Full text of Monthly Labor Review : July 1963, Vol. 86, No. 7
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JULY 1 9 6 3 VOL. 86 N O .
Work Stoppages During 1962
H igh School Graduates and Dropouts
Inter-American Conference of Labor M inisters
The Negro’s Economic Status
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W . W il l a r d W i r t z , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan C lague, Commissioner of Labor Statistics
R obert J. M yers, Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics
W. D uane E vans, Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth
P aul R. K erschbaum, Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations
H erman B. B yer, Assistant Commissioner
J ack Alterman, Chief, Division of Economic Growth
G ertrude Bancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
A rnold E. C hase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
H. M. D outv, Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon G reenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K lein , Editor-in-Chief (on leave)
M ary S. B edell, Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
765 White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe
Special Labor Force Reports:
772
Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts, 1962
780
Economic Status of Nonwhite Workers, 1955-62
789 Labor Ministers’ Conference on the Alliance for Progress
Summaries of Studies and Reports
794
796
802
808
810
814
817
Announcement of the 1964 Revision of the CPI
A Review of Work Stoppages During 1962
Changes in Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1961-June 1962
Unemployment and Labor Market Policy
Sixth Annual Economic Conference of the NICB
Earnings in Wood Household Furniture, July 1962
Earnings: Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry, August 1962
Technical Note
820 Tables of Working Life for Men, 1960
Departments
m
824
828
830
838
849
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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
July 1963 • Voi. 86 • No. 7
6 4 -3 I 504
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The Labor Month
in Review
the United Steelworkers of America
and 11 major steel producers reached an agree
ment that, by extending the present contract until
May 1965, assures them the longest period of labor
peace since World War II. The agreement was
achieved through steel's joint Human Relations
Committee in the face of economic troubles within
the industry; for the second year in a row, the
parties to the agreement gave maximum credit
to the committee for peaceful attainment of a
settlement. Calling the committee a “significant
development" for collective bargaining, both
industry and union representatives consider that
this year’s experience “proves the permanent
worth’’ of the committee idea, now being tried
by negotiators in other industries. Both the
industry and the union were gratified by the
avoidance of a formal reopening notice, since the
strike-hedging inventory buildup was smaller this
year than last, when it took 8 months to work
off inventories even though the settlement came
3 months before the contract would have expired.
The major feature of the steel settlement is
a 13-week vacation once every 5 years for
employees on the top half of each company’s
continuous service rooster. Sought by the union
as a job-creating measure, the extended vacation
will include the 3- or 4-week regular vacation to
which the worker would otherwise be entitled
that year.
Beginning January 1, 1964, 5 percent of the
senior half of each company’s work force will
become eligible for the extended vacation every
3 months, “to the extent that there are sufficient
funds in the account’’; vacations will be scheduled
before the end of the calendar year following
the quarter in which the employee becomes
eligible.
Financed by a 9.5-cent increase in the present
3-cents-per-hour company contribution, beginning
January 1, 1964, the enlarged savings and vacation
I n late J u n e ,
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fund will also accelerate vacation benefits received
by junior employees. Under the 1962 agreement,
all employees were to receive an extra week of
vacation credit every other year, contingent on
the availability of funds, with the option of using
it for a vacation or saving it toward a layoff
or retirement. Retiring workers and senior
employees had priority in receiving the credits.
Under the new plan, it is anticipated that sufficient
funds will be available to ensure junior employees
their vacation credits; senior employees will
receive a 1-week credit every 5 years to be
automatically deferred until retirement.
The revised program also encourages retirement
upon attainment of full pension eligibility (age
65, 15 years’ service). Those employees who
retire before January 1, 1964, will be eligible
for payment for the extended vacation on that
date; employees who are eligible for a pension
when they become entitled to the 13-week benefit
will receive the full benefit only if they retire.
Continuing the procedure under the existing
savings and vacation plan, benefits payable only
on retirement will be reduced by 10 percent for
every 3 months an employee works after he
becomes eligible for a pension.
The Steelworkers thus kept pace with their in
novatory agreement signed last September with
the major can makers, which granted an extended
vacation of 3 months every 5 years for hourly
employees with 15 or more years of service.
Since average seniority in steel varies greatly
from company to company, the Human Relations
Committee hit upon the 50-percent formula to be
used instead of a flat seniority requirement, hoping
to make the plan’s cost roughly equal for all em
ployers and to keep its coverage from rising if
technological change reduces hiring and thus in
creases seniority levels. To place in the senior
group, for example, an employee at Inland Steel
Corp. or Youngstown Sheet and Tube will need
only 12 years’ service, while a Pittsburgh Steel
Co. employee will need 21 years; the average
appears to be about 16 years.
of the settlement is an “ex
perimental agreement’’ designed to cover other
job security issues. This agreement puts into
effect for the period August 1, 1963, through
December 31, 1964, provisions which spell out
rights and restrictions on contracting out of inA nother feature
m
IV
stallation, maintenance, and repair work. Past
practice will rule unless the company can demon
strate to a joint plant committee that contracting
out work previously done by bargaining unit em
ployees is a more reasonable course than keeping
the work within the bargaining unit. If the com
mittee cannot agree, the matter will be handled
under the regular grievance and arbitration pro
cedure. Other provisions prohibit, with excep
tions, supervisors from performing bargaining
unit work; preserve for the bargaining unit jobs
combined to include nonbargaining unit duties;
and require joint discussions before overtime can
be scheduled if enough work exists to recall laid-off
employees for at least 2 weeks. From time to
time, the Human Relations Committee will re
view the experience under the “experimental
agreement.”
The remaining benefits provided by the new
settlement include an increase in the maximum
duration of hospitalization payments from 120
days to 365 days a year; a $10 increase in weekly
sickness and accident payments; and a $500 in
crease in the basic life insurance schedule—all to
be effective on August 1, 1963. Revision and up
dating of the job classification manual bee?me
effective on July 1, 1963; and the Human Relations
Committee was authorized to designate a joint
committee to consider future changes, particularly
with respect to changes in technology.
In exchange for these contract gains, the union
agreed to extend the agreement, which had been
subject to termination after June 30, 1964, to be
reopenable on 120 days’ notice served on or after
January 1, 1965. This prevents a strike before
May 1, 1965.
in a row, the Steelworkers
forewent a general wage increase to concentrate
on job security measures; their last pay raise, a
result of the 1960 settlement, came in October
1961. The major reason for this shift in emphasis
has been the employment situation in the industry.
After every postwar recession, steel employment
has failed to regain its prerecession level; since
1957, the average number of production workers
employed in the industry has dropped by about
20 percent.
At its September 1962 convention, the union
made reducing hours of work on a yearly or lifetime
basis its major bargaining goal, in addition to
F or the second year
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
aiming for more restrictions on overtime and con
tracting out. Union officials consider that the
newly won vacation plan will create “at least
15,000 new jobs in the basic steel operations of
these 11 companies alone,” and they mean to
attempt to apply the plan throughout their juris
diction, beginning with the aluminum industry
talks now under way.
To win its objectives, the union accepted a
settlement generally regarded as being the lowest
cost agreement since World War II. Mr. Cooper
estimated that the new benefits in the vacation
plan, “together with the total cost of the improved
insurance program, will increase the employment
costs of the companies over the line of the agree
ment by about 15 cents an hour.” Other industry
sources valued the cost of the insurance improve
ments at around 1 cent an hour; no estimate was
offered on the cost of the “experimental” agree
ment or the new job classification manual. Last
year’s agreement, at the time it was signed, was
valued at about 10 cents an hour.
joint Human Relations Committee was
established as part of the settlement following the
1959 negotiations. Hoping to avoid a repetition
of the 116-day strike that preceded that settle
ment, the Steelworkers and the basic steel industry
sought a peaceful study of mutual problems away
from the pressures of the bargaining table.
Chaired by union President David J. McDonald
and chief industry negotiator R. Conrad Cooper,
the committee includes representatives of both
parties; in particular, those ordinarily responsible
for negotiation. According to the 1959 contract,
the committee was authorized to study and recom
mend solutions to, among others, problems of
wage and benefit adjustments, incentive pay,
medical care, seniority, and job classifications.
During the 1962 steel talks, the committee was
given much of the credit for the accommodation
achieved 3 months in advance of the contract
deadline; this success led to continuation of the
committee and devolution of greater responsibili
ties upon it. Although the Human Relations
group was not authorized to negotiate contracts,
the meetings of the 10-man committee and its
80-member subcommittees that began in January
of this year produced a contract settlement with
out the official contract reopener that the 1962
contract terms permitted on May 1, 1963.
T he
White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe
E ditor ’s N ote .— The article which follows is the first half of a paper dealing with the
development of white-collar unions in Western Europe. The second part, which
is to appear in the August issue, covers the structure of white-collar unions , their
organizing tactics and programs, and key aspects of their bargaining structures
and patterns.
E verett
M. K a ssa l o w *
among European white-collar
employees goes back long before World War II
and, indeed, in some countries before World War I.
For the most part, however, unions of whitecollar employees, as distinguished from more
purely professional and mutual types of societies,
were not numerically well established before the
period of World War II. The countries of Central
Europe, notably Germany1 and Austria, were
something of an exception to this state of affairs.
In these countries, continuity of feudal-guild
concepts of organization and granting of special
legal status to white-collar employees, often as
a support for the royalist regimes against the
Socialist manual workers’ movements, resulted
in the organization of a fairly large number of
white-collar unions and union-like organizations.
Certain white-collar occupations, as for example
in retail trade, insurance, and banking, followed
a recognized guild apprentice structure and this
also encouraged organization.
The modern Swedish white-collar workers’
federation traces the main lines of its origins to
the period after World War I in the 1920’s, but
its membership was modest until well into the
thirties. White-collar workers’ unions of modest
strength were also to be found in other European
countries before World War II.2
Compared with unionization of manual workers,
however, the greatest growth of white-collar
unionism in Western Europe has come about since
World War II. This recent increase in whitecollar unionism can be traced to a number of
T rade unio n ism
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forces—economic, social, and political factors, as
well as union adaptation of structural forms,
policies, and activities to white-collar workers’
needs and desires. A few of these forces parallel
developments in the United States, but in some
instances, they are unique to Europe and to some
of the individual countries here studied. And in
some cases, it is difficult to establish a clear causeand-effect relationship. Nevertheless, the experi
ence of European white-collar unions in the
postwar period has a good deal of relevance for
the United States.
»Director of Research, Industrial Union Department, A FL -C IO , and also
Director, continuing Seminar on Comparative Labor M ovements, National
Institute of Labor Education.
The material for this article was gathered during several trips to Western
Europe in 1959-62: specifically, Great Britain, the Low Countries (especially
The Netherlands), Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and Austria. Time did
not permit study in Italy and Switzerland. While some brief reference will
be made to France, the special character of trade unionism in that country,
including the significant role played by the Communist-dominated Confeder
ation Generate du Travail, makes it less germane to the central concern of
this article.
In addition, written materials from some of the European white-collar
unions and from the files of the U.S. Department of Labor, as well as a few
other cited volumes, were employed. The author also had the benefit of fruitful
conversation with several international labor experts, both European and
American, residing in Washington, D .C .
The central concern has been with unionism in the private sector of the
economy, with a particular eye for aspects of this subject which might shed
light on the problems and prospects of white-collar union development in
the United States. Unionism among public employees, both white-collar
and blue-collar, is a separate field which is treated in less detail.
1 For a description of white-collar unionism in pre-Hitler Germany, see
The Trade Union Movement of Germany (Amsterdam, International Federa
tion of Trade Unions, 1928), especially the section by Bernhard Goring on the
“ Non-Manual Workers’ Trade Union M ovement,” pp. 133-154.
2 The same situation, i.e., the existence of a fair number of white-collar
unions of rather limited strength was also true in the United States before
World War II. For a brief sketch of the history of white-collar unionism
in the United States, see the chapter by Everett M . Kassalow to be published
in 1964 in White-Collar Unions in Seven Countries, edited by Adolf SturmthaL
765
766
The Extent of White-Collar Unionism
Precise measurement of the degree of whitecollar unionism in Western Europe is almost
impossible, particularly if one is interested in
making comparisons with American figures.3 As
a general tendency, it probably can be stated that
the higher the percentage of manual-worker union
ism in a country, the higher the percentage of
white-collar unionism.
Thus, white-collar unionism appears to be most
advanced in Sweden, Austria, and Denmark. In
Sweden, around 90 percent of the manuals are
unionized, while over 50 percent of the nonmanuals
are in unions. In Denmark, the comparable
figures are 70 percent for manuals and around 60
percent for nonmanuals. Figures on unionization
in the private economy in Austria show 75 percent
unionization for manuals and close to 60 percent
for nonmanuals.
The degree of organization among government
white-collar employees is usually greater than
among those in the private sector. In Sweden, for
example, in private employment, a little less than
50 percent of the nonmanuals are unionized, while
80 percent of those in different levels of government
belong to unions.
While unionization among nonmanual workers
has been growing in a number of the other coun
tries, it does not approach the degree of organiza
tion in Austria, Sweden, or Denmark. In Great
Britain, although individual white-collar unions
have been growing rapidly in the past decade,4 it
can be estimated that nonmanual unionization is
still probably only around 25-30 percent of the
total employed, as against about 50 percent among
manuals. Again, this takes in public and private
employment, and unionization is higher in the
public sector.
In Germany, whereas around 50 percent of the
blue-collar workers are unionized, only 20-25 per
cent of the white-collar force are to be found in
unions. In the Netherlands, about 20 percent of
the privately employed nonmanual workers are
unionized, compared with around 50 percent of the
manuals in the private sector.
While these figures show great variation in the
degree of unionization among white-collar work
ers, in most of these countries, only in the past
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
two decades or so has notable progress been made
in this field. The Swedish Central Organization
of Salaried Employees (TCO), for example, today
numbers around 430,000 members; only 19 years
ago, when formally established by a merger of
previously organized bodies in the private and
public sectors, it could claim but 175,000 mem
bers. Similarly, the Austrian Union of Nonmanual Workers in Private Industry (GAP),
which has a membership of about 236,000 (1961)
and has become the second largest affiliate to the
Austrian Federation of Trade Unions (OGB), had
147,000 members in 1951. The GAP has been
the fastest growing union in the OGB for a number
of years.
While comparisons are difficult, it has been
estimated that in the United States 2-2% million
nonmanual workers are in unions, or in the
neighborhood of 10-12 percent of those normally
eligible for unionism. In contrast, somewhere
around 50-60 percent, depending upon the as
sumed potential, of U.S. manual workers are
unionized. In the United States as in Western
Europe, however, individual white-collar unions
are among the fastest growing unions.
Alongside of the traditional and generally known
white-collar union organizations in several
European countries, one also finds independent
associations or unions which cater to civil service
employees. Often these bodies are a “cross”
between a mutual society, a professional guild, a
“company union” and a regular union, though
some seem to have evolved into full-fledged
unions. I t is also interesting to observe that
according to one recent study in the United
States, some 392,000 employees in State and local
service are to be found in similar, independent
type associations.5
s Generally, when Europeans estimate the degree of unionization, they
place the number of union members against the total employed or the civilian
labor force, with the possible exclusion of the self-employed. Thus, they
include agricultural workers, foremen, supervisors, and managers, etc. Fore
men and supervisors are highly organized, although generally in separate
unions from rank-and-file workers.
t The National Union of Bank Employees, for example, increased its mem
bership between 1950 and 1960 from 29,622 to 52,787; the Clerical and Adminis
trative Workers’ Union, from 33,150 to 59,145. The Draughtsmen and Allied
Technicians’ Association increased from 45,000 in 1939 to 67,040 in 1960. The
membership of the British Trades Union Congress (TU C ), to which all of
these unions are affiliated, increased only 6 percent during the 1950’s.
J Joseph Krislov, “ The Independent Public Employee Association: Char
acteristics and Functions,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, July
1962, pp. 510-520.
WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
Forces Underlying Growth
Several external factors seem important in the
expansion of European white-collar unions. As
previously noted, some of these, like the rising
proportion of white-collar workers in the labor
force, are also characteristic of the United States.
Others, like the widespread unionization of
supervisors, are without U.S. parallels.
L abor Force T ren ds. While labor force statistics
for recent years are not available for all of the
Western European countries, available data clearly
illustrate that relatively greater growth of whitecollar as opposed to blue-collar employment, so
familiar in the United States, has also been taking
place in Western Europe. In Austria, for ex
ample, between 1934 and 1951 salaried or whitecollar employment rose from 21.5 percent to 32
percent of total employment. In Sweden, between
1940 and 1960 the percentage of white-collar
employees rose from 25 percent to 40 percent of
employment (excluding the self-employed). In
Germany, if one excludes the classified civil
servants (the so-called Beamte), white-collar
workers increased from less than 25 percent of
the labor force in 1950 to 30 percent in 1959.6
This great increase in the European white-collar
force has naturally led to greater concentrations
of employment of white-collar workers and facili
tated the efforts of unions to organize such workers.
Some of the bonds of personal identification be
tween employer and employee which existed on
the white-collar side began to weaken or break
down among the larger pools of employees. The
Clerical and Administrative Workers’ Union of
Great Britain, in appealing to office workers to
unionize themselves, notes for example,
6 These data are derived from a number of sources but for a general
summary of some of these trends, see Otto Nordenskiold, “ Trends in
Nonmanual Employment and Their Social Effects,” International Nonmanual Workers’ Conference, Nov. 8-4, 1961 (Brussels, International Con
federation of Free Trade Unions), pp. 11-27. Also see Problems of Nonmanual
Workers, Including Technicians, Supervisory Staff, etc. (Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1958), pp. 3-7. In some countries, the growth of nonmanual
employment in the past few decades has been particularly accelerated by an
increase in the public sector.
7 Office Workers in the Mid-Twentieth Century (London, Twentieth Century
Press, Ltd., 196-), p. 4.
8 David Lockwood describes this process as it has been operating in Great
Britian in The Black Coated Worker (London, George Allen and Unwin,
Ltd., 1958), pp. 196-110.
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767
The clerical labor force of a single employer may now
number several thousands, concentrated in one or two
administrative offices in the center of cities or spread
through the country. In these circumstances, there can
be no question of personal contact between employer and
clerk. A hierarchy of managers and departmental heads
stands between the clerk and his ultimate employer, the
board of directors, from whence come the policy decisions
affecting his conditions. The personal and individual
salary, with the personal and individual contact, has
disappeared, and however employers may seek to disguise
the fact by maintaining a system of merit increases, they
cannot avoid establishing group standards of payment to
correspond with the grouping of work.7
Related trends have also facilitated rapid post
war gains in European white-collar unionism.
As educational opportunities for the entire popu
lation have broadened, more and more children
of working class parents have taken advantage of
these opportunities and moved into white-collar
jobs. Increasingly, as compared with the preWorld War II period, white-collar workers come
from working class families.8 While these em
ployees may exhibit some of the psychological
outlook and characteristics of white-collar workers,
unionism as such—because of their family back
grounds—is something not completely alien.
In addition, the growing importance of govern
ment employment, coupled with the well-estab
lished pattern of unionization among most govern
ment employees, including white-collar workers,
accounts for some of the progress European unions
have made among privately employed nonmanu
als. This contrasts, of course, with the United
States, where unionization of government whitecollar workers, outside of the postal service, has
lagged. Recent gains by government workers
and teacher unions in the United States may
change this situation in the future.
O rg a n iza tio n o f M a n u a l W orkers a n d E m p lo y e rs.
The great upsurge and strengthening of manual
workers’ unionism in the last few decades in a
number of European countries has also contributed
to the spread of white-collar unionism. When
top economic and social decisions in the nation,
including the setting of a national wage policy or
the determination of training and retraining
programs, are being decisively influenced by a
predominantly manual workers’ union federation
768
and the top employers’ association, organization by
white-collar workers tends to become a necessity.9
In Sweden, for example, the spread of unionism
among white-collar employees, including pro
fessional college graduate workers, has undoubt
edly been due in part to the high degree of organi
zation and the great political and social
effectiveness of the manual workers’ union move
ment in the past 30 years.
In Great Britain, the recent government efforts
to introduce some sort of a national wage policy
and a pay pause in 1961-62 led to an outburst of
militance on the part of certain professional
white-collar workers’ union groups, who are
ordinarily less well organized and have a less
militant tradition than the manual workers.
When the government sought to exercise this
policy, it helped to provoke demonstrations by
the teachers (an already well-organized group) and
the nurses.
The centralization of employer associations and
their role in area- or industry-wide bargaining in
some Western European countries has added to
the pressures on white-collar workers to join
unions.10 The central secretary of the Union of
Nonmanual Workers in Private Industry in Aus
tria states that the existence of “the powerful
employers’ organizations has an effect in the case
of those middle-class nonmanual workers who
have a strong aversion to organization in a quite
particular sense: it is not merely a question of
recognizing the necessity of becoming trade union
organized—this is also supplemented with some
such remarks as: ‘Oh, well, if even the bosses need
an organization, it can’t be as bad as all that . . .’ ” 11
With the increase in union membership since
World War II as well as the development in
• One is led to speculate what long-term union organizational effects upon
nonmanual workers may stem from such new U.S. institutions as the Pres
ident’s Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy, the advisory
committee to the Area Redevelopment Administration, and other bodies, all
of which include representation from the AFL-C IO and such important
unaffiliated manual unions as the United M ine Workers.
The higher degree of employer association, including the individual em
ployer’s dependence upon his association, in Western Europe also helps to
account for the higher degree of unionization among manual workers as com
pared with the United States. This is particularly true in the case of firms
with a relatively small number of employees, which are frequently so difficult
to unionize in the United States. In certain industries like garments (men’s
and women’s), printing, trucking, and construction, where employer-associa
tion-union bargaining is a common practice, the degree of organization among
small employers is also high in the United States.
11 International Nonmanual Workers’ Conference, op. cit., p. 31.
12 Office Workers in the Mid-Twentieth Century, op. cit., p. 5.
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several countries of national wage determination
systems in which public policy plays a great role,
the classical labor market has probably given
way to a “collective bargaining” labor market in
which union and management institutions take
over much of the power which formerly lay in the
market itself. In consequence, any large group
naturally develops a propensity to organize itself
to participate in this decisionmaking process.
One undoubted stimulant of white-collar union
ism is the substantial relative economic advance
(compared with white-collar groups) registered
by the manual workers through their unions,
especially in the past 12 years or so.
Again to quote the British Clerical and Admin
istrative Workers’ Union, another
. . . factor bearing on the changed position of the office
worker is the improved status of the productive worker.
The statement can be misunderstood. The improve
ments which the unions have brought about in the position
of the manual worker do not in themselves adversely
affect the clerical worker and recognition of the value of
work performed by other workers is welcomed by him.
Indeed, the trade union clerk has actively worked for and
contributed to the raising of living standards generally.
The problem arises through the fact that the concentra
tion on the value of direct production and the productive
worker which has been a feature of the past 20 years has
been accompanied by a denigration of the value of other
forms of work, including office work. The bright boy
has been encouraged to take up a craft or technical train
ing. Office work has been regarded as the refuge of the
second best.12
In Sweden, their relative economic disadvan
tages appear to have been the main impulse which
prompted college graduates to establish the
Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations
(SACO). SACO describes these unfavorable eco
nomic trends for professional employees, which
helped lead to their unionization, as follows:
1. The costs of studying increased and consequently
the amount of the debts incurred while studying;
2. the ratio of higher appointments to lower paid posts
worsened;
3. the cost of living increased;
4. the pressure of taxation on those income groups in
which university graduates are to be found increased
enormously, owing to the fact th at the progressive scale
of taxation was altered so that the amounts due on higher
incomes increased more steeply;
5. towards the end of the thirties and at the beginning
of the forties, university graduates in a number of branches
found it impossible to obtain employment; [and]
6. the policy of equalizing incomes was put into effect
with increasing stringency thus reducing the chances of
769
WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
obtaining compensation, through higher salaries in later
life, for the years devoted to study and for the unpaid or
badly paid probationary years.13
Wage movements as between white- and bluecollar workers in the United States, compared with
Western Europe, seem to have followed a somewhat
different course, at least in recent years. From
1950 to 1960, for example, while all male semi
skilled manual workers (Census classified as
operatives and kindred workers) experienced a
56.3-percent rise in median annual income,
clerical and kindred employees made an advance
of 59.9 percent, and professionals and technicals
rose 63.7 percent. This was in contrast with the
period from 1939 to 1950, when the annual median
income of the operatives rose 171.7 percent as
opposed to an advance of 111.3 percent for cleri
cals and 114.2 percent for professionals and
technicals.14
During the 1939-50 period, many of the same
forces currently favoring blue-collar workers in
Europe were also operating in the United States.
Thus, there was a very pressing demand for manu
factured goods, the labor market for all skills
(manual and nonmanual) was in tight supply,
the low birth rates of the thirties led to only
modest additions to the labor force, etc. In
addition, the manual workers in the United States,
were, in many industries, in the first phases of
successful unionism and they exercised strong
bargaining power. Since the midfifties, the more
or less slack state of manufacturing and related
industries, plus the growing need for clericals,
technicals, and professionals seems to have tilted
the labor market somewhat more favorably to
nonmanuals.
It is not yet clear whether (or when) similar
developments will overtake the European labor
market.
In the case of some groups of professional
employees in Europe, an infringement of their
professional rights spurred them to militancy and
eventual unionization. It is interesting to observe
that, in the 1962 dispute between the unionized
New York City teachers and the City Board of
Education, the issues which seemed to arouse
them as much as anything else involved the assign
ment of such nonprofessional tasks as bus patrol
and cafeteria watch.
The research of Professor S. M. Miller on pro
fessionalism and organization among nurses in
6 9 0 -7 8 3 — 63------ 2
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the United States suggests that similar work issues
also lie behind the unionization stirrings going on
in this profession.15 Studies of the causes of
dissatisfaction among engineers in American
industry indicate that the infringement of pro
fessional status is one of the forces behind the
emergence of unionism among these groups in the
past decade.16
In listing the elements which
have facilitated the organization of white-collar
workers, one should also call attention to the
special legal status which they sometimes enjoy
in European countries. There are, for example,
in some Western European nations, special (usu
ally more liberal) social security retirement and
health laws governing white-collar as against bluecollar workers. The legally established vacation
privileges of white-collar employees have often
been superior to the blue, especially before World
War II. Protection against dismissal, under the
law, is often stronger for white-collar employees
than for blue.
The necessity to lobby for the protection of this
separate and generally superior status has prob
ably encouraged unionization of some categories
of white-collar workers, especially in the past dec
ade, when the blue-collar unions have begun to
close the “ gap” by strong bargaining. The desire
to protect, for example, what usually has been a
superior social security retirement arrangement is
obviously of considerable importance here.
On the other hand, in Sweden, while employers
had recognized early the right of manual workers
to unionize and sign collective agreements, not
until white-collar workers organized and brought
great pressure to bear did they obtain, by statute
in 1936, the right to negotiate and sign collective
agreements.
Generally, employers in Western Europe, as in
the United States, have been more reluctant to
negotiate and sign agreements with white-collar
workers than with blue-collar workers. This traS p e c ia l L eg a l S ta tu s.
'8 Swedish Professional Associations as Trade Unions (Trelleborg, Sweden,
Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations, 1959), p. 5.
h Current Population Reports, Consumer Income (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1962), Series P-60, No. 37.
is S. M. Miller, “ Professionalization, Organization, and Economic Advance
in the Nursing Profession,” New York State Nurse, March 1961, pp. 10-12,
and 15.
is Richard E. Walton, The Impact of the Professional Engineering Union:
A Study of Collective Bargaining Among Engineers and Scientists and Its
Significance for Management (Boston, Harvard University, Graduate School
of Business Administration, 1961). dd . 21-aa.
770
ditional reluctance stems, in part, from the fact
that most of today’s white-collar functions were
historically “ once performed by the employer”
and are still, in the employer’s mind, managerial.17
It might also be noted that in most of the Euro
pean countries, employers, when confronted with
the necessity to bargain with their white-collar
workers, prefer to see them in separate unions—
separate, that is, from the manual workers’ unions.
U n io n iz a tio n o f F o re m e n a n d S u p e r v is o r s . Another
factor in explaining the appeal of unionism among
white-collar workers is the high degree of unioni
zation of foremen and supervisors in Western
Europe.18 Perhaps no aspect of European whitecollar unionism is more striking to American ob
servers. In a society where social hierarchy and
group status, whether of the feudal, guild, mer
cantile, or capitalist variety, have always been
more deeply etched than in the United States, it
is not surprising that even managerial employees
have found it desirable (and not so difficult) to
organize. Added to this, of course, in the fore
men’s case was the “risk of being ground between
the millstones of two other very strong groups,
namely the workers’ union organizations on the
one hand, and the employers on the other.” 19
Moreover, long experience with unionism as man
ual workers makes the typical foreman easily per
suaded of the value of unionism after he has
moved up.20
While foremen and supervisors are well orga
nized within a few of the traditional labor federa
tions, the stronger unions covering these workers
in Europe usually are either independent or part
of a separate white-collar federation as such.
In Denmark, for example, this union stands
independently. In Sweden, the foremen make
up an important separate union in the TCO and
many other supervisors in industry and govern
ment are to be found in other TCO affiliates.
In Austria, the GAP takes in both foremen and
supervisors. In France, despite relatively weak
union organization and membership among man
uals, the unionization of supervisors and foremen
is surprisingly strong.21 Structurally, in France,
these unions usually combine engineers, super
visors, and foremen in one organization. One
of these French unions, the independent General
Confederation of Supervisory Employees (Con
federation Generale des Cadres—CGC) particu
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
larly includes in its ranks some management
personnel in virtually the highest executive levels.
There are, of course, special links between
various levels of supervision and white-collar
workers generally. In fact, it used to be said
that everyone in a typical office above the level of
messenger, clerk, and typist was a supervisor
in one sense or another. Even in today’s larger
white-collar concentrations, this continuum be
tween occupational levels still holds to some ex
tent. Thus, there are senior clerks, engineers,
senior design draftsmen, as well as supervisors
and managers as such.
Under these circumstances, European unionists
stress that the example of union joining by super
visors frequently induces lower level white-collar
workers to sign up. To choose two examples,
this is cited as a factor in unionism among large
groups of government white-collar employees in
France and England (in England, especially the
National Association of Local Government
Officers). Moreover, because of the continuum
between supervision and other levels of whitecollar work (in contrast to most manual working
situations), typically the white-collar worker is
more prone to have “ upward aspirations” than
the manual worker. While recognizing that the
large increases in white-collar employment have
reduced the possibilities of individual advance
ment, the Swedish TCO notes, “Almost all
salaried (white-collar) employees regard oppor
tunity for promotion as a practical reality—
an essential difference between salaried employees
and manual workers.” 22 The British Clerical
and Administrative Workers’ Union includes
among its broad objectives “ to keep open avenues
of promotion for those who make office work
17 Fritz Croner, “ Salaried Employees in M odem Society,” International
Labor Review, February 1954, p. 105.
18 For purposes of rough distinction here, foremen are concerned with
managing manual employees while supervisors are normally looked upon as
managing white-collar operations.
19 SA F , The Swedish Foremen's Association (Stockholm, 1953), p. 8.
29 Much of the same type of force was operating in the early 1940’s to create
a favorable climate for organization of foremen in the United States. The
failure of the labor movement to take full advantage of this situation, fol
lowed by the Taft-Hartley Act restrictions on foremen’s unionization, en
acted in 1947, cut down what might otherwise have been a significant union
development.
21 Virtually at the outset of the nationwide coal miners’ strike in France in
the early part of 1963, the foremen and engineers’ unions announced their
general solidarity with the miners.
22 TCO, Central Organization of Salaried Employees in Sweden (Stockholm;
1953 ed.), pp. 13-14.
Office Workers in the Mid-Twentieth Century, op. cit. p. 7.
WHITE-COLLAR UNIONISM IN WESTERN EUROPE
771
their career.” Especially when the union is able
to span almost all occupations in the office,
including at least some of those in supervision,
its general appeal is strengthened.
Members
can see the union as a control point in the promo
tion process, since it has the right to bargain
on higher posts.
Contrary to what might be the expectations of
American students and practitioners in the labor
relations field, the problem of dual loyalty on the
part of unionized supervisors seems to be taken
right in stride in Western Europe. These super
visors manage to carry out their supervisory
functions on the one hand, and yet they can turn
around on other occasions and bargain as employ
ees on their own wages and working conditions
across the table from very top management.
Several European white-collar union leaders, on
learning that unionization of supervisors is
extremely difficult under United States labor laws
and practice, expressed the view that this might
greatly hinder the unionization of white-collar
workers in the United States. Here the experi
ence of U.S. unions in both private and public
employment is relevant. Some of the organizing
gains by the Retail Clerks Association in Califor
nia in the late 1930’s seemed to have been due,
in part, to the fact that it was then possible to
include “store managers” in the union.23 Simi
larly, a number of locals of the American Federa
tion of State, County and Muncipal Employees
have found that signing up “supervisors” is
frequently a key factor in organizing white-collar
employees in State and local public employment.24
It is too early to tell whether Executive Order
10988 (Jan. 17, 1962), which was designed to
encourage unionism among Federal employees,
borrowed too heavily from the National Labor
Relations Act as amended by Taft-Hartley in the
way in which it seems to limit the inclusion of
so-called “supervisors” in bargaining units.
23 The present national president of the Retail Clerks was once a retail
store manager in Oakland, Calif.
2< Col. A. E. Garey, the Wisconsin State Director of Personnel, and his
Senior Personnel Examiner, Arnold S. Zander (present national president of
the union), founded what was to become the American Federation of State,
County and Municipal Employees in 1932. Both Garey and Zander were
in supervisory positions. See Leo Kramer, Labor’s Paradox, The American
Federation of State, County and M unicipal Employes, A F L -C IO (New York,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1962).
Dear Mary Haworth:
We are three men in our upper fifties, who have given more than 25 years’ service to our employer.
We are what is generally known as “white-collar” employees, having no affiliation with a labor union.
All other employees of our organization belong to a union, with the exception of three young women
coworkers in the same office.
We haven’t been able to convince our employer that cost of the necessities of life have risen to a
point where we, too, should be given a pay increase, along with union workers, to meet the rise in
living costs.
Individually, we have approached our employer on this subject, but the invariable reply is: “if you
aren’t satisfied, you know what you can do.” He knows that it is almost impossible, at our age, to
get another position paying the same wage.
The young women recognize this, too, from our point of view, and realize our family obligations,
whereas their earnings are supplemented by other income.
The union workers get their periodic pay increase, in addition to pension, health, and welfare
insurance benefits that are paid for by the company. We realize how unfair our employer is; but
even so, what can we do? We are trapped.
We doubt th at you can suggest a constructive way out of the difficulty; but nevertheless we decided
to get your opinion.
D. S.
Dear D. S.:
My first reaction to your letter is to wonder why you aren’t affiliated with a labor union, if you
are suffering for lack of effective bargaining power.
If you aren’t management, nor a representative of management in dealing with labor in your
outfit, then you come under the heading of labor, I should think—and perhaps ought to explore the
possibilities of joining forces with organized labor, to get the help of union backing.
M. H.
—From Washington Post and Times Herald cited in Jack Barbash, “The White Collar Employee
and Unions”—Proceedings of the Ninth Personnel Management Conference, University of
Illinois, Urbana, March 4-5, 1957.
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Special Labor Force Reports
E ditor ’s N ote .— T he f o llo w in g tw o a r tic le s a re p a r ts o f a se r ie s o f re p o r ts on
s p e c ia l la b o r f o r c e su b je c ts.
O th er a r tic le s in th is se r ie s cover su ch su b je c ts
a s the w o rk ex p e rie n c e o f the p o p u la tio n , m u ltip le jo b h o ld e r s, a n d m a r ita l a n d
f a m i l y c h a ra c te ristic s o f w o rk e rs, a n d in c lu d e the a n n u a l re p o r t o f the la b o r
fo r c e . R e p r in ts o f a ll a rtic le s in the s e rie s , in c lu d in g in m o st ca ses a d d i
tio n a l d e ta ile d ta b le s a n d a n e x p la n a to r y n o te, a re a v a ila b le u p o n re q u e st to
the B u r e a u or to a n y o f its r e g io n a l offices (lis te d on the in s id e f r o n t cover o f
th is is s u e ).
Employment of High School
Graduates and Dropouts in 1962
J acob S c h if f m a n *
expected
in the 1960’s warrant a close analysis of the early
job market experience of young people recently
out of school. Sharp increases due in the numbers
of young people reaching working age, whose un
employment rates are typically high, will probably
exert an upward pressure on the already high
levels of total unemployment. Also, because of
the growing need for a better trained, better
educated labor force, it is necessary to examine
the starting jobs of young workers and their
progress in moving into more skilled jobs. The
extent to which they can move into expanding,
higher level occupations will in turn have an
important bearing on the amount of unemploy
ment to which they will be subjected in the coming
years.
The information in this article was obtained
from the October 1962 regular monthly labor force
survey, the fourth annual survey providing special
information on the labor market experience of
young high school graduates and school dropouts.1
Information obtained for each of these groups
included data on unemployment, part-time work,
and occupation and industry of those employed.
P opulation and occupation changes
772
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High school graduates not attending college and
school dropouts were both identified by the year
they last attended school in order to measure the
job progress they had made since leaving school.
June 1962 High School Graduates
The high school graduating class of June 1962
numbered about 1,850,000.2 A slightly higher
proportion of the graduates were women (53
percent) than men. In October 1962, half the
graduates were enrolled in college (55 percent of
the men and 43 percent of the women) and 8
♦Of the Division of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
i Previous survey findings were published in the Monthly Labor Review
issues of M ay 1960, 1961, and 1962 and reprinted with additional tabular
material and special explanatory notes as Special Labor Force Reports Nos.
6,15, and 21, respectively.
Since the estimates resulting fromthis survey are based on a sample, they
may differ fromthe figures that would have been obtained froma complete
census. The sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where
the numbersin each group are small. Therefore, smaller estimates, or small
differences between estimates, should be interpreted with caution.
i Data presented in this report relate to persons 16 to 24 years of age in
the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar week ending October
13,1962. All members of the Armed Forces and inmates of institutions are
excluded. Estimates of June graduates shown in these reports m ay differ
from figures of the Office of Education because of these exclusions, the age lim i
tation, and other minor differences in measurement. The proportion o f grad
uates entering college may also disagree with Office of Education estimates
based on first-time college enrollments in one year as a percent of the esti
mated number of high school graduates for the previous school year because
of differences in measurement; for example, first-time enrollments relate to
the entire school year and include some persons graduating in an earlier
class whose college entrance was postponed. The number of school dropouts
in 1962 includes only those who left school between January and October,
the month of the survey.
EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN 1962
T a b l e 1.
C ollege E nro llm ent an d L abo r F orce
S t a t u s o f J u n e 1962 H i g h S c h o o l G r a d u a t e s i n t h e
C iv il ia n
N o n in s t it u t io n a l P o p u l a t io n , O c t o b e r
1962
[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
College enrollment
status, sex, color, and
marital status of women
Civilian non
institutional
population
Civilian labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
N um Percent of
ber population
N um
ber
Per
cent
T o ta l-............. ..................... 1,838
100.0
946
51.5
892
White— . ____________________
Non w hite____ ______________
1,660
178
90.3
9.7
853
93
51.4
52.2
807
85
Enrolled in college.......................
Full tim e....... ...........................
Part tim e______ . _______
N ot enrolled in college..............
In special schools.....................
900
863
37
938
148
49.0
47.0
200
22.2
19.8
(>)
79.5
31.8
700
692
8.1
171
29
746
47
M ale
Total________ ____ ______
872
100.0
488
56.0
384
Enrolled in college------------------N ot enrolled in college_________
480
392
55.0
45.0
132
356
27.5
90.8
348
36
966
100.0
458
47.4
508
68
16.2
71.4
75.1
352
156
117
B oth Sexes
2.0
51.0
8
192
101
F emale
Total.................... .................
Enrolled in c o lle g e ----------------N ot enrolled in college......... .........
Single____________________
Married and other marital
status 2________ — .............
420
546
469
43.5
56.5
48.6
390
352
77
8.0
38
(0
39
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
2 Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
percent in technical, secretarial, and other special
schools (table 1). Over one-fifth of those in
college were in the labor force—that is, working
or looking for work.
Nine out of ten of the 400,000 male graduates
who did not enter college were in the labor force
in October; the proportion was smaller (7 out of
10) for the 550,000 women not enrolled in college,
partly because of the number who had already
married and were out of the labor force because of
household responsibilities. Of the graduates not
in college (hereafter referred to simply as grad
uates) and in the labor force in October, 14 percent
were unemployed (table 2), reflecting the diffi
culties usually encountered by relatively inex
perienced and untrained jobseekers. In addition,
a relatively large proportion (10 percent) of those
at work in nonfarm jobs worked only part time
(less than 35 hours) during the survey week,
because of slack work, inability to find full
time work, and other economic reasons.
The somewhat improved economic situation in
October 1962 over 1961 resulted in a slightly
lower unemployment rate for the June 1962
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
773
graduates (14 percent) than for their counterparts
a year earlier (18 percent). There was no clear
indication, however, that the 1962 graduates were
able to obtain better starting jobs. In each year,
roughly one-third of the men were operatives and
another third were either farm or nonfarm
laborers; and approximately two-thirds of the
women were in clerical and sales occupations.
As usual, very few of the 1961 or 1962 graduates
were in professional, technical, or managerial
work because of the education and training
necessary in most of the jobs in this broad category.
The extent to which graduates who have been
out of school for several years, and consequently
have more work experience, are in a better
economic situation than recent graduates is il
lustrated in tables 3 and 4. xlbout 10 percent
of the men employed in October 1962 were pro
fessional workers among those who graduated
from high school in 1960, compared with only
2 percent of the young men who graduated in
June 1962, 4 months prior to the survey. Skilled
craftsmen accounted for 12 percent of the em
ployed men who graduated earlier and 6 percent
of the recent graduates. The earlier graduates
had smaller proportions employed as farm and
nonfarm laborers (18 as against 34 percent)
and as service workers (3 as against 7 percent).
Occupational upgrading among women is dif
ficult to measure, because of the substantial
proportion of them in the clerical group, which
embraces a wide range of job duties and respon
sibilities.
The rate of unemployment for 1960 graduates
was 10 percent in October 1962, compared with
the 14-percent rate for those graduates of 1962.
Similarly, only 4 percent of the persons at work
on nonfarm jobs worked part time for economic
reasons among those who graduated in 1961 (data
not available for 1960) as against 10 percent of
the June 1962 graduates.
School Dropouts
The survey sustained earlier findings showing
the less favorable labor market position of school
dropouts compared with high school graduates.
Furthermore, the situation for dropouts can be
expected to worsen in the coming years, because
little growth or some declines are expected in
occupations with low educational and skill re-
774
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T a b l e 2.
E mployment S t a tu s
and
M ajor O ccupation G roup of J u n e 1962
N ot E nrolled in C ollege , by S e x
and
J u n e 1961 H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s
[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
June 1962 graduates in October 1962 June 1961 graduates in October 1961
Employment status and occupation group of employed
Both sexes
Male
Female
Both sexes
Male
Female
Civilian noninstitutional population........................................................................
938
392
546
916
345
571
Labor force: Number_________________________ ____ ________________________
Percent of population......................................................................................
E m ployed......... ........................... .....................................................................................
Unemployed: Percent of labor force........................................................ ...................
746
79.5
641
14.1
356
90.8
305
14.3
390
71.4
336
13.8
730
79.7
599
17.9
297
86.1
242
18.5
433
75.8
357
17.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.2
.8
.6
2.3
2.1
35.9
7.6
3.1
20.3
2.3
9.4
8.9
8.9
10.8
1. 5
.8
.2
41.6
5.7
4.2
18.2
.4
9.9
4.5
9.9
31.0
8.7
6.7
9.5
23.6
Occupation G roup of E mployed
All occuDation croups fpercent') ___
Professional, technical, and kindred w orkers...................................................... ............
Farmers and farm managers____ ________ __________________________________
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.............................................................
Clerical and kindred workers_____________ _______ _______________ _________
Sales workers________ _____ _______________________________________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers_______ ____________________________
Operatives and kindred workers____________________________________________
Private household workers............................ ............................... ........................................
Service workers, except private household............ .................. ........................................
Farm laborers and foremen_____________ ____ _____ ____ _____ _____ _________
Laborers, except farm and mine
1.6
.7
.6
58.6
9.5
5.6
5.9
31.5
.7
6.9
15.4
18.7
.6
10.1
2 8
3. 9
11.6
3.0
2.5
2 1
6.6
12.0
63.2
6.5
.3
9.6
10. i
3.1
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
quirements, and workers without at least a high
school diploma will have increasing difficulty
entering expanding occupations where educational
and training qualifications are high.
T a b l e 3. M ajor O ccupation G rou p
of H igh S chool G r a d u atio n a n d
1962
of
of
In addition to their educational handicap,
many school dropouts suffer in the job market
because of their extreme youth. Of the approxi
mately 3.00,000 young people 16-24 years of age
E mployed H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E nrolled in C ollege by Y ea r
S chool D r opo uts b y Y e a r L a st A t t e n d e d S chool , by S e x , O ctober
[Percent distribution of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
Graduates of—
Major occupation group and sex
Dropouts, last attended in—
June 1962 and 1961
1962 or 1961
1960
Total
1962
1961
1960
Total
1962
1961
Prior to
1960
M ale
All occupation eroups: Number ('thousands)
Percent_____________________
Professional, technical, and kindred workers_____ _
Farmers and farm managers_____ _______
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.........................
Clerical and kindred workers...........................................................
Sales workers_________ ______ ___ ______
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers________
Operatives and kindred workers___________________ . .
Private household workers_________ __________________
Service workers, except private household________
Farm laborers and foremen__________
Laborers, except farm and mine_________________
618
305
313
100.0
100.0
418
247
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.6
2.6
2.3
1.0
2.7
11.3
.7
3.5
4.8
10.3
1.7
3.1
11.8
0. 8
.8
.8
12.0
12.0
34. 8
2. 6
50
13.4
6.1
11.3
31.5
.3
5.7
8.7
18.1
1.6
10.8
5.6
5.9
31.5
.7
6.9
15.4
18.7
6.7
16.6
31. 5
4. 5
2.2
17.5
50
78
169
190
1,378
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.0
7.2
72
1. 6
26.5
1 2
1 2
83
3 1
1 2
2 0
2 0
2 4
24.9
a7
38.3
34
u
16 7
38 0
13.3
23 3
18.5
18.3
18.7
15.6
(>)
13 0
88
F emale
All occupation groups: Number (thousands).................
Percent_____________________
Professional, technical, and kindred workers____________ .
Farmers and farm managers_______________ .
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm________
Clerical and kindred workers..................... ...........
Sales workers____ _______ ____ _____________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers____
Operatives and kindred workers__________________
Private household workers______ __________________
Service workers, except private household__________
Farm laborers and foremen.........................................................
Laborers, except farm and mine.......................... .........................
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
720
100.0
336
384
452
100.0
132
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.6
2.1
3.1
.5
.5
63.1
6. 8
1.3
7.0
3.1
4.0
1.5
.3
.6
.6
61.0
58.6
9.5
8.0
1.0
8.5
3.5
11.9
2.4
.3
.6
10.1
3.9
11.6
3.0
1 2 .2
1 .8
.5
1.8
58.8
3.1
.9
11.9
3.8
14.2
1.5
15. 7
6 7
1.5
20.1
28.4
19.4
6. 7
37
0)
95
(>)
96
(')
558
100.0
0 7
4
4
12 5
A G
5
33 0
13 6
23
10 2
N ote : Because of rounding, sums ofindividual items may not equal totals.
:4
EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN
T able 4. U nemployment and E conomic P art-time
W ork 1 for H igh S chool Graduates N ot E nrolled
in College and S chool D ropouts, 16 to 24 Y ears
of A ge, October 1962
Both
sexes
Unemployment and part-time work in
October 1962
Male
Female
Unemployed as percent of civilian labor
force in each group:
High school graduates: June 1962--------1960......................
School dropouts: 1962.................................
1960.................................
14.1
10.3
28.6
18.3
14.3
11.3
27.1
18.1
13.8
9.4
0
18.6
Persons in nonagrieultural industries who
worked less than 35 hours because of eco
nomic reasons,1 as percent of persons at
work in nonagriculture:
High school graduates: June 1962............
19613__________
School dropouts: 1962.................................
1961 3-.............................
10.3
4.1
0
15.9
13.3
4.2
0
22.0
8.0
4.1
(3)
(3)
1 Includes slack work, material shortages, repairs to plant or equipment,
start or termination of job during survey week, and inability to find full-time
work as causes of working less than 35 hours a week.
2 Data not available for 1960.
• Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
in October 1962 who dropped out of school be
tween January and October, about three-fourths
were either 16 or 17 years old.3 Only one-fifth
of the June graduates were in these ages, while
three-fifths of the graduates were 18 years old.
Other characteristics of dropouts distinguishing
them from high school graduates are the higher
proportions who are in farm areas (judging from
the number in farm jobs) or who are nonwhite.
T a b l e 5.
1962
775
Twenty-one percent of the 1962 school dropouts
employed in October were in farm work, compared
with 10 percent of the June graduates. Con
sidering that a large portion of farm residents
work at nonfarm jobs, the proportion of all
dropouts residing on farms would be significantly
higher. Nonwhite youth accounted for about
one-fourth of the 1962 school dropouts, about
twice the proportion they comprised of the June
1962 graduates.
A much smaller proportion of the 1962 drop
outs (56 percent) than of the graduates (80 per
cent) were working or looking for work (table 5).
A substantial part of the difference was accounted
for by women dropouts who were already married,
but men and single women who dropped out of
school were also less likely to be in the labor force
than those who graduated. Furthermore, the
dropouts who were not in the labor force were
much less likely than the graduates to be attend
ing special schools for instruction and training
which would improve their job opportunities.
Only 6 percent of the dropouts not in the work
force were in these schools, compared with fully
3 Age 16 was the most common age (as of October) for the 1962 dropouts
and a sizable number were reported as having left school at an even earlier
age.
E m ploym ent S ta tus of J u n e 1962 H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s n o t E nrolled in C ollege
S chool D ropo uts , by S e x , C olor , and M arita l S t a t u s , O ctober 1962
1962
a nd of
[Thousands of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
Civilian labor force
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Number
Number
N ot in labor force
Unemployed
Graduation status, sex, color, and
marital status of women
Percent
Percent of
population
Employed
Number
Percent of
civilian
labor force
In special
schools
Total
J u n e 1962 H igh School G raduates
101
T otal.....................................................
938
100.0
746
79.5
641
105
14.1
192
W hite______ ____ _______ ____________
N onw hite_________________________ _ -
820
118
87.4
657
89
568
73
89
16
13.5
12.6
80.1
75.4
163
29
0
0
M ale____________ - _________________
Female_____ _ . . ----------------------- Single___________________________
Married and other marital status
392
546
469
77
41.8
58.2
50.0
8.2
356
390
352
38
90.8
71.4
75.1
305
336
309
27
51
54
43
14.3
13.8
12.2
36
156
117
39
0
0
285
100.0
161
0
11
(2)
0
12
89
1962 School D ropouts
T otal............ ........................................
W hite___ _______________ ____ - ...........N onwhite...................... - .............. ................
210
Male_______________ - _______ _____
Female____________ ________ ____
Single------------------------------Married and other marital status J_.
126
159
83
76
75
1 N ot available.
2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73.7
26.3
113
48
44.2
107
54
43
11
55.8
29.1
26.7
56.5
115
46
28.6
124
53.8
83
32
30
16
26.5
97
0
78
37
28
9
29
17
15
2
0
0
0
(2)
84.9
34.0
(2)
(2)
27.1
27
19
105
40
65
8
(0
0
3
5
0
(0
Includes widowed, divorced, and separated women.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals-
776
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T able 6.
M ajor Occupation Group of E mployed H igh S chool Graduates N ot E nrolled in C ollege
S chool D ropouts by Y ears of School Completed, by Color and S ex, October 1962
and of
[Percent distribution of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
Graduates i
Dropouts
Both sexes
Major occupation group and color
Both
sexes
Male
Male
Completed
Fe
male
Total
Elemen
tary, 8
years or
less
Female
Completed
High
school,
Ito 3
years
Total
Elemen
tary, 8
years or
less
Completed
High
school,
1 to 3
years
Total
Elemen
tary, 8
years or
less
High
school,
1 to 3
years
T otal
All occupation groups: Number (thousands)______
5,625
Percent________ 100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers__
Farmers and farm managers ____________
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except
farm___________ _______
Clerical and kindred workers___________
Sales workers_________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers
Operatives and kindred workers____________
Private household workers_____
Service workers, except private household_____
Farm laborers and foremen___________
Laborers, except farm and mine
_____
12.0
.9
3.9
34.5
5.3
7.6
18.2
1.7
7.8
2.9
5.2
2,784
100.0
10.0
1.8
6.6
12.9
6.3
14.7
28.0
2,841
2,601
100.0
100.0
100.0
1Ò0.0
1Ò0.0
100.0
14.0
1.0
0.3
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.7
3.9
2.9
13.3
37.3
1.9
8.9
35.8
.1
923
1 2
1 2
1 0
55.8
4.4
6.5
3.5
9.5
35.3
4.9
13.3
3.0
.6
.1
8.5
3.1
4.8
4.2
10.5
10.6
1.6
.1
2,508
100.0
12.8
1.0
4. 2
36.4
5.7
7.8
17.6
.7
6.5
2.6
4.8
1.6
6.7
34.7
5.7
11.0
1,678
1 3
8.3
4.4
1 1.1
35.7
4. 5
14.6
7.1
1,815
667
1,148
786
1 Ó0.0
100.0
0.3
1. 7
0. 6
1.6
1.8
2.6
4. 6
3. 5
15.8
38.2
8.7
13.1
16.4
21.0
10.2
19.5
9.4
8.5
14.6
679
100.0
1,353
100.0
1,453
1Ó0.0
510
100.0
0.3
1.2
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.8
7.7
4.2
11.4
38.7
2.3
12.4
8.8
10.2
4.0
2.3
8.3
40.4
3. 5
10.4
15.1
13.2
9.6
5. 2
12. 9
37.9
1. 7
13.4
5.6
8.7
4.6
3.3
15.4
40.3
6.7
10.4
14.0
5.3
16.7
17.0
7.4
6. 9
12.4
569
100.0
244
10C.0
325
100.0
362
100.0
157
100.0
205
100.0
0.8
0.9
0. 7
1. 3
1.5
1.1
2.0
.8
3.0
23.6
14.0
16.6
22. 4
16.8
5
3 2
1. 4
3.5
26 7
15.8
19 6
13 0
16.1
10
1 3
4.8
25.4
7
2.3
19. 5
11.6
12.6
34. 9
17.7
3.6
18.2
1 1
2
5.6
30.9
lfi fi
23 3
26.0
13 Q
34 3
27.7
13 fi
lfi 7
24! 8
11.8
11.7
20.5
14.4
2,612
100.0
2,032
1ÒO.O
10.5
2.0
14.9
.1
1.3
1.4
7. 2
13.1
6.8
15.3
27.5
13
58b
4.6
.5
8.0
1.5
9.1
1.2
7.3
12.5
4. 8
.7
30.8
lfi 4
24.1
8. 9
256
100.0
530
100.0
0 9
4.1
.9
Q
32 0
20 fi
20. 5
.6
19.2
.9
943
100.0
579
100.0
169
100.0
0.5
1.6
2.1
2.0
0.8
3.2
2. 5
10.6
41.3
5.3
3. 7
18.1
39.8
15.8
16. 6
fi fi
7
30* 2
14 3
2fi 3
4.0
.4
W hite
All occupation groups: Number (thousands)............... 5,120
Percent________ 100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers__
Farmers and farm managers_____
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except
farm____________ ______
Clerical and kindred workers _
Sales workers__ _____
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers____
Operatives and kindred workers__ _
Private household workers. .
Service workers, except private household__
Farm laborers and foremen
____
Laborers, except farm and mine________
3.8
4.0
9. 7
1
fi
410
100.0
1 2
.6
1 fi
6.4
1. 4
14
6.6
1.0
34.7
3 2
26! 9
4. 7
37.6
14
9.
26. 2
9 9
19.6
8 7
q
33
fi
27
2
5
8
2
fi
1.4
N onwhite
All occupation groups: Number (thousands)_______
505
Percent________ 100.0
Professional, technical, and kindred workers___
Farmers and farm managers____
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except
farm_________ ______
Clerical and kindred workers
Sales w o rk ers...________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers__
Operatives and kindred w orkers...
Private household workers.
Service workers, except private household...
Farm laborers and foremen.
Laborers, except farm and m in e...
276
100.0
229
100.0
4.4
5.2
3.5
.4
16.0
1.8
5.6
24.3
11.0
20.6
6.0
10.0
.7
10.3
1.8
9.6
32.8
1.5
14.0
6.3
17.7
22. 6
1.7
.9
14.3
22.2
28.3
5. 7
.9
| Data include a relatively small number of January 1962 graduates.
1Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000.
one-half (53 percent) of the 1962 graduates who
were not in the labor force.4
The rate of unemployment for 1962 school drop
outs in October was 29 percent, about twice as
high as the rate for the June high school graduates,
despite the higher proportion of dropouts in farm
4 Although a much larger proportion of the out-of-labor-force dropouts
than graduates were married women, this factor fails to explain entirely
the considerable difference noted in attendance at special schools.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.
207
100.0
3.8
120
87
(2)
m
o
6.5
?
20 5
37 3
lfi 3
20 ö
1.1
19 6
42 1
1.9
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
areas, where unemployment is less common. (This
ratio also held true when the comparison was
limited to white dropouts and graduates or to
men.) The total number of unemployed drop
outs 16 to 24 years old, irrespective of the year
they left school, was 430,000, representing about
two-fifths of all the unemployed in this age group
and one-half of all jobless persons in these ages
who were not in school.
777
EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN 1962
As shown in previous surveys, the proportion of
employed youths in less desirable jobs was also
much higher for dropouts than for graduates,
reflecting the large representation of nonwhites
and farm residents among the dropouts, as well as
their youth and inadequate schooling.5 Among
employed men who last attended school in 1961 or
1962,6 the proportion of farm laborers was about
2 K times as large for young men who dropped out
of school (23 percent) as for those who graduated
in June 1962 or in 1961 (9 percent) and more of
the dropouts were in relatively unskilled service
jobs. Only 2 percent of the male dropouts for
these years were craftsmen, compared with 11
percent of the graduates, and fewer dropouts than
graduates were in white-collar occupations.
Only 16 percent of the female dropouts for these
years were in clerical occupations, while 48 percent
were in relatively unskilled service occupations,
including private household work. For women
graduates, the corresponding proportions were
61 percent in clerical occupations and 15 percent
in service jobs.
Older school dropouts, who had been in the
labor market for longer periods, had lower rates of
unemployment and were employed at a somewhat
higher occupational level than those who recently
left school; however, they continued to be in a
worse situation than graduates who had been out
of school about the same length of time (tables 3
and 4). The unemployment rate in October 1962
for those who dropped out of school in 1960 was 18
s On the other hand, the 1962 school dropouts include those who left school
as early as January and had somewhat more tim e to obtain better jobs than
the 1962 graduates who left school in June.
6 For dropouts, the 1962 base taken alone is too small for reliable compari
sons.
Selected Labor Market Indicators for 1962 M ale High School Graduates and 1960 M ale
School Dropouts in October 1962
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PERCENT
*Data for 1961 dropouts, as 1960 data not available
778
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T a b l e 7. M ajor O ccupation G rou p of E mployed H igh S chool G r a d u a t e s N ot E nrolled in C ollege b y Y ea r of
H igh S chool G r ad u atio n a n d of S chool D ropo uts by Y e a r L a st A t t e n d e d S chool , by C olor , O ctober 1962
[Percent distribution of persons 16 to 24 years of age]
Graduates
White
Major occupation group
1960 to
1962
All occupation groups: Number (thousands)
Percent____________
Professional, technical, and kindred workers____
Farmers and farm managers__________________
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm.
Clerical and kindred workers_________________
Sales workers_________ ____ __________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers______
Operatives and kindred workers_______________
Private household workers........................................
Service workers, except private household______
Farm laborers and foremen___________________
Laborers, except farm and mine_______________
Dropouts
Nonwhite
Prior to
1960
1960 to
1962
Nonwhite
White
Prior to
1960
1960 to
1962
Prior to
1960
1960 to
1962
1,981
3,111
100.0
227
272
100.0
494
1,541
100.0
171
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.4
1.3
18.1
0.9
7.3
2.0
39.7
6.4
6.2
19.8
1.1
7.9
3.8
7.5
.8
5.7
34.2
5.3
8.7
16.2
.5
5.6
1.8
3.1
.9
17.2
2.2
3.5
27.8
9.7
17.6
10.6
9.7
1.2
1.6
15.0
1.5
7.3
21.5
11.0
12.0
7.0
3.0
32.7
5.2
23.0
12.2
10.2
13.8
12.2
2.2
1.4
1.8
1.8
7.4
3.3
14.0
39.4
1.4
12.2
8.1
9.3
1.1
4.0
1.1
19.5
13.1
20.0
28.0
13.1
Prior to
1960
395
100.0
0.5
.5
.8
1.0
4.3
24.9
14.5
16.2
18.5
18.8
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal totals.
percent—smaller than the 29-percent rate for re
cent dropouts of 1962 but still considerably above
the 10-percentrateforgraduatesof 1960. Similarly,
young men who dropped out of school in 1960 were
more likely than recent dropouts to be craftsmen
and operatives while fewer were relatively un
skilled service workers; however, compared with
male graduates who also left school in 1960, the
dropouts were more concentrated in farm and
nonfarm laboring jobs, and fewer were craftsmen
or white-collar workers. The proportion of non
farm workers who worked part time because of
economic reasons—often a characteristic of their
occupations—was 16 percent for 1961 school drop
outs but only 4 percent for the 1961 graduates.7
The limited success which dropouts achieve
even after an extended time in the labor market is
dramatically illustrated in the chart which shows
that in October 1962, young men who had dropped
out of school in 1960 fared worse in the labor
market than young men who graduated 2 years
later—only 4 months before the survey. This con
clusion holds in comparisons of unemployment,
shortened workweeks, and occupational levels. In
addition, a greater proportion of the dropouts
were neither in the labor force nor attending
special schools.
Information obtained for the first time on the
years of school completed by dropouts shows that
those who left school at a later grade had higher
7 D ata not available for 1960.
8 See “ Economic Status of Nonwhite Workers, 1955-62,’ ’ which will appear
in the July issue of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
level occupations than those with less education.
Of all white 16- to 24-year-old male dropouts em
ployed in October 1962, 17 percent of those who
completed only elementary school or less were farm
laborers and another 17 percent were nonfarm
laborers, compared with only 7 and 12 percent,
respectively, for those completing 1 to 3 years of
high school (table 6). Moreover, the proportion
of craftsmen was noticeably smaller among the
dropouts with less education. Among white fe
male dropouts, those who had not finished at
least 1 year of high school were more likely to be
domestic workers or farm laborers and less likely to
be clerical or sales workers.
Nonwhite Graduates and Dropouts
Results of this survey give further evidence of
the unfavorable position of young nonwhites with
respect to educational and economic attainment—
despite their advances in these areas in recent
years.8 As mentioned previously, nonwhites com
prised 1 out of 4 of the 1962 school dropouts, about
twice their proportion of the June 1962 graduates.
Among both high school graduates and dropouts
in the labor force in October 1962, nonwhites were
much more likely to be in less skilled and less
desirable occupations and more of them, partly as
a result of their occupations, were unemployed.
Of those persons who graduated between 1960 and
1962, about one-half of the nonwhite graduates,
but only one-fifth of the white graduates, were in
a service occupation (including private household)
EMPLOYMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND DROPOUTS IN 1962
or were farm or nonfarm laborers (table 7).
Among dropouts, fully three-fourths of the non
white youths, compared with two-fifths of the
white youths, were in these occupational groups.
The unemployment rate for nonwhite graduates
was noticeably higher than for white graduates,
but among dropouts, rates were about equally
high for both white and nonwhite youths,9 as
shown in the following tabulation:
Unemployed, as percent of cioilian labor force in each group
Last attended
school during
1960-62
High school graduates not en
rolled in college:
Nonwhite----------- ------------White--- ------- ----------- --School dropouts:
Nonwhite------------------------White______ _____ ___
Last attended
school prior
to 1960
17. 2
10. 0
14. 5
5. 3
21. 3
19. 8
18. 0
10. 2
Furthermore, nonwhites failed to improve their
economic position over time as much as white
youth. Comparing the October 1962 jobs of
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779
young people who last attended school before 1960
and of those who left school between 1960 and
1962, the proportion of graduates and dropouts in
service and laboring jobs dropped off noticeably
for the older white youth but remained approxi
mately the same for the older as for the younger
nonwhites. Fewer of the earlier than the recent
nonwhite graduates were farm laborers, but more
were in service occupations. There was also some
increase in the proportion employed as craftsmen
and as professional and technical workers among
the earlier graduates.10 Rates of unemployment
for nonwhite graduates and dropouts remained
relatively high even after they had been out of
school several years, while the rates for the older
white graduates and dropouts declined sharply.
» N on white dropouts include a larger proportion in farm areas, where un
employment is comparatively low. These rates are based on relatively
small numbers; however, data from previous surveys substantiate these
figures.
io Pre-1960 graduates m ay include persons who have also graduated from
college. Since the white group presumably includes a larger proportion of
college graduates than does the nonwhite group, this difference may partially
account for the greater job progress shown b y whites.
Economic Status of
Nonwhite Workers, 1955-62
M atthew A. K essl e r *
gradual
m ovem ent
of nonwhite workers
(over 90 percent of whom are Negroes) into higher
skilled and better paying jobs has continued since
the mid-1950 s. However, despite these recent
gains, large gaps continue to exist between white
and nonwhite workers, as measured by most indi
cators of social and economic well-being.1
Nonwhites continue to be concentrated in lessskilled jobs and are subject to more unemployment
than whites. The jobless rates of nonwhites are
still at least one and one-half times higher than for
w h ites in every age-sex g ro u p in g , and for some
age groupings are three times as high. Unem
ployment bears disproportionately on the nonwhite
worker whatever his industry or occupation. Not
only is he subject to more frequent spells of unem
ployment; once out of a job, he has tended to re
main jobless for a longer period of time.
After achieving relatively substantial gains in
money income during the early postwar period,
nonwhite families have failed to keep pace with
the rise in average income of white families since
the mid-1950’s, despite the continued shift of
nonwhite workers into higher paying jobs.
During the past two decades, nonwhites have
narrowed the educational gap that had historically
existed between themselves and white persons, a
development which has helped to foster their steady
but slow movement up the occupational skill
ladder. Since the mid-195Q’s, however, differences
in the level of educational attainment between
whites and nonwhites have remained essentially
unchanged.
T he
South, as well as the growth of alternative employ
ment opportunities in other sectors of the economy.
In this quest for a higher money income, how
ever, many nonwhites who shifted to nonfarm em
ployment paid the price of greater job insecurity.
As they often lack education and vocational train
ing and are limited by discriminatory hiring and
layoff practices, their employment opportunities
are restricted to relatively unskilled and semi
skilled occupations. These are the very lines of
work that are particularly sensitive to the business
cycle and are vulnerable to large-scale reductions
through automation. Although professional and
clerical occupations have provided a major source
of both white and nonwhite employment growth
since the mid-1950’s, nonwhites continue to be
overrepresented in such occupations as domestic
servants, laborers, and semiskilled operatives.
W h ite-C o lla r O ccupations. Between 1955 and
1962, an increasing number and proportion of
nonwhite workers entered the higher skilled and
better paying white-collar occupations. In 1962,
however, only 17 percent of all employed non
whites were in white-collar occupations, compared
with 47 percent of white workers (table 2).
White workers in this group outnumbered non
whites 28 to 1, in marked contrast to their com
parative representation in the civilian labor force
(9 white for each nonwhite worker). The number
of nonwhites in white-collar jobs has risen by 50
percent since 1955, about the same rate of increase
as noted during the early postwar period and two
and one-half times the increase for whites. How
ever, unless there is a substantial acceleration of
these trends, the percentage of nonwhite workers
in white-collar employment will still be substan
tially below that of white workers for many years.
Nonwhite workers have been entering the
professional, technical, and clerical fields faster
Industry and Occupation Changes
Throughout the postwar period, there has been
a dramatic shift of nonwhites out of agriculture.
In 1962, 12 out of every 100 employed nonwhite
workers were employed in agriculture, compared
with 16 out of 100 in 1955 and 21 out of 100 in
1948.2 (See table 1.) The precipitous fall in this
proportion throughout the postwar period is a
result of the exodus of nonwhites from sharecropping and marginal farms, particularly in the
780
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*Of the D ivision of Employment and Labor Force Analysis, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 This article reviews recent trends (1955-62) in the employment status of
nonwhites in the United States, with particular emphasis on occupational
shifts, manpower utilization, income, and educational attainment. The
analysis of the two most recent business cycles, 1957-59 and 1960-62, uses
seasonally adjusted quarterly average unemployment data not previously
available. This article updates and complements a series of studies on the
economic status of the Negro by the U.S. Department of Labor; the last
previous study in the series was The Economic Situation of Negroes in the
United States (U.S. Department of Labor, Bulletin S-3, rev. 1962).
2 Differs slightly from occupational totals shown in table 2 since the indus
try classification includes some occupations not classified as farm workers
in the classification by occupation (e.g., agronomists, veterinarians, and book
keepers).
781
ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62
T able 1.
E mployed P ersons,
by
I ndustry
and
Color,
1948, 1955, and 1962 »
[Percent distribution]
Non white
White
Industry
1962
1955
1948
Total employed:
Number (thousands).. 60,749 56,698 53,434
100.0
100.0
Percent______________ 1Ò0.0
' =====
Goods-producing indus46.2
48.6
41.4
tries___________________
12.6
10.1
7.2
Agriculture.—................
Mining, forestry, and
1.5
1.4
1.1
fisheries........................
6.0
6.5
6.4
Construction..................
28.5
28.2
26.8
Manufacturing_______
Service-producing indus
tries___________________
T ransportation and
public utilities...........
Trade___ ___________
Service and finance___
Private households___
Educational services...
Professional services,
except education____
Business and repair
services____________
Other services, includ
ing entertainm en t...
Finance, insurance,
and real estate_____
Public administration.
1962
1955
1948
7,098
100.0
6,496
100.0
5,944
100.0
36.2
11.7
41.5
15.7
47.5
21.1
.4
5.7
18.4
.7
5.3
19.7
3.0
4.4
18.9
58.6
53.8
51.4
63.8
58.5
52.5
7.0
19.8
26.8
2.6
5.5
7.4
20.2
21.5
2.2
4.0
8.3
20.1
18.5
1.7
2.8
5.4
13.8
39.1
15.8
4.4
6.0
13.5
34.7
16.3
3.0
6.4
11. 5
31.4
16.1
2.1
6.9
5.3
3.9
7.4
4.9
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.2
1.4
1.0
4.3
3.5
4.2
7.2
7.2
7.4
4.7
5.1
4.0
4.6
3.5
4.6
2.1
5. 4
1.9
4.2
1.5
3.3
l Data for 1948 and 1955 not adjusted to reflect changes in definition of
unemployment adopted in 1957.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not
equal 100.
than other white-collar occupations. These oc
cupations have risen by 60 percent since the mid1950’s, reflecting expanded job opportunities,
particularly in public administration. The larg
est concentration of nonwhite workers in the whitecollar group (almost 1 out of 2) is employed in
such clerical occupations as office machine opera
tors, bookkeepers, typists, secretaries, stenogra
phers, and filing and recording clerks.
The largest relative gains posted by nonwhites
during 1955-62 were in professional services
(such as hospital, medical, and other health
services, welfare and religious institutions) and busi
ness and repair services-—all of which grew nearly
70 percent in the 7-year span. This approximated
advances noted in the earlier postwar period and
compared with about a 35-percent increase for
whites since 1955. Nonwhites also recorded
relatively sharp gains in the growing field of
educational services—up by 60 percent compared
with a 50-percent rise among whites. Govern
mental policies assuring nondiscriminatory ems U.S. Bureau of tbe Census, U.S. Census of Population, I960, General
Social and Economic Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1)-1C,
table 88; and U.S. Census of Population, I960, Characteristics of the Population,
United States Summary, Vol. II, Pt. 1, table 128.
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ployment practices may account for the continued
gains registered by nonwhites in public adminis
tration since the mid-1950’s—up 40 percent
compared with an 18-percent rise among whites.
Nonwhite employment in the professional and
technical fields has increased at a somewhat
faster rate than for whites since the mid-1950’s.
Yet in 1962, only about 5 percent of all employed
nonwhites were engaged in these occupations
compared with 12% percent of all white workers.
While teaching provides a major source of pro
fessional employment for both whites and non
whites, a higher proportion of nonwhite than white
professional workers (mainly women) were em
ployed as elementary and secondary school
teachers in 1962—nearly two-fifths and one-fifth,
respectively. Indicating of nonwhites’recent prog
ress in the professional field is the fivefold increase
in their employment in the growing engineering
occupations during the 1950’s compared with a
two-thirds rise for the occupational group as a
whole. Nevertheless, nonwhites accounted for
only 1% percent of all professional engineers by
I960.3
Only 4 of every 100 nonwhites were employed as
managers, officials, and proprietors and as sales
T a b l e 2.
E m ployed
a n d C olor ,
P e r so n s , b y O c cupation G roup
1948, 1955, a n d 1962 1
[Percent distribution]
N on white
White
Major occupation group
1955
1948
1962
1955
1948
Total employed:
Number (thousands).. 60, 749
1Ò0.0
Percent________ _____
56,698
100.0
53,434
100.0
7,098
100.0
6,496
100.0
5,944
100.0
White-collar workers_____
Professional and tech
nical workers_______
M anagers, officials,
and proprietors, ex
cept farm__________
Clerical workers______
Sales workers.................
47.3
42.1
39.1
16.7
12.0
070
12.6
9.8
7.2
5.3
3.5
2.4
11.9
15.8
7.0
11.1
14.2
6.9
11.6
13.6
6.7
2.6
7.2
1.6
2.3
4.9
1. 3
2.3
3.3
1. 1
Blue-collar workers______
Craftsmen and fore
m en_______________
Operatives___________
Laborers, except farm
and m ine__________
35.4
39.0
40.5
39.5
41.8
39.7
6.0
19.9
5.2
20.9
5.3
20.1
Service workers__________
P r iv a te h o u seh o ld
workers_______ . _.
Other service workers..
Farm workers.......................
Farmers and managers.
Laborers and foremen..
1962
13.6
17.5
14.1
20.2
14.6
21.0
4.3
4.7
4.9
13.6
15.8
14.3
10.6
9.0
7.9
32.8
31.6
30.3
2.1
8.5
1.8
7.2
1.5
6.4
14.7
18.1
14.8
16.8
15.6
14.7
6.8
4.0
2.8
9.9
6.0
3.9
12.4
7.8
4. 6
11.0
2.7
8.3
14.5
5. 0
9. 5
21.0
8.5
12.5
i See footnote 1, table 1.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages m ay not
equal 100.
782
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
workers in 1962, a somewhat higher proportion
than in 1955 and 1948. The proportion of white
workers in these occupations in 1962 was much
higher (19 percent).
After registering small
gains in the early postwar period, the proportion
of nonwhites employed in blue-collar occupations
fell slightly between 1955 and 1962, returning to
levels prevailing in 1948. Blue-collar jobs have
accounted for two-fifths of total nonwhite em
ployment throughout most of the postwar period.
During the more recent 7-year period, the propor
tion of white workers in these occupational
categories also declined moderately.
More than 8 of every 10 nonwhite workers in
blue-collar jobs (compared with 6 out of 10 white
workers) continued to be in either the semiskilled
or unskilled occupations. These jobs tend to be
concentrated in those goods-producing and related
industries (such as transportation) which are
quite sensitive to the business cycle. Moreover,
the demand for this type of labor has diminished
steadily during the postwar period as a result
of automation and other technological develop
ments.
B lu e -C o lla r O c c u p a tio n s.
O c c u p a tio n s. Nonwhites are still seven
times as likely as white workers to be employed
as private household workers (including maids,
babysitters, housekeepers, chauffeurs, laun
dresses). During the earlier postwar period, the
number of nonwhite private household workers
remained virtually unchanged, while nonwhite
employment in other service occupations, such
as hospital attendant, barber, and cook, rose
significantly (25 percent). During the 1955-62
period, this trend appears to have continued,
with little change in nonwhite private household
S erv ic e
T a ble 3.
Year
1962___
1961___
1960___
1959___
1958___
1957___
1956___
1955___
U n em plo ym ent R a t e s ,
White
N on
white
4.9
6.0
5.0
4.9
6.1
3.9
3.3
3.6
11.0
12.5
10.2
10.7
12.6
8.0
7.5
7.9
N on
white
as per
cent of
white
224
208
204
218
207
205
227
219
Year
1954___
1953___
1952
1951___
1950___
1949___
1948___
1947___
by
C olor , 1 9 4 7 -6 2 1
White
Non
white
4.5
2.3
2.4
2.8
4.6
5.2
3.2
3.3
8.9
4.1
4.6
4.8
8.5
8.2
5.2
5.4
N on
white
as per
cent of
white
1Q8
178
192
171
185
158
163
164
m e °taadopte1d1L~i9570t adjusted to reilectchanges in definition ofunemploy
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T a b l e 4.
U nem plo ym ent R a t e s , b y C olor , A g e ,
S e x , 1948, 1955, and 1962 i
White
Age and sex
a nd
N on white
1962
1955
1948
1962
Males, 14 years and
over........ .............. .........
4.6
3.4
3.1
11.0
8.2
5.1
14 to 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years_______________
25 to 34 years.............................
35 to 44 years_______________
45 to 54 years____________
55 years and over______ . . .
12.3
8.0
3.8
3.1
3.5
4.1
9.6
6.3
2.5
2.4
2.8
3.7
8.3
5.8
2.4
1.9
2.2
2.8
20.7
14.6
10.5
8.6
8.3
10.1
13.2
11.2
8.0
7.4
5.8
7.8
7.6
10.6
4.2
4.5
3.1
3.5
1955
1948
Females, 14 years and
over________________
5.5
3.9
3.4
11.1
7.5
5.2
14 to 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years__________ ____
25 to 34 years____________ ..
35 to 44 years_________ . . . .
45 to 54 years____ _____
55 years and over___________
11.5
7.7
5.4
4.5
3.7
3.5
8.2
4.5
3.8
3.4
2.9
2.8
6.9
3.6
3.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
28.2
18.2
11.5
8.9
7.1
3.6
16.2
11.4
9.1
4.9
4.6
4.4
10.4
8.9
6.1
3.3
2.4
2.2
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
employment and a substantial gain (18 percent)
in the number of nonwhites entering other service
jobs. Among white workers also there was a
steady rise in the proportion of service workers
outside of private households throughout the
postwar period—up between 20 and 25 percent
in each of the two periods. In 1962, as in the
earlier postwar period, proportionately twice as
many non white as white workers were in these
rapidly expanding but still relatively low-paying
and low-to-moderately skilled service occupations.
Manpower Utilization
U n e m p lo y m e n t. Throughout the postwar period,
unemployment has consistently fallen most heav
ily on the nonwhite worker. Comprising only a
tenth of the civilian labor force in 1962, non
whites accounted for two-tenths of the jobless
total. This disparity was evident among both
men and women.
The unemployment rate for nonwhites, at 11.0
percent in 1962, stood at its third highest level
in the postwar period (table 3) and was only
slightly lower than rates recorded in the recession
affected years of 1958 and 1961. Their 1962
unemployment rate was double the jobless rate of
white workers. This relationship has persisted
throughout the postwar period, and in fact tended
to increase in the latter part of the postwar period.
In the years 1947-49, the nonwhite unemploy
ment rate averaged about 60 percent higher than
for white workers, whereas in each year from
783
ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62
T a b l e 5 . U nem plo ym ent R a tes of E x p e r ie n c e d
W o r k er s , 1 by C olor and M ajor O ccupation G r o u p ,
1955 and 1962
White
Nonwhite
Major occupation group
Nonwhite
as percent
of white
1955
1962
1955
4.9
3.5
11.0
7.7
224
208
Clerical and sales workers.................. 3.8
Craftsmen and foremen___________ 4.8
6.9
Operatives_____ ____ - .......................
Private household workers....... ......... 3.1
Other service workers_____________ 5.3
Farm laborers and forem en... ----- 3.9
Laborers, except farm and m ine----- 11.0
3.2
3.9
5.5
3.0
5.2
3.0
9.8
7.7
9.7
12.0
7.1
10.8
5.8
15.8
7.0
8.8
8.4
5.6
8.8
6.3
12.1
203
202
174
229
204
149
144
219
226
153
187
169
210
123
All occupation groups2............
1962
1955
1962
1 The base for the unemployment rate includes the employed, classified
according to their current jobs, and the unemployed, classified according to
their latest civilian job, if any; excludes the unemployed persons who never
held a full-time civilian job.
2 Includes the following groups not shown separately: Professional and
technical workers; managers, officials, and proprietors; and farmers and farm
managers.
1954 through 1962, it was consistently twice
as high.
Nonwhite boys and girls 14 to 19 years of age
continued to have one of the highest jobless rates
of any age-color group. (See table 4.) In 1962,
the unemployment rate of nonwhite teenagers
remained near 25 percent, compared with about
12 percent for white youth of the same ages.
Since 1955, the jobless rate of nonwhite teenagers
has increased faster than for white youngsters—•
up about 60 percent among nonwhites compared
with a 30-percent rise for white youth.
In 1962, nonwhite men in both the 25-34 and
35-44 age brackets (primarily family bread
winners) recorded unemployment rates about
three times as high as for white men (about 9
and 3 percent, respectively). A differential of
similar proportions was recorded in 1955.
Even within the same major occupation group
large differences in unemployment rates persisted,
with rates for nonwhites generally substantially
exceeding those of white persons. Among both
white and nonwhite workers at the lower end of
the occupational hierarchy, both nonfarm laborers
and operatives usually have relatively high unem
ployment rates; however, differences are not (and
have not been) as great as in most other occupation
groups (table 5). This may reflect a high propor
tion of such workers in highly unionized massproduction industries, some of which provide for
nondiscrimination clauses in their collective bar
gaining agreements.4
4 See “Antidiscrimination Provisions in Major Contracts, 1961,” Monthly
Labor Review, June 1962, pp. 643-651.
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Differences in overall unemployment rates by
color are partially explained by the higher concen
tration of nonwhites at the lower rungs of the
occupational skill ladder. Even assuming there
were no differences in the occupational distribution
of both groups, however, nonwhites still would
have had a higher unemployment rate than whites
in 1962. But assuming that the experienced nonwhite civilian labor force had the same occupa
tional distribution as the experienced white civilian
labor force, and applying actual jobless rates of
nonwhites to this adjusted occupational distribu
tion, the difference in the overall jobless rate
between whites and nonwhites in 1962 would have
been cut in half. Under these assumptions, the
unemployment rate for nonwhites would have
been 8.1 rather than 11.0 percent of their number
in the labor force, compared with an actual rate of
4.9 percent for whites.
Non white workers not only have higher rates;
they are also subject to more frequent spells of
unemployment. For persons experiencing any
unemployment throughout the year, the chances
are much greater that nonwhites rather than
whites will have repeated spells of unemployment
during the year. About 3 of every 10 nonwhite
men who had been unemployed sometime during
the year were subject to 3 spells or more of un
employment in 1961, compared with 2 of every 10
white men who had some unemployment. More
over, nonwhite workers spend a considerably longer
period of time on layoff or looking for work beT a ble 6. E m ployed P e r so n s in N o n a gricultural
I n d u s t r ie s , b y F ull - or P art -T im e S t a t u s and
C olor , 1956 and 1962
[Percent distribution]
Non white
White
Full- or part-time status
1962
52,661
100.0
6,267
100.0
5.733
100.0
85.7
3.2
1.6
1.6
88.4
3.0
1.8
1.2
78.6
10.3
2.8
7.5
79.5
9.0
3.3
5.7
11.1
8.6
11.0
11.5
All employed persons:
Number (thousands)---------------------- 56,388
Percent___________________________ 100.0
At work—
On full-time schedules 1-----------------On part time for economic reasons 2._
Usually work full tim e-------------Usually work part time------------On part time for other reasons;
usually work part time___________
1956
1956
1962
1 Includes persons who actually worked 35 hours or more during the survey
week and those who usually work full time but worked 1 to 34 hours during
the survey week because of noneconomic reasons (bad weather, illness,
holidays, etc.).
, ,
„ , ,
2 Includes persons who worked less than 35 hours a week because of slack
work, material shortages, job turnover, inability to find full-time work, etc.
N ote : Because of rounding sums of individual percentages m ay not equal
100.
784
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
tween jobs. Since 1954 (earliest year for which
these data are available), nonwhites have con
sistently accounted for 20 to 30 percent of both
long-term unemployment of 15 weeks or more and
very long-term unemployment of 27 weeks or
more, as the following tabulation shows:
Nonwhites as a percent of total unemployed for—
Year
15 weeks or more
1962____________________
1961____________________
1960____________________
1959____________________
1958______________
1957____________________
1956____________________
1955____________________
1954____________________
27 weeks or more
25.9
22.5
24.9
24.3
22.0
22.4
21.8
20.0
20.4
28. 4
23. 6
26. 0
26. 2
23. 0
23. 8
21. 6
21.5
24. 0
Since the peak of the 1957 cycle (on a seasonally
adjusted basis), nonwhites have consistently had
a higher proportion of their total unemployment
concentrated in the group out of work 15 weeks or
more than have the white unemployed (chart 1).
In the 1957-59 cycle, after seasonal adjustment,
unemployment among both whites and nonwhites
rose by about 70 percent between the third quarter
of 1957 (prerecession peak) and the second quarter
of 1958 (recession trough). (See chart 2.) During
the downturn phase of the most recent cycle
(1960-62), the number of jobless white and non
white workers both increased by similar propor
tions from prerecession peak to the recession
trough—up 30 and 25 percent, respectively. In
the upturn of the 1957-59 cycle (four quarters
after the trough had been reached), differences in
the rate of decline in unemployment among whites
and nonwhites were not significant. There was,
however, a relatively sharper drop in the rates
for whites in the 1961-62 recovery period. During
Chart 1. Unemployment 1 5 Weeks or More as Percent of Total Unemployment, by Color, 1 955-62
[Seasonally adjusted quarterly averages; semilog scale]
PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED
PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED
N ote : The quarters indicated as peaks or troughs (P and T, respectively, in the chart) include the months designated by the National Bureau of
Economic Research as the turning points in the general business cycle.
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785
ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62
Chart 2. Unemployment Rates, by Color, 1955-62
[Seasonally adjusted q uarterly averages; semilog scale]
this later period, whites recorded a 25-percent
decline in joblessness, compared with only a 10percent dip among nonwhites. By the subsequent
quarter, however, the improvement from the
trough was about the same for both groups.
