Full text of Monthly Labor Review : July 1957, Vol. 80, No. 7
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KALAMAZOO
AUG 6 1357
PUBLIC LIBRARY
Review
JULY
1957
VOL .
80
NO .#
Metal Trades Bargaining in the Northwest
Government Employment Trends
The “No Man’s Land” in Labor Relations
Manpower Planning and “Skill Transferability”—I
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
fr**
James P. M itchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan C lague , Commissioner
H enry J. F itzgerald, Assistant Commissioner
H erman B. B yer , Assistant Commissioner
W. D uane E vans , Assistant Commissioner
P hilip A rnow , Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E. Chase , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M. D outv, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J o s e p h P. G o l d b e r g , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
L eonard R. L insenmayer , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Oscar W eigert , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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Monthly Labor Review
U N IT E D STATES D EPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L aw rence R. K lein , Editor-in-Chief
M ary S. B edell , Executive Editor
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CONTENTS
Special Articles
797 Bargaining in the Metal Trades in the Northwest
803 A Reexamination of “Transferability of Skills”—Part I
811 Government Employment Trends, 1929 to 1956
Summaries of Studies and Reports
816
821
829
833
838
841
846
820
Federal Classified Employees’ Salary Changes, 1954-56
Personnel and Agencies Serving Blind People, 1955
The Gap Between State and Federal Jurisdiction in Labor Relations
NLRB Operations During 1955-56
AFL-CIO Ethical Practices Codes 5 and 6
Impact of Technological Progress on Labor and Social Policy
Retirement-Conditioning Training Under Union Sponsorship
Union Conventions, August 16 to September 15, 1957
Departments
hi
849
853
855
862
868
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
July 1957 • Voi. 80 . No. 7
6353
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San Francisco 11, Calif.
The Labor Month
in Review
O n J uly 1 , a deferred wage increase provided in
last year’s 3-year contract in the steel industry
went into effect and the ninth consecutive monthly
rise in the Consumer Price Index added 4 cents
an hour to steel workers’ rates under a semiannual
escalator clause. Steel producers, led by the
United States Steel Corp., raised base prices an
average of $6 a ton. Although some employers
said the price increase was inadequate, Steel
workers’ President David J. McDonald claimed it
was unjustified. These events stimulated the
already growing public discussion of wage-costprice-profit-productivity relationships in the econ
omy. The New York Times called deferred-wage
contracts “economic time-bombs.” Scheduling an
investigation into administered-price industries,
the Antitrust Subcommittee of the Senate Judi
ciary Committee placed the steel price increase
at the top of its agenda. And President Eisen
hower again called on business and labor leaders
for “statesmanlike” action to help prevent infla
tion.
D ebate on the need for and scope of legislation
requiring public registration and reporting of
employee welfare funds continued in Congressional
hearings during June after Secretary of Labor
James P. Mitchell presented administration pro
posals on May 27. He advocated a law covering
plans unilaterally administered by labor or man
agement as well as those jointly managed, to pro
vide “remedial action in those cases where abuses
may now exist as well as a preventive measure
against possible future irregularities in the major
ity of plans which are now well managed.”
AFD-CIO President George Meany supported
such legislation. However, spokesmen for the
National Association of Manufacturers and the
U. S. Chamber of Commerce claimed that manage
ment-run funds need not be regulated, and recom
mended that any action in this field be left to State
governments. John L. Lewis, president of the
United Mine Workers, opposed a fund disclosure
law of any type as an “encroachment of the state
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into the field of the voluntary associations of
citizens” and called for more effective enforcement
of present laws against corrupt practices.
Another development in the wake of recent
revelations of some unions’ untidy bookkeeping
was revision of the financial report unions must
file annually with the U. S. Department of Labor
if they wish to use the services of the National
Labor Relations Board. The new form requires
detailed information on various types of trans
actions, including loans, gifts to union officers, and
real estate dealings.
Meanwhile, the Senate Select Committee on
Improper Activities in the Labor or Management
Field continued its investigations, probing into
the affairs of the Bakery Workers. The commit
tee’s attention was engaged by President James
G. Cross’ explanation that a convicted prostitute
identified by an earlier witness as Cross’ “friend”
had been placed on the union payroll to aid in an
“unorthodox” organizing campaign. Cross denied
that he halted a threatened strike and sanctioned
a “substandard” contract at an Illinois bakery as
a result of having received a personal loan from
the bakery manager’s father.
As an aftermath of earlier Senate hearings, two
Teamster union vice presidents were enmeshed in
legal proceedings. Frank W. Brewster was con
victed June 26 of contempt of the Senate for refus
ing to answer questions of the Senate Permanent
Subcommittee on Investigations. He announced
he would appeal the decision. The trial of James
R. Hoffa for conspiracy and bribery of a Senate
Select Committee staff member began June 24.
Despite this trial and another on charges of
wiretrapping, Hoffa has indicated that he will be
a candidate to succeed Dave Beck as Teamster
president “if a sufficient number of local unions
request me to run.” Others whose hats have been
more unequivocally placed in the ring are vice
presidents John T. O’Brien and Joseph Diviny,
and Thomas L. Hickey, secretary-treasurer of a
large New York City local.
Before a Senate group investigating irregulari
ties in highway right-of-way sales in Indiana by
State officials and others, Carpenter President
Maurice A. Hutcheson, a vice president of the
AFL-CIO, invoked the Fifth Amendment on
grounds of possible self-incrimination when ques
tioned about his part in the transactions. Presi
dent George Meany said he would bring the matter
hi
IV
before the federation’s Executive Council, which
next meets in August.
The United Automobile Workers adopted a
policy calling for the removal of any union official
who invokes the Fifth Amendment unless he can
offer proof that he is “beyond a doubt not dis
qualified from office.” In accordance with a sim
ilar policy, the IAM dismissed three representa
tives “inherited” from the United Electrical
Workers (Ind.) who had taken the Fifth Amend
ment before a Senate subcommittee when ques
tioned about Communist Party activities.
decisions in the field of civil liber
ties were handed down by the Supreme Court in
two cases involving trade union officials. On June
3, in ordering a new trial for Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers official Clinton E. Jencks on
charges of filing a false non-Communist affidavit
with the National Labor Relations Board, the
Court directed the Government to produce FBI
records on which the prosecution was based or
dismiss the case. Two weeks later the Court re
versed the conviction of John T. Watkins, UAW
organizer, for contempt of Congress and upheld
his right under the First Amendment to refuse to
answer questions posed by the Un-American Ac
tivities Committee which were beyond the scope
of the committee’s purpose. The majority opin
ion held, “There is no general authority to expose
the private affairs of individuals without justifi
cation in terms of the functions of the Congress.”
In another ruling the Supreme Court upheld a
Wisconsin court’s ban on peaceful organizational
picketing at an intrastate business. The majority
ruled that a State court may enjoin picketing
which violates State public policy. The dissent
ing opinion labeled this a complete reversal of
previous rulings which protected peaceful picket
ing from injunction as an exercise of free speech.
S ignificant
negotiations were conducted by 4 unions
and more than 30 shipping companies which con
cluded agreements covering 46,000 seamen and
officers in less than 8 hours on June 14. Under a
wage reopening clause, a 6-percent boost in wage
and overtime rates on the East and Gulf Coasts
was provided for members of the National Mari
time Union; American Radio Association; Masters,
Mates and Pilots; and Marine Engineers’ Bene
ficial Association.
S peedy
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
In contrast, months of bargaining preceded
settlements between the Nation’s railroads and
the last two major unions to sign in the current
round of negotiations. The 3-year agreement of
the Railway Conductors and Brakemen, covering
some 20,000 workers, is similar to those previously
signed by other railroad unions. It provides a
12%-cent hourly increase retroactive to November
1, 1956, with an additional 7-cent raise on Novem
ber 1, 1957, and another a year later. The
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers’ pact, sub
ject to approval by general chairmen of the union,
calls for a 6-percent retroactive increase the 1st
year and 3.5 percent in each of the following 2
years for 45,000 employees. Both contracts con
tain escalator clauses.
In the cement industry, contract strikes were
widespread in mid-July, although settlements had
been reached in scattered plants on the basis of
about a 16-cent package.
S teps toward greater unity within the labor
movement were taken on several fronts. AFL
and CIO State bodies merged in Mississippi and
Connecticut, bringing the total of such mergers
to 24. With the help of President Meany, com
mittees from the New York State AFL and CIO
organizations reached agreement on merger pro
cedures. If all goes smoothly, the move may be
completed by mid-August. Merger conventions
before that date have been set in Kansas, Texas,
Nevada, and Washington.
The 8,000-member American Railway Super
visors Association became an affiliate of the AFLCIO on July 9. The Machinists and Pilots
pledged mutual assistance in bargaining with the
airlines.
On July 1, the AFL-CIO announced establish
ment of special machinery to settle jurisdictional
clashes between industrial and craft affiliates over
jobs such as plant alterations and major repairs
“on the basis of established past practices on a
plant, area, or industry basis.”
Government, employer, and labor delegates to
the 40th General Conference of the International
Labor Organization endorsed, with only one
abstention, a convention outlawing forced labor as
an instrument of political coercion, economic
development, labor discipline, or racial discrimi
nation.
Bargaining in
the Metal Trades
in the Northwest
K e n n e t h M . M cC a f f r e e *
bargaining in the metal trades indus
tries of Washington and Oregon is characterized
primarily by the influence of local employer labor
relations associations made up of many small
firms and by a high degree of unionization among
metal trades craftsmen.1 Over 800 firms in the
fabricated metal products and machinery manu
facturing industries, employing on the average
only 25 workmen each, were in operation in Oregon
and Washington in 1953.2 Four metal trades
employer associations represent the major firms,
which employ over half of the employees in these
industries. Although the proportion of employees
who are members of, or represented by, metal
trades unions varies from area to area within
Oregon and Washington, the industry is predomi
nately unionized. Well over 80 percent of the
firms in the Seattle-Tacoma area, for example,
employ only union members.
C ollective
Size and Structure of the Industry
The metal trades industries in Oregon and
Washington are not large; total employment dur
ing the last few years has been between 20,000 and
25,000—less than 1 percent of employment in these
industries in the Nation. Locally, the industries
constitute nearly 10 percent of manufacturing
employment. Furthermore, employment in these
trades has increased about 30 percent between
1948 and 1956, compared with only 14 percent
nationally. Employment in all manufacturing in
the two States rose by only 15 percent.3
The metal trades industries are highly concen
trated in the three industrial areas of the North
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west: Seattle-Tacoma, Portland, and Spokane,
Firms in King County (Seattle) and Multnomah
County (Portland) employed three-fourths of
metal trades workmen in 1953, with employment
about equal between the two. Spokane and
Tacoma firms employed about 10 percent and firms
in the smaller cities of the 2-State area—Bremer
ton, Everett, Bellingham, Yakima, and Van
couver in Washington, and Eugene and Salem in
Oregon—have the remainder (3,000-4,000 work
ers) scattered among them.
Probably three-fourths of the workers in the
metal trades industries in Washington and Oregon
are in union shops. The Machinists claim about
one-third of the unionized section; the Boiler
makers, including boilermaker-welders, one-fourth ;
the Molders, Iron Workers, and Sheet Metal
Workers together, nearly 30 percent; and the re
maining union members are scattered among the
Pattern Makers, Metal Polishers, Teamsters,
Operating Engineers, and related crafts.4 Metal
trades councils exist in both Seattle and Portland.
Most of the larger establishments in Washing
ton and Oregon, although only a small proportion
of the total number of firms, are now members of
four metal trades employer associations: Wash
ington Metal Trades Association of Seattle,
United Metal Trades Association of Portland, the
International Conference Board of Tacoma, and
the Associated Industries of the Inland Empire,
*Associate Professor of Economics and Assistant Director of the Institute
of Labor Economics, University of Washington.
1
This analysis considers only the fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation equipment) and machinery (except
electrical) industries. The remaining metalworking industries, primary
metals, electrical machinery, and transportation equipment, have been ex
cluded except for a few foundries, usually counted in the primary metals
group, which are members of the major employer associations.
Aside from a small amount of aluminum processing in Washington, ship
building and aircraft manufacturing are the only other metalworking indus
tries which are particularly and relatively significant in the Northwest.
The relation of these industries to the metal fabricating and machinery indus
tries Is briefly considered in the course of this discussion.
3
County Business Patterns, 1953: Part 10, Pacific States and Territories,
U. S. Departments of Commerce and Health, Education, and Welfare, 1955
(pp. 75 and 105).
3 National data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics series on employees in
nonagricultural establishments; Washington data from Labor Force and
Employment in Washington State, Revised November 1956, Olympia,
Employment Security Department (pp. 2-11); Oregon data, from Employ
ment and Payrolls in Covered Industries, Quarterly Reports, 1948-56, Salem,
Unemployment Compensation Commission and Oregon State Employment
Service (p. 3, each report).
4 Some plumbing and pipefitting shops do fabricating work, although pri
marily concerned with construction. Accordingly, some plumbers and pipe
fitters are employed in the metal trades industries, but have not been in
cluded in this analysis.
797
798
Spokane.5 These four associations are primarily
concerned with representing member firms in
contract negotiations and related union-employer
relations.
No formal industrywide bargaining, which in
cludes all unions and all employer associations,
has yet developed. Each association deals sepa
rately with each union, but maintains informal
liaison with the other associations, and each
union in the major industrial areas coordinates its
bargaining activities among the areas through the
international offices. On the local level, as in
Seattle, the Metal Trades Council brings the
metal trades crafts together for consultation and
consideration of prospective proposals, strategy,
and tactics in the current bargaining situation.
The Metal Trades Council, as such, however, does
not negotiate on behalf of the local unions. In all
cases, local business agents, assisted occasionally
by international union representatives and mem
bers of the executive board of the local union, are
chief spokesmen for the union. These men meet
with an employer committee of which at least one
member is a labor relations specialist from the
association.
Employment Conditions and Trends
The collective bargaining agreements are neither
identical among the areas with respect to one
union nor are they the same for all unions within
a local area.6 However, the conditions generally
conform from one craft to another in a local area,
so that numerous clauses (holiday provisions, for
example) are identical. Furthermore, the agree
ments throughout the two States are quite com
parable. Wage rates for journeymen in all
crafts have been kept roughly the same in recent
years in Spokane, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland.
Some variation in differentials between helpers
and journeymen among crafts and among areas
prevails, but such differences are quite nominal.
Other provisions, pertaining to union security,
hours worked, and so forth, are about the same
regardless of craft or local area in the Northwest.
Several conditions for workers in the fabricated
metal products and nonelectrical machinery man
ufacturing industries in Washington and Oregon
are more liberal than for workers in these indus
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
tries elsewhere. Six paid holidays were provided
for approximately 75 percent of the workers
covered by agreements in those industries na
tionally in 1952-53.7 Northwest workers were
receiving seven. Furthermore, metal trades agree
ments in Washington and Oregon provide for
payment of double time for most overtime; in
all cases, Sunday work receives the double-time
premium.8 The Bureau of Labor Statistics has
reported, however, that over 90 percent of the
workers covered by agreements in these industries
nationally obtained only time and one-half for
Saturday work in 1952.9 Wage rates and earnings
in the Northwest also seem to be higher. The
average hourly earnings in fabricated metal
products for the United States as a whole were
$2.07 in 1956.10 Comparable figures for Washing
ton were $2.31, and for Oregon, $2.25.11
Seattle conditions are also higher or more liberal
than those in either Spokane or Portland. Three
weeks’ paid vacation after 15 continuous years’
service is not available in Spokane but is in Port
land and Seattle. Furthermore, the minimum
number of hours which an employee must work
during a year in order to qualify for a vacation is
less in Seattle than in Portland or Spokane.
Shift differentials in Seattle are 10 percent and 15
percent for 2d and 3d shifts, respectively. In
Portland, the agreements provide 15 cents and 20
cents per hour, and in Spokane, only 9 cents and 14
cents per hour.12 Reporting pay is given for a
minimum of 4 hours, at straight time, in Seattle
and Portland, but for only 2 hours in Spokane.
The range and scope of health and welfare benefits
®The latter two employer organizations are not only multiemployer but
also multi-industry, and accordingly have several separate industry groups,
including one composed of metal trades firms.
« One exception is the agreement between the Washington Metal Trades
and the Molders, which covers Tacoma, Everett, and Seattle.
7 Holiday Provisions in Union Agreements in 1952-53, Monthly Labor
Review, February 1954 (pp. 128-133).
8 The agreements with Molders usually provide only time and a half for
daily overtime, Monday through Friday, and in Spokane time and one-half
for Saturday. Ironworkers and Sheet Metal Workers in some instances
also receive time and one-half.
9 Premium Pay for Weekend Work, 1952, M onthly Labor Review, Sep
tember 1953 (pp. 933-939).
10 See p. 893 of this issue.
11 Data from Washington Employment Security Department and Oregon
State Employment Service.
12 The shift pay differentials in all 3 areas are in addition to 8 hours’ pay for
7H and 7 hours’ work on the 2d and 3d shifts, respectively. The conditions
for Molders are slightly different as indicated subsequently.
BARGAINING IN NORTHWEST METAL TRADES
also appear to be somewhat greater in Seattle.13
Finally, double-time pay applies on work outside
of prescribed hours in Seattle. Elsewhere, over
time usually applies only after a specified number
of hours is worked.
Finally, present provisions of Molders’ agree
ments appear to be somewhat less favorable to
that craft than is true of conditions specified for
Machinists and Boilermakers. For example, in
Seattle, shift pay for Molders is 10 cents and 15
cents per hour for the second and third shifts
rather than 10 and 15 percent. Their overtime
pay is limited to time and one-half during the
week, whereas the other crafts receive double time.
A 2-week paid vacation is available after 5 years of
service, instead of 4 years as is the case with other
crafts. Molders are not eligible for a 3-week paid
vacation even after 15 years’ service. A newly
hired Molder must work 3 months before being
eligible for prorated vacation pay, but the Ma
chinist or Boilermaker is eligible after 240 hours of
work.14 Similar differentials between the trades
also appear in Portland and Spokane.
Union wage rates for the metal trades in Wash
ington and Oregon have increased approximately
45 percent since the end of World War II. (See
table.) This percentage change has been about
the same as for other crafts in Seattle or Portland.
The apparent lag of the metal trades groups in
Spokane is undoubtedly more a reflection of wage
gains among construction crafts, which experienced
a significant building boom in the Columbia Basin
over the last 10 years.15
The increases in fringe benefits have been sub
stantial in the metal trades since 1946 and, in
general, also conform to trends in the Northwest.
Paid holidays were increased from 6 days to 7 in
13 Health and welfare benefits are negotiated separately from other condi
tions and are incorporated in separate contracts with all unions in Seattle.
The agreement does not specify the amount which the employer will contrib
ute per man-hour, but contains the list of benefits which the employer agrees
to provide. The local associations administer the plan. Comprehensive
information on the cost to employers of present benefits has not been available,
but the cost would appear to be somewhat less per benefit obtained than joint
union-management administered plans in the Northwest.
14 If 1,200 hours must be worked in a vacation year in order to earn a full
week oil with pay, a worker who is employed only 240 hours will receive 1
day’s paid vacation. In case of Molders, the pro rata vacation for the 2d, 3d,
and 4th years increases the horns compensated as vacation, but 1 week oil
from work is provided.
15 See Kenneth M. McCaffree, Trends in Bargaining in the Northwest
Construction Industry, Monthly Labor Review, November 1954 (pp. 12141219).
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799
Seattle in 1949, and in Portland in 1950. Pro rata
vacations also were negotiated in both Portland and
Seattle at about this time. Health and welfare
benefits were negotiated in the spring of 1951 and
benefit payments began in 1952. Molders also
received an increase in shift differentials from 5 to
10 cents per hour to 10 and 15 cents per hour for
second and third shifts, respectively, in Seattle in
1952. Vacation benefits were extended to 3 weeks
off with pay after 15 years for some crafts in both
Portland and Seattle in 1956.
The collective bargaining agreements have be
come longer and more precise over the past few
years. Changes in the grievance procedure are
typical. Agreements in the 1940’s provided for
referral of disputes to the association and the
union in the event the employer and union shop
committee involved could not settle the issues.
Now, a detailed procedure in four steps, with time
limits on each step, has been provided.
Bargaining Patterns
Collective bargaining in the metal fabricating
and machinery manufacturing industries in Wash
ington and Oregon is influenced by other industries
and by other areas. The impact of related metal
working industries appears to come primarily
through the conditions of the general labor market.
An expansion or contraction in aircraft production
at the Boeing Airplane Co. has an appreciable
effect upon the supply of labor generally, and
upon potential entrants into metalworking crafts
in particular, in the Seattle-Tacoma area. Since
there is a closer occupational and skill relation be
tween the work performed in the aircraft industry
and in the fabricated metal products and machin
ery manufacturing firms than for other local in
dustries, bargaining tends to loosen or tighten
more noticeably in metal trades shops as a short
age or surplus of labor develops in that area. The
shipbuilding industry also affects the metal trades
group in question in somewhat the same fashion.
There is mobility of workers between the fabrica
tion shops and the shipyards, as employment ex
pands or contracts in one or the other. The rela
tive supply of labor in metalworking trades,
especially machinists, may therefore weaken or
strengthen the hands of the negotiating parties in
800
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
the fabrication and machinery manufacturing
industries.16
There is a similarity of union affiliation of
workers among the aircraft and shipbuilding indus
tries and the metal trades shops. Machinists, for
one craft, are employed in relatively large numbers
in all three industries. However, the structure of
bargaining within the unions and within the air
craft and shipbuilding industries suggests that such
nominal relationship is relatively insignificant in
its impact upon collective bargaining in the
fabricating shops and machinery manufacturing
firms. Shipbuilding negotiations are carried on
coastwise by the metal trades councils rather than
by local unions in local areas. Major negotiations
in aircraft are between Boeing and the AeroMechanics, an affiliate of the International Associ
ation of Machinists and separate from the local
lodges in the fabricating shops. Furthermore, the
conditions at Boeing, including job classification,
wages, and fringe benefits, and the shipyard fringe
benefits are substantially different from, and
appear to have little direct relation to, correspond
ing conditions in the shops.17 Finally, the timing
of negotiations in the three industry groups
appears unrelated: those in shipbuilding occur in
the spring, at about the same time as the metal
trades; Boeing contracts follow in the summer
and early fall.
Of first importance in collective bargaining in
the machine shops is what happens in the same
kinds of firms in the San Francisco Bay area.
Wage and fringe patterns in the Northwest appear
to follow conditions negotiated by the California
Metal Trades Association and the respective
unions. Hourly wage rates for journeymen are
usually a few cents higher in California than in the
Northwest. Negotiations are completed in the
summer in California and in the following spring
are conducted throughout the Washington-Oregon
area. Thus, whereas the wage gains in California
never set precisely the amounts which will be
added to wage rates to the north, such increases
offer a guide for negotiations.
In the matter of fringe benefits, the Northwest
has clearly followed the California pattern. Both
the provisions for pro rata vacations and health
and welfare benefits were originally negotiated in
the San Francisco Bay area. Health and welfare
benefits went into effect in the Northwest in 1952,
following Wage Stabilization Board approval of
contract provisions negotiated in 1951. California
agreements contained such provisions in 1949.
Within Washington and Oregon, no clear-cut
role of pattern setter has been established between
the Portland and Seattle areas. Neither area has
set the pattern consistently for the other, but
rather, whatever set of circumstances led to newly
i» The aluminum plants are western branches of companies whose major
labor negotiations are conducted elsewhere. Patterns seem to be set nation
ally and imposed on Northwest plants. No particular relationship between
these negotiations and collective bargaining in fabricated production or
machinery manufacturing in Washington and Oregon is evident.
17 The journeyman wage rate in the shipyards has usually been the same,
or nearly so, as the rate in the machine shops.
Union hourly wage scales for selected craft union members in Seattle and Spokane, Wash., and Portland, Oreg., January 1
of 194-6-57, and percent change, 1948-57
Seattle
January 1—
Portland
Spokane
Machinist,
journeyman
Construction
carpenter,
journeyman
General
wholesale
warehouse
man
Machinist,
journeyman
Construction
carpenter,
journeyman
General
wholesale
warehouse
man
Machinist,
journeyman
Construction
carpenter,
journeyman
1946__________________
1947__________________
1948__________________
1949__________________
1950__________________
1951__________________
1952__________________
1963__________________
1954__________________
1955__________________
1956..___ _____________
1967_____________ _____
$1.25
1.51
1.635
1.755
1.755
1.755
1.97
2.03
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.37
$1.61
1.805
2.065
2.195
2.195
2.30
2. 51
2. 58
2.65
2.65
2.80
2.94
$1,025
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.525
1.525
1.63
1.63
1.73
1.78
1.84
$1.25
1.43
1.60
1.745
1.745
1.75
1.97
2.03
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.37
0)
(>)
$1.925
2.10
2.10
2.25
2.30
2. 55
2. 55
»2. 75
s 2.90
7 3.00
(>)
$1.13
1.30
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.61
1.64
1.78
1.83
1.88
1.93
$1.495
1.545
1.60
1.745
1.745
1.85
1.95
2.03
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.37
(')
0
$1.85
2.06
2.20
2. 35
2.42
2.60
2.65
3 2.75
32.90
*3.04
Percent change, 1948-57.—
45.0
42.3
41.5
48.1
52.7
48.5
1Not available.
* The contract stipulated that 10 cents of the rise in the basic wage rate was
in lieu of health and welfare benefits.
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48.1
General
wholesale
warehouse
man
0
0
0
0
0
(>)
«
0
0
0
$1.78
1.84
58.9
Source: Collective bargaining agreements and records of the employer
associations in the respective areas and industries,
BARGAINING IN NORTHWEST METAL TRADES
negotiated conditions in one, ultimately has been
extended to the other. Thus in 1955, the Portland
unions and the United Metal Trades Association
settled for a 5-cent hourly increase. Seattle unions
fell in line. However, the Seattle Machinists and
the Washington Metal Trades Association con
cluded a 12-cent-an-hour increase for journeymen
in the spring of 1956, and the agreement was
extended to Portland. Similar situations can
be cited from the experience of the past 10 years.
Both the Portland and Seattle areas set the
patterns for other bargaining relationships in the
remainder of the Northwest. Small shops and the
unions in central and southern Oregon look to
Portland. The Industrial Conference Board at
Tacoma and the Metal Trades Group of the
Associated Industries of the Inland Empire in
Spokane and the respective unions have generally
accepted the Seattle conditions. In both Tacoma
and Spokane, the agreements expire 15 days later
than in Seattle. In the past, the agreements have
frequently had the same expiration date as the
Seattle ones, but by gentleman’s agreement,
were extended until Seattle were terms set.
Within the major industrial centers, the pat
ternsetting contract is generally between the
dominant employer association and the Machin
ists. The Seattle situation is illustrative. Ne
gotiations between the Washington Metal Trades
Association for the employers and Machinists
Lodge 79 usually determine the major conditions
for Seattle. In 1946, the Machinists obtained a
union-shop provision in the agreements with the
Washington Metal Trades Association after a
series of strikes against member employers. The
following year similar provisions on union security
were included in the agreements with other Seattle
metal trades locals.
Or more recently, all crafts in Seattle accepted
a 5-cent-an-hour increase in the wage rate in
1955; only the Machinists refused to accept a
2-year agreement which called for another 5 cents
for April 1, 1956. In March 1956, wage negotia
tions between the Machinists and the Washington
Metal Trades Association resulted in a 12-cent in
crease. Other crafts were subsequently given an
additional 7 cents, under employers’ voluntary
wage reopenings.
Not only do other crafts usually follow the
pattern of the Machinists and Washington Metal
430118— 57-
-2
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801
Trades Association in their negotiations with the
associations, but the small independent shops not
members of the associations readily sign the com
pleted agreement. In many instances where a
work stoppage may occur, the independent shops
will sign a letter of intent to accept the conditions
negotiated with the association by the union in
volved. In 1953, the independents continued
working during the strike of the crafts against
members of the Seattle association.
Equality of Bargaining Power
The major characteristic of collective bargain
ing in the metal trades of Washington and Oregon
is the apparent relatively equal bargaining power
between local employer associations and unions.
The associations have continued to grow and in
crease in solidarity and cohesiveness during the
past 10 years. The degree of unionization has
been steadily increasing, particularly in Spokane
and the areas surrounding Portland and Seattle.
Both the local associations and the unions have
developed a healthy respect for the other. Out of
this has come a general reputation for peaceful
solutions to disagreements and stable collective
bargaining.
The relative strength of the local unions arises
from the high degree of unionization in the North
west metal trades, the support and coordination
of regional activities by the respective interna
tionals, and the cooperation of all local unions in
an industrial area. The largest local—for ex
ample, Machinists Lodge 79 in Seattle—would
not be effective in bargaining if the other metal
trades unions withdrew support. Most employers
in the metal trades hire several crafts. Continued
production can be threatened by each and every
craft, but a stoppage is only fully effective if
other unions will recognize a picket line.
The local association, on the other hand, is able
to neutralize or equalize the strength of the union
by coordinating action among employers.
Through formation of an employer association,
the union is immediately restrained from de
manding conditions from one or a small number
of firms, which when obtained can be used to force
other employers, one by one, to concede these
conditions. Furthermore, uniform termination
dates on contracts give the association a chance to
802
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
bargain simultaneously with all unions, and pre
vent the unions from pyramiding demands—each
union obtaining a little more than the preceding
one. A local association can employ profes
sionally competent negotiators to handle contract
bargaining and labor relations, whereas the small
firm cannot do so. Thus, the union’s business
agent and specialist will meet an equally trained
and well-advised representative of the employers.
Conclusion
Undoubtedly, the major change in the metal
trades industries of the Northwest, aside from
early unionization in the 1930’s, has been the
growth of the local employer association. The
small size of the metal trades firm in terms of em
ployment, the relatively small market area served
by the firm, and the relatively insignificant in
fluence of the individual firm upon the labor
market relative to the impact of the union have
all precipitated the development of these associa
tions. In addition to the problems accompanying
unionization and administration of labor contracts,
new, complex labor laws, government regulations,
and related activities have required the advice
of professional labor relations counselors. The
small firm must rely upon an association to solve
these problems. Furthermore, the growth of the
association has been strengthened and solidified
by the need for central administration of health
and welfare and pension plans.
During the 10-year period 1947 through 1956, 15.5 percent of all work
stoppages involved from 6 to 19 workers. These stoppages accounted for
only 0.4 percent of all man-days of idleness during the 10-year period. At
the other end of the scale, the work stoppages involving 1,000 or more workers
amounted to only 8 percent of the total but accounted for over 75 percent
of all man-days of idleness in the decade.
Consequently, whether there is “labor peace” in the country actually
depends upon a few companies and a few unions. The 92 percent of all
work stoppages which take place in firms having less than 1,000 employees
have very minimal impact upon the total economy. And the 15.5 percent of
all work stoppages which take place in the firms having less than 20 employees
(and they are 95 percent of all firms) have virtually no impact upon the gen
eral economy because they account for less than 0.5 percent of all idleness.
This does not mean that these stoppages do not sometimes have disastrous
effects upon the workers or the employer; nor that they do not dramatically,
and sometimes adversely, affect communities; nor that they are all unim
portant to the economy, because sometimes a stoppage in a small supplier’s
operations can cause a bottleneck in a larger production process.
It does mean, however, that when we talk in terms of industrial peace,
we are really talking in terms of the 5 percent of all firms having 20 or more
employees and particularly the less than 0.1 percent which have 1,000 or
more employees. We can narrow the field even more, because with pattern
bargaining in a number of industries and with area, regional, or industry
wide bargaining in others, there are far less than 3,300 companies and unions
whose bargaining substantially affects our industrial peace.
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Millard Cass, Deputy Under Secretary of Labor, Some Positive Aspects of
Labor-Management Relations— an address at the Fourth Annual Conference
on Current Problems in Labor Relations, Cornell University, Mav 7, 1957.
A Reexamination of
“Transferability
of Skills”—Part I
Sidney A. F ine *
about “transferability of skills/’
so much a part of manpower thinking, are in need
of reexamination in order to establish their basis
in fact. This is necessary not only to define some
of the practical limits of the idea, but to clarify
its rationale. Moreover, the merit of transferability of skills as an instrument of manpower
policy must be delineated through research. The
first part of this article will examine some of the
difficulties behind the assumptions about trans
ferability. The second part (to appear in a subse
quent issue) will draw upon recent work of the
U. S. Employment Service (USES) in occupational
classification research which provides criteria and
guidelines not hitherto available for developing a
systematic approach to the study of transferability of skills.
T h e assumptions
Need for Analysis of Concept
“Skills” refer to a worker’s knowledge and
abilities, acquired through training and experience,
to do a particular job, such as machinist or car
penter, laboratory technician or nurse. “Transfer
of skills,” therefore, refers to the movement of
workers with certain knowledges and abilities
from one job to another. This special mobility
is considered here to involve, or to make possible,
continuous use of developed knowledges and
abilities.
Potential continuity of use is usually estab
lished on the basis of so-called “similarity” be
tween jobs. Similarity is determined by identi
fying those elements of a particular job that are
considered relevant, designating them as criteria,
and then comparing the elements of other jobs to
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them. The comparability of elements ranges
from “identity” through varying degrees of simi
larity, to nonsimilarity. But the extent to which
these job elements are identical or similar depends
entirely upon their degree of specificity. If one
of the criterion job elements is “knowledge of
metals,” two job elements are considered to be
closely similar, if not identical, even though one
involves knowledge of aluminum and the other
knowledge of iron. If, on the other hand, the
criterion job element is “knowledge of the machin
ing properties of brass,” then the job element
“knowledge of machining properties of high carbon
steel” is not related or only distantly related.
The ultimate similarity between jobs is also
dependent on the scope of the elements. Tech
nical performance abilities and knowledge ele
ments have dominated the analyses made in the
past, although aptitudes and physical capacity
requirements have also been used. However, it
may be that the scope of relevant criteria should
include adjustment abilities to working conditions
such as heat, cold, and noise, and to temperament
requirements such as variety and change, repeti
tiveness, and fixed tolerance limits. They may
be equal in importance to knowledge and technical
abilities for effectively determining transferability.
Carefully determining the specificity and scope
of job elements is, therefore, essential in estab
lishing the similarity between jobs and the poten
tial continuity of use of knowledges and abilities.
It is also necessary to establish the relative im
portance of so-called identical or similar elements
in arriving at judgments.
A careful reexamination of the idea of transferability of skills is particularly pertinent in the
light of such current manpower problems as:
Informing unemployment insurance applicants of
jobs “suitable” to the skills they acquired on
previous jobs; counseling workers who must
change jobs because of handicap or age; redirect
ing workers displaced because of technological
changes such as automation; making maximum
use of military training and experience in civilian
jobs and vice versa; earmarking certain civilian
skills (e. g., watchmaking) as potential sources
for critical and essential defense production;
determining which surplus skills can best be
♦Of the Division of Placement Methods, U. S. Employment Service,
Bureau of Employment Security.
804
used for certain occupations in which “shortages”
of workers exist; preparing for civilian defense,
which would involve emergency need for very
large numbers of workers in certain categories
such as clearing debris, nursing, first aid, and pro
tective services; and planning vocational training
programs of the widest possible practical appli
cation in industry.
Skill is regarded as a national resource as
valuable as our natural resources, and like them,
something we do not want to waste. It appears
wasted when a worker moves from one job to
another which does not make continuous use of
his developed skills. From this point of view,
the problem then is to determine how the con
tinuous use of skill can occur so that maximum
utilization may be effected. However, we will
examine later the idea that developed skills not
in continuous use are indeed a waste.
Early Research
During World War II, the USES published its
Job Family Series,1to facilitate decisions regarding
the transferability of skills from surplus to short
age, nonessential to essential, and civilian to mili
tary. A “base job,” such as airplane wood
worker, was analyzed with respect to its require
ments in type of work performed, machines, tools
and equipment, materials, services, knowledge, or
subject matter, and 48 estimated worker traits
(e. g., dexterities, perceptions, coordinations).
The criteria were quite general in each of these
categories, some more so than others.2 Several
thousand jobs were similarly analyzed and then
ranked in descending order as representing more
to less similarity with the base job and, therefore,
more to less favorable possibilities for transfer.
Unfortunately, in the case of critical jobs, the
skills that seemed the most likely possibilities for
transfer were usually also critical and in short
supply. By the time job categories not in short
supply were reached, the relationship seemed to
be farfetched or at least to offer no better possi
bility than starting with any available worker.
There were many other difficulties, so many, in
fact, that it was not feasible to conduct controlled
studies. There is some evidence that the idea
did lead employers to make hires they would not
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
otherwise have made and workers to apply for
jobs of which they might not otherwise have
known. However, there is no way of knowing
whether these hires, if successful, constituted
maximum utilization of skill.
Prior to undertaking the Job Family Series, the
USES explored the possibility that there might
be “natural job families” in the normal mobility
of workers from job to job. It studied 30,000
applicant registrations, in the late 1930’s, to
answer the question, From what occupational
groups are the members of given occupational
groups recruited?3 For this purpose, primary
occupational classifications were compared with
supplementary classifications by means of the
first digit of the USES classifications. From this
study, the conclusion was reached that there were
not enough cases available for a definite answer.
This first direct attack on the problem did little
more than indicate the difficulties involved in
studying transferability of skills and the prime
necessity of examining some of the basic assump
tions associated with the concept.
Another attem pt4 was recently made to answer
the same question of the USES study. The pre
vious work experience by industry of 180 workers
on an automobile assembly line was studied for
possible relationship to the automobile industry.
About half the workers came from 15 manu
facturing industries (chiefly shoes and textiles)
and the other half from 18 nonmanufacturing
industries; the job categories included all the
major groups from professional to unskilled; in
addition, the workers overwhelmingly had come
from nonassembly-line work situations in which
they had individually determined the work pace.
Thus, here again we have inconclusive evidence of
transfer of specific skills.
In effect, both of these occupational background
studies emphasize the prime necessity of asking
and answering the question, “What are we looking
for and what do we expect to find when we study
transferability of skills?”
1Job Family Series, Nos. 1-89, covering 77 occupations (1942-44). Out of
print.
2 Carroll L. Shartle, Occupational Information, New York, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1952 (ch. VI, pp. 161-187).
3 Unpublished Occupational History Study, in flies of USES.
4 Charles R. Walker and Robert H. Guest, The Man on the Assembly
Line, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1952.
805
‘TRANSFERABILITY OF SKILLS'
Assumptions Underlying the Concept
Five assumptions about transferability of skills
that need to be examined are considered in this
discussion.
1.
can
S i m i l a r s k ills {kn ow led g e a n d a b ili ty re q u ir e m e n ts )
be id e n tifie d
a m o n g jo b s a n d
tr a n s f e r a b ility
m a d e on th a t b a sis . A recent
review of the psychological literature on transfer of
training suggests the barrenness of the informa
tion available.
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s
The writer has recently had occasion to study a large
number of articles and reports dealing with transfer of
training. It was hoped that a body of experimental evi
dence would be found yielding conclusions of useful
practical application but it may be stated at once that
the search was disappointing. Exceedingly few of the
experiments reported deal with the exercise of established
skills in new or altered situations. On the contrary, the
vast majority of experiments ring the changes on rela
tively simple stimulus-response situations where the
activities involved are the learning of paired associates
(nonsense syllables or other words) or simple motor
responses to visual stimuli, etc.6
Some contribution has been made by the re
search in theories of learning. M unn8 points
out that where learning of one skill facilitates
learning of another skill we have positive transfer
of training. But earlier learning may have a
negative effect upon the acquisition of a new skill
and in this case we have habit interference.
What determines whether the transfer will be
positive or negative? Both can be attributed to
either (a) similarity of content, (b) similarity of
techniques, or (c) similarity of principles, or
(d) a combination of these. Is there any way of
predicting which might occur? “In general/’
Munn says, “when we are called to make old re
sponses in new situations, transfer may be posi
tive. When we are required to make new re
sponses to old situations, transfer may be nega
tive.”
t E. G. Chambers, Transfer of Training: A Practical Problem. (In
Occupational Psychology, London, July 1956, pp. 165-168.)
»Norman L. Munn, Psychology, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1951 (pp.
222-228).
i
Sir Frederic Bartlett, The Transfer of Training. (In Cambridge Institute
of Education Bulletin, Cambridge, England, June 1954.)
8 Chambers, op. cit. (p. 165).
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Thus, the identification of similar skills does
not in itself help us with our fundamental prob
lem. Sir Frederic Bartlett suggests another
approach. He reports on research involving the
learning on the part of operators of patterns of
switch manipulation for lighting electric bulbs.
Very consistently the move from a relatively easy to a
relatively difficult setting [of the switches] gave rise to no
positive transfer of an acquired skill, but the move from
the relatively difficult to the relatively easy did give rise
to positive transfer. More than this, it became clear that
the order of difficulty that was most effective was pre
cisely at that point at which the operator was being
forced to consider ahead what he would do next, to plan
a method rather than merely to acquire facility of move
ment. It would seem that just learning what to do in a
given set of circumstances is never naturally, or normally,
transferred to another set of circumstances; but learning
how to do it may be. . . . from the point of view of
their transfer functions, learning procedures cannot ever
be reduced to overlap between items, or even to connec
tions between any two items picked out from the sequence
of the operation and considered by themselves.7
The foregoing suggests that the matter of
similarity must be sought in the overall attack
upon a problem. However, Chambers points out
that although experiments of the type performed
by Bartlett have research value, they tell us very
little in connection with practical work situations.
“Learning to do a test ‘to criterion’ in a few
sessions is by no means the same as acquiring a
skill over years of practice. In point of fact few,
if any, operatives in industry or in the armed
services need to learn words in paired association
or to press 1 of 6 buttons when a green light
appears at the apex of a triangle. What no one
seems to know is how far proficiency in such
artificial situations can be carried over to the real
jobs done by workers in different occupations.” 8
Thus, at the moment, the findings of psycho
logical research suggest that, while it is possible
to identify similarities, it is still a problem to
determine their true nature and how they function
in transfer. The practical significance of this
problem is evident from some of the inconclusive
experience in dealing with it. For example, it
can be shown that some elements in the work
performed by some machinists (setup and opera
tion of lathes, milling machines, and shapers, or
use of files, micrometers, blueprints, etc.) are
806
with those performed by some tool and
die makers, armament mechanics, or instrument
assemblers. Also, some of the elements can be
considered s im ila r (metals with related character
istics; similar parts, but of different sizes; machines
of same principle, but different size and make;
different tolerances, although all involve fine
accuracy). Yet when transfers occur among
jobs such as these, some employers report success
and others failure. It is at present extremely
difficult to tell whether employers are referring
to elements quite different from content, tech
nique, or principle. In some instances, they may
consider quick learning of certain new and
unrelated duties as a sign of successful transfer;
in others, they may be referring to failure due to
inability to adjust to temperament requirements
or physical demands.
We must conclude, therefore, with regard to
the first question, that although similarity may be
identified, it is not at all clear whether the right
elements for transferability are being focused
upon, or whether similarity has positive or nega
tive effect in transfer.
id e n tic a l
2.
W h e n tr a n s je r b a se d on s im ila r itie s o f s k ills is
e x p la in e d to w o rk e rs, th e y w ill choose a m o n g the
o p p o r tu n itie s p re se n te d . Here recent labor mobil
ity studies are most illuminating. They report
on the movement of workers in the labor market,
given various conditions, circumstances, and skill
levels.
In 1936, in Philadelphia, the hosiery and
textile industries were contracting, the radio
manufacturing industry expanding.9 The jobs
in these industries, although quite different in
knowledge requirements, place heavy demands
on well-developed manual and finger dexterity,
eye-hand coordination, and adjustment to repeti
tive short-cycle tasks performed under specific
instruction. In other words, in general, the
production jobs appear to require similar worker
traits. Yet the radio industry did not mainly
draw from the pool of unemployed and its reser
voir of skills, but rather from new entrants into
the labor market such as youths and housewives.
The workers in the textile and hosiery industries
preferred to try to weather the storm and stay
with the industry to which they were accustomed
rather than try new jobs in the radio industry.
The textile and hosiery workers appeared well
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
informed of conditions within their industry, and
there was considerable mobility among workers
but to identical jobs within those industries to
secure “a better machine,” “a better job,” or
“higher wages.” Gladys L. Palmer suggests
that family, friends, individual experiences, and
immediate proximity to textile and hosiery plants
occasioned this behavior.
The industrial attachment of the knitters is
highlighted by their behavior in 1940, according
to Palmer:
Special defense retraining programs were developed for
unemployed knitters with the active cooperation of the
[International Ladies’ Garment Workers’] Union in several
cities, including Philadelphia. It was the hope of the
union that knitters by reason of their knowledge of ma
chine adjustments might be placed in the munitions
industries, either on machine-operating or repair and
adjustment jobs. But at the end of this program, as one
union official ruefully remarked, the knitters applied for
work as “knitters” rather than as “machine operators”
or “machine adjusters.” Nevertheless, many knitters and
workers from other hosiery occupations did secure jobs
in munitions industries during the war and have not
returned to the hosiery industry.10
These latter moves may have been successful
because of similar worker trait requirements, but
no study was made to determine this.
Three studies11 by the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics concerning the mobility of workers showed
that (a) skilled tool and die makers overwhelm
ingly stayed within or very close to the specialized
content area for which they were trained; (b)
electronic technicians (a new trade) were only
minimally (9 percent) drawn from such related
fields as electrician, radio-parts salesman, electri
cal-appliance repairman; and (c) Ph. D.’s in
chemistry, physics, and biology moved a great
deal but between scientific areas in only the early
job period. Later, the movement was between
functions (teaching, research, administration) in
their own scientific area.
These studies, as well as her summary findings
of labor mobility in six cities, suggest to Palmer
th a t:
. . . career framework considerations outweigh acci
dental circumstances if one looks at the record of jobs
9
Gladys L. Palmer, Interpreting Patterns of Labor Mobility. (In Labor
Mobility and Economic Opportunity, by E. Wight Bakke and others,
New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1954, pp. 47-67.)
>o Ibid. (p. 55).
ii The Mobility of Tool and Die Makers, 1940-51, BLS Bull. 1120 (1952);
The Mobility of Electronic Technicians, 1940-52, BLS Bull. 1150 (1954); and
Occupational Mobility of Scientists, BLS Bull. 1121 (1953).
807
TRANSFERABILITY OF SKILLS'
over time, as distinct from a cross-section view of a number
of single job transactions in a local market at any given
time. For a variety of reasons, accidental factors play a
significant role in the choice of first jobs, and such jobs
may be a high proportion of the total number of job trans
actions at any given time. For some workers who have
no major financial responsibilities or who would find it
difficult to make satisfactory work adjustments under any
conditions, accidental factors may play an important role
throughout their work history, but they are in a minority.
For most workers in selected manufacturing industries of
a metropolitan community like Philadelphia for the years
preceding 1936, the experience records appear to have a
rationale, and what may be called “career framework”
considerations explain many, if not most, job changes.
Economic considerations loom large in this context.
Workers quit jobs to get “steadier work,” “more money,”
“better working conditions,” “more experience,” or what
they consider to be a “promotion.” If they are forced to
change jobs by layoffs, they may have to accept any job
that they can get, but their subsequent history will show
an attempt to return to the company or work that they
prefer or, occasionally, a permanent shift to a new type
of work. For the latter type of change, which represents
a modification of their career plans, they give explanations
that are reasonable to them in terms of their qualifications
and the character of job opportunities at the time.12
Thus, workers will not readily move to new
occupations outside of their career framework
even where there is the relationship that would
suggest the possibility of positive transfer. From
the standpoint of workers, transfers would have to
be within an area of work where most of the
elements are id e n tic a l, not just similar.
3. W h e n tr a n s fe r b a se d o n s im ila r itie s o f s k ills is
e x p la in e d to e m p lo y e rs, th e y w i ll a c c e p t w o rk e rs
w ith
s k ills
d iffe re n t f r o m
those i n i t i a l l y
so u g h t.
Numerous studies such as those by Edelman 13and
Malm,14 bring out the fact that only a minority
of firms today, and those usually the larger ones,
engage in job analysis to the point of having an
analysis of requirements and qualifications. Ob
viously, if there is no clear statement or recognition
of what is wanted, it is unrealistic to talk about
similarities of skills. Furthermore, these same
studies indicate that frequently, where employee
screening and selection is effected by a personnel
office even in firms that have job specifications, the
n Palmer, op. cit. (p. 66). See also Gladys L. Palmer, Labor Mobility
in Six Cities, New York, Social Science Research Council, 1954.
u M urray Edelman, and others, Channels of Employment, Urbana, 111.,
University of Illinois, 1952.
14 Theodore Malm, Hiring Procedures and Selection Standards in the
San Francisco Bay Area, Reprint 54, Berkeley, University of California, 1955.
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final say as to hiring may be in the hands of a
supervisor or foreman, who may reject the
candidate. These rejections may be for any one
of many reasons. The easiest one that avoids
controversy—and, so far, defies analysis—is: “No
the right kind of experience,” but the true reason
in some cases, may not be related to the job
specifications.
Thus, “employer acceptance” is obscured to
begin with, because of the relatively limited area
in which it can be studied and the difficulty of
getting at the true facts. The writer has been
unable to study this very difficult problem under
controlled conditions, but like other workers in
the field, he has been confronted with skeptical
and sometimes bitter attitudes on the part of
employers regarding so-called related experience.
Attempts to track down the basis for these atti
tudes suggest that they have little to do with the
transferability of training, but much to do with
poor communication between employer and place
ment worker. Frequently, the placement worker
had a very insubstantial basis for suggesting a
relationship and no knowledge of how such place
ments had worked out in other instances. In
other situations, the employer had such a vivid
image of the kind of person he wanted in the job
(usually the image of the person who had vacated
it) that he was impatient with the worker whom
he ultimately and reluctantly accepted.
In any case, many employers have built up
special mental barriers against accepting workers
with so-called related experience. Employers in
aircraft plants during the war, in some instances,
refused to hire machinists and machine hands
from the automobile and heavy transportation
industries for jobs with the same title in their
industry because of their expressed belief, pre
sumably based on experience, that workers from
those industries could not adjust to the closer
tolerances required in the aircraft industry.
Further, one automobile employer in Detroit told
the writer that he would rather not line assemblers
with experience in a plant of a competitor for the
jobs in his plant because “we do things differently
on our line and if he comes from X he gets mixed
up and the line breaks down.” Department store
personnel workers are wary of former salespeople
from certain other stores in the same city because
“they are not our type.” Garment manufacturers
and often workers themselves insist that exactly
808
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
the same operation is not transferable to a different
price or style garment, apparently meaning that
the readjustment would be too great.
All of these examples suggest that close similar
ity among jobs is a drawback in many employers’
minds. However, their attitude toward related
experience is basically conditioned by more
fundamental attitudes, as pointed out in a recent
survey of hiring practices in the Trenton area:
In hiring, the plant managers usually selected employees
whom they expected to be able to hold and train, and
consequently they preferred married workers in their
middle or late twenties. Selection may be determined, not
by the applicant’s physical characteristics or experience,
but by the plant interviewer’s judgment of “the applicant’s
character traits, his worklife potentialities for jobs up the
line, and his social fitness for the sort of work force the com
pany has or seeks. Judgment is really on a multijob basis.
For a variety of reasons, a company in hiring may discrim
inate against some races, some nationality groups, and
some age classes, or against persons with too much or too
little education, intelligence, or ambition.” Thus, manage
ment’s specifications are often highly subjective; moreover,
they may change with the times.18
We must thus conclude that, under present condi
tions, there is not much assurance that the concept
of transferability is either acceptable to employers
or easily subject to practical test by them.
4.
W o rk e rs a n d e m p lo y e r s a re fre e to m a k e the
ch oices p r e s e n te d b y tr a n s fe r p o s s ib ilitie s a n d w i l l
m a k e th em becau se o f n eed . It appears that to an
ever greater extent the jobs to which workers
move are determined by certain “lines of force”
or structural conditions within the labor market.16
As Clark Kerr points out:
Barriers to movement are set up by the skill gaps be
tween occupations and the distance gaps between locations.
Beyond the specificity of skills and the money costs of
physical transfer, lie such various but no less important
impediments to competition as lack of knowledge, the job
tastes of workers, their inertia and their desire for security,
and the personal predilections of employers.
*
*
*
*
*
Moreover, workers and employers form attachments
for each other which neither like to break lightly . . . and
separation is for cause only. Thus most jobs, even with
out institutional rules, belong to single workers or to
small groups of workers.17
But, in addition, there are institutional factors
which further limit the freedom of choice, and
Kerr points out that these institutional factors are
significantly shaped by type of union membership.18
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Thus, the craft union limits the mobility of work
ers within a carefully defined occupational and
geographical area. The worker’s security is
based on skill but the use of this skill is neverthe
less carefully defined and restricted. In the in
dustrial enterprise, workers’ mobility is also
limited by seniority. Two exceptions to the
rigidity of seniority, both of which apparently
attempt to recognize similarity among skills, are
found in personnel practices and collective bar
gaining agreements which (1) provide for con
sideration of the ability of workers or (2) allow for
movements within such organizational job cate
gories as production, maintenance, or sales, among
which there is no competition.19 These conditions
existed in the main before the unions obtained
any control over the employment conditions of
their jurisdictions. “The institutional rules,
however, do match men and jobs more precisely
in the craft case and the man and the job in the
industrial case, than was done informally before
their introduction.” 20
The structuring of the labor market pertains to
the “outs” as well as the “ins.” There are only
limited points of contact between the two. The
competition is mainly among the ins and among
the outs. Among the many reasons that workers
do not find jobs is that they do not meet the speci
fications set by employers and unions. “. . . as
the specifications become more formal and cover
more jobs, determination of the specifications
becomes of increasing concern to persons in the
external market who are universally unrepresented
in the councils which set the specifications.” 21
In view of these observations, based on exten
sive study and substantiated from many direc
tions, one must conclude that the freedom of
workers and employers in the labor market is
considerably restricted. Particularly restricted
are workers who have acquired skills or experience
and thereby become attached to a craft or an in15 See Employment Practices in Trenton, N. J., Manufacturing Plants (a
summary of Hiring Practices and Labor Competition, by Richard A. Lester,
Princeton, N. J., Princeton University, Research Report Series No. 88, 1954),
Monthly Labor Review, February 1955 (p. 192).
E. Wight Bakke and others, Labor Mobility and Economic Opportu
nity, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1954.
17 Clark Kerr, The Balkanization of Labor Markets. (In Bakke and
others, op. cit., pp. 94-95 and 95-96.)
is Ibid.
19 Somewhat analogous considerations exist in the Federal Government
reduetion-in-foree system and its areas of competition.
20 Kerr, op. cit.
»i Ibid. (p. 103).
809
‘TRANSFERABILITY OF SKILLS'
dustry. Their next move is to secure themselves.
In doing so, they drastically limit their freedom of
movement. Kerr concludes: “For society to remain
free and open, many ports of entry should exist and
the immigration barriers should not hold outside
the able and the willing.” 22
5.
T r a n s fe r a b ility is d e sira b le f r o m a n e d u c a tio n a l
s ta n d p o in t s in c e i t sh o rte n s tr a in in g a n d red u ces
cost. This assumption appears to be much too
broad since there are known to be problems of
transferring training for a specific job to the job
itself. Ghiselli and Brown call attention to
Gilbreth’s experience with bricklayers:
He found that trainees instructed under slowed-down
conditions learned a set of movements that handicapped
them in performing under normal working speed. It was
necessary for them to learn a different set of reactions
under the faster rate used in actual bricklaying. It also
was found that these earlier reactions retarded the speed
of learning of the correct responses.
It must not be thought that these transfer effects are
found only between training and job performance of
novices; they apply equally forcibly to the training of
older workers for new jobs. The problem with older
workers is of even greater difficulty because of the poten
tial transfer value from their old skills and abilities to
their new type of work. Even when no formal training is
given to the old worker before he is transferred to a new
job, there must be a transition or breaking-in period dur
ing which any interference from his old skills can be over
come and adequate adjustment made.” 23
What do workers themselves say about the
applicability of prior training to their ultimate
jobs? A Bureau of Apprenticeship study24 is
somewhat informative, although it does not define
“related” occupations and we must assume that
related means a very substantial overlap in items
such as materials, machines, type of instructions,
and basic knowledges. This study followed up
former apprentices, inquiring which training re
ceived while apprenticed helped in various types
of employment. Ninety-six percent of those who
were employed in the same trades in which they
had been apprenticed, and 74 percent of those in
closely related trades, considered that their train
ing was a great deal of help or of moderate help.
Fifty percent of those working in other and unre22 Ibid.
23 Edwin O. Ghiselli and Clarence W. Brown, Personnel and Industrial
Psychology, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1948 (pp. 329-3301.
2<Follow-up Study of Former Apprentices, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Apprenticeship, Technical Bull. T-143, December 1954,
*5 Bartlett, op. cit.
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lated skilled trades, and about 20 percent of those
in some semiskilled or other occupation also con
sidered their training of great or moderate help.
This study appears to support the view that
training in one kind of work is helpful in other
kinds of work. We must nevertheless note that
very significant percentages did not feel that their
training was of any help in related or unrelated
trades.
Not nearly enough is known about the trans
ferability of training, but some recent conjectures
may actually change our thinking on this matter
completely. The way to reduce training costs
and maximize skill potential may, in effect, be to
assign workers trained up to a relatively high
degree in some craft offering a wide variety of
challenges in possible method and approach, to
simpler, less demanding tasks of the same or some
other craft, nevertheless requiring similar methods
and approaches. For example, Bartlett,25 com
menting on the research noted earlier, suggests
that it might be wise to first “introduce the learner
at a stage that is already a little difficult for him,
and to be a little less concerned than people
usually have been with complete and specific
efficiency in whatever it may be that is being
learned. . . . Then, by practice and precept to
set the learner from a very early stage on the way
to realize that the number of the ways of doing
things is very far short of the number of the things
that have to be done, and that methods, proced
ures, plans of attack remain much the same in
circumstances and for problems which at first
sight appear very different from one another.”
In short, effective economy regarding transfer of
training may have little or nothing to do with
apparent similarity among jobs based on identity
of material, machine, subject matter, or even
certain traits such as dexterities. The problem
of transfer may be one of training individual
judgment to determine whether very different
jobs may not actually be approached by identical
methods.
Rationale of Transferability
The appeal of the idea of transferability of
skills seems to be based on the ideal of economy
and efficiency—the avoidance of waste. Such
an appeal stems mainly, it would seem, from the
view of the worker as an adjunct to a machine
810
or work process. He is regarded much as the
all-purpose machine which, depending on the
setup and attachments, can produce various items
and thus be used to the maximum. Also, if the
machine can be set up for multiple complex
operations, but instead is used only for one or two
simple operations, this is inefficient.
A number of considerations suggest that workers
are not realistically viewed in this light, (a)
Skilled workers and professionals, even when in
the jobs to which best adapted, are not always
working at their maximum skills and using their
total training. Their jobs involve a range of
activity and changes of pace perhaps needed
for them to meet peak performance demands,
(b) Workers have many skills which they are
not using directly on the job. These skills may
have been acquired in schools, at home, or in a
social situation connected with leisure-time activi
ties. The worker may associate these skills either
with enjoyment of life or with personal ambitions
anticipating self-realization of potential abilities.
Their value to him is not necessarily associated
with economic utility, (c) The continuous use
of developed knowledge and training is most
obvious in moving among specialized areas. On
the other hand, as Bartlett suggests, the most
significant transfer may not be evident in spe
cifics, but rather ma}^ be due to broad experience
in many work areas and resulting sophistication
as regards methods. (This may be behind the
demand for persons with generalized rather than
specialized training, in certain planning and
executive jobs.)
Summary
Thus, there is good reason to question the
premium placed on transferability of specific
skills as a means of achieving efficiency and
economy in manpower utilization. Maybe it
represents such a means, but first there must be
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
a clearer idea of what transferability is, beyond
the situation summarized below.
I d e n tific a tio n o j s k ills a n d k n o w le d g e : Although
similar skills and knowledges can be identified
among jobs, (a) the accuracy or utility of this
identification depends on the degree to which the
skills and knowledges are specifically defined, and
(b) determination by controlled study whether
such similarities will aid or hinder transfer. Such
studies have not yet been made.
K n o w le d g e o j tr a n s fe r a b ili ty a s a b a s is f o r ch oice:
Knowledge of so-called transfer possibilities-—based on occupational comparisons—is not by
itself a crucial factor in placement activity.
Much more fundamental limitations exist. With
workers, for example, career framework con
siderations appear to be equally important.
With employers, such factors as the momentary
condition of the labor market and the character
of the job specifications by which they hire are
crucial.
F re e d o m o j ch oice: Quite apart from the decisions
of individual workers or employers, institutional
factors exist, such as union controls, which place
restrictions on transfer.
R e la tio n to tr a in in g c o sts: Transferability of
skills is not at this time a very valid basis for
economizing in training. As yet, there is no ade
quate basis for an understanding of this problem.
Nevertheless, transferability of skills probably
has merit as an instrument of manpower policy
when it is clearly disassociated from mobility of
workers in general and when account is taken of
the broad range of variables influencing trans
ferability, beyond obvious similiarities in ma
chines, materials, and type of work. A system
atic approach toward understanding the feasi
bility of the concept for particular problems, and
at the same time demonstrating the wide range
of variables that need to be used to apply it in
those problems, will be outlined in the second
half of this article.
Government
Employment Trends,
1929 to 1956
Irving Stern*
civilian workers in the
United States in 1956 was employed by a govern
ment agency—Federal, State, or local. Local
governments employed by far the largest propor
tion—about 50 percent of the 7.4 million govern
ment workers; the States employed about 17
percent of the total, and the Federal Government,
about 33 percent.
Total government employment has increased
almost 2% times since 1929. Federal employment
has increased more than fourfold over this period,
while State employment tripled and local employ
ment increased about 75 percent (chart 1).
This article attempts to relate the growth in
government employment during the past three
decades to underlying factors, i. e., the rapid
population increase, war and defense activity,
economic crises, and the expanding role of govern
ment in providing economic and social services.
O ne
out op every nine
State and Local Government Employment
About 5 million workers were employed in 1956
by State and local governments. About 2.2 million
of these, or 44 percent, were employed in school
systems. Other important services provided by
States and local governments included health and
hospital services (10.4 percent of total State and
local employment), highway construction and
maintenance (9.3 percent), and police and fire
protection (8.9 percent). (See chart 2.)
State employment has grown at a more rapid
rate than local since 1929. State employment rose
fairly rapidly in the 1930’s as State governments
initiated public works programs, provided relief,
and in general expanded welfare programs in
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response to depression needs. Employment in
local governments meanwhile grew relatively little
during the same period, remaining virtually
stationary in the first half of the 1930’s as munici
palities in general found it difficult to finance
expanded welfare programs.
During World War II, both State and local
employment declined slightly. Since then, how
ever, State employment has resumed its more
rapid growth, increasing by 68 percent between
1946 and 1956, while local government employ
ment has risen by 43 percent. In the immediate
postwar years, State employment increased rapidly
as highway construction and repair, as well as
construction of hospitals and other public facilities,
postponed by the war, were resumed on a large
scale. In addition, continued expansion of social
insurance programs and health services have also
given impetus to increased State employment.
Other services provided by State and local
governments also attributed to the continued rapid
growth in employment during recent years.
About 44 percent of all State and
local government workers in 1956, as indicated
earlier, were employed in the field of education.
This percentage has been rising in the last several
years, from 40 percent in 1950 to 44 percent in
1956 and is now higher than it was in the 1930’s,
World War II, and early postwar years. The
following tabulation shows educational employ
ment as a percent of total State and local govern
ment employment:
E d u c a tio n .
Percent
42.
41.
39.
38.
40.
40.
42.
42.
43.
1929.
1933.
1939.
1941.
1944.
1950.
1952.
1954
1956.
4
3
3
0
5
2
3
9
9
Between 1929 and 1956, employment in public
education more than doubled. Employment in
education is directly related to population growth,
and the expansion in the school-age population
has been a major factor in the rapid rise in State
and local employment. This is only a partial ex
planation, however, for employment in public
*Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
811
812
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
table 1, since larger proportions of students are
now attending private and parochial schools.
In 1930, about 10 percent of elementary and
secondary school enrollment was in private and
parochial schools. By 1956, this proportion had
risen to over 13 percent.2
O th er S e rv ic e s. Employment expansion has also
taken place in other activities for which State and
local governments are responsible, such as road and
highway construction and maintenance, police and
fire protection, health services, and recreational
facilities. But here again, government employ
ment levels have increased more rapidly than the
population, reflecting a demand for more and
better services. In part, this has resulted from the
larger proportion of the population living in urban
areas and the resultant need for services, many of
T able 1.— Ratio of State and local government employees to
population, education, and other services, 1929-56
Number of employees in—
Year
Source: Federal, U. S. Civil Service Commission. State and local,
1929-39, Public Employment and Payrolls in the United States, 1929-39,
and Post-War Implications, Monthly Labor Review, February 1945 (p. 245);
1940-45 estimates based on data from U. S. Office of Education, Office of
Business Economics and Bureau of the Census of the U. S. Department of
Commerce, and Bureau of Labor Statistics; and 1946-56, estimates based
on data from Bureau of Labor Statistics and U. S. Bureau of the Census.
education has increased much more rapidly than
population growth. In 1929, for each 10,000
school-age (5-17 years) population,1 356 persons
were employed in public education, and in 1956,
590 were employed. (See table 1.)
In addition to population growth, increased
employment in public education has resulted
from (1) a larger proportion of the population
attending school, particularly in colleges and in
high schools where in general there are fewer
students per educational employee; (2) the in
creasing popularity of adult education; (3) the
much larger proportion of part-time teachers;
(4) the increase in educational services such as
aid to the handicapped; and (5) the increase in
noneducational services such as school lunch
programs.
Not all of the relative increase in employment
in education is reflected in the ratios shown in
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1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932______ _____________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935 ___________________________
1936 . . .
_____________________
1937____________________________
1938____________________________
1939____________________________
1940 ___________________________
1941____________________________
1942____________________________
1943___ _______________________
1944 . . . _______________________
1945____________________________
1946____________________________
1947____________________________
1948 . . . _______________________
1949 . . .
_____________________
_____________________
1950
1951____________________________
1952________ _________ ___________
1953____________________________
1954____________________________
1955____________________________
1956___ _______ ____ ___________
Education
per 10,000
school-age
(5-17 years)
population
356
364
366
363
355
356
367
376
390
405
420
421
448
456
458
462
470
495
524
533
550
562
563
557
562
568
576
590
Other than Education
education per 10,000
per 10,000 total popu
total popu
lation
lation
120
123
128
125
121
124
128
134
137
144
143
152
154
148
140
134
133
141
148
155
158
162
155
154
155
160
161
165
88
89
89
88
86
85
87
88
90
91
93
91
95
94
92
91
92
96
101
103
107
109
110
113
117
120
125
130
Source: Employment, U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business
Economics. The data have been adjusted to exclude nominal employees
(elected officials of small local units and volunteer firemen). Population,
Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Nos. 98,114, and 146, U. S. Bureau
of the Census.
i
Employment in education was related to the population in the 5-to-17year age group, because school enrollment for those over 17 years may be
related to other factors than population.
3
Computed from data in Biennial Survey of Education in the United
States, 1928-30 (Ch. 1), Statistical Summary of Education, 1929-30, and
unpublished estimates, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel
fare, Office of Education.
813
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT TRENDS, 1929-56
T able 2. —Ratio of State and local government employees to
population, total and noneducational services, by State,
October 1966
Employees per 10,000 population 1
Noneduca
tional
Total
State
Educa
tional
Employees]
in education
per 10,000
school-age
(5-17 years)
population
(October
1955 3)
Num Rank Num Rank Num Rank Num Rank
ber
ber
ber
ber
Nevada......... ...............
Wyoming.....................
California__________
New York ________
Washington..............__
M ontana................ .
Nebraska__________
Oregon..........................
L o uisiana...................
Florida___________
Colorado___________
Massachusetts______
Oklahoma....................
Kansas____________
New Mexico________
South Dakota....... ......
D elaw are__________
Iowa_____ _________
Idaho______________
U tah____ __________
Minnesota__________
Vermont___________
Michigan _________
Arizona.. . ----------North Dakota_______
Connecticut3. _____
Maine_____ _______
New Hampshire ____
New Jersey _______
Rhode Island. . ____
Virginia____________
M aryland__________
Wisconsin__________
T ex as..........................
Ohio_______________
Indiana__. . . _ _ . . .
Mississippi_________
Tennessee_____ _____
South Carolina______
Georgia____________
Illinois_____________
Alabama.. . . . . . .
District of Columbia..
M issouri... ________
North Carolina______
West Virginia_______
Pennsylvania_______
Arkansas___________
Kentucky__________
378
372
336
334
327
324
322
318
315
314
314
312
308
306
305
304
300
300
298
296
288
283
282
280
276
274
273
272
269
267
265
264
264
261
260
256
256
254
253
252
252
252
247
244
241
234
232
224
223
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
235
196
192
236
183
178
180
172
172
186
165
220
150
158
142
148
154
144
163
136
158
149
153
147
130
162
150
169
164
171
138
150
153
128
144
137
123
139
115
126
148
120
178
134
113
101
130
102
116
2
4
5
1
7
9
8
11
12
6
15
3
24
19
33
28
21
31
17
37
20
27
22
30
39
18
25
14
16
13
35
26
23
41
32
36
43
34
46
42
29
44
10
38
47
49
40
48
45
143
176
144
98
144
146
142
146
143
128
149
92
158
148
163
156
146
156
135
160
130
134
129
133
146
112
123
103
105
96
127
114
111
133
116
119
133
115
138
126
104
132
69
110
128
133
102
122
107
15
1
13
46
14
9
17
10
16
29
7
48
4
8
2
5
11
6
19
3
26
20
27
21
12
38
32
44
42
47
30
37
39
22
35
34
23
36
18
31
43
25
49
40
28
24
45
33
41
572
734
653
478
605
580
631
626
543
641
635
430
620
659
564
639
619
669
505
586
550
536
547
535
560
533
496
445
497
453
505
474
467
538
514
520
444
432
461
459
494
464
456
496
468
491
457
446
399
15
1
4
34
12
14
8
9
20
5
7
48
10
3
16
6
11
2
27
13
18
22
19
23
17
24
30
45
29
43
28
35
37
21
26
25
46
47
39
40
32
38
42
31
36
33
41
44
49
1 The number of part-time employees was converted to the equivalent
number of full-time employees.
2 Population data for 1956 not available.
3 Represents actual full-time employees. Full-time equivalent was not
computed, as total payroll (full-time and part-time) was not available.
Source: Number of employees per population was computed from State
Distribution of Public Employment in 1956, U. S. Bureau of the Census,
1957 (pp. 11 and 22). Number of employees in education per school-age
population was computed from State Distribution of Public Employment in
1955, U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1956 (p. 20) and population data from Cur
rent Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 151.
G eo g ra p h ic D is tr ib u tio n . State and local govern
ment employment varies roughly in proportion to
population in the individual States, but some
States nevertheless have a relatively higher con
centration of government employees than others.
The number of employees per 10,000 inhabitants
(with part-time employees converted to full-time
equivalents for comparability) ranged from 378
employees per 10,000 population in Nevada to 223
in Kentucky, as shown in table 2. Among the
larger States, California and New York, at the
upper extreme, employed 336 and 334 employees
per 10,000 population, while Pennsylvania and
Illinois employed considerably fewer, 232 and 252
per 10,000.
Among the States, variations in total State and
local employment were in part related to employ
ment in education, but there were also large varia
tions in the ratio of nonschool government em
ployment to population. West Virginia and
Chart 2. Employment by Function in Federal, State,
and Local Governments, October 1956
THOUSANDS OF EMPLOYEES
500
1,000
1,500
2,500
2,000
Education
National Defense
Health and
Hospitals
m
mv.v.y,
Postal Service
Highway Con
struction and
Maintenance
LO C A L J | i i i STATE
Police
FEDERAL';r j
Natural Resources
Fire Protection
which were either not feasible or necessary in
smaller communities.
State and local government employment, ex
clusive of education, increased by 90 percent
between 1929 and 1956, while population increased
by 38 percent. In 1929, there were (excluding
those in education) 120 State and local employees
per 10,000 population. By 1956, this ratio had
increased to 165 per 10,000.
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All Other
i Includes services such as sanitation, water supply, transit, public welfare,
local parks and recreation, and general administration.
Source: State Distribution of Public Employment in 1956, U. S. Bureau
of tbe Census, 1957 (p. 9).
814
Chart 3. Defense and Nondefense Civilian Employ'
ment in the Federal Government, 1929-56
THOUSANDS OF EMPLOYEES
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
important role the United States plays in world
affairs, and the greater activity of the Federal
Government in such fields as conservation and
flood control and veterans’ services were factors
which contributed to the growth of Federal
employment since 1940.
World War II brought a sharp expansion in
defense and economic stabilization activities.
Total Federal civilian employment more than
tripled between 1939 and 1945 to a level of 3.5
million. Employment for defense, which rose
from less than 200,000 employees in 1939 in Fed
eral defense agencies to nearly 2.4 million em
ployees in 1945, was almost wholly responsible
for the entire expansion in Federal Government
during the war (chart 3).
Federal employment declined by about 1.4
million during 1946-47—mostly among defense
and stabilization agencies—-and then leveled off
for a few years at about 2.1 million. Most of the
difference between Federal civilian employment
before and after the war was accounted for by
defense agencies where employment of about
850.000 in the 1947-50 period was still some
600.000 to 700,000 above the prewar level. This
T able 3.— Ratio of Federal Government civilian employees
Source: U. S. Civil Service Commission.
Arkansas, at the low end of the range, had about
100 nonschool employees per 10,000 population,
while at the upper extreme were Nevada and New
York with about 235 per 10,000.
Employment Trends in Federal Government
In contrast to the more or less steady growth of
State and local employment, Federal Government
employment has tended to grow in spurts, gen
erally in time of war or in response to economic
crises and national emergencies. The number of
Federal workers rose by 43 percent from 1933 to
1936 as Government activities were expanded to
cope with the severe economic depression. Legis
lation in the field of social insurance, emergency
and permanent Government services for industry
and agriculture, and new regulatory authorities, all
helped raise the level of Federal Government
employment in the 1930’s, and these have under
gone continued expansion in later years. The
expansion of national defense activities, the more
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to population, defense and nondefense agencies, 1929-56
Number of employees per 10,000
population
Year
Total
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934___________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
1937____________________________
1938____________________________
1939____________________________
1940____________________________
1941____________________________
1942____________________________
1943____________________________
1944________________________
1945_____________________ _____
1946___________________________
1947____________________________
1948___________________________
1949___________________________
1950_________________________
1951___________________________
1952 ___________________________
1953___________________________
1954___________________________
1955___________________________
1956____________________________
46
47
48
47
47
54
62
66
68
66
72
80
108
176
232
242
252
187
149
142
140
137
160
166
161
146
144
142
U. S. De
partment
of Defense
Other than
U. S. De
partm ent
of Defense
8
8
9
8
8
10
12
11
12
12
15
21
43
103
153
162
169
97
61
59
57
54
78
84
83
74
72
70
38
39
39
39
39
44
50
55
56
54
57
59
65
73
79
80
83
90
88
83
83
83
82
82
78
72
72
72
Source: Employment, U. S. Civil Service Commission; population, Cur
rent Population Reports, Series P-25, Nos. 98, 114, and 146, U. S. Bureau of
the Census.
815
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT TRENDS, 1929-56
T able 4.—Number of Federal Government civilian em
ployees and ratio to population, by State, September
1956
Number of employees
State
Washington, D. C., metropolitan area__________
U tah______________________________________
New Mexico____________ ____- ______________
Nevada____________________________________
Maryland (excluding Washington, D. C., metro
politan area p art)_________________________
Virginia (excluding Washington, D. O. metro
politan area part) _................................................
Colorado....... ........... -........-........ .............................
Washington________________________________
Oklahoma____ ______ ______________________
Wyoming_______ __________________________
California____ _____________________ ___ ____
Alabama. ________________ ____________ ____
Arizona________________________ - .....................
Maine______________________ _____ ________
Rhode Island______________________________
Georgia____________________ _______________
Texas________________ _____ _______________
Nebraska.,___ _____________________________
South D akota._____ ________________________
Massachusetts___________________ __________
Pennsylvania.......... ................... ...................... —
Florida________ ________________ __________
New York..............................................................
Missouri___________________________________
M ontana.___ ______ __________ ______ _____
Tennessee__________________________________
Kansas-------------------- ---------------------------------Illinois____________________________________
Ohio----------------- ------------ --------------------------Oregon..______ ____________________ _______
Idaho............................... ............ ........... .................
Kentucky___________ _________________ ____
North Dakota______________________________
South Carolina-------------------------------- ---------New Jersey........................................... .....................
Vermont_____ _____________ ________ _______
Delaware_______________ ___________________
Mississippi--------- ------------ ------------ --------------Arkansas__________________________________
Louisiana__________________________________
Minnesota---- ---------- ----------------------------------Indiana___________________________________
North Carolina...____ ______________________
New Hampshire_______ _____ ______________
Iowa__________________ ________________ —
Connecticut_________________ ______________
West Virginia___________ ___________________
Wisconsin__________________________________
M ichigan..____ ___________________________
10,000
Jation1
Total
1,212
317
252
248
230,339
25, 768
20, 508
6,132
219
48,463
219
208
198
185
183
174
172
167
160
155
151
133
127
126
124
122
119
115
115
115
114
110
107
105
104
95
95
95
95
93
88
86
86
85
82
76
75
64
64
60
55
55
54
53
70, 340
33,605
52, 752
41,482
5,878
233, 338
53, 789
17,620
14, 586
12, 835
56,149
119, 074
17, 909
8, 765
59, 632
133, 559
44,905
186, 663
48,927
7, 363
39, 581
23,083
101, 252
95,683
17,856
5,959
28, 792
6,224
22,412
50,300
3, 270
3, 468
18, 306
15,348
24, 773
24, 575
32,908
28,184
3,598
16,165
12, 327
11,001
20,486
39,651
the pre-Korean level. Total Federal civilian em
ployment was 2.4 million in early 1957.
Employment in nondefense Government agen
cies has been more or less on a plateau since the
end of World War II, ranging between 1.2 and 1.3
million. In 1946, the ratio of Federal nondefense
workers to total population was 90 per 10,000.
A steady decline since the war has dropped the
level to 72 per 10,000 population in 1954-56.
Between 1929 and 1956, the ratio of Federal
Government employment to population more than
tripled, i. e., from 46 to 142 per 10,000. Excluding
the most volatile segment, defense employment,
however, the ratio rose from 38 per 10,000 in 1929
to 72 per 10,000 in 1956, or an increase of about
90 percent (table 3).
1 Population figures are as of July 1,1956.
Souece: State Distribution of Public Employment in 1956, U. S. Bureau
of the Census, 1957 (p. 11). Ratios for D. C. metropolitan area, Maryland,
and Virginia computed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from Current
Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 137, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
D is tr ib u tio n b y A g e n c y . Three large agencies, the
U. S. Department of Defense (including the
Departments of the Air Force, Army, and Navy),
the Post Office Department, and the Veterans
Administration, employed about 79 percent of the
2.4 million Federal civilian workers in all areas,
including overseas installations, in 1956. The
Department of Defense employed almost half (49
percent) of all civilian government workers; the
Post Office Department, about 23 percent; and
the Veterans Administration, approximately 7percent. Twenty percent of the Federal civilian
employees were distributed among the other
executive departments and a number of independ
ent agencies such as the Interstate Commerce
Commission, the Federal Communications Com
mission, and the Federal Power Commission. The
remaining 1 percent of Federal workers were em
ployed by the legislative and judicial branches.
larger civilian employment supported an Armed
Forces strength of about 1.5 to 1.7 million, which
was 5 to 6 times the level before World War II.
A sharp rise in Federal employment of about
half a million occurred during the Korean emer
gency. Again, this resulted principally from an
increase in economic stabilization and defenserelated Government activity. Since the peak of
the Korean defense effort in 1953, Federal employ
ment has dropped by about 200,000, primarily
in the U. S. Department of Defense. Defense
employment has been at a level of about 1.2 mil
lion since 1954, approximately 50 percent above
G eo g ra p h ic a l D is tr ib u tio n .
Federal employees are
stationed in all parts of the United States, in its
Territories and possessions, and in many foreign
countries. Although most Government depart
ments and agencies have their headquarters in the
Washington, D. C., metropolitan area, only 1 out
of 10 Federal workers was employed in this area
in 1956. The State of California, with 233,000
employees, was slightly ahead of the Washington,
D. C., metropolitan area in numbers of employees.
Other States with more than 100,000 Federal
workers included New York (187,000), Pennsyl
vania (134,000), Texas (119,000), and Illinois
(101,000). (See table 4.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Federal Classified Employees’
Salary Changes, 1954-56
pay scales of Federal white-collar em
ployees increased 7.6 percent between mid-1954
and mid-1956 as a result of pay-raise legislation
enacted by Congress in 1955. This increase,
combined with the effect of in-grade merit or
length-of-service adjustments and changes in the
employment pattern, raised average salaries by
10.1 percent.
The Federal Employees Salary Increase Act of
1955/ signed by the President on June 28, 1955,
raised salary scales of about 900,000 workers
under the Classification Act, retroactive to the
first complete pay period in March of that year.
These workers comprise the vast majority of the
Federal Government white-collar employees ex
cept those in the field service of the Post Office De
B asic
T able
partment. Government industrial employees—
so-called “blue collar” workers—are not covered
by the Classification Act and their rates of pay
are determined on an area or locality basis by
various wage boards or committees established
by the Federal agencies employing them.
The 1955 act also raised the pay of employees
in the legislative and judicial branches of the
Government, in the Department of Medicine and
Surgery of the Veterans Administration and the
Foreign Service of the Department of State as
well as certain employees of the District of
Columbia Government. Also, in 1955, Congress
enacted the Postal Field Service Compensation
Act granting employees under it a 6-percent in
crease in addition to an approximate average
1
The act (Public Law 94, 84th Cong., 1st sess.) provided for an across-theboard increase of 7.5 percent but contained a stipulation that all new rates
which were not in multiples of $5 be rounded to the next higher $5 per annum.
Because of the rounding, the average increase amounted to 7.6 rather than
7.5 percent.
1.—Indexes of basic pay scales, average salary rates, and average salaries1 of Federal classified employees, 1939-56
[Average 1947-49= 100]
Average salary rates
Basic pay scales
Period
August 1939______________________
June 30, 1945_____________________
July 1, 1946_____ ______ - - - - - - July 1, 1947_____ ________________
July 15, 1948_____________________
July 1, 1949_____________________ July 1, 1950___________ __________
July 8, 1951______________________
July 1, 1952______________________
July 1, 1953______________________
July 1, 1954______________________
July 1, 1955______________________
July 1, 1956______________ ______
All Classifi
cation Act
employees
69.6
70.4
93.2
93.2
103.4
103.4
107.7
118.5
118.5
118.5
118.5
0
0
General
schedule
70.9
71.0
93.5
93.5
103.3
103. 3
107.4
118.0
118.0
118.0
118.0
« 127.0
127.0
Crafts,
protective,
custodial
All Classifi
cation Act
employees
62.0
68.3
91.1
91.1
104.4
104.4
109.2
121.0
121.0
121.0
121.0
0
6)
68.2
2 69.0
90.6
92.3
103.5
104.2
109.6
119.3
119.6
120.7
121.8
>Basic pay scales reflect only statutory changes in salaries, while average
salary rates show in addition the effect of merit or in-grade salary increases.
Average salaries measure the effect not only of statutory changes in basic
pay scales and in-grade salary increases but the effect of changes in the pro
portion of workers employed in the various pay grades.
2
Estimated by assuming the same distribution of employees among grades
and steps within grades in 1945 as in 1939. Since there was little or no increase
in average rates because of in-grade increases during this period, it was
816
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
General
schedule
69.3
2 69. 4
90.8
92.5
103.5
104.0
109.4
118.8
119.0
120.0
121.1
5 130. 6
130.5
Average salaries
Crafts,
protective,
custodial
59.5
2 65.5
88.8
90.3
104.4
105.3
112.2
123.8
124.7
126.1
127.3
0
0
All Classifi
cation Act
employees
General
schedule
64.2
61.4
0
87.7
92.3
103.1
104.6
112.6
121.4
124.0
127.1
129.4
0
6)
Crafts,
protective,
custodial
0
87.5
92.6
103.0
104.5
112.3
120.6
123.0
126.3
128.8
« 140. 2
141.8
58.7
0
90.2
90.2
104.3
105.4
112.8
125.3
127.2
129.1
129.3
0
0
assumed that the change in basic pay scales was virtually the same as in
average salary rates.
3 Not available.
1
Index discontinued, as the general schedule now covers all Classification
Act employees.
‘ Data have been adjusted to include some employees formerly under the
CPC schedule who are now covered by the general schedule; about twothirds of the employees were transferred to wage-board classifications and
the remaining one-third to the general schedule.
817
FEDERAL CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES’ SALARY CHANGES, 1954^56
T able 2. —Percentage distribution of general schedule
employees by grade, selected periods, 1939-56
Percent of workers in—
Item
August July 1, July 1, July 8, July 1, July 1, July 1.
1939
1946
1951
1954
1955
1956
1950
GS-1_____________
GS-2_____________
GS-3_____________
GS-4_____________
GS-6 and GS-6____
GS-7 and GS-8____
GS-9 and GS-10____
GS-11____________
GS-12 to GS-15____
GS-16 to GS-18____
13.1
18.1
14.7
11.5
17.2
10.4
6.8
3.8
4.4
2.5
19.3
22.8
13.6
13.9
11.6
7.6
4.0
4.7
1.8
14.5
20.6
14.8
14.8
12.3
9.2
5.1
6.9
(')
1.4
16.6
21.8
13.9
14.5
11.7
8.7
4.8
6.6
(>)
1.1
11.5
21.0
15.7
14.9
12.1
10.1
5.8
7.8
.1
1.1
10.9
20.9
15.8
14.8
11.8
10.1
6.1
8.4
.1
0.7
8.9
21.4
16.4
15.2
11.9
10.2
6.3
8.9
.1
Total................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of employees_____________ 234,067 893,653 701, 824 885,925 863,462 886,512 908, 535
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, totals do not necessarily equal 100.
2-percent rise resulting from job reclassifications.
These two laws enacted within 3 weeks of each
other constituted the first pay legislation affecting
white-collar employees of the Federal Govern
ment since July 8, 1951.2
This article presents data on the salaries of
Federal employees under the Classification Act
in the form of three types of indexes wdiich reflect
the changes in basic pay scales, average salary
rates, and average salaries between July 1954 and
July 1956.3 In extending the indexes for the
period studied, only salary trends of employees
under the general schedule were used since the
crafts, protective, and custodial schedule was
abolished effective July 1, 1955, in accordance
with Public Law 763 (83d Cong., 2d sess.). Of
the approximately 100,000 employees formerly
under the CPC schedule, almost two-thirds (em
ployed largely in craft jobs) were transferred to
wage-board classifications, with their rates of pay
established on the basis of rates prevailing in
private industry in the labor market in which
they were employed. The remainder (mostly
messengers, guards, and firefighters) were placed
in general schedule grades 1 through 8. At the
2
In 1954 and 1956, there were also some gains In supplementary benefits
for Federal employees. Legislation passed in August 1954 provided Federal
workers with life insurance, including accidental death and dismemberment
benefits, with the Government and the employees sharing the premiums.
This legislation also set up 3 additional in-grade (longevity) steps for employ
ees in grades GS-11 through GS-15. In addition, retirement benefits were
liberalized by legislation, enacted in July 1956 and effective in October of
that year, which increased employee contributions.
s For previous studies of salary trends of workers under the Classification
Act, see Monthly Labor Review, May 1951 (p. 537); May 1952 (p. 545);
September 1953 (p. 958); and April 1955 (p. 421). Methods of constructing
the indexes were described in the May 1951 article.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
same time—on July 1, 1955—approximately 2,500
workers formerly under the general schedule were
transferred to wage-board classifications.
The effect of inclusion in the general schedule
of the 35,000 former CPC workers on the measures
of change in salary scales and on changes in
average salary rates has been minimized by the
fact that the year-to-year changes in these indexes
do not reflect shifts in the proportion of workers
in various grades and hence do not reflect the
increase in the number of workers in the lower
general schedule grades resulting from the transfer.
The index of average salaries, however, does reflect
the transfer of CPC employees but the effect was
small since the transferred workers amounted to
only about 4 percent of the total number under
the general schedule.
The basic increases authorized by the Congress
in 1955 amounted to 7.6 percent, as indicated
earlier. Only slight gains—amounting to 0.2
percent—resulted from merit or length-of-service
increases in pay between July 1954 and July 1956.
Hence, average salary rates, affected by lengthof-service increases as well as by legislative changes
in basic salary scales, rose 7.8 percent.
Shifts in the number of employees in the
different pay grades, notably proportionately
larger numbers in the higher grades, accounted
T able 3.— Percent increases in Federal classified employees’
salaries, in average earnings of factory production workers
and railway office employees, and in the CPI, 1939-56
and 1954-56
Item
Federal classified employees:
Basic pay scales (affected by legislation o n ly ).._
Average salary rates (affected by legislation and
in-grade increases)........ ................ ......................
Average salaries (affected by legislation, in-grade
increases, and changes in occupational or grade
composition of classified employees)................ .
Factory production workers:
Average weekly earnings-----------------------------Average hourly earnings (excluding overtim e)...
Railway office employees (straight-time monthly
earnings'):
All employees_____________________________
Division officers, assistants, and staff assistants..
Chief clerks and other supervisors2_________ .
Other clerical employees 3 ... ______________ _
Consumer Price Index---------------- -------- ------------
August 1939 July 1954
to
to
July 1956 July 1956
79.1
7.6
88.3
7.8
111
10.1
230
200
11.4
8.0
127
102
104
134
97
7.7
14.8
9.3
6.0
1.6
1 Computed by Bureau of Labor Statistics from Interstate Commerce Com
mission M-300 reports. The average was computed by dividing total com
pensation for straight time actually worked by the number of employees
who received pay during the month.
2 Professional and subprofessional assistants, supervisory or chief clerks
(major departments), chief clerks (minor departments), assistant chief
clerks, and supervising cashiers.
2 Clerks and clerical specialists, clerks, mechanical device operators (office),
stenographers and secretaries, stenographers and typists, traveling auditors
or accountants, and messengers and officeboys.
818
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
Increase in Minimum Salary Rates of General Schedule Employees, by G rad e, 1939-56
DOLLARS
PERCENT
GENERAL SCHEDULE GRADE
GENERAL SCHEDULE GRADE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
for a further 2.3-percent rise in average salaries
between mid-1954 and mid-1956, bringing the
total increase in average salaries to 10.1 percent
(table 1). The most pronounced change in the
employment pattern was a decline in the number
of workers in grades 1 and 2. While about
10,000 new workers, in addition to the 35,000
transferred CPC workers, were added to the
general schedule, the total number employed in
these grades fell by almost 12,000 (from 12.6
to 9.6 percent of the total). During the same
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2-year period, the number of workers classified
in the two immediately higher grades (GS-3
and GS-4) increased by about 26,000 (from
36.7 to 37.8 percent), with the gain being shared
equally by the two grades. The proportion of
workers in grades GS-11 through GS-15 also
rose (table 2).
