Full text of Monthly Labor Review : July 1954, Vol. 77, No. 7

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Monthly
Labor
Review
*

■

JULY

AUG 5 1S54

%

1954

VOL.

77

NO.

'y

The Changing Geography of American Industry
Housing Surveys in 75 Cities, 1950 and 1952
History of Coffee Prices in the United States
Problems in A Latin American Factory Society

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

James P. Mitchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,
A ryness

Joy

H

B.

erm an

Commissioner

W ic k e n s,

B yer,

Deputy Commissioner

Assistant Commissioner

H e n r y J . F it z g e r a l d ,

Assistant Commissioner

C harles D . Stew art,

Assistant Commissioner

D

a v id

J. S a po ss,

Special Assistant to the Commissioner

D orothy 8. B rady, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
L eon G reenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K ep.schbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eigert , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein . Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics

Regional Offices and Directors
NEW ENGLAND REGION
W endell D. M acdonald
18 Oliver Street
Boston 10, Mass.
Connecticut
M aine
Massachusetts

SOUTHERN REGION
B runswick A. B agdon
Room 664
50 Seventh Street NE,
Atlanta 5, Ga.
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
M ississippi

North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia

New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont

MID-ATLANTIC REGION
R obert R. B ehlow
Room 1000
341 Ninth Avenue
New York l, N. Y.
Delaware
Maryland
New Jersey

NORTH CENTRAL REOION
Adolph O. B erger
Tenth Floor
105 West Adams Street
Chicago 3, 111.
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Michigan
Minnesota

Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
Ohio
South Dakota
West Virginia
Wisconsin

New York
Pennsylvania
District of Columbia

WESTERN REGION
M ax D. K ossoris
Room 802
630 Sansone Street
San Francisco 11, Calif.
Arizona
California
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada

New Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Washington
Wyoming

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

.

^

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Lawrence R. Klein, Editor


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CONTENTS
Special Articles
739
744
751
756

Changing Geography of American Industry
Housing Surveys in 75 Cities, 1950 and 1952
Employment Status of Former Apprentices in Early 1954
Problems in A Latin American Factory Society

Summaries of Studies and Reports
761
765
767
769
771
776
778
785

Informal Disposition of NLRB Cases
A History of Coffee Prices in the United States, 1840-1954
The Continuing Prosperity of the Construction Industry
Experience Under Three Guaranteed Wage Plans
Military-Service Payments in Union Agreements, 1953
Teen-Age Student Workers in an Ohio County, 1940-49
The Labor Market and Economic Activity in Canada
Union Conventions Scheduled for August 1954

Departments
in
781
786
789
795
803

The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

July 1954 - Voi. 77 • No. 7

A New BLS Periodical


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A new Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly publication, Employ­
ment and Earnings, which combines all data formerly ap ­
pearing in the Employment and Payrolls Monthly Statistical
Report and the Hours and Earnings Industry Report, is now avail­
able on a subscription basis.
Employment and

Earnings

presents current

industry statistics

on employment, hours, and earnings for the Nation, the 48
States and the District of Columbia, and over 100 metropolitan
areas.

It carries, in addition, monthly labor turnover rates on

an industry basis for the Nation as a whole.
O n ce

each

year, Employment and Earnings will contain a

supplement of annual averages for the past 6 years.
Subscriptions for Employment and Earnings may be obtained
only through the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C , at $ 3 .0 0 a year, including the annual supplement issue.

The Labor Month
in Review

the economic situation in relation
to current collective bargaining, the CIO pub­
lication Economic Outlook came to this conclusion:
“There is no precise formula which can be applied
to what wage increases can and should be negoti­
ated . . . Conditions vary between industries and
between union-management contracts; in some
cases workers may prefer to take part of their
gains in improved pension and welfare funds . . .”
It contended that unless a greater share of “con­
tinued productivity advances” go to workers in
either of these forms, “the recession will deepen.”
On July 7, a day after the CIO publication was
released, the joint report of the Departments of
Labor and Commerce on employment and unem­
ployment revealed a number of improvements in
the job situation in June. Long-term unemploy­
ment (15 or more weeks) decreased by about 20
percent; the usual May-June increase in unem­
ployment was the smallest (42,000) since the end
of World War II and less than 10 percent of the
increase in 1947; factory employment held steady
between the 2 months, while hours of work
increased slightly to 39.6; and hourly earnings in
manufacturing plants were up over June 1953.
I n discussing

favor of separate company agreements, because
of poor economic conditions in the industry.
Alexander Smith, Inc., decided in June to close
its Yonkers, N. Y., carpet plant and concentrate
its production at plants in Mississippi and Phila­
delphia, because of high operating costs and a
poor market. The decision was made in the
midst of a strike of its 2,500 employees called by
the CIO Textile Workers Union, although both
company and union stated that the two actions
were unrelated.
At about the same time the Lehigh Coal &
Navigation Co. announced that its anthracite
operations in the Panther Valley of Pennsylvania
would cease. It had proposed conditions for keep­
ing the mines both working and profitable, and
these conditions had been approved by officials of
the United Mine Workers, but pickets set up by
one local union at all mines in the valley led to the
permanent closing to end “years of heavy losses
which we are no longer able to absorb.”
The AFL Machinists lodge at Solar Aircraft in
Des Moines, on the other hand, decided in June
to tie its wage level directly to the company’s
market fortunes. It negotiated a 5-cent wage in­
crease, with another of like amount due November
1, 1954, or earlier if company gross monthly sales
reached $2.5 million. Similar increases will be
made for each $1 million increase in average
monthly sales over a quarter, up to $7.5 million.
The contract calls for other advantages when
higher sales levels are maintained over a protracted
period.
An offer by Toledo Local 12 of the CIO Auto
Workers to help the Kaiser-Willys competitive
position in the industry by spearheading a $1
million investment to reorganize the company’s
Ohio distributorship was declined by the company,
albeit with friendly gratitude.
settlement between the United Steelworkers
of America (CIO) and the major steel companies
in late June and early July was, of course, the
major development in collective bargaining as well
as one of the major economic developments during
1954. The agreement on wages and insurance
benefits, which runs for 2 years with a wage re­
opening clause midway, calls for a 5-cent-an-hour
increase in wages plus improvements in the medical
and life insurance programs equal to an increase
of 4 cents an hour, divided between company and
workers. The company-financed pension plan

T he

Economic Outlook indicated, fortunes
varied for specific industries and companies, and
collective bargaining fortunes with them. In
such seriously stricken areas as textiles and
hosiery, the problem was sometimes not whether
to take improvement in wages or welfare funds
but the extent of the wage cut to be negotiated.
The AFL Hosiery Workers decided to end a
26-year-old bargaining relationship with the Fullfashioned Hosiery Manufacturers of America,
Inc., and with the Guild Hosiery Conference, in

B ut ,

as


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m

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

IV

was changed to provide for a minimum, including
Federal social security benefits, of $140 after 30
years’ service. This part of the contract runs for
3 years. The contract contains a no-strike clause.
Negotiations between the union and U. S. Steel,
bellwether for the industry, appeared to progress
smoothly. The sessions had been preceded by a
nationwide plant tour by company and union
officials. Following the new contract, the com­
pany and the union announced that quarterly
meetings would be held to seek each other’s views
on productivity, efficiency, and the general
economic security of both parties.
With the steel contract secured, labor relations
for the remainder of 1954 appeared in mid-July to
be relatively stable, despite strikes in progress at
the Goodyear Rubber Co. and in the Northwest
lumber industry. Settlements had been achieved
in maritime and various telephone areas and
negotiations with varying success proceeded in
oil, electrical equipment, atomic energy, and
transportation.
T he N ational L abor R elations B oard in June

announced two rulings concerned with a union’s
relations to an employer’s competitive position.
In one, a hearing examiner held that neither the
Studebaker Corp. nor the UAW-CIO local in its
plant violated the Taft-Hartley Act by refusing
to contravene a custom compelling employees to
buy Studebaker cars. In this case, workers had
refused to work alongside others who had chosen
to buy new-model cars other than Studebakers.
The company had suspended the men as disturb­
ing elements. The examiner contended that even
making the purchase of Studebakers a condition
of employment would not be illegal under the act.
In the other case, the NLRB ruled that when the
CIO Optical Workers union set up a business in
competition with Bausch and Lomb in St. Louis
to make work for its unemployed members, the
company was not compelled to bargain with the
union.
In a policy decision, the Board broadened its
restrictions on the handling of small cases of a
local nature. Henceforth, among other require­
ments, interstate sales must be valued at $50,000
a year and purchases from out of State $100,000.
Links (like trucking firms) in interstate commerce
must do at least $100,000 annual business with
interstate firms. A franchise from an interstate

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firm will not alone bring an employer within the
Board’s jurisdiction.
within the labor movement in early July
came two reactions to Government inquiry and
control of union activities. David Dubinsky,
president of the AFL International Ladies’ Gar­
ment Workers, in an article in the July American
Federationist, proposed labor-supported legisla­
tion regulating union welfare funds—a “minimum
code of propriety and responsibility.” The legis­
lative control was necessary because of “an un­
willingness [for self-regulation] within some unions,
making needed controls impossible or unlikely
. .
He did not indicate whether he favored
State or Federal legislation.
(In another statement, the ILGWU president
offered to refrain for 3 years from attempting
organization of any Southern garment plant which
paid wages 15 cents an hour above the 75 cents
prescribed by the Federal wage-hour law.)
Almost simultaneously an official publication
of the AFL Teamsters attacked certain impending
congressional investigations of union health and
welfare funds. Teamster activities in this field,
especially in the Detroit area, have resulted in
previous congressional investigation and grand
jury indictment.

F rom

On about the first anniversary of the June 17
uprising of East German workers against Soviet
rule, representatives of American workers, em­
ployers, and Government were leading an unsuc­
cessful fight in the International Labor Organiza­
tion to bar Soviet Russia and its satellites from
tripartite representation in the Organization.
Russia had rejoined the ILO this year after an
absence of 15 years. The contention of the antiSoviet group was that Communist “union” and
“employer” delegates did not represent free and
autonomous parties. The Soviet bloc failed to win
either employer or worker representation on the
Governing Body of the Organization.
All sections of the United States labor move­
ment, including the independent United Mine
Workers, supported the strike of Honduran banana
workers against the United Fruit Co. Honduran
workers have no unions and no basic labor law.
The strike, ending July 10, had been in progress
since May 4, and fear had been expressed that
Communists would gain control of it.

Changing Geography of American Industry
SEYMOUR

L.

W o l f b e in *

E ditor’s N ote.— This article brings up to date

a paper delivered by its author at the December
1952 meeting of the Industrial Relations Research
Association. It draws on new data which fortify
the thesis that “the center of nonagricultural
employment continued to move west.”

N onagricultural employment in the United
States had risen from 30 million in 1939 to 49%
million in 1953—a rise of more than 60 percent,
or triple the rate of increase in the population.
Employment in each of the States also increased
during this period. The Western States experi­
enced the greatest rate of increase. But the land
area consisting of New England, the Middle
Atlantic, and the Great Lakes States led in both
1939 and 1953 in the total number of jobs.
Underlying these changes are a complex and
wide range of forces. The period from 1939 to
1953 begins with the end of almost a decade of
depression and continues for a dozen-odd years of
almost uninterrupted high levels of economic
activity. In addition, this period includes World
War II and the Korean outbreak and therefore
reflects such diverse factors as differential industry
shifts in employment under the stress and strain of
mobilization, the locational aspects of national
security requirements, and the establishment of
new Armed Forces installations. The period also
witnessed technological improvements and major
advances in the development of our national
resources, especially in petroleum, natural gas,
and waterpower.
In the period from 1939 to 1953, all States and
regions increased their nonagricultural employ­
ment. But those States on the rim of the country
all the way from the West through the Southwest,
Gulf, and South Atlantic led the Nation in the
rate of growth (table 1 and map). Many of
these States experienced huge expansions in the
number of nonagricultural jobs. California and


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Texas more than doubled their employment.
In 1953, California and Texas accounted for 6
million nonagricultural jobs, about 1 out of every
8 in the United States.
Two other regions—New England and Middle
Atlantic—showed the least rates of increase from
1939 to 1953. States in these regions experienced
employment gains substantially below the national
average, except Connecticut which expanded its
employment in the field of finance and insurance
and which maintained its concentration of metal­
working. Five of the six States with the smallest
increases are in the New England region.
The interior regions—the East North Central
and the West North Central—made employment
gains at approximately the national average rate.
In these two regions, the States which exceeded
the national average included one with major new
production capacity for munitions, Kansas, and
those with metalworking facilities such as Ohio,
Indiana, and Michigan.
One of the most interesting and significant de­
velopments during this period has been the passing
of the Middle Atlantic region (New York, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania) from its long time pre­
eminence. In 1939, this region accounted for the
largest portion of employment in each of eight
major industry divisions. By 1953, however,
the region had already lost its leadership in three
of the divisions: mining, construction, and manu­
facturing. The growing importance of petroleum
and gas had put the West South Central States
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics.

739

740

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954
T a b l e 1.— Nonagricultural employment in the United, States, by State and region , 1939 to 1953
Employment (in thousands)

State and region

1939

1953

Percent
increase,
1939 to 1953

United States_____________________

30,310.9

49, 510.6

63.3

New England ___________________
Maine
______ ___
New Hampshire_______________
Vermont ____________ _
Massachusetts_________ ..
Rhode Island____
. . .. ___
Connecticut___________________
Middle Atlantic _________________
New York _______ ___ _
New Je rs e y ______ _ _________
Pennsylvania. _______________
East North C e n tral______ _________
Ohio ________________________
In d ia n a ______________________
Illin o is_______________________
Michigan. ___________________
Wisconsin.. ._ _______________
West North Central_______ .
Minnesota ___________
Iowa
__________________ ..
Missouri
. ___
_________
North D akota_________________
South Dakota
___ __________
Nebraska___ _______________
K ansas.. . . ______ __________
South Atlantic . . . . . _________
Delaware . . . _. ____________
Maryland
. . __________ . __
District of Columbia____________

2, 582.4
211.6
145. 0
74. 8
1,350.4
241. 4
559.4
8, 094.6
4,178.0
1,244. 3
2,672.3
6,866.2
1, 758. 7
' 813. 7
2,279.1
1, 348.1
' 666.6
2, 455. 6
538. 6
427.3
821.2
72. 5
85. 4
217. 2
293. 4
3,604.0
74. 7
487.3
328.3

3, 547.4
274.6
175.0
103.7
1,815.6
' 302.5
876.0
11, 654.6
5, 960.9
1,834.2
3,859. 5
11, 448. 0
3,052.8
1, 423. 7
3,424. 2
2,455.0
1,092. 3
3,909.2
860. 8
636. 0
1,284. 3
111.2
121. 0
348.8
547.1
6,147.4
139.9
806.5
507.6

37.4
29.8
20. 7
38.6
34. 4
25.3
56.6
44. 0
42.7
47.4
44.4
66.7
73.6
74.9
50.2
82.1
63.9
59. 2
59.8
48.8
56.4
53.4
41.7
60.6
86.5
70.6
87.3
65. 5
54.6

(Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas)
ahead in the field of mining. The East North
Central region, or Great Lakes States (Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin), had
taken over the lead in construction and in manu­
facturing.
The Great Lakes States were, in 1953, less than
1 percentage point behind the Middle Atlantic
region in the proportion of nonagricultural jobs
(table 1). These States may soon take over as
the region of greatest concentration of nonagricul­
tural employment in the United States. The
major factor in this development seems to be the
shift in manufacturing jobs. During the war, the
Great Lakes States exceeded the Middle Atlantic
in percentage of all manufacturing jobs. This
lead has been maintained. (See accompanying
tabulation.)
P e rc e n t o f a ll m a n u ­
fa c tu r in g jo b s i n —
M id d le
G reat
A t la n ti c
Lakes
region
reg io n

1939___ . . .
1 9 4 0 --- __
1941.__ —
1942.
1943.__
1 9 4 4 ._ .
1 9 4 5 . ..
1 9 4 6 ._ . - - .

2 8 .9
29. 0
28. 8
27. 6
26. 6
2 6 .7
2 7 .4
2 8 .0


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27.
28.
28.
27.
27.
28.
28.
28.

6
3
6
7
9
3
1
9

P e r c e n t o f a ll m a n u ­
fa c tu r in g jo b s i n —
M id d le
G reat
A t la n ti c
L akes
reg io n
reg io n

1947___ . . .
1948___
1949___ . . .
1950___ . .
1951___
1952____ __
1953____ __

27. 4
2 7 .4
27. 1
26. 6
26. 2
26. 0
2 6 .0

29.
29.
29.
29.
29.
29.
29.