In every year since 1956,
a higher proportion of nonwhite than white persons
were working at part-time jobs. In 1962, 21 per
cent of all employed nonwhites, compared with 14
percent of all white workers, were working less
than 35 hours a week; however, the rate of “eco
nomic part time” continued to be three times as
high for non whites as for white workers—10 per
cent of total nonwhite employment as compared
with 3 percent of total white employment (table
6). In 1962, as in previous years, nonwhites
accounted for about one-fourth of all nonfarm
P a r t-T im e E m p lo ym en t.
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workers on part time for economic reasons while
constituting only 10 percent of nonagricultural
employment.
Non white workers in 1962 accounted for 16
percent of those on reduced workweeks because
of economic reasons (such as slack work and
material shortages), while comprising 35 percent
of those on part time because they were unable
to find full-time jobs. This latter category is
likely to have a high proportion of young workers
and adult women, many of whom are employed
in private household and other service occupations.
The proportion of nonwhite workers on part
time for economic reasons has risen significantly
over the past 6 years, while that of white workers
has remained about the same. On the other
hand, the entire rise in voluntary part-time em
ployment was among white workers.
786
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T a ble 7. C iv il ia n L a bor F orce P a rtic ipatio n R a t e s ,
b y A ge , C olor , and S e x , 1948, 1955, a n d 1962
White
Age and sex
1962
1955
Nonwhite
1948
1962
1955
1948
Both sexes....................................
56.1
57.1
56.7
60.0
61.9
63.5
M ale_________________
78.6
82.8
84.2
76.4
81.8
84.8
14 to 19 years_______________
20 to 24 years........... .................
25 to 34 years_______________
35 to 44 years_______________
45 to 54 years_______________
55 to 64 years__________ ____
65 years and over................... .
40.8
86.5
97.4
97.9
96.0
86.7
30.6
45.6
86.5
97.8
98.3
96.7
88.4
39.5
50.7
84.4
96.0
98.0
95.9
89.6
46.6
38.4
89.3
95.3
94.5
92.2
81.5
27.2
48.8
89.7
95.8
96.2
94.2
83.1
40.0
58.4
85.6
95.3
97.2
94.6
88.4
50.3
Female_______________
35.6
33.7
30.6
45.6
44.4
44.4
14 to 19 years...............................
20 to 24 years.............................
25 to 34 years_______________
35 to 44 years_______________
45 to 54 years_______________
55 to 64 years...............................
65 years and over.......................
29.7
47.1
34.1
42.2
48.9
38.0
9.8
30.5
45.8
32.8
39.9
42.7
31.8
10.5
32.8
45.1
31.3
35.1
33.3
23.3
8.6
24.0
48.6
52.0
59.7
60.5
46.1
12.2
25.3
46.7
51.3
56.0
54.8
40.7
12.1
30.4
47.1
50.6
53.2
51.1
37.6
17.3
The difference in the proportion of white and
nonwhite workers who work at year-round full
time jobs is appreciable. Only one-half of non
white men compared with two-thirds of white
men with work experience were reported to have
worked steadily at full-time jobs in 1961.5 This
difference has persisted since the late 1940’s when
such data first became available. During the
postwar period, nonwhite women made sizable
gains in full-time year-round jobholding, while
the proportion of white women in this category
remained relatively stable. This improvement
among nonwhite women has resulted in part
from their shift away from farm occupa
tions—jobs where work schedules tend to be
unstable. In 1961, there were proportionately
almost as many nonwhite as white women with
full-time year-round jobs (32 and 38 percent,
respectively).
L abor Force P a rtic ip a tio n . A salient development
in labor force activity of nonwhite workers in
recent years has been the sharp decline in labor
force participation rates of teenage boys and older
men (table 7). In 1962, rates for nonwhites in
these groups were below those of white men in the
same ages. The especially sharp decline for non
whites continued a secular trend, including the
long-term decline in agriculture, increased years of
schooling, and liberalized retirement programs—
developments which have also affected whites
greatly in recent years.
During the 1950’s, at least 70 percent of the net
migration from farms consisted of young people
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under 20 or who reached 20 during the decade.6
In general, farm youth, whether in or out of school,
tend to be an integral part of the farm labor force.
Their rates of labor force participation are usually
higher than those of nonfarm youngsters of the
same ages. In view of the continuing decline in
the proportion of nonwhites employed in agricul
ture between 1955 and 1962, it is reasonable to
assume that many of these young farm leavers
were non white. A sharp rise in the number of
youngsters enrolled in school, as well as unusually
high jobless rates which have prevailed in recent
years among nonwhite teenagers, may have
contributed to their drop in participation.
Participation rates of both white and nonwhite
older men (65 and over) dropped very significantly
between 1955 and 1962-—down about 9 and 13
percentage points, respectively. Probably because
of the trend toward earlier retirement, participa
tion has also been declining (although to a much
smaller extent) among men 55 to 64 years of age,
with the nonwhites again showing sharper declines.
Among men in the central age group 25 to 64
years, where participation rates tend to be the
highest, nonwhite men continued to have some
what lower rates than whites. This may be due
to a higher incidence of disabling illness and injury
among nonwhite men, associated with their concen
tration in manual, more hazardous occupations.7
Non white women historically have participated
in the labor force in greater proportions than white
women. The postwar rise in labor force partici
pation rates of adult women has occurred both
8 See “ Work Experience of the Population in 1961,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1962, pp. 1347-1358.
8 See Current and Foreseeable Trends in Rural Population, paper presented
by Calvin L. Beale, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agri
culture, at the 40th Agricultural Outlook Conference, Washington, N ov. 14,
1962.
7 See Current Population Reports, Employment of White and Nonwhite
Persons: 1955 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-50, No. 66, p. 2.
T a b l e 8.
M e d i a n F a m i l y I n c o m e , b y C o l o r , 1948-61
Year
White
Non
white
Non white
as percent
of white
1948___
1949___
1950___
1951___
1952___
1953___
1954___
$3,310
3,232
3,445
3,859
4,114
4,392
4,339
$1,768
1,650
1,869
2,032
2,338
2, 461
2,410
53.4
51.1
54.3
52.7
56.8
56.0
55.5
Year
White
1955....... $4,605
1956___
4,993
1957....... 5,166
1958___
5,300
1959___
5,643
1960___
5,835
1961___
5,981
Non Non white
white as percent
of white
$2, 549
2,628
2,764
2,711
2,917
3,233
3,191
55.4
52.6
53.5
51.2
51.7
55.4
53.4
S ource : Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Persons in
the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, Nos. 6-39.
787
ECONOMIC STATUS OF NONWHITE WORKERS, 1955-62
T a b l e 9.
T otal M o ney I ncome o p F a m ilies ,
1948, 1955, and 1961
C olor ,
by
[Percent distribution]
1948
1955
1961
Fam ily income
White
Non
white
White
Non
white
White
Non
white
All income classes.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $3,000......... ..........
$3,000 to $4,999.................
$5,000 to $9,999................
$10,000 and over..............
18.6
19.4
44.7
17.1
47.5
24.4
22.8
5.6
25.7
30.3
36.6
6.5
57.3
28.3
13.7
.6
42.6
35.2
19.1
3.1
78.1
16.3
5.3
.4
Median income_______
$5,981
$3,191
$4,605
$2,549
$3,310
$1,768
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual percentages may not equal
100.
Source : Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Persons in
the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, Nos. 6, 24, and 39
among white and nonwhite women. Despite these
changes, only about two-fifths of all white women
25 to 64 were in the labor force in 1962, compared
with nearly three-fifths of nonwhite women of the
same ages.
Income and Education
In com e. Non whites tend to have a somewhat
larger number of wage earners per family unit and
higher rates of labor force participation than
whites, which tend to reduce white-nonwhite in
come differentials. Partially offsetting this is the
relatively high concentration of nonwhites in agri
culture, where income received in kind is excluded.
Family income is nevertheless a useful criterion of
socioeconomic wellbeing since many expenditure
patterns relate to the family unit as a separate
entity.
The average (median) income of both white
and non white families has increased quite sub
stantially in dollar amounts during the past two
decades. Very notable income advances by non
whites were made particularly diming World War
II and the early postwar period as a result of
wartime induced shortages of unskilled workers
and governmental action designed to raise the
income level of lower paid workers. The family
income of nonwhites climbed from less than 40
percent of white family income in 1939 to nearly
60 percent in the early 1950’s. Although since
then nonwhites have continued to raise their
money income, they have failed to bring about a
s See Herman P. Miller, “Is the Income Gap Closed? No!”
York Times Magazine, November 11,1962, pp. 50-58.
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The New
further narrowing of income differentials between
the two groups. In fact, on a relative basis,
nonwhite family income as a percent of white
family income has shown little change since 195253 (table 8). This phenomenon seems to be due
to the fact that during the past decade, profes
sional, technical, and managerial workers (where
nonwhites are still very underrepresented) showed
much larger relative income gains (up nearly 70
percent) than workers at the lower rung of the
occupational skill ladder (where nonwhites are
still disproportionately concentrated). The in
comes of laborers and service workers rose by
only 40 percent during this same period, com
pared with an increase of about 180 percent during
the forties.8
In 1948, nearly 8 of every 10 non white families
had money incomes of less than $3,000. (See
table 9.) This proportion had dropped to 6 out
of 10 by 1955 and to 5 out of 10 by 1961, but
it was about 2% times the proportion of white
families in this relatively low income category.
Since 1955, the proportion of nonwhite families
in the $5,000 to $10,000 category had increased
by approximately one-half (to 23 percent), but was
still well below the comparable proportion of
white families in that category (45 percent). At
the upper end of the income scale—$10,000 or
more—6 percent of nonwhite families were in this
group in 1961, in sharp contrast to their negligible
proportion in 1948 and 1955 (about 0.5 percent
in both years). Despite recent employment gains
made by nonwhites, which is reflected by their
movement into higher money income groups, a
substantial gap continues to exist, with propor
tionately three times as many white families in
the $10,000 or more bracket.
T a b l e 10.
M e d i a n I n c o m e o f F a m i l i e s i n 1961, b y
C o l o r a n d E d u c a t io n a l A t t a in m e n t o f F a m il y H e a d
Years of school completed
Total
White
Nonwhite
Nonwhite as percent
of white
Elementary...... ....................
$4,074
3, 279
4, 772
$4,378
3,656
4,911
$2,539
2, 294
3,338
58.0
62.7
68.0
High school..........................
6,032
5, 644
6,302
6,186
5,882
6,390
3,863
3, 449
4,559
62.4
58.6
71.3
8,210
7,250
9, 264
8,288
7,344
9,315
6,444
5, 525
7,875
77.8
75.2
84.5
Less than 8 years_____________
8 years..........................................
1 to 3 years_____ _____________
4 years_______________________
C o lle g e ................... .
. ..
1 to 3 years..................................... .
4 years or more_______________
Source : Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Persons in
the United States: 1961 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Series P-60, No. 39.
788
Very large strides have
been made during the past two decades in reducing
the persistent educational gap between nonwhite
and white persons. By 1962, the average white
person 25 to 29 years of age had completed 12.5
years of schooling, compared with 11.2 years of
schooling completed by the average nonwhite
person in the same age bracket.9 For nonwhite
men, this represented a gain of some 4% years of
school since 1940; for whites, the average gain
was 2 years. This narrowing of the educational
gap during the postwar period can be largely
attributed to the rising proportion of nonwhite
youngsters who have been enrolled in school.
At the elementary school level, the differential
has been markedly reduced. But at the high
school level, despite some narrowing of differentials
during this period, the percentage of nonwhites
attending school falls appreciably below that of
whites.
E d u ca tio n a l A tta in m e n t.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Since the mid-1950’s, however, the gap has
essentially remained the same, with both groups
showing a rise of about 1 full year in median
school years completed, which departs from pre
vious longrun trends. Recent income data by
color and educational attainment of the head of
the family also support conclusions found in other
studies 10 that the income gap between whites and
nonwhites is not completely closed even when
educational levels of both groups increase (table
10). However, the differential is substantially
reduced at the college level, with the family
income of nonwhite college graduates in 1961
about 85 percent of that of white college graduates.
8 See “ Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962,” pp. 504-515 of
the Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1963.
See Herman P. Miller, Income of the American People (New York, John
W iley & Sons, Inc., 1955), pp. 42-48; and Current Population Reports, Income
of Families and, Persons in the United States: 1956 (U.S. Bureau of the Census),
Series P-60, No. 27, pp. 10-11.
10
Labor Ministers’ Conference on
the Alliance for Progress
E d i t o r ’ s N o t e .— This
article presents excerpts, with some
minor style changes, from the final report of the first
Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor on the
Alliance for Progress, which met in Bogota, Colombia,
May 6-11, 1963, and excerpts from the speech made at
the conference by Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz,
who headed the U.S. delegation. The conference, called
by the Council of the Organization of American States
at the suggestion of the Colombian representative on the
Council, was attended by representatives of the Ministry
of Labor of every country in the OAS except Haiti, and
most of the delegations included representatives of labor
unions.
Final Report of the Conference
Background. The “ Declaration to the Peoples of Amer
ica,” which was approved at Punta del Este in August
1961, indicated, as one of the goals of the Alliance for
Progress, the following: “To assure fair and satisfactory
working conditions to all our workers; to establish efficient
systems of labor-management relations and procedures for
consultation and cooperation among government author
ities, employers’ associations, and trade unions in the
interests of social and economic development.”
Resolution A—10 of the First Annual Meeting of the
Inter-American Economic and Social Council at the
Ministerial Level (Mexico City, October 22-27, 1962),
states: “Since the Alliance for Progress is an unprecedented
procedure of joint action intended to solve the basic
problems of the Latin American people, it is essential that
new elements be included in the agencies charged with
carrying it out; it is admitted th at popular support for all
the aspects of the program of the Alliance be the surest
guarantee of its success.”
Accordingly, the following agenda of the Inter-American
Conference of Ministers of Labor on the Alliance for
Progress was adopted by the Council of the Organization
of American States:
1. The participation of the Ministers of Labor in
the formulation and carrying out of national plans and
programs of economic and social development.
2. The participation of workers in national plans for
economic and social development.
Declaration and Recommendations. The Ministers of La
bor, after careful examination and debate of the issues and
problems relating to the two agenda items, have reached a
consensus and wish to set forth the following principles
and recommendations:
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D e c l a r a t i o n a n d P r i n c i p l e s . [Editor’s Note.—The
statement of principles is known as the Declaration of
Cundinimarca, since Bogotá is located in the Colombian
Department of Cundinimarca.]
1. The Alliance for Progress is an alliance by and for
the peoples of the Americas; it is essential that the Ministers
of Labor and the democratic trade unions play an active
role at the national and inter-American level in order to
achieve more rapidly and effectively the objectives of the
Alliance.
2. Since the adoption of the Charter of Punta del Este,
unquestionable advances have been scored in the social
sphere. The Latin American governments have pushed
forward particularly in the field of tax and agrarian reform,
low-cost housing programs, and educational plans. Never
theless, serious problems still remain in achieving the basic
objectives of the Alliance and these must be overcome
with maximum speed.
3. In order to achieve continuing progress and to launch
and evolve well-conceived economic and social policies
with the active participation of the broad masses, effective
measures should be adopted so that the benefits of economic
advance can be translated into a steady improvement of
the real income of workers and a more equitable distribu
tion of the national income.
4. One of the main obstacles to the achievement of the
goals of the Alliance is the marked deterioration of the
terms of trade for Latin America’s basic export products,
the progressive limitations imposed on Latin America’s
access to world markets, and the continued fluctuations
in export prices. These are fundamental obstacles; they
create unemployment and induce wage reductions; they
reduce government revenues and the ability to finance
urgent social reforms and they make the execution of
long-term planning practically impossible. Financial
aid and trade policy must be integrated, and the measures
envisaged in the Charter of Punta del Este must continue
to be implemented at the inter-American or international
level to stabilize Latin America’s foreign exchange earn
ings. In this way, the fruits of Latin American labor can
be translated into accelerated industrialization, the
creation of new employment opportunities, higher wages
and better working conditions, and a greater degree of
well-being and social stability.
5. It is recognized th at these measures should be
adopted, and that the volume of external financing for
Latin American economic and social development should
be maintained at an adequate level, in accordance with
the provisions contained in the Declaration to the Peoples
of America.
6. There can be no effective economic and social de
velopment planning unless the legitimate rights of labor
are recognized and the aspirations of the workers are
expressed in terms of concrete achievements involving
wages, employment, working conditions, social security,
health, housing, and education.
789
790
7. In all these tasks, the ministries of labor have a vital
role to play. They are a part of the social conscience of
the governments and they are the public agencies that
can mobilize and prepare the indispensable human re
sources. They are also the mechanism through which
the participation of the workers in the efforts toward and
the benefits of progress are assured.
8. In order to obtain greater popular participation and
support, it is deemed desirable to strengthen the multi
lateral nature of the Alliance mechanisms and to study
the possibilities of adjusting the structure of these mech
anisms to the specific regional and even national conditions
within the Latin American area.
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . Taking into consideration the decla
rations and principles adopted, the Conference
Recommends: 1. That ministries of labor not limit
themselves to technical matters, but should promote
social policies in accordance with the objectives of the
Alliance for Progress.
2. That in the execution of all programs by the minis
tries of labor, priority be given to the development of
human resources and their full utilization.
3. That ministries of labor participate actively in
formulating and implementing economic and social de
velopment plans in coordination with the activities of
other agencies in their respective fields and collaborate
with the international organizations. To this end,
planning units will be established within the ministries of
labor.
4. That standing committees representing both labor
and management be established to advise the ministries
of labor on all programs related to economic and social
development, thereby ensuring the active participation
of workers in the planning and implementation of such
programs.
5. That labor legislation, and in particular minimum
wage systems, be accompanied by an effective system of
inspection th at would guarantee compliance and enable
the workers to share in the benefits of economic develop
ment.
6. That labor, management, and government be repre
sented in the setting of minimum wages
7. That government, management, and labor organiza
tions assume their primary responsibility for the training
of the labor force. The ministries of labor should see
that training is available to all workers, organized and
unorganized, in both rural and urban areas, and especially
to the great mass of unemployed and underemployed
workers.
8. That on-the-job training be encouraged.
9. That training be provided in accordance with a
program carefully adjusted to both the present needs and
the projected future needs of the country.
That the Council of the Organization of American
States make representations before the agencies that
administer Alliance for Progress funds, for technical and
financial assistance for the Inter-American Vocational Train
ing, Information, and Research Center (CINTERFOR)
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
and for national vocational training institutions.
10. That ministries of labor establish employment
services to assist workers in finding suitable employment,
and employers in finding best qualified workers, and to
disseminate information on labor needs and employment
opportunities.
11. That the ministries of labor of the Latin American
countries intensify their statistical research activities and
endeavor to establish a body of basic data, through
standardized methods of compilation, preparation, and
presentation, that will make it possible to record labor
statistics more accurately and will facilitate the dynamic
evaluation of problems arising from economic and social
development.
12. That consideration be given to the establishment of
a regional pilot project for labor statistics. That the
activities of Inter-American Labor Ministers’ Conference,
which has headquarters in Santiago, Chile, be expanded
to include research, training, and the comparative study
of labor statistics systems.
13. That ministries of labor seek to speed the adoption,
extension, and improvement of social security systems.
14. That plans for social security systems be integrated
with national plans for economic and social development.
15. That international technical assistance resources be
expanded in the field of social security, and that increased
support be furnished to the Inter-American Center for
Social Security Studies, with headquarters in Mexico City,
sponsored by the Inter-American Social Security Institute
and the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.
16. That organizations concerned with carrying out the
Alliance for Progress be asked to facilitate financial assist
ance for constructing and equipping of social security
hospitals, and to provide technical and financial assistance
for social security programs, especially those of preventive
medicine.
17. That the member states of the Organization of
American States collaborate in the creation of a technical
consultation center for research, planning, and training for
personnel of the ministries of labor. The proposed center
would direct studies on a wide range of subjects in the
labor field, both national and international; it would
serve as consultant on promotion of cooperation among the
member states in this field and would furnish direct
technical assistance on such matters to the countries at
their request. That the Council of the Organization of
American States be asked to request that the International
Labor Organization, in consultation with the other ap
propriate international agencies, prepare draft bylaws
for the center, together with a draft plan for financing
it, which shall be submitted to the ministers of labor of
the member states 30 days before the next meeting of the
Inter-American Economic and Social Council and included
in the agenda of that meeting.
18. That the ministries of labor formulate clearly and
precisely the objectives of their labor policy within plans
for economic and social development, and attem pt to
make them as uniform as possible; and that this policy be
formulated in consultation with organizations representing
the sectors concerned.
INTER-AMERICAN LABOR MINISTERS’ CONFERENCE
19. That labor programs formulated by ministries of
labor in consultation with the sectors concerned establish
an appropriate policy designed to strengthen democratic
trade unionism, minimum wages, social assistance, social
security systems, collective bargaining, employment, vo
cational training, and services for the recreation and
cultural improvement of the workers; and promote the
institutional and legal reforms necessary to achieve the
desired goals.
20. That members of the Organization of American
States should endeavor to harmonize their labor and social
security legislation in such a manner th at the rights of the
workers will be uniformly protected throughout the area
of the member countries.
21. That Alliance economic and technical assistance be
provided for social welfare programs aimed a t improving
the living conditions of marginal sectors of the society not
included in the wage-earning sector.
22. That a technical meeting be held, on the level of
directors of government planning agencies, to exchange
information and experience, with particular attention to
the social aspects of development, especially the utiliza
tion of human resources and the specific problems directly
or indirectly affecting the labor sector.
23. That the ministries of labor be duly represented on
their countries, delegations to the annual meetings of the
Inter-American Economic and Social Council.
24. That the Inter-American Economic and Social
Council create a seventh special committee to deal spe
cifically with labor matters.
25. That periodic meetings of the Ministers of Labor be
held for the purpose of improving and providing con
tinuity for inter-American activities in the social field,
proposing specific social goals and how and when they
shall be attained within the terms of the Charter of
Punta del Este.
26. That participation by the workers in the formula
tion, execution, and evaluation of national development
programs include the representatives of democratic trade
unions in the collaboration of such programs.
27. That the national governments recognize th at the
full and active participation of labor in all stages of
national planning and in their development efforts is an
important element in securing for their plans the full
support of the Alliance and related international agencies.
28. That the member countries of the Alliance, through
their representatives on the Inter-American Economic and
Social Council, provide th at one of the criteria for evalua
tion of national development programs shall be th at such
plans be prepared in effective consultation with the repre
sentatives of the democratic trade union organizations and
implemented with their participation.
29. That trade union freedom, guaranteed interna
tionally by the rules embodied in Conventions 87 and 98 of
the International Labor Organization, including the
right of association, the right to bargain collectively, and
the right to strike, be considered as the essential basis for
securing for workers an effective role in national develop
ment activities.
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791
30. That labor legislation be revised to assure trade
union organizations the right of complete freedom and
independence.
31. That trade union education preferably be entrusted
to the trade union organizations themselves in cooperation
with national and international agencies.
32. That the governments of Latin America recognize
the same rights for agricultural workers th at legislation
guarantees other labor sectors, especially their right to
free trade union organization.
33. That governments make available specialized train
ing for agricultural workers, in such manner as to assure
them participation in the benefits of economic and social
development.
34. The promotion of cooperatives, including such fields
as housing, production, distribution, credit, transporta
tion, and consumption, which would greatly contribute
to accelerated development and the strengthening of the
role of the people as producers and consumers. Ministries
of labor should view as a basic part of their task the en
couragement of cooperative activities by workers in col
laboration with other national and international agencies.
A fundamental part of this effort is the assistance to train
ing activities designed to build a corps of qualified ad
ministrators of cooperatives, and the implementation of
other measures of technical assistance.
35. That workers’ banks be developed to promote
savings by that sector, satisfy their credit needs, protect
them against usury, and enable them to participate di
rectly in the development process. Most of the capital
of such banks should be owned by workers without
prejudicing the use of funds obtained from national and
international sources.
36. That the provision of adequate financial facilities
should be promoted with respect to amortization terms
and interest rates for workers’ housing.
37. That national and municipal governments facilitate
the acquisition of land for workers’ housing.
38. That programs of housing and related public
services for workers be undertaken in the centers of
economic activity.
39. The Conference, fully aware of the vital importance
of the deterioration in the terms of trade and of its direct
relationship to the standard of living of the workers of
Latin America, takes note of the draft resolution presented
by the Delegation of Colombia and, recognizing th at it
deals with a technical subject which is the primary re
sponsibility of the Inter-American Economic and Social
Council, transmits the said draft resolution to the next
meeting of the IA-ECOSOC for consideration in regard
to the aspects therein referring to the deterioration in the
terms of trade, and especially since it is consistent with
point 4 of the Declaration of Cundinamarca.
Therefore: The Inter-American Conference of Ministers
of Labor on the Alliance for Progress requests of the
Council of the Organization of American States that
these recommendations be transmitted to the next meeting
of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council.
In witness whereof, the Chairmen of the Delegations of
the American States accredited to this Inter-American
792
Conference of Ministers of Labor on the Alliance for
Progress, sign1 the Spanish text of this Final Report, in
Bogotá, Republic of Colombia, on the eleventh day of
May, one thousand nine hundred sixty-three.
Speech by Secretary Wirtz
Social progress, even at the revolutionary rate to which
our nations have committed us, may nonetheless seem
plodding to the mass of men once their hopes have been
aroused.
Our concern as labor ministers is not only to provide
leadership in the establishment of human and progressive
social policies, but equally to see to it th at once adopted,
such policies are carried out. This task is not always a
glamorous one, but it has begun, and we can take pride
in the beginning th at has been made.
The findings of the Inter-American Economic and
Social Council on the accomplishments of the first year of
the program, set forth in Mexico City last year, are that
self-help in the Americas has received strong impetus, that
comprehensive programs of agrarian reform and agricul
tural developments have been initiated, th at substantial
improvements have been made in the administration of
taxation, and th at expenditures devoted to education and
the improvement of human resources have increased.
The start on a vast expansion of housing for low-income
families, through a broad program of credit facilities,
technical assistance, and specific building projects, the
contributions of the Social Progress Trust Fund, the ad
vances in the field of public health, water, and sewerage
are all specific actions toward the goals of the Alliance.
The conclusion of an International Coffee Agreement
and moves toward closer economic ties through the Latin
American Free Trade Association are of the first impor
tance. During the year, the flow of external public funds
increased and almost all of the Latin American countries
had established, or were preparing to establish, planning
agencies whose work could improve the technical levels of
plans submitted for outside financing and insure an even
greater speedup in the rate of availability of capital.
But major problems still lie ahead. The rate of growth
during the first year of the program was below the objective
set at Punta del Este. The goals of eliminating illiteracy
and increasing life expectancy and building more low-cost
housing are still long-range goals. The increased avail
ability of public capital funds has not been matched in the
private sphere, a sphere which is crucial to the achievement
of the jobs and production so essential for improved levels
of income and living. The pace of underlying changes
necessary for the achievement of a new order must not be
allowed to lag and in many cases must be speeded up.
Our concern is particularly with those aspects of the
program which permit the fullest effective use of the trade
union organizations.
I trust that it will not appear presumptuous to suggest
several propositions in a form dictated more by the de
sirability of discussion than by the interests of caution.
1.
I propose that La Alianza para el Progreso adopt the
permanent view that investment in human beings is the very
first priority in this decade of development.
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All of the investment we may make in physical resources
will come to little, and may indeed be wasted, if it does
not at the same time lead to improvement in the quality
of human resources.
I would propose, for instance, th at it be a routine
requirement that any capital improvement program
financed under the Alliance be accompanied by an on-thejob training program that will add to the human as well
as the physical capital of the nation concerned.
I suggest our careful consideration at this meeting of
the proposals which have been made for the creation of
regional institutes to which key technicians and trainers
might go for underlying technical training that will be of
use in their own countries. It may well be that regional
training institutes would lead to the coordination of
national development plans on a regional basis.
I mention particularly the major need for high-level, and
middle-level, manpower to perform the tasks at hand.
Shortages a t these levels create a major limitation on the
development of new enterprises, and limit the creation of
jobs and realization of the goal of growth.
2.
The responsible trade unions must be made integral
agencies in the development of the Alliance program.
Four weeks ago, the Department of Social Affairs of
the General Secretariat of the Organization of American
States received a report from a distinguished group of
labor leaders, drawn from our countries and from abroad,
which began with these words:
We wish to make it emphatically clear at the very
outset of these observations th at we found no evidence
that organized labor is participating, or even being
consulted in a meaningful way, in national economic
and social development planning and programming in
the countries we visited. The declared intent of the
Alliance for Progress, in this regard, is being ignored.
1
Although the Minister of Labor of Brazil, Almino Affonso, signed the
report, he appended the following “ explanation” of his vote:
“ Reaffirmining its general statement and the proposals it has presented, the
Delegation of Brazil considers the results of the Alliance for Progress unsatis
factory and, above all, disagrees with the approach being taken in assistance.
It is understood that the fundamental problem of Latin America is that of
underdevelopment and it w ill only be possible to solve it by structural reforms
and massive investments, of a minimum level of $2 billion a year, as pro
claimed in the Declaration to the Peoples of America, to enable the countries
of Latin America to industrialize and assure them greater productivity from
the land, with due regard for the nationalist character of their process of de
velopment. There is an urgent need to reformulate the Alliance for Progress
by decentralizing, within the jurisdicational sphere of each country, the
organs of the Agency for International Development, and guarantee the
workers effective participation in the decisions through representatives freely
designated by trade unions.
“ As to specific proposals, whether of a social or technical nature, that will
assure the participation of Ministers of Labor and of the workers in
formulating, carrying out, and receiving the benefits of national economic and
social development plans, the Delegation of Brazil believes that, no matter
how excellent they may be, they will probably encounter some insurmount
able obstacle: the shortage or total lack of human resources, materials,
and above all, of financing, that will make impossible their realization. This
deficiency of resources—that justifies the fact that our countries have not,
up to now, supported the measures so praised—is a symptom of the structural
situation of Latin American underdevelopment and therefore, strengthens
the reservations the Brazilian Delegation has in approving this document.
“ This criticism arises from the deep conviction that only through progress
can a true alliance of the peoples of America be forged.”
INTER-AMERICAN LABOR MINISTERS’ CONFERENCE
I t is already the declared intent of the Alliance for Prog
ress to provide "procedures for consultation and coopera
tion among government authorities, employer associations,
and trade unions in the interests of social and economic
development.” There is nothing to be accomplished sim
ply by reasserting those principles. The issue before us is
how those principles will be put into effect.
I therefore propose that this Conference call upon the
Inter-American Economic and Social Council to require
that in the review of any National Development Program,
the committee inquire into the question of whether the
program has been developed with th at degree of consulta
tion and collaboration which will meet the objectives of the
Alliance, namely th at it move forth in concert with the
free democratic trade unions of the Americas. A program
which does not meet this requirement simply ought not
be approved.
I hope th at we can talk a t this Conference about the
possibility of further experiment along lines illustrated by
the establishment in my country—not by the government,
but under trade union auspices, with the support of en
lightened employer interests—of the Institute for Free
Labor Development. This institute results from a strictly
trade union project of help to other unions in the hemi
sphere. It permitted union leaders to receive expert aid in
carrying out leadership jobs in their own unions. Once
trained, they could train their own colleagues. From train
ing in self-help came the additional idea of a properly con
tinuing effort. I t covered housing, ownership, and active
participation in community life. This truly demonstrates
th at once all segments of our national life are brought into
a program, new and workable ideas result.
3. A larger development of the role of cooperatives will per
mit that broader degree of participation in the Alliance pro
gram which is necessary to assure its maximum achievement.
The Charter of Punta del Este recognizes the role th at
cooperatives should play in achieving the goals of the
Alliance.
The role of cooperatives in the Alliance for Progress
effort should not be limited, however, to applying for
financing to carry out much needed social and economic
improvements. The ministries of labor can play a decisive
role in the encouragement and the development of activi
ties that cooperatives, particularly under trade union
auspices, can undertake in support of the Alliance.
4. Better procedures must be established for finding and
reporting the specific facts of the unmet needs of the Americas.
Where resources are limited, they must be carefully used
to get at the root problems instead of being wasted on
what are only the manifestations of these difficulties.
Ministries of labor must develop skills for making com
plete and comprehensive analyses of manpower resources
and needs. Systematic assessments or surveys are needed
to identify both the critical shortages of skilled manpower
in each major sector of the economy and the reasons for
the shortages. A thorough manpower survey will also
identify surpluses of manpower. This type of analysis
must be qualitative as well as quantitative and based upon
that wise judgment which keeps precise data from creating
a false sense of accuracy.
6 9 0 -7 8 3 — 63------- 3
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793
With this analysis at hand, the country’s planners can
then consider a strategy of human resource development.
This responsibility is worthy of the highest skills which
labor ministries can command.
5. Labor ministries must exert leadership in the development,
maintenance, and strengthening of fair labor standards that
are feasible in the light of the development of the country or
of the various segments of its economy.
In the early stages of the industrial revolution in Europe
and in the United States, little heed was given to labor
standards. This mistake must not be repeated in the
economic development process taking place in the 20th
century.
Great vigilance in labor ministries needs to be exercised
in the promotion of labor standards, particularly those
relating to health, safety, and the special problems of
such groups as women workers, older workers, younger
workers, migratory workers, and handicapped people. A
social insurance system, commensurate in scope with the
country’s state of development, is an important accom
paniment of the development process.
There need be no conflict between a sound labor
standards program and a program for economic progress.
Such standards must of necessity be geared to the ability
of a country to pay for them and to enforce them equitably.
6. The progress we seek depends on a careful and constant
balancing of the values of growth and of stability.
If the governments of this hemisphere mean what they
have said at Punta del Este, in ILO conferences, and in
individual pronouncements, there must be a rise in
workers’ real income as an accompaniment to, and a
result of, industrial development.
While, at the same time, there are some stages of social
development in which high wages increase the attainment
of higher economic goals, in others, they merely add to
inflationary pressures. I t is the role of the Labor Minister
to provide leadership in promoting a balance between
these two factors, keeping in mind the given circumstances
of developing in each country.
The major element that emerges from a review of
achievements of the Alliance to date is the importance of
imagination in the development of new ideas and ways
of achieving social breakthroughs.
Just as the job of administration requires the combined
resources of all groups within nations, so this mobilization
requires a widespread willingness to accept new ideas.
The builder must be willing to accept the imagination of
the designer and architect; the legislator must be willing
to accept land reform, an effective minimum wage, a
nonpolitical civil service, and effective administration of
taxes; the technician and the planner must be willing to
listen to the advice and counsel of trade unionists; and the
banker and the industrialist must be willing to plan mass
production at price levels within the reach of large groups
of new consumers.
Thus we are embarked on enterprises not only of the
greatest complexity, but also of the highest purpose.
La Alianza para el Progreso has brought us together in
these enterprises as never before, and I count that fact
one of the great sources of our strength.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Announcement of the 1964
Revision of the CPI
with its January 1964 report (to appear
near the end of February), the Bureau of Labor
Statistics will issue an updated and improved
Consumer Price Index, based on prices in an
up-to-date sample of cities, retail stores, and
service establishments. The list of consumer
goods and services for which prices are obtained
will also be modernized and the index will be
calculated with expenditure weights which reflect
spending patterns for urban wage earner and
clerical consumers in 1960-61. The updated
index will be issued as a continuation of the
previously published series, thus providing an
uninterrupted series of price indexes for users
interested in observing price changes over a con
siderable period.
For the convenience of users, the Bureau will
also continue to publish the CPI on its present,
unrevised basis for the months of January through
June 1964. These figures will be designated as
the “old series” and the updated indexes will be
called the “new series.” The base period will
remain 1957-59 = 100, although the indexes will
also be published on the 1947-49 base.
A significant change in the index will be an
extension of coverage, now limited to families
of two or more persons, to include single persons,
to make it more representative of the total urban
wage and clerical-worker population. A U.S.
index covering only wage-earner and clericalworker families of two or more persons will also
be published, as in the past, for the convenience
of those who prefer to adhere to the more limited
index. Present plans do not call for calculation
of a separate index for single persons. Both the
total index covering all urban wage and clerical
workers and that for families alone will be joined
to the current index as of December 1963 to form
continuous series.
B e g in n in g
794
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Derivation of the expenditure weights for the
revised index has not yet been completed, but
preliminary examination of the expenditure data
shows that food will have considerably less im
portance in the new index, while weights for
housing and transportation will be relatively
larger. These changes represent shifts in con
sumer spending habits in the decade since the
earlier expenditure surveys from which the current
index weights were derived. The national index
will be obtained by combining city indexes with
weights based on the 1960 Census of Population.
The revised city sample, beginning January
1964, will contain 50 metropolitan areas and cities
selected to represent all urban places in the United
States including Alaska and Hawaii. It provides
an up-to-date geographic representation of the
total urban population. Six additional large
cities will be included in 1966.
City Indexes
The Bureau’s program provides for publication
of city indexes only for the largest metropolitan
areas as outlined below and summarized in table 1.
A. Updated indexes for 14 large metropolitan areas now
included in the present index will be published beginning
in 1964 for families and single consumers combined. The
old series for families in these cities will be continued for
the 6-month overlap period through June 1964.
B. Indexes will be initiated for three metropolitan
areas which are not now included in the Consumer Price
Index—Buffalo, Dallas, and Honolulu.1 These will be
added to the national index and separate city indexes for
families and single consumers combined will be published.
C. Six other cities will be added to the national index
early in 1966, as soon as expenditure surveys are com
pleted to obtain comprehensive weight data and pricing
can be established on the new list of items. Four of these
cities—Cincinnati, Houston, Kansas City, and Minne
apolis—are represented in the present index, but will not
be included in the updated national index during 1964
and 1965. Meanwhile, these four city indexes will be
1 Under provisions of special legislation, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
also publishes in a separate release semiannual price indexes for four Alaskan
cities. Prices will be obtained in one of these—Anchorage—on a quarterly
cycle for inclusion in the revised national CPI.
795
ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE 1964 REVISION OF THE CPI
continued for families alone, calculated from the present
T a b l e 2. G r o u p a n d S u b g r o u p I n d e x e s o f the
samples of stores and commodities and present expendi
C o n su m e r P rice I n d e x B e g in n in g J a n u a r y 1964
ture weights. Indexes for the two other cities—San
[Indexes not previously published are italicized]
Diego and Milwaukee—will not be available until 1966.
D.
Two cities—Portland (Oreg.), and Scranton—for
Groups and subgroups
Comments
which city indexes have been published, did not fall in the
revised national sample of cities. Consumer price indexes
All items
for these two cities will be discontinued as of April and
Food
Food at home
May 1964, respectively.
Thus, city indexes on the new base will be
available for 17 cities in 1964 and 1965 and for 4
cities on the old base. Beginning in 1966,
separate city indexes will be published on the new
basis as part of the national index for 23 cities.
Housing
Shelter
Rent
Component Indexes
The updated index will introduce a number of
changes in the list of published group and sub
group indexes. Three subgroups presently pub
lished will be discontinued—housefurnishings,
household operation, and other apparel. The
apparel component has been redefined to include
laundry and dry cleaning of apparel, which were
formerly included in household operation. Re
vised apparel indexes reflecting this redefinition
T a b l e 1.
S t a t u s o f C it y C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x e s ,
Ja n uar y
1964
to
Metropolitan area
Pricing cycle
A . Cities included in both
present and revised CPI.
Atlanta...................
Baltimore_______
Boston__________
Chicago_________
Cleveland_______
Detroit..... ..............
Los Angeles...........
New York_______
Philadelphia_____
Pittsburgh______
St. Louis________
San Francisco____
Seattle__________
Washington, D .C .
Mar., June, Sept., Dec.
Do.
Jan., Apr., July, Oct.
M onthly.
Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov.
M onthly.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Jan., April, July, Oct.
Mar., June, Sept., Dec.
Do.
Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov.
Do.
Buffalo__________ Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov.
Dallas__________
Do.
Honolulu................ Mar., June, Sept., Dec.
C. Cities to be added in 1966.. C incinnati1...........
Do.
Houston 1_______ Feb., M ay, Aug., Nov.
Kansas C ity 1____ Jan., Apr., July, Oct.
Minneapolis 1____
Do.
San Diego_______ N ot yet known.
Milwaukee......... .
Do.
D . Cities to be dropped in
early 1964.
Portland (Oreg.).. Jan., Apr., July, Oct.
S c r a n to n .._____ Feb., M ay, Aug., N ov.
1 Will be published on old basis during 1964 and 1965.
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Available for cities; previously pub
lished for U.S. only.
Includes room rents and hotel and
motel rates not shown separately.
Rent of dwelling
Home ownership
Fuel and utilities
Solid and petroleum fuels
Gas and electricity
Household furnishings and oper
ation
Apparel
M en’s and boys’
Women’s and girls’
Footwear
Includes homo purchase, mortgage
interest, settlement charges, taxes,
insurance, and repairs and mainte
nance.
Includes telephone, water, and sewer
not shown separately.
Includes housefurnishings and house
keeping supplies and services.
Includes other apparel not shown
separately.
1966
National index status
B. Cities to be added in
January 1964.
Cereals and bakery prod
ucts
Meats, poultry, and fish
Dairy products
Fruits and vegetables
Other food at home
Food away from home
Transportation
Private
Public
Health and recreation
Medical care
Personal care
Reading and recreation
Other goods and services
will be calculated back to 1953. Table 2 shows
the series which will be published regularly in the
CPI report for the U.S. average and for individual
cities, beginning with the index for January 1964.
Users of the Consumer Price Indexes should re
gard the new indexes as continuations of the
present indexes. Where legal or definitional
considerations preclude them from doing so, the
Bureau will be glad to assist users facing such
problems. The Bureau also is planning to pub
lish in October 1963 a statement giving possible
methods of adapting existing wage escalation
contracts to the new index.
— D o ris P. R o t h w e l l
Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
796
A Review of Work
Stoppages During 1962
T he n u m ber of strik es and the amount of
strike idleness in 1962 dropped below levels for
most postwar years, but increased over 1961.
The number of workers involved in strikes begin
ning in 1962 dropped to the lowest level since
1942. (See chart and table 1.) Total man-days
of idleness, at 18.6 million, was lower than in any
postwar year except 1957 and 1961. Total
idleness diminished by 0.16 percent, the estimated
total work time of employees in nonagricultural
establishments excluding government.1 Strikes
with duration of 60 days or more involved nearly
10 percent of the total workers and accounted for
more than two-fifths of the idleness.
Size and Duration of Stoppages
W o r k S t o p pa g e s in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s ,
1945-621
Work stoppages W orkers involved2 Man-days idle during year
Year
Number
Average Number
duration
(thou(calendar sands)
days)3
Percent
of
total
em
ployed
Number
(thousands)
Percent
Per
of estimated worker
in
total
working volved
time
1945.__
1946.__
1947....
1948.—
1949—
1950—
4, 750
4, 985
3.693
3, 419
3,606
4,843
9.9
24.2
25.6
21.8
22.5
19.2
3,470
4,600
2,170
1,960
3,030
2,410
12.2
14.5
6.5
5.5
9.0
6.9
38,000
116,000
34, 600
34,100
50, 500
38, 800
0.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
11.0
25.2
15.9
17.4
16.7
16.1
1951—
1952—
1953—
1954—
1955—
1956.__
4, 737
5,117
5,091
3, 468
4,320
3,825
17.4
19.6
20.3
22.5
18.5
18.9
2, 220
3, 540
2, 400
1,530
2, 650
1,900
5.5
8.8
5.6
3.7
6.2
4.3
22, 900
59,100
28, 300
22, 600
28, 200
33,100
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
10.3
16.7
11.8
14.7
10.7
17.4
1957—
1958—
1959—
I960—
1961.__
.1962—
3,673
3, 694
3,708
3, 333
3,367
3, 614
19.2
19.7
24.6
23.4
23.7
24.6
1,390
2,060
1,880
1,320
1, 450
1,230
3.1
4.8
4.3
3.0
3.2
2.7
16, 500
23. 900
69,000
19,100
16, 300
18, 600
.14
.22
.61
.17
.14
.16
11.4
11.6
36.7
14.5
11.2
15.0
1 The number of stoppages and workers relate to those beginning in the year;
average duration, to those ending in the year. Man-days of idleness include
all stoppages in effect.
Available information for earlier periods appears in Handbook of Labor
Statistics (BLS Bulletin 1016, 1951), table E-2. For a discussion of the
procedures involved in the collection and compilation of work stoppage
statistics, see Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statistical Series (BLS
Bulletin 1168, 1954), ch. 12.
2 In these tables, workers are counted more than once if they were involved
in more than 1 stoppage during the year.
3 Figures are simple averages; each stoppage is given equal weight regardless
of its size.
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T able
2.
W o r k S t o p p a g e s , b y S iz e o f S t o p p a g e ,
1962
Stoppages beginning in 1962
Size of stoppage
(number of workers
involved)
With the exception of 1961 when 195 strikes
occurred, the 211 strikes involving 1,000 or more
workers was the lowest number of large strikes in
T a b l e 1.
postwar years table 2. They accounted for nearly
two-thirds of the workers and man-days of
idleness. A comparatively low proportion of the
total idleness (25.8 percent) resulted from strikes
involving 10,000 workers or more. Since 1946,
in only 3 years, 1951, 1953, and 1957, has the
percentage of total man-days been lower than in
1962. In years when major strikes occurred in the
steel industry, the proportion of total idleness in
this size group ranged from 43.4 to 73.7 percent.
Continuing the trend of most postwar years, nearly
three-fifths of the stoppages involved fewer than
100 workers, but accounted for only 6.2 percent of
the total number of workers involved and 7.2 per
cent of total strike idleness.
W orkers
involved
N um
ber
A ll sizes..............— 3,614
732
6 and under 20—..............
20 and under 100______ 1,417
699
100 and under 250_____
361
250 and uuder 500-------194
500 and under 1,000-----173
1.000 and under 5,000__
22
5.000 and under 10,000—
16
10.000 and over_____ _
Per
cent
Number
Per
cent
Man-days idle
during 1962
(all stoppages)
Number
Per
cent
100.0 1, 230,000 100.0 18,600.000
100.0
176,000
1.170.000
1.840.000
1, 910,000
1.730.000
5.030.000
1, 930,000
4.800.000
0.9
6.3
9.9
10.3
9.3
27.1
10.4
25.8
20.3
39.2
19.3
10.0
5.4
4.8
.6
.4
8, 650
67, 800
110, 000
126,000
128,000
326.000
149.000
318.000
0.7
5.5
8.9
10.2
10.4
26.4
12.1
25.8
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
Sixteen major stoppages involved 10,000 or
more workers each, compared with 14 in 1961 and
17 in 1960. Slightly more than 300,000 workers
were involved in strikes in this size group, just over
half as many as in 1961, and except for 1957, the
lowest in the postwar years. Idleness in these
strikes (4,800,000 man-days) accounted for a
fourth of the total. Among the largest stoppages
were those involving longshoremen on the Atlantic
and Gulf coasts (50,000), construction workers in
i
These data include all work stoppages known to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics and various cooperating agencies involving six or more workers and
lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and mandays idle include all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved in a stoppage; they do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
A forthcoming bulletin will provide additional data and analysis on stop
pages during 1962. For data on 1961 stoppages, see “ A Review on Work
Stoppages During 1961,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1962, pp. 662-667, and
Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1961 (BLS Bulletin 1339,1962).
The terms “ work stoppage” and “ strike” are used interchangeably in this
article, and include lockouts.
WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1962
797
the Northern California area (38,000) and in the
Detroit area (25,000), New York newspaper
workers (20,000), and employees of the Lockheed
Aircraft Corp. (20,000).
Average strike duration in 1962 (24.6 days)
persisted at the high levels which commenced in
1959. The 862 stoppages of 30 days or more
(table 3) accounted for slightly over a fifth of the
stoppages ending in 1962, equivalent to the 1961
proportion. These longer strikes, however, ac
counted for 70 percent of idleness in 1962, com
pared with just about 50 percent in 1961. Stop
pages lasting 90 days or more numbered 224, the
highest since 1946. At the other extreme, 2 out
of 5 strikes ended in less than a week. These
stoppages involved three-eighths of the total of
idle workers but accounted for only one-twentieth
of idle time.
Seven major strikes commencing during 1962 2
lasted 1 month or more: New York newspapers
* The duration distribution shown in table 3 is not affected by those major
strikes which began in 1962 and continued into 1963.
3 The strike was ended on October 4 by a Taft-Ilartley injunction but the
strike was resumed on December 23 at the expiration of the 80-day injunc
tion and continued into 1963.
T a ble 4.
W ork S to ppa g es ,
by
T a b l e 3.
D u r a t io n
of
W ork S toppages E n d in g
1962 i
Stoppages
Workers
involved
Duration (calendar days)
N um Per
ber
cent
A ll periods................
3,632
1day.................................. .
2 and less than 4 days.......
4 and less than 7 days.......
7 and less than 15 days___
15 and less than 30 days___
30 and less than 60 days___
60 and less than 90 days___
90 days and over.................
372
540
525
774
559
470
168
224
N um
ber
in
Man-days idle
Per
cent
N um
ber
Per
cent
100.0 1,150,000 100.0 16, 900,000 100.0
10.2 134.000 11.6 134,000 0.8
2.4
14.9
182,000 15.8
397, 000
14.5
111,000 9.6 371.000 2.2
21.3
15.4
12.9
4.6
6.2
258,000
169,000
187,000
71,600
37,900
22.5
14.7
16.2
6.2
3.3
1.670,000
2,300,000
5,060,000
3,190,000
3,770,000
9.9
13.6
30.0
18.9
22.3
i
The totals in this table differ from those in the preceding tables because
these (like the average duration figures shown in table 1) relate to stoppages
endin during the year, including 1961 idleness in these strikes.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals
which continued into 1963 (114 days); Eastern
Air Lines; construction work in Idaho, Oregon,
and Washington (61 days), Northern California
(57 days), and Eastern Michigan (52 days);
longshoring3 (October and December-January—
39 days); and the Chicago & North Western
Railway Co. (30 days).
C ontract S t a tus
and
M ajor I s s u e s , 1962
Stoppages beginning in 1962
Contract status and major issue
Man-days idle during
1962 (all stoppages)
Workers involved
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
All stoppages........................... .......................................................................................................
3,614
100.0
1,230,000
100.0
18,600,000
100.0
Negotiation of first agreement
_______ __________________________________
General wage changes and supplementary benefits_______________________ _______
Wage adjustments
_
_______________________________ _________________
Honrs of work__ __________________
Union organization and security _
_________________________________________
Job security and plant administration______ ___ _ _ ______________________________
Interunion or intraunion matters________________________________________________
Other
- ____________________________________________________
Renegotiation of agreement (expiration or reopening)_________________________________
General wage changes and supplementary benefits________________________________
Wage adjustments
_
____________________________________________________
Hours of work
______ ____________________________________________
Union organization and security_________________________________________________
Job security and plant administration__________ _______________________ _________
Interunion or intraunion matters________________________________________________
Other
. ______________________ ___________ __________ _______
During term of agreement (negotiation of new agreement not involved)_________________
General wage changes and supplementary benefits _______________________________
Wage adjustments
.
- ______________________________________ ________
Hours of work
__ ________ _________________________________________ Union organization and security__________________________________________ ______
Job security and plant administration.. . _________________________ _____________
Interunion or intraunion matters
______ ______________________________________
Other
____ _______________
_____________________________________
No contract, or other contract status. ___________ _________________________________
General wage changes and supplementary benefits________________________________
Wage adjustments _________________ _____________________ ___________________
Honrs of work
_________________________________________
Union organization and security_________________________________________________
Job security and plant administration___ ______________________________________
Interunion or intraunion matters
_ ___________________________________________
Other
. ________ ______________________________________
N o information on contract status
_____________________________________
608
166
4
16.8
50,100
16,100
1,000
4.1
1,230. 000
490,000
61,000
6.6
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not eaual totals,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
394
28
12
4
1.747
1,431
58
5
100
114
5
34
1,078
5
93
1
60
548
305
66
91
20
11
17
24
16
3
90
48.3
29.8
2.5
2.5
27,200
2,970
2,320
490
798,000
600,000
40,100
1.530
69,800
76,000
2,690
7, 780
349,000
390
39,600
130
6,850
241,000
43,400
17,400
30,600
23,100
370
1,440
2,360
3,070
250
6,440
64.6
28.3
2.5
.5
622,000
23,300
25,100
12,700
14,900, 000
11,900,000
490,000
45,300
1,090,000
1,250,000
53, 600
55, 200
2,260,000
1,250
144,000
380
45,200
1,730,000
171. 000
167,000
88,600
30,000
6,420
9,590
15,300
26,200
970
78,100
80.3
12.2
.5
.4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
798
T able 5.
M ajor I s su e s I nvolved
in W o r k
S t o ppa g es , 1962
St ippages be ginning in 1962
Man-days idle
during 1962
(all stoppages)
Workers involved
Major issues
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
All issues..........................................................................................................................................
3,614
100.0
1,230,000
100.0
18,600,000
100.0
General wage changes.................................................................................................- ...........................
General wage increase__________________________________________________________
General wage increase, plus supplementary benefits----------------------------------------------General wage increase, hour decrease_____________________________________________
General wage decrease____________ ___________________________ _______ __________
General wage increase and escalation................... ................ ...................................... - .........—
Wages and working conditions............................................................................. ..................—
1,529
579
643
38
14
4
251
42.3
612,000
113,000
328,000
16,800
4,980
660
149,000
49.6
12,000,000
1,460,000
6, 520 000
126,000
144,000
10, 000
3,760,000
64.7
Supplementary benefits--------------- ------------------------ ------------------ ------------------------------Pensions, insurance, other welfare programs................ - .................. - ....................— ............
Severance or dismissal pay; other payments on layoff or separation-----------------------Premium p a y ......................... ................... ............. .............. .........................................................
Other
_ _ ____ ___________________________________ ______________
109
37
12
13
47
3.0
29, 400
11,200
1,290
2,000
14,900
2.4
481,000
143,000
41,900
47, 800
249,000
2.6
Wage adjustments.................................................................................................................. ..................
Incentive pay rates or administration.................................... ....................................- ..............
Job classification or rates........................................................................................................ .........
Downgrading_______ _________________________________________________________
Retroactivity.................................. - ...................................................................... - ...........- ............
M ethod of computing p a y ...................................... - ---------- -------------- ---------------- --------
180
61
78
3
11
27
5.0
81,800
18, 800
45,800
280
11, 700
5,190
6.6
704,000
252,000
344,000
1,920
15,800
30,400
3.8
Hours of work_____________________________________________________________________
Increase________________ _______ _________- ------------------------------------------------------Decrease______________________________________________________________________
6
1
5
.2
1,650
10
1,640
.1
45,600
50
45,600
.2
Other contractual matters..... ............................................................................................................. —
Duration of contract....................................... ........................................... ....................................
U nspecified...................... ....................................... ............................. — ....................................
34
8
26
.9
7,560
2,200
5, 360
.6
39,900
21, 700
18, 200
.2
Union organization and security........................................ ...............................................................—
Recognition (certification)------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------Recognition and job security issu es........................................................................ — .........—
Recognition and economic issues_________________________________ _______________
Strengthening bargaining position or union shop and economic issues----------------------Union security----------------------- ------------------------------ ------ ------------------------------------Refusal to sign agreem ent......................................... ................................................... ..............
Other union organization matters________________________________________________
582
220
9
85
136
35
18
79
16.1
106,000
10, 500
270
4, 770
42,800
30, 200
1,410
16,200
8.6
1, 780,000
205,000
14,000
171,000
1,050,000
82, 300
7,920
252,000
9.6
Job security................................................................................................................... - .............. ...........
Seniority and/or layoff----------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------Division of work----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------Subcontracting------------------------------- -------------- --------------------------------------------------N ew machinery or other technological issues______________________________________
Job transfers, bumping, e t c .. ....................... ....... ..............................................— ......................
Transfer of operations or prefabricated goods.............................................................................
Other _ _____ _____________________________________________________________
220
96
5
38
9
8
13
51
6.1
126,000
60,400
830
15,400
19,100
1,510
2, 740
25, 900
10.2
1, 570,000
697,000
4,570
354,000
61, 900
57, 700
25,200
367,000
8.4
Plant administration_______________________________________________________________
Physical facilities, surroundings, etc_____________________________________________
Safety measures, dangerous equipment, etc ______________________________________
Supervision-------- ---------- ------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------Shift work.......... ............................ .................................................- ............ ......................- ...........
Work assignments________ ______ ______________________________________________
Speedup (workload)____________________________________________________________
Work rules_______ _________ ___________________________________________________
Overtimework____ ______ _________ _______________________________________ . . .
Discharge and discipline____ __________________________ ________________________
O th e r ._______________________________________________________________________
516
9
21
16
20
42
40
27
12
200
129
14.3
198,000
2,200
9,730
2, 580
9, 360
21,600
7,090
26, 800
5,030
82,300
31,100
16.0
1,450,000
5,100
117,000
8,270
81.600
106,000
64,100
393,000
20, 300
298,000
359,000
7.8
Other working conditions___________________________________________________________
Arbitration__________ . . ____________________________________________________
Grievance procedures____ ______________________________________________________
Unspecified contract violations________________________________ _________________
44
9
18
17
1.2
13,100
2, 920
8, 370
1,950
1.1
181, 000
35, 400
34,300
112,000
1.0
Interunion or intraunion matters____________________________________________________
Union rivalry 1____ _____ _______________ __________________ . -------------------------Jurisdiction ^representation of w ork ers..................................................................................
Jurisdictional—work assignment_________________________________________________
Union adm inistration3. ____________ . ________________________ _______________
Sym pathy_____________________________________________________________________
Other. . ___________________________________________________________________ .
349
14
16
258
1
58
2
9.7
53,000
930
9,580
20, 800
30
21,100
520
4.3
287,000
15, 500
102,000
75,900
170
85,200
8, 380
1.5
N ot reported......... ....................................................................................................................................
45
1.2
5,560
.5
16,500
.1
i Includes disputes between unions of different affiliation, such as those
between unions affiliated with AFL-CIO and nonaffiliates.
1 Includes disputes between unions, usually of the same affiliation or 2
locals of the same union, over representation of workers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Includes disputes within a union over the administration of union affairs
or regulations.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal
totals.
799
WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1962
T able
6.
W ork S toppages
Industry group
bt
I n d u str y G rou p ,
1962
Stoppages begin Man-days Percent
idle dur of esti
ning in 1962
mated
ing 1962
total
(all stop
work
pages)
N um Workers
ing time
involved
ber
All industries........................................ 13,614 1,230,000 18,600,000
0.16
Manufacturing.......................... 11,789
638,000
10,100,000
0.24
Primary metal industries------------Fabricated metal products, except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment----------------Ordnance and accessories------------Electrical machinery, equipment,
and supplies------------- --------------Machinery, except electrica l..........
Transportation equipment...............
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________ ____ - ..............
Furniture and fixtures----------------Stone, clay, and glass products........
Textile mill products....... ..................
Apparel and other finished prod
ucts made from fabrics and sim
ilar materials........................... .........
Leather and leather products-------Food and kindred products..............
Tobacco manufactures__________
Paper and allied products.......... —
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries____________ _______
Chemicals and allied products-----Petroleum refining and related in
dustries_________ ______ _______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics
products---------- ----------------------Professional, scientific, and control
ling instruments; photographic
and optical goods; watches and
clocks_________________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing in
dustries........ ......................................
176
84,800
872,000
0.29
220
42,500
29,900
651,000
7
202,000
.23
.37
99
196
631,000
100
64,200
63,300
81,500
1,200,000
.16
.32
.34
72
61
113
50
13,100
12,300
15,600
6,990
448,000
298,000
318,000
99,900
.29
.31
95
32
206
3
63
23, 600
7,550
54,500
990
18,800
130, 000
58,100
614, 000
20,600
436,000
.04
.06
.14
.09
.28
53
103
45,200
29,400
694,000
767,000
.29
. 35
10
6,890
522,000
1.05
43
14,800
159,000
.16
38
15,100
418,000
.46
54
7,350
178,000
Nonmanufacturing..................
1,825
596,000
8,460, 000
2.11
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries..
M ining-------------------------------------Contract construction........................
Transportation, communication,
electric, gas, and sanitary services.
Wholesale and retail trade............ .
Finance, insurance, and real estate.
Services________________________
Government........................ —..........
16
159
913
2,560
51,800
284,000
59,000
983,000
4,150,000
(3)
0.60
.60
213
364
182,000
29,700
1,440
12, 700
31,100
2,490,000
535,000
15,100
145,000
79,100
(3)
(3)
(3)
11
121
28
1,410, 000
.22
.04
.18
.25
.02
1 Stoppages extending into 2 or more industry groups have been counted
in each industry affected; workers involved and man-days idle were allo
cated to the respective groups.
Excludes government.
N ot available.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
2
2
Contract Status
Strikes over agreement renegotiations, either on
expiration or reopening, accounted for almost half
of all 19G2 stoppages (table 4). Kenegotiation
strikes involved more than three-fifths of the
workers and caused more than four-fifths of the
total idleness. Within this group of disputes,
general wage changes and supplementary benefits
contributed the largest proportions of stoppages,
workers, and man-days idle.
One-sixth of the strikes took place during the
negotiation of a first agreement. Less than 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent of the workers were involved and idleness
amounted to about 7 percent of the total.
Disputes arising during the term of the agree
ment accounted for nearly one-third of the stop
pages and workers but only one-eighth of the
idleness. About four-fifths of these generally
short disputes related either to job security, plant
administration, or interunion and intraunion
disputes.
Chart 1. Man-days Idle in Work Stoppages, 1927-62
[Semilog scale]
800
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Chart 2. Number of Work Stoppages and Workers
Involved, 1916-62
Job security issues predominated in 220
strikes involving 10 percent of the workers and
accounting for nearly 1.6 million man-days of
idleness.
Disputes over plant administration issues drop
ped considerably from 1961 levels. The number
of workers involved dropped from 500,000 to a
little less than 200,000 and man-days from 3.6
million to 1.5 million. Major strikes at General
Motors and Ford plants in 1961 were attributed
to this issue.
Industries Affected
Major Issues
Disputes over general wage changes, alone or
combined with supplementary benefit issues, led
to 2 out of 5 strikes in 1962 as in 1961 (table 5).
The proportion of workers involved increased,
however, to one-half the total, from one-third in
1961. Idleness from this source also increased
from 40 percent of the total in 1961 to 65 percent
in 1962. Ten of the 16 major stoppages stemmed
from these sources.
Stoppages over union organization and security
matters ranked next highest in frequency, amount
ing to about one-sixth of the total, and resulting
n about 10 percent of the idleness.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The number of workers involved in stoppages
has been higher in manufacturing (table 6) than
in nonmanufacturing industries since 1950; meas
ured in man-days of idleness, this relationship
has persisted since 1944. Workers involved in
1962 strikes in manufacturing dropped below the
1961 level (by 29 percent) while idleness increased
slightly (3 percent). Workers in strikes in nonmanufacturing industries rose 7 percent and
idleness 30 percent over 1961 levels.
In 14 industry groups, the number of workers
involved in strikes dropped from their 1961 levels.
Decreases of 50 percent and over occurred in
leather and leather products, fabricated metal
products, petroleum refining, and wholesale and
retail trade. The number of workers in printing
and publishing industry strikes increased over 500
percent from 1961 (idleness in this group showed
an increase of nearly 750 percent, owing largely to
long newspaper stoppages in New York and Cleve
land). In each year, 4 major strikes occurred in
transportation and communications. The number
of workers was 14 percent lower in 1962, but idle
ness increased 45 percent, indicating somewhat
longer duration of the 1962 strikes.
Industry groups sustaining more than 1 million
man-days of idleness in 1962 were: contract con
struction (4.2 million), transportation and com
munication (2.5 million), transportation equip
ment (1.4 million), and machinery (1.2 million).
Idleness by State
In California, New York, Michigan, Pennsyl
vania, and Ohio, more than a million man-days of
idleness resulted from strikes in 1962 (table 7).
WORK STOPPAGES DURING 1962
801
T able 7.
Stoppages begin
ning in 1962
W ork Stoppages
Workers
involved
Number
3,614
1, 230,000
18,600,000
50
10
26
22
19, 900
1,040
16, 800
4,220
143,000
196,000
Colorado.......................................
Connecticut------------------------Delware____________________
District of Columbia________
Florida......... ................................
33
63
6,710
26, 000
4,420
370
13, 500
273,000
450,000
46,900
Georgia____ _____ ____ ______
H aw aii..____ _______________
Idaho______________________
Illin o is.._______________ . . .
Indiana_____ _______________
21
34
22
4,780
4,190
, 860
63, 700
47, 000
193,000
71,000
47,600
995,000
821,000
.08
.19
.15
.13
.26
Iow a.______________________
Kansas_____________________
K en tu ck y _________________
Louisiana___________________
M aine___ _____ ____________
48
14
90
45
15, 500
1,460
27,000
145,000
47,000
236,000
459,000
.10
Maryland------- -- . . . . . . ___
Massachusetts___ _____ _ . . .
Michigan__________________
Minnesota__________________
M ississippi— .............................
42
153
196
47
7
15,000
23,100
81,400
263
12
5
48
240
136
12
2
20,000
1,240
10,100
1,850
175,000
41,700
2,660,000
456,000
11,200
151,000
442,000
1, 440,000
259,000
15,800
Number
Percent of
estimated
total
working
time
0.12
26,000
5,890
3,810
3,640
3,020
361,000
169,000
57,200
49,900
16,400
.25
N ew Jersey_________ _______
N ew Mexico________________
New York_____________ ____
North Carolina_____________
North Dakota_________ ____ _
238
17
464
17
7
58,000
6,330
214,000
646,000
175,000
2, 410,000
96,900
17,500
.14
.39
.18
.04
.07
Ohio_________ _____________
Oklahoma___ ______________
Oregon__________ __________
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island______ _________
298
18
37
397
25
75,100
1,980
17,200
118,000
4,080
1,110,000
.16
.04
.16
.17
.07
South Carolina..........................
South D akota.............................
Tennessee....................... ............
Texas______________________
U tah.................. ............ ............ .
9
49
12,500
18,900
208,000
468,000
19
1,760
2,860
8,580
23,100
4,650
Vermont________ _________
Virginia______ ____ _______
Washington— ______________
West Virginia_______________
Wisconsin__________________
Wyoming__________________
13
37
85
84
64
9
2,280
42,400
17,200
21,900
530
110,000
201,000
289,000
8,220
.21
.14
.16
.04
.17
.28
.02
.07
.10
.28
.12
.02
These same five States were affected by relatively
high idleness in 1961. California lost most time
with 2,660,000 man-days in 1962, highest in the
State since 1959. Slightly more than half of
this idleness resulted from 3 major strikes—2 in
the construction industry and 1 at the Lockheed
Aircraft Corp. New York had the next highest
idleness (2,410,000 man-days), more than onefourth of which occurred as a result of 7 of the 16
major strikes. Next in order of high idleness
were: Michigan, 1,440,000 man-days; Pennsyl
vania, 1,390,000 man-days; and Ohio, 1,110,000
man-days.
The percent of estimated total working time in
nonagricultural employment lost through strike
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Workers
involved
26
31
15
1
4
N um
ber
21
Stoppages extending across State lines have been counted in each State
aflected; workers involved and man-days idle were allocated among the
States.
690783— 63
State
Missouri___________________
Montana____________ ____ _
Nebraska___________________
Nevada____________________
N ew Hampshire.........................
.24
.05
.25
(2)
Man-days idle during
1962 (all stoppages)
0.12
.12
0.16
10,200
2,200
Stoppages begin
ning in 1962
Percent of
estimated
total
working
time
N um
ber
United States1________
S tate, 1962
Man-days idle during
1962 (all stoppages)
State
Alabama_______ __________
Alaska_______________ ______
Arizona_________ _________
Arkansas_________ . . _ ______
California____________ ____ __
by
2
95
10
86
6,100
1,600
10,100
50,800
177,000
1,390,000
46,400
.51
.07
.19
.04
.01
.07
.10
21,000
.08
.04
89,800
.38
.05
.42
727,000
.21
.11
.04
Less than 0.005 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sum s of individual item s m ay n o t equal totals
idleness was highest in Montana (0.51 percent),
followed by Washington (0.42 percent). Other
States leading in strike idleness in relation to
nonagricultural employment were New Mexico
(0.39 percent), Vermont (0.38 percent), and
Louisiana and Michigan (0.28 percent).
States with the highest number of stoppages
were: New York (464), Pennsylvania (397), Ohio
(298), California (263), Illinois (240), and New
Jersey (238). There were fewer than 10 stoppages
in Mississippi, North Dakota, South Dakota, and
Wyoming.
— L oretto R . N
o la n
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
802
Changes in Employee Earnings in
Retail Trade, June 1961-June 1962
N o n s u pe r v iso r y
w orkers
in retail trade
throughout the United States averaged $1.68 an
hour at straight-time rates 1 in June 1962, 6 cents
an hour more than a year before, as shown by a
survey of employee earnings in the industry made
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.2 This article
summarizes the results of the study and highlights
some of the wage changes that occurred in the
industry between the surveys conducted 3 months
prior and 9 months subsequent to the application
of the $1 Federal minimum wage to retail trade
employees.3
Overall Earnings, by Employment Characteristics
In June 1962, about a tenth of the Nation’s
6.2 million nonsupervisory retail workers covered
by the survey earned less than $1 an hour, a third
less than $1.25, and three-fourths less than $2
(table 1). The distribution of workers’ earnings
was not markedly different from that of June
1961, except for a reduction of 5 percentage points
in the proportion of workers employed at rates
below $1 an hour. The proportion of workers
concentrated at or just above the $1 level in
creased from 10 to only 12 percent. The minor
changes in proportions of workers at pay levels
above $1.25, as shown in chart 1, at least partially
reflected factors other than the introduction of a
Federal minimum wage, such as changes in the
composition of the labor force, and occupational
requirements, commission payments, and wage
changes resulting from collective bargaining or
employee personnel action.
Increases in average earnings between the two
surveys raised regional hourly pay levels in June
1962 to $1.39 in the South, $1.68 in the North
Central, $1.81 in the Northeast, and $2.05 in the
West. The 7-cent increases in average earnings
of workers in the South and Northeast, as com
pared with 4 cents in the West, served to narrow
somewhat regional pay differentials. The most
striking change in the distribution of earnings
occurred in the South, where the proportion of
workers receiving less than $1 an hour declined
from 31 percent in June 1961 to 20 percent in
June 1962, a reduction of 181,000 workers. The
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
shift in the South accounted for more than twothirds of the total change in workers at this pay
level. The proportion of southern workers clus
tered at or just above the $1 Federal minimum
rose from 11 to 17 percent, an increase of almost
100,000 workers.
Men and women holding retail jobs in June
1962 averaged $1.85 and $1.37 an hour, respec
tively (table 2)—a 5-cent-an-hour advance for
each group since June 1961. The earnings dis
tributions, however, changed markedly only for
women at the lower pay levels. The proportion of
women earning less than $1 an hour declined
by half—from almost a fifth in June 1961 to
about a tenth in June 1962. The proportion of
women with these earnings was about twice the
proportion of men in June 1961, but the difference
had narrowed to just a few percentage points by
June 1962. This reduction accounted for about
seven-tenths of the overall decrease of 268,000
retail workers in the United States who were paid
less than $1 an hour. Changes in the proportion
of women at other pay levels were substantially
smaller. For example, the proportion of women
earning between $1 and $1.05 an hour increased
from 14 to 16 percent, and those earning less than
$1.25 an hour decreased from 51 to 47 percent.
The proportions remained roughly twice those
found for men in both surveys.
In metropolitan areas, retail employees averaged
$1.79 an hour, and in nonmetropolitan areas,
$1.45 in June 1962. Average earnings for both
1The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this article differ in con
cept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s
monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike the latter, the estimates pre
sented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends,
holidays, and late shifts.
2
The June 1962 survey included all retail establishments (except eating and
drinking places) with one or more paid employees, located in the 50 States and
the District of Columbia. The survey was conducted on a sample basis
designed to yield national and regional estimates for major retail business
groups and specific lines of retail business.
More comprehensive information on the scope and method and the f in d i n gs
of the overall study will be presented in a forthcoming BLS bulletin. Sepa
rate bulletins will also be issued for seven major retail groups which will in
clude data for selected lines of business: Building materials, hardware, and
farm equipment; general merchandise; food; automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations; apparel and accessories; furniture, home f u r n i s h i n gs, and
household appliances; and miscellaneous retail stores.^
2
The Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1961 (Public Law 87-30),
effective September 3, 1961, extended the Federal minimum wage coverage
to employees in large retail enterprises. The minimum hourly rates for such
employees were set at not less than $1 for the first 3 years from that date, not
less than $1.15 in the fourth year, and at least $1.25 thereafter. The findings
of the Bureau’s June 1961 study of retail trade were presented in Monthly
Labor Review, January 1963, pp. 44-51, and BLS Bulletin 1338-8.
803
RETAIL TRADE EMPLOYEES’ EARNINGS
groups of workers had advanced by 6 cents an
hour between survey periods. Proportions of
workers earning less than $1 decreased in both
area groups—from 9 to 5 percent in the larger
(metropolitan) communities, and from 25 to 18
percent in the smaller ones. Changes in earnings
above the $1 level were relatively small for both
groups of workers. Ten percent of the workers
in metropolitan areas earned between $1 and $1.05
an hour in June of both 1961 and 1962, while the
proportion in nonmetropolitan areas in that wage
Chart 1. Nonsupervisory Employees in Retail
Trade Receiving Specified Average StraightTime Hourly Earnings, Selected Character
istics, June 1961 and June 1962
T a b l e 1. C u m u la tiv e P e r c en t D ist r ib u t io n of N on su p e r v iso r y
E m ployees in R eta il T r ad e ,1 by
A v e ra g e S tr aigh t - tim e H ourly E a r n in g s ,2 U nited
S t a tes a n d R eg io n s , 3 J u n e 1962
Average hourly earnings 3
Under $0 50
$0 50 and
$0 55 and
$0 60 and
$0 65 and
$0.70 and
un dor $0.55 _
under $0.60 _
under $0.65
under $0.70
under $0.75
______
$0.75 and
$0.80 and
$0.85 and
$0.90 and
$0.95 and
under $0.80__________
under $0.85__________
under $0.90.....................
under $0.95____ ______
under $1.00__________
United North South
States
east
1
1
2
2
West
2
3
4
6
7
9
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
10
12
15
21
5
6
8
9
9
21
$1.00 and under $ 1 .0 5 ..................
$1.05 and under $1.10.......... .........
$1.10 and under $1.15.................
$1.15 and under $1.20.....................
$1.20 and under $1.25.....................
23
27
31
34
$1.25 and under $1.30__________
$1.30 and under $ 1 .3 5 .._______
$1.35 and under $1.40__________
$1.40 and under $1.45_____ ____ _
$1.45 and under $1.50......................
42
44
48
50
53
32
35
39
42
45
$1.50 and
$1.60 and
$1.70 and
$1.80 and
$1.90 and
under $1.60__________
under $1.70__________
under $1.80_____ ____ _
under $1.90__________
under $2.00__________
60
64
69
72
75
53
58
63
$2.00 and
$2.10 and
$2.20 and
$2.30 and
$2.40 and
under $2.10__________
under $2.20__________
under $2.30__________
under $2.40_____ _____
under $2.50__________
79
81
84
$2.50 and
$2.60 and
$2.70 and
$2.80 and
$2.90 and
under $2.60__________
under $2.70------ --------under $2.80_________
under $2.90__________
under $3.00__________
Total_____ _____ ________
North
Central
24
12
15
17
19
20
37
41
45
50
53
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
21
24
28
31
34
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
8
9
11
14
15
70
42
45
49
51
53
24
25
29
31
33
71
75
79
82
85
87
60
65
69
73
76
42
47
51
55
58
89
90
92
93
94
80
82
85
87
63
87
76
80
83
85
87
89
91
92
94
94
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
96
97
97
90
92
93
94
95
78
80
83
87
100
100
100
100
68
86
59
62
65
68
Number of employees (thousands)___ ___________ ______ 6,175. 5 1,599. 5 1,773.6
$1.81
$1.39
Average hourly earnings2.........— $1.68
88
1,868.6
$1.68
66
69
72
74
88
100
933.8
$2.05
i Excludes eating and drinking places.
* Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
The regions used in this study include: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and
West V ir g i n i a ; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, N ew Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
3
N o t e : Dashes indicate less than 0.5 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•'Establishments which are part of enterprises with annual sales offless
than $1 million.
Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more and part of enter
prises with annual sales of $1 million or more.
3
interval increased from 12 to 15 percent; the
proportion of those earning $1.25 or more increased
from 69 to 72 percent in the former areas, and from
50 to 53 percent in the latter.
Retail establishments were classified by their
annual gross volume of sales (exclusive of excise
taxes at the retail level) and by the sales of their
parent enterprises.4 Those which had annual
* The terms “ enterprise” and “ establishment” were used synonymously
for single-unit firms.
804
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T able 2. A v erage S traight -T im e H ourly E a r n in g s 1
T rade 2 E a r n in g L ess T h a n S pec ified A mounts of P ay ,
and P er cen t of N o n su p e r v iso r y E m ployees in R etail
b y S elected C haracteristics , U nited S ta tes , J u n e 1962
Number of Average
employees
hourly
(thousands) earnings 1
Selected characteristics
Percent of employees earning less than—
$1.00
$0.75
$1.05
$1.15
M en............... .............. .........................
Women_________________ ______ ____
P3
Metropolitan areas3.......... .................. ...............
Nonmetropolitan areas............. _........................................
3,666.0
2, 509.4
$1.85
1.37
3
4
8
11
16
27
20
4,257.2
1,918.3
1.79
1.45
2
5
18
15
33
Enterprises with annual sales of $1,000,000 or more *
Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more * _
Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 * ._
3,078.0
2,806. 6
271.4
. 81
1.84
1.48
4
7
2
20
14
13
34
19
42
Enterprises with annual sales of less than $1,000,000 *_
Establishments with annual sales of $250,000 or more *
Establishments with annual sales of less than $250,000 A
3,097. 5
1,158.7
1,938. 8
1.56
1.74
1.44
6
3
8
15
19
27
18
33
39
1See footnote 2, table 1.
1See footnote 1, table 1.
3 The terms “metropolitan areas,” as used in this report, refers to the cities
and county areas defined by the Bureau of the Budget as Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Metropolitan areas include those counties
which contain at least 1 central city of 50,000 population, and those counties
T a b l e 3.
1
7
1
8
$1.25
$1.50
$2.00
25
47
41
69
65
90
21
28
47
47
65
71
84
21
30
28
50
48
46
66
71
69
82
39
29
44
58
47
64
79
72
84
37
40
33
22
around such cities which are metropolitan in character and economically
and socially integrated with the county of the central city.
* Excludes excise taxes at the retail level.
N ote : Dashes indicate less than 0.5 percent.
C u m u la tiv e P e r c en t D ist r ib u t io n of N o n s u p e r v iso r y E m ployees b y A v e ra g e S traigh t -T im e H ourly
E a r n in g s ,1 S elected L in e s of R et a il B u s in e s s , 2 U n it e d S t a t e s , J u n e 1962
Average hourly earnings 3
Building
materials,
hard Depart Limited
Motor Gasoline
ware,
ment
price Grocery vehicle service
and farm stores variety stores dealers stations
equip
stores
ment
dealers
Under $0.50................. ................. .......
1
$0.50 and under $0. 55____________
$0. 55 and under $0.00.. _________
$0. 60 and under $0.65_________ _
$0.65 and under $0.70____________
$0.70 and under $0.75____________
1
1
1
1
1
$0. 75 and under $0.80____________
2
1
$0. 80 and under $0. 85___________
$0.85 and under $0.90___ _______
$0. 90 and under $0.95....................
$0.95 and under $1.00___________
3
3
3
5
4
4
8
8
6
3
12
2
3
4
2
2
Furniture, House Drug
Women’s Shoe
home
hold
and
ready- stores furnishings, appli proprie
to-wear
aDd equip ance
tary
stores
ment stores stores stores
x
x
x
x
1
1
1
x
x
3
2
3
2
3
2
8
3
3
5
6
5
3
4
5
5
6
3
4
5
6
6
3
3
4
5
5
13
15
19
22
23
39
42
47
51
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Men’s
and boys’
clothing
and
furnish
ings stores
3
4
5
5
1
1
2
2
9
14
16
17
7
8
9
9
3
4
5
6
14
16
18
19
6
7
8
9
10
$1.00 and under $1.05___________
$1.05 and under $1.10... . . . ____
$1.10 and under $1.15___________
$1.15 and under $1.20___________
$1.20 and under $1.25___________
12
13
15
19
21
13
17
22
29
34
48
57
65
73
77
21
22
25
28
30
10
11
13
15
17
32
35
38
42
44
17
18
22
25
27
27
31
37
43
47
17
21
24
28
31
13
14
17
20
21
10
13
16
19
21
53
$1.25 and under $1.30___________
$1.30 and under $ 1 .3 5 ........... ........
$1.35 and under $1.40... ________
$1.40 and under $1.45___________
$1.45 and under $1.50___________
28
31
34
37
39
42
46
52
84
86
89
90
91
35
37
40
42
44
21
23
25
28
30
57
60
64
67
68
36
38
42
43
45
57
60
65
70
72
37
40
44
46
48
28
31
33
36
38
28
30
33
36
38
62
64
67
69
70
$1.50 and under $1.60___________
$1.60 and under $1.70___________
$1.70 and under $1.80___________
$1.80 and under $1.90___________
$1.90 and under $2.00___________
49
54
60
65
68
67
72
76
80
83
94
96
97
97
98
50
37
41
47
51
55
78
81
84
87
89
54
59
64
68
70
80
84
87
90
92
54
60
64
68
71
46
59
64
67
57
61
64
48
53
59
64
66
75
78
80
82
83
$2.00 and under $2.10______ ____ _
$2.10 and under $2.20_____ _____
$2.20 and under $2.30______ . . . .
$2.30 and under $2.40______ ___
$2.40 and under $2.50___________
73
76
79
82
84
85
87
89
91
92
98
99
99
99
99
72
76
79
82
84
60
63
68
71
73
92
93
94
95
96
76
79
83
85
87
94
96
96
97
98
76
79
83
85
87
69
72
75
78
79
73
75
79
82
84
85
87
87
89
89
$2. 50 and under $2.60___________
$2.60 and under $2. 70___________
$2.70 and under $2.80__________ _
$2. 80 and under $2. 90___________
$2. 90 and under $3.00___________
87
88
90
92
93
93
94
95
95
96
99
99
99
99
99
87
88
91
94
95
77
79
81
83
85
97
97
98
98
98
98
99
89
90
92
93
94
99
99
99
90
91
92
93
95
83
84
86
87
88
86
89
90
92
92
91
91
92
92
Total_______________
Number of employees (thousands).
Average hourly earnings 1............
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
505.7
$1.80
823.0
$1.62
292.0
$1.13
1,072. 8
$1.75
560.5
$2.14
438.2
$1.33
103.1
$1.76
229.1
$1.36
107. 5
$1.76
224. 8
$1.92
$1.85
88. 8
353 1
55
59
55
1 See footnote 2, table 1.
2 The 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared
by the Bureau of the Budget, was used in classifying establishments by kinds
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
51
93
$1.45
of retail business. T h e selection of retail businesses show n separately is
based on th e ir num erical im portance in retail trade.
N o t e : Dashes indicate less th a n 0.5 percent.
RETAIL TRADE EMPLOYEES’ EARNINGS
805
sales of $250,000 or more and were part of enter
prises with sales of at least $1 million were in
cluded, with some exceptions, under the coverage
of the 1961 amendments to the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act (FLSA).5 In June 1962, workers in
such establishments averaged $1.84 an hour. A
6-cent increase in average hourly earnings between
June 1961 and June 1962 was accompanied by a
decrease from 9 to 2 percent in the proportion of
workers paid less than $1 an hour, and by an in
crease from 8 to 11 percent in the concentration
of workers in the $1 to $1.05 wage interval. The
rise in the proportion of workers earning at least
$1.15 an hour was somewhat larger (from 76 to 81
percent) than that of the group earning $1.25 an
hour or more (from 70 to 72 percent). Kegionally,
the most pronounced wage change occurred in the
South. About a fifth of the southern retail work
ers in establishments with annual sales of $250,000
or more which were part of enterprises with sales
of $1 million or more earned less than $1 an hour
in June 1961, as compared with only a twentieth
in June 1962. Concomitantly, the proportion of
workers earning from $1 to $1.05 doubled—from
a tenth to a fifth.
Establishments which are part of retail enter
prises with annual sales of less than $1 million
comprise most of retail trade exempt from the
provisions of the act. Average earnings for
workers in these establishments were $1.56 an
hour in June 1962, exceeding the June 1961 level
by 5 cents. Although this increase differed by
only 1 cent from that noted for the higher salesvolume establishments, relatively little change
occurred at the lower pay levels for workers in
the lower sales-volume establishments. The pro
portion of these workers earning less than $1 an
hour decreased only slightly during the year—
from 17 to 15 percent. Consequently, of course,
the employees of such enterprises in June 1962
accounted for an even greater proportion of the
Nation’s retail trade workers earning less than $1
an hour than a year earlier—four-fifths, as com
pared with three-fifths. In the South, even
though average pay levels increased between
survey periods by 5 cents an hour in establish
ments generally exempt from the act, the reduction
* Of the 2.8 million workers employed in 1962 in retail establishments with
annual sales of $250,000 or more which were part of enterprises with annual
sales of $1 million or more, approximately 400,000 were employed in food
service jobs and by motor vehicle and farm implement dealers and were
specifically exempt from the provisions of the act.
T a b l e 4. N u m ber a n d A v era g e S tr aigh t - tim e W e e k l y E a r n in g s 1 op N o n s u p e r v iso r y E m p l o y e e s ,
H o urs o f W ork , S elec ted L in e s of R e t a il B u is n e s s , 2 U n it e d S t a t e s ,^Ju n e 1962
by
W eekly
[Employees in thousands]
Building materials,
hardware, and farm Department stores
equipment dealers
W eekly hours of work
Limited price
variety stores
Grocery stores
Motor vehicle
dealers
Gasoline service
stations
Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number
Average
of
weekly
of
weekly
of
weekly
of
weekly
of
weekly
of
weekly
employees earnings employees earnings employees earnings employees earnings employees earnings employees
earnings
1 and under 15..................... .......
15 and under 35_____________
35 and under 4 0 ..___________
40_________ ________________
Over 40 and under 44________
44..................................................
Over 44 and under 49________
49 and o v e r ..____ __________
19.5
50.2
20.5
95.3
25.9
45.7
$13. 74
40. 80
70.17
84.32
81.17
148.7
100.0
T otal_________________
505.7
$12.19
33. 50
56.99
69. 31
75.87
71. 75
76. 81
96.16
38.0
79.7
59.8
73.3
13.1
3.2
18.6
$9.15
26.78
42. 55
47. 87
44.57
48. 38
56. 42
57. 91
95.6
290.7
65.2
290.6
84.7
17.7
115.4
113.0
$13.61
35.07
58.66
85.17
82.32
73.31
79. 75
78. 38
8.8
84. 39
86.13
63.7
194.8
133.3
313.7
62.4
6.9
35.0
13.2
25.0
20.9
87.2
23.2
117.9
115.1
162.1
$15.38
44.69
85.52
100.29
93.03
103.06
103.17
97.40
36.6
80.7
12.5
42.9
7.6
7.3
74.5
175.7
$11. 89
30.19
44.64
61. 34
69.07
75.60
73.61
72.29
77.41
823.0
55.68
292.0
36. 58
1,072.8
61.89
560.5
95.95
438.2
57.83
88.01
M en’s and boys’
clothing and fur
nishings stores
1
and under 1 5 ................ ...........