Salary adjustments for Federal classified em
ployees from mid-1954 to mid-1956 were sub
stantially greater than the increase in the
Consumer Price Index, but they were somewhat
FEDERAL CLASSIFIED EMPLOYEES’ SALARY CHANGES, 1954-56
819
T able 4.— Minimum and average salaries 1 of Federal classified employees, by grade, 1939, 1950, 1951, and 1954-56
S chedule a n d grade
G en eral schedule:
G S-1: M in im u m sala ry r a te _______
A verage s a la ry ____ ________
G S-2: M in im u m sa la ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la ry _____________
G S-3: M in im u m sa la ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la ry ____ ________
G S -4: M in im u m sala ry r a te _______
A verage s a la ry ___ ________
G S -5: M in im u m sala ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la ry ___ ________
G S -6: M in im u m sa la ry r a te _______
A verage s a la r y .., . ________
G S -7 : M in im u m sala ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la rv ______________
G S -8: M in im u m sa la ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la ry ______________
G S-9: M in im u m sala ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la rv ____ . . . ____
Q S-10: M in im u m sala ry r a t e ______
A verage s a la ry ______________
G S-11: M in im u m sala ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la rv ______________
G S-12: M in im u m sala ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la ry ____ ________
G S-13: M in im u m sa la ry r a t e ______
A verage s a la ry ___ _________
G S-14: M in im u m sa la ry ra te . - -_A verage s a la r y .. ___________
G S -1 5: M in im u m sala ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la ry ___ _________
G S-16: M in im u m sa la ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la ry ______________
G S-17: M in im u m sa la ry r a t e _______
A verage s a la r y ... __________
G S-18: M in im u m sala ry r a t e . . ____
A verage s a la ry ______________
A u g u st
1939
4 $1,180
1, 223
1,440
1,489
1,620
1,683
1,800
1,867
2,000
2.099
2,300
2,414
2,600
2,704
2,900
3,020
3,200
3,298
3, 500
3,620
3,800
3, 974
4,600
4, 797
5,600
5, 793
6,500
6, 850
8,000
8, 460
(6)
(6)
(s)
(8)
(8)
(8)
J u ly 1,
1950
$2,200
2, 356
2, 450
2.639
2, 650
2,866
2,875
3,103
3,100
3,405
3,450
3,780
3,825
4,154
4,200
4,553
4,600
4, 923
5,000
5,279
5,400
5,734
6,400
6, 759
7,600
7, 931
8,800
9,150
10, 500
10, 577
11, 200
11,232
12, 200
12, 288
14,000
14,000
P e rc e n t ch an g e 2 to J u ly 1, 1956, from —
J u lv 8,
1951
J u ly 1,
1954 3
$2, 500
2,596
2, 750
2,861
2,950
3,119
3,175
3,398
3, 410
3, 681
3, 795
4,111
4,205
4, 495
4,620
4,942
5,060
5,346
5, 500
5,741
5,940
6,230
7,040
7,360
8,360
8, 652
9,600
9,880
10,800
11, 245
12, 000
12,044
13,000
13,045
14, 800
14,800
$2,500
2,624
2,760
2, 954
2, 950
3,198
3,175
3,463
3, 410
3,813
3, 795
4,228
4,205
4, 574
4,620
5,043
5,060
5,400
5, 500
5, 879
5,940
6,289
7,040
7,415
8,360
8,710
9,600
9, 941
10,800
11,198
12,900
12, 225
13,000
13,139
14,800
14,800
J u ly 1,
1955
$2,690
2,913
2,960
3,186
3,175
3,446
3, 415
3,738
3,670
4,129
4,080
4,566
4,525
4,960
4, 970
5, 449
5,440
5,825
5,915
6,344
6,390
6, 768
7, 570
7,975
8,990
9,381
10,320
10, 682
11, 610
12,034
12,900
13,125
13, 975
14,122
14, 800
14,800
J u ly 1,
1956
$2,690
2,942
2,960
3,157
3,175
3,434
3, 415
3.737
3, 670
4,128
4,080
4,561
4, 525
4,967
4,970
5,477
5, 440
5,831
5, 915
6, 361
6,390
6,773
7, 570
7, 966
8,990
9,385
10, 320
10, 682
11, 610
12,052
12,900
13,135
13, 975
14,134
7 14,800
7 14,800
A u g u st
1939
J u ly 1,
1950
J u ly 8,
1951
J u ly 1,
1954
128.0
140.6
105.6
112.0
96.0
104.0
89.7
100.2
83.5
96.7
77.4
88.9
74.0
83.7
71.4
81.4
70.0
76.8
69.0
75.7
68.2
70.4
64.6
66.1
60.5
62.0
58.8
55.9
45.1
42.4
(«)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(«)
(6)
22.3
24.9
20.8
19.6
19.8
19.8
18.8
20.4
18.4
21.2
18.3
20.7
18.3
19.6
18.3
20.3
18.3
18.4
18.3
20.5
18.3
18.1
18.3
17.9
18.3
18.3
17.3
16.7
10.6
13.9
15.2
16.9
14.5
15.0
5.7
5.7
7.6
13.3
7.6
10.3
7.6
10.1
7.6
10.0
7.6
12.1
7.5
10.9
7.6
10.5
7.6
10.8
7.5
9.1
7.5
10.8
7.6
8.7
7.5
8.2
7.5
8.5
7.5
8.1
7.5
7.2
7.5
9.1
7.5
8.3
0
0
7.6
12.1
7.6
6.9
7.6
7.4
7.6
7.9
7.6
8.3
7.5
7.9
8.6
7.6
8.6
7.5
8.0
7.5
8.2
7.6
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.7
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.6
0
0
J u ly 1,
1955
0
1.0
0
- .9
0
- .3
0
(3)
(5)
(ä)
0
0
-. 1
0
.1
0
.5
0
.1
0
.3
0
.1
0
- .1
0
0
0
0
.1
0
.1
0
.1
0
0
i Average salaries were obtained by weighting each salary step within the
grade by the number of employees at that step. In other words, they reflect
the effect of increases in basic salary scales and of merit increases in pay
within the grade for each period.
- Increase unless preceded by a minus sign.
3 Data include former OPC employees transferred into the schedule and
exclude employees transferred from the general schedule into wage-board
classifications. Only in grade 1 (where the average was lowered from $2,632
to $2,624) did these transfers change the averages by more than $1.
4 The minimum was computed by weighting equally the base pay for each
of the 3 grades (SP-1, SP-2, and CAP-1) which were combined under the
general schedule.
5 Less than 0.05 percent.
6 Grades 16, 17, and 18 were created under the Classification Act of 1949
(Oct. 28, 1949).
7 Legislation passed in July 1956 raised the rate for grade 18 to $16,000.
less than the rise in earnings of women office
clerical workers in five major metropolitan areas.4
Comparisons with other groups of workers are
presented in table 3, but no attempt has been
made to show the increases in either salary scales
in private industry or in prices that have occurred
since July 1956.
For the entire period since 1939, salary increases
of employees under the Federal Classification
Act have not kept pace with average salaries of
railway office employees. Likewise, over the
same period (1939-56), salaries of employees
subject to the Classification Act have not increased
as much as the Consumer Price Index except
when measured by the index of average salaries,
which takes into account shifts in the proportions
of employees within the classified grades. The
increase, as reflected by this index, amounted to
111 percent as against a 97-percent rise in the
Consumer Price Index.
An analysis of the movement of salary rates of
individual general schedule grades since 1939
indicates that only in grades 1 and 2 have basic
salary rates and accompanying within-grade in
creases been greater than the rise in the Consumer
Price Index. The rise in average salaries from
1939 to 1956 amounted to about 140 percent in
grade 1 and 112 percent in grade 2. It was
4 Straight-time weekly pay of women office clerical workers rose as follows:
PerPercent
cent
Atlanta_________ . ____________
8. 5
Los Angeles-Long Beach. .. . 8.5
Chicago___ . . . . . ____________
8. 0
New York City__________ . . 9.6
Cleveland________ _______ 10.6
The office worker indexes, based on data from the Bureau’s occupational
wage surveys, measure changes in earnings within the same occupation and
hence are most comparable to the index of average salary rates for Federal
employees. Information for these cities was collected in the following
periods: Atlanta— March 1954 and April 1956; Chicago—March 1954 and
April 1956; Cleveland— October 1954 and October 1956; Los Angeles-Long
Beach—March 1954 and March 1956; New York City—February 1954 and
April 1956.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
progressively less for the higher grades, with the
increase in grade 15 amounting to 42 percent
(table 4 and chart).
These marked differences in salary trends
among grades resulted from the provision in pay
legislation of (a) increases that were identical in
dollars irrespective of grade or (b) uniform per
centage increases in some grades combined with a
minimum and maximum dollar ceiling that re
sulted in higher percentage increases in the lowest
grades and lower proportionate increases in the
higher grades. Only the 1955 legislation provided
uniform percentage adjustments for all grades
(except GS-18, where there was no increase until
1956).5 As a result of this trend, the highest
salary in the general schedule in 1954 was about 6
times the lowest, whereas in 1939 the ratio was
almost 9. The adjustments put into effect in
1955, combined with the 1956 advance in the
maximum salary for grade 18, did not further
widen the range of rates for white-collar workers:
The new maximum rate for grade 18—$16,000—
was still only 6 times the minimum rate for
grade l.6
—R uth W. B enny
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
5
Public Law 854 (84th Cong., 2d sess.), approved July 31, 1956, increased
basic pay rates for certain Federal officials, including those in grade GS-18.
* The top grade in 1939 was comparable to GS-15 and was GS-18 in 1956;
the bottom grade in 1939 was SP-1. The ratio between the top GS-15 salary
(excluding longevities) and the minimum GS-1 rate in 1956 was about i 3/*
to 1. If the measurement of the spread in grades in 1939 included the CPC
grades, the narrowing would be even more pronounced.
Union Conventions, August 16 to September 15, 1957
Date
August 17. _
August 19 _
National and international unions
Place
September 9
International Typographical Union______
New York, N. Y.
International Photo-Engravers’ Union of Philadelphia. Pa.
North America.
American Federation of Teachers________
Chicago, 111.
National Alliance of Postal Employees Atlanta, Ga.
(Ind.).
International Mailers Union (Ind.)_______ Detroit, Mich.
International Association of Siderographers. Washington, D. C.
Industrial Workers of the World (Ind.)___ Chicago, 111.
International Association of Heat and New Orleans, La.
Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers.
Friendly Society of Engravers and Sketch- Providence, R. I.
makers (Ind.).
International Stereotypers’ and Electro Toronto, Canada
rf
typers’ Union of North America.
Amalgamated Association of Street, Elec Washington, D.^C.
tric Railway and Motor Coach Employ
ees of America.
International Woodworkers of America___ Portland, Oreg.
August 19------------August 26------------September 1---------September 2 ---------September 9 ----------
Wisconsin State Federation___
Ohio State Federation________
North Dakota State Federation
Illinois State Federation______
Missouri State AFL-CIO_____
August 19 __
August 20. _
August 24. _
September 1.
September 2.
September 3.
September 7.
September 9.
September 9.
State labor organizations
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Place
Green Bay
Dayton
Grand Forks
Chicago
St. Louis
PERSONNEL AND AGENCIES SERVING BLIND PEOPLE, 1955
Personnel and Agencies Serving
Blind People, 1955
A lmost three-fourths of all paid professional,
administrative, and technical personnel engaged
in work for the blind in the United States in
September 1955 were employees of public agencies.
A total of 400 public and private agencies either
devoted themselves exclusively to work with the
blind or, in the case of a number of public agencies,
employed specialized personnel to furnish services
to blind individuals. More than 50 distinct kinds
of services were rendered, and 100 different occu
pations were involved. The estimated 4,500 pro
fessional, administrative, and technical employees
of such agencies constitute a distinct and highly
specialized group. To get comprehensive infor
mation about these workers, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics of the U. S. Department of Labor
undertook a survey, the first of its kind, for the
American Foundation for the Blind, a national
(nonmedical) research and consultative agency
devoted to expanding knowledge about and im
proving services to blind persons in the United
States.
Scope and Methodology
The survey, the highlights of which are sum
marized in this article,1 obtained information on
the educational background and experience of
these workers, their personal characteristics, and
their earnings, as well as information on the
personnel practices and standards of the employing
agencies and the services rendered to blind people
by these agencies. The survey covered only those
agencies of which the primary purpose is to serve
the “legally blind,” 2 or which employ specialized
personnel for service to this group. Excluded,
therefore, were some agencies which, although
they number the blind among their clients, render
services to them through their general staff.
The study attempted to reach all rather than a
sample of the covered personnel and agencies.
Of the 400 agencies canvassed, 181 were voluntary
or private agencies and 219 were public agencies.
The public agencies included specialized State
agencies for the blind, residential schools, public
schools which have programs of education for
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821
blind with sighted children, Veterans Administra
tion hospitals which have special facilities and
programs for the blind, general public welfare or
vocational rehabilitation agencies which have per
sonnel specializing in work for the blind, and
libraries distributing braille or talking books.
The private agencies rendered a wide variety of
services, but in many cases, they were less
specialized.
To each agency, the BLS sent two types of
questionnaire. One—distributed to every profes
sional, administrative, and technical staff mem
ber—requested data relating to education, work
experience, present occupation, earnings, and cer
tain personal characteristics. The other form—
fill p.d out by agency heads—requested data on
agency services, employment by occupation,
salary ranges, and supplementary wage benefits.
Eighty percent of the 400 agencies and 70 percent
of the estimated 4,500 individuals working in these
agencies returned the questionnaires.3
In addition, the paid employees were asked to
describe the duties involved in their work, and
the agencies to furnish formal job descriptions.
On the basis of this material, the almost 300 job
titles reported were classified into 100 separate
jobs, and there were sufficient employees in 69 of
the positions to warrant separate presentation of
data.4 Since a number of the respondents did not
answer all the questions on the schedule, the total
number of staff members reporting varies for
each characteristic studied.
1 For a full report, see National Survey of Personnel Standards and Per
sonnel Practices in Services for the Blind, 1955, available from either the
Bureau of Labor Statistics or the American Foundation for the Blind (15
West 16th Street, New York, N. Y.). The report consists of 150 pages,
including 103 tables and an appendix containing job descriptions, a list of
agencies, and schedules used.
2 The generally accepted definition of “legally blind,” as furnished by the
American Foundation for the Blind, is as follows: “ Central visual acuity of
20/200 or less in the better eye, with correcting glasses; or central visual acuity
of more than 20/200 if there is a field defect in which the peripheral field has
contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of visual field subtends
an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees.” In simpler terms, a person
is considered legally blind if, with correcting glasses, he sees at a distance of
20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at a distance of 200 feet.
Persons defined in this report as “visually handicapped” are those whose
visual impairment, with correcting glasses, is still substantial (20/70—20/200)
but not of sufficient severity to meet the test of “legally blind.”
2
Although 5 of the 45 specialized State agencies did not reply, the greatest
nonresponse was among the smaller private agencies. The lowest employee
response was among workers in residential schools, Veterans Administration
hospitals, and the voluntary agencies as a whole. Even in these categories,
however, two-thirds of the employees replied.
4
Of these 69 occupations, 33 were professional, 13 administrative, and 23
technical.
822
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able 1.—Employment in work for the blind reported by
private and public agencies, by type of agency, September
1955
[Based on agency reports]
Paid employees
Type of agency
Total
number
Number of
volunteers
Professtonai,
admin i<trative,
and te 3hnical
Total
Number Percent
Total___________ _________ 1 7,378
Private agencies____________
N ational.. ____________
State and local_________
Public agencies............. ........ .
Specialized agencies for the
blind..... ... ...................
General public welfare and
vocational rehabilitation
agencies. __ ________
Residential schools..........
Public schools__________
Veterans Administration
hospitals. _____ _ . . .
Libraries___ ___________
Profes
sional,
adminis
trative,
and tech
nical
• 3,948
54
4,177
340
2,467
644
1,823
4, 911
1,037
297
740
2,911
42
46
41
59
3,900
309
3, 591
277
297
6
291
43
1, 520
853
56
199
19
208
2,740
197
156
1,601
191
75
58
97
36
23
5
19
74
172
72
38
97
22
11
8
1 Based on returns from 315 agencies which reported the total number of
employees in work for the blind, including clerical, custodial, and mainte
nance workers, and 318 agencies which reported the number of professional,
administrative, and technical personnel.
Employment and Personal Characteristics
Public agencies, which use only insignificant
numbers of unpaid volunteers, accounted for
two-thirds of the more than 7,000 paid employees
in work for the blind reported by the 318 cooperat
ing agencies, and for about three-quarters of the
3,948 paid professional, administrative, and tech
nical staff members. (See table 1.) The private
agencies, which apparently rely very heavily on
volunteers, reported a total of 3,900 such workers
or about 1,500 more than the paid employees in
work for the blind in' these agencies. Almost
3,200 paid professional, administrative, and tech
nical employees in all agencies reported to the
Bureau directly on their age, sex, race, visual
acuity, highest educational level, occupation, and
hours and earnings.
S e x , a n d R a c e . Over four-fifths of the
workers reporting age were between 25 and 60
years old; over half were under 45. (See table 2.)
There was little difference in the age distribution
of employees of public and private agencies or
among agencies of different size except that the
very small private agencies had a higher percentage
of workers 65 and over.
A ge,
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Women comprised just under 60 percent of the
workers in the survey, or twice the proportion of
women in the total United States labor force in
1955. The higher proportion of women employed
by public over private agencies was accounted for
in large measure by teachers and house mothers
in the residential schools. Women also predomi
nated in the occupations of social case worker and
home teacher.
Nonwhite workers made up only about 6 per
cent of the total, and over three-fourths of them
were employed in the southern States and in the
Territories.5 Public agencies employed about 90
percent of them.
V is u a l A c u i t y o f A g e n c y P e r s o n n e l. Thirty per
cent of all individuals reporting in the survey had
some form of visual handicap. About half of
these, or a total of 460, were totally blind. The
professional group had the highest proportion of
totally blind—17 percent, compared with 12 per
cent among the administrative and 10 percent
among the technical employees. The professional
group also had higher proportions of persons with
other visual handicaps; only 65 percent of the
professional workers were fully sighted compared
with about 80 percent in each of the other groups.
Even though a much higher proportion of women
than men were employed by the agencies covered,
only 11 percent of the women were totally blind
compared with 20 percent of the men. This
difference might be caused by the more protected
economic status of women, since many totally
blind women never enter the labor market.
Military service accounted for the visual impair
ment of only 23 persons out of the 943 who re
ported some form of such impairment.
The occupations in which the totally blind were
most concentrated were home teachers, grade
school and music teachers, case workers, voca
tional counselors, directors of private agencies, and
braille instructors and proofreaders. Because of
the nature of the duties of the home teacher, i. e.,
teaching the housebound blind the techniques
of daily living, total blindness or a severe visual
handicap is considered almost a necessary quali
fication for this occupation.
5
3,148 workers reported their race. Of the 186 who were nonwhite, 129
were professional, 8 administrative, and 49 technical employees; 25 percent
had some type of visual handicap, and 16 of the 18 totally blind were pro
fessional workers.
823
PERSONNEL AND AGENCIES SERVING BLIND PEOPLE, 1955
or more. Among degree holders, the men had
somewhat higher education than the women.
The higher proportion of women than men with
no college training is accounted for by the
number of house parents, whose highest education
was predominantly at the high school level.
The nonwhite staff was as well educated as the
white staff.
H ig h e s t E d u c a tio n a l L ev el. Among the 3,141 em
ployees who reported on their education, more than
22 percent had a bachelor’s degree and another
37 percent had had some graduate work or had
received additional degrees or specialized certifi
cates. Twenty-three percent had had no college
education at all. Much higher proportions of
technical than of other workers fell into this
group. (See table 3.)
As might be expected, a higher proportion of
employees with bachelor’s degrees was found
among the young workers. Of those under 25
years, almost half had this degree, compared
with only 6 percent among those 65 and over.
The highest concentration of master’s degree
holders was between 30 and 40 years of age.
Of those with no college education, over half were
between 40 and 60 and another 25 percent were 60
Occupations, Earnings, and Hours of Work6
Ninety-two percent of the paid 3,534 employees
whose occupations were identified by their em
ploying agency were full-time workers. Table 4,
based on information provided by reporting
agencies, presents the number of workers employed
in occupations which are of major importance
numerically or which are of peculiar significance in
work for the blind. The concentration of these
occupations was substantially different as between
private and public agencies, a situation growing
out of the quite different functions, in many cases,
of these agencies. For example, all but 26 of the
9 Two sets of wage data are presented in the full report—annual salary
ranges by occupation as reported by the agencies, and actual monthly earn
ings as of September 1955, as reported by 3,078 employees. This article sum
marizes only the latter set of data, and, therefore, the numbers shown as being
employed in each occupation vary somewhat from the numbers reported by
agencies in table 4.
T able 2.—Age and sex distribution of professional, administrative, and technical staff members in work for the blind, by visual
acuity and occupational group, September 1955
[Based on staff members’ reports]
Sex
Age group
Total
staff
Male
60-64 65 and
over members
reporting
Total
Under
staff
25
members
reporting
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
3,102
100
145
5
321
10
367
12
348
11
422
14
452
15
346
11
318
10
228
7
155
5
3,161
100
1,285
41
1,876
59
Number___ ___ ____________________
Percent___ _______ ___ __________
1, 917
100
117
6
254
13
266
14
225
12
271
14
255
13
192
10
167
9
105
6
65
3
1,960
100
697
36
1,263
64
Sighted,. ____________________________
Totally blind____
, , ____________
Partially sighted but legally b lin d 1. . ____
Visually handicapped 1____ _ __________
1,243
328
244
102
89
5
8
15
165
32
35
22
157
50
46
13
132
48
33
12
160
49
48
14
176
45
27
7
128
34
21
9
115
29
15
8
72
24
8
1
49
12
3
1
1, 275
334
248
103
365
162
123
47
910
172
125
56
Visual acuity and occupational group
Total:
Number___ __________ ___________
Percent----- -------- --------------------------P r o f e s s io n a l :
A d m in ist r a t iv e :
. . . ______________
______ ___________
370
100
9
2
29
8
44
12
56
15
78
21
56
15
44
12
26
7
28
8
374
100
265
71
109
29
. __________________________
289
45
23
13
7
1
31
8
4
1
43
4
8
1
68
7
35
3
4
2
20
7
1
293
45
23
13
189
45
21
10
104
3
43
6
4
3
21
4
1
1
21
5
1
2
Number
Percent
Sighted .
Fe
male
T o ta lly b lin d
P a r tia lly sig h te d b u t legally b lin d i
T ec h n ic a l :
2
3
Number_______ . . . _________ _____
Percent__________________ _________
815
100
28
3
58
7
72
9
79
10
95
12
119
14
98
12
107
13
97
12
62
8
827
100
323
39
504
61
Sighted.......... ............. ................... ..................
Totally blind_________ . . . .. ________
639
80
63
33
22
45
5
6
2
56
6
8
2
52
13
6
8
70
15
8
2
83
21
12
3
75
8
7
8
91
7
7
2
89
2
4
2
56
3
650
81
63
33
210
53
41
19
440
28
22
14
Visually handicapped C.
............................
1 For definition of terms, see text footnote 2.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
i
3
824
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able 3.— Highest educational level of professional, administrative, and technical staff members in work for the blind, private
and public agencies, September 1955
[Based on staff members’ reports]
Percentage distribution
Highest educational level
T otal___________________________________________
No high school____________________________________
1 to 3 years of high school________ ______ . . . . . . _____
___
4 years of high school_______ . _ __________
2 years or less of college_____________________________
3 and 4 years of college (no degree)___________________
Bachelor’s degree__________________________________
Some graduate work (no degree)____ ___________ _____
Master’s degree___________________ . . _____________
Specialized degree or certificate (not elsewhere class!fled)___________________________________________
Ph. D ___________________________________________
M. D ___ ____________________________ . ______
Total
staff
members
All
reporting agencies
Private agencies1
Public agencies »
Total
Profes
sional
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
4
10
9
7
22
12
24
1
7
16
19
9
19
7
14
10
23
26
13
7
10
3
3
2
5
11
9
7
26
14
18
1
1
7
7
8
30
17
20
1
2
6
6
6
17
11
40
9
17
26
18
7
11
5
3
8
1
2
4
4
4
1
6
1
1
7
1
1
6
3
1
3,141
100
100
85
209
395
325
236
718
390
536
3
7
13
10
8
22
12
17
4
12
19
13
8
17
7
13
187
31
29
6
1
1
5
1
1
(3)
Adminis Technical Total
trative
Profes
sional
Adminis Technical
trative
(«)
4
i Of the 818 staff members in private agencies reporting their educational
background, 300 were professional, 200 administrative, and 318 technical
employees.
2 Of the 2,323 staff members in public agencies reporting their educational
background, 1,654 were professional, 174 administrative, and 495 technical
employees.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
901 teachers were found in public agencies; simi
larly, house parents were employed almost ex
clusively in the residential schools, while 83 per
cent of the vocational counselors were found in
specialized State agencies. On the other hand, the
training of guide dogs was entirely in private
hands. Some important occupations, such as
social case workers, home teachers, agency di
rectors, and workshop positions, appeared in both
types of agency but in different proprotions.
Agencies reported only a few job vacancies for
which they had available budget and which they
were actively trying to fill, which suggests that
there was no serious recruitment problem within
the existing standards for personnel.
In comparing the overall medians for public
and private agencies which are presented in table
5, the reader should bear in mind (1) the influence
on the overall medians of the concentration of
employees in certain occupations in the different
types of agency, e. g., most of the 245 low-paid
house parents were concentrated in the public
agencies, and (2) the fact that the value of mainte
nance received—important to some workers—
was not included in the cash salary data shown in
the table.
The median monthly salary of $301 for pro
fessional workers who reported their salary or
wage was obviously established by salaries in
public agencies which employed more than 5
times as many professional workers as did private
agencies. Among professional workers in all
agencies combined, the notable concentration of
11 percent earning less than $167 per month was
probably due to a considerable extent to part-time
work among medical personnel and some teachers.
Much higher proportions of administrative than
of other workers earned at a rate of $5,000 a year
or more.7 Ten percent earned $9,000 or more a
year. Technical workers as a group had a median
monthly salary of $234, although 7 of the 11
selected occupations in that group paid between
$302 and $378 per month.
Less than one-fourth of the employees reporting
got some maintenance for either themselves or
families. (See table 6.) Most of those who did
were connected with residential schools. In the
case of home teachers, where very few received
maintenance, the difference in cash earnings was
slight but in other occupations the differences
were substantial. For grade school teachers, for
example, those getting maintenance received $83
per month less in cash; for principals of residential
schools, the difference was well over $100; and for
house parents, where the number of persons in
volved was much larger, the difference was over
$70.
The median regular workweek for 2,900 em
ployees who reported on their hours was 40.
This was true for all occupational groups in both
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7 Estimated annual salaries may be obtained by multiplying the median
monthly wage in table 5 by 12 for all occupations, including teachers, whose
monthly salary as shown was adjusted to permit comparability on a 12-month
basis with other occupations.
825
PERSONNEL AND AGENCIES SERVING BLIND PEOPLE, 1955
private and public agencies, except for profes
sional workers in private agencies (38 hours), and
technical workers in public agencies (44 hours).
The distribution of the regular hours of those
reporting, however, showed considerable variation:
over one-third—mostly teachers and part-time
medical personnel in private agencies—worked
less than 40 hours; 10 percent of the reporting
employees in public agencies—mainly house par
ents—and 2 percent in private agencies worked
60 hours or more. Overtime was required of
slightly over half of the professional, administra
tive, and technical employees, but 83 percent of
these reported they received no compensation of
any kind for it, 4 percent were paid in cash, and
13 percent got compensatory time off. Overtime
requirements were heavier for administrative than
for other types of personnel.
T able 4.— Paid employment in work for the blind in selected professional, administrative, and technical occupations, by type
of agency, September 1955
[Based on agency reports]
Number of paid full-time staff members reported by—
Occupation
Total
paid full
time and
part-time
All
staff
agencies
members
reported
Private agencies
Public agencies
State
Total National and
local
General
public
Specialized
welfare
Total agencies
and voca
for the
tional
blind
rehabili
tation
agencies
Residen
Veterans
tial
Public Adminis
schools schools tration
hospitals
Libraries
All Occupations: 1
Num ber____________________
Percent------------------------
3, 534
3, 257
100
736
23
205
6
531
16
2,521
77
765
23
158
5
1,331
41
169
5
62
2
36
1
P rofessional:
N um ber________________ --P e rc e n t____________________
2 2,151
1,957
100
234
12
23
1
211
11
1, 723
88
516
25
117
6
858
44
151
8
50
3
31
Teachers_____ - _____________
Nursery and kindergarten------Grade school ... ---- -- -Secondary school____________
Music.- - _____________ - -Physical education................
Vocational training___________
Home economics_____________
Arts and crafts______________
Case work supervisors------------ . . .
Case workers____
____________
Vocational counselors_________ ..
Placement workers------ ------------Orientors............................... ......
-------- ---Home teachers.. . .
Librarians______ . . _________
963
84
440
114
115
50
76
40
44
52
220
174
26
58
206
43
901
71
431
112
92
48
71
37
39
50
213
173
26
56
198
39
26
12
2
24
12
2
21
3
12
1
4
2
729
45
320
100
90
48
70
32
24
121
li
99
9
2
5
7
18
52
10
2
7
34
4
6
7
2
4
875
59
431
110
92
48
71
32
32
32
161
163
24
49
164
35
Num ber________. __________
Percent____ _______ ___ - __
2 405
397
100
207
52
40
10
167
42
Superintendents of residential schools.
Principals of residential schools.. .
Directors of agencies for the b lin d...
Supervisors of agency sections for
the blind__ _ ..
..................
Superintendents of work shops for
the blind__ . ------- -----------Public relations directors____ ____ _
Treasurers_______ ____________
34
31
125
34
31
123
85
16
25
25
16
28
39
16
26
39
2 978
903
100
20
46
5
7
17
50
10
2
7
32
1
4
19
106
143
15
14
138
4
13
41
19
9
190
48
71
18
13
3
98
25
69
34
31
38
33
3
34
31
2
3
3
22
7
8
12
24
14
6
3
12
18
11
4
2
25
3
1
9
1
295
33
142
16
153
17
608
67
178
20
28
3
17
41
1
4
1
1
3
16
37
1
3
67
65
42
1
41
23
18
5
73
44
17
70
22
37
317
19
72
41
17
69
22
13
313
19
37
18
6
12
5
9
5
19
37
18
5
12
5
35
23
11
57
17
4
308
25
21
11
48
17
1
9
1
1
2
26
6
29
12
23
A d m in ist r a t iv e :
T echnical:
Num ber---- ------------------------P e rc e n t___ _____ _________
Braille typing instructors_______
Braille instructors___ ___
Supervisors of work shops for the
blind____ ___ ___
____
Supervisors of sections of wrork shops
for the blind___ ___
Instructors of work-shop employees.
Home industry supervisors_______
Representatives, vending stands.. .
Industrial employment agents.........
Braille transcribers and proofreaders.
House parents____
__
. __
Guide dog trainers______________
9
1
19
1 Occupational information was not reported for an additional 414 positions
(estimated 382 full-time and 32 part-time).
430118— 57-------3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
1
1
5
1
3
i
5
2
1
15
1
375
41
18
2
7
1
15
10
18
5
2
(3)
1
1
2
9
2
308
2 Includes occupations not shown separately,
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
1
826
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T a b l e 5.
Monthly rate of cash salary or wages of full- and part-time professional, administrative, and technical staff mem
bers m work for the blind, selected occupations, September 1955
[Based on staff members’ reports]
Occupation and type of agency
Total
Median
staff
monthly
members wage or
reporting salary
Number of staff members reporting monthly rate of cash salary or wages 1 ofUnder
$167
$167
to
$208
to
$229
$230
to
$249
$250
to
$270
$271
to
$291
$292
to
$312
$313
to
$333
$334
to
$354
$355
to
$374
$375
to
$416
$417
to
$458
$459
$500
$499
over
114
138
180
128
177
133
123
122
211
109
38
117
11
36
17
17
6
9
5
2
26
10
9
3
30
13
5
4
3
2
4
20
7
3
1
6
2
3
7
4
4
3
14
1
1
1
2
4
12
2
1
22
1
16
27
6
46
9
6
2
8
2
1
10
21
31
14
P r o f e s s io n a l : 2
Total.............
1,911
$301
Nursery and kindergarten.
Grade school................. .
Secondary school................
Music.............. ...................
Physical education.............
Vocational training______
Home economics................
Arts and crafts__________
Case work supervisors....... .......
Case workers_______________
Vocational counselors________
Placement workers___ ______
O rientors................... ..............
Home teachers........... ................
Librarians_________________
89
380
106
116
38
77
39
39
49
205
177
28
46
197
43
261
293
304
252
255
262
258
224
425
312
362
383
355
263
327
Percent of staff members reporting:
All agencies (based on 1,911 cases)........
Private agencies (based on 291 cases)..
Public agencies (based on 1,620 cases)..
100
100
199
Teachers:
100
2
2
2
2
18
1
16
10
7
38
17
7
4
8
3
2
1
41
17
2
31
5
1
31
2
13
4
3
6
3
1
26
21
2
5
13
1
301
262
306
9
10
9
7
5
7
9
7
10
7
4
7
16
7
12
3
2
2
6
24
32
5
4
7
9
6
1
11
9
23
1
2
2
3
2
3
4
10
12
14
2
7
7
5
H
1
4
3
1
5
6
5
7
6
5
7
12
7
12
6
6
6
2
(3)
2
6
5
6
12
23
13
29
43
18
168
-----T7
2
9
1
3
1
7
12
2
3
3
2
51
23
8
6
1
A d m in is t r a t iv e : 2
Total_________ _____ ___
368
465
Superintendents of residential schools........
Principals of residential schools...................
Directors of agencies for the blind________
Supervisors of agency sections for the blind
Superintendents of work shops for the blind.
Public relations directors............ ................ .
Treasurers................................... ......
31
32
107
27
15
24
30
578
446
458
539
505
400
446
Percent of staff members reporting:
All agencies (based on 368 cases)..........
Private agencies (based on 197 cases)..
Public agencies (based on 171 cases)...
100
100
100
465
430
506
1
5
1
2
2
3
2
5
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
6
2
2
2
2
3
5
2
40
35
45
4
1
5
2
3
2
1
3
7
4
4
2
2
1
3
5
3
4
5
2
2
1
2
3
3
4
3
6
8
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
12
10
13
5
2
8
46
40
51
38
34
29
56
38
18
37
1
10
T e c h n ic a l : 2
Total_________ _______ ____
799
Braille typing instructors........ ................. .
Braille instructors___ _________________
Supervisors of work shops for the blind___
Supervisors of sections of work shops for
the blind_____________________ _____
Instructors of work-shop employees______
Home industry supervisors....... ..................
Representatives, vending stands_________
Industrial employment agents..... ........ ........
Braille transcribers and proof readers_____
House parents............................... ................
Guide dog trainers........... ..............................
245
19
Percent of staff members reporting:
All agencies (based on 799 cases)______
Private agencies (based on 311 cases)...
Public agencies (based on 488 cases)___
100
20
242
37
60
326
341
51
38
15
57
18
302
255
334
355
347
138
162
378
22
100
100
101
221
13
128
234
256
224
1 Regular salary before taxes and other deductions, but excluding overtime
Does not include allowance for maintenance in those positions where main
tenance is furnished.
In spite of the fact that some occupations were
low paid, almost three-fifths of all participants in
the survey had been in work for the blind for 5
years or more, and almost the same proportion
had been with their present employer for that
period of time. Occupations having the highest
proportions of long-service personnel were home
teachers, case workers, school teachers, directors
of agencies, and residential school principals and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
49
37
1
1
6
1
1
7
3
5
7
4
4
7
2
7
1
6
5
6
5
2
2
1
1
8
4
1
3
1
5
4
5
1
4
6
6
5
7
2
3
5
3
2
7
3
2
2
3
3
10
3
2
6
1
6
2
14
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
3
4
4
4
3
3
4
7
8
6
5
4
5
2
3
2
5
6
4
* All totals include data for occupations not shown separatelv
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
'
superintendents. The greatest turnover appeared
to be among house parents.
Agency Services
The agencies that employed the personnel
covered in this survey offered the Nation’s blind
citizens more than 50 distinct services, which fell
into 8 major categories as follows:
PERSONNEL AND AGENCIES SERVING BLIND PEOPLE, 1955
Type of service 1
Physical rehabilitation____________
Personal adjustment______________
Vocational_______________________
Educational______________________
Printing, publishing, and library___
Recreational_____________________
Miscellaneous____________________
Home teaching___________________
Number of agencies render
ing services for the blind
Total
Private
201
254
209
228
181
212
162
132
73
101
93
90
72
92
87
71
Public
128
153
116
138
109
120
75
61
1
Detailed data for the 50 different services are presented in the full report
by regions.
Since many of the 310 reporting agencies offered
several types of service, an individual agency
might be counted several times in this summary.
The principal specific service offered was the same
in both private and public agencies in 5 of the 8
major categories. These were medical diagnosis
in physical rehabilitation; the counseling of parents
of blind children in education; the distribution of
braille and talking books and reproducers in print
ing and publishing; the distribution of free items in
the miscellaneous category; and home teaching
services. Only two-fifths of all agencies furnished
instruction in cane-travel techniques. Among the
most significant vocational services were evalu
ation, counseling, and training, and the operation
of sheltered work shops. Educational services
were provided principally by the residential
T
able
6.
827
schools, but in 1955, some public school systems
in 18 States had established programs for the
education of blind children with sighted children.
This comparatively new direction for the education
of blind children was still very limited, however,
since in only eight of those States did such pro
grams function in more than one major city.
Almost all agencies provided services for both
sexes. Seventy percent of the agencies serving the
6-to-21-year age group were public agencies, ac
counted for by the schools. The number of private
agencies serving adults over 21 years of age was
greater than that of public agencies. The rather
high proportion of all agencies serving preschool
age children was attributable, not to direct serv
ices to these young children, such as nursery
schools, but to the fact that counseling of parents
of blind children was classified here. The recent
fortunate discovery of the cause of retrolental
fibroplasia (blindness in premature infants) may
happily reduce the need for this kind of service in
the future.
Over three-fourths of the reporting agencies
stated that they served people who had handicaps
in addition to blindness. Three-fifths served the
deaf and/or crippled blind, but only one-third
served the mentally handicapped blind, with a
Median monthly rate of cash salary or wages without maintenance and with some maintenance for selected occupa
tions, by private and public agencies, September 1955
[Based on staff members’ reports]
Without maintenance
Occupation
Private agencies
Number
of staff
members
reporting
With some maintenance
Public agencies
Median
monthly
wage or
salary
Number
of staff
members
reporting
Private agencies
Median
monthly
wage or
salary
Number
of staff
members
reporting
Median
monthly
wage or
salary
Public agencies
Number
of staff
members
reporting
Median
monthly
wage or
salary
All occupations_____ _____________________________
704
$293
1,650
$331
95
$264
629
$233
Professional___________ ______ ________________
A dm inistrative______________________________
Technical__ ________________________________
257
175
272
267
438
243
1,221
115
314
328
521
301
34
22
39
208
292
302
399
56
174
250
435
134
269
67
72
143
117
128
6
14
29
2
22
16
41
106
321
315
268
361
337
278
666
489
541
108
36
238
277
22
25
20
24
18
1
370
291
273
519
358
Selected occupations:
Grade school teachers._____ ____________________
Secondary school teachers_______ _______________
Music teachers... _____________ __________ _____
Vocational counselors__________________________
Case workers. _______________________________
Home teachers____ ____________________________
Superintendents of residential schools_____________
Principals of residential schools___ ____ _______ . .
Directors of agencies..... ........ ........................................
Public relations directors_______________________
Supervisors of work shops... _______ _____ _____
Supervisors of sections of work shops_____________
Representatives, vending stands___ _____________
House parents____________ ____________________
Guide dog trainers_______________________ _____
1 Too few employees to provide valid comparison.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
3
7
11
63
48
(1)
(i)
(l)
416
309
219
69
21
37
33
13
2
429
416
297
312
333
(')
(i)
' 368
312
358
206
1
(i)
1
(i)
8
1
(i)
(»)
2
(9
4
17
m
400
i
3
135
(9
(9
(1)
135
828
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
concentration of service to this group in the general
public welfare agencies and in the specialized State
agencies.
Estimates of the number of legally blind persons
who received some land of direct service ranged,
depending upon the method used,9 from 65 to 71
thousand, or from 20 to 22 percent of the national
estimate of 320,000 blind persons.10 These esti
mates of persons served do not include those indi
viduals who received cash payments under the
Social Security Act or who use talking or braille
books unless they also receive some other more
personalized type of service.
In evaluating these figures, certain factors must
be kept in mind. The most significant, perhaps, is
that half the blind population is 65 years of age or
older. These people would not normally be seek
ing training for employment, or job placement,
and they obviously are not potential users of the
schools. In addition, a substantial number of
blind persons received various kinds of services
from public welfare agencies which had no special
ized personnel engaged in work with the blind,
such services being rendered by their general staff.
Such agencies were excluded from the survey and,
therefore, the number of blind persons they served
was not included in the estimates. Finally, many
of the approximately 6,000 blind preschool chil
dren had not yet reached an age where they
could take advantage of the kinds of services
offered by many agencies.
Agency Personnel Practices
Of the 301 agencies serving the blind which
reported their employment policies, three-fourths
reported employing handicapped personnel. More
of them maintained this policy for persons with
some type of visual disability than for other
disabilities; e. g., 60 percent employed the totally
blind compared with 30 percent which employed
those with nonvisual handicaps. There was very
little difference in policy between public and pri
vate agencies, although somewhat higher propor
tions of public than private agencies employed
persons with other than visual disabilities. Larger
agencies were also more apt to employ handi
capped persons.
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r
Employers were also asked to report upon the
more significant kinds of “fringe benefits,” such
as retirement plans, paid vacations and holidays,
paid sick leave and hospitalization plans. Only 5
of the 304 reporting agencies did not contribute to
retirement plans. Although there were variations
among agencies in the extent of employee coverage,
the most significant finding was that all the private
agencies reporting participation had elected to
come under the Old Age and Survivors’ Insurance
System, and a fourth of them contributed to some
private plan as well.
Of the 300 agencies reporting on vacation plans,
only 5 percent did not provide a paid vacation
after 1 year of service for professional, adminis
trative, and technical employees. The most
common vacation period was 2 weeks after 1 year.
Only 19 agencies reported giving as little as 1 week
after 1 year. The second most prevalent vacation
period was “over 4 weeks,” which occurred almost
entirely in the residential and public schools.
The median number of paid holidays per year,
reported by 272 agencies, was 7 in private and 10
in public agencies. Over one-fourth of all agen
cies, however, gave 11 holidays or more, and about
a tenth gave less than 6.
Ninety percent of the reporting agencies made
some provision for paid sick leave. Almost half
provided for 12 days or less, another 26 percent
granted more than 12 days, and 17 percent pro
vided sick leave on an individual basis. Agency
size may have been a factor affecting the liberality
of provisions; the “no paid sick leave” policy and
the policy of dealing with illness on an individual
basis were concentrated in private agencies em
ploying fewer than 15 workers.
Employer contributions to group hospitalization
were made by only 14 percent of the 306 reporting
agencies. A somewhat higher proportion of private
than of public agencies contributed, but the small
numbers involved limit very sharply any signifi
cance that might attach to differences because of
size or type of agency.
— M argaret L. P lunkett
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
6 Estimating methods are described in the full report.
!0 The American Foundation for the Blind estimates that in 1957 the
number is 333.000.
STATE AND FEDERAL JURISDICTION IN LABOR RELATIONS
The Gap Between State and Federal
Jurisdiction in Labor Relations
T he National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and
its Taft-Hartley amendments of 1947, “as ad
ministered by the [National Labor Relations
Board], and according to the court interpretations,
[leave] an undefined area of 'no man’s land’ in
labor-management relations.” This zone of no
recourse in labor disputes is bound to remain “as
long as the present law remains in effect and the
NLRB chooses to restrict or change its jurisdic
tion.” These are the conclusions of a report on
the NLRB’s exercise of its authority, recently
prepared for the Senate Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare by the Legislative Reference Serv
ice of the Library of Congress.1
Scope of the Federal Law
In order to diminish labor disputes hampering
the free flow of trade, Congress in 1935 based the
NLRA on the commerce clause of the Constitu
tion and, for the purposes of the act, interpreted
that clause in such a way that the new law af
forded the Federal Government sweeping author
ity over labor-management relations in interstate
commerce.
The operations affecting interstate commerce
were defined in the NLRA (sec. 2 (7)) to mean
“in commerce or burdening or obstructing com
merce or the free flow of commerce, or having led
or tending to lead to a labor dispute burdening
or obstructing commerce or the free flow of
commerce.” Commerce, in turn, was defined to
mean (sec. 2 (6)) “trade, traffic, commerce, trans
portation, or communication among the several
States . . . or within the District of Columbia
or any territory . . . ”
When the Supreme Court., in a series of de
cisions rendered in 1937,2 upheld the constitu
tionality of the act, the NLRB, created to ad
minister the law, found itself endowed with
far-reaching jurisdictional powers. On one oc
casion (in the J o n e s a n d L a u g h lin decision), the
Supreme Court warned the Board to use these
powers sparingly lest they encroach upon local
commerce. But the High Court did not define
the distinction between local and national com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
829
merce; and the lower courts, once the constitu
tionality of the act had been confirmed, refused
to limit the Board’s jurisdiction, the report notes.
In fact, “the scope of the NLRB jurisdiction was
broadened in a series of cases in which the em
ployers challenged the jurisdiction of the NLRB
on the basis that their activities did not constitute
interstate commerce since only a certain percent
age of their products or purchases were shipped
and received in interstate commerce.” 3
The Taft-Hartley amendments limited the
NLRB’s powers only by forbidding the Board to
cede its jurisdiction to State agencies unless the
portion of the State’s labor statute applicable to
the issue under consideration is consistent with
the corresponding Federal provision. Otherwise,
the legislative history of the 1947 amendments
seems to indicate congressional intent to broaden
the Board’s jurisdiction, and some of the amend
ments, the report notes, were aimed specifically at
protecting small employers from any possible
union excesses.
Despite its great legal powers, the NLRB exer
cised voluntary jurisdictional restraints which
were, until 1950, determined on a case-by-case
basis. In his testimony before the Senate Com
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare in 1949, the
chairman of the Board stated that his agency
should decline jurisdiction “where something has
a local flavor . . . ” This view was in line with
the Board’s policy of self-imposed jurisdictional
limitations even though, as the Legislative Refer
ence Service report says, the policy nullified, in
practice, the act’s provisions for the protection of
small employers.
Out of the Board’s case-by-case decisions, there
emerged a pattern which was formulated into a
code of NLRB jurisdictional standards, an
nounced in October 1950. They were based on
the Board’s belief that it would best effectuate the
purposes of the Labor Management Relations Act
by limiting its authority to cases which “have a
1 Sar A. Levitan, The Jurisdictional Standards of the National Labor
Relations Board, a report prepared at the request of the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare, U. S. Senate, by the Legislative Reference Serv
ice of the Library of Congress (85th Cong., 1st sess.), Committee Print,
March 19, 1957.
2 The cases in question included: Associated Press v. N L R B , 301 U. S.
103; Washington, Virginia and Maryland Coach Co. v. N L R B , 301 U. S.
142; and N L R B v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Co., 301 U. S. 1 at 42.
s Among these eases were: Santa Cruz Food Packing Co. v. N L R B , 303
U. S. 453, 1938; Consolidated Edison Co. v. N L R B , 305 U. S. 197 at 222, 1938;
and N L R B v. Fainblatt, 306 IT. S. 601, 1939.
830
pronounced impact upon the flow of interstate
commerce.” 4
With minor changes, these codified 1950 juris
dictional standards, expressed in terms of dollar
value of sales and purchases, were in effect for
about 4 years. However, with the change of
Board membership in 1953 and 1954, it became
apparent, the report states, that these standards
were no longer acceptable to the new majority of
the Board: “A changed membership on the Board
determined to further reduce the Board juris
diction, excluding an additional undetermined num
ber of employers and employees.” In mid-1954,
the Board announced revisions of jurisdictional
standards5 which, somewhat modified by sub
sequent Board and court decisions, are presently
in effect.
The 1954 standards were based largely on the
approach taken by the NLRB in 1950—i. e.,
jurisdictional self-restraint as the best means of
effectuating the purposes of the law. The Legisla
tive Reference Service report makes the following
comment on the acceptance of the new criteria by
the Board members:
The membership of the Board was divided on the
desirability of the new standards. The justification for
the new standards, as announced by the majority, was
that the reduced workload would allow the Board to devote
additional time for more significant cases, and would
expedite the processing of these cases. The minority
asserted that the Board’s backlog and budget did not
make it necessary to reduce the caseload and indicated
that the reduction in Board jurisdiction constituted legisla
tion by an administrative agency.
The 1954 Standards
Three major features distinguished the new
criteria from those of 1950. First, they departed
from the old standards by differentiating between
retail and nonretail enterprises. The Board ap
parently had assumed, the Legislative Reference
Service report notes, that retail trade was inher
ently local in character and required a minimum
of Federal intervention.
The decision in H o g u e a n d
6 set forth the following spe
cial standards for single retail or service estab
lishments or intrastate retail chains of such estab
lishments: (1) annual purchases of $1 million
directly from out of State; (2) indirect out-of-
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
State purchases of $2 million; or (3) direct sales
out of State of $100,000. If an establishment
operating as part of a multistate retail chain met
these standards, or if the chain had gross annual
sales of $10 million, jurisdiction would be asserted.
Under the 1950 standards, the Board had asserted
jurisdiction over any retail establishment operat
ing as an integral part of an interstate chain.
[E ditor’s N ote.—On May 23, 1957, the Board’s
decision in the case of T . H . R o g e rs L u m b e r Co.
(117 NLRB 230) eliminated the separate multi
state standard; henceforth, jurisdiction will be
asserted over “ a ll retail or service enterprises hav
ing one or more establishments where the enter
prise has total direct inflow of $1 million or
more, total indirect inflow of $2 million or more, or
total direct outflow of $100,000 or more.”] The
1954 retail standards were also extended, in the
W ils o n O ld sm o b ile case,7 to automobile dealers and
soft-drink distributors—establishments which pre
viously had been under NLRB jurisdiction auto
matically, on the grounds that such dealership
arrangements were an “essential development of
. . . production and distribution in the United
States.” Later in 1954, the same standards were
made applicable to restaurants.8
Second, the 1954 standards doubled the 1950
monetary-test amounts for direct and indirect
outflow of business of nonretail enterprises, al
though the monetary standards for direct and in
direct inflow remained $500,000 and $1 million,
respectively.
N o n r e ta il E s ta b lis h m e n ts . In J o n e sb o ro G ra in
D r y i n g C o o p e ra tiv e ,9 in which it reviewed its non
retail standards, the NLRB ruled that it would
assert jurisdiction over a nonretail enterprise
which (1) produced and shipped goods directly
out of State or performed services outside the
State in the amount of at least $50,000 a year,
(2) furnished $100,000 worth of goods annually to
firms which met the direct outflow standard and
which shipped them directly out of State, or
(3) supplied $200,000 worth of goods to other
firms meeting the standards regardless of eventual
R e ta il E s ta b lis h m e n ts .
K n o t t S u p e r m a r k e ts
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Hollow Tree Lumber Co., 91 NLRB 635 (Oct. 3, 1950).
5 For discussion of the standards, see Monthly Labor Review, September
1954 (pp. 998-1000) and January 1955 (pp. 57-63).
«110 NLRB 543 (Oct. 26, 1954).
7 110 NLRB 534 (Oct. 26, 1954).
8 Bickford’s, Inc., 110 NLRB 252 (Dec. 16, 1954).
•110 NLRB 481 (Oct. 26, 1954).
STATE AND FEDERAL JURISDICTION IN LABOR RELATIONS
destination.
More than a year later, in W h ip p a n y
M o to r C o .,10 the indirect-outflow standard for non
retail firms was set at $100,000 regardless of the
ultimate disposition of the goods. With respect
to nonretail chains, the 1954 standards provided
for the assertion of jurisdiction over individual
chain establishments which did not meet the in
flow or outflow tests if the chain had a total annual
outflow of goods into interstate commerce of
$250,000 or a total indirect outflow of $1 million.
The multistate standard was amended in 1955,
the report points out, with a Board decision that
jurisdiction would be asserted if the total annual
sales of the enterprise exceeded $3,500,000.n
[E d it o r ’s N o t e .—In the R o g e rs L u m b e r Co. case,
cited previously, the Board eliminated the sepa
rate multistate standard for nonretail as well as
retail chains. 1
Third, the Board singled out certain other
activities and industries to which it applied special
standards. These industries included public utili
ties and transit; communications concerns—tele
phone and telegram systems and radio and tele
vision stations; newspapers; office and industrial
buildings; and enterprises engaged in national
defense.
P u b lic U tilitie s a n d T r a n s it. Before 1954, the
Board assumed jurisdiction over local public
utilities and transit systems regardless of their
size (except where the principle of “de minimis”
was applicable). The 1954 criterion for NLRB
coverage of a utility company was set, in the
G reen w ich G as Co. case,12 at $3 million or more
of annual business volume. The Board, however,
later applied the $500,000 nonretail interstate
inflow standard to a wholesaler who supplied
electricity to a number of cooperatives for resale.13
As for transportation enterprises engaged in
interstate commerce or serving as links in the
chain of interstate commerce, for which previously
there was no monetary tests, as jurisdiction was
exercised over enterprises that served as an es
sential link, the 1954 standards required that a
10115 N L R B 52 (Jan. 12, 1956).
ii Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 114 NLRB 1423 (Dec. 20, 1955).
12110 NLRB 564 (Oct. 26,1954).
is Central Electric Power Cooperative, 113 NLRB 1059 (Aug. 26, 1955).
14 Breeding Transfer Co., 110 NLRB 493 (Oct. 26,1954).
is Edelen Transfer Co., 110 NLRB 1881 (Dec. 16, 1954).
10 Rollo Transit Corp., 110 NLRB 1623 (Dec. 16,1954).
11 The first case In which this standard was applied was McKinney Avenue
Realty Co., 110 NLRB 547 (Oct. 26, 1954).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
831
company’s service in interstate commerce amount
to at least $100,000 a year,14 or that the inter
state portion plus intrastate hauling for an inter
state carrier total that amount.15 In the R o llo
case,16 the Board enunciated a third standard for
intrastate bus or transit companies serving as
links in the chain of interstate commerce. To
qualify for NLRB coverage, such carriers must
meet not only the monetary standards but other
requirements, such as selling tickets for contin
uous passage on interstate lines or their intrastate
links, or sharing facilities with interstate com
panies.
C h a n n e ls o j C o m m u n ic a tio n . Whereas previously
the Board claimed jurisdiction over interstate
channels of communication regardless of size
(subject only to the “de minimis” rule), the 1954
standards for radio and television stations and
telephone and telegraph systems set a monetary
test of $200,000 of gross annual income.
Similarly, the Legislative Reference
Service report indicates that before 1954, the
Board asserted jurisdiction over all newspapers
which held membership in, or subscribed to, in
terstate news services, published nationally syn
dicated features, or advertised nationally sold
products. Under the 1954 standards, the Board
would declare jurisdiction over such papers only
if the gross annual value of their services were
$500,000 or more.
N ew spapers.
Office a n d I n d u s t r ia l B u ild in g s . Until 1954, the
Board had taken jurisdiction over office and in
dustrial buildings if tenants engaged in interstate
commerce were paying $50,000 rent annually.
Under the 1954 standards, NLRB would assert
jurisdiction over office buildings only when the
employer owning or leasing the premises is en
gaged in interstate commerce and the building is
used primarily to house the employer’s offices.17
This principle was subsequently applied to indus
trial buildings.
Before 1954, the NLRB inter
vened in labor disputes where the impact on na
tional defense was substantial. Under the new
standards, the Board determined that it would
declare jurisdiction over national defense enter
prises if they supplied goods and services under
N a tio n a l D e fe n se .
832
Government contract in the amount of at least
$100,000 a year.18 But in subsequent cases in
volving the national defense standard, the report
states, “the Board was apparently concerned pri
marily with the nature of the activity, and not
with the amount of business involved.”
O th er S itu a tio n s . In rulings under the 1954 stand
ards affecting other activities, the Board majority
declined jurisdiction over taxicab companies,19
some of which previously were under NLRB cov
erage; continued to decline jurisdiction over the
hotel industry;20 and abandoned its plenary
jurisdiction over business in Puerto Rico and
United States territories,21 retaining it only over
business in the District of Columbia. Further
more, in 1954, the Board rejected a previously
established formula 22 whereby direct and indirect
outflow of business in interstate commerce could
be cumulated for jurisdictional purposes, and
decided 23 that henceforth an enterprise must meet
fully one of the standards to qualify for Board
coverage.
On the other hand, in 1954, the Board deter
mined to expand its coverage in situations in
volving secondary boycotts. In M c A lli s te r T r a n s
f e r , 2* the Board ruled that, for jurisdictional pur
poses, it would consider the affected operations of
the primary as well as the secondary employer, and
that the operations considered were not to be
limited (as under the 1950 standards) to the vol
ume of business between the two employers but
were to include the entire volume of business of
secondary employers done on the site where the
boycott occurred. The standard was subse
quently extended to include the volume of busi
ness of employers dealing with the secondary em
ployer but not directly affected by the dispute.25
“ No Man’s Land”
So far the courts have refused to intervene with
the NLRB’s interpretation of its jurisdiction,28
the Legislative Reference Service report states.
And the Board’s policy of self-imposed jurisdic
tional limitations has, since the Taft-Hartley Act
was passed in 1947, resulted in narrowing its
jurisdiction, as indicated previously. Moreover,
the report notes, existing State labor laws ap
parently fail to meet the consistency requirements
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
of the Federal statute for Board cession of juris
diction to States. These factors have produced
what the report calls a “no man’s land” in the
field of labor-management relations.
What recourse is left to interstate employers
and their employees who find themselves outside
the present jurisdictional scope of the NLRB?
Some State agencies and courts have assumed
jurisdiction in such cases on the ground that the
NLRB’s failure to exercise its jurisdiction em
powers them to act; others have held that the
States cannot act, lacking a cession agreement
with NLRB. “The Federal courts have not as
yet resolved the problem of ‘no man’s land,’ and
it appears questionable that the solution lies with
them,” the Legislative Reference Service report
concludes. Rather, the report states: “It ap
pears . . . that the solution to the Federal-State
conflicts of jurisdiction, created by the NLRB
action, will have to await statutory action. This
seems to be the conclusion of the authorities
writing in the field. A number of alternative
approaches have been suggested. Basically, these
proposals center about a need for Congress to
define the broad areas of NLRB jurisdiction.”
[E ditor ’s N ote.-—On March 25, 1957, less than
a week after the publication date of the report, the
Supreme Court of the United States ruled, in three
companion cases,27 that State labor agencies and
courts have no authority over labor disputes
subject to the NLRA, unless the NLRB cedes
jurisdiction to them under sec. 10 (a) of the TaftHartley Act. The Court took cognizance of the
“no man’s land” problem but said that “Congress
is free to change the situation at will.”]
18 Maytag Aircraft Co., 110 NLRB 1056 (Oct. 26, 1954).
M Checker Cab Co., 110 NLRB 683 (Oct. 29,1954).
20 Miami Beach Hotel Association, NLRB administrative decision (Aug. 26,
1955).
21 Virgin Isles Hotel, Inc., 110 NLRB 558 (Oct. 26, 1954).
22 Rutledge Co., 91 NLRB 625 (Oct. 3, 1950).
23 Rogers Brothers, 110 NLRB 534 (Oct. 26, 1954).
*« 110 NLRB 1769 (Dec. 16, 1954).
23 Sand Door and Plywood Co., 113 NLRB 1210 (Aug. 26, 1955).
E d it o r ’s N o t e .—In the case of Euclid Foods, Inc. (Case No. 8-CC-41,
June 13, 1957), the Board announced a new rule for asserting jurisdiction in
secondary boycott cases involving multiple secondary employers and a pri
mary employer who does not meet jurisdictional standards: “In asserting
jurisdiction with respect to all the unfair labor practices found, we rely only
on the fact that all the secondary employers were victims of a pattern of
unfair labor practices and that the business of one or more of the secondary
employers, each standing alone, meets the jurisdictional requirements. . . .”
26 As in N L R B v. Denver Building Council, 341 U. S. 675 (1951).
27 Ouss v. Utah Labor Relations Board; San Diego Building Trades Council
v. Garmon; and Amalgamated Meat Cutters, Local
v. Fairlawn Meats, Inc.
833
NLRB OPERATIONS DURING 1955-56
NLRB Operations
During 1955-56
R epresentation cases received by the National
Labor Relations Board increased during fiscal
1956, with Board-conducted elections 16.1 percent
ahead of fiscal 1955.1 Collective bargaining
agents were selected in about two-thirds (64.4
percent) of the elections and both affiliated and
unaffiliated unions won approximately three-fifths
of the elections in which they participated. On
the other hand, unfair labor practice cases de
clined, although such cases filed by individual
employees, against either employers or unions,
continued high and employers filed an “unpre
cedented” number against unions. In terms of
cases received, the 13,388 total for all types was
at about the level for the preceding fiscal year.
The number of cases pending at the end of the
fiscal year (3,768) was at an alltime low. In the
course of 1,889 decisions on the facts or applica
tion of the law, the Board clarified or reaffirmed
various existing policies and established some new
precedents in representation, union-shop, or unfair
labor practice cases. Federal courts interpreted
some of the legal provisions governing Board
operations.
Jurisdiction
The Board in its annual report briefly outlined
its jurisdictional standards,2 following this with a
review of the gist of Board opinions in leading
cases selected from those arising during 1954-56.
The cases presented served to explain points
frequently questioned, well-established policies, or
Board opinions in situations offering unusual cir
cumstances. The principal changes effected in
policy during fiscal 1956 and a few of the issues
which had frequently reached the Board for deci
sion in the same year are indicated by the cases
discussed immediately below.
Only two decisions issued in fiscal 1956 modified
jurisdictional standards. The Board announced 3
that jurisdiction over nonretail interstate enter
prises would be exercised on the basis of the
indirect-outflow test established in J o n e sb o ro
G r a in D r y i n g C o o p e ra tiv e ,i the minimum required
430118— 57-
-4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
volume of annual sales to be $100,000, but with no
distinction, as there had previously been, between
the purchaser’s direct and nondirect utilization of
the goods and services sold. It also held 5 that
employer-owners of industrial buildings must
meet criteria previously set for office buildings in
M c K i n n e y A v e n u e R e a lty C o .6
During fiscal 1956, the Board explained its
direct outflow test and its standards for wholesale
enterprises and other firms.7 Regarding direct
outflow, the Board held that the employer must be
the shipper, i. e., the one who determines the des
tination of the goods—not merely the one who
orders the shipment.8 In distinguishing between
wholesaling and retailing, the Board relies upon
the U. S. Supreme Court’s decision in R o la n d
E le c tr ic a l Co. v. W a ll in g ,9 whereby retail sales in
clude sales to a purchaser who desires “to satisfy
his own personal wants or those of his family or
friends,” and wholesale sales constitute “sales of
goods or merchandise” to trading establishments
of all kinds, to institutions, industrial, commercial,
and professional users, and sales to governmental
bodies.10 Application of inflow tests, or the dis
tinction between direct and indirect outflow, had
occasioned relatively few questions, the Board
reported.
Among the problems connected with administer
ing the National Labor Relations Act were those
which arose in determining an employer’s volume
of business. Such determination is not made, the
Board held, on operations in prior years 11 or those
1This summary is based on the Twenty-First Annual Report of the N a
tional Labor Relations Board for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1956, pub
lished in 1957.
2 See p. 829 of this issue for a summary of a recent report reviewing the
Board’s jurisdictional policies in the light of questions concerning Federal
and State jurisdiction in labor-management relations. See also Revision of
NLRB Jurisdictional Standards, M onthly Labor Review, September 1954
(pp. 998-1000) and The Revised Jurisdictional Standards of NLRB, Monthly
Labor Review, January 1955 (pp. 57-63).
3 Whippany Motor Co., Inc., 115 NLRB 52 (Jan. 12,1956).
<110 NLRB 481 (Oct. 26, 1954).
3 East Newark Realty Corp., 115 NLRB 483 (Feb. 17, 1956).
«110 NLRB 547 (Oct. 26, 1954).
7 In its report, the Board explains the interpretation of Hogue and Knott
Supermarkets, Inc. (110 NLRB 543, Oct. 26, 1954), with regard to application
of retail standards to multistate chains, but it should be noted that the deci
sion in T. H. Rogers Lumber Co. (May 23, 1957) eliminated the multistate
category when applying jurisdictional standards to either nonretail or retail
and service enterprises, applying single firm and intrastate chain standards
uniformly and overruling prior decisions insofar as inconsistent.
8 Reliable Mail Service Co., 113 NLRB 1263 (Aug. 26, 1955).
» 326 U. S. 657 (1946).
io J. S. Latta & Son, 114 NLRB 1248 (Nov. 30, 1955).
u Western Machine & Tool Co., 115 N LRB 978 (Apr. 4, 1956).
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
834
anticipated in the succeeding year.12 The Board
also described its method of dealing with joint or
allied enterprises, apart from its handling of the
determination of dollar volume of business. In
deciding whether closely related firms are suffi
ciently integrated to be treated as a single em
ployer, the Board considers interrelation of
operations, centralized control of labor relations,
common management, and common ownership or
financial control. The first three factors are
stressed in the Board’s opinions; and integration
is not accepted merely because of common owner
ship or financial control.13
In dealing with associations of employers, total
ity of members’ operations is considered in assum
ing jurisdiction;14 the evidence must show that
the employers unequivocally intend to be bound
in collective bargaining by group rather than by
individual action.15
Representation Cases
A 12.7-percent rise occurred in representation
cases received by the Board during 1955-56,
compared with 1954-55. Of the 8,076 petitions
for elections, unions filed 88 percent, employers
filed 7.4 percent (a 9-percent increase from the
preceding fiscal year), and individuals filed 4.6
percent (representing a 22-percent decrease in
these petitions to decertify incumbent unions).
Most of the cases occurred in the East North
Central and Middle Atlantic regions and in the
food products, fabricated metal products, and
nonelectrical machinery industries and in trade.
Over three-fourths of the 8,070 representation
cases closed by the agency were disposed of with
out the necessity of formal decision by the Board
members. The Board conducted 5,094 elections
to determine representation, decertification, and
union-shop deauthorization issues. Two-thirds of
the elections involved units of fewer than 60
workers, almost half fewer than 30 workers.
E le c tio n s . Most of the Boardconducted 4,946 representation elections involved
a single union; about 14 percent, 2 unions; a few,
3 or 4 unions; and 1 election, 5 unions. About
R e p r e s e n ta tio n
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
90 percent of the employees eligible to vote cast
valid ballots, but the proportion of employees in
units which elected a bargaining agent was lower
than in the 2 previous fiscal years—62.7 percent
of the eligible voters, compared with 73.1 percent
in the preceding fiscal year and 66.5 percent in
fiscal year 1954. Affiliated unions won 58.7 per
cent and unaffiliated (independent) unions, 60.1
percent of the elections in which they participated.
In the 129 decertifica
tion elections conducted by the Board, the union
involved was decertified in 89 cases.16 Valid votes
were cast by 91.1 percent of the employees eligible
to vote. Of the elections, 57 were on Board order,
46 on consent, and 26 were stipulated.17
D e c e r tific a tio n E le c tio n s .
U n io n - S h o p D e a u th o r iz a tio n P o lls . Nineteen elec
tions were union-shop deauthorization cases,18 2 on
consent, 17 on order from the regional director;19
13 of these polls resulted in deauthorizations, in
volving 831 employees; 6 brought continued
authorization, involving 1,169 workers.
Of the 8,070 representation cases
closed, 1,596 came before Board members for a
decision. In the course of these decisions, the
Board directed 1,357 elections and dismissed 239
contested petitions. Some of the decisions in
volved novel questions. A number, as indicated
by the following topical outline, set new precedents.
D e c is io n s .
'2 M iami Tomato Corp., Case No. 10-RC-1464, Aug. 8, 1955 (not reported
in printed volumes of Board Decisions and Orders); Bischof Die and E n
graving, 114 NLRB 1346 (Dec. 12, 1955).
13 Moving Picture Machine Operators Local No. 159 (Rainier Theatre Corp.),
115 NLRB 952 (Mar. 29, 1956), Intermediate Report quoting Florida State
Theatres, Inc., Case No. 1O-RC-2802 (not reported in printed volumes of
Board Decisions and Orders).
n Santa Clara District County Pharmaceutical Association, 114 NLRB 256
(Oct. 7, 1955).
u Bay Counties District Council of Carpenters (Associated Home Builders
of San Francisco), 115 N LRB 1757 (June 29, 1956).
is On petition by employees asserting that the union previously certified,
or currently recognized by their employer as the bargaining representative, no
longer represents a majority of the employees in the appropriate unit.
ii Consent elections are held by an agreement of all parties, with postelec
tion rulings and certifications made by the regional director. Stipulated elec
tions are held by agreement of all parties, the Board determining any objec
tions and/or challenges. Board-ordered elections are held pursuant to a
decision and direction of election by the Board, the Board making postelec
tion rulings on objections and/or challenges.
1* On petition by employees asking for a referendum to rescind a bargaining
agent’s authority to make a union-shop contract.
1* Election held pursuant to direction by the regional director, the Board
making postelection rulings on objections and/or challenges.
835
NLRB OPERATIONS DURING 1955-56
Sufficiency of showing of interest.—The administrative
determination of the sufficiency of a petitioner’s showing
of interest in an election applies with respect to a petition
for decertification—as well as to a petition for certification
(as already established).20
Annual financial reports.— Following review of procedure
regarding compliance with sec. 9 (g) of the Taft-Hartley
Act (governing filing of annual financial reports and bring
ing annual figures up to date), as a qualification for using
Board processes, the Board abandoned the Fawcett-Dearing 21 rule and provided immediate sanctions for failure to
achieve compliance within the 90-day grace period per
mitted.22
Contract bars.— In determining the timeliness of a rep
resentation petition in relation to the date on which the
contract would be automatically renewed, the Board an
nounced that the contract’s notice provision will be strictly
construed, each calendar day to be counted when comput
ing the 60-day notice period and determining the last day
on which a timely petition could be filed.23
Regarding the “10-day rule”—that an unsupported
representation claim must be followed by a petition within
10 days, to prevent an intervening contract from becoming
a bar—the Board ruled that: (1) a petition filed within
10 days after an unsupported representation claim does
not take precedence over an intervening contract unless
accompanied by the required showing of 30-percent inter
est, or unless the showing is provided within the time limit
prescribed in sec. 101.16 of the Board’s Statements of
Procedure;24 and (2) a contract executed during the “Mill
B period” (the interval between the date when the auto
matic renewal clause would take effect and the anniversary
date of the old contract) of a prior contract must be held
to bar a subsequent petition, even though a rival claim is
made prior to execution of the contract and is followed
within 10 days by a petition.23
Craft severance proceedings.— There was no appreciable
change during fiscal 1956 in the Board’s policy regarding
those employees or employee groups who may be sepa
rately represented in craft or departmental units. The
Board continued to apply the standard established in
American Potash 26 and also ruled that (1) no runoff elec
tions were to be held in severance proceedings, and (2) if
no union received a majority of votes cast, the employees
20 LeBoi Div., Westinghouse Airbrake Co., 114 N LRB 893 (Nov. 2, 1955).
21106 NLRB 1249 (Oct. 9, 1953).
22 Monsanto Chemical Co. (John F. Queeny Plant), 115 NLRB 702 (Mar.
7, 1956).
23 Bethlehem Pacific Coast Steel Corp., Shipbuilding Div., 114 NLRB 1197
(Nov. 23, 1955).
24 Boston Quilting Corp., 115 NLRB 491 (Feb. 17, 1956).
25 Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc., 115 NLRB 838 (Mar. 19, 1956).
23107 NLRB 1418 (Mar. 1, 1954).
27 Sutherland Paper Co., 114 NLRB 211 (Oct. 5, 1955).
28 American Tobacco Co., Inc., 115 NLRB 218 (Jan. 23, 1956).
29 Don Allen Midtown Chevrolet, Inc., 113 NLRB 879 (Aug. 19, 1955).
39103 NLRB 1200 (Mar. 27, 1953).
37 88 NLRB 1 (Jan. 5, 1950).
32 More than one charge may be contained in a complaint.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
would continue to be part of the unit from which the con
test sought to sever them.27 In addition, the Board
abolished the “neither” or “no union” choice in craft
severance elections, noting that neither the legal provisions
nor their legislative history require that employees in
severance elections be given the opportunity to return to a
nonunion status.28
Objections to elections.— The Board announced that
under sec. 102.61 of its Rules and Regulations, objections
to the conduct of an election must be reasonably specific—
not merely a general allegation of election interference.29
This action overruled prior cases insofar as they are incon
sistent (including Gastonia Weaving Co.,30 and Wilson
& Co.31).
Unfair Labor Practice Cases
Unfair labor practice cases filed with the Board
(5,265) declined 14.7 percent from the alltime
record volume in 1954-55. A steady rise in the
proportion of such cases had been apparent, the
Board noted, since 1953. Of 5,619 such cases
closed by the agency during fiscal 1956, the Gen
eral Counsel’s staff closed 89.5 percent without
the necessity of a formal decision by Board
members.
Charges against employers (3,522 cases) de
creased 19 percent from fiscal 1955. Threefourths of the cases (75.6 percent) charged illegal
discrimination against employees because of union
activities—or lack of union membership. The
second most common charge (made in 22.8 percent
of the cases) was refusal to bargain in good faith.
Charges against unions (1,743 cases) declined
by 3.6 percent, compared with 1954-55. Threefifths of the cases (61.5 percent) involved the
charge of illegal restraint or coercion of employees
in exercising their right to engage in, or to refrain
from, union activity. Discrimination against em
ployees because of lack of union membership was
also charged in 49 percent.32 Secondary boycott
activity was charged in 22.8 percent and refusal
to bargain in good faith in 5.6 percent of the cases.
Charges filed by individual employees continued
high. In recent years, the proportion of the
charges against employers from this source had
increased, averaging 27 percent in the period
1950-54, and amounting to 36.3 percent in 195455. The 36.9 percent in 1955-56 led the Board to
remark that the proportion is apparently leveling
836
off. Unions had filed 63.1 percent of the charges
against employers. Charges from individuals
against unions were 46.3 percent in 1955-56,
compared with 60 percent in 1954—55; employers
filed 47.4 percent and unions, 6.3 percent of the
charges against unions. In 1955-56, about 40
percent of all unfair labor practice charges were
filed by individual employees; in 1954-55, the
proportion was 43 percent, and in 1953-54, 36
percent.
Of the 5,030 unfair labor practice cases closed
by the field staff without formal Board decision,
3,457 were against employers and 1,573 against
unions. Of the charges against employers, 11
percent were adjusted, 43 percent dismissed,
and 46 percent withdrawn. Of those against
unions, 11 percent were adjusted, 37 percent
dismissed, and 52 percent withdrawn.
In 713 cases, the regional directors issued formal
complaints, acting under the General Counsel’s
statutory authority. These complaints were di
vided as follows: 314 against employers and
399 against unions (of which 74 were based on
charges by a single employer against 1 union).
D ecisions. Board members issued formal decisions
in 293 unfair labor practice cases; 191, or 65.2
percent, involved charges against employers.
The Board found violations in 159 of the 191.
The Board ordered, in 31 cases, that illegal
assistance to, or domination of, labor organiza
tions be stopped; in 54 cases, the Board ordered
the employer to bargain in good faith. In the
other cases, violations differed, some involving
more than one unfair practice and a number
involving illegal discharges; orders issued in such
S3 David O. Leach and Doyle H. Wallace, d. b. a. Brookville Glove Co., 114
NLRB 213 (Oct. 6, 1955).
31191 F. 2d 1006 (C. A. 2).
35 351 U. S. 62.
33 Oregon Coast Operators Association, 113 N LRB 1338 (Aug. 26, 1955).
37108 N L R B 1537 (June 28,1954), enforced 217 F. 2d 593 (C. A. 4), certiorari
denied, 349 U. S. 905.
33 Taylor Forge and Pipe Works, 113 NLRB 693 (Aug. 16, 1955).
39 Westinghouse Electric Corp., 113 NLRB 954 (Aug. 25, 1955).
40 H - E - Sloudt & Son, Inc., 114 NLRB 836 (Oct. 31, 1955), in which case
the employer agreed with a union to reject applicants for work because they
had not been referred through the union’s hiring hall.
41 International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 12, 113 NLRB 655
(Aug. 15, 1955).
42 For example, The Englander Co., Inc., 114 NLRB 1034 (Nov. 16, 1955).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
cases called for the reinstatement of 593 employees
and back pay for 603.
Some new precedents were established; novel
questions were considered; and various rules
reaffirmed. In a case charging employer dis
crimination, the Board held that employees may
lawfully strike for the purpose of obtaining
recognition of a labor organization which has
not complied with the non-Communist affidavit
requirement contained in the Taft-Hartley Act.33
In this decision, the Board cited N L R B v. P ratt,
R ead <& Co., In c .,u its views paralleling the
argument in the subsequent case before the
U. S. Supreme Court ( U nited M in e W orkers v.
A rk a n sa s Oak Flooring Co.35).
During fiscal 1956, the Board decided several
cases bearing on the employer’s duty, under sec.
8 (a)(5) of the Taft-Hartley Act, to comply with
the request of the employees’ representatives
for information desired in bargaining. An em
ployer was directed, in one decision, to furnish
information “relevant and necessary” to collec
tive bargaining, so as to enable the unions to
properly serve as statutory representatives.36
The wage-information doctrine (W h itin M a ch in e
W o r k s 37) was held to cover data on the job evalua
tion system, which the employer had promised to
make available on particular jobs.38 On the other
hand, in another case, the Board held that the
employer’s refusal to permit union representatives
to make an on-the-job study of an employee’s
duties (whose pay classification was the subject of
a pending grievance) did not violate the law.39
Some of the cases against employers for alleged
interference with employees’ rights involved
prohibitions against wearing union insignia in
the plant, premature recognition of a bargaining
representative, and discrimination against super
visory employees. Unlawful encouragement of
union membership occasionally took the form of
arrangements enabling union members to receive
hiring preference40 or giving a union exclusive
control over certain conditions of employment.41
Union security agreements found illegal under
sec. 8 (a) (3) included contracts with labor organ
izations which had not established their majority
status.42
NLRB OPERATIONS DURING 1955-56
Charges against unions were involved in 102 of
the formal decisions by Board members in unfair
labor practice cases. Violations were found in 78
of the cases. In 20 cases involving illegal dis
charges, the Board ordered that back pay be given
to 77 workers and in the case of 31 of these work
ers, held the employer and union jointly liable.
In 24 other cases, the Board ordered the union to
cease requiring an employer to give illegal assist
ance to it. In 19 cases, the Board ordered a union
to halt secondary boycott activities. Violations,
one or more in the remaining cases, differed in
nature. Some of these cases against unions in
volved violence or threats of violence against em
ployees not supporting union activity. Others
concerned imposition of union membership re
quirements not legally sanctioned. There were
instances of union-induced discriminatory treat
ment and adoption of discriminatory agreements.
Administration of the secondary boycott pro
visions required decisions regarding interpretation
of statutory terms, the general scope of the protec
tion afforded to neutral employers, and various
other issues, including particular jurisdictional
questions. The Board overruled C onw ay's E x
press 13 and P ittsburgh P late Glass, ^ holding that
regardless of the existence of a “hot cargo” con
tract clause, any direct appeal by a union to em
ployees of a secondary employer to engage in a
strike or concerted refusal to handle a product is
prohibited, when the action has one of the objec
tives indicated in sec. 8 (b) (4) (A) of the TaftHartley Act.45 Subsequently, this was held the
view even though the employer acquiesced in the
union’s demand that the employees refuse to
handle hot goods.46
« 87 NLRB 972 (Dec. 16, 1949), affirmed 1951 F. 2d 906 (C. A. 2).
44 105 NLRB 740 (June 25, 1953).
45 Sand Door and Plywood Co., 113 NLRB 1210 (Aug. 26, 1955).
40 General Drivers Union, Local 886, 115 NLRB 800 (Mar. 15, 1956). How
ever, on M ay 9,1957, a Federal appellate court held that a union party to a
contract containing such a cause is not guilty of an unfair labor practice when
it requests its members to refuse to handle hot goods, this being the only
effective means the union had to enforce its contract. The ease was General
Drivers Union, Local 886 v. N L R B and Local 850, International Association of
Machinists v. N L R B . (See p. 849 of this issue.)
47 Mastro Plastics Corp., 350 IT. S. 270.
48 The Babcock and Wilson Co., and two companion cases, Seamprufe, Inc.,
and Raneo, Inc., 351 U. S. 105.
48 Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Louisville, 350 U. S. 264.
» 341 U. S. 322.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
837
Court Action
The Board’s report discussed U. S. Supreme
Court cases involving these issues, among others:
1. A union’s right to strike against unfair labor
practices, the Court holding that neither the no
strike clause of a collective bargaining agreement
nor the waiting provisions of sec. 8 (d) (4) de
prived the employees of their statutory right to
strike against unfair labor practices,47 agreeing
with the Board and the Federal appellate court
that the no-strike pledge and sec. 8 (d) (4) were
intended only to outlaw economic strikes.
2. The right of nonemployee organizers to con
tact employees on company premises, the High
Court saying 48 that the rule that no restriction
may be placed on the employees’ right to discuss
self-organization among themselves does not govern
access of nonemployee organizers to company
property. Nonemployee organizers may be ex
cluded from company property “if reasonable
efforts by the union through other available
channels of communication will enable it to reach
the employees with its message and if the em
ployer’s notice or order does not discriminate
against the union by allowing other distribution.”
Conversely, access for the purpose of distributing
literature must be granted “if the location of a
plant and the living quarters of the employees
place the employees beyond the reach of reasonable
union efforts to communicate with them” and the
employer’s right to exclude nonemployees from its
property is “required to yield to the extent needed
to permit communication of information on the
right to organize.” The Court concluded that
the employers could not be required to allow such
activity in this situation.
3. Determination of compliance with the nonCommunist affidavit requirement,49 the High
Court saying that the decision in H ig h la n d P a rk 50
would control litigation of the compliance, as the
case involved a question regarding the scope of
sec. 9 (li); also, in approving the Board’s applica
tion of a “constitutional” rule in construing the
term “officers” (as opposed to a functional test,
favored by the Federal appellate court), the
Supreme Court said that, as the word was not
838
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
defined in the National Labor Eelations Act or
AFL-CIO Ethical Practices
its legislative history, the term “officers” must be
Codes 5 and 6
given its usual meaning, i. e., “those who hold
defined offices . . . not the boys in the back room
or other agencies of invisible government.” Also,
T he E xecutive C ouncil of the American
that even if the term should have a technical
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
meaning, its definition by the Board as an expert
Organizations, at its May 1957 meeting, adopted
body must be accepted.
two codes of ethical practices—one relating to
4.
Dismissal by a Federal appeals court of an union financial practices and the other to union
NLEB petition to cite an employer for civil con
democratic processes. These were the fifth and
tempt of the appellate court’s bargaining decree,
sixth in a series 1 of codes recommended by the
concerning which the Supreme Court held that
Federation’s Committee on Ethical Practices.
the granting or withholding of the remedy is not
The texts of the latest codes are reproduced here.
wholly discretionary with the court of appeals;
The code on financial practices incorporates the
the employer’s failure following the decree to
minimum accounting and financial controls for
bargain for a reasonable time was unlawful and
affiliates which were prepared by nationally
it was the statutory duty of the court of appeals
known accounting firms and recommended by a
to adjudge the employer in contempt.51
special committee of the Secretary-Treasurers’
Federal appeals courts reviewed 95 cases; of
Conference of the AFL-CIO.
these, 5 were remanded. Board orders were en
forced in full in 57 cases, enforced with modifica
Financial Practices of Unions
tions in 13, partially enforced and partially re
1.
The AFL-CIO and all affiliated national and inter
manded in 2, and set aside in 18 cases. In the
national unions should comply with the minimum ac
first case under sec. 2 (2) of the Taft-Hartley Act,
counting and financial controls suggested by the Committee
a Federal appeals court sustained the Board in
of Secretary-Treasurers and approved by the Executive
finding that a labor organization is an “employer”
Council which [follow].
with respect to its own employees and that the
[a] Detailed and accurate records of accounts, in con
formity with generally recognized and accepted principles
Board has jurisdiction in unfair labor practice
of accounting, should be currently maintained by all
charges against such an employer with, also, the
affiliates of the AFL-CIO. These records should include,
authority to decline to take jurisdiction.52
as a minimum need, a cash receipt record, a cash dis
The Board filed 77 mandatory petitions in fiscal
bursements record, a general ledger, a dues or per capita
1956 for court injunctions against unions (under
tax record, an investment record, and a payroll record.
[b] All receipts should be duly recorded and currently
provisions applying to secondary strikes and boy
deposited. No disbursements of any nature should be
cotts, certain sympathy strikes, and strikes or
made from undeposited cash receipts.
boycotts against a Board certification of a bar
[c] All expenditures should be approved by proper
gaining representative).
authority under constitutional provision and be recorded
Litigation to aid or protect the Board’s statutory
and supported by vouchers, providing an adequate
description of the nature and purpose of the expenditure
processes included subpena enforcement proceed
sufficient for a reasonable audit by internal and inde
ings, an action to prevent State court intervention
pendent auditors. Disbursements should be made only
in matters within Board jurisdiction,53 defense of
by check, with the exception of disbursements from petty
suits to enjoin Board action, and defense of a suit
cash, in which situation, an imprest petty cash fund should
be established.
for damages against Board agents.
61 Warren Co., Inc., 350 U. S. 107.
Office Employees International Union, Local No. 11, 235 F. 2d 832, 833,
certiorari granted, 352 U. S. 906. On May 6, 1957, however, the U. S. Su
preme Court ruled that the NLRB exceeded its authority in declining to
assert jurisdiction over labor unions as a class when they act as employer.
53 For a discussion of three U. S. Supreme Court decisions of March 25,
1957, regarding Federal-State jurisdiction, see M onthly Labor Review, May
1957 (pp. 603-604).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[d] Salaries of elected officials should be established
only by constitutional provision. Compensation to nonsalaried elected officials, and to other officials, representa
tives, and employees, if not fixed by constitutional pro
vision, should be established and paid in strict conformity
with such authority as is provided by the constitution
and in accordance with its applicable provisions.
1 For the texts of the previously adopted codes, see M onthly Labor Review,
March 1957 (pp. 350-353).
AFL-CIO ETHICAL PRACTICES
[e] Reimbursement of expenses, including per diem ex
penses, should be made only where such expenses have been
duly authorized and are supported in a manner that will
permit a reasonable audit.
[f] Every precaution should be taken to ensure the
soundness and safety of investments and that investments
are made only by persons duly authorized to act for and
on behalf of the affiliate. Investments in securities should
either be restricted to the type of securities which legally
qualify for trust fund investments in the domicile State or
a person or persons authorized to invest funds of an affiliate
should, in making such investment, be required to exercise
the judgment and care under the circumstances then pre
vailing which men of prudence, discretion, and intelligence
exercise in the management of their own affairs, not in re
gard to speculation but in regard to the permanent disposi
tion of their funds, considering probable safety of their
capital as well as probable income. No investment should
be made by an affiliate in a business or enterprise in which
any officer of that affiliate has a direct or indirect personal
financial interest of such a nature as to be affected by the
affiliate’s investment or withdrawal of investment. (This
last stated provision is not to be construed as preventing
investment in a business or enterprise in which an official
of an affiliate is engaged by virtue of his office, provided [1]
no substantial personal advantage is derived from the re
lationship, and [2] the business or enterprise is one in the
management of which the affiliate participates for the
benefit of its members.) Securities owned by the affiliate
should be under dual officer control and held by a bank or
a trust company as agent or if that is not feasible, such
securities should be placed in a safety deposit vault. All
investments and legal title to all assets of an affiliate
should be in the name of the affiliate or its duly designated
agent or trustee.
[g] Periodic, but not less than semiannual, detailed
financial reports should be prepared in accordance with
generally recognized and accepted standards of financial
reporting. These reports should be prepared and sub
mitted by the elected financial officer of the affiliate to the
executive body of such affiliate for its study and such action
as may be required.
[h] A record of each meeting of the executive body of an
affiliate should be made and maintained. These records
should note all official actions taken by that body, in rela
tion to accounting and financial matters.
[i] Adequate fidelity bond coverage should be required
by an affiliate for all officers, representatives, and em
ployees of that affiliate in positions of trust, including
officers and employees of subordinate bodies of such
affiliate.
' [j] Affiliates and their subordinate bodies should be
subject to a system of internal audits made by auditors or
by other competent persons in accordance with generally
accepted standards of auditing so as to maintain current
vigilance over all financial transations.
[k]
At least annually, an audit of the accounts of each
affiliate, except directly affiliated local unions of the AFLCIO, should be made by independent certified public ac
countants. A summary of such audit approved by such
independent certified public accountants should be made
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
839
available to the membership of the affiliate and the publicEach such affiliate should require, at least annually,
that an audit be made of the accounts of its subordinate
bodies by competent persons. A summary of such audit
approved by such competent persons should be made
available to the membership of such subordinate body.
An annual audit of the accounts of directly affiliated
local unions should be made by authorized competent
representatives of the AFL-CIO designated by the
Secretary-Treasurer of the AFL-CIO. A summary of
such audit, approved by such representative, shall be made
available to the membership of such directly affiliated local
unions.
[l] All financial and accounting records of affiliates and
their subordinate bodies and all supporting vouchers and
documents, or microfilm copies thereof, should be pre
served for a period of time not less than that prescribed
by applicable statutes of limitations.
[m] Neither the AFL-CIO nor any national or interna
tional union affiliated with the AFL-CIO should make
personal loans to its officers, representatives, employees, or
members, or members of their families, for the purpose of
financing the private business or investment of such
persons.
[n] No “kickbacks” or any other improper payments
should be accepted or made, directly or indirectly, by any
officer, representative, or employee of an affiliate in con
nection with any financial transaction of such affiliate.
[o] Affiliates should take every precaution necessary to
insure their full compliance with all properly authorized
and applicable requirements of State or Federal law
pertaining to financial and accounting matters and to
reporting.
[p] In order to protect and safeguard the good name and
reputation of the AFL-CIO and its affiliates, the financial
and accounting controls set forth herein are made appli
cable to itself and each of the affiliates of the AFL-CIO
and their subordinate bodies and to all their funds of what
ever nature.
