.1 2.5 3.5 2.6 4.6 4.1 4.0 4.8 3.4 3.5 5.2 2.7 4.7 4.2 3.8 5.6 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.2 4.8 4.6 5.8 5.9 3.8 4.7 3.8 3.6 5.7 2.5 3.7 4.8 7.2 3.5 4.8 2.4 3.3 4.6 9.5 3.1 4.2 2.3 5.0 4.8 6.7 2.9 4.5 5.8 3.4 4.3 5.9 2.3 3.9 6.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 2.4 3.4 5.2 2.4 4.1 5.1 2.7 3.6 4.0 5.1 5.4 3.6 4.2 5.9 5.9 3.4 5.7 2.7 6.0 2.8 5.8 9.3 5.4 4.5 5.9 4.2 2.5 1.9 2.7 1.7 2.3 1.4 2.9 1.7 2.5 1.9 3.0 2.3 2.9 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.6 4.2 2.8 2.1 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.1 5.6 12.2 4.3 6.3 7.0 3.9 5.4 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 3.1 5.5 3.5 4.7 2.9 3.8 3.5 5.2 2.2 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.0 3.5 3.2 2.1 4.2 4.0 2.9 3.9 2.6 3.1 3.4 2.8 8.2 5.7 4.5 3.6 4.7 3.8 3.9 10.6 4.3 4.5 3.4 5.9 2.5 16.9 3.7 5.1 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.0 2.2 3.1 1.8 1.8 4.1 3.1 3.5 2.4 2.7 2.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 5.4 3.5 4.5 3.9 5.4 4.5 5.9 4.1 5.9 4.0 5.3 3.2 4.2 3.2 5.2 5.6 3.8 3.2 2.6 3.6 6.0 2.0 4.9 2.3 3.2 5.2 3.2 3.4 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.1 2.6 2.2 1.2 .6 1.2 6.2 10.8 1.6 2.1 2.8 1.8 6.8 8.2 10.8 3.8 5.7 2.8 6.2 2.6 2.6 2.1 6.0 2.5 2.8 4.4 5.9 3.7 6.1 2.9 2.9 1.5 2.0 1.6 2.8 2.1 1.6 3.2 5.7 3.5 5.0 3.9 5.0 2.6 2.5 4.5 2.1 3.1 2.5 3.8 3.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 2.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.6 2.2 1.1 .6 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.9 1.5 2.3 1.7 2.5 2.0 Separations: Quits Manufacturing: Actual_____________________________ Seasonally adjusted _ . ... Durable goods________________________ Ordnance and accessories.......................... Lumber and wood products except furniture........................................... ......... Furniture and fixtures____ ____ ______ Stone, clav. and glass products. Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products....................... Machinery_________________________ Electrical equipment and supplies......... Transportation equipment....................... Instruments and related products. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................................................. Nondurable goods.......................................... Food and kindred products Tobacco manufactures.......... .................... Textile mill products___ __ . .. _ ADttarel and related products ... Paper and allied products.. Printing, publishing, and allied industries............................................................. Chemicals and allied products................ Petroleum refining and related industries.......................................... ................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products__________________________ Leather and leather products____ ____ Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining__ Coal mining..................................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.4 2.4 1.4 1.1 .8 1.0 .9 .9 .7 .6 .9 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 .6 .3 .6 .6 .8 .5 .8 1.0 1.0 1.1 .6 1.1 1.4 .6 1.9 1.2 1.0 2.6 2.1 1.2 2.0 2.3 2.3 .8 .8 1.6 1.2 .9 1.0 .6 1.2 1.0 1.1 .8 1.0 1.6 1.9 .9 .5 1.5 1.4 .7 1.4 1.4 .7 1.7 1.1 .9 1.1 .8 1.0 1.5 1.5 .7 .4 1.4 .8 .4 .9 .8 .7 1.0 .7 1.0 .8 1.0 .7 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 .9 1.7 1.5 4.2 3.0 2.0 .9 2.2 1.5 2.2 1.6 3.7 3.1 1.9 .9 1.9 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.9 1.6 3.0 .8 1.6 1.9 .8 2.2 1.8 2.1 .9 2.0 2.4 1.1 2.9 4.0 .9 .5 1.3 .5 1.5 ,7 2.5 .6 1.0 .7 1.4 1.5 2.5 3.1 2.2 1.9 3.3 1.3 2.4 1.1 2.2 1.8 .6 1.3 .4 2.0 1.0 2.1 .7 1.4 1.9 .7 1.3 .7 1.2 .6 1.1 .5 1.6 2.0 .8 1.2 .6 .7 .5 .5 .4 .4 1.2 1.1 2.0 .9 2.3 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 2.3 .4 .9 .3 .3 .3 .8 1.5 .8 .8 .3 1.6 .8 .4 .9 .8 1.1 .7 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.9 .9 .3 .5 1.3 .9 1.3 1.0 1.4 .4 2.1 2.6 3.1 2.5 1.8 .5 2.5 .9 1.3 .9 2.1 1.2 .6 1.4 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.3 .6 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2 3.0 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.9 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.7 .8 2.1 2.6 1.0 1.8 .6 2.0 2.4 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.8 1.8 2.1 1.2 1.2 3.2 1.2 .6 .6 2.5 1.3 1.4 1.0 .5 1.0 .8 1.1 .8 1.0 1.8 1.1 .6 1.1 .9 1.2 .9 1.1 1.9 1.8 .6 2.1 2.5 1.1 1.5 1.4 .6 2.0 2.2 1.0 1.6 .9 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.6 2.3 1.2 1.5 1.3 .8 1.4 .7 1.5 .7 .8 .6 .5 .5 .5 1.5 2.4 1.5 2.4 1.3 2.3 1.1 2.1 1. J 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.4 .3 1.0 1.5 .3 .8 .3 .3 1.4 .4 .8 B.—LABOR TURNOVER T able B - l . 863 Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued [Per 100 employees] 1963 1962 Annual average Major Industry group Apr.1 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. 1961 1960 Separations: Layoffs Manufacturing: Actual............................................................ Seasonally adjusted__________________ Durable goods................................................ Ordnance and accessories____________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________ ________________ Furniture and fixtures............................... Stone, clay, and glass products............... Primary metal Industries_______ _____ Fabricated metal products___________ Machinery____ _____ ___ _____ ______ Electrical equipment and supplies......... Transportation equipment___________ Instruments and related products.......... Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries................ ................................. ........... Nondurable goods_____________________ Food and kindred products_____ _____ Tobacco manufactures_______________ Textile mill products........................ ....... Apparel and related products.................. Paper and allied products........................ Printing, publishing and allied Industries......................................................... Chemicals and allied products________ Petroleum refining and related Industries........................... .............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products................................. ................. Leather and leather products.................. Nonmanufacturing: M etal mining_____________ _______ ____ Coalm ining....................... ............................. 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.2 e.o 2.5 2.0 2.3 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.4 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.4 1.4 1.7 1.6 2.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.7 2.2 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 2.8 1.0 2.4 .5 1.7 .7 1.6 1.0 1.4 .8 2.2 .7 2.6 .9 2.0 1.2 1.2 .8 1.5 .8 1.5 1.9 .7 2.5 1.7 1.4 1.0 2.0 .9 1.7 1.8 .7 2.4 1.7 2.1 1.1 2.1 .9 1.4 1.9 .9 2.6 2.1 3.4 1.4 2.5 1.3 1.8 2.1 .9 3.6 1.9 40 1.7 2.3 .9 1.4 1.8 .8 3.5 2.0 2.7 2.0 2.4 1.2 1.3 1.9 LI 2.1 1.6 2.2 2.4 2.7 1.3 1.3 1.9 .9 1.6 1.4 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.3 1.0 1.8 .7 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.2 8.3 .8 2.2 2.2 1.7 2.8 3.4 1.4 1.3 4.4 .7 1.3 1.8 1.4 3.1 1.9 1.3 .9 2.0 .7 1.3 1.3 1.7 3.2 1.5 1.1 .9 1.7 .5 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.6 .9 .9 1.7 .5 2.8 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.9 1.7 1.4 3.5 .9 8.1 2.1 2.4 3.0 3.1 1.9 1.6 3.6 1.0 2.4 2.0 1.8 3.6 10.6 5.8 2.4 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.2 3.2 1.7 2.8 2.7 1.0 2.8 .9 1.7 2.8 6.0 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.6 2.8 8.4 1.1 1.7 1.1 2.4 4.4 5.6 1.6 2.6 1.5 2.8 4.7 9.8 1.9 4.0 1.3 2.7 5.0 15.7 1.6 2.6 1.3 2.6 5.4 9.3 1.2 2.5 1.2 2.2 4.5 2.5 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.6 3.1 1.0 1.0 1.7 .9 1.9 3.2 1.1 1.2 2.9 .9 1.4 2.4 1.3 .8 2.1 .7 1.7 2.7 1.6 .9 2.9 .8 1.9 3.1 4.5 1.0 3.2 .8 2.2 3.7 4.6 1.3 3.1 1.1 2.2 3.6 4.5 1.5 3.2 1.2 .7 .8 .9 .6 .8 .5 1.2 .7 1.3 .8 1.2 1.1 1.1 .8 1.1 .8 .9 .7 .7 .8 .8 1.0 .9 1.2 .8 .7 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .4 .7 .9 .8 .9 1.0 .6 .7 .6 .5 .3 .5 .5 .6 .6 1.2 2.5 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.5 1.6 3.4 1.9 2.0 1.6 2.3 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.1 .9 2.1 1.2 2.6 1.7 2.3 2.2 2.1 .4 2.3 1.4 1.6 .9 1.3 1.4 1.4 4.2 1.1 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.7 3.0 1.0 2.4 1.4 1.2 4.2 1.4 2.6 .7 3.7 .4 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.5 2.9 > Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre viously published. The Industry structure has been converted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing Industry and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now Included. Data Include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959; this inclusion has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates. Montb-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and non manufacturing industries as Indicated by labor turnover rates arc not com parable with the changes shown by the Bureau's employment series for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from mid month to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence oí such stoppages. » Preliminary. * Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the same firm are Included in total accessions and total separations; therefore, rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers comprise part of “ other accessions" and “ other separations," the rates for which are not shown separately. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 864 C.—Earnings and Hours T a b le C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry Annual average 1962 1963 Industry Feb. Apr.s Mar. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May $110.02 116.88 124.43 117.46 $111.10 118. 86 127. 51 121.24 $109.61 119.28 126.28 120.40 Apr. 1961 1960 Average weekly earnings Mining M etal mining_______________________ Iron ores........ .................. ..................... Copper ores........................................... $113.16 $111.38 117.38 118.49 119.27 116.73 124.26 125.71 $112.88 $112.34 $112.07 117.26 116.16 116. 57 116.05 118.95 115.36 121.69 121.12 121.41 $110.43 116. 44 119.56 120.13 $111.78 116.16 117.87 119.14 $112.88 118.12 122.61 120.98 $111.90 116.00 119. 87 117.99 $110. 70 $107.18 $105.44 118. 01 113.44 111. 19 125.86 115. 80 114.73 119.84 119.03 116.77 119.25 114.87 122.46 121.29 119. 57 111. 24 114.39 113. 62 113.15 102.30 115. 69 108.15 116.12 111. 34 110. 76 120.96 115.29 123. 56 121. 76 120. 71 111. 65 115.13 114.39 114.25 103.60 117.06 109. 47 117. 50 112. 73 112.77 Coal mining................................................. Bituminous.......................... ............... Crude petroleum and natural gas........... 111.19 110.77 110. 51 110.51 112.04 109.30 109.20 110.99 109.56 110. 83 107.74 108. 52 109.20 105.75 103.32 Crude petroleum and natural gas field s.. ______________________ 118. 90 117.45 117.33 120.38 118.28 114.37 113.0 C 118. 69 113.98 118.14 112. 72 112.31 114.37 113.15 108. 54 Oil and gas field services.................. 103.94 104.49 103. 76 100. 67 105. 71 104.40 105.90 103.82 104.84 103. 82 102. 67 105. 03 104.35 98. 67 98.31 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___ 107.25 102. 67 98.77 100.14 98.66 107.21 110.86 113.24 113.01 110. 66 107.62 107.38 102.93 100. 09 96.58 117. 71 108. 83 118. 48 113.4C 125.11 123. 08 112.67 103. 72 114. 77 110.00 119.60 118.11 Manufacturing__ ______ ________________ 97.76 98.09 97.20 97.44 98.42 97.36 96.72 97. 68 95. 75 96.80 97.27 96.80 96. 56 92. 34 Durable goods___________________ 106.37 106.4£ 106.23 105.82 107. 53 106.19 105.37 105.88 103. 8£ 104. 45 105.47 105.22 105.22 100.1C Nondurable goods_______________ 86.19 87.07 86.24 86.24 86.94 86.72 85.72 86.80 86.18 86.80 87.02 86.37 85. 54 82.92 89.72 97.44 80.36 Contract construction....................................... General building contractors_________ H eavy construction_________________ Highway and street construction... Other heavy construction________ Special trade contractors________ ____ 123.79 116.16 121.06 117.18 125.87 130. 67 121.99 113.34 114. 95 109. OS 120.96 129.60 117.29 108. 85 108.12 99.64 116.49 125.24 120.01 111.11 113.54 107.16 120.05 128.13 117.97 108. 55 109.20 104. 24 115.63 127.41 120.88 113. 34 117.61 115.02 121.13 127.45 126. 82 117.12 127. 2C 126. 58 128.86 133.16 128.21 117. 81 129.38 128. 62 129. 68 134.23 127. 26 116. 92 130. 5C 129. 65 131. 04 132.38 125. 57 115.92 127. 67 126.44 128. 54 131. 65 121. 45 111.91 122.13 119.13 126.48 127.72 123.44 114.14 124. 07 120. 70 128. 86 129.46 120. 01 112. 10 116.3S 110. 09 124. 09 126.34 Average weekly hours M ining___ _____ ________ _____ _________ M etal mining___________________ _ Iron ores_______________________ Copper ores_______ ____ ________ 41.3 40.9 38.6 43.6 40.5 41.0 37.9 43.8 40.9 41.0 37.8 43.0 41.0 40.9 39.0 42.8 40.9 40.9 37.7 42.9 40.9 41.0 39.2 42.6 41.4 40.9 38.9 42.1 41.5 41.3 40.2 42.3 41.6 40.7 39.3 41.4 Coal mining____ Bitum inous. 38.1 38.4 36.7 36.6 39.0 39.1 39.0 38.9 38.2 38.2 36.0 35.9 36.9 36.9 36.3 36.2 36.5 36.5 Crude petroleum and natural gas Crude petroleum and natural gas fields..... ........................................... Oil and gas field services.............. . 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.7 42.6 42.2 42.0 42.2 42.3 41.0 42.6 40.5 43.0 40.6 42.7 41.8 41.6 41.5 43.5 40.7 43.5 40.5 43.4 41.5 42.9 41.0 43.5 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___ 40.9 41.3 40.4 41.8 41.3 42.0 41.4 43.3 40.9 42 0 41.0 43.0 41.0 41.7 40.6 42.8 40.6 41.4 38.6 43.6 40.4 41.8 39.7 44.4 37.2 37.4 35.0 35.2 37.1 37.3 35.8 35.9 35.5 35.8 42.3 41.6 41.9 42.0 41.8 42.0 41.6 42.9 40.4 42.6 40.4 43.4 40.7 43.3 40.7 42.9 40.5 43.5 44.5 42.6 41.5 41.9 40.6 44.3 46.0 46.6 46.7 46.3 45.6 45.5 43.8 43.9 43.7 Contract construction__________________ General building contractors................. H eavy construction________________ Highway and street construction.. Other heavy construction............... Special trade contractors.......... .............. . 37.4 36.3 41.6 42.0 41.0 36.5 36.2 35.2 39.1 38.8 39.4 35.8 34.7 33.7 36.9 36.1 37.7 34.5 35.4 34.4 38.1 37.6 38.6 35.2 34.8 33.4 36.4 35.7 37.3 35.1 36.3 35.2 39.6 39.8 39.2 35.6 38.2 36.6 42.4 43.2 41.3 37.3 38.5 36.7 42.7 43.6 41.3 37.6 38.8 37.0 43.5 44.4 42.0 37.5 38.4 36.8 42.7 43.6 41.2 37.4 37.6 36.1 41.4 41.8 40.8 36.7 38.1 36.7 42.2 42.8 41.3 37.2 36.7 35.7 39.3 38.9 39.9 36.2 36.9 35.8 40.3 40.5 40.1 36.2 36.7 35.4 40.7 41.2 40.0 35.9 Manufacturing__ ____ ________________ Durable goods____ _____________ Nondurable goods______________ 39.9 40.6 39.0 40.2 40.8 39.4 40.0 40.7 39.2 40.1 40.7 39.2 40.5 41.2 39.7 40.4 41.0 39.6 40.3 41.0 39.5 40.7 41.2 40.0 40.4 40.9 39.9 40.5 40.8 40.0 40.7 41.2 40.1 40.5 41.1 39.8 40.4 41.1 39.6 39.8 40.2 39.3 39.7 40.1 39.2 $2. 69 2. 83 3. 08 2.81 $2. 69 2.83 3.08 2.80 $2. 68 2. 84 3. 08 2. 80 $2.70 2. 83 3.10 2.80 $2. 64 2.74 3.00 2. 73 $2.61 2.66 2.89 2.63 3.11 3.13 3.09 3.11 3.13 3.15 3.11 3.14 3.12 3.15 Average hourly earnings M ining....................... . M etal mining__ Iron ores___ Copper ores. . $2.74 2.87 3.09 2.85 $2. 75 2.89 3.08 2.87 $2.76 2.86 3.07 2.83 $2.74 2.84 3.05 2.83 $2.74 2. 85 3.06 2.83 $2.70 2. 84 3. 05 2.82 $2.70 2. 84 3.03 2.83 $2. 72 2.86 3.05 2.86 $2. 69 2.85 3. 05 2.85 3.13 3.15 3.13 3.15 3.14 3.16 3.11 3.13 3.13 3.16 3.09 3.11 3.10 3.12 3.13 3.16 3.10 3.13 . 2.66 2. 65 2.65 2.65 2.63 2.59 2.60 2.63 2.59 2.62 2. 59 2.59 2.60 2. 53 2.46 . 2.90 2.44 2. 90 2.43 2.89 2.43 2.88 2.42 2.85 2.43 2. 81 2.40 2.79 2.44 2. 86 2.42 2.78 2. 41 2.84 2.42 2. 79 2.41 2. 78 2.42 2. 81 2.41 2. 78 2.30 2.68 2.26 Quarrying and nonmetallic m in in g ... . 2.41 2.41 2.38 2.39 2.43 2.42 2.41 2.43 2.42 2.39 2.36 2.36 2.35 2.28 2.21 Contract construction__________________ _ General building contractors________ H eavy construction________________ Highway and street construction. Other heavy construction_______ Special trade contractors____________ . 3.31 3.20 2.91 2.79 3.07 3.58 3.37 3.22 2.94 2.81 3.07 3.62 3.38 3.23 2. 93 2. 76 3.0£ 3.63 3.39 3.23 2.98 2.85 3.11 3.64 3.39 3.25 3.00 2. 92 3.10 3.63 3.33 3.22 2.97 2. 89 3.09 3.58 3.32 3 .2C 3 .0C 2.93 3.12 3.57 3.33 3. 21 3.03 2.95 3.14 3. 57 3.28 3.16 3. OC 2.92 3.12 3.53 3.27 3.15 2.99 2.90 3.12 3.52 3.23 3.10 2.95 2. 85 3.10 3.48 3.24 3.11 2. 94 2. 82 3.12 3.48 3.27 3.14 2.96 2. 83 3.11 3.49 3.19 3.04 2. 94 2. 80 3.12 3.40 3.07 2.93 2.82 2.67 2.99 3.29 Manufacturing................................................. Durable goods................................... Nondurable goods_____________ _ 2.45 2.62 2.21 2. 44 2.61 2.21 2.43 2. 61 2.20 2.43 2.6C 2.20 2.43 2.61 2.19 2.41 2. 59 2.19 2.40 2.57 2.17 2.40 2. 57 2.17 2.37 2. 54 2.16 2.39 2. 56 2.17 2.39 2. 56 2.17 2.39 2. 56 2.17 2.39 2. 56 2.16 2. 32 2.49 2.11 2.26 2.43 2.05 . . Coal mining___ Bitum inous. Crude petroleum and natural gas. Oil and gas field services. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 865 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Annual average 1962 1963 Industry Apr.> Mar. Feb. Jan. Dee. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods Ordnance and accessories____________ Ammunition except for small a r m s.................................. ............. Sighting and fire control equipm ent_____ ____________________ Other ordnance and accessories___ Lumber and wood products, except furniture............. ..................................... Sawmills and planiDg mills............ Millwork, plywood, and related products______________________ Wooden containers._____ ________ Miscellaneous wood products.......... Furniture and fixtures_________ _____ Household furniture_____________ Office furniture__________________ Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures______ $116.52 $119.19 $120.35 $120.64 $120.96 $118.69 $117.01 $117.01 $115.34 $115.18 $116.88 $117.16 $118.43 $113.42 $108.67 116.93 117. 86 119.31 119.02 120.06 118.37 116. 69 117.38 116.00 114.97 116.00 116. 72 117. 26 115.49 110.29 122. 91 127.98 128.29 128.35 131.24 128.87 125. 58 125. 40 122.78 122.36 126. 48 126. 60 129. 60 117. 27 113.16 112.31 116. 05 117. 59 117.74 116.06 113.44 111. 79 112.06 110. 70 110. 70 112.19 111.65 112.88 108.39 103.17 78.41 72. 00 77. 42 71.16 77.03 70.80 76.83 70. 77 78.01 71.02 79.00 72.31 79.60 72. 98 82.01 75.30 81.80 74. 48 80.40 73. 75 80.40 73. 60 79. 59 73.12 77.82 70. 59 77.03 68.99 73.71 67.20 87.74 67.13 72.36 87.12 65.01 73.12 86.48 64. 91 72.90 86.48 64.02 73.08 87.53 64.12 72.80 86.90 65. 76 73. 71 86. 48 67.06 73.44 88. 81 68. 21 74. 62 88. 82 68.30 73.49 87.12 68. 71 72.00 87. 56 67.89 73.49 88. 81 67. 73 72.85 87.13 66. 90 72. 62 84.03 63.12 69.77 81.19 62.17 69.32 81.58 80.16 81.34 81.54 80.54 78.18 79.95 78.38 78. 76 76. 21 78.02 76. 63 77.38 77.15 75.99 73.38 74.85 73. 75 74.30 71.46 95.40 91.77 91.39 92. 57 92.34 92.52 93.61 92.80 92. 57 90. 54 99. 04 100. 65 107. 01 107.87 108.38 105.16 106. 01 104.17 100.85 100. 53 82.21 81.20 81.61 82.41 81.79 80.39 83.43 81.20 81.00 80.20 75.20 70.45 90.42 96. 72 78.78 78.01 79.19 78.79 78.60 74.21 75.36 74. 96 74.19 92. 63 93.15 92.29 94.07 98.28 101. 20 100. 58 101.85 81.19 79.98 81.18 80.99 Average weekly hours Ordnance and accessories------------------Ammunition except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipment_________________________ Other ordnance and accessories___ Lumber and wood products except furniture....................................... ........... Sawmills and planing m ills............. Millwork, plywood, and related products______________________ Wooden containers______________ Miscellaneous wood products_____ Furniture and fixtures_______________ Household furniture........................— O ffic e furniture__________________ Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures_____— 40.6 40.6 41.1 40.5 41.5 41.0 41.6 40.9 42.0 41.4 41.5 41.1 41.2 40.8 41.2 40.9 40.9 40.7 40.7 40.2 41.3 40.7 41.4 41.1 41.7 41.0 40.8 41.1 40.7 41.0 40.7 40.4 42.1 41.3 42.2 41.7 42.5 41.9 43.6 41.6 43.1 41.1 42.0 41.1 41.8 41.2 41.2 41.0 41.2 41.0 42.3 41.4 42.2 41.2 43.2 41.5 40.3 40.9 41.0 40.3 39.6 40.0 39.3 39.1 39.3 38.9 39.2 39.1 39.2 38.6 39.5 39.3 40.0 40.1 40.8 40.7 40.9 40.7 40.4 40.3 40.4 40.0 40.4 40.4 39.5 39.0 39.5 39.2 39.0 39.3 41.0 40.2 40.2 40.9 39.4 40.4 40.6 39.1 40.5 40.6 38.8 40.6 40.9 39.1 40.0 40.8 40.1 40.5 40.6 40.4 40.8 41.5 40.6 41.0 41.7 40.9 40.6 40.9 40.9 40.0 41.3 40.9 40.6 41.5 40.8 40.7 41.1 40.3 40.8 40.4 39.7 40.1 39.8 39.6 40.3 39.8 39.9 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.3 40.1 40.1 41.2 41.5 40.9 41.2 41.5 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.3 41.3 40.3 40.1 41.0 40.9 40.4 40.3 40.6 40.6 39.9 39.7 40.0 39.8 4 0 .1 40. 5 4 0 .3 40. 9 4 1 .3 3 9 .9 40. 8 40. 6 40. 5 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 40. 6 4 0 .6 4 1 .1 39.0 39.8 40.0 39.4 39.6 39.6 40.1 39.7 39.3 40.3 40.1 40.2 41.8 40.4 42.3 41.0 42.5 41.1 41.4 40.6 41.9 41.3 41.5 40.2 40.5 40.1 40.7 40.3 40.3 40.4 Average hourly earnings Ordnance and accessories____________ Ammunition except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipment___ _____________________ Other ordnance and accessories....... $2. 87 2. 88 $2. 90 2.91 $2.90 2.91 $2.90 2.91 $2.88 2.90 $2.86 2.88 $2.84 2.86 $2.84 2.87 $2. 82 2.85 $2.83 2.86 $2.83 2.85 $2.83 2.84 $2.84 2.86 $2. 78 2.81 $2.67 2.69 3.02 2.78 3. 04 2. 81 3.04 2.82 3.02 2.81 3.01 2. 79 2.99 2. 76 2.99 2. 72 3.00 2.72 2.98 2. 70 2.97 2.70 2.99 2.71 3.00 2. 71 3.00 2.72 2.91 2. 65 2.76 2.56 Lumber and wood products except furniture__________________________ Sawmills and planing mills............ Millwork, plywood, and related products______________________ Wooden containers...................... ....... Miscellaneous wood products.......... 1.98 1.80 1.97 1.82 1.96 1.82 1.96 1.81 1.99 1.84 2.00 1.84 1.99 1.82 2.01 1.85 2.00 1.83 1.99 1. 82 1.99 1.84 1.97 1.81 1.97 1.81 1.95 1.76 1.89 1.71 2.14 1.67 1.80 2.13 1.65 1.81 2.13 1.66 1.80 2.13 1.65 1.80 2.14 1. 64 1.82 2.13 1.64 1.82 2.13 1.66 1.80 2.14 1.68 1.82 2.13 1.67 1.81 2.13 1.68 1.80 2.12 1.66 1.81 2.14 1.66 1.79 2.12 1.66 1.78 2.08 1.59 1.74 2.04 1. 57 1.72 Furniture and fixtures_______________ Household furniture_____________ Office furniture__________ _______ Partitions, office and store fixtures. Other furniture and fixtures......... 1.96 1.86 2.31 2. 52 2.04 1.97 1.87 2.30 2. 53 2. 03 1.96 1.86 2.29 2. 54 2.05 1.96 1.85 2.30 2. 54 2.04 1.98 1.88 2.31 2.52 2.04 1.96 1.86 2.30 2.51 2.02 1.96 1.86 2. 24 2.56 2.02 1.96 1.85 2. 28 2. 55 2.01 1.95 1.84 2.28 2.55 1.99 1.94 1.83 2.29 2. 54 1.98 1.95 1.83 2.30 2. 53 2.02 1.94 1.83 2.28 2. 51 2.02 1.94 1.83 2.28 2.49 2. 02 1.91 1.80 2.23 2.47 1.99 1.77 2.20 2.40 1.95 See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le . 6 9 0 -7 8 3 — 63 -8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 .8 8 866 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Apr.* Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 Average weekly earnings M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d Durable pood*—C o n tin u e d S tone, clay , a n d glass p ro d u c ts .......... $101.11 $99.23 $97.36 $97.11 $97.84 $100.28 $100.85 $101.50 $101.57 F l a t glass................................................ . 131.66 130. 65 127.92 129.26 130. 42 133.06 127.59 126.94 125.78 G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or b lo w n ....................................... ........... . 98.00 100. 40 100.40 100.15 99.14 99.14 98. 49 97.76 98.09 C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ............................... 119. 99 112. 87 111.63 112.16 111.50 115.21 114. 26 116. 62 115. 93 S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts .................... 90. 06 86.67 84.56 85.41 85.81 86. 90 87. 56 87. 34 87. 97 P o tte ry a n d related p ro d u c ts _____ 89. 77 89.70 88.53 88.08 89.67 90.45 90.68 89. 82 87.64 C o n crete, g y p su m , a n d p la ste r p ro d u c ts .............................................. . 104.11 99.07 93.93 94.40 95.60 102. 96 105. 36 108.14 108. 66 O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts .. 100. 7S 100.28 100.04 98.15 99.14 99.88 99.55 99.80 100.12 P rim a ry m e ta l In d u s trie s ......................... . B la s t fu rn ace a n d b asic steel p ro d u c ts .............................. ............... . Iro n a n d steel fou n d rie s...................... N on ferrous sm eltin g a n d re fin in g ... N o n ferrous rolling, d ra w in g , a n d e x tru d in g ........................ ................... . N o n ferro u s fo u n d rie s_____________ M iscellan eo u s p rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s _________________ ____ _ $100. 67 $100.43 $99.60 $98.16 $95. 24 $92.97 126.81 127.92 125.02 120.01 122.68 127.35 98.00 100. 37 99.06 98.98 95. 44 91.94 117 60 114.12 113. 85 110 02 106. 52 102. 87 87. 54 88.17 88.60 87 54 84.45 82. 21 87.69 86.85 85.58 85.80 82.30 81.37 105. 67 104.28 103.60 100.60 99. 87 99.29 99.64 99 05 97.10 96.05 93.04 93.79 127.82 122.91 122.21 120.80 120.39 117.91 116.92 118.80 116.23 116.62 119.10 118.50 123.11 114.95 109.59 141.02 131.27 129.89 128.44 126.68 123.39 122. 42 125.00 122.68 121 77 123. 71 110.15 110. 56 110.83 108. 54 109.88 107. 73 106. 52 107.45 103. 34 106.90 109. 41 120. 56 116. 62 116.05 116.20 117.04 116.47 114.52 116. 47 116.03 114.80 116.05 115. 51 116. 62 116.34 116.47 118.00 116.62 115.09 116.05 113.98 115.35 118.80 103.79 104.96 105.63 105.88 105.73 103.79 103. 94 103.12 101.30 101.25 104.42 124.68 132. 84 122. 92 116.13 106.90 106. 37 98. 81 96. 61 113.85 113.02 109.48 108.09 115. 90 117.85 111.76 105.01 103. 73 104. 33 100. 35 97.51 126.07 126.99 128.02 130.09 128.94 125.14 123.60 126.12 123.49 121.88 124.38 123.19 123.79 116.98 112.93 A v erag e weekly h o u rs S tone, clay , a n d glass p r o d u c t s ............. F la t glass................................................ . G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or b lo w n .................................................... C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ______ _________ S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts __________ P o tte ry a n d related p ro d u c ts ........... C oncrete, g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p ro d u e ts .............................................. . O th e r stone a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts .. P rim a ry m e tal In d u s trie s ....... ................. B la st fu rn ace a n d b asic steel p ro d u c ts .................................. ............ Iron a n d steel fou n d rie s...................... N o n ferro u s s m e ltln g a n d re fin in g ... N o n ferro u s rolling, d ra w in g , a n d e x t r u d in g .......................................... . N onferrous fo u n d ries_____________ M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e ta l In d u s trie s ________________________ 41.1 39.3 40.5 39.0 39.9 38.3 39.8 38.7 40.1 38.7 41.1 39.6 41.5 38.9 41.6 38.7 41.8 38.7 41.6 38.9 41.5 39.0 41.5 38.0 40.9 36.7 40.7 38.7 40.6 40. S 39.2 42.1 41. 5 39.2 40.0 40.0 40.5 39.0 40.0 40.3 39.7 39.0 39.9 40.2 40.1 38.8 40.3 40.4 40.1 39.5 40.3 41.0 40.8 40.2 40.2 41.1 41.3 40.3 39.9 41.5 41.2 40.1 40.2 41.7 41.3 39.3 40.0 42.0 41.1 38.8 40.8 41.2 41.2 38.6 40.6 41.4 41.4 38.9 40.4 40.9 41.1 39.0 40.1 40.6 40.6 38.1 39.8 40.5 40.3 38.2 43.2 40.8 41.8 40.6 39.8 40.5 40.0 39.9 40.0 40.3 42.9 40.6 43.9 40.8 44.5 40.9 44.9 41.2 44.4 41.4 44.0 41.1 43.9 41.2 42.4 41.1 42.4 40.7 42.1 40.6 41.5 40.7 40.6 40.4 40.4 39.7 39.5 40.0 39.4 39.4 40.1 39.9 40.9 39.5 39.0 41.6 41.1 42.3 39.9 41.1 41.5 39.6 41.2 41.3 39.4 40.5 41.5 39.1 41.0 41.8 38.2 40.5 41.3 37.9 40.5 40.9 38 7 40.7 41.3 38.1 39.9 41.0 37.7 40.8 41.0 38.3 41.6 41.3 38.6 40.8 41.1 40.5 40.6 40.8 38.9 38.9 40.7 38.2 38.8 41.1 41.7 40.7 42.1 41.0 42.0 41.1 42.2 41.2 42.6 41.3 42.1 40.7 41.7 40.6 42.2 40.6 41.6 40.2 42.1 40.5 43.2 41.6 42.3 41.0 42.7 41.4 41 7 40.3 40.7 39.8 41.2 41.5 41.7 42.1 42.0 41.3 41.2 41.9 41.3 40.9 41.6 41.2 41.4 40.2 39.9 A v erag e h o u rly ea rn in g s S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts .............. . F la t glass................................................. G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or b lo w n ........................................... ......... C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ____ __________ S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts __________ P o tte ry a n d related p ro d u c ts ........... C o n cre te, g y p su m , a n d p la ste r p ro d u c ts _______________________ O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts .. P rim a ry m e ta l In d u s trie s ......................... . B la s t fu rn ace a n d b asic steel p ro d u c ts ...................... ....................... . Iro n a n d steel fou n d rie s___________ N o n ferro u s s m e ltln g a n d re fin in g ... N o n ferro u s rolling, d ra w in g , a n d e x tru d in g .............................................. N o n ferro u s fo undries_____________ M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e ta l In d u s trie s ______ ____________ ____ _ See fo o tn o tes a t e n d of ta b le, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.46 3.35 $2.45 3. 35 $2.44 3.34 $2.44 3. 34 $2.44 3.37 $2.44 3.36 $2.43 3.28 $2.44 3.28 $2.43 3.25 $2. 42 3.26 $2.42 3.28 $2.40 3.29 $2. 40 3.27 $2.34 3.17 $2.29 3.16 2. 50 2. 85 2.17 2.29 2. 51 2.78 2.14 2.30 2. 51 2. 77 2.13 2.27 2.51 2.79 2.13 2.27 2.46 2. 76 2.14 2.27 2.46 2.81 2.13 2.25 2. 45 2.78 2.12 2.25 2.45 2. 81 2.12 2.24 2.44 2.78 2.13 2.23 2.45 2.80 2.13 2.26 2. 46 2.77 2.14 2.25 2. 44 2.75 2.14 2.20 2. 45 2.69 2.13 2.20 2.38 2.63 2.08 2.16 2.31 2. 54 2.04 2.13 2.41 2.47 2. 37 2.47 2.36 2.47 2.36 2.46 2.39 2.46 2.40 2.46 2.40 2.44 2.43 2.44 2.42 2.43 2.38 2.43 2.37 2.43 2.36 2.41 2.35 2.41 2.29 2.36 2.21 2.31 3.08 3.02 3.01 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.97 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.97 3.01 2.91 2.81 3.39 2.68 2.85 3.29 2.69 2.81 3.28 2.69 2.81 3.26 2.68 2.80 3. 24 2.68 2.80 2.23 2. 66 2.82 3.23 2.63 2.80 3.23 2.64 2.82 3.22 2. 69 2.83 3.23 2.62 2.80 3.23 2.63 2.81 3.23 2.62 2. 77 3.28 2.62 2. 77 3.16 2. 54 2.69 3.04 2.49 2.63 2. 77 2.55 2. 77 2. 56 2.77 2. 57 2.76 2.57 2.77 2.56 2.77 2.55 2.76 2. 66 2. 75 2. 54 2.74 2.62 2.74 2.50 2. 75 2.51 2.74 2.53 2.76 2.52 2.68 2.49 2.58 2.45 3.06 3.06 3.07 3.09 3.07 3.03 3.00 3.01 2.99 2.98 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.91 2. 83 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 867 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1963 Industry Apr.» | Mar. 1 Feb. [ Jan. Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Fabricated metal products_______ _ Metal cans_____________________ Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware_____________________ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures____ _____ Fabricated structural metal prod ucts________________ Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings____________ Coating, engraving, and allied services.......................... . . Miscellaneous fabricated wire prod ucts............................................. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____________ Machinery_________________ Engines and turbines____________ Farm machinery and equipm ent... Construction and related machinery.. Metalworking machinery arid equipment__________ Special industry machinery............ General industrial machinery.......... Office, computing and accounting machines___________ Service industry machines Miscellaneous m a ch in ery ............. Fabricated metal p rod u cts........... Metal cans______________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware______________ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures____________ Fabricated structural metal products.................................. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stam pings................... Coating, engraving, and allied services........ ................... ......... Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.......... ................................. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products______________________ Machinery_________________ Engines and turbines_________ Farm machinery and equipm ent... Construction and related machinery.. Metalworking machinery and equipment_____________ Special industrial machinery General industrial machinery Office, computing, and accounting machines................... Service industry machines Miscellaneous machinery__ Fabricated metal products___________ Metal cans______________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware........................ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures........................... Fabricated structural metal products............... ............. . Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Meta! stampings_______ Coating, engraving, and allied services..................................... Miscellaneous fabricated wire products_______ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products__________________ Machinery____ ________________ Engines and turbines.................. Jarm machinery and equipment__ Construction and related machinery. Metalworking machinery and equipment_____________ Special industry machinery General industrial machinery__ Office, computing, and accounting machines......................... Service industry m achines.............. Miscellaneous machinery________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Annual average 1962 Dec. j Nov. j Oct. | Sept. Aug. I July June May Apr. 1961 I 1960 Average weekly earnings $104. 7 $105. 6 7 $105.2 6 $105. 73 $106.3 [) $105. 63 $105. 7 $106. 6 $105.3 2 $104.3 $106. 7 $105. 7 $104.3 $100.8 $98.82 124.4 122.5 120.8 8 122.2 122.4 8 119.9 9 123.2 1 133.1 131.5 133.1 131.6 127.0 125.2 121.8 114.68 99.9 102.0 101.5 9 102.8 103.5 3 103.3 4 101.2 100.3 96.8 97.5 101.4 100.7( 98.0 93. 9, 93.03 97.0 98.4 98.3 98.8 98.2 98.8 3 100.9 101.3 100.6 98. 6. 100.78 97.2 96. V 94.5( 91. 20 105.0 104.5 104.2 103.8 105.0 104.7 106.1 107.38 107. 105.3' 106.41 105.3' 105.0 102. 4' 99. 47 105. 5( 106.6 107.1 108.4 108.8 106 0 104.7. 107. 6( 105.01 104.7, 105.58 105.31 105.6, 98. 9( 95. 58 112.0 113. 3( 112.7 113.0 113.4 113.1 112.5f 112. 5f 111.4, 109.2 111. 77 113. 2, 110. 97 105.0 107. 74 92. 5' 94. i: 92.3' 93.98 92. 7( 93. 7S 92.5, 90. 9t 91.67 95.5" 94.07 95.4£ 90.37 86.43 91.5 95.2‘ 97.34 97.3 98. Of 97.7( 96. r 96.6t 97.2S 103. 5' 113. 5S 117.91 112. 0" 113. 57 104. 6C 115. 51 123. 8f 113. o: 113.8£ 103.81 114.81 122. 71 113. 58 113. 44 104.4£ 113.98 120.58 112.0112.75 105.4 114. 2f 121. 9£ 110.8-1 112. 48 104.7 112. 7, 120.8( 108. 94 111. 6( 105.41 112.61 120. 8t 108. 81 112. 75 105.6/ 112. 74 120.8C 107.87 112.61 96.61 95.94 98.6£ 1U4. o l 112. 32 119. 61 107. 33 112.88 JLUU. it 112. 5£ 115.34 106. 67 113. 42 114.0£ 120. 77 107. 4fi 113.42 97.57 97.11 114. OS 121. Of 107.45 113.42 113. 67 120. 54 109.03 111. 78 94. 4S 90.50 96.96 107. If 104. 55 114 11 109. 69 103 46 99.85 106.52 102.66 127. 74 130. 52 128.32 126. 58 126. 44 123.2£ 122.26 123.12 123.12 125.86 128.04 128. 48 128. 62 116.90 117.27 107. 17 108. 88 107. 94 108. 71 109. 06 106. 43 106. 43 108.38 106. 01 106. 43 108. 46 108.03 106. 42 101.43 99. 72 110. 29 111. 38 111. 38 110.84 112. 06 111. 52 111.79 111.38 111. 24 111.37 112.86 112.17 111.49 105.04 101. 71 113.93 114. 90 114.21 113.81 114.09 112.84 112.31 113.68 111.78 114. 96 112.06 111.78 111.78 111.24 106.23 100. 75 102. 31 100.90 100. 50 100. 35 100. 75 99. 94 100.04 99.55 102.01 103. 57 99.87 100.04 95.84 93.43 108. 94 110. 30 109.62 110.66 112.14 109 72 109. 82 109.39 108. 29 108. 45 108. 29 108.63 108. 54 104.00 101.20 Average weekly hours 40.6 40.8 40.8 41.0 41.2 41. 1 41.3 41.5 41.3 40.9 41.7 41.3 41. 1 40.5 40.5 41.2 41.0 40.7 40.9 41.1 40.4 41.5 43.5 43.4 43.8 43.6 42.2 41.9 42.0 41.4 40.3 40.8 40.8 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.0 40.8 40.2 40.3 41.4 41.1 40 1 40.7 39.8 39.3 39.7 39.8 40.0 39.6 40.0 40.7 40.7 40.6 40.1 40.8 39.7 39.4 39 4 3Q 0 40.4 41.7 41.2 40.2 42.0 41.5 40.1 42.2 41.6 40.1 42.7 41.7 40.4 42.7 42.0 40.6 42.1 41.9 41.0 41.9 42.0 41.3 42.7 42.0 41.5 42.0 41.9 41.0 41.9 40.6 41.4 42.4 42.0 41.0 42.3 42.1 40.7 42.6 41. 7 40. 5 40. 7 40.7 41 40.6 41.1 40.5 40.7 41.4 41.2 41.5 41.5 40.6 40.9 42.1 41.6 41.7 40.5 40.2 40. fl 40. 5 0 40.2 40.9 40.9 41.2 41.4 41.1 41.3 41.4 41.3 41.0 41.8 41.5 41.5 40.9 40.4 40.3 41.3 39.7 40.9 41.0 40.7 41.7 41.0 41.1 41.1 40.4 41.6 40.9 41.3 41.1 40.5 41.6 40.6 40.9 41.0 40.7 41.7 40.8 40.6 40.9 40.6 41.3 40.4 40.2 40.9 40.7 41.4 40.4 40.3 41.3 40.8 41.6 40.4 40.4 41.4 40.2 41.6 40.3 40.5 41.5 39.9 41.7 39.5 40.1 41.7 40.» 42.1 40.8 40.4 41.7 40.6 42.1 40.9 40.7 41.7 40.8 42.1 41.0 41.3 41.4 40.4 40. 9 39. 9 40 1 40. 5 39.9 39 0 40 X 40.1 43.3 41.7 40.4 43.8 42.2 40.8 43.5 42.0 40.8 43.2 42.3 40.9 43.3 42.6 41.2 42.5 41.9 41.0 42.6 41.9 41.1 42.9 42.5 41.1 42.9 41.9 41.2 43.4 41.9 41.4 44.0 42.7 41.8 44.0 42.7 41.7 44.2 42.4 41.6 41.9 41. 4 40.4 42.8 419 40.2 40.4 40.3 41.9 40.6 40.6 42.1 40.5 40.2 42.0 40.5 40.2 42.4 40.6 40.3 42.8 41.5 41.3 42.2 40.6 42.1 42.3 40.5 41.1 42.6 40.5 41.0 42.4 41.2 40.1 41.6 40.7 40 1 41.5 $2.58 3.02 $2. 59 2.99 $2. 58 2.97 $2.58 2.99 $2. 58 2 .9S 40.3 40.4 40.6 40.5 40.3 40.3 40.5 40.8 42.2 42.4 42.4 42.3 Average hourly earnings $2.57 $2. 56 $2. 57 $2. 55 2.97 2.97 3.06 3.03 $2. 55 3.04 $2. 56 3.02 $2. 56 3.01 $2. 54 2.99 $2.49 2. 90 $2. 44 2. 77 2.48 2.50 2.49 2.49 2.50 2. 49 2. 47 2. 46 2.41 2.42 2.45 2. 45 2.41 2.36 2.32 2.47 2.48 2.47 2.47 2.48 2. 47 2. 48 2.49 2.48 2.46 2. 47 2.45 2. 44 2.40 2. 34 2. 60 2.53 2.72 2.60 2.54 2.73 2.60 2. 54 2.71 2.59 2.54 2. 71 2.60 2. 55 2.70 2.58 2.52 2.70 2.59 2. 50 2.68 2.60 2. 52 2.68 2.59 2.50 2.66 2. 57 2. 50 2.69 2.57 2. 49 2.66 2.57 2.49 2.69 2. 58 2.48 2.66 2.53 2. 43 2.58 2. 45 2.36 2. 59 2.15 41 0 2.28 2.29 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.25 2.26 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.27 2.26 2 29 2.23 2.37 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.34 2.35 2.34 2.34 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.31 2.24 2.57 2. 75 2.97 2. 74 2. 77 2. 57 2. 77 3.02 2.75 2. 77 2.57 2. 76 3.00 2. 75 2.76 2.58 2.74 2. 97 2. 74 2.75 2.59 2. 74 2 99 2. 73 2. 75 2.58 2.73 2.99 2.71 2.73 2. 59 2. 72 2.99 2.70 2.73 2. 59 2. 71 2. 99 2.67 2.72 2.55 2.70 2.97 2. 65 2.72 2.51 2. 70 2.92 2.66 2.72 2.55 2.71 2.96 2.66 2.72 2.53 2. 71 2.96 2.64 2.72 2.52 2.70 2. 94 2. 64 2.70 2.48 2. 62 2. 86 2.58 2.63 2. 43 2.55 2.77 2. 49 2.56 2.95 2. 57 2. 73 2.98 2.58 2.73 2. 95 2. 57 2.73 2.93 2.57 2. 71 2.92 2. 56 2.72 2.90 2. 54 2.72 2.87 2. 54 2.72 2.87 2. 55 2.71 2. 87 2.53 2.70 2.90 2. 54 2.69 2.91 2.54 2.70 2.92 2.53 2.69 2. 91 2.51 2.68 2. 79 2. 45 2.60 2. 74 2.38 2.53 2.82 2. 50 2.60 2.83 2.52 2. 62 2. 82 2.51 2.61 2.81 2.50 2. 61 2.81 2.49 2. 62 2.80 2.50 2.60 2.78 2. 48 2. 59 2.80 2. 47 2.58 2.76 2. 44 2.58 2. 77 2. 47 2. 57 2.76 2. 46 2. 56 2.76 2. 43 2.55 2.76 2. 44 2.56 2.70 2. 39 2.50 2.61 2.33 2.44 868 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T a b le C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1963 Annual average 1962 Industry Apr.3 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. 1961 1960 July June M ay Apr. $96. 72 103.94 102.16 105. 04 $98.16 104. 81 104.33 105.15 $97.68 102. 72 103. 57 103. 72 $97.44 $94. 47 $90. 74 100. 50 101.00 97. 77 103. 32 99.38 95. 44 104.38 101.30 96.23 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued $97.84 104.78 103.38 107.71 $97.93 102.91 103.48 104.14 $99.96 107.12 103.38 108.36 $98.66 104. 75 103. 63 105.41 $98. 49 104. 60 103.07 105. 67 $99.22 105,22 103. 98 105.67 $97.20 102.97 102.41 106.08 Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment— Electrical industrial apparatus____ Household appliances____________ Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent________________ _______ Radio and TV receiving sets............ Communication equipment______ Electronic components and accessories__________ _______ - --Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies______________ -- - $96.87 103.60 102.36 105.85 Transportation equipment----------------Motor vehicles and equipment-----Aircraft and parts----------------------Ship and boat building and repairing-----------------------------------Railroad equipment-------------------Other transportation equipment. „ 121.66 123.85 123.55 124. 74 129.73 128.27 126.10 124. 49 119.19 121. 93 121.09 121.96 119. 97 113.81 111. 52 125.44 128.71 127. 38 129.63 138.40 137. 33 132. 24 131. 02 121.47 127.25 125.38 128. 01 124.66 115.09 115.21 118.90 120.18 121.76 122.64 123.94 123.09 122.80 120.38 119.11 118. 40 118. 56 118.14 118. 71 115.09 110. 43 $98.33 104.23 104. 81 104. 92 90.46 90.91 90.29 90.52 92.52 92.52 91.66 93.25 90.68 89.95 91.30 90. 45 90.68 87.91 83.44 85.97 86. 63 85. 75 87.34 85. 67 87.64 89.76 87.67 85. 75 87. 89 84.32 85. 72 82. 50 103.34 105.04 106.49 106.86 108.05 106.86 107.12 107. 90 105.26 103.94 105.47 106. 66 106. 40 102.31 84. 71 80.11 98.82 82.21 80.40 76.24 102.54 102.54 106.19 108.94 110.30 107.33 108.26 105.98 100.35 105. 41 105.92 105.41 104.08 96.32 93.93 82.35 83.79 82.56 82.37 83.20 82.40 82.80 83.02 81.39 80.58 83.03 82.82 118.84 119.66 118.15 118.20 119.02 115. 49 116. 06 116.35 118. 49 116. 28 114. 74 113. 68 111.72 110.92 103.75 118.40 121.47 115. 44 118.48 115.15 114.07 115.63 118. 89 119. 99 118. 60 121. 99 122. 70 120. 99 108. 39 107. 86 90.54 88.66 87.38 85.46 86.51 83.85 88.07 88. 78 89.01 86.24 89.24 87.33 87. 91 83. 71 80.13 Average weekly hours Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment— Electrical industrial apparatus____ Household appliances----------------Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent____ ___________ ____ Radio and TV receiving sets........ Communication equipment______ Electronic components and accessories----- -------- -- ---------Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies___________________ Transportation equipment____ ___ Motor vehicles and equipment____ Aircraft and parts_______________ Ship and Doat building and repairing___ _________________ Railroad equipment_______ ____ Other transportation eq u ip m en t... 39.7 40.0 40.3 40.4 40.1 40.3 40.7 40.8 40.3 40.4 41.1 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.9 39.9 40.8 41.2 40.7 41.2 40.6 40.6 40.8 40.7 40.7 40.7 40.9 40.8 41.0 41.1 41.1 40.8 40.5 40.7 40.8 40.8 40.3 40.6 40.7 40.4 40.9 41.1 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 41.1 40.2 40.6 40.2 41.0 40.3 40.2 40.4 40.4 40.2 39.8 40.4 40.1 39.6 39.5 38.1 39.9 39.7 38.9 40.4 39.6 39.2 40.8 39.7 38.8 41.1 40.4 39.7 41.4 40.4 39.3 41.1 40.2 40.2 41.2 40.9 40.8 41.5 40.3 40.4 40.8 39.8 39.7 40.6 40.4 40.5 41.2 40.2 39.4 41.5 40.3 39.5 41.5 39.6 39.1 40.6 39.4 38.7 40.5 39.4 39.9 39.5 39.6 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.3 39.7 39.5 40.5 40.4 40.3 40.2 39.5 39.9 41.0 41.9 42.1 41.6 41.8 41.4 40.3 41.5 41.7 41. 5 41.3 39.8 39.8 41.1 41.4 41.0 41.7 42.2 41.3 41.6 41.9 41.7 42.0 42.5 42. C 43.1 44.5 42.3 42.9 44.3 42.3 42.6 43.5 42.2 42.2 43.1 41.8 41.1 40.9 41.5 41.9 42.7 41.4 41.9 42.5 41.6 42.2 43.1 41.6 41.8 42.4 41.8 40.5 40.1 41.4 40.7 41.0 40.9 40.7 40.0 40.6 40.7 40.1 40.3 40.6 39.4 39.9 40. S 40.3 39.2 40.9 39.3 39.5 40.1 39.2 39.0 40.3 39.6 40.4 40.4 40.3 41.1 41.0 40.4 41.4 40.8 39.8 40.3 40.4 40.8 41.7 40.6 40.9 41.0 39.9 40.6 40.7 39.9 38.3 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.9 39.9 Average hourly earnings Electrical equipment and supplies____ Electric distribution equipment___ Electrical industrial apparatus____ Household appliances______ ____ Electric lighting and wiring equipment_____ . __ _ _______ Radio and TV receiving sets______ Communication equipment______ Electronic components and accessories_______ . . . . __ _______ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies__________________ $2.44 2.51 2.54 2.62 $2.44 2.66 2.54 2.64 $2.44 2.58 2. 55 2.61 $2.43 2.56 2 .5c 2.61 $2.45 2.60 2.54 2.63 $2.43 2.58 2. 54 2.59 $2.42 2.57 2. 52 2. 59 $2.42 2. 56 2.53 2. 59 $2. 40 2. 53 2. 51 2.60 $2. 40 2. 56 2.51 2.60 $2.40 2. 55 2.52 2.59 $2.40 2. 53 2.52 2.58 $2.40 2. 50 2. 52 2. 59 $2.35 2. 50 2. 46 2.52 $2.28 2.42 2.38 2.43 2.2Í 2.19 2.59 2.2Í 2.21 2.60 2.28 2.21 2.61 2.25 2.21 2.60 2.2Í 2. 20 2.61 2 .2Í 2.18 2.60 2.28 2.18 2.60 2.28 2.20 2.60 2.25 2.17 2. 58 2.26 2.16 2. 56 2.26 2.17 2.56 2.25 2.14 2. 57 2.25 2.17 2. 57 2.22 2.11 2.52 2.15 2.07 2.44 2.01 2.K 2 .0Í 2.05 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.00 1.93 2.57 2.57 2 .5Í 2 .6( 2.62 2.58 2.5Í 2. 56 2 .4Í 2. 54 2. 54 2.54 2.52 2. 42 2.36 Transportation equipment__________ Motor vehicles and equipment___ Aircraft and parts__________ ____ Ship and boat building and repairing__ . _______________ Railroad equipment____ ___ . . . . Other transportation equip m ent... 2.96 3.03 2.9C 2.97 3.05 2.9: 2.97 3.04 2.92 2.97 3.05 2.92 3.01 3.11 2.95 2.99 3.10 2.9: 2.96 3.04 2. 91 2. 95 3.04 2. 88 2.90 2. 97 2.87 2. 91 2. 98 2.86 2.89 2. 95 2. 85 2.89 2.97 2.84 2. 87 2. 94 2.8' 2.81 2. 87 2. 7Í 2.74 2.81 2. 70 2.92 2.96 2.23 2.9' 2.9 2.2C 2. 91 2.93 2. IS 2.8S 2.91 2.13 2.91 2.93 2.19 2.88 2.91 2. If 2.88 2. 92 2.18 2. 88 2.95 2.16 2. 8! 2.97 2.15 2.85 2. 98 2.14 2.8' 2.9! 2.14 2. 8( 3 .0( 2.13 2.80 2.98 2.1C 2. 7S 2. 8Í 2.13 2. 64 2.78 2.06 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 869 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1963 1962 Annual average In d u s tr y Apr. 2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 A verage w eek ly earn in g s M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d Durable goads— C o n tin u e d I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____ E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts .................. ................................... M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d control d ev ices___________ _____________ O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods____ S urgical, m ed ical, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip m e n t_________ _______ ____ P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lies......... ............. ................................. W a tch es a n d clocks_______________ M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g In d u s trie s ............................................................. __ Je w e lry , silv e rw a re , a n d p la te d w a r e ..................................................... T o y s, a m u se m e n t a n d s p o rtin g goods....... .............................. ............... P e n s , pencils, a n d office a n d a rt m a te ria ls ........- ............. ................... . C o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s _________________________ O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g In d u s trie s ___ $99. 54 $101. 59 $101.59 $100.28 $102.18 $101. 76 $100.61 $100.61 $100.04 $99. 55 $100.94 $99.80 $100.04 $97. 27 $93. 73 115.26 119.23 120.10 117.71 118.71 119. 28 119.00 118.43 118. 44 117.03 118.02 115. 79 114.39 112.48 110.95 100. 50 101.50 100.10 92. 80 93.46 93.02 82.97 84. 40 84.40 99.14 101.43 100.85 92.80 92.60 90. 64 99. 79 91.30 98.80 89.84 98. 98 88.78 99.23 87.29 98.98 90.27 98. 74 89.01 98.82 89.87 95. 91 87.33 92.00 81.80 83.37 84.42 85.89 85. 69 85.27 86.31 85. 47 85.27 82.21 80.40 85.05 85.47 113.00 115. 77 117.03 115.08 118.02 119.14 115.09 115.37 114.13 115.09 116.06 116.06 116.62 111.61 106.14 82.29 83. 53 83.74 82.29 83.13 83.82 83. 79 84.00 83.41 82. 95 84.00 83.16 84.00 80. 58 76.83 78.98 80.39 80.19 79.58 80.19 78.01 78.60 78.60 77.42 77.03 78.60 78.60 78.80 75. 84 74.28 86.94 87. 60 86. 37 87.20 93.04 90.20 88.51 86.88 84.77 82.68 86.27 86.67 86.24 82.62 80.40 67.73 71.63 72.94 73.34 73.15 71.44 70.77 72.07 71.28 70.35 69.89 70.98 71.74 72.10 70.17 76.42 77.02 78.59 76.44 76.76 75.98 75.55 75.52 74. 61 74.07 74.82 74.58 74.99 72.86 71.92 72.52 85.10 73.05 86.40 72. 65 85.97 71.39 84.53 72. 47 86.22 69.30 84.80 70.98 85.01 71.64 85.46 71.06 84.40 72.25 83. 79 74.07 85.03 72.72 84.02 73.02 84.23 68.60 81.78 66.13 79.99 A verage w eek ly h o u rs I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____ E n g in eerin g a n d scientific ins'tru-" m e n ts __________________________ M ec h a n ic a l m e asu rin g a n d control d ev ices_________________________ O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods___ S urgical, m ed ical, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip m e n t____ ____________ ____ P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lies_____ ______ _______________ W a tch es a n d clo ck s-.................. M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s .............................. ............. ................. J e w e lry , silv e rw a re , a n d p la te d w a re ____________ _______________ T o y s, a m u se m e n t, a n d s p o rtin g goods.................................................... P e n s , pencils, a n d office a n d a rt m a te ria ls _______________________ C o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s ........................... ....................... O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ___ 40.3 40.8 40.8 40.6 41.2 41.2 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.2 40.9 41.0 40.7 40.4 40.3 41.4 41.7 41.3 41.8 42.0 41.9 41.7 42.0 41.5 42.0 41.5 41.0 40.9 41.4 40.2 41.8 40.6 42.1 40.2 41.9 40.3 41.8 40.9 41.9 40.5 41.2 40.4 41.5 40.0 41.4 40.4 41.1 40.6 40.6 40.4 41.6 40.3 41.4 40.6 41.8 40.3 41.0 40.0 40.1 39.7 40.0 40.0 39.7 40.5 40.7 40.2 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.1 40.7 40.8 40.3 40.0 40.5 39.0 41.2 39.4 41.5 39.5 41.1 39.0 42.0 39.4 42.4 40.3 41.4 39.9 41.5 40.0 41.5 40.1 41.7 39.5 41.9 40.0 41.6 39.6 41.8 40.0 41.8 39.5 41.3 39.0 39.1 39.6 39.5 39.2 39.7 39.6 39.9 40.1 39.7 39.3 39.9 39.9 40.0 39.5 39.3 39.7 40.0 39.8 40.0 42.1 41.0 40.6 40.6 39.8 39.0 40.5 40.5 40.3 40.3 40.2 38.1 38.8 38.4 38.3 38.0 39.1 39.6 39.6 39.3 38.4 39.0 39.2 39.4 39.2 38.7 39.8 39.7 40.3 39.4 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.3 39.9 39.4 39.8 39.8 40.1 39.6 39.3 39.2 39.4 39.7 40.0 39.7 39.8 38.8 39.5 39.6 40.1 38.5 40.0 39.0 40.1 39.8 40.5 39.7 40.0 39.7 39.9 40.7 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.9 40.3 39.2 39.7 38.9 39.6 $2.32 Average hourly earnings In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____ E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tr u m e n ts ____ ____ ________ ________ M ec h a n ic a l m e a su rin g a n d co n tro l d ev ices............................... ................... O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods____ S urgical, m e d ical, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip m e n t______ _______________ P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s ...................................................... W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s ......................... M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ..................................................... J ew elry , silv e rw a re , a n d p la te d w a r e ..................................................... T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d sp o rtin g goods..................... ......... ......... ............. P e n s , pencils, a n d office a n d a r t m a te ria ls ......................................... . C o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d n o tio n s ___________ ______ ______ O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ___ See footnotes at end of table, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.47 $2.49 $2.49 $2.47 $2.48 $2.47 $2.46 $2.46 $2.44 $2. 44 $2.45 $2.44 $2. 44 $2.39 2.86 2.88 2.88 2.85 2.84 2.84 2.84 2. 84 2.82 2.82 2.81 2. 