1
5
2
7
5
1
7

State and region

South Atlantic— Continued
Virginia_____________
West Virginia—............ North Carolina_______
South Carolina...... ........
Georgia....................... .
Florida______________
East South Central_______
K entucky.....................
Tennessee___________
Alabama____________
Mississippi_____ _____
West South Central______
Arkansas____________
Louisiana____________
Oklahoma____________
Texas..______ _______
M o u n tain ........... ................
M ontana____________
Idaho_______________
Wyoming..... ..................
Colorado____________
New Mexico_________
Arizona_____________
U tah________________
Nevada_____________
Pacific__________________
Washington__________
Oregon______________
California____________

Employment (in thou­
sands)
1939

1953

533.3
368.3
612.3
302.3
512.2
385.3
1,438. 4
376.7
463.3
397.5
200.9
1,983. 5
196.1
393.4
323.3
1,070. 7
792.8
108.4
83.9
53.9
228.7
78. 7
94.2
110.3
34.7
2, 493. 4
424.1
257.3
1,812.0

895.0
507.3
1, 010. 7
536.5
906.3
837.6
2,459.6
619.6
829.9
676.8
333.3
3, 792.1
316.3
696.2
537.6
2,242. 0
1,451.1
154.4
135.4
84.5
411.3
176.1
201.3
216.5
71.6
5,101.2
738.3
467.6
3,895. 3

Percent
increase,
1939 to 1953

67.8
37.7
65.1
77.5
76.9
117.4
71.0
64.5
79.1
70.3
65.9
91.2
61.3
77.0
66.3
109.4
83.0
42.4
61.4
56.8
79.8
123.8
113.7
96.3
106.3
104.6
74.1
81.7
115.0

Many of the geographical shifts in nonagricul­
tural employment can be explained in large part by
geographical differentials in rates of industry
growth from 1939 to 1953 (table 2 and chart).
The construction industry showed the greatest
relative employment increase, about one and threefourths times the percentage for manufacturing.
Construction accounted for a larger share of non­
agricultural workers in 1953 over 1939 in 46 of the
48 States. Construction employment more than
tripled during this period of time in 8 States and
more than doubled in another 21 States. Some
idea of the geographical differentials in rates of
growth in this expanding industry can be illus­
trated as follows: construction is the only major
industry division (except for mining, a small
group) in which California outranked New York
in the number of workers in 1953; in 1939, Cali­
fornia had only half as many workers in this in­
dustry as did New York.
Similar geographical differentials in rates of
growth were also observed in other industry divi­
sions. In manufacturing, which accounts for the
largest single block of nonagricultural workers,
these differentials apparently were the major cause
of the general shift of nonagricultural employment
westward since 1939. The outstanding gains in
manufacturing employment were concentrated in

CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY

the West and the Southwest, especially in Califor­
nia and Texas. Individual industry changes which
cannot be detailed here played important roles in
this movement. A related development occurred:
in the face of a 70-percent increase in manufac­
turing employment between 1939 and 1953, the
textile industry showed a decline of 4 percent.
This not only helps explain the change in the New
England region but some of the significant changes
in the composition of employment in other States
and regions. Also, manufacturing accounted for
52 percent of North Carolina’s nonagricultural
employment in 1939 but only 44 percent in 1953,
mostly because of the relatively low rate of in­
crease in textile employment during this period.
A few other examples will suffice. In the field
of trade, the older and larger centers generally
lost ground. Among the 10 States with em­
ployment in trade in 1953 of at least 300,000, 7

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741

showed increases since 1939 well below the national
average of 60 percent. Among these 10 were
Massachusetts, with a gain since 1939 of a fourth
of the national average, and Texas, with a gain
almost double the national average. The ex­
tractive industries, the ones which showed the
least increase during this period of any industry
division, included Texas with a gain of more than
80 percent and Pennsylvania with a loss of about
30 percent. In industry after industry, New
England lost ground, making employment gains
which were only about half the national average
in manufacturing, transportation, and construc­
tion. But its share of jobs in finance increased.
The peak of the war effort in terms of employ­
ment expansion was reached in 1943, when non­
agricultural employment totaled about 42
million—a 40-percent increase over 1939. In no
other recorded period of United States’ industrial

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

742

T a ble 2. — Percent change in nonagricultural employment, by major industry division and by region, 1939 to 1953
[All increases unless otherwise indicated]
Percent changes, by region
Major industry division

Construction............... ...... _ ______ _
Manufacturing______________________
Government_______ ________________
T ra d e____ ___________________ _____
Service_____ _______________________
Finance____ ____
. _________
Transportation and public utilities_____
Mining____________________________

United
States

124.3
70.5
67.5
60.0
58.8
48.9
45.7
1.4

New
England

Middle
Atlantic

78.5
34.9
38.5
31.5
48.8
50.5
26.0
-79.2

88.5
53.5
48.6
40.0
49.5
15.7
27.4
-25.4

East
North
Central
142.0
83.7
53.6
55.0
53.7
38.9
47.1
-12.2

West
North
Central

South
Atlantic
119.1
53.8
93.6
88.6
65.0
103.7
52.7
- 1 .7

101.5
97.6
31.9
50.5
47.9
61.3
51.5
28.6

East
South
Central
127.3
74.7
69.6
93.2
66.2
116.9
44.5
-18.6

West
South
Central

Moun­
tain

150.1
108.2
88.2
92.8
70.8
119.5
65.7
65.0

142.0
109.4
88.1
85.6
84.1
149.0
61.6
12.4

Pacific

209.6
140.1
139.0
74.9
84.2
78.9
69.9
-11.0

N ote.—Data also available by State, by m onth and year, in a continuous series beginning with 1939.

history did anywhere near such an expansion
occur in so brief a time. During this period, the
industries most closely allied to mobilization and
war, i. e., construction, manufacturing, and
government, showed by far the largest increases
in employment, while finance, trade, and service
showed the least (table 3). In contrast, the last
three industry divisions led in postwar employ­
ment gains, their increases being more than
double the national average in that period.
These and other differential industry changes
shown in table 3 have had an important effect on
the trend in the geographical shifts in employ­
ment in the United States (table 4). Differential
rates of growth in employment among regions
were just as marked in the period 1943 to 1953 as
Percent Increase in Nonagricultural Employment by
M ajor Industry Division, 1939-53

Construction

they were during 1939 to 1943, but they were by
no means always in the same direction. The
West South Central States, led by Texas, ranked
second and the New England and Middle Atlantic
States quite low in both periods. On the other
hand, the Pacific Coast led in 1939 to 1943 and
ranked fourth in the later period, and the West
North Central, which tied for last place in the
first period, was among the first three regions in
the later years.
The large postwar increments in employment in
finance, service, and trade, as well as the continu­
ing growth in construction, explain much of the
difference in trends in both periods. Very sizable
increases in trade and service and other divisions
on account of the atomic energy program in New
Mexico were the main factors in the Mountain
States’ leading position in the postwar period;
similarly, increases in trade and construction were
chiefly responsible for the postwar expansion in the
West North Central States. Only four States
were unable to hold all their wartime gains: Rhode
Island in textiles and Washington, Maryland, and
Maine in aircraft and shipbuilding.
T a b l e 3.— Percent change in nonagricultural employment,

by major industry divisions, 1939 to 1943 and 1943 to 1953
[All increases unless otherwise Indicated]

Major industry division

Percent change in
employment
1939 to 1943 1943 to 1953

Finance
Transportation
and Public
Utilities
Mining


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All industries___ . . . . . . . . . _____________ . . .

39.0

17.5

Construction___ _______________ _________. . .
Manufacturing__ . . . ___ _ _ . _
Governm ent.T... ____ ____ . . . ____ . . .
Transportation and public utilities... . . . . _____
Mining__________ __ ______ .
Service_______ ___________ _______ .
Trade_______ ________ __________
Finance_________ _ _________

85.8
73.3
51.7
23.8
16.4
15.5
8.5
2.3

59.3
1. 6
10. 5
17.7
-6 .9
37.6
47.4
45.6

743

CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY
T a b l e 4. — Percent increase in nonagricultural employment,

by region, 1989 to 1948 and 1943 to 1958

Region

Percent increase in
employment
1939 to 1943 1943 to 1953

Pacific___- _____ __ _______ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _
West South Central - ____________ ______
South Atlantic _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _____________
East South Central__ _ _ ___________________
East North Central_____ _______________ ____
Mountain
_ _ __ _ _ ____ _ ___________
New England _ ____ _ ______ ____________
Middle Atlantic.-. ______________ _________ West North C en tral...:______________________

69.5
48.1
43.1
42.5
40.4
35.1
30.9
29.5
29.5

20.7
29.1
19.2
20.0
18.8
35.5
4.9
11.2
23.0

All these forces have modified the location of
American industry. Certainly, the center of
nonagricultural employment in the United States
continued to move West. In addition, in a com­
paratively short time, with large numbers of
employees involved, some of the percentage
changes have been enorlnous. When taken to­
gether with the accompanying geographic shifts in
various industries, some perception arises of the
more basic trends in the economy. One of the
smallest major industry divisions in the non­
agricultural sector, construction, serves as an ex­
ample. The developments in the construction
industry—great growth after 1939 and continuing
high levels of activity—go a long way toward
explaining such diverse trends as the continued
growth in the number and proportion of employees
in the skilled crafts, the size and composition of
apprenticeship programs, and the relevant wage
and industrial relations practices. The construc­
tion industry provided, also, some of the more
dramatic instances of local labor market man­
power and industrial relations problems.
There is, however, one other point about these
geographical shifts which should be mentioned for
purposes of balance. It is important to note that
the basic geographic structure of American in­
dustry, strongly modified as it has been by the
developments summarized so far, is still very much
like it was a dozen-odd years ago. The concentra­
tion of industry and commerce, job opportunities,
manpower requirements, and labor supply remain
to a significant extent in the regions and States
where they had been more than a decade ago.
As already indicated, the geographical differ­
entials in rates of growth of manufacturing have
been significant. Manufacturing jobs in Califor­
nia increased almost 180 percent between 1939 and
1953 in contrast to only a 30-percent rise in Massa­
303366— 54------ 2


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chusetts. But 1 out of every 3 factory jobs in the
Nation is still found in the 9 States comprising
the New England and Middle Atlantic regions.
Despite some very important geographic shifts,
the first 15 States in size of manufacturing em­
ployment in 1939 were exactly the same 15 States
in 1953. (See table 5.)
In other sectors of the nonagricultural econ­
omy—trade and finance—similar developments
occurred. Geographic differentials in the growth
of employment in trade were evident beginning in
1939. Florida’s great popularity as a resort center,
the expansion of trade around large military bases
in many of the Southern and Western States, and
the emergence of Dallas and Los Angeles as major
style centers illustrate some of the factors which
have generated the regional and State differentials
in employment in trade. But this does not obviate
the fact that 21 percent of the more than 10 million
jobs in trade were still concentrated in the three
States of the Middle Atlantic region. Similarly
in the field of finance, centers of large financial,
insurance, and real-estate interests have grown
in places such as Houston, Los Angeles, and San
Francisco. But New York still accounts for one
of every five jobs in this field.
Any assessment of the geographic distribution
of nonagricultural employment, whether from the
point of view of changing market demand for
products, differential job opportunities, structure
of manpower requirements, or regional wage differ­
entials, must therefore include a balance between
two factors: (1) the continued regional and State
concentrations in each of the industries and (2)
the modification wrought by long-term rates of
growth.
T a ble 5. — The first 15 States in size of manufacturing

employment, 1939 and 1953
Employment (in
thousands)

Rank

State
1939
New York_____ _____
Pennsylvania---------------------Ohio_________ ________ ___
Illinois____ ________ _____
Michigan_________ ______ _..
California___________________
N ew Jersey..
____________
Massachusetts. _________ . . .
Indiana------------ ----------- --------Wisconsin____. . . . ----------- -North Carolina_______________
Connecticut-____________ ____
Texas.. ________ . . ________
Missouri____________ ______
Georgia . ___________________

1,299
1,040
754
796
626
384
579
569
350
256
321
281
180
234
189

1953
2,017
1,619
1,421
1,326
1,219
1,064
845
738
674
472
449
456
438
414
316

1953

1939
1
2
4
3
5
8
6
7
9
12
10
11
15
13
14

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
11
13
14

Housing Surveys
in 75 Cities,
1950 and 1952
B runo A .

Schiro*

H ousing surveys conducted by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics in 1950 and 1952 showed that
the majority of families in urban places owned
their own homes—a substantially larger pro­
portion than in prewar years. The dwellings
occupied by owners generally were of higher
quality and had more modern facilities than
those occupied by renters. Much of the increase
in homeownership in the decade 1940 to 1950
resulted from the transfer of dwellings from the
rental market—then subject to Federal rent
controls—to the uncontrolled owner market.
Because single-family type dwellings tend to have
a lower contract rent than do dwelling units in
multi-unit structures, the substantial shift of
dwellings from the rental to the owner market
resulted in raising the average rent level over the
decade. Improvements in housing must also
be taken into account when comparing average
rents in 1940 with those in 1950.

Homeownership

Homeownership tended to be greater in smaller
places among the 75 cities surveyed. More
dwellings were owner-occupied than rented in
20 of 29 large cities (over 100,000 dwelling units),
in 20 of 27 medium-size cities (20,000 to 100,000
dwelling units), and in 17 of the 19 small cities
(1,000 to 15,000 dwellings).1
Generally, within each of the city size classes,
owner-occupancy rates were found to be lowest
in the cities in the New England, Middle Atlantic,
East South Central, and South Atlantic States,
and highest in the North Central States.
744


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

This high level of ownership, characteristic of
urban residential housing markets in 1950, was
one of the most outstanding developments of the
decade 1940 to 1950. The shift in the proportion
of owned dwellings began early in World War II.
Spurred by the housing shortages, vast migrations,
increased incomes, and the presence of controls
on rental housing, a very substantial part of the
increase in owner occupancy took place by 1944.
Between April 1940 and October 1944, the pro­
portion of all occupied dwellings in nonfarm areas
which were owner-occupied rose from 41.1 to 47.4
percent,2 and by 1945, it increased to 50.2 percent.
This change occurred during a period when con­
struction of new housing was seriously curtailed
by Government regulations. Thus, much of the
increase in owner occupancy resulted from the
withdrawal of dwellings from the rental market.
By 1947, the proportion of owner-occupied dwell­
ings in nonfarm areas had increased to 52.6 per­
cent, and by 1950 to 53.4 percent. This shift to
homeownership occurred in all sections of the
country. The smallest increase in owner occu­
pancy occurred in the very large metropolises
where there are large concentrations of apartments
and small proportions of single-family dwellings.
Among the large cities with the highest rates of
owner occupancy were Detroit, Philadelphia, and
Seattle, where at least 60 percent of the dwellings
were owned by the occupants (table 1). The
lowest ratios were in the Chicago, Northeastern
New Jersey, Boston, Providence, and New Orleans
areas, with about 40 percent, and in New York
City, with about 20 percent.
In the medium-size group of cities, about 70
percent of the dwellings were owner-occupied in
Des Moines, Omaha, and Salt Lake City, and at
least 60 percent of the dwellings in Canton,
Evansville, Miami, Oklahoma City, San Jose,
Wichita, and Youngstown. Owner-occupancy
rates for medium-size cities were somewhat lower
than average in Charlotte, N. C., and in three
*Of the Bureau’s Division of Prices and Cost of Living.
1 The 3-year revision of the Consumer Price Index, authorized in the fall ot
1949, included comprehensive dwelling-unit surveys in three groups of cities.
The first group of surveys, conducted in early 1950, covered a sample of 153,000
dwellings in the 34 cities then included in the index. The second group of
additional dwelling-unit surveys was conducted in mid-1950 and included
22 city areas. Finally, surveys of dwelling units were conducted in mid-1952
for 19 small cities.
2 See Effect of Wartime Housing Shortages on Home Ownership, Monthly
Labor Review, April 1946 (p. 560).