[q] Where constitutional amendments or changes in
internal administrative procedure are necessary to a full
compliance with the standards set forth herein, such
amendments and changes should be undertaken by
affiliates at the earliest practicable opportunity.
2. The AFL-CIO and all affiliated national and inter
national unions should conduct their proprietary functions,
including all contracts for purchase or sale or for the rendi
tion of housekeeping services, in accordance with the
practices of well-run institutions, including the securing of
competitive bids for all major contracts.
3. Neither the AFL-CIO nor any national or interna
tional union affiliated with the AFL-CIO should permit
any of its funds to be loaned, invested, or otherwise dealt
with in a manner which inures to the personal profit or
advantage of any officer, representative, or employee of the
union.
4. Neither the AFL-CIO nor any national or interna
tional union affiliated with the AFL-CIO should enter into
any contracts of purchase or sale or for the rendition of
services which will inure to or result in the personal profit
840
or advantage, including gifts of more than nominal value,
other than his regular salary or compensation, of any
officer, representative, or employee of the union.
5. Neither the AFL-CIO nor any national or interna
tional union affiliated with the AFL-CIO should invest in
or make loans to any business enterprise with which it
bargains collectively.
6. The provisions of paragraph 5 shall not be construed
as prohibiting investment by unions in the publicly traded
securities of widely held corporations wdiich investment
does not constitute a substantial enough holding to affect
or influence the course of corporate decision; the provisions
of paragraphs 3 and 4 shall not be construed as applying to
the profit that may result from a proper investment by a
union officer, representative, or employee. Nor shall such
provisions be construed as preventing investment in a
business or enterprise in which an official of an affiliate
is engaged by virtue of his office, provided (a) no substan
tial personal advantage is derived from the relationship
and (b) the business or enterprise is one in the management
of which the affiliate participates for the benefit of its
members. The provisions of such paragraphs, however,
shall apply wherever third persons are used as blinds or
covers to conceal the personal profit or advantage of union
officials.
7. Neither the AFL-CIO nor any national or interna
tional union affiliated wdth the AFL-CIO should make
personal loans to its officers, representatives, employees,
or members, or members of their families, for the purpose
of financing the private business or investment of such
persons.
8. Each national or international union affiliated with
the AFL-CIO should promptly take whatever internal
steps are needed to ensure that the standards set forth in
this code are made applicable to itself and to each of its
locals and other subordinate or affiliated bodies. Wherever
constitutional amendments or changes in internal adminis
trative procedures are necessary to fully comply with those
standards, such amendments and changes should be
undertaken by the affiliates at the earliest practicable
opportunity.
Union Democratic Processes
1. Each member of a union should have the right to
full and free participation in union self-government.
This should include the right (a) to vote periodically for
his local and national officers, either directly by referendum
vote or through delegate bodies, (b) to honest election,
(c) to stand for and to hold office, subject only to fair
qualifications uniformly imposed, [and] (d) to voice his
views as to the method in wffiich the union’s affairs should
be conducted.
2. Each member of a union should have the right to
fair treatment in the application of union rules and law.
The general principle applicable to union disciplinary
procedures is that such procedures should contain all the
elements of fair play. No particular formality is required.
No lawyers need be used. The essential requirements of
due process, however—-notice, hearing, and judgment on
the basis of the evidence—should be observed. A method
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of appeal to a higher body should be provided to ensure
that judgment at the local level is not the result of pre
judice or bias.
3. Each member of a union has the responsibility (a)
fully to exercise his rights of union citizenship and (b)
loyally to support his union. The right of an individual
member to criticize the policies and personalities of his
union officers does not include the right to undermine the
union as an institution, to advocate dual unionism, to
destroy or weaken the union as a collective bargaining
agency, or to carry on slander and libel.
4. To safeguard the rights of the individual members
and to safeguard its democratic character, the AFE-CIO
and each affiliated national or international union should
hold regular conventions at stated intervals, which should
be not more than 4 years. The convention should be the
supreme governing body of the union.
5. Officers of the AFE-CIO and of each affiliated na
tional or international union should be elected either by
referendum vote or by the vote of delegate bodies. Which
ever method is used, election should be free, fair, and
honest, and adequate internal safeguards should be pro
vided to ensure the achievement of that objective.
6. All general conventions of the AFL-CIO and of
affiliated national or international unions should be open
to the public, except for necessary executive sessions.
Convention proceedings or an accurate summary thereof
should be published and be available to the membership.
7. The appropriate officials of the union and such bodies
which are given authority to govern a union’s affairs
between conventions should be elected, whether from the
membership at large or by appropriate divisions, either by
referendum vote or by the vote of delegate bodies. Such
bodies shall abide by and enforce the provisions of the
union’s constitution and carry out the decisions of the
convention.
8. Membership meetings of local unions should be held
periodically with proper notice of time and place.
9. Elections of local union officers should be democratic,
conducted either by referendum or by vote of a delegate
body which is itself elected by referendum or at union
meetings.
10. The term of office of all union officials should be
stated in the organization’s constitution or bylawrs and
should be for a reasonable period, not to exceed 4 years.
11. To ensure dem ocratic, responsible, and honest
administration of its locals and other subordinate bodies,
the AFL-CIO and affiliated national and international
unions should have the power to institute disciplinary and
corrective proceedings with respect to local unions and
other subordinate bodies, including the power to establish
trusteeships where necessary. Such powers should be
exercised sparingly and only in accordance wdth the pro
visions of the union’s constitution, and autonomy should
be restored promptly upon correction of the abuses requir
ing trusteeship.
12. Where constitutional amendments or changes in
internal administrative procedures are necessary to com
ply with the standards herein set forth, such amendments
and changes should be undertaken at the earliest prac
ticable time.
TEJCHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS ON LABOR AND SOCIAL POLICY
Impact of Technological Progress
on Labor and Social Policy
EDITOR'S NoTE .-The material which follows was
excerpted from Automation and Other Technological Developments-Labor and Social Implications, Report of the Director-General to
the 40th session, International Labor Conference, Part I (Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1957). That report, "a brief preliminary
survey of some of the problems which automation, atomic energy, and other changes in technology appear to raise in the areas of primary
concern to the ILO," was designed to stimulate
discussion at the 1957 Conference with a view
to developing the ILO's policies and activities
in this area.
THERE rs NO DOUBT that we have entered a new
t echnological era. Automation and atomic energy,
unfolding simultaneously, are already causing
drastic changes in the world of industry and labor.
espite substantial differences of opinion, no one
ould deny that they provide a powerful lever for
conomic growth. They make possible the more
apid development required to keep pace with
opulation growth and to raise living standards.
he Pace of Progress
The key to the labor and social impact of
utomation and other technological innovations
s the rate of speed at which they are introduced.
s many have emphasized, if the changes of the
st 50 years had been compressed into the space
f 5 years, there would have been economic and
ocial chaos. If the changes resulting from autoation, the use of atomic energy, and other
ecent innovations were to take place within the
ame limited period of 5 years, there would be
ounds for grave concern.
There have been long discussions of the factors
miting the introduction and spread of automaion and analogous developments. There has
een less discussion of the forces accelerating the
ate of [its] introduction. One of these is the
social demand for higher living standards. Another is the snowballing effect of technical change:
one thing leads to another, in the same place and
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841
in other places. Related is the specific force of
research and development work, the "fully automatic" or "fully electronic" or "fully atomic"
solution becoming the scientific ideal. A further
and more specialized factor is intensified industrial
research.
A less general but highly important factor is
the dwindling labor force of certain countries in
relation to the trend of population growth or the
fact of labor shortage in relation to manpower
requirements for planned economic growth. In
addition, the very size and complexity of administrative, scientific and technical, and industrial
problems in the modern world and the rhythm of
operations are calling forth new methods of work
and production and new sources of energy.
Finally, automation and developments grouped
under this head present certain clear-cut advantages to industry. Some are financial. Of
these, the most important is the reduction of
direct labor costs. Other advantages are technical. Of these, the most important is probably
the fact that automation makes it possible to
produce better quality goods and to work with
constant precision and within narrower specifications.
Most people tend to believe that the new
technologies will spread from one field to another
over a fairly long period ; that the weight of
evidence is in the direction of gradual evolution
from country to country as well as from one field
of industry and commerce to another; and that
this is the most reasonable basis on which to plan
socially for the absorption of change.
Few have challenged these assumptions. Nor
would I do so. Yet in the interests of caution, it
might be noted that only a few years ago automation and the development of atomic energy were
both commonly regarded as practical problems
for the next decade, not for this one. Things
have happened far faster than most qualified
observers in both fields expected.
The accelerating tendency toward increasingly
automatic methods of production and toward the
use of new sources of power is certain to have a
profound influence on the pattern and structure of
industry and on the location of industrial activity.
Technological advance has generally tended
toward concentrating production in large, highly
capitalized plants with complex technical
processes.
842
A good many trade unions, as well as small
employers, fear that monopoly will be a concomitant of automation and that many small
businesses will drop out, causing much labor
displacement. Leaders of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial
Organizations have raised this problem and called
for study of its implications. The United Kingdom trade unions have urged planning and action
so that small concerns may be able to obtain
automatic equipment.
On the other hand, a contrary view as to the
impact of automation on the size of firm is taken
by other observers. For instance, the president
of the Carnegie Institution of Washington foresees
new opportunities for small business. In his
view, "if large manufacturing companies turn to
automation in extreme form, they . . . increase
their own rigidity and render it more possible for
the small industrial unit to prosper by reason of
its inherent flexibility." 1
On balance, however, automation seems likely
to lead to a greater concentration of production in
large or middle-size units. The number of workers
employed at these plants might be smaller; the
production might be larger.
With atomic energy and automation together,
the factory is no longer tied to a traditional power
or labor supply. Industrial moves may be encouraged by the fact that it tends to be more
economical and, indeed, in many cases necessary,
to install automation and atomic generation in
specially designed new plants than in old ones.
These factors suggest the possibility and probability of industrial decentralization and plant shifts
and the emergence of many social and community
problems arising out of plant abandonment.
The Impact on Employment
What is the impact of technological improvements on employment? The answer depends to a
large extent on how fast and how generally change
takes place. Even more, perhaps, it depends on
the buoyancy of the economy. So long as improvements are introduced against a background
of high levels of economic activity and a continuing rate of economic expansion, the maintenance of the general level of employment is not
likely to be a serious problem provided the occu-
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
pational shifts required to adjust to the changes
can be made.
Past experience shows no reason to believe that
technological innovations lead to a decrease in
the global volume of employment. On the contrary, it suggests that such innovations, while they
may cause declines in some areas of employment,
lead in the long run to an expansion of employment by creating increases in other areas. In
all [industrialized countries] the most significant
characteristic of the postwar era has been the
phenomenal growth of quite new industries and
service trades and occupations, opening up new
employment opportunities in many fields.
So far, the fact of the matter is this: Postwar
technological advances have not been responsible
for mass displacement of workers in any country
or industry. For one thing, automation and
analogous innovations are making greatest headway in industries with expanding output and
markets and in industries where human power
alone could never perform the operations needed
to produce the goods we want. For another,
normal labor turnover and mobility are coping
with a good part of the situation. Finally, in the
industrially advanced countries, technological improvements have been introduced against a general
postwar background of economic recovery, growth,
and expansion and against less severe business
fl ctuations than in the prewar period.
Most feel that it is impossible to predict the
[impact of automation] with present-day tools
but that better methods of analysis and forecasting must be found. All agree that, whatever the
scale of the impact and related production changes,
the employment situation needs continuous watch
ing and careful analysis and that it is in this are
of report arid inquiry that government services, a
all levels, can make a particularly important an
immediately practical contribution.
On th
whole, the trend of opinion among employers an
trade unions is optimistic but cautious. Never
theless, and more particularly in trade union cir
cles, there is an evident fear that things will not
go on forever as they are; that a saturation point
may be reached; that, even with decreased hours
1 EDITOR'S NoTE,-Cited in Automation and Technological Change, H ear
logs before the Subco=ittee on Economic Stabilization or the [Congressional) Joint Committee on the Economic Report, 84th Cong., 1st sess.,
Washington, 1955 (p. 615).
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS ON LABOR AND SOCIAL POLICY
of work and increased leisure and new and growing demands, employment will soon cease to
expand; that old jobs will be displaced faster than
new jobs will be created; and that unemployment
on a wide scale will be the inevitable result. What
is the basis for these apprehensions?
In the United States, the fear is that employment opportunities are not keeping pace with
rising man-hour productivity. The same apprehensions are evident in Australia, Belgium, Canada,
France, the Federal R epublic of Germany, and
the United Kingdom. It seems to be the fear
of creeping unemployment, developing simultaneously with rising production and productivity
and spreading from one industry branch to
another, that is at the root of misgivings about
the future. The only way in which [these apprehensions] can be countered is by concentrating
on t he facts, by giving sustained attention to the
-0banging employment situation, and by careful
planning not only to promote full employment
and economic growth but also to foster the social
policies which must underlie and accompany
such growth.
It is recognized that large-scale shifts of workers
from one industry, occupation, or undertaking to
another are an inevitable consequence of technological change and that the necessary adjustments
-0an be made smoothly and easily only in conditions
of full employment. In general, the shifts under
way seem to continue and reinforce trends already
evident-a general tendency away from agri-0ulture and from certain manufacturing industries
and toward new or developing manufacturing
and service industries and occupations. I would
add, however , that according to many observers,
the short-run impact of automation and analogous
developments may be greater on white-collar
employment than on manufacturing employment.
Outside of certain manufacturing industries, the
greatest potential for automation lies in office work
and it is already being introduced rapidly in
activities in which data-processing plays a predominant part.
Finally, so far as the composition of the labor
force is concerned, the tendency is for young
workers to enter employment later and for older
workers to retire from work earlier, now that oldage pension schemes are common. In general,
it is expected that these trends will be reinforced
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843
by recent technological advances. For women,
the general tendency bas been toward greater
numerical participation in the labor force and
wider employment opportunities. It may be
considered probable that automation and other
changes will reinforce this tendency as well.
Both handicapped and older workers may find
more opportunities for useful employment in the
automated factories of the future, as more of the
physical functions of production are transferred
from human beings to machines.
Some countries anticipate a slowly growing or
static labor force in future decades and, therefore,
look to the higher man-hour productivity of
automation to compensate for relative labor
shortage in the active age groups. They believe
that this is a most important factor in the overall
employment outlook, as well as one affecting the
fut,ure composition of the labor force.
T echnological progress holds out great savings
in labor: let us not be afraid to admit this. These
savings may be taken in the form of (1) higher
output, (2) shorter hours, (3) unemployment; or
a combination of the three. The problem, to my
mind, is to arrive at a satisfactory combination
of the first two and to avoid the third. For
some countries, the main danger of unemployment may arise not from too rapid but from too
slow progress in automation and other technological developments. As a result, these countries may lose markets to more efficient competitors. This is a real danger in countries
where restrictive business practices are adopted
by employers and restrictive labor practices are
insisted upon by trade unions. Pressure for
high wages by trade unions does not clog technological progress, but, on the contrary, may
promote it by driving management to install
more efficient methods and machines and by
expanding the demand for industrial goods and
services. But rigid demarcation lines between
changing skills, "featherbedding," unrealistic views
on apprenticeship ratios or length-these are
among the factors which may clog technological
progress. Again, unwillingness to take risks,
inefficient work organization, the absence of
management development policies and training
facilities- these . are also factors which block
advance. The dividing line between measures
which are to be regarded as unreasonable restric-
844
tions on technological progress and those which
are to be regarded as affording reasonable safeguards for the interests of employers and workers
affected by technological progress is not easy to
draw. The question of where and how this line
is to be drawn is one which has international as
well as national implications.
Dismissal and Reemployment
The most serious problems naturally arise for
workers whose employment is terminated as a
result of technological changes. Their future prospects of reemployment depend primarily on the
buoyancy of the employment situation.
Much depends on the way dismissals are handled
by management. Advance notice--as much as
possible--is one important factor. Such notice
assures fair treatment to all workers, allows the
worker to prepare for the economic adjustment he
will have to make. While it is common to find
provision for advance notice in modern collective
agreements, the period of notice is still very short
indeed-frequently somewhere between about 2
days and 2 weeks-far too short to enable any
worker to do much advance planning about his
future. 2
A second element of importance is the provision
of full information as to the reasons why the dismissals are unavoidable; the maintenance and
application of rules-agreed with the workers'
representatives-to govern the order and conditions of dismissal are essential to promote understanding and to ensure fair treatment among the
workers affected.3 In general, seniority is the
main determinant of the order of dismissal, and
this seems to work out in as equitable a manner as
any other rule that could be devised. So far as
the conditions of dismissal are concerned, the most
important factor is financial. What will the
worker have to live on? It is my view that employers and all others concerned with the problem
would do well to give serious consideration to this
question [of dismissal compensation].
A final important element is providing help in
making the contacts necessary to find other work.
Sometimes direct contacts between plant personnel
departments have had excellent results. The employment service, too, can help. Moreover, during a period of rapid technological advance, action
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to strengthen guidance and counseling facilities is
particularly necessary, both as a means of providing employment information in terms of an individual worker's needs and as a means of giving
him the personal help and psychological encouragement which may well be necessary. Most employment services are particularly weak in this
area and most community counseling facilities
are inadequate.
Above all, perhaps, there is the important question of income maintenance during any period of
unemployment. In many countries, unemployment insurance now provides a first net of assistance for the majority of workers. But how far
are benefits adequate in amount or in duration?
On what conditions are they granted? How great
a sacrifice is imposed on a worker with continuing
financial obligations? Even with the addition of
dismissal bonuses and supplementary unemployment benefits of various kinds, is not the worker
asked to shoulder too heavy a part of the burden
of technological readjustment? These are the
questions the workers are asking.
There is a clear need to keep the whole problem
of unemployment under review, not merely the
services providing financial assistance in the event
of it. Most countries have machinery for reviewing the general level of employment. Few have
systematic methods for analyzing the content of
the unemployed population, for studying the remedies for unemployment. Yet different kinds of
unemployment require different kinds of action.
Problems of Labor Mobility
The possibility of labor displacement, combined
with the prediction that automation, atomic energy, and other technological changes are likely
to promote flexibility in industrial location and to
make for rather far-reaching changes in the existing geographical pattern of employment, has focused attention on problems connected with the
mobility of labor. It seems generally agreed that
in the long run the employment market will have
to display a higher degree of geographical mobility.
1 EDITOR'S NOTE.-For a description of such agreement provlslons"ln the
United States, see Layoff, Recall, and Work-Sharing Procedures, Monthly
Labor R eview, January 1957 {pp. 1-7) .
• EDITOR'S NOTE.-For a description of dismissal pay provisions ln~major
contracts in the United States, see Dismissal Pay Provisions in Major Bargaining Agreements, Monthly Labor Review ,June 1957 {pp. 707-713) .
TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS ON LABOR AND SOCIAL POLICY
This is a point emphasized by many European
studies. But it is also agreed that there are considerable limitations on the mobility of workers
even in Canada and the United States.
A good many recent studies have found that in
practice workers are not so mobile as is commonly
believed: that what mobility there is, is achieved
only at 11 price of considerable sacrifice exacted
from the worker and his family. Thus, it is
becoming more widely accepted that the encouragement of labor mobility, so far as it is
needed by events, is a nationwide responsibility;
that the workers cannot be expected to bear all
the risks and all the costs of economic changes
which destroy their jobs; and that broadly based
cooperative action has to be taken by government,
industry, and labor, first to confine the need for
mobility to a minimum by proper study and
planning of industrial location and of the introduction of technological improvements, and second
to share equitably the risks and costs of the
mobility (which] will [still] be required.
The trade unions attach a great deal of importance to the development of a concrete program of action to deal with these problems.
Some companies have helped to give practical
effect to companywide transfer plans by arrangements [designed] to help the worker move to
openings in another plant in the same company
but in a different locality. Government services
have an important role to play in facilitating
interarea employment readjustments and in promoting the kind of labor mobility that is really
necessary and does not impose an unduly heavy
urden on the workers affected. The employent service is the most directly affected, supply·ng employment information and advice and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
845
of ten :financial assistance. Many other services
are also directly concerned, e. g., those responsible
for the placing of government contracts affecting
local employment opportunities.
There are still further problems which need
attention, problems which are perhaps the most
difficult of solution. These are the human
problems of labor mobility: workers too old to
envisage a move, single women reluctant to face
life in a new community, men and women bound
by strong ties to the community in which they
were born, discouraged workers who fear that if
they did move they would not find work, workers
moved around so much in wartime that they
want a settled life, and so forth.
Given the difficulties of transferring people to
new areas, cannot more be done to take new job
openings to the places where people are? To
what extent and in what circumstances is this
sound policy? The need is to look at the problems
anew and in the fresh terms of the technological
changes now occurring.
This is really the crux of the matter: we need a
positive approach to all of the employment
problems accompanying or likely to accompany
the technological developments which are changing the industrial structure. The negative approach represented by the payment of unemployment benefits, while wholly necessary, is not
enough. The important results must, as always,
be accomplished through a broad and positive
approach to changing employment opportunity;
and such an approach depends on the cooperation,
good will, and practical action of all concerned,
directed toward bringing about the [effective and
necessary] changes in employment policies and
institutions.
846
Retirement-Conditioning Training
Under Union Sponsorship
can be helped to plan for their
after-work life and their attitudes toward retirement can be improved by retirement-conditioning
training, according to a report 1 of a pilot study
made by the University of Michigan for the Upholsterers' International Union (UIU). But a
comprehensive union-sponsored retirement preparation program, the report recommended, should
consist of three stages: (1) financial planning,
including the protection offered by pension and
health and welfare programs, beginning in the
participant's late twenties or early thirties; (2)
encouragement in developing a wide number of
interests and skills, through union and/or company programs of recreation, training, etc., during
the middle years, especially after the participant's
parental responsibilities have ended; and (3) retirement-conditioning training (such as the program conducted in connection with the pilot study)
during the last 3 to 5 years before separation from
the work force.
The pilot study, begun in the fall of 1955, was
designed to explore the methods and problems of
developing, conducting, and evaluating a unionsupported program of retirement preparation for
hourly wage workers. Although the report recommends that the UIU continue sponsoring preretirement training programs for its members, it places
certain limitations as to the application of the
findings to other union situations: "In the first
place, the UIU was the first union to propose and
offer its members a preretirement program. 2
Secondly, the proj ect was unique because it was
union-financed while being planned by a joint
labor-management
committee. Thirdly,
the
union locals were known to be predominantly
small in size, thus involving many different employers; they were also scattered geographically
and were heavily weighted with foreign-born
workers. Finally, the workers to be included in
the program were all hourly wage workers who
could not be expected to be familiar with programs
of education for retirement."
OLDER WORKERS
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Planning the Program
The pilot study was conducted in Naperville,
Ill., and Chicago, in order to compare results
under the varying conditions existing in a metropolitan area and in a small community. Participation in the retirement training program was
limited to union members who were 60 years of
age or over and who were covered by the UIU
Health and W elfare Fund, and their respective
spouses. In Chicago, because the participants
were drawn from 8 different locals which represented employees in 247 firms, "it was necessary
for UIU to serve as the primary organizing and
implementing force for the program" in that city.
In Naperville, where one employer and one local
were involved, management also took part in the
formulation, promotion, and implementation of
the plan.
Planning sessions were held with leaders of the
local unions involved as well as company personnel in Naperville. D espite initial r esistance
to the program at these sessions, "it was the
final consensus that the older worker could be
interested if the program included discussion of
such practical matters as how to have enough
money to live on after retirement, how to handle
the matter of continuing health insurance, how
to find some kind of work if needed, and how to
determine where to live during the retirement
years."
In Chicago, the union compiled lists of eligibl
workers and invited each one by letter to atten
an orientation meeting and to enroll for th
retirement training program, which was describe
in an accompanying leaflet. The same procedur
was followed in N apervillc, except that manage
ment issued the letter of invitation. At, th
orientation meetings, the program was explained
and potential participants were given the oppor
tunity of expressing their preferences regardin
content and urged to enroll. As a result of th
of
1 Woodro,v W. Hunter, Report of a Study of Preparation for Retirement
Older Workers Covered by the Upholsterers' International Union Resit~
and Welfare Fund and Reco=endat!ons for F uture Programs, Ann Arborl.
Mich., University of M ichigan, Division of Gerontology, 1956.
-, · ' " ~
• Subsequently, In the fall of 1956, the United Automobile Workers an•
nounced plans for a prcretlrement program.
1
847
UNION RETIREMENT-CONDITIONING TRAINING
orientation meetings, 121 out of 225 persons in
Chicago and 85 out of 100 in Naperville signed
up for subsequent meetings.
The Program
The content of the UIU retirement training
program was adapted from programs previously
offered to different socioeconomic groups of older
workers. The subject matter did not need to be
changed but different emphasis had to be put
on the various topics to take into account the
discussions with local union leaders and the
concerns expressed by attendees during the
orientation meetings and by 21 already retired
workers, who were interviewed in their homes.
None of the latter, it was learned, had made
comprehensive retirement plans prior to their
separation from their jobs. The topics to be
covered in the program in both communities
were divided among 8 sessions of 1% hours each
and were as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is retirement going to be like?
How can I live on m y retirement income?
How can I earn some money after I retire?
How can I keep my health and get care when needed?
What am I to do with my time after I retire?
How can I have a good family life after I retire?
How can I decide on the best place to live after I
retire?
8. Making the best plan for retirement.
To serve as a basis for discussion, booklets deal
ing with each topic were prepared and distributed
in advance of the meetings. A guide for making
a plan for retirement years was also distributed.
The instructional techniques used in presenting
the topics were necessarily influenced by the
educational and literacy level of the participants.
The report states: “Somewhat more dependence
on the audiovisual and other instructional aids
was required than might be needed for groups of
higher educational attainments. In general, group
discussions were employed but were supplemented
by lectures, films, and other teaching materials.”
Because discussion leadership did not emerge
among the participants themselves and because
the professional staff conducting the project
made no attempt to train the groups in discussion
techniques, “it was difficult, especially at first,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
to elicit discussion and some persons never did
participate. It took at least three sessions for
members of the Chicago group to begin to com
municate fully. The Naperville group entered
into discussion sooner and more easily, probably
because the group was somewhat smaller and its
members worked in one factory and many of them
were already acquainted.’’
In addition to the booklets, other instructional
aids were used. “Movies were shown at some of
the sessions to stimulate discussions of (1) different
ways of reacting to retirement, (2) problems asso
ciated with living with one’s children, and (3)
ways of remaining active and self-sufficient.” At
the session on the use of leisure time after retire
ment, exhibits of supplementary earning activities
and leisure-time handicrafts, arranged largely
through the efforts of the participants themselves,
were shown and exhibitors were given the oppor
tunity of telling the group how they got started
and what their activities meant to them. The
presentation of autobiographical sketches by re
tired workers from the same occupational and
social class, selected for their ability to demon
strate specific kinds of desirable adjustment to
retirement, effectively illustrated that older
workers have personal resources upon which they
can draw in order to make satisfactory adjustment
to retirement. Special resource persons were
invited to lead some of the discussions.3 And,
finally, a social period was included at* the end of
many of the sessions.
Evaluation and Recommendations
Two methods of evaluating the success of the
program were employed : The records of attendance
for both groups at their eight meetings and ques
tionnaires, entitled “What Do You Think About
It?” filled out by each group member prior to the
s A physician led a discussion on ways to maintain health; a medical social
worker told exactly what community services were available and how workers
could make use of them; a public employment officer discussed opportunities
for getting jobs; a Social Security employee discussed Old Age and Survivors
Insurance benefits; a union representative and a company representative
discussed the jointly sponsored pension program which covered the partici
pants; an adult education leader described a work project and invited partici
pants to take part after their retirement; a group worker in a neighborhood
community center for older people presented the benefits of his program.
848
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
several discussions and readministered at the final
sessions. In general, the conclusions, based on the
data from the questionnaires supplemented by
observation of the university professional staff
which conducted the program, are qualitative,
according to the report, because the number of
participants was too small to yield statistically
valid quantitative data except on such factors as
attendance and preferences among discussion
topics.
Average attendance for both the Chicago and
Naperville groups approximated 40 participants
per session. However, the analysis of the a t
tendance records showed that over a third (36.4
percent) of the participants attended only 1 or 2
meetings each—apparently, the discussion or
discussions of most interest to them rather than
the first 1 or 2 meetings. Answers to question
naires corroborated this conclusion to some
extent: 43.8 percent of the participants attending
the last sessions in Chicago and Naperville thought
that more time should have been spent on one or
more sessions—especially those on retirement
income, work after retirement, health mainte
nance, and retirement activity.
According to the report, the questionnaires re
vealed that a number of participants had, in the
course of the sessions, either acquired specific kinds
of information to guide them in preparing for
retirement or made plans for particular aspects of
retirement. Comparison of questionnaires com
pleted before the sessions with those filled out at
the final session indicated a change in the desired
direction in the responses to 14 of 20 questions.
For example, whereas only 9 participants stated
that they had financial plans concerning their
retirement years before they attended the sessions
on retirement income, 26 had such plans after
those sessions. The number who expected to feel
useful after retirement rose from 22 to 33, and 24
participants no longer thought that their children
ought to support them. Action in preparation for
retirement was reported by 42 of the 96 partici
pants in the final session. Half of the actions
taken involved financial plans of some kind ; other
areas in which action had been taken included
health, activity after retirement, and housing and
living arrangements.
In recommending the extension of the program
to other UIU locals in other cities, the report
advocated continuance of the approach and
methods employed in the pilot study despite
several demonstrated shortcomings. “The ma
terials prepared for the UIU programs . . . should
be retained for the (a) guidance of leaders and
(b) use of individuals wishing to learn through
reading about how to prepare for retirement,”
but should be revised to make them more appro
priate for UIU members. Similarly, the continued
use of audiovisual aids, with the possible addition
of kinescopes or films more nearly portraying the
circumstances of UIU members, was recom
mended. The group discussion method should
also be used in future programs, but the communi
cation difficulties experienced led the University
of Michigan staff to advise a limit of 25 partici
pants per group. Other recommendations were re
duction of the number of discussion meetings from
8 to 5; and the addition to the union’s staff of a
specialist in retirement planning, who would have
the responsibility of organizing, preparing, and
administering future training programs.
. . . let us better orient ourselves by facing now the prior questions as to
what we are retiring fr o m and what on. Let us imitate the wisdom of Lincoln by
praying for his amplitude: “If we could first know where we are, and whither
we are tending, we could better judge what to do, and how to do it.”
— T. V. Smith, On Being Retired, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, N. Y., 1956 (p. 4).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Significant Decisions
In Labor C a s e s
Labor Relations
L a b o r U n io n s a s E m p lo y e r s .
The Supreme Court
of the United States held 1 that labor organiza
tions, when dealing with their own employees,
are “employers” within the meaning of sec. 2
(2) of the National Labor Relations Act, and the
National Labor Relations Board’s action 2 in
declining to assert jurisdiction over labor unions
as a class when they act as employers was con
trary to the intent of Congress, arbitrary, and
beyond its power.
In this case, a union local of office-clerical
workers attempted to organize for collective
bargaining purposes workers employed by various
constituent units of another union. The office
workers’ local filed a series of unfair labor practice
charges with the NLRB, alleging interference
with its efforts to organize the workers in violation
of sec. 8 (a) of the act. The Board declined to
assert jurisdiction in the case although it conceded
that the union met the act’s definition of employer.
It reasoned that the employing labor organizations
were engaged in a nonprofit business and that the
act’s criterion for the exclusion of other nonprofit
organizations should govern.
In reversing an appellate court’s affirmation of
the Board ruling, the Supreme Court stated that
the wording of the act was clear and unambiguous
with regard to the Board’s jurisdiction in this case.
It held that “the term ‘employer’ includes any
labor organization ‘when acting as an employer,’ ”
adding that the NLRB recognized this fact as
early as 1951 in the A i r L in e P ilo t s A s s o c ia tio n
case.3 Furthermore, the Court stated that the
legislative history of the act unequivocally sup
ports its conclusion.
The Board, according to the Court, sometimes
properly declines to assert jurisdiction on grounds
that the policies of the act would not be effectuated
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by its assertion of jurisdiction.4 However, in the
instant case, the Court held that the Board was
renouncing jurisdiction over an entire category of
employers, i. e., labor unions, and that such an
arbitrary blanket exclusion of union employers as a
class was beyond the Board’s power after Congress
had specifically included them within the act’s
coverage.
S e c o n d a r y B o y c o tt. A Federal court of appeals
held 5 that (1) “hot cargo” clauses are not illegal
under the Labor Management Relations Act and
that a union which is a party to a contract con
taining such a clause is not guilty of an unfair
labor practice in requesting its members to refuse
to handle struck goods; but that (2) a union not a
party to the contract containing such a clause
violates the act by engaging in activities to
induce the employees in another union with such
a contract to invoke its rights under it.
In this case, a Machinists local had called a
strike against an employer. During the course of
the strike, it had picketed three plants of the
employer, as well as the trucks of the employer
when they appeared at the loading docks of certain
motor carriers whose unloading personnel were
represented by a Teamsters local. The Team
sters instructed its members that, under the terms
of the “hot cargo” clause of its contract, they
were not to handle struck goods. After certain
of the carriers requested their employees to handle
the goods despite the “hot cargo” clause, the
Teamsters urged its members to refuse to handle
the goods. Subsequently, the struck employer
filed charges with the NLRB 6 that both unions
had violated sec. 8 (b) (4) (A) of the LMRA—inducing or encouraging the employees of the
carriers to refuse to handle goods where the object
»Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 Office Employees International Union, Local 11 v. N L R B (U. S. Sup. Ct.,.
May 6, 1957).
2 113 N L R B 987 (1955).
3 97 N L R B 929.
« See, for example, N L R B v. Denver Building Council, 341 U. S. 675 (1951)7
see also Monthly Labor Review. August 1951 (p. 186).
5 General Drivers Union, Local 886 v. N L R B and Local 850, International'
Association of Machinists v. N L R B (C. A., D. C., May 9,1957).
6115 N L R B 800 (Mar. 15, 1956).
849
850
was to force the carriers to cease doing business
with another employer. The Board ruled that
sec. 8 (b) (4) (A) does not forbid the execution
of a “hot cargo” clause, but that it does preclude
enforcement through appeals to employees,
whether or not an employer refuses to abide by
such a clause.
As to the Teamsters, the majority of the appel
late court ruled that “hot cargo” clauses are not
illegal under the act, and the union’s activities in
instructing its members to refuse to handle struck
goods were the only effective means it bad to
enforce its contract. However, the court found
that the Machinists local which had picketed the
carriers was m violation of the secondary boycott
provisions of the act. It held that the Machinists’
actions must be evaluated independently, and that
the defense of the Teamsters, which had a “hot
cargo” clause in its contract, could not constitute
a basis for the defense of the Machinists, which
did not have such a clause.
The Machinists union had contended that the
“hot cargo” clause in the Teamsters’ contract
had the effect of taking the struck work “out of
the course of the employment” of the Teamster
dockworkers. Therefore, even if the Machinists’
picketing had induced the Teamsters not to handle
the struck work, it lacked an essential element of
the unfair labor practices proscribed by sec. 8
(b) (4) (A), that is, “concerted refusal in the
course of their employment.”
D is c r im in a tio n i n U n io n M e m b e r s h ip . The Wis
consin Supreme Court held 7 that State courts do
not have jurisdiction over action to enforce
recommendations of the Wisconsin Industrial
Commission that Negro applicants be admitted
to union membership because such recommenda
tions are not made enforceable by the Wisconsin
Fair Employment Act. According to the court,
racial discrimination “by private persons acting
privately” is not a denial of rights under the
Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of
the United States and the announced public policy
of the State to encourage and foster employment
without racial discrimination does not give to
Negro applicants an enforceable right to union
membership over the objection, on racial grounds,
of members already there.
The complainants in this case were Negroes who
wished to join a craft union and whose applica
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
tions had been ignored by the defendant officers
of the union. Upon complaint of such refusal to
the State Industrial Commission, an investigation
was conducted and the plaintiffs were found to be
qualified. It was determined that the exclusion
was solely on racial grounds and the commission
recommended admission to membership. After
the union disregarded the recommendation, the
commission made public its findings.
The court in its decision reasoned that the
extent of the remedy provided by Wisconsin law
was investigation and recommendation by the
commission and publicity upon disregard of such
recommendation. The State constitutional pro
vision that “every person is entitled to a certain
remedy in the laws for all injuries, or wrongs which
he may receive in his person, property, or charac
ter,” refers to wrongs resulting from invasion of
legal rights, the court held. “Unions . . . are
voluntary associations to which members may be
admitted by mutual consent but into which
applicants, either by their own efforts or by the
aid of the courts, cannot force themselves against
the will of those already members.” Although
“it may be a disadvantage to an individual not
to be chosen to membership in a voluntary asso
ciation,” the courts are “powerless to compel the
association to receive him.” Holding that only
discrimination resulting from State action was
proscribed by the Fourteenth Amendment and
that there had been no such action by the State
in this case, the court dismissed the contention
that plaintiffs were denied their rights of due
process and equal protection of the law under that
amendment.
One justice dissented. He was of the opinion
that a difference should be recognized between
unions and other voluntary associations and that
the courts should give substance to a principle
that members of unions do not have the right to
exclude people from the enjoyment of the benefits
of membership solely on grounds of race or religion.
The dissent said that the Wisconsin Employment
Peace Act created an obligation on voluntary
organizations of employees enjoying the protec
tion of that act, as well as an administrative
agency for the purpose of protecting the rights
of employees in the matter of employment rela
tions.
7 Ross v. Ebert, as Business Agent of the Bricklayers Protective Union No. 8
(Wis. Sup. C t„ Apr. 9, 1957).
851
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
The dissent reasoned that the United States
Supreme Court has made it clear that a State
court may not enforce a private contract to exclude
persons from the ownership or enjoyment of
property because of race,8 and that it seems clearly
to follow that the courts could not enforce a union
constitution which restricted its membership on
such grounds. Therefore, “it may also follow that
when a State court denies relief to persons ex
cluded from the equal protection of the law by a
labor union, such denial is itself a violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment.” At any rate, the dis
sent felt that granting relief to the plaintiffs would
protect their rights under the Fourteenth Amend
ment and that alone was sufficient basis for such
action by the court.
S ta te v. F e d e ra l J u r is d ic tio n —N o . 1 . A California
superior court ruled 9 that it had no jurisdiction
under a State jurisdictional strike law to enjoin
peaceful picketing of an employer’s place of
business because the employer was engaged in
interstate commerce and the matter was within
the jurisdiction of the NLRB. Moreover, it held
that it did not have jurisdiction over an action to
recover damages from the union since the claim
for damages was based on conduct within NLRB
jurisdiction even though the Board had declined
to exercise such jurisdiction.
The employer had instituted two actions against
the union: one for an injunction to restrain picket
ing and another for damages resulting from such
picketing. The union was seeking recognition as
bargaining agent for the company’s employees.
The question of jurisdiction to enjoin the picket
ing was dismissed on the basis of recent decisions
of the Supreme Court of the United States in the
G u ss, F a ir la u m , and G a rm o n cases.10
Relying on U n ite d C o n stru c tio n W o r k e r s v.
L aburnu m
the employer maintained that even
though the California court did not have jurisdic
tion to enjoin the union’s activities, it nevertheless
had jurisdiction to award damages caused by the
,n
8 Shelly v. Kramer, 334 U. S. 1; Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U. S. 249.
8 McKenzie, Inc. v. International Association of Machinists (Calif. Super.
C t„ Apr. 3, 1957).
10 See Montly Labor Review, May 1957 (p. 603). Decisions on these cases
were rendered on March 25,1957,
11 347 U. S. 656 (1954); for a summary of this decision, see Monthly Labor
Review, August 1954 (p. 897).
12Pucket Buick Co. v. International Brotherhood of Teams<ers (111. Cir. Ct.,
Apr. 8, 1957).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
acts it could not enjoin. In the L a b u r n u m case,
the Supreme Court of the United States held that
the Labor Management Relations Act has not
given to the NLRB “such exclusive jurisdiction
over the subject matter of a common-law tort
action for damages as to preclude an appropriate
State court from hearing and determining its
issues where such conduct constitutes an unfair
labor practice under the act.” The activities in
that case were found to have constituted a breach
of the State’s peace.
In the G a rm o n case, an action for damages was
remanded to the California courts by the Supreme
Court. The High Court said it could not know
how the California courts would interpret its own
State case to allow an award of damages in the
G a rm o n situation. It, therefore, did not decide
the question of damages. The activities in
L a b u r n u m and other cases upholding State juris
diction to enjoin certain conduct in labor-manage
ment situations were neither prohibited nor
protected under the LMRA and, hence, did not
fall within the jurisdiction of the NLRB. How
ever, in t h ) instant case, the conduct giving rise
to the cause of action for damages was conduct
within the jurisdiction of the Board. The supe
rior court held that it was being asked to do in
directly by granting damages that which it could
not do directly by injunction, and to accede to
such a suggestion would exceed the jurisdiction of
the court.
v. F e d e ra l J u r is d ic tio n —N o . 2 . An Illinois
circuit court held 12 that it did not have jurisdic
tion to enjoin picketing of interstate employers
by unions not representing a majority of employees
in their alleged efforts to obtain union-shop con
tracts, since such picketing involved unfair labor
practices under the NLRA.
The court was of the opinion that, as announced
in the rule enunciated in the decisions in the G u ss
and F a ir la u m cases,10 Congress has preempted this
entire field. “The questions of picketing, boycott
activities, secondary boycotts, consumer pressure,
and economic pressure for the purpose of obtaining
recognition of union-shop agreements are . . .
either directly or indirectly recognized and dealt
with by the national act.” However, the Illinois
court recognized that there were still areas within
the police power of the State in which activities
could be enjoined. It gave as examples “mass
S ta te
852
picketing, picketing attended with violence, picket
ing attended with threats of personal injury or
property damage to the public . . . picketing
homes of employees, obstructing streets and
highwaj^s . . . obstructing entrance to or egress
from plaintiff’s places of business, or acts calling
for extraordinary police measures by either the
State or city authorities.”
The court cited language of the F a ir la u m
decision to the effect that the conduct here,
restraining an effort by a union not representing
a majority of his employees to compel an employer
to agree to a union-shop contract, is conduct of
which the NLRA has taken hold.
S ta te v. F e d e ra l J u r is d ic tio n —N o . 3 . The Penn
sylvania Supreme Court held 13 that the Penn
sylvania Labor Relations Board did not have
jurisdiction over proceedings by a union for
certification as bargaining agent of employees
whose employer was engaged in interstate com
merce, since the proceeding would be within the
jurisdiction of the NLRB were it not for its
jurisdictional standards, and there had been no
cession of jurisdiction to the State as provided
by sec. 10 (a) of the NLRA.
The union had notified the employer in this
case that it represented a majority of his employees
and requested recognition. When he declined to
recognize the union without certification from
NLRB, the union petitioned the NLRB for
certification, whereupon the employer questioned
the jurisdiction of the Board under its self-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
imposed jurisdictional standards. Upon receipt
of notice from the NLRB of the employer’s
challenge to the jurisdiction of the NLRB, the
union withdrew its petition and filed a similar
petition with the Pennsylvania board, whose
jurisdiction was also challenged by the company
under the theory of Federal preemption. The
State board held that the employer’s interstate
business was essentially “de minimis” and that
the employer and his employees were not engaged
in commerce and did not affect commerce within
the meaning of the NLRA. The Pennsylvania
board assumed jurisdiction and the employer
appealed to the courts.
The court, interpreting the Supreme Court
decision in the G u ss case,14 said: “The court
recognized that the exercise of restrictive or
selective jurisdiction by the National [Labor
Relations] Board, coupled with concurrent denial
of State jurisdiction, might well create ‘a vast
no-man’s land subject to regulation by no agency
or court,’ but was of the opinion that congressional
desire for uniformity, as expressed in the Act,
required that the exclusive method whereby a
State may act m matters within the s ta tu to r y
jurisdiction of the National Board is by virtue
of the jurisdiction ceded to the State agency by
the National Board under sec. 10 (a). No such
cession of jurisdiction was present in the G u ss
case; and none is present here.”
13 Hodges Bedding Co. v. Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board and Upho
sterers’ International Union (Pa. Sup. Ct., Apr. 22, 1957).
14 See Monthly Labor Review, May 1957 (p. 603).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
May 5
Capital A irlines and the Machinists reached a 1-year
agreement, retroactive to October 1, 1956, providing for a
package increase of 19 to 24 cents an hour in wages and
improved working conditions for about 2,300 mechanics
and other ground personnel in 19 cities.
May 6
May 2, 1957
P resident Dave Beck of the Teamsters union was indicted
by a Federal grand jury in Tacoma, Wash., on charges of
income tax evasion in 1950 and of aiding the Teamsters
Joint Council of Seattle to prepare a “false” 1950 income
tax return.
On May 25, after the AFL-CIO Executive Council had
displaced Mr. Beck as a Council member (see Chron. item
of May 20), the Teamster president announced he would
not seek reelection at the union’s convention this coming
September.
E ighteen building trades unions (excluding the painters)
and the Associated General Contractors in the Toledo,
Ohio, area negotiated a 1-year agreement providing for
wage increases of 17 cents an hour as of May 1 plus 5 cents
on November 1, for 8,000—10,000 workers. (For other
construction settlements, see p. 861 of this issue.)
May 3
U nder the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Federal Wage
and Hour Administrator signed an order establishing a
minimum wage rate of 54 cents an hour for the artificial
flower, decoration, and party favor industry in Puerto
Rico, effective May 25. Formerly, hourly rates of 30 and
50 cents prevailed in the two branches of the industry.
On May 27, the Administrator ordered new minimum
piece rates, based on an hourly rate of 55 cents, for home
workers in the doll industry of the Virgin Islands, effective
June 29.
On the following day, the Administrator set new mini
mum hourly rates ranging from 43 cents to $1 (now 33 to
60 cents) for the Puerto Rican button, jewelry, and lapidary
work industry, effective June 17.
On May 29, the Administrator issued an order setting
minimum wage rates from 37 to 65 cents an hour for the
straw, hair, and related products industry in Puerto Rico,
effective June 21.
Two days later, the Administrator signed the first wagerate determination ever made under the act for industries
in American Samoa, providing for minimum wage rates
from 35 to 45 cents an hour for all covered industries,
effective June 22.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e Supreme Court of the United States reversed a deci
sion by an appeals court (see Chron. item for Aug. 28,
1955, MLR, Oct. 1955, and also p. 849 of this issue) and
the NLRB by ruling that the Board’s action, in declining
to take jurisdiction over unions as a class when they act
as employers, was beyond its power and contrary to the
intent of Congress. The case was Office Employees Inter
national Union, Local 11 v. NLRB.
T h e Federal court of appeals in Chicago, in American
Brake Shoe Co. (Ramapo Ajax Div.) v. NLRB, reversed an
NLRB order (see Chron. item for Aug. 24, 1956, MLR,
Oct. 1956) and held that the imminent probability of
permanent loss of business if a threatened strike occurred
upon expiration of an existing collective agreement was
sufficient justification for an employer to gradually taper
off production and lay off employees.
T he Chicago Transit Authority and the Street, Electric
Railway and Motor Coach Employees announced a 2-year
agreement providing for a 4-step 22}4-cent hourly wage
increase, a revised cost-of-living adjustment clause, and
other improvements for about 12,000 operating and
maintenance employees. (See also p. 861 of this issue.)
May 8
A F ederal district court in Philadelphia enjoined the
Transport Workers Union from striking against the Penn
sylvania Railroad Co., saying that the union’s grievances
involved interpretation of the existing contract and should
be processed as provided by the Railway Labor Act.
A 2- year contract providing for a 2-step $8.75 weekly
wage increase and other benefits was announced by the
Amalgamated Lithographers and printing firms in the
Chicago area. (See also p. 860 of this issue.)
May 9
A cting under the Railway Labor Act, the President
created an emergency board to investigate a dispute over
wages and working rules between the United Mine Workers
District 50 and 3 dock companies in Ohio—the Toledo,
Lorain and Fairport Dock Co., the Toledo Lakefront
Dock Co., and the Cleveland Stevedore Co.
853
854
T he Federal court of appeals in Washington, D. C., ruled
that the “hot cargo” clause in a collective bargaining
contract between a Teamsters union and certain freight
carriers was not in violation of the secondary boycott
provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act and that the Teamsters
had a right to urge carrier employees not to handle the
goods of an employer struck by the Machinists. How
ever, picketing by the Machinists of the struck employer’s
trucks on the premises of the carriers was held in violation
of the secondary boycott provisions. The case was
General Drivers Union, Local 886 v. N L R B and Local 850,
International Association of Machinists v. N LRB. (See
also p. 849 of this issue.)
May 11
T he Chrysler Corp. and the United Automobile Workers
reached agreement upon a seniority procedure under which
the company would offer employment opportunity to
workers in Detroit departments affected by the transfer
of body-stamping operations to plants at Newark, Del.,
and Twinsburg, Ohio. The union agreed to cease its
interference with the movement of dies and other equip
ment to Twinsburg, and the company agreed to drop its
$5 million damage suit.
May 14
A F ederal grand jury in New York City indicted
Teamster Vice President James R. Hoffa for conspiring to
violate the Federal wiretapping statute by tapping sub
ordinates’ office telephones, allegedly to find out who
might be called as witnesses in grand jury and congressional
committee investigations of labor racketeering in the
Detroit area.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
sealed sources of radioactive materials such as reactors,
accelerators, and X -ray machines and (2) sets permissible
limits for exposure to radio activity for minors under
18 at 10 percent of the maximum permissible limits
which the National Committee on Radiation Protection
recommends for continuous exposure to adult workers.
May 20
T h e AFL-CIO Executive Council took the following
actions, among others, during its.4-day meeting in Wash
ington: (1) Removed Teamster President Dave Beck as
a Federation vice president and as a Council member,
after finding him guilty of “gross misuse of union funds”
(see Chrop. item for Mar. 29, 1957, MLR, May 1957); (2)
appointed two new vice presidents and Council mem
bers—John F. English, secretary-treasurer of the Team
sters, and Karl F. Feller, president of the Brewery Work
ers; (3) suspended the Laundry Workers on the grounds
of domination by corrupt elements, and gave the Allied
Industrial Workers and the Distillery Workers the choice
of suspension or probation for 1 year, under the review
of a Federation-appointed “monitor” (see Chron. item
for Feb. 5, 1957, MLR, Apr. 1957); and (4) adopted two
additional codes of ethical practices to assure democracy
and financial honesty in union administration (see p. 838
of this issue for the text of the codes). (For further
details of the Council meeting, see p. 838 of this issue.)
A 3-year industrywide agreement, covering 150,000
workers in the men’s and boy’s clothing industry and pro
viding for improved supplemental benefits effective
December 1 and annual wage reopenings, was announced
by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers and the Clothing
Manufacturers’ Association. (See also p. 859 of this
issue.)
May 15
May 22
F our big Milwaukee breweries and the United Brewery
Workers reached a 2-year agreement providing hourly
wage increases of 10 cents each year and improved benefits
for about 6,000 employees. (See also p. 860 of this issue.)
T h e Southern Bell Telephone Co. and the Communica
tions Workers announced a new 1-year contract providing
for basic wage increases of $2 to $4 a week for over 57,000
employees and other wage adjustments.
May 17
May 23
A nnouncement was made that the bargaining policy
committee of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers
Union had approved as a pattern for the industry a settle
ment offer negotiated by a local at the Gulf Oil Corp.’s
refinery at Port Arthur, Tex., which called for a 6-percent
general wage increase and other improvements. (See also
p. 859 of this issue.)
May 18
T he S ecretary of L abor signed an amendment to
Hazardous Occupations Order No. 6 under the Fair Labor
Standards Act extending the protection now given to
young workers against exposure to radioactive sub
stances. The amendment (1) extends the coverage of the
order to ionizing radiations and to radiations emitted from
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e NLRB, in T . H. Rogers Lumber Co., McAlester, Okla.,
and Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, amended its
jurisdictional standards for both nonretail and retail and
service enterprises engaged in interstate commerce, to
apply the present volume of business standards for single
establishments and intrastate chains to all enterprises in
the respective categories, thus eliminating the more
stringent standards formerly established for multistate
concerns. (See also p. 830 of this issue.) The decisions
in Jonesboro Grain Drying Cooperative, Coca-Cola Co. of
New York, Inc., and Hogue and Knott Supermarkets (see
Chron. items for Oct. 29, 1954, MLR, Dec. 1954; and
Dec. 20, 1955, MLR, Feb. 1956), as well as in other cases
relying thereon, were overruled to the extent inconsistent
with this decision.
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
A ctions taken by the Executive Council of the
American Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations at its regular meeting in
May included the removal of Dave Beck from 2
top federation posts, adoption of 2 more codes on
ethical behavior, suspension of the Laundry
Workers, and the placing on probation of the
Allied Industrial Workers and the Distillery,
Rectifying and Wine Workers. During the
month, the labor investigations scene shifted back
and forth between AFL-CIO meetings and the
public hearings of the Senate Select Committee
on Improper Activities in the Labor or Manage
ment Field. There was growing evidence of
revolt within the Teamsters union against their
officials.
In the field of collective bargaining, agreement
was reached in the men’s and boys’ clothing in
dustry, a 6-percent wage increase pattern appeared
to emerge in the petroleum industry, and many of
the new agreements in the construction industry
provided for both current and deferred wage-scale
increases.
Union Affairs
T e a m s te r s . The AFL-CIO Executive Council ex
pelled President Dave Beck of the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters as a federation vice
president and member of the council on May 20
for “gross misuse of union funds.” (Mr. Beck
had been suspended from these posts on March
29.x) He was replaced the following day by the
international’s secretary-treasurer, John F. Eng
lish. In refusing to answer the charges at his
hearing before the council, Mr. Beck contended
that his replies could be used against him both in
the Government’s income tax evasion case,2 and
in hearings by the Senate Select Committee.
Earlier in the month, the Teamster Executive
Board had heard an 8-count accusation of corrup
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tion directed against the union by the AFL-CIO
Ethical Practices Committee. The union was
charged with “apparent failure” to investigate
corruption, specifically on the part of Mr. Beck
and union vice presidents, Frank W. Brewster and
Sidney L. Brennan—the last-named having been
convicted in a Federal court for accepting an
employer bribe. The union’s hearing on these
charges, however, was postponed to permit the
Ethical Practices Committee to review “new
evidence” against Mr. Beck. This action was
also interpreted as providing Mr. English (who
reportedly informed the council that “we are
going to wash our own dirty linen”) and other
Teamster officials opportunity to take corrective
measures.
Considerable reaction against Mr. Beck was
noted in the Teamsters union in May, with some
calls for his immediate removal from office. On
May 25, Mr. Beck announced through his secre
tary that he would not be a candidate for reelection
as the Teamsters president at the union’s quin
quennial convention in September.
These reactions to Mr. Beck’s continued leader
ship of the Teamsters union followed his several
appearances before the Senate Select Committee
during the month. On May 16, the last day of
his appearance at these sessions, he was confronted
by 2 committee documents—entitled: (1) “13
points documenting that Dave Beck took, rather
than borrowed, the more than $300,000 from
various Teamster union funds in Seattle,” and (2)
“Some 52 ways in which Dave Beck misused his
authority, position, and trust as president of the
Western Conference of Teamsters and subse
quently as president of the International Brother
hood of Teamsters.”
While Mr. Beck invoked the Fifth Amendment
in refusing to answer questions on his personal
financial affairs, as during the March sessions,3
he replied to some questions posed by the com
mittee. For example, he denied entering into an
agreement with Sewell Avery, then president of
Montgomery Ward and Co., pledging to vote $2
»Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 See Monthly Labor Review, May 1957 (p. 611).
2 On May 2, Mr. Beck bad been indicted by a Federal grand jury in Tacoma,
Wash., for evading $56,000 in 1950 income taxes and for helping prepare a
fraudulent return for a Teamster unit in Seattle.
8 See Monthly Labor Review, May 1957 (p. 612).
•856
million of company stock owned by the union in
support of Mr. Avery in a struggle to retain con
trol of the company, in return for the company’s
nonresistance to organization of its employees.
The major allegations which he refused to answer
included statements that Mr. Beck had—
1. Misappropriated Teamster funds;
2. Received favors and an indirect loan of $200,000 from
the heads of the Fruehauf Trailer Co. and the Associated
Transport Co. in 1954, after the trailer president won a
proxy fight with the help of a $ 1.5-million union loan;
3. Used his influence to exact favors from companies
•employing Teamster members, which involved the grant
ing of a profitable and unusually large beer distributorship
by Anheuser-Busch, Inc., of St. Louis, to a Seattle firm
of which the Beck family was a part owner;
4. Accepted a payment of $8,000 from Nathan Shefferman, an agent of Mr. Beck, after Mr. Shefferman had
received $12,000 from the union for allegedly helping to
procure the land for the Teamsters international head
quarters in Washington, D. C.; and
5. Borrowed, with a business associate, from Teamster
funds to purchase real estate equities at a discount and
then sold them at face value to the trust fund raised from
contributions by various Teamster locals for the widow
of Ray Leheney, a friend and former union official. (Later,
Mr. Beck told his Executive Board that he was unaware of
the more than $11,000 profit resulting from this transac
tion. Subsequently, it was announced that he had mailed
a check for his share of the profit to the widow.)
P r a c tic e s .
The AFL-CIO Executive
Council adopted two additional codes of ethics4
relating to financial practices and democratic
procedures. The financial code, predicated on
the principle that a union is a trustee for its
members’ welfare, requires unions to maintain
certain minimum accounting controls, to include
accuracy, authoritative periodic approval, and
public audit. The rules also ban union financial
dealings with companies the union has organized,
loans to union officers or their families for private
business or investment, and any arrangements
yielding personal profit to union employees or
officers.
The code on democratic procedures urged,
among other things, methods designed to guard
members’ votes and rights to express their views
and suggested standards for elections and conven
tion proceedings.
The United Steelworkers Executive Board
adopted a code of ethical practices paralleling
that of the AFL-CIO but with a more exacting
set of regulations. The new code is binding on
E th ic a l
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
the international, its locals, and all its officers,
officials, representatives, agents, and employees.
In New York, the State Bakers Council passed
a resolution calling for the resignation of James G.
Cross, president of the Bakers Union “if the
Ethical Practices Committee, AFL-CIO, finds
him guilty as charged” of alleged misuse of union
funds for personal benefit. On May 29, the
Senate Select Committee summoned officers of
this union to public hearings beginning June 6
on alleged “misuse of union funds” involving
international headquarters in Washington and
Local 1 in Chicago.
On May 23, the AFL-CIO Executive Council
suspended the 85,000-member Laundry Workers
Union and gave 2 other unions—the Allied In
dustrial Workers and the Distillery Workers—
a choice between suspension and a year of proba
tion under a monitor. (The two accepted pro
bationary status.) All three unions had been
cited by a Senate subcommittee in 1955 for misuse
of welfare funds 5 and last February were given 3
months to clean house by the AFL-CIO.6
AFL-CIO President George Meany said that
the Industrial Workers and the Distillery Workers
(representing a total of slightly more than 100,000
workers) had taken positive steps to clean house
but that the council was not satisfied that these
unions had completely eliminated corruption.
The Executive Council found, however, that the
Laundry Workers “had not complied in good faith
with [the council’s] directives,” and accordingly
directed that the union “shall stand suspended
from the AFL-CIO and face expulsion” at the
December convention of the AFL-CIO. Mr.
Meany said that Eugene C. James 7 (whose name
figured prominently in the Senate subcommittee’s
hearing and who was later ousted as the union’s
secretary-treasurer) apparently still wielded a
dominant influence in the union; at the Laundry
Workers convention earlier in May, he appeared
to be instrumental in having Samuel J. Byers step
down as president8and in having Ralph T. Fagan,
a member of James’ own local, named as his
successor.
4 For the complete text, see p. 838 of this issue.
5 For summaries of the subcommittee’s reports, see M onthly Labor Review,
April 1955 (p. 424) and July 1956 (p. 812).
6 See Monthly Labor Review, March 1957 (p. 362).
7See M onthly Labor Review, February 1957 (p. 209).
8 Mr. Byers stated that his resignation was prompted by the belief that
a younger person should hold the post; he was made lifetime president
emeritus.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
The Allied Industrial Workers, as well as two
other unions (the Teamsters and the Jewelry
Workers) were also being investigated in New
York City by a 10-member committee (5 repre
sentatives each from the Central Trades and
Labor Council, AFL, and the New York City
CIO Council) for alleged exploitation of Puerto
Rican workers by “paper” locals, whose “organ
izers” have reportedly held down benefits by
so-called “sweetheart contracts” with cooperating
employers.
In another development, the Senate Select
Committee was called on by the Textile Workers
Union to probe “corrupt” efforts by employers,
police, and local politicians, particularly in the
South, to defeat organizing efforts. Later in the
month, the committee chairman, Senator John L.
McClellan, announced that investigators had been
sent to Rock Hill, S. C., to make a preliminary
inquiry into the charges, as well as counter charges
by employers.
In a speech on May 16, before the Catholic Press
Association in St. Louis, Secretary of Labor James
P. Mitchell expressed concern that public sentiment
against the labor movement might increase,
declaring that some people were using the current
investigation as “an excuse to do real damage to
organized labor.” He urged offending unions to
reform immediately or subject all labor to anti
corruption legislation that might unduly restrict
and weaken its activities. The Secretary called
for legislation “that would neither endanger the
existence of unions themselves nor permit corrup
tion to continue,” and which would “require the
registration, detailed reporting, and public dis
closure” of all health, welfare, and pension funds
for labor’s benefit. He also reaffirmed President
Eisenhower’s conviction that the Government’s
role must be “careful and progressive” and
should be directed toward helping labor to police
its own activities.9 Pie reiterated his faith in
labor’s ability to succeed in its “battle for its own
self-respect and its standing in the eyes of all our
people.”
Pointing out that the success of trade unionism
lies in its firm adherence to the goals and ideals
that lead to the advancement of individual dignity,
8 A joint resolution (S. J. Res. 94) was introduced in the Congress on May 17
which would empower the Secretary of Labor to authorize public disclosure
of financial and other reports filed by unions with the U. S. Department of
Labor under secs. 9 (f) and 9 (g) of the Labor Management Relations Act.
The resolution embodied earlier recommendations of the Secretary.
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857
the Secretary was openly critical of “the labor
leader who has aborted his position of trust for
personal gain” :
“The leader who loses his sense of mission and
sees himself as little more than a bargaining agent
whose job ends with securing a wage hike for his
members will sooner or later begin to divide his
personal activities from his public activities.
If he thinks, ‘My members are happy, so what I
do after that is my own business,’ he goes morally
blind. The slightly shady deal becomes sooner
or later the very shady deal. What he would call
‘outside’ interests lead him to some staggering
temptations. The very size of his operations,
elevated as he is from the everyday bread and
butter aspirations of the rank and file, makes it
easy for him to forget his basic obligations and
his responsibilities.
“I have expressed fears on many occasions
throughout last year and the year before about
this kind of blindness resulting from this kind of
bigness. I asked the question on those occasions
whether some of our labor leaders were not
shirking from the full duties of their office. I
say now that a leader who has lost his sense of
vocation is not fit to serve the best interest of
his office, his union, or his country.
“Such a leader has a counterpart in the dis
honest employer, whose urge for profit is un
fortunately greater than his urge for ethical
behavior. Collusion between a labor leader and
a weak employer is a case of the blind leading
the blind and can only lead eventually to a grand
fall.
“There is also a third party which has con
tributed to the present state of affairs—the com
mon criminal. Criminals do not need an engraved
invitation to make dishonest dollars. All they
need is a door left ajar. A deal between a weak
employer and a corrupt labor leader is one step
from extortion.
“And finally, beyond the leader and the em
ployer and the criminal, stand the rank and file of
union members themselves. They might well
wonder if their own apathy about the affairs of their
union has not been the real betrayer. They might
well wonder whether their insistence upon moral
leadership should not have been stronger, more
urgent, more undeniable.”
In addition, Secretary Mitchell noted that in
tainted unions “the constitution often serves as
858
a convenient and legal excuse” for corruption and
that a union constitution should be unequivocal
[and] insulated against attempts to change or
distort it . .
Such a constitution should
"serve as the constant shield for the rank and
file.”
H e a lth a n d W elfa ve F u n d s . In a later develop
ment, the Secretary on May 27 outlined a revised
plan to Congress to protect beneficiaries of welfare
and pension programs by making it a criminal
offense (subject to penalties of up to 5 years in
jail and a $5,000 fine) for stealing funds or destroy
ing or falsifying records.10 This was in addition
to penalties previously advocated. Mr. Mitchell
said that investigations conducted by Congress,
further studies by the administration, and recent
disclosures of misuse of union funds, had caused
the administration to strengthen its original
proposal. Coverage would be assured of virtually
all benefit plans, whether set up by collective
bargaining or unilaterally,11 by providing an
interstate commerce basis of coverage in addition
to the taxing basis originally proposed.
In addition to the sanctions imposed, the pro
posed bill would require annual audits of such
funds, empower the Secretary of Labor to conduct
his own investigations and subpena witnesses and
documents, and direct the Secretary to make
public the material filed with him and to make
regulations for such publication. (Under the
previous bill, the disclosure of such information
was discretionary.)
Meanwhile, the conclusion that millions of
dollars in welfare monies have "filtered down the
drain” through lack of technical knowledge by
honest labor-management trustees was expressed
by the Foundation on Employee Health, Medical
Care and Welfare—a joint venture of the Inter
national Association of Machinists and U. S.
Industries, Inc.12 The Foundation’s study was
replete with specific suggestions on how to elimi
nate excessive costs, provide maximum benefits,
and assure better administrative controls.
Other developments reflecting the careful admin
istration and handling of benefit programs were
reported during the month. For example, in the
first year of the national health and welfare bene
fits agreement between the country’s railroads and
15 unions representing a half million nonoperating
employees, commissions paid insurance consult
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
ants amounted to only 0.02 percent of premiums.
Expense and risk charges of the insurance company
amounted to 5% percent of premiums, while rail
roads retained 1 percent of the original joint
contributions to cover the direct costs of certifying
employee’s eligibility.
David Dubinsky, president of the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, released a
comprehensive report on the health and welfare
and retirement funds of all its affiliates. The
union s action went beyond the requirements
of New York State law by voluntarily opening
the books of the 134 funds of its affiliates.
The Garment Workers also announced further
investments in Government-guaranteed mort
gages, bringing its actual or planned construction
loans to $80 million—about one-third of its total
welfare and pension reserves. The new ILGWU
investment of $20 million, pooled with $10 million
from the International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, will finance construction of 2,100 family
dwellings for military personnel at Nevada and
Arkansas Air Force bases. These are the first
houses financed by private funds (with an FHA
guarantee) under the 1956 Capehart Amendment
to the Armed Services Housing Act.
In another action, the Garment IVorkers joined
the Nelson Rockefeller venture to furnish $2.6
million for purchase of Government-insured mort
gages on 400 homes in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Members of a newly organized local of the ILGWU
on the island will be given preference, for an initial
60-day period, on half of these dwellings if they
wish to buy.
Three West Coast unions which comprise the
Pacific District of the Seafarers Union (the Sailors
Union of the Pacific, the Marine Firemen, and
the Marine Cooks and Stewards) voted late in
April to merge the administration and operation
of their pension and welfare plans so that service
credits with the three unions will be interchange
able. Integration of the three programs was also
expected to broaden benefits through greater
efficiency in handling the funds.
10 The a d m in is tra tio n p ro p o sals are e m b o d ied in S. 1145.
11 In later testimony before a subcommittee of the Senate Labor and Public
Welfare Committee, Martin E. Segal, president of a consulting and actuary
firm, said that he believed “ a lot more money was being wasted in [employer
administered] health and welfare plans than was being stolen.” He co n
tended that some employers “ don’t have the vaguest notion” of some of the
important factors in the plans they are supposed to administer.
1J See M o n th ly L a b o r R ev iew A u g u st 1956 (p. 953).
859
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Other U nion D evelopments. Proposals of the
United Auto Workers to establish a joint studycommittee with auto manufacturers to explore
“the many phases of the problems related to the
reduction of the workweek and expansion of
purchasing power” were turned down by the
major companies to whom UAW President Walter
Reuther sent invitations on May 1. [In his
letter, Mr. Reuther explained that the purpose of
such a committee would not be collective bargain
ing in advance of the regular negotiations on the
renewal of contracts which expire next year but
rather a joint consideration of the facts and prac
tical problems involved in the shorter workweek
issue. The president of American Motors Corp.,
Mr. George Romney, in reply to Mr. Reuther,
indicated his willingness, as a separate company,
to meet with the UAW “in a study of total labor
costs, including the possible implications of a
shorter workweek” but construed the UAW
proposal of a joint committee as a step toward
industrywide bargaining to which his company
was opposed.]
On May 28, the International Typographical
Union announced that its members had rejected,
by referendum, proposals to increase dues by
50 cents a month, including an extra 10 cents for
the printers’ home at Colorado Springs, Colo., and
to raise a new $500,000 strike benefit fund by
increasing the members’ assessments by 1 percent
of total earnings for a 3-month period (they now
pay % percent to a defense fund). In December
1956,13 the members had also rejected a proposed
increase in the international’s per capita dues from
$1 to $1.50 a month and an increase in the defense
assessment to provide a defense, organizational,
and educational fund of $5 to $10 million.
The International Brotherhood of Boilermakers,
at its convention in Philadelphia, voted to move its
headquarters to Washington, D. C., after 77 years
in Kansas City, Kans. In addition, the delegates
also increased the salaries of its key officers and
international representatives. William A. Calvin,
president of the union, received a $5,000 annual
increase to $25,000, while other officers were given
a $3,000 increase and salaries of international
union representatives were increased by $100 a
month.
18 See M onthly Labor Review, February 19S7 (p. 208).
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Wage Developments and Collective Bargaining
Nearly 1.4 million workers, primarily in the
automotive, farm-equipment, and related indus
tries, were scheduled to receive cost-of-living pay
raises of about 2 cents an hour in June under wage
escalator contracts linking pay scales to changes
in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price
Index. The April index, announced in May, rose
to 119.3 percent of the 1947-49 average. In addi
tion, a substantial number of these workers, mostly
employees of General Motors Corp., Ford Motor
Co., and Chrysler Corp., received annual improve
ment factor increases of 2% percent, with a mini
mum of 6 cents an hour, around the first of June.
A compensation adjustment program ordered on
May 8 by the U. S. Department of Defense for
360,000 skilled workers in the Armed Forces pro
vided the basis for pay increases, effective July 1
or later, ranging from $12 to $50 a month.
A 3-year industrywide agreement
effective June 1 for about 150,000 workers in the
men’s and boys’ tailored clothing field was nego
tiated by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers and
the Clothing Manufacturers Association of the
United States of America. Although wage scales
were not changed, some supplementary benefits
are to be liberalized beginning December 1 , 1957;
these include a seventh paid holiday and increased
hospitalization (from $11 a day to $14 for members
and dependents) and sick benefits (from $24 a
week to $27). The union indicated it did not seek
a wage increase in 1957 because of the present
conditions in the industry but pointed out that
the contract provided annual wage reopenings.
The Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers
Bargaining Policy Committee announced in midMay that it had authorized settlement with oil
companies on the basis of i 6-percent general
wage advance (averaging more than 15 cents an
hour), 4 weeks’ vacation after 20 instead of 25
years of service, an eighth paid holiday, and
double time and a half for holiday work. Imple
mentation of these terms depended upon negotia
tions by the individual locals. The authorization
followed the negotiation of such an offer from the
Gulf Oil Corp. by the Oil Workers local at its
Port Arthur, Tex., refinery. The company made
the same offer to other groups and put the increase
M a n u fa ctu rin g .
860
into effect for its unorganized workers. By the
end of May, a 6-percent wage increase pattern
appeared to have been established for a substantial
number of the industry’s workers, as many major
companies revised smaller previous offers. Ear
lier, a number of independent unions had nego
tiated 4- or 5-percent increases.
On May 16, members of the International Asso
ciation of Machinists ratified a new contract
covering approximately 14,500 employees of the
Lockheed Aircraft Corp. in Marietta, Ga. In
addition to a 7-cent hourly pay raise retroactive
to April 1, the agreement includes an upward
revision of some job classifications, an improved
pension plan, and supplemental insurance for
occupational sickness or accident. The previous
2-year contract had expired on March 31, 1957,
but negotiations continued peacefully although
the union membership had rejected a prior con
tract offer recommended by union negotiators.
The return to work on May 1 of approximately
21,000 employees of the Lynn and Everett, Mass.,
plants of the General Electric Co. ended a strike
that began the evening of April 25. Grievances
concerning management’s transfer and layoff
policy, compulsory overtime, and the suspension
of a shop steward were the major issues involved
in the dispute between the company and the
International Union of Electrical Workers. The
strike ended when it was agreed to submit the
overtime and suspension issues to arbitration,
and to process the transfer and layoff issue through
established grievance machinery.
In late April, a 3-year agreement providing for a
package increase totaling 28 cents an hour was
reached by the Glass Container Manufacturing
Institute and the Glass Bottle Blowers Association
representing over 5,000 members in the automatic
machine department. An immediate wage in
crease amounted to 3% percent, with 2 percent
more due on May 1, 1958, and an additional 3
percent (either in wages or supplementary bene
fits, as determined by negotiations) in the last
contract year. In 1958, shift differentials were to
be advanced by 2 and 3 cents (to 6 and 9 cents an
hour for the second and third shifts, respectively)
and pension benefits were to be doubled, to $2 a
month exclusive of social security benefits for each
year of service. Other contract terms called for
raising company payments for medical and life
insurance benefits from 2% to 5 cents a man-hour;
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
an improved vacation program; establishment of
10 days’ jury-duty pay, 3 days’ paid funeral leave,
and 4 hours’ call-in pay; and a fourth hour of
reporting pay.
Wage increases of 7% cents an hour effective
May 1, with another 2% cents in May 1958,
plus liberalized supplementary benefits were pro
vided under contracts, ratified on April 30,
between the United Shoe Workers, representing
6,000 workers in the New York City area, and 2
employer associations—the Shoe Manufacturers
Board of Trade and the Quality Shoe Manu
facturers Association—as well as a group of
independent women’s shoe manufacturers. Two
steps were added to the minimum wage scale
effective November 1, 1957: $1.15 after 9 months’
service and $1.20 after 12 months. Formerly,
the only minimums exceeding $1 were $1.05 after
3 months and $1.10 after 6 months. The con
tract also provided for a cost-of-living adjustment
of 2.2 percent covering the period November 16,
1956-April 30, 1957, and for a further cost-ofliving adjustment covering the period May 1,
1958—
May 1, 1959. Employees with 3 years of
sei vice in a plant or 5 years in the industry will
be eligible for 2 weeks’ vacation. Finally, the
employers were to pay into the welfare fund
$15 a man-year to establish a health clinic.
On May 6, two unions—the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers (AFL-CIO) and the United
Glove Workers (Ind.)—representing a total of
about 4,000 operators, day hands, cutters, and
shavers accepted contract offers by two employer
associations—the Fulton County (of New York)
Glove Manufacturers and the Block Cut Manu
facturers. In addition to a 5-cent wage increase,
the pact calls for higher insurance benefits.
Two 10-cent-an-hour annual pay increases
beginning June 1 were negotiated by the United
Brewery Workers representing nearly 6,000 em
ployees of the 4 big Milwaukee, Wis., breweries.
Night shift differentials (currently, 8 and 13 cents
for the second and third shifts) will be advanced
1 cent immediately and another cent next 3rear.
Other terms included an additional paid holiday—
to 9% days improved vacation schedules, and
additional medical and life insurance benefits.
About 4,600 lithographers in the Chicago area
were affected by 2-year agreements providing
weekly increases of $4.75 on May 1, 1957 and
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
an additional $4 on May 1, 1958. The pacts,
signed by the Amalgamated Lithographers of
America and area printing firms, also added a
seventh paid holiday, a fourth week of vacation
after 25 years, and provided a 25-cent increase
(to a total of $2.25 a week) in employer contribu
tions to the welfare plan.
C o n stru c tio n .
The usual spring acceleration in the
tempo of collective bargaining in the construction
industry occurred during late April and May.
Of particular interest were the many contracts
providing wage scale adjustments for 2 or more
years. The Carpenters union agreed on May 2 to
a 5-year contract with the Associated General
Contractors in Northern California providing an
immediate wage increase of 22% cents an hour with
an additional 15 cents in 1958 and wage reopenings
in the following 3 years for 35,000 workers. The
companies will pay a $3-a-day subsistence allowance
during away-from-home assignments starting this
June, and 10 cents a man-hour effective January
1959, to establish a pension plan. The union
signed 3-year agreements, covering 7,000 car
penters, with the Associated General Contractors
and the Home Builders Association in the Miami,
Fla., area, calling for a total wage adjustment of
52 cents an hour—12 cents immediately, 5 cents
more in October 1957, 15 cents in April 1958, 5
cents in October of that year, and 15 cents in April
1959. Double-time pay was provided for work
on Saturday afternoons, Sundays, and holidays.
In Philadelphia, the same union and the General
Building Contractors Association agreed to in
creases totaling 40 cents an hour over a 3-year
period. Wage scales of the 8,000 workers affected
were to be raised by 15 cents on May 1 of 1957,
10 cents in May 1958, and 15 cents in May 1959.
In the Washington, D. C., area, a 2-year contract
with the Construction Contractors Council gave
approximately 5,000 union carpenters an imme
diate 12%-cent hourly pay increase with an addi
tional 15 cents next year. Apprentice scales were
also raised by about 6 to 10 percent, and the e m
ployers’ contribution to the apprentice training
fund was increased 2 cents (to 12 cents) per
apprentice-hour worked. A total package increase
of 50 cents an hour under 3-year contracts was
agreed to by the Associated General Contractors
for 10,000 Carpenters, Laborers, and Iron Workers
in St. Louis, Mo. Wage rates will be raised 10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
861
cents an hour immediately, 22% cents distributed
in two steps next year, and 15 cents in May 1959.
Additional employer contributions of 2% cents an
hour for welfare funds (to a total of 10 cents) were
also provided, with the Iron Workers given the
option of applying 2% cents of any wage increase
to welfare or vacation benefits.
Other construction contracts provided for wagerate adjustments in the current year only. In
Chicago, the Painters Union signed a 1-year
agreement with the Painting and Decorating Con
tractors which covered 14,000 workers and called
for a 20-cent-hourly wage increase, and an addi
tional 5-cent-per-man-hour contribution to a
health and welfare fund (to a total of 15 cents),
and a 3-year apprentice program paying the cost
of training tuition. In the same area, approximately
17,000 laborers represented by the Hod Carriers
also had their wage scales increased by 20 cents
effective June 1, 1957. The contract is to run for
5 years with a wage reopening provided for
December 1, 1958. In the Toledo, Ohio, area,
an agreement calling for an immediate rate
increase of 17 cents an hour was negotiated the
first week in May by 18 building trades, with an
additional 5-cent raise effective November 1, 1957.
The contract covers all major building trades ex
cept painters—from 8,000 to 10,000 workers.
O th er N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g . On May 22, the South
ern Bell Telephone Co. and the Communications
Workers of America announced a 1-year contract
granting wage increases of from $1.50 to $4 a week
to 57,600 workers. The contract also reclassified
27 towns into higher wage zones and upgraded
some jobs.
A 22%-cent-an-hour wage increase distributed
in 4 steps was announced on May 6 by the
Chicago Transit Authority and the Street, Electric
Railway and Motor Coach Employees represent
ing about 12,000 employees. Basic rates, after
incorporation of the existing 7-cent cost-ofliving bonus, were to be raised by 6 cents on
June 1 and 5% cents additional on December 1,
1957, and again on June 1 and December 1, 1958.
Other benefits included 4 weeks’ vacation after
20 instead of 25 years’ service, pay for holidays
falling during vacation, sick benefits of $40 a
week instead of $30, and higher company-paid
life insurance. The contract also provided for
a revised cost-of-living escalator clause.
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.— L is ti n g o f a 'p u b lic a tio n i n th is
se ctio n is f o r reco rd a n d referen ce o n ly a n d d oes
n o t co n stitu te a n e n d o rse m e n t o f p o in t o f v ie w
o r a d vo c a cy o f u s e .
Special Reviews
By Peter O.
Steiner and Robert Dorfman. Berkeley and
Los Angeles, University of California Press,
1957. 296 pp. $5.
In April 1952, the U. S. Bureau of the Census, in
connection with its regular Monthly Report on the
Labor Force, made a followup survey, under con
tract for the Institute of Industrial Relations of
the University of California, of 60 percent of its
sample households containing at least 1 person 65
years of age or older. The presentation and analy
sis of the results of the survey, which focused on
the characteristics and financial status of the
elderly, provide the substance of this volume.
In fact, half of the book is devoted to appendixes
containing technical discussions and tables show
ing the detailed survey estimates.
The data concerning the economic status of the
aged tell a very interesting and compelling story.
For example, among the three economic units into
which the authors divided the aged (unrelated
women, unrelated men, and couples) the biggest
group was represented by the unrelated women
who were mostly widows and whose median in
come was by far the lowest. The relative size of
this group may very well grow if we continue to
have the kind of differential mortality between the
sexes prevailing now. More than half of all the
aged economic units lived alone or with groups to
which they were not related. The survey data
also showed that the health factor looms very
large in the galaxy of problems affecting the older
person; e. g., something like 8 out of every 10 of
T he E c o n o m ic S ta tu s o f the A g e d .
862
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the persons in the survey who retired voluntarily
did so for reasons of health. And, perhaps most
important of all, the study disclosed a significant
number and proportion of economic units in an
apparently indigent status in terms of the resources
available to them to meet the needs of the stand
ards of living or budgets the authors devised.
In the conclusions, where the authors attempt to
assess future trends and problems, they emphasize
the importance of providing employment oppor
tunities for women over 40, so that they can better
cope with the financial problems of old age. Here,
apparently, the prognosis is good in view of at
least current high levels of economic activity and
increasing labor market participation rates among
women. For men, the authors very correctly
underscore the problem of obsolescence of skills,
especially under continuing technological develop
ment, and point to the importance of retraining
and skill development at middle age. When all is
said and done, however, the writers are of the
opinion that it will be the comprehensiveness and
adequacy of private and public insurance plans
which will be the critical determinants of the
economic security of the aged in the future.
— S eymour L. W olfbein
Bureau of Labor Statistics
N e x t T w e n ty Y e a r s . By Peter F.
Drucker. New York, Harper & Brothers,
1957. 114 pp. $2.75.
In this small book, Professor Drucker, by use
of the tenuous thread of pseudoforecasting 20
years into the future, has tied together a series of
essays dealing with various sociological or
economic problems. As a series of essays, de
liberately designed to raise questions and to point
out some of our lack of planning, the volume has
merit.
Professor Drucker’s technique has been to start
with the current distribution of our population
by age group and from this draw the pattern of our
working force two decades hence. He then adds
to this relatively determinable factor an extrapola
tion of existing trends in utilization of labor force
and natural resources, industrialization of “under
developed” nations, and automation to get the
broad outlines for 1975. The problems implicit in
these outlines are then developed, in a highly
A m e r ic a 's
863
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
readable fashion, in more or less separate essays
under the broad headings of labor supply, automa
tion, education, foreign trade and natural re
sources, capital formation, and, finally, politics.
None of the individual essays presents a com
plete analysis of the problem and, in most cases,
few solutions. Many extremely important prob
lems falling directly within the topics discussed
are slighted or completely ignored; for example,
the section on foreign trade contains nothing on
the effects of the development of the common
market and regional blocs, the resurgence of pro
tectionism within both industrialized and under
developed nations, or the effects of restrictions by
some foreign governments or by cartels on exports
of crude or semiprocessed materials. Despite, or
possibly as a result of, the omissions and a gen
erally once-over-lightly technique, the essays are
provocative. If they increase the popular support
for, and understanding of, the work of such serious
and careful groups as Resources for The Future,
various civic planning commissions, congressional
committees like the Joint Economic Committee,
and administrative planning agencies, they will
serve a useful purpose.
—E dgar I. E aton
Bureau of Labor Statistics
By
Lowell C. Yoder. Gainesville, University of
Florida Press, 1957. 181 pp., bibliography.
$4, cloth; $3, paper.
Professor Lowell C. Yoder has done the con
sumer finance industry a service in his detailed
study of the experience of consumer finance com
panies under the Florida law. Much information
is provided in a field which is more often charac
terized by misinformation or no information.
Not only has he supplied information on the perils
and pitfalls of this business, but he has provided
the basis for an intelligent legislative program for
protecting both lenders and borrowers. Inasmuch
as he was sponsored by the Florida Consumer
Finance Association, he tends to be a little more
sympathetic to the difficulties faced by the lender
rather than the borrower. He does not, however,
minimize the nature and extent of abuses which
can arise if unethical lenders are not restrained by
law.
T he C o n su m e r F in a n c e I n d u s t r y i n F lo r id a .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Many States, including Florida, have enacted
legislation to protect consumers from unethical
practices by some of the lenders. Probably one
of the most significant insights in this study is the
conclusion that each State law must be tailored to
the particular characteristics of the local market.
Florida companies, for examples, have experienced
high losses and have an unusually large number
of competitors. This situation has led to a rela
tively expensive kind of operation.
Although the author is generally sympathetic
to the Florida law, he suggests certain changes
which will help consumer finance companies pro
vide a more profitable service yet minimize the
opportunity for abuses. His principal recom
mendations are as follows: (1) The legal ceiling
on loans should be increased from $300 to at least
$600. This would increase profits due to the
economies of scale. (2) The interest rate (now
3% percent a month) should be scaled according
to size of loan; the larger loans are more profitable,
inasmuch as the same administrative costs prevail
for large as small loans. (3) Pawnbrokers should
be kept out of the consumer finance field. (4) The
law should be clarified to permit lenders to sell
credit life insurance. (5) Finally, prorating or
debt-pooling should be banned except as incident
to the practice of law.
The study has certain shortcomings. The
author fails in many cases to define the jargon of
the industry, and he tends to be dogmatic and
somewhat pedantic in his analysis. In addition,
the author might have made some actual cost
studies rather than working from balance sheet
aggregates.
—H arold W olozin
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The
M easu rem en t
and
B e h a v io r
oj
U n e m p lo y
m e n t— A
C o n feren ce o f the
U n iv e r s itie s N a tio n a l B u r e a u C o m m itte e f o r E c o n o m ic
R e se a rc h . New York, National Bureau of
Economic Research, 1957. x, 605 pp. $2.50,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.
Students of labor-force developments will find
great value in this compilation of papers and
comments presented at the 1954 Conference on
the Measurement and Behavior of Unemploy-
864
ment under the auspices of the UniversitiesNational Bureau Committee for Economic Re
search.
General economists and those interested in
national economic policies will find particular
interest in Albert Rees’ analysis of the meaning
and measurement of full employment in the form
of varied approaches involving minimum un
employment, maximum employment, unfilled job
vacancies, and the level of prices. Mr. Rees, of
the University of Chicago, suggests that “modern
economies are too complex to be guided by any
one simple rule” and that “some reliance on
judgment and discretion in countercyclical policy”
may be necessary.
The nontechnician will also find value in Annual
Estimates of Unemployment in the United States,
1900-1954, by Stanley Lebergott of the Bureau
of the Budget. His figures indicate that the
medium unemployment rate during the years
1900 through 1954 was from 4 to 4.9 percent of
the civilian labor force. In the 30 years 1900-29,
however, the unemployment rate was 5 percent
and over for 11 years, with a rate appreciably
higher than 5 percent in many of those years,
while in the 9 years 1946-54, total unemployment
was 5 percent and over for 3 years but the highest
rate was 5.5 percent. He also points to the
substantial differences in partial unemployment
between the predepression period and the postWorld War II years. “Various predepression
surveys showed from 10 to 15 percent of urban
wage earners working part time,” while “the
proportion of all persons in the labor force working
part time in early 1948 was about 8 percent—
and only rose to 12 percent near the peak of the
1949 recession.”
Defining “ ‘workable full employment’—as the
level achieved at least 1 year in 4 during the past
half century,” the percentage of totally unem
ployed at full employment would be less than 3
percent of the civilian labor force.
For those who specialize in labor force measure
ment, there are papers by Gertrude Bancroft of
the U. S. Bureau of the Census on Census Bureau
statistics; Herbert S. Parnes of Ohio State Uni
versity, on data from the Federal-State employ
ment security program; Louis J. Ducoff and
Margaret J. Hagood of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, on the concept and measurement of
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
underemployment; and Richard C. Wilcock of
the University of Illinois, on secondary labor force.
Although there is little, if anything, new in these
and the other papers on labor force statistics,
this book does present the reader with current
thinking on concepts and measurements by lead
ing experts in the field.
Eli Ginzberg of Columbia University presents
some words of caution to those economists and
others in the social sciences who concentrate their
efforts and energies on data collection and meas
urement. Ginzberg told the conference that
unless economists “broaden their horizons, [they]
will be unable to make significant contributions to
studying the behavior of unemployment. . . .
It seems to me that we have approached, if we
have not already passed, the point of diminishing
returns in our preoccupation with the nuances of
measurement . . . we are on the verge of for
getting that all measurements that do not add
significantly to new knowledge have value only as
they contribute to improvements in social policy.”
— N at G oldfinger
American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Cooperative Movement
Social Structure, Trade Unionism, and Consumer Co
operation. By William M. Evan. (In Industrial
and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., April
1957, pp. 440-447. $1.50.)
Credit Unions in Canada, 1955. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Agriculture, Marketing Service,
Economics Division, 1957. 11 pp
Education and Training
Assessing and Reporting Training Needs and Progress.
Washington, U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1956.
77 pp., bibliography. (Personnel Methods Series 3.)
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
National Leadership Development Conference in Trade and
Industrial Education, Purdue University, July 80August 10, 1956. Washington, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education,
[1956]. 85 pp. [Circular 492.]
Training in the Aircraft Industry. By Joseph H. Schuster.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Apprenticeship, 1956. 20 pp. (Bull. T-145.) Free.
865
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Labor Institutes in El Salvador. By Carlos Guillén.
Washington, Pan American Union, Inter-American
Economic and Social Council, Department of Eco
nomic and Social Affairs, 1957. 33 pp. (Workers’
Education Series, 12.)
Housing: The Stalled Revolution. By Emmet Hughes and
Todd May. {In Fortune, New York, April 1957,
pp. 120-124, 282, et seq. $1.25.)
Employment and Unemployment
Trends in Employment in the Service Industries. By
George J. Stigler. New York, National Bureau of
Economic Research, 1956. 167 pp. (General Series,
59.) $3.75, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Annual Digest of State and Federal Labor Legislation,
October 1, 1954 to December 81, 1955; January 1, 1956
to October 15, 1956. By Maxine Anderson. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Standards, 1956. 287 pp. (Bull. 188.) 70 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Multiple Jobholding, July 1956. Washington, U. S. De
partment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1957.
4 pp. (Current Population Reports, Labor Force,
Series P-50, No. 74.) 10 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Supplementation of Unemployment Benefits— Federal and
State Rulings, Statutes, and Cases in Full Text, with an
Introductory Summary. Washington, American Fed
eration of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organiza
tions, Industrial Union Department, [1957]. 169 pp.