79 2.79 2.75 2.68 2.50 2.22 2.50 2.22 2.49 2.22 2.46 2.22 2. 48 2.21 2.49 2.20 2. 47 2.20 2. 47 2.17 2. 45 2.16 2. 45 2.15 2. 45 2.17 2.45 2.15 2.44 2.15 2.38 2.13 2.30 2.04 2.09 2.11 2.11 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.09 2.09 2.10 2.10 2.09 2.04 2.01 2. 79 2.11 2.81 2.12 2.82 2.12 2.80 2.11 2.81 2.11 2.81 2.08 2. 78 2.10 2. 78 2.10 2.75 2.08 2. 76 2.10 2.77 2.10 2. 79 2.10 2. 79 2.10 2.67 2.04 2.57 1.97 2.02 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.02 1.97 1. 97 1.96 1. 95 1.96 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.92 1.89 2.19 2.19 2.17 2.18 2.21 2. 20 2.18 2.14 2.13 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.14 2.05 2.00 1.88 1.88 1.91 1.91 1.88 1.81 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.82 1.82 1.83 1.83 1. 79 1. 75 1.92 1.94 1.95 1.94 1.90 1.89 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.87 1.84 1.83 1.85 2.16 1. 84 2.16 1.83 2.16 1.84 2.14 1.83 2.15 1.80 2.12 1.82 2.12 1.80 2.11 1.79 2.11 1.82 2.10 1.82 2.11 1.80 2.09 1.83 2.09 1.75 2.06 1.70 2.02 870 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T a ble C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued 1962 1963 Industry Apr.* j Mar. | Feb. | Jan. Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods Food and kindred products__________ Meat products__________________ Dairy products.................................... Canned and preserved food, except meats_________________________ Grain mill products______________ Bakery products_________________ Sugar................................ ...................... Confectionery and related products. Beverages___ ___________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred products___________ ____ ______ Tobacco manufactures_______________ Cigarettes....................................... ....... Dec. j N ov. | Oct. Annual average Sept, j Aug. | July j June J M ay j Apr. Average weekly earnings $93.03 $93.73 $92. 86 $93.15 $94.12 $93.52 $91. 21 $92.80 $91. 46 $93.66 $92. 70 $92.48 $91.13 $89.16 99.35 [00.55 98.89 .01.66 .03. 34 [03. 58 .00. 86 .00.04 98. 42 01.68 01. 26 .00.60 98.09 97. 58 97.25 97.48 96.37 97.29 97.10 96.64 95.79 98.01 95.63 98.08 96. 54 95.63 94.53 92.65 71.04 99. 46 87.64 97.65 73.23 99. 85 68.71 94.15 83. 81 93 70 69 34 96.72 87.13 69. 03 85. 72 56.02 65.04 63.20 83.95 64.94 80.29 53.86 63.60 62.56 91.36 73.11 88.22 58.56 68.51 66.33 92.02 69.70 85. 51 58.99 68.00 65. 84 91.81 73.15 90.32 59. 57 67.26 66.66 92.45 75.39 95.53 59.14 68. 45 67.49 92.00 72. 35 95.94 61.23 68. 45 67.16 90.50 68.17 86. 56 60.60 68. 45 67.16 73.35 73.35 73.35 74.99 74.47 76.86 69.77 61.24 76. 49 70. ]8 60.59 75.35 70.69 59.57 74.80 70. 69 60.32 73.67 70.07 61. 82 80.09 76.08 62.56 80.15 79.15 75.83 61. 69 79.73 75. 48 72.45 60. 61 79.17 80. 46 75.90 61.29 80.73 80.04 77.33 61.69 81.12 40.1 39.9 42.1 40.4 39.9 42.2 40.2 39.4 41.9 40.5 40.5 42.3 41.1 41.5 42.4 77.98 76. 59 75. 26 76. 72 75. 68 74. 45 62.00 61.85 62. 52 79. 73 79. 32 78. 72 Average weekly hours 40.9 41.2 41.2 41.8 41.6 41.0 41.0 40.5 42.2 42.5 42.2 42.8 36.3 42.8 40.1 41.2 38.2 40.6 37.7 43.4 40.0 42.0 39.6 40.1 37.1 43 8 39.7 41.2 39.3 39.4 37.5 44 0 39.6 41.5 39.4 39.3 37.3 44 4 40.4 45.2 40.2 39.7 37.5 45.0 40.7 45.6 40.2 39.8 38.4 45.2 40.4 40.6 40.7 40.1 41.4 45.4 41.0 42.0 41.3 40.5 41.6 34.9 35.5 34.6 39.9 40.4 42.1 37.3 37.7 37.3 40.3 40.2 42.6 36.3 36.7 37.1 40.0 39.9 42.7 38.5 39.1 37.7 39.8 40.4 43.2 40.1 41.0 38.4 40.5 40.9 43.6 38.9 41.0 39.0 40.5 40.7 43.3 40.1 37.8 38.6 40.5 40.7 41.9 42.4 42.4 42.4 43.1 42.8 41.0 40.4 37.1 42.0 40.8 37.8 41.8 40.8 37.4 41.4 41.1 37.0 41.1 41.1 37.7 40.7 40.5 38.4 41.9 40.5 40.1 40.6 42.6 42.6 40.1 41.1 42.1 42.6 39.8 41.1 40.8 40.7 39.1 40.6 42.8 42.4 39.8 41. 4 Food and kindred products__________ $2.32 2.49 Meat products............................... 2.31 Dairy products_________________ Canned and preserved food, except meats_________________________ 2.02 2.36 Grain mill products_____________ 2.29 Bakery products________________ Sugar___________ ______ _________ 2.72 Confectionery and related products. 1.98 2.61 Beverages.............................................. Miscellaneous food and kindred 2.17 products_______ ____________ Tobacco manufactures_______________ 1.98 2.33 Cigarettes______________________ 1.57 Cigars__________________________ Textile mill products_______ _________ 1.69 1.65 Cotton broad woven fabrics______ Silk and synthetic broad woven 1.73 fabrics________________________ Weaving and finishing broad 1.82 woolens_______________________ 1.72 Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ 1.62 K nitting_______ ________________ Finishing textiles, except wool and 1.87 knit__________________________ 1.79 Floor covering__________________ Y a rn a n d th re a d ........................ _ 1.55 1.94 Miscellaneous teitlle goods______ See footnotes at end of table. $2.32 2.52 2.31 $2.31 2. 51 2.30 $2. 30 2.51 2.30 $2.29 2. 49 2.29 2.00 2.37 2.28 2.65 1.96 2.62 1.99 2. 37 2. 29 2. 61 1.95 2.59 1.96 2.37 2.28 2.46 1.93 2.58 1.94 2.37 2. 28 2. 21 1.93 2.62 1.89 2. 37 2.29 2. 22 1.92 2.61 1.90 2.31 2.27 2 26 1.92 2.58 1.91 2. 32 2. 28 2. 58 1.93 2.60 1.90 2.28 2. 26 2.58 1.93 2.55 2.17 1.96 2.34 1.57 1.70 1.65 2.16 1.92 2. 33 1.59 1.70 1.65 2.15 1.90 2. 31 1. 58 1.69 1.65 2.14 1.88 2.33 1.54 1.69 1.65 2.11 1.86 2. 34 1.57 1.69 1.65 2.09 1.70 2.29 1.57 1.69 1. 65 2.12 1. 70 2. 32 1.57 1.68 1.64 2.14 1.80 2.28 1.56 1.68 1.65 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.73 1.83 1.71 1.62 1.83 1.72 1.62 1.82 1.72 1.61 1.82 1. 72 1.60 1.81 1.73 1.61 1.82 1.73 1.61 1.82 1. 73 1.61 1.83 1. 73 1.60 1.88 1.80 1.56 1.95 1.88 1.78 1.55 1.94 1.85 1.78 1.55 1.95 1.88 1.79 1. 54 1.95 1.87 1.79 1.65 1.95 1.87 1. 78 1.55 1.94 1.85 1.77 1. 65 1.93 1.84 1.76 1.54 1.92 1.85 1.76 1.54 1.93 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $86.30 94.83 89.68 73.33 75.40 73. 83 73. 50 72.36 70. 88 72. 96 79.07 76.00 75. 81 71.06 74.69 75 04 101.01 102.86 .03.81 104.28 105.23 106. 65 [04. 41 105.33 103. 51 104. 20 [01.47 99 01 99 39 91.83 91.20 90. 91 90.29 92.11 93.20 91.71 93. 48 92. 21 92. 89 92 66 91.35 89 65 112.06 111 .30 !07. 53 102. 09 99 89 101.23 91. 76 108. 36 108. 88 111.02 112. 40 104. 08 102.01 75.64 77.62 76. 64 76.04 77.59 77.18 78.14 79. 71 77. 78 75.86 76. 82 76.63 74. 68 105.97 105.06 102.05 101.39 104.01 103.88 103. 46 105.30 104.30 107.94 104.81 103.02 101. 75 90.27 69.10 82.72 54.32 Textile mill products___ ____________ 67.43 Cotton broad woven fabrics............. 66.66 Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics................................................. 72.49 Weaving and finishing broad woolens_______________________ 74.62 Narrow fabrics and smallwares........ 69.49 K n ittin g ............................................— 60.10 Finishing textiles, except wool and knit__________________________ 78.35 Floor covering___________________ 72.50 Yarn and thread_________________ 62.16 Miscellaneous textile goods............... 78.76 Food and kindred products------- ------ Meat products_____________ _____ Dairy products____ _____________ Canned and preserved food, except moats Grain mill products______________ Bakery products____________ ____ Sugar________ ______ ___________ Confectionery and related products. Beverages_______________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred products______________________ Tobacco manufactures_______ . . . . Cigarettes_________ _____________ Cigars__________________________ Textile mill products...................... Cotton broad woven fabrics............. Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics________________________ Weaving and finishing broad woolens_______________________ Narrow fabrics and smallwares........ Knitting____________ ____ _______ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit____ _____________________ Floor covering......................... ............ Yarn and thread_________________ Miscellaneous textile goods........... . 1961 | 1960 91.37 70. 72 93 03 59.82 67. 54 65.27 91.38 68.04 89.38 59.28 68. 21 66. 99 91.59 73.28 88.01 55.18 68. 21 66. 99 74.47 73.35 74.04 73.53 75.17 73.70 72.76 68.72 68.31 74. 44 70.07 61.99 76.80 71. 45 62.15 77. 96 70. 76 62.08 79.06 71.10 62. 24 80.89 72.98 62. 56 80.41 70.93 62.24 78.62 71.28 61.76 72.28 68.11 59. 21 69.83 66.07 56.93 76.04 71.10 62.22 80.10 80.97 73. 69 63. 55 80.67 79. 55 72.16 63.24 79. 52 79. 79 70. 75 62. 99 77. 74 74.70 72.04 59. 55 75.36 71.73 70. 62 58.05 73.60 42.0 41.5 43.4 41.2 41.6 43.1 41.1 41.4 42.5 40.5 40.2 42.2 40.9 41.0 42.5 40.9 40.7 42.3 40.0 45.4 40.8 42.2 40.3 40.9 41.2 45.7 41.1 42.7 38.9 42.0 37.4 45.3 41.0 42.9 39.6 41.1 38.5 44.2 40.6 41.3 39.5 40.4 37.9 43.4 40.2 41.3 39.1 39.9 38.4 44.8 40.2 43.4 39.8 40.1 38.6 44.2 40.1 44.2 39.4 40.3 43.1 41.6 40.1 38.1 40.2 39.8 42.7 37.8 39.2 38.0 40.6 40.6 42.8 37.2 38.6 35.6 40.6 40.6 42.3 38.4 39.7 36.9 41.1 41.0 42.3 38.4 39.9 36.4 40.9 40.9 42.3 38.0 39.3 36.5 40.7 41.0 42.5 39.0 39.5 37.6 39.9 40.0 42.4 38.2 38.6 37.4 39.5 40.1 42.8 42.4 42.8 42.5 43.2 42.6 42.3 41.4 41.4 40.9 40. 5 38.5 42.2 41.3 38.6 42.6 40.9 38.8 43.2 41.1 38.9 44.2 41.7 39.1 43.7 41.0 38.9 43.2 41.2 38.6 41.3 40.3 38.2 40.6 39.8 37.7 41.4 40.9 41.7 41.1 43.1 42.7 42.3 40.4 40.6 40.0 39.9 40.4 41.1 41.1 41.0 41. 5 Average hourly earnings $2. 27 $2. 23 $2.22 $2. 22 $2. 23 2. 46 2. 44 2. 45 2. 49 2. 43 2.29 2.27 2.29 2.25 2.26 43.3 41.4 41.0 41.8 43.0 41.0 40.8 41.2 42.9 40.2 40.9 40.7 41.5 40.7 39.7 40.3 40.3 39.9 38.7 40.0 $2. 25 2. 44 2.24 $2. 25 2. 43 2.25 $2.25 2 44 2. 24 $2.18 2.38 2.18 $2.11 2.33 2.12 1.84 2. 28 2.26 2.60 1.95 2.57 1.90 2. 24 2.26 2. 62 1.94 2. 55 1.94 2. 24 2. 25 2. 52 1 94 2.55 1.98 2. 29 2. 23 2. 47 1.91 2. 65 1.85 2.22 2.18 2. 25 1.84 2. 49 1.78 2.13 2.09 2.12 1.76 2.40 2.14 1.97 2.28 1. 55 1. 68 1. 65 2.13 1 98 2.30 1. 56 1.69 1. 65 2.12 1 97 2.30 1.54 1.69 1.65 2.09 1.95 2.29 1.53 1.68 1.64 2.05 1.77 2.17 1. 49 1.63 1.58 1.98 1.70 2.08 1.44 1.61 1.50 1.73 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.6 6 1.65 1.83 1.73 1.60 1.83 1.75 1.60 1. 84 1.73 1.60 1.82 1.73 1.60 1.75 1.69 1.55 1.72 1. 60 1. 51 1.87 1.78 1.65 1.93 1.85 1.70 1. 55 1.93 1 86 1. 76 1.54 1.91 1.80 1.77 1.50 1.87 1.78 42.8 43.2 39.8 41.6 90.10 76.03 91.31 57. 56 69. 46 67. 65 89.68 75 65 91.77 56.06 69.12 67.49 88. 41 74. 10 90.00 55.85 68.38 67. 24 1.77 1.50 1.84 O.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S T able 871 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1963 Annual average 1962 Industry Apr. 1 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable ooodi—Continued Apparel and related products_________ M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__ M en’s and boys’ furnishings............ Women’s, misses’, and Juniors’ outerwear........................................... Women’s and children’s undergarments_________________________ Hats, caps, and millinery.................. Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel............. ..................................... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products__________ ___________ Paper and allied products......................... Paper and pulp_________________ Paperboard........................................... Converted paper and paperboard products............................................. Paperboard containers and b oxes,. Printing, publishing, and allied Industries............................................................. Newspaper publishing and printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books__________________________ Commercial prtnting_____________ Bookbinding and related Industries. Other publishing and printing industries______________ _______ Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 Average weekly earnings $59.45 $61.85 $60. 82 $59.64 $60.12 $60.62 $59. 95 $61.32 $62.16 $60. 76 $61. 09 $60. 59 $60. 96 $57. 70 $56.45 70.56 73.48 72 93 71.57 73.13 72. 54 71.57 74.09 73. 89 73. 53 74.09 73. 50 72.17 67.78 68.27 52.48 53.28 53.14 52.25 53.20 53. 77 53. 77 54. 48 54.81 53. 58 54.95 53. 58 53.30 49. 87 48.55 64.33 68.00 65.93 63.46 62.60 63.17 62.32 65.23 67.16 65.74 63.64 64.73 66.72 61.61 58.78 53.70 60.50 52.29 56.36 69.56 55.69 55.23 67.12 55.85 54.32 64.05 54.67 55.18 65.34 52.15 57.22 62. 46 53.61 56. 92 63. 68 53. 35 57.07 66. 79 54. 72 56. 47 69.00 55.69 55.12 68.26 55.63 65.02 65.70 56.30 54. 77 61.60 54. 51 55. 39 66. 07 54. 36 53. 87 63.19 52. 75 51.91 60. 54 51. 54 57.95 61.05 59. 81 61.05 04.61 64. 79 63. 89 64.05 62. 59 62.29 63.70 61.23 62.47 60. 86 58.74 63.24 63.88 63. 34 62. 53 64.73 64.90 64.68 63. 96 63.03 61. 38 63. 96 63. 71 61.92 61.45 60.48 102.90 104.55 103.21 103. 64 104.68 103. 28 103. 28 104. 49 103. 82 103. 58 102. 96 101.34 101.10 99. 45 95. 37 114.49 116.42 115.02 115.46 115. 48 114.23 113. 45 114.06 113. 36 114. 58 112. 75 111.10 110. 85 109. 69 105. 46 114.75 117.40 115.02 114.93 119.08 115.01 113. 45 116. 77 117. 64 116. 59 115. 58 112.46 112.46 109.44 105.16 89.69 92.34 91.02 93.25 90. 58 92.34 91.43 91.98 91.94 94.24 90. 20 94.05 90. 42 95.15 91.52 97.13 91.10 94. 73 89.60 94.05 90. 69 94.08 89.60 92.74 89.40 91.88 87.13 90. 47 83.23 86.10 .108.97 111.13 114.26 103.28 110.58 88.24 110.21 109.38 116.87 103.57 113.18 88.01 108. 20 108 06 113. 37 100. 98 110.87 86. 56 106. G8 107.10 106. 92 100 84 109. 52 86. 71 109.24 112.85 113.83 100. 04 111.50 87.01 108.49 113.04 111.83 97.64 110.37 85.19 107. 82 111.08 114.11 98. 11 109. 70 85.63 109. 62 111.38 118. 55 102.16 111.11 88.53 108.29 109 99 115.83 101.18 110. 54 87.30 107.34 109. 87 111. 95 98. 64 109. 87 84.75 107. 62 110.23 114.62 100.00 109. 87 85.31 107.90 110.90 108. 58 101. 75 109. 87 86.36 107.90 110. 23 110.15 99. 54 110.04 85.58 105.05 107.38 110.09 99.06 106. 20 82.13 102. 80 105. 33 109.18 95. 82 103. 88 78.87 111.43 115.33 114.17 113.30 111.84 110.01 108. 77 110. 21 109. 35 110.11 110.11 109.16 110. 88 108.19 106.37 Average weekly hours Apparel and related products_________ 35.6 36.2 36.6 35.5 36.0 36.3 35.9 36.5 37.0 36.6 36.8 36.5 36.5 35.4 35.5 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 36.0 37.3 37.4 36.7 37.5 37.2 36.7 37.8 37.7 38.1 37.8 37.5 37.2 36.9 35.3 M en’s and boys’ furnishings............ 36.7 37.0 36.9 36.7 37.2 37.6 37.6 38.1 38.6 38.0 38.0 38.7 37.8 36.4 36.5 Women’s, misses’, and juniors' 35.6 outerwear____________________ _ 34.4 34.7 33.4 33.3 33.6 32.8 33.8 34.8 34.6 34.4 34.8 35.3 33.3 33.2 Women’s and children’s undergarments........................................... 35.1 36.6 36.1 35.5 36.3 37.4 37.2 37.3 37.4 36.5 36.2 35.8 36.2 36.4 35.8 Hats, caps, and millinery............ . 33.8 35 7 37.0 36.5 34.7 35.0 34.8 36.3 37.5 36.5 36.5 35.0 36.3 35.7 35.2 Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ 34.4 36.4 36.5 35.5 35.5 35.0 35.1 36.0 36.4 36.6 36.8 36.1 36.0 35.4 35.3 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel............. .................................... 34.7 35.7 35.6 35.7 36.3 36.4 36.3 36.6 36.6 35.8 36.4 35.6 35.9 35.6 35.8 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products....................... ...................... 37.2 37.8 37.7 37.0 38.4 38.3 38.5 38.3 38.2 37.2 38.3 37.7 37.3 37.7 37.8 Paper and allied products............. ......... 42.0 42.5 42.3 42.3 42 9 42.5 42.5 43.0 42.8 42.9 42.4 42.9 42.3 42.5 42.2 Paper and pulp_________________ 44.1 43.7 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.6 43.3 43.7 43.6 43.9 43.7 43.4 43.3 43.7 43.4 Paperboard.____________________ 43.3 44.3 43.9 43.7 44.6 43.4 43.3 44.4 44.9 44.5 44.8 44.1 44.1 43.6 43.1 Converted paper and paperboard products______________________ 40.4 41.0 40.8 41.0 41.6 41.0 41.1 41.6 41.6 41.1 41.6 41.1 41.2 41.1 40.8 Paperboard containers and boxes... 40.5 40.9 40.5 40.7 41.7 41.8 42.1 42.6 42.1 41.8 42.0 41.4 41.5 41.0 41.2 Printing, publishing, and allied industries______ _______________________ 38.4 38.1 38.1 37.9 38.6 38.2 38.1 38.6 38.4 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.2 Newspaper publishing and printing. 36.2 36.1 35.9 35.7 37.0 36.7 36.4 36.3 36.3 36.5 36.5 36.6 36.5 36.4 36.7 Periodical publishing and printing. 39.4 40.3 39.5 38.6 39.8 39.1 40.6 40.5 39.9 39.7 40.5 39.2 39.2 39.6 39.7 Books..................................................... 40.5 40.3 39.6 39.7 38.9 39.7 39.4 40.7 40.8 39.3 40.0 40.7 40.3 40.6 40.6 Commercial printing______ ______ 38.8 39.3 38.9 38.7 39.4 39.0 39.4 38.9 39.2 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.3 38.9 39.2 Bookbinding and related Industries.................................................. 38.7 38.6 38.3 38.2 38.5 38.2 38.4 39.7 39.5 38.7 38.6 38.9 38.9 38.1 38.2 Other publishing and printing industries_______________________ 37.9 38.7 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.6 38.3 38.4 38.1 38.1 38.5 38.3 38.5 38.5 38.4 Average hourly earnings Apparel and related products________ $1.67 $1.69 $1.68 $1.68 $1.67 $1.67 $1.67 $1.68 $1.68 $1. 66 $1.66 $1.66 $1.67 $1.03 $1.59 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 1.96 1.95 1.95 1.97 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.96 1.96 1.93 1. 96 1.96 1.94 1.85 1.92 M en’s and boys’ furnishings............ 1.43 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.37 1.33 Women’s, misses’, and juniors' 1.90 1.90 outerwear.......................... ................ 1.87 1.91 1.88 1.88 1.90 1.93 1.93 1.90 1.85 1.86 1.89 1.85 1.77 Women’s and children’s undergarments......... .................. ................ 1.53 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.52 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.51 1.51 1. 52 1.53 1.53 1.48 1.45 Hats, caps, and millinery............ . 1.79 1. 88 1.83 1.88 1.79 1.80 1.83 1.84 1.84 1.87 1.80 1.76 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.53 Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ 1.49 1.51 1.52 1.52 1.53 1.52 1.53 1. 51 1. 51 1.49 1.46 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel.................................................... 1.67 1.68 1. 71 1.71 1.78 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.71 1.74 1.75 1.72 1.74 1.70 1.65 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products__________ ___________ 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.65 1. 65 1.67 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.60 2.45 Paper and allied products____________ 2.46 2. 44 2. 45 2.43 2. 44 2 43 2. 43 2.42 2. 42 2. 40 2. 39 2. 39 2.34 2.26 2.62 2.64 2.62 2. 63 Paper and pulp________ ______ _ 2.63 2.62 2.61 2.60 2. 62 2.61 2. 58 2. 56 2. 56 2.51 2. 43 Paperboard....................... .................... 2.65 2.62 2.63 2.65 2.65 2.67 2.62 2.63 2.62 2.62 2.58 2.65 2.65 2.51 2.44 Converted paper and paperboard 2.22 2.22 2.23 products........ ................ ............. . 2.22 2.21 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.17 2.12 2.04 Paperboard containers and boxes... 2.28 2.28 2.26 2.28 2.26 2.25 2.26 2.28 2.25 2.25 2.24 2.24 2.23 2.18 2.10 Printing, publishing, and allied industries........................................................... 2.86 2.84 2.82 2.87 2.83 2.84 2.83 2. 84 2. 82 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.75 2. 67 3.01 3.00 Newspaper publishing and printing. 3.07 3.03 3.05 3.08 3. 06 3. 06 3.03 3. 01 3.02 3.03 3.02 2. 95 2.87 Periodical publishing and printing. 2.90 2.90 2.87 2. 77 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.92 2. 86 2.82 2.77 2.83 2. 81 2.78 2.75 Books.......................................... ........... 2.55 2.57 2.55 2. 54 2. 52 2.51 2.49 2. 51 2. 48 2.51 2. 50 2. 50 2.47 2. 44 2.36 2.88 2.85 2.83 Commercial printing......... ................ 2.85 2.83 2.83 2.82 2. 82 2.82 2. 81 2.81 2.81 2.80 2. 73 2.65 Bookbinding and related industries. 2.28 2.28 2.26 2.27 2.23 2. 26 2.23 2.23 2.21 2.20 2.19 2.21 2.22 2.15 2.07 Other publishing and printing in2.95 2.92 2.94 2.98 dustries_________ _______ ______ 2.89 2.85 2.84 2.87 2.87 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.88 2.81 2.77 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 872 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Annual average 1962 1963 Industry Apr. 2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued $113.40 $111.37 $110. 83 $111.10 $112.17 $111.37 $110. 95 $110.81 $110.12 $110.81 Chemicals and allied produ cts..___ Industrial chemicals.......................... 130.93 126.88 126.16 126.05 127.56 126.65 126.05 125.52 124.09 124.80 Plastics and synthetics, except 114.66 110.68 110.15 110.00 111.61 109.86 109. 59 110.24 110. 24 111.41 97.93 100.70 100.45 100.85 100.60 100.12 100.19 98.16 98.23 97.92 Drugs................................................ — Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ 102.62 103.28 102.91 103.02 103. 73 103.98 103.48 105.32 103. 98 103.79 Paints, varnishes, and allied prod ucts__________________________ 103.73 103.38 102.21 101. 71 102.31 101.66 100.75 101. 75 102.34 102.09 99.70 91.08 89.89 89.89 90.52 89. 46 89. 68 90.31 86. 72 88.20 Agricultural chemicals___________ Other chemical products_________ 106.04 104.86 105.06 106.24 107.52 105.66 105.57 106.17 105.08 104.42 Petroleum refining and related indus tries_____________________________ Petroleum refining.............................. Other petroleum and coal products. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________________________ Tires and inner tubes____________ Other rubber products___________ Miscellaneous plastic products___ Leather and leather products________ Leather tanning and finishing____ Footwear, except rubber_________ Other leather products---------------- June July M ay Apr. 1961 1960 $111.19 $109. 52 $108 84 $106. 81 $103.25 125.16 123.73 123.43 120.93 117.31 112.52 109.62 109.62 107. 74 104.17 98.88 98. 57 97.10 93. 96 90.68 103.73 101. 50 101.59 98.98 94. 77 104. 25 105.00 102. 42 98.25 87. 77 92.57 87.12 84.15 104. 75 103.09 102.67 101.19 95.65 82.37 97.06 134.41 128.61 126.36 130.62 126.99 127. 71 127.19 131.09 126.35 129. 44 127.68 126.05 125.55 124.42 118. 78 141.53 134.97 132.68 137.52 132.48 132.57 130.88 135.24 129.34 133.54 131.65 130. 60 129.97 129.24 123.22 105.00 99.35 98.60 102.50 105.59 108.03 113.48 115. 57 113.40 113.70 111. 95 106. 27 104.73 102.10 99.26 99.70 101.34 100.69 101.34 103. 00 101.84 101.02 101. 76 101.02 101.84 104.58 101.19 99.63 96.72 92.97 127.20 129.36 128.32 129. 52 134.55 132.75 132.11 131. 78 131. 70 136.83 138.13 130.19 125.83 121.88 116.33 94.64 95.82 95.82 96.29 97.47 96. 59 95.30 96.46 94. 42 93. 90 98. 05 96. 05 95.17 91.53 87.82 84.84 86.72 85.89 86.51 86.10 85.26 85.48 86.53 85.28 85.89 87.36 85.90 85.08 82.82 79.40 62.66 64.58 65.08 65.60 65. 05 64. 03 62.63 64.36 65.53 65.84 65.88 63.98 63.81 62.83 60.52 89.60 88.58 88.36 88.84 88.84 87. 78 88. 44 88.26 87.82 85. 89 88.70 88.29 86.80 84.35 81.74 59.67 61.88 62.33 63.54 62. 66 60. 67 59.30 61.69 63. 67 64.46 64.01 61.66 61.32 60.15 58.04 60.35 63.04 63.24 62.70 62.79 64.05 61.79 62. 75 62.37 62.21 63.08 61. 55 62.37 61.07 58.62 Average weekly hours 42.0 42.1 41.4 41.6 41.2 41.5 41.3 41.6 41.7 42.1 41.4 41.8 41.4 41.6 41.5 41.7 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.8 42.0 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.4 41.7 41.3 41.6 42.0 40.3 40.4 41.3 41.1 40.5 41.1 41.0 40.2 41.2 41.5 40.4 41.8 41.4 41.0 41.3 41.2 41.1 41.2 41.4 40.9 41.6 40.9 41.3 41.6 41.1 41.1 42.2 40.8 40.7 42.3 41.2 41.0 42.0 40.9 40.6 42.0 40.8 40.8 41.6 40.5 40.9 41.5 40.3 40.5 Agriculturaf chemicals___________ Other chemical products................. . 41.0 48.4 41.1 40.7 44.0 40.8 40.4 42.6 41.2 40.2 42.4 41.5 40.6 42.1 42.0 40.5 42.0 41.6 40.3 42.5 41.4 40.7 42.6 41.8 41.1 41.1 41.7 41.0 42.2 41.6 41.7 42.4 41.9 42.0 45.6 41.4 41.3 44.0 41.4 40.6 42.5 41.3 40.7 42.9 41.3 Petroleum refining and related indus tries............................... ............................ Petroleum refining______________ Other petroleum and coal products. 42.4 42.5 42.0 40.7 40.9 39.9 40.5 40.7 39.6 41.6 41.8 41.0 41.5 41.4 41.9 41.6 41.3 42.7 41.7 40.9 44.5 42.7 42.0 45.5 41.7 40.8 45.0 42.3 41.6 45.3 42.0 41.4 44.6 41.6 41.2 43.2 41.3 41.0 42.4 41.2 40.9 42.9 41.1 40.8 42.6 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________________________ Tires and inner tubes____________ Other rubber products.................... Miscellaneous plastic products___ 40.2 40.0 40.1 40.4 40.7 40.3 40.6 41.1 40.6 40.1 40.6 40.9 40.7 40.1 40.8 41.0 41.2 41.4 41.3 41.0 40.9 41.1 41.1 40.6 40.9 40.9 40.9 40.9 41.2 40.8 41.4 41.4 40.9 40.9 40.7 41.0 40.9 42.1 40.3 40.9 42.0 42.5 41.9 41.8 41.3 41.2 41.4 41.3 41.0 40.2 41.2 41.3 40.3 39.7 40.5 40.6 39.9 39.3 40.1 40.1 Leather and leather products________ Leather tanning and finishing......... Footwear, except rubber_________ Other leather products__________ 35.6 40.0 35.1 35.5 36.9 39.9 36.4 37.3 37.4 39.8 37.1 37.2 37.7 40.2 37.6 37.1 37.6 40.2 37.3 37.6 36.8 39.9 35.9 37.9 36.2 40.2 35.3 37.0 37.2 40.3 36.5 37.8 38.1 40.1 37.9 37.8 38.5 39.4 38.6 37.7 38.3 40.5 38.1 38.0 37.2 40.5 36.7 37.3 37.1 40.0 36.5 37.8 37.4 39.6 36.9 37.7 36.9 39.3 36.5 37.1 Chemicals and allied products_______ Industrial chemicals_____________ Plastics and synthetics, except Drugs__________________________ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods— Paints, varnishes, and allied prod- Average hourly earnings $2.70 3.11 $2.69 3.05 $2.69 3.04 $2.69 3.03 $2.69 3.03 $2.69 3.03 $2.68 3.03 $2.67 3.01 $2.66 2. 99 $2.67 3.00 $2. 66 2.98 $2.62 2.96 $2.61 2.96 $2.58 2. 90 $2.50 2.82 2.73 2.43 2.54 2.68 2.45 2.55 2.68 2.45 2.56 2.67 2.43 2.55 2.67 2.43 2.53 2.66 2.43 2. 53 2.66 2.42 2.53 2.65 2.40 2.55 2.65 2.39 2.53 2.64 2.40 2.55 2.66 2. 40 2.53 2.61 2.41 2.50 2.61 2.38 2.49 2.59 2.32 2.42 2.51 2.25 2.34 2.53 2.06 2.58 2.54 2.07 2.57 2.53 2.11 2.55 2.53 2.12 2.56 2.52 2.15 2.56 2.51 2.13 2.54 2. 50 2.11 2. 55 2.50 2.12 2.54 2.49 2.11 2. 52 2. 49 2.09 2.51 2.50 2.07 2.50 2. 50 2.03 2. 49 2. 48 1.98 2. 48 2.42 1.98 2.45 2.35 1.92 2.35 Petroleum refining and related indus tries_____________________________ Petroleum refining....................... ...... Other petroleum and coal products. 