15 and under 35_____________
35 and under 40.____________
40___________________ ____
Over 40 and under 44________
44____________________
Over 44 and under 49________
49 and over_________________
9.0
17.6
9.7
23.5
7.4
4.3
T o t a l................................
103.1
1 See footnote 2, table 1.
* See footnote 2, table 3.
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20.6
11.0
Women’s ready-towear stores
$13. 56
33. 59
62. 55
78.20
72. 88
76.87
83. 37
93. 44
19.1
57.3
45.5
61.8
19.3
65.67
6.2
Shoe stores
Furniture, homefurnishings, and
equipment stores
3.3
$11.58
31. 77
53.06
57.23
51.79
54.22
59.51
83.15
18.0
19.0
7.3
23.4
7.1
2.7
19.4
$13.24
31.96
61.91
78. 24
73.48
82.28
85.07
94.02
9.8
26.7
15.6
72.3
14.9
14.2
38.8
32.5
$15. 79
39. 42
71.78
85. 79
80. 24
78. 65
85. 36
95. 52
229.1
46.28
107.5
60.61
224.8
76.76
3.3
19.4
10.6
Household appli
ance stores
3.9
10.4
7.9
19.1
3.6
Drug and pro
prietary stores
16.4
14.9
$14.01
36.17
61. 42
77.16
83.42
82. 98
90.67
97. 58
40.6
93.1
29.9
75.0
20.9
11.3
63.2
29.1
$13.12
31.23
49.73
64. 41
56.84
74.99
68.40
80. 56
88.8
75.15
353.1
50.33
12.6
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
806
of workers paid less than $1 an hour, from 37 to 31
percent, was small compared with the decrease
which occurred in the covered segment of retail
trade in the region.
Selected Lines of Retail Business
Pay levels among 12 lines of retail business
for which data are shown separately varied from
$1.13 an hour in limited price variety stores to
$2.14 at motor vehicle dealers in June 1962 (table
3). Average earnings had increased since June
1961 in all but one of the retail businesses by
amounts ranging from 1 to 10 cents an hour,
the most frequent increases being between 4 and 7
cents an hour. No relationship was apparent
between the size of the increase and industry
pay level. For example, a 5-cent increase occurred
in limited price variety stores where hourly earn
ings in June 1962 averaged 55 cents below the
overall retail trade average, and in shoe stores
where earnings were 8 cents above the overall
average.
Differences in average pay increases among the
selected lines of retail business resulted in a decline
of three percentage points in indexes of earnings
(relative to the average for retail trade as a whole)
for employees in women’s ready-to-wear stores;
men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores;
and building materials, hardware, and farm equip
ment dealers. Changes in pay relationships for
the other groups were mostly negligible, as indi
cated in the following tabulation:
Index of average
hourly earnings
(national retail
trade average=100)
June
19GB
June
1961
Line of retail business
Limited price variety stores----------------------Gasoline service stations--------------------------Women’s ready-to-wear stores-------------------Drug and proprietary stores---------------------Department stores_______________________
Grocery stores__________________________
Shoe stores-------------------------------------------Men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings
stores_______________________________
Building materials, hardware, and farm
equipment dealers-------------------------------Household appliance stores----------------------Furniture, home furnishings, and equip
ment stores__________________________
Motor vehicle dealers-----------------------------
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67 67
79 80
81 84
86 86
96 97
104 104
105 106
105
108
107
110
110
110
114
127
115
126
The proportion of workers receiving less than
$1 an hour by line of business ranged up to 40
percent in June 1961; in six retail groups, at
least a tenth of the workers had such earnings.
By June 1962, the proportion of workers paid less
than $1 was no more than 23 percent in any line
of business, and only four retail groups had a
tenth or more of their workers with these earnings.
In the earlier period, four lines of business had
more than a tenth of their workers earning from
$1 to $1.05 an hour. In June 1962, the number of
these retail groups had increased to eight. In
creases in the proportions of workers whose earn
ings corresponded with the $1 Federal minimum
wage, however, were relatively small, as shown in
chart 2. Only in variety stores was there a
marked change in the proportion of workers in the
$1 to $1.05 wage interval, from less than a fifth
in June 1961 to more than three-tenths in June
1962.
Weekly Hours and Earnings
Data on weekly hours of work reflected the
prevalence of short and long workweeks in retail
trade. In June of both 1961 and 1962, approxi
mately a fourth of all nonsupervisory employees
worked less than 35 hours a week; three-fifths,
40 hours or less; and seven-tenths, 44 hours or
less. Similarly, in 8 of the 12 retail business
groups, at least a fourth of the employees worked
less than 35 hours a week, and in 9 of the groups,
more than three-tenths worked more than 40
hours (table 4). Although changes in weekly
hours worked between survey periods were re
latively small, a gradual downward trend con
tinued for that portion of the retail work force
that was employed long hours. The proportion
of employees who worked more than 40 hours a
week declined from 40 percent in June 1961 to 39
percent in June 1962, a decrease of 35,800 workers,
even though overall employment rose slightly
during this period. Since October 1956, the date
of the Bureau’s first comprehensive survey of
employee earnings in retail trade,6 the reduction
in employees who worked in excess of a 40-hour
week has totaled 283,300, or 12 percent.
• Employee Earnings in Retail Trade in October 1956 (BLS Bulletin 1220,
1957).
RETAIL TRADE EMPLOYEES’ EARNINGS
Charf 2.
807
Nonsupervisory employees in Selected Lines of Retail Business Receiving Specified
Average Straight-Time Hourly Earnings, June 1961 and June 1962
PERCENT O F EMPLOYEES
0
i
20
40
------- —
—
i
1 i
60
PERCENT O F EMPLOYEES
80
i— i------ 1— i-------r—
100
i—
0
20
Grocery Stores
A
60
____J
$1.00
“
U n d e r $ 1.0 0
40
80
100
0
20
40
—i--- 1--- 1-- 1--- 1--- 1--- 1-- 1--- 1-- r
Limited Price
Variety Stores
60
n b a
100
I---- «---- 1---- 1---- 1---- r
I
U n d e r $1.00
80
Building Materials,
Hardware and
Farm Equipment
Dealers
0
20
U n d e r $ 1 .2 5
U n d e r $1.25
U n d e r $1.25
U n d e r $1.25
$ 1.0 0 -1 .0 5
U n d e r $ 1.2 5
Womens' Ready-toWear Stores
Department Stores
$1.00-1.05
$1.0 0-1.0 5
U n d e r $1.25
U n d e r $ 1.25
U n d e r $1.2 5
U n d e r $ 1.00
¡a
flmm#
.
H
Gasoline Service
Stations
H
^
U n d e r $1.0 0
j
$1.00-1.05
$1.00-1.05
H
Furniture, Homefurnishings, and
Equipment Stores
$1.00-1.05
1
U n d e r $1.25
1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 -- 1-- 1---1___1__ 1___1___1 1 1 1
1 . i June 1961
On a weekly basis, the June 1962 average
earnings of employees working less than 35 hours
but at least 15 hours a week ranged from $26.78
in limited price variety stores to $44.69 at motor
vehicle dealers. In the same two lines of business,
weekly earnings of those working 40 hours a week
were $47.87 and $100.29, respectively; and of those
working 44 hours a week, $48.38 and $103.96.
Except in a few instances, weekly earnings ad
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1
U n d e r $1.00
$1.00-1.05
$ 1 .0 0 -1 .0 5
U n d e r $ 1 .2 5
100
1
mi
Shoe Stores
U n d e r $1.00
j-1
Stores
1
■J
$1.00-1.05
U n d e r $ !.o o
1
U n d e r $1.00
$1.0 0-1.0 5
Men’s and Boys’
Clothing and
Furnishing Stores
80
--- -- --- --
Drug Stores
$1.00-1.05
U n d e r $1.00
60
l
$ 1.0 0-1.0 5
J
40
U n d e r $ 1.25
J ____I
I
I
I
I
• I
I
---- 1___ 1____1___ I___ L___ 1____l_ _ J ___ I___ l
June 1962
vanced between June 1961 and June 1962 by
various amounts ranging up to $2.55 a week, or 7
percent, for workers employed 15 and less than
35 hours; up to $5.68, or 7 percent, for those
employed 40 hours; and up to $8.57, or 13 percent,
for those employed 44 hours.
—H e r b e r t S c h a f f e r
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
808
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Unemployment and
Labor Market Policy
E ditor ’s N ote .— The fo llo w in g article w a s excerpted
fr o m a speech which D e a n George P . S ch u ltz o f
the G raduate School o f B u sin e ss, U n iv e rsity of
C hicago, delivered a t the 5 1 st A n n u a l M eetin g
o f the Cham ber o f Com m erce o f the U n ited
S tates, held in W ash in gton , D .C ., A p r il 2 8 to
M a y 1, 1963. M in o r changes in w ord in g a n d
syn ta x have been m ade a n d sym bols to denote
e lisio n s have n ot been em ployed.
A n e w w illing ness is abroad in the land to
reexamine the operation of labor markets and to
experiment with a variety of devices to improve
their efficiency. This new look can in the long
run provide a vital part to an overall solution of
the unemployment problem. Like many others,
I favor an immediate and substantial net reduction
in tax rates, but I argue that steps such as this—
which operate at the aggregate level—have the
best chance of producing full employment with a
reasonably stable price level if they are accom
panied by improved operation of labor markets.
My thesis, then, is “policies for full employment
and for efficient labor markets go hand in hand.”
No doubt much unemployment will disappear
with a rise in aggregate demand. But some of it
is best cured by a combination of adequate demand
with improved location, training, information, or
treatment. It is in this sense that labor market
or manpower policies designed to bring about
such improvements are the handmaidens of a full
employment policy. To neglect the operation
of labor markets and the institutional arrange
ments which shape their character is to invite
an approach confined to the aggregate level,
likely to be inflationary, and therefore employed
with a timidity inappropriate to the seriousness
of the problem.
The demands made upon the operation of labor
markets will surely be greater in the next 10
years than in the last. Added to the shifting
about of workers occasioned by change are wellestablished prospects for the labor force. It will
be growing at a relatively rapid pace and shifting
sharply in its composition. Growth will be most
rapid among those under 25 and over 45 years
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old. Growth, that is, compared with the last
decade, will rise sharply for the under 25 age
group, the only group where the rate of increase
will be more rapid than that of the past decade.
It is important, then, from the standpoint of
meeting long-term manpower developments as
well as immediate unemployment problems to
make the labor market process as efficient as
possible. We ignore at our peril the fact that
this market like others relies on good information
about supply and demand, the possibility of
movement away from one industry, occupation,
or area and of entry into others, and that the price
of labor in a given market will have impact on
the quantity demanded.
We seem to be in the position of responding to
large and important problems with small bits and
pieces. But how aggravating it is to read state
ments that “only 15 percent of the unemployed
workers were able to benefit” by such and such
an approach, and that therefore the approach
was hardly worthwhile. What we must do is
work on as many bits of the problem as possible,
knowing that in total these bits will add up to
something worthwhile. Let me now take up two
areas where attention is being and can be further
focused to improve our labor markets. In each,
we see a combination of public and private policies
and in each we see possibilities for improvement.
Public and Private Retraining
In general, the retraining approach suggested
by recent legislation strikes me as in keeping with
the objective of improving the operation of labor
markets. The concept involved is one of adjust
ment to the difficulties of an area, industry,
occupation, or group of people, by expanding
individual skills and job horizons. Among other
things, it puts pressure for better performance on
the employment service, as an agent for the
collection and dissemination of information. And
it helps dramatize the inadequacies of our system
of vocational education and so, we may hope at
least, will lead to improvements.
Contrast this approach with that so frequently
found in private and public policy. Import
quotas for lead, zinc, and oil producers, tariff
protection for a wide variety of industries, the
efforts of some unions to block the effective use
of new technology, the drive for special subsidies
UNEMPLOYMENT AND LABOR MARKET POLICY
in some industries and “fair trade” in others are
all examples of policies that thwart market proc
esses. Businessmen who extol the virtues of
free enterprise and decry governmental interven
tion are often the most vocal in demanding pro
tection when competition pinches. Using the
protective approach, monstrous structures are
built out of cumulative maladjustments and
inefficiency, structures which cannot be pulled
down without peril. A grotesque agricultural
program stands as one dramatic testimonial to the
bankruptcy of this approach. Certainly, the
money spent on agricultural price supports last
year alone could finance an extensive program of
education, retraining, and relocation for displaced
farmers and a substantial tax cut as well.
If the retraining approach has the merit of
emphasizing adjustment in the right direction, it
also has built into it many problems. Informa
tion in the Manpower Report transmitted by the
President to the Congress in March 1963,1 sug
gests some of these problems and points up the
issue of defining the appropriate role for public
and private responsibility in this area.
Of those receiving training under the Manpower
Act in 1962, 90 percent of the 6,315 persons in
volved were under 45 years of age, and 90 percent
had an eighth grade or better education.
The really disadvantaged groups, the ones who
present the greatest difficulties for training and
placement, are the older, poorly educated workers.
Often they have been displaced after long service
with one employer and are bewildered by the task
of finding a new line of work and a new job. To
be sure, the training program that takes them in
will not show so good a record in terms of trainees
placed, but it may make a greater contribution to
the most difficult aspects of the readjustment
problem.
The implied suggestion here, that retraining
efforts should concentrate more on the people who
need help and less on the numerical record scored,
is supported by the Manpower Reports’ figures on
workers in training programs operated by private
concerns in the spring of 1962. The establish
ments surveyed covered the full range of industries
and included over 36 million workers, half the
labor force. About half of the workers surveyed
were in establishments with training programs and
1See Monthly Labor Review, March 1963, p. 237.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
809
7 percent were actually being trained at the time
of the survey. The number of people involved in
training, if extrapolated to a national estimate,
certainly exceeds 3 million. This is truly a massive
program, going on all the time, more important in
large companies than small and, no doubt following
the normal course of private incentives, emphasiz
ing skills useful to the firm and workers best able
to acquire these skills—the younger, better edu
cated workers.
We must recognize that employers find it in
their interest to provide training for their em
ployees and more employees will receive training
in this way than through any governmental pro
gram, however grandly conceived. Yet the role
of the Government program is a vital one.
It should help those who fall outside the natural
scope of private efforts. The Government pro
gram, then, should be conceived not as massive
and general, but as directed to special objectives
derived from inadequate formal education and the
residue of displacement left from a changing econ
omy. The unskilled and the unschooled are most
in need of help and least likely to get it from the
present array of Government training programs.
The Structure of Compensation
As a sample of a different area of policy, let me
comment on the division of total income received
by an employee between direct money payments
and items tied to length of service and continued
employment with a firm. Roughly 20 percent of
total income falls in the second category. For
some industries or companies, the fraction may go
to one-third or even higher.
What are the labor market effects of such a
structure? Certainly it may inhibit voluntary
movement, essential to the use of manpower at
maximum productivity. A new job starts on the
bottom of the ladder, in terms of benefits as well
as direct compensation. That is, especially for
the older worker, if a comparable new job can
be found.
For an employer, the age distribution of his
labor force affects his benefit costs, which, like
any other costs, he seeks to minimize. In addi
tion, the benefit structure is an overhead cost
which he must pay as a cost of hiring an individual.
He is obviously encouraged, within limits, to
work his existing force longer rather than take
810
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
on extra employees. The unemployed, unrepre
sented, unwanted, and, in the sense described
above, overpriced, are left out—out of a job and
out of a myriad of indirect benefits that go with
a job, yet place an economic barrier around that
job.
I suggest, therefore, that the structure of com
pensation be reexamined to see if the proportions
make sense and, indeed, if the particular benefits,
which have been developed for a work force
gradually growing older, are really what is wanted
by the youngsters now streaming into the labor
market. This is as much a matter for public
policy as for private. After all, the tax laws have
provided a powerful incentive to the development
of private benefit plans, and payroll taxes are
not the only way to finance the social insurance
system.
In this short statement, I have emphasized
the operation of particular markets because I
think this side of the coin is too widely neglected.
My side of the coin has an overall design: Re
spect for the general contours of the economics
of employment, as it appears to the individual
employer and employee in particular labor markets
the country over. A clearer figure in the design
requires long and painstaking efforts, where small
and sometimes individually insignificant bits and
pieces are sharpened and integrated. But the
implications are broad.
Sixth Annual Economic Conference
of the NICE
schaft, and Peter von Siemens, president of the
Association of German Electrical Manufacturers,
to a belief in the efficacy of cooperative govern
ment, industry, and labor planning of the economy,
set forth by Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, deputy
governor of the Bank of France, and Patrice
Leroy-Jay, director of the general secretariat of
the National Council of the French Management
Association. A middle view was taken by Marcus
Wallenberg, vice chairman of the Stockholms
Enskilda Bank, while Sir Robert Shone, director
general of Britain’s National Economic Develop
ment Council, reminded his listeners that planning
in Britain is so new that it has not yet had a
chance to show what it can accomplish.
According to Mr. Boden, German business
makes its own investment and production deci
sions within the economic framework set by the
Government’s taxation, credit, and other fiscal
policies. Acknowledging the necessity for gov
ernment regulation of certain industrial activities,
such as railroad and other transportation systems,
postal and telephone services, and public utilities,
all of which are nationalized in Germany,
Mr. Boden recommended that “all unnecessary
interference of the Government be avoided in
order to keep private enterprise flexible and to
encourage its initiative.”
Even though national economic planning might
result in more efficient investment in the short
run, German industrialists and economists, he
F o c u sin g on the “Outlook for Jobs, Profits, and
Economic Growth/’ the economic conference held
as part of the 47th Annual Meeting of the National
Industrial Conference Board in New York, May
15-17, 1963, provided a forum for discussion of the
role and responsibilities of government, industry,
and labor in solving current problems. This
article reports on sessions examining (1) ap
proaches toward national economic planning in
several European countries, (2) the effect of tech
nological change on employment, and (3) adjust
ments required by the changing demands on the
labor force.
Economic Planning in Western Europe
To acquaint conference participants with the
attempts of other industrial countries to stimulate
economic growth, the NICB invited speakers from
Germany, France, Sweden, and the United
Kingdom to outline and evaluate their countries’
approaches to growth through economic planning.
The attitudes toward national planning expressed
by the six speakers ranged from a conviction that
economic growth will suffer if government plans
for industry, voiced by Hans C. Boden, chairman
of the board of Allgemeine Elektricitats-Gesell-
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NICB ECONOMIC CONFERENCE
reported, consider that in the long run planning
could only stultify economic growth because
rigidities imposed by a necessarily cautious
bureaucracy would prevent the plan from keeping
pace with the rate of technological change. Both
Mr. Boden and Mr. von Siemens referred to the
need of the individual firm for market forecasting
and investment planning, but they concluded that
implementation of a similar plan developed on a
national scale would eventually result in govern
ment control over business to the degree now
reached in nationalized industries.
The French plan, according to Mr. Schweitzer,
a central banker, develops for the whole economy
the kind of market studies and investment pro
grams that the individual firm develops for itself,
but it has the support of the business community
since industry representatives play such a large
part in its formation. Twenty-five commissions 1
and 300 working groups, whose some 3,500 mem
bers are experts drawn from business firms and
associations, labor unions, and Government agen
cies, gather data and meet to set goals for the 4
years to be covered by each plan. Projecting
investment for each sector, the plan, he said, seeks
to achieve rapid growth in a balanced economy,
and to build desirable goals, such as priorities for
health and education, into the overall pattern of
growth. The plan does not have the force of law;
where its goals have been reached, Mr. Schweitzer
noted, success has been due partly to the important
role played by public investment in the French
economy, partly to tax, credit, and loan incentives
provided by the Government, and mostly to “a
sense of enlightened self-interest and to the active
participation’’ of almost all economic agents.
Reiterating the great extent of business partici
pation in the French planning process, Mr.
Schweitzer gave this advice:
I t is perhaps in the interests of U.S. businessmen to
begin thinking about the implications of economic planning.
Whether you like it or not, you have all over the world a
large amount of government intervention in business
operations. In the United States, you have as much as
anywhere else in the western world. And government
interference is likely to increase rather than decrease.
Discussing the French plan from a businessman’s
point of view, Mr. Leroy-Jay reported that
1
Twenty commissions cover the major sectors in which investment must
be made; the remaining five deal with problems common to all sectors:
financing, manpower, research, productivity, and regional planning.
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811
although the individual firms are free to develop
and carry out their own programs, many, regarding
the plan “as an overall market study that no
specialists, in France at least, would be able to
complete,” gear their development to its projec
tions of manpower, consumption, and investment
in their sector. The projections set forth in the
plan, Mr. Leroy-Jay observed, allow businessmen
to anticipate the potential demand of their
customers, and to identify with almost complete
certainty the expected purchases and production
of the Government in its role as purchaser of
one-fourth and producer of one-tenth of the
national product.
Mr. Leroy-Jay emphasized the essential func
tion of “an extensive network of solid professional
organizations” in business participation in the
planning system. “Many industrialists,” he said,
“know the plan only through their organization
and trust it only insofar as they trust their pro
fessional representatives.” He considered that
“in the absence of such an organizational structure,
which exists probably only in France, planning
would be not only inefficient but dangerous
because it could succeed only with the help of
dictatorial methods applied at the level of the
firms.”
Since planning is “an attempt to insure an
overall balance between production, consumption,
and investment” that would be “favorable to
economic expansion,” Mr. Leroy-Jay considers
that the French plan’s major shortcoming has
been its failure to educate farmers and wage
earners to the necessity for restraining consumption
expenditures to noninflationary levels. French
businessmen had thought that continuing the
planning process begun in 1946 beyond the
original goal of repairing a war-torn economy
would ensure rapid expansion without inflation.
However, labor and farm groups often, he ex
plained, make wage and price demands incom
patible with the balance that the plan tries to
achieve, thus making a wage-price spiral a con
stant threat. “The Government itself,” he said,
“sometimes forgets what it has solemnly approved:
At the beginning of the year, a very large nation
alized industry granted an extension of holidays
in direct contradiction of the recommendations
of the plan on the workweek.”
Preventing inflation is also a problem in Sweden,
because if the wage drift resulting from labor
812
scarcity were permitted to push costs and prices
up it would be disastrous, according to Mr. Wal
lenberg, since Sweden has low tariffs and exports
one-fourth of its total production. Planning in
the Swedish sense, therefore, encompasses labor
market policy and business fluctuation remedies,
as well as “attempts to outline the opportunities
for long-term economic growth.”
Beginning in 1947, Mr. Wallenberg reported,
long-term growth investigations have been carried
out jointly by private firms and their associations,
central and local governments, and special research
units. Their reports contain forecasts of economic
performance for the various sectors and propose
fiscal and monetary policies that would induce the
public and private sectors to develop in line with
the forecasts. Mr. Wallenberg emphasized the
preeminence of private enterprise in Sweden (over
90 percent of the manufacturing industry is in
private hands) to show the great degree of con
sultation and coordination between government
and business necessary for development of a
national economic plan. Noting that no clear
principles have yet been worked out for long-term
planning and that disagreements still exist as to
the conditions for and possibilities of such plan
ning, he concluded that “private enterprise
undoubtedly stands to gain more from adequate
planning of a coordinated economic policy than
by government inactivity as to problems of
economic development.”
Acceptance of national economic planning in
Britain is still uncertain, too, if only because of
the recency of its introduction. Established early
in 1962, Britain’s planning organization, the
National Economic Development Council, this
spring published a general plan for 1966, along
with recommendations for policies which would
support economic growth. According to Mr.
Shone, the NEDC is aiming for a national eco
nomic growth rate of 4 percent a year; a product
of that growth, he added, will be “to raise in
capacity and quality our schools, cities, standards
of living, our aid to underdeveloped nations.”
Some of the recommendations, he noted, were
taxation policies to favor exports, such as tax
forgiveness; policies to improve the manpower
supply, such as apprenticeship or mobility incen
tives; and an incomes policy designed to increase
exports by restricting income growth to the rate
of increase in productivity.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Much more centralized than that of France,
Britain’s planning agency is composed of 20 mem
bers, who are assisted by a staff of 80. Chaired
by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Council
includes two other Government ministers, six
representatives from industry, six from labor, and
two chairmen of nationalized industries, as well
as Mr. Shone. The Council is made up of mem
bers who are in a position to implement their
decisions if, as Mr. Shone expects, they become
committed to them while composing and amending
their reports. Such committal will be a necessity,
said Mr. Shone, since the Council has no power
to enforce the plan’s recommendations. Although
Britain lacks the strong employer groups upon
which much of France’s planning attempts rest,
the NEDC’s discussions with business leaders have
encouraged many industries to set up special
development bodies which will be able to partici
pate more fully in the developing planning process.
Manpower Shortages and Surpluses
Members of the “Labor Scarcity Amid Abun
dance” panel generally supported the current view
that expansion and improvement of education
and training programs is necessary to ameliorate
unemployment and to meet the increasing demand
for personnel in occupations requiring a relatively
high level of education. Commissioner of Labor
Statistics Ewan Clague, a member of the panel,
also brought forward several measures now under
discussion: Better use of manpower resources by,
for example, assigning the administrative and
clerical duties performed by scientists and engi
neers in some occupations to technicians, admin
istrators, and clerks; incentives to increase the
mobility of workers tied down by homeownership
or by non vested pension and other benefit rights;
reduction of the turnover and labor market
withdrawals of women in shortage occupations
such as teaching and nursing; and improving job
guidance and counseling in the schools.
Other panelists pointed out specific failings in
the educational process. Concerned by the recent
downward swing in the number of men annually
receiving engineering degrees, Jess H. Davis,
president of the Stevens Institute of Technology,
identified the curriculum as the culprit for the
“dropouts and transfers and discontent and
apathy” found even in the best engineering schools.
NIOB ECONOMIC CONFERENCE
The narrow focus of today’s engineering curricu
lum, he said, not only discourages students but
also produces graduates equipped with specific
skills that obsolesce rapidly, rather than with an
understanding of principle and method that will
enable them to adapt themselves to the changing
demands of the profession.
Most of the “Scarcity Amid Abundance” panel
members discussed personnel shortages in occu
pations requiring advanced education and train
ing, but Richard S. Eckaus, associate professor of
economics at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and a member of the “Extending
Labor’s Effectiveness” panel, reminded conference
participants that roughly 90 percent of the labor
force is not college trained and that the resurgent
enthusiasm for education had all but passed by
the noncollege preparatory curriculums. “Re
form and upgrading of the education and training
procedures for noncollege educated workers,” he
said, “remains one of the major educational prob
lems of the 1960’s.”
Changing Technology and Employment
Accepting the premise that technological in
novation creates employment, at least in the long
run, the remaining members of the “Extending
Labor’s Effectiveness” panel considered various
aspects of automation’s effect on the labor force.
Simon Ramo, vice chairman of the board of
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., characterized
the coming civilization as one in which machines
would partner men, rather than replace them.
He anticipates that demand for labor will rise as
technological innovations spawn new industries
and spur old ones, and he envisions the possi
bility that improved teaching systems may raise
the educational level of the labor force so high
that a shortage of people willing to do unskilled
operation and maintenance work could develop.
During the discussion session, Dr. Ramo acknowl
edged that it may well be that we lose more jobs
by automation than we gain during the adjustment
period, but he asserted that it is within our power
to alter this situation.
John W. Kendrick, professor of economics at
The George Washington University, also rejected
the threat of longrun technological unemployment.
Identifying alternating periods of faster and slower
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
813
rates of productivity increase as regular charac
teristics of economic growth, Professor Kendrick
suggested that last year’s BLS-estimated 4 per
cent increase in output per man-hour for the
private economy, coming after 8 years when the
rate of increase averaged 2.5 percent, might well
presage a period of greater economic growth,
with a consequent rise in employment. He based
this prediction on the theory that accelerated
advances in innovation and productivity reduce
real unit cost and widen profit margins, thus in
creasing investment and consequently total de
mand and employment. Professor Kendrick also
noted that industries with greater than average
productivity advance have historically increased
employment relative to other industries.
James T. O’Connell, vice president of the
Hudson Pulp & Paper Corp., agreed that techno
logical innovation can create jobs in the long run,
but reminded the meeting that short-run human
and economic dislocations inevitably accompany
automation. He concluded that business must
be prepared to accept some of the costs of re
training and other adjustment measures “as a
required offset to the savings inherent in
automation.”
Not all speakers at the NICB conference were
content to rely on the expectation that the
economy will, in the long run, solve the problem
of technological unemployment. Jacob Perlman,
head of the Office of Economic and Statistical
Studies of the National Science Foundation, told
the panel on Job Creation that “innovations are
likely to come forward in lumps or waves, leading
to the well-known Schumpeter cycle.” He held
that it may take considerable time before jobs
are created for technologically unemployed
workers and, in the meantime, their skills may
deteriorate or become obsolescent. Mr. Perlman
found the key to the problem of technological
unemployment in the allocation of investment
funds, advocating a greater share for research
and development. Research and development
activity in itself generates employment; it also,
he contended, could appreciably reduce the
“cyclical movements caused by the lumpy nature
of innovation.”
— M a rtha S. R ic h e
Division of Publications
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
814
Earnings in Wood Household
Furniture, July 1962
S traight - time ea r n in g s of production and
related workers in the nonupholstered wood
household furniture industry averaged $1.57 an
hour in July 1962. About 15 percent of the
106,193 workers covered by a Bureau of Labor
Statistics study1 earned less than $1.20 an
hour, and 32 percent earned less than $1.30;
fewer than 5 percent of the workers earned $2.50
or more. Variations around the industry average
were found by location, community size, estab
lishment size, labor-management contract status,
and occupation. The large majority of the
workers were in establishments providing paid
vacations and holidays, as well as several types of
health and insurance plans.
Earnings
Regionally, average hourly earnings of pro
duction workers ranged from $2.38 in the Pacific
to $1.34 in the Southeast.2 Earnings of workers
in the Border and Southwest regions averaged a
few cents an hour more than those in the South
east, whereas average earnings in the New
England, Great Lakes, and Middle Atlantic
regions amounted to $1.68, $1.72, and $1.82,
respectively. (See accompanying table.) Men
accounted for nine-tenths of the production and
related workers in the industry. The national
average for men ($1.58) was 15 cents above the
average for women; regionally, this difference
ranged from less than 10 cents in the Southeast
and Southwest to more than 30 cents in the New
England and Middle Atlantic regions.
The $1.57 hourly average for all production
workers in July 1962 was 7.5 percent above the
average of $1.46 shown in a similar Bureau study
in April-May 1959.3 Regionally, the increases
were between 5 and 10 percent in four regions,
about 10 percent in New England and the
Southwest, and 17 percent in the Pacific region.
Slightly more than three-fifths of the industry’s
production workers were employed in localities
outside the Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the
Budget. The Middle Atlantic, Pacific, and South
west were the only regions in which most workers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
were employed in metropolitan areas. In five of
the seven regions for which data are available,
workers in metropolitan areas averaged more than
those in the smaller communities by amounts
ranging from 5 cents in the Middle Atlantic
region to 26 cents in the Border region. In New
England, workers in nonmetropolitan areas aver
aged 18 cents an hour more than those in metro
politan areas. Nearly identical averages were
recorded for the two community-size groups in
the Southwest.
In all but two of the seven regions, workers in
establishments with 100 or more employees aver
aged more than workers in smaller establishments,
by amounts ranging from 7 to 12 cents an hour.
In the two exceptions, the wage advantage of
workers in the smaller establishments was 7 cents
an hour in the Pacific region and 13 cents in the
Middle Atlantic region.
With the exception of the Southeast and South
west regions, workers in establishments having
contractual agreements with labor organizations
averaged considerably more than workers in es
tablishments not having such agreements. Identi
cal averages were recorded for the two groups of
establishments in the Southeast; in the Southwest,
workers in nonunion plants averaged 4 cents an
hour more than in those plants having labor
management contracts.
The exact impact on earnings of any of the
previously mentioned characteristics cannot be
isolated and measured because of their inter
relationship and the influence of other factors,
including method of wage payment. Four-fifths
of the industry’s workers were paid time rates.
However, the proportions of workers paid under
1
The study covered establishments employing 20 workers or more and
engaged primarily in manufacturing nonupholstered wood household furni
ture commonly used in dwellings (industry 2511 as defined in the 1957 edition
of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, U.S. Bureau of the Budget).
A more comprehensive account of this study will be presented in a forth
coming BLS Bulletin, Industry Wage Survey: Wood Household Furniture,
Except Upholstered, July 1962, No. 1369. Individual releases providing data
on earnings and supplementary benefits for 10 areas of industry concentration
and the State of Indiana were issued earlier.
The straight-time hourly earnings presented in this article differ in
concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau of
Labor Statistics monthly hours and earnings series. Unlike the latter, the
averages presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends, holidays, and late shifts and are calculated by summing individual
hourly earnings and dividing by the number of such individuals. In the
monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments
in the industry is divided into the reported payroll totals.
For definition of regions used in this study, see footnote 2 of the
accompanying table.
See “ Earnings in Wood Household Furniture, April-M ay 1959,”
Monthly Labor Review, December 1959, pp. 1357-1362.
3
3
EARNINGS IN WOOD HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE
815
incentive wage systems (most commonly, bonuses
based on the production of the individual) ranged
from approximately a third in the New England,
Middle Atlantic, and Great Lakes regions, to less
than a tenth in the Southeast and Pacific regions.
Earnings of almost all of the workers were within
a range of $1.15 to $3 an hour—the middle half
of the workers earned between $1.26 and $1.77.
At the lower end of the earnings array, about 15
percent of the workers earned less than $1.20, 23
percent earned less than $1.25, and 32 percent
earned less than $1.30. Fewer than 5 percent of
the workers earned $2.50 or more an hour. The
following tabulation indicates that the Border
States, Southeast, and Southwest had heavier
concentrations of workers at lower earnings levels
than the other regions.
Percent of workers with straight-time hourly:
earnings of less than—
$1.20
$1.25
New E n g la n d -___
7. 6
Middle Atlantic__
3. 7
Border States, _ __
17. 6
Southeast- ____
24. 9
Southwest__ _____
23. 5
Great Lakes_______
4. 0
Pacific.. ________
1Less than 0.05 percent.
10.
6.
30.
38.
38.
6.
$1.30
9
9
2
7
2
7
17.
9.
42.
50.
47.
11.
$1.50
9
9
5
7
9
7
42.
28.
71.
79.
75.
33.
0)
1
8
&
5
4
3
The 24 occupational classifications for which
separate data were obtained accounted for nearly
half the production workers within the scope of
N umber
and A verage Straight-T ime H ourly E arnings 1 of P roduction W orkers in W ood H ousehold F ur
niture , E xcept U pholstered, M anufacturing E stablishments, by S elected Characteristics and R egions,2
J uly 1962
United States 3 N ew England Middle Atlantic Border States
Southeast
Southwest
Great Lakes
Pacific
Characteristic
Work Earn W ork Earn Work Earn Work Earn Work Earn W ork Earn Work Earn W ork Earn
ers
ings i
ers
ings i
ers
ings i
ers
ings i
ers
ings i
ers
ings i
ers
ings i
ers
ings i
All production workers_____ 106,193
$1.57
6,145
$1.68
11,727
$1.82
1.58
1.43
5,243
902
1.72
1.40
10,531
1.196
37,840
,353
1.76
1.46
1,443
4,702
1.54
1.72
20-99 workers___ ____ ________ 27,194
workers or more.............. ....... 78,999
1.69
1.52
2,189
3,956
1.60
1.72
1.82
3,222
1.43
2,923
8,857
1,286
1,689
1,845
1.72
1.47
1.74
1.51
1,146
6,180
2,899
1,849
3.130
2.281
849
5,723
6,432
4,059
2,373
5,431
1.79
1.36
1.50
1.62
1.46
1.46
1.44
1.45
1.56
1.62
1.45
211
1.55
1.84
1.82
1.68
147
164
1.86
747
1.83
63
15,298
$1.42
38,519
$1.34
5,842
$1.36
21,082
$1.72
6,690
$2.38
1.53
14,352
946
1.42
1.30
36,269
2,250
1.34
1.26
4,843
999
1.37
1.30
17,225
3,857
1.77
1.49
6,290
400
2.3»
2.15
7,256
4,471
1.84
1.79
4,161
11,137
1.60
1.34
7.246
31,273
1.43
1.32
3.335
2,507
1.36
1.37
7.434
13,648
1.83
1.66
6,075
615
2.39
5,843
5,884
1.89
1.76
1,368
13,930
1.31
1.43
5,151
33,368
1.28
1.35
1,306
4,536
1.28
1.38
7,111
13,971
1.67
1.74
3,474
3,216
2.41
2.34
1.84
7,008
1.91
3,343
1.68
3,107
1.34
3,415
1.34
10,711
1.82
5,394
2.42
1.50
4, 719
1.69
11,955
1.34
35,412
1.34
2,427
1.38
10,371
1.61
1,296
2. IT
135
143
123
89
1.90
1.73
1.70
1.67
1,182
218
248
191
2.12
1. 54
1.89
1.76
1,079
94
155
261
1.46
1.49
1.57
1.39
2,828
490
563
831
1.34
1.26
1.39
1.29
455
63
80
62
1.43
1.24
1.46
1.32
2,242
175
294
274
1.87
1.50
1.82
1.71
821
103
226
2.51
2.07
2. 56
2.38
76
235
168
1.82
1.47
1.60
1.62
1. 29
1.37
1.50
1.30
1.28
1.34
1.36
1.49
1.51
1.42
1.51
771
1,498
1,060
438
2,163
2,848
1,596
1,252
1,954
1.27
1.36
1.27
1.25
1.31
1.25
1.37
1.40
1.35
1.38
71
214
169
77
164
119
45
294
349
187
162
259
1.61
1.30
1.31
1.42
1.41
1.39
1.45
1.36
1.34
1.39
1.27
1.47
231
782
683
270
432
406
26
1,145
1,189
824
365
1,270
2.00
1.68
1.59
1.73
1.81
1.56
1.87
36
439
189
151
156
127
29
362
294
255
39
301
2. 70
2.08
2.18
2. 56
1.85
135
1,058
370
240
537
331
206
526
892
669
223
710
444
2,917
1.76
1.71
1.92
1.50
1.73
1.85
2.04
2.09
1.96
1.60
1.79
1.87
1.67
2.08
1.66
131
89
42
194
358
152
535
275
228
180
117
63
889
485
300
185
694
1.86
103
1.98
101
1.71
252
1.53
25
1.63
146
1.99
57
2. 67
Sex
M en_________________ ______ 95,540
W omen............ ............................... 10,653
S iz e
of
C
o m m u n it y
Metropolitan areas 4____ _____
Nonmetropolitan areas_______
S iz e
of
E
68
abor
-M
2.22
s t a b l is h m e n t
100
L
1.86
anagem ent
tract
Co
n
-
Status
Majority of workers covered___ 37,090
None or minority of workers
covered_____ ______________ 69,103
S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s 8
Assemblers, case goods________
Assemblers, chairs........................
Cutoff saw operators____ _____
Gluers, rough stock___________
Maintenance men, general
utility_______ _____________
Off-bearers, machine__________
Packers, furniture. __________
Rip-saw operators____________
Rubbers, furniture___________
Hand____________________
Machine..................................
Sanders, furniture, hand______
Sanders, furniture, machine___
Belt_____________________
Other than B elt__________
Sprayers_______________
Tenoner operators (set up and
operate)__________ _________
1
8
112 1.66
1.86
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
The regions in this study are: New England—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle
Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—Del
aware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,021
1.21
1.54
1.64
1.78
1.74
1.75
121
2.10
2.11
2.05
2.08
2.42
2.45
2.24
2.42
and Texas; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and
Wisconsin; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
The term “ metropolitan area” as used in this study refers to the Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas established by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget.
* On a nationwide basis, all or a large majority of the workers in the occupa
tions shown were men; women outnumbered men sanders, furniture (hand),
in the Southwest and Great Lakes regions.
8
8
816
the study. Job averages ranged from $1.36 for
machine off-bearers to $1.83 for tenoner operators
who set up their own machines. Case goods
assemblers, numerically the most important job
studied separately, averaged $1.72. Generally, job
averages were lowest in the Southeast and highest
in the Pacific region. Wage rates for occupa
tions common to the industry are included in the
table, as well as variations in earnings levels
among the regions.
Establishment Practices4
A 40-hour weekly work schedule was predomi
nant in each of the regions studied separately
and, nationally, in establishments employing
seven-tenths of the industry’s production workers
in July 1962. Most of the remaining workers
were in plants with 45- or 50-hour weekly work
schedules. Fewer than 4 percent of the workers
were employed on late shifts.
Paid holidays—ranging from 1 to 11 annually—
were provided by establishments employing nearly
two-thirds of the workers. Regionally, the pro
portions were nearly a third in the Southeast,
two-fifths in the Border States, four-fifths in the
Southwest, and more than nine-tenths in all other
regions. Six days a year was the most common
holiday provision in all regions except the Pacific,
where seven-tenths of the workers received 7
paid holidays annually, and the Southeast, where
provisions for 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days a year were
of nearly equal importance.
* Establishment practices for production workers are briefly summarized
in this article. Additional detail for these workers and information for
office workers will be presented in the forthcoming bulletin.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of service
were provided by establishments accounting for
nine-tenths of the industry’s work force. Most
commonly, workers were provided 1 week of
vacation pay after 1 year of service and 2 weeks
after 5 years. A fifth of the workers were in
establishments providing 3 weeks or more of
vacation pay after 15 years of service. Provisions
were almost the same after longer periods of
service. Vacation provisions were somewhat more
liberal in the Pacific than other regions.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance for
which the employer paid at least part of the cost
were available to nearly nine-tenths of the
industry’s workers. Nearly two-thirds of the
workers were in establishments providing sickness
and accident insurance; almost three-fifths, acci
dental death and dismemberment insurance; twofifths, medical insurance; and about a sixth,
catastrophe (major medical) insurance. The pro
portions of workers in plants providing specified
health and insurance benefits varied by region.
Pension benefits—providing regular payments
for the remainder of the worker’s life upon
retirement (other than those available under
Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insur
ance)—were available to slightly more than a
fifth of the production workers. The proportions
of workers covered by such benefits ranged from
about an eighth in the Border and Great Lakes
regions to nearly half in the Pacific region.
— G eorge
L. S t e l l u t o
Division of Occupational Pay
EARNINGS: WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY
Earnings: Women’s and M isses’
Coat and Suit Industry, August 1962
A verage straight - time hourly e a r n in g s of
production workers in the women’s and misses’
coat and suit industry in August 1962 ranged
from $2.81 in New York to $1.88 in Baltimore,
as shown by a survey of 10 labor market areas
made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 These
areas,2 with 47,000 production workers, accounted
for more than three-fifths of the industry’s work
force at the time of the study. New York, the
industry’s largest center, employed 28,145.
Individual earnings in each area were widely
dispersed, reflecting such industry characteristics
as the extensive use of incentive wage systems
and differences in types of work. Earnings
information was obtained separately for selected
occupations. Approximately 95 percent of the
workers covered by the study were in shops
having agreements with the International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union. These agreements
included provisions for paid vacations, paid
holidays, various types of health and welfare
benefits, and retirement pension plans.
Earnings
Variations in area wage averages for production
workers were partly due to differences in manu
facturing methods and processes. New York and
Los Angeles-Long Beach, with averages of $2.81
and $2.60, respectively (as shown in the accom
panying table), made the most extensive use of the
single-hand (tailor) system of sewing. This
system requires more highly trained operators
than are generally needed on the section system,
which was predominant in each of the remaining
areas. Nearly half of the sewing machine
operators in New York and somewhat more than
half of those in Los Angeles—
Long Beach were
assigned to perform all or most of the sewing
operations required on the garment (single-hand
system). In the other areas, the proportions of
workers limited to sewing a specific part (or parts)
of the garment were: approximately three-fifths
in Chicago and San Francisco-Oakland; four-fifths
in Baltimore, Boston, and Phildelphia; and
virtually all in Kansas City, Newark and Jersey
City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
817
Production worker averages in Newark and
Jersey City ($2.25) and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic
($2.13) were also influenced, to some extent, by
the dominance of contract shops which manu
facture from materials owned and frequently cut
by others. More than nine-tenths of the workers
in both areas were in shops of this type. As a
result, the proportion of cutters and markers, who
usually receive comparatively high wages, was
smaller in these areas than in the others.
Approximately equal numbers of men and
women were employed in New York. In all other
areas, women greatly outnumbered men. As a
group, men averaged approximately 20 percent
more than women in Kansas City; between 30
and 40 percent more in 5 areas; approximately 50
percent more in Chicago and San Francisco-Oak
land, and between 60 and 70 percent more in Los
Angeles-Long Beach and Philadelphia. The dif
ference in the general earnings levels for men and
women reflects the concentration of men in jobs
requiring the greatest experience and skill, such as
cutting and marking, pressing, and the single
hand system of sewing. In New York, for ex
ample, men outnumbered women as single-hand
system sewing machine operators by a ratio of
more than 2% to 1, whereas women outnumbered
men as section system operators by a ratio of
more than 4 to 1.
Earnings as low as $1.15 and as high as $5 an
hour were recorded for some workers in all areas.
A fourth of the workers in Baltimore earned $1.60
but less than $1.70 an hour. In no other area was
there any large concentration of workers at a
particular point in the earnings distributions.
Workers paid on an incentive basis (nearly
always individual piecework) accounted for threefifths or more of the work force in Chicago, Kansas
City, Philadelphia, and San Francisco-Oakland;
approximately one-half in Boston and Los AngelesLong Beach; two-fifths in New York and Newark
1
The study included establishments employing four or more workers
and primarily engaged in manufacturing women’s and misses’ coats and suits,
except fur coats and raincoats, part of industry 2337 as defined in the 1957
edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the
U.S. Bureau of the Budget. Contract shops making skirts for suit manu
facturers or suit jobbers were included but other skirt manufacturers were
excluded.
td
The term “ production workers,” as used in this study, includes working
foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonofllce functions.
Administrative, executive, and professional workers were excluded.
A more comprehensive account of the study will be presented in a forth
coming BLS bulletin. Individual area releases are available on request.
s Shown in the accompanying table.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
818
single-hand system operators exceeded those of
section system operators by substantial amounts.
Machine pressers, predominantly men, had the
highest average hourly earnings among the jobs
studied separately in five areas, with averages of
$4.38 in New York and $4.61 in Chicago. Cutters
and markers and workers performing both hand
and machine pressing were also among the highest
paid jobs studied.
Thread trimmers, nearly all women, had the
lowest average earnings in eight of the nine areas
for which data could be presented for the occupa-
and Jersey City; and slightly more than a fourth
in Baltimore and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic.
Sewing machine operators accounted for at
least three-tenths of the total production workers
in each area and for approximately half the
workers in Newark and Jersey City and PatersonClifton-Passaic. In New York, single-hand sys
tem operators, predominantly men, averaged
$3.45 an hour, compared with $2.49 for section
system operators who were mostly women. In
the five other areas for which data are shown for
both types of operations, average earnings of
N dmbeb
and
A verage"Straight-T ime H ourly E arnings 1 of P roduction W orkers in the W omen’s
Coat and S uit I ndustry in 10 S elected A reas,2 A ugust 1962
Baltimore
Kansas City
Chicago
Boston
Los AngelesLong Beach
and
M isses ’
Newark and
Jersey City
Occupation
Work
ers
A1 lproduction workers_________________
M e n ........................ .................................
Women______ ____ ________________
S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s
Earn
ings 1
Work
ers
Earn
ings 1
Work
ers
Earn
ings 1
__ ____
P re sse rs, h a n d a n d m a c h in e
Sewers, hand (finishers)________________
Sewing machine operators, section system .
Sewing machine operators, single-hand
Work
ers
Earn
ings 1
434
134
300
$2.13
2.64
1.90
1,292
451
841
$2.54
3.21
2.17
1,779
245
1,534
$1.95
2.27
1.90
2,446
840
1,606
$2.60
3.45
2.15
5,642
1,317
4,325
$2.25
2.77
2.09
56
15
$3.03
96
74
23
33
93
73
$2.43
1.61
1.43
219
32
49
90
9
$3.40
2.64
3.27
52
124
2.08
2.32
53
46
23
231
251
$3.15
1.75
1.61
3.48
4.61
3.63
2.03
2. 51
$3.90
26
42
25
48
118
376
$2.53
1.92
1.28
2.28
2. 53
2.35
1.76
1.70
194
761
1.65
2.11
105
35
475
341
87
25
2. 72
1.26
34
18
2.78
1.28
181
30
3.07
1.36
1.70
439
27
11
19
11
15
1.33
3.29
4.00
11
22
N ew York
All shops
Regular shops4
32
2.11
Paterson-Clifton-Passaic
88
2.02
1.81
2. 47
3.90
4.78
2.14
286
251
155
938
2,656
3.44
1.50
85
2.00
Philadelphia
2.86
3.37
2.65
2.03
2.41
1.32
San FranciscoOakland
Contract shops
Earntags *
Workers
Earntags 1
Workers
Earnings 1
Workers
$2. 81
3.24
2.39
10, 715
7, 467
3,248
$2.97
3.13
2.59
17,430
, 636
10, 794
$2.72
3.36
2.32
4,470
889
3, 581
$2.13
2.65
1,187
349
838
$2.35
3.27
1.97
544
107
437
$2.22
3.00
2.03
1,764
517
1,143
li 199
1,117
575
,444
4, 792
$3.68
3.04
1.69
3.87
4.38
4.26
2.62
2.49
1,514
281
1,118
'278
319
214
2, 587
352
$3. 66
3.19
1.69
4.01
4.95
4. 56
. 81
2.73
250
236
$3.84
2.85
53
33
$3. 81
1.98
$3.32
1.55
3. 82
4.15
4.08
2.50
2.47
212
233
36
470
2,274
2. 56
3.29
3.65
1.93
$3.14
1.54
1.46
3.59
3. 66
4. 51
29
13
921
798
361
3,857
4,440
13
35
10
2.21
54
43
23
44
49
24
172
437
3.06
3.47
2. 79
1.55
4,402
' 376
3.45
1.49
1,739
67
3,50
1.79
2,663
'309
3.41
1.42
1.31
87
26
3.73
1.36
66
2.80
163
All production workers................................. 28,145
M en___________ ___________________ 14,103
W omen.. _________________________ 14,042
Earnings 1
6
2.00
Earntags 1
Workers
Earntags 1
Workers
Workers
3
Cutters and markers..................................... .
Inspectors, final (examiners)____________
Packers, shipping__
Pressers, hand____ _____________________
Pressers, machine______ _____ __________
Pressers, hand and machine...................... .
Sewers, hand (finishers)_____ ___________
Slewing machine operators, section system.
Sewing machine operators, single-hand
(tailor! system___
Thread trimmers. _
6
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, as defined b y the Bureau of the
Budget, 1961. These definitions are not exactly comparable with those used
in the Bureau’s February 1957 study, particularly with reference to Chicago,
which in the prior study was limited to Cook County; New York, which was
limited to the 5 boroughs; and Philadelphia, which was limited to Philadel
phia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden County, N .J.
Data relate to all workers in the selected occupations. Cutters and mark
ers, shipping packers, pressers, and sewing machine operators, single-hand
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Earn
ings1
$1.88
2.29
1.75
Thread trimmers (cle. ners)...........................
3
Work
ers
1,026
256
770
(tailor') s y s te m
2
Earn
ings 1
3
Cutters and markers.—................... ..............
Inspectors, final (examiners)____________
Packers, shipping __ ___ ____________
Pressers, hand—I.............................................
Pressers, machine______ ______________
S e l e c t e d O c c u p a t io n s
Work
ers
2
2.01
104
2.18
(tailor) system, in most areas, were predominantly men; in the remaining jobs
shown, women were usually predominant. The forthcoming bulletin w ill
include separate wage data for men and women in these occupations wherever
publication criteria are met.
Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations, such
as cutting, finishing, or packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside)
shops.
4
N o t e : D a sh e s in d ic a te n o d a ta re p o rte d o r d a ta t h a t d o n o t m e e t p u b lic a
tio n c r ite ria .
EARNINGS : WOMEN’S AND MISSES’ COAT AND SUIT INDUSTRY
tion. Their average earnings ranged from $1.26
in Baltimore to $1.70 in Kansas City.
Earnings of individual workers varied greatly
within the same job and area. Particularly
among piecework jobs, hourly earnings of the
highest paid worker commonly exceeded those of
the lowest paid worker in the same job and area
by substantially more than $1 an hour, even when
earnings at the extremes were excluded from the
measure. The following tabulation indicates the
number of incentive-paid women sewing machine
operators (section system) in New York with
specified hourly earnings.
Hourly earnings
Number of
workers
Under $1.50_______________________________
$1.50 and under $2.00______________________
$2.00 and under $3.00________________________
$3.00 and under $4.00______________________
$4.00 and over_____________________________
199
565
1,286
369
86
Total number of workers__________________
Average hourly earnings__________________
2,505
$2.41
Establishment Practices
Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in
effect in August 1962 in shops employing ninetenths or more of the production workers in six
areas and more than three-fourths in three others.
A majority of the workers in Boston were in shops
reporting a 40-hour workweek.
Provisions for paid holidays, health and welfare
benefits, vacation pay, severance benefits, and
retirement pension plans were stipulated in col
lective bargaining agreements with the Inter
national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, which
were in effect in shops employing approximately
95 percent of the production workers.3 These
provisions are summarized in the following
paragraphs.
Paid holiday provisions varied from 4 days a
year in Chicago to 6% days in New York, Newark
and Jersey City, Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and
Philadelphia. Timeworkers were paid their regu
lar rates; incentive workers in some areas were
given flat amounts varying by craft, and in other
s Provisions differed slightly in a few shops. Among the shops contacted
which did not have a contract with the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union, formal provisions for paid holidays and vacations were
common, but insurance and pension plans were reported in only a few
instances.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
819
areas, seven times their average hourly earnings
for specified periods.
Health and welfare benefits in all areas studied
and vacation payments in all areas except Chicago
and Kansas City were provided from health and
welfare funds to which employers contributed speci
fied percentages of their payrolls for workers covered
by union agreements. The provisions included
hospitalization, disability, maternity, eyeglass,
and death benefits in nearly all areas and surgical
and medical benefits in several areas. In Chicago
and Kansas City, union health centers which
provide free medical care to union members were
maintained through employer contributions to a
health center fund.
Vacation payments to workers in three areas
varied by occupation, ranging from $50 to $70
annually in New York, and $50 to $65 in Newark
and Jersey City and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic.
In Chicago and Kansas City, employers paid—•
directly to the workers—vacation benefits of 1
week after 1 year of service; in Kansas City, 2
weeks’ pay was provided after 5 years’ service.
In the other five areas, workers’ vacation pay
ments were determined as a percentage of their
annual earnings, with certain limitations in some
areas.
Severance benefits were provided from a na
tional fund to which employers contributed onehalf of 1 percent of their weekly payrolls for
workers covered by the union contract. This
fund provides a lump-sum severance allowance
and weekly supplemental unemployment benefits
to qualified workers.
Retirement pension benefits (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were provided through em
ployer contributions to a retirement fund. The
amounts contributed varied among the areas from
2% to 6 percent of the payrolls for workers covered
by union agreements. Benefits of $65 a month
were paid from the fund to qualified workers over
age 65 in New York, Newark and Jersey City, and
Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and $50 a month in the
other areas. Totally disabled workers, in most
areas, might retire with full benefits at age 60.
The fund also provided a $500 death benefit.
— F r e d W . M ohr
Division of Occupational Pay
Technical Note
Table of Working Life
for Men, 1960
Stuart Garfinkle*
A rev ised table of working life for men 1 as of
1960 is presented with this technical note to meet
the continuing demand for these measures of labor
force entry and separation as well as for measures
of occupational separation to be used in estimating
occupational replacement needs. Another im
portant use of the table is in court proceedings
involving loss of earning capacity through death
or disability.
The present table must be regarded as prelimi
nary because the two critical variables, the 1960
death rates and labor force participation rates
(percent of the population of each age who are
working or looking for work) may be subject to
minor modification on the basis of later tabula
tions. However, the final table will not be greatly
different.
This article describes the major assumptions
and the meaning and method of computation of
each column shown in the table. In common with
the conventional life table, the table of working
life for men begins with an initial group of 100,000
born alive and follows it through life, subject to a
pattern of attrition determined by a specified set
of mortality rates. Since the focus here is on the
span of working life, the table begins with age 14,
the age at which labor force measurement begins
in the United States. Beginning at that age,
the life table population is also subject to two
other factors: the probability of accession to and
of separation from the labor force each year.
Precise measurement of labor force “births” or
“deaths” is not feasible with presently available
information, if only because labor force status of
an individual may change a number of times,
especially during the marginal or intermittent
employment period at both ends of the age scale.
820
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
However, for purposes of work-life table con
struction, the solution turns out to be conceptually
and technically straightforward. Net changes in
labor force activity by men in successive ages are
used as a basis for estimating entries and with
drawals, with accessions and separations being
derived from differences in successive worker rates.
Thus, under a given pattern of worker rates for a
specified period of time, a cohort of male workers
60 years of age would acquire the lower worker
rates of persons aged 61 as they become 1 year
older. From the difference in successive worker
rates in combination with mortality data, it is
possible to derive the probabilities of separation
due either to death or retirement—the latter term
being used to cover all exits from the labor force
for causes other than death.
The following is a very brief description of each
of the columns appearing in the accompanying
table. Some of the functions normally included
in the standard life table, e.g., qx—the mortality
rates, lx—number living at the beginning of the age,
and dx—number dying, are omitted in the interest
of compactness. They can readily be derived from
the table and a description can be found in any
standard life table.
(1) Year of age (x to x + 1)
All of the variables in the table are expressed in
terms of the exact birthday (x) or of the interval
between successive birthdays (x to x+1), in ac
cordance with standard life table practice.
(2) Number living in year of age (Lx)
This is the “stationary population” or number of
persons who would be living in any age interval
under the assumption of 100,000 live births an
nually, subject throughout life to the specified
*Of the Office of Manpower, Automation, and Training.
For an extensive description of working life patterns and a detailed exposi
tion of techniques used in the preparation of tables of working life, see Tables
of Working Life: Length of Working Life for M en (BLS Bulletin 1001, 1950).
Abridged tables of working life for men in 1950 were published in the Monthly
Labor Review for March 1955 (pp. 297-300).
1
821
TABLE OF WORKING LIFE FOR MEN, 1960
mortality rates. Under these fixed conditions, if
births were distributed evenly throughout each
year and if there were no migration, a census
taken at any time would show no change in
either the total population or the number of persons
in each age interval. The 1960 mortality data are
from life tables prepared by the National Office
of Vital Statistics.
(3) Percent of population in labor force in year of
age (wx)
The worker rate has the same critical relation
ship to the estimates of work-life expectancy as
the mortality rate has to total life expectancy.
Unlike the mortality function which describes a
rate during a specified time interval, the worker
rate is based on a cross section as of a given
point in time.
For the 1960 table, the worker rates were derived
from those for 2-year age groups from 14 to 20,
5-year groups from 20 to 70, and for the age group
70 years and over published in the M o n th ly
R e p o rt on the L abor Force for April 1960. These
data were adjusted to incorporate single year of
age patterns for ages 14-24 and 60-69, 5-year
patterns for ages 70-84, and those for age 85 and
over from the 1960 decennial census. All of the
rates were adjusted to reflect the total labor force
including the Armed Forces overseas and the total
population including persons in institutions.
(4) Number in labor force in year of age (Lwx)
This is the “stationary labor force” similar in
concept to the stationary population and shows
the number in labor force status in each year of
age under conditions of labor force participation
prevailing in the reference year.
(5) Accessions to labor force (1,000 Ax)
This column shows the net accessions to the
life table labor force per 1,000 population between
successive years of age. It is calculated from
successive increases in the stationary labor force
figures up to the point at which the worker rate
reaches a peak, after accounting for losses to the
labor force due to death during the year:
(6) Probability of separations due to all causes
(1,000 Q*8)
The probability of separation is defined as the
net separations from the life table labor force
between successive ages of those in the stationary
labor force in the base year. The annual proba
bility of labor force separations for persons in
the labor force in a given year of age is computed
as a ratio of the difference between the stationary
labor force in successive years to the labor force
in the base year:
1,000 Qi=Lw\ ^
'
For the younger ages prior to the point where
the worker rate reaches a peak, the assumption is
that net separations are due entirely to death:
1,000 Q ^ L -+r Lg
(7) Probability of separations due to death
(1,000 QH)
(8) Probability of separations due to retirement
(1,000 QO
In deriving the probabilities of separation due
to death or retirement after the point where the
worker reaches a peak, it was assumed, in the
absence of differential mortality rates separately
for workers and nonworkers, that the age-specific
death rates for men in the labor force approximated
those for the population as a whole. The proba
bility of death is defined as the ratio of the number
of separations from the labor force because of
death during a year to the number of persons in
the stationary labor force at the beginning of the
year. On the assumption that retirements are
distributed evenly within each year of age, the
average person retiring is exposed to death, as a
worker, for only half a year. The total number
of workers exposed to death during the year
would then be the number at the beginning of
the year less half of those retiring.
Knowing Qx= ^ x ^Jx+1 and the separation rate
Lwx—Lwx-(-i
^~
Lwx
we solve algebraically to get
Thus:
1,000
a x=
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-^
tl ±
L wx(Q x-
i)
Q '= Q 2 -Q ? :) and
q;= q;
- q:
822
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T able
(i)
(2)
(3)
op
(4)
W o rking L i f e : M a l e s , 1960
(5)
(6)
Number living of 100,000 bom alive
Year of age
In
population
x to x+1
Lx
Number
Percent of
population
Lw,
w,
1000Ax
(In year of age)
14...............................
15 .........................
16 ...........................
17 ...........................
18 ...........................
19................................
20...............................
21................................
22................................
23...............................
24__________ _____
96,102
96, 020
95, 918
95, 800
95, 666
95, 523
95,374
95, 211
95,039
94, 865
94, 692
14,800
19, 780
31,269
45, 026
61, 992
73. 075
79, 065
82,167
84, 490
86,137
87,306
25. .........................
26. .........................
27 ...........................
28 ...........................
29 ...........................
30 ...........................
31. .........................
32. ............ ............
33................................
34...............................
94, 526
94,360
94,197
94,033
93,869
93, 697
93. 522
93,341
93,151
92, 948
35 ...........................
36 ............................
37 ...........................
38 ............................
39 ............................
40 ..........................
41 ..........................
42 ..........................
43 ...........................
44...............................
65................................ .
56 .......................... .
57 .......................... .
58 ............................
59 .......................... .
60 ............................
61............................... .
62.................................
63 ............................
64 .......................... .
92, 728
92,493
92,238
91, 960
91, 659
91,326
90, 964
90, 568
90,131
89,654
89,106
, 534
87, 904
87,206
, 428
85. 596
84, 637
83, 591
82, 468
81,283
80. 020
78, 717
77,344
75, 881
74,306
72, 588
70, 774
68,849
, 820
64, 699
88,193
88,887
89, 487
89. 990
90,396
90, 699
90, 716
90, 634
90. 543
90, 438
90,132
89,811
89, 471
89.109
. 726
88,312
87, 871
87. 398
, 886
. 337
85, 720
85, 081
84,300
83, 456
82, 452
81,316
79, 982
78, 492
76,860
75,105
65 ............................
66 .......................... .
67 ............................
68 ............................
6 9 - ..............................
70................................
71................................
72............................... .
73 .... .....................
74 ............................
62, 533
60,246
57, 879
55, 438
52, 923
50, 374
47, 733
45,046
42.325
39, 586
75 ...... ....................
76............................... .
77 .......................... .
78 ............................
79............................... .
80.................................
81.................................
82— ............................
83................................ .
8 4 - ..............................
36, 785
34, 047
31.320
28. 617
25, 946
23, 245
20, 669
18. 159
15, 734
13, 408
6,984
5. 838
4, 826
3, 905
3,121
2. 433
1,841
1,368
85 years and o v e r...
55, 525
4,386
45 ...........................
46 .. .........................
47 ..........................
48 ..........................
49 .......................... .
50 .......................... .
51............................... .
52 ............................
53 ............................
54 .......................... .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88
86
66
88
86
86
73,218
71.239
69.223
67,003
64,646
61. 990
59, 026
55, 837
52,387
47,813
35,206
29, 219
25, 640
23,118
20, 746
18, 538
16, 468
14, 550
12, 782
11,124
9,638
8, 239
(8)
Average number of remaining
v ears of—
Due to
all causes
D ue to
death
Due to
retirement
Life
1000QÏ
1000Qx
1000 Qi
0
6*
(Between years of age)
15.4
20.6
32.6
47.0
64.8
76.5
82.9
86.3
88.9
90.8
92.2
93.3
94.2
95.0
95.7
96.3
96.8
97.0
97.1
97.2
97.3
97.2
97.1
97.0
96.9
96.8
96.7
96. 6
96.5
96.4
96.3
96.2
96.1
95.9
95.7
95.4
95.0
94.5
93.9
93.2
92.4
91.5
90.5
89.5
88.3
87.0
85.4
83.4
81.1
78.4
73.9
56.3
48.5
44.3
41.7
39.2
36.8
34.5
32.3
30.2
28.1
26.2
24.2
22.3
20.4
18. 6
16.8
15.1
13.4
11.7
10.2
7.9
52.0
119.9
143.8
177.8
116.8
63.9
33.9
26.0
18.9
14.0
11.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
5.9
5.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.3
4.7
5.0
5.4
5.9
6.3
7.1
7.5
9.2
10.0
12.0
13.8
16.4
18.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.3
6.1
6.4
7.1
7.9
8.9
9.6
11.2
20.8
22.8
12.4
13.4
14.3
15.4
27.0
28.3
32. 1
35.2
41.1
47.8
54.0
61.8
87.3
263.7
170.1
122.5
98.4
6
106.4
111.7
116.5
121.5
129.7
133.6
16.2
17.3
18.8
25.1
102
145.2
152.3
164.1
173.3
190.8
200.8
220.4
243.3
256.9
265.4
Labor force
participation
0
ewr
(At beginning of year of age)
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
(10)
(9)
Separations from the labor force
( ner 1.000 in labor foree)
Accessions to
the labor force
(per 1,000 in
population)
In labor force
(7)
20.6
22.9
24.7
26.8
29.0
30.8
29.6
34.1
37.6
41.0
44.1
46.8
50.8
54.6
58.5
62. 5
68.5
71.7
77.1
82.8
89.4
99.6
105. 5
115.0
125. 6
139.1
140.4
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
2.1
2.1
3.1
4.2
5.2
6.2
7.4
8.5
9.7
10.8
11.0
13.3
14.6
18.2
23.1
27.2
32.8
56.5
234.1
136.0
84.9
57.4
58 5
59.6
60.9
61.9
63 0
67.2
65.1
73.5
75.2
81.3
83.9
91.2
95.3
105.4
117.7
117.8
125.0
55.2
54.2
53.3
52.3
51.4
50.5
49.6
48.6
47.7
46.8
45.9
48.3
47.3
46.3
45.4
44.4
43. 5
42.6
41.6
40.7
39.8
38.9
45.0
44.1
43.1
42.2
41.3
40.4
39.4
38.5
37.6
36.7
37.9
37.1
36.0
35.1
34.2
33.2’
32.3
31.4
30.4
29.5
28.6
27.7
26.8
25.9
25.0
24.1
23.2
22.3
21.4
35.7
34.8
33.9
33.0
32.1
31.2
30.3
29.5
28.6
27.7
26.9
26.0
25.2
24.4
23.6
22.8
22.1
20.6
21.3
19.9
19.2
18.5
17.8
17.1
16.4
15.8
15.2
14.6
14.0
13.4
20.6
19.7
18.8
18.0
17.2
16.4
15.6
14.8
14.0
13.3
12.6
11.2
11.9
10.5
9.8
9.1
8.5
7.8
7.2
6.7
6.1
12.8
12.3
11.8
11.2
10.7
10.2
6.3
7.0
7.1
7.0
6.7
6.4
8.8
8.4
8.0
5.9
5.6
5.3
9.8
93
6.1
6
6.0
5.6
5.3
5.0
4.7
5.1
4.8
4.6
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.5
3.6
7.5
7.1
6.7
3
823
TABLE OF WORKING LIFE FOR MEN, 1960
(9) Average number of remaining years of life (ex)
The total life expectancy function is identical
with that shown in the conventional life tables and
is computed by dividing the cumulative manyears of life in the given year and all succeeding
years (Tx) by the number living at the beginning
of the age (lx). The population living at the
beginning of the age (lx) was derived by consecu
tive subtractions of the number of deaths as
described in (2) from the 100,000 assumed to be
born alive.
The formula used is:
°e*= ± Lx
x= n
lx
= TX
lx
(10) Average number of remaining years of
working life (ewx)
This function for ages older than the age at
which the worker rate reaches a peak was similarly
derived by dividing the cumulative man-years
in the labor force in the given year and all succeed
ing years by the number in the labor force at the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
beginning of the age (lwx). The labor force at
the exact age interval was estimated by linear
interpolation from corresponding Lwx values on
the assumption of an even distribution of deaths
and retirements within each year of age.
The formula used is:
oo
ewx= S Lwx
x = n ________
lw x
_Tw x
lwx
Since work-life expectancy has been defined in
these tables as the average number of years of
working life remaining to a group of persons
in the labor fo rce at a given age, a modification of
the above formula is needed for the younger ages
to eliminate the effect of entries into the work
force in the following years. For this purpose^
Lwx values at the younger ages were estimated by
applying the maximum labor force participation
rate to all ages younger than the age at which the
maximum rate was attained. This assumes, for
example, that no one in the labor force at age 14
would leave the force until after the age when the
labor force rates begin to decline unless he died.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
In a unanimous decision, the
U.S. Supreme Court upheld 1 a finding of the
National Labor Relations Board that a struck
company committed an unfair labor practice by
awarding 20 years of extra seniority to strike
replacements and employees who returned to
work during the strike, even if the company’s
action was motivated by a legitimate business
purpose. The Board had refused to accept
evidence supporting the company’s argument that
granting of additional benefits was necessary to
keep its operations going during the strike.
During a strike following an impasse in con
tract negotiation, the company notified the union
members that it intended to begin hiring replace
ments and that strikers would retain their jobs
until replaced. It assured replacements that they
would not be laid off or discharged after the strike
and subsequently granted 20 years’ seniority, for
layoff purposes only, to replacements and strikers
who returned to work. The strike eventually
collapsed as increasing numbers of strikers re
turned to work, and the company reinstated
those strikers whose jobs had not been filled. A
substantial number of employees resigned from
the union.
The union subsequently filed an unfair labor
practice charge with the National Labor Relations
Board, which held, without finding on the em
ployer’s intent, that the granting of superseniority
violated the guarantees of section 8(a) (1) and (3)
of the Labor Management Relations Act that
employees shall not be discriminated against for
engaging in protected concerted activities. The
employer had argued that its overriding purpose
in granting additional seniority was to keep its
plant open and that business necessity justified
its conduct. It was further argued that the right
to grant extra seniority was a corollary to the
recognized right of employers to replace strikers.2
S u p e rse n io rity .
824
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In the Board’s view, granting of superseniority
was distinguishable from replacement of strikers
in that the latter affects only employees replaced,
whereas the former affects the tenure of all strikers.
Unlike the replacement of strikers, the Board had
said, superseniority creates a cleavage in the
plant continuing long after the strike is ended.
“ Employees are henceforth set apart into two
groups: Those who stayed with the union . . . and
those who returned before the end of the strike
and thereby gained extra seniority. This differ
ence is reemphasized with each subsequent layoff
. . . and stands as an ever-present reminder of the
dangers connected with striking and with union
activities in general.” The Board concluded that
even if the business purpose alleged by the com
pany were indeed its true principal purpose,
it was not sufficient to justify the granting of
superseniority.
The court of appeals denied the Board’s peti
tion for enforcement, but its decision was reversed
by the Supreme Court. Speaking for the Court,
Justice White endorsed the Board’s conclusion
that superseniority has a greater impact on union
activities than the replacement of strikers which
has been declared to be lawful. He emphasized
the importance of the strike as an economic
weapon and the necessity of protecting that
weapon from undue interference. He pointed out
that the weighing of the complex interests involved
here was within the competence of the Board and
that its findings were supported by substantial
evidence. The Board could, therefore, properly
decline to consider evidence as to whether the
employer’s actions were motivated by the claimed
business purpose.
Uncertain if the Court intended to hold that
the Board could disregard the employer’s motive
in any case involving superseniority, Justice
Harlan concurred in this case that the Board was
justified in striking down the 20-year supersenior
ity without examining evidence as to the employer’s
♦Prepared in the U .S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence
of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue
presented.
1N L R B v. Erie Resistor Corp., 53 L R R M 2121 (M ay 13, 1963). For a
summary of the N L R B decision, see Monthly Labor Review, October 1961,
p. 1111.
2 N L R B v. Mackay Radio and Telephone Co., 304 U .S. 333 (1938).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
business motive. He believed, however, that
under some circumstances, such examination by
the Board might be necessary, including, for
example, the granting of extra seniority for con
siderably shorter periods of time.
Railway Labor Act
U n io n D u es. The U.S. Supreme Court held3
that under union shop agreements protected by
the Rahway Labor Act, unions may not exact
funds from employees for political purposes over
the employees’ express objection. The Court also
said that it was not necessary for an employee
to allege and prove each distinct political expendi
ture to which he objected, so long as his opposition
to any political expenditures is made known to the
union.
When the union shop agreement went into
effect, certain employees refused to pay periodic
dues, initiation fees, and assessments uniformly
required as a condition of acquiring or maintain
ing membership in the union. They brought an
action in a North Carolina court, seeking to
enjoin enforcement of the union shop agreement
because of alleged expenditures by the unions for
political purposes which they disapproved. The
court prohibited the union from compelling
employees to join its ranks or to pay any of the
union fees, but provided that the injunction would
be modified appropriately when the union had
shown what proportion of these funds -was rea
sonably necessary and relevant to collective
bargaining.
The Supreme Court, in accordance with its
decision in In tern a tio n a l A sso c ia tio n of M a c h in ists
v. S treet, 4 agreed that it was improper for unions
under a union shop agreement to use exacted
funds for political purposes where employees
affirmatively protest such expenditures. On the
other hand, it concluded that the State trial
court had erred in permitting employees to with
hold all payments to the union pending a showing
by the union as to the proportion representing
political expenditures. As the Court suggested
in the S treet case, the employees were obliged, as a
3 Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks v. Allen S3 L R RM 2128
(M ay 13,1963).
<367 U.S. 740 (1961); for summary, see Monthly Labor Review, September
1961, pp. 998-999.
6Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers v. Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Co., 52 L R R M 2944 (April 29, 1963).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
825
condition of continued employment, to make pay
ments to their unions, though they might seek
injunctive relief against expenditures which they
opposed and restitution of that portion of pay
ments made to the unions which had already
been wrongly expended.
The Supreme Court went beyond the remedies
outlined in the Street case and suggested a refund
to employees of exacted funds in the same pro
portion that union political expenditures bore to
total union expenditures, and a similar reduction
of future demands. The Court noted that the
unions bear the burden of proof as to the size of
the proportion since they are in the possession
of financial records. The Court also took note of
the difficulty involved in solving these problems
through court action and suggested that unions
work out internal procedures excusing dissenters
from assessments to the extent that they will be
used for political purposes. Nevertheless, the
Court indicated that it could fashion a judicial
remedy if necessary.
Justice Harlan, while agreeing with the Court
in its reversal of the State court decision, believed
that union members objecting to political expendi
tures should be required to specify the particular
payments which they oppose.
The U.S. Supreme Court
ruled 5 that a railroad union was properly en
joined from striking in support of its interpreta
tion of the National Railroad Adjustment Board’s
award of backpay to a discharged employee.
The railroad company dismissed an employee
for allegedly assaulting other employees; the
employee’s union protested. When grievance
procedures failed to resolve the dispute and the
union threatened to strike, the employer submitted
the matter to the National Railroad Adjustment
Board. The Board sustained the employee’s
claim, but a controversy arose subsequently as to
whether the Board ruling had awarded the em
ployee total backpay or whether the employer
could deduct the amount the worker had earned
elsewhere during the period of his dismissal. The
union continued to threaten a strike; after the
Board turned down the employer’s request for
clarification of the award, he obtained injunctive
relief from a Federal district court. The court
held that, under the Railway Labor Act, the union
could not legally strike to enforce its interpretation
A n tistrik e In ju n c tio n .
826
of the Board’s money award, but should instead
seek judicial enforcement provided by the act.
Justice Stewart, speaking for the majority, con
cluded that the grievance procedures set forth in
the act were a “mandatory, exclusive, and com
prehensive system for resolving grievance dis
putes,” and that a party cannot defeat it by re
sorting to another forum or by striking in order
to enforce its interpretation of a Board ruling.
He noted that in T ra in m en v. Chicago R . cfc I .R .R .
C o.,6 the Court held that a strike called by the
union while Board hearings on a grievance were
in progress violated those provisions of the act
which make minor dispute procedures compulsory
on both parties. He saw no distinction between
a strike to compel compliance with a Board ruling
and a strike to enforce union demands while
Board hearings were pending.
Justice Stewart noted that this case involved a
monetary award and, therefore, was not final and
binding under the act. He pointed out that the
act specifically provides that suits may be insti
tuted in Federal district courts to enforce such
awards. Board findings are regarded as prima
facie evidence of the facts stated in the complaint.
He concluded that a strike in this instance would
be no less destructive of the statutory procedures
than a strike called while Board procedures were
in progress.
Justices Goldberg, Douglas, and Black dis
sented. In his dissent, joined in by Justice
Douglas, Justice Goldberg argued that the ra
tionale of the Chicago R a ilro a d case did not apply
to this situation. In that case, the Court had
concluded that a strike would interfere with a
congressional intent to establish an exclusive and
comprehensive system of compulsory arbitration
for such disputes. Justice Goldberg pointed out
that Chicago R a ilro a d involved a nonmonetary
award by the Railroad Adjustment Board. Such
awards are final and binding under the act. The
present case involved a monetary award, which is
not final and binding. He, therefore, did not re
gard such awards as subject to this comprehensive
system of compulsory arbitration.
Justice Goldberg regarded the majority’s de
cision as contributing to an unfair imbalance in
favor of carriers. He noted that unions are not
permitted to appeal to the courts or strike if the
Board denies their claim, whereas the employer
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
can seek a court trial on the merits if the union
wins. He, therefore, regarded it as particularly
unfair to deny the union in addition the right to
strike for the purpose of enforcing a favorable
Board monetary award.
Federal-State Jurisdiction
The Supreme Court held 7that State laws forbid
ding racial discrimination in hiring may be applied
to interstate ah* carriers since they do not place
an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce
and Federal law does not prevent such regulation.
Upon rejection of his job application by the
airline, the petitioner filed a complaint with the
Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission alleging
that the company had refused to hire him because
he was a Negro. The Commission found that the
airline had committed an unfair employment prac
tice by refusing to select the petitioner solely
because of his race, and ordered the airline to
cease such discrimination and to offer the peti
tioner the first opening in its training school. The
Supreme Court of Colorado affirmed the judg
ment of a lower State court setting aside the
Commission’s findings and dismissing the peti
tioner’s complaint.
The argument that State regulation of inter
state carriers relative to racial discrimination
placed an undue burden on interstate commerce
was founded on earlier decisions of the Court that
have been overruled.8 The basis of this conten
tion was that the subject must be free from
differing schemes of regulation by the various
States, and, if at all, it should be regulated uni
formly by Congress. The earlier decisions, in
validating State laws concerning discrimination by
interstate carriers, were based on the assumption
that State laws requiring segregation and those
forbidding it would otherwise both be valid, thus
subjecting a carrier to conflicting State laws.
Subsequent Supreme Court decisions,9 however,
made it clear that this kind of burden could not
exist. “Any State or Federal law,” the Court
6 353 U .S. 30 (1957)
7Colorado A nti-Dis crimination Commission v . Continental A ir Lines;
Green v. Same (U.S. Sup. Ct., Apr. 22, 1963).
s Hall v. De Cuir, 95 U.S. 485 (1878); and Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S.
373 (1946).
9 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954); Bolling v. Sharpe, 347
U.S. 483 (1954); and Bailey v. Patterson, 369 U.S. 31 (1962).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
said, “requiring applicants for any job to be
turned away because of their color would be
invalid.”
In rejecting the argument that Federal law
relating to racial discrimination in interstate
commerce preempts State legislation in this field,
the Court held that mere identity in purpose of
Federal and State laws does not invalidate the
State law. The Court then systematically ex
amined the Federal regulation involved. Concededly, the Federal Aviation Act authorizes the
Civil Aeronautics Board and the Federal Aviation
Agency to prevent air carriers from subjecting
any person to “any unjust discrimination.” How
ever, these agencies have not yet exercised the
authority to prohibit racial discrimination by air
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
827
carriers, and as long as this power remains “dor
mant and unexercised,” it does not preempt State
legislation in the field, nor did Congress intend
to bar such legislation.
Although the Railway Labor Act bars dis
crimination by unions against minority groups
in employee representation and employer’s as
sistance to unions in such discrimination, nothing
in the act places a duty upon an employer to
engage in fair employment practices.
The Court also disposed of a contention that
the President’s executive orders requiring nondiscriminatory pledges in Government contracts
preempts the subject, noting that this airline
had no mail contract with the Government and
would not be subject to those executive orders.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
May 7
S e a f a r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n rejoined the
International Transportworkers Federation after being
suspended and subsequently resigning from the federation
2 years ago (Chron. item for Apr. 18, MLR, June 1961)
in a dispute over the union’s aid to British seamen revolt
ing against the leadership in their own union. When the
federation lifted its suspension, the Seafarers withdrew its
resignation.
T he
May 1, 1963
announced th at he had
directed Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall to conduct
a review of safety regulations and practices in the coal
industry, because of the loss of 59 lives in two recent mine
disasters. (See also MLR, May 1963, pp. 560-561.)
P r e sid e n t J ohn F . K e n n e d y
May 3
to the U.S. District Court in Washington,
D.C., the Railway Labor Act requires th at employees
have the chance to vote expressly for no collective bar
gaining representative in a representation election. The
National Mediation Board had construed the act as for
bidding such an express choice. The NMB maintained
the rights of the majority are protected, because if only a
minority of the employees in a craft or class return ballots,
no representative is certified. The court held, however,
that since the scope of the craft or class of employees is at
the discretion of the NMB, the “no-union” choice is a
necessary safeguard against arbitrary Board action. As
a result of the suit—brought by the Association for the
Benefit of Non-Contract Employees against the NMB—an
election scheduled for the Railway Clerks and Machinists
at United Airlines, Inc., was halted by injunction.
A ccording
May 6
R a tific a tio n of a 50-month Teamsters’ union contract
for 18,000 Montgomery Ward and Co. employees was
announced, to provide increases averaging 9.8 cents the
first year, 7.5 cents the second, and 5 cents in the third
and fourth. A profit sharing plan (MLR, June 1963,
p. 711), and improved health and welfare benefits
which the union estimates will cost the company over
$3 million a year were among terms of the contract effective
June 1. (See also pp. 832-833 of this issue.)
Later in the month, six Teamster locals ratified a 3-year
contract with Motor Transport Labor Relations, Inc., and
500 independent truckers in eastern Pennsylvania,
southern New Jersey, Delaware, and northern Maryland
providing increases up to 57 cents in wages and fringes.
Except for road drivers or platform men and helpers, all
covered employees received wage increases of 43 cents an
hour during the agreement’s first year. Road drivers
received 12 to 33 cents, depending on previous rates;
platform men and helpers received 23 cents. (See also
p. 833 of this issue.)
828
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May 12
was reached b y the Amalgamated Clothing
Workers and the nationwide Clothing Manufacturers
Association on a 3-year contract for 125,000 workers
valued at about 26 cents an hour. Wages, which averaged
$1.96% an hour for a 40-hour week, are to be raised 17%
cents an hour on June 1. Health and welfare provisions
include increases in disability benefits, hospital allowances
(from $18 to $23 a day), incidental hospital expenses, and
surgical payments. Employees with at least 1 year’s
service are to receive a third week of vacation. (See also
p. 830 of this issue.)
A greem ent
May 13
A P r e sid e n t ia l e m e r g en c y board appointed April 3
under the Railway Labor Act recommended gradual
elimination of the jobs of most diesel locomotive firemen
in freight and yard service, except where elimination would
jeopardize safety or unreasonably burden other employees.
(See also Chron. item for Mar. 4, MLR, May 1963.)
E n g in e e r s on the nuclear ship Savannah, represented by
the Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association, were paid
off and dismissed by States Marine Lines, which has
operated the ship under contract. The following day,
Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges announced
the ship would not sail for 4 to 6 months while new engi
neers were trained, to replace those involved in the long
standing labor dispute (Chron. item for Aug. 12, MLR,
Oct. 1962.)
T h e U.S. Supreme Court held that employees covered by a
union shop agreement under the Railway Labor Act are
not required to pay that part of their dues used for political
purposes to which they object. The case was Railway and
Steamship Clerks v. Allen. (See also p. 825 of this issue.)
a U.S. court of appeals decision in the Erie
Resistor case (Chron. item for May 15, MLR, July 1962),
the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an employer violated
the Labor Management Relations Act by offering 20-year
seniority credit for determining layoffs to new employees
hired as strikebreakers or to strikers returning to work.
The Court held that since the National Labor Relations
Board found that the “ consequences upon employees’
R e v e r sin g
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
rights” outweighed the employer’s claimed lawful business
purpose, it need not consider his motive. (See also p. 824
of this issue.)
G eorge M. H a rr iso n retired as president of the Railway
Clerks at the organization’s 22d convention in Los Angeles
to the newly created advisory post of chief executive.
(See also p. 837 of this issue.)
May 14
I n Locomotive Firemen v. Southern Ry. Co., the U.S.
District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that past
practice of operating locomotives with a fireman or helper
established a working condition within the meaning of
Sec. 6 of the Railway Labor Act. The railroad may not
modify this practice until the National Railroad Adjust
ment Board so rules under existing contract provisions
relating to the employment of firemen. The carrier had
contended th at the contract requires only th at it “endeavor
to man . . . trains with firemen currently in the seniority
ranks. Or in other words, if firemen are not available,
the railroad may operate without firemen.”
A 4 - y e a r contract providing a $65 minimum for a 35hour workweek for 5,000 nonmedical employees of the
Metropolitan New York Nursing Home Association was
signed with the Building Service Employees’ International
Union. The contract also provided in the first year $6 to
$15 weekly increases and $3 increases in each subsequent
year, with additional improvements in meals, vacations,
pensions, sick leave, and holidays. (See also p. 833 of
this issue.)