Structural Unemployment and Government Policy. By
S. Please. {In International Labor Review, Geneva,
February 1957, pp. 119-136. 60 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Rights and Duties of Oregon Wage Earners and Employers—
Digest of Oregon Labor Law, 1956. Portland, Oregon
State Bureau of Labor, [1956]. 100 pp.
Études sur le Chômage: Recherches sur le Chômage des
Employés. By Jean Morsa. Brussels, Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Sociologie Solvay,
Centre d’Étude des Problèmes de l’Emploi, 1956.
75 pp. 125 Belgian frs.
Health and Medical Care
Books on Occupational Health and Their Medical Authors.
By Jean Spencer Felton, M. D. {In Industrial
Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, May 1957, pp.
260-262. 75 cents.)
How Texas Cares for Her Injured Workers. By Sam B.
Barton. Denton, Tex., the author (North Texas
State College), 1956. 81 pp.
Safeguarding Executive Health: What Industry is Doing.
By Lydia Strong. {In Management Review, Ameri
can Management Association, May 1957, pp. 58-73.
$1.25; $1 to AM A members.)
The Health of the Worker. By P. A. B. Raffle. {In
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, London, April
1957, pp. 73-80, bibliography. 12s. 6d.)
Housing
Twenty-second Annual Report of the Federal Housing Ad
ministration, Year Ending December 81, 1955. (Re
print of Part II of the 9th Annual Report of the
Housing and Home Finance Agency.) Washington,
1957. 258 pp. 75 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.
75 Housing Areas, Annual Summary 1956. New York,
Housing Securities, Inc., Division of Housing Market
Research, 1957. 33 pp. $7.50.
430118— 57-
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor Legislation
The Massachusetts Choice-of-Procedures Approach to Emer
gency Disputes. By George P. Shultz. {In Indus
trial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y.,
April 1957, pp. 359-374. $1.50.)
Liability of Unions and Employers Under the Labor Manage
ment Relations Act. By Walter L. Daykin. {In
Iowa Law Journal, Iowa City, Spring 1957, pp. 370389. $1.75.)
Labor Organizations
Directory of Labor Organizations: Western Hemisphere.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Office of
International Labor Affairs, 1957. Various pagings.
Forty-Five Years— International Federation of Trade Unions,
1901-1945.
By Walther Schevenels.
Brussels,
Board of Trustees of the International Federation of
Trade Unions, 1956. 442 pp., bibliography.
Manpower
The Changing Labor Market: Proceedings for the Seventh
Annual Summer Management Conference, Yosemite
National Park, September 12-15, 1956. Berkeley and
Los Angeles, University of California, Institute of
Industrial Relations, [1956?]. 133 pp.
A Structural Model of the U. S. Labor Market. By Orme
W. Phelps. {In Industrial and Labor Relations Re
view, Ithaca, N. Y., April 1957, pp. 402-423. $1.50.)
A Study of the Scientific Manpower Problem of the United
States. Akron, Ohio, B. F. Goodrich Co., 1956.
26 pp., bibliography.
Trends in the Employment of College and University Gradu
ates in Business and Industry—Eleventh Annual
866
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
Report, 1957. By Frank S. Endicott. Evanston, 111.,
Northwestern University, 1957. 7 pp.
The Future Is Theirs— A Study of Hawaii's 1952 High
School Graduates Four Years Later. Honolulu, Joint
Committee on Guidance and Employment of Youth,
1957. 28 pp.
Tomorrow's Production Worker: Is Industry Missing Its
Best Bets? By John W. Parsons and Robert F. Peck.
(In Personnel, American Management Association,
New York, March 1957, pp. 495-500. $1.75; $1.25
to AMA members.)
Governments and Federal Council on Aging, 1957.
120 pp. 65 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
A Report to the President of the Federal Council on Aging.
Washington, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, 1957. 20 pp.
Flexible Retirement— Evolving Policies and Programs for
Industry and Labor. Edited by Geneva Mathiasen.
New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1957. 226 pp.
On Being Retired. By T. V. Smith. [Syracuse, N. Y.],
Syracuse University Press, 1956. 41 pp.
Report of the National Petroleum Council’s Committee on
Oil and Gas Industries Manpower.
Washington,
National Petroleum Council, 1956. 41 pp.
Personnel Management and Practices
Occupations
Improving Managerial Performance. New York, American
Management Association, 1957. 70 pp. (General
Management Series, 186.)
Employment Outlook in the Atomic Energy Field; for
Automobile Mechanics; in Department Store Occupa
tions; for Geologists; for Social Workers. (In Occupa
tional Outlook, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, May 1957, pp. 11-41. 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
The Case Method— A Technique of Management Develop
ment. Washington, Society for Personnel Adminis
tration, 1957. 31 pp. (Pamphlet 14.) 75 cents.
Spotlight on the Office Worker. By Alfred G. Larke. (In
Dun’s Review and Modern Industry, New York,
April 1957, pp. 41-43, 87-88. 75 cents.)
Executives and Supervisors: Contrasting Self-Conceptions
and Conceptions of Each Other. By Charles H.
Coates and Roland J. Pellegrin. {In American
Sociological Review, Albanj’, N. Y., April 1957, pp.
217-220. $2.)
The Status of the American Public-School Teacher. Wash
ington, National Education Association, Research
Division, 1957. 63 pp. (Research Bull., Vol.
XXXV, No. 1.) 50 cents.
Evaluating the Results of Supervisory Training. By Paul C.
Buchanan. {In Personnel, American Management
Association, New York, January 1957, pp. 362-370.
$1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Chiropody as a Career. By Wilfred E. Belleau. Mil
waukee, Park Publishing House, 1957. 27 pp.,
bibliography. Rev. ed. 75 cents.
The Job of Job Evaluation. By Douglas S. Sherwin. {In
Harvard Business Review, Boston, May-June 1957,
pp. 63-71. $2.)
Older Workers and the Aged
Studies of the Aged and Aging—Selected Documents: Vol.
I, Federal and State Activities {309 pp.); Vol. II,
Health and Health Services (282 pp.); Vol. I l l , Income
and Income Maintenance {221 pp.); Vol. IV , Em
ployment {271 pp.); Vol. V, Public and Private
Services for Older People: Rehabilitation, Housing and
Living Arrangements, Education, and Community
Services {161 pp.); Vol. VI, Care of the Aging by
Veterans Administration {92 pp.); Vol. VI I, Guide
to Significant Publications {2I¡.2 pp.); Vol. VI I I ,
Population: Current Data and Trends {127 pp.); Vol.
IX , Research, Demonstration and Training {157 pp.);
Vol. X, Surveys of State and Local Projects {144 PP-);
Vol. X I, Fact Book on Aging {77 pp.). Washington,
United States Senate, Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare, 1956 and 1957. [Committee Prints.]
Mobilizing Resources for Older People: Proceedings of the
Federal-State Conference on Aging, Washington, D. C.,
June 5-7, 1956. Washington, Council of State
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Employment Interviewing. Washington, U. S. Civil Serv
ice Commission, 1956. 103 pp., bibliography. (Per
sonnel Methods Series, 5.) 40 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
The Placement Interview. By Philip E. Hagerty. Chi
cago, Public Personnel Association, 1957. 8 pp.,
bibliography. (Personnel Brief 18.) $2; $1 to PPA
members.
Social Security
Basic Readings in Social Security, Social Welfare, Social
Insurance. Washington, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra
tion, 1957. 144 pp. (Publication 28.) 50 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Compilation of the Social Security Laws, Including the
Social Security Act, as Amended, and Related Enact
ments Through December 81, 1956. Washington, 1957.
351 pp. $1, Superintendent of Documents, Washing
ton.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
867
Family Allowances in Canada. By Joseph W. Willard.
(In International Labor Review, Geneva, March 1957,
pp. 207-229. 60 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Transportation Conference. Washington, National
Academy of Sciences— National Research Council,
1956. 79 pp. (Publication 459.)
History and Development of Social Security in Great
Britain. By H. W. Stockman. (In Bulletin of the
International Social Security Association, Geneva,
January-February 1957, pp. 3-71.)
Safety Plan at Ray Mines Division, Kennecott Copper Corp.,
Ray, Ariz. By Allen D. Look and M. L. Williams.
Washington, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Mines, 1957. 19 pp. (Information Circular 7772.)
Limited free distribution.
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Work
Miscellaneous
Occupational Wage Survey: San Francisco-Oakland, Calif.,
January 1957; Pittsburgh, Pa., December 1956;
Birmingham, Ala., January 1957; Los Angeles-Long
Beach, Calif., March 1957. Washington, U. S. De
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957.
23, 21, 20, 24 pp., respectively. (Bulls. 1202-8,
1202-9, 1202-10, 1202-11.) 25, 25, 20, 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Labor and the Supreme Court. By Albion Guilford Taylor.
Williamsburg, Va., the author, 1957. 178 pp. $2.
Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage— Wage
Structure: Fertilizer Manufacturing; Seamless Hosiery;
Southern Sawmills; Footwear, Processed Waste, Wooden
Containers, Work Shirts. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957.
64, 90, 52, 114 pp., respectively. (Reports 111, 112,
113, 115, respectively.) Free.
Why Wages Rise. By F. A. Harper. Foundation for
Economic Education, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson,
N. Y., 1957. 124 pp.
The Shorter Workweek. Princeton, N. J., Princeton Uni
versity, Industrial Relations Section, May 1957.
4 pp. (Selected References 75.) 20 cents.
Work Injuries and Injury Prevention
Coal-Mine Injuries and Employment, December and Annual
Summary, 1956. By Nina L. Jones and Elizabeth J.
Reid. Washington, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines, 1957. 9 pp. (Mineral Industry
Surveys, CMI 108.) Limited free distribution.
Work Injuries in Public Schools in California. San
Francisco, State Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1957.
28 pp.
Labor and the Government: Changing Government Policies
Toward Labor Unions. By J. Woodrow Sayre and
Robert E. Rowland. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell Uni
versity, New York State School of Industrial and
Labor Relations, 1956. 32 pp., bibliography. (Bull.
36.) Free.
Labor Union Monopoly— A Clear and Present Danger.
By Donald R. Richberg. Chicago, Henry Regnery
Co., 1957. 175 pp. $3.50.
New England Labor and Labor Problems. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1957. 50 pp. (Bull. 1212; reprint of a special
section of eight articles from the Monthly Labor
Review, March 1957.) 35 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
The Jurisdictional Standards of the National Labor Re
lations Board. Prepared by the Legislative Reference
Service of the Library of Congress. Washington,
United States Senate, Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare, 1956. 46 pp. (Committee Print,
85th Cong., 1st. sess.)
Preparing the Company Organization Manual. By Louis
A. Allen. New York, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., 1957. 88 pp. (Studies in Personnel
Policy, 157.)
Modern Market Research: A Guide for Business Executives.
By Max K. Adler. New York, Philosophical Library,
Inc., 1957. 158 pp. $4.75.
Safety Clauses in Union Contracts [in New York State].
{In Industrial Bulletin, State Department of Labor,
New York, April 1957, pp. 15-17.)
How Labor is Learning: Honduran Workers Help Them
selves to a Better Life. By Carlos Guillen, as told to
Kathleen Walker. {In Americas, Pan American
Union, Washington, May 1957, pp. 3-6. 25 cents.)
Longshore Safety Survey: A Survey of Occupational Haz
ards in the Stevedore Industry. By Maritime Cargo
Government Yearbook, [Israel], 1956.
ment Printer, 1956. 531 pp.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[Tel Aviv], Govern
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
870 Table A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
871 Table A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
875 Table A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
878 Table A-4. Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing
878 Table A-5. Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel
Table A-6. Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Table A-7. Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
879 Table A-8. Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
880 Table A-9. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, se
lected operations
-abor Turnover
881 Table B - l. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
882 Table B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
884 Table C -l.
900 Table C-2.
900 Table C-3.
901 Table C-4.
902 Table C-5.
Table C-6.
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activity
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of produc
tion workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
868
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
869
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
903 Table D -l.
904 Table D-2.
904 Table D-3.
905 Table D-4.
906
907
908
909
911
911
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
D-5.
D-6.
D-7.
D-8.
D-9.
D-10.
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups of
items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors.
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
E.—Work Stoppages
912 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
913 Table F -l.
914 Table F-2.
915 Table F-3.
915 Table F-4.
916 Table F-5.
917 Table F-6.
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetro
politan location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner
ship and location, and construction cost
G.—Work Injuries
918 Table G -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2
2 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
870
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
A: Employment and payrolls
Table
A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1957 2
Employment status
May
Apr.
Mar.
1956
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.3 Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Annual Average
July
June
May
1956
1955
Total, both sexes
Total labor force.
70, 714 69, 771 69, 562 69,128 68, 638 69,855 70,560 70,905 70, 896 71, 787 72,325 72,274 70, 711
70,387
68,896
67,846
2,608
1,181
' 615
210
380
222
65, 238
58, 092
46, 587
6, 557
2,980
1,969
7,146
5.185
1, 475
360
177
125
67, 530
2, 551
1, 214
594
211
301
232
64,979
58’ 394
46, 062
6, 715
2, 648
2,969
6, 585
4, 577
1, 399
416
192
65, 847
2,654
1,138
598
217
367
336
63,193
56 464
4ö[ 046
6, 422
2, 261
2, 736
6, 730
4,887
1, 332
314
196
C iv ilia n la b o r force_______ ____ ______ 67,893 66,951 66, 746 66,311 65,821 67,029 67, 732 68,082 68,069 68, 947 69,489
69, 430
U n em p lo y m e n t . . .................................... . 2, /i5 2,690 2,882 3,121 3,244 2,479 2,463 1, 909 1, 998 2,195
2, 833 2,927
U n em p lo y ed 4 w eeks or less____
1, 398 1, 251 1,167 1,335 1, 645 1,231 1,401
964 1,019 1,011 1, 384 1, 676
U n em p lo y ed 5-10 w eek s..... ......... .
520
507
684
883
808
580
443
408
368
491
784
556
U n em p lo y ed 11-14 w e e k s ............ .
161
224
368
288
292
183
182
117
139
223
184
195
U n em p lo y ed 15-26 w eek s. ..........
377
439
410
390
312
238
233
209
261
237
269
326
U n em p lo y ed o v er 26 w eek s_____
260
267
253
227
188
247
204
211
209
233
213
175
E m p lo y m e n t____ __________________ 65,178 64,261 63, 865 63,190 62, 578 64, 550 65,269 66,174 66, 071 66, 752 66, 655
66, 503
Nonagricultural______________ 58, 519 58, 506 58, 431 57, 996 57, 643 59, 440 59, 076 59, 000 58, 683 59, 487 58, 955 58i
627
W o rk ed 35 h o u rs o r m o re ___ 47,116 47, 230 46, 989 46,183 46, 638 48, 309 43,158 46, 867 47, 371 45, 975 43, 661 46, 524
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs________
6, 576 6, 671 6,699 7,134 6,612 6,555 11,164 7,305 5,963 5,710 5,725 5,973
W o rk ed 1-14 h o u rs _________
2,942 2, 920 3, 065 2,894 2,672 2,804 2,775 2,646 2,516 2,171 2, 283 2, 473
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk * 1, 886 1,684 1, 678 1,787 1, 721 1,772 1,980 2,182 2,834 5,631 7,287 3, 657
A g ric u ltu ra l_________ _____ ____ 6, 659 5, 755 5,434 5,195 4, 935 5,110 6,192 7,173 7,388 7,265
7,700
W o rk ed 35 h o u rs or m o re ___ 4, 616 3, 851 3,492 3, 254 3,032 3, 245 4,163 5,384 5, 554 5. 300 5,419 7,876
5, 647
W o rk ed 15-34 h o u rs________
1, 623 1, 411 1,352 1, 264 1,162 1,175 1,445 1,305 1,348 1,384 1, 656 1,623
W o rk ed 1-14 h o u rs _________
351
356
364
454
471
460
433
350
329
361
431
430
W ith a job b u t n o t a t w o rk <
170
137
225
222
270
229
151
134
157
219
194
Males
Total labor force___________________ 48, 657 48, 214 48, 006 47, 692
Civilian labor force________________ 45,870 45,428 45,223 44. 908
Unemployment__________________ 1,665 1,809 1,950 2,095
Employment____________________ 44, 205 43, 620 43,273 42,813
Nonagricultural_______ ______ 38,982 38, 747 38, 635 38,331
Worked 35 hours or more___ 33, 251 33,027 33, 046 32, 439
Worked 15-34 hours.......... .
3,165 3, 350 3, 260 3,424
Worked 1-14 hours________ 1,309 1,248 1,218 1, 228
With a job but not at work A 1,257 1,122 1, 111 1,240
Agricultural ________________ 5,222 4,872 4, 638 4,482
Worked 35 hours or more___ 4,006 3, 560 3, 279 3,076
Worked 15-34 hours........... .
815
912
856
867
Worked 1-14 hours________
249
282
309
354
With a job but not at work A
152
118
194
185
47,498 47,927 48, 303 48, 340 48,490 49, 682 49,969
44, 714 45,135 45, 508 45,550 45, 697 46,875 47,167
2,150 1,665 1,466 1,124 1,152 1,319 1,672
42, 564 43, 470 44,042 44, 426 44, 546 45, 556 45, 495
38, 244 39,112 39,020 39, 007 39,056 39,880 39, 569
32, 619 33, 620 30, 422 33,036 33, 519 32, 980 31, 439
3,291 3, 080 6,232 3,482 2, 771 2,869 2,888
1,143 1,219 1,126 1,123 1,012
863
957
1,190 1,193 1,240 1,366 1, 754 3,168 4, 285
4, 320 4,358 5, 022 5,419 5, 490 5, 676 5,926
2,854 2,998 3,741 4, 374 4,484 4, 511 4, 640
825
773
837
691
636
732
864
400
378
307
226
226
242
266
240
210
137
128
144
191
156
49, 928 48, 663
48, 579
48,054
47,118
1,767
45,351
39, 337
33, 358
2,875
1,071
2,033
6,013
4,806
775
294
139
45,832
1, 599
44j 233
38, 671
32, 922
3,257
1,253
1,239
5, 562
4,496
722
243
100
45, 756
1, 608
44,148
38,870
32| 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5, 278
3, 993
806
308
171
45, 041
1 752
43,290
37, 803
31, 897
3 257
967
1 681
5 487
4, 298
777
233
177
21,140 21,928 22,258 22, 565 22,405 22,105 22, 355 22,346
21,894 22, 224 22, 532 22, 372 22,071 22,321 22, 312
814
997
785
847
876 1,161 1,160
21,080 21,227 21, 748 21, 525 21,196 21,160 21,153
20,327 20,056 19, 994 19, 627 19, 607 19. 386 19, 290
14. 689 12, 736 13,831 13,852 12, 995 12, 222 13,166
3,475 4, 932 3,823 3,192 2,841 2, 837 3, 098
1, 585 1,649 1,523 1, 504 1,308 1,326 1,402
579
740
817 1,080 2,463 3,002 1,624
752 1,171 1, 754 1,898 1,589 1, 775 1,863
248
422 1.010 1,070
789
779
841
403
608
614
712
652
792
848
82
126
124
103
119
165
136
20
14
6
13
28
38
38
22, 048
21,808
20,842
22, 014
1,009
21,005
19,422
13,665
3,300
1, 727
730
1,584
689
753
116
25
21, 774
943
20,831
19, 524
13, 526
3, 327
1,513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
21
20,806
903
19,904
18, 661
13,147
3,164
1,294
1, 055
1,243
589
555
81
19
Females
Total labor force___________________ 22,056 21, 556 21, 557 21,436
Civilian labor force________________ 22,023 21, 523 21, 524 21, 403
Unemployment__________________ 1,050
882
932 1,026
Employment____________________ 20,974 20,641 20, 592 20, 377
Nonagricultural______________ 19, 537 19, 758 19, 796 19, 665
Worked 35 hours or more___ 13,865 14, 203 13,943 13, 745
Worked 15-34 hours............... 3,411 3.322 3,439 3,710
Worked 1-14 hours________ 1,632 1, 672 1,847 1, 666
With a job but not at work A
628
562
567
544
Agricultural__________ ______ 1,437
883
796
712
Worked 35 hours or more___
609
291
213
178
Worked 15-34 hours_______
708
499
496
398
Worked 1-14 hours________
101
74
56
100
With a job but not at work A
18
19
31
36
21,107
1,094
20,013
19,399
14,018
3,321
1,529
531
614
178
337
71
30
1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily eaual
totals.
* Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation, see Monthly Report on the Labor Force,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57
No. 176).
3 Survey week contained legal holiday.
<Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layofl with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as
unemployed.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
871
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Total employees.
Mining_________
Metal_________
Iron..................
Copper______
Lead and zinc.
Anthracite--------------------- ----------------Bituminous-coal____________________
Contract construction--------------------------Nonbuilding construction..... ..................
Highway and street—------- -------------Other nonbuilding construction_____
Building construction...............................
General contractors_______________
Special-trade contractors.___ ______
Plumbing and heating......................
Painting and decorating__________
Electrical work_________________
Other special-trade contractors.........
Manufacturing____________
Durable goods 3__
Nondurable goods *
Jan,
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
52,354 52,242 51, 894 51, 704 51, 716 53,639 53,007 52,952 52, 663 52,258 51,258 52,135 51,578 51,878 50,056
777
816
806
833
765
839
842
837
836
837
832
833
831
833
830
107.6 111.3 110.2 110.2 110.2 111.1 111.3 112.4 113.8 110.2 85.3 112.0 110.0 108.3 101.4
11.2 37.8 36.9 34.6 34.2
36.5
38.8
38.0
36.5
35.7
35.1
34.9
34.8
36.2
28.9
33.3
33.0
33.4
33.5
33.6
33.6
33.8
33.7
33.7
33.6
33.7
33.9
33.9
17.4
16.6
17.4
17.6
17.3
17.3
17.7
18.1
17.7
18.3
18.3
18.3
18.3
18.3
238.7
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction________________________
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)------ --------Nonmetallic mining and quarrying..........
Peh.
117.0
28.4
240.1
30.4
240.1
30.8
242.9
31.1
242.0
31.8
242.4
30.6
240.7
30.3
240.6
29.8
239.4
30.0
235.3
29.0
188.6
29.2
233.4
24.6
230.7
29.7
230.8
31.3
218.7
338.1
338.8
338.7
336.5
336.1
335.4
333.1
338.5
342.9
342.9
338.8
324.1
330.8
317.1
202.6
202.3
197.6
197.6
197.3
202.9
205.6
205.3
200.9
191.9
196.4
189.0
115.7
118.7
119.9
120.6
120.9
119.4
119.7
117.0
116.2
108.3
114.6
201.8 200.4
111.8 110.0 111.8
3,066 2.916 2,756 2,673 2,667 2,997 3,174
647
502
580
496
514
575
237.5 199.9 184.9 191.5 233.3 274.1
337.9 314.1 310.6 310.4 346.9 372.8
2,341 2,242 2,177 2,165 2,417 2,527
950. 6 898.7 878.2 885.7 1,001. 61,054.7
1,389.9 1,343.3 1, 298. 5 1, 279. 5 1, 415. 5 1,472. 5
331.7 331.8 331.5 335.1 345.7 351.1
174.9 159.0 148.9 151.5 176.4 192.0
219.0 219.5 221.0 223.2 228.7 226.4
664.3 633.0 597.1 569.7 664.7 703.0
3,296 3,342 3,361 3,256 3,237 2,970 2,993 2,759
516
606
628
709
705
722
715
698
309.7 324.2 329.1 323.9 320.3 283.5 263.3 232.4
388.5 391.2 392.9 381.1 388.9 344.7 342.6 284.0
2, 598 2,627 2,639 2, 551 2, 528 2,342 2,387 2,243
, 099.1 .,116.5 , 130.0 , 087. 8 ., 076.4 972.2 995.1 922.6
, 498. 7 , 510.9 ., 509. 3 , 463.2 ., 451.8 1,369. 5 ., 391.8 1.320.8
355.9 355.2 351.8 346.4 342.1 323.5 334.0 317.0
203.8 214.0 217.8 202.3 195.7 179.2 179.5 162.3
226.4 221.2 213.8 205.8 195.3 179.9 198.1 168.4
712.6 720.5 725.9 708.7 718.7 686.9 680.2 673.1
16,685 16,807 16,933 16,945 16,959 17,159 17,180 17,238 17,119 17,035 16,301 16,825 16,730 16,905 16,563
9,856 9.917 9,976 9,992 9,990 10071 10067 9, 999 9,826 9,780 9,313 9,800 9, 785 9,825 9,549
6,829 6,890 6,957 6,953 6,969 7,088 7,113 7,239 7,293 7,255 6,988 7,025 6,945 7,080 7,014
128.2 128.6 130.0 130.6 132.0 132.9 131.5 131.0 131.6 129.3 130.9 130.5 129.4 130.6 139.2
Ordnance and accessories.
550.3 1,487.0 L, 552.0 1.536.9
Food and kindred products___________ 1,451.3 1,431.2 1,430.8 1,429.2 1,459.0 1, 521. 1, 573.0 1, 659.3 1, 738.1 l, 707.1 1, 598.4 L, 335.5
329.9 337.4 325.9
353.1 347.9 342.6 340.9 336.7
320.0 323.1 325.4 338.2 350.
Meat products........................................
116.9 112.0 109.3 112.7
118.8
117.2
1
1
2
.2
107.6
105.7
103.
1
0
2
.6
101.1 99.4 98.7 164.9 183. 215.8 300.7 392.6 358.9 255.7 213.1
Dairy products-----------------------------183.9 231.1 227.4
164.4 158.0 159.5
Canning and preserving..................... .
116.8 120.1 121.0 121.9 122.3 120.2 117.1 118.7 121.3
114.5 116.1 116.3 116.5 117.
Grain-mill products________________
292.1 293.1 290.7 292.0 291.5 292.5 286.8 289.1 285.9
286.2 285.9 286.2 286.3 290.
Bakery products__________________
32.4
31.8
26.2
27.2
27.4
27.1
29.8
44.6
46.8
42.
30.4
25.2
25.9
25.1
S ugar......... .................................. .........
79.8
79.3
74.1
71.5
70.0
77.9
83.8
87.2
86.6 218.2
81.1
77.4
79.1
75.7
Confectionery and related products---2
11.1
215.3
214.4
226.8
232.0
227.6
224.7
218.1
2
1
1
.
204.2
202.7
209.0
208.0
Beverages__________ ______ _______
138.0 139.9 140.7 143.6 144.0 146.6 142.6 140.0 140.4
136.2 136.7 135.4 134.8 136.
Miscellaneous food products.................
86.1 97.3 102.2
86.4
83.9
97.3 101.7 104.7 112.4 114.7 106.1
92.6
85.9
82.6
82.8
Tobacco manufactures__________
33.0
34.2
34.2
34.7
34.2
34.5
34.2
34.3
34.6
34.3
34.2
33.7
33.4
33.7
Cigarettes...................... ................
38.1
34.5
34.0
33.8
32.2
33.5
34.1
33.8
34.7
34.4
33.1
33.4
33,
33.4
Cigars.............................................
7.4
7.0
7.1
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
Tobacco and snuff____________
23.7
21.6
1
0
.8
10.8
12.1 18.5 23.3 26.3 28.6 37.3 39.6 31.2 10.6
9.3
Tobacco stemming and redrying.
Textile-mill products_________________1,001.3
Scouring and combing plants--------------------Yarn and thread mills______________
Broad-woven fabric mills------- --------Narrow fabrics and small wares--------Knitting mills____________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings----Hats (except cloth and millinery)-----Miscellaneous textile goods....................
1,012. 21,020.1 1,024.
6.2 6.4 6.
118.5 119.2 120.
434.1
29.4
211.7
88.9
52.7
11.3
59.4
437.4
29.6
212.6
89.1
54.3
11.5
60.0
441.
29.
209.
89.
55.
11.
60.
1,026.9 1,039.3 1,046. 1,049. 5 1,046.8 1,047.8 1,019.9 057.8 1,061.2 1,057.3 1,077.0
6.8 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.6
120.7 121.6 121.5 120.5 120.8 120.7 119.3 122.3 123.2 123.0 129.9
444.9 448.1 449.9 451.0 451.2 454.4 442.2 460.7 460.8 457.2 467.4
30.5
29.8
29.8
29.3
28.4
29.3
29.7
29.9
29.8
29.2
29.
221.7 224.7 222.6 223.7 215.1 221.2 219.3 220.6 221.9
208.9 215.
91.0
91.7
92.3
91.4
86.4
89.6
89.6
90.6
90.8
90.
89.
53.1
54.2
54.8
53.9
50.6
51.6
53.6
53.7
53.5
54.
53.8
13.1
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.3
11.7
11. 11.8 11.7 11.3 11.9
63.5
61.6
61.9
59.7
58.8
59.8
60.5
61.0
61.0
61.7
61.
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts....... .............................................. 1,147.7 1,203.8 1, 233.4 1,228. 5 1,209. 1, 227.4 1,226.9 1, 230.4 1,217.9
125.9 125.1 125.1 125.8
122.7 124.8 124.8 124.
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats-------Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
305.6 311.1 317.8 316.8
307.2 310.1 309.0 303.
clothing................................................
371.0 359.0 353.0 350.5
357.9 372.6 372.1 368.
Women’s outerwear.----- ----------------121.8 125.0 124.5 123.2
124.1 124.8 123.6 120.
Women’s children’s undergarments—
19.0
19.5
16.6
18.6
18.
21.9
22.4
20.4
Millinery------------------------------------75.7
77.0
75.1
74.9
78.4
75.
76.5
72.8
Children’s outerwear___ ___________
12.4
13.2
13.1|
1
2
.8
10.0
9.5
9.8
9.7
Fur goods--------- ----------- --------------65.8
66.5
65.3
62.8
60.2
61.1
62.7
61.6
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.
128.7
133.8
136.
61
134.0
127.7
128.1
127.4 129
Other fabricated textile products..........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
,220.51,154.5
125.7
118.5
318.9
359.1
121.4
18.8
74.9
305.9
331.0
114.7
16.4
74.7
65.3
124.3
59.3
121.4
12.1 12.6
, 181.8 1,176.0 , 215.4 1, 206.3
124.7 124.7 124.1 119.7
314.6
332.1
119.6
14.0
76.4
12.7
63.8
123.9
315.8
331.7
118.2
13.8
72.9
11.4
61.9
125.6
315.4
356.4
121.6
18.7
74.8
11.6
63.4
129.4
309.7
358.0
119.7
20.2
73.0
12.3
61.4
132.3
872
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able
A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry ^C ontinued
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
May ; Apr.2 Mar.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_______ _____ __________
Logging camps and contractors.............
Sawmills and planing mills................ .
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products...... .............
Wooden containers_____ _________
Miscellaneous wood products................
Furniture and fixtures...............................
Household furniture_______________
Office, public-building, and profes
sional furniture...... ....................... .....
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures......... ........ ..............................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures..............._.........
694.7
368.6
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
678.4
82.4
358. 6
660.9
75.4
349.4
657.4
72.0
349.4
662.9
71.4
353.5
696.9
89.0
366.9
723.9
102.6
377.5
754.4
115.9
390.1
770.9
120. £
397.2
789.2
128.4
405.4
773.3
123.0
400.8
781.6
125.1
404.0
750.9
106.1
393.7
741.4
104.0
388.1
746.6
103.0
393.1
127.1
52. 4
57.9
126.4
52.0
57.7
125.9
52.6
57.5
127.2
53.3
57.5
129.2
53.6
58.2
131.3
53.6
58.9
134.6
54.8
59.0
139.2
54.4
59.2
141.8
54.5
59.1
137.6
54.6
57.3
137.9
55.8
58.8
136.8
56.2
58.1
135.8
55.0
58.5
139.8
55.3
55.4
372.4
263.3
373.1
263.1
373.9
263.1
373.0
261.5
380.4
267.4
381.0
268.4
386.0
271.2
384.8
269.2
379.6
264.2
367.2
257.3
372.8
260.0
372.3
260.6
379.0
266.4
368.2
259.3
47.6
47.4
47.9
47.4
48.0
48.2
48.9
49.4
49.6
47.7
48.1
47.3
48.1
44.2
37.5
37.6
37.6
38.3
38.5
37.7
39.1
39.5
39.3
36.2
38.1
37.3
37.9
37.7
24.0
25.0
25.3
25.8
26.5
26.7
26.8
26.7
26.5
26.0
26.6
27.1
26.6
27.0
574.6
278.6
156.8
139. 2
574.6
279.1
156. 7
138.8
573.1
279.6
155.9
137.6
575.7
280.9
157.6
137.2
580.1
282. 5
160.5
137.1
577.0
279.2
161.9
135.9
577.2
279.6
161.2
136.4
578.3
281. £
159.3
137.1
577.4
283.6
157.9
135.9
568.9
279.9
154.6
134.4
572.1
280.8
156.7
134.6
566.4
275.9
155.4
135.1
569.9
278.0
156.7
135.2
550.0
271. 2
148.3
130.5
864.7
863.5
320.0
59. 5
53.9
227.6
62.7
16.3
46.3
864.4
319. 5
60. 5
55.0
227.9
62.7
16.3
45. 9
861.0
318.8
61.0
54.7
225.8
62.1
16.2
45.9
862.2
317.3
61.5
54.4
228.1
62.2
17.2
46.2
874.8
321.0
66.5
54.4
228.9
64.0
18.7
46.5
868.6
316.7
65.6
54.0
227.3
64.5
20.0
46.1
867.8
317.7
65.0
53.6
226.5
64.3
20.3
46.7
858.8
316.1
63.7
53.2
224.0
63.6
19.8
46.8
852.2
314.5
62.6
53.3
222.7
62.8
19.3
46.4
847.0
313.7
62.3
53.9
220.6
62.0
18.6
45.5
849.9
314.8
62.7
52.9
221.3
62.5
19.3
46.1
845.9
313.4
63.1
52.9
220.0
62.1
18.3
45.8
852.5
313.7
64.2
53.1
222.4
63.1
18.8
46.0
823.6
302.1
64.0
51.1
214.2
62.0
18.9
42.9
77.2
76.6
76.5
75.3
74.8
74.4
73.7
71.6
70.6
70.4
70.3
70.3
71.2
68.4
Chemicals and allied products................
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals.................
Drugs and m edicines...........................
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions......... ............ ........ ......................
Paints, pigments, and fillers..............
Gum and wood chemicals....... ............
Fertilizers..... ........... ............ ........ ........
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals___________
834.7
842.0
107.7
316.1
101.4
840.1
107.7
317.1
101.4
835.7
107.6
317.4
100.9
834.5
107.-8
318.8
100.3
834.4
107.8
318.0
100.5
832.6
107.7
316.9
100.2
835.5
108.3
316.3
99.9
834.0
109.4
317.7
99.8
832.8
109.2
320.0
99.9
823.7
109.1
313.4
99.5
828.0
109.7
316.9
97.0
829.8
108.7
315.0
94.5
830.6
108.4
315. 7
97.7
810.5
105.0
308.6
93.2
50.3
76.9
8.7
45.2
38.0
97.7
50.6
76.6
8. 7
42.0
39.4
96.6
50.6
76.6
8.6
36.7
40.6
96.7
50.2
76.4
8.5
34.4
41.2
96.9
50.1
50.3
76.2
76.5
8.5
8.4
33.3 ’ 32.2
42.1
42.7
97.9
97.7
50.6
76.4
8.4
33.7
43.3
98.6
50.7
76.7
8.4
31.9
41.4
98.0
51.5
77.4
8.4
30.1
37.9
98.4
50.4
76.8
8.3
30.6
36.8
98.8
50.4
76.5
8.1
33.4
37.3
98.7
49.9
76.1
8.3
42.3
38.3
96.7
50.3
76.2
8.4
36.0
40.5
97.4
49.8
73.8
8.0
36.7
41.5
93.9
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining.................................
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products....... ............. ........ ................ .
256.8
256.1
204.9
255.6
204.4
255.9
204.5
253.0
203.9
257.0
204.0
259.1
205.7
261.2
207.9
253.1
205.5
255.7
203.1
252.1
200.0
254.3
202.6
252.8
201.3
51.2
51.2
51.4
49.1
51.3
52.1
53.0
53.4
53.3
47.6
52.6
52.1
51.7
51.5
Rubber products........... .
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear..........
Other rubber products.
257.8
249.3
97.0
21.7
130.6
269.9
113.1
22.1
134.7
271.1
113.1
22.1
135.9
274.5
113.6
22.6
138.3
274.3
113.6
22.9
137.8
251.6
94.6
23.3
133.7
273.1
112.3
23.8
137.0
268.4
112.3
24.0
132.1
264.8
111.4
24.0
129.4
261.6
111.3
23.6
126.7
262.4
111.7
23.9
126.8
269.1
112.8
24.5
131.8
269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6
271.9
115.4
22.5
134.0
Leather and leather products__________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedindustrial leather belting and packing..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber).......................
Luggage------------ --------------------------Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
361.4
374.7
40.8
5. 2
19.9
243.6
16. 4
32.2
16. 6
382.3
40.9
5.2
20.4
248.2
16.8
34.0
16.8
381.3
41.5
5.3
20.5
246.5
16.5
35.0
16.0
376.6
41.7
5.3
20.2
245.8
15.9
33.0
14.7
378.9
42.2
5.3
20.4
244.2
16.3
33.9
16.6
376.1
42.2
5.2
20.1
239.6
16. 4
35.2
17.4
376.3
42.3
5.1
19.6
237.6
16.6
37.2
17.9
377.0
41.8
5.1
19.3
239.9
16.6
36.2
18.1
385.4
42.5
5.1
19.9
247.0
17.2
35.7
18.0
376.7
41.8
4.9
19.6
243.4
16.8
32.7
17.5
380.9
42.7
4.9
20.0
247.0
17.5
31.2
17.6
371.2
42.5
5.2
19.3
242.3
17.0
28.1
16.8
381.5
42.7
5.2
20.0
246.3
16.6
33.7
17.0
382.9
44.6
5.0
18.3
248.4
16.8
33.1
16.7
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass........... ........ ....................... .
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic___ _____________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts___________________ ________
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
p ro d u cts............................. ........ ........
See footnotes at end of table.
549.4
548.9
31.7
94.8
16.7
42.2
80.5
53. 4
545.5
32.3
94.1
16.9
42.4
79.3
54.0
543.0
33.4
93.1
16.9
42.3
78.1
54.6
545.6
34.2
93.6
17.2
42.4
80.5
54.0
558.0
34.9
95.5
17.8
43.2
83.2
55.1
563.4
35.0
96.9
17.8
43.4
84.6
55.3
567.6
34.7
97.4
17.6
43.6
87.1
55.2
563.5
34.3
92.3
17.3
44.0
88.4
53.9
567.4
34.2
94.9
16.8
44.4
88.8
54.5
559.5
33.4
91.2
16.1
43.9
88.8
52.7
569.4
33.5
96.4
16.5
44.0
90.5
54.9
565.8
33.8
96.0
17.4
43.4
87.7
55.5
561.5
34.2
95.0
17.5
43.4
86.9
54.6
548.1
33.5
93.7
17.3
42.6
82.5
53.9
117.4
19.2
114.8
18.9
113.3
18.8
112.9
18.8
116.1
19.2
118.3
19.4
119.9
19.4
121.3
19.6
122.3
19.3
121.7
19.8
121.6
20.0
119.6
19.9
117.6
19.5
111.7
19.8
93.0
92.8
92.5
92.0
93.0
92.7
92.7
92.4
92.2
91.9
92.0
92.5
92.8
93.1
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills-.
Paperboard containers and boxes__
Other paper and allied products.......
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries______________ ___________
Newspapers______________________
Periodicals__ ________ ____________
Books____ _______ _______________
Commercial printing________ _____
Lithographing____________________
Greeting c a rd s......................................
Bookbinding and related industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
255.2
203.9
256.0
203.9
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
873
A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
CO
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipm ent).................................. 1,114.1
Tin cans and other tinware_________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies.............................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav
ing.........................................................
Lighting fixtures.....................................
Fabricated wire products...... ................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts........................................................
bO
Apr.2 Mar.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries........................ 1,316.3
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills.......................................................
.
Iron and steel foundries_____________
.
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.......................................
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals____ ___________
Bolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals__________ _________
.
Nonferrous foundries............... ...... .......
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
tries______________ _____________
Annual
1956
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1, 357.
1, 353.
1, 350.
663.
240.
663.
241.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
966.
1, 335.
1, 331.
1, 311.
1, 284.1
652.
239.
3S5o
3
Industry
635.3
230.5
1955
1, 338.
1, 348.
1, 355.
653.
231.
659.
234.
662.
240.
661.
241.
69 .
68.
68. £
70.
70.
£
69.7
69.4
70.2
64.8
68.7
67 .
66.5
67 .
£
63.4
14.4
14.
14.
£
14.
14.
£
14.3
14.
14.3
14.1
14.1
14.
14.
14 . a
13.0
113.
79 .
109.7
82 .
112.2
82 .
115.
83 .
115.
83 .
£
115. £
83.3
114.1
82.8
116.3
79.7
110.3
77.2
115.6
75. £
118.
76.2
120. a
£
77.2
116. S
79.6
114 0
77.5
166.
168.
168.4
167.
166.9
166.4
164.9
163.1
155.
144.
162.2
162.2
161.1
150.4
1, 128.
57. 5
144.2
£
663. '
242.
£
1, 345.
666. f
234.8
1, 307.
647. Í
237.8
£
312.1
235.
£
£
660.4
237.1
241.
a
1, 134.1 1, 138.8 1, 137.8 1, 141.8 1, 142. 2 1, 140. 6 1, 114.3 1, 094. 7 1, 054.0 1, 098. 7 1, 108.4 1, 116.6 1, 108. 6
55 . 4
54. 7
53.8
53.3
53.4
58.5
61.7
61.6
61.0
60.6
58.9
57.7
58.3
147.9
150.1
152.3
153.1
151.8
148. 2 143.5
140.2
137.4
143.3
147.8
149.2
154.1
111.9
323.1
111.4
322.1
111.6
320.2
110.3
317.0
113.6
316.7
117.0
316.0
121.2
315.8
121.2
314.0
119.6
312.5
118.1
292.5
122.7
307.0
123.5
299.7
121.4
303.4
125. 7
278.2
235.6
52.0
62.3
240.6
52.7
62.8
244.1
53.4
63.8
246.3
53.2
65.0
247.5
53.8
65.1
246.6
53.4
64.9
242.3
52.9
64.0
226.1
49.8
61.6
218.9
48.7
59.2
213.0
47.6
56.8
222.5
47.1
59.7
230.2
48.8
61.0
234.3
50.8
61.9
242.4
51.6
61.1
141.5
141.2
140.9
139.9
138.7
139.1
137.7
136.4
134.0
127.6
135.8
138.5
137.9
137.2
Machinery (except electrical)...... ........... 1, 723.3
Engines and tu rb in e s..____ _______
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining m achinery..
Metalworking machinery____ _____
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
General industrial machinery..............
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma
chines..................... .............................
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
1, 749.8 1, 764.0 1, 763.6 1, 752.4 1, 740. 5 1, 722. 2 1, 711.0 1, 711.6 1, 707. 6 1, 703.1 1, 724.0 1, 722.9 1, 716. 4
1, 592.3
85.0
85 . 5
86.5
85.8
86.5
85.5
84.1
81.2
82.6
76.6
76.5
76.1
79.6
74 3
154. 2 157.3
149.4
154.7
144.9
139.2
134.4
142.3
142.1
146.5
151.6
153.0
149.5
154.3
155.4
155.4
156.9
154. 6 154.7
153.1
154.0
154.1
154.2
152.1
154.6
150.5
151.9
132.7
291.8
293. 5 291.7
290.7
289.5
2S 6.9
284.4
283.6
281.3
279.6
282.4
284.0
282.5
262.9
Electrical machinery________________ 1,214.0
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratu s................... ................................
Electrical appliances_______________
Insulated wire and cable___________
Electrical equipment for vehicles____
Electric lamps........... ........ ...................
Communication equipment_________
Miscellaneous electrical products.........
135. 9
183.7
185.4
269.8
136.4
185.8
269.2
136.0
187.9
268.3
134.5
188.4
267.3
131.4
188.2
267.1
130.0
187.4
265.7
127.9
188.4
265.0
123.8
188.2
264.5
125.6
189.2
262.4
124.9
190.2
260.0
125.5
188.0
257. 2
124.9
188.1
259.6
124.7
179.0
236.8
109.8
193.0
282.5
196.7
284.0
199.6
283.2
198.5
282.7
196.1
281.7
193.7
278.5
195.9
277.2
197.7
274.1
198.6
271.9
202.3
269.5
212.7
270.5
215.7
273.5
205.6
274.9
189.3
253.2
1, 215. 5 1, 228. 2 1, 232.0 1, 236. 2 1, 250. 7 1, 260.9 1, 251. 2 1, 228.8 1, 215.1 1, 187.3 1, 193. 5
1,189.3
268. 3
424.7
50 . 2
26.1
75. 2
28 . 5
562.0
48.8
Transportation equipment__________
1,926. 4 1, 943.1
Automobiles_____________________
819.1
Aircraft and parts..... ............. ......... .
9(J 5. 8
Aircraft_____ ____ _____________
553. 9
Aircraft engines and parts________
183.0
Aircraft propellers and parts_____
20.6
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
148.3
Ship and boat building and repairing..
143.4
Shipbuilding and repairing_______
123.9
Boatbuilding and repairing______
19. 5
Bailroad equipment........... ...... ..........
65.4
Other transportation equipment____
9 .4
Instruments and related products............
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments___ _________________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments__________ ____ _____
Optical instruments and lenses______
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
m ents............... ..................... ..............
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus_____ _______
Watches and clocks___________ ____
340.0
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Musical instruments and parts______
Toys and sporting goods____________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics products________
Other manufacturing industries...........
480.9
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
428.6
51.5
26.8
79.1
28.4
564.9
48.9
430.1
52.6
27.0
79.4
28.6
565.5
48.8
433.0
52.4
27.5
79.6
28.6
566.1
49.0
433.2
53.2
27.6
78.6
28.4
579.7
50.0
432.0
53.6
27.1
77.2
28.5
592.1
50.4
432.0
54.0
27.0
74.1
28.6
585.2
50.3
428.5
54.3
26.4
70.3
28.3
570.0
51.0
425.5
53.8
25.8
67.6
28.0
563.8
50.6
421.1
50.2
25.3
66.4
28.4
548.5
47.4
420.8
52.5
25.6
67.9
28.4
549.3
49.0
418.8
52.6
26.0
71.2
28.2
543.1
49.4
1, 202.9 1, 123.6
415.9
52.6
26.1
73.9
27.1
557.7
49.6
383.4
46.4
22.8
80.3
26.6
515.7
48.4
1, 980.1 1, 984. 7 1, 977.3 1, 971.0 1, 928.1 1, 839.0 1, 718.9 1, 746.0 1, 759.1 1, 766. 6 1, 790.4 1, 830. 5 1, 832.1
853.1
863.6
872.7
876.4
856.1
787.7
684.9
741.9
722.0
758.1
800.2
815.2
903.8
908.6
904.8
891.5
884.6
870.7
853.4
841.2
827.5
813.9
799.2
783.7
814.4
740. 5
55/. 2 554.9 546.8 540.0 531.6 522.1 515.6 509.3 500.9 490.5 477.5 499.1 466.6
184.2
183.8
181.0
181.1
177.7
173.9
170.6
166.0
164.3
162.9
160.7
165.6
147.1
20.4
20.1
19.7
19.6
19.0
18.5
18.0
17.1
16.8
16.4
15.9
16.9
13.8
146.8
146.0
144.0
143.9
142.4
138.9
135.1
137.0
131.9
129.4
129.6
132.8
113.0
145. 2 142.3
139.6
137.6
132.3
127.1
125.3
126.2
132.9
134.4
131.0
128.9
123.0
125. 5 122.7
120.7
119.5
115.1
109.1
110.6
110.5
115.0
115.0
110.0
110.0
101.0
19.7
19.6
18.9
18.1
17.2
16.5
16.2
15.7
17.9
19.4
21.0
18.9
22.0
64.0
65.0
65.2
63.6
58.4
59.8
56.4
59.5
60.4
64.6
65.5
62.1
55.8
9. 2
9 .0
8 .3
8.8
10.6
11.0
11.1
10.8
10.0
10.3
10.0
9.9
9 .0
342.8
342.2
341.2
341.7
343.4
343.4
342.4
340.8
338.6
333.2
333.3
332.0
335.9
76.1
73.9
73.8
72.7
72.2
71.9
71.6
70.1
68.9
68.0
66.7
65.8
67.3
57.6
86.3
14.0
87.3
14.1
86.3
14.1
87.5
14.0
88.2
14.1
88.1
14.0
87.2
13.9
85.9
14.0
85.3
13.6
84.0
13.7
83.9
13.9
83.7
13.9
85.5
13.9
82.4
13.8
42.4
24.2
68.6
31.2
42.0
24.5
68.8
31.6
42.0
24.7
69.0
31.3
41.7
24.7
69.2
31.9
41.5
24.9
69.3
33.2
41.3
24.9
69.3
33 .9
40.8
25.2
69 . 1
34.6
41.0
25.4
69.6
34 .8
41.1
25.6
70.2
33.9
40.6
25.5
68.8
32 .6
41.0
25.9
68.3
33 .6
41.0
26.0
67.1
34.5
41.0
25.7
68.1
34.4
39 .9
25.2
65.7
36.4
481.9
47.6
17.3
85.3
31.1
59.7
88.7
152.2
479.4
48.8
17.8
80.8
30 .7
60.3
89.9
151.1
477.6
50.1
18.0
79.1
30 .7
60.4
89.6
149.7
475.5
50.3
18.1
76.1
31.4
60.8
89.6
149.2
498.5
51.6
18.9
85.0
32.3
62.2
90.7
157.8
516.7
52.0
18.9
97.3
33 .0
64.1
91.4
160.0
515.9
51.5
18.5
103.0
32.9
65.6
87.8
156.6
505.0
50.1
18.2
100.0
32.6
65.1
84.7
154.3
479.0
46.6
17.5
94.0
31.4
61.2
82.7
145.6
494.3
48.7
18.0
96.8
31.8
62.5
84.0
152.5
491.8
49.2
18.1
94.3
31.6
60.3
85 .2
153.1
499.3
50.8
18.3
93.2
31.9
63.8
86.5
154.8
485.2
525.3
52.5
18.8
104.1
33.3
65.9
90.6
160.1
321.0
52.3
17.7
86.9
30 .7
64.9
81.5
151.2
874
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able
A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry i—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 2 Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
Transportation and public utilities_______
4,161 4,158 4,147 4,120
26 4,19' 4,184 4,18S 4,19
4,19C 4,161 4,191 4,149 4,157 4,062
Transportation __........................................ 2,755 2, 751 2,746 2, 723 2,733 2,797 2,785 2, 792 2,783 2, 769
2,742 2,798 2,773
768 2,727
Interstate railroads........................_........
I,
5 132.0
I , 135.1,132.5
0 1,172. 1,174. 1,188. 1,188. 1,184. ' 1,171. Í 1,225. 1, 210. 5 2,
5 1.205.3
Class I railroads_________________
992.4 988.0
7
1 1,016. 1,027.7 1,041. 1, 040. 1,036. 1,031. 1,076. 1,063.4 1,190.
I
,
042.6
1,057.2
Local railways and buslines_________
108.4 108.6 108.
2 108.
108.6 109. C 109.
no. : 110.
111.2 111. 6 110.6 116.1
Trucking and warhousing_____ _____
821.8 820.2 819.
0 842.
838.6 832.6 820.
809.
798.
800.2
792.4
807.5
764.9
Other transportation and services____
685.3 685.2 662.
0 672.
663.2 661.8 664.
664.
661. ( 661.8 658.0 658.9 640.7
Buslines, except local........... ..............
43.2
42.
42.6
5 41.
42.0
42.5
43.1
43.6
43.6
42.9
42.4
42.4
43.6
Air transportation (common carrier)
145.2 143.1 141.
2 137.
136.3 135.2 134.
134.'
133.1 131.0 129.0 130.5 114.3
Communication........................................
810
810
806
803
802
803
801
806
813
811
794
788
795
750
Telephone..............................................
767.1 763.8 760.
9 759.4 760.1 757. 9 762. : 769.7 767.2 750.8 744.6 751.2 706.7
Telegraph____ ______ ____________
41.7
41.
41.7
4 42.1
42.4
42.6
42.8
42.8
42.8
42.6
42. 6 42.6
42.3
Other public utilities___ ____________
597
594
595
593
595
596
596
602
608
608
599
588
594
585
Gas and electric utilities___________
572.5 570.7 569.9
6 571.0 571. 8 572.1 578.2 583.5 583.0 574.8 564.4 570.1
562.1
Electric light and power utilities___
248. 6 247.9 247.
6 247.2 247.3 247.4 251.2 253.6 253.3 250.1
247.8 248.7
Gas utilities............... .........................
143.5 143.1 143.4
8 144.5 145.2 145.4 146. 5 148.0 147.6 145.8 245.3
142.7 144.2 140.8
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined..................................................
180.4 179.7 179.4
2 179.3 179.3 179.3 180.5 181.9 182.1 178.9 176.4 178.1 172.6
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified..
24.0
23.6
24.0
6 23.8
23.8
24.0
24.1
24.7
25.1
24.3
23.4
23.9
23.0
W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e _________________
424 11,225
11,415 I I ,
I I , 265
8 12,260 11,657 11,445 11,319 11,198 11,164 11,236 11,126 I I ,
292
10,846
Wholesale trade___ ________________ 3,112 3,113 3,117 3,114 3,106 3,149 3,119 3,090 3,068 3,064 3,033
3,011 2,974
2,873
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
function...... ............................... .
1, 797. 5 1,800. 9 1,800.6
2 1,837. 5 1,811.2 1, 795. 7 1, 784.3 1, 780. 2 1, 766.9 1, 754.1 1,734.8
Automotive............... ................ ........
121.9 120.3 119.8
5 119.5 119.1 119.5 120.5 121.5 120.8 119.1 117.8 118.8 1.679.4
113.4
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors.______ ______
318.4 319.2 317.8 316.44 322.3 318.1 313.4 312.3 310.7 309.9 307.8 303.7 310.2
298.4
Electrical goods, machinery, hard
ware, and plumbing equipment__
461.6 462.8 462.7
4 464.8 464.1 461.5 462.3 463.4 461.8 459.3 453.1 456.9 432.2
Other full-service and limited-func
tion wholesalers_______________
895.6
900.3
930. 9 909.9 901.3 889.2 884.6 874.4 867.9 860.2
835.4
Wholesale distributors, other________
315.4 1,315.9 1,313.6
1,311.8 1,307.6 1,294.0 1, 283. 3 1, 283. 6 1, 265.8 1, 257. 2 1, 238. 7 881.6 1.193.9
Retail trade__________ ______________ 8,303 8,311 8,148 8 , 111
9. Ill 8,538 8,355 8, 251 8,134 8,131 8,225 8,152
7,973
General merchandise stores_________ 1,393.0 1.399.0 1, 343.0 1,333. 2
1,969. 6 1,600.2 1,475.9 1,421.5 1,344. 4 1,338. 5 1,380. 2 1,394. 7
1.430.9
Department stores and general mail
order houses_________________
887.0 862.0 859.2
1, 266. 8 1,049.1 955.0 917.3 876.5 876.9 899.7 890.8 938.8 912.7
Other general merchandise stores__
512.0 481.0 474.0
702. 8 551.1 520.9 504.2 467.9 461.6 480.5 503.9 511.9 518.2
Food and liquor stores..................
1, 593. 2 1, 600.1 1, 590. 8 1,586.8
1, 612. 2 1, 587.9 1, 567. 5 1,549.4 1, 541. 5 1, 549. 8 1, 554. 2 1,545.
2
1, 486.4
Grocery, meat, and vegetable mar
kets_________ ________ ______
1,125. 7 1,123. 5 1,118. 5
1,137.0 1,119.0 1,102.1 1,082.8 1,070.1 1,076. 5 1, 080.2 1, 075. 6
1,034.
Dairy product stores and dealers___
232.1 230.3 227.3
227. 4 228.8 229.5 236.4 241.8 242.7 240.4 233.3 231.9 226.62
Other food and liquor stores...............
242.3 237.0 241.0
247.8 240.1 235.9 230.2 229.6 230.6 233.6 236.3 235.3 225.6
Automotive and accessories dealers___ 796. 7 796.5 796.0 793.2
816.6 804.1 795.5 797.1 804.6 810.1 808.6 808.1 808.
Apparel and accessories stores________ 632.1 658.1 592.4 581.2
758. 5 655.8 633.4 610.5 563.2 572.0 611.9 608.4 616.07 803.0
596.8
Other retail tra d e ................ ................. 3,887.9 3.857.1 3,826.1 3, 816. 2
3,954. 2 3,889. 5 3, 883.1 3,872.0 3, 880.1 3,860. 2 3,870.1 3, 795.4 3, 831. 0 3.655.9
Furniture and appliance stores__
394.7 395.3 395.1
415. 7 402.8 397.1 393.9 391.9 390.2 391. 6 391.4 395.8 384.7
Drug stores......................................
362.3 354.7 352.2
378.7 354.9 354.7 346.5 345.2 344.1 344.2 337.7 345.6 328.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate______
2,333 2,319 2,310 2,301
2,308 2,314 2,315 2,325 2,361 2,349 2,328 2,299 2,306 2,219
Banks and trust companies......... ...........
606.7 605.2 602.3
597.2 594.9 590.4 588.1 596.0 593.5 581.8 572.4 581.9 549.3
Security dealers and exchanges........ .......
82.6
83.6
82.7
83.0
82.9
82.7
82.8
84.4
84.1
83.1
82.3
82.4
77.6
Insurance carriers and agents_________
845.3 842.5 837.0
829.9 828.5 826.0 826.2 836.4 833.8 821.6 814.4 821.7 795.4
Other finance agencies and real estate__
784.7 779.1 779.1 783.1 797.6 807.9 815.7 828.0 844.1 837.8 841.8 829.6 820.1
796.8
Service and miscellaneous_____
6,497 6,435 6,317 6,273 6,239 6,295 6,327 6,343 6,322 6,293 6,296 6,320 6,282
Hotels and lodging places____
499.2 482.3 480.7 473.6 482.0 488.2 494.8 534.5 6Ò9.0 6Ó6.4 543.6 513. 5 6,231 5,916
518.0 498.7
Personal services:
Laundries..............................
328.1 328. 2 328.0 329.6 330. 2 331.7 332.9 333.7 336. 6 341.9 339.3 335.0 333.5
332.1
Cleaning and dyeing plants.
163.7 160.3 158.9 160.6 162.9 163.8 165.7 164.3 160.7 166.8 172.9 168.8
164.8 163.4
Motion pictures____________
224.0 216.5 212.3 211.6 214.8 220.2 228.8 234.3 234.5 234.5
232.8 235.8 226.6 231.6
Government.........
7,367 7,350 7,335 7,334 7,302 7,589 7,334 7,290 7,203 6,981 6,966 7,165
7,216 7,178 6,914
Federal8______
2,207 2,205 2,203 2,200 2.196 2, 483 », 201
,202
, 196 2, 208
,208 !, 193
, 176 2
2,187
State and local8.
5,160 5,145 5,132 5,134 5,106 5,106
,133
, 088
,007 1,773 4,758
,972
, 040 4,
4,727
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. They have been revised
because of adjustment to first quarter 1956 benchmark levels indicated by data
from government social insurance programs. Comparable data for earlier
years are available upon request.
These series are based on establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. 1 herefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
3 Durable goods include: Ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nondurable goods include: Food and kindred products; tobacco manu
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile productspaper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products*
and leather and leather products.
1
8 Data for Federal establishments refer to the continental United Statesthey relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last
day of the month.
’
« State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
a,description oi! these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : U S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for al
senes except that for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
875
A-3 : Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
2 Apr.2 Mar.
Mining................. .
Metal_________
Iron_________
Copper______
Lead and zinc.
686
94.
31.
28.
15.
Anthracite_____
Bituminous coal.
.
.
Crude petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction.
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)___________
26.
218.
686
93. 9
30. 3
28. 6
15. 6
28.
218.
Feb.
Jan.
689
94. 5
30. 5
28. 6
15. 7
28. 9
221. 8
689
94. )
30. 8
28. 5
15. 5
Dec.
69
95.
31.
28.
15.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
696
95.7
32 2
28.7
15.4
696
95.9
33 4
28.4
15.1
699
97.1
34.1
28.6
15.0
699
94.0
31.8
28.5
14.8
625
68.7
6.3
28.4
14.7
695
95.7
33.1
28.3
15.0
May
673
94.2
32.5
27.9
14.9
1956
680
92.5
30.0
28.3
14.9
1955
651
86.6
29.7
24.4
14.2
28.
221.
29.
222.
28.2
220. 5
27.7
220.3
27.2
219.5
27.4
216.0
26.5
168.6
212.8
22.5
27.1
210.1
210.8
28.3
200. 5
26.7
-
248.
249.
250. 5 249.
250.
250.2
248.6
251.7
258.0
259.6
257.1
246.2
249.8
243.1
-
130.
130.
131. 0 130.
129.
128.8
128.8
132.1
136.1
137.4
134.6
128.4
130.7
129.4
99.
101.8
103.0
103.8
103.8
102.0
102.5
100.1
99.5
92.7
N o n m etallic m in in g and quarrying_____
97.
95.Í
93.
95.
M anufacturing_______ ____________________
1 12,95£ 13,085 13,11 13,15( 13,350 13,392 13,465 13,345 13,256 12,536 13,108 13.063 13,196 13,061
D urable goods .............
_I__ 7,564 7,625 7,693 7, 721 7,740 7,827 7,839
7,616 7,572 7,113 7,636 7, 648 7, 659 7, 551
N ond u rab le goods _______________ 5,267 5,331 5,392 5,393 5,410 5,523 5, 553
3
4
Ordnance and accessories___________ ___
5,729
78.03
78.3
Food and kindred p rod ucts_____________ 1,005.6
M eat products_________________ IIIIIII
D a iry p rod ucts__________________
C anning and p reserving_______________
G rain-m ill products...... ...................... " I ”
B akery p ro d u c ts.........................................
S u g ar._____ _______________ _______
C onfectionery and related products
B everages______ _____ ________________
M iscellaneous food p rod ucts__________
989.0
252.6
68.2
133.5
79.5
167.6
20.2
61.4
113.6
92.4
79.
79.
80.
82.5
81.8
81.6
988.8 987.1 1,014.9 1,075.6 1,125.2
255.: 257.1 269.9 282.9 283.8
66.8
65.
67.2
67.9
69.4
127.2 128.1 134.: 152.0 184.6
80. 5 80.7
81.4
81.9
81.8
168.2 168.
168.: 172.5 174.7
20.2
20.!
25. S 37.3
40.9
62.8
64.5
66.4
71.0
71.7
114.8 109.2 111.0 117.9 124.2
93.0
91.8
91.1
92.2
94.1
279.2
71.1
268.3
85.0
175.7
38.9
72.2
123.8
95.1
Tobacco m anufactures_____ ______
C igarettes................................. ...........
C igars......... ......... ..................... ...........
Tobacco and sn u ff____________________
T obacco stem m in g and redrying______
73.4
73.8
29.1
31.7
5.7
7.3
76.5
29.3
31.6
5.6
10.0
83.7
29.8
32. C
5.6
16.3
88.1
30.4
31.2
5.7
20.8
93.0
30.7
32.7
5.7
23.9
95.7
30.9
33.0
5.7
26.1
103.5
30.7
32.4
5.7
34.7
T extile-m ill products........................................
Scouring and com bing p la n ts...................
Y a m and thread m ills________________
Broad-w oven fabric m ills.......................
N arrow fabrics and sm all w a r e s ...I l l "
K n ittin g m ills________ _____ _________
D y ein g and finishing te x t ile s .............
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings____
H ats (except cloth and m illin ery)_____
M iscellaneous textile goods____________
910.0
920.3
5.5
109.4
407.2
25.8
191.8
77.3
43.9
10.0
49.4
928.5
5.8
110.6
410.4
26.0
192.7
77.5
45.3
10.1
50.1
932.7
6.1
111.5
414.5
26. 2
189.5
77.8
46.2
10.1
50.8
934.6
6.2
111.6
417.6
26.0
188.7
78.2
45.2
9.7
51.4
947.8
6.3
112.6
421.2
25.6
195.2
79.2
45.1
10.5
52.1
955.4
6.2
112.4
422.9
26.3
201.5
79.5
44.7
10.3
51.6
957.9
Apparel and other finished textile prod
u cts__________ ________ ____
M e n ’s and b o y s’ suits and c o a t s ." " " '
M e n ’s and b oys’ furnishings and work
clo th in g .____ ___________ _____ _____
W om en ’s outerw ear__________IIIIIIII!
W om en’s, children’s undergarm ents T
M illin ery _____________________________
C hildren’s outerw ear__________
Fur goods______ __________ I I I " " ” " *
M iscellaneous apparel and accessories
Other fabricated textile products____
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture). _ _________ ______
Logging camps and contractors........ Ill
Sawmills and planing mills....................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products........ ...........
Wooden containers________ ________
Miscellaneous wood products. .I l l I III I
Furniture and fixtures...............................
Household furniture________________
Office public-building, and professional
furniture............ .................... .............
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures_____________ _____________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures____________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6.2
111.6
423.8
26.3
204.8
79.2
45.0
9.8
51.2
1,017. 61,068.2 i, 098.1 1,094.5 1,075. 5 1, 092.8 1, 092.1 1,
627.3
307.7
81.6
5,684
79.6
5,423
81.7
5,472
83.2
5,415
83.4
5, 537
5,510
83.0
93.8
1,281.6 1,246. 4 1,139. 9 1,094. 4 1,042.1 1,105. 3 1,097.3
274.2 272.2 267.8 266.3 261.1 269.1 255.9
74.7
78.8
80.2
79.1
75.4
7. 27
74.9
358.6 325.0 223.7 180.5 152.7 199.6 196.3
85.7
86.4
86.6
84.9
82.2
83.7
87.1
173.4 174.0 173.2 174.1 170.9 172.1 172.1
24.6
21.8
22.1
22.0
21.1
26.5
27.0
69.1
63.7
56.0
57.4
59.8
64.8
65.5
125.3 126.9 131.6 128.2 120.2 120.8 119.9
96.0
97.6
98. 7 101.9
98.7
96.0
98.6
106.2
97.7
75.5
78.1
77.8
88.7
93.8
31.2
31.0
30.7
31.2
30.7
30.7
30.0
32.2
31.8
32.1
30.5
32.3
32.8
36.3
5.9
5.9
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.3
37.1
28.8
8.5
8.8 19.3 21.2
955.5 956.2 928.3 965.8 968.9 965.6 983.7
6.3
6.5
6.3
6.3
6.1 6.3 6.0
111.8 111.8 110.4 113.2 114.1 113.9 120.4
423.9 427.1 415. 2 433.3 433. 3 430.0 439.6
26.2
25.8
24.9
25.6
26.2
26.2
26.6
203.0 203.6 195.2 201.7 199.8 200.7 2 01.0
78.4
78.4
75.0
79.5
80.2
80.1
79.7
44.9
42.8
41.8
45.3
46.4
45.6
44.8
10.4
10.2
10.6
10.9
10.8
10.8
11.6
50.6
50.0
48.9
50.0
52.0
52.0
54.0
1,085. 2 1,089.0 1,024. 7 1,050.3 1,046.0 1,083. 1,077.1
113.5 113.5 106.9 112.3 112.2 111.
107.7
290.6 293.0 279.9 288.9 290.1 289.
285.6
310.2 318.6 291.7 292.1 293. 2 316.
317.5
110.1
108.6 102.0 107.1 105.7 108.
107.1
16.8
16.6
14.2
11.8
16.
11.7
17.9
67.9
67.1
67.0
68.4
65.0
66 .
65.9
9.6
9.3
9.5
9.5
8.4
8.
9.3
59.2
59.0
53.1
57.5
55.5
57.
54.9
107.3 103.3 100.4 102.7 104.2 108.
111.2
110.1
112.2
112.5
112.3
113.2
112.6
112.7
280.5
316.5
110.9
18.0
64.2
6.8
55.3
105.9
282.8
331.9
111.9
20.0
67.8
7.2
56.3
108.0
282.1 277.0
331. 2 327.8
111.0 107.5
19.5
16.5
69.8
67.4
7.0
7.3
54.7
53.6
106.7 106.1
278.9
329.7
108.9
16.4
66.7
9.8
56.7
112.5
284.6
318.1
111.9
14.5
66.8
9.8
58.5
115.3
291.3
312.3
111.4
17.1
69.0
611.2
75.7
329.0
592.6
68.3
318.9
589.0
64.8
318.9
594.3
64.5
322.9
627.8
81.6
335.9
654.9
95.2
346.8
683.5
107.7
358.4
366.0
374.4
120.6
703.4
115.6
370.3
712.8
117.8
374.4
682.7
99.0
364.1
672.2
96.6
358.0
679.2
96.3
364.5
107.0
48.1
51.4
106.5
47.8
51.1
106.1
48.3
50.9
107.0
49.0
50.9
109.1
49.3
51.9
111.0
49.3
52.6
114.3
50.5
52.6
118.1
50.0
52.8
120.3
50.1
52.7
116.3
50.2
51.0
117.2
51.4
52.2
116.0
51.8
51.8
115.0
50.6
52.0
118.3
51.0
49.1
311.4
226.8
312.3
226.6
312.8
226.5
312.4
225.4
319.6
231.1
320.0
232.0
324.6
234.6
323.6
233.0
318. 2
227.9
305.7
221.4
312.3
224.1
312.5
225.0
318.5
230.4
310.8
225.3
38.0
38.0
38.5
37.9
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.8
40.1
38.4
38.7
38.2
38.9
35.7
28.0
28.1
28.0
28.7
29.0
28.2
29.6
30.0
29.8
26.1
28.9
28.2
28.6
29.1
18.6
19.6
19.8
20.4
20.6
20.9
20.9
20.8
20.4
19.8
20.6
21.1
20.6
20.7
10.2
59.8
112.6
699.7
112.8
718.1
876
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
Industry
May * Apr.2 Mar.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products...........
Annual
average
1956
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
462.6
466.6
231.0
126.4
109.2
466.5
231.1
126.5
108.9
465.5
231.5
126.1
107.9
467.8
232.0
127.8
108.0
472. 2
233.9
130.7
107.6
469.9
230.6
132.6
106.7
470.2
231.0
131.9
107.3
471.8
233.1
130.6
108.1
470.4
234.2
129.1
107.1
462.2
230.9
125.4
105.9
466.9
233.1
127.8
106.0
463.6
229.6
126.7
107.3
465.2
230.4
128.0
106.8
452.5
227.4
121.7
103.4
Printing, publishing and allied industries.Newspapers___ - - ____________
Periodicals________________________
Books_______
_________ _______
Commercial printing........................... .
Lithography _____________________
Greeting cards.
____
. ___
Bookbinding and related industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services
___________________
560.4
559.8
158.7
25.4
35.3
184.4
47.8
11.2
37.2
558.7
158.5
25.6
34.9
184.1
47.9
11.2
37.2
555.3
157.8
25.5
34.8
182.0
47.2
11.2
37.2
557.1
157.4
25.5
34.8
183.9
47.3
11.9
37.6
565.9
160.8
27.5
34.5
185.0
48.9
13.3
37.8
563.7
158.7
28.0
34.0
184.1
49.2
14.3
37.5
563.4
158.9
28.1
33.6
183.9
48.7
14.8
38.0
556.9
157.4
27.7
33.6
181.7
48.2
14.6
38.1
550.2
155.4
26.9
33.1
180.6
47.5
14.2
37.4
543.6
154.0
27.0
32.8
178.3
46.5
13.6
36.7
549.4
156.8
27.3
32.9
179.7
47.1
14.0
37.2
546.7
156.7
27.5
32.9
178.6
46.5
13.1
37.1
551.1
156.0
27.7
33.1
180.6
47.6
13.6
37.2
529.1
150.4
26.7
31.0
173.8
46.9
13.9
34.3
59.8
59.3
59.6
58.7
58.1
57.9
57.4
55.6
55.1
54.7
54.4
54.3
55.3
52.1
Chemicals and allied products------------Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Drugs and medicines___ _ ______ _
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions
___ -- - -- ____
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Gum and wood chemicals___________
Fertilizers__ ____________
______
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals____________
543.7
552.1
73.3
210.3
58.8
550.0
73.5
210.7
58.8
547.9
73.6
212.1
58.8
548.5
73.8
214.4
59.1
547.4
73.7
213.5
58.6
545.8
74.1
212.0
58.7
549.8
74.6
212.2
58.3
548.1
75.3
212.9
58.7
545.1
74.6
215.3
58.5
538.9
74.6
210.5
58.6
548.6
75.5
217.4
57.2
555.9
75.3
217.7
56.0
551.6
75.0
215.6
57.8
546.0
74.1
215.0
56.6
30.7
47.2
7.4
36.2
26.1
62.1
30.9
46.9
7.4
33.1
27.5
61.2
31.0
47.2
7.3
27.8
28.7
61.4
30.6
47.3
7.2
25.7
28.9
61.5
30.4
47.1
7.1
24.6
29.8
62.6
30.5
47.1
7.1
23.4
30.1
62.8
30.5
47.1
7.1
25.1
31.0
63.9
30.8
47.4
7.1
23.4
29.3
63.2
31.1
48.0
7.1
21.6
25.8
63.1
30.2
47.6
7.0
22.1
24.8
63.5
30.2
47.5
6.8
24.7
25.3
64.0
29.8
47.3
7.0
33.6
26.4
62.8
30.4
47.3
7.1
27.3
28.3
62.8
30.1
46.6
6.8
27.8
28.7
60.3
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining__ _ __ ______
Coke, other petroleum and coal products______________________ ____
172.9
172.4
131.8
172.8
132.0
173.4
132.3
171.8
132.8
174.3
133.1
175.9
133.9
176.2
133.2
177.2
133.9
178.8
135.8
170.4
134.2
175.2
132.8
172.3
130.2
173.8
132. 2
173.8
132.2
40.6
40.8
41.1
39.0
41.2
42.0
43.0
43.3
43.0
36.2
42.4
42.1
41.6
41.6
Rubber products----- ----------------------Tires and inner tubes___ . _____
Rubber footwear_______ ________
Other rubber products_____________
200.5
194.8
74.5
17.5
102.8
211.4
86.9
17.8
106.7
212.6
86.8
17.8
108.0
216.0
87.4
18.3
110.3
215.8
87.3
18.6
109.9
194.4
70.1
18.9
105.4
214.5
86.0
19.3
109.2
209.9
86.0
19.4
104.5
205.5
84.4
19.3
101.8
202.8
84.7
19.0
99.1
203.4
84.9
19.5
99.0
210.8
86.4
20.0
104.4
211.1
85. 2
19.8
106.1
214.7
88.6
18.2
107.9
Leather and leather products__________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings__
Footwear (except ru b b e r).......... .........
Luggage_______
______________
Handbags and small leather goods___
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
320.7
333.5
36.4
4.0
17.7
219.2
13.8
27.8
14.6
340.8 340.1
36.5
37.1
4.0
4.0
18.2
18.3
223.4 221.8
14. 1 14.0
29.8
30.8
14.1
14.8
335.5
37.3
4.0
18.1
221.2
13.4
28.9
12.6
337.8
37.8
4.0
18.3
219.5
13.8
29.8
14.6
335.2
37.7
3.9
18.0
215.2
14.0
31.0
15.4
335.8
37.9
3.8
17.5
213.6
14.1
33.0
15.9
336.5
37.5
3.9
17.2
215.7
14.2
32.0
16.0
344.6
38.3
3.8
17.7
222.3
14.9
31.7
15.9
336.5
37.5
3.7
17.5
219.1
14.4
28.8
15.5
340.0
38.3
3.7
17.9
222.3
15.0
27.2
15.6
330.5
38. 2
4.0
17.2
217.3
14.6
24.4
14.8
340.8
38.4
4.0
18.0
221.5
14.2
29.7
15.0
342.0
40.1
3.8
16.3
223.6
14. 4
29.4
14.4
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass . . _________ _________
Glass“and glassware, pressed or blown .
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic__ ____ ______
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts____________________________
Cut-stone and stone products.......... .
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products________________________
455.6
455.6
28.5
80.5
14.1
35.3
70.4
46.5
451.4
28.9
79.6
14.1
35. 5
68.9
47.2
449.0
30.0
78.4
14.2
35.4
68.1
47.8
453.3
30.9
79.1
14.5
35.7
70.4
47.3
464. 5
31.3
81.0
15.1
36.4
72.9
48.4
470.4
31.4
82.6
15.1
36.6
74.7
48.6
475.6
31.1
83.1
15.0
36.8
77.2
48.8
469.4
30.7
76.6
14.6
37.1
78.4
47.1
474.6
30.5
80.4
14.2
37. 5
78.8
48.1
466. 4
29.8
76.8
13.4
37.0
79.0
46.0
477.4
29.7
82.0
13.8
37.1
80.8
48.4
473.0
30.2
81.2
14.8
36.4
77.7
49.1
469.6
30.6
80.4
14.8
36.5
77.0
48.1
460.6
30.1
79.6
14.9
35.8
73.7
47.6
95.0
16.7
92.5
16.5
90.7
16.4
91.0
16.4
93.8
16.7
96.1
16.9
97.8
16.9
99.2
17.0
100.2
16.8
99.9
17.2
100.7
17.5
98.3
17.4
96.3
17.0
91.7
17.4
68.6
68.2
68.0
68.0
68.9
68.4
68.9
68.7
68.1
67.3
67.4
67.9
68.9
69.8
—
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,089. 7 1,098. 7 1,112.0 1,123. 7 1,132. 7 1,135.4 1,134.1 1,133. 5 1,128.0 1,091.0
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
547.4 553.7 558.7 559.0 562.5 564.3 565.9 569.5 549.7
mills
.........
........................ .
200.1 203.3 208.3 210.4 211.1 209.8 209.8 203.5 206.7
Iron and steel foundries__________ _.
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals__________
______
54.6
54.6
54.5
56.5
56.5
56.0
55.8
56.6
51.5
Secondary smelting and refining of
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.9
10.7
10.5
nonferrous metals________________
11.0
10.7
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non87.2
87.2
85.5
91.1
90.6
90.6
90.0
91.3
85.5
ferrous metals.
_______________
65.5
68.0
68.3
69.7
69.3
69.1
68.6
63.2
65.7
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
133.1 136.1 135.9 135.2 134.5 133.6 132.4 130.7 123.9
tries______________ ____________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment)_____________
Tin cans and other tinware. ________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving..
Lighting fixtures___ _______________
Fabricated wire products_____ _____
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
875.5
747.2 1,118.9 1,118. 2 1,096.0 1,084. 8
561.2
205.9
554.6
208.0
532.9
210.0
544.6
202.2
55.1
53.9
53.4
54.2
51.1
10.4
10.3
10.7
10.7
9.8
90.9
61.8
94.1
62.3
96.2
63.8
92.6
65.8
91.2
64.4
112.4
131.2
131.5
129.8
121.5
212.7
203.9
888.9
50.3
114.7
898.0
48.3
118.5
902.4
47.5
121.2
903.7
46.8
123.2
907.8
46.2
124.1
910.5
46.3
122.9
910.3
51.2
119.6
885.1
54.4
115.1
863.7
54.2
111. 6
823.2
53.9
108.8
870.7
53.4
114.4
882.1
51.7
118.7
888.4
50.5
120.3
893.6
51.0
126.5
85.1
238.9
194.0
41. 4
50. 6
113.9
84.5
239.6
199. 6
42.0
51.3
114.2
84.5
83.5
237.6 235.5
202. 6 205. 2
42. 7 42.7
52. 5 53.6
113.8 113.2
86. 4
235.8
206.0
43. 2
54.1
112.0
89.6
235.8
206. 5
42.9
53. 8
112.7
93. 5
236.8
202.2
42.8
53.0
111.2
94.0
235.1
185.9
39.7
50.7
110.2
92. 4
232.2
178. 6
38.7
48.3
107.7
90.9
211.2
172.8
37.5
46.4
101.7
95.1
229.9
182.1
37.0
49.0
109.8
96.4
224.2
189.8
38.8
50.2
112.3
94.1
226.1
193.9
40.7
51.2
111.6
98.9
209.0
203.5
41.7
50.9
112.1
I
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
877
T able A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries !- -Continued
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
M a y 3 Apr.3 Mar.
Feb.
Jan,
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)...............
1, 251.4 1, 277.0 1, 291.1 1,294.4 1,287.4 1,277. 2 1.262.3 1,254.6 1,254.4 1, 249.9 1,247.3 1,274.0 1,279.9 1, 267.9 1.178.6
Engines and turbines_______________
61.3
60.6
61.9
62.3
62.8
61.7
61.2
60.1
55.0
59.2
54.6
55.0
57.9
53.4
Agricultural machinery and tractors
110.9 114.3 112.4 107.8 103.2
98.6
92.9 100.8
99.8 104.1 109.9 111.4 108.0 114.4
Construction and mining m achinery,..
112.7 112.6 114.4 112.6 112.4 110.7 112.1 112.2 112.3 110.6 113.8 110.7 111.1 96.2
Metalworking m achinery....................
223.9 225.7 224.4 223.5 222.5 220.5 218.5 217.9 215. 2 213.9 217.2 218.7 217.2 200.9
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________
128.4 129.7 130.2 132.0 132.5 132.8 132.4 133.4 133.0 133.8 134.6 134.1 133.5 127.0
General industrial m achinery..............
176.1 178.3 178.6 178.7 178.5 178.3 177.5 176.4 175.6 175.1 174.5 173.4 174.3 159.6
Office and store machines and devices..
99.8 100.2 101.2 100.5
98.5
97.9
96.7
91.8
94.5
95.1
94.0
94.2
95.3
85.4
Service-industry and household ma
chines___________ _________ ____
146.9 149.6 152.0 150.8 148.2 145 6 148.0 149.5 150.7 153.4 164.5 168.0 157.4 143.7
Miscellaneous machinery p a r t s ...........
217.7 219.4 218.9 219.6 218.6 216.2 215.3 212.3 209.6 207.8 209.4 213.3 214.3 198.0
Electrical machinery___ _____________
Electrical generating, transmission, diS'
tribution, and industrial apparatus..
Electrical appliances..........................
Insulated wire and cable......................
Electrical equipment for vehicles____
Electric lamps____________________
Communication equipment____ ____
Miscellaneous electrical products........
849.7
853.1
869.4
876.7
884.4
900.1
912.9
908.4
886.3
872.8
849.1
861.7
866.3
871.3
822.0
294.7
38.7
19.9
59.4
24.7
380.6
35.1
299.2
39.9
301.8
41.1
20.9
63.9
24.8
389.0
35.2
304.9
41.1
21.5
64.3
24.9
392.3
35.4
307.4
41.6
21.7
63.6
24.8
404.5
36.5
307.5
42.0
21.5
62.4
25.1
417.5
36.9
309.8
42.7
21.5
59.5
25.1
413.1
36.7
306.1
43.2
20.9
55.6
24.9
398.3
37.3
302.5
42.6
20.4
53.1
24.7
392.3
37.2
299.0
39.3
303.3
41.6
20.4
53.0
25.1
382.2
36.1
302.8
42.0
297.3
41.8
20.8
20.8
270.1
37.3
18.2
65.6
23.2
371.5
36.1
20.6
63.2
24.7
386.5
35.3
20.0
51.6
25.2
379.7
34.3
57.2
25.1
381.9
36.5
59.0
23.9
392.0
36.5
Transportation equipment........................ 1, 418.4 1,435.5 1,474. 1,482. 1,480.8 1,477.8 1.438.4 1,354.1 1,236.2 , 265.8 1, 279.5 ,298.6 1,324.1 1,358.3 1.407.7
Automobiles_______________ ______
654.5 689.
699.
709.7 714.6 693.7 627.6 524.8 562.0 581.2 595.1 633.3 651.8 746.4
Aircraft and parts__________________
595.2 589.2 579.2 564.0 554.0 543.1 530.8 529.6 519.6 540.8 506.6
602.
599.8 603.
A ircraft.._______________________
364.5 367.
362.6 358.0 351.9 343.0 337.7 333.0 324.1 322.7 313.7 329.8 319.3
367.
Aircraft engines and parts_________
116.9 117.
117.
116.0 115.1 112.8 109.7 106.5 102.6 101.8 102.5 101.9 104.4
95.3
Aircraft propellers and parts...............
14.1
13.
13.2
13.3
13.
12.4
12.8
12.0
11.3
11.1
11.1
11.3
10.7
9.4
Other aircraft parts and equipment___
104.
104.3 104.
103.3 102.9 101.7
98.9
97.8
96.2
93.8
93.3
95.3
93.3
82.6
Ship and boat building and repairing..
122.
123.3 124.
119.8 118.2 113.1 108.4 106.6 107.1 114.3 115.9 112.5 110.5 105.7
Shipbuilding and repairing................
106.5 107.
103.5 102.6
105.
98.5
94.4
92.9
94.0
99.1
94.1
94.1
98.8
86.6
Boat building and repairing_______
17.
16.8
16.3
16.
15.6
14.6
13.7
14.0
13.1
15.5
16.8
16.4
18.4
19.1
Railroad equipm ent.... ..........................
50.2
50.
49.
49.5
41.4
48.7
43.6
44.9
44.5
49.5
50.4
44.9
47.0
Other transportation equipment_____
7.7
6.6 7.1 8.8 9.2 9.4 9.1 8.3 8.5 8.3 8.2 41.7
7.
7.
7.3
Instruments and related products...........
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments___ ________ _________
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments__ ______ ___________
Optical instruments and lenses.............
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
m ents............................. ...... ........... .
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus..................... .
Watches and clocks_______________
227.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—.
Musical instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods............... ........
Pens, pencils, other office supplies____
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plasties products.............. .
Other manufacturing industries______
383.4
230.7
230.6
230.2
45.4
42.3
42.6
58.6
10.3
60.6
10.5
59.5
29.4
18.9
42.8
25.3
385.0
37.1
14.4
70.6
23.3
48.2
69.9
121.5
231.4
233.3
234.6
234.4
232.6
230.7
226.1
228.5
228.2
230.3
223.8
41.9
41.9
41.5
40.4
39.5
38.9
39.0
38.4
39.1
34.0
10.6
61.0
10.5
61.6
10.5
61.9
10.5
61.6
10.5
60.1
58.0
10.4
58.5
58.6
10.7
59.9
10.6
59.3
10.4
58.5
10.6
10.6
29.3
19.2
43.2
25.5
29.2
19.3
43.5
25.5
28.9
19.3
43.7
25.8
28.8
19.5
44.1
26.9
28.8
19.6
44.3
27.6
28.5
19.9
44.2
28.2
28.6
28.6
28.2
28.6
45.2
27.6
20.1
20.1
43.4
27.9
28.5
20.3
43.9
28.0
27.6
44.5
28.4
28.6
20.5
44.1
27.2
382.0
38.2
14.9
380.7
39.6
15.1
64.7
23.0
48.5
71.4
118.4
379.0
40.0
15.2
62.1
23.1
48.9
71.4
118.3
401.0
41.1
16.0
70.8
24.0
50.1
72.8
126.2
418.8
41.3
16.1
82.7
24.7
51.6
73.5
128.9
427.2
42.0
15.9
88.7
25.0
53.3
72.9
129.4
418.8
41.1
15.7
87.9
24.8
53.1
70.3
125.9
407.9
39.7
15.5
84.7
24.3
52.7
67.4
123.6
398.0
38.6
15.3
82.3
23.6
50.0
67.0
397.4
39.1
15.4
79.5
23.5
48.9
68.5
122.5
403.5
40.6
15.5
78.3
23.8
51.7
69.5
124.1
395.9
42.0
15.1
73.0
66.2
23.1
48.5
71.2
119.9
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.0
44.2
26.3
383.5
36.9
14.7
79.3
23.3
49.3
65.1
114.9
10.6
121.2
20.6
20.0
43.3
29.8
22.8
53.9
66.4
122.7
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 See footnote 4, table A-2.
S oukce : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
878
T able
A-4.—Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing 1
[1947-49=100]
Employ
ment
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
Average ___________
Average-- _________
Average __________
Average.
. - - - ___
AverTge________ __
Average.. ________
Average___
______
Average _ __ __ . _
Average_____ ______
A v e ra g e ..__________
Average . . ________
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
93.8
Employ
ment
Period
Weekly
payrolls
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
97.2
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
105.6
106.0
101.4
156.4
158.5
150.5
111.8
101.8
1956: M ay.
June.
J u ly ..
107.2
107.9
108.9
108.3
107.9
106.3
106.0
105.8
104.7
103.7
1956: August___
September.
October__
NovemberDecember.
1957: January__
F ebruary..
M arch___
April 2____
May 2____
161.5
166.7
169.0
168.2
171.4
165. 5
165.0
164.3
162.2
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o urce : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
2Preliminary.
T able
105.6
106.7
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137.7
152.9
161.4
99.6
106.4
106.3
AverageAverage _
AverageAverage _
AverageAverageAverage-
Employ Weekly
payrolls
ment
Period
Weekly
payrolls
A-5.—Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel1
[In thousands]
Apr.
T o ta l civ ilian em ploym e n t2_______ _________ 7, 350
Mar.
7,335
Annual average
1956
1957
Item
Feb.
7,334
Jan.
7,302
Dec.
7,589
Nov.
7,334
Oct.
7,290
Sept.
7,203
Aug.
6,981
July
6, 966
June
7,165
May
7,216
Apr.
7,140
1956
7,178
1955
6,914
2,209
2,187
2,202
2,196
2, 208 2, 208
2,193
2,176
2,168
2,203
2,200
2,196
2,483
2, 201
Federal employment______ 2,205
Executive____ _______ 2,178. 6 2,176. 5 2,173. 3 2,170.1 2,456. 2 2,174. 7 2,175.9 2,169.1 2,181.1 2,182.0 2,166. 6 2,150.0 2,142.1 2,183.1 2,161. 7
Department of Defen se.................... 1,025. 2 1,028. 7 1,031. 7 1,033.5 1,034. 8 1,037. 5 1, 041. 0 1,038. 8 1, 046. 5 1, 046. 2 1,040. 2 1, 030.0 1,025. 8 1,034.1 1,027. 9
Post Office Depart509.4
511.4
509.9
535. 3
530. 0
521.9
520.4
519.1
518.9
514.0
509.8
510.1
805.3
506.1
m ent. _________ 521.8
606.8
603. 8
620.9
618.9
624.8
620. 3 610.0
613. 7
621. 3 617.6
618.3
625.6
Other agencies____
631. 6 625.9
616.1
21.9
22.1
21.9
21.9
21.9
21.6
22.0
22.1
22.1
22. 1
21.9
22.0
21.9
21.8
22.0
Legislative___________
4.4
4.4
4.1
4.4
4.5
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
Judicial__ ___________
District of Columbia 3___
E x ecu tiv e.-._____ . . .