745

H O U S I N G S U R V E Y S I N 75 C I T I E S
T

a ble

1.— Prevalence of specified characteristics for owner- and tenant-occupied dwelling units, 1950 and 1952
Dwelling units with kitchen facilities

Area and period

Large city areas,1early I960

Atlanta, Ga_—................—............. —
Baltimore, Md—............ ....... ...........
Birmingham, Ala-----------------------Boston, Mass_________ ________ Buffalo, N. Y . . . .....................-..........
Chicago, 111....... ............. ...................
Cincinnati, Ohio--------------- --------Cleveland, Ohio......... ............... ........
Denver, Colo----------------------------Detroit, Mich______________ ____
Houston, Tex----- ----------------------Indianapolis, Ind....... .......................
Kansas City, Mo. and Kans--------Los Angeles, Calif........ ............. ......
Louisville, Ky._--------------- -------Milwaukee, Wis-------------------------Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn--------New Orleans, La-----------------------New York City, N. Y.2---------------Norfolk, Va-------------- --------------Northeastern New Jersey.............. .
Philadelphia, Pa............ ...................
Pittsburgh, Pa.............................. .
Portland, Oreg--------------------------Providence, R. I-----------------------St. Louis, Mo----------------------- —
San Francisco, Calif___ ____ - ........
Seattle, Wash---------------------------Washington, D, C .„ -----------------M e d iu m - s iz e city areas,s m id-1950

Canton, Ohio---- ------ --------------------Charleston, S. C---------------------------Charleston, W. Va..................................
Charlotte, N. C --------- -------------------Des Moines, Iowa_________________
Evansville, In d ......... ....................-........
Hartford, Conn----------------------------Huntington, W. Va.-Ashland, K y----Jacksonville, Fla---------------------------Little Rock, Ark—..................................
Madison, Wis------------------------------Manchester, N. H ------------- ---------—
Memphis, Tenn............. ........................
Miami, Fla-------- ----------- -------------Mobile, Ala--------------- ------ -----------Oklahoma City, Okla--------------------Omaha, N ebr-Council Bluffs, Iow a..
Phoenix, Ariz------------------ ------------Portland, Maine....... - ------ -------------Richmond, Va----- ------ ------ ------ ----Salt Lake City, U tah.................... ......
San Jose, Calif.......................................
Savannah, Ga...... ........................... --Scranton, P a.......-.................................
Wichita, K ans...................... ................
Wilmington, Del--------------------------Youngstown, Ohio..... ..........................
o m w cw/tea, l o o k ______________
- Arm a Til
C a m d e n , A r k ---------------------- ------------------------G a r r e t t Tnd
______________ _______
G le n d a le , A r iz ___ __________ --------G r a n d F o r k s N T )a k
_________________
G r a n d I s l a n d , N f ib r
- _________ - - -L a c o n ia N . TT
___________________________
T/Ofli C a lif
_______ ____ _____ ______
L y n c h h n rg , V a _
__________________ ______
____________ __
________ -M a d ill O k la
M id d le s b o r o , TCy __ _____ _ _ ________ __ _ _
M id d le to w n , C o n n _
_
_____ _
N e w a r k OTiio
__________________________
P u la s k i V a
______________ _______ R a v e n n a O h io
_ ___________ ________
R a w li n s W y o
_ ____________________
S a n d p o in t , I d a h o ----------------------------------------phfvwne.fi O k la
_ _______ __________________
S h e n a n d o a h , I o w a ------------------------------------------

1 Over 100,000 dwelling units.
2 City proper.
-20,000 to 100,000 dwelling units.


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All dwell­
ing units,
percent
owneroccupied

Percent of all tenant-occupied

Percent of all owner-occupied
Single
family

Complete
private
bath

Mechani­
cal refrig­
eration

Central
heating

Single
family

Complete
private
bath

Mechani­
cal refrig­
eration

Central
heating

56.4
57.9
50.3
39.3
55.2
39.5
52.2
55.3
57.7
62.4
57.0
56.7
59.2
54.4
54.5
51.6
58.8
36.9
21.5
44.6
42.1
62.6
54.8
57.2
42.4
50.8
47.3
62.9
42.4

89.1
84.6
91.6
55.0
62.1
59.4
77.3
75.8
92.0
84.3
94.8
94.1
90.1
94.8
86.6
68.4
83.9
87.5
54.2
90.7
61.8
91.8
81.0
95.6
65.7
78.1
86.4
95.6
92.9

88.7
94.9
73.2
97.4
96.0
96.7
91.1
98.6
90.8
97.8
91.1
82.8
89.1
98.9
86.9
96.3
92.2
89.6
99.0
91.2
96.9
97.9
88.3
95.6
93.1
88.6
99.1
98.4
97.0

89.7
89.7
85.9
92.9
94.7
95.5
96.3
95.8
89.4
95.7
94.5
89.5
92.0
95.1
92.8
93.8
93.9
86.2
97.6
88.3
96.6
95.1
96.4
93.8
91.1
92.4
90.0
92.3
98.0

35.6
89.5
30.5
94.1
79.9
85.5
91.1
93.1
74.2
87.8
9.1
78.8
85.5
18.3
63.2
95.9
90.3
14.0
95.8
47.2
88.0
98.9
90.7
77.4
80.3
84.9
41.5
65.2
95.8

38.9
26.4
64.8
6.6
11.5
4.0
9.4
12.8
36.3
19.2
49.7
48.1
14.3
48.4
27.2
13.3
11.1
57.2
1.9
47.5
6.6
35.6
30.9
39.8
10.2
12.6
16.2
28.4
21.7

60.8
79.4
36.5
88.7
87.6
83.4
60.4
88.2
68.7
90.0
77.8
61.9
68.4
95.9
60.8
82.1
72.0
66.2
90.6
71.9
85.4
81.9
66.9
77.5
74.0
65.4
94.0
90.1
92.0

64.8
67.2
53.9
83.0
84.6
91.3
80.7
86.4
77.8
84.8
80.9
75.7
80.4
86.4
78.3
84.6
86.3
69.9
88.9
63.4
93.3
77.3
89.4
80.3
77.9
82.4
69.3
78.7
90.3

31.0
73.8
18.1
74.8
54.8
72. 5
55. 5
73.3
74.1
80.4
4.3
71.2
82.1
10.8
44.7
78.9
79.7
3.9
88.1
26.7
63.9
89.6
61.3
66.7
40.0
58. 7
46. 6
61.6
87.6

66.5
36.9
53.1
47.3
71.3
60.2
40.7
56.9
57.2
51.5
57.7
41.8
53.3
60.2
51.2
60.8
72.5
55.1
48.0
54.3

90.4
86.9
89.3
95.6
92.9
90.3
69.1
90.6
92. 9
92.8
83 9
63. 7
91.1
94.8
96. 5
95.2
94 5
97.3
77.8
90.4
92. 6
94 5
85 3
76.6
92 6
91.2
89.7

95.6
88.3
95.0
92.2
81.8
83.2
98.7
83.5
89.7
81.8
93.8
96.3
78.3
95.3
64.5
88.8
94.2
86.4
90.8
92.2
97.3
96.1
85.1
81.7
89.4
88.1
89.2

96.5
81.8
97.5
94.3
86.9
87.5
98.4
91.7
84.8
87.7
96.0
91.7
85.3
97.3
73.2
93.6
94.4
90.5
82.4
92.1
96.5
93.2
79.5
85.5
94.9
94.6
96.3

96.1
11.9
38.7
58.0
86.5
64.1
95.8
12.7
3.9
2.2
96.4
76.7
21.3
.6
1.8
5.7
94.2
16.5
83.8
61.8
83.1
16.4
10.7
81.1
34.1
82.1
97.3

33.5
42.2
44.7
67.8
24.7
43.6
6.0
44.6
45.8
51.9
18.7
8.9
49.9
45.7
63.7
48.2
38.3
81.2
11.2
35.4
30.1
57.0
55.9
40.3
47.8
47.4
45.0

79.0
64.7
86.6
62.1
63.6
54.5
89.0
71.1
73.6
66.9
87.1
85.0
47.1
90.5
56.5
71.9
73.3
74.3
79.1
70.5
90.2
82.4
47.0
69.3
69.5
69.9
68.9

85.5
59.1
92.4
69.2
77.1
70.8
90.8
78.8
60. 4
79.0
94.9
79.0
62.9
88.0
57.5
75.1
87.4
72.7
68.9
76.0
93.3
76.7
46.8
79.4
80.5
77.7
87.8

86.7
2.6
20. 5
33.1
85.9
44.9
59.2
6.5
3.7
4.4
91.7
39.3
18.5
.7
1.8
4.0
84.7
12. 5
66.9
44.1
78. 5
9.4
1.6
66.9
25.7
62.9
82.2

68.2

66.4
33.6
54.8
60.0
59.2
67.9

5 3 .7
4 9 .2
79 .9
5 1 .9
5 9 .8
59.0
46 .3
6 8 .9
5 6 .6
66 .3
64 .3
5 8 .2
6 5 .7
6 1 .2
6 9 .9
5 8 .4
6 8 .2
65. C
51 .2 ___________

-------------- -

44.9
85.9
36.5
68.9
22.3
44.8
21.1
79.7
48.9
70.3
64.1
13.8
47.9
31.8
28.2
59.6
70.1
47.3
53.5

67.1
37.8
86.6
54.3
67.0
80.2
78.0
88.5
60.1
66.4
56.0
84.4
74.8
48.9
66.2
73.7
57.3
63.1
62.4

74.1
67.5
92.1
71.0
94.8
97.0
89.7
92.6
80.1
81.3
66.7
98.3
93.2
84.0
89.7
85.3
68.4
85.5
93.6

47.8
1.6
84.7
•5
83.7
55.2
54.3
21.6
49.0
15.0
22.3
62.6
58.
33.2

71.4
31. t
19.1
1.

52.

4 Under 15,000 dwelling units. Information on characteristics of owneroccupied dwellings was not obtained for these cities.

55-

q p .3

746
New England cities (Hartford, Manchester, and
Portland), ranging from 40 to 48 percent. The
only cities having less than 40 percent owners
were Charleston, S. C. (36.9 percent) and Savan­
nah, Ga. (33.6 percent).
Among the 19 small cities, only two—Camden,
Ark., and Laconia, N. H.—had less than 50 per­
cent owner-occupancy. The highest rate was
found in Garrett, Ind., where 80 percent of the
dwellings were owned by the occupants. Nearly
70 percent of the dwellings were owner-occupied
in Lodi, Calif., and Sandpoint, Idaho; and over
65 percent in Newark, Ohio, and Madill, Okla.
Type of Structure

Single-family homes were the most prevalent
type of structure in 19 of the 29 large cities and in
23 of the 27 medium-size cities surveyed. In
small cities, single-family dwellings were more
prevalent than in larger cities. In several New
England cities, 2-4 family structures were pre­
dominant. Only in New York City did apart­
ments (structures with 5 or more units) prevail,
comprising 60 percent of the dwelling units.
Single-family dwellings were especially pre­
dominant among owner-occupied residences in all
of the large and medium-size cities; the proportion
varied from about 97 percent in Phoenix to about
54 percent in New York City and Boston. Infor­
mation on characteristics of owned dwellings was
not obtained for the small cities.
Among tenant-occupied dwelling units, the
relative importance of single-family dwellings was
greatest among the small cities, and least among
the large cities. This type of dwelling comprised
more than half of all rental dwellings in 8 of the
19 small cities, in 6 of the 27 medium-size cities,
and in only 2 of the 29 large cities. Proportion­
ately more of the rented dwellings were single­
family in southern than in northern cities.
Two- to four-family structures predominated
among rented units in 13 of the 29 large cities,
and in several of the medium-size cities and small
cities. About 7 out of every 10 rented dwellings
in Buffalo, Boston, and Providence were located
in 2- to 4-family structures.
Apartment units represented half or more of the
rented units in 5 large cities, a third or more of
the rented units in 5 medium-size cities, and a
fifth or more in 6 small cities.

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

Number of Booms. Dwellings occupied by owners
generally contained a larger number of rooms than
those occupied by tenants. The median number
of rooms in owned dwellings in large and mediumsize cities was 5 in 37 cities, and 6 in the remaining
19 cities, almost all of which were eastern cities.
In no city was the median room count for owneroccupied dwellings less than 5. For rented dwell­
ings and apartments, on the other hand, the
median room count in 23 of the large and mediumsize cities was 3, and in 29 cities it was 4. Only
4 large cities—all in the Northeast or North
Central States—had a room count for rental
dwellings as large as 5. Among the 19 small
cities, the rented dwellings median was 3 rooms in
8 cities and 4 rooms in 11 cities.
Plumbing Facilities. Availability of complete
private bathroom facilities in residential dwellings
located in urban areas is considered a sensitive
indicator of housing quality. In 18 of the 56
large and medium-size cities surveyed, more than
90 percent of all dwellings (both owner and tenant
occupied) were equipped with complete private
bathroom facilities (i. e., hot and cold running
water, flush toilet, and tub or shower). Los
Angeles, with 98 percent, and San Francisco, with
97 percent, were the leading cities in this charac­
teristic. Among the medium-size cities, Salt
Lake City was the leader with 95 percent of the
dwellings so equipped. Southern cities had the
smallest proportion of units equipped with com­
plete bathroom facilities. About 1 out of 5
dwellings in Mobile and Savannah had no running
water inside the unit.
To the extent that the presence of a complete
private bath indicates quality, owned units were
of substantially better quality than rented dwell­
ings. More than 90 percent of owner-occupied
dwellings in 33 of the 56 large and medium-size
cities had complete private bathrooms. In only
3 southern cities was the proportion of owneroccupied dwellings with a private bath less than
80 percent (table 1).
On the other hand, 1 out of every 3 rented
dwellings were without complete private bath­
rooms in 10 of the large cities, 12 of the mediumsize, and 12 of the small cities. The cities in this
category were scattered throughout the United
States: among the northern cities were such large
cities as Denver, Indianapolis, and Pittsburgh;

747

H O U S I N G S U R V E Y S I N 75 C I T I E S

T able 2. — Average monthly contract r e n t 1 and proportion of tenant-occupied dwelling units having facilities included in rent,

selected periods 1950 and 1952

Area and period

L a rg e c ity a rea s,2 e a r ly 1950

Atlanta, Ga________________ _______
Baltimore, M d____ ________ _______
Birmingham, A l a __________________
Boston, Mass_________ . ________ __
Buffalo, N. Y ______________________
Chicago, 111_______
______ - - -Cincinnati, Ohio________________
Cleveland, Ohio____________________
Denver, Colo___ ____ ______________
Detroit, Mich______________________
Houston, Tex______________________
Indianapolis, In d __ ___________ _____
Kansas City, Mo. and Kans__________
Los Angeles, Calif_________ _ _____
Louisville, K y______________________
Milwaukee, Wis_______ ___________
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M in n ...
___
New Orleans. La_______________ ____
New York City, N. Y.3__________ . . .
Norfolk, Va________________________
Northeastern New Jersey_____________
Philadelphia, P a ____
_
.
Pittsburgh, P a____ _ ______ ______
Portland, Oreg_____________ _____
Providence, R. I . __________________
St. Louis, Mo____
_________ . ..
San Francisco, Calif____________ ___
Seattle, Wash______________________
Washington, D. C___________________

Average
monthly
contract
rent

Percent of units with facilities included in rent

Water

Hot
water

Light

Cooking
fuel

Heating
fuel

Refriger­
ator

Cook
stove

Furni­
ture

Heating
equip­
ment

Garage

$37.69
45.20
25.05
41.65
37. 24
46.07
35. 27
41.33
43.43
43.70
50.66
38.61
42.38
51.38
40.01
48. 52
41.17
30.83
50. 77
35. 45
41.86
42. 62
41.60
39. 76
29.35
33.40
45.09
44. 54
62.07

80.9
94.9
53.8
98.8
72.9
97.6
90.4
96.5
93.7
93.9
78.5
71.4
84.1
85.7
92.1
90.5
87.5
71.2
99.7
70.9
98.6
94.8
79.9
83.2
98.7
88.6
84.3
87.3
90.3

31.9
50.4
16.6
31.5
20.6
68.2
40.4
39.2
60.9
41.4
21.8
47.2
72.8
28.1
73.4
40.9
61.1
11.5
91.3
40.8
72.2
55. 2
37.1
60.4
83.0
28.1
60.2
63.7
73.9

18.9
28.8
12.2
7.0
15.3
21.4
21.3
16.4
40.1
29.7
20.5
37.3
49.0
25.2
74.7
16.5
28.1
12.6
5.6
33.1
47.2
38. 5
22.0
28.1
72.3
19.4
34.6
34.7
42.7

9.1
29.7
6.7
8.1
15.8
23.4
21.4
17.8
51.0
31.2
21.1
37.0
63.5
25.3
71.2
17.6
31.2
9.4
7.1
25.7
51.4
31.7
22.9
14.3
72.3
18.0
33.3
23.2
42.9

26.4
54.6
14.8
34.5
20.4
67.2
43.7
34.9
59.9
43.4
20.4
47.6
73.9
24. 5
80.8
40.5
59.7
10.1
86.7
20.6
69.4
58. 7
35.6
54.8
81.1
27.3
55.6
54.7
72.2

32.6
23.8
17.2
23.8
12.3
45.7
19.5
23.2
39.3
32.8
26.2
27.0
43.1
37.9
62.0
20.7
36.3
14.6
64.4
35.3
48.6
25.3
13.4
57.1
49.7
19.1
36.5
53.3
71.0

48.5
52.7
20.0
84.5
19.7
54.7
26.4
32.9
77.5
46.3
31.9
37.9
61.5
45.6
91.7
29.7
52.9
21.3
89.2
53.0
84.7
68.3
20.6
86.0
93.1
23.2
72.2
82.4
91.7

12.4
12.3
8.2
8.3
11.1
18.3
14.6
13.5
43.6
19.6
28.6
22.2
48.2
46.4
22.0
15.4
31.8
20.2
4.2
19.0
2.7
14.0
10.7
55.8
10.9
16.5
48.4
45.1
11.6

48.7
79.8
32.2
83.6
63.1
74.4
62.5
82.4
89.6
86.6
34.6
74.9
88.3
71.6
93.4
84.4
85.5
26.0
92.3
59.7
90.3
93.1
66.1
83.8
95.0
62.5
84.4
90.4
95.2

17.9
3.9
10.2
8.4
21.4
9.3
18.5
32.0
26.2
28.1
52.1
26.4
12.0
52.7
15.3
23.8
22.4
13.4
3.0
5.3
8.3
10. 4
10.2
15.7
3.1
23.1
26.1
17.8
6.2

38.05
31.78
43.81
43.65
41.78
37.84
39. 86
32.83
37.46
40.20
58. 64
27.00
33.68
65. 94
30.00
43.58
44.80
45.85
33.97
39.11
48.98
45.55
24.44
28.72
42.16
41.57
36. 78

84.3
62.6
27.4
56.4
74.2
60.4
99.0
36.0
76.0
48.1
77.2
98.3
61.1
72.8
56.3
68.3
61.5
71.2
95.3
38.1
90.8
55.2
78.3
83.8
72.2
95.9
55.7

41.3
19.2
21.7
17.3
66.7
34.9
30.4
27.5
9.0
22.6
61.2
27.8
23.9
29.0
28.1
39.1
49.1
33.6
35.8
28.6
65.2
27.4
10.8
37.3
63.7
41.6
33.7

33.9
27.9
18.3
9.5
49.8
43.0
10.9
25.8
11.1
23.9
27.9
14.2
21.5
15.8
38.2
33.1
29.5
36.6
21.8
12.8
18.1
28.4
16.8
5.6
53.7
21.3
27.3

30.7
15.4
21.2
3.2
53.0
31.9
9.0
27.4
3.0
22.4
23.3
12.1
14.0
12.7
23.1
33.6
30.8
34.4
16.9
10.7
27.9
25.2
9.0
3.7
62.3
13.2
30.4