May 15
T he I n ter n a t io n a l A sso ciation of M a c h in ist s an
nounced ratification by a 14,205 to 4,688 vote of a 3-year
contract with the Boeing Co. for 40,000 production and
maintenance workers. Wage increases from 11 to 14
cents an hour are included, retroactive to September 16,
1962, and 5 to 9 cents on September 16 of 1963 and 1964.
Changes in the performance rating system (which provides
th at employees with lowest ratings are laid off first) are to
protect workers whose jobs are downgraded. Union
security and job evaluation provisions are also included
in the contract.
selec tio n of trial examiner Arthur Leff as Chief
Counsel for the National Labor Relations Board was
announced. Mr. Leff succeeds Arnold Ordman, who re
signed to become NLRB General Counsel. (See Chron.
item for Apr. 24, MLR, June 1963.)
T he
At its q u a rterly Executive Council meeting in St.
Louis, the AFL-CIO resolved to oppose tax cuts not con
centrated among low and middle income taxpayers, asked
for Federal aid for urban renewal and other building pro
grams, announced plans for coordinated organizing in the
Washington-Baltimore area, and established a committee
to study use of union funds for urban renewal projects.
(See also p. 836 of this issue.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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May 18
U n de r the Federal Salary Reform Act of 1962 (Chron.
item for Oct. 11, MLR, Dec. 1962) and Executive Order
11073, the Civil Service Commission increased minimum
salary rates and rate ranges for Internal Revenue agents
and accountants. The minimum and maximum rates
for affected grades are GS-5, $5,525 to $6,965; GS-6,
$5,885 to $7,415; GS-7, $6,280 to $7,945; GS-8, $6,705 to
$8,550; and GS-9, $7,125 to $9,150. The new starting
rates range from $450 (for GS-9) to $1,035 (for GS-8)
above regular rates for these grades.
May 21
A P r e sid e n t ia l m em orandum set out standards of con
duct for employee organizations and a code of fair labor
practices for the Federal service. This extended the policy
of encouraging recognition of unions set forth in Execu
tive Order 10988 (Chron. item for Jan. 17, MLR, Mar.
1962). Employee organizations are to be recognized
only if they subscribe to provisions which call explicitly
for democratic procedures, the exclusion of Communists
from office, the prohibition of conflict of interest on the
part of officers, and fiscal integrity. Unfair practices
prohibited to management include abridging the exercise
of rights guaranteed in the Executive order, encouraging
or discouraging membership through discrimination, con
trolling an employee organization, disciplining an em
ployee because of compliance with the order or the code,
refusing to recognize a qualified organization, and re
fusing to bargain. Employee organizations are prohibited
from interfering with or attempting to induce management
to interfere with the rights assured by the order, coercing
or disciplining any member in hindrance of the discharge
of his duties as a Federal employee, striking, discriminating
because of race, color, creed, or national origin. Although
it became effective immediately, the order allowed 6
months for agencies to adopt needed procedures. (See
also pp. 835-836 of this issue.)
The President also requested the Civil Service Commis
sion to develop “regulations, standards, and procedures”
for Federal agencies to withhold union dues from pay checks
of employees authorizing such deductions. The cost is
to be paid by the employee organization, and the program
is to be operative by January 1, 1964. (See also p. 836
of this issue.)
May 23
A m inim um wage in the machine tools industry of $1.65
an hour for blueprint machine operators and draftsmen
and $1.80 for employees in other occupations took effect
for contracts covered by the Walsh-Healey Act. There
was no previous determination made specifically for the
industry. No provision was made for learners.
May 25
P r e sid e n t K e n n e d y appointed a 12-member panel
authorized by the Labor Management Relations Act to
advise the director of the Federal Mediation and Con
ciliation Service. The panel has been dormant since the
early 1950’s. (See also p. 836 of this issue.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining
On May 12, 1963, the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers, representing 125,000 workers,
and the Clothing Manufacturers Association of
the United States, representing 700 manufacturers
of men's and boy’s clothing across the country,
announced agreement on a 3-year contract which
the employers estimated would cost 26 cents an
hour. The settlement called for a 17%-cent-anhour wage increase effective June 1; health and
welfare improvements, also effective June 1,
which include higher disability benefits, an increase
in the hospital room allowance to $23 from $18 a
day, an increase in incidental hospital benefits,
and a higher surgical fee schedule; and effective
in 1964, a third week of vacation (4 additional
days during Christmas week) for employees with
more than 1 year of service. The preceding wage
increase for these workers was 17% cents effective
on June 1, 1960. Among the union’s initial
demands were a reduction in the workweek from
40 to 35 hours (with no loss in pay) and a 25-centan-hour increase.
The International Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union and Maidenform, Inc., on May 14 an
nounced a plan designed to insure that any
expansion in company production in Puerto Rico
will not be at the expense of current jobs on the
mainland. If demand remains stable, the com
pany will not cut the number of production workers
below the March 16, 1963, level (job vacancies
from attrition will be filled). If production falls
below the March 16, 1963, level, job reduction will
be equal on the mainland and the island, and any
increase in production can be allocated to Puerto
Rico so long as the number of mainland jobs does
not fall below the March 16, 1963, level. The
agreement covers 2,500 workers in plants in
Bayonne and Perth Amboy, N.J., Princeton,
Clarksburg, and Huntington, W. Va., and in
Puerto Rico.
A p p a r e l.
830
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New rules adopted by the ILGWU Supple
mentary Unemployment-Severance Benefit Fund
raised by 50 percent weekly benefits for workers
who remain unemployed more than 26 weeks and
provided a new lump-sum payment for those who
remain unemployed a full year. These lumpsum-payments, ranging from $12.50 to $400, are
the same as those paid when firms go out of
business. Weekly benefit rates were not changed
for the first 26 weeks of unemployment ($12.50
to $25) or for workers having at least 9 years’
service with an employer who goes out of business
(3 weeks’ benefits for each year of employment).
The fund, covering approximately 412,000 workers,
is the only national severance pay fund which
compensates workers losing their jobs because of
business failure.
The United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers,
representing approximately 1,000 workers, and
the John B. Stetson Co. of Philadelphia, agreed
May 14 on a contract providing inequity adjust
ments ranging from 7 to 20 cents an hour to some
400 workers, a third week of vacation (4 additional
days to be taken in the Christmas-New Year
season) for all workers with 10 years’ seniority,
an eighth paid holiday, and pay for jury duty.
J. F. McElwain Co. of Manchester
and Nashua, N.H., and the New Hampshire
Shoe Workers Union (Ind.), representing about
2,500 employees, reached agreement in midApril on a 2-year contract. Major improvements
included a 3-cent general wage increase and an
increase in the minimum wage to $1.25 an hour,
retroactive to April 1, 1963, with funds allocated
for future wage adjustments to lower classified
jobs; a ninth paid holiday; an increase in weekly
sickness and accident benefits (from $25 to $30)
and daily hospitalization allowances (from $15
to $18), with the duration of hospital benefits
doubled, to 120 days.
F ootw ear.
The Omaha works of the Western
Electric Co. and Local 1974 of the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers negotiated a
1-year extension of their contract due to expire
May 12 that provided 6- to 12-cent-an-hour wage
increases (averaging nearly 9 cents) effective
M eta lw o rk in g .
‘ Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics
on the basis of currently available published material.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
May 13 for 3,500 workers. Negotiations con
tinued on health insurance, pensions, holidays,
and vacation schedules. Later in the month, the
union rejected an employer offer to establish a
jointly financed hospital-surgical-medical plan,
with increased death benefits for retired employ
ees and a liberalized major medical plan. A
contract reached in April between the company
and the Communications Workers for telephone
equipment installers had provided a 90-day
reopener on these same issues, which will also be
subject to negotiation between the CWA and
Bell System affiliates of American Telephone and
Telegraph Co. this summer.1
In mid-April, the Kohler Co. of Kohler, Wis.,
and the United Automobile Workers negotiated
a general 3-percent wage increase under a quarterly
wage reopening clause for 2,500 employees, retro
active to April 8; skilled workers received an
additional 3 percent. The increases ranged from
5 to 14 cents an hour, according to a union
spokesman.
The Gibson Kefrigerator Division of the Hupp
Corp. and the United Automobile Workers reached
an agreement that halted a move of the plant
from Greenville, Mich., to northern Mississippi,
reportedly planned by the company to reduce
costs. The agreement—ratified by the union
membership on May 27—extends to November 2,
1965, the wage scales which are now in effect
under a contract due to expire November 2, 1963,
and increases severance pay from $30 to $45 per
year of service. The union agreed to cooperate
with management to raise productivity and lower
costs, and the company agreed to give 6 months’
notice of intention to move after termination of
the contract. The workers earlier rejected various
proposals for reductions in wages and supple
mentary benefits. Over 17 percent of Greenville’s
7,400 inhabitants are employed at the Gibson
plant. The agreement also affected a smaller
air-conditioner plant at Belding, Mich.
A 3-year contract between Cutler-Hammer,
Inc., of Milwaukee and the International Associa
tion of Machinists, representing about 2,400 work
ers, was ratified by union members on May 3.
The settlement provided a 9-cent-an-hour wage
increase immediately and a 3-percent increase
after 18 months. Length-of-service requirements
for vacations were reduced from 25 to 20 years
for 4 weeks effective immediately, and from 15
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
831
to 10 years for 3 weeks effective in the next
vacation period. Holiday and pension provisions
were also improved.
Automatic cost-of-living increases amounting
to 1 cent an hour were put into effect in late May
or early June for about 950,000 workers, as a
result of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer
Price Index for April of 106.2 (1957-59 = 100).
Of these, 800,000 are employed in the automobile
and automotive parts industries. Others include
some 50,000 workers in the farm equipment
industry and 75,000 in the aerospace industry.
Other M a n u fa ctu rin g . In mid-April, the Inter
national Woodworkers of America and five lumber
firms represented by the Timber Products Manu
facturers Association negotiated a 10-cent-an-hour
wage increase retroactive to April 1 for 700 workers
in Spokane, Wash., and Coeur d’Alene and Sandpoint, Idaho. The agreement extended existing
contracts to June 1, 1964.
The Chicago Lithographers Association and the
Amalgamated Lithographers (Ind.) agreed in
May on a 3-year contract affecting about 5,000
employees. The contract provided a $3-a-week
increase effective August 1, 1963, and additional
increases of 3%percent on May 1 of 1964 and 1965.
Employees will receive 4 weeks’ vacation after 1
y e a r of service (ra th e r th a n a fte r 25 years, as in
the previous agreement). The employer has
the option, however, of (1) paying for the fourth
week in lieu of time off or (2) giving the week off
a day or two at a time. Employers’ contribu
tions to the health and welfare fund will be in
creased to $5 a week from $4.50 on May 1, 1964,
and to $5.50 on May 1, 1965. Contributions for
the lithographic technical and training school
were also increased to $2 a week from $1.50 ef
fective May 1, 1963, and to $2.50 a year later.
Merck and Co., Inc., and the Oil, Chemical and
Atomic Workers Union, representing approxi
mately 2,600 workers at three plants in Pennsyl
vania and New Jersey, reached agreement on 8to 10-cents hourly wage increases effective May 1.
The agreement was reached under a reopener of a
contract expiring in May 1964.
C onstruction. As bargaining in the construction
industry neared its peak for the year, a number of
major settlements were reported.
1See Monthly Labor Review, June 1963, p. 713.
832
Carpenters. A $l-an-hour wage increase spread
over 5 years and 5 cents an hour for the health and
welfare fund were provided for about 5,000
carpenters in the Boston area. The previous
scale was $3.85 an hour plus 25 cents an hour in
contributions for supplementary benefits.
Increases of 10 cents an hour in wages and in
health and welfare contributions for carpenters
engaged in bridge and highway construction in
upstate New York are retroactive to January 1,
1963, and a 20-cent wage increase goes into effect
in January 1964. The previous scale was $3.95
an hour plus 10 cents in contributions to the
welfare and health fund.
Increases in wage scales of 14% cents an hour
on May 1, 1963, and 15 cents on May 1 of 1964
and 1965, plus a %-cent increase in contractors’
contributions to the union’s apprentice training
fund, were agreed to in a 3-year contract for about
4,500 carpenters in the Denver area. The pre
vious scale was $3.97 an hour and contributions
to the training fund were one-half cent an hour.
Eight thousand carpenters in the Philadelphia
area received a 10-cent-an-hour increase effective
May 1, 1963, with 15 cents more due May 1, 1964.
Contributions of 7 cents an hour for a pension fund
and 3 cents for welfare were effective May 1, 1963.
Laborers. Increases of 15 cents on May 1 of
1963, 1964, and 1965 are to go to 7,500 building
laborers in the Philadelphia area. The previous
scale was $2.70 plus 25 cents for supplementary
benefits.
About 15,000 laborers in the Chicago area are
to receive a 12%-cent-an-hour wage increase
effective June 1, 1963, and 17% cents effective
June 1,1964, and a pension plan is to be established
with employer contributions of 7% cents an hour
from June 1, 1963, rising to 10 cents on June 1,
1964. The previous scale was $3.22% plus a
7%-cent contribution to the health and welfare
fund.
Painters. On May 15, wages for about 3,500
painters in the Detroit area were increased 10 cents
an hour and contributions to the vacation fund
were increased 5 cents an hour. The previous
scale was $3.70 an hour plus 40 cents for benefits.
The union reduced rates for weekend industrial
repainting work from November through April
from time and one-half for all weekend hours to
7 hours’ work for 8 hours’ pay.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Steamfitters. Wage increases of 10 cents an
hour effective in May 1963 and 25 cents in May
1964 and 1965 were negotiated for 2,200 steamfitters in the Philadelphia area. The union has
the option to apply the increases to wages or fringe
benefits. The previous scale was $4.47 an hour
plus 39% cents for fringe benefits.
Sheet-Metal Workers. Effective June 1, 1963
and 1964, 20-cent-an-hour wage increases will go
to 5,500 sheet metal workers in the Chicago area.
Also included in the agreement were 2-cent-anhour increases in contributions effective on the
same dates to the health and welfare fund. The
previous scale was $4.45 an hour plus 25 cents for
fringe benefits.
Multicrajt Settlements. A 40-cent-an-hour pack
age increase over 3 years was agreed to for 6,000
laborers, carpenters, hoisting engineers, iron work
ers, and cement masons in Peoria, 111.
A 59-cent-an-hour package increase—-39 cents
in wages and 20 cents in fringes—over a 3-year
period was negotiated for carpenters, laborers, and
cement masons in the St. Louis area.
Theodore W. Kheel, in a report at a meeting on
automation in New York City sponsored by the
City Central Labor Council and the American
Foundation on Automation and Employment,
said that the shorter workweek negotiated in 1962
in the New York City electrical industry had
created 800 to 1,000 jobs. Mr. Kheel had pre
dicted that 1,600 jobs would be added; he attrib
uted the smaller number to a decline in construction
activity in New York City. Labor costs have
been held in check by increasing the number of
apprentices, staggering hours, lowering wage rates
for residential maintenance and repair jobs, and
stressing greater efficiency and productivity, he
said.
Trade and Services. The Teamsters on May 6
ratified a 50-month contract with Montgomery
Ward and Co. that will provide wage increases of
about 27 cents an hour over the life of the contract.
The first increases, averaging 9.8 cents, were
retroactive to April 18. The agreement covered
an estimated 18,000 employees in warehouses,
retail stores, and mail-order houses, nearly onefourth of Ward’s 75,000 employees. Thirty-five
locals were covered by the national settlement,
which will be effective from June 1 until August 1.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
1967. The contract also incorporated the recently
approved company savings and profit-sharing
plan,2 which ties the company’s contributions to
its annual earnings.
A 2-year contract covering about 2,500 clerks
in independent St. Louis food stores, and ratified
May 12, provided a $10-a-week wage increase over
the term of the contract. The workers, repre
sented by Local 655 of the Retail Clerks, got a
$3-a-week increase on May 1, effective date of the
contract, and will receive $2 on August 4, $2 on
May 1, 1964, and $3 on September 14, 1964.
The Chicago Residential Hotel Association
and the Building Service Employees’ Union on
May 15 signed a 3-year contract reducing the
workweek from 45 hours in 6 days to 37% hours in
5 days for about 4,000 employees outside the
downtown area. The contract calls for a $6-amonth wage increase on May 1, 1963, additional
$3-a-month increases in the remaining 2 years,
and coverage of employees by a comprehensive
medical program.
The Metropolitan New York Nursing Home
Association and the Building Service Employees’
Union on May 14 signed a 4-year contract affect
ing about 5,000 nonmedical employees. The
contract provides $65 minimum pay for a 35-hour
workweek. Pay increases ranging from $6 to $15
a week the first year and additional $3-a-week
increases in each succeeding year were included,
as well as meals and pension contributions of
$1 a week, to be increased to $2 in 1965. Other
benefits include improvements in vacations and
holidays and an increase in sick leave.
Local 174 of the Meat Cutters union in New
York City ratified a contract ending a 19-day
strike. The union, representing about 3,500 em
ployees of three wholesale meat associations,
gained a 37%-hour week with no loss in pay in
the third year of the contract. The shorter
workweek had been the main source of controversy
between the parties. A $3-a-week wage increase
in the second year and improved supplementary
benefits were also provided.
Teachers and other professional people who
appear as experts and not as entertainers on
WNDT, an educational television station in New
York City, voted 57 to 14 against the American
2 See Monthly Labor Review, June 1963, pp. 711-712.
*See Monthly Labor Review, November 1962, p. 1284.
6 9 0 - 7 8 3 — 63-
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
833
Federation of Television and Radio Artists in a
union representation election, it was announced
on May 21. The election was a condition of
settlement of a strike by the union against the
station in late 1962.3
The ballots were sent to 154 persons; 86 were
returned and 15 of these were challenged. The
election excluded staff announcers, specialists who
appeared no more than twice in the past 6 months,
and New York City public school teachers, who
are represented by the United Federation of
Teachers. On commercial television stations in
the New York metropolitan area, AFTRA repre
sents professional experts, together with perform
ers, masters of ceremonies, and announcers.
T ra n sp o rta tio n . The Teamsters union reportedly
reached agreement with Motor Transport Labor
Relations, Inc., and other truckers on a 3-year
contract covering about 30,000 employees in the
Philadelphia area to replace one that expired
December 31, 1962. The contract provided a
43-cent-an-hour increase for local cartage drivers,
with 20 cents retroactive to January 1, 1963, an
additional 10 cents effective July 1, 1963, and
13 cents effective January 1, 1964. Platform
employees and helpers received a 20-cent-an-hour
increase retroactive to January 1, 1963, and an
additional 3 cents effective July 1, 1963. Pro
vision was made for elimination of differentials
for over-the-road drivers which had ranged to
21 cents, depending on destination of runs.
Runs formerly paid $2.80 an hour were increased
by 20 cents retroactive to January 1, 1963, 10
cents July 1, 1963, and 3 cents January 1, 1964.
Rates of $2.90 an hour were also increased 20 cents,
retroactive to January 1, 1963, but the increase
due July 1, 1963, was 3 cents. Rates of $3.01 an
hour were to be increased 12 cents retroactive to
January 1, 1963. Other contract changes were a
fourth week of vacation after 18 years, increased
contributions to the health and welfare and
pension funds, improved funeral leave provisions,
and the establishment of a cost-of-living escalator.
The contract may be reopened in September 1964,
to coincide with expiration dates of most contracts
in the Eastern Conference of Teamsters.
The American Maritime Association and the
Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association in early
May agreed to increase monthly pensions to $300
834
from $200 for engineers retiring at any age after
20 years’ service. The agreement also provided
a $46.22-a-month pay increase for chief engineers
on Class B vessels. All other basic scales remained
the same. Penalty rates and overtime pay for
all categories were increased, as was compensation
for nonwatch standers and night relief engineers.
The agreement was negotiated under the re
opening clause of a 3-year contract negotiated in
1961 which provided annual reviews bilt limited
any changes to 3% percent of basic monthly wages.
The contract was extended to June 16, 1965,
with a reopener in June 1964, again limiting
changes to 3% percent. The union still had not
negotiated with the American Merchant Marine
Institute and the Tanker Service Committee,
whose contracts are also subject to reopening in
June 1963.
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Boston
and the Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach
Employes Union in early May negotiated a 3-year
contract providing a 29-cent-an-hour wage in
crease for about 4,400 employees. The first
increase of 9 cents an hour was retroactive to
January 1, 1963, with additional increases of 10
cents an hour effective January 1, 1964, and 1965.
Hospital room benefits were increased to $24 a
day from $20, with a guarantee that benefits would
not be reduced during the agreement term.
The 10%-cent cost-of-living allowance under the
previous contract was incorporated into base
rates, and the escalator clause was discontinued.
The settlement was reportedly the first agreement
negotiated by the parties in more than a decade;
previous negotiations had ended in arbitration.
American Airlines, Inc., and the Air Line
Stewards and Stewardesses Association, an affiliate
of the Transport Workers Union, in mid-May
signed an agreement covering about 1,500 em
ployees which modified a company policy that
stewardesses must retire at age 32. Steward
esses now may fly until age 33, but if they do
they lose rights to severance pay or a guaranteed
ground job at no less than their basic monthly
pay as stewardesses plus 5 hours of premium pay.
The contract reduced basic monthly pay scales
slightly but also cut from 75 to 70 the flight hours
required. Stewardesses flying more than 70
hours monthly will receive premium pay, with
total flying time limited to 80 hours and, beginning
in January 1964, to 78K hours. Operational
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
duty over-ride pay of 20 cents for each hour of
flight time was also established for stewardesses,
and they were to receive 7 percent of total earn
ings from July 1, 1962, when the former contract
expired, through May 31, 1963. The company
assumed 30 percent of the cost of the group
insurance plan, advancing to 75 percent in No
vember 1963. Three weeks’vacation was provided
after 10 years’ service instead of 12, and a fourth
week of vacation was added after 20 years.
Reduction of the existing 40-hour work
week to 37y2 hours with no loss in take-home pay
in the first contract year and a 10-cent-an-hour
general wage increase in the second year were
provided for plant workers in a contract concluded
on May 2 by 22 major dairies in Minneapolis-St.
Paul and the Milk Drivers and Dairy Employees
Union Local 471, a Teamster affiliate. The agree
ment, covering about 1,300 workers, increased
the base pay rates of wholesale drivers but,
at the same time, reduced commissions for massvolume routes, some of which had reportedly
yielded about $12,000 a year. The contract also
improved health and welfare and vacation
schedules.
About 50 dairies of the Associated Milk Dealers,
Inc., of Chicago and the Milk Wagon Drivers
Union, Local 754, a Teamster affiliate representing
approximately 2,500 inside dairy employees,
agreed on April 28 to a new 1-year contract which
increased fringe benefits by 10 cents an hour,
but provided no pay increase.
Local 753 of the Milk Wagon Drivers Union,
representing about 5,000 regular drivers, and the
same association agreed on May 18 to a 1-year
contract retroactive to May 1, which retained
6-day deliveries. The dairies had sought to
eliminate Wednesday deliveries, a plan the union
charged would cost the jobs of 500 to 600 drivers.
The agreement also provided a $1.60-a-week
increase (4 cents hourly) to regular drivers and a
$7-a-week increase to 200 extra drivers—raising
the contractual minimum weekly pay to $125.
Additional benefits include a 50-cent-a-week per
capita increase in company contributions to the
drivers’ fund for severance pay and pension
benefits and an additional 50 cents a week to the
health and welfare fund. The agreement was
preceded by a 12-hour strike lockout which had
followed a 2%-week contract extension.
Food.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
About 300 Chicago area meatpackers and food
chains and another Teamster affiliate, Local 710
of the Meat Drivers and Helpers Union repre
senting approximately 1,800 drivers, agreed on
May 9 to a 2-year contract, which will run through
April 1965. The agreement provided raises of
11 cents an hour for tractor-trailer drivers and 6
cents for straight truckdrivers, retroactive to
May 1, 1963, with an additional 6 cents for all
drivers on May 1, 1964. A 5-cent-an-hour costof-living allowance was incorporated into base
rates, and employer contributions to the union
health and welfare and pension funds were in
creased to $3.50 per man-week, from $3, and to
$6, from $4, respectively.
U tilitie s. Building Service Local 555, repre
senting 2,900 employees in northeastern Ohio, and
the East Ohio Gas Co. agreed in May to a 2-year
contract calling for wage raises of 2.25 percent
retroactive to June 1, 1962, and an additional
4.85 percent effective May 1, 1963, together with
improvements in hospitalization, vacation, and
other benefits. Employees were also guaranteed
existing pay if forced to transfer to another job
after 10 or more years’ service. Negotiation of
the contract was delayed 11 months because the
company challenged the representation rights of
the Building S ervice E m p lo y e e s; fo rm e rly the
Independent Natural Gas Workers Union held
bargaining rights.
Other Developments
G overnm ent. A Fair Labor Standards amendment
Act guaranteeing equal pay for equal work passed
both Houses of Congress in late May and was
signed by the President on June 10. The legis
lation, intended primarily to raise pay of women,
requires employers engaged in interstate com
merce to provide equal pay for ‘‘equal work on
jobs the performance of which requires equal
skill, effort, and responsibility and which are per
formed under similar working conditions.” Ex
ceptions are provided where there is a seniority
or merit system or where earnings vary with
quality and quantity of production. Employers
are prohibited from equalizing pay by reducing
men’s pay. The legislation is to take effect on
June 10, 1964, or no later than 2 years after its
4See Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, p. III.
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835
date of signature for employees under collective
bargaining contracts.
President John F. Kennedy issued a memoran
dum May 21, 1963, promulgating Standards of
Conduct for Employee Organizations in the Civil
Service and a Code of Fair Labor Practices gov
erning agency-employee organization relationships,
both effective immediately. The memorandum
was issued under Executive Order 10988 of
January 17, 1962.4
Under the Standards of Conduct, employee
organizations must:
1. Maintain union democracy by periodic elections, mem
ber participation in union affairs, fair and equal treatment
of members, and fair discipline procedure.
2. Exclude from union office Communists, members of
other totalitarian movements, and people subject to
corrupt influences.
3. Prohibit business or financial interests by officers and
agents that conflict with their duty to the union.
4. Maintain fiscal integrity through accounting controls
and regular financial reports to members.
The penalty for noncompliance will be loss of
union recognition.
The Code of Fair Labor Practices prohibits
agency management from:
1. Interfering with any employee’s exercising rights
assured by Executive Order 10988.
2. Encouraging or discouraging membership in a union by
discrimination in regard to hiring, tenure, promotion, and
other conditions of employment.
3. Exerting control over or assisting any union.
4. Disciplining or discriminating against any employee
who has filed a complaint or testified under the Executive
Order, the Standards of Conduct, or the Code.
5. Refusing to recognize any union qualified for rec
ognition.
6. Refusing to negotiate with the unions.
Unions are prohibited from:
1. Interfering with any employee’s exercising rights
assured by the Executive Order.
2. Attempting to influence agency management to coerce
any employee asserting his rights under the Order.
3. Punishing or hindering any member who does or is
doing his duties as an officer or employee of the United
States.
4. Calling or engaging in any strike, work stoppage, slow
down, or related picketing against the Government.
5. Discriminating against any employee with regard to
terms or conditions of membership because of race, color,
creed, or national origin.
In addition, a union may not deny membership
to any employee except for failure to meet uni
form occupational standards or failure to pay
an initiation fee or dues. The union may, how-
836
ever, impose discipline by democratic means under
its constitution and bylaws.
Each agency was requested to adopt permanent
procedures implementing enforcement of these
prohibitions within 6 months.
In other actions affecting Federal employees,
the President ordered the Civil Service Commis
sion to draft regulations authorizing the check
off of union dues upon employee request, effective
January 1 , 1964. Expenses entailed by with
holding are to be borne by the unions. The
President also directed the Commission to de
velop a plan for withholding contributions to
charities.
President Kennedy announced May 25 the
appointment of a 12-man labor-management
panel, provided for in the Taft-Hartley Act, to
advise Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service
Director William E. Simkin on settlement of
labor disputes. President Harry S. Truman had
appointed such a panel after passage of the act,
but the panel has been inactive since 1950.
Representing labor and management on the panel
for 3-year terms were Cornelius J. Haggerty,
president of the Building and Construction
Trades Department of the AFL-CIO; Leonard
Woodcock, vice-president of the UAW; Gerry
E. Morse, vice president, Minneapolis-Honeywell
Regulator Co., and J. Paul St. Sure, president of
the Pacific Maritime Association. Selected for
2-year terms were Thomas E. Harris, AFL-CIO
counsel; Jesse C. McGlon, general vice president
of the Machinists; Wayne T. Brooks, director
of industrial relations, Wheeling Steel Corp.; and
J. Curtis Counts, manager, employee relations,
Douglas Aircraft Corp. Selected for 1-year terms
were John H. Lyons, Jr., president of the Iron
Workers Union; Marvin J. Miller, special assistant
to the President of the Steelworkers; Joseph V.
Cairns, director of industrial relations, Firestone
Tire and Rubber Co.; and Jesse Freidin, of Poletti
& Freidin, labor-management consultants.
Governor John A. Burns of Hawaii signed a
Fair Employment Practices law on June 3,
despite objections from businessmen and industry
representatives that the law was unnecessary.
To take effect January 1 , 1964, the law prohibits
employers and labor unions from discriminating
against an employee or union member because of
age, race, sex, color, or ancestry. It will be
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
administered by the State Department of Labor
and Industrial Relations.
The President’s Advisory Committee on LaborManagement Policy met April 29 in Washington,
D.C., to consider a report from the President’s
Committee on Youth Employment entitled “The
Challenge of Jobless Youth” and sent a statement
to President Kennedy. The Committee stressed
today’s youth’s lack of preparation for employ
ment and stated that the problem was aggravated
by an increasing supply of young workers com
peting for a decreasing number of entrance level
jobs. The Committee urged that labor, manage
ment, and the public act on the need for more
training and education of youth. It recommended
that government, especially at the State and local
level, review its policies and practices to increase
the number of opportunities for jobs for youth,
as a supplement to efforts of labor and
management.
U n io n . The AFL-CIO Executive Council, at
its quarterly meeting in St. Louis in mid-May
resolved that “any tax reduction policy that fails
to concentrate its benefits among low- and
middle-income taxpayers—that fails to focus on
creating jobs and reducing unemployment—will
be opposed by organized labor.” The Council
asked for Federal aid for school and hospital
construction, urban renewal, and mass transporta
tion. Plans were also announced for an organizing
campaign in the Washington-Baltimore area
patterned after the Los Angeles campaign.5 The
Council also established a committee to study use
of union funds for urban renewal projects. During
the month, the Dayton, Ohio, AFL-CIO an
nounced plans for an apartment building for
senior citizens. In Boston, Local 254 of the
Building Service Employees’ International Union
announced plans to invest its pension funds in a
housing project for families displaced by urban
renewal.
Delegates to the 47th annual convention of
the American Federation of Hosiery Workers
held in Milwaukee during May resolved in favor
of a 35-hour workweek with double time for longer
hours and for employees who hold a second job
after working full time. The convention elected
«See Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1963, p. 560.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Adolph Benet, of Chattanooga, Tenn., as inter
national president, over Andrew J. Janaskie, the
incumbent.
At the 22d convention of the Railway Clerks in
Los Angeles May 13-18, retiring President George
M. Harrison said in his address that technological
progress had caused a 36-percent drop in employ
ment of railway clerks during the past 10 years.
He urged a shorter workweek—in the absence of
full employment at 40 hours a week—improve
ment in railroad retirement, social secu rity , and
unemployment insurance benefits, and continued
opposition to railroad mergers and “right-towork” laws. Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon
warned delegates against compulsory arbitration,
but pointed out that the rights of the public must
be respected if free collective bargaining is to be
maintained. C. L. Dennis of Chicago was elected
president to succeed Mr. Harrison, who was
named to the new advisory position of chief
executive.
The Arizona State AFL-CIO convention at
Phoenix in early May voted to give financial
support to the teaching of basic conversational
English to non-English speaking children in
Phoenix and Tucson. The object of the program
was to reduce the number of repeaters among
first and second graders.
Utah public school teachers, members of the
Utah Education Association, refused to sign con
tracts for the 1963-64 school year providing salary
increases averaging $500 unless their demands
were met for additional professional staff, elimi
nation of double sessions, provision of full-day first
grades, and establishment of regular kindergartens
instead of summer kindergartens. The refusal to
sign contracts was considered by the Association
as being “more professional” than a strike; the
National Education Association warned teachers
in other States that they would be expelled if they
filled jobs in Utah. It was reported that Utah,
with 65 children for each 100 adults, ranks 36th
in per pupil expenditures, although 80 percent of
the State’s budget is spent for education. Gover
nor George D. Clyde estimated that the teachers’
demands would cost $24,700,000 a year.
After a 1-day strike by 1,400 teachers on May
28, the Gary, Ind., School Board agreed to for
mally recognize Local 4 of the AFL-CIO affiliated
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
837
American Federation of Teachers as bargaining
representative for the system’s teachers. The
strike had been precipitated by the Board’s deci
sion to discontinue a 26-year-old informal arrange
ment under which the union had negotiated on
salaries and working conditions. Recognition of
the union included dues checkoff; the union will
negotiate with the school superintendent, repre
senting the school board, on salaries, professional
standards, working conditions, and fringe benefits.
C ivil R ig h ts. One week’s picketing of a public
school construction site in Philadelphia, spon
sored by the National Association for the Ad
vancement of Colored People to protest union
discrimination against Negro skilled workers, re
sulted in an agreement on May 31 to hire a Negro
plumber, a steamfitter, and two apprentice elec
tricians, with two sheet-metal workers to be added
later. The agreement, to which the Steamfitters
union protested it was not a party, provided that
other nonwhite journeymen or apprentices would
be hired as the work progressed and that the new
workers would become union members if they
qualify “ by meeting union requirements.” It also
provided for further negotiations on the employ
ment of Negroes on public and private construc
tion throughout the city. Violence had broken out
earlier when police officers had cleared a path
through the pickets so workers could enter the
site. A survey by the Philadelphia Commission
on Human Rights in April 1962 had found that on
city projects the only craft unions not practicing
discrimination were the Carpenters and Cement
Finishers; the rest of the nonwhite workers were
in the Laborers union.
Most of the carpenters and laborers did not
report for work during the picketing; the few
Negroes who did so would be ostracized by the
Negro community, according to the NAACP.
Later, the NAACP announced plans to use the
same tactics at construction sites in major northern
and western cities, especially those financed by
Federal and State funds.
In early May, sit-in demonstrations in the recep
tion room of Philadelphia Mayor James H. J.
Tate had caused him to stop construction on the
municipal services building where, it was admitted,
discrimination existed.
Book Reviews
and Notes
o t e .— Listing of a publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
E d it o r ’s N
Special Reviews
So Much Alive: The Life and Work of Wladimir S.
Woytinsky. Edited by Emma S. Woytinsky.
New York, Vanguard Press, Inc., 1962. 272
pp., bibliography. $6.
Gunnar Myrdal recently expressed keen dis
appointment over the nearsightedness of con
temporary economic thinking and debate in this
country. “There is an astonishing number of
people who can offhand give a detailed and
comprehensive analysis of how all important
economic indexes have recently been moving and
how they are likely to move in the months
ahead. . . . In regard to the long-range develop
ment there is a corresponding lack of interest. . . .
Not only the President and the Congress, but also
leaders in business are left without that image of
what the future holds in store which is needed for
rational action. . . . ”
Whether justified or not, Myrdal’s indictment
underscores the vanishing role of the socioeconomic
generalist in an age of increasing specialization—a
role Wladimir Woytinsky filled to an impressive
degree. This book of articles and reminiscences
by professional colleagues and friends testifies ad
mirably to Woytinsky’s remarkable and broad
ranging abilities—a high order of scientific and
technical competence in analysis of economic
problems, deep concern with human welfare here
and abroad, and a unique capacity to penetrate
and clarify complex issues and reduce them to
meaningful terms. A pragmatist, Woytinsky
permitted no unnecessary abstractions and mathe
matical elegance to intrude to the point where
838
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
they would begin to obfuscate, rather than il
luminate, the broad social and economic policy
questions which were his concern.
Woytinsky’s involvement in the historic events
and issues of this century was recounted a few
years ago in Stormy Passage, memoirs completed
before, but published after, his death in 1960.
It receives further attention in this volume:
Anti-Czarist revolutionary activities in his native
Russia in the first decade of the century; counter
revolutionary resistance to the Bolshevik coup
d’etat in 1917; economic adviser to German trade
unions and his start on comprehensive empirical
research during the twenties and early thirties;
following emigration to the United States in 1935,
consultant to, and later, staff member of, the
Social Security Board; and, in the last decade of
his life, research activities—largely for the Twen
tieth Century Fund—resulting in those compre
hensive studies of U.S. labor, world production,
and world commerce which became standard and
familiar items on reference shelves.
This book, edited by his lifelong and major
collaborator, includes 23 original articles on varied
aspects of his life and professional career. There
are selections by Bertram D. Wolfe, Jacob
Marschak, Ewan Clague, Wilbur Cohen, Raymond
Goldsmith, Gerhard Colm, Louis H. Bean, and
numerous others, as well as contributions by Mrs.
Woytinsky. A complete bibliography of Woy
tinsky’s writings is a useful addition.
The articles fully reveal Woytinsky’s unique
ability to sense long-range developments and
emerging problems. This was the case in his preKeynesian, unorthodox, and therefore rejected
(perhaps with painful consequences for German
democracy) proposals in 1932-33 to combat un
employment with tools of public policy. It was
demonstrated again some years later while Woy
tinsky was working on the statistical and philo
sophical underpinnings of United States social
security. His actuarial analysis of the unemploy
ment compensation trust account led to the obser
vation that a tendency toward overfinancing was
likely to hold back the economic benefit of these
funds when they might be needed. Perhaps his
most notable projection was a minority assess
ment, toward the end of World War II, that
839
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
inflation, rather than depression and large-scale
unemployment, was the principal danger during
the initial postwar decade. Even then, however,
his gaze into the future did not leave him with
untempered optimism.
Perhaps the essence of Woytinsky’s career is
most fittingly described in this passage from
Bertram D. Wolfe’s title essay: “Wladimir Woytinsky lived more fully and deeply, and in a very
real sense lived longer and lived more than it is
given to most of men to live, for he put so much
into every moment of living, gave so much and
got so much from every moment, every situation,
every human being with whom his crowded and
wide-wandering life brought him in touch.”
— J oel D armstadter
National Planning Association
Washington, D.C.
T he
G reat A s c e n t: T he S tru g g le
D e v e lo p m e n t in O u r T im e s.
fo r
E c o n o m ic
By Robert L.
Heilbroner. New York, Harper & Row, Pub
lishers, 1963. 189 pp. $4.
Mr. Heilbroner argues in clear prose the follow
ing thesis: Americans such as government officials,
university scholars, and foundation bureaucrats
do not fully understand the consequences of
economic development. By consequences, he
means the divergence from American experience
that political, social, and economic institutions
of the developing countries are taking. In short,
“ the sophisticated American view shares with
the popular view a disregard of the possibility
that the propensities, capabilities, and charac
teristics of the great Ascent may be far removed
from our own experience, may be, in fact, highly
un-American.”
In a book, the play is the thing rather than the
apologia for writing it. In this respect, Mr.
Heilbroner’s essay represents a competent presen
tation to the layman of the antecedents, problems,
processes, and consequences of economic develop
ment. I should like to mention in summary his
treatment of these matters.
P o litic a l
and
S o c ia l
Im p a ct
of
D e v e lo p m e n t.
The argument here is that development is not
only an economic process but also a social and
political one which implies revolutionary changes
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in the structure of society in the developing coun
tries and indicates that the price for change is
likely to be some form of political and economic
authoritarianism.
S o c ia l a n d E n v ir o n m e n ta l C a u se s o f P o v e r ty in
D e v e lo p in g A r e a s . The volume discusses how
particular configurations of poverty are shaped
by such factors as climatic conditions, natural
resources, population explosion, low productivity,
and social attitudes that inhibit capital formation.
I m p e r ia li s t a n d N a tio n a lis t O rig in s o f D e v e lo p
In such a short volume, justice cannot be
done to such a complex history. Some of Heil
broner’s assertions are questionable. Less argu
able is his observation that colonialism stimulated
development (albeit an unbalanced variety), its
inheritance being a hostile image of capitalism
and a belief in “ socialism” as the wave of the
future.
M e c h a n is m o f E c o n o m ic G row th . The author
discusses the launching process of development
through the raising of productivity b}7the creation of
private, social, and industrial capital, by the dis
placement of agricultural labor, and by the crea
tion of an agricultural surplus. The speed of
growth, he states, is affected by such factors as
population increase, extent of savings, terms of
trade for developing countries, foreign aid, the
flow of p riv a te c a p ita l to dev elo p in g n a tio n s, a n d
the extent to which income generation is maxi
mized out of given investment allocations.
S o c ia l C o sts o f D e v e lo p m e n t.
A fundamental
question is raised as to whether free enterprise can
be the agent of development. He presents effec
tively the revolutionary upheaval that is latent
in development areas.
P o lic y I m p lic a tio n s . America will be able to
control development, he writes, only by accepting
some degree of authoritarianism and economic
collectivism during its early stages. He suggests
increased internationalization of foreign aid and
domestic reform to improve the image of America
abroad.
The danger of short reviews is superficiality.
Hit-and-run quarrels can be picked easily. I wish,
nevertheless, the author had developed more
extensively his view on the danger of reducing
returns from economic investment by taking social
deterrents to change for granted. Judging from
m e n t.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
840
the reviewer’s experience in Sicily, the assumption
that social inhibitions to development vanish with
economic innovation is unwarranted. Whether
social or economic investment should come first
or whether the one can be expected to issue from
the other is a dangerous form of purism that policy
makers can best avoid. On the Alliance for
Progress and its implication as a new approach to
foreign aid, there is less than one line. The
author’s assertion that evidence controverts the
notion that mass poverty is anthropological rather
than social in character is questionable. Also,
when he urges his readers to remove from their
minds the making of comparisons through Ameri
can standards, he relies on such comparisons to
make his point. What is needed is a method that
would interpret poverty through the eyes of the
impoverished themselves. But this is beyond the
scope of his book.
His warning that American political appeals in
support of foreign aid rest on quicksand is well
taken. Exhortations in the name of altruism
and self-interest suggest, as an end result, the
acquisition of friends and institutions similar to
those of the United States. Appeals of this type
are laying the groundwork for disillusionment in
the future. In fact, considerable Americanization
is going on in the world through development. In
some instances, sad to say, technological and mass
market attitudes have been exported effectively.
Mr. Heilbroner is at his best in explaining the
intricate mechanism and impact of development
to those without economic training. The overall
message of his essay is so important one hopes his
work will be read extensively by the public. Since
the book lacks comprehensive analysis of the social
characteristics of poverty, it cannot be considered
a complete short survey of the subject.
But there is no quarreling with his message
that the question in developing economies
is not whether to have or not have a revolution,
but whether it will be violent or no, who will be
its managers, and with what results. Whether
the foreign aid organization in its present formula
tion can provide leadership for a democratic
revolution remains to be seen.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— J oseph A. R affaele
Professor of Economics
Drexel Institute of Technology
Edited by Walter
Galenson. Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1962. 299 pp. $6.
Once again we are in debt to the Inter-Uni
versity Study of Labor Problems in Economic
Development for an excellent series of case
histories on the problems of labor in developing
economies. The individual contributions in this
volume are the equal of the studies which appeared
in the first of this two-volume series, L a b o r a n d
E con om ic D evelo p m en t , also edited by Walter
Galenson.
The countries selected for study run the gamut
of size and diversity. Irvin Sobel presents what
is undoubtedly the most useful study of the
Israeli labor movement yet to appear in the
United States. He carefully sketches the manner
in which the traditional Western European social
democratic background of Histadrut (the Israel
Labor Federation) has given way to—or better,
has been modified by—the harsh realities and
needs of Israel’s economic development. Sobel
shows how Histadrut has had to function as a
quasi-state as well as a labor organization.
The contributions of Willis D. Weatherford, Jr.,
(on Pakistan) and Everett D. Hawkins (on In
donesia) demonstrate the problems of a struggling
labor movement in a newly independent nation
whose basic political structure still remains un
settled. It is not surprising to find the state
playing a formidable role in industrial relations
in both these nations. This is true even though
u n io n development in these two countries has
followed a somewhat different path. In Pakistan,
the unions have, at least formally, developed in
clear separation from all political parties. In
Indonesia, on the other hand, the union move
ments tend to be the industrial expression of
different political groups. Yet in both countries,
the needs of economic development (the desire to
accumulate capital, the effort to curtail inflation,
etc.) and the enormous handicaps to the spread
of unionism (illiteracy, redundant population,
etc.) compel the government to intervene directly
in the labor market with the result that relatively
little discretion is left to either labor or manage
ment.
Sumner Rosen’s chapter on Turkey is par
ticularly interesting for its excellent treatment of
the background economic development aspects
L a b o r in D evelo p in g E con om ies.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
841
of the labor “question” in Turkey. Here again
is shown the heavy hand of government on both
labor relations and union development.
In all of the countries under study in this vol
ume, however, there are at least important as
pects in which labor is independent of government
controls. Indeed, as Walter Galenson concludes,
the transcending question that emerges from the
studies is whether labor relations and union de
velopment in these and other developing countries
will follow the Western course which “starts with
the basic assumption that sectional interests may
on occasion diverge from the national interest, and
permits the establishment of organizational means
by which parochial interests may be furthered.”
Under this concept, collective bargaining becomes
the “classic modus operandi” in labor relations
and “trade unions must be basically independent
of state and employer influence.”
Alternatively, there is the other conception of
the “labor market organization” that prevails in
the Communist bloc and in certain countries with
corporate systems, such as Egypt and Spain.
This concept regards “the interests of labor, as
well as of other social groups, as subordinate to
the interests of the state, which is conceived of as
the only legitimate representative of parochial in
terests. Trade unions, or similar bodies, are
regarded accordingly as administrative arms of the
state.”
As a choice is made consciously or unconsciously
in the developing countries, the chapter of Robert
J. Alexander on labor experience to date in Argen
tina, Brazil, and Chile should have much rele
vance. Alexander’s analysis of these relatively
more advanced countries shows that although
there have been many difficult labor problems in
them, the labor-management systems which have
evolved, and under which “the workers could at
least partially defend their own interests,” have
helped these countries to avoid some of the worst
human abuses which have usually been associated
with the early phases of industrialization.
— E verett
M. K assalow
Research Director, Industrial Union Department
AFL-CIO
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
By
Geoffrey Maynard. London, Macmillan &
Co., Ltd., 1962. 296 pp. $7.50, St. Martin’s
Press, New York.
Geoffrey Maynard, Lecturer in Economics at
the University College of South Wales and Mon
mouthshire, Cardiff, divides his book into two
parts: som e theoretical considerations and som e
historical evidence. The four chapters in part 1
attempt to set a theoretical framework for devel
opmental-price level relationships for underdevel
oped economies, countries possessing backward
economies, economies in an advanced stage of
development, and countries which he describes as
possessing an “institutional economy.” This is
no mean task to be performed within 113 pages
and the author’s som e is used advisedly.
The some historical evidence of part 2 cursorily
examines a few countries to establish empirically
a connection between the rate of economic growth
and the behavior of the price level. The countries
examined include the United States, the United
Kingdom, Japan, the U.S.S.R., and selected coun
tries of Latin America. Though it may be impor
tant, historical fact can, however, seldom be relied
upon, observes the author, to reject conclusively
one hypothesis in favor of another.
The study emphasizes the relative rates of
growth of agriculture and industry. Unless an
appropriate relationship obtains between these
two growth rates, the terms of exchange between
them change. Generally, agricultural prices re
spond more rapidly than the prices of industrial
goods to changes in supply and demand forces.
Therefore, when agricultural growth tends to lag
materially behind industrial output and the growth
of real income, excessive demand pressures are
likely to appear in the agricultural product mar
ket. The tendency for the price of agricultural
products to rise generates increased costs of indus
trial products and produces a rise in the general
price level. This phenomenon can be particularly
expected in the case of an underdeveloped country
which engages in an excessive rate of industriali
zation. The author observes: “The moral is that,
whilst underdeveloped countries may be well ad
vised to court the risk of some inflation in the.
E conom ic D evelopm en t a n d the P ric e L evel.
842
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
interests of growth, there is a better chance that
inflation will be useful in this direction if agricul
ture is encouraged to develop at a rate appropriate
to the growth of industry.”
The same analysis applies to developed coun
tries. However, the inflation of prices in such
countries is likely to be less violent since the
products of agriculture are a smaller percentage
of total national output, and developed countries
are in a strong trading position in worldwide
agricultural markets. The author further ob
serves that many agricultural and other primary
product prices are largely determined in inter
national markets—implying that the price level
of a particular country may be subject to the con
trol of forces external in character. The modern
development of Britain is a case in point. Final
ly, all other things being equal, specialized indus
trial countries are likely to enjoy faster rates of
growth when the prices of primary products are
falling. Rising primary product prices appear to
deter the growth of a specialized industrial
economy.
Modern governments often are faced with an
economic policy dilemma in choosing between fast
economic growth and stability in the price level.
The author presents a choice of either of two
solutions for the dilemma. In the first alternative,
economic policy objectives must not be stated or
pursued in absolute terms. Governments should
not insist on maximum growth. When concerned
with the problem of unemployment, they should
not insist on employment rising to an absolute
fixed level. The other alternative is additional
governmental intervention in free private enter
prise economies. For example, a government
might use the tax system to regulate employment
and production, or it might fix prices and wages
and impose other controls in order to maxi
mize production and growth. He concludes
that policy decisions involve compromise among
many objectives, such as economic growth, full
employment, stability of the price level, and
economic freedom—all of which are desirable but
cannot be completely achieved at one and the
same time.
— A lonzo B. M ay
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chairman, Department of Economics
University of Denver
E conom ic B a ck w a rd n ess in H isto ric a l P ersp ective:
A B ook o f E ssa y s. By Alexander Gerschen-
kron. Cambridge, Mass., Belnap Press of
Harvard University Press, 1962. 456 pp.
$8.75.
It is a pleasure to be able to read Mr. Gerschenkron’s collection of essays. They are written
beautifully and cover a wide area, indicative of
the author’s catholicity of scholarship. The
general problem of economic backwardness is
Gerschenkron’s general theme, but he does not
permit himself to be tied down to any artificial
discipline and its jargonese. The essays are
written in English. They display a command of
statistics where appropriate, the skills of the
economic historian where they fit, and, perhaps
most important of all, the insights of the humanist
at all times.
Fourteen essays cover the wide range of the
problem of economic growth. They include
Reflections on the Concept of Prerequisites of
Modern Industrialization; Social Attitudes, En
trepreneurship, and Economic Development; Eco
nomic Development in Russian Intellectual
History of the Nineteenth Century; Reflections on
Soviet Novels; and Notes on Dr. Zhivago.
Gerschenkron goes armed with rapier and
shuttle. With the first he punctures obsolete
concepts, while with the other he weaves exciting
new ideas of his own to take their place. For
example, in discussing the limitations of Soviet
statistics, he writes, “an economic historian, once
the importance of the index-number problem has
been called to his attention, does not necessarily
view it—as does the statistician—simply as a
regrettable failure of our tools. He will realize
that the longrun changes in weights of output
indices are themselves an integral part of eco
nomic history and as such a very worthwhile
object of historical study.”
Gerschenkron does not waste his time gener
ating fashionable mathematical economic models.
Instead, he has taken to heart Aristotle’s dictum
that every area deserves a methodological treat
ment specifically appropriate to the material with
which he is dealing.
His approach is that of the institutionalist.
He sees and reports what he sees; he is most
modest in the scale of his theories. For example,
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
writing about our current thinking on economic
backwardness, he sweeps aside many of the un
conscious cliches we have inherited from the
Marxists, according to which the history of ad
vanced countries presents to the underdeveloped
country a picture of the latter’s failure. He spells
out the institutional uniqueness of each country
in these terms: “Differences in the speed and char
acter of industrial development were to a consid
erable extent the result of application of institu
tional instruments for which there was little or no
counterpart in an established industrial country.”
His comparison of the roots of French and Ger
man entrepreneurial thinking enriches David
Landes’ pictures of the uniqueness of the French.
His analysis of the Crédit Mobilier, his portrayal
of its founder as a follower of the “Socialist SaintSimon” leads him to ask why this socialist form
was so readily accepted by the greatest capitalist
entrepreneurs in France.
It seems to me this is because the French under
stand the uses of government. They can use this
partnership in two different ways. The earlier
method was to use the government’s power to
underpin their cartels to restrict production. Now
they have joined with the government in semi
voluntary national planning to bring to the French
economy the American concept of the mass market.
The French businessmen understand that the gov
ernment is a force to be used. They are not ham
pered by the antigovernment ideology of their
American counterparts.
Insight after insight follow one another in these
essays. They are a must for the student of entre
preneurial history.
— W il l ia m G om berg
Wharton School of Finance and Commerce
University of Pennsylvania
T rade a n d the N a tio n a l E con om y. By
Charles P. Kindleberger. New Haven, Yale
University Press, 1962. 265 pp., bibliog
raphy. (Studies in Comparative Economics,
2.) $6, cloth; $1.45, paper.
Professor Kindleberger’s fine survey is the
second volume of Studies in Comparative Eco
nomics, a series produced under the sponsorship
of the Inter-University Committee on Compara
tive Economics.
“Modern economics,” write the sponsors of the
series, “has been bred chiefly in Western Europe
F oreign
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
843
and the United States and despite its aspiration
toward generality it bears the stamp of institutions
and issues characteristic of these areas.” As a
result, questions have been raised as to the rele
vance of its principles to socialist nations and
underdeveloped nations struggling toward eco
nomic independence and industrial growth under
institutional arrangements quite unlike those of
the West.
“A concern with comparative experience,” con
cludes the Committee, “can profitably be infused
into any of the standard branches of economic
study”—of which, of course, international trade
is one of the most important. “This series is
inspired by the hope that a rethinking of particular
branches of economics in world perspective, com
bined with a bibliography of available material
from many countries, may help teachers give their
courses a broader and more comparative orienta
tion.”
In this book, Professor Kindleberger has more
than achieved the hope of the Committee. As he
points out in his introduction, “the analysis of
foreign trade, which forms the subject of the
present study, has always been comparative. Its
foremost principle is embodied in a generalization
called ‘the law of comparative costs,’ signifying
that what a country exports and imports is deter
mined not by its character in isolation but only
in relation to those of its trading partners.”
Kindleberger here concerns himself only with
merchandise trade, which he deals with in broad
terms. He excludes factors determining capital
movements, monetary problems, and the adjust
ment mechanism in the balance of payments.
The author addresses his investigation to two
specific questions: (1) What determines the nature
and amount of goods a country buys and sells in
international trade? (2) What is the impact of
foreign trade on national economic life?
He examines these questions extremely well
in the 14 chapters of the volume. The first of the
questions posed above is examined in the first 11
chapters. Many of the topics in these chapters
are traditional; for example, chapter 2 considers
the impact of transportation costs on trade;
chapters 3-5, factor endowments; and chapter 6,
technology.
All are freshly treated, however, and incorporate
the most recent work in the field. Kindleberger
discusses the relevance and validity of the Hecks-
844
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
cher-Ohlin theory which explains comparative
advantage in terms of factor endowments. (He
finds a basic flaw in the Ohlin thesis in the “as
sumption of relatively fixed proportions of factor
inputs in different commodities” in different
countries. However, he still considers the theorem
“useful.”) The second section of the book con
sists of three chapters and deals with the effects
of trade on the national economy.
Altogether this is a most useful and stimulating
piece of work. It is an incisive review of the most
recent theoretical developments. Although it is
brief, the interested reader is referred to extensive
sources should he wish to investigate further. It
is a “must” for professionals in international trade
and will certainly be included in many reading
lists of courses, both graduate and undergraduate.
— C h a r l e s J. W a lsh
Chairman, Department of Economics
Fordham University
T h e P r o f e s s io n a l S c ie n tis t— A S tu d y o f A m e r ic a n
C h em ists. By Anselm L. Strauss and Lee
Rainwater. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co.,
1962. 282 pp. $6.
The American Chemical Society, the sponsor
of this sociological study, was interested in having
the views of its members on three issues: To what
extent do its members believe that the public does
not give them sufficient professional recognition?
What meaning does professional status have for
chemists? What can and should the chemists'
own society do about the problems and difficulties
connected with their status as professionals?
These questions arise from the trend in industri
alized society toward a more complex technology
and the growth of investment in science and scien
tists. While chemists contribute significantly to
technology, diversity and change mark their roles.
Tasks may be menial or creative; men may be
“bench” chemists, research administrators, or
university professors; educational qualifications
extend from B.S. to Ph. D. degrees. Such variety
and the rapid changes in the careers of chemists
justify the author’s decision to place the questions
in a broad sociological context as a basis for a com
prehensive analysis of both behavior and attitudes
of chemists. Approximately 2,700 detailed ques
tionnaires and 325 interviews were analyzed.
The first part of the study reviews the develop
ment of the professions and industrialization in
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general terms, describes the evolving pattern of
employment opportunities for chemists, and char
acterizes chemists by differences in both academic
and nonacademic locales and by position, i.e.,
bench chemist, researcher, administrator. The
most interesting segment of the study is part II,
which describes the work world of chemists—their
social origins, how they are recruited into chemis
try, career patterns, and elements in work morale.
Also discussed are income; opportunities for free
dom of judgment, learning in work, and communi
cation with scientific colleagues; and prospects for
advancement. Part III concentrates on profes
sional status and the members’ views of the chemi
cal society as a professional organization.
The book contains much interesting information.
An illustration is the finding that chemists gener
ally oppose unions and, at the lower levels, are
overly optimistic about personal career opportuni
ties in the light of the work and wage experiences of
chemists with Ph. D.’s. A typical view is that the
rapid expansion of the field will continue. At the
same time, chemists express concern about in
sufficient money and status rewards. The prosspect that specialization and the development of
ever newer techniques may threaten individual
careers is also of concern.
The value of the report lies in its careful analysis
of the multiple roles of chemists—as employees,
scientists, professionals, and association members.
The expansion in numbers of other “new men” in
scientific and technical specialties points to the
need for additional similar studies.
—Louis H. O rzack
Department of Sociology
Boston University
Edited
by Morris Bornstein and Daniel R. Fusfeld.
Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1962.
382 pp., bibliography. $6.
The core of the book of readings prepared
by Professors Bornstein and Fusfeld of the
University of Michigan is a compilation of papers
of the Joint Economic Committee published in
1959. Their choices from the committee papers,
editing, and omission of technical footnotes are all
to be commended. Their selection of supplemen
tary readings, which is also well conceived, draws
on materia] appearing in journals and other
publications which are not easily accessible to the
T h e S o v ie t E c o n o m y — A B o o k o f R e a d in g s .
845
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
nonspecialist in th e Soviet field. Who would know
to look in the L lo y d ’s B a n k R eview for the excel
lent article on Soviet economic development byAlec Nove?
The articles chosen are grouped together in five
major categories: Soviet Economic Growth; Eco
nomic Planning; Management, Labor, and Foreign
Trade; Soviet Consumer; and Implications for
U.S. Policy. Certainly no economist specializing
on the Soviet economy would agree on the same
choice of categories or individual subjects to be
covered in a book of readings on the Soviet
economy. A good standard of comparison, how
ever, is the 1962 compilation of the Joint Economic
Committee entitled D im e n sio n s o f S oviet E conom ic
P o w er. Noteworthy additions in that publication
are discussions of the economic claims of the
Soviet military establishment, comparisons of
Soviet growth rates with other rapidly growing
economies, and discussions of the administration
and distribution of Soviet industry. This is not
a valid criticism of the Bornstein-Fusfeld choice,
but in a revised version of these readings, such
additional material might well be considered.
For the non-Soviet specialist student of the
Soviet economy who wishes to obtain a representa
tive sample of research covering Soviet economic
development, these readings of Professors Bornstein and Fusfeld supply the best answer available
to date.
— J ohn P. H ardt
Research Analysis Corp.
Bethesda, Md.
G uides fo r U n ion s. Chicago, National
Safety Council, 1962. 230 pp.
The purpose and objective of this guide for or
ganized labor is to support labor’s safety efforts
and projects on and off the job. It spells out
methods of participation by the international
union, the state and local central body, and the
local union in occupational safety.
Safety and health resolutions adopted by the
American Federation of Labor and the Congress
of Industrial Organizations and by various inter
national unions, a policy statement of the Labor
Conference of the National Safety Council, and
statements of outstanding labor leaders emphasize
cooperation with management on safety matters.
This is not a technical handbook. It covers
many areas briefly; but, with frequent references
S a fe ty
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to specific safety standards and organizations, it
provides a roadmap containing many avenues of
aid and interest to the union representative who
is interested. The text reads easily but re
quires considerable study and effort for effective
utilization.
There is a lot of material in the Guide’s 230
pages. An index of Safety Information Sources
fists the organizations having consulting services
and the publications which are available. If labor
takes up the gauntlet, it should do much to stem
the tide of accidental injury which threatens us at
home, at work, on the road, and at play.
— K obert D. G id e l
Assistant Director for Safety
Bureau of Labor Standards
Education and Training
Vocational Education: Philosophy and Objectives. East
Lansing, Michigan State University, College of
Education, Office of Research and Publications, 1962.
32 pp.
Programmed Learning: The Whole Picture. By Geary A.
Rummler. (In Training Directors Journal, New
York, April 1963, pp. 30-32, 34-35. $1.)
Young Workers: Their Special Training Needs. By
Lloyd Feldman and Michael R. Peevey. Washing
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower,
Automation, and Training, 1963. 19 pp. (Bulletin
3.)
Characteristics of 6,000 White and Nonwhite Persons
Enrolled in Manpower Development and Training Act
Training. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Office of Manpower, Automation, and Training, 1963.
6 pp.
Transition From School to Work. By Oswald Hall and
Bruce McFarlane. Ottawa, Canadian Department
of Labor, 1962. 89 pp., bibliography. (Research
Program on the Training of Skilled Manpower,
Report 10.) 35 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
Occupational Briefs on America’s Major Job Fields:
Archaeologists (No. 212); Hospital Attendants (No.
236); House-to-House Salespeople (No. 237). Chicago,
Science Research Associates, Inc., 1963. 4 pp. each.
Your Future in Accounting. By Edmond Locklear, Jr.
New York, Richards Rosen Press, Inc., 1963. 159
pp., bibliography. (Careers in Depth.) $2.95.
Employment Outlook for Oceanographers. By Howard V.
Stambler. (In Occupational Outlook Quarterly, U.S.
846
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, May 1963, pp. 15-18. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Employee Benefits
Employer Expenditures for Selected Supplementary Remun
eration Practices for Production Workers in— Mining
Industries, 1960. By Aloysius Robert Pfeffer. Wash
ington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1963. 78 pp. (Bulletin 1332.) 45 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Growth of Employee-Benefit Plans, 1954-61. By Alfred M.
Skolnik. {In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Depart
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social
Security Administration, Washington, April 1963,
pp. 4-17. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Coordination of Employee Benefit Plans. Chicago, Charles
D. Spencer & Associates, Inc., 1963. 26 pp. $2.
Financial Position of Companies With Unfunded Pension
Plans. By Joseph Krislov. Washington, U.S. De
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social
Security Administration, 1963. 4 pp. (Analytical
Note 1.)
Industrial Relations
Freedom and Responsibility in Collective Bargaining. By
George W. Taylor. {In Quarterly Review of Econo
mics and Business, University of Illinois, Champaign,
Spring 1963, pp. 23-32. $1.50.)
Legal Aspects of Featherbedding. By William R. Sherrard.
{In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore, Pa., April 1963,
pp. 170-178. 75 cents.)
An Employer’s Rights in a National Labor Relations Board
Representation Election. By Charles G. Bakaly, Jr.,
and Alfred C. Phillips. Pasadena, California Institute
of Technology, Industrial Relations Center, 1963.
11 pp. (Circular 28.)
Arbitration and/or the NLRB. By Frank W. McCulloch.
{In Arbitration Journal, New York, Vol. 18, No. 1,
1963, pp. 3-16. $1.75.)
Rights Without Remedies in Labor Arbitration. By Josef
Sirefman. {In Arbitration Journal, New York, Vol.
18, No. 1, 1963, pp. 17-35. $1.75.)
Arbitration of Work Rule Disputes. By Walter L. Daykin.
{In Arbitration Journal, New York, Vol. 18, No. 1,
1963, pp. 36-45. $1.75.)
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Federal Mediation and Con
ciliation Service, Fiscal Year 1962. Washington, 1963.
60 pp. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
The Integration of Seniority Lists in Transportation Mergers.
By Dan H. Mater and Garth L. Mangum. {In
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y.,
April 1963, pp. 343-365. $1.75.)
Industrial Relations in Sweden— Myth or Model? By
Joseph A. Raffaele. {In Personnel, American Man
agement Association, New York, May-June 1963,
pp. 43-52. $1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Health and Safety
The Diseases of Occupations. By Donald Hunter, M.D.
Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1962. 1,180 pp.,
bibliographies. 3d ed. $28.50.
Advancing Frontiers in Industrial Health. By L. G.
Norman. {In British Journal of Industrial Medicine,
London, April 1963, pp. 78-81. 18s. 6d.)
Interpretive Problems of Title I of the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act. By Linda Rosenberg.
{In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca,
N.Y., April 1963, pp. 405-427. $1.75.)
Occupational Health in Eastern Europe. By R. M. Malan.
{In British Journal of Industrial Medicine, London,
April 1963. pp. 154-164, bibliography. 18s. 6d.)
Free Speech, Propaganda and the National Labor Relations
Act. By Thomas G. S. Christensen. {In New York
University Law Review, New York, April 1963,
pp. 243-279. $2.)
Government and Medicine Abroad [A Symposium}. (Dis
cussions include Canada, Sweden, the Soviet Union,
West Germany, France, and India.) {In Current
History, Philadelphia, Pa., June 1963, pp. 321-365,
et. seq. 85 cents.)
Midwest Seminar on N L R B Policy Developments. Spon
sored by University Extension of the University of Chi
cago. {In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, April 1963,
pp. 293-386. $1.)
N L R B Re-Run Elections: A Study. By Daniel H. Pollitt.
{In North Carolina Law Review, Chapel Hill, Winter
1963, pp. 209-224. $1.50.)
N L R B Membership Cleavage: Recognition and Organiza
tional Picketing. By Fred Witney. {In Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, May 1963, pp. 434-458. $1.)
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Labor Force
The Forecasting of Manpower Requirements. By Matilda
R. Sugg. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 96 pp., bibli
ography. (BLS Report 248.) Free.
Manpower in the Technological Revolution. By L. V.
Berkner. {In Civil Service Journal, U.S. Civil
Service Commission, Washington, January-M arch
1963, pp. 12-14, 22-25. 25 cents.)
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Report of 1962 Seminar on Problems of Manpower Planning,
Development, Utilization, Distribution, and Administra
tion [June 18 to September 19, 1962]. Edited by J.
Fletcher Wellemeyer and Francis L. Hauser. Wash
ington, U.S. Department of State, Agency for Inter
national Development, 1963. ix, 179 pp., bibli
ography.
Automation and Employment Trends: The Indiana Motor
Vehicle Industry. Indianapolis, Indiana Employ
ment Security Division, 1963. 73 pp., bibliography.
Employment Trends in Major Industries. {In Occupa
tional Outlook Quarterly, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, May 1963,
pp. 19-23. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Improving the Operation of Labor Markets Through An
Employment Service Advance Notice System. By E. E.
Liebhafsky. {In Southern Economic Journal, Chapel
Hill, N.C., April 1963, pp. 317-325. $1.50.)
Employment and Earnings in the Scientific and Technical
Professions [of Canada], 1958-1961. Ottawa, Cana
dian Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1962. 31 pp. (Professional Manpower
Report 12.) 25 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa.
The American Public-School Teacher, 1960-61— Personal
and Professional Characteristics, Assignments, Attitudes.
By Hazel Davis and Eleanor Donald. Washington,
National Education Association, 1963. 112 pp.
(Research Monograph 1963-M2.) $2.25.
The Labor Force of Czechoslovakia: Scope and Concepts.
By Andrew Elias. Washington, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1963. 96 pp.,
bibliography.
(International Population Reports,
Series P-95, No. 61.)
Labor Organizations
Union Labor in California, 1961. San Francisco, Depart
ment of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Reasearch, 1963. 31 pp.
Trade Union Growth— Structure and Policy: A Compara
tive Study of the Cotton Unions in England. By H. A.
Turner. Toronto, Ontario, University of Toronto
Press, 1962. 413 pp.
Personnel Management
Personnel Management. By Michael J. Jucius. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 700 pp.
5th ed. $11.35.
Personnel Testing: What the Critics Overlook. By Saul W.
Gellerman. {In Personnel, American Management
Association, New York, May-June 1963, pp. 18-26.
$1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
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847
Front-Line Management: A Guide to Effective Supervisory
Action. By James M. Black and Guy B. Ford.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1963.
282 pp. $6.95.
Leadership in the Office: Guidelines for Office Supervisors.
New York, American Management Association, 1963.
287 pp.
Problems of Worker Groups
Death of a Newspaper: The Story of the Detroit Times—
A Study of Job Dislocation Among Newspaper Workers
in a Depressed Labor Market. By Louis A. Ferman.
Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for Em
ployment Research, 1963. 63 pp., bibliography.
La Réinsertion Professionnelle des Jeunes dans le Monde du
Travail. By M. Pierre Laurent. {In Revue Fran
çaise du Travail, Ministry of Labor, Paris, OctoberDecember 1962, pp. 25-34.)
Social Security
Disability Applicants Under the Old-Age, Survivors, and
Disability Insurance Program— Selected Data, 1961.
Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Social Security Administration, 1963.
53 pp.
Unemployment Insurance for Government Employees in
Hawaii. Honolulu, Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations, 1963. 30 pp.
Family Characteristics of the Long-Term Unemployed in
South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina Employ
ment Security Commission, Research and Statistics
Section, 1963. 45 pp.
TEC Claimants in Four Survey Periods, New York State,
1961-1962. New York, State Department of Labor,
Research and Statistics Office, 1963. 49 pp. (TEC
Report 1.)
Characteristics of T.E.C. Claimants in Mississippi: A
Report on a Study of Claimants Under the Temporary
Extended Unemployment Compensation Program, 196162. Jackson, Mississippi Employment Security Com
mission, 1963. 131 pp.
Personal Characteristics and Family Status of TEC Claim
ants. Indianapolis, Indiana Employment Security
Division, Research and Statistics Section, 1963.
23 pp.
Railroad Retirement Board— Annual Report for the Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1962. Chicago, Railroad
Retirement Board, 1963. 162 pp. 60 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Workmen’s Compensation in Canada: A Comparison of
Provincial Laws, October 1962. By Evelyn Woolner.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Legislation
Branch, 1962. 45 pp. 35 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
848
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
Syketrygden, 1960. Oslo, Norway, Rikstrygdeverket,
1963. 101 pp. (Offisielle Statistikk, X II 98.) Table
of contents and summaries in English. Kr. 7.
Wages and Hours
■Occupational Wage Survey: Philadelphia, P a.-N .J.,
November 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 36 pp.
(Bulletin 1345-31.) 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington. Other bulletins in this
series include:
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.,
January 1963__ ______ _____
Jacksonville, Fla., January 1963.
York, Pa., February 1963_____
Des Moines, Iowa, February
1963______________________
Jackson, Miss., February 1963__
New Orleans, La., February
1963______________________
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton,
Pa.-N .J., February 1963___
Detroit, Mich., January 1963__
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{cents)
Bulletin No.
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Industry Wage Survey—Footwear, April 1962. By Fred
W. Mohr. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 71 pp. (Bulletin
1360.) 45 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Wage Administration—Plans, Practices, and Principles.
By Charles W. Brennan. Homewood, 111., Richard
D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 463 pp., bibliography. Rev.
ed $10.
Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1961. Washing
ton, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1963. 67 pp. (Bulletin 1338-8.) 45 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Wage Settlements, California Union Agreements, 1962.
San Francisco, Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1963.
56 pp.
Pay Surveys in Perspective. By S. Avery Raube. {In
Business Management Record, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., New York, May 1963, pp.
11-16.)
The Wage Fixers: A Study of Arbitration in a Free Society.
By Henry Smith. London, Institute of Economic
Affairs, 1962. 47 pp., bibliography. (Hobart Paper
18.) 5s.
Size Distribution of Income in 1962. By Jeannette M.
Fitzwilliams. {In Survey of Current Business, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Office of Business Eco
nomics, Washington, April 1963, pp. 14-20. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
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Miscellaneous
United States Department of Labor Annual Report, Fiscal
Year 1962. Washington, 1963. 289 pp. $1, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Annual Report of the United States Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, 1962. Washington, 1963.
433 pp. $1.25, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington.
Annual Report of the Waterfront Commission of New York
Harbor for the Year Ending June SO, 1962. New York,
1962. 28 pp.
Report of the Director-General to the 41th Session of Inter
national Labor Conference, Geneva, 1963: Program and
Structure of the ILO. Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1963. 206 pp. (Report I.) $2. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
The Older American. Washington, President’s Council on
Aging, 1963. 73 pp. 50 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
The Art of Working. By R. B. Lai.
Publishing House, 1962. 188 pp.
New York, Asia
American Economic Development: Growth of the U.S. in
the Western World. By Lester S. Levy and Roy J.
Sampson. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1962.
623 pp., bibliographies. $7.95.
Readings in Economic Development. Edited by Theodore
Morgan, George W. Betz, N. K. Choudhry. Belmont,
Calif., Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1963 431 pp.
Economics: A General Introduction.
By Lloyd G.
Reynolds. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc.,
1963. 739 pp. (Irwin Series in Economics.) $10.60.
Interests, Ideologies, and the Problem of Stability and
Growth. By Edward S. Mason. {In American
Economic Review, Menasha, Wis., March 1963,
pp. 1-18. $2.)
Trends in Natural Resource Commodities: Statistics of
Prices, Output, Consumption, Foreign Trade, and
Employment in the United States, 1870-1957. By
Neal Potter and Francis T. Christy, Jr. Washington,
Resources for the Future, Inc., 1962. 568 pp. $17.50,
The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md.
The Origins of Modern Labor Law. By Stephen J. Barres.
{In American Journal of Economics and Sociology,
New York, April 1963, pp. 279-286. $1.)
Retirement Money Guidebook. Stamford, Conn., Retire
ment Council, Inc., 1963. 126 pp. $4.50, Harper &
Row, Publishers, New York.
The New Soviet Society: Final Text of the Program of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union. New York,
The New Leader, Paperback Division, 1962. 251 pp.
75 cents
Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A. —Employment
850
851
855
859
A -l. Estimated total, labor force classified by employment status and sex
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,,
seasonally adjusted
859 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
860 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations
B. —Labor Turnover
861 B -l.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group
C. —Earnings and Hours
864 C -l.
876 C-2.
876 C-3.
877 C-4.
879 C-5.
879 C-6.
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
D. —Consumer and Wholesale Prices
880 D -l. Consumer Price Index—All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
881 D-2. Consumer Price Index—Allitems and food indexes, by city
882 D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
884 D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
885 D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product
E. —Work Stoppages
886 E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Work Injuries
887 F -l.
Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
• This table Is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N o t e : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described In Technique of Preparing Major B L S Sta
tistical Series (BLS Bulletin 1168, 1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
849
850
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
A.—Employment
T able
A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number oi persons 14 years of age and over •
Employment status
1963
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
1962
Jan.
Feb.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Annual aver
age
July
June
May
1961
1960
Total both sexes
Total labor force................................................. 75,864 74, 897 74,382 73,999 73,323 74,142 74,532 74,923 74,914 76,554 76,437 76,857 74,797 74.175
73,126
Civilian labor fo rce......................... ................
Unemployment_______________________
Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted 2...................................................
Unemployed 4 weeks or less........... .........
Unemployed 5-10 weeks_____________
Unemployed 11-14 weeks .......................
Unemployed 15-26 weeks.........................
Unemployed over 26 weeks__________
Employm ent____ _____________________
Nonagricultural____ ________________
Worked 35 hours or more......................
Worked 15-34 hours_______________
Worked 1-14 hours________ ________
W ith a job but not at work • ...............
Agricultural ................. ............................
Worked 35 hours or more......................
Worked 15-34 hours_______________
Worked 1-14 hours------------------------W ith a job but not at work !_______
73,127 72,161 71,650 71,275 70, 607 71,378 71,782 72,187 72,179 73,695 73,582 74.001 71,922 71,603
4,066 4,063 4,501 4, 918 4,672 3,817 3,801 3,294 3,512 3,932 4,018 4,463 3,719 4,806
70,612
3,931
5.6
6.1
5.8
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.3
5.5
5,4
6.7
1,597 1,553 1,814 1,996 1,697 1,960 1,546 1,681 1,702 1,805 2,536 1,523 1,897
963 1,315 1,162
684
630
672
840
654
940 1,037
664
064
709
598
485
361
300
292
295
212
411
371
229
358
255
230
696
612
525
684
469
418
341
345
449
608
743
428
728
691
453
619
541
397
447
477
593
584
666
804
681
576
68,097 67,148 66, 358 65,935 67,561 67,981 68,893 68,668 69, 762 69,564 69,539 68,203 66,796
63, 424 62,812 62,309 61, 730 63,495 03,098 63.418 63,103 63,993 63, 500 63,249 62, 775 61,333
46, 505 48,669 47,063 48, 480 49,175 46,107 48,047 49,684 47,264 46,372 49, 209 49,711 47,257
10, 455 7,588 8, 573 7,235 7,932 11,894 9,426 7,265 6,849 6, 598 6,927 7,209 7,522
3, 856 4,119 4, 238 3,845 4,143 4,074 3,811 3,475 3,222 3,185 3,365 3,912 3,610
2, 608 2,436 2, 432 2,172 2,243 2,021 2,133 2,680 6,657 7,343 3,748 1,944 2,946
4,673 4,337 4,049 4,206 4,066 4,883 5,475 5, 564 5, 770 6,064 6,290 5,428 5.463
3,198 2,587 2,261 2,522 2,352 3,262 3,688 3,693 3,900 4,270 4,377 3.801 3,540
1,041 1,042 1.040
987
907 1,069 1,232 1,310 1,285 1,215 1,346 1,149 1,245
467
398
462
483
444
490
426
404
447
446
388
477
305
182
122
241
267
249
316
153
129
101
133
89
200
129
5.6
1,799
823
353
502
454
66,681
60,958
46,388
8,249
3,279
3,043
5,723
3,811
1,279
444
190
5.9
1,833
679
262
649
643
69,061
63, 883
50,383
7,261
4,144
2, 093
5,178
3, 489
1,196
415
80
Males
Total labor force---------- ------ ------------------- 50,483 50,010 49, 675 49, 508 49,269 49,574 49,719 49,974 50,110 51,657 51.733 51,832 50,272 49,918
49, 507
Civilian labor force_____________________
Unemployment_______________________
Em ploym ent_________________________
Nonagricultural_____ _______________
Worked 35 hours or more__________
Worked 15-34 hours------- ---------------Worked 1-14 hours.................................
With a job but not at work *...........
A gricu ltural___ _______ ____________
Worked 35 hours or more......................
Worked 15-34 hours......... .....................
Worked 1-14 hours___ _____ _______
W ith a job but not at work *_______
47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32,984
3,587
1,511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179
47,025
2, 541
44,485
39,807
32,511
4,100
1,360
1,836
4,678
3,365
792
348
172
Total labor force________________________ 25,381 24, 886 24, 707 24,492 24,054 24,568 24,812 24,949 24,804 24,897 24,703 25,026 24,525 24,257
23,619
Civilian labor force.............. ............................
Unemployment...............................................
Em ploym ent...................................................
Nonagricultural...........................................
Worked 35 hours or more _________
Worked 15-34 hours...............................
Worked 1-14 hours________________
W ith a job but not at work *...........
Agricultural__ ____ _____ ___________
Worked 35 hours or m o r e ...............
Worked 15-34 hours_______ ________
Worked 1-14 hours.................................
With a Job but not at work *_______
23,587
1,390
22,196
21,151
13, 627
4,149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17
47,778
2,434
45,345
41,205
35, 055
3.161
1,795
1,193
4,140
3,071
702
296
68
47,306
2,600
44, 706
40, 762
32,806
4, 941
1,658
1,357
3,945
2,888
700
247
112
46,975
3,013
43.962
40,251
33,648
3,439
1,688
1,476
3,711
2,383
730
384
216
46, 816
3,293
43, 523
39, 994
32, 710
4,026
1,779
1,481
3, 529
2,074
786
423
246
46, 585
3,080
43, 505
39.839
33,648
3, 251
1, 593
1,351
3,666
2,281
751
400
232
46,841
2, 522
44,319
40,782
33,946
3,612
1,760
1,461
3,537
2,181
656
424
276
47,001
2,259
44,743
40,703
31,704
6,130
1,618
1,250
4,040
2,908
692
307
133
47,269
1,881
45,387
41.131
33,774
4,428
1,628
1,302
4,256
3,168
694
281
114
47,406
1,991
45,415
41,052
34,769
3,261
1,433
1,588
4,363
3,180
780
309
92
48,830
2,327
46,503
41,899
33,483
3,316
1,449
3,652
4,604
3,327
819
293
165
48,911
2,406
46,505
41,732
32,952
3,183
1,337
4,261
4,773
3,634
687
332
121
49,009
2,698
46.310
41,421
34,624
3,244
1,518
2,035
4,889
3, 743
733
305
109
47,430
2,296
45,134
40.687
34, 579
3,223
1,713
1,171
4,447
3,365
706
291
85
Females
25,349
1,632
23,717
22, 679
15,327
4,099
2,352
900
1,038
418
493
117
12
24,854
1,463
23,391
22, 663
13, 699
5, 515
2,198
1,251
728
311
341
59
17
24,675
1,489
23,186
22,560
15,022
4,149
2,430
960
625
204
312
83
26
24,460
1,625
22,835
22,315
14, 356
4, 547
2,459
950
520
187
255
57
20
24,022
1,592
22.430
21,890
14,835
3.983
2, 252
820
540
243
236
44
17
1 Estimates are based on Information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24,537
1,295
23, 242
22,714
15,228
4,319
2,383
782
528
172
252
66
40
24,781
1,543
23,238
22,395
13,404
5,763
2,457
771
843
355
377
91
27
24,918
1,413
23,505
22,287
14,273
4,998
2,184
832
1,219
520
538
145
15
24,773
1,520
23,253
22,051
14,914
4,004
2,042
1,092
1,201
512
529
152
9
24,865
1,605
23,260
22,094
13,782
3,533
1,773
3,005
1,166
573
466
110
17
24,671
1,611
23,059
21.768
13,420
3,415
1,848
3,082
1,291
636
530
116
12
24,993
1,764
23,228
21,827
14, 583
3, 682
1,847
1,713
1,491
634
613
141
13
24,492
1.423
23,069
22,088
15,130
3,985
2,199
773
982
438
443
i 7
4
24,225
1,747
22,478
21,523
14,273
3.934
2,098
1,217
955
408
419
107
22
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of
the persons in these groups have, since that tim e, been classified as unem
ployed.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (In Employ
ment and Earnings, u.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b le
851
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Maya
Total employees....................... .........................
Apr.*
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
56,167 55,822 55,068 54, 780 54,833 56,444 56,214 56,333 56,252 55,709 55,493 55,777 55,209 54,077 54,347
627
81.7
26.0
28.1
612
79.8
25.1
28.0
614
80.7
25.0
28.0
617
78.9
23.3
28.0
628
78.3
24.4
28.0
638
78.9
25.1
27.8
645
79.4
25.9
27.7
651
80.3
26.4
27.9
658
83.8
28.3
28.8
648
87.8
29.0
28.8
661
89.2
29.8
29.2
657
88.5
29.7
28.9
666
87.1
27.5
28.9
709
93.3
33.2
28.3
Coal mining
Bituminous
135.6
127.6
134.5
126.3
139.7
131.3
140.4
131.9
140.2
131.6
142.2
133.4
143.8
135.2
142.6
134.2
141.9
133.4
129.9
120.7
142.8
134.2
145.0
135.9
155.5
145.1
182.2
168.2
Crude petroleum and natural gas_______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field service*_____________
297.1
171.9
125.2
294.5
170.8
123.7
294.1
171.5
122.6
295.3
171.6
123.7
301.2
171.6
129.6
300.1
172.1
128.0
303.0
172.8
130.2
307.2
175.5
131.7
309.2
178.0
131.2
310.1
178.0
132.1
307.9
177.5
130.4
304.0
174.9
129.1
308.9
176.8
132.2
313.9
181.7
132.2
112.3
102.7
99.3
102.2
108.2
116.4
119.1
121.0
122.9
120.2
120.6
119.3
114.9
119.5
G35
Mining______ ______________ _______ ___
Metal mining_________________________
....................
Tron ores
Copper ores ___________ ____ _
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____
Contract construction__________________
2,749
General building contractor*___________
Heavy construction______ ____________
Highway and street construction
Other heavy construction____________
Special trade contractors_______________ —
2,589 2,315 2,241 2,349 2,532 2,801 2,936 2,978 3,031 2,982 2,839 2,749 2,760 2,882
809.6 718.0 693.7 731.4 786.2 861.7 889.1 903.2 929.2 9Í6. 4 873.0 843.0 860.8 911.7
514.7 412. 5 383.8 409.6 471.1 579.3 648.4 667.6 685.4 675.0 624.5 594.7 565.6 581.3
284.1 207.8 185.5 201.4 244.9 326.9 379.0 394.5 405.2 393.6 359.6 335.4 302.8 302.4
230.6 204.7 198.3 208.2 226.2 252.4 269.4 273.1 280.2 281.4 264.9 259.3 262.9 278.9
1,264. 5 1,184. 5 1,163.0 1,207.8 1,274.4 1,360.4 1,398.8 1,407.1 1,416.5 1,390.9 1,341.0 1,311.2 1,333.2 l, 388.8
Manufacturing______ _________________
16,775 16,693 16,613 16,546 16,551 16,727 16,891 17,028 17,127 16,931 16,782 16,870 16,682 16,267 16,762
Durable goods............ ................................ 9,585 9, 505 9,430 9,399 9,407 9,473 9,533 9,562 9,571 9 ,4Ó2 9,463 9,547 9,475 9,042 9,441
Nondurable goods_____________ _____ 7,190 7,188 7,183 7,147 7,144 7,254 7,358 7,466 7,556 7,529 7,319 7,323 7,207 7,225 7,321
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories___ ____ ______
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories........... ...
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________________________
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products...... ..............................................
Wooden containers................... ................
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures__________ __ ___
Household furniture_________________
Office furniture.............. ............... ............