Department of Defense___________
Post Office Department _________
Other agencies____
Legislative__ _______
Judicial_____________
State and local employm e n t4____ . . .
... ...
State _______________
Local-- _
_______
Education. _________
Other_______________
232.8
212.0
232. 9
212.0
232. 5
211.6
232.2
211.4
239.4
218.5
231.4
210.4
231.2
210.1
230.3
209.2
233.0
211.9
233.7
212.8
232.7
211. 7
228.5
207.6
228.6
207.8
231.2
210.3
230.1
209.6
87.3
87.4
87.5
88.0
88.0
88.1
88.3
88.2
89.7
90.1
89.8
88.1
88.1
88.6
89.3
9.0
115. 7
20.1
.7
8.9
115.7
20.2
.7
8.9
115. 2
20.2
.7
8.9
114.5
20.1
.7
16.8
113. 7
20.2
.7
8.8
113.5
20.3
.7
8.7
113.1
20.4
.7
8.6
112.4
20.4
.7
8.6
113.6
20.4
.7
8.6
114. 1
20.2
.7
8.5
113.3
20.3
.7
8.5
111. 1
20.2
.7
8.6
111. 1
20.1
.7
9.3
112.4
20.2
.7
9.3
111.0
19.8
.7
5,145
1, 340.1
3, 804. 6
2, 350. 5
2, 794. 2
5,132
1,333. 4
3, 798. 6
2, 351. 0
2, 781. 0
5,134
1, 328. 5
3, 805. 9
2, 345. 5
2, 788. 9
5,106
1, 323. 9
3, 782. 3
2, 313. 9
2, 792. 3
5,106
1, 321. 5
3, 784. 7
2, 314. 3
2, 791.9
5,133
1, 322. 7
3, 810. 2
2, 316. 4
2, 816. 5
5, 088
1,319.2
3, 769. 0
2, 283. 0
2,805.2
5, 007
1, 279. 4
3, 728. 0
2,159. 8
2,847. 6
4, 773
1,252.1
3, 521. 0
1, 878. 5
2,894. 6
4, 758
1, 256. 2
3, 504. 9
1,877. 2
2,880. 3
4, 972
1,291. 1
3, 680. 8
2,125.3
2,846. 6
5,040
1, 296. 8
3, 742. 9
2, 245. 0
2, 794. 7
4, 972
1, 270.9
3, 700. 8
2, 242. 0
2, 729. 7
4,969
1,281.5
3, 687. 3
2,178. 6
2, 790. 2
4, 727
1,215.4
3,511.2
2,060. 8
2, 665.8
2,821
2,817
2,816
2,809
2,827
2,829
2,824
2,827
2,839
2, 835
2,841
2,865
2,848
3, 024
Total military personnel A.. 2, 821
Army_______________ 1,001.3 1,001. 2
Air F o rc e _________ .. 914.3
914.2
N avy_______________
678.2
678.3
Marine Corps________
197.8
198.1
Coast Guard_________
29.5
29.3
997.3
915. 3
676.4
198.9
29.1
993.4
918.4
676.0
199.6
29.0
992.3 1,002. 4 1. 004.1 1,005. 6 1,013. 5 1,027.3 1, 025. 8 i, 039. 4 1,054. 7 1,030.1
916.0
911.5
914.6
918.3
909.0
909.0
910. 0 908.2
911.6
916.1
676.9
673.1
675.0
677.7
675.1
673. 6 669.9
666.2
671. 6 672.7
201.5
202.1
202.8
200.9
200.5
200.4
200.8
200.8
198.6
198.5
28.8
28.7
28.4
28.6
28.8
28.7
28. 7
28.7
28.9
28.8
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to July
1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Data for Federal establishments relate to persons who worked on, or
received pay for, the last day of the month. Those for State and local govern
ment relate to employees who worked during, or received pay for, any part
of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals.
2 Data refer to the continental United States only.
3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard M et
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,165. 8
955. 3
668.8
205. 9
28.6
4 Excludes, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and
paid volunteer firemen.
8 Data refer to the continental United States and elsewhere.
S o urce : Federal civilian employment, U. S. Civil Service Commission;
State and local government employment, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics; military personnel, U. S. Department of Defense, Office
of the Secretary.
879
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-8: Insured unemployment under State programs and the program o f unemployment compen
sation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In th o u san d s]
Apr.
Mar.
Annual average
1956
1957
Geographic division and State
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Continental United States_____ ___ 1, 475. 4 1, 592. 5 1,730.3 1, 737.4 1,285.0 1,013.4
80.7
New E n g la n d ,..___ - __________ _ 122.9 125.4 136.1 145.9 109.3
10.2
Maine____________ _____ ___
10.6
11.7
7.3
13.3
10.0
0.6
5.9
6.9
5.9
5.3
New Hampshire......... - _________
7.0
3.2
Vermont__ _________________
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.2
1.6
59.4
64.7
72.1
42.9
59.8
79.9
Massachusetts____ _____ _____
18.9
19.8
19.8
18.9
12.8
8.9
Rhode Island- ________________
21.2
Connecticut___________ - _____
22.0
24.5
25.9
19.0
14.7
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1956
1955
878.4
66.0
4.8
5.1
1.3
34.0
8.2
12.7
988.3 1,058. 6 1,209. 5 1,177.6 1, 255. 5 1,358. 5
89.4 103.1
73.7
69.1
83.0
64.8
10.4
13.1
6.2
5.1
5.9
5.1
9.5
5.9
8.2
5.4
5.6
6.0
2.1
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.6
46.4
37.0
34. C 40.8
31.5
30.1
15.3
10.8
13.6
9.5
12.9
8.0
15.2
14.8
16.7
17.8
20.1
13.0
1, 225.2
86.7
8.2
6.4
1.8
41.7
12.0
16.5
1,269.4
100.9
10.6
6.4
2.9
47.3
12.5
21.1
Middle Atlantic_________ - - ______
New York______ - - - - - - - New Jersey ... . . . __________ .
_______
Pennsylvania_______
429.4
191. 7
81.1
156.5
441.6
195.2
83.1
163.3
481.6
217.8
91.3
172.6
511.9
231.5
101.5
178.9
377.9
176.3
68.2
133.4
292.7
125. 6
57.1
110.0
259.5
102.0
50.8
106.7
284.0
114. 4
53.3
116.3
308.8
117.2
55.9
135.7
376.8
161.7
65.1
150.0
369. 5
176.2
63.2
130.1
395. 3
191.3
69.4
134.6
425.5
201.1
78.6
145.8
370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8
403.5
185.5
67.1
150.9
East North Central..- - ___ _____
Ohio_________________________
Indiana.
_________
. ....
Illinois_______ - _______
_______
Michigan______ _
Wisconsin_____________________
272.3 283.8
62.4
65.8
33.7
33.7
68. 1 74.9
84.8
82.7
26.7
23.3
304.2
70.7
41.6
79.6
82.8
29.5
308.5
69.1
43.8
85.3
80.4
30.0
228.3
51.4
29.3
56.0
67.8
23.9
193.0
38. 4
24.4
51.4
58.9
19.8
195.4
30.7
23.0
45.8
83.8
12.2
274.0
35.2
29.5
53.9
142.7
12.6
277.7
43.4
32.7
58.5
128.0
15.1
288.9
48.8
36.0
65.6
121.1
17.4
281.0
48.9
33.6
64.4
115.9
18.2
275.6
46.9
33.4
65.5
112.7
17.2
274.9
51.0
33.4
69.0
101.3
20.2
257.5
47.5
31.3
59.6
100.0
19.0
221.1
48.9
23.7
78.3
51.8
18.4
West North Central__________ _ . __
_________
Minnesota_______
Iowa______________ ________ .
M issouri-.. ____________ _____
North Dakota___ . . . . . ________
South D a k o ta _____ ___________
Nebraska. ______________ ____
Kansas____________ _________
96.0
32.1
9.6
32.0
3.4
2.1
6.9
10. 0
110.8
37.2
12.7
31.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
11.1
126.6
38.1
15.5
37.8
6.0
4.5
10.8
13.8
120.0
34.8
14.2
38.7
5.4
4.0
9.9
12.9
83.6
23.1
9.5
29.4
3.4
2.4
6.9
8.8
60.0
14.2
6.2
26.0
1.5
1.1
4.3
6.5
46.6
9.1
4.7
23.5
.4
.5
2.7
5.7
47.6
9.1
4.6
26.0
.2
.4
2.6
4.6
49.2
11.9
6.7
22.7
.3
.5
3.0
5.1
51.8
11.5
6.0
25.0
.4
.5
3.0
5.3
53.3
11. 1
6.3
26.3
.4
.5
3.2
5.5
60.8
16.3
6.0
27.4
1.0
.7
3.8
5.7
82.5
28.6
7.9
28.6
3.2
1.7
5.3
7.2
71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
2.2
1.6
5.1
7.6
75.9
22.3
6.7
29.3
2.7
1.5
4.2
9.2
South Atlantic — . _______________
Delaware___________ ________
M aryland___ ________________
District of Columbia____________
Virginia_______________________
West Virginia__________________
North Carolina______________
South Carolina_____- __________
Georgia_______________________
Florida_______ ________________
146.5
3.0
15.3
5.1
11.1
12.7
44.9
14.9
26.5
13.0
154.3
3.7
14.0
6.1
14.2
13.9
45.8
15.3
27.2
14.1
163.2
4.2
17.3
7.2
15.5
15.7
45.9
15.3
27.6
14.5
162.6
3.7
17.9
6.3
13.9
15.0
43.9
16.8
30.1
15.1
116.4
2.6
12.2
4.6
9.4
10.3
30.1
12.7
21.6
13.0
100.8
1.9
8.7
4.0
7.1
8.3
25.2
12.4
19.1
14.1
96.6
2.2
8.1
3.7
6.0
7.8
20.5
12.1
18.1
18.1
109.7
1.7
9.3
3.5
7.7
9.1
23.2
13.8
19.5
21.9
120.8
1.9
11.0
3.9
10.4
11.7
24.8
12.4
21.5
23.2
143.2
1.8
13.2
3.9
14.8
13.3
34.3
14.1
26.9
21.0
130.9
1.7
12.2
3.6
16.0
10.1
35.6
13.0
24.5
14.1
132.3
1.8
13.5
3.8
13.1
9.8
38.8
14.3
24.7
12.4
130.0
2.0
14.0
4.5
10.6
10.9
40.0
13.6
22.7
11.7
123.3
2.1
12.2
4.4
11.3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0
133.8
2.2
16.5
4.9
12.9
17.2
30.8
11.5
21.1
16.6
East South C entral.. _____________
K en tu ck y __ _________________
Tennessee
____________
Alabama______ . . _________ .
Mississippi____ ________________
119.8
37.4
43. 5
22.1
16.9
125.7
38.5
45.0
23.8
18.4
133.3
40.4
49.7
24.1
19.1
127.0
35.6
50. 4
22.6
18.4
97.7
29.6
36.4
17.5
14.1
85.8
27.3
32.1
15.6
10.8
75.5
26.0
28.3
12.8
8.4
76.9
26.1
28.2
14.2
8.4
92.7
29.1
32.8
20.5
10.3
108.8
30.2
38.4
28.4
11.7
110. 5
30.6
36.7
32.5
10.8
115.1
32.4
38.5
32.6
11.6
104.5
34.2
38.9
19.0
12.4
98.5
30.1
36.1
20.8
11.5
95.9
31.0
35.6
17.9
11.3
West South Central____________ .
Arkansas__________________ -.
Louisiana_____________________
Oklahoma__________________ _
Texas_______ __________ _____
81. 5
18.2
15.9
14.0
33.5
85.7
19.3
16.7
14.9
34.7
94.2
23.0
17.8
17.4
36.0
86.5
21.6
16.5
15.8
32.7
65.3
15.0
11.2
12.3
26.8
51.7
10.6
8.8
9.8
22.5
42.5
7.6
7.5
8.1
19.4
42.9
7. 1
8.6
7.8
19.4
48.1
8.8
9.9
8.4
21.0
50.5
9.3
11.5
8.7
21.0
50.5
9.0
11.9
8.5
21.2
56.4
10.1
13.3
9.6
23.4
65.1
12.7
15.4
11.1
25.9
57.9
11.6
12.4
10.5
23.5
63.6
11.8
16.4
11.3
24.1
M ountain________ _ _____ ______
M ontana______________________
Id ah o ... . . . . ____ -_ __ _____
Wyoming_______ _____________
Colorado______ ____________ __
New Mexico___________________
Arizona_______ ____________ _
U tah_________________________
Nevada_________________ ____
37.8
7.8
5.4
1.9
5.7
4.0
5.6
4.9
2.5
49.6
10.5
8.4
3.0
6.6
4.8
6.4
6. 7
3.4
56.9
11.3
10.2
3.6
7.5
5.5
6.8
8.1
3.9
49.4
8.9
9.0
3.1
6.6
4.3
6.0
7.8
3.8
33.0
5.2
6.5
1.7
4.7
2.7
4.2
4.8
3.2
21.5
2.3
3.6
.9
3.4
2.1
3.5
3.1
2.7
13.5
.9
1.6
.4
2.2
1.5
3.1
1.8
2.1
12.5
.7
1.2
.3
2.0
1.5
3.1
1.8
1.9
14.3
.8
1.4
.4
2.6
1.8
3.4
2.3
1.6
16.3
1.0
1.6
.8
3.0
1.9
3.3
3.1
1.6
14.8
1.4
1.4
.7
2.0
2.1
3.2
2.4
1.6
19.9
2.7
2.0
1.2
2.4
2.4
4.3
2.7
2.2
31.2
5.2
4.2
1.9
3.5
3.2
6.0
4.1
3.2
26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4.5
3.9
2.8
28.3
3.9
4.7
1.6
3.5
3.3
4.5
4.6
2.1
P acific_________ _______________
Washington______ . __________
Oregon___ ______ ____________
California________ _____ ___
169.1
26.6
20.7
121.8
215.5
38.8
30.0
146.6
234.2
51.4
35.6
147.2
225.4
52. 2
37.5
135.8
173.5
41.8
28.8
102.9
127.3
30.6
19.3
77.5
82.8
19.5
10.1
53.2
75.9
15.0
6.4
54.6
78.0
14.4
5.8
57.9
90.2
14.2
6.3
69.7
93.3
11.9
6.3
75.1
110.7
17.2
8.8
84.7
141.0
28.6
15.9
97.1
132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8
146.5
30.9
17.1
98.4
1 A verage of w eek ly d a t a a d ju ste d for sp lit w eeks in th e m o n th .
F ig u res m a y n o t a d d to ex act co lu m n to ta ls b ecau se of ro u n d in g .
Source: U . S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of E m p lo y m e n t S ecu rity .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
880
T able A-9: Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
Apr.
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements__________
Mar.
709
480
Jan.
Feb.
691
425
1955
1956
1957
Item
747
387
Nov.
Dec.
612
410
898
433
674
474
Sept.
Oct.
683
599
608
591
Aug.
660
577
July
May
June
690
519
799
558
Apr.
Apr.
732
567
675
504
622
480
State unemployment insurance pro
grams 2
834
984
1,009
1,099
1,002
1,565
1, 229
973
837
1,119
863
993
Initial claims ...........................
897
761
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
1,592
1,013
1,209
1,255
1,359
1,500
1,475
1, 730
1,737
1, 285
878
988
1,059
1,178
age weekly volume)___ ______
4.4
2.3
3.1
3.3
3.6
4.0
Rate of insured unemployment A
3.6
4.0
4.3
3.3
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.1
Weeks of unemployment com5,122
3,503
4,292
4,503
5, 650
sated______________________
5, 766
6,302
6,118
0,680
3,950
3, 461
3, 556
4,286
4,896
Average weekly benefit amount
$27. 72 $27. 72 $27. 85 $27. 73 $27.42 $27. 26 $27. 57 $27. 77 $27. 05 $26. 91 $26. 79 $26. 70 $27. 03 $24. 85
for total unemployment_____
Total benefits paid...... ................ $154,329 $168, 841 $164, 860 $177, 598 $104, 245 $91, 700 $91, 470 $94,919 $112, 207 $111,708 $116, 052 $125, 786 $133,926 $135, 781
Unemployment compensation for
veterans: •
Initial claim s8 ....... .....................
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
age weekly volume)___ ______
Weeks of unemployment com
pensated__________________
Total benefits paid 7____ _____
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 8________________
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume)______ ____
Number of payments 9
Average amount of benefit pay
ment 9____________________
Total benefits paid 19__ _______
All programs:11
Insured unemployment*
.......
18
21
23
31
23
21
18
18
27
27
29
20
21
39
47
49
45
35
28
24
33
42
41
37
35
44
69
191
$5,155
218
$5,886
207
$5, 594
206
$5, 572
145
$3,883
118
$3,168
122
$3, 258
169
$4,499
211
$5,630
187
$4,970
167
$4, 452
175
$4, 694
214
$5, 722
315
$8,423
10
9
11
19
17
21
12
11
23
97
18
5
5
8
53
125
60
151
67
138
68
165
59
119
49
98
37
89
41
94
57
173
66
85
19
50
25
69
36
95
82
215
$58.14
$7, 227
$59. 68
$8, 973
$60.01
$8, 252
$58. 65
$9, 772
$58. 08
$6, 868
$58. 04
$5, 637
$59.19
$5,197
$58. 92 $58. 23
$5, 561 $10, 201
$48. 89
$4,145
$52. 66
$2, 571
$53. 03
$3,604
1, 565
1,700
1, 846
1, 850
1,379
1,090
939
1,316
1,234
1,316
1 Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
include them.
2 Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
tion for Federal Employees (UCFE), which became effective on January 1,
1955.
3 An initial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured unem
ployment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
4 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
5 The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
6 Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, UCFE, or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
1, 060
1,158
$54. 70 $59. 93
$5,144 $12,810
1, 439
1, 651
2 Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
3 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
9 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. Not adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
>° Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
11 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, U CFE, and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.
S o urc e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board.
B : LABOR TURNOVER
881
B: Labor Turnover
T able B -l: Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employeesj
Year
Jan.
Peb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accessions
1948________________________
1949_____
--------- .
.... .
1950___ 1951. .. __ ..
1952_______ _ _____ _
1953 ______
_____________
1954_______ _______
1955 -_ ______ ________
1956
____
_____ „ _
1957________________________
4.6
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.9
2.9
3.2
4. 5
3.9
4.2
2. 5
3.2
3.1
2.8
4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3. 7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2 2.8
4.1
3.5
4.4
4. 5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
1948__________________
1949______ _____ _______
1950
1951_______ ______
___
1952________________________
1953- _____
____
_
1954. - ____
- __
1955_____ __________ __ ____
1956- .
, 1957________________________
4.3
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2,9
3.6
3.3
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
3.6
3.0
4.5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4. 1
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4. 1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
2 3.2
4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
1948 _
1949_
19501951195219531954,
1955.
19561957-
2.6
1.7
2.1
1. 9
2.1
2.5
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
3.0
1. 7
1.3
2. 7
2.2
2.7
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2. 5
1. 1
1.1
1. 5
1.5
2 1.3
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1. 5
1.6
2.9
1. 5
1. 7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.3
1.2
2.8
1.6
1.2
2. 5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1948________________________
1949________________________
1950_______________________
1951________________________
1952________________________
1953________________________
1954________________________
1955________________________
1956________________________
1957________________________
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
2.2
0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
1948________________________
1949________________________
1950________________________
1951________________________
1952________________________
1953________________________
1954________________________
1955________________________
1956________________________
1957________________________
1.2
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
2 1.5
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.1
2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
19481949.
1950.
1951.
19521953.
19541955.
1956.
1957.
0.1
. 1
.1
0.1
.1
. 1
0.1
. 1
. 1
0.1
. 1
. 1
5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
4. 7
3.5
4.7
4. 2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
5.0
4.4
6.6
4. 5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4.5
3.8
5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
3.9
3.3
4.0
3. 9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.7
3. 2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.2
4.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3.7
3.4
5.1
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
5.4
4. 2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3.1
3.3
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
4.6
4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3. 5
3.3
3.5
3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3. 1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1. 7
2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1. 5
1.7
.9
1. 7
1.4
1.7
2.8
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.0
0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.2
2. 3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.5
0.1
. 1
0.1
.1
0.1
.1
0.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
T o ta l s e p a ra tio n s 3
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
Q u its
1.1
1. 1
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
.9
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
D isch arg es
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
L ay o fls
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1 .5
1.7
1.1
1.4
M iscellan eo u s se p a ra tio n s, in c lu d in g m ilita ry
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
2.2
1 M o n th -to -m o n th changes in to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s
tries as in d ic a te d b y la b o r tu rn o v e r ra te s are n o t c o m p arab le w ith th e changes
sh o w n b y th e B u re a u ’s e m p lo y m e n t series for th e follow ing reasons:
(1) T h e la b o r tu rn o v e r series m e asu re changes d u rin g th e ca len d ar m o n th ,
w hile th e e m p lo y m e n t series m easure changes from m id m o n th to m id m o n th ;
(2) I n d u s tr y coverage is n o t id e n tic al, as th e p rin tin g a n d p u b lish in g
in d u s t r j a n d som e seasonal in d u s trie s are excluded from tu rn o v e r;
(3) T u rn o v e r ra te s te n d to be u n d e rs ta te d because sm all firm s are n o t as
p ro m in e n t in th e tu rn o v e r sam p le as in th e e m p lo y m e n t sam p le; a n d
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
. 1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
. 1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
. 1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
(4)
R e p o rts from p la n ts affected b y w o rk sto p p ag es are ex clu d ed from th e
tu rn o v e r series, b u t th e e m p lo y m e n t series reflect th e in flu en ce of su ch
sto p p ag es.
2 P re lim in a ry .
3 B eg in n in g w ith d a ta for O cto b er 1952, co m p o n en ts m a y n o t a d d to to ta l
s ep aratio n ra te s because of ro u n d in g .
N ote; F o r a d e sc rip tio n of th e se series, see T e c h n iq u e s of P re p a rin g M a jo r
B L S S ta tis tic a l Series, B L S B u ll. 1168 (1954).
S o urc e : U . S. D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
882
T able B-2: Labor turnover rates in selected industries1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions
Industry
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Discharges
Quits
Total
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Layoffs
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Manufacturing
All manufacturing_____ _ _ ________
Durable goods 2__ _ _______ ____
Nondurable goods 3___________ ___
2.8
3.0
2.5
2.8
2.9
2.6
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.4
3.1
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.2
.2
.2
0.2
.3
.2
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
0.2
.3
.2
0.2
.3
.2
Ordnance and accessories______ ______
Food and kindred products. _ . . . . . .
Meat products____ ___________
Grain-mill products__ ___ _______
Bakery products__ _
._ . . . ___
Beverages:
Malt liquors___ _____ . . . . . .
Tobacco manufactures________________
'* Cigarettes______________
. . . ___
. . . .. . . . . . . . .
fW- Cigars________
“ ~ Tobacco and snuff . _______ . ___
Textile-mill products____________ . . .
Yarn and thread mills____ „. _ . . .
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber. . _
Woolen and worsted________
Knitting mills_______ ___ _
Full-fashioned hosiery___ ____
Seamless hosiery... . . . _ _ . . . .
_______ .
Knit underwear___
Dyeing and finishing textiles...
__
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts____________ . . . ___._ _ _____
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing____ . . . _ _____________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)____ ____. . . ____ _________
Logging camps and contractors____ _
Sawmills and planing mills______ _
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures.. . . . __________
Household furniture________ . . . .
Other furniture and fixtures .. . . . . .
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products__________
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals________
Synthetic fibers___ _ _________
Drugs and medicines______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining________________
Rubber products ... ______________
Tires and inner tubes_______ ____
Rubber footwear_________ _____ _
Other rubber products_____________
Leather and leather products____ . . .
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Footwear (except rubber)______ . . . .
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products___________
Cement, hydraulic______ _______
Structural clay products.. ________
Pottery and related products_______
Primary metal industries__ _ ________
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
m ills......... ......... ..............................
Iron and steel foundries____________
Gray-iron foundries_______ _____
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries______ __________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc__ . . . .
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper... . . . ____ . . . ______
Nonferrous foundries____ _______
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings__________
See footnotes at end of table.
3.3
3.4
3.2
2.1
2.9
3.4
3.7
3.0
2.2
3.4
2.9
3.6
4.7
3.4
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.4
3.1
2.9
1.2
1.1
.6
.9
1.7
1.2
1.2
.7
.9
1.9
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
1.3
2.1
3.6
2.1
.5
1.5
2.0
3.3
1.8
.5
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
(*)
2.5
1.8
3.6
.7
2.7
2.9
2.5
2.3
3.8
3.1
1.2
3.4
2.6
2.7
(4)
5.4
1.5
1.1
1.8
1.8
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.3
3.5
3.2
1.2
2.4
3.0
2.4
1.5
(4)
1.9
1.6
2.2
1.6
3.6
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.4
4.5
5.2
4.7
2.8
2.9
(4)
3.1
3.3
2.5
4.5
1.5
3.8
4.1
3.6
3.6
4.0
3.6
3.3
4.2
2.8
2.6
6.2
(4)
1.2
.7
1.7
.7
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.0
(4)
.6
1.2
.8
1.7
.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.0
.9
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.4
1.8
3.5
3.2
3.8
4.3
3.5
3.2
2.1
1.6
2.2
1.6
.2
.1
.2
.2
2.7
3.2
3.5
3.6
2.0
2.1
.4
.3
5.5
9.3
5.2
3.6
4.3
3.4
4.2
9.3
3.3
4.6
12.5
3.7
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.8
2.9
1.7
.3
.1
.4
.3
.2
.3
4.4
3.7
4.0
3.0
2.1
1.5
3.0
1.5
1.8
.8
.6
1.6
2.0
1.0
.7
2.0
1.5
2.7
2.3
3.1
2.4
3.2
2.4
2.5
1.4
3.0
1.8
1.7
3.3
3.3
3.7
2.5
2.0
1.3
2.9
1.5
1.6
1.1
.9
1.6
1.2
.8
.7
1.9
1.3
2.6
2.3
3.2
2.4
3.3
2.6
2.8
1.6
3.8
2.3
1.8
3.7
3.6
4.1
2.5
2.7
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.4
3.2
2.4
3.1
3.9
4.4
3.3
4.7
2.8
2.9
1.4
2.7
3.5
2.8
3.5
3.8
3.6
4.4
2.2
1.4
2.8
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.0
.8
2.9
2.3
3.0
3.4
4.1
4.3
4.1
3.0
4.5
1.1
2.8
2.5
2.6
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.1
1.2
.7
1.7
.8
.9
.5
.3
.9
1.4
.4
.3
1.1
.6
1.3
1.4
2.4
1.1
2.7
1.0
.8
.6
1.1
1.4
.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.2
.7
1.7
.8
.9
.5
.4
.9
.9
.4
.3
1.0
.6
1.6
1.3
2.2
.8
2.4
1.0
.8
.6
1.2
1.4
.8
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.1
.4
_2
,i
,i
,i
.2
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.2
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
1.2
2.0
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.2
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.8
2.1
3.5
3.9
3.6
2.9
1.7
3.7
4.1
4.1
3.1
.5
1.1
1.3
1.3
.9
.6
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.8
.8
1.6
2.5
1.3
2.6
1.7
6.3
1.6
5.9
2.0
3.2
2.8
3.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.4
.6
.3
.1
1.7
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.4
2.4
3.4
2.6
1.1
1.4
(4)
2.3
1.8
1. 5
2.5
(*)
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.6
2.1
1.6
1.5
2.2
1.0
1.2
4.8
1.3
2.5
1.0
1.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.9
1.1
.1
.1
1.5
5.7
.7
2.3
9.1
1.5
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
1.4
1.6
1.9
.9
1.1
.7
.7
.5
.3
.6
.8
.4
.1
.8
.9
1.7
1.6
1.3
2.0
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.8
.4
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.2
2.6
.6
.4
.7
.6
.6
.7
.6
.1
.6
.4
.3
1.5
1.3
.9
1.6
1.1
2.8
.8
1.6
3.4
(5)
1.1
.8
1.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.5
.4
.5
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.6
.5
.6
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.4
1.3
1.9
2.2
1.8
1.6
.7
2.0
2.2
2.5
1.5
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
1.0
.2
.2
.1
.4
.3
.2
.4
1.3
.5
1.5
.1
.4
.2
.5
.8
4.3
.7
3.6
.4
.3
.2
.3
1.1
1.2
.3
.4
1.1
1.1
.3
.4
(4)
(4)
(ä)
(5)
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.2
(s)
(4)
(4)
«
.2
.2
.1
.6
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
(4)
.2
.1
.2
(5)
.5
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.2
883
B: LABOR TURNOVER
T able
B-2: Labor turnover rates in selected industries 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
1 emu accessions
Total
Industry
Apr.
1957
Manufacturing— C ontinued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)_______________ ________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools___ _________
Handtools_______ ____________
Hardware____________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies____________________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified______________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving..................... ....................
Machinery (except electrical)......... ...........
Engines and turbines______________
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery. _
Metalworking m achinery....................
Machine tools............. ........... ........
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)_______________
Machine-tool accessories________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery).......... ......
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines ___________________ _____
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical machinery....................................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, arid industrial apparatus...........................................
Communication equipm ent............. .
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment............. ......
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment. ________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products______________
Transportation equipment_____ _______
Automobiles____ ____ ____________
Aircraft and parts____ ____________
Aircraft__________ __________
Aircraft engines and parts_______
Aircraft propellers and parts.........
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent____ . _______ ________
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment.............................
Locomotives and parts...................
Railroad and street cars________
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products_______
Photographic apparatus........................
Watches and clocks_______________
Professional and scientific instruments_____ ______ _____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining. ______________________
Iron mining______________________
Copper mining___________________
Lead and zinc mining.. . . ________
Anthracite m ining.___________________
Bituminous-coal mining............. ................
Communication:
Telephone______ _____________ . . .
Telegraph 8___
... ...
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Quits
Mar.
1957
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
1.7
1.0
1.0
1.2
.9
0.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
1.5
1.3
.3
.2
1.5
1.1
.3
.2
.4
.3
1.5
.9
1.5
1.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
4.6
1.2
.7
(4)
.7
.8
.8
2.9
1.2
.7
2.9
.8
.6
.6
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.5
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.7
.2
.2
.3
1.0
1.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.5
1.0
.5
.7
.2
.2
.2
.2
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.9
1.0
.9
.8
1.1
.7
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
4.3
2.4
3.4
.9
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.6
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
3.5
1.3
1.3
2.6
.9
1.2
.4
.2
.3
.4
.2
.3
2.7
3.5
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.9
.2
.2
.3
.3
.9
1.1
.9
1.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
4.6
1.7
2.1
.3
.3
1.5
1.9
.3
.2
2.1
1.1
1.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
2.6
2.6
2.2
1.7
1.0
1.2
.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.4
.9
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
3.4
1.8
2.1
.7
.7
.8
.5
2.2
1.8
2.0
.7
.6
.8
(5)
.5
.4
.7
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
.4
.7
.2
.2
.1
.2
3.9
(*)
w
(4)
4.8
2.5
2.4
0
5.0
3.8
10.9
3.3
5.2
2.9
4.9
2.3
1.3
3.8
2.3
(4)
(4)
(4)
1.0
1.7
1.2
(4)
.8
2.1
2.7
1.2
1.1
1.2
2.2
1.2
.8
.9
.6
.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
3.3
.3
.8
(4)
3.8
1.0
7.4
1.2
2.9
.9
2.2
.7
.2
2.5
.1
.1
.6
.6
.5
.1
.5
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.4
1.0
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.5
4.5
1.9
2.3
3.7
2.8
2.3
4.3
4.3
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.0
1.7
1.2
.6
2.1
2.5
1.6
.6
(*)
2.1
.7
.9
2.5
1.0
2.4
1.7
1.5
.8
2.3
1.2
(4)
2.2
1.2
1.4
3.7
.9
4.6
2.6
1.8
1.6
1.5
.4
(4)
1.8
.3
.6
2.6
.2
3.6
1.6
1.0
.4
.3
.4
.1
.4
.3
.2
.4
m
(«)
(»)
(s)
.4
.3
.2
.5
.7
1.0
(<)
(8)
1.8
1.8
(4)
(4)
1.5
1.8
(4)
(4)
1.2
1.2
(4)
(4)
(')
0.3
.3
.2
.2
.5
0.4
.3
.2
.2
.4
2.0
1.2
.9
1.6
1.0
1.2
.3
.3
.9
.3
.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
.4
.3
5.4
2.8
2.3
4.9
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.4
1.1
1.0
(4)
1.2
.9
.8
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
.3
.2
.2
1.9
2.6
1.9
2.6
1.0
1.1
2.0
2.2
2.9
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.8
2.7
1.9
2.0
2.6
2.8
2.0
3.0
4.9
2.8
3.1
2.0
3.2
2.5
3.4
2.5
3.1
4.6
4.2
3.8
1.1
2.6
1.7
2.7
3.8
3.1
2.9
2.8
1.9
3.1
2.6
3.8
3.0
3.0
3.1
1.9
3.3
5.2
3.7
3.8
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.0
4.9
«
(*)
(4)
2.9
3.3
2.4
(4)
2.2
4.1
12.4
4.7
1.5
5.3
6.6
2.1
1.0
2.4
3.0
4.3
2.4
3.2
2.2
1.8
1.5
2.8
3.2
2.5
1.5
1.6
3.5
3.9
3.1
2.2
3.4
3.2
3.7
3.0
2.7
2.7
3.4
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.8
2.8
3.6
3.4
3.1
1.2
2.4
3.2
3.2
2.5
1.0
3.0
3.4
3.7
3.2
3.4
2.7
3.5
3.2
2.9
1.9
1.6
(4)
2.1
1.5
1.1
3.6
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.4
6.6
2.7
2.2
(*)
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.2
1.4
2.8
2.0
2.0
2.7
i See footnote l and Note, table B-l.
* For definition, see footn. te 3, table A-2.
• For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2, except that the labor turnover
series excludes the printing, publishing, and allied Industries group, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and children’s
outerwear; and fertilizer.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Apr.
1957
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layofls
Discharges
«
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(•)
(4)
.4
.4
.2
.2
(4)
«
.6
.7
.1
(4)
(4)
.1
.3
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.3
.3
.5
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.1
(4)
(4)
.1
.2
4 Not available,
s Less than 0.05.
8 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those compen
sated entirely on a commission basis.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
884
C: Earnings and Hours
Table C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Mining
Coal
Metal
Iron
Total: Metal
1955: Average.-. .
1956: Average_____
April.. _
M ay________
.Tune________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November. .
D ecem ber___
1957: January_____
February........
M arch______
April------------
$92. 42
96.83
97.10
98. 50
97.13
96.02
92. 40
100.30
97. 39
96.00
99. 92
98. 05
97. 29
97. 23
96. 70
42.2 $2.19 $92.86
42.1
2.30 96. 71
42.4
2.29 96.24
43.2
2.28 100. 62
42.6
2. 28 98. 23
42.3
2. 27 89.05
40.0
2. 31 82. 38
42.5
2.36 103. 41
41.8
2.33 97. 71
41.2
2. 33 98.21
42.7
2. 34 103.09
41.9
2. 34 100. 90
41.4
2.35 99. 31
41.2
2. 36 99. 45
40.8
2.37 95. 74
Mining—Continued
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)
1955: A verage____
1956: Average.. .
April.. ______
M ay________
June________
Ju ly____ ____
August............
September___
October. ___
November___
December . . .
1957: January_____
February____
March.........
April_______
$94.19
101. 68
103. 25
99. 94
99.60
106. 01
100.28
107. 70
101.09
101.50
104. 58
104. 83
101.91
101.25
101.25
40.6
41.0
41.3
40.3
40.0
41.9
40.6
42.4
40.6
40.6
41.5
41.6
40.6
40.5
40.5
$2. 31
2. 43
2. 40
2.39
2.39
2. 46
2. 43
2. 51
2.48
2.48
2. 49
2. 51
2.54
2. 55
2. 56
44.5
44.6
44.4
45.1
45.9
45.6
45.2
45.8
45.6
44.5
43.6
42.0
43.1
43.4
43.2
$1.82
1.92
1.89
1.90
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.95
General contractors
Average_____ $96. 29 36.2 $2.66 $90. 22
36.4
2.80 95.04
A v erag e..___ 101.92
99 00 36.0
2. 75 92. 20
April_______
2. 76 93.96
M a y .. _____ 100. 74 36.5
37.2
103.42
2.78 96.42
2. 79 96. 52
July________ 103. 23 37.0
2. 81 98.05
August______ 104. 53 37.2
2.84 99.06
September___ 106. 22 37.4
37.4
2.86 99. 80
106.96
October
102. 75 35.8
2.87 96. 21
November
104. 91
2.89 96.48
36.3
December
34.1
2.92 89. 76
January_____ 99.57
2.91 98.19
F eb ru ary ___ 105. 63 36.3
104. 76 36.0
2.91 95.93
104.
98
36,2
2.90 96. 75
April_______
Building Construc
tion—Con.
Special-trade con
tractors—Continued
Other special-trade
contractors
40.2
39.8
40.1
42.1
41.1
36.2
33.9
41.2
39.4
39.6
41.4
40.2
39.1
39.0
37.4
35.8
36.0
35.6
36.0
36.8
36.7
37.0
37.1
37.1
35.5
35.6
33.0
36.1
35.4
35.7
44.1
43.6
43.9
44.2
44.0
42.9
43.0
44.0
43.3
41.6
43.2
42.6
42.4
42.1
42.4
$2.17 $83.82
2. 30 89. 24
2.27 90.10
2. 26 89. 89
2.28 88.17
2. 34 90. 30
2.34 91.37
2. 36 89. 40
2. 34 89. 25
2. 33 88. 37
2. 33 91.14
2. 34 89. 44
2. 32 88. 78
2.35 90. 25
2. 35 90. 47
Total: Contract
construction
$95.94
101.83
98.36
100. 61
103.41
103.25
104.94
106. 92
107.14
102. 48
103. 78
98. 55
104.80
104.23
104.14
33.4
41.7 $2.01 $84. 50
33.2
41.7
2.14 87.65
30.9
42.5
2.12 80. 34
29.2
42.2
2.13 70. 66
41.2
2.14 88. 63
33.7
35.6
2.15 92. 20
42.0
33.3
42.3
2.16 87. 25
41.2
33.8
2.17 87. 88
35.4
41.9
2.13 94. 87
33.9
41.1
2.15 91.19
36.3
42.0
2.17 107.45
35.9
41.6
2.15 105. 55
2.16 95.36
32.0
41.1
41.4
27.8
2.18 79. 79
41.5
31.0
2.18 92.07
Contract construction
36.4
36.7
36.3
36.9
37.5
37.2
37.4
37.7
37.6
36.0
36.8
34.9
36.5
36.5
36.6
Bituminous
$2. 53
2. 64
2. 60
2. 42
2. 63
2. 59
2. 62
2. 60
2. 68
2. 69
2.96
2. 94
2. 98
2. 87
2. 97
$96.26
106. 22
105. 46
106. 02
107. 82
102.16
102. 49
106.12
110. 38
106. 79
115. 33
110.63
112. 51
109. 58
112.11
37.6
37.8
37.8
38.0
38.1
36.1
37.0
37.9
37.8
36.2
38.7
37.5
38.4
37.4
37.0
$2. 56
2. 81
2. 79
2.79
2.83
2.83
2. 77
2.80
2.92
2. 95
2. 98
2.95
2.93
2.93
3. 03
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
36.9 $2. 60 $95.11
40.3 $2. 36
2.49
37.3
2. 73 101.59
40.8
39.2
2. 42
36.7
2. 68 94. 86
37.4
99.
31
40.7
2.44
2. 69
2.48
38.3
2.70 104. 66 42.2
2. 49
38.1
2. 71 105. 58 42.4
42.4
2.51
38.3
2. 74 106. 42
42.8
2. 53
38.6
2. 77 108. 28
42.4
2. 55
38.4
2. 79 108.12
2. 54
36.6
2. 80 100. 84
39.7
39.2
2. 55
2.82 99. 96
36.8
37.2
2.84 94. 86
2. 55
34.7
36.9
2. 84 101. 38
39.6
2.56
39.4
2. 84 100. 47
2. 55
36.7
2.83 100.61
39.3
2. 56
36.8
Building construction
Special-trade
Total: Special-trade
contractors
$2. 52 $100.83
2.64 107.16
2.59 103. 82
2.61 106. 27
2. 62 108. 75
2.63 108. 25
2.65 109. 96
2.67 111.97
2.69 112.05
2.71 108.00
2.71 111. 14
2. 72 106. 45
2.72 111.33
2.71 110.96
2. 71 110. 90
Plumbing and
heating
$2. 77 $106. 40
2.92 112.31
2. 86 108. 00
2. 88 111.45
2.90 113. 00
2.91 113. 58
2.94 114. 35
2.97 115. 03
2.98 115.41
3.00 112. 57
3. 02 117. 56
3.05 115. 67
3.05 116.89
3.04 116.97
3.03 116. 66
38.0
38.2
37.5
38.3
38.7
38.5
38.5
38.6
38.6
37.4
38.8
37.8
38.2
38.1
38.0
$2.80
2.94
2.88
2.91
2.92
2.95
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.01
3 03
3.06
3. 06
3.07
3.07
Highway and street
$91. 27
97.63
88.65
94.16
102.49
102. 70
105.16
106.12
106. 52
95.41
90. 94
83.90
93.09
91.77
93. 77
41.3
41.9
39.4
41.3
43.8
43.7
44.0
44.4
44.2
40.6
39.2
36.8
40.3
39.9
39.9
$2. 21
2. 33
2. 25
2. 28
2. 34
2. 35
2. 39
2. 39
2.41
2. 35
2.32
2.28
2. 31
2.30
2.35
Other nonbuilding
construction
$98. 50
104. 94
100.10
103. 86
106. 75
107. 68
107. 83
110. 27
109. 75
105. 30
106. 23
101.73
106. 50
106. 35
105. 54
39.4
39.9
39.1
40.1
40.9
41.1
41.0
41.3
40.8
39.0
39.2
37.4
39.3
39.1
38.8
$2.50
2. 63
2.56
2. 59
2. 61
2. 62
2.63
2.67
2. 69
2. 70
2. 71
2. 72
2. 71
2. 72
2. 72
contractors
P a in tin g and
decorating
$94.38
100.10
97.57
99.62
101.24
100.04
103.10
103. 24
104.11
98. 36
100. 74
97.28
99.57
102. 31
102. 26
34.7
35.0
34.6
35.2
35.9
35.1
35.8
35.6
35.9
33.8
34.5
33.2
34.1
34.8
34.9
Electrical work
$2. 72 $116.52
2.86 125. 61
2. 82 120. 74
2.83 122. 22
2. 82 124. 66
2. 85 124.03
2. 88 127. 68
2.90 131.78
2. 90 130.87
2. 91 124. 97
2.92 129.82
2.93 127. 65
2.92 130. 75
2.94 131. 26
2. 93 129.48
39.1
39.5
39.2
39.3
39.7
39.5
39.9
40.3
39.9
38.1
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.0
$2.98
3.18
3.08
3.11
3.14
3.14
3.20
3.27
3.28
3.28
3.27
3.29
3.31
3.34
3.32
Manufacturing
Total: M anu
facturing
Average.-.'___ $96. 21
35.5 $2. 71 $76. 52
A verage.___ 102. 39
35.8
2. 86 79. 99
April _ . . . . . . 100. 04
2.81 78.99
35.6
2. 81 78. 40
M ay. _____ 101. 44
36.1
2. 84 79. 19
June________ 104. 80
36.9
Ju ly ------------- 103.94
36.6
2.84 78. 60
105.33
36.7
2.87 79. 79
August..
September . . 107. 22
37.1
2.89 81.81
October
107. 67
37.0
2.91 82. 21
November
103.08
2.92 82. 22
35.3
December.. . 104. 73 35. 5
2. 95 84.05
95. 93 32.3
2.97 82.41
1957 January____
35.1
2.97 82.41
February____ 104. 25
March . . . . . 103. 49 35. 2 2.94 82. 21
A p ril_______ 105. 32
35. 7 2. 95 81.99
See footnotes at end of table.
$95. 70
100. 28
99.65
99.89
100. 32
100. 39
100. 62
103. 84
101.32
96. 93
100. 66
99.68
98. 37
98.94
99. 64
Anthracite
Lead and zinc
Copper
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$2.32 $80. 99
2. 48 85.63
2. 50 83.92
2. 48 85. 69
2. 49 88. 59
2. 53 88.01
2.47 87.69
2. 54 89.77
2.49 89. 83
2.50 87.22
2.52 85.46
2.52 82.32
2.51 84.05
2.50 84.63
2. 50 84.24
Total: Building
construction
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Durable goods 2
40.7 $1.88 $83. 21
40.4
1.98 86. 31
40.3
1.96 85.49
40.0
1.96 84. 86
40.2
1.97 85.27
40.1
1.96 84.25
40.3
1.98 85.68
40.7
2.01 88.38
2.02 89.01
40.7
2. 03 88.99
40.5
41.0
2. 05 91.34
40. 2 2. 05 89.16
40.2
2. 05 88.75
40.1
2. 05 88.94
39.8
2.06 88.29
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
Nondurable goods 3
$2. 01 $68. 06
2.10 71.10
2.08 70.17
2.08 70.20
2.09 70.95
2.07 71.71
2. 10 71.68
2.14 72.44
2.15 72.65
2.16 72.86
2.18 73 84
2.18 72. 73
2.17 73.10
2.18 73.12
2.18 72.56
39.8
39. 5
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.8
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.71 $83. 44
1.80 91. 54
1. 79 90.29
1.80 90.71
1.81 91.52
1.82 91.74
1.81 90.64
1.82 93.88
1.83 95.18
1.84 94. 50
1.86 96.70
1.86 95. 76
1.86 96.18
1.87 95.68
1.87 95. 40
40.7
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.7
41.2
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
4.16
41.3
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products 4
$2.05 $72.10
2.19 75.03
2. 16 73.38
2.17 74. 12
2.20 75.21
2.20 75.03
2.20 74. 16
2.23 76.02
2.25 75.99
2.25 78.06
2. 27 77. 71
2.28 77.18
2.29 77.39
2.30 76. 81
2. 31 77.20
41.2
41.0
40.1
40.5
41. 1
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
$1.75
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
885
Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earn
ings
0
Y ear and m on th
M anufacturing— on tinued
Food and kindred products —C ontinued
M eat p ro d u c ts
1955: A verage______ $83.16 42.0
1956: A verage______ 84.03 41.6
A p ril_________
80.00 40.2
M a y _________
80. 79 40.6
June_________
83.20 41.6
82.20 41.1
J u ly __________
40.7
A u g u st----------- 80.59
S ep tem b er___
85.20 42.6
O ctober______
84.23 41.7
N o v em b er____ 91.80
43.3
87.14 41.3
D ecem b er____
1957: Jan uary______ 87.10 40.7
February_____
85. 57 39.8
M a rch _______
S3. 71
39.3
A pril_________
85.20 40.0
48
Meatpacking, wholesale
1.98
2.02
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.12
2.11
2.14
2.15
2.13
2.13
$
$
8
$
1.46 $50. 55
1.57 50. 66
1.59 54. 74
1. 57 50. 53
1. 54 49.59
1. 55 49. 77
1.56 49. 75
1.57 48.84
1.60 50. 27
1. 56 44.76
1.61 54.87
1.64 50. 49
1.63 46.31
1. 66 53.15
1.68 53. 42
B akery products
1955: A verage______ $70.35 40.9
1956: A verage___ _ 73.08 40.6
A pril___ _____
71. 73 40.3
72. 85 40.7
M a y _________
J u n e_________
74.03 40.9
74. 21 41.0
J u ly --------------A u g u st_______
73. 71 40.5
74.85 40.9
Septem ber___
October______
74.30 40.6
N o v em b er___
74. 93 40.5
D ecem b er____
73.75 40.3
1957: January............ 73.23 39.8
F ebruary..........
74.00 40.0
73.23 39.8
M arch____ __
74.19 40.1
A p ril_________
8
1.72
1.80
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.85
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.85
$
71.93
74.89
73.12
75.03
76.04
75.85
75. 52
76.30
76.11
77.30
75. 52
74.99
75.76
75.39
76.55
$
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$
1.46
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.55
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.60
1.61
32.2
30. 7
32.2
29.9
32.2
31.3
30.9
28.9
30.1
26.8
31.9
29.7
27.4
30.9
31.8
$
41.1
40.7
40.4
41.0
41.1
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
$
Confectionery
8
39.8
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.6
39.7
41.1
40.6
40.2
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.2
39.5
2.05
2.18
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.14
2.17
2.20
2. 32
2.29
2.31
2.31
2.29
2.30
$
81.09
85.08
81.40
84.86
88. 37
87. 34
85.07
86. 31
83.44
88.62
87.35
85.01
84.77
83. 71
87.08
$
1.57
1.65
1.70
1.69
1. 54
1. 59
1.61
1.69
1.67
1.67
1.72
1.70
1.69
1.72
1.68
55.98
59.70
59.10
59.19
60.13
58.98
59.65
62.73
61. 41
60.95
61. 26
59. 67
61.78
62. 40
61.54
$
39.7
39.8
39.4
39.2
39.3
38.8
39.5
41.0
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.0
39.6
40.0
39.2
$
1.75
1.84
1.81
1.83
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
41.8
41.5
39.9
41.6
42.9
42.4
41.7
41.9
40.7
42.2
41.4
40.1
39.8
39.3
40.5
D a iry p ro d u c ts
1.94
2.05
2.04
2. 04
2.06
2.06
2.04
2.06
2.05
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.15
$
Canned fruits, vegetables, and soups
58. 65
65. 99
63.14
64.15
62.88
64. 27
68. 57
71.39
70. 25
61.23
65.01
65.18
65. 63
65. 66
67.94
$
Bread and other
bakery products
C onfectionery and
related products
1955: A verage______ $58.11
1956: A verage______ 61.85
A pril_________
61.23
M a y . . . ............. 60.92
61.86
Ju ne_________
J u ly --------------62.17
61.54
A u g u st_______
Septem ber___
64.53
October______
63. 34
62. 71
N o v em b er___
63.02
D ecem b er____
1957: January______ 62.09
F ebruary_____
63.84
64.32
M arch _______
63.60
A pril_________
42.4
42.2
40.5
40.8
41.7
41.6
41.0
43.2
42.2
43.9
42.3
42.1
41.0
40. 4
40.7
Seafood, canned and
cured
C anning and
preserving
1955: A v era g e.-......... $56.50 38.7
1956: A verage______ 62.02 39.5
A p ril_________
58.99 37.1
M a y ____ ____
59.82 38.1
J u n e..... ......... .
59.91 38.9
61.23 39.5
J u ly __________
A u g u st--.......... 65. 05
41.7
66.73 42.5
S ep tem b er___
64.96 40.6
October______
N o v em b er___
57. 56 36.9
D ecem b er____
61.02 37.9
1957: January______ 61.99 37.8
F ebruary_____ 61.78
37.9
M arch _______
61.59 37.1
62.83 37.4
A p ril_________
86. 92
92. 00
86. 27
87.31
90.07
89. 44
87. 74
93. 74
92.84
101.85
96.87
97. 25
94. 71
92. 52
93.61
Sausages and
casings
39.9
41.5
38.5
39.6
39.8
41.2
43.4
44.9
43.1
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.6
$
72. 48
74. 47
73.35
73. 79
76.04
75. 95
74. 47
75.68
74.80
75.23
75. 54
75.66
75.06
76.02
75. 66
62.73
66.00
65. 51
65.18
65.84
67.08
66.57
68. 72
66.40
65.13
66.81
66.18
66. 52
65.96
65.62
1 47 $77. 62
1.59 80. 97
1.64 78 94
1.62 79.49
1. 58 80. 22
1.56 81.35
1.58 81.59
1.59 85.00
1.63 84. 42
1.57 82.70
1.65 83.14
1.68 83.38
1.67 82.60
1.71 82.03
1.76 82.22
$ .
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.5
39.9
40.9
40.1
41.4
40.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.9
38.8
38.6
$
Beverages
8
1.41 $82. 22
1.50 85.41
1.50 84.19
1. 51 84.42
1.53 87.10
1.52 88.99
1.51 87.51
1.53 84.99
1.52 84. 96
1.52 85.97
1. 52 86.18
1. 53 84. 67
1. 56 85. 72
1.56 86. 29
1. 57 87.56
40.5
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.7
41.2
40.7
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.9
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
$
1.58
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.66
1.66
1.66
1. 67
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
$
44.1
43.3
42.9
43.2
43.6
43.5
43.4
44.5
44.2
43.3
43.3
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.6
Sugar
77.09
79.98
78.39
76.24
80.12
83.36
79.56
82.76
77.83
85.64
83.60
78.80
81.61
83.23
80. 91
$
Condensed and
evaporated milk
1.67
1.74
1.73
1.72
1. 74
1.75
1.74
1. 76
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.81
Grain-m ill p ro d u c ts
Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels
$
43.4
42.8
42.4
42. £
43.7
43.4
42.8
43.0
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.8
8
8
1.76
1.87
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.87
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
$
8
43.8
43.0
40.2
39.3
41.3
42. 1
40.8
41.8
43.0
49.5
47.5
39.4
40.6
40.8
38.9
74. 46
75.95
75. 34
75.68
78.82
77.43
76. 56
78. 59
75.25
75.23
76.01
78.12
76.68
78. 51
78.14
$
$
63. 42
64.68
63.65
64.33
66.14
66.36
66.83
65.35
63.34
63.83
66.98
63.99
64.31
64.96
65.28
42.0
41.2
40.8
41.5
41.6
42.0
42.3
41.1
40.6
40.4
41.6
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.8
$
1.64
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.77
1.75
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.83
1.83
$
Flour and other
grain-mill products
83. 51
84. 73
81.65
81.03
82. 40
82. 99
86.04
91.80
89.89
89. 20
88.70
91.00
87.32
84.87
85.30
$
44.9
43.9
43.2
43.1
43.6
43.0
43.9
45.9
45.4
44.6
44.8
45.5
44.1
43.3
43.3
1.86
1.93
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.93
1.96
2. 00
1.98
2.00
1.98
2.00
1.98
1.96
1.97
$
1.76
1.86
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.98
1.95
1.98
1.81
1.73
1.76
2.00
2.01
2.04
2.08
$
84.12
86.94
84.05
81.80
87.35
93.01
87.76
92.22
93. 95
89. 66
86.71
88.78
85. 75
88. 75
87.85
$
$
1.51
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.56
1.58
1.61
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.60
42.7
41.8
41.2
40.1
42.2
44.5
42.6
43.5
43.9
41.7
40.9
41.1
39.7
40.9
40.3
1.97
2.08
2.04
2.04
2.07
2.09
2.06
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.12
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
$
Malt liquors
97.84
103.08
101.35
102.14
106. 34
110. 24
107.33
102. 31
100.49
102. 57
104. 28
102.18
103.49
103. 74
106. 52
$
40.1
39.8
39.9
39.9
40.9
41.6
40.5
39.5
38.5
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.6
75.08
77. 46
75.58
76. 44
78.87
78.69
76.86
79.42
78.49
78.17
78. 47
77. 33
78. 66
79.07
79. 27
42.9
42.1
41.3
42.0
43. 1
43.0
42.0
42.7
42.2
41.8
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
$
1.75
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
Prepared feeds
74. 25
76.83
76.04
75. 77
77.33
78.05
75.86
78.94
78.32
77. 94
78.99
79.17
77. 47
77.29
79.06
$
Cane-Sugar Refining
Bottled soft drinks
2.03
2.13
2.11
2.10
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.20
45.4
43.9
43.8
44.0
45.3
44.5
44.0
44.4
43.0
42.5
42.7
43.4
42.6
42.9
42.7
Ice cream and ices
45.0
43.9
43.7
43.8
44.7
44.6
43.6
44.6
44.0
43.3
43.4
43.5
42.8
42.7
43.2
1.65
1.75
1. 74
1.73
1.73
1.75
1.74
1. 77
1. 78
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
$
Beet sugar
73.35
78.12
76.44
73.73
76.33
75.66
72. 57
77.60
71.88
85.31
85.80
71.23
83.07
79.98
78. 59
$
42.4
43.4
38.8
38.4
40.6
38.6
37.6
40.0
43.3
49.6
48.2
37.1
42.6
39.4
39.1
1.73
1.80
1.97
1.92
1.88
1.96
1.93
1.94
1.66
1.72
1.78
1.92
1.95
2.03
2.01
$
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
2 44 $78.76
2 59 81.90
2.54 79.87
2. 56 79. 31
2.60 79.66
2.65 81.48
2. 65 79.46
2.59 80.05
2.61 86.62
2. 63 88.94
2.64 82.35
2.62 80.59
2.64 84. 42
2.66 83.76
2.69 85.09
$ .
.
38.8
39.0
38.4
38.5
38.3
38.8
38.2
38.3
40.1
40.8
38.3
36.8
38.2
37.9
38.5
2.03
2.10
2.08
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.08
2.09
2.16
2.18
2.15
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.21
$
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
886
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory ,mployees 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnIngs
A vg.
w k ly .
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch
M iscellaneous food
products
8
1957
67. 97
72.92
70.41
71. 51
72. 45
72.04
73.80
75.17
74. 98
75. 95
75.40
75. 62
77. 00
75.03
75.07
$
41.7
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.4
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.8
1 63 $83.16
1 77 86. 53
1.73 83.22
1. 74 84. 25
1. 75 85. 49
1. 77 80.70
1.80 90.09
1.82 89. 62
1. 82 92.42
1.83 90. 50
1.83 90.03
1.84 89.44
1. 86 87. 53
1. 83 87.10
1.84 86. 27
$ .
.
42.0
41.4
41.2
41.5
41.7
38.8
41.9
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.3
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.5
T otal: T obacco
m anufactures
Manufactured ice
1 98 $66. 28
2.09 69. 71
2.02 67.89
2.03 67. 55
2.05 71. 84
2.08 71. 71
2.15 69. 64
2.17 69. 76
2.19 69. 28
2.16 71. 07
2.18 72. 61
2.15 71.97
2.14 73. 55
2. 14 72. 58
2.13 72. 70
$ .
45.4
44.4
43.8
43.3
44.9
45.1
43.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
45.1
44.7
45.4
44.8
44.6
$
1.46 $51. 60
1. 57 56.41
1. 55 56.47
1. 56 58. 35
1. 60 59. 58
1. 59 58.74
1. 59 55. 52
1. 60 56. 30
1. 60 54.91
1.63 56. 41
1.61 58. 90
1.61 57. 81
1.62 57. 37
1.62 57. 99
1.63 57.20
Tobacco and snuff
54.17
57.13
55.96
57.04
56 52
55.39
57.44
58 28
58 28
58 88
60 29
58.30
57 56
57.92
57.67
$
A veraee.. . .
IQSfi! A verage.A pril____
M a y ____ _
.
J u n e ___ _
J u ly __________
A u gu st_____
S ep tem b er. . .
.
.
O ctober______
N o v e m b e r .. _
.
.
D ecem b er. .
: Jan uary.
. .
.
F ebruary------M arch . . . . .
A pril--------------
1957
A vg.
w k ly .
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
hrly.
earnings
37.1
37.1
36.1
36.8
36.7
36.2
37.3
37.6
37.6
37.5
38.4
36.9
36.2
36.2
35.6
$
39.7
39.2
37.5
38.7
39.1
38.1
39.3
43.6
40.4
37.3
39.4
38.1
38.7
36.9
36.7
$
1.33 $67.30
1. 45 70.88
1. 49 68. 34
1.50 72.16
1. 52 73. 81
1. 51 72. 34
1. 42 72.34
1. 38 71. 98
1. 39 70.35
1.45 72.85
1. 48 76. 08
1. 49 75.17
1. 49 71. 06
1. 53 71. 28
1. 55 68.60
40.3
40.5
39.5
41.0
41.7
41.1
41.1
40.9
40.2
40.7
41.8
41.3
39.7
39.6
37.9
Cigars
$
1.67 $43.90
1. 75 47. 63
1.73 47. 10
1. 76 47.24
1. 77 47.74
1. 76 47.74
1. 76 47.87
1. 76 48. 77
1. 75 49.41
1. 79 50. 57
1. 82 49. 92
1. 82 48.12
1. 79 49.01
1. 80 48. 10
1.81 47. 42
$
1.06 $55. 74
1.20 57.57
1.35 56. 20
1.35 56.16
1.36 55. 87
1.34 55.87
1. 17 56.45
1.14 56.99
1.13 59. 75
1.18 60. 30
1. 24 60.30
1.25 58. 65
1. 27 58.80
1.34 58. 35
1.44 57. 90
40.1
39.7
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.8
39.2
39.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
$
Y arn and
thread m ills J
Scouring and
com bing plants
T otal: T extilem ill products
T obacco stem m ing
and redrying
1.46 $42.08
1. 54 47.04
1. 55 50.63
1. 55 52. 25
1. 54 53.18
1.53 51.05
1.54 45.98
1. 55 49.70
1. 55 45. 65
1. 57 44.01
1.57 48.86
1. 58 47.63
1.59 49.15
1.60 49. 45
1.62 52.85
38.8
38.9
37.9
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.1
40.8
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38. 5
37.9
36.9
Cigarettes
37.2
37.5
36.8
37.2
37.3
37.3
37.4
38.1
38.3
38.6
38.4
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.2
$
1.18
1. 27
1.28
1. 27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1. 31
1. 30
1. 29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.27
1.34
1.33
1. 33
1.33
1. 34
1.34
1.34
1.37
1. 40
1. 39
1. 39
1. 39
1.38
1.39
T extile-m ill products
Tobacco manufactures—C ontinued
1955-
A vg.
hrly.
earntags
Tobacco m anufactures
Food and kindred products—C ontinued
Average
A v e r a g e ..___
A pril_________
M a y ________
J u n e ____ ___
J u ly __________
A ugu st-- - __
Septem ber___
O ctober. ___
N o v em b er___
D ecem ber____
: January_____
F eb ru a ry ..
M arch ______
A pril_________
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Y ear and m onth
10R51956-
A vg.
w k ly .
earnings
1.39 $63.86
1.45 66. 56
1. 43 63.11
1. 44 65. 60
1. 44 66.17
1.44 70. 84
1.44 68. 48
1.45 66. 33
1.49 66. 67
1.50 67. 16
1. 50 67. 23
1.50 65.19
1.50 65. 83
1. 50 62. 65
1.50 64. 72
41.2
41.6
40.2
41.0
41.1
44.0
42.8
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.2
1 55 $50.04
1 60 52.53
1 57 51. 47
1 60 50. 54
1 61 50.41
1.61 51.05
1.60 51.86
1.61 51.72
1.63 53. 72
1. 65 55.46
1.62 54.79
1. 59 54.10
1. 59 53.82
1. 59 52.99
1.61 52.44
$ .
.
.
.
.
39.4
39.2
38.7
38.0
37.9
38.1
38.7
38.6
39. 5
39.9
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
38.0
Yarn mills
1 27 $50.04
1.34 52. 53
1.33 51.74
1. 33 50.67
1.33 50.41
1.34 51.05
1. 34 51. 86
1.34 51. 72
1. 36 54. 25
1.39 56.00
1. 38 55.18
1. 38 54.49
1. 38 54.21
1.38 52. 99
1.38 52.68
39.4
39.2
38.9
38. 1
37.9
38.1
38.7
38.6
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
37.9
$
1 29 $63. 38
1.35 65. 31
1.33 64.83
1. 33 66.83
1. 32 66. 36
1.32 64. 53
1. 32 64.37
1. 33 64. 84
1. 40 65. 76
1.42 64. 16
1.42 66. 49
1. 41 65.44
1.41 66.49
1.41 65. 92
1.41 66.08
41.7
41.6
42.1
42.3
42.0
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.1
40.1
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.2
41.3
$ .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
$ .
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
Broad-w oven
fabric m ills s
1955: A verage..
1956: A verage---------
A pril____
M a y ______
June
J u ly __________
A u gu st-----. . .
S ep tem b er.. .
O ctober_____
N o v e m b e r ...
D ecem b er____
: January--------February-----M arch
A pril_____ . . .
1957
51. 74
53.33
52.40
51. 22
52.13
53. 45
54. 25
53.70
53. 76
54. 24
56.00
56. 26
55.30
55.13
54.32
$
39.8
39.5
39.7
38.8
38.9
39.3
39.6
39.2
38.4
38.2
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.1
38.8
$
1.30
1.35
1. 32
1.32
1.34
1. 36
1.37
1.37
1. 40
1. 42
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.41
1.40
$
54. 27
56.28
55. 48
55.18
53. 96
53. 82
54. 23
55.04
58. 46
59.42
59. 71
57. 57
56.70
56.55
56.26
40.5
40.2
40.2
39.7
39.1
39.0
39.3
39.6
40.6
40.7
40.9
39. 7
39.1
39.0
38.8
1 34 $52. 79
1.40 54. 66
1.38 53.87
1.39 53.06
1. 38 52.11
1.38 51. 72
1.38 52.65
1.39 53. 06
1.44 57. 51
1. 46 58. 54
1. 46 58.34
1.45 56.49
1.45 55.10
1.45 55.34
1. 45 54.91
$ .
40.3
39.9
39.9
39.3
38.6
38.6
39.0
39.3
40.5
40.8
40.8
39.5
38.8
38.7
38.4
$
South
N orth
U n ited States
1.31
1. 37
1.35
1. 35
1.35
1. 34
1.35
1.35
1. 42
1.43
1. 43
1. 43
1. 42
1.43
1. 43
$
57. 63
58. 46
56. 74
57.66
56. 92
58.80
57. 37
57. 75
60.10
59. 58
61. 16
57. 00
56. 47
57.61
57. 46
40.3
39.5
39.4
38.7
38.2
39.2
38.5
38.5
39.8
39.2
40.5
37.5
37.4
37.9
37.8
$
1.43
1. 48
1. 44
1. 49
1. 49
1. 50
1. 49
1.50
1. 51
1. 52
1. 51
1. 52
1. 51
1. 52
1. 52
51. 99
54.00
53.20
52. 40
51. 08
50. 82
51. 61
52.40
56. 84
58. 36
58. 08
56.12
54. 99
54. 71
54. 29
$
40.3
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.7
38.5
39.1
39.4
40.6
41.1
40.9
39.8
39.0
38.8
38.5
$ .
Full-fashioned hosiery
Narrow fabrics
and sm all wares
1955: Average1956: A verage..
. .
A p ril.._
. .
M a y ________
J u n e_________
J u ly __________
A u gu st_______
Septem ber . .
O ctober____
N ovem b er . . .
D e c e m b e r ...
: January______
February_____
M arch
__
A pril_________
1957
56. 28
58. 51
58. 29
57. 28
58. 25
57. 77
58.31
59.05
58. 80
58. 59
60.30
60.80
60.40
60. 70
60.10
$
40.2
39.8
40.2
39.5
39.9
39.3
39.4
39.9
39.2
38.8
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$
1.40
1.47
1.45
1.45
1.46
1. 47
1.48
1.48
1.50
1. 51
1.50
1.52
1. 51
1. 51
1. 51
K n ittin g m ills
50.81
53.68
52. 26
52.97
53. 25
53. 25
54.10
54. 20
55. 06
55.15
54. 43
53. 36
54.09
54. 31
53. 51
$
38.2
37.8
36.8
37.3
37.5
37.5
38.1
37.9
38.5
38.3
37.8
36.8
37.3
37.2
36.9
$
5
1.33
1.42
1.42
1. 42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43
1. 43
1.44
1. 44
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.45
$
56. 54
58. 98
58. 13
58.13
57.13
56. 39
57.53
57. 83
59. 21
60.37
60. 61
59. 59
59. 59
59. 75
57. 82
38.2
38.3
37.5
37.5
37.1
37.1
37.6
37.8
38.7
39.2
39.1
38.2
38.2
38.3
37.3
$
Seamless hosiery
N orth
U n ited States
1.48 $55.42
1.54 58.98
1. 55 57. 22
1. 55 58. 14
1. 54 57.91
1. 52 56. 77
1. 53 58. 67
1.53 59.98
1.53 59.89
1. 54 61.20
1. 55 59. 34
1.56 58. 75
1.56 58. 60
1. 56 59.06
1. 55
56.09
37.7
38.8
37.4
38.0
38.1
38.1
38.6
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
37.9
South
$
1.47
1.52
1. 53
1.53
1.52
1.49
1.52
1. 53
1.52
1.53
1. 51
1. 55
1.53
1.53
1.48
1 52
1 57
1 54
1 58
1 58
1 57
1 57
1 57
1 60
1.60
1.61
1. 60
1. 61
1.60
1.60
$
56.83
59.06
58. 50
58. 03
56. 89
56. 52
57. 13
56.92
58. 75
60. 30
61. 23
59. 75
59.82
59. 82
58. 25
38.4
38.1
37.5
37.2
36.7
36.7
37.1
37.2
38.4
38.9
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.1
37.1
U n ited States
$
1.48 $42. 80
1. 55 46. 21
1. 56 43. 81
1.56 44. 76
1. 55 45.57
1.54 45. 44
1. 54 47.09
1.53 47.06
1.53 49.13
1.55 49.50
1. 57 49. 24
1. 56 47. 75
1.57 48.64
1.57 47. 97
1.57 47.03
36.9
36.1
33.7
34.7
35.6
35.5
36.5
36.2
37.5
37.5
37.3
35.9
36.3
35.8
35.1
$
1.16
1.28
1.30
1. 29
1. 28
1. 28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
887
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table
C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Textile-mill products—Continued
Seamless hosiery—Continued
Knit outerwear
North
1955: Average_____ $46.71
1956: Average____
49. 27
April________ 48.75
M ay________ 49. 27
June________ 49.79
July________
49. 79
August______ 49.79
September___ 51.60
52.00
October_____
November___ 51.07
December....... 50.12
1957: January_____ 50.18
February____ 51.51
M arch______
50. 92
April________ 50.59
38.6 $1.21 $42. 21
37.9
1.30 45.82
37.5
1.30 42.90
37.9
1.30 43.99
38.3
1.30 45. 06
1. 29 44. 80
38. 6
38.6
1.29 46.57
38.8
1.33 46.18
39. 1 1.33 48.73
38.4
1.33 49.24
37.4
1.34 49.24
36.9
1.36 47. 61
37.6
1.37 48.01
36.9
1. 38 47. 35
37.2
1.36 46.63
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings 5
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
April_______
M ay____ . _
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
1957: January_____
February.......
M arch__. . .
April________
$73. 74
73.98
73. 39
71.20
67. 06
71.38
74.46
75. 89
76. 49
76. 31
77.28
76. 96
78. 26
75.44
73. 97
41.9
41.1
41.0
40.0
38.1
40.1
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.0
40.2
Knit underwear
South
36.7
35.8
33.0
34.1
35.2
35. 0
36.1
35.8
37.2
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.1
35. 6
34.8
$1.15 $53. 76
1.28 56.15
1.30 54. 75
1.29 56. 30
1.28 56. 21
1. 28 57 72
1. 29 58.31
1.29 56.83
1.31 58.80
1.32 58.05
1.32 55. 58
1.33 53.87
1.33 55.43
1 33 56 10
1. 34 56.02
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
$1.76 $71. 05
1.80 73. 26
1.79 71. 91
1.78 71. 20
1.76 67. 97
1. 78 71. 68
1.79 73. 44
1.82 76.18
1.83 75.81
1.83 74.85
1.84 76. 54
1.85 77.15
1.85 77. 52
1.84 73. 20
1.84 72.10
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.0
38.4
39.6
40.8
41.4
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
40.0
39.4
38.4
38.2
37.5
38.3
38.5
30 0
39.4
38.4
39.2
38.7
37.3
36.4
37.2
37 4
37.6
$1.40 $48. 34
1.47 49.91
1.46 50. 69
1.47 50. 57
1.46 49. 91
1. 48 48 80
1. 48 49.28
1.48 50.94
1.50 49.34
1.50 49.82
1.49 48.74
1.48 48. 55
1.49 49. 87
1 50 50 14
1.49 51.47
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1. 75 $58. 03
1.80 57.38
1.78 51.95
1.78 57.32
1.77 60. 09
1.81 58. 03
1.80 60.09
1.84 56.91
1.84 53. 79
1.83 55.61
1.84 58.13
1.85 53. 61
1.85 61.15
1.83 56.76
1.83 53.63
37.2
35.2
33.3
35.6
36.2
35.6
36.2
34.7
32.8
33.5
34.6
33.3
36.4
34.4
32.7
39.3
38.1
38.4
38.6
38.1
37 3
3A2
38.3
37.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.4
30 0
37.3
$1.23 $65.14
1.31 65.92
1.32 63.18
1.31 61.46
1.31 64.78
1 21
1.29 64.78
1.33 63.90
1.33 68.97
1.35 70.22
1.35 69. 55
1.36 65.51
1.37 68.15
1 27
Ofi
1.38 67.32
1955: Average... . . . $73. 44
1956: Average_____ 68.85
April____ . . .
66.63
M ay________ 65. 35
June_______
66. 53
July________
67. 89
A ugust.......... 68.57
September___ 72. 56
October_____
73.27
November___ 72. 07
December___
75.50
1957: J a n u a r y ..___ 71.17
February___
72.38
March...........
71.45
A p r il.._____
70.24
43.2
40.5
39.9
38.9
39.6
39.7
40.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
42.9
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
$1.70 $51.17
1.70 53. 97
1.67 53.41
1.68 53.02
1.68 .54.13
1. 71 52. 53
1.71 52.93
1. 74 53.33
1.72 54. 95
1.72 56.71
1.76 59. 60
1.74 56.72
1. 74 57. 54
1.73 57. 55
1.73 56.43
Men’s and boys’
furnishings and
work clothing 6
1955: Average_____ $41. 92 37.1
1956: Average_____ 45. 26 36.5
A p r il..____.
45.25
36.2
M a y ... . . . . . 44. 52 35.9
June________ 44.76
36.1
July________
44.88
35.9
August__ . . .
46. 00 36.8
September___ 46.24
36.7
O ctober... .. 46. 61 36.7
November___ 45.82
35.8
December___
45. 95 35.9
1957: January____
45.44
35.5
February____ 46. 36 36.5
M arch______
46. 72 36.5
April_______
46.08
36.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
$1.56 $66. 56
1.63 66.83
1. 56 64. 40
1.61 64.31
1.66 64. 87
1.63 64.78
1.66 66.40
1.64 68.14
1.64 70.04
1. 66 70.28
1.68 71.99
1.61 69.02
1.68 68.85
1.65 68.68
1.64 67.49
41.6
41.2
41.4
41.1
40.7
40.1
40. 1
40.4
40.7
41.7
43.5
41.4
42.0
41.4
40.6
$1. 23 $88. 59
1.31 88. 00
1.29 80. 54
1.29 81.12
1.33 82. 26
1.31 85. 41
1.32 87.96
1.32 89.89
1.35 94.60
1.36 93.11
1.37 98.70
1. 37 92. 35
1.37 86.10
1.39 85. 27
1.39 85. 69
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
$1.13 $42. 29
1.24 45. 51
1.25 44. 64
1.24 43. 77
1.24 44.39
1.25 44.89
1.25 46.13
1.26 47. 87
1.27 48. 63
1.28 48.49
1. 28 47. 32
1.28 46. 44
1.27 46. 21
1.28 46.18
1.28 44.76
37.1
36.7
36.0
35.3
35.8
36.2
37.2
37.4
37.7
37.3
36.4
36.0
36.1
35.8
34.7
Artificial leather, oilcloth, and other
coated fabrics
45.9
44.0
41.3
41.6
42.4
43.8
44.2
44.5
45.7
45.2
47.0
44.4
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.6
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.8
39.5
40.0
40.8
41.2
41.1
42.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.7
$1.60 $73.93
1.65 71.10
1.61 65.46
1.62 68.78
1.63 68.08
1.64 67. 20
1.66 70.27
1.67 75. 66
1.70 79.18
1.71 80.09
1. 71 81.65
1.70 77.89
1.70 74.74
1.70 75. 62
1.70 71.02
$1.14 $43. 52
1.24 46. 49
1.24 46.88
1.24 47.00
1.24 47.10
1.24 46.75
1.24 46.34
1. 28 45. 09
1.29 46.44
1.30 45. 54
1.30 48.10
1.29 47. 84
1.28 48. 36
1. 29 48. 73
1. 29 48.08
37.2
36.9
37.5
37.3
36.8
37.1
36.2
35.5
36.0
35.3
37.0
36.8
37.2
37.2
36.7
41.0
40.7
41.8
42.3
41.9
39.7
41.3
41 0
40.8
39.7
39.3
40.0
39.4
38.8
38.6
38.5
39.6
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
Work shirts
$1.17 $36. 29
1.26 39.82
1.25 41.40
1.26 41.58
1.28 39. 93
1.26 39.96
1.28 40. 32
1. 27 40. 93
1.29 40. 71
1.29 37.15
1.30 40.72
1.30 40. 47
1.30 45.40
1.31 47. 01
1.31 45. 86
37.8
36.2
36.0
36.8
36.3
36.0
36.0
35.9
35.4
32.3
35.1
34.3
38.8
39.5
39.2
41.3
40.4
39.2
39.3
38.9
38.4
39.7
41.8
42.8
42.6
43.2
42.1
40.4
41.1
38.6
Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)
$1.54 $64. 87
1.60 65.51
1.56 63.02
1.56 60. 76
1.58 64. 21
42.4
41.2
40.4
39.2
40.9
$1.53
1.59
1.56
1.55
1. 57
1.58
1.57
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.65
64. 37
63.80
69.30
70. 55
69.89
65.44
68.15
41.0
40.9
42.0
42.5
42.1
39.9
41.3
1.57
1.56
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.65
6¿ 58
40.6
1.64
Lace goods
$1.79 $63.91
1.76 66. 09
1.67 64.33
1.75 65. 77
1.75 66.05
1.75 66.64
1.77 67.23
1.81 67.86
1.85 68.11
1.88 66.02
1.89 67. 97
1.85 67.68
1.85 67.28
1.84 67. 32
1.84 67.32
38.5
38.2
37.4
37.8
38.4
38.3
38.2
39.0
38.7
37.3
38.4
37.6
37.8
37.4
37.4
$1.66
1.73
1.72
1.74
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.80
1.78
1.8o
1.8o
Apparel and other finished textile products
Cordage and twine
$1.93 $55. 58
2.00 56.99
1.95 58. 00
1.95 57.13
1.94 56. 26
1. 95 55. 58
1.99 55.83
2.02 57.82
2.07 57. 09
2. 06 57.87
2.10 59. 60
2. 08 59. 40
2.05 59.70
2. 04 59.85
2. 05 58.80
Separate trousers
42.3
41.2
40.5
39.4
41.0
Miscellaneous textile
Felt goods (except
goods 6
woven felts and hats) 4
Textile-mill products—Continued
Paddings and upholstery filling
Dyeing and finishing
textiles 5
Total: Apparel and
other finished textile products
$1.40 $49. 41
1.45 52.64
1.45 52.13
1.45 50.91
1.45 51.48
1.44 52. 27
1.45 54.17
1.46 53.28
1.46 54.24
1.48 53. 43
1.49 54.45
1.50 53. 49
1.50 54 39
1.50 54. 75
1.50 52.84
36.6
36.3
36.2
35.6
35.5
35.8
36.6
36.0
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
38.5
35.7
$1.35 $59.86
1.45 63.12
1.44 61.62
1.43 61.42
1.45 63.18
1.46 62.11
1.48 65.33
1.48 64. 97
1.49 65.16
1.48 64.25
1.50 64.78
1.49 63.89
1.49 64.06
1.50 64.05
1.48 62.13
Women’s outerwear *5
$0.96 $52. 90
1.10 57. 02
1.15 57.12
1.13 54.70
1.10 54.24
1.11 57. 40
1.12 59.26
1.14 56.45
1.15 57.44
1.15 56. 54
1.16 58.38
1.18 58. 27
1.17 58.74
1.19 59.43
1.17 58.06
35.5
35.2
35.7
34.4
33.9
35.0
35.7
33.8
34.6
34.9
35.6
35.1
35.6
35.8
35.4
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
36.5
36.7
36.9
37.0
36.1
35.9
36.7
36.5
36.4
36.3
36.6
36.3
36.4
36.6
35.3
$1.64
1. 72
1. 67
1.66
1.75
1.73
1.78
1.78
1.79
1. 77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1. 75
1.76
Women’s dresses
$1.49 $53. 40
1.62 55. 62
1.60 59.29
1.59 55. 36
1.60 51.46
1.64 53.48
1.66 57.16
1. 67 54.76
1.66 55. 55
1.62 55.97
1.64 57.28
1.66 55.49
1.65 55.62
1.66 57.80
1.64 59.20
35.6
35.2
36.6
34.6
33.2
34.5
35.5
33.8
34.5
35.2
35.8
34.9
35.2
35.9
36.1
$1.50
1.58
1.62
1.60
1. 55
1.55
1. 61
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.58
1.61
1.64
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
888
T able C -l:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Household apparel
1955: Average. . __ $40. 52
1956: Average_____ 44. 76
46. 75
April_______
44.98
M ay_______
June________ 43. 72
July------------- 43.88
45.11
August__ _
September___ 43.56
44.58
October_____
November___ 45. 97
December____ 47. 74
1957: January-------- 46. 08
46.83
F e b ru a ry __
March
___ 48.23
April________ 47. 71
36.5
36.1
37.1
35.7
34.7
35.1
35.8
34.3
35.1
36.2
37.3
36 0
36.3
37.1
36.7
Women’s suits, coats, Women’s and chil Underwear and night
and skirts
dren’s undergarments5 wear, except corsets
$i. li $64. 27
1.24 68.14
1.26 59.17
1.26 60. 29
1.26 66. 92
1. 25 73 03
1.26 73.19
1.27 68. 13
1. 27 69. 63
1. 27 65. 27
1.28 68.74
1.28 70.52
1.29 70 45
1.30 68. 68
1.30 59. 87
33 3
33.9
30.5
31.4
33.8
35.8
35. 7
32.6
33.8
32.8
34.2
34.4
34.2
33.5
30.7
$1.93 $44. 77
2.01 47. 55
1.94 46. 99
1.92 45.98
1. 98 46.24
2.04 46. 41
2.05 47.68
2.09 49.08
2.06 50.49
1. 99 49. 48
2.01 48.81
2.05 48.28
2.06 49. 21
2.05 49. 45
1. 95 47.84
apparel
Children’s outerwear Miscellaneous
and accessories
1955: Average_____ $45.38
48. 31
1956: Average____
46.93
April_______
M ay________ 47. 16
June________ 48. 71
July------------- 49. 18
August______ 49. 45
September___ 48.33
October....... -. 49. 58
November___ 48.94
December___ 49.14
1957: January_____ 50. 55
February____ 51. 27
March
__ 50.86
48. 37
April_______
37.2 $1.22 $45. 63
1.32 49. 71
36.6
1.30 49.04
36.1
1.31 48. 64
36.0
1.32 48. 68
36.9
1.34 49.08
36.7
1.34 50.86
36.9
1.35 51. 24
35.8
1.34 52. 30
37.0
1.33 50.37
36.8
36.4
1. 35 51.15
1.37 49.23
36.9
1.36 49. 73
37.7
37.4
1.36 49. 27
36. 1 1. 34 48. 37
37.1
37.1
36.6
36.3
36.6
36.9
37.4
37.4
37.9
36.5
36.8
36.2
36.3
35.7
34.8
36.7
36.3
35.6
35.1
35.3
35.7
36.4
36.9
37.4
37.2
36. 7
36.3
37.0
36.9
35.7
$1. 22 $42.44
1.31 45.50
1.32 44. 48
1.31 43. 38
1.31 43. 75
1.30 44.63
1.31 46.12
1.33 47.62
1.35 49. 14
1. 33 48 00
1.33 46. 74
1.33 45.86
1.33 47.50
1.34 47.62
1.34 46.21
Other fabricated
textile products *
$1.23 $51.32
1.34 53.53
1.34 52.08
1. 34 51. 52
1. 33 52.17
1. 33 52. 82
1.36 53.16
1.37 54.10
1.38 56.12
1.38 56. 30
1.39 57. 22
1. 36 55.35
1.37 55.86
1.38 55. 42
1. 39 54. 54
38.3
37. 7
37.2
36.8
37.0
37.2
37.7
38.1
38.7
38.3
38.4
37.4
38.0
37.7
37.1
36.9
36.4
35.3
34.7
35 0
35.7
36.6
37.2
37.8
37.5
36.8
36.4
37.4
37.2
36.1
Corsets and allied
garments
$1.15 $48. 78
1. 25 51. 77
1.26 51. 62
1. 25 51. 34
1. 25 51.55
1.25 50.69
1.26 51.62
1.28 52.13
1. 30 53.07
1.28 52.93
1. 27 52. 93
1.26 52. 85
1. 27 52. 64
1.28 52.85
1.28 51.30
Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings
$1.34 $45. 72
1.42 46.98
1.40 45.80
1. 40 44.80
1.41 45. 44
1. 42 45.67
1.41 48. 38
1.42 48.64
1. 45 50.31
1.47 48.62
1. 49 48.10
1.48 47. 45
1.47 48.86
1.47 49. 52
1. 47 48. 73
38.1
36.7
35.5
35.0
35.5
35.4
37.5
38.0
39.0
37.4
37.0
36. 5
37.3
37.8
37.2
36.4
36.2
36.1
35.9
35.8
35.7
36.1
36.2
36.6
36.5
36.5
36.2
36.3
36.2
34.9
Textile bags
$1.20 $53.65
1.28 57.28
1.29 56.34
1.28 55. 54
1.28 56.60
1.29 57.92
1.29 58.90
1.28 59.05
1. 29 58. 95
1.30 57.09
1.30 59. 64
1.30 58.07
1.31 59. 35
1.31 57. 72
1.31 56. 74
38.6
39.5
39.4
38.3
38.5
39.4
39.8
39.9
40.1
39.1
40.3
39.5
40.1
39.0
38.6
Millinery
$1.34 $56.99
1. 43 61. 85
1.43 57. 87
1.43 51.50
1.44 53.94
1.42 61.75
1. 43 63.13
1.44 66 61
1.45 67.20
1. 45 56. 95
1.45 61.03
1.46 63 00
1. 45 69. 27
1.46 72.98
1.47 58.31
36.3 $1. 57
36.6
1.69
35.5
1. 63
31.4
1.64
32.3
1.67
35.9
1. 72
37.8
1.67
38.5
1.73
39.3
1.71
33.9
1.68
35.9
1.70
1.75
36.0
38.7
1.79
40. 1 1. 82
34.5
1.69
Canvas products
$1.39 $53. 58
1.45 55.66
1.43 54. 99
1.45 55. 81
1.47 57.20
1.47 57. 63
1. 48 56. 34
1.48 54.81
1.47 56.41
1.46 54. 53
1.48 56.06
1.47 56. 99
1.48 55.20
1. 48 56.06
1. 47 58. 51
39.4
39.2
39.0
39.3
40.0
40.3
39.4
38.6
38.9
38.4
39.2
39.3
38.6
39.2
39.8
$1.36
1. 42
1.41
1.42
1. 43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.45
1.42
1.43
1.45
1. 43
1.43
1.47
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
1955: Average_____ $68.88
1956: Average___ _ 70. 93
70.00
April_______
M ay________ 71.38
June________ 73. 31
July------------- 72. 36
August-.. . _ 75.12
September___ 74.03
73.03
October____
November___ 70.80
69. 25
December.-,
67.25
1957: January____
February____ 68. 51
M arch____ _ 70. 27
April____ --. 71.64
41.0
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.2
41. 5
40.9
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39.7
39.8
Millwork
1955: A v erag e..___ $72. 56
72.90
1956: Average_____
72.14
April-. ___
M ay________ 73. 44
June________ 74. 75
July------------- 73. 53
August______ 74.44
September___ 74.70
October........ . 73.35
November___ 72.98
73.93
December.
1957: January_____ 72. 65
February . . . 72.86
72. 68
March______
73. 82
April_______
41.7
40.5
40.3
40.8
41.3
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.4
39. 7
39.6
39. 5
39.9
See footnotes and end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sawmills and plan
ing mills 5
$1.68 $69. 55
1.76 71. 51
1.75 70.00
1. 78 72. 45
1.81 74.62
1.80 73. 35
1.81 74.80
1.81 73. 71
1. 79 72.90
1. 77 71.20
1.74 69.13
1. 72 66. 95
1.73 68. 21
1. 77 69. 74
1.80 70. 67
41.4
40.4
40.0
40.7
41.0
40.3
41.1
40. 5
40.5
40.0
39.5
38.7
39.2
39.4
39.7
Plywood
$1.74 $78. 37
1.80 76 22
1.79 79. 38
1.80 75. 36
1. 81 75. 52
1.82 74. 52
1.82 75.99
1.84 74. 85
1.82 73. 71
1.82 73.02
1.83 75. 67
1.83 74 37
1.84 76. 07
1.84 71.23
1. 85 75.74
43.3
41.2
42.0
40.3
40.6
40.5
41.3
40.9
40.5
39.9
40.9
40.2
40.9
38.5
40.5
Sawmills and planing mills, general
South
United States
$1.68 $70. 38
1. 77 72. 54
1. 75 71 20
1.78 73. 67
1. 82 76.04
1.82 74.15
1. 82 76. 22
1. 82 74. 93
1.80 74.12
1.78 72.22
1. 75 69 95
1.73 67. 94
1.74 69. 21
1. 77 70. 53
1.78 71.86
41.4
40.3
40.0
40.7
41.1
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.3
38.6
39.1
39.4
39.7
$1.70 $46. 76
1.80 49. 09
1.78 48. 79
1. 81 49. 86
1. 85 49.68
1.84 49. 68
1. 85 50.52
1. 85 50. 52
1.83 50.16
1. 81 49.80
1.78 49. 56
1.76 48.00
1. 77 48.12
1. 79 48. 52
1.81 48. 64
Wooden containers 5
$1. 81 $52.48
1. 85 56. 71
1.89 57. 26
1.87 57. 26
1.86 57. 53
1. 84 57. 53
1.84 57.92
1.83 57.92
1. 82 58. 50
1.83 56.14
1.85 57 53
1.85 55. 72
1.86 55.30
1.85 56.00
1.87 56. 82
41.0
40.8
40.9
40.9
40 8
40.8
40.5
40.5
41.2
40. 1
40.8
39.8
39.5
40.0
40.3
43.7
41.6
41.0
41.9
41.4
41.4
42.1
42.1
41.8
41. 5
41.3
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.2
West
$1.07 $88. 43
1.18 90. 87
1.19 90. 64
1.19 92.20
1.20 95. 99
1.20 92. 51
1.20 95. 51
1. 20 92.90
1.20 91.73
1.20 90.64
1. 20 86.16
1.20 84.04
1. 20 86.18
1. 21 87. 78
1. 21 89.93
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1.28 $53.12
1.39 56. 58
1.40 57.13
1.40 56. 71
1. 41 57.26
1.41 57.40
1.43 57.11
1.43 57.94
1.42 57. 95
1.40 56. 03
1. 41 56.30
1.40 55.18
1.40 55.04
1. 40 55.88
1. 41 56. 42
41.5
41.0
41.4
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.8
41.1
40.6
40. 5
39.7
39.6
40.2
40.3
39.3
39.0
38.9
39.4
40.5
39.2
40.3
39.2
39.2
38.9
37.3
36.7
37.8
38.5
39.1
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products 5
$2.25 $73. 99
2. 33 74.30
2.33 75.07
2.34 74.12
2.37 75. 26
2.36 74. 34
2.37 75.26
2.37 74.70
2.34 73. 75
2.33 73.02
2.31 75.11
2.29 73.63
2.28 74. 00
2. 28 71.97
2.30 74. 21
41.8
40.6
40.8
40.5
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.3
39. 9
40.6
39.8
40.0
38.9
39.9
$1. 77
1.83
1. 84
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.84
1. 84
1.83
1.83
1. 85
1.85
1.85
1. 85
1.86
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture and
fixtures
$1.28 $57. 82
1.38 60.15
1.38 59.04
1.39 59.45
1. 40 60. 30
1.40 60.53
1.41 60. 27
1.42 61. 57
1.41 61. 80
1.38 61. 39
1.39 61. 39
1.39 60.05
1.39 60.94
1.39 61. 50
1.40 61.61
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.0
41.6
41.2
41.2
41.2
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.8
$1.39 $67.07
1.46 68. 95
1.44 67. 54
1.45 66. 47
1.46 68.11
1.48 67. 54
1.47 69. 87
1.48 71.04
1. 50 71. 97
1. 49 69. 66
1.49 71.45
1.49 68 46
1.49 69. 55
1.50 69. 55
1. 51 68. 28
41.4
40.8
40.2
39.8
40.3
40.2
41. 1
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40. 2
40.2
39.7
$1.62
1.69
1.68
1. 67
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.72
1. 73
1. 72
1.73
1.73
1. 72
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C
1:
889
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly wkly
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly wkly
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Furniture and fixtures
Household furniture
1955: Average_____ $64. F
1956: Average_____ 65. 7/
^ April_______
63. 6£
M ay________ 63.04
June________ 64. OS
July________
63. 6S
August______ 66.1C
September___ 67.90
October_____ 68.64
November___ 66. 42
December___
68. 56
1957: January_____ 64.78
February____ 66.00
M arch______
66. 40
A p ril.............. 65. 01
41.