3.17 3.33 2.50 3.16 3.30 2.49 3.12 3.26 2.49 3.14 3.29 2.50 3.06 3.20 2.52 3.07 3.21 2.53 3.05 3.2C 2. 55 3.07 3.22 2.54 3.03 3.17 2.52 3.06 3. 21 2.51 3.04 3.18 2.51 3.03 3.17 2.46 3.04 3.17 2.47 3.02 3.16 2.38 2.89 3.02 2.33 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products_________________________ Tires and inner tubes____________ Other rubber products..................... . Miscellaneous plastic products___ 2.48 3.18 2.36 2.10 2.49 3.21 2.36 2.11 2. 48 3.20 2.36 2.10 2.49 3. 2; 2.36 2.11 2.50 3.25 2.36 2.10 2.49 3.23 2.35 2.10 2.47 3.25 2 .3c 2.09 2.47 3.2c 2 .3c 2.09 2.47 3. 22 2.32 2.08 2. 49 3. 25 2.33 2.10 2.49 3. 25 2.34 2.09 2.45 3.16 2.32 2.08 2.43 3.13 2.31 2.06 2.40 3.07 2.26 2.04 2.33 2.96 2.19 1.98 1.76 2.24 1.70 1.70 1.75 2.22 1.70 1.69 1.74 2.22 1.68 1.70 1.74 2.21 1.69 1.69 1.73 2.21 1.68 1.67 1.74 2. 2( 1. 6! 1.69 1.73 2.20 1.68 1.67 1.73 2. 1! 1.6! 1.66 1.72 2.1! 1.61 1.65 1. 71 2.18 1.67 1.65 1.72 2.19 1.68 1.66 1.72 2.18 1.68 1.65 1.72 2.17 1.68 1.65 1.68 2.13 1.63 1.62 1.64 2.08 1.59 1.58 Chemicals and allied products.............. Industrial chemicals_____________ Plastics and synthetics, except glass_________________________ Drugs.................................................... . Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__ Paints, varnishes, and allied prod ucts__________________________ Agricultural chemicals..................... . Other chemical products_________ Leather and leather products________ Leather tanning and finishing____ Footwear, except rubber_________ Other leather products...................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 873 C.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Annual average 1962 1963 Industry Apr.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dee. N ov, Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 Average weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 8________________ Local and lnterurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. Intercity and rural buslines______ Motor freight transportation and storage.............................. — ____ _____ Pipeline transportation_______ ____ _ Communication: Telephone communication_______ Telegraph communication4_______ Radio and television broadcasting. Electric, gas, and sanitary services____ Electric companies and systems___ Qas companies and systems............. Combined utility system s. ............ Water, steam, and sanitary system s. $117.85 $117.94 $114.26 $118.21 $116.45 $115.33 $114.65 $112.02 $112.41 $108.84 $100.74 $100.32 $100.91 $99. 42 $100.86 100.62 100.38 100.20 101.01 100. 49 101.48 100. 58 100.11 98.24 94. 82 123.69 119.13 122.97 125.12 116.33 117.73 119.14 125.65 129. 44 126.62 121.80 117. 85 115.37 112.14 105.22 114.39 114.67 113.98 111.52 114.54 113. 30 113. 30 115. 78 115.35 114.81 114. 39 112.61 112.06 108.16 104.17 138.17 135.94 138.63 138.58 139.52 131. 78 130.07 135.05 130.09 137.37 133. 50 130.17 129.85 131.78 124.53 99.68 108.16 132.05 119. 84 121.13 112.19 128.11 97.58 100. 58 107.38 131.99 119. 43 120.13 112.48 128.43 97.34 101.09 108.05 131.93 120.01 119.43 113.44 129.68 98.47 99. 94 108. 05 134. 30 119. 60 120. 42 111. 38 128. 64 97.64 101.35 106. 97 130.93 121.18 121.60 114.40 130.94 96. 70 103.07 105.78 132. 78 119. 48 119. 89 111. 11 129.27 97.34 102.06 107. 74 131.14 118. 78 120. 30 110. 70 128. 23 95.47 102. 31 109. 9S 130. 81 118. 94 120.06 111.51 127.82 97. 29 99.29 110.08 126. 10 116. 85 118.82 106. 92 125. 97 95.06 99. 54 111.11 127.53 117.14 119.11 107. 73 125. 87 96.59 97.66 111.28 124. 68 115.87 117.14 106.80 125.26 94.37 96.14 108. 61 126.16 115.46 116. 31 107.06 125.66 93.96 95.65 105. 42 126. 81 115.46 116.03 107. 20 125. 46 94. 37 93. 38 104.08 119. 74 112. 48 112. 75 104. 19 121. 77 93.02 89.50 100.01 121.13 108.65 109.45 100.69 117.26 89.84 Average weekly hours Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 3_______ ________ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. Intercity and rural buslines.............. Motor freight transportation and storage___________________________ Pipeline transportation______________ Communication: Telephone communication............... Telegraph communication 4.............. Radio and television broadcasting. Electric, gas, and sanitary services........ Electric companies and systems___ Qas companies and system s............ Combined utility s y ste m s ............ . Water, steam, and sanitary systems. 42.7 43.2 41.1 43.3 42.5 42.4 43.1 41.8 42.1 41.7 41.8 42.8 41.8 41.8 41.7 43.3 41.6 43.9 42.2 41.4 42.1 41.6 42.0 42.4 42.1 44.4 42.8 45.9 42.4 44.9 43.0 43.6 42.8 42.7 42.6 41.8 42.9 42.8 43.1 42.6 41.0 40.4 41.1 40.1 41.0 40.3 40.7 41.0 41.5 41.4 41.2 40.3 41.5 39.9 42.1 40.8 42.1 40.4 41.9 41.5 41.9 40.7 41.4 40.3 41.2 40.2 41.6 40.3 41.5 40.8 39.4 41.6 39.3 40.9 41.2 40.5 40.8 41.0 39.6 41.3 39.4 40.9 41.0 40.9 40.9 40.9 39.8 41.4 39.5 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.3 41.2 39.5 41.4 39.5 41.1 41.1 41.1 41. 1 41.2 39.9 41.3 39.2 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.7 40.8 40.9 41.0 39.4 41.2 41.2 41.0 41.3 40.9 40.5 41.6 39.5 41.1 41.2 41.0 41.1 40.8 40.6 42.3 39.4 41.3 41.4 41.3 41.1 41.4 40.2 42.5 38.8 41.0 41.4 40.5 40.9 40.8 40.3 42.9 39.0 41.1 41.5 40.5 41.0 41.1 39.7 42.8 38.6 40.8 41.1 40.3 40.8 40.5 39.4 43.1 38.7 40.8 41. 1 40.4 40.8 40.5 39.2 42.0 38.9 40.8 41.0 40.3 41.0 40.5 39.4 41.8 38.5 40.9 41.0 40.7 41.0 40.8 39.6 42.2 38.7 41.0 41.3 40.6 41.0 41.4 Average hourly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 1________________ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. Intercity and rural buslines______ Motor freight transportation and storage___________________________ Pipeline transportation_______ ______ _ Communication: Telephone communication_______ Telegraph communication 4______ Radio and television broadcasting— Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____ Electric companies and systems___ Qas companies and systems______ Combined utility sy stem s............. . W ater, steam, and sanitary system s. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.76 $2.73 $2.78 $2.73 $2.74 $2.72 $2.66 $2.68 $2. 67 $2.61 $2.41 2.89 $2.40 2.85 $2.42 2.84 $2. 39 2.85 $2.39 2.81 2.39 2.83 2.39 2.81 2. 38 2.83 2.36 2.82 2.37 2.82 2.36 2.80 2. 35 2. 76 2.35 2. 76 2.29 2.62 2.20 2.47 2.79 3.42 2.79 3.39 2.78 3.44 2. 74 3. 38 2.76 3.37 2.75 3.27 2.73 3.26 2.75 3.31 2.74 3.22 2. 74 3.31 2.73 3.28 2.72 3.23 2.72 3.23 2.60 3.27 2.51 3.09 2.53 2.6C 3.36 2.93 2.94 2. 77 3.14 2.38 2.54 2 .6C 3.35 2.92 2.93 2. 75 3.14 2.38 2.54 2.61 3.34 2.92 2.92 2.76 3.14 2.39 2. 53 2.61 3. 40 2. 91 2. 93 2. 71 3.13 2. 37 2.54 2. 59 3.34 2.92 2.93 2. 75 3.14 2.37 2.52 2.58 3.37 2.90 2.91 2.71 3.13 2.38 2.52 2. 59 3. 32 2.89 2.92 2.70 3.12 2.34 2. 52 2.60 3. 32 2.88 2.90 2.70 3.11 2.35 2.47 2. 59 3. 25 2.85 2. 87 2.64 3.08 2.33 2. 47 2. 59 3. 27 2.85 2.87 2.66 3.07 2. 35 2.46 2.60 3.23 2. 84 2. 85 2. 65 3.07 2.33 2. 44 2.52 3. 26 2.83 2.83 2.65 3.08 2.32 2. 44 2.51 3.26 2.83 2.83 2.66 3.06 2.33 2.37 2. 49 3.11 2.75 2. 75 2. 56 2.97 2.28 2.26 2.37 3.13 2.65 2.65 2.48 2.86 2.17 874 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1963 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued 1963 1962 Annual average Industry A p r.2 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July Jane May Apr. 1961 1960 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade •______________ $76.62 Wholesale trade_____________________ 98. 58 Motor vehicles and automotive equipment........ ................................. 94.02 Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod99.90 Dry goods and apparel_____ _____ 91.76 Groceries and related products____ 92.70 Electrical goods_________________ 101.71 Hardware,' plumbing, and heating goods................................................... 94.83 Machinery, equipment, and supplies_______ ___________________ 107. 57 Retail trade'................................................ 67.48 General merchandise stores_______ 53.32 Department stores___________ 57. 97 Limited price variety stores---- 39. 69 Food stores........................................... 65.61 Grocery, meat, and vegetable Stores« -_i__________________ 67.01 Apparel and accessories stores.......... 55.52 M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. 66.02 Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. 49.68 Fam ily clothing stores________ 53.81 Shoe stores__________________ 59.19 $76.42 $76.42 $76. 23 $75. 47 $75. 65 $75.46 $76.05 $76. 44 $70. 44 $75.86 $74. 88 $74. 31 $72. 94 98. 58 97.93 97.36 98.74 97. 44 97.03 98.09 96. 87 97.10 96. 87 96. 22 95.82 93.56 93.15 92.74 92. 96 93.83 93.41 93.86 93. 86 93. 26 93.04 92.84 93. 46 $70.98 91.13 92.84 89.46 86.53 100.15 99. 75 98.40 99.45 99. 70 98. 80 99. 94 97.84 98. 09 96.96 96. 47 97. 04 91.85 91.96 91.10 92. 58 92. 12 92. 74 93 25 92. 74 91.99 91.37 91.85 94.96 91.84 90. 98 91. 05 92.20 91.96 91.30 92. 35 91.96 91.76 90. 49 89. 66 88. 60 102.21 102.87 102.56 103.48 102.97 102. 97 102. 91 100.04 101. 84 100.12 100.12 100.37 94.24 92. 86 87. 14 97.53 91.20 90.68 84.67 95.11 93. 96 93.50 94.66 95.30 94.54 94.60 94.83 92.92 93. 79 92. 57 92.80 92.03 89.91 86.36 107.16 106.08 105. 93 108. 65 106.19 105.37 107.38 103. 98 103. 66 106.04 104.14 102.75 101. 59 66. 93 66.93 67.30 66.85 66.38 66. 55 66. 88 67.55 67. 38 66. 85 05 98 65. 42 64.01 53.01 52.51 52.86 54. 06 51.68 52.67 53. 48 63 35 53. 55 53.09 62. 48 62.29 50. 52 57.12 56. 45 57. 46 58. 06 55. 61 57.80 58.82 58.12 58.12 58.13 57. 28 56. 77 55. 04 39.36 39.16 38. 96 39. 56 38. 32 38.20 39.15 40.00 39.96 39.12 38.16 38. 44 37.28 64.89 64.54 64.91 64.95 65.66 64.94 65.50 66. 25 66. 43 65.16 63.88 63. 35 63. 01 99.80 62.37 48. 58 53.09 35.53 60.98 66. 47 53.35 64.40 48.19 52.20 55.59 66.12 54.19 64.78 48.38 53. 55 55.61 66. 69 55.36 66. 77 49. 35 53. 94 56.45 66. 36 56.05 67.23 50.05 54.96 57.61 67. 45 53. 54 64.06 48. 10 52. 55 54.28 66. 53 53.35 64. 59 48.05 52.00 53. 77 66. 95 54.13 65. 45 48.33 53. 04 56.95 67.71 54.82 66. 70 48 23 53.68 56.83 68. 26 54. 87 67. 44 48. 85 53 64 57.93 67.15 54.13 64.93 48. 08 53. 04 68.28 65.66 53 35 65. «5 47. 57 51.00 55. 23 64.77 52. 88 64. 75 47. 24 51.83 53.80 64 44 52 40 64.07 46. 24 51.98 52.81 62.98 61.30 63.29 44.41 51.01 52.33 38.6 40.6 38.5 40.6 38 8 40.5 39.0 40.5 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade •............................. Wholesale trade________________ ____ Motor vehicles and automotive equipment....................................— Drugs, chemicals, and allied produ c ts.................................................... Dry goods and apparel.................... Groceries and related products____ Electrical goods.................................... Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods_________________________ Machinery, equipment, and supplies........................... ......................... Retail trade *_............................................General merchandise stores_______ Department stores....................... Limited price variety stores— Food stores_____________________ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores___ Apparel and accessories stores____ M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. Family clothing stores................ Shoe stores__________________ 38.5 40.4 38.4 40.4 38.4 40.3 38.5 40.4 38.9 40.8 38.4 40.6 38.5 40.6 38.8 40.7 39.2 40.7 39.2 40.8 38.9 40.7 41.6 41.4 41.4 41.5 41.7 41.7 41.9 41.9 42.2 42.1 42.2 42.1 42.2 42.0 41.8 39.8 37.3 41.2 40.2 39.9 37.8 41.0 40.4 39.9 38.0 40.8 40.5 40.0 37.8 41.2 40.7 40.1 38.1 42.1 40.9 40.2 37.6 41.8 40.7 40.0 37.7 41.5 40.7 40.3 37.3 41.6 41.0 40.1 37.7 41.8 40.5 40.2 37.7 41.9 40.9 39.9 37.6 41.7 40.7 39.7 37.8 41.7 40.7 40.1 38.0 41.4 40.8 40.1 37.9 41.3 40.3 40.0 38.1 41.3 40.3 40.7 40.5 40.3 40.8 40.9 40.4 40.6 40.7 40.4 40.6 40.8 40.7 40.9 40.5 40.4 40.9 37.7 34.4 34.1 32.8 34.9 40.9 37.6 34.2 33.8 32.0 34.7 40.8 37.6 34.1 33.6 32.1 34.7 40.9 37.6 34.1 33.6 32.2 34.9 41.0 38.2 35.8 35.4 34.1 35.3 41.0 37.5 34.0 33.5 32.2 35.3 41.0 37.6 34.2 34.0 32.1 35.1 41.3 38.0 34. 5 34 4 32 9 35.6 41.1 38.6 35.1 34.8 33.9 36.4 41.3 38.5 35.0 34.8 33.3 36.5 41.1 38.2 34.7 34.6 32.6 35.8 41.0 37.7 34.3 34.3 31.8 35.1 41.1 37.0 34.4 34.2 32.3 35.0 40.8 38.1 34.6 34.4 32.7 35.8 40.9 38.8 34.7 34 7 32.6 36 3 34.9 34.7 37.3 34.5 35.4 32.7 34.8 34.2 36.8 33.7 34.8 32.7 34.8 34.3 36.6 33.6 35.0 33.5 35.1 34.6 37.3 33.8 34.8 33.4 35.3 35.7 38.2 35.0 36.4 33.3 35.5 34.1 36.4 33.4 34.8 32.5 35.2 34.2 36.7 33.6 34.9 32.2 35.8 34.7 37 4 33.8 35.6 33.5 36.6 35.6 37.9 34.7 36.2 35.3 36.7 35.4 38.1 34.4 30.0 34.9 36.1 34.7 37.1 34.1 35.6 33.3 35.3 34.2 37.3 33. 6 35.1 32.3 35.2 33 9 37.0 33.6 35.5 31.1 36.0 34.7 37 6 34.0 30.1 32.8 36.0 34.9 37.9 33 9 36.7 $1.95 2.38 $1.94 2.37 $1.93 2.30 $1.88 2.31 $1.82 2.28 n * Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade *............................. $1.99 Wholesale trade........................................... 2.44 Motor vehicles and automotive equipm ent........................................ 2.26 Drugs, chemicals, and alliod produ c ts........... ........................................ 2.51 Dry goods and apparel___________ 2.46 Groceries and related products____ 2.25 Electrical goods ................................ . 2.53 Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods................................................... 2.33 Machinery, equipment, and supplies..................................................... 2.63 Retail trade.................................................. 1.79 1.55 General merchandise stores............. Department stores___________ 1.70 Limited price variety stores___ 1.21 Food stores............................................ 1.88 Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores......... ................................. 1.92 Apparel and accessories stores.......... 1.60 M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. 1.77 Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. 1.44 Family clothing stores________ 1.52 1.81 Shoe stores________ ____ _____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1.99 2.44 $1.99 2.43 $1.98 2.41 $1.94 2.42 $1.97 2. 40 2.25 2.24 2.24 2.25 2. 51 2. 43 2.24 2.53 2. 50 2.42 2. 23 2. 54 2.46 2. 41 2.21 2.52 2. 48 2. 43 2.19 2. 53 $1.96 2.39 $1.96 2.41 $1.95 2.38 $1.05 2.38 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.21 2.21 2.20 2.22 2. 20 2.13 2.07 2.48 2. 45 2. 20 2.53 2. 47 2. 46 2. 20 2. 53 2. 48 2. 50 2. 22 2. 51 2. 44 2 46 2.20 2.47 2. 44 2. 44 2.19 2.49 2. 43 2. 43 2.17 2. 46 2. 43 2. 43 2.16 2.46 2.42 2. 46 2.14 2.46 2.35 2. 45 2.11 2.42 2.28 2. 38 2. 06 2.36 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.33 2.33 2.30 2.31 2.28 2. 28 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.62 1.78 1.55 1.69 1.23 1.87 2.60 1.78 1.54 1.68 1.22 1.86 2. 59 1.79 1.55 1.71 1.21 1.86 2.65 1. 75 1.51 1.64 1.16 1.84 2.59 1.77 1.62 1.66 1.19 1.86 2. 57 1.77 1.54 1.70 1.19 1.85 2.60 1.76 1.55 1.71 1.19 1.84 2. 53 1.75 1. 52 1.67 1.18 1.82 2.51 1.75 1.53 1.67 1.20 1.82 2.58 1. 75 1.53 1.08 1.20 1.82 2.54 1.75 1 63 1.07 1.20 1.82 2.50 1 74 1.52 1.66 1.19 1.81 2.49 1.68 1,46 1.60 1.14 1.76 2.44 1.62 1.40 1.53 1.09 1.91 1.56 1.75 1.43 1.50 1.70 1.90 1.58 1.77 1.44 1.53 1.66 1.90 1.60 1.79 1.46 1.55 1.69 1.88 1.57 1.76 1.43 1.51 1.73 1.90 1.57 1. 76 1. 44 1. 51 1.67 1.89 1.56 1.76 1. 43 1. 49 1.67 1.87 1. 56 1.75 1.43 1.49 1.70 1.85 1. 54 1. 76 1.39 1.48 1.81 1.88 1.65 1.77 1.42 1.49 1.00 1.86 1.50 1. 75 1.41 1.49 1.69 1. 86 1.56 1. 76 1.42 1.47 1.71 1.84 1.56 1. 75 1 41 1.46 1.79 1.51 1. 72 1.36 1.44 1.81 1.72 1 47 1.67 1.31 1.39 1.61 1.73 1.68 875 O.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Apr.s Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade ‘—Continued Retail trade »—Continued Furniture and appliance stores........ Other retail trade________ ____ _ Motor vehicle dealers................. Other vehicle and accessory dealers___________ Drug stores___________ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking__________________________ Security dealers and exchanges............... Insurance carriers................... Life Insurance............... Accident and health insurance........ Fire, marine, and casualty inFuranee................................... Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels * Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants__________ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distributing______________________ Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued Retail trade ‘—Continued Furniture and appliance stores........ Other retail trade___ Motor vehicle dealers.................. Other vehicle and accessory dealers______ Drug stores__ Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking.............................. Security dealers and exchanges Insurance carriers________ _ Life insurance___ ______ Accident and health insurance____ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance__..................... Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels • Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants_________________ Motion pictures: M otion picture filming and distributing______________ $81.00 $80.60 $80.40 $82.21 $83. 63 $81.39 $80.38 $81.38 $81. 56 $82.17 $80.54 $79.90 $79.93 $77.64 77.83 76. 63 76.63 76.82 77.19 76. 63 76. 22 75. 76 76.68 76. 49 76. 54 75. 76 75.17 73. 57 96.80 93. 74 92.87 92. 43 93.96 95.05 93.08 90. 48 93.07 93. 73 94.60 93. 73 92.64 88.44 80. 85 58.24 80.66 57.72 80.91 57.88 82. 47 58.40 81.84 58.30 78. 58 57.31 79.64 57.31 80.70 57. 72 81.77 58. 75 81.51 58.06 80.70 57.13 80.15 56.58 79.82 56.06 $74.98 71.57 87.91 78. 59 55.80 77.26 53.84 74.23 74.23 74.03 74.23 73. 30 72.72 72. 54 71.97 71.80 72.56 71.80 71.42 71.62 69.19 117. 81 116.34 119 10 117. 26 116.09 112. 66 109.10 111.25 110. 68 116.29 123. 73 117.09 120.03 133. 35 95.32 95.81 95.79 95. 41 94.60 94. 26 94.07 93.76 94.35 94.89 93.21 93.25 93.20 89.83 99.93 100. 83 100. 64 100 98 100.14 99. 57 99.44 98. 92 100. 61 100. 82 98. 65 98. 70 98. 55 95.11 81.26 81.13 81.53 81. 77 80.20 79.14 78.20 78.45 78.30 77.97 78.00 78.42 78.34 74.41 67.15 117.12 87. 41 93.32 71.33 91.67 91.73 91.82 90.56 89.68 89.58 89.44 89.27 88.50 89.71 88.32 88.09 88.23 85.14 81.96 46. 59 47.36 47.62 47.36 47.62 47.99 47.72 46.05 45.89 45.94 47.64 46.77 46.29 45.54 43.89 52.40 50.95 50.42 50.69 61.08 50.70 50.83 50.83 50.83 50.70 51.35 51.87 50.83 49.28 48.11 117.23 118.11 119.41 120.13 124.01 116.99 120.82 120.01 117.50 115.37 114.19 111. 97 115.92 116.45 Average weekly hours 113.66 40.5 41.4 43.8 40.5 41.2 43.6 40.4 41.2 43.6 40.7 41.3 43.6 41.4 41.5 43.7 40.9 41.2 43.6 40.8 41.2 43.7 41.1 41.4 43.5 41.4 41.9 43.9 41.5 41.8 43.8 41.3 41.6 44.0 41.4 41.4 43.8 41.2 41.3 43.7 41.3 41.8 44.0 41.2 42.1 44.4 43.7 36.4 43.6 36.3 43.5 36.4 44.1 36.5 44.0 36.9 43.9 36.5 44.0 36.5 44.1 37.0 44.2 37.9 44.3 37.7 44.1 37.1 43.8 36.5 44.1 36.4 44.4 37.2 44.4 37.3 37.3 37.3 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.1 37.2 37.1 37.2 37.4 37.2 37.2 37.3 37.0 37.1 38.5 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.4 38.7 38.8 38.7 39.9 39.6 39.7 39.3 38.9 39.6 39.9 39.4 38.6 38.2 38.4 38.7 38.7 39.1 39.1 39.1 39.3 39.5 39.9 39.4 38.8 38.8 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued Retail trade ‘—Continued Furniture and appliance stores__ $2.00 Other retail trade............... 1.88 Motor vehicle dealers_______ 2.21 Other vehicle and accessory dealers__________ 1.85 Drug stores___________ 1.60 Finance, insurance, arid real estate: Banking_______________ 1.99 Security dealers and exchanges........... .. Insurance carriers______________ Life insurance________ _ Accident and health insurance____ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels • 1.21 Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants....... ............... 1.33 Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distribu t in g ................... ............................ $1.99 $ 1.99 1.86 1.86 2.15 2.13 $2.02 1.86 2.12 $2.02 1.86 2.15 $1.99 1.86 2.18 $1.97 1.85 2.13 $1.98 1.83 2.08 $1.97 1.83 2.12 $1.98 1.83 2.14 $1.95 1.84 2.15 $1.93 1.83 2.14 $1.94 1.82 2.12 $1.88 1.76 2.01 $1.82 1.70 1.98 1.85 1.59 1.86 1.59 1.87 1.60 1.86 1.58 1. 79 1. 57 1.81 1.57 1.83 1.56 1.85 1.55 1.84 1.54 1.83 1.54 1.83 1.55 1.81 1.54 1.77 1.50 1.74 1.43 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.96 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.92 1.87 1.81 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.16 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.15 1.10 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.24 i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. * Preliminary. * Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay during the^month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO Group I). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .....— • Data relate to uonsupervlsory employees except messengers. • Excludes eating and drinking places. • Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips not Included. S o u r c e : U . S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.) to r a ll 876 T able M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , J U L Y 1963 C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries1 1962 1963 I n d u s tr y d iv isio n a n d group A p r.1 F eb. M a r. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay A p r. M in in g ........... ........................................................................................ 41.8 40.9 41.6 41.3 40.6 41.1 41.1 41.3 41.2 40.9 40.6 41.0 41.5 C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n ____________________________________ 37.3 37.4 36.6 36.5 35.4 37.3 37.2 37.7 37.3 37.4 36.7 37.5 36.6 M a n u fa c tu rin g ..__________ ________________ ____ ________ 40.3 40.4 40.3 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.1 40.5 40.2 40.5 40.5 40.6 40.8 D u ra b le g o o d s ............................................................................ O rd n an ce a n d accessories________________________ L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts except f u rn itu re ........... F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . . ................................................ S tone, clay a n d glass p r o d u c t s . . ................................... P rim a ry m e tal in d u s trie s _____________ __________ F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ............................................ M a c h in e ry ________________ _____ ________________ E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s.......... ..................... T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t............................................... In s tru m e n ts a n d related p ro d u c ts ________________ M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s .................... 40.8 40.7 39.8 40.7 41.3 41.6 41.0 41.2 40.1 41.4 40.5 39.4 41.0 41.0 39.7 40.5 41.2 40.6 41.2 41.5 40.3 41.7 40.9 39.6 41.0 41.5 40.1 40.6 40.7 40.7 41.3 41.7 40.5 41.9 41.0 39.7 40.7 41.2 40.0 40.5 40.4 40.2 41.2 41.6 40.3 41.0 40.6 39.4 41.1 41.6 39.7 40.4 40.5 40.2 40.8 41.6 40.3 42.3 41.2 39.5 41.1 41.4 39.7 40.6 40.9 40.1 41.3 41.7 40.5 42.9 40.9 39.3 40.7 41.1 39.4 40.5 41.0 39.7 41.1 41.5 40.5 42.2 40.7 39.4 41.0 41.2 40.2 40.8 41.3 39.9 41.0 41.7 40.6 42.4 40.8 40.0 40.9 41.4 40.3 40.5 41.2 39.7 41.0 41.9 40.5 41.5 41.0 39.7 41.0 40.9 40.4 40.6 41.4 39.6 41.1 41.8 40.7 42.1 40.8 39.8 41.0 41.5 39.6 41.3 41.0 39.6 41.4 41.8 40.7 41.9 41.1 39.9 41.1 41.3 40.2 41.3 41.2 39.9 41.3 41.9 40.7 42.2 41.1 40.1 41.3 41.8 39.7 41.5 41.1 40.9 41.5 42.0 41.1 42.1 41.2 40.3 N o n d u ra b le goods____________________________________ F ood a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ______________________ T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s___________________________ T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts _____________________________ A p p a re l a n d related p ro d u c ts ____________________ P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts ................................................ P rin tin g , p u b lish in g a n d allied in d u s trie s ________ Chemicals" a n d allied p ro d u c ts ............... ....................... P e tro le u m refining a n d related in d u s t r i e s ............... R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts .............. L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _____________________ 39.6 40.8 36.4 40.7 36.2 42.4 42.0 42.4 41.0 37.1 39.8 41.1 39.2 40.4 36.7 42.7 38.4 41.5 40.9 36.8 39.5 40.9 37.5 40.1 36.1 42.7 38.3 41.4 41.0 41.0 36.8 39.4 40.7 38.5 40.0 35.8 42.5 38.1 41.3 41.8 40.9 36.8 39.6 40.9 39.0 40.2 36.4 42.8 38.3 41.4 41.9 41.0 37.4 39.4 41.0 39.4 39.9 36.1 42.5 38.1 41.4 41.6 40.9 36.9 39.3 40.7 38.7 40.0 35.8 42.2 37.9 41.5 41.8 40.6 36.9 39.7 41.1 39.5 40.3 36.4 42.6 38.3 41.5 42.1 41.0 37.8 39.4 40.7 37.4 40.3 36.1 42.5 38.3 41.5 41.7 40.5 37.5 39.8 41.6 37.1 40.7 36.4 42.7 38.3 41.5 41.7 40.5 37.6 40.0 41.1 37.9 41.0 36.8 42.8 38.4 41.6 41.7 41.5 38.0 40.1 41.3 38.6 41.3 36.6 42.6 38.4 41.7 41.6 41.5 38.0 40.2 41.2 39.6 41.5 37.1 42.7 38.6 41.7 41.3 41.8 38.6 W holesale a n d retail tra d e *_________________ ______ _____ W holesale t r a d e . . . ..................................................................... R e ta il tra d e 3................................................................................. 38.7 40.6 37.9 38.6 40.6 37.8 38.7 40.5 37.9 38.7 40.4 37.8 38.7 40.6 38.0 38.7 40.6 37.9 38.6 40.5 37.8 38.7 40.6 38.0 38.7 40.6 37.9 38.7 40.6 37.9 38.7 40.7 37.9 38.8 40.7 38.0 38.7 40.8 37.8 38.3 41.1 i F o r em ployees covered, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -3. a P re lim in a ry . * E x clu d es e a tin g a n d d rin k in g places. T able N o t e : T h e seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d used Is described in " N e w Seasonal A d ju s tm e n t F a c to rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts ," M onthly Labor Review, A u g u st 1960, p p . 