43.5
8.4
21.5
17.6
70.5
37.4
29.6
29.6
5.6
22.9
63.1
24.6
23.5
2.9
19.3
33.8
52.4
29.9
37.4
29.1
64.9
23.5
2.0
34.0
62.0
42.7
33.8

15.2
18.5
20.2
23.5
34.8
16.6
19.4
15.8
20.8
35.5
43.2
11.5
22.0
72.0
33.0
29.2
29.6
45.9
24.3
29.4
55.7
29.7
18.1
3.0
37.5
14.7
14.4

24.2
26.3
23.8
31.4
57.4
36.4
29.4
22.8
35.5
39.2
50.7
20.5
29.2
76.3
43.3
48.6
41.5
66.5
35.9
39.0
73.9
52.6
24.4
25.3
67.5
31.5
20.7

15.5
11.9
18.8
14.7
38.9
20.7
11.2
21.2
38.5
33.7
25.1
14.8
25.9
67.4
16.7
45.9
35.3
57.6
18.4
14.4
52.4
37.9
8.3
2.8
38.9
10.0
11.8

93.8
29.1
64.3
47.3
89.2
62.4
67.5
33.4
32.6
32.7
88.9
42.6
46.7
5.3
46.1
58.0
92.9
70.2
73.8
52.0
91.3
72.8
26.6
70.2
84.1
74.1
89.5

30.0
19.6
22.3
19.0
22.4
21.2
17.9
16.4
22.5
26.3
21.0
8.9
23.8
5.9
14.1
38.2
17.8
19.3
14.3
6.5
29.5
63.6
10.9
11.9
23.0
10.9
34.0

33.39
27.65
38.25
35.04
47.83
49.19
37.96
42.14
38.12
30.30
28.27
39.39
39. 42
35.28
38.32
50. 48
39.02
36.87
42.47

55.2
14.2
69.0
65.7
77.7
87.2
98.3
53.2
39.4
34.3
30.9
97.7
43.6
60.2
61.0
86.3
41.8
49.4
49.8

32.6
8.8
35.7
18.0
60.6
49.4
46.3
19.6
36.0
19.6
24.9
28.2
20.5
27.6
41.0
38.6
21.8
33.5
38.3

10.9
10.2
12.9
26.9
30.7
32.3
4.0
19.9
11.5
21.1
4.2
11.3
14.9
14.5
34.9
26.0
20.9
34.8
21.9

4.3
9.7
5.1
19.0
4.9
30.6
2.3
14.2
2.1
23.9
3.6
9.9
15.4
3.6
34.3
40.4
5.8
33.8
27.1

35.6
9.1
44.3
12.3
68.7
42.0
42.9
15.8
35.2
23.6
19.3
33.0
22.0
26.0
44.4
45.6
14.8
33.2
39.5

16.6
10.8
6.7
39.3
24.3
30.4
20.0
19.9
26.2
36.1

19.6
10.2
8.2
53.3
52.2
47.4
27.7
39.2
29.6
39.2
36.4
18.8
24.7
8.9
6.2
25.7
71.2
76.7
47.9

11.7
13.6
8.2
48.4
23.2
28.1
12.9
38.6
6.4
36.1

60.6
10.2
89.4
49.6
93.0
90.9
61.4
78.8
49.0
42.1
41.2
63.5
67.4
13.8
84.4
89.5
67.7
49.4
75.7

35.9
8.5
25.9
10.9
10.7
34.3
27.1
53.5
14.9
25.0
16.0
18.4
27.2
1.6
29.2
24.2
25.5
31.4
17.3

M e d iu m - s iz e c ity areas,* m id 1950

Canton, Ohio____ _____ ______ _____
Charleston, S. C____________________
Charleston, W. Va ..................................
Charlotte, N. C ________ ______ _____
Des Moines, Iowa___________________
Evansville, I n d ...___________________
Hartford, Conn_____________________
Huntington, W. Va.-Ashland, K y_____
Jacksonville, F la____________________
Little Rock, A r k __. . . . . . . . . _____
Madison, W is.. . ________ . . .
Manchester, N. H ----- --------------- ------Memphis, Tenn____________________
Miami, Fla____ _______ ____________
Mobile, Ala------------------------------------Oklahoma City, Okla. ____ _ _____
Omaha, Nebr -Council Bluffs, Iowa___
Phoenix, Ariz_______________ ____ ___
Portland, M aine____________________
Richmond, V a_______________ ______
Salt Lake City, Utah _ _. ----------------San Jose, Calif_______ . _______ . . .
Savannah, Ga______________________
Scranton, P a _______________________
Wichita, Kans_____ ________________
Wilmington, Del___. . . . . . . . . _ _
Youngstown, Ohio. ....... .................. ......
S m a ll c itie s,1 195S

Anna, 111 _________________________
Camden, A rk. ____________________
Garrett, Ind___ ____________________
Glendale, Ariz______________________
Grand Forks, N. D ____ _____ . . .
Grand Island, N ebr___________ . . . . .
Laconia, N. H _________ . . . ____
Lodi, Calif _______ _ . . . . . . .
Lynchburg, Va-------------- ---------------Madill, Okla_______________________
Middlesboro, K y____________________
Middletown, Conn_____ ___________
Newark, Ohio______________________
Pulaski, V a------- ----------------------------Ravenna, Ohio_____________________
Rawlins, Wyo______________________
Sandpoint, Idaho___________________
Shawnee, Okla______ _______________
Shenandoah, Iow a.._________________

i
Monthly contract rent is defined as the amount a tenant pays per month
for the right to occupy a dwelling unit, which may or may not include the cost
of facilities or services.
> Over 100,000 dwelling units.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 .8

13.6
22.0
5.6
17.5
38.9
35.1
34.8
24.3

3 City proper.
4 20,000 to 100,000 dwelling units.
* Under 15,000 dwelling units.

8.6

10.1
15.8
9.2
21.3
60.0
59.1
47.3
29.5

748

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

T able 3 . — Average monthly contract rent for tenant-occupied dwelling units with kitchen facilities, by type of structure and

size of city area, 1950
Average monthly contract rent1
All tenant-occupied units in—
Area and period
All
struc­
tures

Single­
family
struc­
tures

2-4
family
struc­
tures

5-ormore
family
struc­
tures

$37. 69
45.20
25.05
41.65
37.24
46.07
35. 27
41.33
43.43
43.70
50.66
38.61
42.38
51.38
40.01
48. 52
41.17
30.83
50.77
35.45
41.86
42.62
41.60
39.76
29.35
33.40
45.09
• 44. 54
62.07

$36.62
36.32
18. 79
54.65
34.68
43.00
42. 74
39.49
42.98
43.67
44.66
31.07
37. 77
46.67
34.49
41.02
48.12
25.61
50.72
34.08
45.22
32.45
38.62
43. 52
32. 86
32.05
47.99
43.98
61.13

$36.38
42.36
32.16
36. 82
34.77
39.01
33.92
35.15
43.48
41.49
53.40
40.28
35.48
48.69
39.17
44.19
38.16
41.01
48.73
33.21
40.14
42.75
35.93
39.11
27.96
29. 58
42.63
38. 79
56.00

38.05
31.78
43.81
43.65
41.78
37.84
39. 86
32.83
37.46
40. 20
58.64
27.00
33.68
65. 94
30.00
43.58
44.80
45. 85
33.97
39.11
48. 98
45.55
24.44
28. 72
42.16
41.57
36.78

34.61
34.97
41.97
40.19
37. 42
30.83
53.47
28.49
31.26
32.22
55.02
36. 54
29. 02
62.41
25.18
40.45
44. 25
42.18
32.83
35.30
47.07
46.68
22. 75
26.11
45.21
33. 76
33.12

39.01
29.06
42.95
47.98
43.06
42.37
38.05
36. 60
41.41
43. 72
55.61
25. 56
38.31
66.12
41.46
43. 77
42.37
54. 34
30. 04
29.50
48.12
44.83
26.10
29.66
40.00
47.24
40.46

Unfurnished 2units in—

Furnished 3 units in-

All
struc­
tures

Single­
family
struc­
tures

2-4
family
struc­
tures

5-ormore
family
struc­
tures

$42.35
59. 77
46.66
50. 58
54. 72
52.05
35.59
52.47
43.80
47.55
62.27
49. 76
47.18
61.18
47.33
61.36
42. 62
30.86
51.35
46.95
43.87
53.19
58.47
36. 56
32.39
45.07
45.91
46.82
65.42

$36.28
44.27
23.61
40.22
35.12
43.37
33.22
40. 58
45. 54
42.08
48.99
36.40
42. 78
52. 25
37. 75
46.40
39. 51
27.18
50.08
31.59
41.59
42.68
37.33
43.06
27.28
31.42
46. 72
45.02
60.62

$36.06
35.72
18.37
48.06
34.32
41.78
42.10
37.48
42.12
42.30
42.78
30.10
36.96
46.13
32.66
41.20
45. 72
23.87
49. 79
32.88
44.85
32.48
37. 27
42.89
31.35
30.11
44.38
41.72
56.74

$34.23
41.34
30. 50
35.90
33.08
37.71
32.10
33.77
46.02
40.04
53.23
35. 86
34.07
49.72
37. 34
43.75
36.87
36.69
48.26
27.31
39. 94
43.00
34. 59
40. 66
26.91
27. 57
44.80
39.10
54.94

41.68
31.30
52.19
60.87
43. 29
45.65
39.82
35.43
47. 54
54.80
65.36
26.80
38. 35
71.75
33.72
50.93
46.69
68.06
41.05
63. 77
50.88
41.35
29.98
36.00
38. 54
49.94
37.19

36.89
29. 54
42. 50
40. 65
40.93
35. 35
38.68
30.88
31.79
36.87
58.09
24.47
29. 57
53.92
27.66
41.76
45.00
37.45
31.45
36.18
47. 43
42.37
22.80
28.60
42.45
40.67
36.25

33.96
34.03
40.84
37.63
34.21
29. 94
52.76
26.49
26. 88
29.64
54. 30
34.81
26.40
51.34
23.75
39.66
43.31
36.72
31.61
33.89
44.33
40.70
22.09
26.03
44.48
33. 48
33.10

37.74
26.95
41.69
45.80
43.14
38.89
37. 57
34.54
36.09
37.43
55.05
24. 22
34. 97
57. 26
39.40
45.13
41.38
36.25
28.96
28.16
46.44
45.84
23.24
29. 58
38.34
46.19
39.68

All
struc­
tures

Single­
family
struc­
tures

$40.94
60.82
46.26
50.41
50.83
49.40
32.39
54.48
51.33
47.06
67.94
50.74
50. 54
73.15
47. 53
58.82
41.79
24. 57
50.61
39.28
43. 53
55.55
45.06
47.32
26.31
45.62
49.79
51.06
64. 71

$47.64
51.91
41.36
56.87
54.11
58.06
47. 27
46.19
40.67
50.35
54.82
46.41
41.97
50.37
47.99
60.04
44.69
45.38
66.62
51.88
51.56
42.25
77.15
37.17
46.31
43.51
43.36
43.95
73.10

$43.00
(5)
35.36
(s)
(5)
m
0)
(5)
46.40
(5)
53.68
40.42
40.00
47. 55
(5)

41.17
20.82
52. 09
63.19
45.42
48.80
37. 98
38.15
45.82
63. 51
67. 31
22.14
31.69
58. 89
30. 78

44.24
47.95
49.47
61.23
43.11
47.39
49.24
40.13
46. 44
46.73
60. 23
41.48
45.48
71.79
41.70
45.69
44.44
51.98
45. 02
56. 58
50.39
50.81
42.65
33.01
41.70
49.33
40.83

2-4
family
struc­
tures

5-ormore
family
struc­
tures

L a rg e city areas,* ea rly 1950

Atlanta, Ga_________________________
Baltimore, M d_________________ _____
Birmingham, Ala____________________
Boston, M a s s _______________________
Buffalo, N. Y ___________________ - -Chicago, 111________ ___ _________
Cincinnati, O h io ..- ---- ---------------- - -Cleveland, Ohio__________ _________
Denver, Colo_______ ________________
Detroit, Mich_______________________
Houston, Tex.. ___________________ _
Indianapolis, In d ____________________
Kansas City, Mo. and Kans___________
Los Angeles, Calif------------ -----------------Louisville, K y .. ________ . . . . . . . ___
Milwaukee, Wis______ . . . ---------------Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn---- . . . . ..
New Orleans, L a_______ . . . _______ .
New York City, N. Y.6___ _____
Norfolk, Va_________________________
Northeastern New Jersey_____________
Philadelphia, P a_____________________
Pittsburgh, P a_______________________
Portland, Oreg____ . . . ______ _ . . .
Providence, R. I ________ . . . _____ _
St. Louis, M o... __________ _____ ____
San Francisco, Calif___ _______ ______
. . . . . . ..
Seattle, Wash_______
Washington, D . C _______________________________

00

68. 27
43.23
(0
47.80

(0

32.12
68. 77
45.41

(0

46.10
59.13
49.45
101. 88

$49.04
48.66
40.02
53.95
49.79
54.70
50.27
45.81
40.82
51.53
53. 76
48.21
37.10
47.11
46.92
49.24
45.10
50.45
64.65
49.26
48.33
40.95
51.56
37.61
49.44
42.93
40.28
38.17
61.03

$49.46
55.24
48.15
51.51
66.92
58.99
44.70
44.02
38.93
48.39
57.12
47.69
44.42
54. 68
47.07
65.43
43.34
38.94
67.27
61.22
53.72
45.75
96.42
34.86
44.18
43. 67
42.96
43.65
72.08

44.16
48.62
46.60
57. 29
42.94
50. 59
49.17
42.88
48. 40
48.69
57. 71
42.12
45.47
71.21
48.69
42. 44
44.35
61.98
45.91
38.44
49.62
43.49
42.79

43.32
46.04
52.42
58. 54
41.18
41.00
48.56
31.36
48.48
45.30
62.42
40.33
46.07
73.48
36. 91
50.58
43.16
72.18
44.86
70.84
49. 75
40.35

M e d iu m - s iz e c ity a re a s? m id-1950

Canton, Ohio__________ _______ ___
Charleston, S. C ------------- ------------------Charleston, W. V a . ___ ___________ . . .
Charlotte, N . C______________________
Des Moines, Iowa________ ____ _______
Evansville, Ind______________________
Hartford, Conn.. ___________________
Huntington, W. Va.-Ashland, K y _____
Jacksonville, Fla______________ ______
Little Rock, Ark__ ___
___
Madison, Wis____________________ . . .
Manchester, N. H_. __ . . . . . _.
Memphis, T enn__________ _________
Miami, F l a ___________________ .. _
Mobile, Ala_____________ ______ ___
Oklahoma City, O kla... _ _________ .
Omaha, Nebr.-Council Bluffs, Iowa.........
Phoenix, Ariz_______________ ________
Portland, M aine.. . _______________
Richmond, V a..
. _______ _____ _
Salt Lake City, U t a h . _______________
San Jose, Calif. ____ ____ _____ ____
Savannah, G a______________ ____
Scranton, P a__________________ ______
Wichita, Kans_______________ ______
Wilmington, Del__ . . . . ___
Youngstown, Ohio____ . . . _ _________

1 See footnote 1, table 2.
2 No furniture included in the rent or only a few pieces provided, for exam­
ple, a kitchen table and chairs, cooking stove and refrigerator, or in a 2bedroom unit, furniture for only 1 bedroom.
3 With basic items of furniture only, or with furniture, linens, and house­
hold equipment. For definition of additional terms, and for scope of the
individual areas, see Construction, August 1951 issue (pp. 20-25)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 5)

53. 71
( 5)

38.19
61.08
53.38
45.42
28.19
36.02
40. 26
51. 42
37.69

(0
(0

53.83
65. 82

(0
(0
(0

42. 90
42.44
45.14

(0
(0

44.37
70.64
40. 73
42.79

(0

46.86

(0

54.80
53.84
62.69
44.90
( ')

48.16

(0
(0

(0

41.57
53.06
44.25

(* )
(«)

37.58
(5)
(5)

4 Over 100,000 dwelling units.
8 Average rent not shown because of small number of units reporting.
6 City proper.
7 20,000 to 100,000 dwelling units.