40.
39.
39.
39.
39. S
40. S
41.4
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
39.4
Wood household
furniture, upholstered
$1.55 $58. 2
42.
$1. 38 $69. It
1. 62 59. 20
41.4
1. 43 71.87
1.60 58. 63
41.
1.43 70. 3i
1.60 58. 34
40.
1.43 67.87
1.61 57. 63
40.3
1. 43 68. 74
1.60 57.7fi
40.7
1. 42 66.5
1.62 59.06
41.3
1.43 71. oe
1. 64 60. 61
41.8
1.45 74.8C
1. 65 61.76
42.3
1. 46 75.95
1.64 60.15
41.2
1.46 74. 62
1.66 61.45
41.8
1.47 77.93
1.64 58.84
40.3
1. 46 68. 58
1.65 58.98
40.4
1. 46 72.86
1.66 59. 39
40.4
1. 47 73. 97
1.65 58. 80
40.0
1.47 72. 47
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Metal office furniture
1955: Average____ $83. 98
1956: Average_____ 86. 94
April________ 84. 86
M ay________ 85.90
June________ 86. 32
July________
85. 69
August______ 85. 28
September___ 80. 94
October_____ 89. 88
November___ 88. 81
92. 43
December___
1957: January___ _ 87. 72
February........ 86. 86
86. 65
M arch______
April________ 83.89
Wood household
furniture ( except
upholstered)
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
1955: A v erag e.___ $73. 60
1956: Average___ _ 75. 89
April________ 74.93
M ay________ 73.62
Ju n e________ 74. 75
75. 76
July________
August______ 76. 54
September___ 78. 63
October_____ 78.63
November___ 77. 65
77.89
December___
76.45
1957: January____
February____ 76. 86
77. 64
M arch______
A p ril.............. 77. 08
42.3
41.7
41.4
40.9
41.3
41.4
41.6
42.5
42.5
42.2
42.1
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.0
Books
1955: Average_____ $80. 40
40.0
1956: A v e ra g e ..___ 83. 84 40.5
April................ 83.02
40.3
M ay_______
83.63
40.4
Ju n e________ 84. 45 40.6
July________
83. 81
40.1
August............ 85. 48 40.9
September___ 85. 06 40.7
October.......... 85. 69 ! 41.0
November___ 84.44
40.4
December....... 84. 66 40.7
1957: Ja n u ary ......... 82. 74 39.4
February____ 84.80
40.0
M arch___. . .
85.68
40.8
April....... ........ 85. 26 40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
430118— 57------ 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Fiber cans, tubes,
and dru ms
$1.74 $77.30
1.82 79.37
1.81 78.72
1.80 79. 37
1.81 77. 97
1.83 75. 66
1.84 77. 95
1.85 79. 38
1.85 81.36
1.84 83. 42
1.85 82. 61
1.86 78. 21
1.87 81.20
1.88 81.61
1.88 82.62
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.4
39.2
40.6
40.5
41.3
41.5
41.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
40.5
41.3
40.5
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.3
40.0
39.1
40.3
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
$1.69
1. 77
1.74
1.75
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.81
1. 81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.83
1. «4
Lithographing
40. £
39.4
37.
37.1
39.9
40.2
41.6
41.5
40.6
38.4
39.4
38.8
39.0
38.5
36.9
Wood office furniture
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
$65.1C
71.21
73. 71
71.45
71.28
67.39
70. 79
71.31
69.76
66.83
70. 46
67.20
67. 62
65.83
64.06
38.9 $2.35
38.8
2. 43
38.8
2. 41
38.7
2.42
38.6
2.43
38.6
2.43
38.8
2.43
39.0
2.46
39.1
2. 45
38.6
2.45
39.1
2. 46
38.3
2. 46
38.5
2.48
38.8 3 .2. 49
38.5
2. 49
Greeting cards
$2.01 $90. 231 40.1 $2. 25 $91. 66 ¡ 40.2 $2.28 $56. 68 38.3
2.0? 93. 03' 40.1
2.32 94.16
39.9
2. 36 61.44
38.4
2.06 92. 00 40.0
2.30 92.90 j 39. 7 2.34 63. 24
38.8
2.07 92.17
39.9
2.31 93.13
39.8 12.34 62.15
38.6
2. 08 91.25
39.5 , ; 2.31 94.80
40.0 ¡2.37 60.48
37.8
2.09 92. 73 39.8
2.33 96.56
40.4 ■2.39 62.69
38.7
2. 09 92. 57 39.9
2. 32 96.56
40.4
2.39 60.36
38.2
2.09 95.82
40.6
2. 36 98.49
40.7
2.42 60.10
37.8
2.09 95. 41 '40.6
2.35 96.32
40.3
2.39 62.63
38.9
2.09 92. 90 39.7
2.34 ‘92. 75 39.3
2.36 63. 76 39.6
2.08 95. 41
40.6
2. 35 94. 41 39.5 f 2.39 62.32
38.0
2.10 94.24 ¡40.1
2.35 93.51 f 38. 8 |2. 41 64. 56 ■ 38. 2
2.12 94. 80
40.0
2.37 95.35
39.4
2.42 65.15
38.1
2.10 96.39
40.5
2. 38 96.87
39.7
2.44 64. 77 38.1
2.10 95.44
40.1 *2.38 95.11
39.3
2. 42 64.33
37.4
Newspapers
$96. 65
99.64
99. 46
100. 55
101. 00
98. 73
99.08
100. 24
101.36
102.28
103. 21
97.86
98. 84
99. 76
100. 75
36.2
36.1
36.3
36.3
36.2
35.9
35.9
35.8
36.2
36.4
36.6
35.2
35.3
35.5
35.6
$2.67
2. 76
2. 74
2. 77
2. 79
2. 75
2. 76
2.80
2.80
2. 81
2.82
2. 78
2. 80
2. 81
2.83
Bookbinding and
related industries
$1.48 $70. 09
1.60 72.10
1.63 71.86
1.61 71. 71
1.60 71.16
1.62 71.71
1.58 73.60
1.59 72.71
1. 61 73. 84
1. 61 72. 54
1.64 74. 61
1.69 73.12
1.71 73. 66
1.70 74. 45
1.72 74. 07
39.6
39.4
39.7
39.4
39.1
39.4
40.0
39.3
39.7
39.0
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.4
$1.77
1.83
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.88
42.
42. £
43. £
43.3
43.
41.6
42.fi
42.7
42.8
41.0
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.8
$1.55
1.66
1.68
1. 65
1.65
1.62
1. 65
1.67
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.60
1. 61
1. 59
1.57
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes5
43.0 $1.83 $85.94
44.3 $1.94 $73.85
42.8
1. 94 91.05
44.2
2. 06 76.13
42.7
1.89 88.40
44.2
2.00 75. 35
42.3
1. 91 88. 68
43.9
2. 02 74. 44
1.93 90. 61
42.7
44.2
2.05 74.98
43.0
1.96 93. 21
44.6
2.09 75.62
42.6
1. 96 92.19
43.9
2.10 76.78
43.0
1. 97 93.05
44.1
2.11 78. 68
42.9
1.98 93.28
44.0
2.12 78. 86
42.7
1.98 92.86
43.0
2.12 78.31
43.0
1.99 94.15
44.2
2.13 78.54
42.3
1. 99 93. 07
43.9
2.12 76.48
42.3
2.00 93. 08
43.7
2.13 77.49
42.3
2.00 92.66
43.5
2.13 78.28
42.1
2.00 92. 23
43.3
2.13 77. 71
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
$91. 42
94. 28
93.51
93.65
93. 80
93.80
94. 28
95. 94
95.80
94. 57
96.19
94. 22
95. 48
96. 61
95. 87
Office, public
building, and
professional
furniture 5
$1. 75 $75. 78
42.1 $1. 8C
1.83 79. 42
41.
1.90
1. 78 78.73
42.1
1.87
1.78 77.83
41.4
1.88
1.82 78. 9fi
42.
1.88
1.80 78. 66
41.4
1.90
1. 83 80. 41
42.
1. 91
1.86 77. 71
40.fi
1.90
1.87 80.83
42.1
1.92
1.87 79. 52
41.2
1.93
1. 87 82. 91
42.3
1.96
1.88 78. 55
40.7
1.93
1.88 79.13
41.0
1. 93
1.86 79.73
41.1
1. 94
1. 83 77. 78
40.3
1.93
Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.59 $78. 69
1.64 83.03
1.62 80.70
1. 63 80. 79
1.63 82. 41
1.62 84.28
1.63 83. 50
1.66 84. 71
1.66 84.94
1.66 84. 55
1.69 85. 57
1.66 84. 18
1.68 84.60
1.69 84. 60
1.68 84.20
Other paper and
allied products
$1.89 $69. 97
41.4
1.95 72. 92 41.2
1.92 71.69
41.2
1.95 71.23
40.7
1.93 72. 57
41.0
1. 93 73.87
41.5
1.92 73.16
41.1
1.96 73. 93
41.3
1.97 74. 21
41.0
2. 01 74. 57 41.2
2.01 75. 35
41.4
1.99 74. 48 40.7
2. 02 75. 03
41.0
2. 03 74.85 ? 40.9
2. 04 75. 26 ^lO.O
Commercial printing
$1.70 $71.5S
1.80 72.1C
1. 79 65. 8f:
1.78 66.04
1.79 72.62
1. 77 72. 36
1. 79 76.13
1.82 77.19
1.83 75.92
1. 82 71.81
1.86 73.68
1. 80 72.94
1. 84 73.32
1. 84 71.61
1.83 67.53
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous furni
ture and fixtures
42.2 $1.99 $80. 78
40.8 $1.98 $65.67
41.6
2. 09 84. 05
41.0
2.05 66.42
41.6
2.04 81.81
40.5
2.02 64.80
41.7
2.06 83.03
40.7
2.04 65. 36
41.7
2. 07 85. 28
41.6
2.05 66.02
41.0
2.09 84. 05
41.0
2. 05 66.26
41.0
2.08 88.62
42.2
2.10 66.18
39.1
2.07 87.15
2.10 66.90
41.5
42.0
2.14 87. 78
41.8
2.10 66.40
41.5
2.14 84. 45 40.6
2.08 64.91
42.4
2.18 85. 70
41.2
2. 08 68.11
40.8
2.15 86. 32
41.3
2.09 65. 40
40.4
2.15 84. 66
40.9
2.07 66. 53
40.3
2.15 85. 69
41.0
2. 09 67. 77
39.2
2.14 84.44
40.4
2.09 68. 04
Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard boxes
40.
39. £
39.3
38.1
38.4
37.fi
39.7
41.1
41.5
41.0
41.9
38.1
39.6
40.2
39.6
Mattresses and
bedsprings
42.2
41.6
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.1
41.5
42.3
42.4
32.1
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.9
$1.75
1.83
1.82
1.82
1. 82
1. 84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1. 90
1.90
Periodicals
$92.97
39.9 $2. 33
96.16
39.9
2. 41
92.82
39.0
2.38
94.17
39.4
2. 39
96. 80
2.42
40.0
95.60
40.0
2.39
100. 77
41.3
2. 44
102. 41
40.8
2.51
102. 56 40.7
2. 52
96.92
39.4
2. 46
93.30
39.7
2.35
95. 68 39.7
2. 41
99.60
40.0
2.49
99.75
39.9
2. 50
101.60
2. 54
40.0
Miscellaneous pub
lishing and printing
services
$109.05
109.09
108. 74
107. 59
108.03
109.20
110. 94
110. 94
107. 59
108. 64
110.26
109. 06
112. 22
113.18
108.19
39.8
39.1
39.4
38.7
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.2
38.7
38.8
39.1
38.4
39.1
39.3
38.5
$2.74
2.79
2. 76
2. 78
2.77
2.80
2.83
2.83
2.78
2.80
2.82
2.84
2.87
2.88
2. 81
890
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1_Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu rin g —C o n tin u e d
C h em ica ls a n d allie d p ro d u c ts
Total: Chemicals and Industrial inorganic
all led products
chemicals6
1955: Average.. . . . $82.3
1956: Average.. . .. 87. V
April___ ____ 85. 9(
M ay_______
86. 3£
June.... ........ .
87. r
July------------- 87.7t
August............ 87.74
September___ 88. 6(
October_____
88.6C
November___ 89. 2.:
December___
89.86
1957: January_____ 89. 21
February........ 89. 40
M arch____
89.40
April________ 89. 40
41.
41.
41.,
41.;
41.
41.;
41.
41.
41.4
41.f
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41. 2
$1. 9£ $89. 9Í
2.11 95.1
2.03 93.2
2. Of 94. 3(
2.12 94.7
2.13 94. 4Í
2.14 95. 94
2.14 98. 53
2.14 97. r
2.15 97. 0C
2.16 98. If
2.16 96. 93
2.17 97.34
2.17 97.51
2.17 97. 99
Sy ithetic bers
1955: Average...
$75. 36
1956: Average____
77.81
April_______
76.24
M ay_______
77. 42
June_______
80. 40
July------------- 79.20
August______ 77. 22
September___ 79.19
October_____ 78.20
November___ 78. 99
December___
79. 38
1957: January___
79. 79
February____ 80. 00
March______
79.60
April....... ........ 80.80
40.3
39.9
39.5
39.7
40.4
39.8
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.0
40.4
1955: Average
$82.29
1956: Average
84. 04
April..........
82.40
M ay_____
82. 81
June_____
83. 21
J u ly ............... 83.63
August............ 84.66
September___ 85.49
October_____
86.32
November___ 85.70
December___
86.11
1957: January_____ 85.28
February
85. 69
M arch_____
85. 06
April..........
86.93
42.2
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.4
41.0
41.0
40.7
41.2
$1. 95
2. 03
2.00
2.01
2.01
2. 02
2. 04
2.06
2. 07
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2. 09
2.11
$2.2
2.3
2.2Í
2. 3(
2.3
2.3£ '
2.84
2.3É
2.3'
2.3C
2. 3'
2. 37
2. 3S
2. 39
2. 39
JExplosives
$1. 87 $81. 40
1.95 87.08
1. 93 85. 63
1.95 86.27
1.99 87. 74
1. 99 86.18
1.96 86. 62
1.97 89. 57
1.96 89.38
1.96 91.30
1.96 91.96
1.97 91. 05
1.99 91.24
1.99 92. 29
2. 00 92. 06
Pain ts, varn shes,
lacquer s, and «namels
40.
41.
40.
41.
41.
40.
41.
41.
41.
41.
41.4
40. £
40. £
40.
41.
O
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.5
41.0
39.9
40.1
40.9
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.1
$2.03 $75. 07
2.15 78. 55
2.13 77. 74
2.13 77. 93
2.14 78. 34
2.16 78. 57
2.16 78.20
2.19 79.17
2.18 79.98
2. 20 80.78
2.20 81.19
2. 21 81.60
2.22 82.00
2.24 82. 01
2.24 81.41
n and v rood
chemical s
43.1
42.8
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.9
42.6
43.1
43.1
42.7
42.5
43.4
42.4
42.0
42.4
$87.6
93.2
91.6
92.4
92.8'
92. 9.
95. 3(
95. 9'
95. Of
93. 9f
95. 94
94. 3'
95. 71
95.2
95. 6;
40.
40.
40.
40.
40.
40.
40.
41.
40.
40.,
41.
40.;
40. £
40.7
40.7
$1.67
1.76
1.74
1.75
1.79
1.77
1.80
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.82
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.1
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.5
$1.84
1.93
1.91
1.91
1. 92
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.97
1. 98
1.99
2. 00
2.00
2. 01
2. 01
Fertilizers
$63. 90
67.68
68. 02
70.36
70.13
69. 30
65. 04
67.82
68. 39
68. 81
70. 72
70.22
69.63
70.91
70.79
42.6
42.3
43.6
43.7
42.5
42.0
39.9
41.1
41.7
41.7
42.6
42.3
42.2
43.5
43.7
Industrial organic
chemicals 5
$2.1 $87.3
2.2
92.8
2.2
91.6
2. 2( 92.2
2.2
93. 9Í
2. 3( 93.7
2 . 3; 93.0
2. 3¿ 94. 5;
2.3; 93.8£
2. 3£ 94. 7f
2. 34 95. 4(
2.3; 94. 94
2. 34 94.8£
2. 34 95. Of
2. 3; 95. Of
Drugs and medicines
u t
$71.98
75. 33
75.69
75.95
77.51
77.70
76.68
77.15
77.15
76.01
76. 08
77.25
76. 32
75.60
77.17
Alkalies and chlorine
41. 9 $2.1 $88.4
41.
2.2
93.8
40.
2.2
91.5
41.
2.2
92.6
41.
2.2
95.0
41.
2. 2f 93.6
40.
2. 2£ 95.6(
41.
2. 3( 95.9
41.
2. 2£ 95. 5'
41.,
2.3C 97. 4¿
41.:
2.31 98. 0<
41.
2. 31 96. 5f
40. £ 2.32 97.21
40.
2. 3C 98. 2f
40.
2.3; 96. 93
Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations
$85. 07
90. 64
90.20
89. 54
92.16
91.49
91.08
91.72
90.61
91.65
92. 93
94.16
93. 94
95. 04
94.30
40.9
41.2
41.0
40.7
41.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.0
41.1
41.3
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.0
$71.14
74.42
73. 35
74. 90
76. 65
77.53
75.69
74.68
75. 96
75. 82
75.33
75. 24
75.10
76.64
77.17
45.6
45.1
43.4
43.8
43.8
44.3
43.5
46.1
46.6
46.8
46.5
45.6
44.7
44.3
43.6
Chemicals and allied products—CContinued
Miscel aneous chemicals 5
1955: Average
$75.48
1956: Average_____ 80.38
A pril...........
79. 76
M ay...........
79. 37
June__
79.58
Ju ly .............. . 79.79
August........... 79. 58
September___ 81.19
October___
81.20
November___ 82. 81
December__
83. 84
1957: January_____ 82.42
February..
83.03
March____
83.23
A pril............... 83.03
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.3
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.85
1.97
1. 95
1.95
1. 96
1.97
1. 96
1. 99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.04
2. 03
2.04
2. 04
Essen liai oils, perfume s, cosmetics
$63.18
66.47
65. 96
66.13
64.39
65.11
65. 86
66.13
67.09
68.97
70.93
66.99
67.25
68.03
68.60
39.0
39.1
38.8
38.9
38.1
38.3
39.2
38.9
39.7
40.1
40.3
38.5
39.1
39.1
39.2
42. 3 $2.0 $97.8
42.
2.2 103.5 3
42. 0 2.1 102.7
42. 3 2.1 103.0
42.
2.2 103.4
42.
2.2 103.7
42.
2. 2( 108.0
41.
2. 3( 104.9 )
42.
2.2' 107.5
42.
2.3Í 103.5
42.
2.3; 107.3,
41.
2. 31 106. 3(
41.
2.3: ' 104.1'
42.
2.3 104. 8f
41.£
2. 3; 103. 6£
$91.88
98.16
97.85
97.85
100. 43
100.19
98.88
99.12
98.33
99. 39
100. 28
102. 92
101. 93
102.84
102. 41
40.3
40. £
40.6
40.6
41.5
41.4
41.2
41.3
40.8
40.9
41.1
41.5
41.1
41.3
40.8
$65.07
67.95
66.19
67.62
69.37
70.36
68.10
67.89
70.74
69. 97
69.24
69.60
68. 40
69.26
69.17
45.5
45.0
42.7
42.8
42.3
42.9
42.3
46.5
47.8
47.6
47.1
46.4
45.3
44.4
43.5
$1.43
1.51
1.55
1. 58
1.64
1. 64
1. 61
1.46
1.48
1.47
1. 47
1.50
1.51
1. 56
1.59
$2.34
2.50
2.47
2.50
2.51
2.50
2.56
2.54
2.56
2.52
2.58
2.58
2.56
2.57
9. Sfi
Paints, pigments, and
fillers •
$2.28
2. 40
2.41
2.41
2. 42
2. 42
2. 40
2.40
2. 41
2. 43
2. 44
2. 48
2. 48
2. 49
2. 51
Vegetable oils
41.
41.
41.
41.
41.
41.
42.
41.
42.
41.
41.
41.
40.’
40. Í
40.
$84.18
86.11
84. 46
85.08
85. 70
86. 53
87.57
87. 36
87. 99
87. 35
88.18
87. 54
87. 53
87. 31
88. 78
42.3
41.6
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.9
40.8
41 1
$1.99
2.07
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.08
2. 09
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
9. 16
Anim al oils and fats
$81.17
85. 43
84. 55
84. 79
85. 27
86. 67
85. 05
85. 81
85.25
87.17
85. 54
84. 86
85. 89
87.32
88. 04
45.6
45.2
44.5
45.1
45.6
46.1
45.0
45.4
44.4
45.4
45.5
44.2
43.6
44.1
43 8
$1.78
1.89
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.88
1. 89
1.89
1.92
1. 92
1.88
1. 92
1.97
1.98
Products of petroleum and coal
Compressed and
liquified gases
$1.62 $87. 72
1.70 90.09
1.70 89. 46
1.70 89.68
1.69 90.95
1.70 89.88
1.68 89.45
1.70 92.23
1.69 91. 54
1.72 94.35
1.76 94.13
1.74 94.08
1.72 95.18
1.74 94.50
1.75 95. 37
$1. 56
1.65
1.69
1. 71
1.75
1.75
1.74
1. 62
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.65
1. 68
1.73
1. 77
Synthetic rubber
Soap and glycerin
$2. 08
2.20
2. 20
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2.23
2. 25
2.28
2.28
2. 29
2. 30
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 5
$1.50
1.60
1. 56
1.61
1.65
1. 65
1.63
1. 65
1.64
1. 65
1.66
1. 66
1. 65
1.63
1.62
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
43.0
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.0
41.8
42.5
41.8
42.5
42.4
42.0
42.3
42.0
42.2
$2.04
2.14
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.17
2.19
2.22
2.22
2.24
2. 25
2. 25
2. 26
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$97. 00
104. 39
104. 65
102. 97
104. 81
107. 01
103. 89
108.00
104.86
105.11
105.37
106. 45
104. 45
104. 60
107. 23
41.1
41.1
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.8
40.9
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.4
$2.36
2. 54
2. 54
2. 53
2.55
2. 56
2.54
2. 59
2. 57
2.57
2. 57
2. 59
2.56
2. 57
2. 59
Petroleum refining
flOO. 37
108. 39
110. 27
107. 73
108. 67
111.22
107. 73
111. 78
108.14
109. 20
109. 74
110. 68
107. 86
108. 26
111. 761
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.5
40.7
41.5
40.5
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.3
40.7
40.7
41.7
$2. 46
2. 65
2.67
2.66
2. 67
2.68
2. 66
2.70
2. 67
2.67
2.67
2.68
2. 65
2. 66
2.68
Coke,otherpetroleum,
and coal products
$86.31
91.32
86.90
88.17
92.00
92. 67
92.42
96.48
93.83
91. 98
91.53
93. 38
93.52
92.57
92.11
41.9
41.7
40.8
41.2
42.2
43.1
42.2
42.5
41.7
40.7
40.5
40.6
41.2
40.6
40.4
$2.06
2.19
2.13
2.14
2.18
2.15
2.19
2.27
2.25
2.26
2. 26
2.30
2.27
2.28
2.28
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l: Hours and gross earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
of
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
production workers or nonsupervisory employees
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
Y e a r a n d m o n th
R u b b e r p ro d u c ts
T o ta l: R u b b e r
p ro d u c ts
1955: A v erag e____
1956: A v erag e____
A p r il____
M a y ____
J u n e _______
J u ly ................
A u g u s t____
S e p te m b e r- __
O c to b e r_____
N o v e m b e r__
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a ry .
M a r c h ___
A p ril____
$87.15
87.23
85.39
85.79
84.74
85.75
87.23
89.10
89. 98
87. 89
92. 74
91. 21
90.80
89. 28
41.7
40.2
39.9
39.9
39.6
39.7
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
88. 00
T ires a n d in n e r
tu b e s
$2. 09 $101. 09
2.17 100. 95
2.14 98. 00
2.15 99.65
2.14 98. 25
2.16 98.14
2.17 101. 20
2. 20 102. 51
2. 20 102. 66
2.17 103. 53
2. 24 109. 25
2. 23 107. 64
2.22 106.19
2. 21 102.40
2. 20 103. 46
41.6
39.9
39.2
39.7
39.3
39.1
40.0
40.2
40.1
40.6
41.7
41.4
41.0
40.0
40.1
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts
R u b b e r fo o tw ear
$2.43 $70. 70
2.53 71. 89
2. 50 72.25
2.51 72.25
2. 50 70.53
2.51 71.28
2. 53 70.35
2. 55 71. 71
2. 56 71. 71
2.55 71. 55
2.62 73. 26
2.60 71.76
2.59 72.10
2.56 72. 68
2. 58, 70. 64
40.4
39.5
39.7
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.4
39.1
39.6
39.0
39.4
39.5
38.6
O th e r r u b b e r p ro d u c ts
$1. 75 $78.35
1.82 78. 96
1. 82 77.95
1. 82 76. 99
1.79 76. 02
1. 80 77. 78
1. 79 78.76
1.82 81.18
1.82 82.98
1. 83 79.98
1.85 82. 59
1.84 81. 39
1.83 81.18
1. 84 81.19
1.83 79.60
41.9
40.7
40.6
40.1
39.8
40.3
40.6
41.0
41.7
40.6
41.5
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.2
T o ta l: L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p ro d u c ts
$53.44
56.02
54.90
54. 75
55. 95
56.62
56.40
55.72
55. 72
56. 09
57. 30
57.76
58.60
58. 52
56. 67
37.9
37.6
36.6
36.5
37.3
38.0
37.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.8
L e a th e r: ta n n e d ,
cu rried , a n d fin ish ed
$1.41 $72.40
1.49 74.24
1.50 73. 08
1.50 73. 84
1. 50 73. 87
1. 49 73. 49
1. 50 74.26
1. 51 75. 03
1.51 74.86
1.52 75.64
1.52 76.42
1.52 75.65
1.53 75.65
1.54 75. 26
1. 54 76.24
40.0
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.5
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.5
$1.81
1.87
1.85
1.86
1. 87
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
1. 91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
s—C o n tin u e d
I n d u s tr ia l le a th e r
b e ltin g a n d p a c k in g
1955: A v erag e___
1956: A v erag e___
A p ril............
M a y ______
J u n e ______
J u l y . ............
A u g u s t____
S e p te m b e r.
O c to b e r___
N o v e m b e r..
D ecem b er1957: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y .._
M a r c h _____
A p r il............
$71. 81
72.40
68. 53
69. 30
70. 71
71. 20
71.64
73.31
75. 07
79. 38
75.70
78.63
75. 70
75. 36
73. 28
40.8
40.0
38.5
39.6
39.5
40.0
39.8
40.5
40.8
42.0
40.7
42.5
40.7
40.3
39.4
B o o t a n d shoe c u t
sto ck a n d findings
$51. 95
53.48
50.62
53.28
54.58
54. 05
53. 77
53.07
53.07
53.14
55.30
55. 77
56.50
55. 71
52. 93
38.2
37.4
35.4
37.0
37.9
37.8
37.6
36.6
36.6
36.4
38.4
38.2
38.7
37.9
36.5
F o o tw e a r (except
ru b b e r)
$1.36 $49.98
1.43 53. 57
1. 43 52.20
1.44 51.91
1.44 53. 22
1.43 54. 96
1.43 54.17
1.45 52.56
1.45 52. 41
1.46 52. 71
1.44 54. 31
1. 46 55.71
1.46 56. 39
1. 47 56. 47
1.45 54. 24
L uggage
$1.34 $60. 28
1.44 62.72
1. 45 61.94
1.45 62.09
1.45 62.17
1. 45 61.69
1.46 62. 64
1.46 64.32
1.46 63.99
1. 46 67.03
1.46 64.13
1.47 61.88
1.48 62. 59
1. 49 63.08
1.49 61.83
39.4
39.2
39.2
39.3
39.6
38.8
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.9
38.4
37.5
38.4
38.7
37.7
H a n d b a g s a n d sm all
le a th e r goods
$1.53 $48. 51
1.60 51.00
1.58 49. 23
1.58 48. 36
1. 57 50.73
1. 59 50. 09
1.57 51.68
1.60 51.61
1. 62 53.76
53. 30
1.67 53.02
1.65 52.50
1.63 53.82
1.63 53. 96
1. 64 52.05
1.
38.2
37.5
36.2
35.3
37.3
37.1
38.0
37.4
38.4
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.9
38.0
36.4
G loves a n d m iscel
la n eo u s le a th e r goods
$1. 27 $46.38
1. 36 48. 34
1.36 47.84
1. 37 48. 34
1.36 48.10
1. 35 47.82
1.36 49. 74
1. 38 49. 58
1.40 50.63
1.41 48.37
1. 41 49. 71
1.40 49. 28
1.42 49. 82
1. 42 49.87
1.43 48. 96
37.1
36.9
36.8
36.9
37.0
36.5
37.4
37.0
37.5
36.1
37.1
36.5
36.9
36.4
36.0
$1.25
1.31
1. 30
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.34
1. 34
1.35
1.35
1.37
1. 36
S to n e, T o ta l: S to n e, clay,
a n d glass p ro d u c ts
1955: A v erag e____
1956: A v erag e____
A p ril_______
M a y _______
J u n e _______
J u l y ................
A u g u s t.........
S e p te m b e r ..
O cto b e r____
N o v e m b e r..
D e c e m b e r ...
1957: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ______
A p ril..............
$77.19
80. 56
79. 9i
80.93
81.14
80. 77
81.36
81.18
82.19
82.61
82.81
81.41
81.61
82.21
81.20
41.5
41.1
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.0
41.3
41. 1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
$1.86
1.96
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.01
C e m e n t, h y d ra u lic
1955: A v erag e...........
1956: A v erag e______
A p ril................ .
M a y ....... ......... .
J u n e _________
J u ly .................. .
A u g u s t_______
S e p te m b e r___
O cto b e r............
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r____
1957: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y .........
M a r c h ...........
A p ril..................
$78. 85
83. 84
78.34
82.20
85. 49
87.78
86.74
90. 53
86.74
86.11
85. 49
86.73
84.46
85. 28
84. 66
41.5
41.3
40.8
41.1
41.1
41.8
41.5
42.5
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.3
40.8
41.0
40.7
See fo o tn otes a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
F la t glass
$114.38
113.0Í
109.76
112.1Í
110.16
112.06
110.02
111.38
112.34
119.28
117.9£
117.29
114. 49
11.2. 59
111. 08
43.0
41.1
40.5
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.1
G lass a n d glassw are,
p ressed o r b lo w n
s
$2. 66 $74.82
2. 75 79.80
2. 71 78.80
2.71 80.20
2.70 80.40
2.72 81.00
2.69 79.18
2.73 75.31
2.72 81. 81
2.88 82.00
2.85 82.21
2.84 82. 59
2.82 81.78
2.78 81. 99
2.77 81. 99
S tru c tu ra l clay
p ro d u c ts 8
$1.90 $70.04
2.03 73.62
1.92 73.93
2.00 74. 34
2.08 74.16
2.10 73.80
2.09 74.39
2.13 74. 85
2.09 74.85
2.09 73.60
2.08 73.97
2.10 72.86
2. 07 73.23
2.08 73. 82
2.08 73.60
41.2
40.9
41.3
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.6
40.1
40.0
39.9
39.2
37.1
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.8
$1.88 $76.19
2.01
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.07
2. 06
2.06
2.06
Brick and hollow tile
$1.70 $67.94
1.80 70.14
1.79 71.14
1.80 71.83
1.80 71.40
1.80 71.99
1.81 71.40
1.83 71.40
1.83 70.98
1.84 68.78
1. 84 68. 71
1.84 65.24
1. 84 66.07
1. 85 67.30
1.84 69.46
43.0
42.0
42.6
42.5
42.5
42.6
42.5
42.0
42.0
40.7
40.9
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.1
Glass containers
80. 59
80. 99
83.44
82. 82
83.63
80.94
73.34
82.62
83.21
82.81
84. 44
82. 78
82. 78
83.01
$1.90 $73.08
2.03 77.81
2.04 75.65
2.05 75.66
2.05 76.44
2.07 75. 66
2.07 76.04
2. 06 79.00
2.05 81.20
2.07 79.80
2.06 81.40
2.09 79.76
2.08 80.39
2.08 80. 59
2.07 79.58
Floor and wall tile
$1.58 $69.25
1.67 73.75
1.67 74.80
1.69 73.38
1.68 72.80
1.69 74. 52
1.68 75.36
1.70 74.74
1.69 73.60
1.69 73.66
74.43
1.66 75.03
1. 66 74.80
1.67 74.05
1.69 73.84
1.68
40.1
39.7
39.7
40.7
40.4
40.4
39.1
35.6
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.1
39.8
40.3
41.1
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.7
Pressed and blown
glass
Sewer pipe
$1.74 $69.32
1.83 72.76
1.82 67.69
1.83 73. 85
1.82 75.48
1.84 76. 59
1.87 75.30
1. 85 76. 41
1.84 76.22
74.56
1.87 72.29
1.89 73.16
1.87 73.16
1.87 72.83
71.58
1.86
1.86,
39.5
39.7
39.4
39.2
39.4
38.8
39.4
39.9
40.4
39.7
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.7
39.2
40.3
40.2
38.9
42.2
40.8
41.4
40.7
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.2
39.8
38.9
G lass p ro d u c ts m a d e
of p u rc h a s e d glass
$1.85 $65.03
68.71
1. 92 66.83
1.93 66. 58
1.94 67.80
1.95 67.20
1.93 68. 51
1.98 69.02
2.01
70. 58
2.01
73.10
2.04 72. 39
2.04 70. 22
2.03 69.30
2.03 70.80
2.03 69.48
1.
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.8
41.3
40.9
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.7
$1.59
1.68
1.65
1.64
1.67
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.73
1.77
1. 77
1.76
1. 75
1. 77
1. 75
Clay refractories
$1.72 $75.27
1.81 80.36
1.74 81.00
1. 75 80.60
1. 85 80.19
1. 85 74. 77
1.85 78. 56
1.85 79.31
1.85 80. 73
1.85 81.48
1.83 83. 95
1.82 84.38
1.82 84.14
1.83 84. 56
1.84 82.26
38.8
39.2
39.9
39.9
39.5
37.2
38.7
38.5
39.0
38.8
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.7
38.8
$1.94
2.05
2.03
2.02
2.03
2.01
2.03
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.12
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
892
T able C—1: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1 Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pottery and related
products
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products5
37.5 $1.77 $78 23 44.7 $1.75 $74.98
$66.38
1955: Average—
44. 5 1.84 78.75
1.91 81 88
37.8
72.20
1956: Average---1.83 77.60
44.4
1.90 81 25
38.4
72.96
April_____
1.83 80.15
45 3
1.90 82 90
37.9
M ay________ 72.01
1.86 81.42
84
68
45
5
1.92
37.4
71.81
J u n e ......... .
1.85 81.07
1.94 82 70 44.7
35.7
69.26
July...............
1.86 81.70
45.4
1.91 84 44
72. 58 38.0
August..........
1.85 81.07
44.9
83 07
38.4
74.11
September1.86 80.36
44.5
82 77
37.7
73.14
October.........
1.85 77.70
43.8
81 03
74. 50 38.4
November—
1.85 77.79
43.8
81 03
74. 88 38.4
December__
1.86 74.16
41.8
77
75
36.7
71.20
1957: January-----1.86 77.25
79 98 43.0
38.0
74.10
February----1.89 78.01
81 08
42 9
38.3
74.69
M arch-------1.90 78.81
42.8
8L32
37.7
73.14
April---------Stone, clay and glass products—Continued
Asbestos products
1955: Average.......... $84.67
1956: Average-------- 84. 65
83.20
April----------83.00
M ay...............
June________ 83.63
82.21
Ju ly .—......... 87.78
August-------88.40
September---87.98
October------87.14
November---88.19
December___
85.49
1957: January.........
88.41
February----88.20
M arch ..........
89.46
April-----------
43.2
41.7
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.7
42.2
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.4
41.5
42.1
41.8
42.0
$1.96 $81.75
2.03 88.24
2.00 91.98
2.00 92.21
2.02 89. 55
2.02 73.59
2.08 83.98
2.08 87.02
2.08 84.73
2.06 96.52
2.08 91.41
2.06 96. 56
2.10 100.45
2.11 94.49
2.13 84.22
Iron and steel found
ries5
$85.06
1955: Average---87.34
1956: Average---87.57
April.........86.11
M ay_____
85.89
June_____
85.47
July-..........
86.30
August----September----- 87.95
88. 56
October---November----- 87.89
91.32
December88. 73
1957: January—
87. 78
February...
87.12
M arch___
86.68
April..........
41.9 $2.03
2.12
41.2
2.09
41.9
2.09
41.2
2.10
40.9
2.10
40.7
2.11
40.9
2.14
41.1
2.16
41.0
2.17
40.5
2.19
41.7
2.18
40.7
39.9
2.20
2.20
39.6
2.20
39.4
Primary refining of
aluminum
1955: Average...........
1956: Average...........
April....... ........
M ay________
June________
July— ...........
August______
September___
October_____
November----December___
1957: January..........
February........
M arch______
April_______
$89.28
95.34
93.15
93. 79
94.83
94.54
93.17
99.06
99.38
99.06
100.86
100.21
100.94
100.35
101.25
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.14 $92.29
2. 28 96. 52
2.26 95.76
2.26 95.53
2. 25 95.71
2.23 91.88
93.69
2.21
2.29 100.12
2 29 98. 74
2.36 99.06
2.32 100.94
2. 39 101.27
2.45 99.14
2.38 98.65
2.32 97.66
Oray-iron foundries
$84.00
83.84
85.07
82.62
82.42
82. 41
83.84
84.25
84. 84
84.59
88.80
84.99
84.07
82.99
82. 78
42.0
40.7
41.7
40.7
40.4
40.2
40.7
40.7
40.4
39.9
41.3
39.9
39.1
38.6
38.5
$ 2.00
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.12
2.15
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
40.4 $2.21 $81.45
2.36 85.04
40.4
2.30 85.80
40.5
2.31 82. 57
40.6
2.33 82. 78
40.7
2.34 83.21
40.4
2.42 86.52
38.5
2.44 86. 74
40.6
2.46 86.52
40.4
2.44 84. 86
40.6
2.46 87. 78
41.0
2.45 87.35
40.9
2.48 86. 51
40.7
2.49 87. 57
40.3
2.50 87.34
40.5
See footnotes at end of table.
38.2
38.7
40.7
40.8
39 8
33.0
38.0
38.0
37.0
40.9
39.4
40.4
41.0
39.7
36.3
44.9 $1.67
1.75
45.0
1.74
44.6
1.75
45.8
1.77
46.0
1.77
45.8
1.78
45.9
1.77
45.8
1.77
45.4
1.75
44.4
44.2
1.76
1.77
41.9
1.78
43.4
1.81
43.1
1.82
43.3
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.3
39.7
41.2
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.7
$2.24
2.36
2.33
2. 33
2 34
2.28
2.36
2.43
2.42
2. 44
2.45
2.47
2.46
2. 46
2.46
Malleable-iron found
ries
583. 82
83.84
83. 23
81.00
78.38
81.19
82.80
86.50
85. 67
85.44
86.07
86.24
85.39
83.50
82.01
$67. 78
69.87
69.46
70.55
70.21
69.63
70.35
70.28
72.56
70.93
71.40
68.16
69. 65
70. 0C
70.22
42.1 $1.61
1.70
41.1
1.69
41.1
1.70
41.5
1.70
41.3
1.69
41.2
1.72
40.9
41.1
1.71
1.74
41.7
1.73
41.0
1.75
40.8
1.73
39.4
1.75
39.8
1.75
40.0
1.76
39.9
$81.12
83.03
82.62
82. 21
82.42
80. 79
82.82
84. 46
85.07
86.73
88.41
86.72
87.77
87.34
85.46
Abrasive products
41.6 $1.95 $86.73
2.04 88.18
40.7
2.02 87.02
40.9
2.01 86.40
40.9
2.03 86.63
40.6
2.03 87.52
39.8
40.4
2.05 85.75
2.07 85.57
40.8
2.08 91.83
40.9
2.10 93.89
41.3
41.9
2.11 99.72
2.11 91.76
41.1
41.4
2.12 91.13
41.2
2.12 92.89
2.11 91.76
40.5
41.3 $2.10
39.9
2. 21
40.1
2.17
2.16
40.0
39.2
2. 21
2.21
39.6
2. 21
38.8
38.2
2.24
2. 29
40.1
2.29
41.0
2. 33
42.8
40. 6 2.26
40. 5 2.25
2. 26
41.1
40.6
2.26
Prim ary metal industries
mary metal
istries
Nonclay refractories
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products 5
Cut-stone and stone
products
Concrete products
41.7
40.5
40.8
39.9
38.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.3
39.9
39.2
38.5
$2.01
2. 07
2.04
2.03
2.02
2.04
2.07
2.12
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.13
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 5
$95.99
102.06
99. 79
100. 69
100.94
96.47
97.52
107. 53
104.90
105.18
107.16
108. 79
105.06
104.01
103. 23
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.7
38.9
38.7
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.4
$2.37
2. 52
2.47
2. 48
2.48
2.48
2. 52
2.61
2. 59
2.61
2. 62
2.66
2.62
2.62
2.62
41.8
42.5
42.7
42.9
42.8
42.0
41.7
42.1
42.3
41.8
42.9
42.5
41.5
42.0
41.8
$96. 39
102.47
100.19
101.09
101.34
97.25
97.91
107.94,
105.30
105. 59
107. 57
109.20
105.46
104.41
103.62
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.7
38.9
38.7
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.4
Electrometallurgical
products
$2.38 $87.14
2. 53 88.44
2.48 86.65
2.49 88.73
2.49 88.91
2.50 85.53
2.53 88.80
2.62 89.15
2. 60 91.08
2.62 90.27
2.63 91.13
2.67 92. 21
2.63 90.85
2.63 90.80
2.63 91.03
41.3 $2.11
2.20
40.2
40.3
2.15
2.18
40.7
2.19
40.6
2.21
38.7
2.22
40.0
2.24
39.8
2.26
40.3
2.24
40.3
40.5
2.25
2.26
40.8
40.2
2.26
40.0
2.27
2.27
40.1
Primary smelting Primary smelting and
refining of copper,
and refining of nonlead, and zinc
ferrous m etals5
Steel foundries
$88. 62
95.63
95. 22
96.10
95. 87
93.66
92.99
95.99
96.87
95.30
99.10
98.18
96.28
97.86
96.98
Blasi furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills, except electro
metallurgical prod
ucts
$2.12
2.25
2.23
2. 24
2.24
2.23
2. 23
2.28
2. 29
2.28
2.31
2.31
2. 32
2.33
2.32
$84. 66
91.46
90.06
89. 62
90.45
93.18
91.17
95.04
94.16
93. 71
93.43
94. 76
93.43
93. 61
94.02
40.7
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.3
41.6
40.7
41.5
41.3
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.8
40.7
40.7
$2.08 $81.61
89.02
2.22
2.17 87. 78
2.17 87. 57
2.19 87.14
2. 24 92. 42
2.24 90. 47
2. 29 93.26
2. 28 90.69
2. 28 90.03
2.29 89.38
2.30 90.64
2.29 88.94
2.30 89.79
2.31 89.35
40.6
41.6
42.0
41.7
41.3
42.2
41.5
42.2
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.8
$2.01
2.14
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.19
2.18
2 . 21
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.19
2.19
Rolling, drawing, Rolling, drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and
and alloying of
alloying of aluminum N onferrous f oundries
alloying of copper
nonferrous m etals6
42.2 $1.93 $89.89
2.02 93.38
42.1
2.00 95.20
42.9
1.98 92.13
41.7
1.99 90.98
41.6
41.4
2.01 89.91
2.06 89. 55
42.0
2.08 94.58
41.7
2.06 93.02
42.0
2.04 92.97
41.6
95.82
2.11
41.6
94.71
41.4
2.11
92.86
2.11
41.0
2.10 93.32
41.7
93.03
2.12
41.2
42.2 $2.13 $93.31
2.25 95.18
41.5
2.24 99.21
42.5
2.22
93.91
41.5
2.23 91.02
40.8
2.22
90.32
40.5
2.25 90. 58
39.8
2.29 94.02
41.3
2.28 91. 58
40.8
2.29 91.94
40.6
2.32 96.28
41.3
2.31 94. 53
41.0
40.2
2.31 91.77
40.4
2.31 93.32
2.32 92.17
40.1
43.4
42.3
43.9
42.3
41.0
40.5
40.8
41.6
40.7
40.5
41.5
41.1
39.9
40.4
39.9
$2.15 $86.09
2.25 91.13
2.26 90.17
89.28
2.22
2.22
89. 65
2.23 89.24
2.22
87.86
2.26 94.83
2.25 93. 56
2.27 93.09
2.32 94.42
2.30 94. 60
2.30 95.34
2.31 94.24
2.31 94.87
40.8
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.2
40.2
38.2
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.2
2.11 $85.89
2. 25 88.94
2.21 87.51
2 . 21 87.29
2.23 87.05
89.13
2.22
2.30 89. 57
2.33 91.91
2.31 91.69
2.31 90.76
2.32 94.02
2.33 91.13
2.36 91.35
2.35 91.58
2.36 89. 55
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.3
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.6
40.5
40.6
40.7
39.8
$2.10
2.18
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.19
2.19
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.26
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
893
Table C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)
Prim ary metal industries—Continued
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal in Iron and steel forgings
dustries 8
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
April________
M ay_______
June________
July------------August______
September___
October, _ . . .
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February.........
M arch.........
April________
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$97.10
99.90
99.59
98. 88
99.30
96.82
96. 29
98. 88
100.36
101.26
102.83
103. 91
102.92
102.18
100.12
42.4
41.8
42.2
41.9
41.9
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.7
$2.29 $101.28
2.39 105. 42
2.36 103. 91
2.36 103. 49
2.37 101.68
2.35 101.93
2.36 101.02
2.40 104. 08
2. 43 109. 65
2.44 108. 71
2. 46 108. 88
2.48 112.66
2.48 109. 62
2. 48 109. 36
2.46 105. 52
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware 8
1955: Average_____ $79. 30
1956: Average_____ 81.60
A pril........ ...... 78. 59
M ay________ 78.39
June........ ........ 79.00
July________
79.20
August______ 80.40
September___ 85.08
October_____
87.15
November___ 85. 70
December___
88.41
1957: January_____ 83.62
February........ 84.03
M arch........ .
83.82
April................ 83.21
41.3
40.8
40.3
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.4
41.5
41.9
41.4
42.1
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.2
42.2
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.3
42.5
42.3
42.2
43.0
42.0
41.9
40.9
$2.40 $95. 67
2.51 97.06
2. 48 96.48
2.47 95. 57
2. 45 95. 76
2. 48 93.60
2. 47 94.39
2. 52 96. 56
2.58 97.39
2. 57 98.28
2. 58 99. 59
2. 62 97.53
2.61 97. 70
2.61 96.76
2. 58 96.29
Cutlery and edge tools
$1.92 $69. 87
2.00 72.62
1.95 72. 57
1.95 71.98
1.97 70.58
1.98 71.33
1.99 70.80
2.05 73. 26
2.08 74. 44
2.07 75.53
2.10 75. 58
2.08 74.30
2.08 74.12
2.08 75.07
2.07 74.52
41.1
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.1
40.3
40.0
40.7
40.9
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.8
40.5
Welded and heavyriveted pipe
Wire drawing
42.9
42.2
42.5
42.1
42.0
41.6
41.4
41.8
41.8
42.0
42.2
41.5
41.4
41.0
40.8
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.5
40.1
40.9
41.1
41.1
40.8
41.3
40.1
40.1
39.9
39.7
41.2
40.8
41.6
41.2
41.9
41.3
40.4
40.6
39.1
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.6
39.9
40.0
$1.92 $82.78
2.02 83.44
1.99 79.20
1.99 79.20
2.00 80.60
1.99 80.79
2.02 82.21
2.05 88.83
2.07 91.16
2.06 88.61
2.08 92.87
2.07 86.03
2.07 86.67
2.08 86.86
2.08 85. 84
41.6
40.7
39.8
39.8
39.9
39.8
40.3
41.9
42.4
41.6
42.6
40.2
40.5
40.4
40.3
$1.99 $78.18
2.05 80.19
1.99 79. 59
1.99 79.00
2.02 78.80
2.03 78.39
2.04 80.60
2.12 82.42
2.15 83.22
2.13 80.36
2.18 81.99
2.14 81.95
2.14 83.39
2.15 82. 56
2.13 81.72
Oil burners, nonelec
tric heating and Fabricated structural Structural steel'and or Metal doors, sash,
fram es, molding,
namental metal work
metal products 8
cooking apparatus,
and trim
not elsewhere classi
fied
1955: Average____
$76.17
1956: Average_____ 79.00
April_______
77.22
M ay......... ...... 77.22
June------------ 78.40
July------------- 77.03
August__ .. 79. 60
September___ 82. 01
October_____ 82.62
November___ 79. 80
December___
81.81
1957: J a n u a r y ..___ 80. 99
February___
83. 02
M arch ..........
82.19
April________ 80. 57
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.6
40.0
39.5
40.2
40.8
40.9
39.7
40.3
39.7
40.3
39.9
39.3
$1.89 $83. 01
1.98 87. 57
1.96 86. 74
1.95 86. 32
1.96 87. 99
1. 95 85.49
1.98 86.05
2.01 89.86
2. 02 90. 92
2.01 89. 42
2. 03 92. 21
2. 04 90.47
2.06 91.12
2.06 91.76
2. 05 91.32
Metal stamping, coat
ing, and engraving 8
1955: Average_____ $86.10
1956: Average........... 87. 34
April------------ 85.07
M ay________ 83.60
86. 71
J u n e ... ___
86.09
July________
August______ 85. 67
September___ 91.56
October_____ 92.86
November___ 91. 78
December....... 94.15
1957: January_____ 87. 91
February____ 87. 51
M arch ............ 87. 89
April________ 86. 80
42.0
41.2
40.9
40.0
40.9
40.8
40.6
42.0
42.4
42.1
42.6
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.3
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.9
41.1
40.4
41.6
41.9
41.4
42.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.7
$2. 01 $83.00
2.11 87. 57
2.08 86. 32
2.08 86. 74
2.10 87. 57
2.08 85. 49
2.13 84. 35
2.16 89. 21
2.17 90. 72
2.16 90.69
2.18 92. 21
2.18 90. 89
2.18 91.98
2.19 93.28
2.19 93.06
Vitreous enameled
products
$2.05 $65.11
2.12 66.64
2.08 66.80
2.09 63. 71
2.12 65.62
2.11 67.13
2.11 66.92
2.18 71.81
2.19 71.23
2.18 70.24
2. 21 67.83
2.16 70. 07
2.15 69.25
2.17 74.39
2.17 71. 69
39.7
39.2
40.0
37.7
38.6
40.2
39.6
40.8
40.7
40.6
39.9
40.5
39.8
43.0
41.2
41.5
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.9
41.3
39.6
41.3
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.5
42.0
42.4
42.3
$2.00 $82.82
2.11 84.85
2. 07 84.46
2.08 79.78
2.09 88.20
2. 07 82. 21
2.13 82. 58
2.16 87. 54
2.16 87.29
2.18 81.93
2.18 90.09
2.19 86.07
2.19 86. 48
2.20 87. 51
2.20 87. 70
Stamped and pressed
metal products
$1.64 $89. 25
1. 70 91.30
1.67 88. 37
1.69 86. 83
1.70 90.86
1.67 91. 05
1.69 89.79
1.76 96.25
1.75 97.81
1.73 96. 25
1. 70 99.13
1.73 91.62
1.74 90.98
1.73 92.89
1.74 91.13
42.3
41.5
41.1
40.2
41.3
41.2
41.0
42.4
42.9
42.4
43.1
40.9
40.8
41.1
40.5
Tin can and other
tinware
$2.22 $82.37
41.6 $1.98 $85. 69 41.8 $2.05
2.18
2.07 91. 78 42.1
2.32 85. 28 41.2
2.03 93.31
43.2
2.16
41.1
2.28 83.43
41.7
2.16
2.04 90. 07
2.28 83.03
40.7
42.4
2.06 92.01
2.17
2. 33 84. 46 41.0
2.05 93. 52 42.9
2.18
2.28 83. 44 40.7
43.0
2.19
2.07 94.17
2.31 84. 25 40.7
42.9
2. 21
2.11 94. 81
2.34 87. 78 41.6
42.1
2. 25
2.13 94.73
2.33 89.03
41.8
40.9
2.12 90.80
2.22
2.36 87. 56 41.3
2.26
42.1
42.1
2.14 95.15
2.39 90.09
39.9
2. 26
2.13 90.17
2. 40 86.90
40.8
40.7
2. 26
2.13 91.98
41.0
2. 42 87.33
2.27
40.9
2.14 92.84
2.42 87. 74 41.0
2.31
42.5
2.14 98.18
40.8
2.42 87.31
H eating apparatus
Sanitary ware and
(except electric)
Hardware
a n d p l u m b e r s ’ plumbers’ supplies
supplies 8
$2.23 $91. 46
2.30 94.66
2. 27 94.85
2. 27 93. 94
2. 28 97.63
2.25 94.16
2. 28 93. 32
2.31 95.00
2. 33 91.10
2.34 94.64
2.36 96. 32
2.35 97.20
2.36 98.25
2.36 96.56
2. 36 96.80
Hand tools
$1.70 $77. 95
1.78 82.62
1.77 81. 59
1.76 80.79
1. 76 81.00
1.77 79.80
1.77 82. 62
1.80 84.26
1.82 85.08
1.82 84.05
1.83 85.90
1.83 83.01
1.83 83.01
1.84 82. 99
1.84 82. 58
Total: Fabricated
metal products
41.0
40.6
41.0
39.3
41.8
40.3
39.7
41.1
40.6
39.2
41.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.6
$2.11 $78. 72
2.20 76. 40
2.15 73.49
2.16 74.26
2.20 74.86
2. 21 75.60
2.19 75. 79
2. 27 78.34
2.28 80.36
2. 27 80. 57
2.30 82.60
2.24 78.80
2.23 78. 41
2.26 78.41
2.25 77. 62
41.0
40.0
39.3
39.5
39.4
40.0
40.1
40.8
41.0
40.9
41.3
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.6
$1.94 $82. 21
2.02 82.68
2.02 84.32
2.00 82.71
2.00 80.01
2.01 80.89
2.02 82.32
2.04 84.14
2.06 84.07
2.05 81.70
2.06 83.21
2.08 83.76
2.09 84. 63
2.09 83. 55
2.09 84. 53
Boiler-shop products
40.3
39.0
39.4
39.2
38.1
37.8
39.2
39.5
39.1
38.0
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.5
38.6
$2.04
2.12
2.14
2.11
2.10
2.14
2.10
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
Sheet-metal work
41.8 $2.03
$2.00 $84.85
2.14
2.12 90. 52 42.3
42.2
2.10
2.08 88.62
2.11
2.09 90. 31 42.8
2.12
2.11 90. 31 42.6
2.13
42.0
2.10 89.46
42.2
2.16
2.14 91.15
42.6
2.19
2.16 93.29
42.8
2.18
2.18 93.30
42.0
2.18
2.17 91.56
42.7
2.20
2.18 93.94
2.18
41.8
2.18 91.12
41.8
2.20
2.19 91.96
2. 21
91.94
41.6
2.20
2. 21
2.19 90. 39 40.9
Miscellaneous fabri
Fabricated wire
cated metal prod
products
ucts 8
$2. 02 $81. 40
2.09 87.98
2.06 86. 94
2.03 87.15
2.11 87. 35
2. 04 85. 05
2.08 87.53
2.13 90.07
2.15 91. 34
2. 09 91.14
2.15 92.00
2.12 91.56
2.13 91.98
2.15 92.40
2.16 91. 98
Lighting fixtures
40.3
39.7
39.4
39.5
39.4
39.0
39.9
40.4
40.4
39.2
39.8
39.4
39.9
39.5
39.1
$1. 92 $77.87
1.91 80.75
1.87 79.73
1.88 78.76
1.90 79.93
1.89 77.16
1.89 79.37
1.92 82. 59
1.96 84.62
1.97 82.81
2.00 84.65
1.98 82. 22
1.97 81.20
1. 97 82. 42
1.96 81.00
40.7
41.5
41.8
41.7
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.7
41.9
42.0
42.2
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.6
41.2
40.4
40.7
41.5
42.1
41.2
41.7
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.1
$1.89 $84. 08
1.96 86.09
1.94 85.02
1.94 84.22
1.94 84.23
1.91 84.25
1.95 84.25
1.99 86. 73
2. 01 88.20
2. 01 88.20
2.03 90. 52
2.03 89. 25
2.02 89.68
2.03 89.89
2. 02 88. 61
42.9
42.2
42.3
41.9
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.7
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.6
$1.96
2.04
2. 01
2. 01
2. 02
2.03
2.04
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
894
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
Metal shipping barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails
$91.16
97.16
99. 90
100. 35
105. 34
107. 87
95. 57
94.25
92.40
95. 30
97.58
97. 06
96. 05
98.65
98. 06
42.6
42.8
44.
44.8
45.8
46.1
42.1
40.8
40.0
40.9
41.7
41.3
40.7
41.8
41.2
$91.96
101. 50
98.83
96. 64
96. 88
97.11
96.88
101. 57
106. 26
105. 50
113.27
108. 88
110. 85
113. 71
111.11
39.3
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.4
41.5
40.2
41.8
42.0
41.7
43.4
42.2
42.8
43.4
42.9
42.3
42.4
43.2
43.0
42.4
41.0
41.2
42.0
42.0
41.4
42.4
41.9
41.7
41.9
41.3
1955: Average_____ $83.58
1956: Average_____ 89.67
A pril........... .
88.60
M ay________ 89. 66
June_______
88. 82
July________
89.46
August.......... . 89.25
September___ 91.59
October........... 91.16
November___ 91.38
December___
92.88
1957: January_____ 90.73
February____ 90.73
March_____
90.72
A pril.............. 88.82
42.0
42.7
42.8
42.9
42.7
42.4
42.5
43.0
42.6
42.5
43.0
42.2
42.2
42.0
41.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.14 $88. 27
2.21 88.20
2.18 86.93
2.17 86.11
2.18 84. 05
2.18 83. 23
2.16 85. 28
2.20 90.31
2.28 91.38
2. 28 89. 88
2.35 92. 66
2.34 90. 72
2.32 91.58
2. 34 91.14
2.33 90.06
42.0
41.4
42.2
41.4
41.5
41.2
40.3
41.0
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.3
$2.16
2.27
2. 25
2. 24
2. 27
2.27
2.26
2. 30
2.30
2. 30
2. 32
2. 32
2. 32
2.31
2.32
Oilfield machinery
and tools
$2.06 $86.90
2.17 92.45
2.17 91.16
2.17 92.44
2.18 92.23
2.15 92.87
2.15 93.95
2.19 93.93
2.20 94.37
2.20 93. 46
2.23 94. 57
2.23 92.62
2.24 94. 75
2.25 93.44
2.26 93.83
Special-industry ma
chinery (except
metal working ma
chinery) 5
41.6
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.7
40.4
40.0
40.2
41.1
40.4
42.1
41.0
40.3
41.1
40.6
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
43.7
42.2
42.2
41.6
41.0
41.0
41.0
42.6
42.7
42.0
42.9
42.0
42.4
42.0
41.5
Screw-machine
products
$2.02 $82.94
2. 09 85.63
2. 06 84.74
2. 07 84.15
2.05 82.37
2.03 82.60
2. 08 83. 40
2.12 85.26
2.14 87.13
2.14 86.94
2.16 89. 65
2.16 89. 66
2.16 90. 08
2.17 89. 66
2.17 8S.83
Diesel and other in
ternal combustion, Agricultural machin
not elsewhere clas
ery and tractors 4
sified
$2. 34 $90. 72
2. 44 93.98
2.37 94.95
2.34 92. 74
2. 34 94.21
2. 34 93. 52
2. 41 91.08
2. 43 94.30
2. 53 93. 84
2. 53 94.07
2. 61 95. 82
2. 58 94. 89
2. 59 94.66
2.62 94.02
2. 59 93.50
Construction and min
ing machinery, ex
cept for oilfields
1955: Average.......... $87.14
1956: Average_____ 92.01
April................ 93. 74
M ay..............
93.31
June________ 92.43
July________
88.15
August______ 88. 58
September___ 91.98
October_____ 92.40
November___ 91.08
December___
94. 55
1957: January.......... 93.44
February........ 93. 41
M arch______
94.28
April............... 93.34
Steel springs
$2.14 $89.02
2. 27 90.17
2.25 89. 38
2. 24 88. 32
2. 30 88. 73
2. 34 88. 07
2. 27 86. 40
2.31 88. 44
2.31 93. 71
2. 33 92.11
2. 34 98. 94
2.35 95.94
2.36 93. 50
2. 36 96.17
2. 38 94.60
Steam engine s, turbines, and water
wheels
1955: Average....... .
1956: Average.........
April________
M a y ............ .
June...... .........
July.................
August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April...............
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
1955: Average...........
1956: Average_____
April....... ........
M ay................
June...... .........
July.............
August______
September___
October_____
November___
D ecem ber.....
1957 January_____
February___
M arch______
April____ _
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
42.6
42.8
43.0
43.4
43.3
43.6
42.9
42.5
42.7
42.1
42.6
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.7
$2.04
2.16
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.20
2.24
2.23
2.25
Food-products
machinery
$1.99 $84. 86
2.10 89. 45
2.07 87.78
2.09 89.04
2.08 87.99
2.11 90.94
2.10 89. 45
2.13 89.64
2.14 89.40
2.15 88.75
2.16 91.12
2.15 88.75
2.15 90.03
2.16 91.94
2.13 91.74
41.6
41.8
41.6
42.0
41.7
42.1
41.8
41.5
41.2
40.9
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.7
$83. 84
86.80
85.60
84. 99
85. 81
85.14
85. 57
87.69
87.30
87.47
89.15
89. 95
89.89
91.43
91.03
40.5
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.1
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.8
39.8
39.6
40.1
40.1
Metalworking ma
chinery 4
$98.10
108. 69
109.46
109.20
108.00
107. 49
108.14
111. 64
109. 52
107.12
111. 44
110.16
111.10
111. 50
111. 25
43.6
45.1
45.8
45.5
45.0
44.6
44.5
45.2
44.7
43.9
45.3
44.6
44.8
44.6
44.5
$2.25
2.41
2.39
2.40
2.40
2.41
2.43
2.47
2.45
2.44
2.46
2. 47
2.48
2.50
2.50
Textile machinery
$2.04 $74.11
2.14 76.59
2.11 76.54
2.12 76.18
2.11 75.62
2.16 75. 67
2.14 76.63
2.16 78.35
2.17 78. 44
2.17 78.85
2.18 78. 85
2.17 78. 47
2.18 78.25
2.21 77.68
2.20 76. 57
41.4
41.4
41.6
41.4
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.9
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.3
$1.79
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
40.9
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.2
39.5
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.9
43.7
45.8
46.2
46.0
45.4
45.1
44.7
46.0
45.9
45.3
46.1
44.7
44.8
44.0
43.7
$2.15 $79.80
2.24 82.37
2.21 81.78
2.20 80.98
2.21 82.40
2. 20 81.30
2. 20 83. 62
2. 29 82.43
2.29 80. 47
2.29 82.04
2. 31 84. 93
2.33 84.67
2.33 86.07
2. 33 89. 47
2. 33 89.06
$2.18
2.32
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.29
2.32
2.37
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.39
Paper-industries
machinery
$89.40
97.48
94.60
95.89
98.37
96.98
98.12
100. 58
96. 92
100.19
106.00
102.86
101. 77
100.04
99.82
44.7
46.2
45.7
46.1
46.4
46.4
46.5
47.0
45.5
46.6
48.4
47.4
46.9
46.1
46.0
41.8
42.2
42.6
42.2
42.1
41.8
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.7
42. 6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
$2.00
2.11
2.07
2.08
2.12
2.09
2.11
2.14
2.13
2.15
2.19
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
40.1
39.6
39.7
39.5
40.0
38.9
40.2
38.7
38.5
38.7
39.5
39.2
39.3
40.3
40.3
42.5
43.2
43.8
43.5
43.0
42.8
41.8
42.3
42.7
42.1
43.3
42.3
42.6
42.6
42.9
$92. 60
102. 70
100.05
102.93
102.93
104. 75
101.24
105.16
104.44
105.12
103.10
101.91
104.16
101.86
102. 53
41.9
43.7
43.5
43.8
43.8
44.2
42.9
44.0
43.7
43.8
43.5
43.0
43.4
42.8
42.9
$2.20
2. 30
2.27
2.26
2.28
2.28
2. 29
2.33
2.36
2. 36
2.40
2.39
2.40
2.40
2.36
42.4
42.5
43.1
43.1
42.7
41.8
41.7
42.2
42.2
41.6
42.5
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.4
$2.05
2.17
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.14
2.16
2.20
2.20
2.21
2.23
2. 22
2. 24
2. 24
2. 26
Machine-tool
accessories
$2.16 $102. 52
2.26 115.12
2.23 116.46
2. 25 115. 67
2.24 115.37
2.26 114.30
2.25 116.94
2.27 119.08
2. 30 114.88
2.31 110. 74
2.33 116.28
2.34 116. 68
2.35 118.36
2.36 119. 73
2. 37 119. 02
Printing-trades ma
chinery and equip
ment
41.4
41.5
42.1
41.4
41.5
41.2
40.3
41.2
41.1
41.1
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.0
Construction and
mining m achinery4
$1.99 $86. 92
2. 08 92.23
2. 06 92. 67
2. 05 93.10
2. 06 92.23
2.09 89. 45
2.08 90.07
2.13 92.84
2.09 92. 84
2.12 91.94
2.15 94. 78
2.16 93. 24
2.19 93. 86
2.22 93. 86
2. 21 93.56
Metalworking ma
chinery (except ma
chine tools)
$91.80
97.63
97.67
97.88
96.32
96.73
94.05
96.02
98. 21
97.25
100. 89
98.98
100.11
100. 54
101.67
Engines and turbines *
$2.09 $91.08
2.21 95.45
2.18 95.57
2.19 93.56
2.19 94.62
2.20 93.94
2.21 92.29
2. 25 96. 00
2.25 97. 00
2.25 97. 00
2. 27 100. 32
2. 27 98.47
2. 27 99.12
2. 28 99. 36
2. 28 96. 76
Agricultural machin
ery (except tractors)
Machine tools
$95.27
106. 26
105.80
105.80
104. 42
103. 28
103. 70
109. 02
108.32
107.81
110.64
106.83
107.07
105.16
104.44
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
43.2 $1.92 $87.36
42.6
2. 01 93. 26
1.98 92.87
42.8
42.5
1.98 92.42
41.6
1.98 92.20
41.3
2.00 91.96
41.7
2. 00 92.16
42.0
2.03 95.18
42.5
2. 05 94. 73
42.0
2.07 93.83
43. 1 2. 08 96.70
42.9
2.09 95.11
43.1
2.09 95.11
42.9
2.09 95. 30
42.5
2. 09 94. 39
Tractors
$2.07 $87.94
2.17 90. 27
2.14 88.84
2.13 88. 44
2.14 88.62
2.15 88. 44
2.15 86.90
2.22 91.83
2.21 92. 06
2. 22 91.37
2. 24 92.63
2.26 93.67
2. 27 92. 73
2. 28 93. 20
2. 27 92.97
Machinery (except electrical)
44.0
45.5
46.4
45.9
45.6
45.0
45.5
45.8
44.7
43.6
45.6
45.4
45.7
45.7
45.6
$2.33
2. 53
2. 51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2. 57
2.60
2. 57
2. 54
2. 55
2. 57
2.59
2.62
2. 61
General industrial
machinery 4
$2.21 $86.11
2.35 92. 87
2.30 91.81
2.35 92.23
2.35 92.44
2.37 90. 27
2.36 92. 42
2.39 95.44
2.39 95.44
2.40 94.78
2.37 96. 77
2.37 93.44
2.40 93. 44
2.38 93.63
2.39 91.49
41.8
42.6
42.7
42.7
42.6
41.6
42.2
42.8
42.8
42.5
43.2
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
$2.06
2.18
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.23
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.21
895
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table
C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Pumps,"air and gas
compressors
tifi*
1955: Average_____ $84.45 1 41. 6
1956: Average_____ 90. 53 '• 42. 5
April............ — 90. 52 1 42.9
M ay......... ...... 89.68 1 42. 5
42.6
June________ 90.31
41.2
July— ....... .
87.34
41.6
August______ 88. 61
September___ 91.58 * 42.4
October......... . 91.80
42.5
42.3
November___ 91.37
December___ 92.66
42.7
41.8
1957: January_____ 91.12
42.4
February____ 92.43
M arch____ .
41.7
90.91
April_______
41.3
90.03
$2.03
2.13
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
Office and store ma
chines and devices •
1955: Average_____ $82. 81
1956: Average_____ 90.23
88.37
April.........M ay________ 88. 56
June________ 88.91
J u l y .- ............. 91.49
August______ 90.23
September___ 93.41
October......... . 93.86
November___ 92. 06
December___ 93.41
1957: January_____ 91.46
February------ 91.21
90. 76
M arch......... .
89.24
April_______
40.2
41.2
41.1
41.0
40.6
41.4
41.2
41.7
41.9
41.1
41.7
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.2
40.4
41.0
41.3
41.1
40.8
42.5
39.8
40.5
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.3
39.5
39.9
40.1
$86.51
97. 61
95. 67
95. 44
98. 76
95.34
97.81
102.66
102.26
98. 87
101.09
96.98
98.56
99.83
99.59
$2.06
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.20
2.19
2. 20
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.18
2. 20
2.22
41.0
43.0
42.9
42.8
43.7
42.0
42.9
43.5
43.7
42.8
43.2
41.8
42.3
42.3
42.2
40.3
41.4
41.2
41.4
40.7
42.4
41.6
41.9
42.0
40.8
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.0
40.3
40.8
40.1
41.2
38.7
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.7
38.9
38.9
40.1
39.9
40.8
40.1
38.2
41.0
41.8
41.9
41.5
41.8
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.8
41.4
42.4
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.0
41.1
40.7
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.9
42.0
43.1
43.1
42.0
39.6
39.4
39.9
39.8
42.1
41.7
42.0
41.5
41.4
41.0
41.1
41.8
41.8
41.6
42.6
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.1
42.2
41.8
41.9
42.2
41.0
39.4
40.8
42.0
41.5
42.3
43.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
40.7
40.8
40.3
41.1
39.3
39.8
40.3
39.6
40.2
39.6
39.6
40.4
39.7
40.5
40.0
38.6
40.9
41.2
41.6
40.9
41.0
40.1
40.2
41.4
41.4
41.2
42.4
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.5
42.8
42.9
42.9
42.9
42.6
41.8
42.8
42.8
43.1
42.3
43.4
42.0
42.1
42.0
41.2
41.0
40.6
40.4
39.8
39.1
40.1
39.1
41.3
40.8
40.9
41.4
37.8
38.7
38.2
36.7
43.5
41.4
41.7
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.0
41.3
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.4
41.1
41.0
39.7
41.3
41.9
42.3
42.5
42.0
40.8
42.1
42.2
41.6
41.2
42.3
42.0
41.4
42.1
41.7
$2.06
2.17
2.14
2.15
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.21
2.20
2.19
2.21
2.22
2.21
2.23
2.24
Commercial la undry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing mac hiñes
$2.08 $78.06
2.20 81.34
2.17 81.14
2.12 80.18
2.14 79.79
2.17 80. 56
2. 21 80. 56
2.24 81.93
2.24 79. 77
2. 26 80.34
2. 28 83.13
2.24 79.56
2. 22 79.20
2. 22 80.59
2.20 81.73
Ball and roller
bearings
$2.03 $90.92
2.16 89.01
2.14 88.82
2.13 84.85
2.14 85.44
2.14 85.01
2.18 84.40
2.21 89.62
2. 21 92.38
2.21 92.80
2. 22 94.33
2. 22 91.91
2.22 91.24
2.22 91.43
2.23 87.34
Mechanical stokers,
and industrial
furnaces and ovens
$2.11 $85.08
2.22 90.92
2.18 90.52
2.20 91.38
2.19 91.56
2.19 88.94
2.23 91. 78
2.26 93.26
2.27 91.52
2.27 90.23
2.29 93. 48
2.28 93.24
2. 26 91.49
2.29 93. 88
2. 27 93.41
Domestic laundry
equipment
$2.05 $85.28
2.14 89.32
2.13 87. 67
2.11 84.38
2.12 83.67
2.12 87.02
2.15 86.41
2.17 92. 51
2.16 91.39
2.18 92.43
2.19 94.39
2.18 84.67
2.19 85.91
2.19 84.80
2.18 80.74
Fabricated pipe, fit
tings, and valves
$2.04 $83.03
2.15 88. 99
2.12 89.02
2.12 87.12
2.13 87.74
2.13 85.81
2.14 87. 64
2.18 91.49
2.19 91.49
2.20 91.05
2. 22 94.13
2. 21 91.02
2.21 91.24
2.22 90.58
2. 21 90.32
Mechanical powertransmission equip
ment
$2.06 $90.31
2.18 95.24
2.15 93.52
2.15 94.38
2.13 93.29
2.13 91.54
2.17 95.44
2.22 96.73
2.21 97.84
2. 26 96.02
2.27 99.39
2.20 95.76
2. 21 95.15
2. 22 96.18
2.23 93. 52
Service-industry and
household machines 5
$1.90 $83. 64
2.00 86.24
1.96 87. 54
1.96 82.92
1.97 84.38
1.99 85.44
1.99 85.14
2.05 87.23
2.04 85. 54
2.08 86.33
2.06 88.48
1.93 86. 55
1.93 88.70
1.94 87.60
1.95 84.15
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts 5
$2.07 $85.88
2.15 89. 66
2.14 89.04
2.12 87.98
2.13 88.18
2.12 87.33
2.16 87.95
2.18 91.12
2.17 91.54
2.20 91.52
2.21 94. 57
2.20 92.60
2.22 92.38
2. 21 92.35
2.20 90.83
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
$1.95 $86.93
2.07 91.12
2.04 90.09
2.04 90.73
2.08 87.33
2.10 83.92
2.08 88.54
2.09 93.24
2.11 91.72
2.09 95.60
2.13 97.61
2.13 87.78
2.12 88.18
2.12 89.47
2.11 90.76
Typewriters6
$2.21 $76.00
2.32 82.20
2. 27 79. 77
2.29 78.60
2.32 79.19
2.34 80. 60
2.32 81.39
2.39 86.10
2.38 87.92
2.37 89. 65
2.36 86.52
2.37 76.43
2.38 76.04
2.38 77.41
2.36 77. 61
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
$84. 46
86.22
88.17
82.04
84. 56
84.80
85. 54
86. 55
84. 41
85.58
88.62
87.78
90. 58
88.62
84.04
Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
$2.11 $79.95
2.27 86.53
2.23 85.48
2.23 84.66
2.26 1 86.94
2.27 87.57
2.28 85. 70
2.36 87. 57
2.34 88. 20
2.31 86. 53
2.34 90.31
2.32 87.76
2.33 85. 65
2.36 86.28
2.36 85.46
Computing machines
and cash registers
$2.06 $89.06
2.19 96.05
2.15 93. 52
2.16 94.81
2.19 94.42
2.21 99.22
2.19 96. 51
2.24 100.14
2.24 99.96
2.24 96.70
2.24 98.88
2.22 99.30
2.23 98.53
2.23 97. 58
2. 22 95.11
Sewing machines
1955: Average_____ $83.22
1956: Average_____ 88.97
April.......... — 89.62
M ay________ 88.78
June________ 88.13
July------------- 93.50
August--------- 87.16
September___ 89.10
88. 26
October_____
Novenber____ 88.04
88.44
December___
86. 46
1957: January____
February____ 86.11
87.78
March______
April------------ 89.02
Conveyors and con
veying equipment
41.3
41.5
41.4
40.7
40.5
41.1
41.1
41.8
40.7
41.2
42.2
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.7
$1.89
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.96
Machine shoj>s (job
and repai r)
$2.09 $85.45
2.15 90. 31
2.13 89.25
2.09 89. 67
2.12 89.67
2.12 89.25
2.11 89.88
2.17 91.57
2.21 91.36
2. 22 91. 32
2.23 94.81
2. 22 93.93
2. 22 93.93
2.23 93.68
2.20 92.82
42.3
42.2
42.3
42.1
42.1
41.9
42.0
42.2
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.5
42.5
42.2
42.0
$2.02
2.14
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.21
2. 21
2. 21
2.22
2. 21
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
1955: Average........ $76. 52
1956: Average_____ 80.78
¡'April_____ .. 80. 36
¡¡May------------ 79. 77
79.98
Ju n e ..............
July------------- 79.40
A u g u st-------- 80.19
September___ 82.61
October_____ 83.22
November___ 83. 23
December....... 84.46
82. 82
1957: January.........
February------ 83.23
83.43
March______
82.81
April_______
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.1
40.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Electrical generating,
transmission, distri
bution, and indus
trial apparatus 5
$1.88 $80.57
1.98 87.15
1.96 86. 94
1.96 86.74
1.97 86. 94
1.98 86.73
1.98 86.92
2.01 89. 66
2.02 89. 42
2.03 89.40
2.05 90.69
2.05 88.13
2.05 88.13
2.06 88. 75
2.06 87.48
40.9
41.5
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.6
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.5
Wiring devices and
supplies
$1.97 $71.15
2.10 76.11
2.08 76.59
2.09 76.07
2.09 75.14
2.10 75. 55
2.12 74.24
2.15 77.11
2.16 77. 71
2.17 77.38
2.18 78.12
2.16 76. 97
2.16 77. 57
2.17 77.36
2.16 76.04
40.2
40.7
41.4
40.9
40.4
40.4
39.7
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.9
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.4
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
$1.77 $80.10
1.87 84.46
1.85 83.03
1.86 83.23
1.86 83. 44
1.87 84.66
1.87 83.84
1.89 85.48
1.90 83.62
1.92 84.86
1.91 86.93
1.91 85.88
1.92 84.65
1.93 85.83
1.93 85. 26
41.5
41.2
40.9
40.8
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.9
40.2
40.8
41.2
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.6
Electrical indicating,
measuring, and re
cording instruments
$1.93 $74. 56
2.05 80.16
2.03 80.56
2.04 79. 56
2.04 82. 74
2.08 78.39
2.07 79. 76
2.09 81.58
2.08 82.01
2.08 81.00
2.11 83.23
2.10 80.00
2.08 81.61
2.11 81.0C
2.1C 80.8C
Motors, generators,
and motor-generator
sets
40.3 $1.85 $85.90
1.96 90.86
40.9
41.1
1.96 89.86
1.95 88. 56
40.8
1.97 90. 25
42.0
40.2
1.95 90.01
1. 95 90.13
40.9
1.98 94.39
41.2
40.8
2.01 92.89
2.02 93.11
40.1
41. C 2.03 95.08
1.99 91.98
40.2
40.4
2.02 91.53
2.02 92.3S
40.1
40. C 2.02 90.63
41.1
41.3
41.6
41.0
41.4
41.1
40.6
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.1
$2.09
2.20
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.22
2.28
2.26
2.26
2.28
2.26
2.26
2. 27
2. 26
896
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able C 1: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees '—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn horns earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Electrical machinery—Continued
Powt r and d stribution transfo rmers
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
April_______
M ay________
June_______
July-----------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January....... .
February____
M arch,. . . . _
April_______
$84.03
92.62
92.23
92. 87
92.20
93.72
94.98
96.08
95.95
97.71
97.02
93.89
94. 76
95.17
94.30
41.
42.1
42.7
42.6
42.
42.6
42.4
42.7
41.9
42.3
42.0
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.0
$2.02 $80.IS
2.20 90. 3C
2.16 90. 95
2.18 91. 37
2.19 90.73
2.20 90.29
2.24 90.07
2.25 93.50
2.29 93. 48
2.31 92.80
2.31 94. 30
2.29 91. 91
2.30 91. 72
2.31 92.13
2.30 91.91
Electric lamps
1955: Average_____ $68.80
1956: Average_____ 75.07
April___ . . . 78. 86
M ay________ 75. 26
June________ 73. 75
July----- ------- 71.50
August______ 72.76
September___ 73.60
October_____
74.05
November___ 76.57
December___ 77.74
1957: January_____ 78.12
February____ 77. 55
March______
77.36
April_______
76.19
40.0
40.8
42.4
40.9
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.0
39.6
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.1
Switchgear, switch
board, and indus
trial controls
$1. 72
1. 84
1.86
1. 84
1.83
1. 81
1. 81
1.84
1.87
1.90
1. 91
1. 91
1. 91
1.91
1.90
40.7
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.5
42.3
41.8
42.1
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.4
$1.97
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.20
2. 21
2.22
2.24
2.22
2. 21
2.22
2.22
Communication
equipment 8
$72.09
75. 95
75. 33
75.14
74. 59
73.30
75.76
77.33
78.12
77. 95
78.55
78.40
79. 58
79. 59
79.19
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.1
39.2
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.7
40.0
40.6
40.4
40.2
Electrical welding
apparatus
$91. 35
101.20
103.05
105. 56
103. 73
102. 56
99. 76
102.08
102. 75
97.78
100. 99
99. 79
100. 25
101.38
97.44
43.5
44.0
45.0
45.5
45.1
44.4
43.0
44.0
44.1
42.7
44.1
43.2
43.4
43.7
42.0
$2.10 $79.17
2.30 80.60
2.29 81.00
2.32 80.00
2.30 78. 79
2. 31 81.18
2.32 81.20
2.32 82. 41
2.33 84. 87
2.29 84.25
2. 29 83.01
2.31 82. 58
2.31 82.74
2.32 82. 92
2. 32 82.68
Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
$1.78 $69. 77
1.88 72.98
1.86 72.00
1. 86 72.22
1.86 72.40
1.87 72. 83
1.88 73.75
1.90 74.74
1. 91 75.70
1.92 74. 77
1. 93 75. 76
1. 96 75.24
1.96 76.40
1.97 76.80
1.97 76.61
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.9
40.0
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
Electrical appliances
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.2
39.6
40.0
40.2
41.0
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.3
39.0
40.0
39.1
39.7
39.9
38.7
37.2
38.8
40.0
39.7
38.8
39.0
37.7
39.1
39.3
38.9
Electrical machinery—Continued
Storage batteries
1955: Average_____ $84.86
1956: Average_____ 87.12
April_______
83. 21
M ay_______
82.99
June________ 83. 77
July------------- 83.77
August______ 86. 71
September___ 88.99
October_____
93.93
November___ 94.30
December___ 96.11
1957: January___
89.10
February____ 89.54
M arch____
88.44
April__ ..
85.89
41.6
40.9
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.7
40.9
41.2
42.5
42.1
43.1
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.4
$2.04 $61.69
2.13 64.48
2.07 64.88
2.08 64.40
2.11 64.16
2.11 63.20
2.12 63.36
2.16 64.39
2. 21 66.00
2.24 65.74
2.23 65.90
2.20 66.86
2.20 67.43
2.20 68.34
2.18 70.69
Truck and bus bodies
1955: Average____ $81.38
1956: Average... _.
81.41
April_______
80.78
M ay______
81.20
June________ 82.22
July........ ........ 80.60
August______ 83. 44
September___ 81.80
October_____ 81.58
November___ 81.58
December___ 84.85
1957: January____
81.35
February____ 83.79
March__ ..
85.01
April........ ...... 85.44
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.0
40.5
39.9
40.9
40.1
39.6
39.6
40.6
39.3
39.9
40.1
40.3
Primary batteries
(dry and wet)
39.8
39.8
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.0
39.6
39.5
40.0
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.2
41.1
Trailers (truck and
automobile)
$1.98 $84.44
2.02 82.80
1.98 82.00
2.03 84.65
2.03 82.19
2.02 80.99
2.04 82. 41
2.04 84.00
2.06 84.84
2.06 80.47
2.09 81.97
2.07 80.11
2.10 78. 74
2.12 79.75
2.12 79.93
41.8
40.0
40.0
40.5
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.4
38.5
39.6
38.7
38.6
38.9
38.8
$1. 83 $83.64
1.97 84. 42
1. 94 80.58
1. 95 79. 58
1.94 80.55
1.99 81. 56
1.99 83. 37
2.01 87. 94
2.03 89. 84
2.05 90. 47
2.04 94.13
2.04 86.62
2.03 85. 32
2.04 84.10
2.03 83.64
Telephone, telegraph,
and related equip
ment
$1.66
1.72
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.71
1.73
1. 75
1.76
1.75
1.75
1. 75
1. 77
1.78
1.79
40.4
40.9
41.2
41.3
41.3
40.5
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.5
39.9
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
$2.01 $93. 44
2.14 94. 71
2.12 91.76
2.14 89.89
2.12 91.37
2.14 93.84
2.16 94.25
2.15 97.47
2.16 99.07
2.18 100.86
2.20 105.95
2.18 99. 25
2.19 98.36
2.20 97.82
2.20 96.87
Aircraft and parts 5
$2.02 $89. 62
2.07 95.99
2.05 93.83
2.09 94. 69
2.06 95.08
2.04 95.95
2.05 97. 29
2.10 97. 94
2.10 97. 71
2.09 98.37
2.07 100.39
2.07 99. 26
2.04 98.56
2.05 99.17
2.06 99.12
42.1
42.8
43.3
42.7
42.5
41.7
42.4
43.7
43.4
42.9
43.4
41.8
41.6
41.9
42.1
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
$90. 94
95.24
95.26
93.94
92.62
84. 89
92.60
95.22
95.67
101. 22
100.55
100. 25
100. 53
98. 67
97.98
43.1
42.9
43.3
42.7
42.1
39.3
41.9
42.7
42.9
44.2
44.1
43.4
43.9
42.9
42.6
41.2
40.2
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.4
39.7
40.9
41.4
41.5
42.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
38.9
$2.03
2.10
2.04
2.03
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.15
2.17
2.18
2. 23
2.16
2.16
2.14
2.15
Miscellaneous elec
trical products 8
$2.11 $74. 48
2. 22 78. 34
2.20 77. 08
2.20 76.73
2.20 76. 36
2.16 76. 57
2. 21 77.14
2.23 78. 74
2.23 81.73
2.29 82.19
2.28 83. 42
2.31 81.20
2. 29 82.01
2.30 81.00
2.30 81.00
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.8
41.7
41.3
41.5
40.4
40.6
40.5
40. 5
$1.83
1.92
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.93
1.96
1. 99
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.00
2.00
Transportation equipment
X-ray and nonradio
electronic tubes
$1.55 $81. 20
1.62 87.53
1.61 87.34
1.61 88.38
1.60 87.56
1.58 86.67
1.60 88.56
1.63 88.15
1.65 88.78
1.66 89.60
1.66 89.10
1.68 86.76
1.69 87.60
1.70 89.10
1.72 87.78
$1.95 $77.04
2.02 84.32
2.02 84. 00
2.01 83.27
2.01 82. 45
2.05 82.98
2.03 84. 38
2.05 87.84
2.07 88.10
2.07 87.95
2.07 88. 54
2.08 85. 27
2.10 84. 45
2.11 85.48
2.12 85.46
Radio tubes
$1.74 $66. 40
1.82 67. 25
1.80 67. 49
1.81 67. 83
1.81 65.40
1. 83 63. 61
1.83 67.12
1. 85 70. 00
1.86 69. 87
1.86 67.90
1. 88 68.25
1.90 65. 98
1. 91 69. 21
1.92 69. 95
1.92 69. 63
Insulated wire and
cable
41.3
42.1
41.7
41.9
41.7
41.9
42.3
42.4
42.3
42.4
42.9
42.6
42.3
42.2
42.0
$2.17 $89.40
2.28 94. 89
2.25 94.02
2. 26 94.43
2.28 93. 75
2.29 95.49
2.30 96.60
2.31 96.60
2.31 96.79
2.32 97.25
2.34 97.67
2.33 97. 71
2.33 97. 21
2.35 98.05
2.36 98.18
41.9
41.0
40.6
39.6
39.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.7
$2.23
2.31
2.26
2.27
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.36
2.37
! 2.39
2.43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.38
$97. 78
94. 71
90. 57
85. 58
88.09
92.57
92.90
99.06
102. 41
105.72
112.95
100.36
99.29
97.12
95.04
42.7
40.3
39.9
37.7
38.3
39.9
39.7
40.6
41.8
42.8
45.0
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.6
$2.29
2.35
2.27
2.27
2.30
2. 32
2.34
2 44
2.45
2.47
2. 51
2.43
2.41
2.41
2.40
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
41.2
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.3
41.7
42.0
42.0
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.9
41.6
Automobiles *
m"
$2.17
2.27
2.26
2.27
2. 27
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2.31
2.32
2.31
2.32
2.34
2.36
$88.97
96. 67
92.35
93.18
94.89
96.22
97. 55
99.76
99.76
99.26
104.92
102.82
102. 62
101.20
100.49
41.0
42.4
41.6
41.6
41.8
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.0
42.6
43.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
42.4
Motor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessories
$98.87
96.15
91.54
86.02
88.77
93. 77
93.85
100.94
103.91
107. 75
115.32
101.84
101.02
98.17
96.23
42.8
40.4
39.8
37.4
38.1
39.9
39.6
40.7
41.9
43.1
45.4
41.4
41.4
40.4
39.6
$2.31
2.38
2.30
2.30
2.33
2.35
2.37
2.48
2.48
2.50
2.54
2.46
2.44
2.43
2.43
Aircraft propellers
and parts
$2.17 $90.47
2.28 96.93
2.22 93.44
2.24 95.42
2. 27 94.92
2.28 97.13
2. 29 96. 50
2.32 98. 27
2.32 97. 81
2.33 99.62
2. 39 103.84
2.38 92.52
2.37 95.17
2.37 97.16
2.37 102.82
41.5
42.7
41.9
42.6
42.0
42.6
42.7
43.1
42.9
43.5
44.0
40.4
41.2
41.7
43.2
$2.18
2.27
2.23
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.26
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.36
2.29
2.31
2.33
2.38
897
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment—Continued
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
1955: Average_____
1956: Average,..