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures__________
212.7
214.2
111.8
48.5
53.9
217.5
113.7
49.8
54.0
219.2
114.3
51.1
53.8
220.3
114.1
52.1
54.1
221.0
114.8
52.0
54.2
221.6
114.7
52.6
54.3
220.4
114.2
52.5
53.7
220.7
114.0
53.0
53.7
221.6
115.0
53.4
63.2
217.0
113.7
53.3
50.0
211.8
110.7
52.5
48.6
211.6
108.5
62.4
50.7
200.6
103.1
51.1
46.5
187.3
93.9
50.0
43.4
612.1
590.0
81.0
265.0
579.1
78.7
261.1
574.7
80.6
257.5
579.2
82.4
259.7
592.0
88.1
261.9
608.6
>94.0
269.2
620.7
97.2
273.9
629.9
101.2
277.1
639.6
104.5
280.1
632.9
103.7
279.0
635.8
101.8
281.6
609.6
90.3
272.5
600.5
91.5
268.9
636.8
92.6
294.7
145.0
38.7
60.3
141.3
37.6
60.4
140.0
37.4
59.2
140.6
37.5
59.0
143.6
38.7
59.7
140.4
39.0
60.0
148.9
40.0
60.7
150. 7
39.6
61.3
152.9
40.5
61.6
149.2
40.8
60.2
149.6
41.2
61.6
145.8
40.3
60.7
141.3
40.8
58.0
146.6
43.2
59.6
377.4
271.6
28.5
33.8
43.5
378.1
271.7
28.8
34.6
43.0
377.1
270.4
28.9
34.8
43.0
379.5
270.3
30.0
35.4
43.8
383.3
273.5
30.5
34.9
44.4
387.1
275.8
30.7
35.7
44.9
388.2
276.9
28.5
37.8
45.0
388.0
276.0
28. 2
38.0
45.8
387.6
273.3
30.3
37.7
46.3
378.3
266.5
29.2
37.2
45.4
382.3
269. 1
29.7
37.1
46.4
379.3
268.8
29.1
36.4
45.0
367.4
259.6
27.4
36.2
44.2
383.4
271.1
28.3
39.0
45.1
574.3
29.5
102.6
39.0
69.6
44.4
153.7
120.8
550.4
28.8
101.2
35.5
65.9
43.6
141.5
119.0
540.7
29.0
100.0
34.6
64.8
43.4
136.0
118.3
545.2
29.2
98.4
36.3
65.9
43.4
138.3
118.8
560.3
30.3
99.7
37.9
68.6
43.7
144.9
120.2
578.2
31.0
100.4
40.3
70.6
44.5
154.7
121.4
588.0
30.5
101.8
40.8
71.4
45.3
160.7
122.2
692.8
30.4
102.8
41.4
72.5
44.8
163. 2
122.7
595.6
30.1
103.1
41.7
73.1
44.2
165.1
123.5
590.1
29. 7
103.0
41.5
72.1
43.5
163.0
123.0
589. 5
29. 6
103.9
41.3
71.8
43.9
162.2
122.4
579.1
28.6
101.8
40.0
71.0
43.5
157.9
122.0
566.8
27.9
100.6
40.0
70.7
43.4
150 2
119.5
595.3
31.1
102.9
42.8
76.1
47.1
155.4
124.0
376.4
Stone, clav. and glass products _ __
583.9
Flat glass___________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic.....................................
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products.......... —
Primary metal industries....................... . 1,188. 9 1,175.0 1,153. 5 1,137.6 1,124. 2 1.124.4 1,118.7 1,123.1 1,136. 4 1,134. 7 1,134. 7 1,166.0 1,193. 8 1,142.3 1.228.7
602.1 583.9 569.4 555.8 555.3 550.8 555.2 566.3 567. 5 570.8 594.9 622.5 599. 9 652.5
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries............................
199.0 196.9 196.2 195.3 195.3 194.9 195.5 196.6 193.8 194.0 196.9 196.5 186.0 203.6
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
68.2
68.6
67.1
67.4
68.9
67.8
68.8
67.4
66.9
68.2
68.7
69.1
69. 4
70.8
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding________________________
177.5 177.3 176.8 176.6 176.8 176.7 177.5 177.5 176.8 177.3 178.0 177.6 169.9 175.6
Nonferrous foundries________________
66.0
67.4
67.1
64.7
61.4
68.1
68.2
68.1
68.4
68.4
67.5
67.1
67.1
65.1
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
60.1
60.1
60.6
60.1
61.4
61.2
61.1
60.2
60.4
60.1
58.7
59.5
57.8
60.7
Fabricated metal products. . . .
...
1,135.1 1,121.8 1,109. 5 1,108.1 1,111.3 1,122.1 1,128.3 1,134.1 1,135. 7 1,115. 6 1,115.8 1,129.0 1,121.2 1,076.4 l, 128.6
62.9
Metal cans_________________________
65.4
65.2
60.6
62. 7
57.6
61.0
65.7
60.4
59.0
58.3
57.9
65.3
62.5
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard
w are.......... .................................. ...........
140.5 140.0 140.7 141.0 141.5 141.3 140.0 138.4 134.7 133.6 138.7 138.4 129.7 136.0
Heating equipment and plumbing
76.3
fixtures___________________________
78.0
77.0
75.2
79.0
79.0
78.6
78.8
76.7
77.2
77.2
76.0
77.0
77.8
Fabricated structural metal products..
320.5 315.1 313.9 317.0 322.3 325.8 330.9 335.1 333.7 334.4 332.3 326.9 325.8 334.3
87.5
80.4
8.5.6
Screw machine products, bolts, etc
87.0
87.0
86. 1
87.1
87.9
88.4
87. 9
88.0
87.8
87.7
88.3
Metal sta m p in g s......... ......... .1______
193.5 191.8 192.2 195.3 197.1 196.4 196.4 193.2 180.2 184.3 188.3 191.1 179.4 197.7
63.9
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
67.4
68.9
67.6
64.2
67.3
69.6
69.2
67.8
67.4
65.7
66.1
66.0
70.0
56.8
55.6
57.1
53.7
56.9
57.4
55.7
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
56.4
56.4
56.1
56.2
57.0
57.7
56.8
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
114.9 114.5 114.6 113.6 114.3 113.9 111.8 112.1 112.2 112.0 114.4 113.7 107.8 112.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
852
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T
able
A-2. Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
fin thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
M ay 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable floods—Continued
Machinery..... ..................
1,485.4 1,485.0 1,481.5 1. 474. 0 1,469 3 1,464. 2 1. 462 9 1.463 1 1.466. 7 1,463. 9 1,468.1 1,479.5 1,468. 6 1,401.1 1,471.L 4
Engines and turbines______
88.5
86 3
86 6
87.9
88 3
87.0
86 8
86.8
85.7
88.1
86.6
86.7
80 0
86.1.8
Farm machinery and equipment.........
132.3 132.3 130. 5 125. 1 120 8 117 4 1180 118 7 117.7 119 0 120.5 121.0 1124 114.!. 1
Construction and related machinery.
210.7 209.4 20S. 8 208.7 209.0 208.6 207 8 211. 1 212 3 211.2 2120 209.0 198.1 219.
17
Metalworking machinery and equip
ment___________________ ____
262.6 262.1 260. 7 259. 5 259. 6 258 3 256 4 255. 0 253. 1 256 7 259 7 260 5 943 8 2583 .2
Special industry machinery_________
170.3 169.9 169.2 169. 9 170 8 170 8 171 6 171 6 172 4 172 9 173. 5 171. 5 167 9 1733 .8
General industrial m achinery...
221.7 221.8 221.2 222.2 220.6 222.6 223 4 223.2 222.9 222.0 222.8 220. 1 211.1 223.
3.0
Office, computing, and accounting
machines_____ _______ ___________
148.2 148.8 148. 7 149.6 150. 0 1.50 4 150. 5 151. 9 152. I 151.0 151. 8 151. 7 149 3 1455 .7
Service Industry machines__________
96 0
90 2
99.2
97.3
95. 3
95 3
96. 7
96.3
99 7 101.0
99 6
95.9
94 1
993 .8
Miscellaneous machinery____________ .......
152.1 151.8 150.7 150. 5 151. 3 152.6 152 7 151.7 150.3 149.9 151.6 148.5 144.6 150.
3.4
Electrical equipment and su p p lies...
1,526.1 1,515. 9 1,524.0 1. 633. 7 l. 543. 6 1.556.0 1.561 1 1.561 2 1,556 7 1,538.9 1,529 1 1,534. 2 1,513 1 1.436 0 1,445.5 .6
Electric distribution equipment.... ........
160.2 159.9 160.7 161 9 163 1 163 5 163 5 163 3 163 2 161 7 162 2 159 3 160 9 1633 2
Electrtcal industrial apparatus_______
174.3 174.1
174 8 175.3 176 4 176.9 176 6 176 9 175. 7 177 0 178 3 176 5 170 5 1771. 4
Household appliances.______________
154.6 154.0 154 4 154. 6 155 2 154 8 155 0 155 0 151 9 150 7 154. 3 154 8 151 0
72
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
138.3
137.8
138.2 137 6 138 6 138 9 139 4 138 8 136. 1 133 6 135.4 134.8 128.5 1322 7
Radio arid TV receiving sets________
118.8 120.6 122. 1 124.6 128 2 132 9 135 7 135 2 132.2 129 9 127 8 122 9 113 1 1111.5
Communication equipment__________
413.3 419.4 423. » 426 5 428.9 427 4 424 7 422.6 420.0 415. 7 416. 2 412 3 378 4 3663.0
Electronic components and accessories
240.8 241.1 241.8 244.5 246 6 247 6 247 6 248.0 246.5 246.7 245.7 240.0 227.2 225.5.2
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_____________ ________ ........... 116.1 116.6 117.8 118.5 119 1 119. 1 118. 1 116.9 113.3 113.8 114.3 113.5 106.4 111.
1.4
Transportation equipment......................... 1,714. 8 1,709. 9 1,698. 4 1,702.6 1,709.2 1, 705. 6 1.695 4 1.683 9 1.668.7 1,536.2 1,647.4 1,660.4 1,650. 6 1.522.5 1,617.r . 3
Motor vehicles arid equipment__
759.9 748.0 751. 3 761. 2 762 4 755 1 746.8 731 8 607. 3 727.5 746 4 738. 3 647 9 727.7.6
Aircraft and parts..............................
720.4 724.2 728.2 730.8 729. 7 726 5 719. 7 719 0 709. 7 705. 1 695. 6 692.8 669 4 6733 8
Ship and boat building and repairing..
152.9 152.2 150 1 148. 5 145. 1 144.0 145.5 144 3 144 3 141.8 142.6 144. 1 142. 2 141
Railroad equipment_______
46.0
45.3
42 0
43.2
45.5
43.6
42.8
41. 9
44.8
45.5
44.4
44. 4
35.8
43.3 .8
Other transportation equipment_____
27.8
30.7
28. 7
28.8
29.4
29.4
28.7
25. 9
26. 6
30.3
28 5
31l. 1
31. 0
27 3
1.0
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific Instruments
Mechanical measuring and control
devices__ _______________________
Optical and ophthalmic g o o d s ............
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm e n t ..._________________ ______
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks_________________
363.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______
385.5
383.2
72.7
362.0
73.2
361.2
73.3
361.3
74. 2
362 0
74. 4
362.1
74.3
361.6
74. 4
361.3
74.1
361.3
73.6
357. 4
72.3
358.2
72. 6
355. 8
72 5
346 4
73.9
354.1.2
75.5.7
97. 7
42.1
97.6
42.0
41. 9
97.0
41.6
96. 5
41.7
98.3
41.6
95.8
41.8
95.7
41.8
95.9
41.7
95.0
41.8
94. 7
42.4
95.2
42.1
91 8
39 3
955.1
40.3.6
50.7
71.1
28.9
50.3
70.8
28.1
50.0
70.6
27.9
49. 7
71 1
28.6
49 7
71.2
29.0
49.6
71.0
29.0
49.6
71.0
29.1
49.5
71.8
28.8
49.2
71.4
27. 7
49.0
70.5
29.0
48 2
69.2
28 6
47 6
68 4
25 3
4 77.3
.
693.0
263.6
378.2
40.4
98.3
34.5
51.8
163.2
375.7
40.6
95.0
34.2
52.9
153.0
363.9
40. 9
84. 1
33.5
52.8
152. 6
382.4
41.8
95.3
34. 2
55.2
155.9
409 0
42.8
116 1
34 9
57.1
158.1
418. 1
42 6
123 1
35. 1
56. 9
160. 4
414.5
42 3
119. 7
34.6
56.8
161.1
407.3
41.5
117. 1
34.1
56.0
158.6
392.4
40.0
112.4
32. 6
53.1
154.3
399.9
41.2
112.2
33. 2
56.3
157.0
391.8
41.2
107.6
32. 6
55. 1
155.3
381. 6
41.8
101.9
31 2
54. 0
152.7
2.1
392.
43.3.2
2.3
102.
311.0
57.7.5
158.3.1
70 3
370.2
41. 0
89 1
53 3
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products________
1,682. 6 1,679. 4 1,674.7 1, 665.1 1,686.9 1,738. 8 1, 780. 7 1,858.5 1,931.1 1,910.5 1,829. 6 1,777. 9 1,711.5 t, 780. 2 1,792.2.7
Meat products_____________________
300.0 298.6 300. 8 304.1 311 5 316 0 315 9 312 7 314 7 313 4 314 4 307 7
Dairy products_____ ____________
301.6 298.9 297.4 298. 4 301.2 303.0 306.1 312. 3 320.5 322.3 318.8 311.5 313.3 316.3.6
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_____ _______ _________
189.7 188. 3 181.1 187 4 202 2 227. 6 298. 1 379. 1 359.1 286 7 236 3 904 1
1.8
Grain mill products_____________ ____
122.7 124.3 123.7 124 4 124 8 124 9 128. 2 130. 5 131.1 131 0 128 7 127 4
3.4
Bakery products____________________
302.4 303.3 302.3 303. 2 307.0 308 9 308.0 307. 3 308.0 308. 1 308 8 30? 1 305 7
Sugar.................. ............... .............
28.5
27.0
28.1
44 1
29 3
28 8
97 9
34 8
45.7
45 1
32 1
30 0
34 3
363.9
Confectionery and related products___
78.7
76.0
78.3
84 0
87. 5
85. 1
83.0
73 8
¿0 0
76 9
73 2
79. 9
69 1
3.6
Beverages......... ...........................................
217.7 214. 6 210.1 212. 2 2Í7 9 219 7 223.5 228.6 227.2 229.1 227.7 217.8 216.5 218.3.2
Miscellaneous food and kindred products______________________________
141.2 141. 5 142.5 142. 5 146.1 147. 5 148.5 145.6 143 0 140. 6 141 2 13Q 9
2.8
Tobacco manufactures
77.2
85.2
76.7
79.5
96.2 111. 2 117.6 102 6
88.3
94.1
76.9
76.2
75.7
90.5
94.1. 1
Cigarettes__________________________
37.2
37. 2
36.8
37 0
37 9
37 6
37 0
37 1
37 2
37 0
37 9
37 9
37.7.2
Cigars_____ ________ _____________ _
23 1
22.0
22. 8
22. 6
22 0
22 9
21.8
22.1
22.0
23 0
22. 0
22. 6
7.9
1.1
7.5
Textile mil! products______________
Cotton broad woven fabrics__
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting....................................... . . .
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering.................. . .
Yarn and th rea d ...____ _____________
Miscellaneous textile goods___________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
857.8
___
858.0
238.3
69.8
50.1
26.5
202.5
70.6
33.8
101.1
65.3
857.3
238.8
69. 7
50.3
26.5
201. 9
70.6
33.8
100.7
65.0
854. 4
23S. 7
69.8
50. 2
26 5
199. 2
70.4
34. 2
100. 9
64.5
855. 2
240.2
70.1
48.6
26. 6
198 1
70.8
34 6
100 7
65.7
867. 5
242. 2
70. 6
48.8
27 3
203 5
71 6
35 0
102. 2
66.3
876.2
243 1
70.3
49.6
27 5
210. 3
71. 5
35 1
102. 3
66.5
881.3
243 2
70. 1
50.8
27 2
214 4
71.6
34 7
102. 9
66.4
883.7
244 2
70 6
51.5
27. 4
215 3
71 2
34 2
103 0
66.4
885.8
245.0
70.6
52 2
27 3
217 2
71. 1
33 1
103. 8
65.5
872.9
243.4
68. 7
52.2
26 6
213 0
70.6
33 0
101 3
64.1
890.9
247.0
70 4
52.9
27 4
217 6
72 2
33 4
103 6
66.4
884.4
246. 1
69 7
52.2
97 6
71 8
33 5
103 1
66.2
879.8
251 2
6Q 8
52 3
70.8
914.1.6
260.3.4
i 4
563 0
7.6
1.4
74.
100.4
64.6
103.!. 7
69.3.0
3.3
5.9
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
853
A-2. Employees in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963
1962
A n n u al
averag e
I n d u s tr y
M ay’
A pr. 2
M ar.
F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
N ondurable ooodt— C o n tin u e d
A p p arel an d re la te d p ro d u c ts ___________ 1,243.4 1,245.6 1,267. 0 1,250.6 1,219. 2 1.235. 6 1,252 7 1, 258. 5 1,264.2 1,266. 7 1,207.8 1,230.5 1,216.3 1,199. 5 1.228. 4
116.2 118.2 118.5 118.5
118.5 119.3 120.2 119.8 115.2 119. 4 115.6 116.4 121.5
119.1
M e n ’s an d b o y s ’ su its and c o a ts_______
335.7 332.2 330.7 327.5 331.8 334.9 335.2 336.4 336.1 324.7 331.2 324.7 302.2 307.6
M e n ’s an d b o y s’ fu rn ish in g s__________
W o m e n 's, m isses', a n d Jun io rs' o u te r
350.4 363.7 356.0 337.9 339.5 343.4 342.3 349.7 356.7 335.5 342.2 355.5 348.3 361.3
w e a r__________ ____ ________________
W o m e n ’s a n d c h ild re n ’s u n d e rg a r
122.4 122.7 121.7 120.2 123.6
126.0 126.7 124.6 123.3 116.7 120.0 119.2 118.0 119.7
m e n ts ___________
________________
36.8
33.8
39.9
32.9
36.2
36.2
34.5
35.8
36.8
32.0
31.7
H a ts , caps, and m illin e ry __ ________
39.3
31.8
34.9
76.3
74.4
79.5
76.8
77.2
77.2
78.6
78.2
75.3
76.1
G irls ’ an d c h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r________
79.0
75.1
79.2
74. 4
62.9
66.5
66.7
72.3
73.3
72.2
71.6
69.0
68.2
68.7
F u r goods an d m iscellaneous ap p a re l _
65.0
67.8
66.2
69. 5
M iscellaneous fab ricate d te x tile p ro d
146.2 144.1 140.4 139.1 143.8
147.9 148.7 147.7 143.8 137.7 138.1 142.5 135.8 136.9
u c ts .
_ _
601.0
224.6
67.6
599.8
223.7
68.3
597.0
223.4
68.3
600.3
225.2
68.5
605.7
226.2
68.5
606.4
226.8
68.3
608.8
227.9
6S.3
610.7
229.0
67.7
610.4
231.4
66.7
602.2
227.7
66.4
607.3
228.5
68.1
598.7
224.9
67.5
589.5
224 5
66. 8
503.3
224.4
69.3
130.3
178.5
129.8
178.0
128.6
176.7
128.9
177.7
130.2
180.8
129.7
181.6
130.5
182.1
130.6
183.4
130.4
181.9
129.3
178.8
130.2
180.5
128.6
177.7
124.3
174.0
124.4
175.1
934.7
931.8
342.0
67.9
76.2
289.1
48.7
913.5
322.2
68.8
75.6
290.6
48.4
909.2
321.0
68.7
75.1
288.6
47.8
912.2
320. 6
69.5
75.4
291.2
48.0
920.1
323. 7
69. 1
75. 4
294.7
48.4
045.7
348.5
69.4
75 7
293 8
48.4
945.0
346.6
68.9
76.0
293.8
48.7
941.3
345. 1
68.3
76.4
292.2
49.3
934.0
345. 5
66.1
75.8
288.9
49.5
930.7
343.1
66.4
76.1
289.2
48.3
933.4
343. 7
66 4
75.4
292.0
48.0
929. 0
341. 0
68.5
74. 4
291. 1
47.3
926.3
339.1
71.0
73. 0
289. 8
47.1
917.2
332.6
71.0
71.1
289.2
47.0
107.9
107.9
108.0
107.5
108.8
109.9
111.0
110.0
108.2
107.6
107.9
100.7
106.3
100.3
865.5
C h em ica ls an d allied p ro d u c ts __________
In d u s tria l chem icals
P la s tic s an d s y n th e tic s , except glass___
T im es
S oap, cleaners, an d toilet g oods_______ ___
P a in ts , varnishes, and allied p ro d u cts
A g ricu ltu ral ch e m ica ls________________
O th e r chem ical p ro d u c ts
870.8
286.6
164.6
112.9
100.3
63.4
56.3
86.7
860.6
285.4
163.5
112.5
100.7
62.6
49.3
86.6
852.7
284.4
163.2
112.0
99.9
62.0
45.4
85.8
850.1
284.6
163 4
111 6
999
61.6
43.5
85.5
849.9
284. 9
162.9
111.7
100.2
61.7
42.3
86.2
852.0
285.2
163 3
111.3
101.2
62.0
41.6
87.4
853.6
284.9
163.2
110. 6
101.8
62.8
42.9
87.4
855.9
285.1
164.3
110. 5
101.8
63. 6
42.7
87.9
858.0
287.8
163.4
111 4
101.2
64. 7
40 7
88.8
855.0
288.9
162.9
110.7
99.2
64. 5
40.5
88.3
851. 2
287. 7
158.4
lit). 0
99 4
64. 2
43.3
88.2
851.9
284. 6
159.7
108.7
98.0
63. 0
52.5
85.4
830.2
284. 8
152.3
106. 6
96. 5
62. 4
44. 7
82.9
829.6
286.8
153.2
107.4
92.2
63.5
44.8
81.8
189.7
P etro leu m refining and related In d u strie s
P etro leu m re fin in g . .
O th e r p elro leu in an d coal p ro d u c ts ___ ...........
188.3
155.0
33.3
186.3
155.2
31.1
186.3
154.6
31.7
185. 4
153. 0
32.4
186.9
153. 5
33.4
189.1
154. 3
34.8
190.7
154.9
35.8
192.8
156. 4
36.2
199.9
163. 5
36.4
200.9
165.0
35.9
200.9
165.3
35.6
199 3
164. 6
34.7
203.0
170.0
33.0
211 7
177.6
34.1
R u b b e r an d m iscellaneous p la stic produ c ts _________ _____ _________________
T ires and in n e r t u b e s . _ __ _ ___
O th e r r u b b e r p ro d u cts .
M iscellaneous plastic p ro d u cts ______
393.7
393.2
105.0
160.4
127.8
392.1
104.3
160.8
127.0
391. 5
104. 4
161.0
126.1
394.7
105.3
163.9
125.5
395.8
105. 7
104. 4
125.7
398 2
105 3
164 4
128.6
399.9
105.3
164.7
129.9
397.7
105. 7
164.3
127.7
392.1
104. 5
161. 4
126.2
384.5
103.5
157.1
123.9
391.4
104 5
161. 5
125. 4
385.0
103 0
158. 8
123.2
365.1
101. 0
149 1
114.9
374.0
106.8
153.3
113.8
344.0
342.8
31. 4
229.9
81.5
352.2
31. 7
235.1
85.4
354. 6
32. 1
237.6
84.9
351. 4
32 9
236 1
82.4
359. 3
33. 1
238.4
87.8
361.0
33 1
235. 8
92.1
358.6
32. 9
233.4
92.3
360.8
32 8
236.9
91.1
368.6
32 8
243 5
92.3
358.4
31.6
239.2
87.6
363.5
32.7
241.7
89.1
355. 4
32 2
236.6
86.6
361.0
33 0
239 3
88.7
365.8
34 1
242.0
89.1
3,910
3,884
773. 2
674.4
265.8
85.5
107.5
47.6
902.6
213. 2
190.3
19.9
295.5
815.6
687.1
34.1
92.5
598.0
244. 6
150.3
172.7
30.4
3,868
765. 0
666.9
267.7
86.0
110.0
46.6
890.4
212.6
190.2
19.9
299. C
813.0
684.8
34.4
91. t
599.9
247. 5
150.0
172.4
30.0
3,862
761. 4
664. 4
268. 8
86.2
110.7
46.7
888.2
211. t
190.3
19.9
301. C
811.3
682.7
34.7
92. f
599. 8
247.4
150.2
172.4
29.8
3,794
760. 4
663 4
270.0
86. 5
110.2
48.2
884.8
212.4
190.8
20.2
233.8
811. 5
683.3
34 9
91. 4
600. 5
247 4
150. 5
172.8
29.8
3,937
786. 7
681.6
269 a
86.9
109. 4
47.9
925.4
210.5
189 1
20.5
306. C
815.8
685.9
35. 7
92. i
602.5
247. 7!
151.2
173.6 !
30.0 1
3,934
781.8
683 1
266.9
87 1
107.0
47 9
939. 0
209 2
188.3
20.6
296 6
816.9
687 5
35.7
91.6
603 4
247. 7
151.7
174.0
30.0
3,959
792. 5
692.9
267.0
87.7
105 7
48. 4
947. 9
210.6
189. 5
20.8
296. C
818.8
688.3
35.6
92.6
604.9
3,959
784.4
685. C
265 2
87.9
105 0
49.7
942.1
210. C
188. 5
21.2
300.7
823.6
693. 2
36.2
92.3
612.1
251.4
153 4
176.8
30.5
3, 963
810.2
710. «
253. 6
87. 7
103.0
50 1
927. 5
199.2
177. 8
21.6
302. 6
829 1
699.1
36.6
91. 5
619. 2
253. i
155.3
178.7
31.4
3, 948
811.1
711. ?
254.4
87.8
102.7
50. 4
920. 3
193. 1
172. 0
21.6
299.9
829 1
698. 5
36.8
91. t
618.3
253. {
154.9
178.1
31.4
3, 965
819.2
719. C
261.0
88. 6
104.2
49. 6
919. 2
207. 6
185. 0
21.6
301.2
822.3
692. 5
36.7
91.2
012.7
251 6
1537
176.5
30.9
3. 924
815.1
715. C
266.0
88. 6
105. 5
48. 7
893.2
206. 7
184 0
21.3
302. 6
816.9
687 9
36.6
90.5
602.3
247. 6
151.1
173.2
30.4
3. 923
819. 5
717 4
270.0
91. 5
109. 5
48.2
875.2
19 7 . a
175.6
22.2
302 1
826.2
694.8
37 1
92. 4
610.7
252.2
153.1
175.3
30.1
4. 017
886 9
780.5
282. 6
94.6
120 4
47.2
873 8
191 0
171.6
23 1
308. 0
838 7
706.0
38.3
92 4
613 0
254. 3
153. 1
176 0
30.3
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts _______________ 601.7
P a p e r an d p u lp ______________ ________ ______
P a p e rb o a rd
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p ap e rb o a rd
p ro d u c ts _
P a p e rb o a rd c o n tain ers a n d boxes
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied Industrie s ................. .....................—........... .........
N ew sp n n er p u b l’sh ln g an d p r in tin g ..
P erio d ical p u b lish in g “an d p rin tin g ! ___
B o o k s____ __
________ _____________
C o m m ercial p rin tin g
B o o k b in d in g and related In d u strie s
O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g in d u s
tr ie s . .
________ ___
. ______
___
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___________
F o o tw ear, except ru b b e r ______________
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts ____________ . .
T ra n sp o rta tio n an d public utilities______
R ailro ad tra n s p o rta tio n _________________
C lass I ra ilro a d s ______________________
Local an d In te ru rb a n passenger tr a n s i t...
Local arid s u b u rb a n tra n s p o rta tio n __
T a x icab s___
. . .
__________
I n te rc ity and ru ra l buslines
___
M o to r freight tra n s p o rta tio n an d sto rag e ..
A ir tr a n s p o rta tio n .
A ir tra n sp o rta tio n , com m on carriers . .
P ip e lin e tra n s p o rta tio n ....................... ...........
O th e r tr a n s p o rta tio n ____________________
C o m m u n ic a tio n ________________________
T e lep h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n ____________
T e leg rap h c o m m u n ic a tio n ... ________
R ad io an d television b ro a d c a stin g _____
E lectric, gas, a n d sa n ita ry serv ic es.......... ..
E lectric com panies and s y s t e m s __
G as com panies an d s y ste m s __________
C o m b in ed u tility sy ste m s _____________
Water, steam, and s a n ita ry sy ste m s ___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_____
248. a
151.8
174. 5
30.3
854
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T
able
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.*
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1961
1960
11
Wholesale and retail trade_______________ 11,685 11,730 11,477 11,415 11,520 12,401 11,842
, 582 11,627 11,558 11,540 11,582 11,476 11,368 11,412
Wholesale trade............. ............................. 3,092 3,089 3,082 3,078 3,086 3,129 3,113 3,113 3,105 3,107 3,091 3,074 3,034 3,008 3,009
Motor vehicles and automotive equip
m ent..........................................................
228.0 226.8 225.9 224.9 226.7 226.0 226.4 226.9 226.8 226.3 224.2
215.6 213.6
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
198.8 198.5 197.9 197.4 199.3 199.2 198.4 196.8 196.9 195.4 194.4 193.2 188.3 183.8
Dry goods and apparel______________
134.3 134.5 134.0 134.8 135.2 135.1 135.7 135.1 135.9 135.8 134.5 132.5 130.7 130.8
Groceries and related products_______
485.6 490.1 487.8 491.6 502.9 602.7 497.9 492.8 491.8 498.9 499.7 490.1 491.5 494.0
Electrical goods_____________________
219.2 217.6 217.6 217.2 216.5 215.8 215.2 214.1 215.3 215.2 213.5
204.8 208.1
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods____________________________
144.5 143.3 142.8 142.7 143.6 144.1 144.8 145.0 145.4 145.3 144.9 143.1 142.6 145.1
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
525.0 521.3 519.0 514. 8 514.8 512.2 511.9 514.5 513.5 512.1 508.5 502.6 483.6 479.1
Retail trade.................................................... 8,593
, 641
,395 8,337
,434 9, 272 8,729
, 669 8,522 8,451 8,449 8,508 8,442 8,361 8,403
General merchandise stores__________
1, 555. 9 1,482.5 1,461.2 1,534. 2 2,045.5 1,700.9 1, 590.5 1,556.8 1,512.8 1,501. 5 1,526.8 1,523.9 1, 554.8 1,563.1
Department stores_________________
916.9 875.2 861.9 915.0 1,242. 8 1,014.2 936.2 911.0 885.7 878.1 898.5 897.4 910.6 914.4
Limited price variety stores________
330.8 309.7 302.2 313.0 417.6 347.8 329.7 326.9 311.5 308.4 312.3 317.9 330.0 335.4
Food stores....................... .............. ............
1,404.1 1,393.4 1,397.6 1.386.4 1.417.6 1,396. 7 1,383.6 1,368.7 1.36A0] 1,376.6 1,374.9 1,370.1 1,358.3 1,356.1
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
1,225.2 1,224.4 1,223. 2 1, 218. 4 1,239.1 1,226.2 1,216.5 1,204.0 .202.2 1,211.3 1,208.8 1,201.4 1,186.9 1,181.6
Apparel and accessories stores________
732.9 645.9 634.1 661.2 801 2 695.7 674.6 663.3 6305. 630.2 663.0 668.5 645.7 637.2
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores_____
113.8 107.5 109.9 117.3 146.3 117. 1
108.9 106.6 107.9 113.2 108.9 107.7 104.3
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
271. 9 252.2 244.3 252. 7 304. 1 268.4 259.9 252. 8 241.1 242.0 251.7 256.9 246.2 243.1
Family clothing stores_____________
103.6
97.9
95.7
95.8 100.3
96.9
99.6
130.9 106.7
96.8
94.7
Shoe stores_______ ________________
154.7 114. 6
.7 114.7 114.7 120.5 123.5 116.0 119.0
113.7 132.2 119.4 119.7
Furniture and appliance stores_______
415.1 416.0 413.3 416. 5 432.4 419.6 414.5 413.0 409.1 407.8 410.0 407.6 405.4 409.2
Eating and drinking places________
1, 663.3 1,622.9 1,610.9 1,607. 9 1,651.0 1,658. 7 1,670.5 ,686.0 1. 700.9 1,699. 2 1,706.3 1,663.7 1,617.6 1,626. 5
Other retail trade___________________
2,870. 0 2,834.1 2,820. 3 2,828.1 2,924. 4 2,857.6 2,834.8 2.834.3 2,832. 7 2,833. 5 2,826. 7 2,808. 5 2, 776.9 2,811.1
Motor vehicle dealers______________
710.6 707.5 706.0 701.9 696.4 692.3 687.3 683.4 683.9 681.8 675.3 669.5 656. 5 674.6
Other vehicle and accessory dealers.
138.5 133.2 132.0 134.2 142.1 138.3 133.9 134.7 135.6 136.3 136.4 132.9 138.3 142.8
Drug stores______________________
383.6 382.7 379.6 383.2 402.7 386.9 384.7 382.2 382.5 378.0 379.5 377.1 372.9 369.5
221.1
210.2
8
8
8
8
1
111.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
Banking________ ____________________
Credit agencies other than banks_______
Savings and loan associations_________
Personal credit institutions__________
Security dealers and exchanges_________
Insurance carriers__________________ _
Life Insurance______________________
Accident and health Insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance ._
Insurance agents, brokers, and services...
Real estate......................................................
Operative b u ild ers...................................
Other finance, Insurance, and real estate.
Services and miscellaneous_____________
Hotels and lodging places______________
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels______
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising_________________________
Motion pictures.............................................
Motion picture filming and distribut
ing...............................................................
Motion picture theaters and services...
Medical services:
Hospitals______ _____________________
Government_____________________
Federal Government *_____ _______
Executive_____________________
Department of Defense...............
Post Office Department_______
Other agencies________________
Legislative_____________________
Judicial________ ______ ________
State and local government *.............
State government_______________
Local government....... .....................
Education..................... .....................
Other State and local government.
1
2,845
8,009
2,834
730.5
272.4
89.5
142.4
120.3
873.2
475.8
52.8
302.0
203.0
559.7
32.2
74.7
2,821
728.9
271.0
2,810
727.0
270.8
88.5
142.2
88.8
120.8 120.2
142.0
875.4
477.4
52.8
302.4
102.6
2,808
720.9
268.6
87.0
141.2
2,807
720.0
267.3
2,813
719.9
268.3
2,841
729.0
271.2
869.9
473.1
52.8
301.6
202.3
549.6
30.8
75.1
868.5
472. 3
52.7
300.9
869.4
472.5
52.8
301.7
543. 6
28.7
75.0
2,807
723.4
270.1
87.4
142 3
120.4
870.6
473.5
52.7
301. 8
202.3
545.0
29.6
75.1
2,803
722.7
270.3
.88.6
141.4
1193
869 9
474.4
52.5
300.3
201.0 201.2
2,808
715.4
268.2
85.1
143.0
131.9
864.0
469.6
52.8
298.9
551.9
32.2
75.7
553.0
31.8
75.8
875.0
474.0
53.3
304.2
204.0
554.9
32.4
76.0
2,839
725.1
271.6
87.4
143.5
132.4
871.7
472.3
53.2
302.8
203.0
559.4
32.7
75.7
7,856
654.1
597.9
7,867
745.6
640.3
7,884
742.1
638.9
514.1
86.6 86.1 86.6
140.5 142.2 143.9
121.1 122.8 125.5 130.8
202.8
547.0
30.3
74.6
873.2
476.1
52.7
301.8
202.9
541.2
28.4
74.5
7,931
620.4
575.2
7,826
608.8
567.1
7,782
605. 4
564.3
7,761
599.6
558.5
7,805
603.1
560.5
7,830
605.9
662.1
7,870
616.5
570.1
499.0
490.1
487.3
492.8
494.5
498.2
603.4
503.9
504.6
111.4
169.0
111.7
161.5
111.1 111.8
158.2
160.5
112.4
164.3
112.4
167.7
111.6
174.5
111.4
180.7
112.1 111.6
183.2
31.3
137.7
33.1
128.4
33.9
124.3
35.5
124.9
38.5
127.8
36.3
131.4
36.2
138.3
37.2
143.6
36.9
146.3
1
202.1
552.6
30.3
75.2
2,780
705.1
264.9
83.6
141.6
131.8
859.0
468.7
52.0
296.4
198.8
545.2
31.0
75.4
2,748
695.1
262.5
78.6
145.2
126.8
856.7
468.4
51.6
295.1
199.8
631.4
32.5
75.9
2,684
674.7
256.2
72.4
146.0
114.2
839.0
459.0
50.9
287.3
196.2
527.3
36.1
76.7
7,881
672.6
612.7
7,769
604.6
554.4
7,516
587.7
531.3
7,361
567.7
611.1
201.0
518.8
513.3
510.5
621.0
182.0
110.4
179.8
112.1
178.1
110.4
184.4
109.9
189.3
36.1
145.9
35.2
144.6
35.0
143.1
43.5
140.9
43.5
145.8
1
1,224.3 ,222. 2 1, 215.9 1,204. 6 ,201.6 1,202.4 1,196.9 1,192.8 1,192.3 1,194. 5 1,186.6 1,174.2 1,141.7 1,105.0
9,559 9,534 9,536 9,510 9,438 9,607 9,470
2,349 2,344 2,335 2, 332 2,327 2,492 2,348
2,314.2 2,305.0 2, 302. 3 2,297. 5 2. 462. 4 2,318.8
951.4 952.5 957.0 959.1 961.9 965.1
583. 3 582.2 580. 6 582.5 742.7 587.8
779.5 770.3 764.7 755.9 757. 8 765.9
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.6
23.7
23.9
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
7,210 7,190 7,201 7,178 7,111 7,115 7,122
1,802.0 1,803. 5 1,800.0 1, 786.8 1.784.2 1,786.2
5,388.2 5,397.3 5,377.6 5,324. 2 5.330. 3 5,336.0
3, 717.3 3, 746. 7 3, 723.1 3,669. 2 3,674. 6 3,677.0
3,472.9 3,454.1 3,454.5 3,441.8 3.440.0 3,445.2
Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures dlSer from those pre
viously published for three reasons. The Industry structure has been con
verted to the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification; the series have been
adjusted to March 1959 benchmark levels Indicated by data from government
social insurance programs; and. beginning with January 1959, the estimates
are prepared from a sample stratified by establishment size and, in some cases,
region. For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics
(or the United States. 1909-60, (BLS Bulletin 1312). Statistics from April 1959
forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become avail
able.
In addition, data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning In January 1959.
This Inclusion increased the nonagricultural total by 212,000 (0.4 percent) for
the March 1959 benchmark month, with Increases for industry divisions
ranging from 0.1 percent in mining to 0.8 percent In government.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees In nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111.0
101.6 100.8
121
1
S, 406 9,241 8,860 8,870 9,171 #,172
2,333 2,336 2,365 2,368 2,354 2,313
2,303.8 2,306.4 2,335.5 2,338.6 2,324.2 2,284.0
964.0 962.6 972.9 973.4 970.2 961.3
583.9 587.1 589.2 589.9 587.0 582.2
755.9 756. 7 773.4 775.2 767.0 740.5
24.0
23.9
24.1
23.9
23.4
23.9
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
7,073 8,905 6,495 6,502 6,817 6,859
1, 779.9 1, 725.2 1,670. 7 1,677. 6 1, 729. 9 1,731.8
5,293.0 5.180.1 4,824.3 4,824.4 5,087.5 5,127.3
3,629.0 3,410.9 2,938. 4 2,949.2 3,318. 7 3,438.7
3,443.9 3,494.4 3,556.6 3,552. 8 3,498. 7 3,420.4
8,828 8,520
2,279 2,270
2,250.9 2,242.6
943.7 940.6
596.7 686.7
710. 5 715.3
23.2
5.1
4.9
6,548 6,250
1,663.6 1,592.7
4,884. 5 4.657.0
3,175. 4 2,983.3
3,373.9 3,266.4
22.6
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked In more than 1 establishment dur
ing the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.
* Preliminary.
* Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the
last day of the month.
State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
4
S ource: TJ.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is pre
pared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
855
A-3. Production workers in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In th o u san d s]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
M ay*
Mining_______________________ ____ _ _
Metal m in i n g
- ...
Iron ores____________________________
Apr.*
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1961
1960
489
67.5
21. 8
23.0
476
65.5
21. 9
22.9
476
66.0
20 7
22 9
479
64.2
19. 2
22. 9
491
63.6
20.0
23.0
501
64.4
20.8
22.8
607
64.7
21.6
22.6
512
65.4
22.1
22.7
517
68. 5
23. 8
23 5
508
72.7
24.4
23 7
520
73.9
25 1
24 0
517
73.1
25 0
23 8
527
71 5
2? 8
23 7
Ooai m in i n g _
. . .
Bituminous_________________________
119.3
112.3
118.3
111. 1
123 0
115 fi
123.6
116.2
123.4
115.8
125.0
117.3
126.6
118.9
125.0
117.6
124.7
117.3
113.7
105.6
125.0
117.4
127 1
119.1
7
127 5
161 2
Crude petroleum and natural gas_______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil a n d ga* field s e rv ic e s
209.6
102.0
107.6
208.4
102.1
106.3
207.5
102.3
ins 2
209.0
102.5
106.5
215.0
102.5
112 5
214.0
103.0
111 0
215.8
103.2
112.6
219.8
105.2
114.6
221.2
107.2
114.0
221.5
107.0
114. 6
220.1
107.2
112.9
216.4
105.0
111 4
223.1
108.4
114 0
229.1
113.8
82.6
89.1
97.2
99.6
101.3
102.8
100.2
100.8
99.9
95 4
99 6
C o p p e r o re s
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining_____
Contract construction______ ___________
General building contractors___________
H eavy construction___________________
Highway and street construction.........
Other heavy construction____________
Special trade contractors_______________ —
92.8
83.4
79 8
2,182
689.3
445. 7
251.7
194.0
1,046.9
1.915
599.2
345.9
176.6
169.3
970.3
841
573 9
317 6
164 Q
102 7
949.0
1
1,947 2,128 2 397 2,529 2,570 2,621 2,573 2 431 2 344 2 ^44 2 458
6X1. 4 666.1 742.0 769.2 784.2 8Ô9.4 796. 5 753.4 724.6 749 4 788 3
342.1 402. 6 510 0 577.8 596.1 612.2 602.3 552.9 523.6 492 8
170.4 213 6 295 2 346.6 381.8 372. 4 361. 2 327.8 303.7 271 2
171.7 189.0 214 8 231.2 234.3 239.8 241.1 225. 1 219.9 221 fi 238 4
993.0 1,059.1 1,145.2 1,181.6 1,189.6 1,199. 5 1,173.9 1,125.0 1,095.5 l, no. 8 1 ,16o! 7
Manufacturing ______ ___________________ 12,387 12,319 12,240 12,173 12,187 12,358 12,518 12,661 12,751 12,544 12,403 12,516 12,372 12,044 12,562
Durable goods.............. ............................... 7,037 6,967 6,883 6,848 6,862 6,929 6,994 7,027 7,034 6, 862 6, 925 7, 025 6, 975 6,613 7,021
N ondurable goods___________________ 5,350 5,352 5,357 5,325 5,325 5, 429 5,524 5, 634 5,717 5,682 5,478 5,491 5,397 5,431 5,541
Durable goods
96.3
39.2
20.3
36.8
98.4
40.3
21.1
37.0
98.8
40.6
21 4
36! 8
100.2
40.8
22.2
37.2
101.0
41.5
22 0
37.5
101.7
41.7
22.4
37.6
100.9
41.5
22.2
37.2
101.3
41.8
22.2
37.3
101.5
42.7
21.8
37.0
98.6
43.0
21.9
33.7
96.7
41.7
21.8
33.2
97.5
40. 5
22.1
34.9
94.3
39 6
£2 5
32.2
89.4
37 0
22 7
29.7
527.7
75.1
242.1
518.2
73.6
238.1
513.5
75.4
234.4
518.0
77.3
236.7
529.9
82.7
238.8
546.9
89.2
245.7
558.4
92.3
250.1
667.2
96.3
253.1
576.0
99.5
255.6
568.4
98.3
254.3
571.4
96.4
256.9
546.0
84.8
248.3
534.8
85.2
243.4
570.3
87.1
268.5
123.1
35.1
52.3
120.0
34.1
52.4
118 8
33 7
51.2
119.3
33.8
50.9
121 9
34.9
61.6
124.7
35.3
62.0
127.0
36.3
62.7
128.6
35.9
53.3
130.4
36.9
53.6
126.7
36.9
52.2
127.3
37.5
63.3
123.9
36. 5
62.5
119 4
39 8
49.9
124 1
39 1
6l! 4
313.5
232.5
22.6
25.0
33.4
313.2
232.0
22.7
25.6
32.9
312.7
230.8
22 8
26! 0
33 1
315.2
230.8
24. 1
26.7
33.6
318.9
233.7
24 6
26.3
34.3
322.5
236.1
24.7
27.0
34.7
323.7
237.3
22.6
28.9
34.9
323.0
235.9
22.4
29.1
35.6
322.7
233.8
24.4
28.8
35.7
313.3
226.9
23.2
28.3
34.9
316.9
229.4
23. 9
27.8
35.8
314.1
229.3
23.3
27.6
34.5
303.9
221.5
21 8
26.6
34.0
318.0
232.3
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
468.9
Flat glass___________ _______________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blow n..
Cement, hydraulic__________________
Structural clay products____ _________
Pottery and related products..................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____ —
460.1
23.8
88.4
31.0
59.1
37.6
120.0
88.2
436.4
23.2
86.7
27.8
55.6
36.7
108.0
86.3
427.5
432.2
23.9
83.9
28.5
55.6
36.6
105. 2
86.2
446.5
24 9
84.8
30 0
58.4
36.8
111. 7
87.5
465.1
25.6
85.8
32.5
60.4
37.8
121.3
89.0
474.2
25.3
87.0
32.9
61.0
38.6
126.9
89.7
478.9
25.0
87.8
33.5
62.3
38.0
129.4
90.6
480.9
24.8
87.5
33. 9
62.8
37.6
131.4
90.8
476.4
24.4
87.6
33.7
62.0
37. 1
129.6
90.3
476.1
24. 5
88.6
33.4
61.4
37.2
129.0
90.1
466.6
23. 8
86.5
32. 1
60.8
36.9
125.4
89.4
455.1
23 7
84.5
32 2
60.4
36.9
118.1
87.4
483.2
85.5
20 9
54.5
36.5
103 0
85.6
Primary metal industries____ __________
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_________ ____
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extrading___________________________
Nonferrous foundries________________
Miscellaneous primary metal Industries______________________________
952.2
491.4
168.6
52.7
930.6
473.0
166.6
51. 5
915.4
458 8
165.9
51.3
900.5
443.9
165.0
51.7
900.3
442.3
165.0
52.7
894.2
437.4
164.5
53.0
897.5
440.8
165.0
53.5
910.9
451.9
166.1
53.8
906.3
450.3
163.4
53.0
903.4
451.9
163.1
51.8
935.5
475.4
166.6
52.9
964.5
603.3
166.5
53.0
914.5 992.0
482.0 529 3
156. Ô 172.4
51.7
54.9
135.3
56. 7
135.0
56. 9
134 9
56.8
134. 9
56.9
135.2
57.1
135.4
56.0
135.8
55.9
136.2
55.9
135.3
56.1
135.4
53.4
136. 9
54.7
136. 5
56.4
129 0
50.4
133 fl
47. 5
47. 6
47 7
48.1
48.0
47.9
46. 5
47.0
48.2
47.8
49.0
48.8
45.4
48 2
858.0
52.6
846.4
50.0
844.2
48.6
848.2
47.8
859.2
47.3
864.7
47.5
870.7
50.4
872.1
54. 8
850.9
54.9
851.6
55.2
867.6
55.0
860.7
52. 9
819.6
51.7
869.0
54.1
110. 7
110.2
110.7
111.3
111.8
111.8
110.6
108.8
105.1
104.4
109.4
109. 4
101.4
107.3
58.2
224. 8
69.1
156.6
55.7
44.7
57.8
219. 7
69.4
154.9
54.3
44.7
57 5
218.4
69.6
155. 2
54.6
44.3
56.3
221. 3
69.3
158. 2
54.9
44.6
57.2
226.3
69.4
160.1
56.2
45.4
58.1
229.0
69.2
159. 4
58.7
46.0
58.9
234.7
68.9
159.3
58.4
46.3
58.6
238.4
68.5
156.3
57.9
45.3
58. 5
236.7
68.2
143.4
66.3
44.2
56.8
237.2
67.4
147. 5
56.0
43.9
56.9
236.2
68.8
152.3
67.6
45.3
56.3
231.3
69.1
154. 8
50.4
45.1
65.2
230.3
62.0
143. 7
53.0
42.2
238.1
67.2
160.7
53.8
45.5
85.6
85.4
85.3
84.5
85.5
85.0
83.2
83.5
83.6
83.2
86.1
85.4
79.6
83.6
Ordnance and accessories______________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire c o n tr o l e q u i p m e n t .
Other ordnance and accessories_______
95.8
Lumber and wood products, except furniture___ ___________ _____________
550.6
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing m ills__________
Millwork, plywood, and related products___ _____ _____________________
Wooden containers____ _____________
Miscellaneous wood products________ .............
Furniture and fix tu res................................
Household furniture_______ __________
Office furniture____ _______ __________
311.4
P a r t i t i o n s , office a n d s to r e f ix t u r e s _____
Other furniture and fixtures__________
964.2
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ______________
869.0
M e ta l c a n s .......................................................
C u tle ry , h a n d to o ls , a n d general h a rd w a re .......................................... .....................
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g
fix tu re s _________________________ . .
F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..
Screw m a c h in e p ro d u c ts, b o lts, e tc ........
M etal s ta m p in g s ...... ................... .................
C o atin g , en g rav in g , a n d allied serv ices.
M iscellaneous fab ricate d w ire p ro d u c ts.
M iscellan eo u s fa b ric a te d m e ta l p rodu c ts ................ - ------- ---------- ------- ---------- .............
See fo o tn o tes a t e n d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
23 6
22 8
29! 2
24 5
n
86.9
27
24 9
65 9
40 3
123 5
91.8
53.7
5 8 .7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
*856
T a b le A -3 .
Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u san d s]
1962
1963
A nnual
av erag e
In d u s tr y
M a y 2 A p r.2
M a r.
F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
1961
1960
■M anufacturing—C o n tin u e d
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
M a c h i n e r y ...______ ____________________ 1,033.9 1,033.6 1,028. 3 1,023.5 1,020.9 1,017.5 1,016.7 1,018.1 1,020.7 1,015.3 1,019.6 1,034. 5 1,026.5
58.2
58.6
58.6
57.7
57.5
56.8
58.6
58.8
59.5
58.0
57.5
57.8
K nginas a n d tu rb in e s _________________
87.2
84.5
83.8
84.9
86.7
97.4
97.2
95.5
91.1
87. 1
83.9
85.1
F flirn mar*h1np,ry an d e q u ip m e n t
140.6 139.4 138.5 138.6 138.7 138.3 137.6 140.8 141.3 140.3 141.7 139.5
C o n s tru c tio n an d related m a c h in e ry __
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d equip196.1 194.5 194.3 193.2 193.5 192. 5 191.2 189.8 187.4 191.1 194.2 195.2
_____________ ___________
m ent _
117.1 116.6 116.1 116.8 118.1 117.9 119.0 118.7 119.0 119.2 120.1 118.6
Special In d u s try m a c h in e ry ___________
149.4 149.0 148.8 150.1
148.2 151.0 151.7 151.6 151.6 150.9 152.3 150.0
rte n p ral In d u stria l m a ch in ery - _______
Office, co m p u tin g a n d ac co u n tin g m a95.2
90.1
93.1
94.9
90.5
92.8
93.4
94.4
94.3
89.3
91.9
93.3
chines
_____________ . ____ _
69.1
68.7
70.1
66.2
65.3
64.2
64.5
64.8
65.3
65.3
66.0
68.1
Service in d u s try m a ch in es________ - __
117.0 116.7 115.7 115.5
116.6 117.5 117.7 118.8 114.8 114.6 116.3 113.1
M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry _________. . __
964.5 1,030.4
51.2
56.1
78.6
79.6
128.2 144.5
E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s---------- 1,026.6 1,019. 2 1,023.9 1,031.5 1.042.3 1,052.9 1,060.1 1,062.0 1,059.2 1,041.1 1,031.4 1,038.9 1,024.7
105.7 105.7 106.5 107.3 108.6 109.1
109. 1 109.0 108.« 107. 0 107.6 104.8
E lectric d is trib u tio n e q u i p m e n t______
119.0 118.5 119.1 119.7 120.3 120.8 120.3 120.7 119.5 120.6 122.0 119.7
tf.ipptrlpfll in d u s tria l a n n a ra tu s . _ _____
117.9 117.2 117.9 118.2 118.8 118.8 119. 5 118.8 115.4 114.3 117.7 118.6
H o u seh o ld ap p llan ce sl-'..............................
107.5 107.9 107.9 107.8 108.5 108.9 109.5 109.2 106.1 104.2 105 8 105.6
E lectric lig h tin g and w iring e q u ip m e n t.
91.5
99.7
97.6
95.4
90.8
86.3
87.7
89.0
95.5 100.2 102.7 102.3
R ad io an d T V receiv ing s e ts ....................
222.4 225.1 227.4 228. 1 227.7 226.7 225.3 222.4 217.8 219.5 219.0
219.1
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t___________
176.0 176.4 176.8 179.8 182.0 183.4 183.8 184.5 183.4 183.1 183.3 179.6
F-leetronie co m p o n en ts and ac cesso ries..
M iscellaneous electrical e q u ip m e n t
86.6
87.6
90.6
91.2
90.4
89.4
86.0
80.8
87.7
88.1
89.2
91.1
a n d s u p p lie s -_____ _________________
180.1
116.2
143.0
194.0
122.3
154.9
94.5
63.8
109.0
95.2
69.7
114.2
963.3
105.3
114.8
114.8
99.9
82.6
200. 4
165.5
986.9
108.3
121. 5
120.7
103.6
82.2
201.4
164.4
79.9
84.9
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t---------------------- 1,176. 6 1,172. 6 1,158. 5 1,159.1 1,108.3 1,167.8 1,159.6 1,149. 8 1,133.3 1,007.7 1,120. 6 1,136. 6 1,132.8 1,035.0 1,132.7
590.9 579.7 583.3 592.8 595.8 589.3 581.0 566.3 441.2 561.3 580.0 673.1 491.7 566.5
M o to r vehicles an d e q u ip m e n t________
392.1 392.0 394.0 398.7 398.7 396.4 391.4 389.3 388.0 384.2 378.4 380 4 378.7 392. 5
A ircraft and p a rts ____________________
129.9 129. 5 126.0 124.9 121. 5 120.7 122. 2 121.0 120.7 118 6 119.6 121.0 117.8 116.8
Rhtp and b o a t b u ild in g a n d re p a irin g __
32.5
33.9
33.0
30.8
31.9
33.8
24.8
34.5
33.8
31.3
33.3
33.0
30.7
32.0
24.7
25.3
23.5
23.4
24.0
24.0
21.9
25.2
20.6
22.4
23.3
25.1
22.8
21.1
O th e r tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t---------- —
^Instrum ent and related p ro d u c ts -----------E n g in eerin g an d scientific in s tru m e n ts .
M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d co n tro l devices
- . _______________________
O p tic al an d o p h th a lm ic goods_________
S urgical, m edical, and d e n ta l eq u ip m e n t______________________ _________
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ..
W a tch es a n d clocks___________________
231.3
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g I n d u s trie s ..
Tewelry silv erw are, and p la ted w are
T o y s am usem ent,, an d sp o rtin g g o o d s ..
P en s, pencils, office an d a rt m a te ria ls ___
C o s tu m e Jew elry, b u tto n s, an d no tio n s
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _______
308.8
...................
231.1
38.2
229.5
38.5
228.9
38.6
229.2
39.3
229.9
39.5
230.5
39.4
230. 5
39.3
229.9
39.1
229.4
38.6
225.8
37.7
228.5
38.4
226.8
38.2
221.6
40.4
232.0
42.8
63.5
30.4
63.5
30.2
63.4
30.3
63.2
30.0
62.8
30.1
62.7
30.2
62.4
30.5
62.3
30.2
62.2
30.4
61.2
30.3
61.3
31.1
61.9
30.8
59.8
29.1
63.3
30.7
35.5
40.1
23.4
35.2
39.5
22.6
35.0
39.3
22.3
34.6
396
22.5
34.3
40. 4
22.8
34.5
40.6
23.4
34.4
40. 5
23.4
34.5
40. 4
23.4
34.3
40. 7
23.2
33.9
40.5
22.2
33.8
40. 4
23.5
33.2
39. 5
23.2
33.0
39. 4
20.1
33.1
41.1
21.1
302.3
31.2
81.4
26.0
42.8
120.9
299.5
31.3
77.9
25.6
43.8
120.9
293. 1
31. 7
71. 9
24.9
44.0
120.6
287.1
31. 7
66. 7
24.8
43. 7
120.2
305.2
32. 5
77. 6
25. 7
45. 8
123.6
332.4
33. 4
99 0
26.3
47.8
125.9
341.6
33.3
105 8
26.6
47.5
128.4
337.8
33. 0
102.2
26.2
47.4
129.0
330. 6
32.3
99.6
25.8
46. 7
126.2
316.1
30. 8
95.3
24.3
43.8
121.9
322.4
32.0
94.4
24 9
46.5
124.6
314.7
31.9
90.1
24.3
45.6
122.8
306.2
32. 7
85.3
23 0
44.5
120. 7
316.0
33. 9
86.4
23.0
47.3
125.4
N ondurable good»
F ood a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts -------------------- 1,091.3 1,089. 5 1,086.1 1,076.9 1,098. 9 1,146. 6 1,187.6 1,265.6 1,329.7 1,303.5 1, 223.8 1,175. 8 1.121.0 1.190.8 1,211.3
239.3 237.8 240. 1 243.3 250. 9 254 7 255. 0 261. 0 253 1 251. 5 253. 0 246. 4 254.3 257.9
M e a t p ro d u c ts ________________________
149.9 147.0 145. 7 146.3
148.3 149 9 152.1 156. 9 162.4 164.8 163.2 158.6 163.0 169.7
D a iry p ro d u c ts _______________________
C a n n e d a n d p reserved food, except
153.0 151. 5 144.3 150.6 165.2 190. 4 260.6 338.1 318.2 246.4 197. 8 166.5 206.2 206.5
m e a ts ..______________________ ____ __
C ralri m ill p ro d u c ts ..
. . . ..
90.2
92 1
90.1
88.6
85.0
86.4
86.8
91. 8
89.6
86.0
86.8
86.9
92.0
89. 8
173.3 174.5 173.3 173.6
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts ______________________
176.7 178.7 179.2 177.8 177.2 177 3 176 4 172.6 174.7 176. «
21.5
21.0
39.8
26.1
23 4
28.4
38.4
38.9
24.1
22.8
21.9
22.5
30.3
28.9
S ugar _______________________________
62.4
71.0
69.4
67.3
53. 7
57.2
57.8
60.1
63.9
62.8
C o n fec tio n ery an d related p ro d u c ts ___
62.8
67.7
61.4
63. 5
B e v e r a g e s ___________________________
113.1 111.2 100.6 110.0 114.2 115.7 118.9 122.4 119.3 121.4 120.9 114.7 115.6 118.3
M iscellaneous food an d k in d re d prod94.3
98.3
95.7
93.3
94.4
93.9
94.3
95.5
98.4 100.5 101.3
96.2
95.6
99.0
u c ts ________________________________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s__________________
C ig a re tte s ____________________________
C ig a rs________________________________
65.2
65.7
31. 0
20.3
67.8
31.0
20.5
73.2
30.7
20.5
76.5
31.0
20.5
81.9
31. 1
21.2
84.1
30 9
21.3
98.7
30.8
20.9
105.1
31.7
21.1
90.4
31.8
20.9
65.2
31.7
20 3
64.7
31.5
21.3
64.5
31.0
21.5
79.4
31. 5
23.1
83 S
32.2
25.0
T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ...____ ____________
C o tto n broad w oven f a b r i c s .................. .
8Hk and sy n th e tic b ro ad w oven fabrics.
W eaving and finishing broad w o o le n s...
N arrow fabrics an d sm all w ares________
K n i t t i n g .. _______ ____________________
F in ish in g textiles, except wool an d k n it .
Floor co v erin g ________________________
Y arn an d th re a d ______________________
M iscellaneous te x tile goods.......................
770.3
769.9
220.5
62.9
44.2
23.3
182.4
60.3
27.9
93.3
55.1
769.2
221.2
62.8
44.5
23.2
181.7
60.2
27.9
93.0
54.7
766. 1
221.4
62 9
44 4
23.2
178.5
60. 1
28.2
93.0
54.1
767. 0
223.0
03. 4
42.8
23. 4
177. 2
60 3
2S.8
93. 1
55.2
778.9
224. 8
63.8
43.0
24.0
182. 4
61.2
29.2
94.6
55.9
787.7
225. 4
63.6
43.8
24.2
189.4
61.2
29.2
94.8
56.1
792.5
225.5
63.3
44.9
23.9
193.2
61.3
28.8
95.4
56.2
795. 7
226. 5
63 9
45. 7
24.1
194 2
61.1
28. 4
96.5
56.3
798.2
227.8
63.9
46.3
23. 9
196. 3
61.0
27.4
96.2
55.4
786.0
226. 0
62.1
46.3
23.3
192. 5
60.6
27.4
93.9
64.0
803.4
229 7
63 7
47 2
24 1
196.7
62.1
27.8
96.2
55.9
797.4
228.8
63.1
46.5
24.2
193.6
61.6
27.9
65.9
55.8
793.2
234. 7
63 1
46.2
23.2
190 7
60.9
27.8
93.0
53.7
826. ?
24 4. 1
66.9
49.«
2 4 .1
194.3
64.1
30. 4
95.9
57.8
■See footnotes a t end of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b le
857
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u san d s]
1963
1962
A nnual
av erag e
In d u s tr y
M ay »
A p r. » M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
1961
1960
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Nondurable goods— C o n tin u e d
A p p a re l a n d related p ro d u c ts ...................... 1 , 1 0 2 .1 1,105. 7 1,127. 5 1 , 1 1 2 .3 1,081.3 1,096.8 1,113.1 1,118. 5 1,125.3 1.128.7 1,071.2 1,092.6 1,079.9 1,066.8 1,094 2
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’ su its a n d c o a ts ______
103.9 105.6 105.fi 106.1
106.3
105.8 106.4 107.6 107. 6 103.1
106.7 103. 6 104 3 108 9
M e n 's a n d b o y s’ fu rn ish in g s__________
305.2 301.6 300.0 297.2 300.5 303.7 304.4 305.7 305.8 294.2 300.6 294.7 273.7 279.6
W o m e n ’s, m isses’ a n d ju n io rs ’ outerw e a r................................................. .............
313. 8 327.6 320.2 301.9 304. 4 307.5 305.7 313.5 320. 9 300 2 306 7 305 0 3 13 7 3?6 8
W om en’s and ch ild ren ’s u n d e rg a rm e n ts ..
109.3 111.5 1 1 2 .0
108.2 108.3 107.5 106.0
1 1 0 .2
109.2 103 0 106. 2 105 2 104 8 106 2
H a ts , caps, a n d m illin e ry ..........................
29.4
31.8
32.1
35.6
34.9
32.4
30.2
28.8
32.7
28.2
27.8
28.0
32 4
31 1
G irls ’ a n d c h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r..... ..........
68.0
66.0
71.0
70.7
67.2
69.1
69.1
70.5
69.9
68.7
70.6
67.1
66.4
67.5
F u r goods a n d m iscellaneous a p p a re l...
54.5
59.4
57.6
58.4
56.7
63.2
64.1
63.0
58.8
59.4
57.5
62.3
60.2
60.2
M iscellan eo u s fab ricate d textile' p rodn e ts ________________________________
1 2 1 .6
119.4 116.4 115.2 119.5 123.9 125.0 124.1 119.8 113.8 114. 7 118.8 1 1 2 6 I I 3 6
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts .......... ...................
475.8
P a p e r a n d p u lp _______________________
P a p e r b o a rd ____ ____ _______________
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd produ c ts ...............................................................
P a p e rb o a rd c o n tain ers a n d b o x es_____ —
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allie d Industrie s __________ _______________ _____
N ew sp a p er p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g ___
P erio d ical p u b lish in g a n d p r in tin g ____
B o o k s....................................... 1___________
C o m m ercial p r in tin g _________________
B o o k b in d in g a n d related in d u s trie s ___
O th e r p u b lish in g a n d p rin tin g Industrie s __________ ____ _____________ .
C h em ica ls a n d allied p ro d u c ts __________
I n d u s tr ia l ch e m ica ls__________________
P la s tic s a n d s y n th e tic s , except glass
D ru g s ______________ ____ _________
S oap, cleaners, a n d to ile t goods_______
P a in ts , v arn ish e s, a n d allied p ro d u c ts .
A g ricu ltu ral c h e m ica ls______________
O th e r ch e m ica l p ro d u c ts ______________
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d In d u st r i e s . ......................... ............... .....................
P e tro le u m refin in g ____________________
O th e r p e tro le u m a n d coal p ro d u c ts __
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic produ c ts _____________ _____________ ____
T ire s a n d In n e r tu b e s ______________
O th e r ru b b e r p ro d u c ts _____ __________
M iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts _______ _
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ___________
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin ish in g _________
F o o tw ear, except ru b b e r______________
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts
474.7
180.9
53.8
473.3
179.7
54.5
471.1
179.8
54.4
474.4
181.3
54. 8
479.5
182. 5
54.9
480.8
183. 1
54. 8
483.9
183.9
64.9
485.3
184 9
54. 4
484.0
186 6
53 4
476.3
183 0
52.8
482.7
183 9
55.2
475.4
181 2
54.6
469. 5
181 4
64.0
474.0
98.0
142.0
97.7
141.4
96.6
140.3
96.8
141.5
97.6
144.5
97. 5
145.4
98.6
146.5
98.6
147.4
98.3
145.7
97. 5
143.0
98 7
144.9
97 3
142.3
94 9
139.1
96 7
140.1
591.6
589.5
172.1
27.7
46.7
226.8
39.3
579.9
161.8
27.9
46.0
228.6
38.9
576.3
160.7
27.9
45.8
226.8
38.4
579.2
160.8
28.0
45.9
229.3
38.7
587.3
163.7
27.9
45. 7
232.8
39.1
604.3
179.9
28.2
46. 2
232.0
39.1
605.6
178.9
28.2
46.7
232.3
39.3
602.6
177.9
27.8
46 7
231.4
39.8
695.9
177.4
26. 7
46.0
228. Ó
40.1
692.1
175.0
26.4
46 4
228.0
39.0
596.8
177.1
26. 4
46.1
230 8
38.5
594.6
176. 4
27.4
45 6
230 2
38.0
595.7
175 5
29 7
44 4
230 3
38.0
691.5
172 4
29 8
43 0
979 6
38.1
76.9
76.7
76.7
76. 5
78.1
78.9
80.2
79 0
77.7
77.3
77 9
77 0
77 9
78 8
526.0
532.1
165. 6
110.2
60.8
61.2
36.3
41.5
56.5
522.7
164. 5
109.5
60.6
61.4
35.6
34.7
56.4
517.3
163.7
109.8
60.5
61.1
35.1
31.0
56.1
515.4
164.1
110.7
60.3
60.6
34.7
29.3
55.7
615.4
164.2
110. 4
60. 1
61.3
34.7
28.0
56.7
518.6
164. 9
111.0
60.1
62.2
35.2
27. 5
57.7
520.3
164. 6
110.8
59. 4
62.8
35.8
28.9
58.0
622.7
165.3
111.9
59 2
62.9
36.6
28. 4
58.4
522.9
166.9
110.8
60 0
62.2
37.3
26. 5
69.2
521.0
167. 6
110. 7
69 6
60.0
37.6
26. 4
69.1
620.4
167 3
107.0
59 6
60.9
37.3
29 0
59.3
624.6
165 8
108. 9
68 7
69.4
36 3
38 4
57. 1
506.1
164 7
102 6
68 2
58.4
35 5
30 9
55! 8
510.8
169 0
103 5
58 8
56. 1
36 7
31 Q
55.6
120.1
96. 7
23.4
117.7
96. 7
21.0
117.7
96. 1
21.6
117.2
94. 9
22.3
118.7
95. 4
23.3
120.4
95. 8
24. 6
121. 3
95. 9
25.4
122. 5
96. 8
25. 7
128.4
102 6
25.8
129.7
104 2
25.6
129.9
128.7
130.6
137. 7
25. 4
24.6
23.5
24.0
303.2
76.4
125.8
101.0
302.3
75. 7
126.1
100.5
301.6
75.7
126.2
99.7
304.8
76. 7
129.0
99.1
306.4
76. 9
129. 8
99.7
308.9
76. 5
130.1
102.3
310.9
76. 5
130.7
103.7
308.6
77 0
129.9
101.6
303.4
75 8
127. 6
100.1
296.1
75 0
122 9
98.2
303. 5
76 1
127 7
99.7
297.6
74 8
125 1
97. 7
280.2
73 0
117 0
90.2
120 8
sa 7
301.1
27.5
204.4
69.2
310.2
27.7
209.5
73.0
312.8
28.2
211.9
72.7
310.2
28.9
211.1
70.2
317.6
29 3
213.1
75.2
318.8
29.1
210.3
79.4
316.6
29.0
208.1
79.5
319.1
28. 8
211. 6
78 7
326.6
28.8
218.1
79.7
316.4
27. 7
213 8
74.9
321.3
28. 7
216 4
76.2
313.3
28 1
211 3
73.9
318.8
28 9
213 8
76.2
3 2 2.9
81.5
44.0
818.2
17.1
82.2
43.1
806.3
17.1
82.4
43.3
804.1
17.0
82.9
44.8
801.5
17.4
83.3
44.4
843.1
17.6
83.5
44. 4
857.8
17.7
83.9
44.9
867.1
17.9
84. 2
46. 2
862.7
18. 2
83.9
46. 6
848.7
18. 5
84.1
46.9
840.8
18.6
85.0
46. 4
840.5
18.5
85 0
45 5
814.8
18.2
86 7
45 0
800.0
18.8
89 ?
44 6
891 8
193
556.2
24.3
75.1
521.9
208.9
132.6
153.8
26.6
554.2
24.6
75.6
523.7
211.5
132.4
153.6
26.2
553.3
24.8
75.5
624.1
211.5
132.6
154.0
26.0
554.0
25.2
75.3
525.9
211.7
133.1
155.1
26.0
556.8
25.9
75.4
528.5
212.2
133.9
156.2
26.2
558.2
26.0
76.1
530.1
212.6
134.5
156.8
26.2
559.1
26.0
77.3
531.7
213.2
134. 5
157.5
26.5
663. 5
26.4
76.8
638. 7
216.1
136.0
159.9
26.7
569. 3
26.7
76.6
645.8
218.5
137.9
161.9
27.5
668. 7
26.9
76.1
544 8
218.0
137. 9
161. 4
27.5
663 3
26.7
76 4
539. 3
215.7
136. 6
160.0
27.0
660 2
26.6
75.4
529 3
211.8
134 1
156 9
26.51
668 7
26.9
78.3
538 7
216.8
136 4
159 4
2¿1
681
27
77.
543
.......
121.6
303.7
302.6
181 9
68.4
288.7
29 9
?1f* 4
76.5
T ra n sp o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s :
L ocal a n d in te ru rb a n passen g er tra n s it:
L ocal a n d su b u rb a n tra n s p o rta tio n __
I n te r c ity a n d ru ra l b u slin e s___________
M o to r freight tra n s p o rta tio n a n d sto rag e.
P ip e lin e tra n s p o rta tio n _________________
C o m m u n ic a tio n '
T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a tio n ____________
T e leg rap h co m m u n ic atio n *___________
R ad io a n d television b ro a d c a stin g ____
E le c tric , gas, a n d s a n ita ry services______
E le c tric com panies a n d sy ste m s _______
G as co m panies a n d s y ste m s ___________
C o m b in ed u tility sy ste m s _____________
W a te r, stea m , a n d s a n ita ry s y ste m s ___
See fo o tnotes a t e n d of ta b le .
6 9 0 - 7 8 3 — 63-
7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
___
.......
Q
9
9
6
2 2 0 .2
137 3
159 i
26.7
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
858
T able
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u san d s]
1963
A nnual
av erag e
1962
In d u s tr y
M ay *
W h o lesale »nil re ta il tra d e i .......................
W holesale tra d e _________________________
M o to r vehicles a n d a u to m o tiv e eq u ip m e n t____ __________________________
D ru g s, chem icals, an d allied p ro d u c ts « .
D ry goods an d a p p a re l_____________ . . .
G roceries a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ________
E lectrical goods______ ________________
H a rd w a re , p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g
goods_______________________________
M a c h in e ry , e q u ip m e n t, a n d su p p lie s__
R e ta il tra d e 4___________________________
G eneral m e rch an d ise sto res___________
D e p a rtm e n t s to res_____ ________ ___
L im ite d price v a rie ty sto res_________
Food sto re s ________ ______ ___________
G rocery, m e at, Bnd vegetable s to re s ..
A p p arel an d accessories sto res_________
M e n ’s an d b o y ’s ap p a re l sto res______
W o m e n ’s read y -to -w e ar stores_______
F a m ily c lo th in g s to res______________
Shoe sto res__________________________
F u r n itu r e a n d ap p lian ce sto res________
O th e r re ta il tra d e 4______________________
M o to r vehicle d e a le rs_________________
O th e r vehicle a n d accessory d e a le rs___
D r u g s t o r e s ...... ..... _ _ __
F in a n c e , In s u ra n c e ,a n d re a l e s ta te :
B a n k in g _______________________ ________
S e c u rity dealers a n d exchanges__________
In s u ra n c e c a rriers_______________________
Life in s u ra n c e ________________________
A ccid en t an d h e a lth In s u ra n c e ________
F ire , m arin e, a n d c a su a lty I n s u r a n c e ...
S erv ic es a n d m isc ellan eo u s:
H o tels an d lodging places:
H o tels, to u ris t c o u rts, a n d m o te ls _____
P erso n al services:
L a u n d rie s, clean in g a n d d y ein g p la n ts .
M o tio n p ic tu res:
M o tio n p ic tu re film ing a n d d is trib u tin g .............
Apr.*
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
1960
8,961 8,749 8,710 8,822 9,657 9,100 8,939 8,868 8,791 8,775 8,817 8,757 8,744 8,810
2,641 2,636 2,633 2,643 2,689 2,670 2,677 2,668 2,671 2,657 2,642 2,603 2,597 2,610
192.9
165.3
111.2
427.4
190.3
191.6
164.7
111.4
431.9
189.5
125.0 124.1
446.0 442.5
6,320 6,113
1,425.5 1,352.0
841.1 798.6
306.3 284.8
1,308.0 1,296. 7
1,138. 3 1,137.0
669.4 582.9
103.0
96.9
248.5 229.4
96.1
90.2
141.2 100.9
368.7 369.1
2,548. 5 2,512.4
618.0 616.3
118.2 113.0
355.5 354.2
617.4
110.4
782.4
429.0
46.9
269.7
616.3
111.1
78C.0
431.8
47.1
270.1
191.0
164.3
110.5
430.3
189.5
189.9
163.8
111.4
433.8
189.5
123.8 123.5
439.9 438.5
6,077 6,179
1,331.6 1,404.0
785. 6 837.3
278.2 289.0
1,302.3 1,292.7
1,136. 4 1,133.2
' 572.1 599 3
99.4 107.1
221.6 230.0
89.5
95. 2
97. 5 100.1
367.7 370.4
2, 503.3 2,512. 4
614.8 611.8
111.6 113.5
352.5 355.9
614.2
110.5
784.1
430.7
46.9
269.7
610.9
109.8
781.0
429.3
46.7
268.2
191.3
166.1
112.0
445. 6
189.4
190.7
166.2
112.3
445.5
188.8
124.6 124.9
438.8 437.2
6, 968 6,424
1,910.3 1,567.6
1,163. 8 935.2
390. 8 322.5
1,321.5 1,301.1
1,152. 4 1,139.9
737.7 632.7
135.3 106.3
281.0 245.2
123.2
99 2
118.6 105.9
387.2 373.9
2,611.4 2,548.4
607.0 603.6
122.9 118.8
375.0 359.8
613.3
110.6
783.2
429.2
46.9
270.0
611.5
111.«
782.8
428.5
47.2
270.1
191.4
165 4
113.0
440.5
188.1
191.6
164.5
112.5
435.8
187.4
191.5
165.0
113.0
434.8
188.9
191.5
163.7
113.0
442.1
188.7
189.6
162.8
112.1
442.4
187.2
186.0
161.8
110.6
433.0
183.9
182.0
158.7
111 1
435.7
179.5
181.5
155.6
112.0
439.1
183.6
125.3 125.7 126.2 125.9 125.6 123.4 124.0 127.7
437.2 438.3 437.4 436.6 434.1 428.6 414 1 412.0
6,262 6,200 6,120 6,118 6,175 6,154 6,147 0,201
1, 462. 8 1,430.2 1,388 2 1,377.1 1, 402. 4 1.399. 9 1,433. 5 1,447.9
859.3 834.7 810.2 802.5 823 0 822.4 837.6 843.0
307.7 304.9 290 4 287.3 291.9 297. 5 309.3 316.8
1,290.4 1,275. 2 1,272. 6 1,283.9 1,283 1 1,279.5 1, 273. 4 1,273.1
1,131.8 1,119. 1 1 ,1 1 8 5 1,127. 6 1,120.0 1,119.7 1,109. 7 1,106. 5
611.9 601 0 669.5 569.5 601.9 607.3 586.9 682.3
98.9
97.9
98.0 103.1
100.5
96.2
95.6
98. 6
236.6 229.9 218.4 219.4 229.1 234.2 225 0 223 3
92.0
92.5
89.8
88.5
88.2
88.1
94.2
93.1
106.4 1 083 101.5 101. 6 107.5 110.6 102.9
106.3
368.9 367.8 364.0 363. 4 365.4 362.7 364.2 368.9
2, 527. 7 2, 625. 7 2,526. 1 2, 524 2 2, 522. 2 2, 504. 9 2,489. 7 2. 528. 3
600.0 596.2 596.8 594.6 589.0 583.6 570. 1 696.2
112.9 117.7 123.1
114.1 114.3 115.4 116.2 1 1 6 3
357.5 355.5 355.1 351.1 353.1 351.0 348.4 347.5
610.8
113.3
781.6
428.2
47.2
269.2
610.7
116.1
783.8
429.5
473
270.2
619.9
121.4
789.7
4313
47.8
272.7
616.8
123.1
786.3
429.2
47.8
271.4
607. 5
122.7
779.6
427.0
47.5
267.8
598.2
122.7
774. 9
426.0
46.9
265.4
692.0
119.0
777. C
428.8
46.4
265.2
575.9
107 0
763.9
420.7
46.0
260.3
541.4
533.7
531.7
525.2
528.0
529.7
538.3
665.4
606.3
605.0
679. £
521. £
503. Î
485.0
365.4
356.7
355.2
360.0
361.0
364. e
368. C
369.4
369.9
378.1
380.3
376.1
377.9
389.2
20.8
21.6
22.2
23.4
24.7
23.9
24.1
24.1
24.2
23.9
23.6
23.4
28.1
29.0
> F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith those p u b lish e d in Issues p rio r to D ecem
b er 1901 and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, ta b le A-2.
F o r m ining, m a n u fa c tu rin g , an d la u n d rie s, cleaning an d dy ein g p la n ts,
d a ta refer to p ro d u c tio n a n d related w orkers; for c o n tra c t co n stru c tio n , to
co n stru c tio n w orkers; a n d for all o th e r in d u s trie s , to n o n su p erv iso ry w orkers.
Production and related worker» Include w orking forem en and all n o n su p er
v iso ry w orkers (in c lu d in g lead m a n and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assem bling, in sp ec tio n , receiving, storage, h a n d lin g , pack in g ,
w areh o u sin g , sh ip p in g , m a in te n a n c e , rep air, ja n ito ria l an d w atc h m en
services, p ro d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t, a u x ilia ry p ro d u ctio n for p la n t’s ow n use
(e.g., pow er p la n t), an d recordkeeping a n d o th e r services closely associated
w ith th e above p ro d u c tio n operations.
Construction worker* In clu d e w o rk in g forem en, jo u rn e y m e n , m ech an ics,
ap p re n tic e s, lab o rers, e tc ., engaged in n ew w o rk , a lte ra tio n s , d em o litio n ,
re p a ir, an d m a in te n a n c e , e tc ., a t th e site of co n stru c tio n or w orking In shop
or y ard s a t Jobs (such as p re c u ttin g an d preassem b lin g ) o rd in a rily p erfo rm ed
b y m em b ers of th e c o n stru c tio n tra d es.
N onsupervisory workers in c lu d e em p lo y ees (n o t ab o v e th e w o rk in g s u p e r
v isory level) such as office an d clerical w o rk ers, re p a irm e n , salespersons,
o p erato rs, d riv e rs, a tte n d a n ts , service em p lo y ees, lin em e n , lab o rers, ja n ito rs ,
w a tc h m e n , an d sim ilar o ccu p atio n al levels, an d o th e r em p lo y ees w hose
services are closely asso ciated w ith th o se of th e em p lo y ees listed .
* P re lim in a ry .
» D a ta relate to n o n su p erv iso ry em p lo y ees ex cep t m essengers.
< E x clu d es ea tin g a n d d rin k in g places.
The revised series on employment, hoars and earnings, and labor turnover in non
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to December 1961. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “ Technical Note, The 1961 Revision
of the BLS Payroll Employment Statistics,” M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , January 1962,
pp. 59-62.) Moreover, if future benchmark adjustments require further revisions, the
figures presented in this issue should not be compared with those In later issues which
reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s
S t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1 9 0 9 - 6 0 (BLS Bulletin 1312), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3. For an individual indastry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1961
A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able
859
A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups.
seasonally adjusted1
[In th o u san d s]
1963
I n d u s tr y d iv isio n a n d g roup
M a y 1 Apr.*
M a r.
1962
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
T o t a l . . .................................................................................................... 66,359 56,189 55,963 55,730 55,536 55,580 55,597 55,647 55, 583 55,536 55,617 55, 535 55,403
M in in g ................................................. ................... ................. .............
637
635
625
625
623
625
636
C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n ........................................................................
2,716
2,734
2,634
2,646
2,651
2,654
2,696
638
641
646
648
652
659
2,716
2,715
2,731
2,738
2,671
2,716
M a n u fa c tu rin g ___________________________________________ 16,984 16,908 16,771 16,665 16,632 16,681 16,695 16,781 16,805 16,795 16,908 16,923 16,891
D u ra b le goods__________ ___________________________ _
O rd n an ce a n d accessories..................................................
L u m b e r a n d wood p ro d u c ts, except fu rn itu re ..........
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res___________________________
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts ......................................
P r im a ry m etal In d u s trie s .................................................
F a b ric a te d m e tal p ro d u c ts ............. .................................
M a c h in e ry _________ _____________________________
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s________________
T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t..............................................
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ------------------------M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s __________
9,653
214
611
384
584
1,194
1,149
1,476
1,554
1,727
367
393
9,575
214
610
382
579
1,177
1,136
1,472
1,539
1,715
364
387
9,478
218
617
381
566
1,151
1,117
1,464
1,536
1,680
362
386
9,423
219
610
378
561
1,136
1,109
1, 461
1,534
1,671
361
383
9,399
220
608
380
562
1,121
1,104
1,466
1,533
1,662
360
383
9,418
220
603
380
565
1,121
1, H I
1,468
1,535
1,669
359
387
9,413
221
605
380
572
1,115
1,110
1,481
1,527
1,652
358
392
9,470
222
602
378
579
1,119
1,117
1,482
1, 546
1,674
359
392
9,486
220
603
380
576
1,134
1,129
1,471
1,528
1,694
358
393
9, 461
222
609
385
583
1,141
1,122
1,480
1,541
1,619
362
397
9, 552
217
607
386
581
1,149
1,132
1,474
1, 555
1,688
362
401
9,555
213
611
386
581
1,163
1,131
1,470
1, 554
1,687
359
400
9, 544
213
609
387
579
1,199
1.135
1,460
1, 541
1,663
359
399
N o n d u ra b le goods....................................... ...............................
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ........... ........... .....................
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ___________________________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts _____________________________
A p p arel a n d related p ro d u c ts ..................... ...................
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts ................................................
P r in tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s trie s ................
C h em icals a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ___________________
P e tro le u m refining an d re la te d in d u s trie s .................
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts ..............
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _____________________
7,331
1,746
89
864
1,276
607
941
863
190
401
354
7,333
1,767
88
864
1,273
605
935
863
189
397
352
7,293
1,780
88
861
1,253
605
915
859
188
394
350
7,242
1, 768
88
858
1,229
602
911
856
188
392
350
7,233
1,770
87
860
1,220
602
913
853
187
391
350
7,263
1,773
90
866
1,229
604
914
853
189
389
356
7,282
1,763
90
868
1,231
601
938
855
189
389
358
7,311
1,769
93
871
1,242
603
937
855
191
390
360
7,319
1,770
96
874
1,243
603
938
853
191
393
358
7,334
1, 763
93
879
1,246
606
937
855
198
395
362
7,356
1,777
89
885
1,249
606
937
858
199
396
360
7,368
1,774
87
891
1,257
606
937
853
199
399
365
7,347
1, 776
88
890
1,248
604
935
849
199
392
366
T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s ..............................................
3,922
3,915
3,915
3,913
3,836
3,921
3,918
3,935
3,928
3,932
3,913
3,934
3,936
W h o lesale an d re ta il tr a d e _______________________________ 11,807 11,764 11,765 11, 679 11,637 11,573 11,600 11. 594 11,612 11,627 11,652 11,621 11, 596
W holesale tra d e ______________________________________ 3,136 3,123 3,110 3,093 3| 083 3,074 3,076 3,085 3,090 3; 082 3,100 3,096 3,077
R e ta il tr a d e .................................................................................... 8,671 8,641 8,655 8, 586 8,554 8,499 8,524 8,509 8,522 8,545 8,552 8,525 8,519
F in a n c e , In su ran ce, a n d real e s ta te ............................................... 2,851
2,843
2,844
2,836
2,828
2,821
2,822
2,813
2, 799
2,796
2,792
2,788
2,786
Service a n d m iscellaneous.................................... ...........................
7,930
7,915
7,937
7,917
7,895
7,876
7,846
7,831
7,809
7,805
7,783
7,749
7,692
G o v e rn m e n t________ ________________________ ___________
F e d e ra l_____ ___________ _______________ ____________
8 ta te a n d lo c al. _______ ____ _______________________
1 F o r coverage of the series, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2.
* P re lim in a ry .