H O U S I N G S U R V E Y S I N 75 C I T I E S

medium-size cities such as Des Moines, Evans­
ville, Wichita, Wilmington, and Youngstown; and
such small cities as Anna, Grand Forks, Ravenna,
Sandpoint, and Shenandoah. In 5 southern
cities, less than half of the rented dwellings had
private baths—Birmingham having the lowest
proportion (36 percent). “ No running water
inside the unit” was reported for about a fourth of
the tenant-occupied units in Mobile and Savannah.
Cooking Fuel, Refrigeration, and Heating. In
virtually all cities, a higher proportion of owned
units had gas or electricity for cooking, mechanical
refrigeration, and central heating equipment than
did tenant units.
Gas was the predominant cooking fuel used in
most (48 of the 56) large and medium-size cities;
electricity ranked second. More than 40 percent
of the units used electricity for cooking in Char­
lotte (N. C.), Jacksonville, Miami, Portland (Oreg.),
Seattle, and Salt Lake City. The surveys showed
that, among the units built or converted after
1940, there was a definite trend toward the use of
electricity for cooking. In 1940, 49 percent of all
occupied dwellings in the United States used gas
for cooking and 5 percent used electricity; by
1950, almost 60 percent used gas and 15 percent,
electricity. However, about 1 out of 3 of all
occupied dwelling units still used fuels like wood,
kerosene, or gasoline in such cities as Birmingham,
Charlotte (N. C.), Charleston (S. C.), Jackson­
ville, Mobile, Portland (Maine), Savannah, and
Scranton.
Monthly Contract Rent

Contract rent is defined as “ the amount a tenant
pays per month, which may or may not include
the cost of facilities or services.” The housing
surveys provide ample evidence of the consider­
able variation in local practice of including the
cost of specified facilities and services in the
monthly contract rent. (See table 2.) In addi­
tion, comparisons of average contract rent between
cities reflect the varying qualities of dwelling units
which are related to the income level of the com­
munity. Nevertheless, when adjustments are
made for these variations, as was done in the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

749

Bureau’s City Workers’ Family Budget study,
differences in housing costs still account for a large
part of the intercity differences in total living
costs.
Electrical refrigeration was the principal type
of refrigeration in all 56 large and medium-size
cities, although 1 out of every 5 occupied dwellings
in New York City used gas. A substantially
higher proportion of units built or created by con­
version after 1940 were equipped with mechanical
refrigeration. The proportion of all occupied
units in the United States so equipped increased
from 44 to 80 percent, indicating the vast improve­
ment of equipment in dwellings during the decade
1940 to 1950.
Because of the milder winters, cities in the
South and on the West Coast reported lower per­
centages of homes using central heating equipment
than in other regions of the country. In Canton,
Madison, Omaha, Philadelphia, Washington, and
Youngstown, more than 90 percent of the occupied
units had central heating equipment. For the
country as a whole, the proportion of dwellings so
equipped increased from about 42 percent in 1940
to 50 percent in 1950.
Improvements in housing over the decade 1940
to 1950 also must be taken into account when
comparing average rents in 1940 with those in
1950. From 1940 to 1950, rents for comparable
dwellings as measured by the rent component of
the Consumer Price Index increased about 25
percent, whereas the median contract rent for
nonfarm areas in the United States rose from $21
to $35 per month, or about 66 percent. A sub­
stantial part of this increase reflected changes in
the housing inventory over the decade that re­
sulted from the additions of newly built units of
higher quality and units created by conversion,
as well as from losses through demolition or other
causes, and from the huge transfer of units from
the rental to the owner market.
Most of the units shifting from tenant- to
owner-occupancy were single-family dwellings
which, in general, were those which have fewer
facilities and services included in the contract
rent. Since the major part of the shift of existing
housing from the rental to the owner market took
place between 1940 and 1945, the greatest increase

750

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

in the proportion of rental units having the cost
of facilities included in rent occurred during this
period. However, the increase continued from
mid-1945 to 1950 in many cities. For example,
in Atlanta, the proportion of rental units having
different facilities included in the rent (as shown
below) increased between 1945 and 1950 for each
facility except garage. “Garage included in the
rent” is found primarily in single-family dwellings,
and the decrease is evidence of the continuing
transfer of existing rental housing to the owner
market during the period 1945 to 1950.
A t l a n t a — P e rc e n t
o f te n a n t u n its
w ith fa c ilitie s in ­
clu d ed in r e n t

T y p e o f f a c ilitie s :
W a t e r _____________________________________
H o t w a t e r ________________________________
H e a t ______________________________________
C o o k in g f u e l_____________________________
R e f r i g e r a t o r _______________________________
F u r n i t u r e _________________________________
G a r a g e _____________________________________

1945
79. 3
25. 8
22. 6
8. 0
14.4
9. 0
18.4

1950
83. 8
32. 1
27. 7
10. 4
26. 5
11. 7
12. 5

Contrary to most impressions, the average con­
tract rent for single-family dwellings is often less
than the average for all rented dwellings. Transfer
of single-family dwellings from the rental to owner
markets also boosts the average rent for a city.
In 1950, the average rent for single-family dwell­
ings was lower than that for all rental dwellings
in 44 of the 56 large and medium-size cities in­
cluded in the Bureau’s surveys. Again this re­
flects not only differences in quality, age, and
similar factors, but also the tendency for single­
family dwellings to have fewer facilities included
in the rent. The average monthly rent in 1950
for single-family dwellings in large cities varied
from $19 in Birmingham to $61 in Washington;
and in medium-size cities, it ranged from $23 in
Savannah to $62 in Miami. For apartment units


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

in these cities, the averages were $47 in Birming­
ham, $65 in Washington, $30 in Savannah, and
$72 in Miami. (See table 3.) In 9 of the 56
cities, the average monthly rent for apartments
exceeded that for single-family homes by at least
$ 20 .

In 1950, surveys showed, as would be expected,
that monthly rent generally increased with the
number of rooms. However, in some cities, aver­
age monthly rents were higher for the smaller
than for the larger units because of the concentra­
tion of new rental construction in the smallerroom size classes and because apartments are
typically among the smaller units. Units of
specific size for which an average rent of less than
$40 per month was reported by the 56 large and
medium-size cities were 1- and 2-room units, 53
cities; 3-room units, 24 cities; 4-room units, 25
cities; 5-room units, 15 cities; 6 rooms or more, 9
cities.
Despite the greater incidence of rent controls
in 1950 among large cities than among mediumsize cities, the level of rents averaged somewhat
higher in large cities. Among the small cities,
surveyed in 1952, average rents were more like
those in the large cities than is usually the case,
largely because of the almost complete absence
of rent control in the small-city group. However,
average rents vary widely within each size class.
For unfurnished units in large cities, for example,
Washington led with average contract rent of
over $60, more than twice as high as in Birming ­
ham and New Orleans (which were among
the lowest income cities) and Providence. Among
the medium-size cities, Madison and Miami (both
above-average income cities) reported the highest
rents; however, rents paid in this group of cities
were noticeably lower than in the large cities.
Southern cities and other low-income cities were
among the lowest rent cities.

Employment Status of
Former Apprentices
in Early 1954
J o h n S. M c C a u l e y *

persons who complete apprenticeships are
employed as journeymen and a considerable pro­
portion of them eventually attain supervisory
positions, according to studies by the Bureau of
Apprenticeship.1 However, little information is
available about those who complete only part of
their training. Accordingly, early in 1954, a
sample group of about 900 persons who had
dropped out of apprenticeship programs during
1951 and 1952 was studied to determine their
current employment status and to find out to what
extent it was related to their training.2 Informa­
tion was also obtained on why they discontinued
apprenticeship, which provides a guide to what
might have been done to enable them to continue
their training. The study revealed that most of
the persons who discontinued apprentice training
did so voluntarily, usually for financial reasons.
Further, about half of those who left apprentice­
ship continued to work at the trade in which they
were apprenticed or took employment in a related
occupation. The longer the time that these for­
mer apprentices spent in training, the greater the
likelihood was that they would remain in the same
trade.

M ost

Employment Status

Training had been discontinued only temporar­
ily by 65 of the 688 former apprentices who re­
ported on current employment. By the time of
the survey, 26 of the 65 respondents had completed
their apprenticeships and 39 were again employed
as apprentices. Leave of absence is usually
granted to apprentices whose training is inter­
rupted by service in the Armed Forces, sickness,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

or other reasons. Apprentice registration agen­
cies classify such interruptions as “suspensions,”
but do not include them with permanent discon­
tinuances.
An additional 61 persons were in the Armed
Forces at the time of the survey.3 Of these, 34
who had temporarily discontinued training
planned to resume apprentice training after their dis­
charge. The 27 others in this group had dropped
training some time before entering military service
and indicated no interest in resuming their
apprenticeships.
A total of 46 former apprentices were not em­
ployed in early 1954. Of these, 24 were taking
full-time school work, 9 were in hospitals or other
institutions, and 13 were seeking work. Four
others had died. The remaining 512 former ap­
prentices were employed at the time of the survey.
The following analysis is based on the experience
of this group.
Relation of Employment to Training

About 38 percent of the 512 former apprentices
reported that they were working in the trade in
which they had been apprenticed. (See chart.)
Nearly 12 percent were employed in closely re­
lated trades; for example, a former tool and die
maker apprentice was employed as a machinist.
An additional number were employed in work
somewhat related to the field in which they had
been apprenticed—about 7 percent in other skilled
trades and about 5 percent in semiskilled jobs.
About half of the latter group indicated that
*Of the Bureau of Apprenticeship, U. S. Department of Labor.
i See A Half-Century of Experience in Training Machinists (Technical
Bulletin No. 138), 1953. and Report on the Apprenticeship System of Brown
& Sharpe Manufacturing Co. (Technical Bulletin No. 6), 1941, U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship; also Leadership Through Training,
60th Anniversary of Apprentice Training at Lynn, General Electric Co.,
Lynn, Mass., 1952.
>The size of the present survey was limited by the number of staff members
available for field work as well as by the time required to locate and interview
former apprentices. A pilot study in Indianapolis indicated that many
former apprentices had changed both place of employment and residence
without leaving a forwarding address, and that a considerable amount of
time was required in such instances to follow up the leads provided by former
employers, union officials, and relatives.
A sample group of 894 persons who had discontinued apprenticeships
during 1951 or 1952 was selected at random from records in the files of appren­
tice registration agencies. By June 1,1954, field representatives of the Bureau
of Apprenticeship had submitted reports on 830 cases, of which 688 provided
usable information on current employment status.
* Some of the persons serving in the Armed Forces indicated that while in
service they were continuing their training in the same trade in which they
had been apprenticed.
751

752
Proportion of Former Apprentices in Various Types
of Employment, Early 1954

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

apprentice training had proved to be of consider­
able help in current employment.
Jobs that appeared to be unrelated to the
training received were held by about 38 percent
of the former apprentices (table 1). More than
half of the persons in this group were employed
as clerks, salesmen, bus and truckdrivers, farmers,
and laborers; and a small group had jobs as
policemen, firemen, or other protective service
workers.
Slightly over 2 percent of all former apprentices
studied were employed as engineers or other
professional workers. Most of them, apparently
had not intended to become craftsmen, but con­
sidered apprenticeship as a stepping stone toward
a professional career. For example, a former
apprentice cement mason employed as an aero­
nautical engineer wrote:
A p p r e n t i c e s h i p w a s a g r e a t a i d f r o m t h e f in a n c ia l
s t a n d p o i n t a n d in h e lp in g m e t o le a r n h o w t o w o r k w i t h
o t h e r p e o p le .
M y w o r k a s a c e m e n t f in is h e r w a s m o s t
c o n s tru c tiv e a n d I a m v e ry h a p p y to h a v e h a d th e o p p o r­
t u n i t y t o le a r n a b o u t t h e b u ild in g t r a d e s .

The small number of persons classified as owners
or managers were in business activities having
little relation to the training they received while
apprenticed.

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

Amount of Training Received. More than half of
those who were in apprentice training programs
for a year or less had jobs unrelated to their train­
ing. On the other hand, a relatively high propor­
tion of those who had 2 or 3 years’ training were
employed in the same trade in which they had
been apprenticed (table 1). In determining the
“year of training” during which an apprenticeship
was discontinued, account was taken of any credit
given for previous experience. For example, one
former apprentice, included in the group leaving
during the second year of training, had actually
been in the program for 8 months, but he had been
awarded 6 months’ credit by his employer for
work in a closely related occupation.
The amount of training is not necessarily a pre­
cise measure of employment as an apprentice,4
because such employment may sometimes be
interrupted by lack of work, bad weather, sickness,
or other reasons. Therefore, the length of time
former apprentices were actually in training,
as shown in table 1, may be somewhat overstated.
Only 15 percent of those who dropped out during
the first year of training obtained work in the same
trade in which they had been apprenticed. The
proportions were noticeably higher for those who
discontinued training during the second year of
apprenticeship (26 percent) and for those who
T a b l e 1.— Proportion of former apprentices in specified

types of employment, early 1954, by year of training in
which apprenticeship was discontinued

Type of employment

Same trade........................ ........... _
Journeyman____ _________
Foreman or contractor............
H elper...................... ...............
Closely related trade...................
Other skilled trade____________
Semiskilled trade______________
Other occupations_____________
Laborer................ ...................
Clerk.................. ................ .
Salesman................ .................
Farmworker_________ ____ _
Bus or truck driver____ ____
Protective service worker.......
Owner or manager_________
Engineer or other professional
worker_____________ ____
Miscellaneous............... ..........
T o ta l..___ _____________
Number of persons reporting i___

4
A more satisfactory measure is total hours worked as an apprentice, but
this information was not readily available.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Total
reporting

Percent reporting year of trainmg in which apprenticeship
was discontinued
or
4th 5th
more

1st

2d

3d

15.2
9.9

50.4
38.7
5.4
6.3
12.6
8.1
1.8
27.1
4.6
2.7
1.8
2.7
2.7
3.6
2.7

52.4
37.8
9.7
4.9
9.7
3.7
4.9
29.3
1.2
3.7
4.9
3.7
1.2
3.7
3.7

.9
5.4

1.2
6.0

1.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0

38.5
29.1
4.3
5.1
11.9
6.6
4.9
38.1
5.7
4.9
4.3
4.3
3.3
3.3
3.1

5.3
16.0
6.9
7.8
54.1
10.1
7.8
7.8
3.8
5.3
4.7
3.1

26.2
20.3
1.7
4.2
13.6
8.5
4.2
47.5
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.9
3.4
3.4
4.2

2.3
6.9

1.6
9.9

6.8
8.5

510

131

118

111

82

66.2
52.9
8.9
4.4
2.9
4.4
5.9
20.6
4.4
4.4
5.9
2.9
1.5

68

i
Year of training in which apprenticeship was discontinued not reported
by 2 former apprentices.

EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF FORMER APPRENTICES

753

left during the third or fourth year (about 50 per­
cent). Among the relatively small group who had
been apprenticed more than 4 years, 66 percent
were currently working in the same trade. Some
of these persons indicated that they had almost
completed their apprenticeship, but decided to
take advantage of attractive opportunities to work
as journeymen.
Of particular interest was the number of former
apprentices employed as contractors or foremen—
about 9 percent of those who were apprenticed
over 3 years. Less than 2 percent of those who
left during the second year were in management
positions, and none of those who dropped out
during the first year held such jobs. In sharp
contrast was the small group of persons who had
continued to work in the same trade but were
employed as helpers.
Shifts to closely related trades were reported by
a considerable proportion of those who left appren­
ticeship during the early stages of training: 16
percent and 14 percent, respectively, of those who
left during the first and second years of training.
Some of these persons indicated that they had
taken advantage of the first opportunity that came
along to enter a trade which they preferred to the
one in which they were apprenticed, as illustrated
by the following report concerning an apprentice
patternmaker who dropped out during his first
year of training:

noticeably lower proportion of those with more
than 2 years of apprentice training were in “other
employment.”

G e o rg e h a d h a d s o m e p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e i n to o l m a k i n g
a n d w a n t e d t o g e t a n a p p r e n t i c e s h i p in t h a t t r a d e a t A —
com pany.
W h e n h e f o u n d t h a t h e c o u ld n o t d o th is , h e
a c c e p te d p a t t e r n m a k i n g a t A ------- c o m p a n y a s h is s e c o n d
c h o ic e . H e d i d n o t lik e p a t t e r n m a k i n g a n d f o u n d a jo b
w i t h B ------- c o m p a n y a s a t o o l m a k e r ’s h e lp e r . H e is n o w
a j o u r n e y m a n t o o lm a k e r .

Shifts to closely related trades tended to become
less common as the amount of time spent in ap­
prenticeship increased. Among those who had
been in apprenticeship over 4 years, only 3 percent
were in this category.
Many who had dropped out during the early
stages of apprenticeship were in occupations that
had little relation to their apprentice training.
About 54 percent of those who left during the first
year of training and 48 percent in the second year
were in the “other employment” category. A


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Type of Trade in Which Apprenticed. A compari­
son was also made of the current employment of
former apprentices with the types of trades—
such as the building, metal, printing, and automo­
bile-maintenance trades—in which they were
apprenticed. In each of these trade groups
except automobile maintenance, about the same
proportion of persons were currently employed at
the same trade in which they had been appren­
ticed or in closely related work. Of those whose
training had been in automobile maintenance, 58
percent were either in the same trade or a closely
related one, as compared with 50 percent of all
the former apprentices studied. This may have
been due in part to the relatively wide variety of
employment opportunities in the automobile
maintenance trades.
Among the metal trades, employment in the
same trade was somewhat less likely among per­
sons who had been trained in one of these trades
than among all former apprentices included in
the survey. However, many of those trained in
one of the metal trades were working in closely
related trades, reflecting a considerable amount of
occupational mobility among machinists, toolmakers, and related trades. When the “same
trade” and “closely related trades” categories are
combined, the proportions of the former metaltrades apprentices and of all the former appren­
tices studied were approximately the same—50
percent.
Building-trades apprentices shifted to “other
employment” somewhat more frequently than did
persons included in the entire group of former
apprentices—43 percent compared with 38 per­
cent. A relatively small proportion of former
apprentices in the building-trades group were em­
ployed as machine operators or as craftsmen in
trades other than those in which they had been
trained. However, 64 percent of those who
dropped out during the first year of apprentice­
ship were employed in jobs unrelated to their
training.
Although the type of trade in which respondents
had been apprenticed had some influence on the

754

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

extent to which they were currently engaged in
work related to their training, the year of training
during winch apprenticeship was discontinued
appeared to be a more important factor. This
was evident from the experience in the building
trades and also from a classification of the persons
included in the survey both according to the
length of time in training and by the type of trade
in which they were apprenticed.
Reasons for Discontinuing Apprenticeship

Although current employment status was the
primary concern of this study, the former ap­
prentices were also asked why they had discon­
tinued training. Answers to this question were
provided by 496 of the 512 former apprentices.
Sometimes one person reported several reasons;
in such instances, what appeared to be the pri­
mary reason was noted.
Voluntary decision to discontinue training was
made by 77 percent of the former apprentices.
The remaining 23 percent had been laid off or
discharged, or the employer had discontinued the
training program. (See table 2.)
T a ble 2. — Proportion of former apprentices who discon­

tinued apprenticeship for various reasons, by number of
dependents
Percent reporting number of depend­
ents, excluding self1
Reasons

port­
ing

4 or Not
more report­
ed

0

1

2

3

7 6 .8

7 6 .4

7 4 .6

22.6

14.6

7 1 .8

7 7 .6

8 4 .5

28.1

13.6

27.6

33.3

17.6

11.9
11.7
6.3

9.1
14.6
12.7

8.5
12.7
4.2

11.7
10.7
9.7

13.2
10.2
4.1

14.3
7.1
4.8

12.9
16.5
3.5

5.8
5.6
3.4
9.5

3.6
0
3.6
18.2

5.6
5.6
7.0
2.9

7.8
1.9
3.9
12.5

2.0
9.2
3.1
8.2

8.3
9.5
1.2
6.0

7.1
5.9
2.4
10.6

2 3 .2

2 8 .6

12.7
9.1

2 5 .4

2 8 .2

13.3
7.1

15.5
7.0

2 2 .4

1 5 .5

2 3 .5

20.4
1.9

9.5
3.6

10.6
11.7

2.8

1.8

2.9

5.8

2.0

2.4

1.2

Total____________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0

Voluntary separations_____
Needed more money___
Opportunity to receive
journeyman’s w age...
Unsuited to the trade...
Did not like the trade...
Opportunity to go into
business_______ ____
Wanted steady work__
Family difficulties____
Miscellaneous________
Involuntary separations.......
Laid off_____________
Discharged__________
Training program dis­
continued__________
Number of persons report­
ing *----------------- ----------

496

55

71

103

10.2
10.2

98

84

7 6 .5

85

1 As of the time apprenticeship was discontinued.
! Reason for discontinuance of apprenticeship not reported by 16 former
apprentices.