April_______
M ay________
June________
Ju ly ------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January___ _
February____
M arch ,......... .
April_______
$90. 46
98. 24
95. 82
97 38
99. 36
96. 87
98 21
99. 72
99.76
101. 32
104. 31
101. 76
100. 15
101. 05
100. 82
41.7
42. £
42.4
42. £
43.2
42.3
42. 7
42.8
43.0
43.3
44.2
43.3
42.8
43.0
42.9
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing 8
$2.17 $83.53
2. 2£ 89.1C
2. 26 87.74
2.27 88.84
2.3C 89. 6C
2. 2£ 89.60
2.30 90. 35
2. 33 91.14
2.32 90.68
2.34 90.40
2. 36 94. 71
2. 35 93.67
2.34 94.40
2. 35 94.80
2. 35 94.64
Shipbuilding and
repairing
$2.12 $86. 63
39.
2.25 92.27
39 e
2. 21 90.23
39.7
2. 21 92.0C
40.2
40. C 2.24 92.57
40. C 2.24 92.23
2. 27 92.73
39.8
2. 2£ 93. 53
39.8
39.6
2. 28 93.06
38.8
2.33 93.12
40.3
2.35 97. 77
40 2 2. 33 96.88
2.36 97. 11
40.0
2. 37 97.76
40.0
40.1
2.36 97. 36
39.
39. €
39.4
40.6
39. £
40.
39.8
39.8
39.6
38.8
40.4
40. 2
39.8
39.9
39.9
$2. 21
2.31
2. 2£
2. 3C
2. 32
2. 3C
2. 38
2. 35
2. 35
2.46
2.42
2. 41
2.44
2. 45
2. 44
Transportation equipment—Continued
Failroad and street
cars
1955: Average_____ $88.20
1956: Average_____ 91. 96
April________ 92.75
M ay________ 90. 24
June________ 89 30
July------------- 93. 38
August______ 85. 88
September___ 94.95
October_____ 97. 84
November___ 91.63
97.11
December___
1957: January_____ 97.66
February____ 98.40
M a rch .., . . . 99.94
April________ 99.85
39.2
38.8
39.3
38.4
38 0
39.4
36.7
39.4
40.1
38.5
39.8
39. 7
40.0
40.3
40.1
Other transportation
equipment
$2.25 $77.83
2.37 77. 59
2.36 78. 55
2.35 77. 59
2.35 80.20
2. 37 78.00
2.34 77.60
2.41 79. 15
2.44 78.72
2.38 76.61
2. 44 77. 02
2.46 77. 42
2. 46 80.40
2.48 79.99
2. 49 79.40
41.4
40.2
40.7
40.2
40.3
40.0
40.0
40.8
41 0
39.9
38 9
39.3
40.4
40.4
40. 1
$1.88
1.93
1. 93
1.93
1.99
1. 95
1.94
1. 94
1. 92
1. 92
1.98
1. 97
1. 99
1.98
1. 98
Boatbuilding and
repairing
$70. 3C
73. 57
74. oa
74. 7C
73. 31
72. 5C
75. 76
73. 87
75.60
74.07
74. 64
74.43
78. 06
76.14
78. 31
40.4
40.
40. £
41.
40.5
39.4
40.
39.5
40.0
39.4
39.7
39.8
41.3
40. 5
41.0
$1.74 $90.45
i.8a 94. 5C
1. 81 94. 71
1.8C 93. ia
1. 81 93. 22
1.84 95. 9£
1.89 88.54
1. 87 96 96
1. 89 97.77
1.88 93.30
1.88 98. 58
1.87 98.74
1.89 98. 98
1.88 100.28
1. 91 100. 44
1955: Average,........ $69.02
1956: Average_____ 71. 51
70. 82
April_______
M ay________ 70. 53
70.00
June............. .
70.75
Ju ly ............. .
August............ 71. 51
September___ 72.50
October_____
72.04
November___ 73.75
73.12
December___
1957: January_____ 72. 94
February,....... 74.48
M arch............. 73. 71
72. 98
April_______
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.0
40.2
40.4
40. 5
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.1
$1.70 $62.52
1.77 64.48
1.74 65.19
1.75 64. 96
1.75 66. 26
1.76 64. 80
1.77 63. 28
1.79 64.40
1.81 64.00
1.83 64. 64
1.81 65. 93
1.81 64. 55
1.83 66. 23
1.82 67. 77
1.82 67.20
Jewelry and findings
1955: Average........... $67.04
1956: Average........... 69.06
April________ 69.39
M ay________ 70.30
June________ 68. 39
J u ly ................ 65. 01
August— ........ 67.32
September___ 68. 39
71.74
October_____
November___ 71.91
73. 27
December___
1957: January_____ 68. 28
February____ 68. 85
68.80
M arch______
April............... 69. 25
41.9
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.2
39.4
40.8
41.2
42.2
42.3
42.6
40.4
40.5
40.0
39.8
See'footnotes at end of table.
4 3 0 1 1 8 -5 7 -
-8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ophthalmic goods
40.6
40.3
41.0
40.6
40.9
40.0
39.8
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.2
39.6
39.9
40. 1
40.0
Total: Instruments
and related products
Laboratory, scien
tific, and engineer
ing instruments
$77. 93
82.01
81.79
81.39
81.20
81.81
82. 21
84.26
84.05
83. 64
84.87
84.66
85. 69
85.47
85.47
$88. 99
94. 95
93. 91
93. 91
92. 99
95.40
96.02
98.01
97. 33
95. 11
98. 18
99. 03
99.26
98.65
97.16
40.8
40.8
41. 1
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.7
41. 1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40 7
41.0
40.7
40.7
$1. 91
2.01
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.02
2. 02
2. 05
2.05
2.05
2.07
2. 08
2.09
2. 10
2.10
$1.60 $80.14
1.66 83.38
1. 66 79.95
1. 69 78.78
1.66 77.39
1.65 81. 20
1.65 84. 02
1.66 87. 72
1.70 89. 42
1.70 92. 14
1.72 90. 67
1.69 82. 00
1.70 84.66
1. 72 86.72
1.74 84.65
42.4
41.9
41.0
40.4
40.1
40.6
41.8
43.0
43.2
44.3
43.8
41.0
41.5
42.3
41.7
Photographic appa
ratus
$1.54 $85. 70
1.60 91.46
1. 59 89. 82
1.60 89.60
1.62 89. 84
1.62 91.62
1. 59 92. 29
1.61 93. 34
1.60 93.75
1. 62 93.30
1. 64 94. 85
1.63 94.30
1.66 93. 89
1.69 93.84
1.68 94.48
Silverware and plated
ware
Locomotives and
parts
$2. 2 $94. 28
40.
39. £ 2.37 99.17
2. 3£ 99.96
40.3
2.34 100.66
39.8
2.36 102. 82
39.
40. £ 2. 37 101.01
38. C 2.33 94.86
40.4
2. 40 100.86
40.4
2.42 97. 82
39.2
2. 38 97.10
40.4
2.44 102. C6
40 3 2. 45 101. 75
40.4
2. 45 100. 85
2. 47 101.02
40.6
2.48 102.17
40.5
41. £
42.2
42.6
43.2
43.2
42.8
40.
42.2
41.1
40.8
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.4
41.7
$2.25
2.35
2. 33
2.33
2.38
2.36
2.32
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.43
2. 44
2.43
2.44
2. 45
Instruments and related products
41.2
42.2
42.3
42.3
41.7
42.4
42.3
42.8
42. 5
41.9
42.5
42.5
42.6
41.8
41.7
$2.16
2. 25
2.22
2.22
2.23
2. 25
2. 27
2.29
2.29
2.27
2.31
2. 33
2. 33
2. 36
2. 33
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.9
$1. 89 $75.44
1.99 80.54
1.95 78. 91
1. 95 78. 34
1.93 77. 76
2.00 79.37
2.01 80.16
2. 04 82.80
2. 07 83.60
2.08 84.02
2. 07 83. 21
2. 00 81.00
2. 04 82.01
2. 05 83. 43
2. 03 83. 23
41.0
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.8
41.8
41.4
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.6
Watches and clocks
$2.08 $69. 20
2. 22 70. 77
2.18 69.60
2.18 69.09
2.17 69. 87
2. 24 70. 05
2. 24 72. 25
2. 26 72. 47
2. 27 73.75
2. 27 71.21
2.28 71.76
2.30 71.97
2. 29 73. 47
2. 30 72. 34
2. 31 70. 29
Musical instruments
and parts
Mechanical measur
ing and controlling
instruments
$79 15
83.64
84. 45
83.84
82. 62
81.80
82 01
85 49
85. 49
85. 49
85.90
85 68
86. 72
86. 92
87. 76
40.8
41.0
41.6
41.3
40.5
40.1
40.2
41.1
41. 1
41.3
41. 1
40.8
41.1
41.0
41. 2
$1.94
2.04
2.03
2. 03
2.04
2.04
2. 04
2.08
2. 08
2.07
2. 09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
Optical instruments
and lenses
$78. 36
83.03
82.62
82. 41
82.00
83.02
84.05
84. 25
84.25
84.23
85. 06
83.98
85.24
85.24
86.28
40.6
40.5
40.9
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.7
39.8
40.4
40.4
40. 7
$1.93
2.05
2.02
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.11
2. 12
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical, medical,
and dental instru
ments
Railroad equipm ent8
40.0
39.1
39.1
38.6
38. 6
38.7
39.7
39.6
40.3
38.7
39.0
38.9
39.5
39.1
38.2
$1.73 $67. 40
1.81 70. 53
1.78 70. 30
1.79 69. 95
1.81 69. 77
1.81 68. 90
1. 82 69. 95
1.83 70. 93
1.83 72. 45
1. 84 71.73
1.84 72. 67
1.85 72.40
1.86 72. 94
1.85 73. 49
1. 84 72.40
Toys and sporting
goods 8 6
$1. 84 $60. 52
1. 95 62. 56
1.92 61.85
1. 92 60. 99
1.92 61.78
1.95 61.30
1.96 62.49
2.00 62.40
2.00 64. 64
2. 01 63. 41
2. 01 63.80
2. 00 66.69
2.02 67. 37
2.03 66.92
2. 05 66. 59
Total Miscellaneous
manufacturing in
dustries
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.1
39.6
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.0
$1.66 $71. 40
1.75 74. 23
1.74 73.04
1.74 73. 34
1.74 71.40
1.74 70. 05
1.74 72.75
1. 76 74.82
1.78 77.35
1.78 78.69
1.79 79.12
1.81 72. 67
1.81 74. 26
1.81 75. 07
1.81 74. 52
Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles
39.3 $1.54 $60. 28
39. 1 1.60 61.85
38.9
1.59 61. 85
1.58 61.30
38.6
39. 1 1.58 61. 86
38.8
1.58 61.23
1.59 61.86
39.3
1.60 61.15
39.0
39.9
1.62 64. 24
38.9
1.63 62.76
38.9
1.64 61. 29
39.0
1. 71 63.08
39.4
1. 71 64.08
1.69 64. 29
39.6
39.4
1. 69 63. 96
39.4
38.9
38.9
38.8
39.4
39.0
39.4
38.7
39.9
38.5
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.0
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 8
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.2
40.8
39.8
41.1
41.8
42.5
43.0
43.0
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.5
$1.70
1.78
1.76
1.78
1.75
1.76
1. 77
1. 79
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.79
1.82
1.84
1.84
Sporting and athletic
goods 8
$1. 53 $60.92
1.59 63.99
1.59 62.40
1.58 60. 90
1. 57 61.76
1. 57 61.82
1.57 63.90
1. 58 65.11
1.61 65.04
1.63 65. 27
1.63 67.73
1. 66 71. 33
1.66 71.86
1.64 71.33
1.64 70.98
39.3
39.5
39.0
38.3
38.6
38.4
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
$1. 55
1.62
1.60
1. 59
1.60
1.61
1.63
1.64
1.63
1. 64
1.66
1.77
1.77
1.77
1. 77
898
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Y ear and m onth
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn earn- hours earnings
ings
ings
1955: Average1956: Average___
April.......
M ay........
June____
July........
August—
September__
October..
November__
December...
1957: January___
February___
M arch...........
April.......
Fabricated plastic
products
$72. 80
75.35
74. 88
74.16
74. 21
74. 21
75.58
78.73
78. 77
77.61
78.21
78.06
78.25
79. 65
77.30
41.6
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3
42.1
41.9
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.4
41.7
40.9
Other m anufacturing
industries
$1.75 $70.30
1.82 74.37
1.80 75.11
1.80 74. 56
1. 81 74. 77
1.81 73.87
1.83 74.56
1.87 74. 59
1.88 74.59
1.87 73. 23
1.88 75.17
1.89 74.84
1.89 75.41
1.91 76.14
1.89 75.01
40.4
40.2
40.6
40.3
40.2
39.5
40.3
40.1
40.1
39.8
40.2
39.6
39.9
40.5
39.9
Class I ra ilro a d s7
$1.74 $82.12
1.85 88.40
1.85 86. 51
1.85 88.41
1.86 87. 78
1.87 85. 67
1.85 88.83
1.86 87.10
1.86 89.46
1.84 92.20
1.87 90.61
1.89 93.08
1.89 94.53
1.88
1.88
T ransportation and public u tilities— C ontinued
C om m unication
T elephone 8
1955: Average__
1956: Average__
April_____
M ay...........
June_____
July--------August___
September.
October___
Novem ber..
December..
1957: January__
February...
March____
April_____
- $72.07
73.47
.. 72.34
.. 72.15
73.10
74.21
72.89
- 74.21
- 74. Of
. 77.08
. 75.46
. 73.92
. 74.88
- 74.3C
. 74.50
39.6 $1.82
39.5
1.86
39.1
1.85
39.0
1.85
39.3
1.86
39.9
1.86
39.4
1.85
39.9
1.86
39.8
1.86
41.0
1.88
39. í
1.92
38.7
1.91
39. C 1.92
38.7
1.92
38.8
1.92
$2.02 $87. 57
2.11 92.89
2.08 92.96
2.10 92.48
2.12 93. 56
2.13 93. 56
2.12 92.62
2.16 94. 16
2.17 92.92
2.16 96.00
2.17 95.47
2.18 94.13
2.17 95.06
2.16 95.41
2.17 96.12
2.12
2.11
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.09
2.14
2.10
2.19
2 . 21
2.19
2.24
2.20
Telegraph
$78. 54
82.74
79.38
80.94
85.87
85. 24
86.28
85.26
85.26
84.03
84.03
86.32
86.94
87.57
86.11
42.0 $1.87 $86. 52 41.2
42.0
1.97 91.46
41.2
1.89 90.45
42.0
41.3
42.6
1.90 90.42
41.1
42.3
2.03 91.69
41.3
42.2
2.02
92.32
41.4
42.5
2.03 91.88
41.2
42.0
2.03 92.74
41.4
42.0
2.03 92. 66 41.0
41.6
2.02 94. 21
41.5
41.6
2.02
93. 94 41.2
41.7
2.07 92.84
40.9
41.8
2.08 92.62
40.8
41.9
2.09 93.02
40.8
41.4
2. 08 93.66
40.9
Wholesale and retail trade
W holesale trade
R etail trade (except
eating and drink-in g places)
41.5 $2.11 $77.14
40.6 $1. 90 $58. 50
41.1
2. 26 81.20
40.4
2.01
60.60
41.5
2.24 80.80
40.2
2.01
60.06
41.1
2.25 81.00
40.3
2.01
59. 75
41.4
2. 26 81.41
40.3
2.02
61.15
41.4
2.26 82.22
40.5
2.03 62.17
40.8
2.27 81. 61
40.4
2.02
61. 78
41.3
2.28 82. 82 40.6
2.04 61. 22
40.4
2.30 82. 22 40.5
2.03 60. 90
41.2
2.33 83.03
40.5
2.05 60.42
40.8
2.34 83.84
2.06 59.83
40.7
40.4
2.33 82.81
40.2
2.06 61. 50
40.8
2.33 82.81
40.2
2.06 61. 50
40.6
2.35 83.01
40.1
2.07 61.56
40.9
2.35 83.01
40.1
2.07 61. 56
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor stores Automotive and ac
cessories dealers
$61. 72
63.38
62. 50
62.87
64.39
65.62
64.90
64.30
63.78
63.98
63. 27
63. 66
63. 86
63.68
64.23
38.
37.5
37.2
37.2
38.1
38.6
38.4
37.6
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 62 $79.64
1.69 81. 28
1.68 81.03
1.
81.10
1.69 82. 59
1. 70 82.97
1.69 82.16
1. 71 81. 53
1. 71 81.03
1. 72 81.72
1. 71 81.91
1.73 82.34
1.74 82.53
1.74 82.78
1. 75 82.97
44.0
43.7
43.8
43.6
43.7
43.9
43.7
43.6
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.9
$1.87
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.99
2.00
2 . 02
2.02
2.02
2.02
E lectric lig h t and
pow er u tilities
$ 2.10
2 . 22
2.19
2.20
2 . 22
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.26
2. 27
2.28
2.27
2.27
2.28
2. 29
$87. 76
93.38
92. 57
91.91
93.18
94.69
94.24
94.21
94.58
95.26
95. 45
94.12
94.12
94. 76
96.05
41.2
41.5
41. 7
41.4
41.6
41.9
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.4
$2.13
2.25
2.22
2.22
2.24
2.26
2. 26
2.27
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.29
2.29
2. 30
2.32
39.0
38.6
38.5
38.3
38.7
39.1
39.1
38.5
38.3
38.0
38.6
38.2
38.2
38.0
38.0
$1.50
1.57
1. 56
1. 56
1. 58
1.59
1. 58
1.59
1. 59
1.59
1. 55
1. 61
1. 61
1.62
1.62
General m erchandise
stores
D ep a rtm en t
stores
and general m ail
order houses
$41. 65
43.40
42.90
42.31
44.10
44.73
44.50
43.97
43.60
42.63
43.80
43.94
43. 90
43. 65
44.38
$47. 52 36.0 $1.32
48. 77 35.6
1.37
48.36
35.3
1.37
48. 22
35.2
1.37
49. 84
35.6
1.40
50.04
36.0
1. 39
49. 90
35.9
1.39
49. 70 35.5
1.40
49.42
35.3
1.40
47.75
34.6
1.38
50.09
37.1
1. 35
49.07
34.8
1.41
49.13
34.6
1.42
48.99
34.5
1.42
50.11
34.8
1.44
Avg. wkly. earnings
35.3
35.0
34.6
34.4
35.0
35.5
35.6
34.9
34.6
34.1
36.2
34.6
34.3
34.1
34.4
$1.18
1. 24
1.24
1.23
1. 26
1. 26
1. 25
1. 26
1. 26
1.25
1. 21
1. 27
1. 28
1.28
1. 29
R etail trade—C ontinued
1955: Average____
1956: Average_____
April_______
M ay_______
June............. .
July-----------August_____
September___
October.........
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
and
Retail trade
E lectric ligh t and gas
u tilities com bined
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.6
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
$1.96
Total: Gas and elec
tric utilities
Other p ub lic u tilities—C ontinued
$82.62
86.30
84.03
85.26
86.28
86.48
86. 28
88. 99
89. 84
89. 86
89.40
90. 25
87. 67
86.83
87.23
41.9
41.7
41.0
42.3
41.6
40.6
42.5
40.7
42.6
42.1
41.0
42.5
42.2
40.9
Local railways
buslines
$80. 60 43.1
84. 48 43.1
83. 27 42.7
84. 83 43.5
85.85
43.8
85. 73 43.3
85.30
43.3
85.14
43.0
85.54
43.2
85.97
43.2
86.80
43.4
86.86
43.0
86.25
42.7
86.66
42.9
87.26
43.2
Other public utilities
Switchboard operating Line construction, in
stallation, and main
employees 8
tenance employees9
$59. 72
37.8 $1.58 $101.85
43.9 $2.32
60.70
37.7
1.61 101.36
43.5
2.33
59.36
37.1
1.60 100. 25 43.4
2.31
59.20
37.0
1.60 100. 22 43.2
2.32
60. 75
37.5
1.62 100.46
43.3
2.32
61.34
38.1
1.61 102. 75 44.1
2.33
60.16
37.6
1.60 100. 25 43.4
2.31
61.34
38.1
1.61 102.08
44.0
2.32
61.66
38.3
1.61 100. 92
43.5
2.32
65.61
40.5
1.62 102.96
44.0
2.34
60. 92 36.7
1.66 104. 01
43.7
2.38
60.26
36.3
1.66 99.88
42.5
2.35
61. 7£
37.0
1.67 100. 58 42.8
2. 35
60. 62 36.3
1.67 99.88
42.5
2.35
60.62
36.3
1. 67 101. 24 42.9
2.36
T ransportation and p ub lic u tilitie s --C on.
1955: Average___ .
1956: Average___ _
April.......... _
M ay______ _
June______ .
July---------- _
August____
September..
October___
November..
December...
1957: January___
February__
March_____
April............
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn- hours earn
ings
ings
Transportation and p ub lic u tilities
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries— C ontinued
Pens, pencils, other
C ostum e jew elry,
office supplies
button s, notions
$62.88
41.1 $1.53 $60.30
40.2
66.58
41.1
1.62 62.49
39.3
65.85
40.9
1.61 63.60
39.5
66.17
41.1
1.61 63.67
39.3
67. 24 41.0
1.64 61.62
39.0
65.93
40.2
1.64 60.13
38.3
66.01
41.0
1.61 59. 75 38.3
65. 69 40.3
1.63 60. 61 39.1
70.98
42.0
1.69 62.95
39.1
69.39
41.8
1.66 63.08
38.7
69.22
41.7
1. 66 64.64
39.9
67.24
41.0
1.64 64.06
39.3
67.89
40.9
1.66 65.27
39.8
67.49
40.9
1.65 65.67
39.8
67.23
40.5
1.66 64.02
38.8
Con.
Apparel and acces
sories stores
$1. 81 $46. 82
1.86 47.54
1. 85 46.17
1.86 46.99
1. 89 48.16
1.89 48. 36
1.88 48.28
1. 87 48.16
1.85 47.96
1.87 47.47
1.87 50.04
1. 88 48.65
1.88 48.44
1. 89 47.75
1.89 47.40
35.2
34.7
34.2
34.3
34.9
35.3
35.5
34.4
34.5
34.4
36.0
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.1
$1.33
1. 37
1.35
1.37
1.38
1. 37
1.36
1.40
1. 39
1.38
1.39
1.41
1. 40
1. 38
1.39
Other retail trade
Furniture and appli
ance stores
$66. 94 42.1 $1. 59
69. 30 42.0
1. 65
42.1
67.78
1. 61
69.37
42.3
1. 64
69.89
42.1
1. 66
69. 97 41.9
1. 67
69. 55 41.9
1. 66
69. 97
41.9
1. 67
70. 56 42.0
1.68
70.81
41.9
1.69
73.19
42.8
1. 71
70.81
41.9
1.69
68.81
41.7
1.65
69.81
41.8
1.67
70.14
42.0
1. 67
Lumber and hard
ware supply stores
$69.82
43.1 $1.62
72.68
42.5
1. 71
71.49
42.3
1.69
72. 85 42.6
1.71
74.13
43.1
1.72
74.30
43.2
1.72
74.56
43.1
1.73
74. 65 42.9
1.74
75.33
42.8
1. 76
73.43
42.2
1.74
73. 08 42.0
1.74
72. 21
41.5
1.74
72.73
41.8
1.74
72.73
41.8
1.74
42.1
73.68
1. 75
Finance, insurance,
and real estate 10
Banks Secu Insur
and
rity
ance
trust dealers car
com and ex riers
panies changes
$59. 28 $102.13 $73.29
61. 97
97.56 77.50
61.89 103. 78 76.52
61. 51 100. 53 77.08
61.53
98.19 77.39
62.11
94. 75 78.32
61. 79 96.23 77.77
61. 93 94.07 78.10
62.55
92. 87 78.21
62. 35 94.98 78.92
62.86
99.68 79.89
63. 82 101.46 79.43
63.74 100. 57 79.95
63. 89 96.38 80. 03
63. 67 97.05 80.50
899
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees
Con.
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Service and miscellaneous
Year and month
Personal services
Cleaning and dyeing plants
Laundries
1955; Avern.ge
_________
1Q5fi: Average __________
April _____________
May .
_________
June __________
July
_____________
August
_________
September _
October
_________
November__-- ___ _
December _ __ _ _
__________
1957* January
February____________
M arch.._ ___________
April______________ -
$41.09
42.13
41. 71
42.02
42.43
42.23
42. 43
42.63
42. 74
42.63
43.14
42.42
42. 32
42. 63
42. 21
41.5
40.9
41.3
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.2
$0.99
1.03
1.01
1. 03
1.04
1. 03
1.04
1. 05
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.05
1. 05
1.05
1 For coverage of these series, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A 3 .
For mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers only. For the remaining
industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees
and working supervisors.
D ata for the most recent month are subject to revision w ithout notation.
s For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
8 For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2.
.....
. . .
4 Averages shown for 1955 are not strictly comparable w ith those for later
7 8 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
8 D ata beginning with January 1957 are not strictly comparable with those
shown for earlier years.
,,
, ,
. .
7 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and termmal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.3
40.3
40. 5
40. 9
40.9
40.4
39.9
40. 2
40. 2
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.8
39. 9
40.0
$40.70
42. 32
42.12
42.54
42.95
42.42
41.90
42. 61
42. 61
42.29
42. 91
42. 59
42.59
42.69
43.20
$1.01
1.05
1. 04
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
$47. 40
49.77
49. 88
51.91
51. 69
49.90
48.39
50. 94
50. 82
50.56
50.05
49.92
48.90
49.54
52.13
39.5
39.5
39.9
41.2
40.7
39.6
38.1
39.8
39.7
39.5
39.1
38.7
38.2
38.7
40.1
$1.20
1.26
1. 25
1.26
1.27
1.26
1. 27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.30
Motion
picture production and
distribution10
$93. 78
91. 75
92. 91
93. 51
89. 54
90.20
92.06
92.87
90.13
95.73
94. 95
94.14
99.00
99.13
93. 75
8 D ata relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. In 1956, such employees made up 40 percent of the
total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting hours
and earnings data.
,,
. . ,
« Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central ofllce craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1956, such employees made
up 27 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not
available.
. . . .
ii Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
„ , ,
„^
. ,, ,
N ote : Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
DT a
SnriflQ
"Rllll
11
S o u r c e : TJ. S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads (see footnote 7).
900
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able
C-2: Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufac
turing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year
Cur
rent
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
194749 2
Net spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Year and month
Worker with no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents
Cur
rent
Cur
rent
194749 2
Cur
rent
194749*
Average__________ $23.86 $40.17 $23. 58 $39. 70 $23.62 $39. 76
41.22
Average______ ____ 25.20
42.07
24.69
24.95
41.65
Average.................... 29.58
47.03
28.05
44.59
46. 55
29.28
Average__________ 36. 65
52.58
31.77
45. 58 36. 28 52.05
Average__________ 43.14
58.30
36. 01
48. 66 41.39
55.93
38.29
Average.................... 46.08
50.92
44.06
58.59
61.28
Average.................... 44.39
57. 72 36.97
48.08
42.74
55.58
Average...............
52.54
43.82
37.72
45.23
43. 20 51.80
52.32
48.24
A verage___ _____
49.97
42.76
50. 51
44.77
Average..................
54.14
46.14
51.72
52.67
47.43
53.17
Average__________ 54. 92
47.24
53.95
48.09
53.83
52.88
57.21
Average__________ 59.33
57.71
49. 70
55.65
51.09
Average............. ...... 64.71
58.30
54.04
61.28
55.21
48.68
Average__________ 67.97
63.62
59.89
55.66
49.04
56. 05
Average__________
71.69
62.67
58. 54 51.17
66. 58 58.20
62.60
59.55
51.87
66.78
58.17
Average... _______ 71.86
Average__________ 76.52
70.45
66.83
63.15
55.15
61.53
Average...............
73.22
63.01
79.99
68. 84
65.86
56.68
194749 2
1956: April_____________ $78. 99 $68.75
67.94
78.40
M ay......... . .
_ ...
68.15
June_____ ______ 79.19
78.60
67.18
July-------------------August___________ 79. 79 68.31
September . . . . . . . 81.81
69. 86
82.21
69.85
October__________
November____ .. 82. 22
69.80
December____ . . . 84.05
71.23
82.41
69.72
1957: January_______
February_________ 82. 41
69.43
82. 21
69.14
M arch___________
68.73
A pril3___________ 81.99
1
Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no de
pendents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The
T able
Gross average
weekly earnings
Net spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Worker with no Worker with 3
dependents
dependents
Cur
rent
1947492
$65.08
64. 62
65.24
64.78
65.71
67. 30
67.62
67.63
69.10
67.58
67.58
67.42
67.25
$56. 64 $72.42 $63.03
62.35
56.00
71.95
72. 58 62. 46
56.14
72.11
61.63
55. 37
62.55
56. 26 73.06
63.79
57.47
74.70
57.45
75.03
63.75
57.41
63.70
75.04
76. 54 64.86
58.56
63.44
57.17
74.99
63.18
56.93
74.99
74.82
62.93
56.70
62. 56
56.37
74.64
Cur
rent
194749 2
primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
2
These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after
adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s
Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
5 Preliminary.
N o te : For a description of these series, see Technical Note on the Cal
culation and Uses of the Net Spendable Earnings Series (Revised February
1957), which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
S o urce : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
C-3 : Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity1
(1947-49=100)
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
T o ta l3.. . . .
_______ ______________
Mining division______________________
Contract construction division__________
Manufacturing division________________
Durable goods______________ . . .
Ordnance and accessories. .
. . . ..
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_______________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transpor
tation equipment). . _____________
Machinery (except electrical)................
Electrical machinery_______________
Transportation equipment__
... .
Instruments and related products. . . .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products____ _____
Tobacco manufactures____ ______ ._
Textile-mill products__________
Apparel and other finished textile
products____________________ _
Paper and allied products______ .
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries _______________
. ___
Chemicals and allied products______
Products of petroleum and coal______
Rubber products_______________ _
Leather and leather products. ______
Apr.2 Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
1956
1955
106.6
84.0
131.8
104.4
114.9
350.0
107.0
84.3
123.0
106.3
116.8
355.6
107.2
85.3
119.8
106.9
117.7
360.9
106.4
85.1
112.0
107.0
117.9
366.3
112.5
87.7
135.9
110.8
122.0
380.4
112.6
85.2
144.2
109.9
120.2
371.9
115.2
86.9
157.7
111.0
120.2
373.6
114.7
88.3
160.7
109.9
117.3
371.8
113.2
86.4
161.1
108.1
115.1
355.0
106.8
78.3
154.6
101.8
107.8
368.7
111.2
87.1
154.3
106.6
116.2
374.6
108.5
84.0
137.4
106.0
116.1
377.3
107.9
84.0
124.0
107.2
117.9
381.0
110.3
84.7
138.0
108.1
117.2
375.3
108.4
81.1
125.9
107.7
116.3
413.2
79.6
102.2
104.3
107.5
77.0
104.0
103.9
109.7
76.3
104.0
103.2
111.6
76.2
102.9
103.3
114.3
81.8
109.3
108.2
115.3
85.8
107.3
109.3
113.3
91.4
111.7
111.2
113.9
93.7
110.6
108.9
114.5
97.5
108.3
110.9
106.7
92.7
101.7
108.2
74.2
94.6
104.1
111.9
112.7
89.7
102.9
111.1
112.9
85.8
105.3
109.9
115.1
88.8
107.4
109.3
110.5
91.1
106.6
108.2
110.1
115.2
114.0
133.8
145.9
120.8
99.8
92.0
79.2
67.6
74.7
116.9
116.5
137.2
151.3
121.0
100.5
93.7
78.8
72.0
76.0
117.6
117.2
138.7
153.8
121.5
99.4
94.0
79.2
80.0
76.9
117.2
116.3
139.2
154.1
121.4
98.3
94.0
81.6
85.0
77.0
121.4
117.4
144.7
161.0
123.3
105.6
97.4
87.9
91.9
80.3
119.7
113.7
145.8
151.6
123.2
109.4
97.6
92.9
92.4
80.8
121.1
114.0
145. 8
141.3
123.8
112.6
100.2
99.8
101.6
80.9
117.1
114.4
142.0
127.6
123.0
109.5
101.1
107.8
107.6
79.1
111.6
112.5
138.0
128.8
121.0
106.2
99.8
102.8
94.9
79.0
106.6
112.4
132.8
130.2
118.0
98.4
94.8
93.6
72.8
75.8
113.6
115.6
136.5
129.5
119.5
103.4
95.2
90.0
76.0
78.9
114.1
116.4
137.6
131.0
120.1
103.5
93.9
84.5
75.0
79.5
117.0
118.7
138.9
137.8
121.3
103.9
94.5
81.5
73.1
80.9
116.3
115.6
138.6
139.0
121. 1
105.5
97.2
90.7
85.6
80.6
118.0
106.4
130.6
147.2
117.5
104.2
97.4
90.5
90.3
83.1
101.5
115.4
106.7
115.8
106.3
115.8
102.6
116.3
105.5
119.1
104.9
117.9
106.3
118.3
103.9
119.0
105.9
117.7
97.7
116.6
99.2
117.0
99.0
115.3
102.5
115.7
104.5
116.9
104.9
114.4
113.9
107.6
94.5
98.0
90.5
114.5
107.3
93.1
107.2
95.6
112.8
106.9
93.8
109.2
95.9
112.6
107.2
93.6
111.1
94.0
116.8
107.9
94.6
112.3
93.8
115.1
107.3
95.2
98.8
91.1
116.3
107.7
95.2
110.1
91.2
114.7
107.5
97.8
106.9
91.4
112.9
105.8
96.9
103.9
95.6
111.0
105.1
94.4
101.3
94.2
112.0
107.5
95.3
101.1
93.5
111.8
108.8
92.8
105.7
89.0
112.2
110.4
93.7
107.3
90.9
113.0
107.9
94.6
106.7
94.4
108.7
107.0
94.5
112.4
95.5
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1,
t&bl6 A.“2
Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining
and manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers.
For contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Preliminary,
2 includes only the divisions shown.
S o urc e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
C: EARNINGS A N D HOURS
T able
901
C-4: Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
ExGross eluding
Gross
overtime 3
ExExeluding Gross eluding
overover- Gross
time 3
time 3
Year and month
Exeluding Gross
overtime 3
Exeluding Gross
overtime 3
$1.98
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.96
1. 97
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2. 05
2.05
2.05
2. 05
2.06
$1.91
1.87
1. 86
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
Total: Durable
goods
$2.10
2.06
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.07
2.10
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
$2.03
1.98
1.98
1.99
2. 00
2.01
2.02
2. 01
2.03
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.12
Ordnance and
accessories
$2.19
2.12
2.12
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.23
2. 25
2 25
2. 27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
$2.12
2. 05
2.06
2.08
2. 09
2.10
2.13
2 13
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2. 21
2 22
2.23
2.25
Lumber and
wood products
(except
furniture)
$1.76
1.66
1.66
1.71
1.75
1. 78
1. 81
1.80
1.81
1. 81
1. 79
1. 77
1.74
1.72
1.73
1. 77
1.80
$1.69
1.59
1.59
1.64
1.69
1. 71
1. 74
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.72
1. 71
1.68
1. 66
1.67
1.71
1.75
Furniture and
fixtures
Stone, clay,
and glass
products
$1.69
1.65
1.66
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.69
1.68
1. 70
1.72
1.73
1. 72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1. 73
1.72
$1.96
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.01
$1.64
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.68
$1.88
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.94
Durable goods—Continued
Mach inery
(ex(;ept
elect rical)
1956: Average____
January____
February___
March______
April..............
M a y ..............
June_______
J u ly ..............
August ___
September__
October........ .
November__
December___
1957: January____
February___
March___. . .
April >______
Exeluding Gross
overtime 3
Ex
cluding
over
time *
Durable goods
To tal:
manuftteturing
1956: Average____
January____
February.......
March______
April_______
May___ ____
June...............
Ju ly ................
A ugust,.........
September__
October_____
November__
December___
1957: January____
February.......
M arch...........
A pril3_____
Exeluding Gross
overtime 3
$2.21
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.25
2.25
2. 25
2. 27
2.27
2. 27
2.28
2.28
$2 12
2.07
2 08
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
Elec trical
mach inery
$1.98
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.06
$1.02
1 86
1.87
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
Transportation
equipment
$2. 31
2 25
2.24
2.24
2.26
2.27
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.36
2.37
2.39
2.43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.38
$2.23
2 18
2.18
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.32
Primary metal
industries
$2.36
2.33
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.28
2.36
2.43
2.42
2.44
2.45
2.47
2.46
2.46
2.46
$2. 29
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.26
2.20
2.30
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2. 39
2.39
2.40
2.40
Fabricated
metal products
$2.07
2.02
2.02
2. 03
2. 03
2.04
2.06
2.05
2.07
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
$1.99
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.98
2.00
2.03
2. 04
2. 04
2.06
2.06
2.06
2. 07
2.07
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
$2.01
1.97
1. 97
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
$1.96
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
$1.75
1. 72
1.71
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
$1.69
1.66
1.66
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
Total: Non
durable goods
$1.80
1.75
1.75
1. 78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
$1. 75
1.70
1.70
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
Food and
kindred
products
$1.83
1. 82
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
$1.76
1.74
1.74
1. 77
1. 77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.73
1.73
1.76
1.81
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
Tobacco
manufactures
$1.45
1.40
1.39
1. 47
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.42
1.38
1.39
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.55
$1.43
1.38
1.38
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.41
1.36
1.37
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.51
1.64
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average____
January____
February___
March______
April..............
May________
June_______
July................
August...........
September__
October........ .
November__
December___
1957: Ja n u ary .. . . .
February___
March______
A p ril3______
$1.45
1.42
1.42
1.44
1. 43
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
$1.40
1.37
1.37
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
Apparel and
other finished
Paper and
textile products allied products
$1.45
1.39
1.39
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.45
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.48
$1.43
1.37
1.37
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
$1.94
1.89
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.96
1.96
1. 97
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.00
$1.84
1.79
1.78
1. 79
1.80
1.81
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
Printing,
publishing, ‘
and allied
industries
$2.43
2.37
2.38
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.43
2.43
2.46
2.45
2.45
2.46
2.46
2.48
2.49
2.49
i Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote i, table
A-2.
3 Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table C-5 are
paid for at the rate of time and one-half.
3 Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
Chemicals and
allied products
$2.11
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
$2.05
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
Products of
petroleum and
coal
$2.54
2.42
2.45
2. 52
2. 54
2.53
2.55
2.56
2.54
2.59
2.57
2. 57
2.57
2. 59
2. 56
2.57
2.59
$2.47
2.36
2.40
2.45
2.48
2.48
2.48
2.49
2.48
2. 52
2.50
2.51
2. 52
2. 54
2.51
2. 52
2.52
Rubber
products
$2.17
2.15
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.20
2.20
2.17
2.24
2. 23
2.22
2.21
2.20
$2.09
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.13
Leather and
leather
products
$1.49
1.45
1.46
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1. 52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.54
$1.47
1.41
1.42
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.49
1. 49
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
* Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated over
time rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay
significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the industry
in the nondurable-goods total has little effect.
S otjece: U . 8 . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
902
Table C-5: Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
G ross
O ver
tim e 2
G ross
O v er
tim e 2
G ross
O v er
tim e 2
G ross
G ross
O v er
tim e 2
G ross
O v er
tim e 2
T o ta l: M an u
factu rin g
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.0
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
2.8
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
T o ta l: D u ra b le
goods
41.1
41.2
41.0
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.5
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
O rd n an ce a n d
accessories
41.8
41.3
41.6
41.3
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.7
41.2
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.3
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.6
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.2
L um ber and
w ood p ro d u c ts
(except fu rn i
tu re )
40.3
40.3
40.1
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.2
41.5
40.9
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39.7
39.8
3.3
3.6
3 .6
3 .2
3.2
3.1
3.5
3.3
3.6
3 .6
3 .2
2.9
3 .0
2.7
2.6
2.6
2 .6
F u r n itu r e a n d
fixtures
40.8
40.8
41.1
41.0
40.2
39.8
40.3
40.2
41.1
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.2
39.7
2.8
3 .0
3 .0
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.9
3 .2
3.2
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
1.9
S to n e, clay , a n d
glass p ro d u c ts
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
3 .6
3.5
3 .5
3 .5
3.6
3 .7
3.7
3.7
3 .6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.9
3.0
3 .0
D u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
1956: A v erag e -------J a n u a r y ...........
F e b ru a ry ____
M a rc h ...............
A p ril.............
M a y .................J u n e ............ .
J u l y . . . ..........
A u g u s t---------S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y _____
F e b ru a ry ____
M arch _______
A p r i l 3............ ..
G ross
O v er
tim e 2
G ross
O v er
tim e 2
D u ra b le goods
Y e a r a n d m o n th
1950: A v erag e_____
J a n u a r y ...........
F e b r u a r y ____
M a rc h _______
A p ril.................
M ay _________
J u n e .................
J u l y _________
A u g u s t______
S e p te m b e r___
O cto b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y ...........
F e b r u a r y ____
M a rc h _______
A p ril *_______
O v er
tim e 2
M achinery
(except
electrical)
E lectrical
m a ch in ery
42.2
42.8
42.6
42.4
42.6
42.2
42.1
41.8
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
40.8
40.9
40.6
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.1
40.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.2
3.7
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t
41.0
40.6
39.9
40.4
40.6
39.6
39.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.7
2.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.7
3.4
3 .8
4.5
4.8
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.3
40.9
41.9
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.3
39.7
41.2
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.7
2.8
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.3
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
F a b ric a te d
m e ta l p ro d u c ts
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.1
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.6
41.8
41.3
42.1
40.8
41.0
41.0
40.8
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.9
3.5
3.6
3 .2
3 .6
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
N o n d u ra b le goods
I n s tru m e n ts
a n d re la te d
p ro d u c ts
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
41.1
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.7
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.7
P r im a r y m e ta l
in d u s trie s
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
M iscellaneous
m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u s trie s
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.1
39.6
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.0
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.3
T o ta l: N o n d u ra b le goods
39.5
39.9
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.8
2.5
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
Food and
k in d re d
p ro d u c ts
41.0
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.5
41.1
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
T o b a cco
m a n u fa c tu re s
3.3
3.5
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.0
3 .5
3.4
3.3
3 .9
3.6
3 .8
3 .2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.7
38.9
38.2
36.7
37.8
37.9
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.1
40.8
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38.5
37.9
36.9
1.1
1.2
.7
.8
.9
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.0
.6
.9
.5
N o n d u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
T ex tile-m ill
p ro d u c ts
1956: A v erag e-------J a n u a r y ____
F e b ru a ry ____
M arch _______
A p ril________
M a y _________
J u n e ________
J u ly _________
A u g u s t______
S e p te m b e r___
O cto b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y _____
F e b ru a ry .........
M arch _______
A p r i l 3..............
39.7
40.4
40.5
40.0
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.8
39.2
39.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
2.6
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.0
A p p a re l a n d
o th e r finished
te x tile p ro d u c ts
36.3
36.5
37.3
36.7
36.2
35.6
35.5
35.8
36.6
36.0
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35.7
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0
.9
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.0
P aper and
allie d p ro d u c ts
42.8
43.0
42.6
43.0
42.7
42.3
42.7
43.0
42.6
43.0
42.9
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.1
4.6
4.7
4.4
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.4
4.8
4.5
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.3
4.3
4 .2
4.2
P rin tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied in d u s trie s
38.8
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.8
38.7
38.6
38.6
38.8
39.0
39. 1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
i B e g in n in g w ith th e J u ly 1957 issue, th e d a ta sh o w n in th is ta b le are n o t
co m p a ra b le w ith those p u b lish e d in p rev io u s issues. See footno te 1, ta b le
A -2.
s C overs p re m iu m o v ertim e h o u rs of p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w o rk ers d u rin g
th e p a v period en d in g n e a re st th e 15th of th e m o n th . O v ertim e h o u rs are
th o se for w h ich p rem iu m s w ere p a id because th e h o u rs w ere in excess of th e
n u m b e r of ho u rs of eith e r th e s tra ig h t-tim e w o rk d a y or w o rkw eek. W eekend
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 .2
2.9
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3 .2
3.7
3.6
3.2
3 .5
2.8
2.9
3 .2
2.9
C h em ica ls a n d
allie d p ro d u c ts
41.3
41.5
41.4
41.3
41.3
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
P r o d u c ts of
p e tro le u m
a n d coal
41.1
41.3
40.7
41.2
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.8
40.9
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.4
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
R ubber
p ro d u c ts
40.2
40.7
40.1
39.5
39.9
39.9
39.6
39.7
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r
p ro d u c ts
2.8
3 .5
2.7
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.4
2.8
3 .2
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.5
37.6
39.0
39.5
38.2
36.6
36.5
37.3
38.0
37.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.8
1.4
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.0
a n d h o lid a y h o u rs are in c lu d e d o n ly if p re m iu m w age ra te s w ere p aid . H o u rs
for w h ich o n ly sh ift d iffe re n tia l, h az ard , in c en tiv e, o r o th e r sim ilar ty p e s of
p re m iu m s w ere p a id are ex clu d ed . T h e se d a ta are n o t a v a ila b le p rio r to
1958.
* P re lim in a ry .
Souece: TJ. 8. D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s.
903
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
D: Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able
D -l: Consumer Price Index1—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
All items
Food
Housing
Apparel
Transporta Medical care Personal care Reading and Other goods
recreation
and services
tion
Average__________
Average—.................
Average__________
Average__________
Average____ ____
Average__________
Average....... - ...........
Average__________
Average_____ _____
Average......... ...........
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120.2
122.0
1953: January__________
February_________
March..... ........... ......
April_____________
May__ ____ ______
June_____________
Ju ly _____________
August___________
September________
October................ .
November________
December_________
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105.5
105.3
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7
120.2
120.3
1954: January.....................
February____ _____
March____________
April_____________
May_____________
June______ ______
Ju ly -------------------August........ .............
September................
October__________
November...... ..........
December_________
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106.5
106.9
106.8
106.6
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9
1955: January....... - ...........
Feburary_________
March..... ..................
April_____________
May__ ___________
June____ ________
Ju ly _____________
August
________
September________
October__________
November________
December________
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5
119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120.8
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125.5
125.8
125.4
125.4
125.3
126.6
128.5
127.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113.5
113.5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115. 5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9
106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8
119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.6
120.6
120.6
1956: January..... ...............
February___ ______
March____________
April.......... ...............
M a y .. __________
June_______ ______
Ju ly ______ ______
August___ ____ ___
September________
October__________
November___ _____
December________
114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117.1
117.7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
111.0
113.2
114.8
113.1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9
120.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.9
121.4
121.8
122.2
122.5
122.8
123.0
123.5
104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
105.3
105.5
106.5
106.8
107.0
107.0
126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127.7
128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1
130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.7
133.3
134.0
134.1
134.5
131.7
118.5
118.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121.4
121.8
107.3
107.5
107.7
108.2
108.2
107.6
107.7
107.9
108.4
108.5
109.0
109.3
120.8
120.9
121.2
121.4
121.5
121.8
122.2
122.1
122.7
123.0
123.2
123.3
1957: J a n u a ry ............... .
February_____ . . .
March____________
April____________
May_____________
118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125.3
106.4
106.1
106.8
106.5
106.5
133.6
134.4
135.1
135.5
135.3
135.3
135.5
136.4
136.9
137.3
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
109.9
110.0
110.5
111.8
111.4
123.8
124.0
124.2
124.2
124.3
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of goods
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the United
States average.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o urc e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
904
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able
D-2: Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor
tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Group
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
Food 2_______________________________
Food at home__
Cereals and bakery products____
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products . . . _____ ______
Fruits and vegetables_____ _____
Other foods at home 3- ____ _____
114.6
113.0
130.4
103.7
110.0
122.5
109.9
113.8
112.1
130.1
102.0
110.5
118.7
111.0
113.2
111,4
129.8
100.6
110.7
116.1
111.6
113.6
112.0
129.1
101.4
111. 1
116.5
113.0
112.8
111. 1
128.0
99.0
111.2
116.9
112.7
112.9
111.2
127.4
98.0
111.3
117.4
114.2
112.9
111.3
127.0
98.8
111. 1
115.8
115.2
113.1
111.7
126.8
100.8
110.7
113.9
115.8
113.1
111.7
126.6
101.3
109.8
114.8
115.4
113.1
111.8
126.3
99.9
109.2
120.7
113.9
114.8
113.8
125.8
99.3
108.7
135. 2
112.8
113.2
112.1
125.2
98.0
107.7
131.4
111.1
111.0
109.5
124.7
95.5
107.5
121.5
110.9
111.7
110.2
125.6
97.1
108.7
119.0
112.8
110.9
109.7
123.9
101.6
105.9
113.5
111.5
Housing4............................................ ...........
Rent_____________________________
Gas and electricity_________________
Solid fuels and fuel oil______________
Housefumishings__________________
Household operation..... .........................
125.3
134.7
112.3
135.4
104.2
127.3
125.2
134.5
112. 4
138.1
105.1
126.4
124.9
134.4
112.4
139.2
104.9
126.2
124.5
134.2
112.4
139.3
105.0
125.6
123.8
134.2
112.3
138.9
104.0
125.4
123.5
134.2
112.0
136.1
104.1
124.8
123.0
133.8
111.8
134.3
103.8
124.5
122.8
133.4
112.0
132.9
103.6
124.2
122.5
133.4
112.2
130.5
103.3
123.7
122.2
133.2
112.1
129.5
102.6
123.4
121.8
133.2
111.7
128.7
102.8
123.0
121.4
132.5
111.7
128.4
102.8
122.6
120.9
132.2
111.8
127.9
102.6
122.4
121.7
132.7
111.8
130.7
103.0
122.9
120.0
130.3
110.7
125.2
104.1
119.1
Apparel____ _________________________ 106.5
M en’s and boys’_____________ ______ 109.0
Women’s and girls’_____ _ ________ 98.6
Footwear.. ____ _______________ 127.8
Other apparel *....................................... 92.0
106.5
108.8
98.7
127.3
92.0
106.8
108.8
99.3
127.6
92.2
106.1
108.6
98.2
127.2
91.7
106.4
108.4
98.9
126.7
91.9
107.0
108.6
100.3
126.4
92.2
107.0
108.4
100.4
126.2
92.1
106.8
108.2
100.1
126.2
92.1
106.5
108.3
99.6
126.0
92.0
105.5
107.7
98. 1
124.8
91.5
105.3
107.7
98.0
124.2
91.4
104.8
107.5
97.5
123. 1
91.1
104.8
107.0
97.9
122.8
91.1
105.5
107.4
98.7
123.9
91.4
103.7
105.7
98.0
117.7
90.6
Transportation_______________________ 135.3
Private___________________________ 125.4
Public......... ............. ......................... ...... 176.8
135.5
125.5
176.8
135.1
125.2
175.8
134.4
124.5
175.8
133.6
123.8
174.9
133.1
123.3
174.1
133.2
123.5
173.4
132.6
122.9
173.0
128.6
118.7
173.0
128.5
118.6
172.9
127.7
117.6
172.7
126.8
116.7
172.6
127.1
117.1
172.5
128.7
118.8
172.2
126.4
117.1
165.7
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
3 In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
3 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (non-alcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
Table
4
In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
1Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
S o urc e : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
D-3: Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]
All items
less food
All items
less shelter
All com
modities
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties 3
Average. ...................... ................. ............................
Average......................................................... ..............
Average.................................................................. .
Average_________________________ _____ _____
Average_______ _______ ______ _____________
Average_____________________________ _____
Average___________ ________________________
Average___________________________ _______ _
Average____________ _____________ _________
Average________ ________ ______ ________ ____
95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115. 7
116.4
116.7
118.8
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110.5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.2
110.1
108.7
109.8
95.7
102.9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109.8
109.9
108.4
107.1
108.4
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.3
107. 5
103.7
103.4
95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109. 1
110. 1
110.6
110.6
113.0
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124. 1
127.3
129.4
132.2
94.7
100.1
105. 2
108.1
114.6
120.1
125.1
128.5
131.4
135.1
1956: M ay____ ______ ______ ____________________
June....... ..................................... ...... .........................
J u l y .........................................................................
August...... ..................................................................
Septem ber....... ... .................................................
October_____________________________ _____
November__________________________________
December.............. .....................................................
117.9
118.1
118.6
119.0
119.4
120.2
120.5
120.8
113.3
114.1
114.9
114.5
114.8
115.5
115.6
115.7
109.0
110.0
110.9
110.3
110.6
111.4
111.5
111.5
107.5
107.4
107 9
108. 1
108.8
110.1
110. 5
110.6
102.5
102.0
102.2
102.6
102.9
105.8
106. 4
106.4
112.2
112.3
112.9
113. 1
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.7
131.5
131.9
132.5
132.9
133.2
133.3
133.5
134.0
134.8
134.9
135.2
135.7
135.9
136.1
136.5
136.9
1957: Ja n u a ry _______________ ___________
February_______________________________ ____
March________ __________________
April_______________________________________
M ay____ _ ______________________
121.0
121. 5
122.0
122.3
122.3
115.9
116.4
116.5
116.9
117.1
111.6
112.0
112. 1
112.5
112.7
110.7
110.9
111.3
111.5
111. 1
106.7
106.8
107.1
107.3
106. 7
114.7
115.0
115.5
115. 7
115.5
134.5
135.2
135.8
136.2
136.7
137.6
138. 2
138.7
139.0
139.5
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1 See footnote 1 and note, table D -l.
2 Includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, and
sporting goods.
3 Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nondura
ble com All services All services
modities and shelter4 less shelter
less food 3
4 Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop
erty insurance, house repairs and maintenance, gas, electricity, dry cleaning,
laundry service, domestic service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs,
auto repairs, auto insurance, auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares,
professional medical services, hospital services, group hospitalization, barber
and beauty shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.
S o urc e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
905
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-4: Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products: Unit
Flour, wheat___ ______ 5 lb .
Biscuit mix 8 __________ 20 oz_.
Corn meal__ _ -- ________ lb—
Rice__ . ____—
- --lb
Rolled oats________. -20 oz_.
Cornflakes____
____ 12oz__
B read.. _________ _ _ lb ..
Soda crackers 3_ - ________ lb ..
Vanilla c o o k i e s . _ -------7 oz..
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats .
.
________ _____
Beef and veal _ _ ____ -Round steak__ _______ lb ..
Chuck roast______ _____lb_.
Rib roast------------------- lb ..
Hamburger___________ lb_.
Veal cutlets__________ lb ..
P o rk .. _______________ ___
Pork chops, center cu t— lb ..
Bacon, sliced__________ lb ..
Ham, whole....... .......... -lb
Lamb, leg______________ lb ..
Other meats:
Frankfurters8_________ lb ..
Luncheonm eat8--12-oz. can
Poultry, frying chickens____ ___
R6ftdy*to*coolc
lb
Fish ... ' ________________
Fish, fresh or frozen--------------Oeean pe.rnh fillet, frozen lb
TTaddoek, fillet, frozen _ lb
Salmon, pink. ___16-oz. can..
T una fish, chunk 8
C-6}4-oz. can..
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh, grocery-----------------Homogenized, with vitamin D
added
qt
Milk, fresh, delivered_______
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added
qt
Ice cream 8____________ — p t—
B u tter___________
____ lb-.
Cheese American process., lb ..
Milk evaporated.._14>$-oz. can..
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables *
Strawberries 8_________ 10 oz-.
Orange juice concentrate8. 6 oz..
Peas, green 8_____
...10 oz Beans, green 8_________10 oz_.
Fresh fruits and vegetables-------Apples_______________ lb ..
Bananas________________lb ..
Oranges_______________ doz.
Lem ons4. . . . . . . ______ lb ..
G rapefruit8 •____ _____ each..
Peaches 8 8 .
------------ lb ..
Strawberries819.-- -------- pt__
Grapes seedless 8 8_ . . . . lb ..
Watermelons 814 ___ ___lb._
Potatoes— . . ______ 101b..
Sweet p o t a t o e s . .---- -- -lb._
Onions____________ ___lb__
Carrots..... .................. —lb—
Lettuce_____ ______ .h ead..
Celery« . ___. . . ------------ lb__
Cabbage______ _________ lb —
Tomatoes8________
. -lb ..
Beans, green_____ ____ lb-.
Canned fruits and vegetables.. __
Orange juice8....... ..46-oz. can.Peaches................... #2J4i can .
Pineapple. _ ______#2 can _
F ruit cocktail8_____ #303 can..
Corn, cream s ty le ... #303 can..
Peas, green_______ #303 can..
Tomatoes_________ #303 can..
Baby foods _____- _4j.£-5 oz _
"Dried fruits and vegetables__
Prunes . . . . . . ________ lb .
Dried beans_____________lb—
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Indexes (1947-49=100) (unless otherwise specified)
Aver
age 8
price,
May
1957
Cents
54.6
26.8
12.8
17.2
22.0
23.0
18.8
29.0
24.7
92.6
52.0
73.4
40.8
117.2
85.0
71.4
62.7
72.8
54.4
44.8
47.1
42.9
45.7
62.4
32.0
22.8
24. 4
29.4
74.0
57.4
14.5
26.6
18.1
19.6
23.7
20.0
16.7
54.2
19.3
11.3
(8)
27.7
(5)
«
57.3
16.1
12.3
14.1
15.4
15.5
9.1
40.3
27.1
36.1
34.7
34.1
26.0
17.1
21.5
14.8
10.1
34.3
16.0
Annual
average
1956
1957
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
113.6
95.8
113.6
92.9
135.4
135.1
140.6
112.9
127.5
113.3
95.9
113.0
92.7
134.7
135.1
140.3
112.4
127.4
113.0
95.7
112.4
92.2
133.6
135.0
140.0
112.5
127.3
112.5
95.9
112.1
92.2
131.7
134.5
139.1
111.5
126.7
111.9
95.7
111.2
92.2
128.5
133.4
138.2
107.3
125.4
111.2
95.6
111.4
92.2
120.2
132.6
137.5
108.7
125.3
110.7
95.6
111.0
92.1
119.5
130.2
137.2
108.6
125.1
110.5
95.5
111.1
92.2
119.2
129.2
137.1
107.8
125.0
110.5
95.3
111.4
92.9
119.2
128.5
136.6
107.7
124.8
110.9
95.2
111.8
93.1
119.3
128.5
136.0
107.8
124.6
111.1
95.2
111.9
93.0
119.0
128.4
134.9
107.7
124.1
111.5
95.2
111.3
92.9
119.0
128.2
133.7
107.5
123.8
110.7
95.1
110.3
92.7
119.0
128.2
133.0
106.8
123.7
110.7
95.4
111.0
92.8
119.1
128.9
134.7
107.3
124.0
110.8
96.3
111.4
95.2
117.6
128.0
131.6
104.9
122.4
106. 7
101.3
112.4
94.0
110. 2
84.2
127.2
105.2
117.0
98.3
96.9
105.6
104.5
99.4
110.2
92.1
107.1
82.5
127.3
102.3
114.2
94.3
95.8
104.1
102.4
96.3
105.8
88.2
104.5
80.9
126.3
101.1
112.0
93.2
95.6
97.5
103.5
97.1
107.1
89.8
104.7
80.6
126.7
103.0
113.9
95.4
96.9
99.0
101.2
97.1
107.7
88.8
108.5
80.4
124.5
98.5
109.7
88.6
95.4
98.2
100.3
98.6
109.0
93.0
110.2
80.6
122.0
95.6
106.9
84.4
94.3
98.9
101.3
101.2
113.3
96.2
113.3
81.4
122.0
95.2
109.1
83.5
91.8
102.3
103.5
103.5
117.2
98.1
115.1
82.3
122.6
98.5
116.9
84.9
92.6
101.4
103.8
102.7
117.5
96.1
113.8
81.1
122.6
99.8
120.9
83.3
95.1
103.0
101.3
98.0
111.8
89.0
106.4
79.9
120.7
98.6
117.3
81.9
96.7
102.2
99.8
94.4
106.7
83.6
102.8
79.0
120.0
98.2
118.1
80.6
96.5
103.5
99.1
93.1
104.2
83.1
100.9
78.1
120.2
97.4
118.7
78.0
96.6
108.5
95.5
91.8
102.1
82.1
98.9
77.7
119.9
90.9
106.3
74.6
92.4
103.5
97.9
95.7
107.1
87.2
104.7
79.3
120.8
93.1
107.6
79.0
92.4
99.8
101.2
97.2
108.7
89. 5
105.3
81.4
119.4
98.1
108.5
89.7
93.8
98.2
89.7
92.7
78.9
88.4
91.8
79.1
88.1
90.7
80.4
87.8
89.4
79.9
86.6
87.9
75.9
86.0
96.8
74.7
86.2
85.9
75.1
86.1
84.9
76.7
85.9
83.6
78.7
85.2
83.6
81.4
85.4
83.5
84.7
85.2
83.6
80.7
84.9
83.6
82.1
85.4
84.4
80.4
87.1
89.9
91.7
109.7
107.2
108.8
106.0
108.6
105.4
109.3
106.7
109.5
107.3
108.9
106.7
108.3
105.8
108.3
105.7
108.1
105.6
108.0
105.3
107.6
104.7
108.0
105.1
108.4
105.5
108.5
105.5
108.6
105.4
129. 9
129.7
129.9
130.2
129.5
129.0
128.6
128. Ö 126.9
126.5
125.9
125.2
124.3
125.5
115.7
93.2
92.9
93.0
92.9
92.7
92.4
92.2
92.6
92.7
92.9
93.1
93.9
94.9
94.6
99.6
114.7
116.0
116.2
117.1
117.2
117.2
117.0
116.5
115.3
114.2
113.6
112.0
111.8
113.6
110.3
119.3
120.0
120.5
121.0
121.4
121.5
121.4
120.9
119.8
119.0
118.6
116.9
IÎ6.9
118.4
113.9
97.3
93.7
109.0
106.8
97.0
93.6
109.0
106.0
96.6
93.8
109.2
105.4
96.3
93.8
108.9
105.3
96.5
94.0
108.8
105.3
96.3
94.6
108.8
105.2
96.2
94.3
108.5
105.1
95.9
92.9
108.5
105.1
96.0
91.5
108.7
105. 0
95.7
91.1
108.9
104.5
95.5
90.9
108.5
103.9
95.2
90.9
108.4
103.4
94.9
90.7
108.5
101.8
95.5
91.3
108.4
103.4
95.6
89.2
108.0
100.2
97.2
82.2
98.7
100.2
98.6
129. 8
171.7
103.6
118.1
104.0
113.0
(8)
81.4
(5)
()
108.1
143.8
145.1
110.8
107.7
106. 7
132.5
143.4
128.0
106. 6
115.4
110.7
110.2
100.1
101.6
102.4
102.7
102.9
111.5
142.0
84.2
98.7
85.1
101.7
100.1
98.3
123. 5
150.1
100.8
119.4
102.5
110.1
(8>
(»)
(8)
«
105.3
128.6
116.8
99.9
109.5
101.0
153.1
129.4
124.1
106.7
116.5
110.7
110.0
100.1
101.9
102.0
102.7
102.5
111.5
142.0
84.2
99.6
86.5
102.4
102.0
98.1
119.0
134.6
101.1
119.0
105.9
109.1
«
(8)
(5)
(“)
103.7
122.1
99.4
101.8
95.4
107.7
138.7
116.5
153 8
107.1
118. 7
110.4
109.9
100.3
102.2
10±. 9
103.0
102. 5
111.6
142.3
84.2
99.8 100.3
87.5
88.4
102.9 104.4
103.0 103.0
95.9
94.8
119.5 120.0
131.7 126.3
105.5 106.8
119.2 118.1
113.2 113.4
109.9 113.4
<8)
(8)
(»)
«
(8)
«
(8)
0)
106.0 106.3
121.6 118.2
102.5
91.5
103.0 110.5
117.3 ±29. l
114.9 117.2
125.4 120.4
99.3 113.7
146.9 129.4
107.3 107.7
120.1 122.6
110.3 109.7
109.6 109.7
100.1 100.0
102.3 102. 6
101.7 101.7
102.8 102.9
102.4 102.7
112.1 112.2
142. 9 143.1
84.5
84.5
100.4
88.2
104.8
103.3
94.3
120. 4
123.5
107.5
122.6
110.3
114.6
(*)
(‘)
»
(*)
101.2
113.4
89.9
109.4
145.4
101.3
107.1
122.8
130.3
108.3
124.9
109. 7
109.8
100.2
103. 6
101.8
103.3
102.2
112. 7
143.6
85.1
101.1 102.5
88.0
88.8
106.3 108.0
103.8 104. 5
94.2
96.5
117.4 114.1
113.9 111.5
107.8 106.1
130.1 151.0
109.8 108.3
121.6
(5)
«
<‘>
G)
(8)
74.5
(“ )
(•)
(8)
99.4
97.6
105. 5 106.9
84.6
89.2
108.3 106.2
167.8 125.4
84.7
92.0
97.1 100.3
74.8
94.5
110.9 102.1
108.8 108.9
126.4 126.4
109.9 110.1
109.3 109.1
100.7 101.0
105.3 106.9
101. 5 101.5
103.9 103.5
102.3 102.2
113.6 114.6
145.0 147. 5
85.6
85.7
104.1
89.5
109.8
108.2
95.0
115.5
128.0
104.8
148.1
106.6
(8)
91.2
0)
68.4
(8)
108.9
117.6
106.0
110.9
111.0
86.0
104.1
59.2
86.3
108.7
124.2
110.5
109.0
101.1
108. 4
101.4
103.6
102.1
115.3
149.9
85.3
104.5
90.4
109.7
109.2
95.2
124.9
136.9
103.2
139. 5
100.4
(')
89.6
(5)
75.6
62.4
146.4
136.1
159. 6
108.8
102.8
92.8
107.4
77.2
81.4
108.8
123.4
111.1
108.9
100.9
108.4
101.8
104.2
101. 9
115.4
149. 7
85.5
104.7
92.3
109.0
110.0
95.5
148.4
157.0
101.2
142.7
102.3
«
111.4
(8)
104.9
77.1
218.6
138.4
186.4
108.5
96.9
99.6
116.3
106.9
101.5
108.6
121.4
112.1
109.1
100.8
108.1
102.5
104.0
101.8
115. 4
149.5
85.5
104.1
93.3
107.0
109.5
96.3
142.5
155.0
106.5
130.8
94.1
(5)
(8)
91.7
(5)
99.0
174. 4
121.8
148.2
107.9
112.0
99.6
125.6
118.8
134.0
108.0
118.6
111.8
109.1
100.5
107.8
102.3
104.5
101.4
114.9
148.6
85.3
103.5
92.6
106.4
109.0
95.8
126.8
141.9
105.1
118.9
94.8
109.0
«
85.2
(5)
(8)
150.6
112.5
107.8
101.8
111.1
90.6
115.9
101.7
132.3
107.6
117.5
111.6
108.7
100.6
107.3
102.5
104.3
109 5
114.6
148.1
85.2
103.1
99.5
91.2
93.7
99.2
107.0
107.5
102.7
95.9
98.9
122.8
116.0
128.9
128.5
104.4
105.0
126.7
113.8
101.9
97.1
1 104.0 i 97.5
»97.4 » 133.0
»99.7 »95.3
1880. 9 18 79. 4
» 79.5 « 80.2
127.8
107.2
114.9
123.1
112.4
95.2
108.8
108.1
114.4
113.7
98.9
92.7
114.5
119.9
98.5
105.4
105.1
119.5
104.0
107.9
107.4
120.0
108.0
111.0
106.1
108.8
101.3
100.8
106.8
101.5
101.8
102.1
104.1
103.0
98. 6
100.9
116.3
114.6
138.4
147.2
93.7
85.7
906
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
D-4: Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100) (unless otherwise specified)
Average
price,
May
1957
Commodity
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Unit
Soup, tomato 13___ 11-oz. can..
Beans with pork__ 16-oz. can—
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sw eet3_______ 7H o z Catsup, tomato 3_____ .14 oz—
B everaves
Coffee 10. _______ _______
Tea bags3. .........package of 16—
Cola drink 3____carton 36 oz..
Pats and oils _
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can—
Margarine, colored------ — lb ..
L ard_______________ — lb_.
Salad dressing.............. ---- p t Peanut butter 3---------- — l b Sugar and sweets..............
Sugar............................. .5 lbs_.
Com syrup 3_................ .24 oz..
Grape jelly 3_________ .12 oz..
Chocolate b a r 3_______ . 1 oz..
Eggs, grade A, large........ . . doz_.
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored 3. ....... 3-4 oz..
1957
1956
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
99.5
103.3
99.6
103.5
99.1
103.1
98.9
104.1
98.2
104.0
97.8
103.2
97.6
102.4
97.3
102.8
97.7
103.2
99.0
103.2
98.7
103.4
98.6
103.3
98.5
102.5
98.3
103.0
98.7
103.9
99.6
102.7
194.6
190.3
122.9
117.5
87.1
99.5
102.6
196.5
193.3
122.7
117.1
87.4
99.8
102.5
199. 5
197.7
122.6
116.5
88.0
100.2
102.5
200.8
199.7
122.4
116.3
87.8
99.3
102.4
201.3
201.0
122.2
115.0
86.6
99.0
102.4
201.6
201.8
121.9
114.3
85.3
98.5
102.3
202.8
203.7
121.1
114.2
84.6
98.6
102.1
202.8
203.7
120.9
114.2
84.2
99.4
102.4
201.5
202.1
121.0
113.9
84.2
99.0
102.2
197.8
196. 9
121.0
113.8
84.4
98.5
102.0
196. 9
195.8
120.8
113.6
84.4
98.4
101.9
191.7
189 1
120.7
112.7
84.6
98.7
101.5
189. 3
185 9
120.8
112.4
83.9
98.8
101.6
194 0
192 n
121.2
113.0
83.1
99.4
98.1
185 6
94.0
78.5
83.6
99.5
109.7
112.7
55. Ö 114.2
24.8 105.8
27.3 114.8
4.5 100.5
48.7
69.9
94.3
79.2
84.1
99.3
109.7
112.5
114.0
105.7
114.3
100.4
72.3
95.3
80.3
84.7
99.0
109.4
112.4
113.9
105, 5
114.4
100.3
72.4
95.4
80.0
84.5
97.7
109.6
112.1
113.8
105.3
113.6
100.1
76.9
94.1
79.0
81.9
97.0
109.7
111.5
112.8
104.5
113.2
100.0
77.0
92.6
77.3
79.2
96.4
109.9
110.9
111.5
103.7
113.4
100.0
83.8
92.2
76.6
76.9
95.6
109.9
110.6
110.7
103.4
113. 8
100.0
87.7
92.2
76.2
75.9
94.6
110.0
110.3
110.2
103.1
113.4
100.1
90.7
92.4
76.4
74.4
94.8
109.9
109.9
110.0
102.5
112.2
99.9
89.9
93.3
76.4
73.6
95.4
109.9
109.7
110.0
101.5
111.6
100.0
86.5
93.6
76.2
72.9
95.5
110.1
109.6
110.0
100.9
111.6
100.0
83.4
94.2
76.2
73.5
94.9
109.8
109.3
109.8
100.6
110.7
100.0
80.8
92.4
76.5
73.2
94.1
109.7
109.0
109.3
100.5
110.8
99.8
82.2
90.5
75.6
73.1
94.3
110.0
109.6
109.8
101.5
111.4
100.0
86.3
84.7
75.0
76.0
92.8
110.4
112.2
108.0
100.9
107.8
112.6
86.8
102.7
102.3
102.6
102.4
101.3
100.6
99.0
98.8
99.4
99.3
99.2
99.0
99.3
98.8
Cents
12.5
14.6
27.2
23.3
23.6
34.0
99.1
30.0
22.6
37.3
53.6
8.8
103.0
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l,
2 Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D-5 are
available upon request.
» December 1952=100.
* May 1953=100.
* Priced only in season.
«January 1953 = 100.
2 7 m onths’ average,
s July 1953=100.
»3 months’ average.
T able
Annual
average
180 7
122.5
111.9
81.3
10 April 1953=100.
11 Not available.
12 4 months’ average.
12 5 months’ average,
w June 1953=100.
1®Vegetable soup priced from December 1952 through July 1956; tomato
soup substituted August 1956.
io Price of 1-lb. can 102.5 cents. Price of 1-lb. bag 86.1 (priced only in
chain stores and large supermarkets).
S o urc e : U. S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
D-5: Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
[1947-49=100]
City
M ay
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Feb.
1957
Jan.
1957
Dec.
1956
Nov.
1956
Oct.
1956
Sept.
1956
Aug.
1956
July
1956
June
1956
May
1956
Annual average
1956
1955
United States city average2.
119.6
119.3
118.9
118.7
118.2
118.0
117.8
117.7
117.1
116.8
117.0
116.2
115.4
116.2
114.5
Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d------ ------Boston, Mass___________
Chicago, 111______________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
0
0
0
122.2
0
0
0
120.2
122.0
0
120.6
119.9
0
121.6
118.1
0
0
0
121.5
0
0
0
119.0
121.0
0
119.5
119.5
0
121.0
117.5
0
0
0
121.0
0
0
0
119.3
121.1
0
118.9
117.5
0
120.3
117.1
0
0
0
120.0
0
0
0
117.8
120.5
0
118.0
116.6
0
119.5
116.3
0
0
0
118.6
0
118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0
116.3
115.2
113.8
117.9
113.7
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, Mich______ —
Houston, Tex---------------Kansas City, Mo------Los Angeles, Calif________
121.7
121.9
121.1
0
120.8
0
121.4
0
120.4
120.6
0
121.0
0
0
120.4
120.4
121.0
120.5
0
120.3
0
120.5
0
119.8
119.6
0
120.2
0
0
119.4
120.0
120.6
119.7
0
119.1
0
120.0
0
118.9
118.5
0
119.7
0
0
117.8
119.1
119.6
118.2
0
117.4
0
120.2
0
117.6
118.1
0
118.7
0
0
117.4
117.3
118.0
116.8
0
116.9
118.0
118.7
117.8
117.5
117.4
115.6
116.5
115.9
115.7
115.6
Minneapolis, M inn_______
New York, N. Y_________
Philadelphia, P a-------------Pittsburgh, Pa__________
Portland, Oreg___________
0
117.2
119.8
0
0
119.8
116.9
119.7
118.8
121.6
0
116.0
120.0
0
0
0
115.9
119.7
0
0
119.4
115.6
118.8
118.8
120.1
0
115.5
118.6
0
0
0
115.6
118.2
0
0
117.4
115. 7
118.6
118.2
119.5
0
115.1
118.4
0
0
0
114.4
117.9
0
0
117.7
114.6
117.9
117.3
118.6
0
113.8
116.8
0
0
0
113.0
116.2
0
0
117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0
116.8
112.2
115.5
113.8
115.1
St. Louis, Mo________
San Francisco, Calif______
Scranton, P a------ -----------Seattle, Wash____________
Washington, D. C . _ . -------
0
0
116.4
122.8
117.2
120.2
122.3
0
0
0
0
0
115.5
122.2
117.5
119.1
121.6
0
0
0
0
0
114.9
120.2
115.9
118.1
119.0
0
0
0
0
0
113.5
118.8
115.7
117.0
117.9
0
0
0
0
0
112.1
117.1
114.4
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9
116.0
115.6
111.4
116.7
113.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
in one city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for the 15 remaining cities.
S o urc e : U. S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
907
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-6: Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total food 2
Cereals and bakery products
Total food at home
City
May
1957
May
1957
M ay
1956
Apr.
1957
Apr.
1957
M ay
1956
May
1957
Apr.
1957
Meats, poultry, and fish
May
1956
May
1957
Apr.
1957
M ay
1956
United States city average A —
114.6
113.8
111.0
113.0
112.1
109.5
130.4
130.1
124.7
103.7
102.0
95.5
Atlanta, Ga----------------------Baltimore, M d___________Boston, Mass______ _______
Chicago, Ul__ . ----------------Cincinnati, Ohio___________
112.4
116.0
113.8
112.0
116.4
112.1
115.1
113.4
111.6
115. 4
108.9
112.0
109.7
108.8
112.6
111.0
112.8
111.3
109.9
114.8
110.8
111.8
111.1
109.4
113.7
107.3
109.5
107.1
107.1
111.4
124.7
127.2
128.1
122.9
131.0
124.7
127.2
128.3
122.6
131.1
118.3
121.6
122.2
120.0
124.6
106.1
103.5
101.8
96.6
105.5
104.3
103.1
101.8
94.9
103.9
97.3
96.2
94.2
89.1
95.8
Cleveland, Ohio-----------------Detroit, Mich-------------------Houston, Tex --------- --------Kansas City, M o------- --------Los Angeles, Calif---------------
112.7
116.8
112.2
110.1
116.9
111.2
115.9
112.1
109.7
116.9
109.2
113.9
107.5
107.6
113.0
110.6
115.0
110.0
107.8
113.5
109.0
114.1
109.8
107.3
113.7
107.3
112.4
105.4
105.7
109.6
123.6
125.0
121.2
126.5
134.1
122.4
124.5
121.2
126.5
133.8
119.6
119.8
117.6
120.5
128.3
100.5
101.3
99.2
98.1
105.1
98.6
99.4
97.8
96.5
103.5
93.2
93.5
90.8
89.6
96.2
Minneapolis, M in n---- --------New York, N. Y ----------------Philadelphia, P a--------- ------Pittsburgh, P a ------------------Portland, Oreg-................. ......
113.1
113.8
117.6
117.3
117.0
112.6
112.8
116.4
114.8
116.0
112.9
110.6
112.9
111.8
113.5
111.6
112.1
115.5
115.6
115.1
110.9
111.0
114.1
112.8
113.8
112.4
109.0
111.2
110.5
112.1
129.3
135.1
132.5
129.0
131.7
130.2
134.8
132.4
128.5
131.7
126.4
129.2
124.6
125.6
125.3
98.4
105.2
105.5
102.8
105.8
97.0
103.1
103.6
99.4
103.9
93.0
99.1
98.3
93.6
97.3
St. Louis, Mo— ---- ---------San Francisco, Calif-----------Scranton, P a_______ ____
Seattle, W ash---------- - -Washington, D. C ._................
115.5
117.2
112.2
117.3
115.9
114.2
117.4
111.1
116.3
115.2
111. 5
113.2
108.3
111.8
112.0
111.7
115.7
111.7
116.6
113.4
110.1
115.9
110.5
115.3
112.7
109.1
112.0
107.3
111. 1
109.9
125.3
140.1
126.4
138.0
129.7
125.4
140.0
126.2
137.7
129.4
119.5
130.8
124.0
131.2
121.9
100.9
107.9
103.6
105.4
102.6
98.3
108.0
102.3
103.6
101.8
93.1
101.9
93.4
95.9
93.0
Food at home—Continued
Fruits and vegetables
Dairy products
City
M ay
1957
Apr.
1957
May
1957
May
1956
Apr.
1957
Other foods at home 4
May
1956
May
1957
Apr.
1957
M ay
1956
United States city average8---------------------
110.0
110.5
107.5
122.5
118.7
121.5
109.9
111.0
110.9
Atlanta, Ga___________ --- ----------------Baltimore, M d------ -------------Boston, M a s s ---------- -------Chicago, 111______
-----Cincinnati, Ohio----- -- --------------
113.5
112.5
110.9
110.8
114.7
113.1
112.6
112.2
110.3
114.6
108.9
108.9
105.2
110.3
113.8
119.0
120.0
118.8
119.2
120.7
117.4
113.2
115.1
119.3
115.4
118.6
120.0
118.5
117.8
122.3
102.2
110.4
105.8
116.3
114.9
104.5
111.3
106.6
117.0
116.2
104.1
111.1
105.7
117.8
116.6
Cleveland, Ohio---------- --------------Detroit, Mich---------- -- - ---Houston, Tex________ --- - ----- ------Kansas City, M o---------- -------- -------------Los Angeles, Calif........ ........
- - — .......
104.2
107.6
109.0
107.7
105.5
105.3
109.8
109.2
107.9
105.3
104.2
108.9
108.7
110.6
103.0
119.2
137.1
120.8
114.4
121.7
113.2
132.8
121.3
113.0
125.4
116.7
138.9
111.4
115.7
121.8
114.2
112.7
109.7
103.9
111.1
114.6
113.1
110.2
104.7
111.5
114.3
112.8
109.8
105.8
110.1
-------- --------Minneapolis, M inn------ ------- ----New York, N. Y -------------Philadelphia, P a--------- - ----- Pittsburgh, P a— ---- --------- -------- ------- ---Portland, Oreg.----- ----- --------
104.8
108.1
114.1
111.9
117.0
104.6
108.9
113.9
111.9
116.5
111.9
102.6
107.5
107.3
112.5
123.7
116.5
126.3
127.4
120.0
121.0
111.4
121.2
117.8
115.4
130.5
116.6
125.3
122.0
124.8
117.3
108.8
109.8
119.9
112.3
118.0
110.5
110.5
119.4
112.7
119.5
111.1
111.0
120.0
112.6
St. Louis, M o-------------- ----------------San Francisco, Calif___ _ _ ------------ --Scranton, P a __________________ ______
Seattle, Wash-------------------- —
Washington, D. C . ------------- -- --------- --
100.3
109.8
110.1
117.3
115.8
100.3
113.5
110.3
116.4
115.7
101.5
105.7
105.2
112.9
112.1
125.1
127.0
119.5
128.5
118.0
120.2
122.9
112.7
124.6
114.4
125.3
127.2
117.2
123.6
122.3
117.5
108.2
107.1
109.6
111.0
117.8
109.7
108.6
110.0
111.7
119.6
107.1
108.7
108.6
112.1
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 See footnote 2, table D-2.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 Average of 46 cities.
4 See footnote 3, table D-2.
908
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able D -7 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Processed foods
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
Textile products
and apparel
96.4
104. 4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
100.0
107.8
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
100.
104.
95.
99.
110.
99.
97..
95.1
95.1
95.;
109.9
109.6
110.0
109.4
109.8
109.5
110.9
110.6
99.6 105.5
97.9 105.2
99.8 104.1
97.3 103.2
97.8 104.3
95.4 103.3
97.9 105.5
96.4 104.8
98.1 106.6
95.3 104.7
93.7 103.8
94.4 104.3
113.1
113.1
113.4
113.2
113.6
113.9
114.8
114.9
114.7
114.6
114.5
114.6
98.
98. £
97. £
97.4
97.6
97.4
97. 5
97.5
96.9
96. 5
96. 2
95.8
101.0
100.0
97.8
97.7
98.4
99.4
97.9
94.8
96.2
95.8
93.6
93.1
93.2
89.9
106.2
104.8
105.3
105.9
106.8
105.0
106.5
106.4
105.5
103.7
103.8
103.5
114.6
114.4
114.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
114.3
114.4
114.4
114.5
114.8
114.9
96.1
95.3
95.0
94. 7
94.8
94.9
95.1
95.3
95. 3
95.4
95. 2
95.2
95.3
94.9
94.7
94.6
96.0
95.6
94.9
94.0
93.0
92.4
92.8
91.8
92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
1947_____
1948______
1949_____
1950_____
1951. ___
1952_____
1953______
1954. ____
1955______
1956...........
1953:
Ja n u ary ...
February..
M arch___
April____
May _ ___
June_____
July-------August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
1954:
January__
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July-------August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
1955:
Jan u ary .. .
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay.
June_____
Ju ly ....... .
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
OS
1
1
Year and
month
Farm products
All commodities
[1947-49=100]
111.0
110.2
109.8
110.1
110.9
110.5
110.5
111.0
110.9
110.0
110.4
110. 5
110.0
109.7
110.0
109.5
110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
no. 5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3
1956:
Ja n u ary ...
February..
March___
April____
M ay_____
Ju n e ... _.
July_____
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1
120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94. 8
94.8
95.3
95. 4
95.6
1957:
Ja n u ary ...
February..
March
April____
M a y i____
116.9
117.0
116.9
117.2
117.1
89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
105.0
125.2
125.5
125.4
*125.4
125.3
95.8
95.7
95. 4
*95.3
95.4
101.0
102.
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
97.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.4
99.9
99.7
97.1
97.1
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
90.9
107.
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4
115.8
115.3
115.1
115.3
115. 4
115.8
115.8
116.2
116.9
117.5
117.3
117.1
124.0
124.6
125.5
125.0
125.7
126.9
129.3
129.4
128.5
127.9
127.9
127.5
122.4
122.9
123.4
123.7
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3
112.7
112.9
113.1
113.9
114.1
114.3
114.7
114.8
114.9
114.8
114.9
115.0
117.0
117.1
116.6
116.3
115.8
115.8
116.2
116 3
116.3
116.3
116.0
115.9
127.2
126.2
126.3
126.8
127.1
127.1
128.0
128.6
129.1
129.7
129.9
129.8
124.4
124.5
124.5
124.4
124.4
124.3
124.3
124.3
124.4
124.3
125.3
125.7
115.2
115.1
115.0
115.6
115.5
115.4
115.3
115.3
115.3
115.6
115.6
115.7
116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0
115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3
118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
92. 5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
104.5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145.8
103.6
103.6
104.2
105
105.5
105.6
106.2
106.3
106.7
106.7
107.2
107.1
127.3
126.2
125.7
124.8
125.4
125.0
124.6
123.5
124.0
124.2
124.3
124.8
110.5
109.2
108.6
108.2
107.8
106.2
106.9
106.9
106.9
107.4
107.5
107.2
107.5
107.4
107.2
107.1
106.8
106.7
106.8
106.8
106.9
107.0
107.0
124.8
124.6
124.9
125.0
125.1
126.1
126.8
126.4
126.9
128.5
131.4
132.0
117.0
116.8
116.7
116.2
116.1
116.3
119.1
119 1
119.3
119.8
119.9
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1
123.2
123.6
130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9
111.0
114.0
106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145. 7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126.3
126.7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121. 5
121.0
124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0
145.1
145.1
146.5
147 7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136. 9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6
116.3
119.6
119.2
*119. 5
119.1
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
121.3
120.7
128.6
128.5
128.7
*128.6
128.9
152. 2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.0
110.0
111.2
107.8
108.1
108.4
107.4
107.1
108.3
111.1
111.0
110.9
111.2
111.2
111.1
110.8
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.7
111.2
1 Preliminary.
‘ Revised.
n f'l? c®"' T ?? a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
J
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
99.0
102.1
120.2
118.0
123.6
125.4
120.5
121.1
121.7
122.2
121.8
121.5
121.1
120.4
119.2
118.1
117.3
117.4
120.0
121.2
120.1
120.2
119.7
122.8
122.8
121.5
121.6
121.8
1 22.0
95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1
93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6
114.6
114.6
115.1
116.9
117.2
118.1
119.4
119.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.8
120.9
121.0
121.0
120.8
119.3
119.1
120.4
120.5
121.7
121.9
121.8
121.8
122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4
97.2
100.5
102.3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3
111.9
111.9
114.8
114.8
114.8
114.9
115.6
115.6
116.2
118.1
118.1
118.1
118.2
118.0
117.9
121.5
121.4
121.4
121.4
121.5
121.5
121.5
121.4
121.4
121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0
fr
m
103.0
101.2
101.7
98.5
99.7
95.8
95.3
96.4
94.7
94.4
93.2
100.1
101.1
102.8
104.9
110.3
109.2
105.1
103.9
102.3
99.1
96.7
97.0
98.0
97.6
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130. 6
130.8
131.1
131.5
131.2
131.3
123.1
123.5
123.6
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7
121.9
121.9
121.9
*121. 5
121.5
132.0
132.7
133.2
134. 6
135.1
124.0
124.1
124.1
*124. 5
124.5
93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
S o urc e : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
89.6
88.7
88.2
909
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able
D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices,
by
group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual avg.
1956
1957
Commodity group
All commodities______________________
M a y 1 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
117.2
116.9
117.0
116.9
116.3
115.9
115.6
115.5
114.7
114.0
114.2
114.4
114.3
110.7
90.9
111.8
90.5
74. 4
105.9
92. 7
80.2
90.1
144.4
88.4
104.2
87.0
71.3
102.8
94. 5
81.9
82.6
146.9
89.6
104.1
87.0
75.8
102.4
91. 5
85.7
84. 9
142.5
117.1
90.6
103.0
87.3
79.3
104.3
95.0
68.5
85.2
144.7
88.8
94.1
87.5
76.6
104.0
95.6
63.8
85.1
146.0
88.8
96.1
87.0
75.0
103.9
97.5
66.3
84.7
148.2
89.3
100.7
89.5
73.9
102.9
98.1
65.7
86.6
148.8
88.9
102.6
88.8
71.7
101.3
99.0
74.3
85.4
147.9
87.9
104.3
87.9
68.6
100.8
98.8
79.3
84.0
147.4
88.4
97.6
84.0
73.0
100.0
97.2
87.4
78.6
149.9
90.1
95.3
90.7
75.7
98.4
96.1
91.2
76.5
152.9
89.1
94.8
88.8
76.0
98.2
95.1
77.7
80.1
151.1
90.0
111.8
88.4
72.9
104.3
94. 4
82.1
80.6
149.2
91.2
120.2
86.9
74.8
106.1
92. 7
78.7
87.5
147.1
104.3
116.8
88.2
111.4
104.9
112.1
183.7
73.3
65.4
70.1
86.1
95.2
103.7
116.7
84.6
111.3
105.9
112.3
190.9
78.8
67.6
78.2
89.2
95.1
103.9
115.9
83.9
112.5
105.9
112.0
194.5
83.4
71.7
78.5
90.2
95.7
104.3
115.8
84.8
112.5
105.6
113.1
196.3
84.3
73.8
78.5
89.6
95.0
103.1
115.4
81.5
112.6
105.6
112.3
196.3
84.5
72.0
73.9
89.4
95.7
103.6
115.8
82.7
113.6
106.4
111.8
201.6
74.4
70.4
74.4
86.2
95.7
103.6
115.3
85.7
110.9
106.4
110.8
201.6
75.5
65.9
70.2
83.7
95.3
104.0
114.6
89.3
109.7
106.8
110.0
201.5
72.7
59.4
66.0
83.3
95.9
102.6
114.5
85.1
108.9
107.3
109.8
196.1
72.2
60.3
67. 5
85. 4
96.1
102.2
114.8
83.7
107.9
109.3
110.0
196.1
65.5
65.1
67.5
85.7
97.1
102.3
115.3
83.1
108.0
109. 7
109.5
191.0
66.2
70.8
75. 5
88.4
97.4
102.4
115. 5
82.1
107.9
109. 3
109.6
187. 4
71.9
78.6
81.9
92.3
97.5
101.7
115.2
81.6
108. 6
107.9
109. 8
192.7
69.8
68.5
73. 4
85. 3
96.8
101.7
116.2
84.8
106.1
105.5
110.5
180.1
67.7
62. 2
71.2
81.4
99.6
All commodities other than farm and foods. _ 125.3 *125.4
125.4
125.5
125.2
124.7
124.2
123.6
123.1
122.5
121.4
121.5
121.7
122.2
117.0
95.4
92.8
106.1
80.3
122.7
99.7
76.2
95.3
92.7
104.8
80.9
123.6
99.7
75.3
94.8
91.5
103.9
80.4
120.1
99.7
74.7
94.8
91.9
103.4
80.3
121.0
99.7
72.2
94.9
92.3
103.1
80.4
122.0
99.8
70.5
94.9
92.7
102.9
80.2
124.7
99.7
70.0
94.9
93.1
102.9
80.3
125.0
99. 4
70.3
95.3
93.0
103.7
81.4
121.9
99. 6
72.8
95.3
91.5
104.7
86.6
123.8
98. 5
74.5
89.5
109.0
85.4
Livestock and live p o u ltry ....................... 78.7
Plant and animal fibers. . __________ 104.3
Fluid m
i
l
______ 92.4
Eggs.............. ............. ........... ...................... 57.5
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds------------- - 84.4
Other farm products_________________ 144.1
Farm products.......... . . ..................... ...........