822-827. C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1 1962 1963 Annual average Major industry group Apr.1 Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 Manufacturing.................................................... $2.37 $2.36 $2.36 $2.36 $2.35 $2. 33 $2.32 $2.31 $2.29 $2.31 $2.31 $2.31 $2.31 $2.25 $2.20 2. 54 2.82 2. 53 2.83 2.53 2. 82 2.52 2.81 2.52 2. 78 2.50 2.78 2.48 2. 76 2.48 2. 77 2.46 2.75 2.47 2. 75 2. 47 2. 76 2.47 2. 76 2.48 2. 76 2. 42 2.71 2.36 2.60 1.91 1.92 2.37 2.98 2. 51 2. 67 2.39 2.87 2.41 1.90 1.91 2.36 2.93 2. 51 2. 66 2.39 2. 87 2.42 1.89 1.90 2.36 2.92 2.50 2.66 2.39 2.86 2.42 1.89 1.90 2.36 2.91 2. 49 2. 65 2.38 2.86 2.40 1.92 1.90 2. 36 2.90 2. 49 2. 65 2.38 2.86 2. 40 1. 93 1. 89 2.35 2.89 2. 48 2.64 2.36 2.84 2. 40 1.91 1.89 2.33 2.89 2. 47 2. 63 2.35 2.83 2.39 1.93 1.88 2.33 2. 89 2.48 2.62 2.35 2.83 2.38 1.91 1.88 2.32 2.88 2. 46 2.60 2.33 2.80 2.37 1.91 1.88 2.32 2.88 2.47 2.60 2.34 2.80 2.37 1. 91 1.88 2.32 2. 88 2.46 2. 60 2.34 2.78 2.37 1.89 1.89 2.30 2. 89 2. 47 2.60 2.34 2.78 2.38 1.90 1.88 2.31 2.92 2. 46 2. 60 2.34 2. 77 2.37 1.88 1.86 2.25 2. 84 2. 42 2.54 2.30 2. 72 2.32 1.82 1.82 2.20 2. 75 2.36 2.47 2.23 2.65 2.26 Durable goods......................... ........................ Ordnance and accessories____________ Lumber and wood products except furniture_______ __________________ Furniture and fixtures............ .................. Stone, clay, and glass products............... Primary metal in d u stries...................... Fabricated metal products...... ............... Machinery........................ .......................... Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment............... ....... Instruments and related products_____ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries......................... .................................. Nondurable goods_____________________ Food and kindred products..................... Tobacco manufactures_______________ Textile mill products....... ......................... Apparel and related products_________ Paper and allied products____________ Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries............................................................. Chemicals and allied products................ Petroleum refining and related indus tries..... ....................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products........ ......................................— Leather and leather p ro d u cts................ 1.98 1.97 1.98 1.98 1.96 1.92 1. 91 1.90 1.90 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.92 1.87 1.84 2.15 2.24 1.97 1. 64 1. 64 2.34 2.14 2.23 1.94 1.64 1. 66 2. 34 2.13 2.23 1.91 1.64 1.65 2. 33 2.14 2.22 1.88 1.63 1.66 2. 33 2.12 2.20 1.85 1.63 1.64 2.32 2.11 2.17 1.83 1. 63 1. 64 2.31 2.10 2.15 1.68 1.63 1.64 2.31 2.10 2.13 1.67 1.62 1.65 2.30 2.09 2.13 1.78 1.62 1. 64 2.30 2.10 2.13 1.95 1. 62 1.63 2.29 2.10 2.16 1.96 1.62 1.62 2.28 2.09 2.16 1.95 1.62 1.63 2.27 2.09 2.17 1.93 1.62 1.64 2.27 2.05 2.09 1.74 1.57 1.61 2.23 1.99 2.02 1.67 1.56 1.56 2.15 (3) m 2.51 2. 43 (*) (3i (3) (3) 2.62 2. 62 3.09 3.06 2.40 1.72 2.40 1.70 2. 61 2. 61 3.08 2.41 1.73 (») (*) (3) (3) 2. 61 3.07 2.99 2. 98 2.96 2. 96 2. 95 .41 1. 71 2.41 1.70 2.39 1.71 2. 38 1.70 2.38 1. 70 2.38 1.69 1 F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith th o se p u b lish e d in issues p rio r to D ecem b er 1961, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2. F o r em ployees covered, see footn o te 1, ta b le A -3. A verage h o u rly ea rn in g s excluding o v ertim e are d e riv e d b y as su m in g t h a t o v ertim e h o u rs are p aid for a t th e ra te of tim e a n d one-half. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (•) 2.62 2.60 2. 59 2.59 (3) 2.58 (») (3) (») 2.57 2. 54 2. 53 2.97 2.95 2.95 2.97 2.94 2.82 2. 40 1.68 2.38 1.69 2.36 1.69 2.35 1.69 2.32 1.65 2.26 1.61 * P re lim in a ry . • N o t a v a ilab le b ecau se average o v ertim e ra te s are sig n ifican tly above tim e a n d one-half. In clu sio n of d a ta for th e g ro u p In th e n o n d u ra b le goods to ta l h a s little effect. 877 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b le C -4 . A v erag e o v e rtim e h o u rs of p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers in m a n u fa c tu rin g , b y in d u s try 1 Annual average 1962 1963 Industry M a n u fa c tu rin g ___________________________ D u ra b le goods________________________ N o n d u ra b le goods____________________ Apr.* Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay Apr. 1961 1960 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.7 4.0 2.9 2.6 2.0 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.8 2.1 2.3 2.0 3.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.0 3.1 2.6 1.9 1.6 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.7 2.7 1.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.3 2. 5 1.4 1.1 2.0 3.4 2.5 3.4 2.3 2.8 1.8 5. 5 2.4 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.8 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.9 1.8 1.3 2.2 3.0 1.3 3.3 2.0 2. 6 1.7 4. 5 2.7 2 5 1.8 3.5 2.9 3.0 2.2 2.7 2.5 2.7 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.7 1.5 3.3 1.7 2.5 1.6 3.6 2.5 2.4 1.5 3.6 2.8 2.8 1.9 2.5 2.5 2.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.7 1.5 3.3 1.6 2.4 1.7 3.5 2.3 2.3 1.3 3.1 2.8 3.3 2.4 2.7 3.3 3.7 2.2 1.6 2.9 2.9 1.8 3.8 1.3 2.5 1.9 3.8 2.4 2.3 1.1 3.5 2.9 3 2 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 1.6 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.2 3.6 1.7 2.9 2.1 5.0 2.7 2.1 1.0 3.0 2.8 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.4 2.0 3.7 2.8 3.7 1.5 3.5 1.8 3.0 2.3 6.0 2.7 2.0 .9 2.9 2.3 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.4 2.4 4.6 3.2 3.9 2.0 3.4 2.3 3.1 2.0 6.4 2.9 2.2 1.3 2.7 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 2.0 4.0 3.4 3.9 1.6 3.4 2.1 3.2 2.1 6.7 2.8 1.9 .9 2.5 3.1 3.5 4.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 3.6 2.6 3.8 1.8 3.8 2.1 3.2 1.7 6.3 2.7 2.0 1.1 2.8 2.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.4 3.6 3.0 3.7 1.6 3.7 1.8 2.9 1.6 6.3 2.9 2.3 1.1 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.6 1.7 2.8 2.4 3.6 1.3 3.5 1.9 3.2 1.2 6.2 2.8 2.0 1.0 3.2 2.3 3.3 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.9 1.8 2.2 2.4 3.2 1.0 3.3 1.6 2.8 1.3 5.2 2.6 2.3 1.7 2.8 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.1 3.6 1.5 2.7 1.5 5.0 2.3 1.9 1.3 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.1 2.4 3.6 1.6 2.7 1.5 4.8 2.4 1.8 1.3 2.1 3.0 2. 5 2.8 2.8 2.4 3.1 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.5 3.5 3.2 3.3 2.7 2.7 3.9 3.3 3.8 2.9 2.4 3.8 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.5 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.7 3.0 3.5 3.3 4.9 3.2 2.6 2.9 3.1 4.3 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.9 4.7 4.1 3.2 3.4 3.1 4.0 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 3.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 3.0 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.2 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.1 3.0 1.9 2.8 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.8 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.1 1.6 2.6 3.8 3.6 3.3 2.9 1.4 2.3 4.0 3.3 3.6 3.0 1.5 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.7 1.4 2.4 2.5 3.7 2.7 2.6 Durable goods O rd n an ce a n d accessories_______________ A m m u n itio n except for sm all a rm s ........ S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip m e n t___ O th er o rd n an ce a n d accessories______ L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts except fu r n itu re ...................... - ........... - ................. S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills____________ M ill w o rk, ply w o o d , a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _________________________________ W o o d en c o n ta in e rs____________________ M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts _______ F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res__________________ H o u seh o ld f u rn itu re __________________ Office f u rn itu re _______________________ P a rtitio n s ; office a n d sto re fix tu res____ O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fix tu res--------S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts _______ F la t g lass__________________________ Q lass a n d glassw are, pressed o r b lo w n .. C e m e n t h y d ra u lic ____________________ S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ______________ P o tte r y a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _________ C o n crete, gy p su m , a n d p la ste r p ro d u c ts O th e r sto n e a n d m in eral p ro d u c ts ___ P r im a r y m e tal in d u s trie s ......................... .. B la st fu rn ace a n d basic steel p r o d u c t s ... Iro n a n d steel fo u n d rie s-------- -------------N o n ferro u s sm eltin g a n d refin in g _____ N o n ferrous rolling, d raw in g , a n d ex tr u d in g ............................................. ............. N o n ferro u s fo u n d rie s................................... M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e tal in d u stries. F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ... ...................... M e ta l ca n s___________________________ C u tle ry , h a n d tools, a n d general h a r d w a re _____________ _______ __________ H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g fix tu r e s _______________________________ F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ... S crew m a ch in e p ro d u c ts, b o lts, e tc ____ M e ta l sta m p in g s _____________________ C o atin g , en g rav in g , a n d allied services.. M iscellaneous fab ricate d w ire p roducts. M iscellaneous fab ricate d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ........ ..................................... ................. . M a c h in e ry ..................... ..................... ............. . E n g in e s a n d tu rb in e s _________________ F a rm m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t______ C o n s tru c tio n a n d re la te d m a c h in e r y ... M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t------- ---------- ----------------------------S pecial in d u s try m a c h in e ry ----------------G en eral in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry .................. Office, c o m p u tin g a n d a c c o u n tin g m a ch in es_________________ ____________ Service in d u s try m a c h in e s ....................... . M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry _____________ E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s______ E le c tric d is trib u tio n e q u ip m e n t______ E le c tric a l in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ________ H o u se h o ld a p p lia n c e s .............................. . E le c tric lig h tin g an d w iring e q u ip m e n t. R ad io a n d TV receiv in g s e ts................... C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t---------------E lectro n ic co m p o n en ts a n d accessories. M iscellaneous electrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s................ ....................... ............... . T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t........................ . . M o to r vehicles a n d e q u ip m e n t.......... .. A ircraft a n d p a r ts ........................................ . S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ... R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t__________________ O th e r tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t____ In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ---------E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d co n tro l d e v ices_______________________________ O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods------------S u rg ical, m edical, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip m e n t............................................................. P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s. W a tch es a n d clocks__________________ See fo otnotes a t e n d of ta b le. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.3 2.0 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.3 1.7 2.2 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.8 1.7 2.1 3.9 3.2 2.8 2.8 1.8 2.0 4.0 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.0 2.3 4.3 3.6 3.5 3.0 1.9 2.5 3.7 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.6 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.1 2.1 2.5 3 2 2 7 2 fi 2.4 2.3 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.1 2.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 1.9 1.6 2.2 2.7 2.9 1.9 1.8 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.3 1.9 2.8 2.2 3.2 2.1 1.7 3.0 2.7 3.4 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.6 3.3 2.5 2.2 2.8 2.6 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 5 1 3 Ft 2.4 4.7 3.5 2.3 4.4 3.5 2.2 4.7 3.7 2.6 4.3 3.3 2.5 4.1 3.3 2.6 4.2 3.6 2.6 4.5 3.3 2.7 4.9 3.4 3.0 5.2 3.8 3.2 5.3 3.5 2.9 5.4 3.6 2.9 3.4 2.8 2.0 4.3 3.3 2.1 1 7 2 3 4.2 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.8 3.9 1.9 1.8 2.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.6 4.1 1.9 1.5 2.1 1.3 1.7 1.2 2.2 1.7 1.5 1.7 4.3 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.1 1.3 1.6 4.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.8 4.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.5 1.9 1.4 2.0 4.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.6 3.0 2.1 1.3 2.1 4.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.6 2.5 4.2 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.5 3.0 4.0 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.5 2.2 4.0 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 2.5 2.1 1.4 2.2 4.0 2.1 1.6 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.4 2.5 2.0 2.2 1.6 3.5 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.4 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 2.5 1.6 1.7 2.6 3.2 1.8 2.9 1.8 2.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 3.1 3.7 2.3 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.3 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.3 2.6 3.3 1.6 2.6 2.2 2.3 3.4 3.3 3.8 2.8 3.1 1.6 1.8 2.2 28 3.8 4.6 6.1 3.2 3.4 1.5 2.1 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.5 5.9 3.2 3.0 1.2 1.9 2.5 2.7 3.5 3.9 4.9 3.2 2.9 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.6 4.5 3.0 2.5 1.7 3.0 2.5 2.9 2.3 3.1 3.6 2.7 3.0 2.1 3.3 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.3 4.0 2.5 2.8 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.9 2.6 2.7 2.5 3.6 2.5 2.6 3.2 3.4 4.0 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.5 2.2 2.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.5 .9 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.7 3.2 2.2 2.4 1.2 1.7 2.1 2.8 1.8 2.3 2.1 2.5 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.6 2.1 2.5 1.7 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.5 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.2 1.5 2.2 2.9 1.7 1.9 3.2 1.7 1.6 3.1 .5 2.2 3.0 1.8 2.2 3.4 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.4 2.6 1.6 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.9 1.7 2.5 3.2 2.1 2.1 2.9 1.5 2.2 2.6 1.0 2 7 1 fi 2*_2 2.2 4 fi 3 0 1.9 1 3 13 3.5 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.5 .8 1.2 1.5 2.0 878 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 196S T a bl e C -4 . Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Apr.* Mar- 1.9 2.3 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 Feb. Jan. Dec. 2.2 2.1 2 .0 2.7 1.7 2.5 1.7 2.4 4. 1 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.3 2.5 1.9 2.5 2.0 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.4 4.2 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.2 2.2 2.2 6.1 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.4 7.0 3.7 4.9 3.4 3.2 4.1 Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. 2.3 3.4 2.5 3.4 2.3 3.1 2.6 3.2 2.4 2.3 2.7 1.9 July June M ay Apr. 2.3 2.9 2.4 3.1 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.5 2.3 1.9 2. 5 2.3 3.6 3.9 3.6 2.5 3.1 3.3 3.3 2.3 5.4 1961 1960 Manufacturing—Continued Durable good.»—Continued Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are.... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.. Pens, pencils, office and art materials.. Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries______ Nondurable good» Food and kindred products____________ Meat products____________ Dairy products_____ ..IIIIIIIIII™ !! Canned and preserved food, except meats. Qraln mill products________________ Bakery products_____________ I Sugar..................................... Confectionery and related products___ Beverages__________________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred prod ucts............................. Tobacco manufactures. Cigarettes__________ Cigars_____________ Textile mill products___________ Cotton broad woven fabrics_______ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics, Weaving and finishing broad woolens. Narrow fabrics and smallwares......... Knitting____________________ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering_____________ Yarn and thread____ Miscellaneous textile goods.I____ ll. Apparel and related products..______ Men’s and boys’suits and coats...III! Men’s and boys’furnishings______ W omen’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer wear................................... ..................... Women’s and children’s undergar ments.................................................. . Hats, caps, and millinery________ Oirls’ and childron’souterwear_____ Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel... Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod ucts_________ Paper and allied products_____ Paper and pulp___ Paperboard................................................ Converted paper and paperboard prod ucts............. ............................................... Paperboard containers and boxes_____ Printing, publishing, and allied industries. Newspaper publishing and printing___ Periodical publishing and printing . Books_____________________________ Commercial printing_______________ Bookbinding and related industries__ Other publishing and printing indus tries_______________ Chemicals and allied produ cts.._______ Industrial ch em ica ls...______________ Plastics and synthetics, except glass... Drugs............................................................ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______ Paints, varnishes and allied products.. Agricultural chemicals........ ..... ................ Other chemical products_____________ Petroleum reflningand related Industries. Petroleum refining_______ ____ ______ Other petroleum and coal products ” 11 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod ucts........................................................... Tires and inner tubes___________ ” 1” Other rubber products.......... Miscellaneous plastic products_______ Leather and leather products__________ Leather tanning and finishing________ Footwear, except rubber_____________ Other leather products_______________ 1.8 4.7 3.0 4.2 1.7 2.9 3.5 .4 .4 .2 2.8 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.8 1.7 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.9 1.1 .9 .9 2.2 2.2 5.4 5.6 2.7 3.2 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.4 2.3 2.8 3.7 .8 1.0 .8 3.1 3.0 3.9 3.6 3.0 1.8 4.6 4.8 3.1 3 .3 4.0 .7 .5 1.1 3.0 2.9 3.9 3.7 3.0 1.7 4.2 4.9 2.9 3.4 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.5 6.4 3.3 4.5 3.1 2.5 3.4 3.8 3.2 2.3 6.9 3.1 2.9 3.3 2.5 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.1 .6 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.6 5.7 2.6 .5 .7 2 .8 3.0 4.0 3.4 3.3 1.6 3.1 3 .3 2.5 3.2 2.1 1.2 1.5 3.0 3.0 4.3 3.1 3.2 1.7 3.3 3.2 4.5 3.2 4 .4 4.7 5.1 4.5 3 .3 2.2 1.2 1.0 1.4 3.2 3.1 4.4 3.4 3.4 2.3 4.2 5.0 2.6 2.8 3 .1 3.7 3 .8 3.5 1 .4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 14 1.1 1.1 1 .0 .9 1.3 1 .0 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.3 3.0 2.8 4.2 3.7 3.2 2.3 3.7 4.7 2.2 2.4 2.5 3.4 3.1 3.4 1.9 2.2 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.1 3.0 2.4 3.6 3.8 3.8 2.5 6.5 3.4 4.7 3.1 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.5 6.9 3.4 4.6 1.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 .9 .9 .9 3.5 3.1 4.6 2.6 6.9 3.3 4.4 2.6 1.0 .6 .8 3.1 3.0 4.4 4.1 .7 .4 3.1 2.9 4.2 4.4 3.3 3 .3 2.3 2.4 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.7 1.2 3.3 4.9 2.8 3 .3 3.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 3.2 1.5 1 .2 1 .6 1 .3 1 .0 1.3 2.0 3.3 6.2 3.4 2.5 4.7 3 .8 3.5 4.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 6.2 2.9 2.1 30 1.9 2.1 2 8 1 9 1.9 1.5 1. 7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.7 3.1 2. 4 6. 2 2.9 4.5 2.5 3.8 3 7 2.9 2. 3 fl 0 29 4 2 2. 4 1.8 3.1 3.9 1.9 3.2 3.6 1.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.9 .7 .9 .5 3.3 3.3 4.3 4. 9 3.7 .7 .5 .9 3.3 3.4 4.3 4.6 3.9 3.9 1.1 1. 2 1.0 1.0 1 \ 1.0 3.3 3 .3 2 .2 4 .4 3.2 2.3 4.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 1.3 1 .2 1.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 2.9 2 0 3.7 2 .6 2. 8 3 3 3 1 2 .4 1 s 3. 2 2 .8 2. 4 2.8 3.4 3 3 2 .8 3.0 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.1 .8 1 .2 1.1 .9 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1 .4 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 .9 1.7 1.3 .7 .7 1 .7 1.7 1.5 1 .2 1.1 1.2 .7 .9 1.6 1.6 t.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 1 .4 1.2 1.2 1 .0 1.1 .9 1.2 .8 1.1 1.2 1.3 .7 1.5 1 .6 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 .9 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 l.a 1 .8 1.1 1.5 3.8 4.9 5.1 1.5 4.3 5.4 5.9 1.4 4.2 5.2 5.6 1.3 4.2 5.3 5.4 1.8 2.0 2 .2 2 .1 1.8 1 .5 1.8 1 .7 1 .6 1. 7 4.5 5.2 6.3 4.5 5.2 4 .5 5.1 5.2 5.9 4.3 5.0 5.6 5 1 2.5 3.0 2.4 2.9 3.3 2.8 2.9 3. 1 2.4 3 .0 4.6 3.1 2.8 2.8 1.8 2.7 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.1 2.9 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.4 5.6 2.4 1.7 1.5 3.2 2.5 1.8 1.5 4.0 5.9 3.2 3.5 3.1 3.0 1.3 2.5 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.2 1.4 2.5 1.1 1.6 1.0 2.1 1.6 3.5 2.7 2 .0 2.9 2.2 2. 5 3.4 1.3 2.3 2.9 2.9 1.2 2.6 2.4 2.4 1. 6 2.1 2.0 1.4 2.6 3.2 1.5 2. 5 1.3 1.7 1.7 3.2 2.7 2.8 2. 6 3.0 1.2 2. 4 1.1 1.2 2.7 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.5 1.9 4.8 2.4 2.5 1.9 2. 4 2.3 3.3 2.5 2.4 2. 4 1.4 2.2 2.2 2.9 3.6 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.5 2.5 1.5 3.1 1.6 2.6 2.8 1.8 2.5 2.5 1.7 3.7 2.4 2.6 1.0 2.8 2.2 1.9 3.0 2.7 2.7 1.9 2. 5 .9 2 .4 .7 4.3 2.8 2.8 2.1 4.3 4.0 3.3 2.3 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.0 3.0 2.6 3.1 3.2 2.7 9.8 5.5 2.8 3.3 2.1 2.4 6 .0 4.8 5.8 6.4 3.2 3.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.8 2.0 2.1 .8 ber 1961, see footnote 1, table À-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1. table A-3. These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over tim e hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.7 2 .5 2.8 4.4 3.6 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 4 .6 4.2 2.7 2.4 4.0 3.7 2.8 2.8 3 .4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.3 3.9 2.9 2.5 3.5 2.7 2.4 2.5 3.6 3.0 2.4 3.6 2.7 2. 4 3.1 3.7 2.9 2.1 XI 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.6 2 .6 2.6 2 6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.3 2. 5 2.0 2 0 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.4 2 .8 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.8 2 .2 1.6 2.0 6.6 1.3 5.9 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.3 1.4 3.1 8.5 2.9 3.0 1.5 2.8 1.0 1.8 2.8 3.1 1.3 2.7 .9 1 .8 5.1 2.8 3.6 2.8 6.8 4J 2.8 2.6 3.0 4 .4 5.4 5.4 3.3 2.3 2.5 3.2 2.3 3.9 3.3 4.5 6.2 6.1 3 .0 2.4 2.7 4 .7 5.5 1.4 4.3 5.2 5.7 3.4 4.1 2.9 2.5 2 .0 2.8 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.2 1 .8 3.4 2.8 3.3 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.4 3.2 3.3 2 .6 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.8 2.8 2.3 3.1 7.2 2.4 2.3 2.6 6.0 2.4 3. 8 2.5 2.0 2 .0 1.6 1. 5 4.5 1.6 2.8 2.2 1.6 6.2 6.1 4.7 3.8 3.0 3.7 4.4 3.5 3.5 1.5 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.3 2. 5 2.8 2.6 1.7 3.6 2.6 3.0 1.4 2.3 1.3 1.5 2.5 1.2 1.8 1.2 2.8 1.0 1.3 1.9 1. 9 2.9 3.3 1.4 2.6 1.1 1 .7 2.6 2 .8 3 .8 2.9 2 7 3 .6 3 7 3 1 X 3 1. Ö 2. 3 1 9 4.3 X5 2.0 1 .4 4.5 2 4 2.3 2. 7 2. 4 2.9 1.4 2.3 2 .1 1.1 1. 1 1.7 2 .2 2 .5 1.2 1.4 either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours, nours for wblcb only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of pre miums were paid are excluded. * Preliminary, 879 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T a b l e C -5 . Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1 [1957-59-100] Annual average 1962 1963 Activity M ay* Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1961 1960 Man-hours Total......................... ........................................... M ining_______________________ ______ Contract construction____ ______________ Manufacturing.................... ........................... .. 98.9 82.1 97.4 100.0 96.1 80.3 89.0 98.2 94.0 76.6 75.6 98.2 92.4 77.3 69.5 97.3 93.4 77.9 75.1 97.5 96.3 79.8 80.7 100.0 99.2 81.3 94.9 100.9 101.7 83.3 105.3 102.0 103.4 84.3 107.7 103.6 102.0 85.4 110.6 101.3 100.6 82.4 107.7 100.2 100.8 85.4 99.5 101.8 99.1 84.0 97.3 100.1 95.1 84.9 94.3 95.8 99.0 91.1 98.3 99.6 Durable goods______________________ Ordnance and accessories_________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________________ Furniture and fixtures___________ Stone, clay, and glass products........ Primary metal industries.................. Fabricated metal products................ Machinery______________________ Electrical equipment and supplies.. Transnortation equipment............. Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.............................................. 102.0 119.3 99.9 119.7 99.1 124.1 98.4 125.8 98.7 127.9 100.7 129.9 101.2 129.5 101.8 127.4 102.4 128.0 99.0 127.4 99.8 123.1 102.2 122.4 101.2 123.8 93.9 118.1 99.4 111.7 98.2 100.7 100.3 100.7 101.6 101.7 110.5 99.1 103.1 93.2 100.4 96.8 100.1 98.7 100.9 109.0 96.5 102.1 90.7 101.2 90.6 95.9 97.9 101.3 110.7 96.5 102.7 90.0 90.6 101.7 88.2 92.2 98.4 100.2 113.1 98.2 102.0 92.5 105.7 91.7 92.2 100.2 100.2 115.8 100.7 103.8 96.2 106.0 98.0 90.0 100. 7 99.1 115.8 99.5 104.1 99.6 107.9 100.8 89.8 101.9 99.6 116.4 97.9 103.3 103.1 108.0 102.1 92.5 102.7 100.2 116.9 95.7 103.0 105.0 107.3 103.0 90.5 99.6 99.6 113.4 82.9 103.1 102.3 101.6 101.6 90.3 98.8 100.4 111.8 93.9 101.0 102.7 104.5 101.3 95.2 102.6 102. 8 114.5 95.2 103.1 98.2 102.1 99.2 97.5 100.8 101.9 112.2 95.6 101.6 94.0 97.7 94.8 91.6 94.1 93.2 104.1 83.8 98.8 99.2 102.6 100.4 98.0 99.9 99.7 105.8 92.1 102.8 99.2 96.4 96.9 94.5 91.8 98.9 107.6 111.2 110.7 107.2 101.5 105.1 102.6 98.8 101.4 97.5 87.8 78.7 92.7 105.1 103.7 96.0 86.5 69.9 90.8 103.2 101.9 97.1 86.9 77.1 91.6 108.2 102.9 96.0 85.6 80.9 90.6 105.6 101.7 96.0 88.1 89.7 90.2 100.7 102.6 99.1 93.3 100.0 93.2 103. 5 105.0 100.6 96.8 99.6 94.4 105.8 104. 4 102.2 102.6 120.5 94.8 105.4 105.1 105.2 110.0 133.2 94.6 107.8 106.6 104.3 106.4 104.1 95.7 109.5 106.1 100.8 101.8 74.0 94.2 102.7 104.1 101.2 95.9 75.6 97.7 105.5 105.8 98.8 91.3 75.4 96.4 103.3 103.0 98.2 96.5 94.4 93.5 99.1 102.0 99.8 98.0 97.1 96.5 101.8 102.1 104.5 105.6 103.2 107.6 102.3 104.1 100.8 102.6 100.9 102.5 104.2 103.5 106.0 103. 5 106.0 103.7 106.8 104.5 105.1 104.3 104.0 104.2 105.1 104.8 104.8 105.7 104.6 100.8 104.4 101.6 85.2 84.1 79.2 78.8 80.6 81.4 82.7 83.5 86.5 sa 4 90.7 90.2 88.4 89.0 93.5 112.0 93.7 112.0 97.0 109.2 101.7 106.8 99.5 112.3 100.6 108.2 95.3 99.5 97.4 101.5 97.5 92.0 127.0 117.4 92.2 128.5 113.6 88.8 124.8 113.2 92.0 114.0 115.1 90.3 111.6 113.2 89.9 106.4 105.2 95.2 106.9 106.6 Nondurable g o o d s .................................... Food and kindred products............. Tobacco manufactures___________ Textile mill p ro d u cts.......... ........... Apparel and related products.......... Paper and allied products............... . Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............................................. Chemicals and allied products____ Petroleum refining and related industries........................................ . Rub tier and miscellaneous plastic p rod u cts...___________________ Leather and leather products_____ 109.2 90.5 107.3 87.8 108.2 93.7 101. 1 87.3 94.1 97.5 100.5 111.8 96.4 102.4 107.8 95.6 109.3 95.7 111.1 97.8 111.3 95.9 Payrolls M ining_____ _______ ____________________ Contract construction....................................... M anufacturing................................................ . 115.9 88.3 104.4 113.7 84.4 90.1 113.4 85.5 83.3 112.0 85.7 90.3 112.1 1 F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith those p u b lish e d In Issues p rio r to D ecem b e r 1961, see footnote 1, ta b le A-2. F o r m in in g a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g , d a ta refer to p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w orkers T a b l e C -6 . 87.6 96.9 115.0 87.9 111.9 115.3 90.2 123.9 115.7 a n d for c o n tra c t co n stru c tio n , to co n stru c tio n w o rk ers, as defin ed in fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A-3. « P re lim in a ry . Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing1 [In c u rre n t a n d 1957-59 dollars! A nnual average 1962 1963 Ite m A p r. 2 M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay A p r. 1961 1960 Manufacturing G ross av erage w eek ly ea rn in g s: C u rre n t d o lla rs ______ _____ __________ $97. 76 $98. 09 $97.20 $97.44 $98.42 $97.36 $96. 72 $97.68 $95. 75 $96.80 $97.27 $96.80 $96.56 $92.34 1957-59 d o lla rs ................................................. 92. 05 92.36 91.61 91.92 93.02 91.85 91.25 92.06 90.76 91.75 92.37 92.02 91. 79 88.62 B p en d ab le average w eek ly e a rn in g s: W o rk er w ith no d e p e n d e n ts : C u rre n t d o lla rs___________________ 78.36 78.63 77.91 78.11 79.35 78.50 77.99 78.76 77.21 78.05 78.43 78.05 77.86 74.60 1957-59 d o lla rs ............. ........................... 73.79 74.04 73. 43 73. 69 75.00 74.06 73.58 74.23 73.18 73. 98 74. 48 74.19 74.01 71.59 W o rk e r w ith 3 d e p e n d e n ts: C u rre n t d o lla rs___________________ 86.04 86.31 85. 58 85.78 87.05 86.19 85. 66 86. 45 84.87 85.73 86.11 85.73 85.53 82.18 1957-59 d o lla rs ......................................... 81.02 81. 27 80.66 80. 92 82.28 81.31 80. 81 81.48 80. 45 81.26 81.78 81.49 81.30 78.87 1 F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith those p u b lish e d in Issues p rio r to D ecem b e r 1961, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2. F o r em ployees covered, see footnote 1, ta b le A -3. S p en d ab le average w eekly ea rn in g s are based on gross average w eekly ea rn in g s as p u b lish e d in ta b le 0 -1 less th e e stim a te d a m o u n t of th e w orkers’ F e d e ra l social secu rity a n d tocom e tax lia b ility . Since th e a m o u n t of ta x lia b ility d ep e n d s on th e n u m b e r of d e p e n d e n ts s u p p o rte d b y th e w orker as w ell as o n th e level of h is gross incom e, sp en d ab le earn in g s h av e been com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $89.72 87.02 72.57 70.39 80.11 77.70 p u te d for 2 ty p e s of incom e receivers: (1) A w o rk er w ith n o d e p e n d e n ts, a n d (2) a w o rk er w ith 3 d e p e n d e n ts. T h e ea rn in g s expressed In 1957-69 d o llars h a v e b een a d ju ste d for changes In p u rch asin g p o w er as m e asu red b y th e B u re a u ’s C o n su m er P ric e In d ex . 2 P re lim in a ry . N ote: T h e se series a re d escrib ed in “ T h e C a lc u la tio n a n d U ses of the S p en d ab le E a rn in g s S eries,” M onthly Labor Review, J a n u a r y 1959, p p . 50-54. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 880 D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices T able D -l. Consumer Price Index.1—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items [1957-59=100] Annual average 1962 1963 Group M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. N ov. Oct, Sept. All item s_____ ___ ____ _________________ 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.1 106.0 Food *______ ___________________________ Food at home____________ _________ Cereals and bakery products............ Meats, poultry, and fish_____ ____ Dairy products__________________ Fruits and vegetables......................... Other foods at home 3_______ ____ 104.2 102.5 109.3 98.0 102.8 113.9 94.5 104.3 102.6 109.2 98.3 102.9 112.0 96.2 104. 6 103.0 109.1 100.7 103. 5 109.6 96.7 105.0 103.5 109.2 102.1 103.6 109.4 97.1 104.7 103.2 108.7 102.5 103. 8 106.4 97.6 105.8 106.0 106.0 103.5 101.9 108.2 102.5 103.9 100.2 97.2 104.1 102.6 108.4 103.5 104.2 102.1 97.2 104.3 102 9 108.0 104.1 104.3 102.0 98.1 Housing 4._ ...................................... .................... Rent____ __________________________ Gas and electricity__________________ Solid and petroleum fuels..................... — Housefumishings___ ________________ Household operation................................. 105.7 106.6 107.4 102.4 98.4 110.0 105.8 106. 5 107.5 104.2 98.5 109.9 105.7 106.4 108.0 104.8 98. 6 109.7 105.4 106.4 108.0 104.8 98.3 109.3 105.4 106.3 108.2 104.9 97.9 109.3 105. 2 106.2 108.1 104.8 98.6 108.1 105.1 106.2 108.1 103.6 98.7 107.8 Apparel............................................................ — M en’s and boys’____________________ Women’s and girls’__________________ Footwear______ _____________________ Other apparel1______________________ 103.7 104.2 101.1 110.3 100.9 103.8 104.1 101.4 110.2 100.9 103.6 103.9 101.1 110.0 101.1 103.3 103.7 100.7 109.9 100.9 103.0 103.5 100.2 109.8 100.3 103.9 104.3 101.5 109.9 101.3 Transportation................................................... 107.4 Private_____________________________ 106.0 Public............................................................ 116.5 107.0 105.5 116.5 107.0 105.6 116.4 106.8 105.3 116.3 106.6 105.3 115. 7 108.0 106.8 115.7 Dec. M ay 1962 105.3 105.2 105.4 104.2 103.5 102.1 107.4 99.7 102.7 111.9 93.4 103.2 101.9 107.6 99.6 103.0 109.4 94.4 103.6 102.2 107.6 101.7 104.1 105.0 96.1 102.6 101.5 105.4 99.3 104.8 104.2 97.6 104.8 105. 7 108.0 99.7 09.0 107.5 104.8 105.6 107.7 99.4 99.1 107.4 104.7 105. 5 107.7 100.1 99.0 107.4 104.8 105. 7 107.9 102.1 98.9 107.4 103.9 104.4 107.9 101.6 99.5 105.9 102.5 102.9 99.9 109.3 100.3 102.9 103.2 100.4 109.2 100.8 102.8 103.1 100. 5 109.1 100 4 102.7 103.1 100.0 109.1 100.6 103.2 103.3 100.9 109. 3 100.6 102.8 102.8 101.0 107.8 100.9 107.8 106. 7 115.7 107.4 106.2 115.7 106.8 105.4 115.6 107.3 106.0 115.6 107.3 106.0 115.6 107.2 105.9 115.4 105.0 104.0 111.7 Aug. July June 106.1 105. 5 105.5 104.8 103. 5 107.9 106.3 104.2 102.2 97.8 103.8 102.3 107.8 102.6 103.9 105.2 95.2 103.8 102.4 107.9 100 8 103.5 109.9 94.1 105.0 106.1 108.0 102.4 98.8 107.6 104.9 105.9 108.0 101.3 98.7 107.6 104.8 105.8 108.0 100.1 98.5 107.4 104.3 104. 3 102.5 109.7 101.1 104.9 104.2 104.0 109.6 101.6 104.6 104.0 103.6 109.5 101.2 108 3 107.2 116.4 108.1 106.9 116.0 1961 Medical care.......... ..........—____ __________ 116.4 116.1 115.8 115.6 115.5 115.3 115 0 114.9 114.7 114.6 114.6 114.4 114.1 114.2 111.3 Personal care___________________________ 107.8 107.6 107.3 107.3 107.4 107.6 107.1 106.9 106.8 106.8 106.8 106.1 106.4 106.5 104.6 Reading and recreation_______ ______ ____ 110.7 111.0 110.1 110.0 110.2 110.0 110.1 109.5 110.0 110.3 110. 0 109.2 109.5 109.6 107.2 Other goods and services................................. 108.0 105.8 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.5 105.6 105.2 105.1 105.3 104.6 Special groups: All items less food...................... ............... All items less shelter.................................. All commodities less food____________ 107.0 106.1 103.0 107.0 106.1 103.0 106.8 106.1 102.9 106.6 106.1 102.7 106.5 105.9 102.6 106.7 105.8 103.4 106.7 106.0 103.5 106.7 106.1 103.6 106.6 106.1 103. 4 106.2 105. 5 102.6 106.1 105. 4 102.5 106.1 105. 3 102.6 106.0 105.2 102.6 106.1 105.4 102.8 104.8 104.2 102.1 All commodities_____________________ Nondurables 3___________________ Nondurables less food_______ ____ Nondurables less food and apparel— Durables 7____ __________________ Durables less cars____________ 103.6 104.2 104.2 104.7 101.0 98.3 103.6 104.2 104.3 104.7 100.9 98.4 103.7 104.4 104.2 104.7 100.8 98.5 103.8 104.5 104.1 104.6 100.6 98.4 103.6 104.3 104.0 104.7 100.4 98.5 103.6 104.0 104.6 105.1 101.7 98.6 103.9 104.2 104.4 104.5 102.2 98.6 104.0 104.4 104.6 104.5 102.0 98.6 104.1 104.7 104.6 104.6 101.6 98.6 103.2 103.5 103.2 103.7 101.7 98.7 103.1 103.5 103.3 103.5 101.5 98.7 103.1 103.4 103. 4 103.8 101.6 98.8 103.0 103.2 103.5 104.0 101.5 98.9 103.2 103.6 103. 8 104.2 101.5 98.8 102.4 102.8 103.2 103.3 100.5 98.fi All services *________________________ All services less rent_____________ Household operation services, gas, and electricity_________ Transportation services_______ Medical care services_________ Other services............................... 111.1 111.9 111.1 111.9 110.8 111.6 110.5 111.2 110.5 111.2 110.1 110.8 110.0 110.6 109.8 110.5 109.8 110.5 109.9 110.6 109.8 110.5 109.5 110.2 109.4 110.1 109.5 110.2 107.6 108.3 110.2 112.2 119.5 110.3 110.2 112.0 119.2 110.5 110.2 111.8 118.9 110.0 109.9 111.4 118.7 109.6 109.9 111.1 118.5 109.7 109.1 110.9 118.2 109.3 108.8 110.7 118.0 109.3 108.7 110.8 117.8 109.1 108.6 110.5 117.5 109.3 108.5 111.7 117.3 109.3 108.6 111.7 117.2 109.1 108. 5 111.5 116.9 108.7 108.4 111.5 116.6 108.7 108.5 111.2 116.8 108.7 107.2 109.5 113.1 106.8 •The Consumer Price Index for M ay 1963 calculated from a 1947-49 ■=100 base was 130.3. 1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the all-city average. * In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals and other food bought and eaten away from home. * Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic), and other miscellaneous foods. 4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase price of homes and other homeowner costs. * Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous Items. * includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings, household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey. 7 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, and sporting goods. s Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage, interest, prop erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, refinisbing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance, auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services, hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty shop services, television repairs and motion picture admissions. 881 D.— CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city 1957-59=100] Annual average 1962 1963 City M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1962 1961 1963 (194749 = 100) M ay All Items All-city average *........ 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.1 106.0 105.8 106.0 106.0 106.1 105. 5 105.5 105.3 105.2 105.4 104.2 130.3 Atlanta, Qa________ Baltimore, M d______ Boston, M ass_______ Chicago, 111_________ Cincinnati, Ohio____ 0 (3) (3) 105.0 (3) (3) (3) 109.2 105.0 (3) 104.9 106.2 (3) 105.2 104.5 (») (•) (») 104.7 (>) (3) (3) 108.6 104.7 0 104.5 105.7 0 104.7 104.0 0 0 0 105.0 0 0 0 108.2 105.0 0 104.7 106.0 0 105.2 104.3 0 0 0 104.4 0 0 0 107.2 104.5 0 104.0 104.8 0 104.5 103.3 0 0 0 104.6 0 104.1 105.2 107.4 104.6 103.6 103. 2 104. 4 105.1 103.6 102.6 0 132.4 0 Cleveland, Ohio____ Detroit, M ich______ Houston, T ex_______ Kansas City, M o___ Los Angeles, Calif___ 104.3 102.4 104.4 (3) 107.6 (3) 102.1 (3) 106.4 108.0 (8 102.6 (3) (3) 107.7 104.3 102.6 105.0 0 107.8 0 102.5 0 105.9 107.3 0 102.5 0 0 107.2 103.7 102.6 104.5 0 107.1 0 102.8 0 107.1 107.2 0 102.8 0 0 107.2 103.8 102.3 104.6 0 106.6 0 101.9 0 106.0 106.8 0 101.8 0 0 107.0 103.5 102.0 104.7 0 106.9 103.5 102.2 104.6 106.1 106.6 103.2 101.9 102.6 104. 5 105.4 129.5 126.3 128.6 0 134.2 Minneapolis, M in n .. N ew York, N .Y ......... Philadelphia, Pa........ Pittsburgh, Pa______ Portland, Oreg______ (3) 107.8 106.2 (3) 0 106.5 107.9 106.4 106.3 106.2 (3) 107.6 106.4 (3) (3) («) 107.6 106.2 (3) (*) 106.0 107.5 105.9 106.5 105.7 0 106.9 105.7 0 0 0 107.1 105.8 0 0 105.9 107. 2 105. 8 106.3 105.3 0 107.3 106.0 0 0 0 106.6 105. 2 0 0 105. 7 106.4 105.3 106.0 104.8 0 105.8 104.9 0 0 0 105.7 104.7 0 0 105.5 106.4 105.2 105.9 104.6 104.2 104.8 104.4 105. 0 104.1 0 129.9 130.4 St. Louis, M o............. San Francisco, C alif.. Scranton, Pa_______ Seattle, Wash_______ Washington, D .C ___ (3) (3) 106.7 107.4 106.1 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 105.8 108.4 (3) (3) (3) (») (3) 106.9 107.2 105.6 106.0 107.8 0 0 0 0 0 106.5 107.0 105.3 105.6 107.5 0 0 0 106.0 106. 7 104.8 104.4 107.5 0 0 0 0 0 105.7 106.3 104.2 105.1 107.4 105. 9 106.5 104.6 103.9 105.8 104.1 104.9 103.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127.3 135.0 127.7 Food All-city average3. 104.2 104.3 104.6 105.0 104.7 103.5 104.1 104.3 104.8 103.8 103.8 103.5 103.2 103.6 102.6 A tla n ta , Q a_________ B altim o re, M d ______ B o sto n , M a s s ............... C hicago, 111_________ C in c in n a ti, O hio......... 102.3 103.5 106.2 104.7 102.3 102.7 103.5 106.6 105.0 102.2 103.8 103.7 106.5 105. 7 102.6 104.2 103.9 106.3 105.4 103.7 104.0 104.6 106.4 105.6 103.1 102.7 103.4 105.7 104.3 101.7 103.1 103.6 106.4 105.7 102.8 103.9 104.2 105.7 105.7 103.0 104.3 104.5 105.7 106.7 103.7 103.4 104.2 105.0 105.8 102.2 102.9 103.4 104.3 105.7 102.4 103.0 103.0 104.2 105.2 101.5 103.1 102.7 103.7 104.6 101.2 103.0 103.3 104.6 105.3 101.9 101.8 102.4 102.4 103.2 101.8 C le v ela n d , O hio_____ D e tro it, M ic h _______ H o u sto n , T e x ............... K an sas C ity , M o ........ L os A ngeles, C alif___ 100.7 100.7 102.0 102.1 105.9 100.8 100.8 101.8 103.3 106.6 101.7 101.1 102.3 103.6 106. S 102.2 101.7 103.0 104.3 107.8 101.7 101.3 103.2 103.2 106.8 100.8 100.6 102.4 103.2 105.6 101.3 101.6 102.8 104.4 105.3 101.7 101.5 103.6 104.5 105.6 102.4 101.6 104.0 105.1 105.9 101.5 100.8 102.9 104.2 104.7 101.4 101.2 103.1 103.7 105.0 101.2 100.9 102.2 103.0 106.1 101.1 101.4 103.1 102.6 106.2 101.0 101.1 102.9 103.3 105.5 100.9 101.4 101.3 101.9 104.5 M in n ea p o lis, M i n n N e w Y o rk , N .Y ......... P h ila d e lp h ia . P a ____ P itts b u r g h , P a ______ P o rtla n d , O reg______ 101.7 106.3 103.2 103.2 104.1 102.0 106.3 103.1 103.1 104.5 101.8 106.6 104.1 104.1 104.6 101.7 106.8 104.4 104.3 105.2 101.5 106.6 104.5 103.2 105.3 100.8 104.9 103.0 101.7 103.9 100.9 105.8 103.5 102.5 104.1 101.5 106.3 104.8 102.8 104.5 102.5 107.0 104.8 103.4 104.8 101.8 105.7 103. 6 102.5 103.4 102.5 104.8 103.8 102.4 103.6 102.3 103.7 102.6 102.5 104.2 102.4 103.5 102.3 102.4 104.3 101.8 104. 9 103.1 102.4 103.6 101.2 102.9 101.9 102.3 103.0 S t. L o u is, M o .............. S an F ran cisc o , C alif. S cran to n , P a ................. S eattle , W a s h ............... W a sh in g to n , D .C ___ 103.1 105.9 103.1 106.7 103.3 104.0 106.5 103.1 107.3 102.9 104.5 106.9 103.3 107.3 103.6 105.0 107.0 104.4 106.9 103.2 104.9 106.7 104.1 106.3 103.9 104.6 105. 6 102.9 105.9 101.8 104.5 105.8 103.6 105.9 102.1 103.8 105. 6 104.1 105.9 103. 4 104.2 105.0 103.8 106. 6 103.0 102.7 104.3 102.3 108.0 102.6 102.8 105.5 103.1 106.1 102.2 102.3 105.9 103.5 106.5 101.1 102.3 105. 4 103.2 105.5 101.5 103.0 105.4 103.1 105. 7 102.0 102.0 104.0 101.3 104.5 101.6 i See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ___ * Average of 46 cities. s All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every month on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities. «82 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T a b le D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities [1957-59—100, u n less o th e rw ise specified] * 1963 1962 A nnual A verage C o m m o d ity g ro u p M ay3 A p r. M a r. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. A ll co m m o d ities__________________________ 100.1 <99.7 99.9 100.2 100.5 100.4 100.7 F a rm p ro d u c ts a n d processed foods_______ 98.4 97.6 97.4 98.7 99.8 99.3 100.4 F a rm p ro d u c ts ______ ___________________ 94.4 95.4 F re s h a n d d rie d fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s .. 99.8 <99.6 G ra in s ____ ________ __________________ 102.9 105.1 L iv esto ck an d live p o u ltry __________ 86.8 88.2 P la n t an d an im a l fibers_______________ 101.7 102.0 F lu id m ilk .......................... .......... ................. 97.5 ‘ 98.3 E g g s ............................................ ............. ......... 77.1 81.3 H a y , h ay seed s, a n d oilseeds............ ......... 112.5 110.7 O th e r farm p ro d u c ts _________________ 89.5 89.4 P rocessed foods_____ ______________ 101.5 <99.3 C ere al a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts . _______ 107.6 108.1 M e a ts, p o u ltry , an d f is h .____ ________ 91.8 <90.3 D a iry p ro d u cts an d ice cre a m _________ 106.5 106.9 C a n n e d a n d frozen fru its a n d vegeta b le s .............................................. . 103.4 <102. 9 S u g ar an d confectionerv .......... 133.6 113.9 P ack a g ed beverage m a te ria ls __________ 80 9 *80.9 A n im a l fats an d oils................ ........... 77.2 < 79.1 C ru d e vegetable o ils_______________ 84.5 83.3 R efined vegetable o il s ____ ___________ 85.8 84.1 V egetable oil e n d p ro d u c ts ____________ 87.0 87.2 M iscellan eo u s processed foods !_______ 100.6 <101.4 A ll com m odities except farm p ro d u cts 100.7 <100. 2 A ll co m m o d ities except farm a n d foods___ 100.5 100.4 T e x tile p ro d u c ts a n d a p p a re l.................. . 100.0 100.1 C o tto n p ro d u c ts ________________ 99.7 100.1 W ool p ro d u c ts _______ ______________ 100.5 100.8 M a n m a d e fiber te x tile p ro d u c ts _______ 93.8 93.8 Silk p ro d u c ts ______ ___________ ______ 144.4 150.9 A p p a re l............................................................. 101.3 101.3 M iscellaneous te x tile p ro d u c ts •_______ 118.2 <116.3 H id es, sk in s, le a th e r, a n d le a th e r p rodu c ts ....................................................... .. 104.8 <104.5 H id es a n d s k in s _________________ 87.4 85.0 L e a th e r .................. ................................. 103.2 102.8 F o o tw e a r_______________________ .108.2 <108.2 O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts ________________ 104.5 <104.5 F u e l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts, a n d pow er___ 100.4 <100 3 C o a l........................................................ 94.1 <95.0 C o k e ........................................ ............. 103.6 103.6 G as fuels <_____ _______ ______ 120.0 <124.1 E lectric p o w e r»____________ . 102.1 102.4 C ru d e p etro leu m a n d n a tu ra l g a s o lin e .. (*) C) P e tro le u m p ro d u c ts, refin ed ................... 99.1 98.2 C hem icals an d allied p ro d u c ts ________ 96. 5 96.5 In d u s tria l ch e m ica ls......... ..................... 95.3 95.3 P re p a re d p a i n t__ . .. 103.0 103.7 P a in t m a te ria ls ....................................... 91.7 91.5 D ru g s an d p h a rm a c e u tic a ls __________ 95.2 <95.1 F a ts an d oils, in e d ib le ________________ 78.5 77.7 M ix ed fertilizer__________________ 103.6 <103. 7 F e rtiliz e r m a te ria ls_________________ 102.3 102.3 O th e r ch em icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts . 98.6 98.6 R u b b e r a n d ru b b e r p ro d u c ts ____________ 93.2 94.1 C ru d e ru b b e r ______________________ 92.6 92.8 T ires a n d tu b e s ______________ 89.1 89.0 M iscellaneous ru b b e r p ro d u c ts 97.5 99.8 L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts .......................... 97.5 97.0 L u m b e r ............................................. 98.4 97.6 M illw o rk __________________________ 102.4 102.4 P ly w o o d ............ ............... 90.9 91.0 P u lp , p a p e r, a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ................. 99.1 99.0 W ood p u lp ____________ 91.3 91.3 W a ste p a p e r...................................... 89.8 92.5 P a p e r ____ ______________ 102.2 102.2 P a p e rb o a rd .................................. 94.1 94.1 C o n v e rte d p ap e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd produ c ts .................................. 99.9 99.7 B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a rd .......................... 96.1 95.5 95.4 99.0 103.7 85.6 101.8 99.6 99.8 113 8 89.0 99.0 108.0 91.8 107.1 96.5 96.5 103 0 89.5 100. 8 101. 1 99.1 113.5 89. 1 100 5 108.6 95.6 108.0 98.5 104.0 102.0 94 1 99.3 101.3 100.1 111.9 87.4 100.8 107.4 97.9 107.8 97.3 88.5 101.1 96.2 98.1 101.9 99.3 108.2 89.0 100.9 107 6 99. 4 108.1 101.3 106.1 79 1 80.0 83.8 90.0 90.5 101.5 100.4 100.6 100.2 100.2 100.8 93.8 160.9 101.4 114.9 99.8 105.1 79.1 86.0 82.5 89.2 91.9 101. 5 100.6 100.6 100 3 100. 5 100. 7 93.7 151.1 101. 4 118.2 105.1 88.4 103.7 108.3 104.7 100.8 98 1 103.6 127.8 102.4 ( 8) 98.2 96.8 95.4 103.7 93.0 95. 2 74.5 103.6 102.3 99.5 94.1 92.7 89.0 99.8 96.5 96.6 102.5 91.2 99.0 89.4 96.6 102.2 94.1 99.7 94.1 See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S e p t. A ug. J u ly Ju n e M ay 100.6 101.2 100.5 100.4 100.0 100.2 100.6 100.3 100.3 102.1 99.8 98.9 97.7 98.0 99.6 98.6 99.3 96.4 99.5 98.3 97.6 102. 1 112.4 106.9 90. 1 101.3 107.7 100.1 108.0 98.7 97.5 98.5 98.6 97. 6 102.5 103.1 103. 1 89.7 101.5 107.6 100.0 107.7 100.6 94.9 98.6 104.4 97.4 101.6 110.7 99.8 90.8 103.3 107.6 106.8 106.0 97.6 90.9 98.1 98. 5 98.4 100.8 98.0 105. 2 89.9 101.5 107.8 101.0 106.1 98.5 92.2 99.1 95 8 99 3 99.8 86.2 105. 3 92.5 100.8 107.0 09 0 105.7 05.3 98 7 99.9 91.6 99.6 97.0 80.0 106.3 92.5 99.8 107.6 95. 7 105.0 96.2 107.1 101.0 91.4 98.9 96. 7 75.3 107.6 93.4 99.6 107.4 95.5 104.5 97.7 97.7 98.8 96.2 98. 4 101.2 95.2 105.4 91.8 101.2 107.6 99.1 106.9 96.0 93.7 95.0 92.5 94.8 103.9 99.0 107.2 93.2 100.7 105.1 95.4 107.5 100.0 105.0 79.1 82.8 81.0 88.4 91.9 100.2 100 7 100.7 100.4 100.6 100.7 93.7 149.8 101.3 123.3 95.7 ¡ 9 6 3 102.8 102.5 79.1 79.1 85 2 92.2 78.9 79.8 88.7 90.0 91.8 91.8 100.4 101.2 100.8 100.8 100.7 100.7 100.6 100 5 100.8 100.7 100.2 100.1 93.6 93.7 143.3 130.3 101.7 101.7 127.9 127.8 96.4 103.0 79. 1 95.2 80.9 86.2 90.9 104.6 100.8 100.7 100.5 101.0 99.6 93.6 129 5 101.7 121.6 96.6 102.1 82.4 91.4 76.7 84.6 92 6 102.8 101.2 100.8 100.6 101.3 99. 4 94.0 125. 2 101.6 122.1 97.1 102.7 82.6 89.5 77.9 85.2 92.9 101.1 100. 8 100.6 100.8 101.7 99.3 94 3 132.4 101.8 119.4 98.7 102.2 82.6 85.8 78.2 85.2 94.5 101.0 100.8 100 8 100.9 101.9 99.3 94.7 130.2 101.8 121.6 99.1 102. 4 82.6 85.7 80.8 88.8 100.1 101 8 100.6 100 7 100 8 102.0 99 1 94 6 130.7 101.5 123. 9 98.6 102. 1 82 6 87.7 87.1 89.9 101 9 100.7 100.7 100 9 100.7 102. 1 98.9 94.5 126.4 101 4 119.7 98.0 102.2 81.9 88.4 84.5 93.1 97.3 101. 8 100.9 100 8 100. 6 101. 7 99.1 93.9 125. 9 101. 5 122. 4 101.7 101.3 83.7 94.4 102.6 108.3 102.7 105.8 100.8 100.8 99.7 100.4 97.1 93 4 113.2 101.0 123.8 105.1 85.9 104. 7 108.3 104.8 100.3 98.4 103.6 127.8 102.5 (*) 97.1 96. 7 95.2 103 8 93.0 95.1 72 7 103.6 102.3 99. 5 94.2 93. 7 89.0 99.7 96.1 96.2 102 3 90.5 99.1 89.4 96.1 102.2 911 106.0 95.2 105. 2 108.3 104.9 100.4 98.3 103.6 120.8 102.5 (!) 98 2 96.9 96.0 103. 8 93.0 95.2 71.7 103.0 100.8 99.6 94.3 94.1 89 0 99.7 95.9 95.9 102.3 90.5 99.0 89.4 94.7 102.2 94.1 106.9 101.6 106.1 108. 5 105. 5 100.8 98.3 103.6 123.1 102. 7 98.1 98.6 96.8 95.9 103.8 92.9 94.8 72.8 102.8 99.6 99.5 94.4 94.7 89.0 99.7 95.8 95.8 102.1 90.4 99.0 89.4 94.6 102 2 94.1 107 3 107. 