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Financial considerations played an important
role in decisions to drop training. About 23 per­
cent of the former apprentices said that they took
other jobs because they needed more money, and
another 12 percent left in order to obtain journey­
man rates of pay. Desire to obtain a steadier
income than that earned as an apprentice was re­
ported by 6 percent of the respondents. Other
reasons given, which were closely linked to finan­
cial considerations, included the desire to go into
business for themselves and thereby increase their
earnings—6 percent of the former apprentices
dropped training for this purpose.
Only 6 percent of the respondents indicated
that they had left training programs because they
found that they did not like the trade at which
they were apprenticed. A larger group, 12 per­
cent, were unable to master the required skills
and shifted to work for which they were better
qualified. No doubt the proportion of persons in
the two last-mentioned groups could have been
reduced somewhat through more careful selection
of apprentices.
A relatively small group, 3 percent, reported
that they had to discontinue training because of
family difficulties, which, in some instances, made
it necessary to move to another community. The
remaining 10 percent reported a wide variety of
reasons, some of which involved relationships
with supervisors or fellow workers. For example:
B ill s a id t h a t o n e o f t h e s u p e r v is o r s w a s a lw a y s n e e d lin g
h im a n d h e c o u ld n o t s t a n d i t a n y lo n g e r . H e d i d n o t
w a n t to r e p o rt th is to th e m a n a g e m e n t.
B ill l e f t a f t e r
h a v i n g c o m p le te d 8 m o n t h s o f h is a p p r e n t i c e s h i p in t h e
t o o l a n d d ie t r a d e . H e is n o w d o in g office w o r k , b u t w o u ld
lik e t o go b a c k t o le a r n in g t h e t r a d e .

A high proportion of those having a relatively
large number of dependents left apprentice train­
ing because of financial considerations. Among
those with 4 or more dependents, 33 percent shifted
to other employment because they needed more
money, 14 percent took advantage of opportuni­
ties to obtain journeymen’s rates, and 10 percent
needed a steadier income than earnings as an
apprentice. On the other hand, only 15 percent
of those reporting no dependents needed more

E M P L O Y M E N T S T A T U S O F F O R M E R A P P R E N T IC E S

money, 9 percent left to get journeymen’s rates,
and none of them gave up training in order to get
steadier employment (table 2).
In view of the large number of persons who
reported that financial considerations caused them
to discontinue apprenticeship, the financial gain or
loss reported by them was analyzed. However,
only about half of the respondents reported both
the rate of pay at the time apprenticeship was
discontinued and the beginning rate on the new
job. The median increase for those reporting was
28 cents an hour. Persons who left apprenticeship
for financial reasons tended to report relatively
high increases in wages. For those who dropped
training because they needed more money, median
increases per hour were 40 cents, and for those who
left to take advantage of an opportunity to work
as journeymen, 43 cents. Although these former
apprentices obtained temporary financial gain by
shifting to other employment, available evidence


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755
suggests that they might have earned more money
in the long run if they had completed training.
The importance of financial considerations in
decisions to discontinue apprenticeships suggests
that more attention should be given to this matter
by persons conducting apprentice-training pro­
grams. In selecting apprentices, consideration
should be given to the prospective apprentice’s
ability to meet his financial obligations with money
earned as an apprentice. Of course, unforeseen
financial problems frequently arise. Such prob­
lems might be handled by loan funds similar to
those established by colleges and universities.
Another measure that might be taken is to provide
apprentices with information concerning the ad­
vantages to be gained by completing their training.
In addition to the long-run financial advantages,
emphasis might be given the job satisfactions
derived from the ability to do a craftsmanlike job
in every aspect of the trade.

Problems in
A Latin American
Factory Society
S im o n R o t t e n b e r g *

E

N o t e .— This article, like a “camera in
miniature,” is intended only to portray the
behavior of the workers in a given plant in a
given community. It does, however, typify the
kinds of problems, although not the precise
problems, which can arise when a factory is
introduced into an underdeveloped community.

d i t o r ’s

B efore World War II, Latin America produced
mineral and agricultural raw materials and food­
stuffs and exchanged these for fabricated goods
produced elsewhere. Wartime scarcities of con­
sumer goods and postwar public policies designed
to save hard currencies and to promote diversifica­
tion have resulted in a very large growth in manu­
facturing in some Latin American countries.
Clusters of factories dot the countrysides, and
large numbers of workers with only casual and
rural previous work experience are now employed
in factory crafts.
Very little is formally known about the social
structure of the factory work group in these
countries or about the impact of the culture
external to the factory upon behavior in plants.
The new discipline of study of human relations in
industry and the older discipline of industrial
sociology, especially in the United States and
England, have yielded a large literature which has
contributed to insightful understanding of the
processes of social intercourse in work groups in
those countries. Almost no research of this kind
has been carried on in Latin America.
756


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The Factory’s Locale and Labor Supply

This article summarizes one such study of
workers in a Latin American factory.1 The
factory produces women’s underclothing and, at
the time of the study, had been in active operation
for about a year and a half. It is located on the
outskirts of the town of Tumbo (population 1,500)
in the foothills of a low mountainous region where
agriculture has been the traditional economic
activity and dairy products and coffee the major
products.
The coffee crop requires a great deal more
labor at harvest time than at other times of the
year and in the interharvest period the men of
Tumbo stand idly about the town’s plaza talking.
Tumbo women do not work in the fields; they
stay at home tending the children and doing
household work and have subordinate status
relative to men. Many of the women are from
time to time employed in industrial homework,
assembling bead necklaces by hand.
The factory operates under a regime of work
discipline with regularly scheduled hours, gives
regular employment, and uses machines. At the
time of the study, it employed about 200 workers,
of whom 160 were women. Most of them live
in the rural area surrounding Tumbo and com­
mute to and from work by bus. Although there
is a thriving manufacturing community at La
Libertad, about 20 miles away, the factory at
Tumbo is the only one in the town and the area
surrounding it, so almost none of the workers
had any previous work experience in industry
and had to be trained for their work in the plant.
They had better-than-average schooling and were
regarded by the community as being “better”than-average people.
Large landholders, who are sometimes also
merchants, have enormous prestige in the com­
munity. The priest in Tumbo said that when
talk of the establishment of the factory was
’Assistant Professor, Industrial Relations Center, University of Chicago.
1 The names are fictitious and details have been changed in other respects
to conceal the identity of the firm in which the study was done. The method
of research was to place in the factory for 6 weeks a girl who is a university
graduate and who is a national of the country in which the factory is located.
She engaged the workers in informal conversation which she sought to steer
into channels relevant to the subject of the study. Factory management
representatives were interviewed formally.

757

P R O B L E M S IN L A T IN A M E R IC A N F A C T O R Y S O C IE T Y

initiated, there was a whispering campaign
against it by the landholders, who feared that
the plant would bid their workers away from
them. However, once they saw that the factory
would employ a very high proportion of women,
leaving the supply of male labor unaffected, the
community almost universally came to believe
that the location of the plant in Tumbo was a
good thing. The factory, of course, has brought
added income to the town and has made buyers
for the merchants’ wares.
Some rumblings continue to be heard among
middle-class housewives, who feel that the loca­
tion of the factory in the town has diminished
the supply of female labor for domestic service,
deteriorated its quality, and bid up its price.
Other relevant aspects of the Tumbo culture
can be defined as follows: Kinship ties are strong
and extend, by a system of compadrazco (god
parentage), beyond the limits of the family; ties
of the workers to their families, largely unbroken,
were just beginning to break; men desire strongly
to be manly, and a commonly held code defines
the qualities of manly behavior; class status
differentiates to some extent occupational roles;
aspirations for goods and services are relatively
high; interpersonal (face-to-face) relations are
important; and paternalism characterizes the
traditional relations between workers and
employers.
In some dominantly rural communities, recruit­
ment for factory work is difficult because workers
refuse to accept jobs either because they involve
a regime of discipline or for other reasons. No
such problem exists in Tumbo, where the people
are wage-oriented and job-hungry and seem to
have a great desire for work in the factory. The
company has no trouble in getting job applicants
who are willing to take the 2-hour-a-day, 4-week
training course, even though they receive no
compensation for it and no assurance of placement.
However, there are limits to the “price” that
Tumbenos are willing to pay for having a job, and
these affect the distribution of workers among
occupations. Men, for example, being unwilling
to suffer the ridicule of other men, for the most
part will refuse to accept sewing-machine oper­
ating jobs because this work is considered to be fit
only for women. Many women also reject these


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jobs because they are fearful that their fingers
will be caught under the machine’s needle.
Employee Relations and Morale

Recent research has indicated that, in the
United States, there is a relationship between a
work group’s productivity and its level of morale,
and has defined conditions affecting morale. One
of these conditions involves the relationship
between management and the work group.
Discussions with the workers in the factory at
Tumbo revealed that they regarded management
as not sympathetic or understanding and that
they responded by being uncooperative. They
characterized management’s attitude toward them
as being like that of a father addressing errant
children who will not obey unless approached with
stern words. The role both of the company’s
personnel practices and of the native culture in
shaping the workers’ attitudes was evident in
their comments about quits and absences, which
management claimed were its main problems, and
about management policies on communications
and production quotas.
Quits. The manager was apparently under con­
siderable pressure from the owner to deliver a
large volume of product. The resultant pressure
upon the workers, according to them, has taken
the form of scolding and the making of such
threats as that individuals who cannot meet pro­
duction standards will lose their jobs, that the
factory will close, or that it will be moved else­
where. The younger girls, who can be supported
by their parents, tended not to respond to these
pressures, and the older women were heard to say:
“Bueno, if they close the factory, we can go to
work in La Libertad.” To the extent that work­
ers begin to see the possibilities of alternative jobs
in other places, the menacing threat as a tactic in
personnel relations will be less effective. It is
also to be expected that workers against whom
threat tactics are used will respond by devising
subtle infringements of factory rules.
It seemed clear, however, that most workers
regarded loss of their jobs as something very
serious and to be avoided even at great real cost.
The company’s wage rate was high for the area,

758
and the possession of a job at this rate was highly
valued. Many workers said their earnings (or
all but a portion set aside for personal require­
ments) were pooled with the family income and
often were the family’s largest single source of
income. Installment debts contracted by the
workers in buying jewelry and watches from two
ambulant vendors who come to the plant gate
further appreciated the value of continued receipt
of wages.
Still, the workers spoke immediately of quitting
when they became distressed in the plant, were
involved in disputes with supervisors or other
workers, were spoken to harshly, or tired of their
work. There was, however, much more talk of
quitting than actual quitting, and it was clear
that reiteration of the yo me voy theme was simply
a form of expression which articulated distress
but did not express active intention.
There was talk also of quitting to go to the
capital city and a belief that work could easily be
secured there in factories at wages higher than
those in Tumbo. The occasional presence of
friends and relatives there tended to pull in that
direction. Most of the workers in the plant,
however, continued to live at home, going to and
from work by bus; very few moved into the
town upon taking their jobs. They had not,
therefore, broken their first roots in the home.
The talk of going to the capital, therefore, also
expressed a vague aspiration rather than an
active intention. If the workers were no longer
living with their families but had moved to the
town, the roots would have been broken and the
movement to the capital would undoubtedly have
been greater.
Some workers talked of leaving for other jobs
in the country, especially in La Libertad, and some
had become aware of the possibilities of job
alternatives. However, most of the workers were
not looking for other jobs. Since the going rate
for sewing was higher in this factory than in other
industries, rational choice of alternative earnings
on different jobs would have tended to keep ma­
chine operators at the Tumbo plant rather than
to cause them to take jobs elsewhere.
Nevertheless, from the management point of
view, quits were particularly serious because they
necessitated the training of replacement workers
who had no previous experience with machines.


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

The company had alleviated this condition some­
what by building up a small backlog of trained
operators who had taken the training course on
their own time, with the hope of qualifying for
jobs and being placed in the factory.
Absences. Management also viewed very seri­
ously the high rate of absenteeism, and had once
closed the factory for 3 days to punish the workers
for large-scale absences. That the workers had
regarded this shutdown as a welcome holiday,
although it represented an income loss, was evident
from inquiry into their income aspirations, which
seemed to be related to their willingness to work
regularly. Although the measurement of levels of
aspiration, even by intuitive processes and in
approximation, is difficult, their responses seemed
to indicate clearly that they were willing to forego
marginal increments of income of this nature.
Thus, they also seemed to prefer to lose income for
Saturday work, rather than to lose their leisure
on that day. In the same way, workers would
sometimes hurry to finish a task before the end of
the day, so that they could leave early, although
this, too, meant loss of income.
However, absences were usually caused by ill­
ness, either of the worker himself or of a member
of his family. Devotion to kinfolk, even distantly
removed, was great, and external expression of this
devotion (as by visiting an ill relative) was valued
much more highly by the workers than uninter­
rupted attendance at work. It seemed to be true
that they magnified the seriousness of illnesses in
the family, and that sometimes they became upset
simply by anticipating bad news about the health
of kinfolk.
The other causes of absence occasioned by family
relations are illustrated, although not typified,
by the following cases:
1. A worker’s brother was leaving the country
and she was absent to see him off.
2. A worker followed her ex-concubinario to
another town to try to recover half the price of
their jointly owned house which he had sold.
3. A worker absented herself to take her children
to her mother’s home, because she feared that her
husband would do them violence.
In the case of illness of the worker himself,
whether or not the illness was sufficiently acute
to warrant staying away from the factory, it

P R O B L E M S I N L A T I N A M E R I C A N F A C T O R Y S O C IE T Y

seemed to be true that the workers believed they
were sick enough to justify staying home; they
were not capricious or willful in their absences.
They therefore resented the management rule
that all absences claimed to be caused by illness
must be covered by medical certificates. Indeed,
the rule seemed to work badly. The worker who
was truly ill was penalized, since he had to pay
a doctor for a certificate, even though the illness
may not have been serious enough to require
a doctor’s attention. The worker who was
capriciously absent could cover up, because local
doctors would certify illness even where there
was none.
Communications. The workers seemed even more
resentful of the rule against conversation in the
plant. The Tumbeno is a gregarious, voluble
person, and the rule against talking was roundly
violated. Talking was supposed to be permitted
only about things related to work and in connec­
tion with getting work done. Conversation in
other contexts did go on, however, when a super­
visor was not close by. Workers engaged in talk
looked about them to see that they were not
being watched by a supervisor, and supervisors
attempted to separate girls who were standing
close together, because that was prima facie
evidence of talking or might lead to talking.
Management’s refusal to permit talking and
close association at work when feasible manifested
a misunderstanding of the role of association in
a work group as an incentive to productive
behavior in the factory. Elton Mayo found
that “ man’s desire to be continuously associated
in work with his fellows is a strong, if not the
strongest, human characteristic. Any disregard
of it by management or any ill-advised attempt
to defeat this human impulse leads instantly to
some form of defeat for management itself.” 2
Nor was there any upward communication in
the plant. The management’s policy was to
communicate with the workers only through
channels in which communication moved down
from management to workers, but never oppo­
sitely. The supervisors were identified with
management and not with the workers, who
2
The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization, Boston, Harvard
University Graduate School of Business Administration, Division of Re­
search, 1945.