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables----
____________
Processed foods
Cereal and bakery products--------- ------Meats, poultry, and fish__________ . . .
Dairy products and ice cream .
__
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables..
__
Sugar and confectionery
..
Packaged beverage materials------- -----Animal fats and oils
_________ ____
Crude vegetable oils_______ _________
Refined vegetable oils
___ . . . ___
Vegetable oil end products.. ------- . . .
Other processed foods______________
105.0
116.5
91.5
110.7
104.7
112.8
183.7
70.3
62.6
65.4
85.2
95.3
Textile products and apparel----------- ------ 95.4
Cotton products
__ _ ___ 90.7
Wool products
- ____ - - ___ 110.9
81.8
Manmade fiber textile products.. ..
Silk products_______________________ 124.7
Apparel______ ____________________ 99.5
Other textile products______ ____ _____ 76.9
*95.3
*90.8
109.9
81.5
124.8
99.6
75.9
95.4
91.1
109.0
81.7
123.0
99.6
76.1
95.7
91.9
109.5
82.0
123.2
99.6
75.9
95.8
92.3
109.1
82.1
122.8
99.7
76.8
95.6
92.7
107.7
80.5
122.8
99.7
78.7
99.1
55.8
88.8
___ 121.1
- ---- 97.6
98.8
*51.8
88.6
121.5
97.8
98.4
51.0
88.6
120.9
97.8
98.0
50.1
87.8
120.8
97.4
98.4
52.1
88.2
120.8
97.9
99.2
53.8
90.9
120.8
98.3
99.8
59.0
90.6
120.8
98.6
99.7
57.8
90.8
120.7
98.6
100.2
63.3
90.8
120.5
98.5
100.0
60.4
90.9
120.5
98.9
100.1
60.4
91.6
120.5
98.8
100.2
61.2
91. 7
120. 5
99.1
100.0
59.0
92.9
120.0
99. 2
99.3
59.2
91.2
119.3
98.6
93.8
56.6
84. 6
112.3
95. 9
Fuel, power, and lighting materials---------- 119.1 *119. 5
123.2 *123.2
161. 9 161.9
118 4 118.4
96.6 *96.6
Electricity________________________
Petroleum and products.------- ------------ 129.8 130. 4
119.2
123.6
161.9
118.4
94.9
130.7
119.6
124.0
162.2
122.3
94.3
131.0
116.3
124.1
159.1
119.9
94.9
124.9
114.0
123.5
156.3
119.9
94.3
120.9
111.2
122.0
156.3
111. 1
94.3
117.5
111.7
121.0
156.3
111. 1
94.9
118.3
111.1
114.4
156.3
110.3
94.9
118.4
110.9
113.8
152.9
109.4
94.9
118.3
110.7
112.9
145.4
109.7
93.8
118.8
110.5
112.3
145. 4
111.3
93.8
118.3
110.8
111.9
145. 4
115. 4
93.2
118.3
111.2
114.5
149. 7
115.1
94. 2
118. 2
107.9
104.8
135.2
111.6
97.0
112. 7
109.1
123.6
124.7
99.8
93.3
59.2
108. 4
107.2
105.2
109.1
123.6
124.1
99.8
93.5
58.2
108.6
107.5
105.2
108.8
122.9
124.1
100.1
93.2
57.9
108.5
106.8
105.2
108.8
123.2
124.1
100.6
93.1
58.0
109.3
105.9
105.1
108.7
123.5
124.1
99.0
92.6
58.7
110.2
105.9
104.5
108.3
122.5
124.1
99.5
92.5
59.4
109.3
105.7
104.4
108.2
122.5
123.6
99.4
92.3
57.8
109.6
105.7
104.2
107.7
122.6
122.4
98.8
91.9
55.8
109.5
104.1
103.6
107.1
121.9
119.1
97.9
91.9
55.4
109.6
104.5
103.4
107.3
122.1
119.1
98.3
92.2
53.8
109.7
106.0
103.8
107.3
122.1
119.1
98.6
92.2
53.7
108.5
1U5. 7
103.8
107.1
121.1
119.1
99.4
92.1
55.1
107.9
108. 7
103. 8
106.9
120. 8
119.1
101.2
92.1
60.3
107.9
109.1
102. 4
107.2
121. 4
120.0
99.6
92.1
56.2
108.7
lU8. 4
103. 2
106,6
144.7
144.0
149.0
139.9
144.5
143.2
149.0
140.0
144.3
142.0
149.0
140.0
143.9
140.2
149.0
140.0
145.0
145.4
148.8
140.0
147.9
151.1
153.4
139.7
146.9
147.0
153.4
139.5
145.8
141.9
153.4
139.5
145.7
142.2
153.4
139.1
146.9
149.9
153.4
138.0
143.3
143.9
149.3
136.0
142.8
137.5
151. 8
136. 0
143.5
139.5
151. 8
136.7
145.8
146.7
152. 2
138.0
143.8
156.8
144. 9
134. 4
120.2 12oX 120.7
121.2 '121.2 121.9
128.3 128.7 128.7
96.4
96.2
96.7
121.3
122.6
128.7
97.1
121.0
122.5
128.5
94.6
121.5
123.1
128.5
94.8
122.0
123.6
128.6
96.1
123.6
125.2
129.2
99.2
125.2
127.1
129.5
99.2
126.6
128.5
129.7
103.3
127.3
129.6
129. 5
101.0
128.0
130.4
129.2
102.7
125.4
127.2
129.1
101.7
123.6
124.4
128. 7
105.4
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products.
Hides and skins _
_____ __Footwear
Other leather products_________
Chemicals and allied products_____
Industrial chemicals___ _ . _______ .
Prepared paint______________________
P aint materials _ _________ ___ _
Drugs and pharm aceu ticals..--------- .
Fats and oils, inedible________________
Mixed fertilizer
_________ - ..
..
Fertilizer m aterials.___
Other chemicals and allied products-----rm
Rubber and rubber products--------------- Crude rubber
Tires and tubes
_
____ ____
Other rubber products____________ . . .
119.7
120. 6
Millwork-------- -------------------------------- 128.3
96.8
Plywood____________ ______ _______
Lumber and wood products-------------------
96.8
92.8
56.6
108.7
11 6
Pulp, paper, and allied products.................
Woodpulp---- ------ ----------------------- .
Wastepaper................... .............. ...............
Paper-------- ------ ------------------------------Paperboard__________________ ..
Converted paper and paperboard prod
ucts------ -------------------------------------Building paper and board---------------- ..
128.9 *128.6
118.0 118.0
68.6
66.1
142.4 140.7
136.2 136.2
128.7
118.0
75.4
140.1
136.2
128.5
118.0
76.4
139.2
136.2
128.6
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.0
118.0
78.3
139.2
136.2
127.8
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.1
118.0
92.5
139.1
136.3
127.9
118.0
97.5
138.9
136.3
127.9
118.0
112.1
138.2
136.4
127.7
118.0
112.4
138.2
136.5
127.4
118.0
114.3
137.0
136.5
127.3
118.0
116.4
136.2
136.4
127.2
117.7
112.3
137.3
134.8
119.3
112.9
110.7
129.8
127.1
125.2
141.7
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
124.5
138.1
124.3
138.1
124.3
138.1
123.8
138.1
123.7
138.1
123.2
138.1
123.2
138.1
123.2
138.1
123.1
136.9
113.9
130.9
Metals and metal products..........................
Iron and steel.. -----------------------------Nonferrous metals____ ______________
Metal containers------------------------------Hardware------------- ------- - .......................
Plumbing equipment............................... Heating equipm ent---- -------- --------Fabricated structural metal products----Fabricated nonstructural metal products.
150.0 150.1
162.9 161.9
139.9 142.5
152.5 148.0
164.6 *163. 5
130.1 131.6
121.5 121.6
132.2 132.8
143.3 *143.3
151.0
163.8
143.2
148.0
162.2
132.0
121.6
133.4
142.8
151.4
163.9
145.4
147.4
162.0
133.4
122.8
133.3
142.0
152.2
164.3
148.7
147.5
161.5
133.4
122.3
133.7
141.6
152.3
163.3
149.6
147.5
160.2
133.9
122.1
137.5
141.2
152.1
162.5
149.7
147.5
160.1
133.9
122.0
137.5
141.2
152.2
161.1
154.1
143.4
159.8
133.9
121.9
137.1
141.2
151.9
161.5
154.8
143.4
158.8
133.9
121.0
137.1
136.9
150.2
159.4
155.4
141.9
158.2
134.1
119.1
134.2
133.5
144.9
149.9
152.5
141.2
155.2
134.1
117.9
129.7
132.5
145.8
149.5
158.0
141.2
154.7
134.1
117.4
129.4
132.5
146.8
150.8
160.0
141.2
154.0
135.0
117.3
129.4
132.6
148.4
154.7
156.1
141.6
155.9
133.9
119.0
132.6
135.1
136.6
140.6
142.7
132.9
146.4
125.4
115.0
122.5
128.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
125 3
141.7
910
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities ^C ontinued
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
May*
Machinery and motive p roducts..............
Agricultural machinery and equipment-..
Construction machinery and equipm ent..
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equipment__...................
Miscellaneous machinery___
Electrical machinery and equipment
Motor vehicles______________________
1956
Annual avg.
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
1956
1955
145.0 145.0
132.5 132.4
157.5 157. 5
165.6 *165. 3
144.8
132.4
156.7
164.9
144.5
132.1
156.3
163.8
143.9
131.8
156.2
163.4
143.6
131.2
155.9
163.3
143.4
130.8
155.5
163.0
141.1
129.5
154.7
161.4
139.7
127.4
151.5
159.6
137.7
126.9
149.4
157.1
136.9
126. 8
147.8
155.2
136.8
126.6
146.8
155.2
136.5
126. 5
146. 6
154.5
137.8
127. 6
148.6
156.4
128.4
123.2
137.1
142.5
156.0 *156. 2
143.8 143.7
147.8 147.8
134.7 134.7
155.9
143.3
147.5
134.6
155.8
143.0
147.1
134.6
155.5
142.5
146.0
134.3
154.6
142.2
145.4
134.3
154.0
142.0
145.2
134.2
153.0
140.4
143.2
130.8
151.6
138.9
142.0
129.4
149.1
137.2
138.0
129.1
146.4
136.6
137.4
129.1
145.6
135. 5
137.6
129.1
146.0
135.2
137.0
129.1
147.5
137.0
138.4
129.8
134.0
129. 2
128.2
122.9
Furniture and other household durables__
Household furniture_________
Commercial furniture______________
Floor c o v e rin g .................
Household appliances________
Television, radio receivers, and phonographs...................................
Other household durable coeds
121.5 *121. 5
122.4 122.4
147.3 147.3
133.8 133.8
105.1 *105. 4
121.9
122.2
146.9
134.3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146.9
134.3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146.9
135.1
106.5
121.2
121.2
146.9
131.9
105.9
121.1
121.2
146.9
131.9
106.5
121.0
120.8
146.8
131.8
106.5
119.7
120.4
146.8
131.9
105.5
119.1
119.5
145.9
131.6
105.0
118.3
119.2
138.8
131.4
104 4
118.1
118.1
138.5
130. 5
105.1
118.0
118.0
138. 5
130.5
105.0
119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5
115 9
114 0
132.0
126 4
106.8
93.1
147.6
93.1
147.0
93.1
147.0
93.5
147.0
93.5
146.8
93.3
146.7
93.5
145.0
93.5
145.0
93.7
140.2
93.2
139.7
92.9
139.3
92.4
139.3
92.6
139.2
93.1
140.9
oa o
13s! 5
Nonmetallic minerals—structural__
Flat glass.....................................
Concrete ingredients_______________
Concrete products....................... ........
Structural clay p r o d u c ts ...____
Gypsum products__________
Prepared asphalt roofing___________
Other nonmetallic minerals___________
135.1 *134. 6
135.7 135.7
135.7 135.7
126.7 *126. 6
155.0 155.0
127.1 127.1
125.8 121.6
128.3 128.3
133.2
135.7
135.1
125.7
150.8
127.1
118. 2
127.5
132.7
135.7
134.8
125.6
150.7
127.1
115.3
126.0
132.0
135. 7
134.6
125.6
150.6
127.1
111.2
124.3
131.3
135.7
131.7
125.3
150.5
127.1
114.4
124.3
131.2
135.7
131.6
125.3
150.3
127.1
114.4
124.3
131.5
135.7
131.6
125.0
150.1
127.1
117.5
124.3
131.1
135.7
130.7
124.8
150.1
127.1
117.5
123.6
130.8
135.7
130.7
123.4
150.1
127.1
117.5
123.8
130.6
135.0
130.6
123.0
149.3
127.1
117.9
123.8
128.9
131.8
130.4
121.9
146.5
127.1
111.9
123.1
128.6
131.1
130.1
121.7
146.1
127.1
111.9
122.8
129.6
133. 4
130. 6
123. 0
148.0
127.1
111. 7
123.4
124.2
128 0
124 8
118 fi
140 1
122 1
Iflfi 1
121.2
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages ________________
Cigarettes_______ ______
Cigars__________
Other tobacco manufactures___ _
Alcoholic beverages_______
Nonalcoholic beverages_________
124. 5 *124. 5
124.0 124.0
105.1 105.1
126. 9 126.9
119.6 119.6
149.3 *149. 3
124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
149.0
124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
148.7
124.0
124.0
104.2
126.0
119.0
148.7
123.6
124.0
104.2
126.0
118.1
148.7
123.5
124.0
104.2
122.5
118.1
148.7
123.1
124.0
104.2
122.5
117.2
148.7
122.8
124.0
104.2
122.5
116.9
148.4
122.5
124.0
104.2
122.5
116.2
148.4
121.7
124.0
104.2
122.5
114.6
148.4
121.6
124.0
104.2
122.5
114.6
148.1
121.6
124.0
104.2
122.5
114. 6
148.1
122.3
124.0
104.2
122.8
115. 8
148.3
121. 6
124.0
103 9
121 8
114 fi
148.1
Miscellaneous products...... ................
89.4
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition______________
117.5
Manufactured animal feeds__ _
67.2
Notions and accessories_______________ 97.4
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipm ent... . . . .
107.6
Other miscellaneous products__________ 126.8
1 See Note, table D-7.
>Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
91.4
92.0
92.4
93.2
91.7
91.2
89.2
89.9
91.1
91.3
92.9
96.1
91.0
92.0
117.5
71.0
*97.4
117.5
72.0
96.7
117.5
72.8
96.7
117.5
74.4
96.7
116.9
72.6
96.6
116.8
71.9
96.5
116.7
68.2
96.5
116.6
69.6
96.5
116.3
72.1
95.8
115.7
72.8
95.7
115.8
75.9
95.7
115.8
81.8
95.7
116.1
72.0
95.3
113. 5
75 7
92.1
107.6
126.8
107.6
126.5
107.7
126.3
107.5
126.1
105.4
125.4
105.2
125.1
105.2
124.7
104.8
124.8
104.8
124.7
104.8
124,4
104.8
123.2
105.0
123.1
104.9
124.1
103. 7
121.6
* Revised
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
911
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Commodity group
Jan.
M ay1 Apr. Mar. Feb.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. Aug. July June May
All commodities_________ _______ _________________ _ 117.1 117.2 116.9 117.0 116.9 116.3 115.9 115.6 115.5 114.7 114.0 114.2 114.4
Crude materials for further processing.................................. 96.6 97.1 96.7 96.7 97.4 96.6 94.9 95.0 96.7 96.4 95.0 95.7 96.6
Crude footstufls and feedstuffs_________ _____ _ .. 86.9 88.0 86.5 85.9 86.3 85.0 83.4 84.4 87.2 86.8 85.4 86.2 86.4
Crude nonfood materials except fuel_______________ 112.0 111.6 113.4 114.2 115.8 115.9 114.3 112.6 113.1 113.1 111.5 111.9 114.3
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu
facturing______________ _________ ________ 110.9 110.5 112.5 113.3 115.1 115.5 113.7 111.9 112.5 112.5 110.8 111.2 113.8
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction_______ _________ _____ __________ 135.7 •135.6 135.1 134.8 134.6 131.7 131.6 131.6 130.7 130.7 130.6 130.4 130.1
Crude fuel.......................... .............................................. 120.0 *120.0 119.9 121.7 120.8 120.4 116.5 116.0 111.5 110.9 110.4 110.6 111.9
Crude fuel for manufacturing................ .................. 119.8 *119.8 119.6 121.3 120.4 120.0 116.3 115. 8 111.3 110.7 110.2 110.5 111.7
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing in d u stry ........... 120.3 *120.2 120.5 122.3 121.4 121.0 116.8 116.2 111.8 111.1 110.7 110.9 112.3
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components -------Intermediate materials and components for manu
facturing... _______ _______ __________ _____
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing___
Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing____________ ____________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing____ ___________
Materials and components for construction-----------Processed fuels and lubricants
_______ ________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufactur
ing industry__________________ ___________
Containers, nonretumable...................................... ........
S upplies...____ __________________________ _____
Supplies for manufacturing ................ ..................
Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry________
Manufactured animal feeds..______________
Other supplies___________________________
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
fuels).. _______________________ ________________
Consumer finished goods________________________
Consumer foods_____________________________
Consumer crude foods____________________
Consumer processed foods. _______________
Consumer other nondurable goods........... ...............
Consumer durable goods___________ _________
Producer finished goods_________________ _____
Producer goods for manufacturing industries____
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..
1956
1955
114.3 110.7
95.0 94.5
84.0 85. 7
114.2 110.1
113.6 109.6
130.6
113.3
113.0
113. 7
124.9
105.8
105.4
106.5
124.8 *125.0 124.9 125.1 124.8 124.2 123.8 123.6 123.0 122.6 121.3 121.7 122.2 122.1 117.0
126.2 126.3 126.3 126.5 126.4 125.9 125.7 125.6 124.8 124.2 122.6 123.1 123.4 123.7 118.2
98.5 99.0 99.6 100.4 101.1 100.1 99.8 98.3 97.0 96.7 97.3 98.7 100.5 98.0 97.7
105.4
*152. 5
*147.9
*132.8
*115.2
*113.2
105.2
152.5
147.6
132.7
114.7
112.6
105.5
152.6
147.4
132.8
114.7
112.7
105.4
152.1
147.5
132.8
112.2
110.4
105.0
151.1
147.9
133.0
109.9
108.5
104.8
151.1
147.9
133.1
106.4
105.4
104.7
151.9
146.7
133.4
107.1
105.9
104.0
151.7
145.2
133.2
107.3
106.0
104.0
150.6
143.3
132.8
107.1
105.7
104.1
146.1
142.0
131.4
106.5
104.9
104.0
147.1
142.3
131. 5
106.2
104.6
104.2
147.3
142.3
131.8
106.1
104. 5
104.3
148. 5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3
102.7
139.7
130.9
125. 6
103.5
102.2
118.6 *118.6
134.1 132.8
112.0 113.1
136.7 136.8
100.8 *102. 4
67.8 71.7
120.0 120.2
118.3
132.9
113.3
136.1
103.0
73.1
120.4
118.2
132.7
113.4
135.9
103.3
73.7
120.4
115.2
133.0
113.8
135.4
104.0
75.7
120.4
112.3
132.6
113.0
135.3
102.9
73.6
120.0
108.3
132.3
112.7
135.3
102.5
72.6
119.9
109.2
131.1
111.3
135.1
100.5
68.3
119.3
109.5
129.3
111.0
133.6
100.7
69.5
118.9
109.5
128.5
111.3
132.7
101.7
72.4
118.7
109.4
127.9
111.1
132.2
101.6
73.3
117.9
108.9
127.9
112.0
132.1
103.0
77.0
118.0
108.8
127.9
113.6
132.0
105. 5
83.3
118.1
109.1
128. 5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
118.2
105.7
119.8
108.5
127.3
100.0
76.7
113.4
117.4
110.5
102.7
*91.1
105.0
*112.8
*122. 7
145.3
150.0
141.4
116.9
109.9
101.3
86.3
104.1
112.7
122.9
145.1
149.7
141.2
117.0
110.2
101.8
88.7
104.3
112.9
123. C
144.7
149.2
140.9
116.7
109.9
102.3
91. C
104.4
111.8
122.9
144.3
148.8
140.5
116.2
109.3
101.8
94.6
103.3
111.0
122.4
144.0
148.5
140.2
116.2
109.4
102.7
97.2
103.9
110.3
122.3
143.8
148.2
140.0
115.6
109.1
103.0
96.5
104.3
110.3
120.7
141.9
146.2
138.3
115.3
109.1
103.7
96.7
105.2
110.0
119.8
140.6
145.2
136.7
114.1
108.1
101.4
91.5
103.4
109.8
119.5
138.4
143.3
134.9
114.0
108.3
102.1
99.3
102.8
109.7
119.2
137.2
141.6
134.2
114.0
108.2
102.2
100.3
102.7
109.7
119.1
137.1
141.2
133.7
113.6
108.0
101.5
97.6
102.4
109.6
119.1
136.6
140. 5
133.3
114.0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9
110.9
106.4
101.1
96.4
102.2
107.8
115.9
128. 5
130.9
126.6
105.6
152.0
147.9
132.6
115.2
113.3
117.5
110.6
103.2
88.4
106.1
112.6
122.7
145.4
150.0
141.4
1 Preliminary.
•Revised.
N ote: For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p. 1448).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able D-10: Indexes of wholesale prices 1 for special commodity groupings
[1947-49=100]
Am mal
ave rage
1956
1957
Commodity group
M ay1 Apr. Mar. Feb.
All foods___ ____________ _________ _____
All fish_________________________________
Special metals and metal products__________
Metalworking machinery_________________
Machinery and equipment________________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)__
Total tractors..... .............................-............. —
Steel mill products............- ............. -.................
Building materials............................. .................
Soaps__________________________________
Synthetic detergents.-.............. ............. ...........
Refined petroleum products...... ............. - ........
East Coast petroleum_________________
Mid-continent petroleum............................
Gulf Coast petroleum_________________
Pacific Coast petroleum.................. ...........
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper__
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes------------------Lumber and wood products, excl. m illw ork...
All commodities except farm products. ...........
102.8
117.0
145.8
174.9
150.6
132.7
139.7
175.7
130.7
103.6
97.9
129.0
125.0
128.4
131.0
135.2
128.6
116.6
118.5
121.7
102.4
*119.6
145.9
174.5
*150.6
132.6
139.6
175.3
130.7
103.6
97.9
129.7
128.8
128.4
133.6
130.2
*128. 3
*116. 5
119.0
121.7
101.0
119.4
146.5
174.1
150.2
132.6
139.4
175.3
130.5
103.4
97.9
130.0
128.8
129.4
133.6
130.2
128.5
121.4
118.9
121.6
i Prelim inary.
•R ev ised .
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
101.5
115. 3
146.8
173.6
149.8
132.3
138.9
174. 5
130.5
102.9
97.9
130.3
128.8
130.2
133.6
130.2
128.2
124.1
119.6
121.7
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
102.1
121.8
147.3
173.0
149.1
131.7
138.1
172.1
130.5
100.9
97.9
124.6
120.6
121.9
130.1
127.0
128.3
124.1
120.3
121.5
101.6
116.1
147.3
172.4
148.6
131.1
137.2
169.9
130.5
100.4
97.9
120.6
117.5
119.7
121.2
127.0
127.7
123.9
120.0
120.9
102. 4
118. 4
147. 1
172. 2
148. 3
130. 7
137. 2
169. 9
130. 8
100. 2
97. 9
116. 8
114. 3
118. 3
117. 2
116. 2
127. 6
123. 7
120. 5
120. 6
102. 3
112. 5
146. 3
172. 0
146. 7
129. 2
136. 5
169. 8
131. 0
100. 2
97. 9
117. 6
116. 8
118. 3
119. 1
114. 6
127. 8
122. 9
121. 1
120. 1
Sept. Aug. July June May
102.8
114.3
145.7
171.0
145.2
127.1
134.3
169.8
131.0
100.2
97.9
117.7
116.0
119.9
118.0
114.6
127.6
116.4
122.9
119.7
100.7
114.6
144.4
167.1
142.3
126.6
133.2
169.8
131.5
100.2
97.9
117.7
116.0
119.9
117.5
115.7
127.7
114.4
124.6
119.0
101.8
114.6
140.5
163.9
141.1
126.7
132.2
159.6
130.6
100.6
97.9
118.3
115.2
119.9
118.6
118.9
127.4
111.4
126.2
118.0
102.3
109.7
141.2
163.7
140.9
126.4
131.1
159.2
130.6
100.6
97.9
117.7
113.9
119.9
118.6
116.2
127.2
109.8
127.0
118.1
101.9
111.7
141.9
162.6
140.6
126.3
131.0
159.1
130.8
98.9
91.1
117.7
113.0
120.2
118.6
116.8
127.0
107.9
127.9
118.3
1956
1955
100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163.2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117.5
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115. 4
124.9
118.6
101.0
105.4
132.9
146.8
131.4
122.9
124.7
150.7
125.5
97.8
91.7
111.2
107.6
109.4
117.1
109.6
119.1
110.2
122.9
114.3
Source: U . S. D ep artm en t of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
912
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
E: Work Stoppages
T able E -l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
M onth and year
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
1945
.................... .................... ....................
1946
........
1947
.................... .................... ....................
1948
.....
1949.....................
1950
.................... .................... ....................
1951
........
1952
..... .
1953
____
1954
.................... .................... ....................
1955
.................... ....................
1956....................
In effect during month
2,862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3, 468
4,320
3,825
Beginning in
month or year
478
372
377
398
336
332
242
114
648
576
570
625
541
524
403
240
202. 000
1957: January»—.
February».
March»___
April»........
M a y ».........
225
225
250
400
475
325
350
375
525
650
60,000
60. 000
80, 000
150,000
190,000
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
115,000
591, 000
137, 000
156, 000
133,000
158,000
29,000
Number
16,QOO. 000
39, 700.000
sa non non
116,000.000
34, 600. 000
1,130, 000
2,380,000
3, 470.000
4, 600, 000
2 , 170,000
1 . 960. 000
3,030, 000
2, 410, 000
2 , 220,000
3, 540, 000
2, 400, 000
1, 530. 000
2, 650. 000
1 , 900, 000
1956: May.........
June_____
July............
August.......
September.
October___
November.
December-
1 The data include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
In effect during month
34 100,000
50. 500, 000
Percent of estimated working time
n 27
.46
47
1 43
41
37
59
44
38. 800. 000
22, 900 000
. 23
59,100, 000
57
. 26
.33, 100 000
26
i_29
287,000
230,000
669,000
699,000
209,000
178, 000
204, 000
53,000
2, 910,000
2 , 010 . 000
12, 500, 000
2. 960.000
1, 630,000
1,180,000
1, 460,000
472,000
1.35
.29
.19
80,000
130, 000
550,000
825,000
775, 000
1,380, 000
1, 850,000
.06
.09
.08
.14
.18
28, 300, OOO
22 , 600 000
28 200 000
120,000
190, 000
260,000
21
.30
.2 1
.1 1
.15
.05
» Preliminary.
N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
913
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
F: Building and Construction
T able F-1: Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put In place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)
Ju n e 3 May*
Total new construction 18--------------------- 4,354
Private construction _____ ___ _______
Residential buildings (nonfarm)------New dwelling units
___
-Additions and alterations *______
Non housekeeping
_
Nonresidential buildings *
In d u stria l____________________
Commercial _ ______ ____ _
Office buildings and warehouses _____ ___________
Stores, restaurants, and ga___ ____
rages__ ___
Other nonresidential buildings. __
_______ _____
Religions
PdIdeational
__ _ _ ____
Hospital and institutional *__
Sofia] and recreational______
M iscellaneous.____________
Farm construction________________
Public utilities___________________
"Railroad _________ ______ Telephone and telegraph______ _
Other public utilities
All other p r iv a te ._____ _____ ___
Public construction___ __________ ____
Residential buildings ®
Nonresidential buildings (other than
military facilities).. _____________
Industrial_________________ -__
Educational
________ ___
Hospital and institutional______
Administrative and se rv ic e ___
Other nonresidential buildings---Military facilities ______________
Highways
__________________
Sewer and water systems
. _
S e w e r..____________________
Water
____________________
Public service enterprises____ ______
Conservation and development-„
All other public __ _____ - ________
1956
1957
Type of construction
4,033
1955
Total
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Total
3,641
3,280
3,000
3,182
3,544
3,964
4,302
4,425
4,474
4,420
4,288
46,060
44,581
33,242
17,632
13,490
3,695
447
8,817
3,084
3,631
32,620
18, 705
14,990
3,376
339
7,611
2,399
3,218
3.012 2,808 2,579 2,392 2, 217 2,311
1,534 1. 410 1,300 1,167 1,048 1,137
885
875
795
940
1,105 1,000
214
258
217
326
373
'389
38
34
36
34
37
40
722
704
709
713
747
786
269
270
269
271
270
270
269
264
257
263
287
309
2,654
1.362
1,045
277
40
772
274
305
2,922
1. 521
1,140
339
42
804
276
329
3,003
1, 580
1,195
344
41
797
278
320
3,073
1. 640
1,240
360
40
787
278
313
3,122
1,672
1,260
371
41
786
277
316
3,107
1.674
1,260
371
43
788
271
332
3,030
1, 654
1,235
379
40
761
264
324
153
146
135
133
135
143
157
165
160
152
147
146
140
1,684
1,311
156
207
73
43
43
26
22
156
517
40
96
381
19
1,342
41
141
190
68
40
40
24
18
140
493
38
101
354
18
1,225
37
128
179
64
39
38
23
15
119
432
37
88
307
15
1,062
34
131
176
63
40
36
23
14
105
398
35
94
269
13
888
30
122
177
65
41
34
23
14
96
357
31
86
240
12
783
30
126
184
67
43
33
24
17
91
350
32
75
243
11
871
29
148
193
71
46
32
26
18
97
413
36
88
289
10
890
30
164
199
74
47
32
27
19
111
475
43
107
325
11
1,042
31
160
199
75
49
31
27
17
130
484
41
100
343
12
1,299
30
161
196
73
49
30
27
17
156
478
40
87
351
12
1, 352
25
169
193
71
49
28
27
18
169
483
41
94
348
12
1,352
25
186
185
67
48
26
25
19
165
468
41
94
333
12
1,313
23
184
173
62
46
25
23
17
156
448
35
93
320
11
1,258
24
1,947
2,102
768
536
328
275
195
1, 560
5,113
427
1,066
3,620
120
12,818
292
1,907
1,994
734
492
351
239
178
1,600
4,543
399
43
249
31
38
38
115
530
120
66
54
38
86
13
389
43
238
33
38
37
100
455
117
64
53
35
79
13
374
41
233
31
36
33
95
335
113
63
50
30
70
11
345
41
215
27
32
30
84
230
104
58
46
26
60
9
305
37
194
23
27
24
82
195
93
53
40
21
51
6
336
44
211
24
30
27
93
225
100
56
44
24
57
7
324
45
201
23
29
26
98
239
100
56
44
27
65
7
344
45
210
26
33
30
117
326
110
60
50
32
73
9
371
42
226
30
38
35
141
512
120
65
55
35
79
11
381
41
231
30
39
40
146
543
121
65
56
39
84
13
390
43
236
29
39
43
143
530
125
69
56
40
87
12
378
38
231
26
35
48
136
518
122
68
54
41
84
11
358
38
221
25
32
42
135
501
115
63
4,072
453
2, 549
298
362
410
1,395
4,470
1,275
701
4,218
721
2,442
322
331
402
1,313
4,050
37
79
9
826
104
701
95
1 Estimated monetary value of new construction put in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables E-3, F-4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2).
* Includes revisions in the series on residential additions and alterations,
and data are not comparable with those published in issues preceding J une
1957. See Technical Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions
and Alterations, 1945-56, in the August 1957 issue.
..
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build
ing are included under “Public utilities.”
_.
i Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilitie* under the National Hospital Program.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
3,364
161
11,961
615
• Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as houseoverscan building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Forces housing under the Capehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
•Revised.
N o t e - For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S ource: Joint estimates of the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration.
914
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
T able
F-2: Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (in millions of dollars)
Ownership and type of construction
1956
1957
Apr.
Mar.* Feb.*
Jan.*
Dec.*
Nov.
Oct.*
Sept.* Aug.
July*
June*
May
Apr.
1956*
1955
Total
Total
Total public construction__________
958.1 1,104.1
768.0
920.3
823.9
769.4
837.9
769.5
836.3 1,100.1 1,102.8
856.1
930.6 10,372.2
9, 000.5
Federally owned_____ _____________
Residential buildings___ ________
Nonresidential buildings________
Educational ____________ .
Hospital and institutional____
Administrative and service _ _
Other nonresidential buildings.
Airfield buildings.. _____
Troop housing__________
Warehouses__________ ..
All other____________ . .
Airfields___- . . . _______ _ . .
Conservation and development___
Highways_____________________
Electric power_________________
All other federally owned________
State and locally owned_____________
Residential buildings__ ______ .
Nonresidential buildings_________
Educational___
_________
Hospital and institutional____
Administrative and service . .
Other nonresidential buildings.
Highways______ _____________
Sewer and water systems________
Sewer____________ ________
W ater_____. . . ___________
Public service enterprises_____ _
Electric p o w e r ....______ . . .
O ther.. . . . .
... .. ...
Conservation and development-. .
All other State and locally owned..
296.2
21.5
46.8
1.7
.4
4.5
40.2
7.4
9.8
2.7
20.3
34.7
143.0
14.4
23.3
12.5
661.9
14.7
256.2
191.6
17.4
20.1
27.1
289.5
67.7
44.1
23.6
18.8
9.0
9.8
8.6
6.4
342.1
115.4
71.0
4.0
4.6
3.5
58.9
11.6
7.7
4.0
35.6
49.7
83.1
4.1
2.9
15.9
762.0
7.4
300.8
234.9
15.8
25.0
25.1
349.6
75.4
43.6
31.8
17.4
7.7
9.7
4.5
6.9
217.2
19.3
67.2
1.5
2.0
1.5
62.2
9.3
16.4
5.8
30.7
27.0
49.7
3.4
25.6
25.0
550.8
31.4
256.1
175.9
27.4
29.2
23.6
186.2
55.4
16.6
38.8
11.7
8.2
3.5
5.1
4.9
207.2
30.2
86.7
20.5
16.1
4.5
45.6
5.6
5.6
3.5
30.9
7.9
50.2
9.3
7.9
15.0
713.1
21.8
252.8
184.9
12.6
23.3
32.0
317.1
68.9
37.3
31.6
33.1
17.1
16.0
12.0
7.4
176.4
19.9
50.8
1.4
1.1
3.8
44.5
3.0
11.7
3.6
26.2
28.0
62.6
7.1
3.9
4.1
647.5
13.8
272.2
211.5
13.9
22.9
23.9
240.5
80.8
49.1
31.7
31.2
11.2
20.0
4.1
4.9
119.0
1.2
57.3
.9
.5
3.0
52.9
6.4
4.7
1.2
40.6
21.6
26.5
8.8
2.1
1.5
650.4
17.6
253.5
189.3
15.3
21.0
27.9
278.1
65.2
36.2
29.0
25.2
17.9
7.3
5.8
5.0
151.9
8.9
97.6
6.7
6.8
5.1
79.0
1.8
20.3
2.0
54.9
4.7
27.9
9.3
1.6
1.9
686.0
23.0
252.8
175.0
28.2
27.7
21.9
269.1
93.7
50.3
43.4
26.0
17.8
8.2
12.9
8.5
134.1
19.6
37.4
.3
.5
4.1
32.5
5.6
7.2
3.8
15.9
5.2
55.7
10.0
1.6
4.6
635.4
31.7
259.8
173.7
43.4
16.1
26.6
223.6
84.6
54.7
29.9
17.6
9.0
8.6
12.1
6.0
111.6
1.0
63.9
.7
1.7
3.5
58.0
3.9
1.8
1.6
50.7
7.5
22.6
5.8
2.9
7.9
724.7
12.3
286.6
192.9
15.5
54.2
24.0
271.9
103.8
74.9
28.9
26.0
15.1
10.9
14.5
9.6
344.1
15.7
176.0
4.8
5.2
22.1
143.9
8.8
40.1
4.0
91.0
17.7
41.7
17.4
64.3
11.3
758.7
22.7
287.4
184.1
27.9
40.1
35.3
305.1
104.1
60.1
44.0
23.4
8.6
14.8
9.0
7.0
169.7
9.3
84.0
.5
10.9
17.5
55.1
6.6
1.2
4.9
42.4
7.7
28.7
6.6
28.2
5.2
686.4
21.1
291.8
205.9
31.0
21.8
33.1
249.1
78.3
45.0
33.3
16.8
7.9
8.9
20.0
9.3
220.2
9.9
119.7
2.9
3.5
6.5
106.8
4.4
8.1
32.6
61.7
17.2
53.3
4.8
5.0
10.3
710.4
18.3
295.3
204.1
23.5
30.6
37.1
265.3
89.6
51.3
38.3
19.3
12.4
6.9
14.7
7.9
1, 556.0
61.4
885.5
21.6
77.5
66.7
719.7
103.8
54.1
84.0
477.8
157.4
271.9
58.5
43.5
77.8
7, 444.5
210.1
2, 842.0
2,107.2
185.9
263.0
285.9
2,933. 5
895.5
501.9
393.6
378.0
247.4
130.6
117.2
68.2
1 Includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
by a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s own property).
♦Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
184.9
6.8
46.3
2.3
3.4
6.3
34.3
4.1
6.1
4.5
19.6
6.1
54.8
8.6
58.3
4.0
915.2
21.4
284.3
199.2
24.1
26.1
34.9
349.3
125.5
49.3
76.2
11.6
103.6
8.0
11.9
11.2
2, 037.4
128.1
909.4
23.7
43.9
87.3
754.5
72.1
122.7
63.2
496.5
155.7
511.0
91.9
177.5
63.8
8,334.8
253.2
3, 202. 8
2, 289.0
278.9
320.8
314.1
3, 211. 6
1,100.0
658.9
441.1
336.5
227.2
109.3
139.3
91.4
Soubce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U. S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration,
915
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-3: Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership,
and type of building
Apr.
Ail building construction.............
P rivate__________________
Public.......................................
New residential building---------Dwelling units (housekeeping only)
Privately owned.......................
1- fam ily..........................
2- family...........................
3- and 4-family..................
5-or-more family____ ____
Publicly owned....... ...........—
Nonhousekeeping buildings-------Commercial buildings-----Amusement buildings.
Commercial garages—
Office buildings................. .......
Stores and other mercantile
buildings........................ .......
Community buildings--------------Educational buildings______
Religious buildings------Garages, private residentialindustrial buildings.......... .
Public utilities buildings----All other nonresidential buildings..
Additions, alterations, and repairs.
1956
1957
Mar.
Feb.*
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.*
841.9 1,902.1 1,875.4
1,703.2 1, 526. 5 1,215.3 i, no. o 1,053.0 1,340.4 1,652. 8 1, 440.6 1,732. 7 1, 716.7 1,
1, 594. 8 1,727.4 1,714. 6
1, 527.4 1,368.0 1, 053.3 976.2 925.5 1,192. 8 1, 483.0 1,308.9 1,591. 3 1,559.3
160.8
175.8 158.5 162.0 133.8 127.4 147.6 ' 169.8 ' 131. 7 141.4 157.5 247.1 174.6
1,077.5
1,052.7
907.0 817.0 595.9 542.7 528.7 682.6 878. 5 772.7 969.8 896.6 973.9
964.4 1,039. 2 1,064. 5
893.7 800.7 584.6 535.2 519.9 674.7 863.5 761.4 946.9 887.1 938.3
1,054.9
881.4 799.0 571.1 528.0 514.0 667.8 836.6 746.9 942.4 881.0 879.3 1,026.3
958.4 985.2
824.3
688.4
869.6
774.9
609.3
792.4 710.2 504.2 465.4 454.0
22.3
22.8
18.7
18.4
16.4
18.6
17.8
15.7
11.8
12.7
17.1
21.4
20.1
8.0
8.4
6.5
6.9
7.6
7.7
9.8
7.2
5.4
8.0
10.4
7.5
11.3
39.4
36.6
33.7
31.4
46.4
34.4
34.1
42.8 35.5
41.9
42.3
68.2
56.2
9.7
12.9
26.1
6.1
4.5
14.6
26.9
6.9
6.9
7.2
13.6
1.7
12.3
12.9
13.6
9.5
9.5
22.9
14. 9 11.3
7.9
8.9
7.5
11.3
16.3
13.3
621.3
667.4
694.8
636.7
581.0
525.3
526.4
607.6
616.2 552.0 490.5 448.6 414.4
204.8 206.1
191.6 162.4 132.2 116.2 135.7 153.0 177.1 163. 4 187.6 192.8 214.9
13.8
14.4
10.7
12.7
7.5
10.2
8.9
10.6
7.2
5.7
5.9
15.5
10.1
6.3
5.9
6.8
7.0
5.1
3.6
5. 8
4.7
4.0
4.2
3.7
3.6
7.3
14.2
16.2
15.2
13.6
15.5
15.
4
17.
2
13.9
10.3
12.5
12.2
14.0
15.0
62.8
66.2
97.1
78.4
67.1
57.5
44.0
56.1
57.6
38.0
51.9
52.8
67.4
86.4
214.9
136.6
31.5
46.8
19.5
102.8
28.0
37.4
22.0
180.0
81.8
214.6
138.0
36.2
40.5
14.5
94.3
24.8
21.9
19.4
157.5
58.2
54.2
58.5
149.7 168.1 145.2
99.6
97.9 110.9
30. S 16.3
22.2
27. C 29.2
29.7
6.4
5.2
6.7
59.8
87.3
83.2
23.1
53. C 24.9
28.4
35. (
51. Í
15.9
11.9
14. Í
128.9 118.7 109.8
m D ata relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
in all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
permit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
by builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost oi
92.4
76.7
67.8 101.2
175.6 208.5 180.9 190.5
120.6 125.0 106.6 102.6
47.5
32.2
41.5
24.4
40.4
42 0 42.1
30.6
23.9
23.4
22.
4
13.8
97.7 105.2
105.5 122.9
24.4
21.4
26.7
29.1
32.4
23.2
29.9
27.5
16.9
16.3
19 1
21.8
131.4 166.7 142.5 181.9
81.1
208.9
110.7
52.6
45.6
21.8
125.2
30.6
37.1
20.3
183.4
85.1
215.8
149.6
26.8
39.3
20.6
120.6
67.2
34.2
21.4
173.1
102.1
208.1
125.2
37.8
45.1
22.3
139.2
37.9
30.0
25.1
181.9
109.0
224.7
139.8
37.7
47.2
21.8
107.9
16.5
24.6
19.7
176.6
1956
1955
Total
Total
18,760.7 18, 939.0
16, 884.7 17, 264.3
1, 876.0 1, 674.7
10,280.6
10,138. 5
9, 962.1
9, 211. 3
214.8
87.9
448.1
176.4
142.2
6, 649.7
2,078.0
113.4
60.0
165.5
734.4
11,696.1
11, 535.1
11,386. 4
10, 643.1
208.4
84.0
451.0
148.7
161.1
5, 593.7
1, 858.7
99.4
66.7
140.0
653.4
1,004.7
2, 225.7
1, 407.1
367.8
450.8
201.9
1, 260. 5
326.9
326.7
229.9
1, 830.4
999.1
1, 946.2
1,242.3
307.7
396. 2
187.6
830. 4
306.6
273.1
191.0
1, 649.1
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
♦Revised.
S o u r c e : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able F-4: Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction and
geographic region
1956
1957
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.*
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.*
1956
1955
Total
Total
18, 760. 7 18,939.0
1,340.4 1,652.8 1, 440.6 1,732. 7 1,716.7 1,841.9 1,902.1 1,875.4
All building construction2..................... 1, 703.2 1, 526.5 1,215.3 1,110.0 1,053.0
459.3 4,047.8 4,129.6
196.4 243.9 291.2 346.8 337.6 363.5 341.5 437.1 401.7
Northeast----- ------ -......................... 351.2 334.1 235.9 242.0
5, 670. 7 5, 715.4
258.0 387.0 537.3 446.6 548.2 555.7 566.8 622.6 618.3
532.0 444.6 320.6
N orth Central------- --------------401.4 4,462.6 4, 667. 7
272.0 317.0 386.3 335.0 398.2 394.1 401.9 455.3
South....... ........................ -........ ...... 404.6 354.9 357.9 339.7
4, 579.7 4, 426.2
396.4
422.8 425.4 436.0 422.5
Wftst.
_______________ 415.5 392.9 300.8 331.9 279.1 345.2 382.4 321.4
10,138.
5 11, 535.1
1,064.5
863.5 761.4 946.9 887.1 964.4 1,039. 2
New dwelling units (housekeeping only). 893.7 800.7 584.6 535.2 519.9 674.7
238.0 239.1 2,196. 6 2, 500.1
86.9 118.0 151.2 192.6 168.5 194.5 187.3 224.6 333.9
96.7
3, 488.5
3.137.0
366.2
Northeast-------------------------------- 188.7 158.0
306.4 291.3 319.6
266.7 240.0 146.1 106.7 127.1 193.9 267.2 255.5
N orth Central_________________
2.347.1 2, 700.9
149.9 202.5 171.5 214.8 200.1 198.6 238.6 231.4
2.845.7
2,
457.9
South----- ------ ----------- -------------- 210.6 185.5 175.2 172.5 132.6
227.8
228.6
179.7 201.2 166.0 231.2 208.3 221.6 667.4 621.3 6, 649. 7 5, 593. 7
W est_________________ ____ ____ 227.7 217.1 166.7 169.1 142.1 526.4
607.6 525.3 581.0 636.7 694.8
1.233.8
New nonresidential buildings------------ 616.2 552.0 490.5 448.6 414.4
1,
431.
6
178.6
121.4
99.2 111.4 115.9 133.8 124.1 113.9 172.4 232.2 196.6 1, 991. 4 1,748.7
83.3
124.1 138.7 114.1
Northeast-------------------------------99.0 157.5 213.2 146.8 186.9 209.6 197.2 164.7 122.8 1, 591. 5 1, 455.4
North Central................................... 211.9 163.3 140.3 110.0 108.4
138.6 125.1 128.1 140.0 156.0
1.635.2 1.155.9
South......... ........................................ 139.5 118.0 137.0 131.0 107.8 130.1
127.5 140.0 119.6 141.8 173.2 169.2 149.1 123.2
99.2 124.3
1, 830.4 1,649.1
W est__ - ______ -_____________ 140.7 132.0
166.7 142.5 181.9 183.4 173.1 181.9 176.6
131.4
109.8
118.7
128.9
157.5
364.9
394.1
Additions, alterations, and repairs------ 180.0
39.7
39.2
38.2
39.2
42.7
33.3
34.1
27.5
24.1
24.7
24.0
34.8
36.6
449.2
510.2
Northeast...........................................
51.1
53.4
47.5
52.0
52.3
40.6
53.2
34.0
30.1
24.8
32.8
39.2
51.1
451.1
481.9
43.3
N orth Central...................................
47.7
44.5
50.2
45.8
36.
C
41.6
34.8
29.4
35.3
39.8
43.2
383.9
50.1
444.2
42.6
South..... ............................................
41.6
42.9
42.0
41.1
32.5
37.8
35.2
26.2
33.8
32.4
40.2
42.2
West.........- ........ ...... .........................
i See footnote 1, table F-3.
. .
,,
a Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
♦Revised.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
916
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
Table F 5: Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
State and location
1957
Mar.
All States...
Metropolitan areas 2
Nonmetropolitan areas...
AlaDauici__
Arizona___
Arkansas..
California.......
Colorado____
Connecticut__
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida__
Georgia___
Feb.*
1956
Jan.
Dec.
1,526. 1,215. 1 110 1, UuO. 1 1,340.
1,196. C 961.1
863.7
841.6 1,032.
330. £ 254.
246.3 211.4 308.
14.
18.
15.
13. e
14.3
26.8
Oct.
Sept.
1,652. 1, 440.
1, 294. 1,101.
358.7 339.
Aug.
July
1, 732. 1, 716.
1, 350. 1,330.
382. £ 386.
June
May
1,841. 1, 902.
1,453. 1,504.
388.3 397.
Apr.*
1, 875.
1, 453.
421.
278.6
21.9
212.3
21.3
229.4
19.7
11.0
11 4
9 4^
o.
9HQ U
¿Uo.
on zo
zu.
42.0
3.2
3 9
76.0
20.6
22.3
5.4
2.8
72.2
22.1
21.1
6 1
5.3
70.3
20.2
22.6
3 4
2.4
K7 oC
0/.
19
Q
1Z. O
97 11
O/.
A0
O.
4.4
A
C
OO. *77
1*7 4/4
1/.
7.8
17.9
77.5
19.2
29.8
3.2
8.9
61.7
20.2
34.6
6.2
3.6
79.3
23.7
30.9
3. 8
6.1
72. 9
24.2
41.1
6.3
4. 5
75.0
23.2
37.9
5.0
5. 5
73.8
26.7
37.6
8.9
3.1
69.1
20.0
9 n
61.5
23 2
4.3
5 8
1. O
75.2
on O
k
ZU.
7.6
Q 7i
Ö.
o O
o
O.
92.6
30.7
13.0
14. 2
3.3
118.8
40.1
21.6
13.3
4.3
106.9
34.1
16.7
11.4
3.7
117.3
51.2
15.6
10.3
3.1
119.5
38. 4
14.9
13.0
3 .6
125.0
41.0
18.9
10.9
6.3
138.6
45.2
21.4
13.2
As
in 1i
1U.
18.6
.O
O
OQ O
K
Zo.
25.9
10. o
14.9
2. 7
28.0
90 K
11.2
21.7
2.7
36.4
13.9
19.7
3 .9
26.5
47.2
15.6
24. 2
2 .8
49.1
40.0
22.3
21.5
3 .9
33. 7
46. 4
14.1
20.5
4. 5
40.1
39.2
9 q ny
oo.
ik n
1 0 . u
9 un
o.
15.3
.Q
y
*70
#Z. oO
oo dc
ZZ.
9 0K
O.
19.4
2.3
114.2
30.8
4.1
29.9
3.2
81.4
40.2
5.2
22.4
5.9
112.6
38.1
4.1
30. 3
3.2
113.9
36.2
5.1
27.7
4. 2
9Z. 0A
1.6
KK
O
O. oA
K. 4
A
O
o. 6
3. 7
9 11
O.
04. 1
7/. 9z
73.6
6.5
6.2
5.7
2.9
62.8
7.0
8.3
3.0
3 .8
68.8
7.1
100. 8
14. 9
1.8
78.8
15.9
120.8
16.7
3.5
111. 1
9.4
129.6
14.4
4.0
83.5
13.0
11. 9
48. 6
4. 6
4a. n
/
1.6
13.4
65.5
3 .6
6.8
4.5
Idaho___
Illinois__________________
Indiana__
Iowa.........................
Kansas___
3.5
109.8
51.3
11.2
10.8
Kentucky__
Louisiana...
M aine__
M aryland______
Massachusetts..
16.8
17.4
2.5
30.8
51.2
37.9
28.4
M ichigan...
Minnesota .
M ississippi...
Missouri..
M ontana___
74.2
20.1
2.8
24.7
3.0
48.2
18.3
3.6
18.6
2.3
45 °
10.4
2.5
Nebraska___
Nevada___
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
5.6
4.3
2.1
58.8
6.7
4.7
3.0
1.5
50.4
5.4
2 4
QA
1.1
40.3
9.0
New York
North Carolina.
North D akota..
Ohio____
Oklahoma__
109.3
16.2
1.6
94. 7
10.3
80.8
15.2
7Q n
16.1
3
Qß ny
oo.
i11
i . yQ
.9
53. 5
o Z
o
o.
Oregon ______
Pennsylvania___
Rhode Islan d ...
South Carolina..
South Dakota
11.4
64. 1
2.9
4.4
2.0
49.6
1.8
4.7
1.0
39.9
1 6
4.9
AH Z
O
4/.
Tennessee...
Texas..........
U tah______
Vermont__
Virginia____
15.4
82.4
13.3
1.2
29.6
10.5
QQ
Washington
West Virginia____
Wisconsin___
Wyoming___
30.5
4.6
38.7
1.6
93.2
6.0
10.0
13.6
20.4
g
27 3
18.5
1 Q
9.2
9. ö9
Z
7 9
g
3.1
K o
9
0.
i n
1 . u
l1u9 . A
D
Kfl 1
24.7
2372
3.1
IQ 7
.9
on
ZU. */7
oZ. Oc
1Q O
JL
o. o
1i. Q
y
25. 7
o. Z
34. 0
.8
OO. 1
4.3
33rf
24.7
5.2
.8
14.7
1A
10. G
3.
0/10 U
fl
Z4Z.
Zo. U
17. 0
64. 9
9. 0
.6
24.8
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
3 Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nov.
14.3
Mar.
1, 683.
1, 302.
381.2
4.5
14.1
12.4
5.3
205.7
16.8
14.2
18.0
ö. 3
291.6
23.7
15.
16.
4.3
314.1
17. S
14. £
18.
5.0
281.9
28.8
17. C
19.3
5.7
286.7
20.7
13.9
12.
5.7
269.9
25.5
15.1
15.7
6. C
315. (
22.8
1956
1955
Total
Total
18, 760.7 18, 939.0
14, 667. < 15,108.9
4,093.3 3, 830.1
173.1
189.7
57.4
3,163.2
279.2
166.5
165. 8
54.3
3,065.1
280.6
22. (
3.7
5. i
70.1
24.6
375.1
66.0
70.2
834.8
250.2
359.1
62.0
87.7
746.9
276.7
4.4
138.5
40.1
21.1
14.6
3 .9
137.4
30.8
16.2
20.4
39.6
1,333. 8
432.0
181.9
151.9
36.5
1, 261. 6
381.0
180.1
195.4
20.0
30.5
4.6
46.1
45.1
19.4
27.6
2.8
40.8
50.2
13.0
27.8
1.4
41.6
43.7
168.2
273.1
33.9
429.8
470.0
189 3
292.6
29.8
494.4
445.1
98.2
41.0
3 .8
28.4
5. 5
124.5
51.9
5.0
26.6
5.0
119.4
46.0
6.2
37.4
3.4
89.3
26.2
4.9
31.5
5.6
1,084. 6
376.2
52.5
306.7
41.5
1,130. 4
403.3
50.3
336.4
41.7
10.2
2. 6
3 .6
64.0
6. 6
8.0
3.1
3 .8
72.4
5. 9
7.2
3.9
6.2
83.8
6.8
8.9
5.1
4.2
90.9
6.1
7.8
6.1
2.0
70. 1
5.7
82.0
45.5
37.8
810.5
77.2
100.0
75.3
41.2
832.3
85.7
140.9
20.4
6.0
116.1
13.4
116.4
20. 4
3.9
136.0
12.0
166.6
17. 5
6.6
139.8
13.5
133.8
29.5
5.0
132.0
13.9
173.8
19.1
7.1
120.7
11.4
110.3
21.3
.9
101. 1
11.6
1,470. 0
221.4
40.5
1,202. 0
143.2
1,489. 9
216. 4
35. 6
1,216.0
149.2
16.3
55.1
3.5
5.1
3 .2
17.5
67.2
4. 9
5.4
2.6
16.9
67.8
8.1
6. 5
3.3
21.1
93.9
14.1
6.0
6.3
23.9
84.1
4.4
7.7
4.5
16.9
94.4
4.7
6.5
4.7
14.5
68.3
2.9
6.6
3.4
182.0
780.7
59.6
75.8
37.4
157.2
871.9
49.0
94.6
36.9
15.7
76.1
8.1
.6
40.7
15.5
71.9
12. 6
2.8
31. 2
16.5
75. 2
14. 8
.6
36.1
24.4
78.1
8.7
37.3
19. 1
75.1
13.1
1.5
55.5
20.3
84.3
12.0
1.9
58.0
21.4
77.1
11.3
.7
45.0
19.9
88.4
12.0
.3
46.4
213.0
916.9
145.2
10.1
452.4
219.6
1,024.6
118. 7
11.3
475.2
24.8
6.2
40.9
3.4
32.7
5.1
36.6
2.0
37.4
5.8
39. 7
2. 7
32.8
5. 9
38.9
1.8
51.7
7.9
43.6
3.1
35.9
6.2
52.6
2.1
39.3
6.0
59.6
2.2
46.3
4.7
35.6
3 .0
390.6
64.4
442.0
25.6
381.0
67.4
438.8
18.6
3.0
H
.5
~
-----------------
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
917
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-6: Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o s t1
Number of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost 1
(in thousands)
Location
Period
Total
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
Metro Nonmetro N orth North
politan
east Central South
politan
places
places
43,800 1,021,609
776,800
71,200
58, 500 794,900
35, 500 303,500
896,900
18,700
975,800
19,400
779,800
24,200
West
Publicly
owned
$370, 224
614,769
502,707
306,881
169,037
198,818
271,342
18,200
17,500
(2)
2,346,213
3,083,256
2, 777,607
2,280,927
2,240,448
3,454,571
3, 590,366
3,192,852
3,076,198
892,794
954,570
1,228,834
4,416,285
1,434,395
1,502,901
1,478,989
4,025,441
1,372,150
1,369,948
1,283,343
3,026,723
1,178,809
993, 986
853,928
2,850,687
814,448
887,138
1,149,101
3,924,184
1,309,175
1,346,513
1,268,496
3, 534,804
1, 201, 352
1,227, 269
1,106,183
2,776,443
1,104,981
930,589
740,873
2,522,714
718,318
762,871
1,041,525
2,183, 710
3,000,120
2, 739,268
2,258,087
2,199, 446
3,398,898
3, 528,471
3,182,385
3,043,959
890,092
934, 585
1,219,282
4,349,159
1,421,309
1,479, 773
1,448,077
3,981,182
1,363,092
1,346,848
1,271,242
2,971,529
1,168,229
985,891
817,409
2,761,446
800, 665
871,700
1,089,081
3,844,192
1,293,488
1,312,890
1,237,814
3,471,787
1,179,266
1,222, 281
1,070,240
2, 737,351
1,078,142
925,991
733, 218
2,336,878
681,147
727,081
928, 650
162, 503
83,136
38.339
22,840
41,002
65,673
61,895
10,467
32,239
2,702
19,985
9, 552
67,126
13,086
23,128
30,912
44,259
9,058
23,100
12,101
55,194
10, 580
8,095
36,519
89,241
13, 783
15,438
60,020
79,992
15,687
33,623
30,682
63,017
22,086
4,988
35,943
39,092
26,839
4, 598
7,655
185,836
37,171
35,790
112,875
(2)
(2)
1,147,840
1,279,400
1,118,750
1,200,000
29,090
79,400
1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103,800
1,220,400
1,328; 900
1,118,100
1,352,200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068, 300
1, 201,700
1,309; 500
1,093,900
1953: First quarter. ................... .
Second quarter__________
Third quarter................. .
Fourth quarter__________
1954: First quarter____________
m
Second quarter__________
*4 Third quarter___________
tS* Fourth quarter__________
1955: First quarter.......................
January__ ___________
February_________ _. .
M arch. I ______________
Second quarter__________
April_________________
M a y ...___ ___________
June_____ __________
Third quarter_______ . .
July. ______________ .
August__ ____ ________
September____________
Fourth quarter__ _______
October______ ________
November. _________
December_____________
1956: First quarter_________ ..
January_________ _____
February_____________
M a rc h ... ____________
Second quarter__________
April___ ______ ______
M ay_________________
June_________________
Third quarter___________
July__________________
August ________ _____
September________ ____
Fourth quarter__________
October____________ ..
November_____ ______
December____ ________
238,100
315,000
280, 700
234, 500
232,200
326,500
339,300
303, 700
288,000
87, 300
87,900
112,800
297,000
130,500
135,100
131, 400
357,800
121,900
122,300
113,600
266, 700
104,800
88, 400
73,500
244,600
73, 700
77,000
93,900
325,300
109, 900
110,800
104,600
292,900
99,000
103, 200
90, 700
231,100
91,200
77,000
62, 900
198, 700
60,100
63,100
75,500
19,000
9,300
4,300
2,900
4,600
6,200
6,700
1,200
3,300
300
2,000
1,000
7,400
1,500
2,500
8,400
4, 400
700
2,400
1,300
4, 500
1,000
800
2,700
7,500
1,400
1,400
4, 700
7,200
1,500
2,900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3, 200
3, 500
2,400
400
700
13,100
2,900
2,700
7,500
184,400
238,100
207,800
173,200
174,300
244,000
252,800
225,800
221,800
68,100
66,900
86,800
295,400
96,800
99, 700
98,900
263,300
88,300
91,500
83, 500
195, 800
76, 500
64,600
54, 700
183,800
54,300
57,600
71,900
228,300
76,200
77,600
74, 500
202, 900
69, 700
70,900
62,300
164,800
64, 900
54,800
45,100
147,000
44,000
46,600
56,400
72,700
86,200
77,200
64, 200
62,500
88, 700
93,200
79,100
69, 500
19,500
23,000
27,000
109,000
35,200
37,900
35, 900
98, 900
34,300
33, 200
31,400
75,400
29, 300
24,600
21, 500
68, 300
20,800
20, 800
26, 700
104,200
35,200
36,100
32,900
96,000
31,400
33,000
31,600
69,800
28, 700
22,600
18, 500
64,800
19,000
19, 200
26, 600
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
47,400
67,300
72, 500
55,900
53,100
16,000
13,500
23,600
89, 700
28,600
30,300
30,800
75,300
27,000
24,900
23, 400
55, 500
23,500
17,700
14,300
45, 700
12,400
14, 400
18,900
72,300
23,400
24, 700
24, 200
61,800
21,800
20,800
19,200
49, 000
20,100
16,500
12,400
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
52,700
98, 400
97,800
76,900
63,400
15,600
19,700
28,100
116,600
37, 300
40,000
39,300
108,000
35,600
38, 000
34, 400
68,000
29,400
23,000
15,600
58,200
15,700
16,400
26,100
98,100
33,600
33,300
31,200
86, 700
29, 900
29, 200
27,600
59,600
26,200
19, 200
14,200
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
77,600
90.900
99.900
91,300
95,900
30,600
32,400
32, 900
109,600
35,700
37, 400
36,500
99,400
32, 700
34,800
31,900
84,000
28, 500
27,800
27,700
83, 200
27, 200
26,800
29, 200
93, 200
31,100
32,800
29, 300
87,000
27, 700
30, 700
28, 600
71,300
27, 500
22, 700
21,100
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
59,100
76,100
75,800
80,800
78,900
25,400
24,300
29,200
88, 500
30,400
29,900
28,200
79,500
27,300
27,000
25,200
63,700
24, 400
20, 700
18, 600
65,000
19,800
20, 800
24,400
68,900
23,300
22,900
22, 700
63, 400
21, 700
23, 200
18, 500
54,700
19,800
19,000
15,900
January_____________
February*_______ _____
March 3______________
257,100
324,300
285,000
237,400
236,800
332,700
346,000
304, 900
291,300
87,600
89,900
113,800
404,400
132,000
137,600
134,800
362,200
122,600
124, 700
114,900
271,200
105,800
89,200
76,200
252,100
75,100
78,400
98,600
332, 500
111,400
113, 700
107,400
298, 900
101,100
103,900
93,900
234,600
93,600
77,400
63,600
211,800
63,000
65,800
83,000
9,300
9, 700
(2)
10, 700
14,000
(2)
24,800
24,600
(2)
A prils_____ _ . . . ___
M a y 3. . . ____ ________
92,000
102,000
89, 500
96,000
2,500
6,000
63,800
68,200
28,200
33,800
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Privately
owned
374,400
(2)
(2) $11,788,595 $11,418,371
(2)
(2)
9,186,123
9,800,892
314, 500
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
9,706,276
10,208,983
332,100
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
10,488,003
10,
181,185
300,300
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
323,500 243,100 325,800 359,700 291,800 12,478, 237 12,309, 200
353,100 273,100 356,000 389,000 310,800 14,544,647 14,345,829
338,300 228,800 303,100 334,200 252,000 13,086,118 12,814,776
1950_________________________
1951_________________________
1952_________________________
1953_________________________
1954 ________________________
1955____________________ . . .
1956_________________________
1 Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations,
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and (3)
reports of public construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi
vidual projects.
Total
2 Not available.
? Preliminary.
•Revised.
N ote : Por a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
918
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1957
G: Work Injuries
Table G—1: Injury-frequency rates 1for selected manufacturing industries
1957»
Industry
Average, all manufacturing............................. .
Food and kindred products:
Meatpacking and custom slaughtering____
Sausage and other prepared meat products.
Poultry and small game dressing and packh
Dairy products________________________
Grain-mill products...... ....................
Bakery products________________
Cane sugar_____________________
Confectionery and related products.
Bottled soft drinks............................
M alt and malt liquors___________
Distilled liquors________________
Textile-mill products:
Cotton yarn and textiles___________ ____ ___
Rayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles...........
Woolen and worsted textiles_____ _____ ____
Knit goods............. ........ ......................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______________
Miscellaneous textile goods________________
Apparel and other finished textile products:
Clothing, men’s and boys’___________________
Clothing, women’s and children’s................ ........
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel............ .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products........ .
Lumber and wood products (except furniture):
Logging............................ .......................................
Sawmills and planing mills. ________________
Mill work and structural wood products______
Plywood m ills.......................................................
Wooden containers________________________
Miscellaneous wood products_______________
Furniture and fixtures:
Household furniture, nonmetal______________
Metal houshold furniture___________________
Mattresses and bedsprings__________________
Office furniture......... .................. ..........................
Public-building and professional furniture.........
Partitions and fixtures______________________
Screens, shades, and blinds...................................
Paper and allied products:
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........................
Paperboard containers and boxes________
Miscellaneous paper and allied products...
Printing, publishing, and allied industries:
Newspapers and periodicals____________
Miscellaneous printing and publishing___
Chemicals and allied products:
Industrial inorganic chemicals__________
Plastics, except synthetic rubber________
Synthetic ru b b er............................. ............
Synthetic fibers_______________________
Explosives________________________________
Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals_____
Drugs and medicines..............................................
Soap and related products.___ ______________
Paints, pigments, and related products...............
Fertilizers_________________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fa ts ...........I I ........
Compressed and liquified gases_______________
Miscellaneous chemicals and allied products____
Rubber products:
Tires and inner tubes..............................................
Rubber footwear________ __________________
Miscellaneous rubber products__________ ____
Leather and leather products:
Leather tanning and finishing...............................
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_________
Footwear (except rubber)......................................
Miscellaneous leather products_______________
Stone, clay, and glass products:
Glass and glass products___ ________________
Structural clay products..... .................. ................
Pottery and related products________________
Concrete, gypsum, and mineral wool...................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products___
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956»
First quarter
1955
Annual
average
Sec
Sec
Fourth Third ond First Fourth Third ond First
quar quar quar quar quar quar quar quar 1956»
Quar ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
1955
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
11.2
11.2
10.9
11.1
11.0
12.3
11.9
12.0
11.7
13.1
12.1
11.3
11.9
12.1
17.6
21.3
0)
18.2
21.1
15.9
22.2
17.1
9.4
19.6
19.4
13. 4
12.7
17.5
19.7
(0
17.3
20.8
18.2
19.4
22.6
13.0
20.3
13.9
6.0
19.4
19.5
26.2
(0
15.7
16.5
12.3
16.3
13.8
10.4
22.6
15.1
11.3
17.3
18.2
22.4
28.9
17.1
19.5
15.3
19.3
17.5
11.0
20.8
16.2
10.2
16.3
17.8
25.6
36.8
16.4
19.2
15.3
16.9
13.6
10.9
15.8
11.7
5.3
13.5
19.3
24.0
35.1
17.3
26.4
17.0
16.1
17.0
12.1
23.9
17.9
7.8
13.7
19.4
23.4
39.7
18.1
20.8
16.1
15.7
21.3
12.5
27.6
18.1
7.5
14.3
18.9
24.1
32.9
15.1
19.2
13.8
16.1
21.5
12.5
19.4
12.9
7.7
13.9
18.4
17.7
35.9
16.2
22.1
16.5
15.3
19.9
13.2
19.1
14.2
7.7
13.4
20.8
21.7
39.1
16.5
26.1
19.6
18.3
15.9
14.7
28.9
18.4
9.6
15.7
18.1
20.6
32.3
19.3
20.3
15.0
14.9
15.9
12.1
25.4
18.3
9.0
12.9
18.3
20.9
28.1
17.6
19.9
14.5
16.3
16.1
13.3
21.4
18.2
7.4
13.4
19 1
24.0
36 7
16.8
22. 6
15 9
16 2
18 3
12.1
22.1
15. 3
69
14.2
18 9
20 2
34 3
17 4
22 8
16 6
16 2
17 0
13 3
24 0
17.4
84
13! 8
8.5
8.3
22.4
4. 5
12.0
11.7
8.8
5.4
20.4
5.7
8.0
18.7
8.1
7.2
20.0
4.0
9.9
21.6
8.4
7.0
20.9
4.7
10.0
17.2
8.2
7.0
17.2
5.5
12.3
15.8
9.0
7.2
18.6
5.8
14.2
16.9
9.3
6.2
19.1
5.9
13.1
17.5
8.3
6.8
17.7
6.3
15.0
16.9
8.1
6.8
18.2
5.0
16.2
16.1
8.6
7.6
17.4
6.5
15.8
20.5
8.3
6.5
16.7
6.3
12.6
17.5
8.4
6.4
15.3
5.4
11.4
18.1
8.6
68
18.2
5. 9
13.7
17.2
83
68
16 9
58
14. 0
18.0
7.4
4. 6
5.9
5.9
6.2
7.0
5.5
13.6
7.1
6.7
7.3
8.2
6.9
6.2
6.3
9.1
6.4
5.2
3.4
11.1
6.8
5.6
6.5
12.1
6.5
4.9
6.8
12.7
6.0
4.2
5.5
10.9
7.4
5.4
6.1
11.7
6.9
6.0
8.4
13.9
6.5
4.8
8.0
15.5
6.3
5.5
7.4
11.5
6.3
4.9
5.6
11.8
68
54
7. 4
13.1
75.7
42.1
21.7
25.4
26.1
21.3
68.3
35.9
22.5
30.5
21.4
31.9
54.0
34.7
17.2
19.4
29.0
29.0
67.0
37.6
20.4
25.1
25.6
27.2
65.4
36.4
18.3
22.0
25.2
26.3
71.4
42.8
20.7
25.8
28.3
31.2
63.6
44.6
21.7
25.8
27.2
29.2
72.5
41.0
21.2
22.4
27.4
27.4
74.3
38.7
21.0
26.9
27.4
27.8
79.9
45.5
24.5
30.5
29.7
31.2
67.7
43.1
22.6
28.9
29.0
32.0
68.6
38.6
24.5
32.3
26.0
27.3
69.4
41.3
20.8
24. 2
27.3
28.9
73. 5
41. 5
23 1
29. 6
28.0
29.5
17.5
10.8
14.3
16.9
7.6
17.6
0)
17.8
13.0
19.2
14.6
12.1
19.3
(0
16.4
13.8
17.5
18.0
8.8
17.7
(0
17.2
12.6
17.0
16.5
9.4
18.2
17.9
16.4
14.4
17.1
15.3
16.5
22.7
10.9
17.7
14.6
19.3
15.3
26.1
21.3
16.1
17.7
13.4
19.4
17.8
16.1
21.8
17.6
17.8
13.0
20.2
16.7
15.0
19.3
13.8
18.6
18.6
17.3
14.4
21.1
22.2
16.2
19.3
13.1
20.1
21.8
20.1
22.9
18.0
18.7
14.1
14.9
21.7
19.1
12.7
12.4
16.0
17.1
16.9
16.2
13.9
16.7
17.9
17.4
13.9
19. 0
16.6
18.5
21. 5
14.6
18 2
15.7
17.4
18.4
18.6
18 6
16.0
10.4
12.3
15. 4
10.1
12.3
16.0
10.3
11.3
13.9
10.2
12.0
15.1
10.4
14.7
13.3
11.7
14.4
13.3
10.6
12.5
11.6
10.9
15.4
13.5
10.5
13.9
14.2
12.0
14.4
15.4
11.0
15.6
14.2
11.4
14.5
14.5
10. 9
14.4
12.8
11.2
14. 6
14.6
7.4
10. 5
7.2
9.5
9.1
8.9
7.9
9.6
8.2
7.5
9.2
8.9
9.5
9.9
10.0
8.9
8.2
9.3
9.4
9.7
9.6
8.5
8.8
8.3
9.2
8.9
9.0
8.9
4.8
3.2
0
0)
0)
2.9
8.9
8.1
8.7
C9
22.1
4.8
4.2
(0
(0
0)
2.2
5.3
8.6
7.0
CO
20.3
4.3
4.6
0)
0)
«
2.5
8.5
5.5
10.4
0
24.6
14.7
13.0
5.0
3.5
1.2
1.3
3.2
2.5
6.4
7.2
9.4
18.6
24.5
4.9
14.0
7.1
4.2
.9
1.7
3.3
2.8
7.6
8.5
10.1
16.0
20.6
4.3
17.0
4.9
3.7
2.7
1.7
2.6
3.3
8.5
7.1
9.1
11.0
19.0
4.6
15.0
5.2
3.5
3.5
2.0
2.6
2.6
8.0
7.2
9.3
14.0
19.1
6.7
15.3
5.0
4.4
2.7
2.5
3.2
3.7
6.1
6.3
7.9
16.4
21.4
14.0
14.7
5.8
5.4
0
1.9
2.2
4.0
8.5
8.8
9.8
14.1
23.6
9.5
15.6
4.9
4.1
0
3.1
3.5
5.0
7.7
7.5
11.6
14.8
20.2
15.7
17.4
5.3
4.3
2.0
2.3
1.5
3.7
7.9
7.9
9.5
15.2
23.7
5.7
16.0
5.6
3.7
2.0
1. 7
3.0
2.8
7.6
7.5
9.4
14.6
20.9
5.2
15.2
5. 3
4. 5
15.8
4.7
3.9
3.4
2.3
2.4
2.6
7.7
7.3
8.7
14.4
22.3
6.9
14.5
15.1
22. 2
11.3
15.7
4.3
4.0
13.4
3.7
8.3
15.8
3.3
10.3
14.1
3.8
7.5
14.3
3.2
5.7
9.0
4.2
5.9
10.8
3.5
5.4
11.1
4.6
4.8
12.9
4.0
4.1
9.7
4.0
3.3
11.1
3.8
4.0
10.2
3.5
3.4
10.1
3.9
5.5
11.3
10 .2
27.9
(0
7.4
13.0
18.7
(0
7.4
21.6
16.4
0)
7.0
9.7
21.0
17.7
7.3
14.5
17.1
20.1
8.4
15.4
23.8
20.8
8.4
11.5
20.3
16.3
8.7
12.7
23.4
18.9
8.2
15.7
20.8
17.6
8.8
13.4
27.0
20.3
10.4
12.2
21.3
23.2
8.1
11.3
21.1
21.9
8.0
16.1
21.2
18.7
8.4
14.1
22.5
20.7
8.2
32.9
13.8
20.5
14.5
10.0
28.6
8.7
18.4
12.6
7.6
20.1
11.5
23.3
11.6
8.6
27.1
11.3
20.8
12.9
8.2
25.6
15.5
20.4
13.6
9.8
33.1
15.0
30.4
11.9
8.1
34.0
14.5
28.0
11.9
7.7
30.4
15.6
24.2
13.6
10.2
34.3
14.8
25.2
13.5
10.0
39.1
15.8
31.7
17.2
9.5
32.8
15.4
25.1
17.2
9.5
34.1
18.6
25.4
14.5
8.7
31.3
15.1
26.2
12.9
9. 7
35.1
16.1
26.9
15.6
CO
(0
0
1.6
24
26
4.1
7. 5
7. 6
9.7
3.8
3.7
8.8
13.2
919
G: WORK INJURIES
T able G -l: Injury-frequency rates 1for selected manufacturing industries—Continued
19571
First quarter
Industry
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
1956 2
1955
Annual
average
First
Fourth Third Sec
First Fourth Third Sec
ond quar
ond quar
1956 2
quar quar quar
quar quar
Quar quar
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
1955
Prim ary metal industries:
4.9
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.8
3.9
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.8
4.2
3.7
4.7
Blast furnaces and steel m i l l s ,....... ............. ........
3.8
24.4
27.5
32.5
26.7
27.8
22.5
25.4
26.9
29.2
27.7
22.4
21.1
29.1
Gray-iron and malleable foundries,....................... 24.0
20.9
19.9
19.0
15.8
23.8
23.1
22.8
26.5
24.7
24.7
22.0
25.8, 23.8
Steel foundries----- ---- ------------- ---------------- 23.2
11.6
13.2
11.1
11.9
10.9
11.0
10.4
13.0
11.8
8.2
8.4
9.0
10.8
9.0
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying--------16.1
19.6
18.0
18.6
17.5
15.5
17.3
18.3
15.6
16.7
13.7
17.0
16.9
18.0
Nonferrous foundries___________ ____ ______
16.4
18.2
17.7
19.5
18.0
18.0
21.9
21.9
15.5
19.6
18.1
19.0
21.8
Iron and steel forgings_____________ ____ _____ 21.8
11.9
11.6
12.4
11.5
12.1
13.7
12.4
15.2
10.1
9.6
12.5
11.7
10.2
11.8
Wire drawing_____________________________
12.6
10.1
10.1
10.4
9.1
8.5
10.3
8.8
10.3
12.1
11.6
11.6
13.7
Welded and heavy-riveted p ip e --------------------- 12.5
13.3
17.5
16.8
15.3
13.7
11.4
12.2
14.6
15.7
9.4
9.4
12.6
16.0
Cold-finished steel,, _______________________ 18.9
Fabricated metal products:
7.2
8.3
5.9
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.4
7.9
6.4
7.2
6.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
Tin cans and other tinware---- ------------ ---------14.1
16.4
15.2
14.7
15.5
12.4
18.0
15.5
19.2
17.0
13.0
14.7
18.1
Cutlery and edge tools,,------------------------------- 15.8
15.1
14.7
16.0
15.8
15.7
15.3
12.9
16.1
15.5
14.9
17.3
16.3
20.7
Handtools, files, and saws----------------------- 14.8
10.3
10.3
10.3
9.6
10.8
10.3
10.5
10.1
11.6
6.9
7.1
9.3
6.9
7.0
Hardware________________ , , , , --------------16.1
16.3
15.6
17.0
15.0
17.0
15.6
16.3
9.9
8.6
10.5
14.0
11.9
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies-------------- 12.9
15.9
18.4
16.5
13.0
17.1
16.1
16.0
16.4
15.0
17.0
12.7
14.6
20.4
Oil burners, heating and cooking apparatus------- 14.2
22.9
20.3
28.0
21.8
21.8
22.9
23.4
22.3
21.7
22.5
26.5
24.4
24.0
Structural steel and ornamental metal work------ 22.9
18.2
12.4
15.0
12.9
14.0
13.6
20.1
18.8
15.7
30.1
10.1
18.8
18.3
Metal doors, sash, frame, and t r i m ___________ 17.0
23.6
24.5
22.9
20.1
24.1
21.1
24.3
22.9
22.7
22.8
25.2
24.4
23.4
Boiler-shop products........................................ ....... 24.1
21.3
22.4
23.6
22.7
18.6
21.9
23.9
20.6
18.7
19.2
21.2
26.8
14.3
24.5
Sheet-metal work__________________________
11.3
11.0
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.5
12.2
10.8
9.2
10.4
9.7
10.7
11.0
Stamped and pressed metal products...................
9.7
22.4
25.6
21.2
19.3
21.4
15.6
21.2
16.7
12.4
14.1
18.8
16.1
13.7
23.7
Metal coating and engraving------------------------19.2
18.3
15.6
17.5
15.5
17.1
18.9
16.6
17.2
19.5
17.7
17.7
17.7
Fabricated wire products_________ ____ ______ 16.0
19.9
12.4
16.9
17.2
8.5
15.4
15.8
13.4
7.0
14.0
12.8
Metal barrels, drums, kegs, and pails--------------- (>)
(9
(9
19.6
14.9
14.7
15.5
14.7
17.3
14.0
15.3
16.0
16.7
15.1
Steel springs_______________ _________ _____
(»)
0)
(9
13.2
12.1
14.2
14.8
14.0
13.6
13.9
13.5
13.0
14.9
13.7
9.9
11.8
11.7
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets______________
12.2
14.6
13.2
11.6
12.8
13.9
11.9
12.8
13.1
15.0
13.6
14.3
12.9
Screw-machine products,........................................ 12.4
Fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classi11.2
10.5
12.5
11.1
11.1
11.4
10.4
14.4
12.1
9.2
14.4
10.7
10.1
11.5
fled--------------- ---------- ----------- -----------------Machinery (except electrical):
8.9
8.9
8.7
8.1
10.3
10.3
11.2
8.7
7.6
9.5
8.1
8.0
10.1
8.3
Engines and tu rb in es,,.
------------------------9.4
8.9
8.6
10.7
9.9
9.3
9.5
9.6
8.9
9.8
8.7
7.8
7.9
7.2
Agricultural machinery and tr a c to rs ,................
17.2
15.4
16.1
17.1
17.8
16.5
19.3
17.5
16.9
16.3
18.2
19.8
17.8
16.8
Construction and mining machinery--------------9.9
9.7
9.9
9.8
10.7
10.5
9.8
10.0
10.4
10.3
11.0
11.0
10.7
Metalworking m achinery.,------- -------------------- 10.1
16.4
16.3
11.4
16.1
15.1
15.4
16.1
14.8
16.2
16.3
16.7
15.6
17.2
13.9
Food-products machinery___________________
8.4
11.5
8. 5
10.2
8.9
12.8
9.7
8.1
9.7
9.5
10.8
11.3
9.2
10.0
Textile machinery__________ ____ __________
13.3
15.1
14.0
13.0
16.3
13.9
18.9
16.9
14.9
17.7
16.3
15.9
15.8
16.8
Miscellaneous special-industry machinery_____
13.9
12.9
13.4
13.3
12.4
15.0
12.1
14.4
14.3
13.8
13.7
14.5
12.7
Pumps and compressors_____________________ 16.9
14.2
15.5
13.0
16.0
15.4
16.2
16.1
14.7
15.4
16.3
15.4
15.5
16.5
Elevators, escalators, and conveyors............ ...... 14.6
Mechanical power-transmission equipment (ex11.4
13.6
13.8
10.8
14.0
16.9
12.4
11.9
13.2
14.0
10.9
12.5
12.9
cept ball and roller bearings)----------- ----------- 15.4
14.4
11.4
11.9
12.9
13.7
13.1
12.6
12.8
13.4
16.3
14.8
12.3
12.8
Miscellaneous general industrial machinery------- 14.7
5.9
7.1
5.7
6.4
5.7
7.0
5.4
5.9
6.1
5.6
5.3
5.9
6.0
5.8
Commercial and household machinery------------15.2
li.i
14.9
16.5
17.0
14.4
15.9
15.9
16.7
19.3
15.9
18.8
16.7
Valves and fittings .............. ............................... 12.0
15.5
15.9
20.2
13.5
16.2
13.3
13.7
15.2
15.2
14.3
11.2
(9
Fabricated pipe and fittings_________________
(0
(>)
9.4
11.6
9.2
10.9
10.9
10.3
10.4
11.6
7.3
8.2
11.3
10.3
10.8
5.8
Ball and roller bearings__ _ , ------- ----------15.6
13.2
13.4
12.5
12.4
13.5
13.7
14.0
11.2
12.1
13.7
10.9
11.7
10.8
Machine shops, general____________________
Electrical machinery:
6.2
6.3
6.1
6.8
7.1
6.6
6.3
7.1
5.1
5.9
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.1
Electrical industrial apparatus------------- ---------5.9
5.9
5.4
7.3
8.1
6.6
5.8
8.1
4.2
3.1
4.0
4.3
5.8
5.9
Electrical appliances----- ------------------------------15.5
13.9
10.8
10.9
14.5
14.5
15.2
12.8
13.1
12.8
12.9
15.0
15.8
Insulated wire and cable---------------- --------- 10.6
3.5
4.8
5.2
4.4
3.7
4.5
3.4
4.1
5.2
3.4
3.9
3.7
3.8
3.4
Electrical equipment for vehicles------------ ------ 2.6
3.0
3.3
2.6
3.9
3.1
3.6
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.4
(9
Electric lamps (bulbs)_____________ , ---- -(9
(9
5.3
5.2
6.1
5.2
4.8
4.8
5.1
4.6
4.1
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.3
4.6
Radios and related products_________________
2.2
3.1
2.9
3.5
2.7
3.8
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.5
2.0
3.1
3.5
3.1
Radio tubes------- -------------------------------2.1
3.1
1.8
2.6
2.4
2.3
3.1
2.6
2.4
3.3
3.4
2.3
3.9
3.6
Miscellaneous communication equipment.......... .
14.4
13.1
11.6
10.8
11.8
12.7
11.9
8.8
11.7
12.1
10.5
10.6
9.1
Batteries_________ , ,
---------------------------- 10.2
4.2
5.1
5.3
7.1
8.7
5.5
6.8
8.3
10.5
7.3
9.1
Electrical products, not elsewhere classified------(9
(9
<*)
Transportation equipment:
3.9
3.6
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.6
3.9
4.3
4.4
4.2
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.0
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers----------------7.2
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
6.9
6.5
5.8
6.4
6.2
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.6
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories----------------2.6
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.9
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.5
Aircraft_____ _______ ______________________
4.9
4.4
5.0
4.9
4.5
4.8
4.1
4.4
5.0
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.9
4.0
Aircraft parts______________________________
19.8
17.3
15.8
19.1
17.7
20.3
18.0
15.4
18.6
17.4
15.9
18.9
15.0
Shipbuilding and repairing---------------------------- 18.4
30.3
36.0
26. 5 26.9
45.4
32.7
29.6
33.5
26.1
32.9
26.6
Boatbuilding and repairing......... ...........................
(9
(9
(«)
8. 5
9.1
9. 5
10.4
10.0
10.7
9.6
9.9
9.3
8.6
8.8
11.9
10.0
9.3
Railroad equipment-------- ---------------------------Instruments and related products:
5.2
5.9
5.2
4.2
5.1
6.6
5.0
8.5
4.5
6.1
5.4
3.4
4.2
3.9
Scientific instrum ents---------------------------------Mechanical measuring and controlling instru6.3
4.9
6.0
5.9
5.5
7.1
6.3
6.3
6.3
5.2
5.9
5.8
6.2
5.6
m ents_____________ _____ _______________
6.3
5.8
4.0
5.6
3.0
3.3
7.1
4.6
4.1
4.0
4.6
Optical instruments and lenses----------- ----------«
(9
(9
7.2
7.4
7.9
6.2
8.2
7.3
8.4
8.2
10.5
4.6
7.4
7.8
6.7
4.9
Medical instruments and supplies...... ..................
4.4
4.7
5.4
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.2
5.3
5.9
4.4
3.5
5.5
6.0
4.9
Photographic equipment and supplies------------5.3
6.2
7.0
4.
6
6.1
6.0
5.7
6.1
5.4
4.8
8.4
8.4
7.2
4.6
Watches and clocks___ ____________ ________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries:
11.6
9.5
12.6
17.4
12.5
12.8
15.2
10.3
12.6
11.9
17.0
(9
(9
Paving and roofing materials------- ---------------(0
7. 8
6.1
6.6
8.0
6.8
5.0
5.8
7.1
4.9
6.6
7.0
6.6
7.2
5.6
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__________
11.4
13.9
13.2
11.8
12.7
13.9
13.4
12.8
11.2
13.1
13.0
13.1
9.9
Fabricated plastics products................... .............. 10.7
12.6
12.9
13.7
12.8
13.1
13.2
13.2
13.7
11.1
11.8
10.9
10.5
10.3
Miscellaneous manufacturing......... ....................... 10.5
4. 5
4. 9
6.1
6.8
7.1
4.6
6.1
5.5
4.2
5.0
6.0
4.9
4.0
4.7
Ordnance and accessories___________________
2 Rates are subject to revision when final annual averages become available.
1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
* Insufficient data to warrant presentation of average.
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is any
injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which
N o t e . These data are compiled in accordance with the American Stand
(a) results in death or any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (b)
ard Method of Recording and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved
makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of any regularly
by the American Standards Association, 1954.
established job which is open and available to him throughout the hours
For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major BLS
corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days after the day of
Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168.
injury (including Sundays, days off, or plant shutdowns). The term
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
“injury” includes occupational disease.
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BLS Bull. 1202-11: Occupational Wage Survey, Los Angeles-Long Beach,
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BLS Bull. 1207: Union Wages and Hours: Printing Industry, July 1, 1956,
and Trend, 1907-56. 42 pp. 30 cents.
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BLS Report 114-3: Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage, Athens,
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BLS Report 114-4: Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage, Dalton,
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BLS Report 115: Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage: Wage
Structure (in selected areas), Footwear, Processed Waste, Wooden Con
tainers, Work Shirts, August 1955, February and April 1956. 114 pp.
Guide to State Employment Statistics: Employment, Hours, and Earnings.
May 1957. 66 pp.
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