1 106.8 108. 4 105.0 100.8 97 7 103 6 122.3 102. 7 98.1 98.9 97.0 95.9 103.8 93.9 95.1 75.9 103.1 99 2 99.5 93.7 92.8 88.0 99. 7 96.3 96.3 102.3 91.5 99.1 89. 4 96.0 102.2 94.1 107.4 108.8 106. 5 108. 4 104.8 100 8 97. 2 103.6 122 7 102.7 98.1 98.9 97.1 96. 1 103 8 93.9 95.1 76.7 103.4 99.0 99. 5 93.1 92.7 86 4 100.0 96.6 96.7 102 3 91.9 99.3 91.3 96.1 102 3 94.0 107.5 110.8 106.6 108.8 104.0 100.8 96.6 103 6 120 1 102.8 98.2 99 2 96.9 95.9 103.8 94.5 95.0 72.3 103. 9 98.6 99.5 92.8 92.0 88.4 99.4 97.0 97.2 102.3 92.2 99.5 93.6 96.4 102.4 94.0 107.0 105.1 106.9 108.8 103.9 99.5 95.6 103 6 117 8 102.8 98.2 97.2 97.0 95.9 103.8 95.3 95.0 73 0 103.9 98.4 99.4 92.7 92.3 86.4 99. 1 97.4 97.7 102.7 92.1 99.7 93.6 95.1 102.6 94.0 107.5 104. 2 108 4 108.8 105 0 100.0 95. 3 103.6 119.7 102.8 98.2 98.0 97.2 96.1 103.8 96.0 95.1 73.5 103.9 101.0 99.4 92.7 92.4 86. 4 99 1 97.5 98.0 102.3 92 4 100.0 93.6 96.8 102.6 94.0 108.0 108.5 110.0 108.7 104.9 99 6 94.6 103.6 113.8 102.8 98.2 98.1 97.6 96 2 103 8 96.2 97.0 73.4 103.9 103. 6 99. 4 93.0 93.5 86.4 99 4 97.3 97.6 101.9 92.9 100.5 93.6 96.4 103.1 93.8 107.2 105 4 110.6 108.7 101.7 99 7 94.6 103.6 116.6 102.9 98.2 97 9 97. 7 96.3 103.8 96. 4 97.0 77.1 103.9 103.6 99.4 93.2 94,9 86. 4 99.4 97. 1 97.5 101.8 92.2 100.8 93.6 96.2 103.1 93.8 107.4 106.2 108. 5 198. 7 104.3 100.2 96.8 103.6 119 2 102.8 98.1 98. 2 97. 5 96 3 103. 8 95. 6 96.0 76.3 103.8 101 9 99.4 93.3 93.6 87.1 99.4 96.5 06.5 101.8 92.4 100.0 93 2 97.5 102.6 93.1 106.2 107.9 106.0 107.4 103.2 100.7 97.7 103.6 118.7 102.4 98.0 99.3 99.1 98.4 103.6 99.6 98.3 87.5 102.6 104.3 99.2 96.1 96.3 92.4 100 0 95.9 94.7 101.9 95. 7 98.8 95.0 80.5 102.2 92.5 99.9 95.5 99.6 95.6 99.6 96.2 99.7 96.6 100.0 96.3 100.0 97.1 100.4 97.1 101.0 96.3 101.6 95.5 102.1 97.7 101.0 97.2 99. S 100.3 1962» 1961 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-3. Indexes of 883 wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued [1957-59-100, un less o th erw ise specified] * 1962 1963 A nnual A verage C o m m o d ity g ro u p M ay5 A p r. M a r. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S e p t. A ug. J u ly June M ay 1962» 1961 99.9 99.3 98.7 104.6 103.9 100.8 92.9 98.1 99.4 98.5 98.2 104.5 103.9 100.8 92.9 97.6 99.4 98.4 98.1 104.5 103.9 101.3 92.6 97.8 99.4 98.6 98.0 104. 5 104.0 101 1 92.4 98.0 99.5 98.8 98.0 104.5 103.8 97.5 92.5 98.1 99.3 98.7 97.7 103.7 103.8 97.5 93.3 98.1 99.3 98.4 98.3 103.7 103. 8 97.5 92.8 98.1 99.4 98.7 97.9 103.7 103. 7 97.2 92.7 98.2 99.7 99.0 98.9 103. 7 103.7 96.8 92.8 98.2 99.8 99. 1 99.0 103.7 103. 7 96.8 92.9 98.3 99.7 98.9 99.0 103.7 103.7 97.1 92.9 98.3 99.8 98.9 99.3 103.7 104.2 98.5 92.9 98.3 100.2 99.2 99.9 103.7 104 1 103.8 93.1 98.3 100.0 99.3 99.2 103.7 104.0 100.1 93.2 98.2 100.7 100.7 100.4 102.0 103.8 103.1 94.6 99.0 104.0 103.8 102.2 <101.9 110.9 110.9 103.7 102.0 111.0 103.7 102.2 110.8 103.7 102.3 110.8 103.8 102.3 110.5 103.9 102.2 110.2 103.8 102.2 109.6 103.9 102.3 109.4 103.9 102.3 109.4 103.9 102.3 109.5 103.9 102.4 109.5 104.1 102.3 109.3 103.9 102.3 109.5 103.1 102.3 107.4 107.5 A ll co m m o d ities ex c ep t farm a n d foods— C o n tin u e d M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ______________ Iro n an d ste e l____ ____________________ N o n ferrous m e ta ls __ _________________ M e ta l c o n ta in e rs_______________ ______ H a rd w a re ______ ______________________ P lu m b in g fixtures a n d b ra ss f i t t i n g s . . . H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t................................. ... F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e tal p r o d u c t s .. F a b ric a te d n o n s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____ ____ ______ ________________ M a c h in e ry a n d m o tiv e p ro d u c ts ................. A g ricu ltu ral m a ch in ery a n d e q u ip m e n t. C o n s tru c tio n m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t_____________________ ________ _ M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t________________ ______________ G en eral p urpose m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t________ _____ ________________ M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry ......... ................. S pecial in d u s try m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t 10________ ______ _____________ E lectrical m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t__ M o to r vehicles________________________ T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t, ra ilro a d ro lling stock >°............................................. F u r n itu re a n d o th e r ho u seh o ld d u ra b le s . H o u seh o ld fu rn itu re __________ ____ _ C o m m ercial fu rn itu re _________________ F lo o r co v erin g s............. ....................... ......... H o u seh o ld ap p lian ce s.................................. T elev ision, ra d io receivers, a n d p h o n o g ra p h s ______________________________ O th e r household d u ra b le goods_______ N o n m e ta lllc m in eral p ro d u c ts ............... .. F la t g lass____ _____ __________________ C o n crete in g re d ie n ts.................................... C o n cre te p ro d u c ts _____ ______________ S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ............................. G y p su m p ro d u c ts ____ _______________ P re p a re d a sp h a lt roofing............................ O th e r n o n m e talllc m in e ra ls....................... T o b acco p ro d u cts a n d b o ttle d b everages. T o b a cco p ro d u c ts _____________________ A lcoholic b everages___________________ N o n alcoholic bev erag es_______________ M iscellaneous p ro d u c ts _________________ T o y s, sp o rtin g goods, sm all arm s, a m m u n i t i o n . . ________ ________________ M a n u fa c tu re d an im a l feeds___________ N o tio n s and accessories_______________ Jew elry , w atch es, a n d p h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t________ ____ ____________ O th e r m iscellaneous p ro d u c ts ................. 109.2 108.8 108.8 108.5 108.3 108.3 108.2 108.0 107.7 107.7 107.6 107.7 107.7 107.8 109.4 109.4 109.1 109.1 109.2 109.3 109.3 109.3 109.3 109.5 109.6 109.7 109.5 109.3 107.0 103.5 103.4 103.3 4103.4 103.4 103.7 103.6 103.4 103.9 103.4 103.8 103.4 103.7 103.3 103.7 103.3 103. 6 103.2 103. 3 103. 6 102.9 103.4 103.1 103.2 103.2 103.1 103.3 103.4 102.8 102.8 103.9 ‘ 103.9 97.0 97.7 100.2 ‘ 99.8 103.1 97.1 100.3 103.1 97.8 100.4 102.9 98.0 100.4 102.8 98.1 100.4 102.5 98.1 100.4 102.2 98.4 100.4 102.0 98.4 100.9 102.0 98.0 100.9 102.0 98.1 100.9 101.8 98.4 100.9 101.8 98.6 100.1 101.9 98.4 100.5 100.4 100.0 100.7 100.5 100.5 98.0 ‘ 98.1 104.4 ‘ 104.4 102.3 102.3 95.9 95.7 92.0 ‘ 92.1 100.5 98.2 104.6 102.3 96.0 92.3 100.5 98.2 104.5 102.3 95.9 92.3 100.5 98.3 104.5 102.3 96.2 92.3 100.5 98.4 104.2 102.3 96.4 93.0 100.6 98.6 104.1 102.5 96.8 93.1 100.5 98.5 104.0 102.5 96.8 93.0 100.5 98.6 103.9 102.5 96.7 93.2 100. 5 98.7 104.0 102. 5 96.7 93.6 100.5 98.8 104 1 102.4 96.7 93.9 100.5 98.9 103.9 102.2 96.9 94.3 100,5 99 0 103.7 102. 2 97.0 94.3 100.5 98.8 103.8 102.3 97.0 94.0 100.2 99.5 102.8 101.8 99.3 95.2 89.4 88.9 103.1 103.0 101.3 101. 5 98.6 96.6 103.0 103.0 101.9 102.2 103.8 ‘ 103.8 105.0 105.0 94.1 92.8 101.4 101.4 105.2 ‘ 104.4 104.5 ‘ 102.3 101.1 101.1 117.4 117.4 107.6 108.0 89.4 102.8 101.5 96.6 103.0 102.2 103.6 105.0 94.1 101.5 104.3 102.2 101.1 117.4 110.8 90.1 102.8 101.5 96.6 103.0 102.2 103.8 105.0 94.1 101.5 104.3 102.2 101.1 117.4 111.5 90.1 102.8 101.4 96.6 102.7 102.5 103.7 105.0 89.4 102.2 104 3 102.2 101.1 117.4 111.6 90.4 102.8 101.5 96.6 103.2 102. 5 103.5 105.0 89.4 102.4 104.3 102.2 117.4 110.2 90.4 102.9 101.6 96.6 103.3 102.8 103 4 105.0 89.4 102.4 104. 5 102.2 101.5 117.4 109.8 90.7 102 9 101.6 96.6 103.3 102.7 103.4 105. 0 89.4 102.2 104. 5 102.2 101.5 117.4 108.7 90.7 103.1 101.5 96.6 103.3 102.6 103 6 105.0 89.4 101 5 104. 2 102.0 101.1 117.1 109.1 90.8 102 9 101.6 96.6 103.3 102.6 103.6 105.0 89.4 101.7 104.2 102.0 101.1 117.1 107.2 90.8 103.0 101.6 98.0 103.3 102.7 103.6 105.0 89.4 101.7 104.0 102 0 100.7 116.7 107.6 90 9 103 2 101 9 98 0 103.2 102.5 103.6 105. 0 95.3 102.0 104.1 102.0 101.1 116.7 105.4 92.3 103.2 102. 1 98.0 103.2 102.5 103.6 105.0 99 0 102.0 104. 1 102.0 101.1 116.7 106.0 91.1 103 1 101.8 97.0 103.2 102.6 103.5 105.0 94.8 102.2 104.1 102.1 101.0 116 9 107.3 95.3 102.5 101.8 96.8 102.8 102.5 103.2 103.8 98 6 102.2 103 2 102 0 100 6 112 8 103.9 100.7 111.2 98.7 100.7 111.9 98.7 100. 5 117.1 98.7 101.1 118.2 98.7 101.3 118.3 98.7 101.3 115. 7 98.7 101.2 114.9 98.7 101.2 112.8 98.7 101.1 113.7 98.7 101.0 110.2 98.7 101.0 111.0 98.7 100.7 107.2 98.7 100.5 108. 2 98.7 100.8 110.6 98.7 100.9 104.6 98.9 103.9 101.4 103.8 101.4 103.9 101.7 104.0 101.7 104.0 101.8 104.4 101.5 104.4 101.7 104.4 101.6 104.4 101.2 104 4 101.0 104.3 101.0 104.2 100.9 104.1 100.9 104.2 101.3 103.5 101.2 • As of J a n u a ry 1961, new w eights reflecting 1958 values w ere in tro d u ced In to th e index. See “ W e ig h t R evisions in th e W holesale P rice In d ex 18901960." M onthly Labor Review, F e b ru a ry 1962, pp. 175-182. 1 As of J a n u a ry 1962, th e indexes w ere co n v e rted from th e form er base of 1947-49 = 100 to th e new base of 1957-59—100. T e ch n ica l d etails a n d earlier d a ta on th e 1957-59 base fu rn ish e d u p o n re q u e s t to th e B u rea u . • P re lim in a ry , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101. 1 4 R ev ised . 8 F o rm e rly title d “ o th e r processed foods.” • F o rm erly title d “ o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts ." I J a n u a r y 1958—100. • D isco n tin u ed . ' F o rm erly title d “ o th e r r u b b e r p ro d u c ts ." II J a n u a r y 1961—100. 884 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 T able D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1 (1957-59=100, u n le ss o th e rw ise specified]» 1963 1962 A n n u al average C o m m o d ity g ro u p M a y 3 A p r. A ll foods................................................ _......... ............................. A ll fish................................................................................ A ll c o m m o d ities ex c ep t farm p ro d u c ts ....................... T e x tile p ro d u c ts, excludin g h a rd fiber p ro d u c ts ______ B itu m in o u s coal—d o m e stic sizes_____________________ R efined p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts _____ ____________________ E a s t C o a st m a rk e ts ______________________________ M ld e o n tin e n t m a rk e ts ___________________________ G u lf C o ast m a r k e ts ___ ......... P acific C o a st m a rk e ts ____________________________ M id w e s t m a r k e t s 4_______________________________ S o a p s .______________ ____ ___________________________ S y n th e tic d e t e r g e n ts ..._____ ________________________ P h a rm a c e u tic a l p re p a ra tio n s _________________________ E th ic a l p re p a ra tio n s 4____________________________ A n ti-ln fectiv es * _ .......... ............................... A n ti-a rth rltic s 4______________________________ S ed ativ es a n d h y p n o tic s 4____________________ A ta r a c tic s 5. . . . . ............................ . A n ti-sp asm o d ics a n d a n ti-e h o lin e rg lc s 4............. O ard io v ascu lars a n d a n ti-h y p e rte n siv e s 4.......... D ia b e tic s 8___________________________________ H o rm o n es •'__________________________________ D iu r e tic s 8___ _______________________________ D e rm a to lo g ic a ls 8____________________________ H e rm a tin ic s 8________________________________ A nalgesics 8 . ............... A n ti-o b e sity p re p a ra tio n s 8____ ______________ C ough a n d cold p re p a ra tio n s 8......... ............. ....... V ita m in s 4.......................... P ro p rie ta ry p r e p a r a tio n s 4______ ________________ V ita m in s 8___________________________________ C ough an d cold p re p a ra tio n s 4_______________ L a x ativ es a n d elim in a tio n aid s 4_____________ I n te rn a l analgesics 4__________________________ T o n ics a n d a lte ra tiv e s 8______________________ E x te rn a l a n a lg e s ic s 4_________________________ A n tis e p tic s ». ... ___ ........ A n ta c id s 4. . . .............................................................. L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts (excluding m illw o rk )____ Softw ood lu m b e r............................................. ........................... P u lp , p a p e r, a n d allie d p ro d u c ts (excluding b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a rd ) ______________________________ S pecial m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts 4__________________ S teel m ill p ro d u c ts ___________________________________ M a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t_____________ ___ __________ A g ricu ltu ral m a c h in e ry (in c lu d in g tra c to rs )..................... M e ta lw o rk in g m a e h in e rv . A ll tra c to rs ________________________________________ . In d u s tria l v a lv e s_______________________ _ In d u s tria l fittin g s ________________ A n tifric tio n b earin g s a n d c o m p o n e n ts ___ A b ra siv e g rin d in g w h eels______________________ C o n s tru c tio n m a te ria ls ._________ _____ _____________ 1 See footnote 1, ta b le D -3. 2 See footnote 2, ta b le D -3. 8 P re lim in a ry . * R ev ise d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ar. F eb . Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. A ug. 100.5 121.6 100.8 99.0 95.9 97.2 97.8 101.4 99.2 91.4 87.0 102.2 99.8 96.3 95.4 87.7 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.9 103.8 99.6 100.0 100.8 108.5 101.8 100.0 100.6 88.1 100.5 100.3 100.1 101.5 J u ly June M ay 99.6 119.0 100.8 99.2 95.0 98.0 97.8 101.4 99.2 91.4 90.8 102.2 99.8 96.4 95.5 87.9 100.6 112. 5 100.0 100.0 100.9 104.2 99.6 100.0 100.8 108. 5 101. 8 100.0 100.6 88.1 100.5 100.3 100.0 101.5 98.9 118.3 100.6 99.2 94.0 98.1 97.8 101.4 97.2 92.9 93.4 102.2 99.8 98.5 98.4 98.7 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.9 104.2 99.6 100.0 100. 8 108. 5 101.8 100.0 100.6 88.1 100.7 100.3 100.0 102.0 99.3 119.4 100.7 99.2 93.6 97.9 99.0 98.6 96.0 92.9 95.9 102.1 99.8 98.4 98.4 98.7 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.9 104.2 99.6 100.0 100.8 108.5 101.8 100.0 100. 6 88.1 100.7 100.3 100.0 102.0 100.6 119.2 100.9 98.8 98.3 98.2 99.4 98.2 98.6 90.9 94.2 102.6 99.7 97.3 96.9 93.1 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.5 104. 0 99.6 100.0 100.7 108.5 101.8 100.0 100.0 88.1 100. 5 100.1 100.0 101. 1 101.1 100.2 100.5 101.4 102.9 110.5 109.1 109.3 104. 6 93.9 90.8 97.7 98.4 1962* 1961 100.6 <98.7 115.9 113.6 100.7 4100.2 98.0 98.2 92.8 495. 5 99.1 98.2 96.2 98.9 102.6 99.7 99.7 97.7 90.7 90.7 93.3 94.5 103.5 103.5 99.6 99.6 96.9 96.8 95.7 95.7 88.5 88.5 100.6 100.6 113.2 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.3 100.7 103.8 103.8 100.0 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.8 100.8 108.8 108.8 101.8 101.8 100.0 100.0 100.7 100.7 88.1 88.1 101.6 101.6 100.3 100. 3 100.1 100.1 103.8 103.8 101.9 101.9 100.0 100.0 102.3 102.3 102.9 102.9 100.1 100.1 96.7 96.1 97.5 96.5 99.0 100.1 117.3 118.4 100. 4 100.6 98.3 98.4 100. 6 101.5 98.2 97.1 98.9 98.9 98.6 88.6 97.7 97.9 90.7 90.7 95.5 98.0 103.5 103. 5 99.6 99.6 96.8 96.6 95.7 95.7 88.5 88.5 100.6 100.6 112.5 112. 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 100.7 103. 8 103.8 99.6 99.6 100.0 100.0 100. 8 100.8 108.8 108.8 101.8 101.8 100.0 100.0 100.7 100.7 88.1 88.1 101.6 101.0 100.3 100.3 100.1 100.1 103.8 101.7 101.9 101 3 100.0 100.0 102.3 102.3 102.9 4102.9 100.1 100.1 95.4 94.9 95.6 95.3 101.1 121. 9 100.7 98.4 101.5 98.2 98.9 94.4 97.9 91.7 97.6 103.5 99.6 96.6 95.7 88.5 100.6 112.5 100.0 1U0.0 100.7 103.8 99.6 100.0 100. 8 108.8 101.8 100.0 100.7 88.1 100.9 100.3 99.5 101.7 101.3 100.0 102.3 101.7 100.1 94.6 95.0 99.9 120.9 100.8 98.5 101.5 98.6 100.1 97.5 97.4 91.7 97.7 103.5 99.6 96.1 95.0 86.6 100.6 112. 5 100.0 100.0 98.7 103.8 99.6 100.0 100.8 108.5 101. 8 100.0 100.6 88.1 100. 7 100.3 100.1 101.6 101.3 100.0 101.3 100.9 98.9 94.6 95.0 101.3 118.3 100.8 98.3 100.4 98.6 98.9 101.4 95.6 91.7 98.3 103.5 99.6 96.4 95.4 87.6 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 101.6 103.8 99.6 100.0 100.8 103.5 101.8 100.0 100.6 88.1 100.7 100.3 100.1 101.6 101.3 100.0 101.3 100.9 98.9 95.2 95.6 101.2 119.0 100.8 98.4 99.1 98.9 97.8 101.4 97.9 91.4 97.2 103.5 99.8 96.3 95.4 87.6 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.9 103.8 99.6 100.0 100.8 108.5 101.8 100.0 100.6 88.1 100.5 99.6 100.1 101.6 101.3 100.0 100.8 102.9 119.8 101.2 98.7 98.1 99.2 97.8 101.4 99.2 91.4 97.2 103.5 99.8 96.3 95.4 87.7 100.6 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.9 103.8 99.6 100.0 100.8 108.5 101.8 100.0 100. 6 88. J 100.5 100.3 100.1 101.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 100.7 100.7 101. 2 101.2 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 100.6 100.6 95.6 96.1 96.4 96.8 96.6 96.4 96.1 96.8 97.3 97.6 97.1 67.0 101.1 101.2 100.0 100. 8 100.2 99.6 95.6 95.9 100.0 107.9 100.8 97.7 99.9 99.3 100.9 99.6 101.2 89.9 93.5 101.4 100.8 98.9 99.3 99.3 100.3 102.6 100.0 100.0 100.5 101.9 100.0 100.0 100.2 106.1 100.9 100.0 99.4 95.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 99.8 100.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.7 93.5 99.2 99.2 100.4 4100.0 102.0 4101.2 103.0 102.7 112.2 112.1 108.8 108.8 111.1 110.7 107.4 107.4 91.1 90.9 90.8 90.8 96.4 96.4 98.1 97.8 99.2 100.1 101.1 102.6 112.0 108,4 110.6 107.4 90.9 90.8 97.7 97.7 99.3 100 2 101.3 102.9 111.9 108.5 100.5 107.4 94.6 90.8 97. 7 97.6 99.1 100.2 101.3 103.0 111. 8 108.6 110.4 107. 8 94.6 90.8 97.7 97.7 99.1 100.1 101.3 103.0 111.4 108. 7 110.2 108.0 94.6 90.8 97.7 97.7 99.2 100.1 101.3 102.8 111.3 108.7 110.0 108.0 94.6 90.8 97.7 97.9 99.4 100.1 101.4 <103.0 110.7 108.8 109.5 108.0 94.6 90.8 97.7 98.0 99.6 100.4 10!. 3 102.8 110.5 108.7 109.2 107.7 93.9 90.8 97.7 98.1 101.0 100. 5 101. 5 103. 1 110.3 109.0 109. 4 107.2 92.7 90.8 98.3 98.9 100.1 100.5 101.4 102.9 110.5 108.8 109.4 107.4 93.0 90.8 98. 5 98.3 98.7 101.0 101.7 102.9 108.3 106.6 108.0 108.7 88.2 92.5 96.2 98.6 101. 1 101.1 99.9 100.5 101.3 102.8 110.4 109.0 109. 1 107.3 93.9 90.8 97.7 98.3 100.7 100. 5 101. 5 103.0 110.5 109.2 109.4 106.6 92.7 90.8 97.7 98.5 101. 1 * N e w series. J a n u a r y 1961 = 100. • M eta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u cts, a g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t, an d m o to r vehicles. 885 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product [1957-59=100] * Annual average 1962 1963 Commodity group M a y 3 Apr. Mar. All commodities__________________________________ 100.1 4 99.7 Feb. Jan. Dec. N ov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June M ay 1962* 1961 99.9 100.2 100.5 100.4 100.7 100.6 101.2 100.5 100.4 100.0 100.2 100.6 100.3 97.1 96.8 97.4 96.1 94.9 97.9 Stage of processing Crude materials for further processing.............................. Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs-------------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel----- ------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing-.................................................... Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for constr n a tio n ____________ - __ __ ____________ Crude fuel _______________________________ Crude fuel for manufacturing_______________ Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing-----------------Intermediate materials, supplies, and components----Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing - __________ __ __ ________ — Intermediate materials for food manufacturing. Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing---- ------------ ------------------ -------Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing________________________________ Components for manufacturing-------------------Materials and components for construction............. Processed fuels and lubricants--------------------------Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing__________________________________ Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing_______________________________ Containers, nonreturnable_____________________ Supplies _________________- __ - ____ - _____ * Supplies for manufacturing-------------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing--------------------Manufactured animal feeds_____________ Other supplies................................................... Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods Consumer finished goods_______________________ Consumer foods___________________________ Consumer crude foods__________________ Consumer processed foods______________ Consumer other nondurable goods--------------Consumer durable goods___________________ Producer finished goods_______________________ Producer finished goods for manufacturing----Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing- 96.8 97.1 95.8 97.2 97.4 96.6 94.5 92.8 96.7 95.6 94.7 96.4 96.0 95.9 96.2 95.8 95.2 95.1 95.3 95.3 95.7 96.0 103.0 100.4 100.3 100.6 103.0 4102.3 4102.3 4102.5 103.0 105.6 105.5 106.0 102.7 103.3 103.2 103.5 103.2 104.0 [103.9 ¡104.3 103.3 103.4 103.4 103.7 103.3 103.2 103.2 103.5 103.3 102.0 102.0 102.2 103.3 100.6 100.6 100.8 96.8 97.1 95.8 97.6 98.2 95.9 97.4 99.2 97.9 100.6 96.0 96.3 95.0 93.9 96.5 94.2 92.8 96.6 96.5 96.0 97.0 95.2 94.0 97.3 95.8 94.7 97.9 96.5 96.8 97.4 96.9 97.4 103.3 103.2 103.3 101.0 98.7 99.6 101.0 98.8 99.6 101.2 98.8 99.7 103.2 101.8 101.8 102.0 102.8 102.3 102.2 102.4 100.5 4 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.3 100.2 100.4 100.2 100.3 99.2 100.5 99.8 102.6 103.1 105.4 105.3 105.8 99.7 98.8 98.6 98.7 98.8 110.0 4103.5 101.2 101.2 101.0 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.2 97.3 98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0 99.9 100.2 100.8 100.4 99.1 99.8 99.2 99.4 99.3 99.5 98.8 99.6 97.8 98.1 98.3 98.4 98.0 98.6 100.1 100.1 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.7 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.9 98.8 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.3 99. 5 99.7 101.7 102.0 102.1 100.8 101.4 101.2 101.2 100.4 98.8 99.3 101.2 100.5 99.6 99.7 101.6 102.6 102.7 102.9 102.9 100.9 102.4 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.5 99.7 102.6 103.8 105.9 102.4 100.8 101.6 99.5 102.7 104.2 105.7 103.0 101.8 101.9 99.4 102.2 104. 5 105. 7 103.5 104.1 101.3 100.1 100.9 102.3 105.2 100.6 97.5 100.5 101.1 100.4 99.3 93.7 100.2 101.4 100.0 102.8 104. 4 101.3 101.2 100.5 99. 5 96.7 99.9 101.5 100.0 102.9 104. 4 101.4 101.7 101.2 101.3 98.6 101.7 101.6 100.0 102.9 104.4 101.4 101.4 100.9 100.4 97.6 100.8 101.5 100.5 102.5 103.8 101.2 101.0 101.0 101.1 99.8 99.3 99.5 100.8 100.6 100.7 101. 4 101.4 101. 5 100.1 99.8 99.8 98.4 97.3 98.1 86. 8 86.7 89. 1 99.0 97.9 98.6 101.0 100.1 100.8 101.3 100.1 99.5 89.2 100.1 101. S 99.6 100.7 101.4 100.0 98.3 95.2 9a 5 97.3 97.4 97.6 97.7 99.8 100.0 I [99.9 98.5 98.6 98.8 98.9 98.8 98.9 100.3 100.6 tOl.4 101.1 104.7 105.3 103. 9 104.8 101.6 99.6 99.7 4 98.2 98.2 99.0 4 98. 9 100.8 100.8 102.0 102.2 98.6 98.4 100.9 101.1 105.1 106.4 4105. 9 105.7 104.2 106.1 105.4 110. 5 101.6 101.6 97.6 101.4 106. 7 105. 8 106.5 111.4 101.5 98.4 101.6 106.6 105.7 106.4 111.5 101.3 99.4 101.5 105.9 105.9 105.3 109.1 101.1 100.0 101.6 105.6 105. 9 104.9 108.3 101.0 100.4 101.4 105.0 106.1 104.0 106.2 100.9 100.6 101.4 105.2 106.0 104.3 107.0 100.8 99.0 101.6 104.3 105.8 103.2 103.7 101.1 99.6 102.1 104.7 105.9 103.7 104.5 101.3 101.2 100.4 99.2 93.2 100.2 101.7 99.6 103.1 104. £ 101.4 100.8 4101.1 4 99. 9 100.3 4 98. 2 99.0 94.2 99.5 98.9 98.9 4101.6 101.8 4 99. 5 99.7 102.9 102.9 4104.7 104.5 4101.2 101.4 101.5 100.9 100.4 98.9 100.7 101.7 99.8 103. C 104.6 101.4 101.8 101.2 101.4 103.4 101.1 101.7 99.8 103.0 104.7 101.5 101.6 101.0 100.7 95.9 101.4 101.8 99.9 103.0 104.7 101.4 102.0 101. 5 102.1 102.8 101.9 101.7 100.0 102.9 104.6 101.3 101.9 101.5 101.9 100.9 102.0 101.8 99.9 102.8 104.5 101.3 102.6 102.3 103.9 101.5 104.3 101.7 100.1 102.9 104. 5 101.3 101. 7 101.1 101.3 96.3 102.1 101.4 100.1 103.0 104. 5 101.5 101.5 100.8 100.3 93.4 101.4 101. 5 100.2 103.0 104.6 101.5 100.6 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.9 99.2 99.7 100.2 100.0 100.5 100.4 101.2 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 101.1 100.9 101. ( 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.3 99.5 99.7 100. f 100. C 100.2 100.2 100.9 98.3 99.1 100.2 99.4 100.5 100.2 101. 1 88.7 88.6 87.! 86.4 85.4 86. £ 87.8 98.9 99.7 100.9 100.1 101.4 101.0 101.9 101.0 100.0 100.7 101.3 100.0 99.2 88. 3 99.9 100.1 98.6 99.2 101.4 102.3 99.7 101.9 101.9 D urability of product Total durable goods___________ - ___________________ 100.9 4100.6 99.3 99.0 Total nondurable goods___________________________ 100.4 100. C Total manufactures______________________________ Durable manufactures_________________________ 101.2 4100. ! 99.5 4 99. C Nondurable manufactures_____________________ Total raw or slightly processed goods...............— ........... 98.4 98.4 89.! 89.4 r>upihln ra w or slight.lv processed goods . ........ Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods............ 98.9 98.9 i See fo otnote 1, ta b le D -3 . i See fo otnote 2, ta b le D -3 . * P re lim in a ry . 4 R ev ise d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N o t e : F o r d escrip tio n of th e series b y stag e of processing, see “ N ew B L S E co n o m ic S ector In d ex es of W h olesale P rice s,” M onth ly Labor Review, D ecem b er 1955, p p . 1448-1453; a n d b y d u r a b ility of p ro d u c t a n d d a t a be g in n in g w ith 1947, see W holesale Prices and P rice Indexes, 1957, B L S B u l le tin 1235 (1958). 886 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963 E.