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759
regarded them as management agents and not
“ intermediaries” between the workers at the
lower level and the manager at the upward level.
Consequently, the workers felt that their sug­
gestions for changes in work methods would not
be accepted in good faith.
Production. Similarly, the workers had no dis­
cretion to make small-scale innovations in the
details of work methods. They also said that
management made decisions unilaterally with­
out regard to what workers considered their
interests; neither did it inform the workers of the
reasons for its decisions.
Uniform hourly rates were paid to all workers,
as required by law, and slow workers were thus
paid the same as fast workers. Management set
production standards, however, for all operations.
Workers were told “ this is the minimum number
that you are expected to produce.” These pro­
duction standards were increased gradually,
rather than having the ultimate standard set im­
mediately. The manager said that if, when the
girls were producing 11 dozen units daily, he had
told them that their minimum was 22, they
would never have progressed beyond 11. But, by
increasing the standard in units of 1 dozen, each
several weeks, he was able to force output up and
the standards were always within reach. His
procedure was to induce a pace setter to break
the standard once it had been met.
The danger, which he had apparently not en­
countered, is that at some time the workers may
come to regard an established standard as a final
objective and may refuse to produce more. It
is significant that this had not happened and that
the workers continued to break the standard and
increase output, as new and progressively higher
norms were set.
Among many work groups in different cultures,
workers frequently have set output standards for
themselves in each operation and have enforced
these standards upon pace-setting or fast workers
in order to relieve the pressure for greater and
greater output. The establishment and mainte­
nance of such a standard, however, would require
a consciousness among them of the comparative
outputs of various workers and some talk about
output. The workers at Tumbo rarely talked
about their daily output and when they did, it

760
was in matter-of-fact tones and without boastful­
ness or pride with respect either to low or high
output. They did know the ordinal ranking of
various sections by output, but not the number of
pieces, even approximately, being produced by
the others. Thus, the workers as a group did not
attempt to enforce output ceilings, since to do so
would have required knowledge of comparative
output with some exactness. There were some in­
dications, however, that individual workers, on
their own initiative and not within the framework
of a work-group decision, had imposed output
ceilings on themselves, in order to escape the
pressure for “ more and more.”
Implications and Limitations of the Data

The research was done largely through informal
interviewing of workers. Their comments should
not be taken at face value. One of the attributes
of the Latin American character is exuberance of
expression, and many of the recorded comments
were undoubtedly exaggerated to make them more
colorful. Further, the point of view of the work­
ers was surely defined by their conception of their
own interest; they were in no sense objective and,
indeed, they may even have misunderstood what
are their true interests or their long-run interests.
The study leaves untouched an enormous area
of relevance. For example, the fact that illness—
real, assumed, or pretended—of the worker or of
kinfolk, sometimes distantly removed, was found
to be the most important cause of absenteeism,
means that loyalty to kin ranks high in the values
of the community, that the kinship system has
extended tentacles, and that there is intense pre­
occupation with matters of sickness' and health.
How this came about, why it persists, whether it
ought to be changed, how change can be effected,
all are relevant, but this study did not deal with them.
Relations between management and workers in
the Tumbo factory were strained and the workers
themselves did not form a cohesive social group;
rather, relations among them had frequent con­
flict characteristics. Research into employment
situations in the United States has indicated that,


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

in those situations, productivity is inversely re­
lated to these characteristics. The conduct of
management at Tumbo thus would be expected
to have a depressive influence on output if it
prevailed in a factory in the States.
But clearly these Latin American workers are
not United States workers: their values, their
upbringing, the social pattern of their community,
their previous employment and earnings experi­
ence, their employment prospects, and their
kinship relationships are all different. It is not
safe to conclude, therefore, that the workers at
Tumbo respond to a given set of stimuli in the same
way as workers in the United States. Indeed, the
study suggests that they respond oppositely. It
suggests, for example, that they are more produc­
tive when directed and “driven” than when they
have discretion and are permitted to set their
own pace.
The study indicates the ways in which culture
external to the factory invades it subtly and
affects behavior on the inside. Thus, the value
placed on loyalty to kinfolk and the extended
quality of the family has a depressive influence
upon attendance at work; the pattern of inter­
class relations makes abusive behavior in the
factory permissible; the newness of industrial
experience makes workers less sophisticated in the
circumvention of management objectives than
they otherwise would be; the high aspiration levels
for goods and services diminishes the incidence of
quits, as does the scarcity of equivalent employ­
ment alternatives; the tradition of casual work,
in which the worker sets his own pace and sched­
ule, increases absences; and the cult of manliness
affects the distribution of workers by sex among
occupations.
In all societies, of course, the values of a com­
munity and its structure infiltrate its factories, as,
indeed, they do any other of its institutions. In
this sense, this case is not distinct from those of
other places and times. But cultures are diverse
and the qualities of their incidence upon conduct
in factories are correspondingly diverse. The
case reported here tells something of the behavior
in a society culturally distinct from our own.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Informal Disposition
of NLRB Cases

representation cases. Under an agreement with
the Board members, however, the general counsel
has assumed responsibility for the field operations
involved in representation cases as well.

T he vast majority of both the unfair labor practice
charges and petitions for collective bargaining
elections filed with the National Labor Relations
Board are settled by the field staff—a fact too often
obscured by the widespread publicity given the
precedent-setting decisions of the Board members.
Most of these cases are closed without formal
action of any type, the field examiners working to
this end with the parties involved throughout the
preliminary investigation. However, opportuni­
ties for informal disposition are provided at all
stages, and some additional cases are settled in this
fashion even after the issuance of a complaint
and/or notice of hearing has initiated the formal
proceedings which, in contested cases, lead to
formal Board decisions. These decisions do, of
course, expound the law; they have a widespread
impact. Yet it is mainly through the handling
and settling of cases in the field—those cases that
never get to Washington and rarely make a
newspaper headline—that the policies of the Labor
Management Relations Act are carried into con­
crete effect.
The agency’s 28 regional and field offices are
under the supervision of the general counsel, the
agency’s independent prosecuting officer.1 Under
the act, the general counsel has authority for the
investigation and prosecution of unfair labor
practice charges, while the five-member Board,
quasi-judicial arm of the agency, not only makes
the decisions in those unfair practice cases which
the general counsel deems worthy of prosecution
but has exclusive responsibility for handling

Unfair Labor Practice Cases

i
The NLRB is a term with more than one meaning; it embraces the agency
as a whole, including three relatively independent branches—the general
counsel and his field staff, the five-member Board, and the trial examiners.
s In unfair practice cases, the hearings are held by the Board’s trial exam­
iners whereas the field staff is authorized to conduct the hearings in repre­
sentation cases.


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Of the more than 5,800 unfair labor practice
cases closed in the fiscal year 1953, 87 percent
were closed by the agency’s field examiners and
regional directors without the necessity of issuing
a complaint. An additional 5 percent were
closed informally in the course of the formal
proceedings—either before or after public hearings
on the complaint were held by the trial examiners
for the Board.2 Only 8 percent of the cases closed
required a formal decision of any type—either by
a trial examiner or by the Board members. And
both these last percentages are a little higher than
the average for the NLRB’s 19-year history.
Of course, the first step after a charge is filed is
to ascertain whether (1) the operations of the
employer are within the area in which the Board
exercises jurisdiction and (2) the charging party,
if a labor organization, has complied with the
fifing requirements of the act. If either of these
requirements is not met, the regional director has
no alternative but to dismiss the case. If both
are met, however, the field examiner then proceeds
to carefully investigate the facts of the case—by
personal interviews with company and union rep­
resentatives and workers at the plant and, if
necessary, by joint conferences. As soon as the
field examiner has gathered sufficient evidence to
obtain a clear picture of the situation, he explores
the possibilities for closing the case informally—
by withdrawal or adjustment, depending on the
evidence uncovered.
Tbe biggest share of the cases settled by the
regional and field staff without any formal decision
are closed by withdrawal of the charge—47 per­
cent of all the cases closed in 1953 being handled
in this fashion. Withdrawal of a charge does not
mean merely that the charging party has had a
761

762
change of mind. The bulk of these cases undoubt­
edly were found upon investigation to lack merit—
because there was not sufficient evidence to prove
the allegations or because the conduct involved
actually did not amount to a violation of the law.
In such cases, the regional director is required by
the Board’s Statement of Procedure to recommend
withdrawal of the charge by the person who filed
it. If that person refuses to do so, the regional
director has authority to dismiss the charge.
Dismissals can be—and frequently are—appealed
to the general counsel in Washington. Never­
theless, a fairly substantial number of cases—26
percent of those closed in 1953—are dismissed
through these informal procedures, either for lack
of merit or because the two basic requirements
cited have not been met.
A substantial number of the withdrawals actu­
ally reflect settlements, however, obtained either
by one of the agency’s field examiners or by private
adjustment between the parties. This is readily
illustrated by a hypothetical case involving a
charge of either employer or union refusal to bar­
gain in good faith as required by the act. If, after
conferences with the Board’s field examiner, the
party charged becomes aware of the nature of his
duties under the law and he should desire to re­
move the impediments to full-faith bargaining, it
certainly would be appropriate for the charging
party to withdraw his charge despite the past
violation. This happens not infrequently.
This type of withdrawal does not depend solely
on the wishes of the charging party, however. He
has no legal right to withdraw a charge, and it
makes no difference that he has obtained some
settlement or adjustment which suits his private
purposes. The act is neither designed nor in­
tended to vindicate private rights, and, by filing
a charge, he has invoked the national policy
governing labor-management relations, which
must be effected even though it may not please
him to continue the case. To illustrate, take
a case of an employee discharged because of his
union activities. It may be that the employer or
the union responsible has offered him a cash settle­
ment to withdraw his charge and just forget about
the whole business. The employee may be willing
to take the cash and let his job go. But it may
also be that the employee was discharged in a man­
ner that would make several hundred other em­
ployees fearful of exercising the rights that the

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

statute guarantees them. In such a situation, it
would hardly be proper to permit the one employee,
for his own ends, to sacrifice the protection of the
rights of the other employees. It might even be
such a flagrant violation of the act that only a
Board order would effectively protect these em­
ployees’ rights. Consequently, once a charge is
made, it may be withdrawn only by permission of
the general counsel or his staff (or the Board mem­
bers if the case is before them).
An additional 19 percent of the 1953 cases were
closed by adjustment. When the investigation
discloses substantial evidence that an unfair labor
practice has been committed, the field examiner is
required to offer the offending party an oppor­
tunity to settle the case before formal proceedings
are begun. While arrived at by means of informal
procedures, in Board terminology the settlements
may be either informal or formal—the distinction
being that in the latter type the party charged with
violation agrees to issuance of an order by the
Board in Washington and a decree by the appro­
priate United States court of appeals. Formal
adjustments ordinarily are obtained in cases where
the evidence of violation is clear cut and there is
a possibility that the violation may be repeated;
if the party who is subject to the order fails to
comply with the settlement, the Board then may
seek to enforce its order or the court decree, as the
case may be.
It must be kept in mind that the field examiner’s
job is not to arbitrate or conciliate disputes be­
tween the parties. His task is simply to obtain
settlements which will remedy the violations of the
act. But he must be sure that the settlements
provide for steps adequate to do so: the remedies
must be consistent with those required by Board
decisions in similar types of unfair practice cases,
and the scope of the adjustments should match
the violations found. The general counsel has pre­
pared forms setting forth the minimum standards
applicable in such settlements, and an informal
settlement arranged by a field examiner is subject
to approval by the regional director. The ap­
proval of the charging party is also sought, but,
if he should decline, the settlement is still effective;
however, settlements too may be appealed by the
charging party to the general counsel in Washing­
ton. All settlements which provide for a Board
order are, of course, also subject to approval by the
Board members.

IN F O R M A L D IS P O S IT IO N O F N L R B C A SE S

Representation Cases

Cases concerning selection of an employee bar­
gaining representative present a somewhat differ­
ent picture. The percentage that can be disposed
of without formal action runs a good deal lower
than for the unfair practice cases. This is un­
doubtedly due to the nature of a representation
case. Disputed issues are ordinarily simpler: they
often involve little more than questions of whether
a particular employee is or is not a supervisor, or
whether a contract has been renewed or not. But
these are issues of fact on which it sometimes is
difficult to obtain agreement—since they affect
such things as the scope of the bargaining unit or
the validity of a contract urged as a bar to an
election, in which the parties often have directly
opposing interests. Without agreement, they can
be resolved only by decision of the Board. N evertheless, informal procedures do play a large part in
the disposition of these issues too. Of the 9,900
representation cases closed in 1953, 44 percent
were disposed of without even a notice of hearing
and an additional 30 percent after such a notice
was issued but without the necessity of a decision
by the Board members. In other words, only 26
percent of the representation cases closed had to
go to Washington.
Because the issues are ordinarily simpler than
those in an unfair labor practice case, both the
investigation and the techniques for obtaining
agreement of the parties are correspondingly
simpler. As a matter of fact, the investigation can
frequently be completed without the field exam­
iner’s leaving his office. For, when a petition for
election is filed, it has to be accompanied by either
authorization cards from at least 30 percent of the
employees, if the petitioner is a labor organization,
or, if an employer, a statement that he has
received a claim from a union that it represents his
employees. The field examiner can check these
claims at the same time he checks the basic
questions of Board jurisdiction and union com­
pliance. If any of these three prerequisites to the
Board’s holding an election is not met, the regional
director can only dismiss the petition, with the
petitioner having the right to appeal the dismissal
to the Board members. If, on the other hand, all
are met, the examiner can usually determine by a
telephone call to the other party or parties involved
whether the parties are so disposed that the case

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763
can be settled quickly without a formal hearing.
Such informal techniques have been increasingly
substituted, beginning in early 1952, for timeconsuming procedures previously used. Their use
has contributed markedly to spectacular reduc­
tions in the time required, not only for elections
which are mutually agreed to, but also for the
initial handling of cases that must go to hearing.
For instance, during fiscal 1953, the average time
between the filing of a representation petition and
the issuance of the notice of hearing was cut from
19 to 4 days.
Quite a few representation petitions are with­
drawn, in the course of the investigation or hearing
preceding a Board decision, and some also are dis­
missed. A petition may be withdrawn without
approval from the agency unless hearings have
already been held. But the proportions of peti­
tions disposed of in these ways are relatively
small—far smaller than in the case of unfair
practice charges. In 1953, they were 22 and 7
percent, respectively.
In a few instances—1 percent of the 1953
cases—the employer recognizes the union involved
without the necessity for any election. But in
the bulk of the cases closed by the regional and
field staff, complete agreement is reached on the
holding of an election, of which there are two
types—the consent and the stipulated election.
In both instances, the parties agree to the Board’s
holding an election among a described unit of em­
ployees on a specified date; the difference lies in
the identity of who shall resolve the questions
that may arise in the course of the election, all
such rulings being final and binding. In combi­
nation, the 2 types of agreements accounted for
44 percent of the representation cases closed in
1953.
Most of the agreements are for consent elec­
tions. In these, as in all other elections held by
the Board, the actual voting is supervised by
Board agents. The ballots ordinarily are counted
and tabulated immediately after the polls close,
and representatives of the parties are entitled to
be present. As soon as the counting is finished,
a tally of ballots is given to the parties, with the
ballots of voters whose eligibility has been chal­
lenged by any party or by the Board agent in­
dividually sealed and counted separately. If the
challenged ballots are numerous enough to affect
the outcome of the election, the regional director

764

conducts an investigation of the individual chal­
lenges—counting those ballots for which he finds
the challenges without merit and excluding those
for which the challenges have merit. After the
issuance of the tally, the parties have 5 days in
which to file objections to the conduct of the
election. If objections are filed, the regional di­
rector investigates them; if he finds that they
have merit, he will declare the election void and
conduct a new election. If there are no merito­
rious challenges that will affect the results and no
valid objections, the regional director will issue a
certification reflecting the results of the election.
This certificate has the same force as if issued by
the Board.
In a stipulated election, the entire procedure is
identical, except that the Board members rather
than the regional director rule on challenges and
objections.
Benefits of Informal Disposition

Obviously, settlement of cases by mutual agree­
ment of the parties plays a large part in the ac­
tual enforcement of the law. For example, of all
the 1953 representation elections, about 65 per­
cent were held pursuant to complete agreement
between the parties rather than a Board order.
In unfair practice cases, adjustments accounted
for a similar proportion of the employees awarded
back pay after charges of discrimination had been
filed, more than 70 percent of the employees rein­
stated, and over 75 percent of the cases in which
collective bargaining was begun after being
unlawfully withheld initially. These figures not
only underscore the importance of the Board’s
informal proceedings in the administration of the
act, but also reflect a very heartening willingness
on the part of both employers and unions to take
the necessary remedial action when the existence
of an unfair practice is brought to their attention.
Informal settlements are beneficial not only to
the Government but to the parties as well—
saving both time and money. A contested case
must run the gamut of investigation, preparation
of witnesses, public hearing and cross-examination
before a hearing examiner and filing of briefs,
and, in unfair practice cases, formal exceptions
to the trial examiner’s recommended order, filing
of briefs with the Board, and perhaps an appeal to

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the courts, with the accompanying round of further
briefs and arguments. These steps consume a
substantial amount of time, even if carried on in
the most expeditious manner possible. The time
required for processing has recently been reduced
for unfair practice as well as representation cases.
But a contested unfair practice case still takes an
average of over 300 days, from the filing of the
charge to the issuance of a decision by the Board
members—and nearly as much additional time
may be consumed in appeals to the courts. In
sharp contrast, processing of an adjusted case
takes less than one-third of that time—averaging
about 100 days in 1953. The time saving is
proportionally just about the same in representa­
tion cases, contested cases taking an average of
64 days during 1953 as compared to 24 days from
the filing of the petition to the holding of an
election that is mutually agreed upon. Protracted
litigation is of course costly regardless of the type
of case. In addition, in unfair practice cases
resulting in back pay awards, the shorter time
lapse causes such payments to be smaller in ad­
justed cases than in those that are taken up before
the Board for a full-dress decision: the bill for back
pay averaged $290 and $760 per employee, respec­
tively, in 1953. (Thus, agreements accounted for
about 65 percent of the employees affected but
only 45 percent of the total back pay disbursed
by companies and unions in that year.)
Finally, the avoidance of ill will is an important
benefit from a quick and amicable informal dis­
position, whatever the issue involved. The funda­
mental question in an election case is simply
what union, if any, represents a majority of the
employees, but debate of this question often
arouses considerable feeling at the plant and, if
long continued, often tends to become acrimonious.
Similarly, in a lengthy and hotly contested unfair
practice case, bitterness may develop which may
impede, or even prevent, the resumption of peace­
ful relations between management and the repre­
sentative of the employees. To remedy and avoid
this ill feeling is of prime importance in carrying
out the mandate of the Congress to the NLRB
to encourage harmonious relations between
management and labor.
—Louis G.