9, 512
2,380
7,132
9,475
2,363
7,112
9,472
2,363
7,109
9,449
2.356
9,434 9,429 9,384 9,339 9,274 9,204 9,183 9,197 9,127
2,379 2,391 2,381 2.371 2,369 2,374 2,375 2,366 2,343
7,093 7,055 7,038 7.003 6, 968 6.905 6,830 6,808 6,831 6, 784
N ote: T h e seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d used is d escrib ed in " N e w Seasonal A d ju s tm e n t F acto rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts /’ M onth ly Labor
Review , A u g u st I960, p p . 822-827.
T able A~5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
[In th o u san d s]
1963
1962
M a jo r In d u s try g roup
M ay*
Apr.*
M a r.
Feb.
Jan.
M a n u fa c tu rin g ______ _________ __________________________ 12,578 12,521 12,386 12,284 12,257
D u ra b le goods............... .............................................................. 7,097
O rd n an ce a n d accessories..................................................
96
L u m b e r a n d wood p ro d u c ts, except fu rn itu re _____
549
F u r n itu re an d fix tu res___________________________
318
S tone, clay a n d glass p ro d u c ts _________ _________
469
P r im a ry m e tal In d u s trie s ________________________
971
F a b ric a te d m e tal p ro d u c ts ................... ...........................
881
1,025
M a c h in e ry .............................................................. ......... ..
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s________________ 1,053
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t______ ________________ 1,186
I n s tru m e n ts an d related p ro d u c ts _____ __________
234
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ............ .......
315
7,036
96
548
319
465
956
871
1,021
1,040
1,178
232
310
6,930
98
556
316
451
929
852
1,012
1,035
1,141
230
310
N o n d u ra b le goods_________ _________ _____ __________ 5,481
Food a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ______________________ 1,152
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s ___________________________
76
T e x tile mil) p ro d u c ts _____________________________
776
A p p arel a n d related p ro d u c ts ____________________ 1,134
P a p e r an d allied p ro d u c ts __________ ____ ________
480
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s trie s ........ .......
596
C h em icals an d allied p ro d u c ts ___________________
522
P e tro le u m refining an d re la te d In d u s trie s_________
122
R u h h e r a n d m iscellaneous plastic p ro d u c ts _______
310
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts ................ ............. ...........
313
1 F o r d efin itio n of p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers, see footnote 1. ta b le A -3.
* P re lim in a ry .
5,485
1,171
77
775
1,131
479
592
523
121
306
310
5,456
1,182
76
774
1,114
478
581
520
119
304
308
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6,874
99
549
314
447
914
846
1,011
1,032
1,127
229
306
6,853
99
547
315
448
898
842
1,016
1,032
1,122
228
306
D ec,
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
12,311 12,324 12,416 12,446 12,432 12,551 12,581 12,566
6,880
100
541
317
451
898
849
1,021
1,034
1,131
228
310
6,875
101
543
317
459
885
847
1,031
1,029
1,119
228
316
6,933
102
539
315
465
892
854
1,035
1,047
1,139
228
317
6,9.53
101
541
315
462
906
866
1.026
1,032
1,160
228
316
6,925
103
545
320
468
910
858
1,034
1,045
1,090
231
321
7,024
100
543
320
467
920
868
1,029
1,067
1,164
231
325
7,035
97
546
321
467
934
871
1.027
1,058
1,161
231
322
7,037
98
544
321
467
972
873
1.018
1,051
1,142
230
321
5,431 5,449 5,483 5,493 5,507 5,527 5, 546 5, 529
1,175 1,168 1,178 1,179 1,170 1,181
1,180 1,184
77
79
82
84
81
76
76
78
798
803
803
780
783
787
791
777
1,089 1,093 1,105 1,105 1,109 1,110 1,120 1,111
482
479
477
481
481
478
476
478
599
599
600
599
582
597
598
598
521
624
521
628
523
517
520
519
121
121
127
128
128
129
120
120
304
312
306
307
304
300
301
300
320
318
322
316
323
315
316
318
N ote: The seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d used is d escribed in " N e w Seasonal A d ju s tm e n t F acto rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts .” M onthly Labor
Review, A u g u st 1960, p p . 822-827.
5,410
1,169
75
771
1,090
476
579
519
120
302
309
5,404
1,173
76
772
1,081
476
581
518
118
301
308
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
860
T a ble A -6 . U n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e a n d e m p lo y m e n t serv ice p ro g ra m o p e ra tio n s 1
[A ll Ite m s except av erag e b en e fit a m o u n ts a re In th o u san d s]
1962
1963
Ite m
M a r.
A p r.
E m p lo y m e n t service: *
N e w a p p lic a tio n s for w o rk ______________
N o n fa rm p la c e m e n ts -------------------------------
904
681
861
496
904
423
1,097
459
O ct.
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
F eb.
766
434
907
533
948
643
856
652
879
642
914
580
A p r.
M ay
June
J u ly
A ug.
S ep t.
1,102
605
899
656
847
577
S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e p rogram s:
1,147
1,133
1,083
1,395
1,197
956
1,267
1,353
1,747
2,102
1,308
1,127
1,216
I n itia l claim s * 4_________________________
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t4 (average w eekly
1,469
1,570
1,831
1,543
1,469
1,385
1,331
1,625
2,063
2,546
2.591
2,298
1.918
v o lu m e ).............. ............................. .................
4.5
3.6
3.9
3 .6
3.8
3.3
3 .4
4.0
5.1
6.3
6.2
5.6
4.7
R a te of in su red u n e m p lo y m e n t «.................
7,088
5,563
5,507
6,391
4,695
5,781
5,702
5,207
6,307
10,002
9,025
9,091
7.919
W eeks of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d —
A verage w eek ly b en efit a m o u n t for to ta l
$34. 69 $34.42 $34.29 $34.01 $34.20 $34. 04 $34.52
u n e m p lo y m e n t................................................ $35.54 $35.80 $35. 70 $35. 52 $35.11 $34.95
$193,551 $176,608 $160,559 $197,414 $186,965 $188,871 $215,015 $239,562
T o ta l b en e fits p a id -------------------------- -------- $274,798 $316,422 $313,272 $342,411 $214,203
U n e m p lo y m e n t co m p en satio n for ex-servicem e n :7 8
I n itia l claim s *__________________________
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t4 (average w eek ly
v o lu m e ).................. - ............. - .........................
W eeks of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d -. .
T o ta l b en e fits p a id _________ _____ ______
U n e m p lo y m e n t co m p en satio n for F e d e ra l
c iv ilian e m p lo y e e s :8 8
I n itia l claim s 3- ________________________
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t8 (average w eekly
v o lu m e )----------------------------------------------W eek s of u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d -. .
T o ta l b en e fits p a id .....................- .....................
R a ilro a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ran c e:
A p p lic atio n s i°------- --------------------------------In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (average w eekly
v o lu m e ).............................. ..................... .........
N u m b e r of p a y m e n ts u ...................................
A verage a m o u n t of b en e fit p a y m e n t 11----T o ta l b en efits p a id 18—---------------------------A ll p ro g ra m s :14
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t4-------------------------
23
267
$8,797
13
39
31
29
31
27
39
30
25
22
25
77
77
306
338
303
$9,932 $10,027 $11,100
65
235
$7,679
57
222
$7,298
52
214
$7,019
52
200
$6,549
52
211
$6,934
46
175
$5,659
40
165
$5,420
40
177
$5, 703
45
190
$6,036
25
11
27
12
20
12
12
14
10
12
15
10
11
11
31
116
$4,262
29
115
$4,282
27
111
$4,182
25
98
$3,797
26
114
$4,354
26
97
$3,653
24
107
$4,172
26
114
$4,297
29
128
$4,711
12
16
16
32
4
4
137
$5,241
150
$5, 591
148
$5,433
37
156
$5,744
4
5
7
19
60
61
61
148
133
132
137
173
138
118
$77.11 $80.24 $80. 58 $79. 97 $79. 56 $78. 73 $74. 47
$9,005 $11,004 $10,881 $13,732 $10,358 $10,373 $11,081
2,089
2,465
2,726
2, 778
l in c lu d e s d a ta for P u e rto R ico, b eginning J a n u a r y 1961 w hen th e C o m
m o n w e a lth ’s pro g ram becam e p a r t of th e F e d e ra l-S ta te U I sy stem .
» In c lu d e s G u am a n d th e V irgin Islands.
* In itia l claim s are notices filed b y w orkers to In d ic ate th e y are s ta rtin g
p erio d s of u n e m p lo y m e n t. E xcludes tra n sitio n a l claim s.
4 In clu d es in te rs ta te claim s for th e V irgin Islands.
s N u m b e r of w orkers rep o rtin g th e com pletion of a t le ast 1 w eek of u n em T h e r e t o is th e n u m b e r of in su red u n em p lo y ed expressed as a p e rc e n t of
th e average covered em p lo y m e n t in a 12-m onth period.
t E xcludes d a ta on claim s an d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith o th e r pro g ram s.
« In c lu d e s th e V irgin Islands.
. . . . .
» E x c lu d es d a ta on claim s an d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith S ta te pro g ram s.
An a p p licatio n for benefits is filed b y a railroad w orker a t th e b eg in n in g
of h is first period of u n e m p lo y m e n t in a b en efit year; no ap p lic a tio n is rea u ire d for s u b se q u e n t p erio d s in th e sam e year.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,223
1 ,78C
1,539
22
65
7
50
65
129
124
$83.26 $78.53
$10,134 $10,081
52
98
$75. 84
$7,256
44
108
$71.91
$7,825
1,628
1,699
1,614
1,497
52
64
155
125
$73.03 $76.76
$9,052 $11,807
1,719
1,986
n P a y m e n ts are for u n e m p lo y m e n t in 14-day reg istratio n periods.
h T h e average a m o u n t is an average for all co m p en sab le p e rio d s, n o t
ad ju ste d for reco v ery of o v e rp a y m e n ts or s e ttle m e n t of u n d e rp a y m e n ts .
is A d ju sted for reco v ery of o v e rp a y m e n ts a n d se ttle m e n t of u n d e r p a y
m e n ts.
14 R ep re sen ts a n u n d u p lic a te d co u n t of in su red u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r th e
S ta te , E x-servicem en a n d U C F E p ro g ram s a n d th e R a ilro a d U n e m p lo y m e n t
In su ra n c e A ct.
S o u r c e : U .S . D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity for
all ite m s except railro ad u n e m p lo y m e n t in su ra n c e , w h ich is p re p a re d b y th e
U .S . R ailro ad R e tire m e n t B o ard .
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
861
B.—Labor Turnover
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[P er 100 em ployees]
1963
1962
A n n u al
averag e
M a jo r In d u s try g roup
A p r .2
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
1961
1960
A ccessions: T o t a l !
Manufacturing:
Actual_____________________________
Seasonally adjusted__________________
Durable goods_______ _________________
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except fur
niture____________________________
Furniture and fixtures..............................
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery_________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment......................
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries.............. ...........................................
Nondurable goods........................................
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products____________
Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries......... ...........................................
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries. ..........................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.....................................................
Leather and leather products_________
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining.............................................
C oalm ining................ .................... ............
3.7
4.1
3.5
4.1
3.3
3 .9
3.6
S.9
2.4
3.5
3.0
3 .6
3.7
2.0
3.5
2.2
3.2
3.5
2.4
2 .3
2.8
5.9
3.7
4.7
3.6
3.8
4.5
3.9
3.4
3.6
3.2
2.7
4.7
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
2.5
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.1
6.1
1.6
1.9
3.9
4.0
4.9
3 .8
5.1
4 .0
4.5
4-1
5.0
3 .9
4.3
4-3
4.0
4-4
4.1
3 .8
3.6
2.4
4.5
2.5
2.6
4.6
3 .8
3 .0
4.5
3 .9
4.1
2.9
2.8
4.0
3 .9
2.8
2.6
4.5
4.3
5.4
5.0
3.3
2.7
4.5
2 .9
3.8
6.0
5.4
6.3
5.2
3 .8
4.7
4.8
7.3
4.6
5.4
5.3
4.1
3.6
3.4
4.4
3.0
3.6
4.7
4.8
3 .9
3.4
2 .4
3.9
2.9
3 .2
4.3
2.4
3.0
3.6
2.5
2.7
3.4
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.6
1.7
3.2
3.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.3
2.7
3.5
2.4
5.4
5.2
5.1
6.3
2.4
3 .6
5.8
3.8
4.7
1. 5
3.6
5.1
3.5
4.2
2.7
3.5
4.6
2.4
3.4
3.8
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.3
5.8
2.5
3.2
5.9
1.9
3.1
3.1
3.9
5.5
2.7
4.4
1.9
4.2
6.4
4.4
3 .5
5.3
2 .4
5.3
9.2
16.0
3 .8
5.2
2.8
3 .0
5.4
9.1
8.9
3 .9
6.7
2.9
2.5
1.4
3.2
1.8
1.2
3 .7
2.1
3.4
1.5
3.0
4.4
3 .7
4 .8
2.9
1.5
2.7
1.7
4.3
5.1
3.8
4.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.3
5.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.8
2.6
2.1
2.6
1.9
2.0
1.6
.9
1.3
3.7
4.4
3.3
4.1
2.9
4.2
3.1
5.9
3.5
3.3
3.0
2.4
2.2
2.9
2.2
3.2
2.0
1.8
2.4
2.9
1.6
2.0
1.3
.6
2.2
1.4
.8
2.8
2.7
3 .9
2.8
3 .4
4.5
2.6
8.0
2.6
6.8
4.0
3.3
5.5
3.2
4.0
6.1
3.4
6.9
5.8
10.0
19.8
4.2
6.2
2.8
4.0
2.9
3 .5
4.2
2.8
6.0
8.8
3 .5
4.6
3.7
4.4
4.4
3 .9
7.5
5.1
4.6
2.5
4.5
3.1
3 .8
4.3
2.7
2.6
2.6
6.2
6 .4
6.4
5.6
5.3
4.5
4.0
5.6
2.7
3.7
5.1
4.2
5.9
4.1
2.8
5.7
9.0
3.2
4.2
6.6
3 .0
4.1
2.2
4.3
3.1
3.6
4.5
6.1
6.0
3.5
5.6
5.6
3 .2
5.3
2.2
1.6
2.7
2.4
2.9
3 .0
1.5
1.3
2.0
1.2
6.6
6.1
2.8
2.0
3.2
2.0
4.1
3 .3
2.9
1.7
1.5
2 .7
4.5
4.7
4.3
5.5
6.1
4.1
6.1
4 .4
4.1
5.3
3.6
4.2
3.8
5.0
3.1
4.8
2.9
2 .5
2.4
2.5
2.4
1.4
3 .8
3.4
4.1
2.1
2.7
3.4
2.2
2.2
4.1
1.2
1.8
2.8
1.6
2.6
2.1
2.6
1.6
A ccessions: N e w hires
Manufacturing:
Actual_____________________
Seasonally adjusted__________________
Durable goods_________________
Ordnance and accessories_________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture__________________
Furniture and fixtures___________
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
Primary metal industries_________
Fabricated metal products________
Machinery.....................................
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment......... ......
Instruments and related products___
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries_____________________
Nondurable goods_______________
Food and kindred products...............
Tobacco manufactures___________
Textile mill products____________
Apparel and related products______
Paper and allied products.......... ......
Printing, publishing, and allied in
dustries........................... ..........
Chemicals and allied products_____
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries.............. ...........................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products__________________
Leather and leather products.............
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining___ _____________
Coal mining__________ _______
See fo o tn o tes a t e n d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.5
2 .4
2.1
1.9
2.3
2.0
1.2
1.8
1.1
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.4
3.0
2.7
1.5
.9
1.7
2.7
2.7
1.3
.9
1.9
1.9
4.0
3.3
2.5
1.3
2.4
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.8
2.4
2.6
1.0
2.4
3.4
3.7
2.7
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.6
2.1
2.1
1.6
2.2
1.6
3.1
1.4
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.2
2.0
2.7
1.6
.7
1.9
.9
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6
2.6
1.9
1.9
1.1
2.0
3.1
1.2
1.8
1.2
.5
2.3
1.7
2.4
1.5
.7
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.0
1.2
2.8
2.3
2.5
2 .3
3.1
2.3
3 .2
2 .4
2.9
2 .5
3.4
2.6
2 .9
2.4
2 .7
1.1
1.6
1.2
2.2
2.6
1.8
2.6
1.8
2.4
1.5
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.0
2 .3
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
.9
2.5
2.5
1.3
.7
3.6
3.4
4.4
4.3
4.6
4 .8
2.5
5.4
4.1
3.1
4.7
3 .3
3.3
2.7
3.0
1.9
2.7
2.9
2.9
1.9
2.8
2.0
.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
.9
1.8
.9
2.6
1.7
2.2
2.4
2.0
2.1
1.0
2.2
4.7
4.2
2 .5
.9
2.5
1.9
6.2
3 .9
3 .3
1.3
3 .2
2.7
3 .2
2.5
3 .3
1.1
2 .9
2.2
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.8
1.0
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.8
.9
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.9
3.4
.6
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.7
1.5
2.4
4.3
5.3
5.2
4.2
4.7
4.3
3 .7
3.6
3.4
1.3
1.7
3.3
1.9
2.8
3 .7
3.9
6.5
7.8
3.2
4.5
3 .5
5.8
2.5
2.7
4.2
3 .9
2.9
3 .9
1.3
3 .0
3 .9
2.5
2.9
2.5
3.4
3 .2
2.5
3 .5
2.9
2.0
3 .4
1.9
3.1
1.7
2.3
2.1
2.1
1.3
1.2
1.9
3.2
1.3
1.5
.9
2.1
1.2
1.3
.7
.7
.4
1.6
1.1
2.1
1.6
.6
1.1
3.3
1.8
2 .2
.4
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.8
2.2
2.3
1.8
2.7
1.2
4.1
3.1
2.5
3.6
1.9
2.5
1.0
.6
1.8
1.2
2.0
1.0
2.6
2.1
2.2
6.0
2.8
3 .8
2.2
2.2
3 .0
1.5
2.7
1.4
10.5
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.6
6.0
1.6
3.1
4.0
3 .2
3.3
.9
1.1
1.3
1.2
2.6
2.2
2.8
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.2
3 .0
3 .9
2 .3
3 .7
3 .1
4.1
3 .2
2 .5
1.2
.6
1.4
1.4
.7
1.3
.7
1.3
.5
2.8
2.0
1.8
1.7
.8
1.5
.4
1.6
1.2
2.6
.8
2.6
.5
1.7
.9
2.1
.4
1.7
2.2
1.4
.9
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.8
3 .2
2.4
1.4
.8
1.9
2 .9
1.7
2.9
1.2
.6
1.9
.4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
862
T able
B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group *- -Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Major Industry group
A pr.8
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov,
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1961
1960
Separations: T o ta l8
Manufacturing:
Actual_____________________________
Seasonally adjusted. , , .
Durable goods............................... ............
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.....................................................
Furniture and fixtures.............................
Stone, clay, and glass products...........
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery____ ________ ____________
Electrical equipment and supplies.........
Transportation equipment................... ..
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries.............................................................
Nondurable goods_____________________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products_______ _________
Apparel and related products..................
Paper and allied products.........................
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries_______________ ______________
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum refining and related Industries................ ............................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.........................................................
Leather and leather products_________
N onmanu facturing:
Metal mining_________________________
Coal mining__________________________
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.7
3.2
3.7
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.9
4.0
3.9
4.3
3.8
5.0
4.1
5.2
4.8
4.4
4.6
3.8
4-3
3.8
4-1
3.6
3.7
4.0
4.3
3.2
3.0
3.3
4.2
3.1
3.1
3.7
3.2
3.4
2.1
3.6
2.7
3.9
2.7
4.3
3.4
5.4
2.9
4.4
2.2
3.8
2.7
3.6
2.6
3.3
2.5
3.9
2.3
4.3
2.4
5.0
4.3
2.9
1.9
3.4
2.3
3.2
3.7
5.5
4.4
2.9
4.7
3.8
3.3
5.0
4.5
4.9
6.2
4.7
4.6
3.3
4.4
4.1
3.0
3.2
3.9
2.6
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.2
3.2
5.0
3.1
4.7
4.7
3.7
4.5
3.6
2.9
3.1
3.6
2.3
6.1
2.2
5.7
5.2
3.5
4.1
6.4
3.0
3.3
6.5
2.4
5.0
4.2
3.3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.7
6.7
5.2
4.9
3.8
4.9
3.5
4.0
4. 1
3.3
5.5
4.3
3.8
3.6
2.3
3.0
3.3
2.4
5.6
4.6
4.1
3.5
4.7
2.9
3.4
3.8
3.0
6.8
3.8
2.5
3.5
3.4
2.4
5.5
3.6
5.1
2.5
3.5
2.6
4.6
4.1
4.0
4.8
3.4
3.5
5.2
2.7
4.7
4.2
3.8
5.6
5.6
6.1
5.4
5.2
4.8
4.6
5.8
5.9
3.8
4.7
3.8
3.6
5.7
2.5
3.7
4.8
7.2
3.5
4.8
2.4
3.3
4.6
9.5
3.1
4.2
2.3
5.0
4.8
6.7
2.9
4.5
5.8
3.4
4.3
5.9
2.3
3.9
6.3
2.5
3.8
5.0
2.4
3.4
5.2
2.4
4.1
5.1
2.7
3.6
4.0
5.1
5.4
3.6
4.2
5.9
5.9
3.4
5.7
2.7
6.0
2.8
5.8
9.3
5.4
4.5
5.9
4.2
2.5
1.9
2.7
1.7
2.3
1.4
2.9
1.7
2.5
1.9
3.0
2.3
2.9
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.6
4.2
2.8
2.1
2.8
3.0
2.6 2.1
5.6
12.2
4.3
6.3
7.0
3.9
5.4
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.8
3.1
5.5
3.5
4.7
2.9
3.8
3.5
5.2
2.2
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.0
3.5
3.2
2.1
4.2
4.0
2.9
3.9
2.6
3.1
3.4
2.8
8.2
5.7
4.5
3.6
4.7
3.8
3.9
10.6
4.3
4.5
3.4
5.9
2.5
16.9
3.7
5.1
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.0
2.2
3.1
1.8
1.8
4.1
3.1
3.5
2.4
2.7
2.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
5.4
3.5
4.5
3.9
5.4
4.5
5.9
4.1
5.9
4.0
5.3
3.2
4.2
3.2
5.2
5.6
3.8
3.2
2.6
3.6
6.0
2.0
4.9
2.3
3.2
5.2
3.2
3.4
2.1
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.2
1.1
2.6
2.2
1.2
.6
1.2
6.2
10.8
1.6
2.1
2.8
1.8
6.8
8.2
10.8
3.8
5.7
2.8
6.2
2.6
2.6
2.1
6.0
2.5
2.8
4.4
5.9
3.7
6.1
2.9
2.9
1.5
2.0
1.6
2.8
2.1
1.6
3.2
5.7
3.5
5.0
3.9
5.0
2.6
2.5
4.5
2.1
3.1
2.5
3.8
3.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
2.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.5
2.3
1.7
2.5
2.0
Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual_____________________________
Seasonally adjusted _ .
...
Durable goods________________________
Ordnance and accessories..........................
Lumber and wood products except
furniture........................................... .........
Furniture and fixtures____ ____ ______
Stone, clav. and glass products.
Primary metal industries____________
Fabricated metal products.......................
Machinery_________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies.........
Transportation equipment.......................
Instruments and related products.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.............................................................
Nondurable goods..........................................
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures.......... ....................
Textile mill products___ __ . .. _
ADttarel and related products
...
Paper and allied products..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............................................................
Chemicals and allied products................
Petroleum refining and related industries.......................................... .................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products__________________________
Leather and leather products____ ____
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining__
Coal mining.....................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.0
1.1
0.8
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.4
2.4
1.4
1.1
.8
1.0
.9
.9
.7
.6
.9
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.1
.6
.3
.6
.6
.8
.5
.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.4
.6
1.9
1.2
1.0
2.6
2.1
1.2
2.0
2.3
2.3
.8
.8
1.6
1.2
.9
1.0
.6
1.2
1.0
1.1
.8
1.0
1.6
1.9
.9
.5
1.5
1.4
.7
1.4
1.4
.7
1.7
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.0
1.5
1.5
.7
.4
1.4
.8
.4
.9
.8
.7
1.0
.7
1.0
.8
1.0
.7
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
.9
1.7
1.5
4.2
3.0
2.0
.9
2.2
1.5
2.2
1.6
3.7
3.1
1.9
.9
1.9
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.9
1.6
3.0
.8
1.6
1.9
.8
2.2
1.8
2.1
.9
2.0
2.4
1.1
2.9
4.0
.9
.5
1.3
.5
1.5
,7
2.5
.6
1.0
.7
1.4
1.5
2.5
3.1
2.2
1.9
3.3
1.3
2.4
1.1
2.2
1.8
.6
1.3
.4
2.0
1.0
2.1
.7
1.4
1.9
.7
1.3
.7
1.2
.6
1.1
.5
1.6
2.0
.8
1.2
.6
.7
.5
.5
.4
.4
1.2
1.1
2.0
.9
2.3
1.6
1.0
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
2.3
.4
.9
.3
.3
.3
.8
1.5
.8
.8
.3
1.6
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.1
.7
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.9
.9
.3
.5
1.3
.9
1.3
1.0
1.4
.4
2.1
2.6
3.1
2.5
1.8
.5
2.5
.9
1.3
.9
2.1
1.2
.6
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.0
1.3
.6
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.2
3.0
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.5
2.9
1.4
1.7
1.9
1.7
.8
2.1
2.6
1.0
1.8
.6
2.0
2.4
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.7
2.8
1.8
2.1
1.2
1.2
3.2
1.2
.6
.6
2.5
1.3
1.4
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1.1
.8
1.0
1.8
1.1
.6
1.1
.9
1.2
.9
1.1
1.9
1.8
.6
2.1
2.5
1.1
1.5
1.4
.6
2.0
2.2
1.0
1.6
.9
1.6
2.0
1.0
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.6
2.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.5
.7
.8
.6
.5
.5
.5
1.5
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.3
2.3
1.1
2.1
1. J
2.2
1.1
1.2
1.4
.3
1.0
1.5
.3
.8
.3
.3
1.4
.4
.8
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
T able B - l .
863
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
1963
1962
Annual
average
Major Industry group
Apr.1 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1961
1960
Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual............................................................
Seasonally adjusted__________________
Durable goods................................................
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_________ ________________
Furniture and fixtures...............................
Stone, clay, and glass products...............
Primary metal Industries_______ _____
Fabricated metal products___________
Machinery____ _____ ___ _____ ______
Electrical equipment and supplies.........
Transportation equipment___________
Instruments and related products..........
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries................ ................................. ...........
Nondurable goods_____________________
Food and kindred products_____ _____
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products........................ .......
Apparel and related products..................
Paper and allied products........................
Printing, publishing and allied Industries.........................................................
Chemicals and allied products________
Petroleum refining and related Industries........................... ..............................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................................. .................
Leather and leather products..................
Nonmanufacturing:
M etal mining_____________ _______ ____
Coalm ining....................... .............................
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.2
e.o
2.5
2.0
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.2
2.4
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.4
1.4
1.7
1.6
2.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.2
1.1
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.1
1.6
1.1
2.8
1.0
2.4
.5
1.7
.7
1.6
1.0
1.4
.8
2.2
.7
2.6
.9
2.0
1.2
1.2
.8
1.5
.8
1.5
1.9
.7
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.0
2.0
.9
1.7
1.8
.7
2.4
1.7
2.1
1.1
2.1
.9
1.4
1.9
.9
2.6
2.1
3.4
1.4
2.5
1.3
1.8
2.1
.9
3.6
1.9
40
1.7
2.3
.9
1.4
1.8
.8
3.5
2.0
2.7
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
LI
2.1
1.6
2.2
2.4
2.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
.9
1.6
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.0
1.8
.7
2.2
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.2
8.3
.8
2.2
2.2
1.7
2.8
3.4
1.4
1.3
4.4
.7
1.3
1.8
1.4
3.1
1.9
1.3
.9
2.0
.7
1.3
1.3
1.7
3.2
1.5
1.1
.9
1.7
.5
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.6
.9
.9
1.7
.5
2.8
2.1
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.4
3.5
.9
8.1
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.1
1.9
1.6
3.6
1.0
2.4
2.0
1.8
3.6
10.6
5.8
2.4
1.7
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
3.2
1.7
2.8
2.7
1.0
2.8
.9
1.7
2.8
6.0
1.2
2.0
1.1
1.6
2.8
8.4
1.1
1.7
1.1
2.4
4.4
5.6
1.6
2.6
1.5
2.8
4.7
9.8
1.9
4.0
1.3
2.7
5.0
15.7
1.6
2.6
1.3
2.6
5.4
9.3
1.2
2.5
1.2
2.2
4.5
2.5
1.2
2.2
1.2
1.6
3.1
1.0
1.0
1.7
.9
1.9
3.2
1.1
1.2
2.9
.9
1.4
2.4
1.3
.8
2.1
.7
1.7
2.7
1.6
.9
2.9
.8
1.9
3.1
4.5
1.0
3.2
.8
2.2
3.7
4.6
1.3
3.1
1.1
2.2
3.6
4.5
1.5
3.2
1.2
.7
.8
.9
.6
.8
.5
1.2
.7
1.3
.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
.8
1.1
.8
.9
.7
.7
.8
.8
1.0
.9
1.2
.8
.7
1.0
.9
.9
.9
.4
.7
.9
.8
.9
1.0
.6
.7
.6
.5
.3
.5
.5
.6
.6
1.2
2.5
1.7
2.0
1.2
1.6
1.8
2.5
1.6
3.4
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.3
1.5
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.0
1.1
.9
2.1
1.2
2.6
1.7
2.3
2.2
2.1
.4
2.3
1.4
1.6
.9
1.3
1.4
1.4
4.2
1.1
2.3
2.2
1.8
1.7
3.0
1.0
2.4
1.4
1.2
4.2
1.4
2.6
.7
3.7
.4
1.0
1.4
1.7
1.5
2.9
> Beginning with the December 1961 issue, figures differ from those pre
viously published. The Industry structure has been converted to the 1957
Standard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing Industry
and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now
Included.
Data Include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in January 1959; this inclusion
has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates.
Montb-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and non
manufacturing industries as Indicated by labor turnover rates arc not com
parable with the changes shown by the Bureau's employment series for the
following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from mid
month to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes
caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence oí such
stoppages.
» Preliminary.
* Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishments of the
same firm are Included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these items are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of “ other accessions" and “ other separations," the rates for
which are not shown separately.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
864
C.—Earnings and Hours
T a b le
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Feb.
Apr.s Mar.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
$110.02
116.88
124.43
117.46
$111.10
118. 86
127. 51
121.24
$109.61
119.28
126.28
120.40
Apr.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Mining
M etal mining_______________________
Iron ores........ .................. .....................
Copper ores...........................................
$113.16 $111.38
117.38 118.49
119.27 116.73
124.26 125.71
$112.88 $112.34 $112.07
117.26 116.16 116. 57
116.05 118.95 115.36
121.69 121.12 121.41
$110.43
116. 44
119.56
120.13
$111.78
116.16
117.87
119.14
$112.88
118.12
122.61
120.98
$111.90
116.00
119. 87
117.99
$110. 70 $107.18 $105.44
118. 01 113.44 111. 19
125.86 115. 80 114.73
119.84 119.03 116.77
119.25 114.87 122.46 121.29 119. 57 111. 24 114.39 113. 62 113.15 102.30 115. 69 108.15 116.12 111. 34 110. 76
120.96 115.29 123. 56 121. 76 120. 71 111. 65 115.13 114.39 114.25 103.60 117.06 109. 47 117. 50 112. 73 112.77
Coal mining.................................................
Bituminous.......................... ...............
Crude petroleum and natural gas........... 111.19 110.77 110. 51 110.51 112.04 109.30 109.20 110.99 109.56 110. 83 107.74 108. 52 109.20 105.75 103.32
Crude petroleum and natural gas
field s.. ______________________ 118. 90 117.45 117.33 120.38 118.28 114.37 113.0 C 118. 69 113.98 118.14 112. 72 112.31 114.37 113.15 108. 54
Oil and gas field services.................. 103.94 104.49 103. 76 100. 67 105. 71 104.40 105.90 103.82 104.84 103. 82 102. 67 105. 03 104.35 98. 67 98.31
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
107.25 102. 67
98.77 100.14
98.66 107.21 110.86 113.24 113.01 110. 66 107.62 107.38 102.93 100. 09
96.58
117. 71
108. 83
118. 48
113.4C
125.11
123. 08
112.67
103. 72
114. 77
110.00
119.60
118.11
Manufacturing__ ______ ________________ 97.76 98.09 97.20 97.44 98.42 97.36 96.72 97. 68 95. 75 96.80 97.27 96.80 96. 56 92. 34
Durable goods___________________ 106.37 106.4£ 106.23 105.82 107. 53 106.19 105.37 105.88 103. 8£ 104. 45 105.47 105.22 105.22 100.1C
Nondurable goods_______________
86.19 87.07 86.24 86.24 86.94 86.72 85.72 86.80 86.18 86.80 87.02 86.37 85. 54 82.92
89.72
97.44
80.36
Contract construction.......................................
General building contractors_________
H eavy construction_________________
Highway and street construction...
Other heavy construction________
Special trade contractors________ ____
123.79
116.16
121.06
117.18
125.87
130. 67
121.99
113.34
114. 95
109. OS
120.96
129.60
117.29
108. 85
108.12
99.64
116.49
125.24
120.01
111.11
113.54
107.16
120.05
128.13
117.97
108. 55
109.20
104. 24
115.63
127.41
120.88
113. 34
117.61
115.02
121.13
127.45
126. 82
117.12
127. 2C
126. 58
128.86
133.16
128.21
117. 81
129.38
128. 62
129. 68
134.23
127. 26
116. 92
130. 5C
129. 65
131. 04
132.38
125. 57
115.92
127. 67
126.44
128. 54
131. 65
121. 45
111.91
122.13
119.13
126.48
127.72
123.44
114.14
124. 07
120. 70
128. 86
129.46
120. 01
112. 10
116.3S
110. 09
124. 09
126.34
Average weekly hours
M ining___ _____ ________ _____ _________
M etal mining___________________ _
Iron ores_______________________
Copper ores_______ ____ ________
41.3
40.9
38.6
43.6
40.5
41.0
37.9
43.8
40.9
41.0
37.8
43.0
41.0
40.9
39.0
42.8
40.9
40.9
37.7
42.9
40.9
41.0
39.2
42.6
41.4
40.9
38.9
42.1
41.5
41.3
40.2
42.3
41.6
40.7
39.3
41.4
Coal mining____
Bitum inous.
38.1
38.4
36.7
36.6
39.0
39.1
39.0
38.9
38.2
38.2
36.0
35.9
36.9
36.9
36.3
36.2
36.5
36.5
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields..... ...........................................
Oil and gas field services.............. .
41.8
41.8
41.7
41.7
42.6
42.2
42.0
42.2
42.3
41.0
42.6
40.5
43.0
40.6
42.7
41.8
41.6
41.5
43.5
40.7
43.5
40.5
43.4
41.5
42.9
41.0
43.5
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
40.9
41.3
40.4
41.8
41.3
42.0
41.4
43.3
40.9
42 0
41.0
43.0
41.0
41.7
40.6
42.8
40.6
41.4
38.6
43.6
40.4
41.8
39.7
44.4
37.2
37.4
35.0
35.2
37.1
37.3
35.8
35.9
35.5
35.8
42.3
41.6
41.9
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
42.9
40.4
42.6
40.4
43.4
40.7
43.3
40.7
42.9
40.5
43.5
44.5
42.6
41.5
41.9
40.6
44.3
46.0
46.6
46.7
46.3
45.6
45.5
43.8
43.9
43.7
Contract construction__________________
General building contractors.................
H eavy construction________________
Highway and street construction..
Other heavy construction...............
Special trade contractors.......... .............. .
37.4
36.3
41.6
42.0
41.0
36.5
36.2
35.2
39.1
38.8
39.4
35.8
34.7
33.7
36.9
36.1
37.7
34.5
35.4
34.4
38.1
37.6
38.6
35.2
34.8
33.4
36.4
35.7
37.3
35.1
36.3
35.2
39.6
39.8
39.2
35.6
38.2
36.6
42.4
43.2
41.3
37.3
38.5
36.7
42.7
43.6
41.3
37.6
38.8
37.0
43.5
44.4
42.0
37.5
38.4
36.8
42.7
43.6
41.2
37.4
37.6
36.1
41.4
41.8
40.8
36.7
38.1
36.7
42.2
42.8
41.3
37.2
36.7
35.7
39.3
38.9
39.9
36.2
36.9
35.8
40.3
40.5
40.1
36.2
36.7
35.4
40.7
41.2
40.0
35.9
Manufacturing__ ____ ________________
Durable goods____ _____________
Nondurable goods______________
39.9
40.6
39.0
40.2
40.8
39.4
40.0
40.7
39.2
40.1
40.7
39.2
40.5
41.2
39.7
40.4
41.0
39.6
40.3
41.0
39.5
40.7
41.2
40.0
40.4
40.9
39.9
40.5
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.2
40.1
40.5
41.1
39.8
40.4
41.1
39.6
39.8
40.2
39.3
39.7
40.1
39.2
$2. 69
2. 83
3. 08
2.81
$2. 69
2.83
3.08
2.80
$2. 68
2. 84
3. 08
2. 80
$2.70
2. 83
3.10
2.80
$2. 64
2.74
3.00
2. 73
$2.61
2.66
2.89
2.63
3.11
3.13
3.09
3.11
3.13
3.15
3.11
3.14
3.12
3.15
Average hourly earnings
M ining....................... .
M etal mining__
Iron ores___
Copper ores.
.
$2.74
2.87
3.09
2.85
$2. 75
2.89
3.08
2.87
$2.76
2.86
3.07
2.83
$2.74
2.84
3.05
2.83
$2.74
2. 85
3.06
2.83
$2.70
2. 84
3. 05
2.82
$2.70
2. 84
3.03
2.83
$2. 72
2.86
3.05
2.86
$2. 69
2.85
3. 05
2.85
3.13
3.15
3.13
3.15
3.14
3.16
3.11
3.13
3.13
3.16
3.09
3.11
3.10
3.12
3.13
3.16
3.10
3.13
.
2.66
2. 65
2.65
2.65
2.63
2.59
2.60
2.63
2.59
2.62
2. 59
2.59
2.60
2. 53
2.46
.
2.90
2.44
2. 90
2.43
2.89
2.43
2.88
2.42
2.85
2.43
2. 81
2.40
2.79
2.44
2. 86
2.42
2.78
2. 41
2.84
2.42
2. 79
2.41
2. 78
2.42
2. 81
2.41
2. 78
2.30
2.68
2.26
Quarrying and nonmetallic m in in g ... .
2.41
2.41
2.38
2.39
2.43
2.42
2.41
2.43
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.36
2.35
2.28
2.21
Contract construction__________________ _
General building contractors________
H eavy construction________________
Highway and street construction.
Other heavy construction_______
Special trade contractors____________ .
3.31
3.20
2.91
2.79
3.07
3.58
3.37
3.22
2.94
2.81
3.07
3.62
3.38
3.23
2. 93
2. 76
3.0£
3.63
3.39
3.23
2.98
2.85
3.11
3.64
3.39
3.25
3.00
2. 92
3.10
3.63
3.33
3.22
2.97
2. 89
3.09
3.58
3.32
3 .2C
3 .0C
2.93
3.12
3.57
3.33
3. 21
3.03
2.95
3.14
3. 57
3.28
3.16
3. OC
2.92
3.12
3.53
3.27
3.15
2.99
2.90
3.12
3.52
3.23
3.10
2.95
2. 85
3.10
3.48
3.24
3.11
2. 94
2. 82
3.12
3.48
3.27
3.14
2.96
2. 83
3.11
3.49
3.19
3.04
2. 94
2. 80
3.12
3.40
3.07
2.93
2.82
2.67
2.99
3.29
Manufacturing.................................................
Durable goods...................................
Nondurable goods_____________ _
2.45
2.62
2.21
2. 44
2.61
2.21
2.43
2. 61
2.20
2.43
2.6C
2.20
2.43
2.61
2.19
2.41
2. 59
2.19
2.40
2.57
2.17
2.40
2. 57
2.17
2.37
2. 54
2.16
2.39
2. 56
2.17
2.39
2. 56
2.17
2.39
2. 56
2.17
2.39
2. 56
2.16
2. 32
2.49
2.11
2.26
2.43
2.05
.
.
Coal mining___
Bitum inous.
Crude petroleum and natural gas.
Oil and gas field services.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
865
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Apr.>
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition except for small
a r m s.................................. .............
Sighting and fire control equipm ent_____ ____________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture............. .....................................
Sawmills and planiDg mills............
Millwork, plywood, and related
products______________________
Wooden containers._____ ________
Miscellaneous wood products..........
Furniture and fixtures_________ _____
Household furniture_____________
Office furniture__________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures______
$116.52 $119.19 $120.35 $120.64 $120.96 $118.69 $117.01 $117.01 $115.34 $115.18 $116.88 $117.16 $118.43 $113.42 $108.67
116.93 117. 86 119.31 119.02 120.06 118.37 116. 69 117.38 116.00 114.97 116.00 116. 72 117. 26 115.49 110.29
122. 91 127.98 128.29 128.35 131.24 128.87 125. 58 125. 40 122.78 122.36 126. 48 126. 60 129. 60 117. 27 113.16
112.31 116. 05 117. 59 117.74 116.06 113.44 111. 79 112.06 110. 70 110. 70 112.19 111.65 112.88 108.39 103.17
78.41
72. 00
77. 42
71.16
77.03
70.80
76.83
70. 77
78.01
71.02
79.00
72.31
79.60
72. 98
82.01
75.30
81.80
74. 48
80.40
73. 75
80.40
73. 60
79. 59
73.12
77.82
70. 59
77.03
68.99
73.71
67.20
87.74
67.13
72.36
87.12
65.01
73.12
86.48
64. 91
72.90
86.48
64.02
73.08
87.53
64.12
72.80
86.90
65. 76
73. 71
86. 48
67.06
73.44
88. 81
68. 21
74. 62
88. 82
68.30
73.49
87.12
68. 71
72.00
87. 56
67.89
73.49
88. 81
67. 73
72.85
87.13
66. 90
72. 62
84.03
63.12
69.77
81.19
62.17
69.32
81.58 80.16 81.34 81.54 80.54 78.18 79.95 78.38 78. 76 76. 21
78.02 76. 63 77.38 77.15 75.99 73.38 74.85 73. 75 74.30 71.46
95.40 91.77 91.39 92. 57 92.34 92.52 93.61 92.80 92. 57 90. 54
99. 04 100. 65 107. 01 107.87 108.38 105.16 106. 01 104.17 100.85 100. 53
82.21 81.20 81.61 82.41 81.79 80.39 83.43 81.20 81.00 80.20
75.20
70.45
90.42
96. 72
78.78
78.01 79.19 78.79 78.60
74.21 75.36 74. 96 74.19
92. 63 93.15 92.29 94.07
98.28 101. 20 100. 58 101.85
81.19 79.98 81.18 80.99
Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories------------------Ammunition except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment_________________________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products except
furniture....................................... ...........
Sawmills and planing m ills.............
Millwork, plywood, and related
products______________________
Wooden containers______________
Miscellaneous wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture........................—
O ffic e furniture__________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures_____—
40.6
40.6
41.1
40.5
41.5
41.0
41.6
40.9
42.0
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.2
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.1
41.7
41.0
40.8
41.1
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.4
42.1
41.3
42.2
41.7
42.5
41.9
43.6
41.6
43.1
41.1
42.0
41.1
41.8
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.0
42.3
41.4
42.2
41.2
43.2
41.5
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.3
39.6
40.0
39.3
39.1
39.3
38.9
39.2
39.1
39.2
38.6
39.5
39.3
40.0
40.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.4
39.5
39.0
39.5
39.2
39.0
39.3
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.9
39.4
40.4
40.6
39.1
40.5
40.6
38.8
40.6
40.9
39.1
40.0
40.8
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.5
40.6
41.0
41.7
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.0
41.3
40.9
40.6
41.5
40.8
40.7
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.4
39.7
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.3
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.1
40.1
41.2
41.5
40.9
41.2
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.3
40.3
40.1
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.6
39.9
39.7
40.0
39.8
4 0 .1
40. 5
4 0 .3
40. 9
4 1 .3
3 9 .9
40. 8
40. 6
40. 5
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
40. 6
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
39.0
39.8
40.0
39.4
39.6
39.6
40.1
39.7
39.3
40.3
40.1
40.2
41.8
40.4
42.3
41.0
42.5
41.1
41.4
40.6
41.9
41.3
41.5
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.7
40.3
40.3
40.4
Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories____________
Ammunition except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipment___ _____________________
Other ordnance and accessories.......
$2. 87
2. 88
$2. 90
2.91
$2.90
2.91
$2.90
2.91
$2.88
2.90
$2.86
2.88
$2.84
2.86
$2.84
2.87
$2. 82
2.85
$2.83
2.86
$2.83
2.85
$2.83
2.84
$2.84
2.86
$2. 78
2.81
$2.67
2.69
3.02
2.78
3. 04
2. 81
3.04
2.82
3.02
2.81
3.01
2. 79
2.99
2. 76
2.99
2. 72
3.00
2.72
2.98
2. 70
2.97
2.70
2.99
2.71
3.00
2. 71
3.00
2.72
2.91
2. 65
2.76
2.56
Lumber and wood products except
furniture__________________________
Sawmills and planing mills............
Millwork, plywood, and related
products______________________
Wooden containers...................... .......
Miscellaneous wood products..........
1.98
1.80
1.97
1.82
1.96
1.82
1.96
1.81
1.99
1.84
2.00
1.84
1.99
1.82
2.01
1.85
2.00
1.83
1.99
1. 82
1.99
1.84
1.97
1.81
1.97
1.81
1.95
1.76
1.89
1.71
2.14
1.67
1.80
2.13
1.65
1.81
2.13
1.66
1.80
2.13
1.65
1.80
2.14
1. 64
1.82
2.13
1.64
1.82
2.13
1.66
1.80
2.14
1.68
1.82
2.13
1.67
1.81
2.13
1.68
1.80
2.12
1.66
1.81
2.14
1.66
1.79
2.12
1.66
1.78
2.08
1.59
1.74
2.04
1. 57
1.72
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_____________
Office furniture__________ _______
Partitions, office and store fixtures.
Other furniture and fixtures.........
1.96
1.86
2.31
2. 52
2.04
1.97
1.87
2.30
2. 53
2. 03
1.96
1.86
2.29
2. 54
2.05
1.96
1.85
2.30
2. 54
2.04
1.98
1.88
2.31
2.52
2.04
1.96
1.86
2.30
2.51
2.02
1.96
1.86
2. 24
2.56
2.02
1.96
1.85
2. 28
2. 55
2.01
1.95
1.84
2.28
2.55
1.99
1.94
1.83
2.29
2. 54
1.98
1.95
1.83
2.30
2. 53
2.02
1.94
1.83
2.28
2. 51
2.02
1.94
1.83
2.28
2.49
2. 02
1.91
1.80
2.23
2.47
1.99
1.77
2.20
2.40
1.95
See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le .
6 9 0 -7 8 3 — 63
-8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .8 8
866
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T a ble
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.*
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Durable pood*—C o n tin u e d
S tone, clay , a n d glass p ro d u c ts ..........
$101.11 $99.23 $97.36 $97.11 $97.84 $100.28 $100.85 $101.50 $101.57
F l a t glass................................................ . 131.66 130. 65 127.92 129.26 130. 42 133.06 127.59 126.94 125.78
G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or
b lo w n ....................................... ........... .
98.00 100. 40 100.40 100.15 99.14 99.14 98. 49 97.76 98.09
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ............................... 119. 99 112. 87 111.63 112.16 111.50 115.21 114. 26 116. 62 115. 93
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ....................
90. 06 86.67 84.56 85.41 85.81 86. 90 87. 56 87. 34 87. 97
P o tte ry a n d related p ro d u c ts _____
89. 77 89.70 88.53 88.08 89.67 90.45 90.68 89. 82 87.64
C o n crete, g y p su m , a n d p la ste r
p ro d u c ts .............................................. . 104.11 99.07 93.93 94.40 95.60 102. 96 105. 36 108.14 108. 66
O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts .. 100. 7S 100.28 100.04 98.15 99.14 99.88 99.55 99.80 100.12
P rim a ry m e ta l In d u s trie s ......................... .
B la s t fu rn ace a n d b asic steel
p ro d u c ts .............................. ............... .
Iro n a n d steel fou n d rie s......................
N on ferrous sm eltin g a n d re fin in g ...
N o n ferrous rolling, d ra w in g , a n d
e x tru d in g ........................ ................... .
N o n ferro u s fo u n d rie s_____________
M iscellan eo u s p rim a ry m e ta l in
d u s trie s _________________ ____ _
$100. 67 $100.43 $99.60 $98.16 $95. 24 $92.97
126.81 127.92 125.02 120.01 122.68 127.35
98.00 100. 37 99.06 98.98 95. 44 91.94
117 60 114.12 113. 85 110 02 106. 52 102. 87
87. 54 88.17 88.60 87 54 84.45 82. 21
87.69 86.85 85.58 85.80 82.30 81.37
105. 67 104.28 103.60
100.60 99. 87 99.29
99.64
99 05
97.10
96.05
93.04
93.79
127.82 122.91 122.21 120.80 120.39 117.91 116.92 118.80 116.23 116.62 119.10 118.50 123.11 114.95 109.59
141.02 131.27 129.89 128.44 126.68 123.39 122. 42 125.00 122.68 121 77 123. 71
110.15 110. 56 110.83 108. 54 109.88 107. 73 106. 52 107.45 103. 34 106.90 109. 41
120. 56 116. 62 116.05 116.20 117.04 116.47 114.52 116. 47 116.03 114.80 116.05
115. 51 116. 62 116.34 116.47 118.00 116.62 115.09 116.05 113.98 115.35 118.80
103.79 104.96 105.63 105.88 105.73 103.79 103. 94 103.12 101.30 101.25 104.42
124.68 132. 84 122. 92 116.13
106.90 106. 37 98. 81 96. 61
113.85 113.02 109.48 108.09
115. 90 117.85 111.76 105.01
103. 73 104. 33 100. 35 97.51
126.07 126.99 128.02 130.09 128.94 125.14 123.60 126.12 123.49 121.88 124.38 123.19 123.79 116.98 112.93
A v erag e weekly h o u rs
S tone, clay , a n d glass p r o d u c t s .............
F la t glass................................................ .
G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or
b lo w n ....................................................
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ______ _________
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts __________
P o tte ry a n d related p ro d u c ts ...........
C oncrete, g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r
p ro d u e ts .............................................. .
O th e r stone a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts ..
P rim a ry m e tal In d u s trie s ....... .................
B la st fu rn ace a n d b asic steel
p ro d u c ts .................................. ............
Iron a n d steel fou n d rie s......................
N o n ferro u s s m e ltln g a n d re fin in g ...
N o n ferro u s rolling, d ra w in g , a n d
e x t r u d in g .......................................... .
N onferrous fo u n d ries_____________
M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e ta l In
d u s trie s ________________________
41.1
39.3
40.5
39.0
39.9
38.3
39.8
38.7
40.1
38.7
41.1
39.6
41.5
38.9
41.6
38.7
41.8
38.7
41.6
38.9
41.5
39.0
41.5
38.0
40.9
36.7
40.7
38.7
40.6
40. S
39.2
42.1
41. 5
39.2
40.0
40.0
40.5
39.0
40.0
40.3
39.7
39.0
39.9
40.2
40.1
38.8
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5
40.3
41.0
40.8
40.2
40.2
41.1
41.3
40.3
39.9
41.5
41.2
40.1
40.2
41.7
41.3
39.3
40.0
42.0
41.1
38.8
40.8
41.2
41.2
38.6
40.6
41.4
41.4
38.9
40.4
40.9
41.1
39.0
40.1
40.6
40.6
38.1
39.8
40.5
40.3
38.2
43.2
40.8
41.8
40.6
39.8
40.5
40.0
39.9
40.0
40.3
42.9
40.6
43.9
40.8
44.5
40.9
44.9
41.2
44.4
41.4
44.0
41.1
43.9
41.2
42.4
41.1
42.4
40.7
42.1
40.6
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.7
39.5
40.0
39.4
39.4
40.1
39.9
40.9
39.5
39.0
41.6
41.1
42.3
39.9
41.1
41.5
39.6
41.2
41.3
39.4
40.5
41.5
39.1
41.0
41.8
38.2
40.5
41.3
37.9
40.5
40.9
38 7
40.7
41.3
38.1
39.9
41.0
37.7
40.8
41.0
38.3
41.6
41.3
38.6
40.8
41.1
40.5
40.6
40.8
38.9
38.9
40.7
38.2
38.8
41.1
41.7
40.7
42.1
41.0
42.0
41.1
42.2
41.2
42.6
41.3
42.1
40.7
41.7
40.6
42.2
40.6
41.6
40.2
42.1
40.5
43.2
41.6
42.3
41.0
42.7
41.4
41 7
40.3
40.7
39.8
41.2
41.5
41.7
42.1
42.0
41.3
41.2
41.9
41.3
40.9
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.2
39.9
A v erag e h o u rly ea rn in g s
S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts .............. .
F la t glass.................................................
G lass a n d glassw are, pressed or
b lo w n ........................................... .........
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic ____ __________
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts __________
P o tte ry a n d related p ro d u c ts ...........
C o n cre te, g y p su m , a n d p la ste r
p ro d u c ts _______________________
O th e r sto n e a n d m in e ra l p ro d u c ts ..
P rim a ry m e ta l In d u s trie s ......................... .
B la s t fu rn ace a n d b asic steel
p ro d u c ts ...................... ....................... .
Iro n a n d steel fou n d rie s___________
N o n ferro u s s m e ltln g a n d re fin in g ...
N o n ferro u s rolling, d ra w in g , a n d
e x tru d in g ..............................................
N o n ferro u s fo undries_____________
M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e ta l In
d u s trie s ______ ____________ ____ _
See fo o tn o tes a t e n d of ta b le,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.46
3.35
$2.45
3. 35
$2.44
3.34
$2.44
3. 34
$2.44
3.37
$2.44
3.36
$2.43
3.28
$2.44
3.28
$2.43
3.25
$2. 42
3.26
$2.42
3.28
$2.40
3.29
$2. 40
3.27
$2.34
3.17
$2.29
3.16
2. 50
2. 85
2.17
2.29
2. 51
2.78
2.14
2.30
2. 51
2. 77
2.13
2.27
2.51
2.79
2.13
2.27
2.46
2. 76
2.14
2.27
2.46
2.81
2.13
2.25
2. 45
2.78
2.12
2.25
2.45
2. 81
2.12
2.24
2.44
2.78
2.13
2.23
2.45
2.80
2.13
2.26
2. 46
2.77
2.14
2.25
2. 44
2.75
2.14
2.20
2. 45
2.69
2.13
2.20
2.38
2.63
2.08
2.16
2.31
2. 54
2.04
2.13
2.41
2.47
2. 37
2.47
2.36
2.47
2.36
2.46
2.39
2.46
2.40
2.46
2.40
2.44
2.43
2.44
2.42
2.43
2.38
2.43
2.37
2.43
2.36
2.41
2.35
2.41
2.29
2.36
2.21
2.31
3.08
3.02
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.97
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.97
3.01
2.91
2.81
3.39
2.68
2.85
3.29
2.69
2.81
3.28
2.69
2.81
3.26
2.68
2.80
3. 24
2.68
2.80
2.23
2. 66
2.82
3.23
2.63
2.80
3.23
2.64
2.82
3.22
2. 69
2.83
3.23
2.62
2.80
3.23
2.63
2.81
3.23
2.62
2. 77
3.28
2.62
2. 77
3.16
2. 54
2.69
3.04
2.49
2.63
2. 77
2.55
2. 77
2. 56
2.77
2. 57
2.76
2.57
2.77
2.56
2.77
2.55
2.76
2. 66
2. 75
2. 54
2.74
2.62
2.74
2.50
2. 75
2.51
2.74
2.53
2.76
2.52
2.68
2.49
2.58
2.45
3.06
3.06
3.07
3.09
3.07
3.03
3.00
3.01
2.99
2.98
2.99
2.99
2.99
2.91
2. 83
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
867
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
Industry
Apr.» | Mar. 1 Feb. [ Jan.
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products_______ _
Metal cans_____________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general
hardware_____________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures____ _____
Fabricated structural metal prod
ucts________________
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings____________
Coating, engraving, and allied
services.......................... . .
Miscellaneous fabricated wire prod
ucts.............................................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____________
Machinery_________________
Engines and turbines____________
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery arid
equipment__________
Special industry machinery............
General industrial machinery..........
Office, computing and accounting
machines___________
Service industry machines
Miscellaneous m a ch in ery .............
Fabricated metal p rod u cts...........
Metal cans______________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware______________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures____________
Fabricated structural metal products..................................
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stam pings...................
Coating, engraving, and allied
services........ ................... .........
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products.......... .................................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products______________________
Machinery_________________
Engines and turbines_________
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_____________
Special industrial machinery
General industrial machinery
Office, computing, and accounting
machines...................
Service industry machines
Miscellaneous machinery__
Fabricated metal products___________
Metal cans______________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware........................
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures...........................
Fabricated structural metal products............... ............. .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Meta! stampings_______
Coating, engraving, and allied
services.....................................
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products_______
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products__________________
Machinery____ ________________
Engines and turbines..................
Jarm machinery and equipment__
Construction and related machinery.
Metalworking machinery and
equipment_____________
Special industry machinery
General industrial machinery__
Office, computing, and accounting
machines.........................
Service industry m achines..............
Miscellaneous machinery________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1962
Dec.
j Nov. j Oct.
| Sept.
Aug. I July
June
May
Apr.
1961 I 1960
Average weekly earnings
$104. 7 $105. 6 7 $105.2 6 $105. 73 $106.3 [) $105. 63 $105. 7 $106. 6 $105.3 2 $104.3 $106. 7 $105. 7 $104.3 $100.8 $98.82
124.4 122.5 120.8 8 122.2 122.4 8 119.9 9 123.2 1 133.1 131.5 133.1 131.6 127.0 125.2 121.8 114.68
99.9 102.0 101.5 9 102.8 103.5 3 103.3 4 101.2 100.3
96.8
97.5 101.4 100.7( 98.0
93. 9, 93.03
97.0
98.4
98.3
98.8
98.2
98.8 3 100.9 101.3 100.6
98. 6. 100.78 97.2
96. V 94.5( 91. 20
105.0 104.5 104.2 103.8 105.0 104.7 106.1 107.38 107.
105.3' 106.41 105.3' 105.0 102. 4' 99. 47
105. 5( 106.6 107.1 108.4 108.8 106 0 104.7. 107. 6( 105.01 104.7, 105.58 105.31 105.6, 98. 9( 95. 58
112.0 113. 3( 112.7 113.0 113.4 113.1 112.5f 112. 5f 111.4, 109.2 111. 77 113. 2, 110. 97 105.0 107. 74
92. 5' 94. i:
92.3' 93.98 92. 7( 93. 7S 92.5, 90. 9t 91.67 95.5" 94.07 95.4£ 90.37 86.43
91.5
95.2‘
97.34
97.3
98. Of
97.7(
96. r
96.6t
97.2S
103. 5'
113. 5S
117.91
112. 0"
113. 57
104. 6C
115. 51
123. 8f
113. o:
113.8£
103.81
114.81
122. 71
113. 58
113. 44
104.4£
113.98
120.58
112.0112.75
105.4
114. 2f
121. 9£
110.8-1
112. 48
104.7
112. 7,
120.8(
108. 94
111. 6(
105.41
112.61
120. 8t
108. 81
112. 75
105.6/
112. 74
120.8C
107.87
112.61
96.61
95.94
98.6£
1U4. o l
112. 32
119. 61
107. 33
112.88
JLUU. it
112. 5£
115.34
106. 67
113. 42
114.0£
120. 77
107. 4fi
113.42
97.57
97.11
114. OS
121. Of
107.45
113.42
113. 67
120. 54
109.03
111. 78
94. 4S
90.50
96.96
107. If 104. 55
114 11 109. 69
103 46 99.85
106.52 102.66
127. 74 130. 52 128.32 126. 58 126. 44 123.2£ 122.26 123.12 123.12 125.86 128.04 128. 48 128. 62 116.90 117.27
107. 17 108. 88 107. 94 108. 71 109. 06 106. 43 106. 43 108.38 106. 01 106. 43 108. 46 108.03 106. 42 101.43 99. 72
110. 29 111. 38 111. 38 110.84 112. 06 111. 52 111.79 111.38 111. 24 111.37 112.86 112.17 111.49 105.04 101. 71
113.93 114. 90 114.21 113.81 114.09 112.84 112.31 113.68 111.78 114. 96 112.06 111.78 111.78 111.24 106.23
100. 75 102. 31 100.90 100. 50 100. 35 100. 75 99. 94 100.04 99.55 102.01 103. 57 99.87 100.04 95.84 93.43
108. 94 110. 30 109.62 110.66 112.14 109 72 109. 82 109.39 108. 29 108. 45 108. 29 108.63 108. 54 104.00 101.20
Average weekly hours
40.6
40.8
40.8
41.0
41.2
41. 1
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.7
41.3
41. 1
40.5
40.5
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.4
41.5
43.5
43.4
43.8
43.6
42.2
41.9
42.0
41.4
40.3
40.8
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.0
40.8
40.2
40.3
41.4
41.1
40 1
40.7
39.8
39.3
39.7
39.8
40.0
39.6
40.0
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.1
40.8
39.7
39.4
39 4
3Q 0
40.4
41.7
41.2
40.2
42.0
41.5
40.1
42.2
41.6
40.1
42.7
41.7
40.4
42.7
42.0
40.6
42.1
41.9
41.0
41.9
42.0
41.3
42.7
42.0
41.5
42.0
41.9
41.0
41.9
40.6
41.4
42.4
42.0
41.0
42.3
42.1
40.7
42.6
41. 7
40. 5
40. 7
40.7
41
40.6
41.1
40.5
40.7
41.4
41.2
41.5
41.5
40.6
40.9
42.1
41.6
41.7
40.5
40.2
40. fl
40. 5
0
40.2
40.9
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.0
41.8
41.5
41.5
40.9
40.4
40.3
41.3
39.7
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.4
41.6
40.9
41.3
41.1
40.5
41.6
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.7
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.6
41.3
40.4
40.2
40.9
40.7
41.4
40.4
40.3
41.3
40.8
41.6
40.4
40.4
41.4
40.2
41.6
40.3
40.5
41.5
39.9
41.7
39.5
40.1
41.7
40.»
42.1
40.8
40.4
41.7
40.6
42.1
40.9
40.7
41.7
40.8
42.1
41.0
41.3
41.4
40.4
40. 9
39. 9
40 1
40. 5
39.9
39 0
40 X
40.1
43.3
41.7
40.4
43.8
42.2
40.8
43.5
42.0
40.8
43.2
42.3
40.9
43.3
42.6
41.2
42.5
41.9
41.0
42.6
41.9
41.1
42.9
42.5
41.1
42.9
41.9
41.2
43.4
41.9
41.4
44.0
42.7
41.8
44.0
42.7
41.7
44.2
42.4
41.6
41.9
41. 4
40.4
42.8
419
40.2
40.4
40.3
41.9
40.6
40.6
42.1
40.5
40.2
42.0
40.5
40.2
42.4
40.6
40.3
42.8
41.5
41.3
42.2
40.6
42.1
42.3
40.5
41.1
42.6
40.5
41.0
42.4
41.2
40.1
41.6
40.7
40 1
41.5
$2.58
3.02
$2. 59
2.99
$2. 58
2.97
$2.58
2.99
$2. 58
2 .9S
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
42.2
42.4
42.4
42.3
Average hourly earnings
$2.57 $2. 56 $2. 57 $2. 55
2.97
2.97
3.06
3.03
$2. 55
3.04
$2. 56
3.02
$2. 56
3.01
$2. 54
2.99
$2.49
2. 90
$2. 44
2. 77
2.48
2.50
2.49
2.49
2.50
2. 49
2. 47
2. 46
2.41
2.42
2.45
2. 45
2.41
2.36
2.32
2.47
2.48
2.47
2.47
2.48
2. 47
2. 48
2.49
2.48
2.46
2. 47
2.45
2. 44
2.40
2. 34
2. 60
2.53
2.72
2.60
2.54
2.73
2.60
2. 54
2.71
2.59
2.54
2. 71
2.60
2. 55
2.70
2.58
2.52
2.70
2.59
2. 50
2.68
2.60
2. 52
2.68
2.59
2.50
2.66
2. 57
2. 50
2.69
2.57
2. 49
2.66
2.57
2.49
2.69
2. 58
2.48
2.66
2.53
2. 43
2.58
2. 45
2.36
2. 59
2.15
41 0
2.28
2.29
2.26
2.27
2.27
2.25
2.26
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.27
2.26
2 29
2.23
2.37
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.36
2.34
2.34
2.35
2.34
2.34
2.36
2.35
2.34
2.31
2.24
2.57
2. 75
2.97
2. 74
2. 77
2. 57
2. 77
3.02
2.75
2. 77
2.57
2. 76
3.00
2. 75
2.76
2.58
2.74
2. 97
2. 74
2.75
2.59
2. 74
2 99
2. 73
2. 75
2.58
2.73
2.99
2.71
2.73
2. 59
2. 72
2.99
2.70
2.73
2. 59
2. 71
2. 99
2.67
2.72
2.55
2.70
2.97
2. 65
2.72
2.51
2. 70
2.92
2.66
2.72
2.55
2.71
2.96
2.66
2.72
2.53
2. 71
2.96
2.64
2.72
2.52
2.70
2. 94
2. 64
2.70
2.48
2. 62
2. 86
2.58
2.63
2. 43
2.55
2.77
2. 49
2.56
2.95
2. 57
2. 73
2.98
2.58
2.73
2. 95
2. 57
2.73
2.93
2.57
2. 71
2.92
2. 56
2.72
2.90
2. 54
2.72
2.87
2. 54
2.72
2.87
2. 55
2.71
2. 87
2.53
2.70
2.90
2. 54
2.69
2.91
2.54
2.70
2.92
2.53
2.69
2. 91
2.51
2.68
2. 79
2. 45
2.60
2. 74
2.38
2.53
2.82
2. 50
2.60
2.83
2.52
2. 62
2. 82
2.51
2.61
2.81
2.50
2. 61
2.81
2.49
2. 62
2.80
2.50
2.60
2.78
2. 48
2. 59
2.80
2. 47
2.58
2.76
2. 44
2.58
2. 77
2. 47
2. 57
2.76
2. 46
2. 56
2.76
2. 43
2.55
2.76
2. 44
2.56
2.70
2. 39
2.50
2.61
2.33
2.44
868
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T a b le
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
Annual
average
1962
Industry
Apr.3 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1961
1960
July
June
M ay
Apr.
$96. 72
103.94
102.16
105. 04
$98.16
104. 81
104.33
105.15
$97.68
102. 72
103. 57
103. 72
$97.44 $94. 47 $90. 74
100. 50 101.00 97. 77
103. 32 99.38 95. 44
104.38 101.30 96.23
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
$97.84
104.78
103.38
107.71
$97.93
102.91
103.48
104.14
$99.96
107.12
103.38
108.36
$98.66
104. 75
103. 63
105.41
$98. 49
104. 60
103.07
105. 67
$99.22
105,22
103. 98
105.67
$97.20
102.97
102.41
106.08
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment—
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent________________ _______
Radio and TV receiving sets............
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories__________ _______ - --Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies______________ -- -
$96.87
103.60
102.36
105.85
Transportation equipment----------------Motor vehicles and equipment-----Aircraft and parts----------------------Ship and boat building and repairing-----------------------------------Railroad equipment-------------------Other transportation equipment. „
121.66 123.85 123.55 124. 74 129.73 128.27 126.10 124. 49 119.19 121. 93 121.09 121.96 119. 97 113.81 111. 52
125.44 128.71 127. 38 129.63 138.40 137. 33 132. 24 131. 02 121.47 127.25 125.38 128. 01 124.66 115.09 115.21
118.90 120.18 121.76 122.64 123.94 123.09 122.80 120.38 119.11 118. 40 118. 56 118.14 118. 71 115.09 110. 43
$98.33
104.23
104. 81
104. 92
90.46 90.91 90.29 90.52 92.52 92.52 91.66 93.25 90.68 89.95 91.30 90. 45 90.68 87.91
83.44 85.97 86. 63 85. 75 87.34 85. 67 87.64 89.76 87.67 85. 75 87. 89 84.32 85. 72 82. 50
103.34 105.04 106.49 106.86 108.05 106.86 107.12 107. 90 105.26 103.94 105.47 106. 66 106. 40 102.31
84. 71
80.11
98.82
82.21
80.40
76.24
102.54 102.54 106.19 108.94 110.30 107.33 108.26 105.98 100.35 105. 41 105.92 105.41 104.08
96.32
93.93
82.35
83.79
82.56
82.37
83.20
82.40
82.80
83.02
81.39
80.58
83.03
82.82
118.84 119.66 118.15 118.20 119.02 115. 49 116. 06 116.35 118. 49 116. 28 114. 74 113. 68 111.72 110.92 103.75
118.40 121.47 115. 44 118.48 115.15 114.07 115.63 118. 89 119. 99 118. 60 121. 99 122. 70 120. 99 108. 39 107. 86
90.54 88.66 87.38 85.46 86.51 83.85 88.07 88. 78 89.01 86.24 89.24 87.33 87. 91 83. 71 80.13
Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Electric distribution equipment—
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances----------------Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent____ ___________ ____
Radio and TV receiving sets........ Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories----- -------- -- ---------Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies___________________
Transportation equipment____
___
Motor vehicles and equipment____
Aircraft and parts_______________
Ship and Doat building and
repairing___ _________________
Railroad equipment_______ ____
Other transportation eq u ip m en t...
39.7
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.3
40.4
41.1
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.9
39.9
40.8
41.2
40.7
41.2
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.9
41.1
41.4
40.6
40.7
40.6
41.1
40.2
40.6
40.2
41.0
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.1
39.6
39.5
38.1
39.9
39.7
38.9
40.4
39.6
39.2
40.8
39.7
38.8
41.1
40.4
39.7
41.4
40.4
39.3
41.1
40.2
40.2
41.2
40.9
40.8
41.5
40.3
40.4
40.8
39.8
39.7
40.6
40.4
40.5
41.2
40.2
39.4
41.5
40.3
39.5
41.5
39.6
39.1
40.6
39.4
38.7
40.5
39.4
39.9
39.5
39.6
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.3
39.7
39.5
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.2
39.5
39.9
41.0
41.9
42.1
41.6
41.8
41.4
40.3
41.5
41.7
41. 5
41.3
39.8
39.8
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.7
42.2
41.3
41.6
41.9
41.7
42.0
42.5
42. C
43.1
44.5
42.3
42.9
44.3
42.3
42.6
43.5
42.2
42.2
43.1
41.8
41.1
40.9
41.5
41.9
42.7
41.4
41.9
42.5
41.6
42.2
43.1
41.6
41.8
42.4
41.8
40.5
40.1
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.0
40.6
40.7
40.1
40.3
40.6
39.4
39.9
40. S
40.3
39.2
40.9
39.3
39.5
40.1
39.2
39.0
40.3
39.6
40.4
40.4
40.3
41.1
41.0
40.4
41.4
40.8
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.8
41.7
40.6
40.9
41.0
39.9
40.6
40.7
39.9
38.3
39.3
39.3
38.8
38.9
39.9
Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment___
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances______ ____
Electric lighting and wiring equipment_____ .
__ _ _______
Radio and TV receiving sets______
Communication equipment______
Electronic components and accessories_______ . . . . __ _______
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies__________________
$2.44
2.51
2.54
2.62
$2.44
2.66
2.54
2.64
$2.44
2.58
2. 55
2.61
$2.43
2.56
2 .5c
2.61
$2.45
2.60
2.54
2.63
$2.43
2.58
2. 54
2.59
$2.42
2.57
2. 52
2. 59
$2.42
2. 56
2.53
2. 59
$2. 40
2. 53
2. 51
2.60
$2. 40
2. 56
2.51
2.60
$2.40
2. 55
2.52
2.59
$2.40
2. 53
2.52
2.58
$2.40
2. 50
2. 52
2. 59
$2.35
2. 50
2. 46
2.52
$2.28
2.42
2.38
2.43
2.2Í
2.19
2.59
2.2Í
2.21
2.60
2.28
2.21
2.61
2.25
2.21
2.60
2.2Í
2. 20
2.61
2 .2Í
2.18
2.60
2.28
2.18
2.60
2.28
2.20
2.60
2.25
2.17
2. 58
2.26
2.16
2. 56
2.26
2.17
2.56
2.25
2.14
2. 57
2.25
2.17
2. 57
2.22
2.11
2.52
2.15
2.07
2.44
2.01
2.K
2 .0Í
2.05
2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.05
2.05
2.04
2.00
1.93
2.57
2.57
2 .5Í
2 .6(
2.62
2.58
2.5Í
2. 56
2 .4Í
2. 54
2. 54
2.54
2.52
2. 42
2.36
Transportation equipment__________
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts__________ ____
Ship and boat building and repairing__ . _______________
Railroad equipment____ ___ . . . .
Other transportation equip m ent...
2.96
3.03
2.9C
2.97
3.05
2.9:
2.97
3.04
2.92
2.97
3.05
2.92
3.01
3.11
2.95
2.99
3.10
2.9:
2.96
3.04
2. 91
2. 95
3.04
2. 88
2.90
2. 97
2.87
2. 91
2. 98
2.86
2.89
2. 95
2. 85
2.89
2.97
2.84
2. 87
2. 94
2.8'
2.81
2. 87
2. 7Í
2.74
2.81
2. 70
2.92
2.96
2.23
2.9'
2.9
2.2C
2. 91
2.93
2. IS
2.8S
2.91
2.13
2.91
2.93
2.19
2.88
2.91
2. If
2.88
2. 92
2.18
2. 88
2.95
2.16
2. 8!
2.97
2.15
2.85
2. 98
2.14
2.8'
2.9!
2.14
2. 8(
3 .0(
2.13
2.80
2.98
2.1C
2. 7S
2. 8Í
2.13
2. 64
2.78
2.06
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T
able
869
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
In d u s tr y
Apr. 2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
A verage w eek ly earn in g s
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
Durable goads— C o n tin u e d
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____
E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tru
m e n ts .................. ...................................
M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d control
d ev ices___________ _____________
O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods____
S urgical, m ed ical, a n d d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t_________ _______ ____
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p
p lies......... ............. .................................
W a tch es a n d clocks_______________
M iscellan eo u s m a n u fa c tu rin g In d u s
trie s ............................................................. __
Je w e lry , silv e rw a re , a n d p la te d
w a r e .....................................................
T o y s, a m u se m e n t a n d s p o rtin g
goods....... .............................. ...............
P e n s , pencils, a n d office a n d a rt
m a te ria ls ........- ............. ................... .
C o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d
n o tio n s _________________________
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g In d u s trie s ___
$99. 54 $101. 59 $101.59 $100.28 $102.18 $101. 76 $100.61 $100.61 $100.04 $99. 55 $100.94 $99.80 $100.04 $97. 27 $93. 73
115.26 119.23 120.10 117.71 118.71 119. 28 119.00 118.43 118. 44 117.03 118.02 115. 79 114.39 112.48 110.95
100. 50 101.50 100.10
92. 80 93.46 93.02
82.97
84. 40
84.40
99.14 101.43 100.85
92.80 92.60 90. 64
99. 79
91.30
98.80
89.84
98. 98
88.78
99.23
87.29
98.98
90.27
98. 74
89.01
98.82
89.87
95. 91
87.33
92.00
81.80
83.37
84.42
85.89
85. 69
85.27
86.31
85. 47
85.27
82.21
80.40
85.05
85.47
113.00 115. 77 117.03 115.08 118.02 119.14 115.09 115.37 114.13 115.09 116.06 116.06 116.62 111.61 106.14
82.29 83. 53 83.74 82.29 83.13 83.82 83. 79 84.00 83.41 82. 95 84.00 83.16 84.00 80. 58 76.83
78.98
80.39
80.19
79.58
80.19
78.01
78.60
78.60
77.42
77.03
78.60
78.60
78.80
75. 84
74.28
86.94
87. 60
86. 37
87.20
93.04
90.20
88.51
86.88
84.77
82.68
86.27
86.67
86.24
82.62
80.40
67.73
71.63
72.94
73.34
73.15
71.44
70.77
72.07
71.28
70.35
69.89
70.98
71.74
72.10
70.17
76.42
77.02
78.59
76.44
76.76
75.98
75.55
75.52
74. 61
74.07
74.82
74.58
74.99
72.86
71.92
72.52
85.10
73.05
86.40
72. 65
85.97
71.39
84.53
72. 47
86.22
69.30
84.80
70.98
85.01
71.64
85.46
71.06
84.40
72.25
83. 79
74.07
85.03
72.72
84.02
73.02
84.23
68.60
81.78
66.13
79.99
A verage w eek ly h o u rs
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____
E n g in eerin g a n d scientific ins'tru-"
m e n ts __________________________
M ec h a n ic a l m e asu rin g a n d control
d ev ices_________________________
O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods___
S urgical, m ed ical, a n d d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t____ ____________ ____
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p
p lies_____ ______ _______________
W a tch es a n d clo ck s-..................
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s
trie s .............................. ............. .................
J e w e lry , silv e rw a re , a n d p la te d
w a re ____________ _______________
T o y s, a m u se m e n t, a n d s p o rtin g
goods....................................................
P e n s , pencils, a n d office a n d a rt
m a te ria ls _______________________
C o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d
n o tio n s ........................... .......................
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ___
40.3
40.8
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.7
40.4
40.3
41.4
41.7
41.3
41.8
42.0
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.5
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.9
41.4
40.2
41.8
40.6
42.1
40.2
41.9
40.3
41.8
40.9
41.9
40.5
41.2
40.4
41.5
40.0
41.4
40.4
41.1
40.6
40.6
40.4
41.6
40.3
41.4
40.6
41.8
40.3
41.0
40.0
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.0
39.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.1
40.7
40.8
40.3
40.0
40.5
39.0
41.2
39.4
41.5
39.5
41.1
39.0
42.0
39.4
42.4
40.3
41.4
39.9
41.5
40.0
41.5
40.1
41.7
39.5
41.9
40.0
41.6
39.6
41.8
40.0
41.8
39.5
41.3
39.0
39.1
39.6
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.9
40.1
39.7
39.3
39.9
39.9
40.0
39.5
39.3
39.7
40.0
39.8
40.0
42.1
41.0
40.6
40.6
39.8
39.0
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.2
38.1
38.8
38.4
38.3
38.0
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.3
38.4
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.2
38.7
39.8
39.7
40.3
39.4
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.8
39.8
40.1
39.6
39.3
39.2
39.4
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.8
38.8
39.5
39.6
40.1
38.5
40.0
39.0
40.1
39.8
40.5
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.9
40.3
39.2
39.7
38.9
39.6
$2.32
Average hourly earnings
In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _____
E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tr u
m e n ts ____ ____ ________ ________
M ec h a n ic a l m e a su rin g a n d co n tro l
d ev ices............................... ...................
O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods____
S urgical, m e d ical, a n d d e n ta l
e q u ip m e n t______ _______________
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p
p l i e s ......................................................
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s .........................
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s
trie s .....................................................
J ew elry , silv e rw a re , a n d p la te d
w a r e .....................................................
T o y s , a m u se m e n t, a n d sp o rtin g
goods..................... ......... ......... .............
P e n s , pencils, a n d office a n d a r t
m a te ria ls ......................................... .
C o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , a n d
n o tio n s ___________ ______ ______
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ___
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.47
$2.49
$2.49
$2.47
$2.48
$2.47
$2.46
$2.46
$2.44
$2. 44
$2.45
$2.44
$2. 44
$2.39
2.86
2.88
2.88
2.85
2.84
2.84
2.84
2. 84
2.82
2.82
2.81
2. 79
2.79
2.75
2.68
2.50
2.22
2.50
2.22
2.49
2.22
2.46
2.22
2. 48
2.21
2.49
2.20
2. 47
2.20
2. 47
2.17
2. 45
2.16
2. 45
2.15
2. 45
2.17
2.45
2.15
2.44
2.15
2.38
2.13
2.30
2.04
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.04
2.01
2. 79
2.11
2.81
2.12
2.82
2.12
2.80
2.11
2.81
2.11
2.81
2.08
2. 78
2.10
2. 78
2.10
2.75
2.08
2. 76
2.10
2.77
2.10
2. 79
2.10
2. 79
2.10
2.67
2.04
2.57
1.97
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.03
2.02
1.97
1. 97
1.96
1. 95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.92
1.89
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.18
2.21
2. 20
2.18
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.05
2.00
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.88
1.81
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.83
1. 79
1. 75
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.90
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.84
1.83
1.85
2.16
1. 84
2.16
1.83
2.16
1.84
2.14
1.83
2.15
1.80
2.12
1.82
2.12
1.80
2.11
1.79
2.11
1.82
2.10
1.82
2.11
1.80
2.09
1.83
2.09
1.75
2.06
1.70
2.02
870
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T a ble
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued
1962
1963
Industry
Apr.* j Mar. | Feb. | Jan.
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products__________
Meat products__________________
Dairy products....................................
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_________________________
Grain mill products______________
Bakery products_________________
Sugar................................ ......................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages___ ___________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products___________ ____ ______
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes....................................... .......
Dec. j N ov. | Oct.
Annual
average
Sept, j Aug. | July j June J M ay j Apr.
Average weekly earnings
$93.03 $93.73 $92. 86 $93.15 $94.12 $93.52 $91. 21 $92.80 $91. 46 $93.66 $92. 70 $92.48 $91.13 $89.16
99.35 [00.55 98.89 .01.66 .03. 34 [03. 58 .00. 86 .00.04 98. 42 01.68 01. 26 .00.60 98.09 97. 58
97.25 97.48 96.37 97.29 97.10 96.64 95.79 98.01 95.63 98.08 96. 54 95.63 94.53 92.65
71.04
99. 46
87.64
97.65
73.23
99. 85
68.71
94.15
83. 81
93 70
69 34
96.72
87.13
69. 03
85. 72
56.02
65.04
63.20
83.95
64.94
80.29
53.86
63.60
62.56
91.36
73.11
88.22
58.56
68.51
66.33
92.02
69.70
85. 51
58.99
68.00
65. 84
91.81
73.15
90.32
59. 57
67.26
66.66
92.45
75.39
95.53
59.14
68. 45
67.49
92.00
72. 35
95.94
61.23
68. 45
67.16
90.50
68.17
86. 56
60.60
68. 45
67.16
73.35
73.35
73.35
74.99
74.47
76.86
69.77
61.24
76. 49
70. ]8
60.59
75.35
70.69
59.57
74.80
70. 69
60.32
73.67
70.07
61. 82
80.09
76.08
62.56
80.15
79.15
75.83
61. 69
79.73
75. 48
72.45
60. 61
79.17
80. 46
75.90
61.29
80.73
80.04
77.33
61.69
81.12
40.1
39.9
42.1
40.4
39.9
42.2
40.2
39.4
41.9
40.5
40.5
42.3
41.1
41.5
42.4
77.98 76. 59 75. 26
76. 72 75. 68 74. 45
62.00 61.85 62. 52
79. 73 79. 32 78. 72
Average weekly hours
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.8
41.6
41.0
41.0
40.5
42.2
42.5
42.2
42.8
36.3
42.8
40.1
41.2
38.2
40.6
37.7
43.4
40.0
42.0
39.6
40.1
37.1
43 8
39.7
41.2
39.3
39.4
37.5
44 0
39.6
41.5
39.4
39.3
37.3
44 4
40.4
45.2
40.2
39.7
37.5
45.0
40.7
45.6
40.2
39.8
38.4
45.2
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.1
41.4
45.4
41.0
42.0
41.3
40.5
41.6
34.9
35.5
34.6
39.9
40.4
42.1
37.3
37.7
37.3
40.3
40.2
42.6
36.3
36.7
37.1
40.0
39.9
42.7
38.5
39.1
37.7
39.8
40.4
43.2
40.1
41.0
38.4
40.5
40.9
43.6
38.9
41.0
39.0
40.5
40.7
43.3
40.1
37.8
38.6
40.5
40.7
41.9
42.4
42.4
42.4
43.1
42.8
41.0
40.4
37.1
42.0
40.8
37.8
41.8
40.8
37.4
41.4
41.1
37.0
41.1
41.1
37.7
40.7
40.5
38.4
41.9
40.5
40.1
40.6
42.6
42.6
40.1
41.1
42.1
42.6
39.8
41.1
40.8
40.7
39.1
40.6
42.8
42.4
39.8
41. 4
Food and kindred products__________ $2.32
2.49
Meat products...............................
2.31
Dairy products_________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_________________________ 2.02
2.36
Grain mill products_____________
2.29
Bakery products________________
Sugar___________ ______ _________ 2.72
Confectionery and related products. 1.98
2.61
Beverages..............................................
Miscellaneous food and kindred
2.17
products_______ ____________
Tobacco manufactures_______________ 1.98
2.33
Cigarettes______________________
1.57
Cigars__________________________
Textile mill products_______ _________ 1.69
1.65
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
1.73
fabrics________________________
Weaving and finishing broad
1.82
woolens_______________________
1.72
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
1.62
K nitting_______ ________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
1.87
knit__________________________
1.79
Floor covering__________________
Y a rn a n d th re a d
........................
_
1.55
1.94
Miscellaneous teitlle goods______
See footnotes at end of table.