—Work Stoppages T able E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1 Number of stoppages Workers involved in stoppages Man-days idle during month or year M onth and year Beginning in month or year In effect dur* ing month 1935-39 (average). 1947-49 (average). 1945 ................... 1946 ................... 1947 ................... 1948 .................. 1949 ................. 1950 .................. 1951 .................. 1952 .................. 1953 .................. 1954 .................. 1955 .................. 1956 ................... 1957 ................... 1958..... .................. 1959 ................... 1960 ................... 1961 ................... 1962 ................... 2,862 3. 573 4,750 4,985 3,693 3,419 3,606 4,843 4, 737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 3,825 3,673 3,694 3, 708 3,333 3, 367 3,614 1962: M ay............ November. D ecem ber- 442 436 355 352 297 261 230 133 653 695 621 617 541 506 442 331 1963: January February *. March *___ April *___ M ay »_____ 230 225 350 425 360 320 350 475 600 Juno____ July......... August__ September.. October__ 200 • The data Include all known strikes or lockouts Involving 6 or more workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers Involved and man-days Idle cover all workers made Idle for as long as 1 shift In estab lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the Indirect https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Beginning in month or year In effect during month 1,130,000 2,380,000 3. 470,000 4.600,000 2,170,000 1,960,000 3,030,000 2,410,000 Number 3, 540, 000 2, 400, 000 1, 530,000 2,650,000 1, 900, 000 1,390, 000 irt oon non s o ’ 700 000 38 000 OOO 110 OOO 000 34 000 OOO 34 i no' non 00 000 000 38* 800 OOO 2 2 9 0 0 000 09 100 000 28* 300 000 22 000 000 28’ 200 000 33 inn nnn lfi 000 000 2 ,0 6 0 ,0 0 0 2 3 OOO OOO 1 , 880, 000 1,320, 000 09 000 000 19 100 000 10 300 000 2 ,2 2 0 ,0 0 0 1, 450,000 1,230,000 212,000 151, COO 98,100 129, 000 91,700 98,800 81,000 45,200 75.000 60,000 45,000 100.000 125,000 18 600 000 262,000 311,000 195,000 196,000 181,000 155,000 171,000 146, COO 185,000 120,000 90,000 130.000 165,000 2,520, C00 3, 020, OCO 2, 020,000 1,940,000 1,590,000 1 ,350 ,000 981,000 1,330,000 2,340.000 1 , 100,000 1 ,1 1 0 ,0 0 0 1 . 050, nno 1,750.000 Percent of estimated working time 0 27 46 *47 1)43 41 37 59 44 23 57 26 21 26 29 61 *17 14 *10 .25 .31 .21 .18 .18 .13 .10 .14 .23 .12 .12 .10 .17 or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees are made Idle as a result of material or service shortages. 1 Preliminary. F.—WORK INJURIES 887 F.—Work Injuries T able F -l. Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries 1963» Industry All manufacturing_________ ___________________ Food and kindred products: M eat packing and custom slaughtering................... Sausages and other prepared meat products.......... Poultry and small game dressing and packing___ Dairy products............................... .............................. Canning and preserving_______________________ Grain-mill products........................................... Bakery products______________________________ Cane sugar...................................................................... Confectionery and related products_____________ Bottled soft drinks____________________________ M alt and malt liquors....................................... Distilled liquors................................... Miscellaneous food products___________________ Textile mill products: Cotton varn and te x tile s ..____________________ Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles................. Woolen and worsted textiles........................ K nit goods...................................................................... Dyeing and finishing textiles___ Miscellaneous textile goods____________________ Apparel and other finished textile products: Clothing, men’s and hoys’___ Clothing, women’s and children’s ....................... . Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel____ _______ Miscellaneous fabricated textile products_______ Lumber and wood products (except furniture): Logging............................................................................ Sawmills and planing mills............. .................. ......... Mill work and structural wood products Plywood mills________________________________ Wooden containers________ Miscellaneous wood products Furniture and fixtures: Household furniture, nonmetal________________ Metal household furniture........................................... Mattresses and bedsprings______________ Office furniture.._____________________________ Public building and professional furniture.............. Partitions and fixtures________________________ Screens, shades, and blinds .. Paper and allied products: Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills.......................... Paperboard containers and boxes Miscellaneous paper and allied products.............. Printing, publishing, and allied industries: Newspapers and periodicals..................... .................. Bookbinding and related products Miscellaneous printing and publishing Chemical and allied products: Industrial inorganic chemicals_________________ Plastics, except synthetic rubber........ ...................... Synthetic rubber Synthetic fibers______________________________ Explosives___________________________________ Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals______ Drugs and medicines__ Soaps and related products____________________ Paints, pigments, and related products................... F ertilizers.............................................. Vegetable and animal oils and fats Compressed and liquified g a ses...______________ Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products____ Rubber products: Tires and inner tubes.............. .................. ................ Rubber footwear_____________________________ Miscellaneous rubber products................................. Leather and leather products: Leather tanning and finishing__________________ Boot and shoe cut, stock and fin d in g s........... Footwear (except rubber)............................................ Miscellaneous leather products_________________ Stone, clay, and glass products: Glass arid glass products______________________ Structural clay products____ __________________ Pottery and related products__________________ Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool___________ Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products.......... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1962» 1961» I960* Annual average First quarter 3d 4th 2d 1st 4th 3d 2d 1st 4th 3d quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter 1962* 1961* Jan. Feb. Mar. Quar ter 10.7 10.7 10.4 10.6 10.6 11.7 11.2 11.1 10.6 11.8 10.5 10.4 10.4 11.9 11.4 11.0 28.6 31.6 (3) 17.2 19.8 16.7 18.5 (*) 11.0 18.4 20.9 8.8 18.8 25.0 23.5 (3) 17.2 18.8 17.4 17.1 (3) 16.4 20. 1 28.2 13.5 18.5 27.5 15.3 (3) 19. 1 17.0 15.1 14.1 (3) 13.4 23.4 22.2 3.6 19.7 26.9 23.4 27.0 17.8 18.6 16.3 16.5 10.3 13.6 20.6 23.5 8.4 19.1 26.8 24.8 36.1 16.5 20.5 18.2 16.8 12.8 17.2 20.7 19.2 9.0 14.5 29.1 29.7 29.6 17.6 24.5 18.0 16.9 9.7 17.3 27.0 17.2 4.6 20.6 26.1 27.4 36.8 17.1 19.6 17.6 15.3 6.2 16.0 27.9 20.6 7.6 13.8 26.9 35.9 28.0 18.7 19.7 15.6 19. 1 8.3 16.4 24.2 17.5 4.8 17.4 24.3 20.9 38.9 16.5 19.4 16.9 15.2 15.4 19. 1 21.0 19.0 7.1 15.1 26.2 33.9 45.5 17.6 24.2 16.2 17.6 13.8 19.6 24.8 19. 1 6.8 16.6 22.4 27.7 31.8 14.9 18.5 15.9 16.3 10.7 19.1 24.3 17.2 5.3 13.8 21.4 29.9 32.1 15.6 18. 1 15.8 17.4 10.0 15.2 21. 1 17.8 5.7 14.0 24.0 26.3 35.8 15.8 19.6 16.9 14. 1 14.2 16.1 21.0 17.9 4.2 12.9 24.5 28.6 40.8 15.3 23.7 17.6 17.9 18.2 14.5 25.2 18.1 5.0 18.0 27.1 30.0 32.6 17.1 22.0 17.3 16.6 9.4 17.0 25.4 18.7 6.8 16.7 23.5 28.4 37.2 15.0 20.8 16.2 16.6 12.5 18. 4 22.7 18.2 6.3 14.8 7.1 7.0 17.9 7.6 12.3 25.4 7.2 7.6 12.3 6.7 8.9 16.3 7.7 5.6 14.1 5.6 14.7 15.5 7.4 6.8 14.8 6.6 12.1 19.2 7.4 7.1 14.1 6.0 11.5 17.5 8.6 10.0 17.2 6.5 14.1 21.4 8.1 9.3 20.2 6.8 12.7 20.2 7.2 8.1 15.5 5.7 13.7 20.9 7.2 7.0 17.6 4.6 13. 1 19.2 8.1 7.0 17.1 6.1 17.5 16.8 7.8 7.5 17.1 4.7 13.1 14.4 6.8 5.9 14.8 5.9 15.0 14.8 8.0 8.0 13.7 4.2 11.8 20.0 9.2 7.5 19.2 4.9 10.3 21.0 7.9 8.6 16.9 6.3 13.0 20.0 7.6 7.0 16.6 5.3 14.5 16.2 7.5 4.8 (3) 7.2 6.3 3.8 (»1 5.3 6.9 4. 1 (*) 7.5 6.9 4.2 7.9 6.7 6.3 5.5 7.1 8.4 7.3 6.0 10.4 8.4 7.1 6.8 8.2 5.7 7.2 5.6 5.8 8.1 5.8 3.8 4.6 7.2 7.5 6.3 7.7 9.1 6.2 4.9 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.1 5.5 10.5 6.0 4.5 7.4 10.3 7.6 6.2 7.9 8.5 6.8 6.2 7.8 7.6 6.2 5.0 5.8 8.3 47.6 34.8 25.8 20.7 34.0 27.1 49.4 31.8 27.0 23.0 22.0 20.0 31.2 32.2 23.9 29.8 27.1 33.5 43.5 33.0 25.5 24.5 27.7 27.1 43.8 37.2 21.3 24.8 36.1 24.5 52.9 39.3 26.8 24.4 37.3 26.5 39.8 36.0 18.3 24.5 34.4 30.1 50.2 35.1 22.7 18.3 31.8 28.2 59.7 35.9 22.3 20.8 32.3 27.2 65.5 39.4 25.0 21.1 31.2 32.4 58.3 34.7 20.0 24.8 30.2 27.6 50.5 32.9 22.7 22.2 33.3 33.3 59.3 32.9 19.2 23.4 26.4 29.4 60.0 45.2 25.8 23.2 33.6 34.8 46.2 37.6 22.3 23.2 34.7 27.4 59.0 36.0 22.6 22.3 31.6 29.9 23.4 (») 20.3 11.2 (») 18.0 (3) 19.1 («) 18. 5 8.9 (») 22.0 («) 18.0 (3) 20.3 9.1 (3) 13.6 ( 3) 20.1 (*) 19.7 9.8 11. 1 17.8 (*) 16.2 (») 28.4 12.4 13.7 15.1 («) 22.8 (*) 25.8 13. 1 18.2 20.6 (’) 21.3 (*) 21.0 15.0 12.3 20.9 («) 21.9 20.2 17.3 20.4 16.6 22.3 (») 20.7 22.2 16.2 11.5 13.9 18.3 (3) 20.6 20.6 19.6 14.8 13.8 17.6 (») 18.3 16.2 14.3 14.3 13.5 15.9 (») 19.0 22.7 11.5 12.7 15.9 15.4 (Q 17.8 25.4 16.0 10.8 19.9 13.5 (*) 21.8 22.3 14.2 16.0 16.3 22.3 (*) 20.8 18.5 23.2 15.4 15.3 20.3 12.5 19.6 20.4 15.3 13.0 14.2 17.1 10.2 10.4 13.6 13.8 8.8 18.6 12.0 9.6 13.9 15.3 9.6 15.3 13.6 9.6 15.6 14.9 9.3 15.6 15.1 9.0 15.6 13.1 10.6 15.9 10.3 10.6 15.2 12.2 10.9 13.3 12.7 9.9 14.3 14.5 10.1 13.9 12.2 9.6 14.2 10.6 9.6 14.1 15.2 9.6 15.7 13.4 10.5 14.2 12.0 12.1 (3) 13.1 11.5 (3) 12.3 13.9 (3) 13.1 12.5 15.6 12.9 9.6 19.8 12.1 9.0 29.5 11.5 9.1 12.5 11.6 10.1 16.2 12.1 8.8 20.5 10.3 7.7 13.2 10.7 8.4 14.6 10.5 8.9 18.5 10.1 9.9 20.2 12.9 11.3 21.2 11.1 9.5 19.3 12.2 8.5 16.7 10.6 4.6 4.9 (3) (3) (3) 5.0 7.3 12.1 10.0 (3) 23.6 (3) 13.4 6.7 5.8 (3) (») (3) 4.6 4.4 12.1 14.7 (3) 24.5 (3) 14.3 3.7 4.9 (3) (3) (3) 2.8 6.5 8.9 11.7 (3) 23.1 (3) 16.5 5.0 5.2 2.9 3.4 5.5 4.1 6.1 11.1 12.0 18.4 23.7 8.8 14.7 5.5 5.2 3.2 4.0 2.5 3.7 4.7 8.0 10.1 30.9 23.0 11.8 12.5 5.9 2.5 3.7 3.4 2.9 3.1 6.3 12.4 11.5 15.7 21.5 9.4 13.6 5.5 5.2 4.0 2.2 2.1 3.3 6.5 12.1 13.3 21.1 19.7 9.6 14.2 4.6 4.4 4.4 2.7 2.2 5.0 5.8 15.2 11.3 13.9 23.6 14.3 12.5 4.9 4.9 4.2 3.4 3.9 3.5 6.7 11.0 7.8 19.5 17.0 7.1 14.3 5.0 3.8 2.6 2.9 3.2 5.0 6.4 11.3 11.0 13.0 23.8 14.8 14.3 4.1 4.3 1.5 3.1 3.3 4.3 6.4 10.5 9.8 19.1 18.8 6.0 13.9 4.8 3.8 1.8 3.1 4.1 3.7 6.7 13.3 12.2 24.4 21.3 12.4 13.3 5.9 10.6 1.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 6.4 11.0 7.8 19.1 19.8 10.9 13.1 5.4 4.3 1.7 2.7 3.9 3.7 6.6 10.3 9.0 19.9 21.5 10.5 14.5 5.4 4.6 3.9 3.1 2.4 3.8 5.8 12.2 12.0 19.9 22.1 12.6 13.0 4.6 4.1 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.2 6.6 11.7 10.5 19.3 21.1 10.3 13.9 4.8 4.7 7.7 4.3 5.9 11.0 6.1 4.2 9.3 5.1 5.0 9.3 4.6 5.3 9.3 4.1 6.2 9.5 4.6 5.5 11.4 3.6 5.5 11.2 5.2 6.8 9.5 3.7 9.3 10.5 3.4 5.2 9.5 3.2 5.8 8.3 4.4 7.4 9.1 4.0 7.3 12.5 4.3 5.6 10.6 4.1 7.0 9.6 44.2 (3) 10.6 10.1 21.9 (3) 8.9 10.3 38.7 (3) 8.7 10.4 34.7 (3) 9.4 10.3 32.4 (3) 8.6 11.4 35.9 (3) 10.2 13.1 30.6 (3) 9.8 10.6 31.2 (>) 9.0 7.9 29.8 (3) 9.3 12.8 33.1 (») 8.7 12.2 28.1 (3) 8.6 13.5 26.9 19.5 (») (>) 8.8 7.6 7.6 12.8 34.1 (») 9.4 12.0 33.6 19.0 9.4 10.8 29.8 21.9* 8.8 11.5 5.8 27.5 15.4 15.8 7.3 7.8 26.5 16.3 23.4 9.3 7.8 18.4 15.2 21.7 12.9 7.2 24.0 15.6 20.3 9.9 6.4 27.7 16.7 20.7 8.4 7.5 29.0 17.7 24.8 10.2 7.0 27.9 17.0 25.2 9.9 8.3 32.3 15.5 24.9 10.5 9.0 31.1 15.5 25.4 9.2 30.3 15.4 22.9 13.3 7.1 36.4 16.2 21.4 8.7 6.8 30.5 16.1 20.5 8.7 8.3 29.8 11.7 17.6 8.8 8.0 32.8 14.2 21.2 9.2 7.5 29.3 16.9 24.0 9.8 32.0 15.7 22.9 11.1 8.1 10.6 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1963 888 T able F -l. Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries—-Continued F ir s t q u a rte r In d u s tr y P r im a ry m e ta l in d u strie s: B la st furnaces an d steel m ills____________________ G rav -iro n a n d m alleable fou n d rie s_______________ Steel foundries _______________________________ N o n ferro u s rolling, d raw in g , a n d a llo y in g ........... .... N o n ferrous fo u n d ries____________________________ Iro n a n d steel forgings___________________________ W ire d ra w in g . ______________ ________________ W e ld ed a n d h ea v y -riv e te d p ip e __ ______________ C old-finished ste e l______________________________ F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u cts: T in cans a n d o th e r tin w a re ______________________ C u tle ry a n d edge to o ls ___________ - _____________ H a n d tô o ls, files, a n d saw s_______________________ H a r d w a r e ______________________________________ S a n ita ry w are a n d p lu m b e rs ' su p p lie s ___________ O il b u rn e rs , h e a tin g a n d cooking a p p a ra tu s ........... S tru c tu ra l steel a n d o rn a m e n ta l m e ta l w o rk _____ M eta l dnnrs, sash, fram e, and trim ... . B o ilersh o p p ro d u c ts __ ___ __________________ _ _ S h eet-m etal w o r k .________ _____________________ S ta m p e d a n d pressed m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____________ M e ta l en a tm e and e n e ra v ln g . .. F a b ric a te d w ire p ro d u c ts ________________ ______ M e ta l b arrels, d ru m s , kegs, and pails _ __ Steel sp rin g s _ ______________________________ ............. B e lts , n u ts , w ashers, and riv e ts S crew -m achine p r o d u c t s ___ ____________________ F a b ric a te d m é ta l p ro d u c ts, n o t elsew here classified __ ________________ - _______________ M a c h in e ry (except electrical): E n g in es a n d tu rb in e s ___________________________ A g ricu ltu ral m a c h in e ry a n d tra c to rs _____________ C o n s tru c tio n a n d m in in g m a c h in e ry ____________ M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry ___________________ ___ F o o d -p ro d u cts m a c h in e ry _______________________ T e x tile m a c h in e ry _ _____________________ _____ M iscellaneous spécial in d u s try m a c h in e ry ----------P u m p s a n d com pressors____________________ - ___ E le v a to rs, escalators, a n d co n v e y o rs_____________ M ech an ical po w er-tran sm issio n e q u ip m e n t (exc e p t b all a n d roller b ea rin g s)__________________ M iscellaneous general in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry _____ C o m m ercial a n d h ousehold m a c h in e ry __________ V alves a n d fittin g s ______________________________ Pahricnt.ed pipe and fittin g s B a ll a n d roller b ea rin g s_________________________ M a c h in e shops, general_________________________ E lectrical m a ch in ery : E lectrical in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ________ _ _____ E le c tric a l appliances _________________________ In s u la te d w ire a n d c a b le ________________________ E lectrical e q u ip m e n t for veh icles________________ E le c tric la m p s (b u lb s )__________________________ R ad io s a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ______ ______________ R a d io t u b e s ____________________________________ M iscellaneous co m m u n ic atio n e q u ip m e n t_______ B a t t e r i e s . __ ___________________________________ E lectrical p ro d u c ts, n o t elsew here classified______ T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t: M o to r vehicles, bodies, a n d tr a ile rs .____________ M o to r-v eh icle p a rts a n d accessories A ircraft _____________________________ ___ . . . A ircraft p a r ts _______ ___________________________ S h ip b u ild in g a n d re p a irin g _______ ______________ R nathnildinp- and rep airin g R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t. ___________________________ In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u cts: S cientific in s tru m e n ts ___________________________ M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d co n tro llin g in s tr u m e n ts . __ ________________________ O p tic al in s tru m e n ts a n d lenses _________________ M ed ic al in s tru m e n ts a n d su p p lie s_______________ P h o to g ra p h ic equi p m e n t a n d su p p lie s_______ ___ W a tc h e s a n d clo ck s______________________ ______ M iscellaneous m a n u factu rin g : 1960 2 19612 19622 1963 2 4 th 4th 3d 2d 1st 3d 2d 4 th 3d 1st q u a r - q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u arte r te r te r te r te r te r te r te r te r te r F eb. M ar. Q u a r te r 3.8 21.7 21.5 10.6 17.6 18.1 14.3 11.1 10.1 4.1 26.1 22.7 11.7 20.2 18.5 17.2 12.5 11.4 3.3 23.1 21.5 6.3 20.7 21.3 13.4 10.8 14.2 3.7 23.6 21.9 9.6 19.5 19.3 14.9 11.4 11.9 3.3 24.4 17.8 10.9 19.3 15.4 14.6 13.7 9.2 3.3 27.9 20.1 12.1 23.6 21.1 14.0 14.2 8.6 3.8 25.4 20.4 10.9 21.2 20.6 16.7 15.0 8.4 3.7 25.3 18.0 11.3 20.2 19.8 13.3 11.8 12.4 3 .5 23.4 20.4 12.1 21.4 19.2 16.7 8.4 9.3 3 .5 28.3 16.4 13.2 23.5 18.9 13.4 10.7 9.3 2.6 22.5 15.9 8.8 20.1 17.9 14.6 10.3 7.1 3.3 24.8 16.6 8.4 19.2 15. 6 15. 3 9.9 9 .5 3.2 22.5 17.8 10.5 18.1 16.2 13.1 8.7 8.6 3.6 25.4 16.8 10.1 18.4 17.7 14.9 8.7 10.5 3 .6 25.9 19.2 11.3 21.2 19.8 14.5 13.6 9.7 3 .3 24.9 17.3 10.8 21.2 18.1 15.0 9.7 8.8 2.4 4.4 12.8 14.6 8.5 10.2 10.9 21.0 18.0 5.4 13.2 22.6 9.4 11.5 14.4 19.7 23.0 7.1 13.2 15.1 10.4 11.6 17.7 22.5 26.0 6.3 15.1 18.1 10.0 9 .2 13.7 20.6 22.1 6.6 14.9 15.5 9.1 11.3 14.5 20.5 21.4 7.2 18.7 11.6 10.4 13.1 14.0 19.3 17.9 9.2 12.6 16.4 11.9 10. 5 11.8 22.1 27.5 6.8 13.9 13.3 8.1 12.7 11.8 19. 6 16.3 4.7 14.3 11.0 8.7 8 .6 15.1 19.6 20.5 5.5 15.2 15.0 8.7 8.8 11.6 19.0 18.1 9.1 15.1 16.7 9 .3 13.6 17.0 22.4 15.0 7.0 15.0 13.3 9.9 11.2 13.1 20.5 19.9 14.2 20.4 10.7 17.9 16.6 (3) 12.8 20.2 10.2 29.3 18.7 (3) (3) 15.9 13.6 17.5 24.6 11.7 28.2 22.4 18.2 21.2 12.2 21.1 15.0 (3) 11.6 13.8 18.1 25.9 12.7 20.6 17.0 (3) « 14.3 13.6 6.4 14.2 18.1 10.0 10.8 15.4 21.5 23.6 15.4 13.8 (3) 14.5 14.2 15.1 14.2 12.8 7.1 10.8 11.3 5.8 (3) 15.5 6.8 9.1 12.4 20.6 5.2 (3) (3) 15.2 10.7 12.6 9.5 21.6 13.3 8.0 9.2 11.0 20.8 (3) (3) 23.6 10.8 (3) 17.8 (3) (3) 17.1 13.9 (3) 18.3 19.4 10.1 (3) 16.8 (3) (3) 11.4 12.6 9.6 8.1 11.7 9.8 8.0 12.9 10.1 11.1 10.0 10.0 11.1 5.2 8.7 15.4 9.7 6.8 9.2 11.4 12.9 6.1 8.1 15.3 11.1 10.6 15.4 13.7 11.0 4.4 8.5 17.8 9.4 12.1 10.2 14.1 10.1 5.2 8.4 16.1 10.1 9.8 11.5 13.0 11.3 6.1 8.5 14.6 9.3 12.1 11.8 14.6 11.0 5.6 7.3 17.1 10.1 11.0 16.1 13.9 12.8 5.2 7.5 16.8 9.6 10.6 15.4 12.8 13.0 6.8 7.1 15.2 9.9 12.7 12.2 14.1 13.8 5.8 7.3 13.9 8.1 9.5 10.7 12.9 10.0 6.0 7.1 15.8 9.0 14.1 14.7 13.8 11.2 6.1 8.9 14.7 8.9 11.6 13.0 14.0 9. 7 16.4 12.7 11.9 13.7 11.7 14.3 19.7 16.3 12.9 17.5 16.3 10.9 15.2 13.0 16.2 9.3 12.4 5.3 13.7 8.8 6.8 6.7 11.1 (3) 4.3 14.4 7.8 11.1 6.2 14.4 (3) 5.6 14.6 8.6 10.1 6.0 13.2 14.9 5.6 15.4 11. 5 10.3 5.5 11.7 17.6 6.6 13.3 15.6 11.0 5.5 12.8 13.9 5.4 14.3 11.9 11.9 5.8 14.2 15.9 4.4 14.8 12.3 12.1 7.1 15.1 13.6 5.7 15.7 11.0 11.2 5.7 11.1 12.2 4.7 12.0 11.1 12.0 5.9 13.6 11.9 4.1 14.3 9.7 11.7 6.0 14.9 11.5 11.1 5.7 13.4 6.1 12.5 5. 4 13.3 11.0 10.9 5.7 11.9 17.3 5.2 12.0 6.4 8.1 16.0 1.5 (3) 4.7 1.7 3.2 10.8 (3) 5.5 5.9 22.6 3.0 (3) 4.7 2.5 2.7 11.3 5.9 8.2 18.0 2.7 (3) 4.0 3.5 2.7 10.2 (3) (3) 6.0 7.4 18.8 2 .4 2.6 4 .5 2.6 2.9 10.8 2 .3 6.2 5.7 15.3 2.4 3 .5 4.1 2 .5 2.5 11.8 3.5 5.9 5.0 17.5 2.7 4.3 4.9 4.8 2 .7 13.6 5.4 5.6 7.6 16.5 3.0 2.6 4.2 2.3 2.5 14.7 7.0 6.9 7.8 22.6 2.0 2.2 4.7 2.4 2.7 13.5 2.2 6.4 8.3 19.4 2.6 3.7 4.0 3. 6 2.3 13.1 6.5 6.8 8.0 15.3 3.0 2.2 3.9 3. 2 1.4 18.0 3.1 5.5 6. 5 14.3 2.3 1.2 3.9 2.1 2 .5 15.2 6.4 5.6 5. 4 16.6 2.9 1.6 4. 3 2.8 2.6 12.8 2.4 3.0 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3 .3 3 .8 3 .7 3 .2 3.4 4.2 3.7 3 .6 1.5 5.1 14.9 (3) 3.6 4.1 2.3 4.7 14.3 (3) 7.8 4.0 2.0 3.2 14.2 (3) 7.9 4.1 1.9 4.3 14.4 (3) 6.5 4.1 1.9 4.4 14.9 (3) 7.5 4.5 1.9 4.8 17.0 4.1 1.9 5.0 18.5 (3) 6.8 3.8 1.6 4.5 15.2 4.8 2.0 4.7 11.3 6.8 5.0 1.9 5.0 17.8 (3) 8.2 4.1 2.2 4.5 14.2 10.1 5.1 2.0 4.7 17.1 (3) 7.8 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.7 1.6 2.9 1.6 1.4 2.4 6.9 (3) 5.1 3.8 (3) 9.0 (3) 6.9 3.3 (3) 6.1 (3) 9.2 3.2 (3) 7.4 5.3 7.0 3.5 6.0 6.7 5.3 6.3 5.5 3.5 6.0 2.7 4.8 4.6 5.2 6.6 5.4 8.4 5.7 5.3 6.7 4.4 9.1 4.9 3.4 6.9 6.2 8.3 5.4 4.6 P a y i n g a n d rn n fin g m a t e r i a ls (3) 8.7 J ew elry , silverw are, a n d p la te d w a re ____________ F a b ric a te d p lastics p ro d u c ts ____________________ 13.7 5.9 13.1 (3) M is e e lla n e n n s m a n u f a c tu r in g 14.1 8.8 7.9 15.6 11.4 3.5 6.7 6.1 16.9 10.4 3.1 7.0 7.0 19.1 11.8 2.4 3.0 10.6 17.5 12.8 2.5 6.7 10.4 20.0 12.5 3.6 11.5 7.0 14.6 14.6 2.2 ................. 14.2 (3) 6.9 17.2 9.7 3.3 9.9 (3) 3.9 9.0 20.0 10.9 3.0 (3) 13.3 13.0 i T h e in ju ry -fre q u e n c y ra te is th e average n u m b e r of d isab lin g w o rk in ju rie s for each m illio n em ployee-hours w o rk ed . A d isab lin g w ork in ju ry is a n y in ju r y o ccurring in th e course of a n d arisin g o u t of e m p lo y m e n t, w h ich (a) re s u lts in d e a th o r p e rm a n e n t p h y sica l im p a irm e n t, or (b) m a k es th e in ju re d w o rk er u n a b le to p erform th e d u tie s of a n y re g u la rly esta b lish e d job w h ic h is o pen a n d av a ilab le to h im th ro u g h o u t th e h o u rs co rrespond in g to h is reg u lar sh ift on a n y one or m ore d a y s after th e d a y of in ju ry (in c lu d in g S u n d ay s, d a y s off, or p la n t s h u td o w n s). T h e te rm “ in ju r y ” in c lu d es o cc u p atio n a l diseases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1962» 1961 *j Jan . 18.5 11.0 (3) 15.1 (3) (3) 11.5 12.7 O rd n a n c e a n d accessories________________________ A nnual average (3) (3) (3) (3) 15.2 22.8 11.5 15.9 14.2 (3) (3) 17.3 27.4 11.6 12.7 17.8 (3) (3) 20.0 18.0 9.5 22.7 15.2 14.4 (3) (3) 16.9 22. 2 9.2 (3) 10.9 14.1 17.7 17.3 9.6 23.8 15.3 13.9 11.0 22.9 19.7 11.8 22.5 16.6 7.1 23.0 13.0 13.9 16.9 23.4 11.8 25.6 18.3 13.7 24.2 14.5 13.6 9.1 13.4 16.9 10.2 9.9 6.0 8.1 16.5 8.1 12.5 13.0 12.3 5.7 7.0 14.4 9.0 12.0 12.9 11.7 5.9 7.3 15.4 8.7 14.9 17.3 14.8 6.0 7.7 16.3 9.9 11.5 13.9 13.8 6.0 7.8 15.2 8.4 11.4 13.2 13.1 12.9 15.8 10.8 15.1 10.8 11.2 6.8 14. 6 17.9 4.6 13.7 12.8 11.6 5.8 13.4 14.7 5.6 15.0 10.9 11.4 5.9 13.2 14.0 5.1 13.2 4.8 6.7 17.2 2.9 1.9 3.7 3.0 1.9 14.9 4.4 6.0 5.0 15.1 2.6 3.2 4.2 2.9 3 .2 11.7 11.0 6.2 6.6 18.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 2.6 13.4 4.7 6.0 7.4 16.5 2 .7 2.2 4.1 3.0 2.3 14.7 4.6 3.7 3 .8 (3) (3) (3) (3) 13.1 17.0 17.5 22.4 10.7 17.6 14.7 12.8 18.8 13.5 11.8 4.0 2.3 5.6 15.1 36.1 8.5 3 .6 3.7 4.6 1.9 4.7 17.6 33.3 8.0 4.5 2.0 4.7 15.1 33.4 7.0 7.1 6.4 4.2 1.9 3.6 13.8 26.2 6.3 2.2 1.6 2.3 1.9 1.6 7.1 3.4 9.4 6.6 4.3 8.9 2.8 8.2 4.7 4.9 6.0 4.5 8.6 5.9 3.9 5.7 4.0 8.5 5.5 5.8 5.8 3.4 9.7 5.5 5.6 2.1 6.6 4. 6 7.2 5.2 4. 6 2.3 7.2 4.3 8.5 5.7 4.5 9.1 10.3 15.0 13.9 2.2 4.6 6.4 13.6 12.1 2.4 4.9 10.7 19.6 12.0 2.5 7.0 8.7 14.7 12.7 2.5 7.1 7.1 17.2 13.0 2.5 5.9 7.9 18.8 12.0 3.0 7.8 8.5 15.8 13.2 2.4 (3) (3) 2 R a te s are p re lim in a ry a n d su b je c t to rev isio n w h e n fin al a n n u a l d a ta becom e av a ilab le. 8 In su fficien t d a ta to w a r r a n t p re s e n ta tio n of a verage. N o t e : T h e se d a ta are c o m p iled i n acco rd an ce w ith th e A m erican S ta n d a r d M e th o d of R eco rd in g a n d M easu rin g W o rk I n ju r y E x p e rien ce , a p p ro v e d b y th e A m erican S ta n d a rd s A sso ciatio n , 1954. U . S . GOVERNMENT PRINTIN G 0 F F 1 C E :I 9 6 3 New Publications Available For Sale Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Bulletin 1332: Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Remunera tion Practices for Production Workers in Mining Industries, 1960. 78 pp. 45 cents. Occupational Wage Surveys: BLS Bulletins— 1345-31: Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J., November 1962. 36 pp. 30 cents. 1345-34: San Francisco-Oakland, Calif., January 1963. 32 pp. 25 cents. 1345-38: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn., January 1963. 32 pp. 25 cents. 1345-39: Jacksonville, Fla., January 1963. 26 pp. 25 cents. 1345-41: York, Pa., February 1963. 18 pp. 20 cents. 1345-42: Des Moines, Iowa, February 1963. 20 pp. 20 cents. 1345-43: Jackson, Miss., February 1963. 18 pp. 20 cents. 1345-44: New Orleans, La., February 1963. 30 pp. 25 cents. 1345-45: Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa.-N.J., February 1963. 20 pp. cents. 1345-46: Newark and Jersey City, N.J., February 1963. 24 pp. 25 cents. BLS Bulletin 1360: Industry Wage Survey, Footwear, April 1962. 71 pp. 20 45 cents. For Limited Free Distribution Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington 25, D.C., or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61; Consumer Income and Expenditures, 1960: BLS Report— 237-13: Northern New Jersey. 12 pp. 237-16: Baltimore, Md. 12 pp. 237-17: Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 12 pp. 237-18: Buffalo, N.Y. 12 pp. 237-19: Orlando, Fla. 12 pp. 237-20: Dallas, Tex. 12 pp. BLS Report 247: Work Stoppages, Government Employees, 1942-61. BLS Report 248: The Forecasting of Manpower Requirements. 96 pp. Income, Education, and Unemployment in Neighborhoods: Atlanta, Ga. 30 pp. Pittsburgh, Pa. 30 pp. Indianapolis, Ind. 30 pp. San Antonio, Tex. 26 pp. New York City; Manhattan. 48 pp. San Diego, Calif. 32 pp. New York City; Staten Island. 22 pp. San Juan, P.R. 20 pp. Philadelphia, Pa. 52 pp. Seattle, Wash. 32 pp. Phoenix, Ariz. 24 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 pp. U n ited S t a tes PENALTY FOR G ov er n m en t P rinting O ffice a s h in g t o n , D.C. 20402 O FFICIA L B U S IN E S S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis « f ^ \ 1 1913 a 19 63 & BÒI YEARS^3FPR.0GRESS $ U S E T O A V O ID POSTAGE, *3 0 0 (G P O ) DIVISION O F P U B L IC D O C U M E N T S W P R IV A T E PAYMENT OF