$2.32
2.52
2.31
$2.31
2. 51
2.30
$2. 30
2.51
2.30
$2.29
2. 49
2.29
2.00
2.37
2.28
2.65
1.96
2.62
1.99
2. 37
2. 29
2. 61
1.95
2.59
1.96
2.37
2.28
2.46
1.93
2.58
1.94
2.37
2. 28
2. 21
1.93
2.62
1.89
2. 37
2.29
2. 22
1.92
2.61
1.90
2.31
2.27
2 26
1.92
2.58
1.91
2. 32
2. 28
2. 58
1.93
2.60
1.90
2.28
2. 26
2.58
1.93
2.55
2.17
1.96
2.34
1.57
1.70
1.65
2.16
1.92
2. 33
1.59
1.70
1.65
2.15
1.90
2. 31
1. 58
1.69
1.65
2.14
1.88
2.33
1.54
1.69
1.65
2.11
1.86
2. 34
1.57
1.69
1.65
2.09
1.70
2.29
1.57
1.69
1. 65
2.12
1. 70
2. 32
1.57
1.68
1.64
2.14
1.80
2.28
1.56
1.68
1.65
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.83
1.71
1.62
1.83
1.72
1.62
1.82
1.72
1.61
1.82
1. 72
1.60
1.81
1.73
1.61
1.82
1.73
1.61
1.82
1. 73
1.61
1.83
1. 73
1.60
1.88
1.80
1.56
1.95
1.88
1.78
1.55
1.94
1.85
1.78
1.55
1.95
1.88
1.79
1. 54
1.95
1.87
1.79
1.65
1.95
1.87
1. 78
1.55
1.94
1.85
1.77
1. 65
1.93
1.84
1.76
1.54
1.92
1.85
1.76
1.54
1.93
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$86.30
94.83
89.68
73.33 75.40 73. 83 73. 50 72.36 70. 88 72. 96 79.07 76.00 75. 81 71.06 74.69 75 04
101.01 102.86 .03.81 104.28 105.23 106. 65 [04. 41 105.33 103. 51 104. 20 [01.47 99 01 99 39
91.83 91.20 90. 91 90.29 92.11 93.20 91.71 93. 48 92. 21 92. 89 92 66 91.35 89 65
112.06 111 .30 !07. 53 102. 09 99 89 101.23 91. 76 108. 36 108. 88 111.02 112. 40 104. 08 102.01
75.64 77.62 76. 64 76.04 77.59 77.18 78.14 79. 71 77. 78 75.86 76. 82 76.63 74. 68
105.97 105.06 102.05 101.39 104.01 103.88 103. 46 105.30 104.30 107.94 104.81 103.02 101. 75
90.27
69.10
82.72
54.32
Textile mill products___ ____________ 67.43
Cotton broad woven fabrics............. 66.66
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics................................................. 72.49
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_______________________ 74.62
Narrow fabrics and smallwares........ 69.49
K n ittin g ............................................— 60.10
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit__________________________ 78.35
Floor covering___________________ 72.50
Yarn and thread_________________ 62.16
Miscellaneous textile goods............... 78.76
Food and kindred products------- ------ Meat products_____________ _____
Dairy products____ _____________
Canned and preserved food, except
moats
Grain mill products______________
Bakery products____________ ____
Sugar________ ______ ___________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_______________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products______________________
Tobacco manufactures_______ . . . .
Cigarettes_________ _____________
Cigars__________________________
Textile mill products......................
Cotton broad woven fabrics.............
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics________________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens_______________________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares........
Knitting____________ ____ _______
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit____ _____________________
Floor covering......................... ............
Yarn and thread_________________
Miscellaneous textile goods........... .
1961 | 1960
91.37
70. 72
93 03
59.82
67. 54
65.27
91.38
68.04
89.38
59.28
68. 21
66. 99
91.59
73.28
88.01
55.18
68. 21
66. 99
74.47
73.35
74.04
73.53
75.17
73.70
72.76
68.72
68.31
74. 44
70.07
61.99
76.80
71. 45
62.15
77. 96
70. 76
62.08
79.06
71.10
62. 24
80.89
72.98
62. 56
80.41
70.93
62.24
78.62
71.28
61.76
72.28
68.11
59. 21
69.83
66.07
56.93
76.04
71.10
62.22
80.10
80.97
73. 69
63. 55
80.67
79. 55
72.16
63.24
79. 52
79. 79
70. 75
62. 99
77. 74
74.70
72.04
59. 55
75.36
71.73
70. 62
58.05
73.60
42.0
41.5
43.4
41.2
41.6
43.1
41.1
41.4
42.5
40.5
40.2
42.2
40.9
41.0
42.5
40.9
40.7
42.3
40.0
45.4
40.8
42.2
40.3
40.9
41.2
45.7
41.1
42.7
38.9
42.0
37.4
45.3
41.0
42.9
39.6
41.1
38.5
44.2
40.6
41.3
39.5
40.4
37.9
43.4
40.2
41.3
39.1
39.9
38.4
44.8
40.2
43.4
39.8
40.1
38.6
44.2
40.1
44.2
39.4
40.3
43.1
41.6
40.1
38.1
40.2
39.8
42.7
37.8
39.2
38.0
40.6
40.6
42.8
37.2
38.6
35.6
40.6
40.6
42.3
38.4
39.7
36.9
41.1
41.0
42.3
38.4
39.9
36.4
40.9
40.9
42.3
38.0
39.3
36.5
40.7
41.0
42.5
39.0
39.5
37.6
39.9
40.0
42.4
38.2
38.6
37.4
39.5
40.1
42.8
42.4
42.8
42.5
43.2
42.6
42.3
41.4
41.4
40.9
40. 5
38.5
42.2
41.3
38.6
42.6
40.9
38.8
43.2
41.1
38.9
44.2
41.7
39.1
43.7
41.0
38.9
43.2
41.2
38.6
41.3
40.3
38.2
40.6
39.8
37.7
41.4
40.9
41.7
41.1
43.1
42.7
42.3
40.4
40.6
40.0
39.9
40.4
41.1
41.1
41.0
41. 5
Average hourly earnings
$2. 27 $2. 23 $2.22 $2. 22 $2. 23
2. 46
2. 44
2. 45
2. 49
2. 43
2.29
2.27
2.29
2.25
2.26
43.3
41.4
41.0
41.8
43.0
41.0
40.8
41.2
42.9
40.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
40.7
39.7
40.3
40.3
39.9
38.7
40.0
$2. 25
2. 44
2.24
$2. 25
2. 43
2.25
$2.25
2 44
2. 24
$2.18
2.38
2.18
$2.11
2.33
2.12
1.84
2. 28
2.26
2.60
1.95
2.57
1.90
2. 24
2.26
2. 62
1.94
2. 55
1.94
2. 24
2. 25
2. 52
1 94
2.55
1.98
2. 29
2. 23
2. 47
1.91
2. 65
1.85
2.22
2.18
2. 25
1.84
2. 49
1.78
2.13
2.09
2.12
1.76
2.40
2.14
1.97
2.28
1. 55
1. 68
1. 65
2.13
1 98
2.30
1. 56
1.69
1. 65
2.12
1 97
2.30
1.54
1.69
1.65
2.09
1.95
2.29
1.53
1.68
1.64
2.05
1.77
2.17
1. 49
1.63
1.58
1.98
1.70
2.08
1.44
1.61
1.50
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.6 6
1.65
1.83
1.73
1.60
1.83
1.75
1.60
1. 84
1.73
1.60
1.82
1.73
1.60
1.75
1.69
1.55
1.72
1. 60
1. 51
1.87
1.78
1.65
1.93
1.85
1.70
1. 55
1.93
1 86
1. 76
1.54
1.91
1.80
1.77
1.50
1.87
1.78
42.8
43.2
39.8
41.6
90.10
76.03
91.31
57. 56
69. 46
67. 65
89.68
75 65
91.77
56.06
69.12
67.49
88. 41
74. 10
90.00
55.85
68.38
67. 24
1.77
1.50
1.84
O.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T
able
871
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
Annual
average
1962
Industry
Apr. 1 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable ooodi—Continued
Apparel and related products_________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
M en’s and boys’ furnishings............
Women’s, misses’, and Juniors’
outerwear...........................................
Women’s and children’s undergarments_________________________
Hats, caps, and millinery..................
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel............. .....................................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products__________ ___________
Paper and allied products.........................
Paper and pulp_________________
Paperboard...........................................
Converted paper and paperboard
products.............................................
Paperboard containers and b oxes,.
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries.............................................................
Newspaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books__________________________
Commercial prtnting_____________
Bookbinding and related Industries.
Other publishing and printing industries______________ _______
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
$59.45 $61.85 $60. 82 $59.64 $60.12 $60.62 $59. 95 $61.32 $62.16 $60. 76 $61. 09 $60. 59 $60. 96 $57. 70 $56.45
70.56 73.48 72 93 71.57 73.13 72. 54 71.57 74.09 73. 89 73. 53 74.09 73. 50 72.17 67.78 68.27
52.48 53.28 53.14 52.25 53.20 53. 77 53. 77 54. 48 54.81 53. 58 54.95 53. 58 53.30 49. 87 48.55
64.33
68.00
65.93
63.46
62.60
63.17
62.32
65.23
67.16
65.74
63.64
64.73
66.72
61.61
58.78
53.70
60.50
52.29
56.36
69.56
55.69
55.23
67.12
55.85
54.32
64.05
54.67
55.18
65.34
52.15
57.22
62. 46
53.61
56. 92
63. 68
53. 35
57.07
66. 79
54. 72
56. 47
69.00
55.69
55.12
68.26
55.63
65.02
65.70
56.30
54. 77
61.60
54. 51
55. 39
66. 07
54. 36
53. 87
63.19
52. 75
51.91
60. 54
51. 54
57.95
61.05
59. 81
61.05
04.61
64. 79
63. 89
64.05
62. 59
62.29
63.70
61.23
62.47
60. 86
58.74
63.24 63.88 63. 34 62. 53 64.73 64.90 64.68 63. 96 63.03 61. 38 63. 96 63. 71 61.92 61.45 60.48
102.90 104.55 103.21 103. 64 104.68 103. 28 103. 28 104. 49 103. 82 103. 58 102. 96 101.34 101.10 99. 45 95. 37
114.49 116.42 115.02 115.46 115. 48 114.23 113. 45 114.06 113. 36 114. 58 112. 75 111.10 110. 85 109. 69 105. 46
114.75 117.40 115.02 114.93 119.08 115.01 113. 45 116. 77 117. 64 116. 59 115. 58 112.46 112.46 109.44 105.16
89.69
92.34
91.02
93.25
90. 58
92.34
91.43
91.98
91.94
94.24
90. 20
94.05
90. 42
95.15
91.52
97.13
91.10
94. 73
89.60
94.05
90. 69
94.08
89.60
92.74
89.40
91.88
87.13
90. 47
83.23
86.10
.108.97
111.13
114.26
103.28
110.58
88.24
110.21
109.38
116.87
103.57
113.18
88.01
108. 20
108 06
113. 37
100. 98
110.87
86. 56
106. G8
107.10
106. 92
100 84
109. 52
86. 71
109.24
112.85
113.83
100. 04
111.50
87.01
108.49
113.04
111.83
97.64
110.37
85.19
107. 82
111.08
114.11
98. 11
109. 70
85.63
109. 62
111.38
118. 55
102.16
111.11
88.53
108.29
109 99
115.83
101.18
110. 54
87.30
107.34
109. 87
111. 95
98. 64
109. 87
84.75
107. 62
110.23
114.62
100.00
109. 87
85.31
107.90
110.90
108. 58
101. 75
109. 87
86.36
107.90
110. 23
110.15
99. 54
110.04
85.58
105.05
107.38
110.09
99.06
106. 20
82.13
102. 80
105. 33
109.18
95. 82
103. 88
78.87
111.43 115.33 114.17 113.30 111.84 110.01 108. 77 110. 21 109. 35 110.11 110.11 109.16 110. 88 108.19 106.37
Average weekly hours
Apparel and related products_________ 35.6
36.2
36.6
35.5
36.0
36.3
35.9
36.5
37.0
36.6
36.8
36.5
36.5
35.4
35.5
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
36.0
37.3
37.4
36.7
37.5
37.2
36.7
37.8
37.7
38.1
37.8
37.5
37.2
36.9
35.3
M en’s and boys’ furnishings............ 36.7
37.0
36.9
36.7
37.2
37.6
37.6
38.1
38.6
38.0
38.0
38.7
37.8
36.4
36.5
Women’s, misses’, and juniors'
35.6
outerwear____________________ _ 34.4
34.7
33.4
33.3
33.6
32.8
33.8
34.8
34.6
34.4
34.8
35.3
33.3
33.2
Women’s and children’s undergarments...........................................
35.1
36.6
36.1
35.5
36.3
37.4
37.2
37.3
37.4
36.5
36.2
35.8
36.2
36.4
35.8
Hats, caps, and millinery............ .
33.8
35 7
37.0
36.5
34.7
35.0
34.8
36.3
37.5
36.5
36.5
35.0
36.3
35.7
35.2
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
34.4
36.4
36.5
35.5
35.5
35.0
35.1
36.0
36.4
36.6
36.8
36.1
36.0
35.4
35.3
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel............. .................................... 34.7
35.7
35.6
35.7
36.3
36.4
36.3
36.6
36.6
35.8
36.4
35.6
35.9
35.6
35.8
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products....................... ...................... 37.2
37.8
37.7
37.0
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.3
38.2
37.2
38.3
37.7
37.3
37.7
37.8
Paper and allied products............. ......... 42.0
42.5
42.3
42.3
42 9
42.5
42.5
43.0
42.8
42.9
42.4
42.9
42.3
42.5
42.2
Paper and pulp_________________
44.1
43.7
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.6
43.3
43.7
43.6
43.9
43.7
43.4
43.3
43.7
43.4
Paperboard.____________________
43.3
44.3
43.9
43.7
44.6
43.4
43.3
44.4
44.9
44.5
44.8
44.1
44.1
43.6
43.1
Converted paper and paperboard
products______________________
40.4
41.0
40.8
41.0
41.6
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.1
41.6
41.1
41.2
41.1
40.8
Paperboard containers and boxes... 40.5
40.9
40.5
40.7
41.7
41.8
42.1
42.6
42.1
41.8
42.0
41.4
41.5
41.0
41.2
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______ _______________________
38.4
38.1
38.1
37.9
38.6
38.2
38.1
38.6
38.4
38.2
38.3
38.4
38.4
38.5
38.2
Newspaper publishing and printing. 36.2
36.1
35.9
35.7
37.0
36.7
36.4
36.3
36.3
36.5
36.5
36.6
36.5
36.4
36.7
Periodical publishing and printing. 39.4
40.3
39.5
38.6
39.8
39.1
40.6
40.5
39.9
39.7
40.5
39.2
39.2
39.6
39.7
Books.....................................................
40.5
40.3
39.6
39.7
38.9
39.7
39.4
40.7
40.8
39.3
40.0
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.6
Commercial printing______ ______ 38.8
39.3
38.9
38.7
39.4
39.0
39.4
38.9
39.2
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.3
38.9
39.2
Bookbinding and related Industries..................................................
38.7
38.6
38.3
38.2
38.5
38.2
38.4
39.7
39.5
38.7
38.6
38.9
38.9
38.1
38.2
Other publishing and printing industries_______________________
37.9
38.7
38.7
38.8
38.7
38.6
38.3
38.4
38.1
38.1
38.5
38.3
38.5
38.5
38.4
Average hourly earnings
Apparel and related products________ $1.67 $1.69
$1.68 $1.68 $1.67 $1.67 $1.67 $1.68 $1.68 $1. 66 $1.66 $1.66 $1.67 $1.03
$1.59
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
1.96
1.95 1.95
1.97
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.93
1. 96
1.96
1.94
1.85
1.92
M en’s and boys’ furnishings............
1.43
1.44
1.44 1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.37
1.33
Women’s, misses’, and juniors'
1.90 1.90
outerwear.......................... ................
1.87
1.91
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.93
1.93
1.90
1.85
1.86
1.89
1.85
1.77
Women’s and children’s undergarments......... .................. ................ 1.53
1.54
1.53 1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.51
1.51
1. 52
1.53
1.53
1.48
1.45
Hats, caps, and millinery............ .
1.79
1. 88 1.83
1.88
1.79
1.80
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.87
1.80
1.76
1.82
1.77
1.72
1.52
1.53 1.54
1.53
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___
1.49
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
1. 51
1. 51
1.49
1.46
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel....................................................
1.67
1.68 1. 71
1.71
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.71
1.74
1.75
1.72
1.74
1.70
1.65
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products__________ ___________
1.70
1.69
1.68 1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.65
1. 65
1.67
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.60
2.45
Paper and allied products____________
2.46
2. 44 2. 45
2.43
2. 44
2 43
2. 43
2.42
2. 42
2. 40
2. 39
2. 39
2.34
2.26
2.62
2.64
2.62 2. 63
Paper and pulp________ ______ _
2.63
2.62
2.61
2.60
2. 62
2.61
2. 58
2. 56
2. 56
2.51
2. 43
Paperboard....................... .................... 2.65
2.62 2.63
2.65
2.65
2.67
2.62
2.63
2.62
2.62
2.58
2.65
2.65
2.51
2.44
Converted paper and paperboard
2.22
2.22 2.23
products........ ................ ............. .
2.22
2.21
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.12
2.04
Paperboard containers and boxes... 2.28
2.28 2.26
2.28
2.26
2.25
2.26
2.28
2.25
2.25
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.18
2.10
Printing, publishing, and allied industries........................................................... 2.86
2.84 2.82
2.87
2.83
2.84
2.83
2. 84
2. 82
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.75
2. 67
3.01 3.00
Newspaper publishing and printing. 3.07
3.03
3.05
3.08
3. 06
3. 06
3.03
3. 01
3.02
3.03
3.02
2. 95
2.87
Periodical publishing and printing. 2.90
2.90
2.87 2. 77
2.86
2.86
2.86
2.92
2. 86
2.82
2.77
2.83
2. 81
2.78
2.75
Books.......................................... ........... 2.55
2.57
2.55 2. 54
2. 52
2.51
2.49
2. 51
2. 48
2.51
2. 50
2. 50
2.47
2. 44
2.36
2.88
2.85 2.83
Commercial printing......... ................ 2.85
2.83
2.83
2.82
2. 82
2.82
2. 81
2.81
2.81
2.80
2. 73
2.65
Bookbinding and related industries. 2.28
2.28
2.26 2.27
2.23
2. 26
2.23
2.23
2.21
2.20
2.19
2.21
2.22
2.15
2.07
Other publishing and printing in2.95 2.92
2.94
2.98
dustries_________ _______ ______
2.89
2.85
2.84
2.87
2.87
2.89
2.86
2.85
2.88
2.81
2.77
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
872
T
able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Apr. 2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
$113.40 $111.37 $110. 83 $111.10 $112.17 $111.37 $110. 95 $110.81 $110.12 $110.81
Chemicals and allied produ cts..___
Industrial chemicals.......................... 130.93 126.88 126.16 126.05 127.56 126.65 126.05 125.52 124.09 124.80
Plastics and synthetics, except
114.66 110.68 110.15 110.00 111.61 109.86 109. 59 110.24 110. 24 111.41
97.93 100.70 100.45 100.85 100.60 100.12 100.19 98.16 98.23 97.92
Drugs................................................ —
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ 102.62 103.28 102.91 103.02 103. 73 103.98 103.48 105.32 103. 98 103.79
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod
ucts__________________________ 103.73 103.38 102.21 101. 71 102.31 101.66 100.75 101. 75 102.34 102.09
99.70 91.08 89.89 89.89 90.52 89. 46 89. 68 90.31 86. 72 88.20
Agricultural chemicals___________
Other chemical products_________ 106.04 104.86 105.06 106.24 107.52 105.66 105.57 106.17 105.08 104.42
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries_____________________________
Petroleum refining..............................
Other petroleum and coal products.
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________________________
Tires and inner tubes____________
Other rubber products___________
Miscellaneous plastic products___
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products----------------
June
July
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
$111.19 $109. 52 $108 84 $106. 81 $103.25
125.16 123.73 123.43 120.93 117.31
112.52 109.62 109.62 107. 74 104.17
98.88 98. 57 97.10 93. 96 90.68
103.73 101. 50 101.59 98.98 94. 77
104. 25 105.00 102. 42 98.25
87. 77 92.57 87.12 84.15
104. 75 103.09 102.67 101.19
95.65
82.37
97.06
134.41 128.61 126.36 130.62 126.99 127. 71 127.19 131.09 126.35 129. 44 127.68 126.05 125.55 124.42 118. 78
141.53 134.97 132.68 137.52 132.48 132.57 130.88 135.24 129.34 133.54 131.65 130. 60 129.97 129.24 123.22
105.00 99.35 98.60 102.50 105.59 108.03 113.48 115. 57 113.40 113.70 111. 95 106. 27 104.73 102.10 99.26
99.70 101.34 100.69 101.34 103. 00 101.84 101.02 101. 76 101.02 101.84 104.58 101.19 99.63 96.72 92.97
127.20 129.36 128.32 129. 52 134.55 132.75 132.11 131. 78 131. 70 136.83 138.13 130.19 125.83 121.88 116.33
94.64 95.82 95.82 96.29 97.47 96. 59 95.30 96.46 94. 42 93. 90 98. 05 96. 05 95.17 91.53 87.82
84.84 86.72 85.89 86.51 86.10 85.26 85.48 86.53 85.28 85.89 87.36 85.90 85.08 82.82 79.40
62.66 64.58 65.08 65.60 65. 05 64. 03 62.63 64.36 65.53 65.84 65.88 63.98 63.81 62.83 60.52
89.60 88.58 88.36 88.84 88.84 87. 78 88. 44 88.26 87.82 85. 89 88.70 88.29 86.80 84.35 81.74
59.67 61.88 62.33 63.54 62. 66 60. 67 59.30 61.69 63. 67 64.46 64.01 61.66 61.32 60.15 58.04
60.35 63.04 63.24 62.70 62.79 64.05 61.79 62. 75 62.37 62.21 63.08 61. 55 62.37 61.07 58.62
Average weekly hours
42.0
42.1
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.7
42.1
41.4
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.4
41.7
41.3
41.6
42.0
40.3
40.4
41.3
41.1
40.5
41.1
41.0
40.2
41.2
41.5
40.4
41.8
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.4
40.9
41.6
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.1
41.1
42.2
40.8
40.7
42.3
41.2
41.0
42.0
40.9
40.6
42.0
40.8
40.8
41.6
40.5
40.9
41.5
40.3
40.5
Agriculturaf chemicals___________
Other chemical products................. .
41.0
48.4
41.1
40.7
44.0
40.8
40.4
42.6
41.2
40.2
42.4
41.5
40.6
42.1
42.0
40.5
42.0
41.6
40.3
42.5
41.4
40.7
42.6
41.8
41.1
41.1
41.7
41.0
42.2
41.6
41.7
42.4
41.9
42.0
45.6
41.4
41.3
44.0
41.4
40.6
42.5
41.3
40.7
42.9
41.3
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries............................... ............................
Petroleum refining______________
Other petroleum and coal products.
42.4
42.5
42.0
40.7
40.9
39.9
40.5
40.7
39.6
41.6
41.8
41.0
41.5
41.4
41.9
41.6
41.3
42.7
41.7
40.9
44.5
42.7
42.0
45.5
41.7
40.8
45.0
42.3
41.6
45.3
42.0
41.4
44.6
41.6
41.2
43.2
41.3
41.0
42.4
41.2
40.9
42.9
41.1
40.8
42.6
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________________________
Tires and inner tubes____________
Other rubber products....................
Miscellaneous plastic products___
40.2
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.6
41.1
40.6
40.1
40.6
40.9
40.7
40.1
40.8
41.0
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.9
41.1
41.1
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.8
41.4
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.9
42.1
40.3
40.9
42.0
42.5
41.9
41.8
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.2
41.2
41.3
40.3
39.7
40.5
40.6
39.9
39.3
40.1
40.1
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing.........
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products__________
35.6
40.0
35.1
35.5
36.9
39.9
36.4
37.3
37.4
39.8
37.1
37.2
37.7
40.2
37.6
37.1
37.6
40.2
37.3
37.6
36.8
39.9
35.9
37.9
36.2
40.2
35.3
37.0
37.2
40.3
36.5
37.8
38.1
40.1
37.9
37.8
38.5
39.4
38.6
37.7
38.3
40.5
38.1
38.0
37.2
40.5
36.7
37.3
37.1
40.0
36.5
37.8
37.4
39.6
36.9
37.7
36.9
39.3
36.5
37.1
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals_____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
Drugs__________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods—
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod-
Average hourly earnings
$2.70
3.11
$2.69
3.05
$2.69
3.04
$2.69
3.03
$2.69
3.03
$2.69
3.03
$2.68
3.03
$2.67
3.01
$2.66
2. 99
$2.67
3.00
$2. 66
2.98
$2.62
2.96
$2.61
2.96
$2.58
2. 90
$2.50
2.82
2.73
2.43
2.54
2.68
2.45
2.55
2.68
2.45
2.56
2.67
2.43
2.55
2.67
2.43
2.53
2.66
2.43
2. 53
2.66
2.42
2.53
2.65
2.40
2.55
2.65
2.39
2.53
2.64
2.40
2.55
2.66
2. 40
2.53
2.61
2.41
2.50
2.61
2.38
2.49
2.59
2.32
2.42
2.51
2.25
2.34
2.53
2.06
2.58
2.54
2.07
2.57
2.53
2.11
2.55
2.53
2.12
2.56
2.52
2.15
2.56
2.51
2.13
2.54
2. 50
2.11
2. 55
2.50
2.12
2.54
2.49
2.11
2. 52
2. 49
2.09
2.51
2.50
2.07
2.50
2. 50
2.03
2. 49
2. 48
1.98
2. 48
2.42
1.98
2.45
2.35
1.92
2.35
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries_____________________________
Petroleum refining....................... ......
Other petroleum and coal products.
3.17
3.33
2.50
3.16
3.30
2.49
3.12
3.26
2.49
3.14
3.29
2.50
3.06
3.20
2.52
3.07
3.21
2.53
3.05
3.2C
2. 55
3.07
3.22
2.54
3.03
3.17
2.52
3.06
3. 21
2.51
3.04
3.18
2.51
3.03
3.17
2.46
3.04
3.17
2.47
3.02
3.16
2.38
2.89
3.02
2.33
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________________________
Tires and inner tubes____________
Other rubber products..................... .
Miscellaneous plastic products___
2.48
3.18
2.36
2.10
2.49
3.21
2.36
2.11
2. 48
3.20
2.36
2.10
2.49
3. 2;
2.36
2.11
2.50
3.25
2.36
2.10
2.49
3.23
2.35
2.10
2.47
3.25
2 .3c
2.09
2.47
3.2c
2 .3c
2.09
2.47
3. 22
2.32
2.08
2. 49
3. 25
2.33
2.10
2.49
3. 25
2.34
2.09
2.45
3.16
2.32
2.08
2.43
3.13
2.31
2.06
2.40
3.07
2.26
2.04
2.33
2.96
2.19
1.98
1.76
2.24
1.70
1.70
1.75
2.22
1.70
1.69
1.74
2.22
1.68
1.70
1.74
2.21
1.69
1.69
1.73
2.21
1.68
1.67
1.74
2. 2(
1. 6!
1.69
1.73
2.20
1.68
1.67
1.73
2. 1!
1.6!
1.66
1.72
2.1!
1.61
1.65
1. 71
2.18
1.67
1.65
1.72
2.19
1.68
1.66
1.72
2.18
1.68
1.65
1.72
2.17
1.68
1.65
1.68
2.13
1.63
1.62
1.64
2.08
1.59
1.58
Chemicals and allied products..............
Industrial chemicals_____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass_________________________
Drugs.................................................... .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod
ucts__________________________
Agricultural chemicals..................... .
Other chemical products_________
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubber_________
Other leather products......................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
873
C.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
Apr.2
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
N ov,
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 8________________
Local and lnterurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage.............................. — ____ _____
Pipeline transportation_______ ____ _
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication4_______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems___
Qas companies and systems.............
Combined utility system s. ............
Water, steam, and sanitary system s.
$117.85 $117.94 $114.26 $118.21 $116.45 $115.33 $114.65 $112.02 $112.41 $108.84
$100.74 $100.32 $100.91 $99. 42 $100.86 100.62 100.38 100.20 101.01 100. 49 101.48 100. 58 100.11 98.24 94. 82
123.69 119.13 122.97 125.12 116.33 117.73 119.14 125.65 129. 44 126.62 121.80 117. 85 115.37 112.14 105.22
114.39 114.67 113.98 111.52 114.54 113. 30 113. 30 115. 78 115.35 114.81 114. 39 112.61 112.06 108.16 104.17
138.17 135.94 138.63 138.58 139.52 131. 78 130.07 135.05 130.09 137.37 133. 50 130.17 129.85 131.78 124.53
99.68
108.16
132.05
119. 84
121.13
112.19
128.11
97.58
100. 58
107.38
131.99
119. 43
120.13
112.48
128.43
97.34
101.09
108.05
131.93
120.01
119.43
113.44
129.68
98.47
99. 94
108. 05
134. 30
119. 60
120. 42
111. 38
128. 64
97.64
101.35
106. 97
130.93
121.18
121.60
114.40
130.94
96. 70
103.07
105.78
132. 78
119. 48
119. 89
111. 11
129.27
97.34
102.06
107. 74
131.14
118. 78
120. 30
110. 70
128. 23
95.47
102. 31
109. 9S
130. 81
118. 94
120.06
111.51
127.82
97. 29
99.29
110.08
126. 10
116. 85
118.82
106. 92
125. 97
95.06
99. 54
111.11
127.53
117.14
119.11
107. 73
125. 87
96.59
97.66
111.28
124. 68
115.87
117.14
106.80
125.26
94.37
96.14
108. 61
126.16
115.46
116. 31
107.06
125.66
93.96
95.65
105. 42
126. 81
115.46
116.03
107. 20
125. 46
94. 37
93. 38
104.08
119. 74
112. 48
112. 75
104. 19
121. 77
93.02
89.50
100.01
121.13
108.65
109.45
100.69
117.26
89.84
Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_______ ________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines..............
Motor freight transportation and
storage___________________________
Pipeline transportation______________
Communication:
Telephone communication...............
Telegraph communication 4..............
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services........
Electric companies and systems___
Qas companies and system s............
Combined utility s y ste m s ............ .
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.
42.7
43.2
41.1
43.3
42.5
42.4
43.1
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.8
42.8
41.8
41.8
41.7
43.3
41.6
43.9
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.6
42.0
42.4
42.1
44.4
42.8
45.9
42.4
44.9
43.0
43.6
42.8
42.7
42.6
41.8
42.9
42.8
43.1
42.6
41.0
40.4
41.1
40.1
41.0
40.3
40.7
41.0
41.5
41.4
41.2
40.3
41.5
39.9
42.1
40.8
42.1
40.4
41.9
41.5
41.9
40.7
41.4
40.3
41.2
40.2
41.6
40.3
41.5
40.8
39.4
41.6
39.3
40.9
41.2
40.5
40.8
41.0
39.6
41.3
39.4
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.9
39.8
41.4
39.5
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.3
41.2
39.5
41.4
39.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41. 1
41.2
39.9
41.3
39.2
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.3
40.9
40.5
41.6
39.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.6
42.3
39.4
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.1
41.4
40.2
42.5
38.8
41.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
40.8
40.3
42.9
39.0
41.1
41.5
40.5
41.0
41.1
39.7
42.8
38.6
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.5
39.4
43.1
38.7
40.8
41. 1
40.4
40.8
40.5
39.2
42.0
38.9
40.8
41.0
40.3
41.0
40.5
39.4
41.8
38.5
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.8
39.6
42.2
38.7
41.0
41.3
40.6
41.0
41.4
Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 1________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and
storage___________________________
Pipeline transportation_______ ______ _
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4______
Radio and television broadcasting—
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems___
Qas companies and systems______
Combined utility sy stem s............. .
W ater, steam, and sanitary system s.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.76
$2.73
$2.78
$2.73
$2.74
$2.72
$2.66
$2.68
$2. 67
$2.61
$2.41
2.89
$2.40
2.85
$2.42
2.84
$2. 39
2.85
$2.39
2.81
2.39
2.83
2.39
2.81
2. 38
2.83
2.36
2.82
2.37
2.82
2.36
2.80
2. 35
2. 76
2.35
2. 76
2.29
2.62
2.20
2.47
2.79
3.42
2.79
3.39
2.78
3.44
2. 74
3. 38
2.76
3.37
2.75
3.27
2.73
3.26
2.75
3.31
2.74
3.22
2. 74
3.31
2.73
3.28
2.72
3.23
2.72
3.23
2.60
3.27
2.51
3.09
2.53
2.6C
3.36
2.93
2.94
2. 77
3.14
2.38
2.54
2 .6C
3.35
2.92
2.93
2. 75
3.14
2.38
2.54
2.61
3.34
2.92
2.92
2.76
3.14
2.39
2. 53
2.61
3. 40
2. 91
2. 93
2. 71
3.13
2. 37
2.54
2. 59
3.34
2.92
2.93
2. 75
3.14
2.37
2.52
2.58
3.37
2.90
2.91
2.71
3.13
2.38
2.52
2. 59
3. 32
2.89
2.92
2.70
3.12
2.34
2. 52
2.60
3. 32
2.88
2.90
2.70
3.11
2.35
2.47
2. 59
3. 25
2.85
2. 87
2.64
3.08
2.33
2. 47
2. 59
3. 27
2.85
2.87
2.66
3.07
2. 35
2.46
2.60
3.23
2. 84
2. 85
2. 65
3.07
2.33
2. 44
2.52
3. 26
2.83
2.83
2.65
3.08
2.32
2. 44
2.51
3.26
2.83
2.83
2.66
3.06
2.33
2.37
2. 49
3.11
2.75
2. 75
2. 56
2.97
2.28
2.26
2.37
3.13
2.65
2.65
2.48
2.86
2.17
874
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1963
T
able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
A p r.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Jane
May
Apr.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade •______________ $76.62
Wholesale trade_____________________ 98. 58
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment........ ................................. 94.02
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod99.90
Dry goods and apparel_____ _____ 91.76
Groceries and related products____ 92.70
Electrical goods_________________ 101.71
Hardware,' plumbing, and heating
goods................................................... 94.83
Machinery, equipment, and supplies_______ ___________________ 107. 57
Retail trade'................................................ 67.48
General merchandise stores_______ 53.32
Department stores___________ 57. 97
Limited price variety stores---- 39. 69
Food stores........................................... 65.61
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
Stores« -_i__________________ 67.01
Apparel and accessories stores.......... 55.52
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. 66.02
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. 49.68
Fam ily clothing stores________ 53.81
Shoe stores__________________ 59.19
$76.42 $76.42 $76. 23 $75. 47 $75. 65 $75.46 $76.05 $76. 44 $70. 44 $75.86 $74. 88 $74. 31 $72. 94
98. 58 97.93 97.36 98.74 97. 44 97.03 98.09 96. 87 97.10 96. 87 96. 22 95.82 93.56
93.15
92.74
92. 96
93.83
93.41
93.86
93. 86
93. 26
93.04
92.84
93. 46
$70.98
91.13
92.84
89.46
86.53
100.15 99. 75 98.40 99.45 99. 70 98. 80 99. 94 97.84 98. 09 96.96 96. 47 97. 04
91.85 91.96 91.10 92. 58 92. 12 92. 74 93 25 92. 74 91.99 91.37 91.85 94.96
91.84 90. 98 91. 05 92.20 91.96 91.30 92. 35 91.96 91.76 90. 49 89. 66 88. 60
102.21 102.87 102.56 103.48 102.97 102. 97 102. 91 100.04 101. 84 100.12 100.12 100.37
94.24
92. 86
87. 14
97.53
91.20
90.68
84.67
95.11
93. 96
93.50
94.66
95.30
94.54
94.60
94.83
92.92
93. 79
92. 57
92.80
92.03
89.91
86.36
107.16 106.08 105. 93 108. 65 106.19 105.37 107.38 103. 98 103. 66 106.04 104.14 102.75 101. 59
66. 93 66.93 67.30 66.85 66.38 66. 55 66. 88 67.55 67. 38 66. 85 05 98 65. 42 64.01
53.01 52.51 52.86 54. 06 51.68 52.67 53. 48 63 35 53. 55 53.09 62. 48 62.29 50. 52
57.12 56. 45 57. 46 58. 06 55. 61 57.80 58.82 58.12 58.12 58.13 57. 28 56. 77 55. 04
39.36 39.16 38. 96 39. 56 38. 32 38.20 39.15 40.00 39.96 39.12 38.16 38. 44 37.28
64.89 64.54 64.91 64.95 65.66 64.94 65.50 66. 25 66. 43 65.16 63.88 63. 35 63. 01
99.80
62.37
48. 58
53.09
35.53
60.98
66. 47
53.35
64.40
48.19
52.20
55.59
66.12
54.19
64.78
48.38
53. 55
55.61
66. 69
55.36
66. 77
49. 35
53. 94
56.45
66. 36
56.05
67.23
50.05
54.96
57.61
67. 45
53. 54
64.06
48. 10
52. 55
54.28
66. 53
53.35
64. 59
48.05
52.00
53. 77
66. 95
54.13
65. 45
48.33
53. 04
56.95
67.71
54.82
66. 70
48 23
53.68
56.83
68. 26
54. 87
67. 44
48. 85
53 64
57.93
67.15
54.13
64.93
48. 08
53. 04
68.28
65.66
53 35
65. «5
47. 57
51.00
55. 23
64.77
52. 88
64. 75
47. 24
51.83
53.80
64 44
52 40
64.07
46. 24
51.98
52.81
62.98
61.30
63.29
44.41
51.01
52.33
38.6
40.6
38.5
40.6
38 8
40.5
39.0
40.5
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade •.............................
Wholesale trade________________ ____
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment....................................—
Drugs, chemicals, and allied produ c ts....................................................
Dry goods and apparel....................
Groceries and related products____
Electrical goods....................................
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies........................... .........................
Retail trade *_............................................General merchandise stores_______
Department stores.......................
Limited price variety stores—
Food stores_____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores___
Apparel and accessories stores____
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores................
Shoe stores__________________
38.5
40.4
38.4
40.4
38.4
40.3
38.5
40.4
38.9
40.8
38.4
40.6
38.5
40.6
38.8
40.7
39.2
40.7
39.2
40.8
38.9
40.7
41.6
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.9
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.2
42.1
42.2
42.0
41.8
39.8
37.3
41.2
40.2
39.9
37.8
41.0
40.4
39.9
38.0
40.8
40.5
40.0
37.8
41.2
40.7
40.1
38.1
42.1
40.9
40.2
37.6
41.8
40.7
40.0
37.7
41.5
40.7
40.3
37.3
41.6
41.0
40.1
37.7
41.8
40.5
40.2
37.7
41.9
40.9
39.9
37.6
41.7
40.7
39.7
37.8
41.7
40.7
40.1
38.0
41.4
40.8
40.1
37.9
41.3
40.3
40.0
38.1
41.3
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.9
37.7
34.4
34.1
32.8
34.9
40.9
37.6
34.2
33.8
32.0
34.7
40.8
37.6
34.1
33.6
32.1
34.7
40.9
37.6
34.1
33.6
32.2
34.9
41.0
38.2
35.8
35.4
34.1
35.3
41.0
37.5
34.0
33.5
32.2
35.3
41.0
37.6
34.2
34.0
32.1
35.1
41.3
38.0
34. 5
34 4
32 9
35.6
41.1
38.6
35.1
34.8
33.9
36.4
41.3
38.5
35.0
34.8
33.3
36.5
41.1
38.2
34.7
34.6
32.6
35.8
41.0
37.7
34.3
34.3
31.8
35.1
41.1
37.0
34.4
34.2
32.3
35.0
40.8
38.1
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.8
40.9
38.8
34.7
34 7
32.6
36 3
34.9
34.7
37.3
34.5
35.4
32.7
34.8
34.2
36.8
33.7
34.8
32.7
34.8
34.3
36.6
33.6
35.0
33.5
35.1
34.6
37.3
33.8
34.8
33.4
35.3
35.7
38.2
35.0
36.4
33.3
35.5
34.1
36.4
33.4
34.8
32.5
35.2
34.2
36.7
33.6
34.9
32.2
35.8
34.7
37 4
33.8
35.6
33.5
36.6
35.6
37.9
34.7
36.2
35.3
36.7
35.4
38.1
34.4
30.0
34.9
36.1
34.7
37.1
34.1
35.6
33.3
35.3
34.2
37.3
33. 6
35.1
32.3
35.2
33 9
37.0
33.6
35.5
31.1
36.0
34.7
37 6
34.0
30.1
32.8
36.0
34.9
37.9
33 9
36.7
$1.95
2.38
$1.94
2.37
$1.93
2.30
$1.88
2.31
$1.82
2.28
n
*
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade *............................. $1.99
Wholesale trade........................................... 2.44
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipm ent........................................ 2.26
Drugs, chemicals, and alliod produ c ts........... ........................................ 2.51
Dry goods and apparel___________ 2.46
Groceries and related products____ 2.25
Electrical goods ................................ . 2.53
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods................................................... 2.33
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..................................................... 2.63
Retail trade.................................................. 1.79
1.55
General merchandise stores.............
Department stores___________
1.70
Limited price variety stores___ 1.21
Food stores............................................ 1.88
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores......... ................................. 1.92
Apparel and accessories stores.......... 1.60
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. 1.77
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. 1.44
Family clothing stores________ 1.52
1.81
Shoe stores________ ____ _____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.99
2.44
$1.99
2.43
$1.98
2.41
$1.94
2.42
$1.97
2. 40
2.25
2.24
2.24
2.25
2. 51
2. 43
2.24
2.53
2. 50
2.42
2. 23
2. 54
2.46
2. 41
2.21
2.52
2. 48
2. 43
2.19
2. 53
$1.96
2.39
$1.96
2.41
$1.95
2.38
$1.05
2.38
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.21
2.21
2.20
2.22
2. 20
2.13
2.07
2.48
2. 45
2. 20
2.53
2. 47
2. 46
2. 20
2. 53
2. 48
2. 50
2. 22
2. 51
2. 44
2 46
2.20
2.47
2. 44
2. 44
2.19
2.49
2. 43
2. 43
2.17
2. 46
2. 43
2. 43
2.16
2.46
2.42
2. 46
2.14
2.46
2.35
2. 45
2.11
2.42
2.28
2. 38
2. 06
2.36
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.30
2.31
2.28
2. 28
2.25
2.22
2.18
2.62
1.78
1.55
1.69
1.23
1.87
2.60
1.78
1.54
1.68
1.22
1.86
2. 59
1.79
1.55
1.71
1.21
1.86
2.65
1. 75
1.51
1.64
1.16
1.84
2.59
1.77
1.62
1.66
1.19
1.86
2. 57
1.77
1.54
1.70
1.19
1.85
2.60
1.76
1.55
1.71
1.19
1.84
2. 53
1.75
1. 52
1.67
1.18
1.82
2.51
1.75
1.53
1.67
1.20
1.82
2.58
1. 75
1.53
1.08
1.20
1.82
2.54
1.75
1 63
1.07
1.20
1.82
2.50
1 74
1.52
1.66
1.19
1.81
2.49
1.68
1,46
1.60
1.14
1.76
2.44
1.62
1.40
1.53
1.09
1.91
1.56
1.75
1.43
1.50
1.70
1.90
1.58
1.77
1.44
1.53
1.66
1.90
1.60
1.79
1.46
1.55
1.69
1.88
1.57
1.76
1.43
1.51
1.73
1.90
1.57
1. 76
1. 44
1. 51
1.67
1.89
1.56
1.76
1. 43
1. 49
1.67
1.87
1. 56
1.75
1.43
1.49
1.70
1.85
1. 54
1. 76
1.39
1.48
1.81
1.88
1.65
1.77
1.42
1.49
1.00
1.86
1.50
1. 75
1.41
1.49
1.69
1. 86
1.56
1. 76
1.42
1.47
1.71
1.84
1.56
1. 75
1 41
1.46
1.79
1.51
1. 72
1.36
1.44
1.81
1.72
1 47
1.67
1.31
1.39
1.61
1.73
1.68
875
O.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S
T able
C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.s Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade ‘—Continued
Retail trade »—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores........
Other retail trade________ ____ _
Motor vehicle dealers.................
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers___________
Drug stores___________
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking__________________________
Security dealers and exchanges...............
Insurance carriers...................
Life Insurance...............
Accident and health insurance........
Fire, marine, and casualty inFuranee...................................
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels *
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants__________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing______________________
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
Retail trade ‘—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores........
Other retail trade___
Motor vehicle dealers..................
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers______
Drug stores__
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking..............................
Security dealers and exchanges
Insurance carriers________ _
Life insurance___ ______
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance__.....................
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels •
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants_________________
Motion pictures:
M otion picture filming and distributing______________
$81.00 $80.60 $80.40 $82.21 $83. 63 $81.39 $80.38 $81.38 $81. 56 $82.17 $80.54 $79.90 $79.93 $77.64
77.83 76. 63 76.63 76.82 77.19 76. 63 76. 22 75. 76 76.68 76. 49 76. 54 75. 76 75.17 73. 57
96.80 93. 74 92.87 92. 43 93.96 95.05 93.08 90. 48 93.07 93. 73 94.60 93. 73 92.64 88.44
80. 85
58.24
80.66
57.72
80.91
57.88
82. 47
58.40
81.84
58.30
78. 58
57.31
79.64
57.31
80.70
57. 72
81.77
58. 75
81.51
58.06
80.70
57.13
80.15
56.58
79.82
56.06
$74.98
71.57
87.91
78. 59
55.80
77.26
53.84
74.23 74.23 74.03 74.23 73. 30 72.72 72. 54 71.97 71.80 72.56 71.80 71.42 71.62 69.19
117. 81 116.34 119 10 117. 26 116.09 112. 66 109.10 111.25 110. 68 116.29 123. 73 117.09 120.03 133. 35
95.32 95.81 95.79 95. 41 94.60 94. 26 94.07 93.76 94.35 94.89 93.21 93.25 93.20 89.83
99.93 100. 83 100. 64 100 98 100.14 99. 57 99.44 98. 92 100. 61 100. 82 98. 65 98. 70 98. 55 95.11
81.26 81.13 81.53 81. 77 80.20 79.14 78.20 78.45 78.30 77.97 78.00 78.42 78.34 74.41
67.15
117.12
87. 41
93.32
71.33
91.67
91.73
91.82
90.56
89.68
89.58
89.44
89.27
88.50
89.71
88.32
88.09
88.23
85.14
81.96
46. 59
47.36
47.62
47.36
47.62
47.99
47.72
46.05
45.89
45.94
47.64
46.77
46.29
45.54
43.89
52.40
50.95
50.42
50.69
61.08
50.70
50.83
50.83
50.83
50.70
51.35
51.87
50.83
49.28
48.11
117.23 118.11 119.41 120.13 124.01 116.99 120.82 120.01 117.50 115.37 114.19 111. 97 115.92 116.45
Average weekly hours
113.66
40.5
41.4
43.8
40.5
41.2
43.6
40.4
41.2
43.6
40.7
41.3
43.6
41.4
41.5
43.7
40.9
41.2
43.6
40.8
41.2
43.7
41.1
41.4
43.5
41.4
41.9
43.9
41.5
41.8
43.8
41.3
41.6
44.0
41.4
41.4
43.8
41.2
41.3
43.7
41.3
41.8
44.0
41.2
42.1
44.4
43.7
36.4
43.6
36.3
43.5
36.4
44.1
36.5
44.0
36.9
43.9
36.5
44.0
36.5
44.1
37.0
44.2
37.9
44.3
37.7
44.1
37.1
43.8
36.5
44.1
36.4
44.4
37.2
44.4
37.3
37.3
37.3
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.1
37.2
37.1
37.2
37.4
37.2
37.2
37.3
37.0
37.1
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.6
38.4
38.7
38.8
38.7
39.9
39.6
39.7
39.3
38.9
39.6
39.9
39.4
38.6
38.2
38.4
38.7
38.7
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.9
39.4
38.8
38.8
Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade ‘—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores__
$2.00
Other retail trade...............
1.88
Motor vehicle dealers_______
2.21
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers__________
1.85
Drug stores___________
1.60
Finance, insurance, arid real estate:
Banking_______________
1.99
Security dealers and exchanges........... ..
Insurance carriers______________
Life insurance________ _
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels •
1.21
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants....... ...............
1.33
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribu t in g ................... ............................
$1.99 $ 1.99
1.86
1.86
2.15
2.13
$2.02
1.86
2.12
$2.02
1.86
2.15
$1.99
1.86
2.18
$1.97
1.85
2.13
$1.98
1.83
2.08
$1.97
1.83
2.12
$1.98
1.83
2.14
$1.95
1.84
2.15
$1.93
1.83
2.14
$1.94
1.82
2.12
$1.88
1.76
2.01
$1.82
1.70
1.98
1.85
1.59
1.86
1.59
1.87
1.60
1.86
1.58
1. 79
1. 57
1.81
1.57
1.83
1.56
1.85
1.55
1.84
1.54
1.83
1.54
1.83
1.55
1.81
1.54
1.77
1.50
1.74
1.43
1.99
1.99
1.99
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.87
1.81
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.19
1.15
1.16
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.15
1.10
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.27
1.24
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
* Preliminary.
* Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the^month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.....—
• Data relate to uonsupervlsory employees except messengers.
• Excludes eating and drinking places.
• Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not Included.
S o u r c e : U . S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)
to r a ll
876
T
able
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , J U L Y 1963
C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries1
1962
1963
I n d u s tr y d iv isio n a n d group
A p r.1
F eb.
M a r.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M in in g ........... ........................................................................................
41.8
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.2
40.9
40.6
41.0
41.5
C o n tra c t c o n s tru c tio n ____________________________________
37.3
37.4
36.6
36.5
35.4
37.3
37.2
37.7
37.3
37.4
36.7
37.5
36.6
M a n u fa c tu rin g ..__________ ________________ ____ ________
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.8
D u ra b le g o o d s ............................................................................
O rd n an ce a n d accessories________________________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts except f u rn itu re ...........
F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . . ................................................
S tone, clay a n d glass p r o d u c t s . . ...................................
P rim a ry m e tal in d u s trie s _____________ __________
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ............................................
M a c h in e ry ________________ _____ ________________
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s.......... .....................
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t...............................................
In s tru m e n ts a n d related p ro d u c ts ________________
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s ....................
40.8
40.7
39.8
40.7
41.3
41.6
41.0
41.2
40.1
41.4
40.5
39.4
41.0
41.0
39.7
40.5
41.2
40.6
41.2
41.5
40.3
41.7
40.9
39.6
41.0
41.5
40.1
40.6
40.7
40.7
41.3
41.7
40.5
41.9
41.0
39.7
40.7
41.2
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.2
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.0
40.6
39.4
41.1
41.6
39.7
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.8
41.6
40.3
42.3
41.2
39.5
41.1
41.4
39.7
40.6
40.9
40.1
41.3
41.7
40.5
42.9
40.9
39.3
40.7
41.1
39.4
40.5
41.0
39.7
41.1
41.5
40.5
42.2
40.7
39.4
41.0
41.2
40.2
40.8
41.3
39.9
41.0
41.7
40.6
42.4
40.8
40.0
40.9
41.4
40.3
40.5
41.2
39.7
41.0
41.9
40.5
41.5
41.0
39.7
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.6
41.4
39.6
41.1
41.8
40.7
42.1
40.8
39.8
41.0
41.5
39.6
41.3
41.0
39.6
41.4
41.8
40.7
41.9
41.1
39.9
41.1
41.3
40.2
41.3
41.2
39.9
41.3
41.9
40.7
42.2
41.1
40.1
41.3
41.8
39.7
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.5
42.0
41.1
42.1
41.2
40.3
N o n d u ra b le goods____________________________________
F ood a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts ______________________
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s___________________________
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts _____________________________
A p p a re l a n d related p ro d u c ts ____________________
P a p e r a n d allied p ro d u c ts ................................................
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g a n d allied in d u s trie s ________
Chemicals" a n d allied p ro d u c ts ............... .......................
P e tro le u m refining a n d related in d u s t r i e s ...............
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic p ro d u c ts ..............
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _____________________
39.6
40.8
36.4
40.7
36.2
42.4
42.0
42.4
41.0
37.1
39.8
41.1
39.2
40.4
36.7
42.7
38.4
41.5
40.9
36.8
39.5
40.9
37.5
40.1
36.1
42.7
38.3
41.4
41.0
41.0
36.8
39.4
40.7
38.5
40.0
35.8
42.5
38.1
41.3
41.8
40.9
36.8
39.6
40.9
39.0
40.2
36.4
42.8
38.3
41.4
41.9
41.0
37.4
39.4
41.0
39.4
39.9
36.1
42.5
38.1
41.4
41.6
40.9
36.9
39.3
40.7
38.7
40.0
35.8
42.2
37.9
41.5
41.8
40.6
36.9
39.7
41.1
39.5
40.3
36.4
42.6
38.3
41.5
42.1
41.0
37.8
39.4
40.7
37.4
40.3
36.1
42.5
38.3
41.5
41.7
40.5
37.5
39.8
41.6
37.1
40.7
36.4
42.7
38.3
41.5
41.7
40.5
37.6
40.0
41.1
37.9
41.0
36.8
42.8
38.4
41.6
41.7
41.5
38.0
40.1
41.3
38.6
41.3
36.6
42.6
38.4
41.7
41.6
41.5
38.0
40.2
41.2
39.6
41.5
37.1
42.7
38.6
41.7
41.3
41.8
38.6
W holesale a n d retail tra d e *_________________ ______ _____
W holesale t r a d e . . . .....................................................................
R e ta il tra d e 3.................................................................................
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.6
40.6
37.8
38.7
40.5
37.9
38.7
40.4
37.8
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.6
40.5
37.8
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.7
40.6
37.9
38.7
40.7
37.9
38.8
40.7
38.0
38.7
40.8
37.8
38.3
41.1
i F o r em ployees covered, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -3.
a P re lim in a ry .
* E x clu d es e a tin g a n d d rin k in g places.
T
able
N o t e : T h e seasonal a d ju s tm e n t m e th o d used Is described in " N e w
Seasonal A d ju s tm e n t F a c to rs for L a b o r F o rce C o m p o n e n ts ," M onthly Labor
Review, A u g u st 1960, p p . 822-827.
C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
1962
1963
Annual
average
Major industry group
Apr.1 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
Manufacturing.................................................... $2.37
$2.36
$2.36
$2.36
$2.35
$2. 33
$2.32
$2.31
$2.29
$2.31
$2.31
$2.31
$2.31
$2.25
$2.20
2. 54
2.82
2. 53
2.83
2.53
2. 82
2.52
2.81
2.52
2. 78
2.50
2.78
2.48
2. 76
2.48
2. 77
2.46
2.75
2.47
2. 75
2. 47
2. 76
2.47
2. 76
2.48
2. 76
2. 42
2.71
2.36
2.60
1.91
1.92
2.37
2.98
2. 51
2. 67
2.39
2.87
2.41
1.90
1.91
2.36
2.93
2. 51
2. 66
2.39
2. 87
2.42
1.89
1.90
2.36
2.92
2.50
2.66
2.39
2.86
2.42
1.89
1.90
2.36
2.91
2. 49
2. 65
2.38
2.86
2.40
1.92
1.90
2. 36
2.90
2. 49
2. 65
2.38
2.86
2. 40
1. 93
1. 89
2.35
2.89
2. 48
2.64
2.36
2.84
2. 40
1.91
1.89
2.33
2.89
2. 47
2. 63
2.35
2.83
2.39
1.93
1.88
2.33
2. 89
2.48
2.62
2.35
2.83
2.38
1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2. 46
2.60
2.33
2.80
2.37
1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2.47
2.60
2.34
2.80
2.37
1. 91
1.88
2.32
2. 88
2.46
2. 60
2.34
2.78
2.37
1.89
1.89
2.30
2. 89
2. 47
2.60
2.34
2.78
2.38
1.90
1.88
2.31
2.92
2. 46
2. 60
2.34
2. 77
2.37
1.88
1.86
2.25
2. 84
2. 42
2.54
2.30
2. 72
2.32
1.82
1.82
2.20
2. 75
2.36
2.47
2.23
2.65
2.26
Durable goods......................... ........................
Ordnance and accessories____________
Lumber and wood products except
furniture_______ __________________
Furniture and fixtures............ ..................
Stone, clay, and glass products...............
Primary metal in d u stries......................
Fabricated metal products...... ...............
Machinery........................ ..........................
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment............... .......
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries......................... ..................................
Nondurable goods_____________________
Food and kindred products.....................
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Textile mill products....... .........................
Apparel and related products_________
Paper and allied products____________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries.............................................................
Chemicals and allied products................
Petroleum refining and related indus
tries..... .......................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products........ ......................................—
Leather and leather p ro d u cts................
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.96
1.92
1. 91
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.87
1.84
2.15
2.24
1.97
1. 64
1. 64
2.34
2.14
2.23
1.94
1.64
1. 66
2. 34
2.13
2.23
1.91
1.64
1.65
2. 33
2.14
2.22
1.88
1.63
1.66
2. 33
2.12
2.20
1.85
1.63
1.64
2.32
2.11
2.17
1.83
1. 63
1. 64
2.31
2.10
2.15
1.68
1.63
1.64
2.31
2.10
2.13
1.67
1.62
1.65
2.30
2.09
2.13
1.78
1.62
1. 64
2.30
2.10
2.13
1.95
1. 62
1.63
2.29
2.10
2.16
1.96
1.62
1.62
2.28
2.09
2.16
1.95
1.62
1.63
2.27
2.09
2.17
1.93
1.62
1.64
2.27
2.05
2.09
1.74
1.57
1.61
2.23
1.99
2.02
1.67
1.56
1.56
2.15
(3)
m
2.51
2. 43
(*)
(3i
(3)
(3)
2.62
2. 62
3.09
3.06
2.40
1.72
2.40
1.70
2. 61
2. 61
3.08
2.41
1.73
(»)
(*)
(3)
(3)
2. 61
3.07
2.99
2. 98
2.96
2. 96
2. 95
.41
1. 71
2.41
1.70
2.39
1.71
2. 38
1.70
2.38
1. 70
2.38
1.69
1 F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith th o se p u b lish e d in issues p rio r to D ecem
b er 1961, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2. F o r em ployees covered, see footn o te 1,
ta b le A -3. A verage h o u rly ea rn in g s excluding o v ertim e are d e riv e d b y as
su m in g t h a t o v ertim e h o u rs are p aid for a t th e ra te of tim e a n d one-half.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(•)
2.62
2.60
2. 59
2.59
(3)
2.58
(»)
(3)
(»)
2.57
2. 54
2. 53
2.97
2.95
2.95
2.97
2.94
2.82
2. 40
1.68
2.38
1.69
2.36
1.69
2.35
1.69
2.32
1.65
2.26
1.61
* P re lim in a ry .
• N o t a v a ilab le b ecau se average o v ertim e ra te s are sig n ifican tly above
tim e a n d one-half. In clu sio n of d a ta for th e g ro u p In th e n o n d u ra b le goods
to ta l h a s little effect.
877
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b le C -4 . A v erag e o v e rtim e h o u rs of p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers in m a n u fa c tu rin g , b y in d u s try 1
Annual
average
1962
1963
Industry
M a n u fa c tu rin g ___________________________
D u ra b le goods________________________
N o n d u ra b le goods____________________
Apr.*
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1961
1960
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.6
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.4
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.9
2.9
3.1
2.7
4.0
2.9
2.6
2.0
3.4
2.7
2.4
2.1
2.8
2.5
2.2
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.2
1.9
2.8
2.1
2.3
2.0
3.0
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.9
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.0
3.1
2.6
1.9
1.6
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.7
1.8
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.2
2.8
2.7
2.3
2. 5
1.4
1.1
2.0
3.4
2.5
3.4
2.3
2.8
1.8
5. 5
2.4
2.9
2.9
3.2
2.8
3.2
2.6
2.9
2.6
2.9
1.8
1.3
2.2
3.0
1.3
3.3
2.0
2. 6
1.7
4. 5
2.7
2 5
1.8
3.5
2.9
3.0
2.2
2.7
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.7
2.0
2.7
1.5
3.3
1.7
2.5
1.6
3.6
2.5
2.4
1.5
3.6
2.8
2.8
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.7
1.5
3.3
1.6
2.4
1.7
3.5
2.3
2.3
1.3
3.1
2.8
3.3
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.7
2.2
1.6
2.9
2.9
1.8
3.8
1.3
2.5
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.3
1.1
3.5
2.9
3 2
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.2
1.6
2.5
2.9
3.4
2.2
3.6
1.7
2.9
2.1
5.0
2.7
2.1
1.0
3.0
2.8
3.2
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.4
2.0
3.7
2.8
3.7
1.5
3.5
1.8
3.0
2.3
6.0
2.7
2.0
.9
2.9
2.3
3.8
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.4
2.4
4.6
3.2
3.9
2.0
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.0
6.4
2.9
2.2
1.3
2.7
3.0
3.7
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.2
2.0
4.0
3.4
3.9
1.6
3.4
2.1
3.2
2.1
6.7
2.8
1.9
.9
2.5
3.1
3.5
4.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.4
3.6
2.6
3.8
1.8
3.8
2.1
3.2
1.7
6.3
2.7
2.0
1.1
2.8
2.6
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.1
2.4
3.6
3.0
3.7
1.6
3.7
1.8
2.9
1.6
6.3
2.9
2.3
1.1
3.4
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.0
2.5
2.6
1.7
2.8
2.4
3.6
1.3
3.5
1.9
3.2
1.2
6.2
2.8
2.0
1.0
3.2
2.3
3.3
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.9
1.8
2.2
2.4
3.2
1.0
3.3
1.6
2.8
1.3
5.2
2.6
2.3
1.7
2.8
2.2
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.5
3.1
2.1
3.6
1.5
2.7
1.5
5.0
2.3
1.9
1.3
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
3.1
2.4
3.6
1.6
2.7
1.5
4.8
2.4
1.8
1.3
2.1
3.0
2. 5
2.8
2.8
2.4
3.1
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.3
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
3.5
3.2
3.3
2.7
2.7
3.9
3.3
3.8
2.9
2.4
3.8
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.9
3.2
2.6
2.9
3.1
4.3
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.9
4.7
4.1
3.2
3.4
3.1
4.0
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.5
3.8
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.4
3.1
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.2
2.8
2.6
2.9
3.1
3.1
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.8
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.5
3.0
4.2
4.1
3.6
3.2
2.2
3.0
3.6
3.7
3.1
3.0
1.9
2.8
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.7
2.2
2.8
4.0
3.4
3.7
3.1
1.6
2.6
3.8
3.6
3.3
2.9
1.4
2.3
4.0
3.3
3.6
3.0
1.5
2.3
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.7
1.4
2.4
2.5
3.7
2.7
2.6
Durable goods
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_______________
A m m u n itio n except for sm all a rm s ........
S ig h tin g a n d fire co n tro l e q u ip m e n t___
O th er o rd n an ce a n d accessories______
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts except
fu r n itu re ...................... - ........... - .................
S aw m ills a n d p la n in g m ills____________
M ill w o rk, ply w o o d , a n d re la te d p ro d
u c ts _________________________________
W o o d en c o n ta in e rs____________________
M iscellaneous w ood p ro d u c ts _______
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu res__________________
H o u seh o ld f u rn itu re __________________
Office f u rn itu re _______________________
P a rtitio n s ; office a n d sto re fix tu res____
O th e r fu rn itu re a n d fix tu res--------S to n e, clay, a n d glass p ro d u c ts _______
F la t g lass__________________________
Q lass a n d glassw are, pressed o r b lo w n ..
C e m e n t h y d ra u lic ____________________
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ______________
P o tte r y a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _________
C o n crete, gy p su m , a n d p la ste r p ro d u c ts
O th e r sto n e a n d m in eral p ro d u c ts ___
P r im a r y m e tal in d u s trie s ......................... ..
B la st fu rn ace a n d basic steel p r o d u c t s ...
Iro n a n d steel fo u n d rie s-------- -------------N o n ferro u s sm eltin g a n d refin in g _____
N o n ferrous rolling, d raw in g , a n d ex
tr u d in g ............................................. .............
N o n ferro u s fo u n d rie s...................................
M iscellaneous p rim a ry m e tal in d u stries.
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ... ......................
M e ta l ca n s___________________________
C u tle ry , h a n d tools, a n d general h a r d
w a re _____________ _______ __________
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t a n d p lu m b in g fix
tu r e s _______________________________
F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...
S crew m a ch in e p ro d u c ts, b o lts, e tc ____
M e ta l sta m p in g s _____________________
C o atin g , en g rav in g , a n d allied services..
M iscellaneous fab ricate d w ire p roducts.
M iscellaneous fab ricate d m e ta l p ro d
u c ts ........ ..................................... ................. .
M a c h in e ry ..................... ..................... ............. .
E n g in e s a n d tu rb in e s _________________
F a rm m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t______
C o n s tru c tio n a n d re la te d m a c h in e r y ...
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip
m e n t------- ---------- ----------------------------S pecial in d u s try m a c h in e ry ----------------G en eral in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry ..................
Office, c o m p u tin g a n d a c c o u n tin g m a
ch in es_________________ ____________
Service in d u s try m a c h in e s ....................... .
M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry _____________
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s______
E le c tric d is trib u tio n e q u ip m e n t______
E le c tric a l in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ________
H o u se h o ld a p p lia n c e s .............................. .
E le c tric lig h tin g an d w iring e q u ip m e n t.
R ad io a n d TV receiv in g s e ts...................
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t---------------E lectro n ic co m p o n en ts a n d accessories.
M iscellaneous electrical e q u ip m e n t a n d
su p p lie s................ ....................... ............... .
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t........................ . .
M o to r vehicles a n d e q u ip m e n t.......... ..
A ircraft a n d p a r ts ........................................ .
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ...
R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t__________________
O th e r tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t____
In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ---------E n g in eerin g a n d scientific in s tru m e n ts
M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d co n tro l d e
v ices_______________________________
O p tic al a n d o p h th a lm ic goods------------S u rg ical, m edical, a n d d e n ta l e q u ip
m e n t.............................................................
P h o to g ra p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d su p p lie s.
W a tch es a n d clocks__________________
See fo otnotes a t e n d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.3
2.0
3.1
3.0
2.6
2.3
1.7
2.2
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.8
1.7
2.1
3.9
3.2
2.8
2.8
1.8
2.0
4.0
3.4
3.2
2.9
2.0
2.3
4.3
3.6
3.5
3.0
1.9
2.5
3.7
3.8
3.3
2.9
2.5
2.6
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.1
2.1
2.5
3 2
2 7
2 fi
2.4
2.3
3.0
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.8
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.1
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.8
1.9
1.6
2.2
2.7
2.9
1.9
1.8
2.6
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.1
2.7
2.5
3.0
2.3
1.9
2.8
2.2
3.2
2.1
1.7
3.0
2.7
3.4
2.3
2.1
2.9
2.6
3.3
2.5
2.2
2.8
2.6
3.3
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.3
2.5
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
5 1
3 Ft
2.4
4.7
3.5
2.3
4.4
3.5
2.2
4.7
3.7
2.6
4.3
3.3
2.5
4.1
3.3
2.6
4.2
3.6
2.6
4.5
3.3
2.7
4.9
3.4
3.0
5.2
3.8
3.2
5.3
3.5
2.9
5.4
3.6
2.9
3.4
2.8
2.0
4.3
3.3
2.1
1 7
2 3
4.2
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.5
1.8
3.9
1.9
1.8
2.4
1.6
1.6
1.4
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.6
4.1
1.9
1.5
2.1
1.3
1.7
1.2
2.2
1.7
1.5
1.7
4.3
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.1
1.3
1.6
4.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.1
1.7
2.4
2.1
1.4
1.8
4.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.5
1.9
1.4
2.0
4.4
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.1
1.3
2.1
4.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.6
2.5
4.2
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.5
3.0
4.0
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.0
1.9
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.5
2.2
4.0
2.1
1.9
2.4
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.5
2.1
1.4
2.2
4.0
2.1
1.6
2.3
1.6
1.8
1.4
2.5
2.0
2.2
1.6
3.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
3.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.6
1.7
2.6
3.2
1.8
2.9
1.8
2.7
1.9
1.9
1.8
3.1
3.7
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.3
2.6
3.3
1.6
2.6
2.2
2.3
3.4
3.3
3.8
2.8
3.1
1.6
1.8
2.2
28
3.8
4.6
6.1
3.2
3.4
1.5
2.1
2.5
3.1
3.7
4.5
5.9
3.2
3.0
1.2
1.9
2.5
2.7
3.5
3.9
4.9
3.2
2.9
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.9
3.6
4.5
3.0
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.5
2.9
2.3
3.1
3.6
2.7
3.0
2.1
3.3
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.3
4.0
2.5
2.8
1.8
2.5
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.9
2.6
2.7
2.5
3.6
2.5
2.6
3.2
3.4
4.0
2.7
2.9
2.8
3.5
2.2
2.2
3.0
3.0
3.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.5
.9
1.8
2.1
2.2
1.9
2.7
3.2
2.2
2.4
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.8
1.8
2.3
2.1
2.5
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0
2.6
2.1
2.5
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.5
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
2.2
1.5
2.2
2.9
1.7
1.9
3.2
1.7
1.6
3.1
.5
2.2
3.0
1.8
2.2
3.4
2.0
2.4
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.3
2.8
2.3
2.1
2.9
1.7
2.5
3.2
2.1
2.1
2.9
1.5
2.2
2.6
1.0
2 7
1 fi
2*_2
2.2
4 fi
3 0
1.9
1 3
13
3.5
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.6
1.5
.8
1.2
1.5
2.0
878
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 196S
T a bl e C -4 .
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued
1963
1962
Annual
average
Industry
Apr.*
Mar-
1.9
2.3
1.4
1.4
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.2
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
2.2
2.1
2 .0
2.7
1.7
2.5
1.7
2.4
4. 1
1.5
2.3
2.3
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3
2.5
1.9
2.5
2.0
2.6
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.4
3.0
3.4
4.2
3.2
3.6
4.5
3.2
2.2
2.2
6.1
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.4
7.0
3.7
4.9
3.4
3.2
4.1
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
2.3
3.4
2.5
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.6
3.2
2.4
2.3
2.7
1.9
July
June
M ay
Apr.
2.3
2.9
2.4
3.1
2.2
2.0
1.6
2.2
1.8
1.9
2.5
2.3
1.9
2. 5
2.3
3.6
3.9
3.6
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.3
2.3
5.4
1961
1960
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good.»—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are....
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______
Nondurable good»
Food and kindred products____________
Meat products____________
Dairy products_____ ..IIIIIIIIII™ !!
Canned and preserved food, except meats.
Qraln mill products________________
Bakery products_____________ I
Sugar.....................................
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages__________________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod
ucts.............................
Tobacco manufactures.
Cigarettes__________
Cigars_____________
Textile mill products___________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_______
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics,
Weaving and finishing broad woolens.
Narrow fabrics and smallwares.........
Knitting____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_____________
Yarn and thread____
Miscellaneous textile goods.I____ ll.
Apparel and related products..______
Men’s and boys’suits and coats...III!
Men’s and boys’furnishings______
W omen’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer
wear................................... .....................
Women’s and children’s undergar
ments.................................................. .
Hats, caps, and millinery________
Oirls’ and childron’souterwear_____
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod
ucts_________
Paper and allied products_____
Paper and pulp___
Paperboard................................................
Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts............. ...............................................
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing___
Periodical publishing and printing .
Books_____________________________
Commercial printing_______________
Bookbinding and related industries__
Other publishing and printing indus
tries_______________
Chemicals and allied produ cts.._______
Industrial ch em ica ls...______________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass...
Drugs............................................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
Paints, varnishes and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals........ ..... ................
Other chemical products_____________
Petroleum reflningand related Industries.
Petroleum refining_______ ____ ______
Other petroleum and coal products ” 11
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod
ucts...........................................................
Tires and inner tubes___________ ” 1”
Other rubber products..........
Miscellaneous plastic products_______
Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing________
Footwear, except rubber_____________
Other leather products_______________
1.8
4.7
3.0
4.2
1.7
2.9
3.5
.4
.4
.2
2.8
3.0
3.7
2.9
2.8
1.7
3.7
3.2
2.9
2.9
1.1
.9
.9
2.2
2.2
5.4
5.6
2.7
3.2
2.3
2.4
2.8
3.4
2.3
2.8
3.7
.8
1.0
.8
3.1
3.0
3.9
3.6
3.0
1.8
4.6
4.8
3.1
3 .3
4.0
.7
.5
1.1
3.0
2.9
3.9
3.7
3.0
1.7
4.2
4.9
2.9
3.4
3.4
2.3
2.3
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5
6.4
3.3
4.5
3.1
2.5
3.4
3.8
3.2
2.3
6.9
3.1
2.9
3.3
2.5
3.9
4.3
4.3
4.1
.6
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.6
5.7
2.6
.5
.7
2 .8
3.0
4.0
3.4
3.3
1.6
3.1
3 .3
2.5
3.2
2.1
1.2
1.5
3.0
3.0
4.3
3.1
3.2
1.7
3.3
3.2
4.5
3.2
4 .4
4.7
5.1
4.5
3 .3
2.2
1.2
1.0
1.4
3.2
3.1
4.4
3.4
3.4
2.3
4.2
5.0
2.6
2.8
3 .1
3.7
3 .8
3.5
1 .4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
14
1.1
1.1
1 .0
.9
1.3
1 .0
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.4
1.3
3.0
2.8
4.2
3.7
3.2
2.3
3.7
4.7
2.2
2.4
2.5
3.4
3.1
3.4
1.9
2.2
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.1
3.0
2.4
3.6
3.8
3.8
2.5
6.5
3.4
4.7
3.1
3.9
3.9
4.0
3.5
6.9
3.4
4.6
1.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
.9
.9
.9
3.5
3.1
4.6
2.6
6.9
3.3
4.4
2.6
1.0
.6
.8
3.1
3.0
4.4
4.1
.7
.4
3.1
2.9
4.2
4.4
3.3
3 .3
2.3
2.4
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.7
1.2
3.3
4.9
2.8
3 .3
3.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
3.2
1.5
1 .2
1 .6
1 .3
1 .0
1.3
2.0
3.3
6.2
3.4
2.5
4.7
3 .8
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.3
1.4
6.2
2.9
2.1
30
1.9
2.1
2 8
1 9
1.9
1.5
1. 7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.7
3.1
2. 4
6. 2
2.9
4.5
2.5
3.8
3 7
2.9
2. 3
fl 0
29
4 2
2. 4
1.8
3.1
3.9
1.9
3.2
3.6
1.7
2.6
2.8
2.8
3.9
.7
.9
.5
3.3
3.3
4.3
4. 9
3.7
.7
.5
.9
3.3
3.4
4.3
4.6
3.9
3.9
1.1
1. 2
1.0
1.0
1 \
1.0
3.3
3 .3
2 .2
4 .4
3.2
2.3
4.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.3
1 .2
1.2
2.8
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.9
2 0
3.7
2 .6
2. 8
3 3
3 1
2 .4
1 s
3. 2
2 .8
2. 4
2.8
3.4
3 3
2 .8
3.0
2.9
1.4
1.4
1.1
.8
1 .2
1.1
.9
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1 .4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
.9
1.7
1.3
.7
.7
1 .7
1.7
1.5
1 .2
1.1
1.2
.7
.9
1.6
1.6
t.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.1
1 .4
1.2
1.2
1 .0
1.1
.9
1.2
.8
1.1
1.2
1.3
.7
1.5
1 .6
2.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
.9
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
l.a
1 .8
1.1
1.5
3.8
4.9
5.1
1.5
4.3
5.4
5.9
1.4
4.2
5.2
5.6
1.3
4.2
5.3
5.4
1.8
2.0
2 .2
2 .1
1.8
1 .5
1.8
1 .7
1 .6
1. 7
4.5
5.2
6.3
4.5
5.2
4 .5
5.1
5.2
5.9
4.3
5.0
5.6
5 1
2.5
3.0
2.4
2.9
3.3
2.8
2.9
3. 1
2.4
3 .0
4.6
3.1
2.8
2.8
1.8
2.7
2.8
3.2
2.2
2.1
2.9
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.1
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.4
5.6
2.4
1.7
1.5
3.2
2.5
1.8
1.5
4.0
5.9
3.2
3.5
3.1
3.0
1.3
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.0
3.2
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.6
1.0
2.1
1.6
3.5
2.7
2 .0
2.9
2.2
2. 5
3.4
1.3
2.3
2.9
2.9
1.2
2.6
2.4
2.4
1. 6
2.1
2.0
1.4
2.6
3.2
1.5
2. 5
1.3
1.7
1.7
3.2
2.7
2.8
2. 6
3.0
1.2
2. 4
1.1
1.2
2.7
3.8
3.0
3.0
2.4
2.5
1.9
4.8
2.4
2.5
1.9
2. 4
2.3
3.3
2.5
2.4
2. 4
1.4
2.2
2.2
2.9
3.6
2.4
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.5
2.5
1.5
3.1
1.6
2.6
2.8
1.8
2.5
2.5
1.7
3.7
2.4
2.6
1.0
2.8
2.2
1.9
3.0
2.7
2.7
1.9
2. 5
.9
2 .4
.7
4.3
2.8
2.8
2.1
4.3
4.0
3.3
2.3
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.0
3.0
2.6
3.1
3.2
2.7
9.8
5.5
2.8
3.3
2.1
2.4
6 .0
4.8
5.8
6.4
3.2
3.8
3.0
3.1
3.3
2.8
2.0
2.1
.8
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table À-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1.
table A-3.
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over
tim e hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.1
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.7
2 .5
2.8
4.4
3.6
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.7
4 .6
4.2
2.7
2.4
4.0
3.7
2.8
2.8
3 .4
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.3
3.9
2.9
2.5
3.5
2.7
2.4
2.5
3.6
3.0
2.4
3.6
2.7
2. 4
3.1
3.7
2.9
2.1
XI
2.4
2.2
2.5
2.6
2 .6
2.6
2 6
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.3
2. 5
2.0
2 0
3.6
3.0
2.7
2.4
2 .8
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.5
3.0
2.6
2.8
2 .2
1.6
2.0
6.6
1.3
5.9
3.3
3.6
3.2
3.3
1.4
3.1
8.5
2.9
3.0
1.5
2.8
1.0
1.8
2.8
3.1
1.3
2.7
.9
1 .8
5.1
2.8
3.6
2.8
6.8
4J
2.8
2.6
3.0
4 .4
5.4
5.4
3.3
2.3
2.5
3.2
2.3
3.9
3.3
4.5
6.2
6.1
3 .0
2.4
2.7
4 .7
5.5
1.4
4.3
5.2
5.7
3.4
4.1
2.9
2.5
2 .0
2.8
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.2
1 .8
3.4
2.8
3.3
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.4
3.2
3.3
2 .6
3.0
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.1
2.8
2.8
2.3
3.1
7.2
2.4
2.3
2.6
6.0
2.4
3. 8
2.5
2.0
2 .0
1.6
1. 5
4.5
1.6
2.8
2.2
1.6
6.2
6.1
4.7
3.8
3.0
3.7
4.4
3.5
3.5
1.5
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.3
2. 5
2.8
2.6
1.7
3.6
2.6
3.0
1.4
2.3
1.3
1.5
2.5
1.2
1.8
1.2
2.8
1.0
1.3
1.9
1. 9
2.9
3.3
1.4
2.6
1.1
1 .7
2.6
2 .8
3 .8
2.9
2 7
3 .6
3 7
3 1
X 3
1. Ö
2. 3
1 9
4.3
X5
2.0
1 .4
4.5
2 4
2.3
2. 7
2. 4
2.9
1.4
2.3
2 .1
1.1
1. 1
1.7
2 .2
2 .5
1.2
1.4
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours, nours for wblcb
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of pre
miums were paid are excluded.
* Preliminary,
879
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -5 .
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1
[1957-59-100]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Activity
M ay*
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1961
1960
Man-hours
Total......................... ...........................................
M ining_______________________ ______
Contract construction____ ______________
Manufacturing.................... ........................... ..
98.9
82.1
97.4
100.0
96.1
80.3
89.0
98.2
94.0
76.6
75.6
98.2
92.4
77.3
69.5
97.3
93.4
77.9
75.1
97.5
96.3
79.8
80.7
100.0
99.2
81.3
94.9
100.9
101.7
83.3
105.3
102.0
103.4
84.3
107.7
103.6
102.0
85.4
110.6
101.3
100.6
82.4
107.7
100.2
100.8
85.4
99.5
101.8
99.1
84.0
97.3
100.1
95.1
84.9
94.3
95.8
99.0
91.1
98.3
99.6
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories_________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture_________________
Furniture and fixtures___________
Stone, clay, and glass products........
Primary metal industries..................
Fabricated metal products................
Machinery______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies..
Transnortation equipment.............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..............................................
102.0
119.3
99.9
119.7
99.1
124.1
98.4
125.8
98.7
127.9
100.7
129.9
101.2
129.5
101.8
127.4
102.4
128.0
99.0
127.4
99.8
123.1
102.2
122.4
101.2
123.8
93.9
118.1
99.4
111.7
98.2
100.7
100.3
100.7
101.6
101.7
110.5
99.1
103.1
93.2
100.4
96.8
100.1
98.7
100.9
109.0
96.5
102.1
90.7
101.2
90.6
95.9
97.9
101.3
110.7
96.5
102.7
90.0
90.6
101.7
88.2
92.2
98.4
100.2
113.1
98.2
102.0
92.5
105.7
91.7
92.2
100.2
100.2
115.8
100.7
103.8
96.2
106.0
98.0
90.0
100. 7
99.1
115.8
99.5
104.1
99.6
107.9
100.8
89.8
101.9
99.6
116.4
97.9
103.3
103.1
108.0
102.1
92.5
102.7
100.2
116.9
95.7
103.0
105.0
107.3
103.0
90.5
99.6
99.6
113.4
82.9
103.1
102.3
101.6
101.6
90.3
98.8
100.4
111.8
93.9
101.0
102.7
104.5
101.3
95.2
102.6
102. 8
114.5
95.2
103.1
98.2
102.1
99.2
97.5
100.8
101.9
112.2
95.6
101.6
94.0
97.7
94.8
91.6
94.1
93.2
104.1
83.8
98.8
99.2
102.6
100.4
98.0
99.9
99.7
105.8
92.1
102.8
99.2
96.4
96.9
94.5
91.8
98.9
107.6
111.2
110.7
107.2
101.5
105.1
102.6
98.8
101.4
97.5
87.8
78.7
92.7
105.1
103.7
96.0
86.5
69.9
90.8
103.2
101.9
97.1
86.9
77.1
91.6
108.2
102.9
96.0
85.6
80.9
90.6
105.6
101.7
96.0
88.1
89.7
90.2
100.7
102.6
99.1
93.3
100.0
93.2
103. 5
105.0
100.6
96.8
99.6
94.4
105.8
104. 4
102.2
102.6
120.5
94.8
105.4
105.1
105.2
110.0
133.2
94.6
107.8
106.6
104.3
106.4
104.1
95.7
109.5
106.1
100.8
101.8
74.0
94.2
102.7
104.1
101.2
95.9
75.6
97.7
105.5
105.8
98.8
91.3
75.4
96.4
103.3
103.0
98.2
96.5
94.4
93.5
99.1
102.0
99.8
98.0
97.1
96.5
101.8
102.1
104.5
105.6
103.2
107.6
102.3
104.1
100.8
102.6
100.9
102.5
104.2
103.5
106.0
103. 5
106.0
103.7
106.8
104.5
105.1
104.3
104.0
104.2
105.1
104.8
104.8
105.7
104.6
100.8
104.4
101.6
85.2
84.1
79.2
78.8
80.6
81.4
82.7
83.5
86.5
sa 4
90.7
90.2
88.4
89.0
93.5
112.0
93.7
112.0
97.0
109.2
101.7
106.8
99.5
112.3
100.6
108.2
95.3
99.5
97.4
101.5
97.5
92.0
127.0
117.4
92.2
128.5
113.6
88.8
124.8
113.2
92.0
114.0
115.1
90.3
111.6
113.2
89.9
106.4
105.2
95.2
106.9
106.6
Nondurable g o o d s ....................................
Food and kindred products.............
Tobacco manufactures___________
Textile mill p ro d u cts.......... ...........
Apparel and related products..........
Paper and allied products............... .
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..............................................
Chemicals and allied products____
Petroleum refining and related
industries........................................ .
Rub tier and miscellaneous plastic
p rod u cts...___________________
Leather and leather products_____
109.2
90.5
107.3
87.8
108.2
93.7
101. 1
87.3
94.1
97.5
100.5
111.8
96.4
102.4
107.8
95.6
109.3
95.7
111.1
97.8
111.3
95.9
Payrolls
M ining_____ _______ ____________________
Contract construction.......................................
M anufacturing................................................ . 115.9
88.3
104.4
113.7
84.4
90.1
113.4
85.5
83.3
112.0
85.7
90.3
112.1
1 F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith those p u b lish e d In Issues p rio r to D ecem
b e r 1961, see footnote 1, ta b le A-2.
F o r m in in g a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g , d a ta refer to p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w orkers
T a b l e C -6 .
87.6
96.9
115.0
87.9
111.9
115.3
90.2
123.9
115.7
a n d for c o n tra c t co n stru c tio n , to co n stru c tio n w o rk ers, as defin ed in fo o tn o te
1, ta b le A-3.
« P re lim in a ry .
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing1
[In c u rre n t a n d 1957-59 dollars!
A nnual
average
1962
1963
Ite m
A p r. 2 M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
1961
1960
Manufacturing
G ross av erage w eek ly ea rn in g s:
C u rre n t d o lla rs ______ _____ __________ $97. 76 $98. 09 $97.20 $97.44 $98.42 $97.36 $96. 72 $97.68 $95. 75 $96.80 $97.27 $96.80 $96.56 $92.34
1957-59 d o lla rs ................................................. 92. 05 92.36 91.61 91.92 93.02 91.85 91.25 92.06 90.76 91.75 92.37 92.02 91. 79 88.62
B p en d ab le average w eek ly e a rn in g s:
W o rk er w ith no d e p e n d e n ts :
C u rre n t d o lla rs___________________ 78.36 78.63 77.91 78.11 79.35 78.50 77.99 78.76 77.21 78.05 78.43 78.05 77.86 74.60
1957-59 d o lla rs ............. ........................... 73.79 74.04 73. 43 73. 69 75.00 74.06 73.58 74.23 73.18 73. 98 74. 48 74.19 74.01 71.59
W o rk e r w ith 3 d e p e n d e n ts:
C u rre n t d o lla rs___________________ 86.04 86.31 85. 58 85.78 87.05 86.19 85. 66 86. 45 84.87 85.73 86.11 85.73 85.53 82.18
1957-59 d o lla rs ......................................... 81.02 81. 27 80.66 80. 92 82.28 81.31 80. 81 81.48 80. 45 81.26 81.78 81.49 81.30 78.87
1 F o r c o m p a ra b ility of d a ta w ith those p u b lish e d in Issues p rio r to D ecem
b e r 1961, see footnote 1, ta b le A -2. F o r em ployees covered, see footnote 1,
ta b le A -3.
S p en d ab le average w eekly ea rn in g s are based on gross average w eekly
ea rn in g s as p u b lish e d in ta b le 0 -1 less th e e stim a te d a m o u n t of th e w orkers’
F e d e ra l social secu rity a n d tocom e tax lia b ility . Since th e a m o u n t of ta x
lia b ility d ep e n d s on th e n u m b e r of d e p e n d e n ts s u p p o rte d b y th e w orker as
w ell as o n th e level of h is gross incom e, sp en d ab le earn in g s h av e been com
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$89.72
87.02
72.57
70.39
80.11
77.70
p u te d for 2 ty p e s of incom e receivers: (1) A w o rk er w ith n o d e p e n d e n ts,
a n d (2) a w o rk er w ith 3 d e p e n d e n ts.
T h e ea rn in g s expressed In 1957-69 d o llars h a v e b een a d ju ste d for changes
In p u rch asin g p o w er as m e asu red b y th e B u re a u ’s C o n su m er P ric e In d ex .
2 P re lim in a ry .
N ote: T h e se series a re d escrib ed in “ T h e C a lc u la tio n a n d U ses of the
S p en d ab le E a rn in g s S eries,” M onthly Labor Review, J a n u a r y 1959, p p . 50-54.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
880
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T
able
D -l. Consumer Price Index.1—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1957-59=100]
Annual
average
1962
1963
Group
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
N ov.
Oct,
Sept.
All item s_____ ___ ____ _________________
106.2
106.2
106.2
106.1
106.0
Food *______ ___________________________
Food at home____________ _________
Cereals and bakery products............
Meats, poultry, and fish_____ ____
Dairy products__________________
Fruits and vegetables.........................
Other foods at home 3_______ ____
104.2
102.5
109.3
98.0
102.8
113.9
94.5
104.3
102.6
109.2
98.3
102.9
112.0
96.2
104. 6
103.0
109.1
100.7
103. 5
109.6
96.7
105.0
103.5
109.2
102.1
103.6
109.4
97.1
104.7
103.2
108.7
102.5
103. 8
106.4
97.6
105.8
106.0
106.0
103.5
101.9
108.2
102.5
103.9
100.2
97.2
104.1
102.6
108.4
103.5
104.2
102.1
97.2
104.3
102 9
108.0
104.1
104.3
102.0
98.1
Housing 4._ ...................................... ....................
Rent____ __________________________
Gas and electricity__________________
Solid and petroleum fuels..................... —
Housefumishings___ ________________
Household operation.................................
105.7
106.6
107.4
102.4
98.4
110.0
105.8
106. 5
107.5
104.2
98.5
109.9
105.7
106.4
108.0
104.8
98. 6
109.7
105.4
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.3
109.3
105.4
106.3
108.2
104.9
97.9
109.3
105. 2
106.2
108.1
104.8
98.6
108.1
105.1
106.2
108.1
103.6
98.7
107.8
Apparel............................................................ —
M en’s and boys’____________________
Women’s and girls’__________________
Footwear______ _____________________
Other apparel1______________________
103.7
104.2
101.1
110.3
100.9
103.8
104.1
101.4
110.2
100.9
103.6
103.9
101.1
110.0
101.1
103.3
103.7
100.7
109.9
100.9
103.0
103.5
100.2
109.8
100.3
103.9
104.3
101.5
109.9
101.3
Transportation................................................... 107.4
Private_____________________________ 106.0
Public............................................................ 116.5
107.0
105.5
116.5
107.0
105.6
116.4
106.8
105.3
116.3
106.6
105.3
115. 7
108.0
106.8
115.7
Dec.
M ay
1962
105.3
105.2
105.4
104.2
103.5
102.1
107.4
99.7
102.7
111.9
93.4
103.2
101.9
107.6
99.6
103.0
109.4
94.4
103.6
102.2
107.6
101.7
104.1
105.0
96.1
102.6
101.5
105.4
99.3
104.8
104.2
97.6
104.8
105. 7
108.0
99.7
09.0
107.5
104.8
105.6
107.7
99.4
99.1
107.4
104.7
105. 5
107.7
100.1
99.0
107.4
104.8
105. 7
107.9
102.1
98.9
107.4
103.9
104.4
107.9
101.6
99.5
105.9
102.5
102.9
99.9
109.3
100.3
102.9
103.2
100.4
109.2
100.8
102.8
103.1
100. 5
109.1
100 4
102.7
103.1
100.0
109.1
100.6
103.2
103.3
100.9
109. 3
100.6
102.8
102.8
101.0
107.8
100.9
107.8
106. 7
115.7
107.4
106.2
115.7
106.8
105.4
115.6
107.3
106.0
115.6
107.3
106.0
115.6
107.2
105.9
115.4
105.0
104.0
111.7
Aug.
July
June
106.1
105. 5
105.5
104.8
103. 5
107.9
106.3
104.2
102.2
97.8
103.8
102.3
107.8
102.6
103.9
105.2
95.2
103.8
102.4
107.9
100 8
103.5
109.9
94.1
105.0
106.1
108.0
102.4
98.8
107.6
104.9
105.9
108.0
101.3
98.7
107.6
104.8
105.8
108.0
100.1
98.5
107.4
104.3
104. 3
102.5
109.7
101.1
104.9
104.2
104.0
109.6
101.6
104.6
104.0
103.6
109.5
101.2
108 3
107.2
116.4
108.1
106.9
116.0
1961
Medical care.......... ..........—____ __________
116.4
116.1
115.8
115.6
115.5
115.3
115 0
114.9
114.7
114.6
114.6
114.4
114.1
114.2
111.3
Personal care___________________________
107.8
107.6
107.3
107.3
107.4
107.6
107.1
106.9
106.8
106.8
106.8
106.1
106.4
106.5
104.6
Reading and recreation_______ ______ ____
110.7
111.0
110.1
110.0
110.2
110.0
110.1
109.5
110.0
110.3
110. 0
109.2
109.5
109.6
107.2
Other goods and services................................. 108.0
105.8
105.7
105.7
105.7
105.6
105.6
105.6
105.6
105.5
105.6
105.2
105.1
105.3
104.6
Special groups:
All items less food...................... ...............
All items less shelter..................................
All commodities less food____________
107.0
106.1
103.0
107.0
106.1
103.0
106.8
106.1
102.9
106.6
106.1
102.7
106.5
105.9
102.6
106.7
105.8
103.4
106.7
106.0
103.5
106.7
106.1
103.6
106.6
106.1
103. 4
106.2
105. 5
102.6
106.1
105. 4
102.5
106.1
105. 3
102.6
106.0
105.2
102.6
106.1
105.4
102.8
104.8
104.2
102.1
All commodities_____________________
Nondurables 3___________________
Nondurables less food_______ ____
Nondurables less food and apparel—
Durables 7____ __________________
Durables less cars____________
103.6
104.2
104.2
104.7
101.0
98.3
103.6
104.2
104.3
104.7
100.9
98.4
103.7
104.4
104.2
104.7
100.8
98.5
103.8
104.5
104.1
104.6
100.6
98.4
103.6
104.3
104.0
104.7
100.4
98.5
103.6
104.0
104.6
105.1
101.7
98.6
103.9
104.2
104.4
104.5
102.2
98.6
104.0
104.4
104.6
104.5
102.0
98.6
104.1
104.7
104.6
104.6
101.6
98.6
103.2
103.5
103.2
103.7
101.7
98.7
103.1
103.5
103.3
103.5
101.5
98.7
103.1
103.4
103. 4
103.8
101.6
98.8
103.0
103.2
103.5
104.0
101.5
98.9
103.2
103.6
103. 8
104.2
101.5
98.8
102.4
102.8
103.2
103.3
100.5
98.fi
All services *________________________
All services less rent_____________
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity_________
Transportation services_______
Medical care services_________
Other services...............................
111.1
111.9
111.1
111.9
110.8
111.6
110.5
111.2
110.5
111.2
110.1
110.8
110.0
110.6
109.8
110.5
109.8
110.5
109.9
110.6
109.8
110.5
109.5
110.2
109.4
110.1
109.5
110.2
107.6
108.3
110.2
112.2
119.5
110.3
110.2
112.0
119.2
110.5
110.2
111.8
118.9
110.0
109.9
111.4
118.7
109.6
109.9
111.1
118.5
109.7
109.1
110.9
118.2
109.3
108.8
110.7
118.0
109.3
108.7
110.8
117.8
109.1
108.6
110.5
117.5
109.3
108.5
111.7
117.3
109.3
108.6
111.7
117.2
109.1
108. 5
111.5
116.9
108.7
108.4
111.5
116.6
108.7
108.5
111.2
116.8
108.7
107.2
109.5
113.1
106.8
•The Consumer Price Index for M ay 1963 calculated from a 1947-49
■=100 base was 130.3.
1 The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
* Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
* Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous Items.
* includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(except shoe repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
7 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
s Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage, interest, prop
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, refinisbing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs and motion picture admissions.
881
D.— CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
1957-59=100]
Annual
average
1962
1963
City
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
1962
1961
1963
(194749 = 100)
M ay
All Items
All-city average *........
106.2
106.2
106.2
106.1
106.0
105.8
106.0
106.0
106.1
105. 5
105.5
105.3
105.2
105.4
104.2
130.3
Atlanta, Qa________
Baltimore, M d______
Boston, M ass_______
Chicago, 111_________
Cincinnati, Ohio____
0
(3)
(3)
105.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
109.2
105.0
(3)
104.9
106.2
(3)
105.2
104.5
(»)
(•)
(»)
104.7
(>)
(3)
(3)
108.6
104.7
0
104.5
105.7
0
104.7
104.0
0
0
0
105.0
0
0
0
108.2
105.0
0
104.7
106.0
0
105.2
104.3
0
0
0
104.4
0
0
0
107.2
104.5
0
104.0
104.8
0
104.5
103.3
0
0
0
104.6
0
104.1
105.2
107.4
104.6
103.6
103. 2
104. 4
105.1
103.6
102.6
0
132.4
0
Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, M ich______
Houston, T ex_______
Kansas City, M o___
Los Angeles, Calif___
104.3
102.4
104.4
(3)
107.6
(3)
102.1
(3)
106.4
108.0
(8
102.6
(3)
(3)
107.7
104.3
102.6
105.0
0
107.8
0
102.5
0
105.9
107.3
0
102.5
0
0
107.2
103.7
102.6
104.5
0
107.1
0
102.8
0
107.1
107.2
0
102.8
0
0
107.2
103.8
102.3
104.6
0
106.6
0
101.9
0
106.0
106.8
0
101.8
0
0
107.0
103.5
102.0
104.7
0
106.9
103.5
102.2
104.6
106.1
106.6
103.2
101.9
102.6
104. 5
105.4
129.5
126.3
128.6
0
134.2
Minneapolis, M in n ..
N ew York, N .Y .........
Philadelphia, Pa........
Pittsburgh, Pa______
Portland, Oreg______
(3)
107.8
106.2
(3)
0
106.5
107.9
106.4
106.3
106.2
(3)
107.6
106.4
(3)
(3)
(«)
107.6
106.2
(3)
(*)
106.0
107.5
105.9
106.5
105.7
0
106.9
105.7
0
0
0
107.1
105.8
0
0
105.9
107. 2
105. 8
106.3
105.3
0
107.3
106.0
0
0
0
106.6
105. 2
0
0
105. 7
106.4
105.3
106.0
104.8
0
105.8
104.9
0
0
0
105.7
104.7
0
0
105.5
106.4
105.2
105.9
104.6
104.2
104.8
104.4
105. 0
104.1
0
129.9
130.4
St. Louis, M o.............
San Francisco, C alif..
Scranton, Pa_______
Seattle, Wash_______
Washington, D .C ___
(3)
(3)
106.7
107.4
106.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
105.8
108.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
(»)
(3)
106.9
107.2
105.6
106.0
107.8
0
0
0
0
0
106.5
107.0
105.3
105.6
107.5
0
0
0
106.0
106. 7
104.8
104.4
107.5
0
0
0
0
0
105.7
106.3
104.2
105.1
107.4
105. 9
106.5
104.6
103.9
105.8
104.1
104.9
103.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
127.3
135.0
127.7
Food
All-city average3.
104.2
104.3
104.6
105.0
104.7
103.5
104.1
104.3
104.8
103.8
103.8
103.5
103.2
103.6
102.6
A tla n ta , Q a_________
B altim o re, M d ______
B o sto n , M a s s ...............
C hicago, 111_________
C in c in n a ti, O hio.........
102.3
103.5
106.2
104.7
102.3
102.7
103.5
106.6
105.0
102.2
103.8
103.7
106.5
105. 7
102.6
104.2
103.9
106.3
105.4
103.7
104.0
104.6
106.4
105.6
103.1
102.7
103.4
105.7
104.3
101.7
103.1
103.6
106.4
105.7
102.8
103.9
104.2
105.7
105.7
103.0
104.3
104.5
105.7
106.7
103.7
103.4
104.2
105.0
105.8
102.2
102.9
103.4
104.3
105.7
102.4
103.0
103.0
104.2
105.2
101.5
103.1
102.7
103.7
104.6
101.2
103.0
103.3
104.6
105.3
101.9
101.8
102.4
102.4
103.2
101.8
C le v ela n d , O hio_____
D e tro it, M ic h _______
H o u sto n , T e x ...............
K an sas C ity , M o ........
L os A ngeles, C alif___
100.7
100.7
102.0
102.1
105.9
100.8
100.8
101.8
103.3
106.6
101.7
101.1
102.3
103.6
106. S
102.2
101.7
103.0
104.3
107.8
101.7
101.3
103.2
103.2
106.8
100.8
100.6
102.4
103.2
105.6
101.3
101.6
102.8
104.4
105.3
101.7
101.5
103.6
104.5
105.6
102.4
101.6
104.0
105.1
105.9
101.5
100.8
102.9
104.2
104.7
101.4
101.2
103.1
103.7
105.0
101.2
100.9
102.2
103.0
106.1
101.1
101.4
103.1
102.6
106.2
101.0
101.1
102.9
103.3
105.5
100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5
M in n ea p o lis, M i n n N e w Y o rk , N .Y .........
P h ila d e lp h ia . P a ____
P itts b u r g h , P a ______
P o rtla n d , O reg______
101.7
106.3
103.2
103.2
104.1
102.0
106.3
103.1
103.1
104.5
101.8
106.6
104.1
104.1
104.6
101.7
106.8
104.4
104.3
105.2
101.5
106.6
104.5
103.2
105.3
100.8
104.9
103.0
101.7
103.9
100.9
105.8
103.5
102.5
104.1
101.5
106.3
104.8
102.8
104.5
102.5
107.0
104.8
103.4
104.8
101.8
105.7
103. 6
102.5
103.4
102.5
104.8
103.8
102.4
103.6
102.3
103.7
102.6
102.5
104.2
102.4
103.5
102.3
102.4
104.3
101.8
104. 9
103.1
102.4
103.6
101.2
102.9
101.9
102.3
103.0
S t. L o u is, M o ..............
S an F ran cisc o , C alif.
S cran to n , P a .................
S eattle , W a s h ...............
W a sh in g to n , D .C ___
103.1
105.9
103.1
106.7
103.3
104.0
106.5
103.1
107.3
102.9
104.5
106.9
103.3
107.3
103.6
105.0
107.0
104.4
106.9
103.2
104.9
106.7
104.1
106.3
103.9
104.6
105. 6
102.9
105.9
101.8
104.5
105.8
103.6
105.9
102.1
103.8
105. 6
104.1
105.9
103. 4
104.2
105.0
103.8
106. 6
103.0
102.7
104.3
102.3
108.0
102.6
102.8
105.5
103.1
106.1
102.2
102.3
105.9
103.5
106.5
101.1
102.3
105. 4
103.2
105.5
101.5
103.0
105.4
103.1
105. 7
102.0
102.0
104.0
101.3
104.5
101.6
i See footnote 1, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
___
* Average of 46 cities.
s All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every
month on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.
«82
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T a b le
D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59—100, u n less o th e rw ise specified] *
1963
1962
A nnual
A verage
C o m m o d ity g ro u p
M ay3
A p r.
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
A ll co m m o d ities__________________________
100.1
<99.7
99.9
100.2
100.5
100.4
100.7
F a rm p ro d u c ts a n d processed foods_______
98.4
97.6
97.4
98.7
99.8
99.3
100.4
F a rm p ro d u c ts ______ ___________________
94.4
95.4
F re s h a n d d rie d fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s ..
99.8 <99.6
G ra in s ____ ________ __________________ 102.9 105.1
L iv esto ck an d live p o u ltry __________
86.8
88.2
P la n t an d an im a l fibers_______________ 101.7 102.0
F lu id m ilk .......................... .......... .................
97.5 ‘ 98.3
E g g s ............................................ ............. .........
77.1
81.3
H a y , h ay seed s, a n d oilseeds............ ......... 112.5 110.7
O th e r farm p ro d u c ts _________________
89.5
89.4
P rocessed foods_____ ______________
101.5 <99.3
C ere al a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts . _______ 107.6 108.1
M e a ts, p o u ltry , an d f is h .____ ________
91.8 <90.3
D a iry p ro d u cts an d ice cre a m _________ 106.5 106.9
C a n n e d a n d frozen fru its a n d vegeta b le s .............................................. .
103.4 <102. 9
S u g ar an d confectionerv
..........
133.6 113.9
P ack a g ed beverage m a te ria ls __________
80 9 *80.9
A n im a l fats an d oils................ ...........
77.2 < 79.1
C ru d e vegetable o ils_______________
84.5
83.3
R efined vegetable o il s ____ ___________
85.8
84.1
V egetable oil e n d p ro d u c ts ____________
87.0
87.2
M iscellan eo u s processed foods !_______ 100.6 <101.4
A ll com m odities except farm p ro d u cts
100.7 <100. 2
A ll co m m o d ities except farm a n d foods___
100.5 100.4
T e x tile p ro d u c ts a n d a p p a re l.................. .
100.0 100.1
C o tto n p ro d u c ts ________________
99.7 100.1
W ool p ro d u c ts _______ ______________
100.5 100.8
M a n m a d e fiber te x tile p ro d u c ts _______
93.8
93.8
Silk p ro d u c ts ______ ___________ ______ 144.4 150.9
A p p a re l............................................................. 101.3 101.3
M iscellaneous te x tile p ro d u c ts •_______ 118.2 <116.3
H id es, sk in s, le a th e r, a n d le a th e r p rodu c ts ....................................................... ..
104.8 <104.5
H id es a n d s k in s _________________
87.4
85.0
L e a th e r .................. .................................
103.2 102.8
F o o tw e a r_______________________
.108.2 <108.2
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts ________________ 104.5 <104.5
F u e l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts, a n d pow er___ 100.4 <100 3
C o a l........................................................
94.1 <95.0
C o k e ........................................ .............
103.6 103.6
G as fuels <_____ _______ ______
120.0 <124.1
E lectric p o w e r»____________ .
102.1 102.4
C ru d e p etro leu m a n d n a tu ra l g a s o lin e ..
(*)
C)
P e tro le u m p ro d u c ts, refin ed ...................
99.1
98.2
C hem icals an d allied p ro d u c ts ________
96. 5
96.5
In d u s tria l ch e m ica ls......... .....................
95.3
95.3
P re p a re d p a i n t__
. ..
103.0 103.7
P a in t m a te ria ls .......................................
91.7
91.5
D ru g s an d p h a rm a c e u tic a ls __________
95.2 <95.1
F a ts an d oils, in e d ib le ________________
78.5
77.7
M ix ed fertilizer__________________
103.6 <103. 7
F e rtiliz e r m a te ria ls_________________
102.3 102.3
O th e r ch em icals a n d allied p ro d u c ts .
98.6
98.6
R u b b e r a n d ru b b e r p ro d u c ts ____________
93.2
94.1
C ru d e ru b b e r ______________________
92.6
92.8
T ires a n d tu b e s ______________
89.1
89.0
M iscellaneous ru b b e r p ro d u c ts
97.5
99.8
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts ..........................
97.5
97.0
L u m b e r .............................................
98.4
97.6
M illw o rk __________________________
102.4 102.4
P ly w o o d ............ ...............
90.9
91.0
P u lp , p a p e r, a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ................. 99.1
99.0
W ood p u lp ____________
91.3
91.3
W a ste p a p e r......................................
89.8
92.5
P a p e r ____ ______________
102.2 102.2
P a p e rb o a rd ..................................
94.1
94.1
C o n v e rte d p ap e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd produ c ts ..................................
99.9
99.7
B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a rd ..........................
96.1
95.5
95.4
99.0
103.7
85.6
101.8
99.6
99.8
113 8
89.0
99.0
108.0
91.8
107.1
96.5
96.5
103 0
89.5
100. 8
101. 1
99.1
113.5
89. 1
100 5
108.6
95.6
108.0
98.5
104.0
102.0
94 1
99.3
101.3
100.1
111.9
87.4
100.8
107.4
97.9
107.8
97.3
88.5
101.1
96.2
98.1
101.9
99.3
108.2
89.0
100.9
107 6
99. 4
108.1
101.3
106.1
79 1
80.0
83.8
90.0
90.5
101.5
100.4
100.6
100.2
100.2
100.8
93.8
160.9
101.4
114.9
99.8
105.1
79.1
86.0
82.5
89.2
91.9
101. 5
100.6
100.6
100 3
100. 5
100. 7
93.7
151.1
101. 4
118.2
105.1
88.4
103.7
108.3
104.7
100.8
98 1
103.6
127.8
102.4
( 8)
98.2
96.8
95.4
103.7
93.0
95. 2
74.5
103.6
102.3
99.5
94.1
92.7
89.0
99.8
96.5
96.6
102.5
91.2
99.0
89.4
96.6
102.2
94.1
99.7
94.1
See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
100.6
101.2
100.5
100.4
100.0
100.2
100.6
100.3
100.3
102.1
99.8
98.9
97.7
98.0
99.6
98.6
99.3
96.4
99.5
98.3
97.6
102. 1
112.4
106.9
90. 1
101.3
107.7
100.1
108.0
98.7
97.5
98.5
98.6
97. 6
102.5
103.1
103. 1
89.7
101.5
107.6
100.0
107.7
100.6
94.9
98.6
104.4
97.4
101.6
110.7
99.8
90.8
103.3
107.6
106.8
106.0
97.6
90.9
98.1
98. 5
98.4
100.8
98.0
105. 2
89.9
101.5
107.8
101.0
106.1
98.5
92.2
99.1
95 8
99 3
99.8
86.2
105. 3
92.5
100.8
107.0
09 0
105.7
05.3
98 7
99.9
91.6
99.6
97.0
80.0
106.3
92.5
99.8
107.6
95. 7
105.0
96.2
107.1
101.0
91.4
98.9
96. 7
75.3
107.6
93.4
99.6
107.4
95.5
104.5
97.7
97.7
98.8
96.2
98. 4
101.2
95.2
105.4
91.8
101.2
107.6
99.1
106.9
96.0
93.7
95.0
92.5
94.8
103.9
99.0
107.2
93.2
100.7
105.1
95.4
107.5
100.0
105.0
79.1
82.8
81.0
88.4
91.9
100.2
100 7
100.7
100.4
100.6
100.7
93.7
149.8
101.3
123.3
95.7 ¡ 9 6 3
102.8 102.5
79.1
79.1
85 2
92.2
78.9
79.8
88.7
90.0
91.8
91.8
100.4 101.2
100.8 100.8
100.7 100.7
100.6 100 5
100.8 100.7
100.2 100.1
93.6
93.7
143.3 130.3
101.7 101.7
127.9 127.8
96.4
103.0
79. 1
95.2
80.9
86.2
90.9
104.6
100.8
100.7
100.5
101.0
99.6
93.6
129 5
101.7
121.6
96.6
102.1
82.4
91.4
76.7
84.6
92 6
102.8
101.2
100.8
100.6
101.3
99. 4
94.0
125. 2
101.6
122.1
97.1
102.7
82.6
89.5
77.9
85.2
92.9
101.1
100. 8
100.6
100.8
101.7
99.3
94 3
132.4
101.8
119.4
98.7
102.2
82.6
85.8
78.2
85.2
94.5
101.0
100.8
100 8
100.9
101.9
99.3
94.7
130.2
101.8
121.6
99.1
102. 4
82.6
85.7
80.8
88.8
100.1
101 8
100.6
100 7
100 8
102.0
99 1
94 6
130.7
101.5
123. 9
98.6
102. 1
82 6
87.7
87.1
89.9
101 9
100.7
100.7
100 9
100.7
102. 1
98.9
94.5
126.4
101 4
119.7
98.0
102.2
81.9
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101. 8
100.9
100 8
100. 6
101. 7
99.1
93.9
125. 9
101. 5
122. 4
101.7
101.3
83.7
94.4
102.6
108.3
102.7
105.8
100.8
100.8
99.7
100.4
97.1
93 4
113.2
101.0
123.8
105.1
85.9
104. 7
108.3
104.8
100.3
98.4
103.6
127.8
102.5
(*)
97.1
96. 7
95.2
103 8
93.0
95.1
72 7
103.6
102.3
99. 5
94.2
93. 7
89.0
99.7
96.1
96.2
102 3
90.5
99.1
89.4
96.1
102.2
911
106.0
95.2
105. 2
108.3
104.9
100.4
98.3
103.6
120.8
102.5
(!)
98 2
96.9
96.0
103. 8
93.0
95.2
71.7
103.0
100.8
99.6
94.3
94.1
89 0
99.7
95.9
95.9
102.3
90.5
99.0
89.4
94.7
102.2
94.1
106.9
101.6
106.1
108. 5
105. 5
100.8
98.3
103.6
123.1
102. 7
98.1
98.6
96.8
95.9
103.8
92.9
94.8
72.8
102.8
99.6
99.5
94.4
94.7
89.0
99.7
95.8
95.8
102.1
90.4
99.0
89.4
94.6
102 2
94.1
107 3
107. 1
106.8
108. 4
105.0
100.8
97 7
103 6
122.3
102. 7
98.1
98.9
97.0
95.9
103.8
93.9
95.1
75.9
103.1
99 2
99.5
93.7
92.8
88.0
99. 7
96.3
96.3
102.3
91.5
99.1
89. 4
96.0
102.2
94.1
107.4
108.8
106. 5
108. 4
104.8
100 8
97. 2
103.6
122 7
102.7
98.1
98.9
97.1
96. 1
103 8
93.9
95.1
76.7
103.4
99.0
99. 5
93.1
92.7
86 4
100.0
96.6
96.7
102 3
91.9
99.3
91.3
96.1
102 3
94.0
107.5
110.8
106.6
108.8
104.0
100.8
96.6
103 6
120 1
102.8
98.2
99 2
96.9
95.9
103.8
94.5
95.0
72.3
103. 9
98.6
99.5
92.8
92.0
88.4
99.4
97.0
97.2
102.3
92.2
99.5
93.6
96.4
102.4
94.0
107.0
105.1
106.9
108.8
103.9
99.5
95.6
103 6
117 8
102.8
98.2
97.2
97.0
95.9
103.8
95.3
95.0
73 0
103.9
98.4
99.4
92.7
92.3
86.4
99. 1
97.4
97.7
102.7
92.1
99.7
93.6
95.1
102.6
94.0
107.5
104. 2
108 4
108.8
105 0
100.0
95. 3
103.6
119.7
102.8
98.2
98.0
97.2
96.1
103.8
96.0
95.1
73.5
103.9
101.0
99.4
92.7
92.4
86. 4
99 1
97.5
98.0
102.3
92 4
100.0
93.6
96.8
102.6
94.0
108.0
108.5
110.0
108.7
104.9
99 6
94.6
103.6
113.8
102.8
98.2
98.1
97.6
96 2
103 8
96.2
97.0
73.4
103.9
103. 6
99. 4
93.0
93.5
86.4
99 4
97.3
97.6
101.9
92.9
100.5
93.6
96.4
103.1
93.8
107.2
105 4
110.6
108.7
101.7
99 7
94.6
103.6
116.6
102.9
98.2
97 9
97. 7
96.3
103.8
96. 4
97.0
77.1
103.9
103.6
99.4
93.2
94,9
86. 4
99.4
97. 1
97.5
101.8
92.2
100.8
93.6
96.2
103.1
93.8
107.4
106.2
108. 5
198. 7
104.3
100.2
96.8
103.6
119 2
102.8
98.1
98. 2
97. 5
96 3
103. 8
95. 6
96.0
76.3
103.8
101 9
99.4
93.3
93.6
87.1
99.4
96.5
06.5
101.8
92.4
100.0
93 2
97.5
102.6
93.1
106.2
107.9
106.0
107.4
103.2
100.7
97.7
103.6
118.7
102.4
98.0
99.3
99.1
98.4
103.6
99.6
98.3
87.5
102.6
104.3
99.2
96.1
96.3
92.4
100 0
95.9
94.7
101.9
95. 7
98.8
95.0
80.5
102.2
92.5
99.9
95.5
99.6
95.6
99.6
96.2
99.7
96.6
100.0
96.3
100.0
97.1
100.4
97.1
101.0
96.3
101.6
95.5
102.1
97.7
101.0
97.2
99. S
100.3
1962»
1961
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-3. Indexes
of
883
wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59-100, un less o th erw ise specified] *
1962
1963
A nnual
A verage
C o m m o d ity g ro u p
M ay5
A p r.
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
1962»
1961
99.9
99.3
98.7
104.6
103.9
100.8
92.9
98.1
99.4
98.5
98.2
104.5
103.9
100.8
92.9
97.6
99.4
98.4
98.1
104.5
103.9
101.3
92.6
97.8
99.4
98.6
98.0
104. 5
104.0
101 1
92.4
98.0
99.5
98.8
98.0
104.5
103.8
97.5
92.5
98.1
99.3
98.7
97.7
103.7
103.8
97.5
93.3
98.1
99.3
98.4
98.3
103.7
103. 8
97.5
92.8
98.1
99.4
98.7
97.9
103.7
103. 7
97.2
92.7
98.2
99.7
99.0
98.9
103. 7
103.7
96.8
92.8
98.2
99.8
99. 1
99.0
103.7
103. 7
96.8
92.9
98.3
99.7
98.9
99.0
103.7
103.7
97.1
92.9
98.3
99.8
98.9
99.3
103.7
104.2
98.5
92.9
98.3
100.2
99.2
99.9
103.7
104 1
103.8
93.1
98.3
100.0
99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0
100.1
93.2
98.2
100.7
100.7
100.4
102.0
103.8
103.1
94.6
99.0
104.0 103.8
102.2 <101.9
110.9 110.9
103.7
102.0
111.0
103.7
102.2
110.8
103.7
102.3
110.8
103.8
102.3
110.5
103.9
102.2
110.2
103.8
102.2
109.6
103.9
102.3
109.4
103.9
102.3
109.4
103.9
102.3
109.5
103.9
102.4
109.5
104.1
102.3
109.3
103.9
102.3
109.5
103.1
102.3
107.4
107.5
A ll co m m o d ities ex c ep t farm a n d foods—
C o n tin u e d
M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ______________
Iro n an d ste e l____ ____________________
N o n ferrous m e ta ls __ _________________
M e ta l c o n ta in e rs_______________ ______
H a rd w a re ______ ______________________
P lu m b in g fixtures a n d b ra ss f i t t i n g s . . .
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t................................. ...
F a b ric a te d s tru c tu ra l m e tal p r o d u c t s ..
F a b ric a te d n o n s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p ro d
u c ts ____ ____ ______ ________________
M a c h in e ry a n d m o tiv e p ro d u c ts .................
A g ricu ltu ral m a ch in ery a n d e q u ip m e n t.
C o n s tru c tio n m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip
m e n t_____________________ ________ _
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip
m e n t________________ ______________
G en eral p urpose m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip
m e n t________ _____ ________________
M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry ......... .................
S pecial in d u s try m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip
m e n t 10________ ______ _____________
E lectrical m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t__
M o to r vehicles________________________
T ra n sp o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t, ra ilro a d
ro lling stock >°.............................................
F u r n itu re a n d o th e r ho u seh o ld d u ra b le s .
H o u seh o ld fu rn itu re __________ ____ _
C o m m ercial fu rn itu re _________________
F lo o r co v erin g s............. ....................... .........
H o u seh o ld ap p lian ce s..................................
T elev ision, ra d io receivers, a n d p h o n o
g ra p h s ______________________________
O th e r household d u ra b le goods_______
N o n m e ta lllc m in eral p ro d u c ts ............... ..
F la t g lass____ _____ __________________
C o n crete in g re d ie n ts....................................
C o n cre te p ro d u c ts _____ ______________
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts .............................
G y p su m p ro d u c ts ____ _______________
P re p a re d a sp h a lt roofing............................
O th e r n o n m e talllc m in e ra ls.......................
T o b acco p ro d u cts a n d b o ttle d b everages.
T o b a cco p ro d u c ts _____________________
A lcoholic b everages___________________
N o n alcoholic bev erag es_______________
M iscellaneous p ro d u c ts _________________
T o y s, sp o rtin g goods, sm all arm s, a m
m u n i t i o n . . ________ ________________
M a n u fa c tu re d an im a l feeds___________
N o tio n s and accessories_______________
Jew elry , w atch es, a n d p h o to g ra p h ic
e q u ip m e n t________ ____ ____________
O th e r m iscellaneous p ro d u c ts .................
109.2
108.8
108.8
108.5
108.3
108.3
108.2
108.0
107.7
107.7
107.6
107.7
107.7
107.8
109.4
109.4
109.1
109.1
109.2
109.3
109.3
109.3
109.3
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.5
109.3
107.0
103.5 103.4
103.3 4103.4
103.4
103.7
103.6
103.4
103.9
103.4
103.8
103.4
103.7
103.3
103.7
103.3
103. 6
103.2
103. 3
103. 6
102.9
103.4
103.1
103.2
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.4
102.8
102.8
103.9 ‘ 103.9
97.0
97.7
100.2 ‘ 99.8
103.1
97.1
100.3
103.1
97.8
100.4
102.9
98.0
100.4
102.8
98.1
100.4
102.5
98.1
100.4
102.2
98.4
100.4
102.0
98.4
100.9
102.0
98.0
100.9
102.0
98.1
100.9
101.8
98.4
100.9
101.8
98.6
100.1
101.9
98.4
100.5
100.4
100.0
100.7
100.5 100.5
98.0 ‘ 98.1
104.4 ‘ 104.4
102.3 102.3
95.9
95.7
92.0 ‘ 92.1
100.5
98.2
104.6
102.3
96.0
92.3
100.5
98.2
104.5
102.3
95.9
92.3
100.5
98.3
104.5
102.3
96.2
92.3
100.5
98.4
104.2
102.3
96.4
93.0
100.6
98.6
104.1
102.5
96.8
93.1
100.5
98.5
104.0
102.5
96.8
93.0
100.5
98.6
103.9
102.5
96.7
93.2
100. 5
98.7
104.0
102. 5
96.7
93.6
100.5
98.8
104 1
102.4
96.7
93.9
100.5
98.9
103.9
102.2
96.9
94.3
100,5
99 0
103.7
102. 2
97.0
94.3
100.5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0
100.2
99.5
102.8
101.8
99.3
95.2
89.4
88.9
103.1 103.0
101.3 101. 5
98.6
96.6
103.0 103.0
101.9 102.2
103.8 ‘ 103.8
105.0 105.0
94.1
92.8
101.4 101.4
105.2 ‘ 104.4
104.5 ‘ 102.3
101.1 101.1
117.4 117.4
107.6 108.0
89.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.8
90.1
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.8
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.5
90.1
102.8
101.4
96.6
102.7
102.5
103.7
105.0
89.4
102.2
104 3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.6
90.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.2
102. 5
103.5
105.0
89.4
102.4
104.3
102.2
117.4
110.2
90.4
102.9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.8
103 4
105.0
89.4
102.4
104. 5
102.2
101.5
117.4
109.8
90.7
102 9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.7
103.4
105. 0
89.4
102.2
104. 5
102.2
101.5
117.4
108.7
90.7
103.1
101.5
96.6
103.3
102.6
103 6
105.0
89.4
101 5
104. 2
102.0
101.1
117.1
109.1
90.8
102 9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.6
103.6
105.0
89.4
101.7
104.2
102.0
101.1
117.1
107.2
90.8
103.0
101.6
98.0
103.3
102.7
103.6
105.0
89.4
101.7
104.0
102 0
100.7
116.7
107.6
90 9
103 2
101 9
98 0
103.2
102.5
103.6
105. 0
95.3
102.0
104.1
102.0
101.1
116.7
105.4
92.3
103.2
102. 1
98.0
103.2
102.5
103.6
105.0
99 0
102.0
104. 1
102.0
101.1
116.7
106.0
91.1
103 1
101.8
97.0
103.2
102.6
103.5
105.0
94.8
102.2
104.1
102.1
101.0
116 9
107.3
95.3
102.5
101.8
96.8
102.8
102.5
103.2
103.8
98 6
102.2
103 2
102 0
100 6
112 8
103.9
100.7
111.2
98.7
100.7
111.9
98.7
100. 5
117.1
98.7
101.1
118.2
98.7
101.3
118.3
98.7
101.3
115. 7
98.7
101.2
114.9
98.7
101.2
112.8
98.7
101.1
113.7
98.7
101.0
110.2
98.7
101.0
111.0
98.7
100.7
107.2
98.7
100.5
108. 2
98.7
100.8
110.6
98.7
100.9
104.6
98.9
103.9
101.4
103.8
101.4
103.9
101.7
104.0
101.7
104.0
101.8
104.4
101.5
104.4
101.7
104.4
101.6
104.4
101.2
104 4
101.0
104.3
101.0
104.2
100.9
104.1
100.9
104.2
101.3
103.5
101.2
• As of J a n u a ry 1961, new w eights reflecting 1958 values w ere in tro d u ced
In to th e index. See “ W e ig h t R evisions in th e W holesale P rice In d ex 18901960." M onthly Labor Review, F e b ru a ry 1962, pp. 175-182.
1 As of J a n u a ry 1962, th e indexes w ere co n v e rted from th e form er base of
1947-49 = 100 to th e new base of 1957-59—100. T e ch n ica l d etails a n d earlier
d a ta on th e 1957-59 base fu rn ish e d u p o n re q u e s t to th e B u rea u .
• P re lim in a ry ,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101. 1
4 R ev ised .
8 F o rm e rly title d “ o th e r processed foods.”
• F o rm erly title d “ o th e r te x tile p ro d u c ts ."
I J a n u a r y 1958—100.
• D isco n tin u ed .
' F o rm erly title d “ o th e r r u b b e r p ro d u c ts ."
II J a n u a r y 1961—100.
884
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
T able
D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
(1957-59=100, u n le ss o th e rw ise specified]»
1963
1962
A n n u al average
C o m m o d ity g ro u p
M a y 3 A p r.
A ll foods................................................ _......... .............................
A ll fish................................................................................
A ll c o m m o d ities ex c ep t farm p ro d u c ts ....................... T e x tile p ro d u c ts, excludin g h a rd fiber p ro d u c ts ______
B itu m in o u s coal—d o m e stic sizes_____________________
R efined p e tro le u m p ro d u c ts _____ ____________________
E a s t C o a st m a rk e ts ______________________________
M ld e o n tin e n t m a rk e ts ___________________________
G u lf C o ast m a r k e ts ___
.........
P acific C o a st m a rk e ts ____________________________
M id w e s t m a r k e t s 4_______________________________
S o a p s .______________ ____ ___________________________
S y n th e tic d e t e r g e n ts ..._____ ________________________
P h a rm a c e u tic a l p re p a ra tio n s _________________________
E th ic a l p re p a ra tio n s 4____________________________
A n ti-ln fectiv es * _
.......... ...............................
A n ti-a rth rltic s 4______________________________
S ed ativ es a n d h y p n o tic s 4____________________
A ta r a c tic s 5. .
. . . ............................ .
A n ti-sp asm o d ics a n d a n ti-e h o lin e rg lc s 4.............
O ard io v ascu lars a n d a n ti-h y p e rte n siv e s 4..........
D ia b e tic s 8___________________________________
H o rm o n es •'__________________________________
D iu r e tic s 8___ _______________________________
D e rm a to lo g ic a ls 8____________________________
H e rm a tin ic s 8________________________________
A nalgesics 8 . ...............
A n ti-o b e sity p re p a ra tio n s 8____ ______________
C ough a n d cold p re p a ra tio n s 8......... ............. .......
V ita m in s 4..........................
P ro p rie ta ry p r e p a r a tio n s 4______ ________________
V ita m in s 8___________________________________
C ough an d cold p re p a ra tio n s 4_______________
L a x ativ es a n d elim in a tio n aid s 4_____________
I n te rn a l analgesics 4__________________________
T o n ics a n d a lte ra tiv e s 8______________________
E x te rn a l a n a lg e s ic s 4_________________________
A n tis e p tic s ».
...
___
........
A n ta c id s 4. . . ..............................................................
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts (excluding m illw o rk )____
Softw ood lu m b e r............................................. ...........................
P u lp , p a p e r, a n d allie d p ro d u c ts (excluding b u ild in g
p a p e r a n d b o a rd ) ______________________________
S pecial m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts 4__________________
S teel m ill p ro d u c ts ___________________________________
M a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t_____________ ___ __________
A g ricu ltu ral m a c h in e ry (in c lu d in g tra c to rs ).....................
M e ta lw o rk in g m a e h in e rv .
A ll tra c to rs ________________________________________ .
In d u s tria l v a lv e s_______________________ _
In d u s tria l fittin g s ________________
A n tifric tio n b earin g s a n d c o m p o n e n ts ___
A b ra siv e g rin d in g w h eels______________________
C o n s tru c tio n m a te ria ls ._________ _____ _____________
1 See footnote 1, ta b le D -3.
2 See footnote 2, ta b le D -3.
8 P re lim in a ry .
* R ev ise d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ar.
F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t. A ug.
100.5
121.6
100.8
99.0
95.9
97.2
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
87.0
102.2
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
100.3
100.1
101.5
J u ly
June
M ay
99.6
119.0
100.8
99.2
95.0
98.0
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
90.8
102.2
99.8
96.4
95.5
87.9
100.6
112. 5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100.0
100.8
108. 5
101. 8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
100.3
100.0
101.5
98.9
118.3
100.6
99.2
94.0
98.1
97.8
101.4
97.2
92.9
93.4
102.2
99.8
98.5
98.4
98.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100.0
100. 8
108. 5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.0
102.0
99.3
119.4
100.7
99.2
93.6
97.9
99.0
98.6
96.0
92.9
95.9
102.1
99.8
98.4
98.4
98.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
104.2
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100. 6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.0
102.0
100.6
119.2
100.9
98.8
98.3
98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2
102.6
99.7
97.3
96.9
93.1
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.5
104. 0
99.6
100.0
100.7
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.0
88.1
100. 5
100.1
100.0
101. 1 101.1
100.2
100.5
101.4
102.9
110.5
109.1
109.3
104. 6
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.4
1962*
1961
100.6 <98.7
115.9 113.6
100.7 4100.2
98.0 98.2
92.8 495. 5
99.1 98.2
96.2 98.9
102.6 99.7
99.7 97.7
90.7 90.7
93.3 94.5
103.5 103.5
99.6 99.6
96.9 96.8
95.7 95.7
88.5 88.5
100.6 100.6
113.2 112.5
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
101.3 100.7
103.8 103.8
100.0 99.6
100.0 100.0
100.8 100.8
108.8 108.8
101.8 101.8
100.0 100.0
100.7 100.7
88.1 88.1
101.6 101.6
100.3 100. 3
100.1 100.1
103.8 103.8
101.9 101.9
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
102.9 102.9
100.1 100.1
96.7 96.1
97.5 96.5
99.0 100.1
117.3 118.4
100. 4 100.6
98.3 98.4
100. 6 101.5
98.2 97.1
98.9 98.9
98.6 88.6
97.7 97.9
90.7 90.7
95.5 98.0
103.5 103. 5
99.6 99.6
96.8 96.6
95.7 95.7
88.5 88.5
100.6 100.6
112.5 112. 5
100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0
100.7 100.7
103. 8 103.8
99.6 99.6
100.0 100.0
100. 8 100.8
108.8 108.8
101.8 101.8
100.0 100.0
100.7 100.7
88.1 88.1
101.6 101.0
100.3 100.3
100.1 100.1
103.8 101.7
101.9 101 3
100.0 100.0
102.3 102.3
102.9 4102.9
100.1 100.1
95.4 94.9
95.6 95.3
101.1
121. 9
100.7
98.4
101.5
98.2
98.9
94.4
97.9
91.7
97.6
103.5
99.6
96.6
95.7
88.5
100.6
112.5
100.0
1U0.0
100.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100. 8
108.8
101.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
100.9
100.3
99.5
101.7
101.3
100.0
102.3
101.7
100.1
94.6
95.0
99.9
120.9
100.8
98.5
101.5
98.6
100.1
97.5
97.4
91.7
97.7
103.5
99.6
96.1
95.0
86.6
100.6
112. 5
100.0
100.0
98.7
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101. 8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100. 7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
98.9
94.6
95.0
101.3
118.3
100.8
98.3
100.4
98.6
98.9
101.4
95.6
91.7
98.3
103.5
99.6
96.4
95.4
87.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
101.6
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
103.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.7
100.3
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
101.3
100.9
98.9
95.2
95.6
101.2
119.0
100.8
98.4
99.1
98.9
97.8
101.4
97.9
91.4
97.2
103.5
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.6
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.6
88.1
100.5
99.6
100.1
101.6
101.3
100.0
100.8
102.9
119.8
101.2
98.7
98.1
99.2
97.8
101.4
99.2
91.4
97.2
103.5
99.8
96.3
95.4
87.7
100.6
112.5
100.0
100.0
100.9
103.8
99.6
100.0
100.8
108.5
101.8
100.0
100. 6
88. J
100.5
100.3
100.1
101.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.7 100.7 100.7 101. 2 101.2
100.1 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 100.6 100.6
95.6 96.1 96.4 96.8 96.6 96.4
96.1 96.8 97.3 97.6 97.1 67.0
101.1
101.2
100.0
100. 8
100.2
99.6
95.6
95.9
100.0
107.9
100.8
97.7
99.9
99.3
100.9
99.6
101.2
89.9
93.5
101.4
100.8
98.9
99.3
99.3
100.3
102.6
100.0
100.0
100.5
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.2
106.1
100.9
100.0
99.4
95.0
100.1
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
93.5
99.2 99.2
100.4 4100.0
102.0 4101.2
103.0 102.7
112.2 112.1
108.8 108.8
111.1 110.7
107.4 107.4
91.1 90.9
90.8 90.8
96.4 96.4
98.1 97.8
99.2
100.1
101.1
102.6
112.0
108,4
110.6
107.4
90.9
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.3
100 2
101.3
102.9
111.9
108.5
100.5
107.4
94.6
90.8
97. 7
97.6
99.1
100.2
101.3
103.0
111. 8
108.6
110.4
107. 8
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.1
100.1
101.3
103.0
111.4
108. 7
110.2
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7
99.2
100.1
101.3
102.8
111.3
108.7
110.0
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.9
99.4
100.1
101.4
<103.0
110.7
108.8
109.5
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
98.0
99.6
100.4
10!. 3
102.8
110.5
108.7
109.2
107.7
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.1
101.0
100. 5
101. 5
103. 1
110.3
109.0
109. 4
107.2
92.7
90.8
98.3
98.9
100.1
100.5
101.4
102.9
110.5
108.8
109.4
107.4
93.0
90.8
98. 5
98.3
98.7
101.0
101.7
102.9
108.3
106.6
108.0
108.7
88.2
92.5
96.2
98.6
101. 1 101.1
99.9
100.5
101.3
102.8
110.4
109.0
109. 1
107.3
93.9
90.8
97.7
98.3
100.7
100. 5
101. 5
103.0
110.5
109.2
109.4
106.6
92.7
90.8
97.7
98.5
101. 1
* N e w series. J a n u a r y 1961 = 100.
• M eta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u cts, a g ric u ltu ra l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t, an d
m o to r vehicles.
885
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] *
Annual
average
1962
1963
Commodity group
M a y 3 Apr. Mar.
All commodities__________________________________
100.1 4 99.7
Feb.
Jan.
Dec. N ov.
Oct.
Sept. Aug. July June M ay
1962*
1961
99.9 100.2 100.5 100.4 100.7 100.6 101.2 100.5 100.4 100.0 100.2
100.6
100.3
97.1
96.8
97.4
96.1
94.9
97.9
Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing..............................
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs-------------------------Crude nonfood materials except fuel----- ------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing-....................................................
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for constr n a tio n ____________ - __ __ ____________
Crude fuel
_______________________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing_______________
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing-----------------Intermediate materials, supplies, and components----Intermediate materials and components for manufacturing - __________ __ __ ________ — Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable manufacturing---- ------------ ------------------ -------Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing________________________________
Components for manufacturing-------------------Materials and components for construction.............
Processed fuels and lubricants--------------------------Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing__________________________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufacturing_______________________________
Containers, nonreturnable_____________________
Supplies
_________________- __ - ____ - _____
* Supplies for manufacturing-------------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing--------------------Manufactured animal feeds_____________
Other supplies...................................................
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
Consumer finished goods_______________________
Consumer foods___________________________
Consumer crude foods__________________
Consumer processed foods______________
Consumer other nondurable goods--------------Consumer durable goods___________________
Producer finished goods_______________________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing----Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing-
96.8
97.1
95.8
97.2
97.4
96.6
94.5
92.8
96.7
95.6
94.7
96.4
96.0
95.9
96.2
95.8
95.2
95.1
95.3
95.3
95.7
96.0
103.0
100.4
100.3
100.6
103.0
4102.3
4102.3
4102.5
103.0
105.6
105.5
106.0
102.7
103.3
103.2
103.5
103.2
104.0
[103.9
¡104.3
103.3
103.4
103.4
103.7
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.5
103.3
102.0
102.0
102.2
103.3
100.6
100.6
100.8
96.8
97.1
95.8
97.6
98.2
95.9
97.4 99.2
97.9 100.6
96.0 96.3
95.0
93.9
96.5
94.2
92.8
96.6
96.5
96.0
97.0
95.2
94.0
97.3
95.8
94.7
97.9
96.5
96.8
97.4
96.9
97.4
103.3 103.2 103.3
101.0 98.7 99.6
101.0 98.8 99.6
101.2 98.8 99.7
103.2
101.8
101.8
102.0
102.8
102.3
102.2
102.4
100.5 4 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.3 100.2 100.4
100.2
100.3
99.2
100.5
99.8
102.6
103.1
105.4
105.3
105.8
99.7 98.8 98.6 98.7 98.8
110.0 4103.5 101.2 101.2 101.0
97.1
97.1
97.1
97.2
97.3
98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0
99.9 100.2 100.8 100.4
99.1
99.8
99.2
99.4
99.3
99.5
98.8
99.6
97.8
98.1
98.3
98.4
98.0
98.6
100.1 100.1 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.7
98.6 98.6 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.9 98.8
99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.3 99. 5 99.7
101.7 102.0 102.1 100.8 101.4 101.2 101.2
100.4
98.8
99.3
101.2
100.5
99.6
99.7
101.6
102.6 102.7 102.9 102.9 100.9 102.4 102.1 102.2
102.3
102.5
99.7
102.6
103.8
105.9
102.4
100.8
101.6
99.5
102.7
104.2
105.7
103.0
101.8
101.9
99.4
102.2
104. 5
105. 7
103.5
104.1
101.3
100.1
100.9
102.3
105.2
100.6
97.5
100.5
101.1
100.4
99.3
93.7
100.2
101.4
100.0
102.8
104. 4
101.3
101.2
100.5
99. 5
96.7
99.9
101.5
100.0
102.9
104. 4
101.4
101.7
101.2
101.3
98.6
101.7
101.6
100.0
102.9
104.4
101.4
101.4
100.9
100.4
97.6
100.8
101.5
100.5
102.5
103.8
101.2
101.0 101.0 101.1
99.8 99.3 99.5
100.8 100.6 100.7
101. 4 101.4 101. 5
100.1 99.8 99.8
98.4 97.3 98.1
86. 8 86.7 89. 1
99.0 97.9 98.6
101.0
100.1
100.8
101.3
100.1
99.5
89.2
100.1
101. S
99.6
100.7
101.4
100.0
98.3
95.2
9a 5
97.3
97.4
97.6
97.7
99.8 100.0 I [99.9
98.5 98.6 98.8
98.9 98.8 98.9
100.3 100.6 tOl.4
101.1
104.7
105.3
103. 9
104.8
101.6
99.6 99.7
4 98.2 98.2
99.0 4 98. 9
100.8 100.8
102.0
102.2
98.6
98.4
100.9 101.1
105.1 106.4
4105. 9 105.7
104.2 106.1
105.4 110. 5
101.6 101.6
97.6
101.4
106. 7
105. 8
106.5
111.4
101.5
98.4
101.6
106.6
105.7
106.4
111.5
101.3
99.4
101.5
105.9
105.9
105.3
109.1
101.1
100.0
101.6
105.6
105. 9
104.9
108.3
101.0
100.4
101.4
105.0
106.1
104.0
106.2
100.9
100.6
101.4
105.2
106.0
104.3
107.0
100.8
99.0
101.6
104.3
105.8
103.2
103.7
101.1
99.6
102.1
104.7
105.9
103.7
104.5
101.3
101.2
100.4
99.2
93.2
100.2
101.7
99.6
103.1
104. £
101.4
100.8 4101.1
4 99. 9 100.3
4 98. 2 99.0
94.2 99.5
98.9 98.9
4101.6 101.8
4 99. 5 99.7
102.9 102.9
4104.7 104.5
4101.2 101.4
101.5
100.9
100.4
98.9
100.7
101.7
99.8
103. C
104.6
101.4
101.8
101.2
101.4
103.4
101.1
101.7
99.8
103.0
104.7
101.5
101.6
101.0
100.7
95.9
101.4
101.8
99.9
103.0
104.7
101.4
102.0
101. 5
102.1
102.8
101.9
101.7
100.0
102.9
104.6
101.3
101.9
101.5
101.9
100.9
102.0
101.8
99.9
102.8
104.5
101.3
102.6
102.3
103.9
101.5
104.3
101.7
100.1
102.9
104. 5
101.3
101. 7
101.1
101.3
96.3
102.1
101.4
100.1
103.0
104. 5
101.5
101.5
100.8
100.3
93.4
101.4
101. 5
100.2
103.0
104.6
101.5
100.6 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.9
99.2 99.7 100.2 100.0 100.5 100.4 101.2
100.2 100.4 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 101.1
100.9 101. ( 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.3
99.5 99.7 100. f 100. C 100.2 100.2 100.9
98.3 99.1 100.2 99.4 100.5 100.2 101. 1
88.7 88.6 87.! 86.4 85.4 86. £ 87.8
98.9 99.7 100.9 100.1 101.4 101.0 101.9
101.0
100.0
100.7
101.3
100.0
99.2
88. 3
99.9
100.1
98.6
99.2
101.4
102.3
99.7
101.9 101.9
D urability of product
Total durable goods___________ - ___________________ 100.9 4100.6
99.3 99.0
Total nondurable goods___________________________
100.4 100. C
Total manufactures______________________________
Durable manufactures_________________________ 101.2 4100. !
99.5 4 99. C
Nondurable manufactures_____________________
Total raw or slightly processed goods...............— ........... 98.4 98.4
89.! 89.4
r>upihln ra w or slight.lv processed goods
. ........
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods............ 98.9 98.9
i See fo otnote 1, ta b le D -3 .
i See fo otnote 2, ta b le D -3 .
* P re lim in a ry .
4 R ev ise d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N o t e : F o r d escrip tio n of th e series b y stag e of processing, see “ N ew B L S
E co n o m ic S ector In d ex es of W h olesale P rice s,” M onth ly Labor Review,
D ecem b er 1955, p p . 1448-1453; a n d b y d u r a b ility of p ro d u c t a n d d a t a be
g in n in g w ith 1947, see W holesale Prices and P rice Indexes, 1957, B L S B u l
le tin 1235 (1958).
886
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1963
E.—Work Stoppages
T able
E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
M onth and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur*
ing month
1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945 ...................
1946 ...................
1947 ...................
1948 ..................
1949 .................
1950 ..................
1951 ..................
1952 ..................
1953 ..................
1954 ..................
1955 ..................
1956 ...................
1957 ...................
1958..... ..................
1959 ...................
1960 ...................
1961 ...................
1962 ...................
2,862
3. 573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4, 737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3, 708
3,333
3, 367
3,614
1962: M ay............
November.
D ecem ber-
442
436
355
352
297
261
230
133
653
695
621
617
541
506
442
331
1963: January
February *.
March *___
April *___
M ay »_____
230
225
350
425
360
320
350
475
600
Juno____
July.........
August__
September..
October__
200
• The data Include all known strikes or lockouts Involving 6 or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers Involved
and man-days Idle cover all workers made Idle for as long as 1 shift In estab
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the Indirect
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Beginning in
month or year
In effect during month
1,130,000
2,380,000
3. 470,000
4.600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
Number
3, 540, 000
2, 400, 000
1, 530,000
2,650,000
1, 900, 000
1,390, 000
irt oon non
s o ’ 700 000
38 000 OOO
110 OOO 000
34 000 OOO
34 i no' non
00 000 000
38* 800 OOO
2 2 9 0 0 000
09 100 000
28* 300 000
22 000 000
28’ 200 000
33 inn nnn
lfi 000 000
2 ,0 6 0 ,0 0 0
2 3 OOO OOO
1 , 880, 000
1,320, 000
09 000 000
19 100 000
10 300 000
2 ,2 2 0 ,0 0 0
1, 450,000
1,230,000
212,000
151, COO
98,100
129, 000
91,700
98,800
81,000
45,200
75.000
60,000
45,000
100.000
125,000
18 600 000
262,000
311,000
195,000
196,000
181,000
155,000
171,000
146, COO
185,000
120,000
90,000
130.000
165,000
2,520, C00
3, 020, OCO
2, 020,000
1,940,000
1,590,000
1 ,350 ,000
981,000
1,330,000
2,340.000
1 , 100,000
1 ,1 1 0 ,0 0 0
1 . 050, nno
1,750.000
Percent of
estimated
working time
0 27
46
*47
1)43
41
37
59
44
23
57
26
21
26
29
61
*17
14
*10
.25
.31
.21
.18
.18
.13
.10
.14
.23
.12
.12
.10
.17
or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made Idle as a result of material or service shortages.
1 Preliminary.
F.—WORK INJURIES
887
F.—Work Injuries
T able
F -l.
Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries
1963»
Industry
All manufacturing_________ ___________________
Food and kindred products:
M eat packing and custom slaughtering...................
Sausages and other prepared meat products..........
Poultry and small game dressing and packing___
Dairy products............................... ..............................
Canning and preserving_______________________
Grain-mill products...........................................
Bakery products______________________________
Cane sugar......................................................................
Confectionery and related products_____________
Bottled soft drinks____________________________
M alt and malt liquors.......................................
Distilled liquors...................................
Miscellaneous food products___________________
Textile mill products:
Cotton varn and te x tile s ..____________________
Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles.................
Woolen and worsted textiles........................
K nit goods......................................................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles___
Miscellaneous textile goods____________________
Apparel and other finished textile products:
Clothing, men’s and hoys’___
Clothing, women’s and children’s ....................... .
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel____ _______
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products_______
Lumber and wood products (except furniture):
Logging............................................................................
Sawmills and planing mills............. .................. .........
Mill work and structural wood products
Plywood mills________________________________
Wooden containers________
Miscellaneous wood products
Furniture and fixtures:
Household furniture, nonmetal________________
Metal household furniture...........................................
Mattresses and bedsprings______________
Office furniture.._____________________________
Public building and professional furniture..............
Partitions and fixtures________________________
Screens, shades, and blinds ..
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills..........................
Paperboard containers and boxes
Miscellaneous paper and allied products..............
Printing, publishing, and allied industries:
Newspapers and periodicals..................... ..................
Bookbinding and related products
Miscellaneous printing and publishing
Chemical and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals_________________
Plastics, except synthetic rubber........ ......................
Synthetic rubber
Synthetic fibers______________________________
Explosives___________________________________
Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals______
Drugs and medicines__
Soaps and related products____________________
Paints, pigments, and related products...................
F ertilizers..............................................
Vegetable and animal oils and fats
Compressed and liquified g a ses...______________
Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products____
Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes.............. .................. ................
Rubber footwear_____________________________
Miscellaneous rubber products.................................
Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing__________________
Boot and shoe cut, stock and fin d in g s...........
Footwear (except rubber)............................................
Miscellaneous leather products_________________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass arid glass products______________________
Structural clay products____ __________________
Pottery and related products__________________
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool___________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products..........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1962»
1961»
I960*
Annual
average
First quarter
3d
4th
2d
1st
4th
3d
2d
1st
4th
3d
quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
1962* 1961*
Jan.
Feb. Mar. Quar
ter
10.7
10.7
10.4
10.6
10.6
11.7
11.2
11.1
10.6
11.8
10.5
10.4
10.4
11.9
11.4
11.0
28.6
31.6
(3)
17.2
19.8
16.7
18.5
(*)
11.0
18.4
20.9
8.8
18.8
25.0
23.5
(3)
17.2
18.8
17.4
17.1
(3)
16.4
20. 1
28.2
13.5
18.5
27.5
15.3
(3)
19. 1
17.0
15.1
14.1
(3)
13.4
23.4
22.2
3.6
19.7
26.9
23.4
27.0
17.8
18.6
16.3
16.5
10.3
13.6
20.6
23.5
8.4
19.1
26.8
24.8
36.1
16.5
20.5
18.2
16.8
12.8
17.2
20.7
19.2
9.0
14.5
29.1
29.7
29.6
17.6
24.5
18.0
16.9
9.7
17.3
27.0
17.2
4.6
20.6
26.1
27.4
36.8
17.1
19.6
17.6
15.3
6.2
16.0
27.9
20.6
7.6
13.8
26.9
35.9
28.0
18.7
19.7
15.6
19. 1
8.3
16.4
24.2
17.5
4.8
17.4
24.3
20.9
38.9
16.5
19.4
16.9
15.2
15.4
19. 1
21.0
19.0
7.1
15.1
26.2
33.9
45.5
17.6
24.2
16.2
17.6
13.8
19.6
24.8
19. 1
6.8
16.6
22.4
27.7
31.8
14.9
18.5
15.9
16.3
10.7
19.1
24.3
17.2
5.3
13.8
21.4
29.9
32.1
15.6
18. 1
15.8
17.4
10.0
15.2
21. 1
17.8
5.7
14.0
24.0
26.3
35.8
15.8
19.6
16.9
14. 1
14.2
16.1
21.0
17.9
4.2
12.9
24.5
28.6
40.8
15.3
23.7
17.6
17.9
18.2
14.5
25.2
18.1
5.0
18.0
27.1
30.0
32.6
17.1
22.0
17.3
16.6
9.4
17.0
25.4
18.7
6.8
16.7
23.5
28.4
37.2
15.0
20.8
16.2
16.6
12.5
18. 4
22.7
18.2
6.3
14.8
7.1
7.0
17.9
7.6
12.3
25.4
7.2
7.6
12.3
6.7
8.9
16.3
7.7
5.6
14.1
5.6
14.7
15.5
7.4
6.8
14.8
6.6
12.1
19.2
7.4
7.1
14.1
6.0
11.5
17.5
8.6
10.0
17.2
6.5
14.1
21.4
8.1
9.3
20.2
6.8
12.7
20.2
7.2
8.1
15.5
5.7
13.7
20.9
7.2
7.0
17.6
4.6
13. 1
19.2
8.1
7.0
17.1
6.1
17.5
16.8
7.8
7.5
17.1
4.7
13.1
14.4
6.8
5.9
14.8
5.9
15.0
14.8
8.0
8.0
13.7
4.2
11.8
20.0
9.2
7.5
19.2
4.9
10.3
21.0
7.9
8.6
16.9
6.3
13.0
20.0
7.6
7.0
16.6
5.3
14.5
16.2
7.5
4.8
(3)
7.2
6.3
3.8
(»1
5.3
6.9
4. 1
(*)
7.5
6.9
4.2
7.9
6.7
6.3
5.5
7.1
8.4
7.3
6.0
10.4
8.4
7.1
6.8
8.2
5.7
7.2
5.6
5.8
8.1
5.8
3.8
4.6
7.2
7.5
6.3
7.7
9.1
6.2
4.9
6.1
6.0
5.6
5.1
5.5
10.5
6.0
4.5
7.4
10.3
7.6
6.2
7.9
8.5
6.8
6.2
7.8
7.6
6.2
5.0
5.8
8.3
47.6
34.8
25.8
20.7
34.0
27.1
49.4
31.8
27.0
23.0
22.0
20.0
31.2
32.2
23.9
29.8
27.1
33.5
43.5
33.0
25.5
24.5
27.7
27.1
43.8
37.2
21.3
24.8
36.1
24.5
52.9
39.3
26.8
24.4
37.3
26.5
39.8
36.0
18.3
24.5
34.4
30.1
50.2
35.1
22.7
18.3
31.8
28.2
59.7
35.9
22.3
20.8
32.3
27.2
65.5
39.4
25.0
21.1
31.2
32.4
58.3
34.7
20.0
24.8
30.2
27.6
50.5
32.9
22.7
22.2
33.3
33.3
59.3
32.9
19.2
23.4
26.4
29.4
60.0
45.2
25.8
23.2
33.6
34.8
46.2
37.6
22.3
23.2
34.7
27.4
59.0
36.0
22.6
22.3
31.6
29.9
23.4
(»)
20.3
11.2
(»)
18.0
(3)
19.1
(«)
18. 5
8.9
(»)
22.0
(«)
18.0
(3)
20.3
9.1
(3)
13.6
( 3)
20.1
(*)
19.7
9.8
11. 1
17.8
(*)
16.2
(»)
28.4
12.4
13.7
15.1
(«)
22.8
(*)
25.8
13. 1
18.2
20.6
(’)
21.3
(*)
21.0
15.0
12.3
20.9
(«)
21.9
20.2
17.3
20.4
16.6
22.3
(»)
20.7
22.2
16.2
11.5
13.9
18.3
(3)
20.6
20.6
19.6
14.8
13.8
17.6
(»)
18.3
16.2
14.3
14.3
13.5
15.9
(»)
19.0
22.7
11.5
12.7
15.9
15.4
(Q
17.8
25.4
16.0
10.8
19.9
13.5
(*)
21.8
22.3
14.2
16.0
16.3
22.3
(*)
20.8
18.5
23.2
15.4
15.3
20.3
12.5
19.6
20.4
15.3
13.0
14.2
17.1
10.2
10.4
13.6
13.8
8.8
18.6
12.0
9.6
13.9
15.3
9.6
15.3
13.6
9.6
15.6
14.9
9.3
15.6
15.1
9.0
15.6
13.1
10.6
15.9
10.3
10.6
15.2
12.2
10.9
13.3
12.7
9.9
14.3
14.5
10.1
13.9
12.2
9.6
14.2
10.6
9.6
14.1
15.2
9.6
15.7
13.4
10.5
14.2
12.0
12.1
(3)
13.1
11.5
(3)
12.3
13.9
(3)
13.1
12.5
15.6
12.9
9.6
19.8
12.1
9.0
29.5
11.5
9.1
12.5
11.6
10.1
16.2
12.1
8.8
20.5
10.3
7.7
13.2
10.7
8.4
14.6
10.5
8.9
18.5
10.1
9.9
20.2
12.9
11.3
21.2
11.1
9.5
19.3
12.2
8.5
16.7
10.6
4.6
4.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
5.0
7.3
12.1
10.0
(3)
23.6
(3)
13.4
6.7
5.8
(3)
(»)
(3)
4.6
4.4
12.1
14.7
(3)
24.5
(3)
14.3
3.7
4.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
2.8
6.5
8.9
11.7
(3)
23.1
(3)
16.5
5.0
5.2
2.9
3.4
5.5
4.1
6.1
11.1
12.0
18.4
23.7
8.8
14.7
5.5
5.2
3.2
4.0
2.5
3.7
4.7
8.0
10.1
30.9
23.0
11.8
12.5
5.9
2.5
3.7
3.4
2.9
3.1
6.3
12.4
11.5
15.7
21.5
9.4
13.6
5.5
5.2
4.0
2.2
2.1
3.3
6.5
12.1
13.3
21.1
19.7
9.6
14.2
4.6
4.4
4.4
2.7
2.2
5.0
5.8
15.2
11.3
13.9
23.6
14.3
12.5
4.9
4.9
4.2
3.4
3.9
3.5
6.7
11.0
7.8
19.5
17.0
7.1
14.3
5.0
3.8
2.6
2.9
3.2
5.0
6.4
11.3
11.0
13.0
23.8
14.8
14.3
4.1
4.3
1.5
3.1
3.3
4.3
6.4
10.5
9.8
19.1
18.8
6.0
13.9
4.8
3.8
1.8
3.1
4.1
3.7
6.7
13.3
12.2
24.4
21.3
12.4
13.3
5.9
10.6
1.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
6.4
11.0
7.8
19.1
19.8
10.9
13.1
5.4
4.3
1.7
2.7
3.9
3.7
6.6
10.3
9.0
19.9
21.5
10.5
14.5
5.4
4.6
3.9
3.1
2.4
3.8
5.8
12.2
12.0
19.9
22.1
12.6
13.0
4.6
4.1
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.2
6.6
11.7
10.5
19.3
21.1
10.3
13.9
4.8
4.7
7.7
4.3
5.9
11.0
6.1
4.2
9.3
5.1
5.0
9.3
4.6
5.3
9.3
4.1
6.2
9.5
4.6
5.5
11.4
3.6
5.5
11.2
5.2
6.8
9.5
3.7
9.3
10.5
3.4
5.2
9.5
3.2
5.8
8.3
4.4
7.4
9.1
4.0
7.3
12.5
4.3
5.6
10.6
4.1
7.0
9.6
44.2
(3)
10.6
10.1
21.9
(3)
8.9
10.3
38.7
(3)
8.7
10.4
34.7
(3)
9.4
10.3
32.4
(3)
8.6
11.4
35.9
(3)
10.2
13.1
30.6
(3)
9.8
10.6
31.2
(>)
9.0
7.9
29.8
(3)
9.3
12.8
33.1
(»)
8.7
12.2
28.1
(3)
8.6
13.5
26.9
19.5
(»)
(>)
8.8
7.6
7.6
12.8
34.1
(»)
9.4
12.0
33.6
19.0
9.4
10.8
29.8
21.9*
8.8
11.5
5.8
27.5
15.4
15.8
7.3
7.8
26.5
16.3
23.4
9.3
7.8
18.4
15.2
21.7
12.9
7.2
24.0
15.6
20.3
9.9
6.4
27.7
16.7
20.7
8.4
7.5
29.0
17.7
24.8
10.2
7.0
27.9
17.0
25.2
9.9
8.3
32.3
15.5
24.9
10.5
9.0
31.1
15.5
25.4
9.2
30.3
15.4
22.9
13.3
7.1
36.4
16.2
21.4
8.7
6.8
30.5
16.1
20.5
8.7
8.3
29.8
11.7
17.6
8.8
8.0
32.8
14.2
21.2
9.2
7.5
29.3
16.9
24.0
9.8
32.0
15.7
22.9
11.1
8.1
10.6
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1963
888
T
able
F -l.
Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries—-Continued
F ir s t q u a rte r
In d u s tr y
P r im a ry m e ta l in d u strie s:
B la st furnaces an d steel m ills____________________
G rav -iro n a n d m alleable fou n d rie s_______________
Steel foundries
_______________________________
N o n ferro u s rolling, d raw in g , a n d a llo y in g ........... ....
N o n ferrous fo u n d ries____________________________
Iro n a n d steel forgings___________________________
W ire d ra w in g .
______________ ________________
W e ld ed a n d h ea v y -riv e te d p ip e __ ______________
C old-finished ste e l______________________________
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u cts:
T in cans a n d o th e r tin w a re ______________________
C u tle ry a n d edge to o ls ___________ - _____________
H a n d tô o ls, files, a n d saw s_______________________
H a r d w a r e ______________________________________
S a n ita ry w are a n d p lu m b e rs ' su p p lie s ___________
O il b u rn e rs , h e a tin g a n d cooking a p p a ra tu s ...........
S tru c tu ra l steel a n d o rn a m e n ta l m e ta l w o rk _____
M eta l dnnrs, sash, fram e, and trim
... .
B o ilersh o p p ro d u c ts __ ___ __________________ _ _
S h eet-m etal w o r k .________ _____________________
S ta m p e d a n d pressed m e ta l p ro d u c ts ____________
M e ta l en a tm e and e n e ra v ln g
. ..
F a b ric a te d w ire p ro d u c ts ________________ ______
M e ta l b arrels, d ru m s , kegs, and pails _
__
Steel sp rin g s
_ ______________________________
.............
B e lts , n u ts , w ashers, and riv e ts
S crew -m achine p r o d u c t s ___ ____________________
F a b ric a te d m é ta l p ro d u c ts, n o t elsew here
classified __ ________________ - _______________
M a c h in e ry (except electrical):
E n g in es a n d tu rb in e s ___________________________
A g ricu ltu ral m a c h in e ry a n d tra c to rs _____________
C o n s tru c tio n a n d m in in g m a c h in e ry ____________
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry ___________________ ___
F o o d -p ro d u cts m a c h in e ry _______________________
T e x tile m a c h in e ry _ _____________________ _____
M iscellaneous spécial in d u s try m a c h in e ry ----------P u m p s a n d com pressors____________________ - ___
E le v a to rs, escalators, a n d co n v e y o rs_____________
M ech an ical po w er-tran sm issio n e q u ip m e n t (exc e p t b all a n d roller b ea rin g s)__________________
M iscellaneous general in d u s tria l m a c h in e ry _____
C o m m ercial a n d h ousehold m a c h in e ry __________
V alves a n d fittin g s ______________________________
Pahricnt.ed pipe and fittin g s
B a ll a n d roller b ea rin g s_________________________
M a c h in e shops, general_________________________
E lectrical m a ch in ery :
E lectrical in d u s tria l a p p a ra tu s ________ _ _____
E le c tric a l appliances
_________________________
In s u la te d w ire a n d c a b le ________________________
E lectrical e q u ip m e n t for veh icles________________
E le c tric la m p s (b u lb s )__________________________
R ad io s a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ______ ______________
R a d io t u b e s ____________________________________
M iscellaneous co m m u n ic atio n e q u ip m e n t_______
B a t t e r i e s . __ ___________________________________
E lectrical p ro d u c ts, n o t elsew here classified______
T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t:
M o to r vehicles, bodies, a n d tr a ile rs .____________
M o to r-v eh icle p a rts a n d accessories
A ircraft _____________________________ ___ . . .
A ircraft p a r ts _______ ___________________________
S h ip b u ild in g a n d re p a irin g _______ ______________
R nathnildinp- and rep airin g
R a ilro a d e q u ip m e n t. ___________________________
In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u cts:
S cientific in s tru m e n ts ___________________________
M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d co n tro llin g in s tr u
m e n ts
. __ ________________________
O p tic al in s tru m e n ts a n d lenses _________________
M ed ic al in s tru m e n ts a n d su p p lie s_______________
P h o to g ra p h ic equi p m e n t a n d su p p lie s_______ ___
W a tc h e s a n d clo ck s______________________ ______
M iscellaneous m a n u factu rin g :
1960 2
19612
19622
1963 2
4 th
4th
3d
2d
1st
3d
2d
4 th
3d
1st
q u a r - q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u ar- q u arte r
te r
te r
te r
te r
te r
te r
te r
te r
te r
F eb.
M ar. Q u a r
te r
3.8
21.7
21.5
10.6
17.6
18.1
14.3
11.1
10.1
4.1
26.1
22.7
11.7
20.2
18.5
17.2
12.5
11.4
3.3
23.1
21.5
6.3
20.7
21.3
13.4
10.8
14.2
3.7
23.6
21.9
9.6
19.5
19.3
14.9
11.4
11.9
3.3
24.4
17.8
10.9
19.3
15.4
14.6
13.7
9.2
3.3
27.9
20.1
12.1
23.6
21.1
14.0
14.2
8.6
3.8
25.4
20.4
10.9
21.2
20.6
16.7
15.0
8.4
3.7
25.3
18.0
11.3
20.2
19.8
13.3
11.8
12.4
3 .5
23.4
20.4
12.1
21.4
19.2
16.7
8.4
9.3
3 .5
28.3
16.4
13.2
23.5
18.9
13.4
10.7
9.3
2.6
22.5
15.9
8.8
20.1
17.9
14.6
10.3
7.1
3.3
24.8
16.6
8.4
19.2
15. 6
15. 3
9.9
9 .5
3.2
22.5
17.8
10.5
18.1
16.2
13.1
8.7
8.6
3.6
25.4
16.8
10.1
18.4
17.7
14.9
8.7
10.5
3 .6
25.9
19.2
11.3
21.2
19.8
14.5
13.6
9.7
3 .3
24.9
17.3
10.8
21.2
18.1
15.0
9.7
8.8
2.4
4.4
12.8
14.6
8.5
10.2
10.9
21.0
18.0
5.4
13.2
22.6
9.4
11.5
14.4
19.7
23.0
7.1
13.2
15.1
10.4
11.6
17.7
22.5
26.0
6.3
15.1
18.1
10.0
9 .2
13.7
20.6
22.1
6.6
14.9
15.5
9.1
11.3
14.5
20.5
21.4
7.2
18.7
11.6
10.4
13.1
14.0
19.3
17.9
9.2
12.6
16.4
11.9
10. 5
11.8
22.1
27.5
6.8
13.9
13.3
8.1
12.7
11.8
19. 6
16.3
4.7
14.3
11.0
8.7
8 .6
15.1
19.6
20.5
5.5
15.2
15.0
8.7
8.8
11.6
19.0
18.1
9.1
15.1
16.7
9 .3
13.6
17.0
22.4
15.0
7.0
15.0
13.3
9.9
11.2
13.1
20.5
19.9
14.2
20.4
10.7
17.9
16.6
(3)
12.8
20.2
10.2
29.3
18.7
(3)
(3)
15.9
13.6
17.5
24.6
11.7
28.2
22.4
18.2
21.2
12.2
21.1
15.0
(3)
11.6
13.8
18.1
25.9
12.7
20.6
17.0
(3)
«
14.3
13.6
6.4
14.2
18.1
10.0
10.8
15.4
21.5
23.6
15.4
13.8
(3)
14.5
14.2
15.1
14.2
12.8
7.1
10.8
11.3
5.8
(3)
15.5
6.8
9.1
12.4
20.6
5.2
(3)
(3)
15.2
10.7
12.6
9.5
21.6
13.3
8.0
9.2
11.0
20.8
(3)
(3)
23.6
10.8
(3)
17.8
(3)
(3)
17.1
13.9
(3)
18.3
19.4
10.1
(3)
16.8
(3)
(3)
11.4
12.6
9.6
8.1
11.7
9.8
8.0
12.9
10.1
11.1
10.0
10.0
11.1
5.2
8.7
15.4
9.7
6.8
9.2
11.4
12.9
6.1
8.1
15.3
11.1
10.6
15.4
13.7
11.0
4.4
8.5
17.8
9.4
12.1
10.2
14.1
10.1
5.2
8.4
16.1
10.1
9.8
11.5
13.0
11.3
6.1
8.5
14.6
9.3
12.1
11.8
14.6
11.0
5.6
7.3
17.1
10.1
11.0
16.1
13.9
12.8
5.2
7.5
16.8
9.6
10.6
15.4
12.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
15.2
9.9
12.7
12.2
14.1
13.8
5.8
7.3
13.9
8.1
9.5
10.7
12.9
10.0
6.0
7.1
15.8
9.0
14.1
14.7
13.8
11.2
6.1
8.9
14.7
8.9
11.6
13.0
14.0
9. 7
16.4
12.7
11.9
13.7
11.7
14.3
19.7
16.3
12.9
17.5
16.3
10.9
15.2
13.0
16.2
9.3
12.4
5.3
13.7
8.8
6.8
6.7
11.1
(3)
4.3
14.4
7.8
11.1
6.2
14.4
(3)
5.6
14.6
8.6
10.1
6.0
13.2
14.9
5.6
15.4
11. 5
10.3
5.5
11.7
17.6
6.6
13.3
15.6
11.0
5.5
12.8
13.9
5.4
14.3
11.9
11.9
5.8
14.2
15.9
4.4
14.8
12.3
12.1
7.1
15.1
13.6
5.7
15.7
11.0
11.2
5.7
11.1
12.2
4.7
12.0
11.1
12.0
5.9
13.6
11.9
4.1
14.3
9.7
11.7
6.0
14.9
11.5
11.1
5.7
13.4
6.1
12.5
5. 4
13.3
11.0
10.9
5.7
11.9
17.3
5.2
12.0
6.4
8.1
16.0
1.5
(3)
4.7
1.7
3.2
10.8
(3)
5.5
5.9
22.6
3.0
(3)
4.7
2.5
2.7
11.3
5.9
8.2
18.0
2.7
(3)
4.0
3.5
2.7
10.2
(3)
(3)
6.0
7.4
18.8
2 .4
2.6
4 .5
2.6
2.9
10.8
2 .3
6.2
5.7
15.3
2.4
3 .5
4.1
2 .5
2.5
11.8
3.5
5.9
5.0
17.5
2.7
4.3
4.9
4.8
2 .7
13.6
5.4
5.6
7.6
16.5
3.0
2.6
4.2
2.3
2.5
14.7
7.0
6.9
7.8
22.6
2.0
2.2
4.7
2.4
2.7
13.5
2.2
6.4
8.3
19.4
2.6
3.7
4.0
3. 6
2.3
13.1
6.5
6.8
8.0
15.3
3.0
2.2
3.9
3. 2
1.4
18.0
3.1
5.5
6. 5
14.3
2.3
1.2
3.9
2.1
2 .5
15.2
6.4
5.6
5. 4
16.6
2.9
1.6
4. 3
2.8
2.6
12.8
2.4
3.0
4.2
3.0
3.0
3.0
3 .3
3 .8
3 .7
3 .2
3.4
4.2
3.7
3 .6
1.5
5.1
14.9
(3)
3.6
4.1
2.3
4.7
14.3
(3)
7.8
4.0
2.0
3.2
14.2
(3)
7.9
4.1
1.9
4.3
14.4
(3)
6.5
4.1
1.9
4.4
14.9
(3)
7.5
4.5
1.9
4.8
17.0
4.1
1.9
5.0
18.5
(3)
6.8
3.8
1.6
4.5
15.2
4.8
2.0
4.7
11.3
6.8
5.0
1.9
5.0
17.8
(3)
8.2
4.1
2.2
4.5
14.2
10.1
5.1
2.0
4.7
17.1
(3)
7.8
2.5
2.9
2.6
2.7
1.6
2.9
1.6
1.4
2.4
6.9
(3)
5.1
3.8
(3)
9.0
(3)
6.9
3.3
(3)
6.1
(3)
9.2
3.2
(3)
7.4
5.3
7.0
3.5
6.0
6.7
5.3
6.3
5.5
3.5
6.0
2.7
4.8
4.6
5.2
6.6
5.4
8.4
5.7
5.3
6.7
4.4
9.1
4.9
3.4
6.9
6.2
8.3
5.4
4.6
P a y i n g a n d rn n fin g m a t e r i a ls
(3)
8.7
J ew elry , silverw are, a n d p la te d w a re ____________
F a b ric a te d p lastics p ro d u c ts ____________________ 13.7
5.9
13.1
(3)
M is e e lla n e n n s m a n u f a c tu r in g
14.1
8.8
7.9
15.6
11.4
3.5
6.7
6.1
16.9
10.4
3.1
7.0
7.0
19.1
11.8
2.4
3.0
10.6
17.5
12.8
2.5
6.7
10.4
20.0
12.5
3.6
11.5
7.0
14.6
14.6
2.2
.................
14.2
(3)
6.9
17.2
9.7
3.3
9.9
(3)
3.9
9.0
20.0
10.9
3.0
(3)
13.3
13.0
i T h e in ju ry -fre q u e n c y ra te is th e average n u m b e r of d isab lin g w o rk in ju rie s
for each m illio n em ployee-hours w o rk ed . A d isab lin g w ork in ju ry is a n y
in ju r y o ccurring in th e course of a n d arisin g o u t of e m p lo y m e n t, w h ich
(a) re s u lts in d e a th o r p e rm a n e n t p h y sica l im p a irm e n t, or (b) m a k es th e
in ju re d w o rk er u n a b le to p erform th e d u tie s of a n y re g u la rly esta b lish e d job
w h ic h is o pen a n d av a ilab le to h im th ro u g h o u t th e h o u rs co rrespond in g to
h is reg u lar sh ift on a n y one or m ore d a y s after th e d a y of in ju ry (in c lu d in g
S u n d ay s, d a y s off, or p la n t s h u td o w n s). T h e te rm “ in ju r y ” in c lu d es
o cc u p atio n a l diseases.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1962» 1961 *j
Jan .
18.5
11.0
(3)
15.1
(3)
(3)
11.5
12.7
O rd n a n c e a n d accessories________________________
A nnual
average
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
15.2
22.8
11.5
15.9
14.2
(3)
(3)
17.3
27.4
11.6
12.7
17.8
(3)
(3)
20.0
18.0
9.5
22.7
15.2
14.4
(3)
(3)
16.9
22. 2
9.2
(3)
10.9
14.1
17.7
17.3
9.6
23.8
15.3
13.9
11.0
22.9
19.7
11.8
22.5
16.6
7.1
23.0
13.0
13.9
16.9
23.4
11.8
25.6
18.3
13.7
24.2
14.5
13.6
9.1
13.4
16.9
10.2
9.9
6.0
8.1
16.5
8.1
12.5
13.0
12.3
5.7
7.0
14.4
9.0
12.0
12.9
11.7
5.9
7.3
15.4
8.7
14.9
17.3
14.8
6.0
7.7
16.3
9.9
11.5
13.9
13.8
6.0
7.8
15.2
8.4
11.4
13.2
13.1
12.9
15.8
10.8
15.1
10.8
11.2
6.8
14. 6
17.9
4.6
13.7
12.8
11.6
5.8
13.4
14.7
5.6
15.0
10.9
11.4
5.9
13.2
14.0
5.1
13.2
4.8
6.7
17.2
2.9
1.9
3.7
3.0
1.9
14.9
4.4
6.0
5.0
15.1
2.6
3.2
4.2
2.9
3 .2
11.7
11.0
6.2
6.6
18.0
2.5
3.0
4.5
3.0
2.6
13.4
4.7
6.0
7.4
16.5
2 .7
2.2
4.1
3.0
2.3
14.7
4.6
3.7
3 .8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
13.1
17.0
17.5
22.4
10.7
17.6
14.7
12.8
18.8
13.5
11.8
4.0
2.3
5.6
15.1
36.1
8.5
3 .6
3.7
4.6
1.9
4.7
17.6
33.3
8.0
4.5
2.0
4.7
15.1
33.4
7.0
7.1
6.4
4.2
1.9
3.6
13.8
26.2
6.3
2.2
1.6
2.3
1.9
1.6
7.1
3.4
9.4
6.6
4.3
8.9
2.8
8.2
4.7
4.9
6.0
4.5
8.6
5.9
3.9
5.7
4.0
8.5
5.5
5.8
5.8
3.4
9.7
5.5
5.6
2.1
6.6
4. 6
7.2
5.2
4. 6
2.3
7.2
4.3
8.5
5.7
4.5
9.1
10.3
15.0
13.9
2.2
4.6
6.4
13.6
12.1
2.4
4.9
10.7
19.6
12.0
2.5
7.0
8.7
14.7
12.7
2.5
7.1
7.1
17.2
13.0
2.5
5.9
7.9
18.8
12.0
3.0
7.8
8.5
15.8
13.2
2.4
(3)
(3)
2 R a te s are p re lim in a ry a n d su b je c t to rev isio n w h e n fin al a n n u a l d a ta
becom e av a ilab le.
8 In su fficien t d a ta to w a r r a n t p re s e n ta tio n of a verage.
N o t e : T h e se d a ta are c o m p iled i n acco rd an ce w ith th e A m erican S ta n d a r d
M e th o d of R eco rd in g a n d M easu rin g W o rk I n ju r y E x p e rien ce , a p p ro v e d b y
th e A m erican S ta n d a rd s A sso ciatio n , 1954.
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