S il v

erberg

D ire c to r of In fo rm a tio n , N L R B

H I S T O R Y O F C O F F E E P R I C E S , 1 8 4 0 -1 9 5 4

A History of Coffee Prices
in the United States, 1840-1954
I n l a t e 1949, Brazil, the largest coffee-producing
country, exhausted its reserve coffee holdings for
the first time in 20 years, and since that time has
had no stockpile to fall back on. In 1950, Brazil
accounted for slightly more than half of the United
States’ coffee imports, in contrast to about threefifths in the late 1930’s. The crop harvested in
1954 suffered from drought, disease, and frost. As
a result, coffee prices in the United States have
risen substantially in recent months. The outlook
is for continued high prices—perhaps until the
1955-56 crop is harvested, and lower prices then
only if there is no further frost damage in Brazil.
However, production in other countries may
have increased enough to make up for much of the
Brazilian loss. Production of coffee in areas other
than Brazil has increased by more than a third
since the last half of the thirties and is 22 percent
higher than the average for crops harvested in the
years 1947 through 1951.1

Per Capita Consumption

At present, the average person in the United
States drinks 1% cups of coffee a day or about 16
pounds a year. This is more than three times as
much as in 1866, the earliest year for which infor­
mation is available, when the average was about 1
cup per person every other day, or 5 pounds a year.
Consumption of coffee fluctuated below 10 pounds
a year from 1866 until 1897. Then it gradually
rose to an all-time high of 19.8 pounds in 1946.
(See chart.) Since that time, per capita consump­
tion has varied from about 16 to 18% pounds per
year, and the forecast is that it will fall slightly
below 16 pounds in 1954.2
Prices

Reports of frost damage to Brazil’s coffee crops
have affected United States coffee prices differ­
ently over the years. In 1850, such a report made
coffee prices bounce around a bit but they soon
declined as ample supplies were forthcoming. In
1870, more attention was given to the amount of
coffee destroyed by the Chicago fire in October

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765
than to unfavorable reports on the Brazilian crop.
However, when shipments began to run short,
prices started up but did not reach their peak until
June 1872. In 1887, frost cut the Brazilian crop
as much as 40 percent in some areas, and prices
rose temporarily late in the year, but the 1888 crop
was the largest to that date. Frost in 1902 and
drought in 1903 lowered Brazilian supplies but did
not affect prices much until January and February
1904. After that, prices decreased as large offer­
ings came through from countries other than
Brazil. Again in 1918, prices rose with the report
of an estimated 40 to 80 percent crop damage, but
also in response to the hope of a reopened European
market with the signing of the armistice. The
1942 frost did not affect United States prices, then
under controls. In addition, Brazil had reserve
stocks, although it was difficult for the United
States to get supplies because of wartime shipping
difficulties.
Coffee prices have also demonstrated their sen­
sitivity to other developments. For example, in
1812, an increase in the duty on coffee from 5 to
10 cents 3 and the “ wartime fever of speculation”
that accompanied the War of 1812 apparently
caused substantial increases in coffee prices. At
any rate, in 1814, a group of Philadelphia people
pledged themselves not to pay more than 25 cents
a pound for coffee.4
Official statistics of retail prices of coffee are
not available for years before 1913, and prices at
earlier levels of distribution before 1840.6 Spot
1
Foreign Crops and Markets, March 1, 1954, Foreign Agricultural Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.
1
Consumption data for years after 1909 were obtained from the Bureau of
Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. From 1866
through 1909, the source was All About Coffee, by William H. Ukers, New
York, Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Co., 1922.
* The first import duty on coffee, at
cents a pound, was set up as a source
of revenue in 1789, the year the United States Congress first met, and sub­
sequently, the duty on coffee changed in line with revenue needs as follows:
1790—4 cents.
1832—Put on free list.
1794—5 cents.
1861— Imposed duty of 4 cents.
1812—10 cents.
1862— Increased to 5 cents.
1816—5 cents.
1871— Reduced to 3 cents.
1830—
2 cents.
1872— Repealed.
1831—
1 cent.
<Op. cit., William H. Ukers.
5
The spot market prices cited are for Fair Rio green coffee at New York
from 1840 through 1891; Rio No. 7 green coffee at New York from 1890 through
1914; and Santos No. 4 green coffee at New York from 1913 to date. For the
years 1840 through 1891, data used were those published by the Senate Com­
mittee on Finance on Wholesale Prices, Wages, and Transportation (52d
Cong., 2d sess., Report No. 1394, part 2, Mar. 3, 1893); sources of these data
were the New York Shipping and Commercial List for period 1840 to July
1856 and actual sales from October 1856 to 1891. All other spot market prices
are from Bureau of Labor Statistics records, as are the retail prices.

766

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

Import and Retail Prices of Coffee and Per Capita Consumption, A nnual A verages, 1913-53

market prices of green coffee did not go much over
10 cents a pound from 1840 until mid-1861.
During the Civil War, they rose until early 1865
and in April 1865 changed from 43.5 cents in paper
money to 18.5 cents in gold. Prices increased
again from 10K cents in mid-1871 to 25 cents in
early 1874, then fluctuated downward to 8% cents
in early 1886, when the trend reversed in response
to a panic in railroad securities, short crop reports,
and coffee firm failures.
The “ era of large crops” started in 1894. In
1897, prices for coffee from the Rio market went
below 10 cents a pound and stayed below until the
latter part of 1918, except for 3 years from mid1910 till mid-1913, when they went near 15 cents.

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(See chart.6) The signing of the armistice on
November 11, 1918, and a frost scare sent prices
up in December 1918. Short crop reports con­
tinued to send prices up to 23 cents by July 1919.
After rising to over 28 cents in 1925, wholesale
prices receded until late 1927 and rose to nearly
25 cents in early 1929. They then fell almost
steadily to less than 10 cents in 1931, fluctuated
around 10 cents until 1941, and did not rise above
15 cents until 1946. During the years from 1932
to 1944, Brazil destroyed 78,214,000 bags of
coffee—or about three times the average of its
9
The price levels shown on the chart, being based on annual averages, do
not in every case agree with those discussed in the text, which are based on
monthly data. The chart covers only the period 1913 through 1953.

C O N T I N U I N G P R O S P E R I T Y O F C O N S T R U C T IO N IN D U S T R Y

annual production during the latter half of the
1930’s.
Spot market prices increased in 1946 after
ceilings were first relaxed in late June and then
abolished in October. After leveling off from
early 1948 at approximately 27 cents, they started
to rise in late 1949, when it was realized that
Brazil’s coffee stockpile was gone. In 1951 and
1952, green coffee was about 55 cents; however,
in late 1953, reports of a short crop brought
rising prices. In 1954, the price of Santos No. 4
green coffee at New York had risen from 72.5
cents in January to 87 cents in mid-April. Retail
coffee prices followed the wholesale trend. For
example, during most of 1948 and 1949, roasted
coffee was selling in retail stores at between 50
and 55 cents a pound and rose thereafter to over
85 cents in 1951 and 1952. From January to
April 1954, the United States average price rose
from $0,945 to nearly $1.14 a pound.
Controls

As mentioned earlier, coffee prices in the United
States have been at times under some kind of price
control—all told, for about 8 years. From Jan­
uary 1918 to January 1919, coffee dealers were
limited to a fixed profit on actual cost. In World
War II, dollar and cent ceilings were put on green
coffee prices on December 11, 1941, and maximum
retail coffee prices were set on May 18, 1942, at
the sellers’ highest March prices. These wartime
controls ended on October 17, 1946. Coffee was
rationed from November 29, 1942, until September
1943. During the Korean conflict, coffee prices
were temporarily held at December 19, 1950, to
7 Coflee was first used as a beverage in Arabia, and brought to America
some time in the 16th century. By the 18th century, people were already
thinking about coflee compounds and substitutes, and there followed a
number of firsts that were to lead to important developments in coflee mer­
chandising in later years:
1771—British patent granted for a coflee compound.
1785—Chicory introduced into United States.
1789—First United States import duty imposed on coflee.
1800—First coflee-roasting plant in the United States.
1800—First package coflee sold in the United States.
1873—Ariosa, first successful national brand, put on market in the United
States.
1878—Roasted coflee first packed and shipped in sealed containers in the
United States.
1898—Vacuum process patented in the United States which was later
used to vacuum pack coflee.
1905—United States patent granted for freeing coflee from caflein.
1907—The U. S. Pure Food and Drug Act made it obligatory to lobel
coflee correctly.
8 See November 1953 issue of Tea and Coflee Trade Journal.
8 Journal of Commerce, March 2, 1954.
303366— 54------ 3


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January 25, 1951, levels by the General Ceiling
Price Regulation (GCPR), effective January 26,
1951, then transferred to percentage markups,
effective any time from April 6 to May 14 that the
dealer chose. These controls ended on March 12,
1953.
Coffee in Relation to Other Beverages

Although a patent for a coffee compound was
granted as early as 1771, only recently have the
“quick” coffees made any real progress.7 These
have appeared on the market as powdered and
frozen coffee and coffee bags. According to trade
sources,8 soluble coffees accounted for more than
22 percent of total grocery coffee sales in late
1953. And since then there have been reports
that the consumption of instant coffee has been
stepped up considerably.
Sales of tea hit a new high in January, according
to the Tea Council of the U. S. A., Inc., which
reported that “tea sales during January topped
the like month of 1953 by 22 percent, and sales
for the last 12 months were 10.5 percent over the
preceding 12 months.” 9 However, tea is reported
to be in very short supply in the United Kingdom,
the major tea consumer.
— F r a n c e s H. M a r t in
D iv is io n o f P r ic e s a n d C o s t o f L iv in g

The Continuing Prosperity
of the Construction Industry
T he fact that construction activity in the first 5
months of 1954 has been above levels for the same
period in 1953, in contrast to declining trends in
other lines of economic activity, has been widely
discussed. None of the comments, however, has
provided a satisfactory explanation of this phe­
nomenon, perhaps because of a common tendency
to exaggerate the extent and rapidity of the eco­
nomic downturn. So much has been said about
overbuilding, overproduction, and excessive inven­
tories that analysts were prepared to accept any re­
adjustment in production and employment as evi­
dence of trouble ahead. In fact, the Departments
of Labor and Commerce in November 1953 pre­
dicted that the annual dollar volume of new con-

768
struction activity would decline about 2 percent in
1954. A reexamination of the outlook, taking into
account the accomplishments through May 1954
and rising future commitments, indicates that ex­
penditures for new construction this year will
exceed, rather than fall behind, last year’s total.
The early forecast on construction activity took
into consideration work already under way at the
end of the year; known long-range building plans
of business and government; needs and capacities
in such areas as educational, highway, and housing
facilities; price trends; and other background data
having a bearing on the probable future volume of
construction activity. Since the first of the
year, however, most of the major types of con­
struction, as measured by the Commerce-Labor
monthly estimates of construction expenditures,
have shown unexpected strength. While these
estimates are not particularly satisfactory for
gauging turning points or month-to-month move­
ments in the various components of the series,
various correlative data appear to support their
general validity. Employment by construction
contractors lagged behind last year during the
first quarter, but moved ahead in April and May.
Most of the contract award summaries have shown
increases in recent months as compared with last
year. The F. W. Dodge Service, which covers the
37 Eastern States, reported that the dollar amount
of contracts let was about 10 percent more during
the first 4 months of 1954 than in the same period
of 1953. The Engineering News-Record reported
heavy construction contracts in the first 3 weeks
of May at 35 percent above the weekly average of
April 1954 and 44 percent above May 1953, and
also observed that “all major types of private work
are going strong.”
Causes of the Construction “ Boom”

Recent reports on many economic sectors are
more encouraging, despite some reversals, and
suggest the existence of basic stability and sound­
ness in the economy. This is probably one of the
interacting factors sustaining a high volume of
construction activity. For example, the business­
man’s reaction to declining sales appears to take
the form of improved products and more efficient
production, rather than curtailed operations.
Production and distribution are presently character­
ized by active competition, which is marked by

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

frequent changes in product design and manufac­
turing methods, and by expansion in the number,
size, and efficiency of retail outlets. The result
is more building.
The market for housing also reflects favorable
factors in the economy, such as high levels of per­
sonal income and savings, widespread job security,
and the broad distribution of purchasing power.
Although residential builders are experiencing in­
creasing sales resistance, according to industry
sources, they do not appear to be curtailing build­
ing programs. Such evidence as is available indi­
cates that the homebuilders are also striving to
meet competition by selling a better product on a
lower profit margin and on more favorable terms.
The builders’ ability to offer houses on better
financing terms stems from the fact that mortgage
funds are becoming more freely available—in fact,
are “backing up” in the estimation of many
observers. Plentiful funds seeking investment
have driven interest rates down somewhat and
have promoted longer amortization periods. Ease
of financing is an important factor in stimulating
other types of construction as well as housing.
Bond issues for toll roads sell readily; operating
experience on most high-speed turnpikes and toll
bridges has been very favorable. The number of
motor vehicles in use and the annual mileage per
vehicle are increasing rapidly, generating highway
needs far beyond existing capacities.
Much of the construction boom can be traced
to the high rate of population growth and to
changing patterns of community life. Residential
building, directly related to population, has been
concentrated to an increasing extent in the sub­
urban fringes of large cities. The new population
concentrations in these areas have generated
demands for shopping centers; educational, reli­
gious, and recreational buildings; and numerous
community facilities. This backlog of demand
has not been satisfied, and the new communities
continue to grow in size.
Thus, a variety of factors account for the gener­
ally prosperous condition of the construction
industry. Many of them are indicative of con­
tinuing strength in the construction sector of the
economy, as is the current high level of contract
awards.
—H. E. R iley
D iv i s i o n o f C o n s t r u c ti o n S t a t i s t i c s

E X P E R IE N C E U N D E R G U A R A N T E E D W A G E P L A N S

Experience Under
Three Guaranteed Wage Plans
M ost c u r r e n t p r o p o s a l s for guaranteed wage or
employment plans call for some interrelationship
with public unemployment insurance. For exam­
ple, under the plan sought by the United Steel­
workers (CIO), it is proposed that workers be
entitled to receive both a guaranteed wage pay­
ment and unemployment insurance for the same
week. The plan would require registration at a
public employment office and demonstrated avail­
ability for other work as a condition to the receipt
of an employer payment for time not worked.
Because such proposals have important adminis­
trative, legal, and public policy implications for
State employment security agencies, the Bureau
of Employment Security in 1953 began to collect
information on decisions by State agencies and
courts with respect to the effect of payments under
guaranteed annual wage plans on claimants’
eligibility for unemployment compensation.1
Since a State agency decision may depend upon
the specific provisions of the plan involved—for
example, whether payments are to be made on a
weekly basis, or at the end of the guarantee year—
the operation of some existing plans were also
studied. This article summarizes information on
employment experience under three such plans,
their major characteristics, and employer and
union attitudes toward them. The plans were
those of the Pennsylvania Sugar Division of the
National Sugar Refining Co. and of the Franklin
Sugar Refinery, at Philadelphia, and that of the
Quaker Oats Co., with central offices in Chicago.2

Major Characteristics

The Quaker Oats Guaranteed Work Plan was
initiated solely by the company in 1934 in three
plants and currently is in effect in a majority of
the company’s plants throughout the country.
Current collective bargaining contracts (with
several different unions) provide that the plan
may not be discontinued for the duration of the
agreements. This plan covers at least 90 percent
of the production workers in the plants. It
actually provides two types of guarantee. All
full-time employees with at least 6 months’ service

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769
who work at all during any calendar month are
guaranteed 140 hours’ base pay, payable at the
end of the month. Full-time employees who
have been laid off and perform no service during
the month are guaranteed 70 hours’ base pay; the
duration of this guarantee varies from 2 to 6
months, depending upon length of service. The
company may charge overtime hours against the
total guarantee of 140 hours, and it may transfer
workers freely from one department to another as
slack and peak periods occur, paying the workers
at their “old” hourly rate for 30 days following
transfer.
The Quaker Oats plan permits the company to
terminate it “ at any time,” and payments may be
suspended “ in the event of failure to operate the
plant or any department thereof due to a strike,
or other conditions beyond the control of the
company.” Moreover, “ no further payments will
be made to any employee under this plan if he is
not recalled to work within 12 months from the
date of his layoff, or if upon demand he fails to
reenter the employ of the company, or if he obtains
full-time employment elsewhere.”
The guaranteed annual wage plans of the Frank­
lin Sugar Refinery and the Pennsylvania Division
of the National Sugar Refining Co. were both
initiated as part of the companies’ collective bar­
gaining agreements with the International Long­
shoremen’s Association (Ind.) as of September 1,
1952. In most respects they are identical.3 Pro­
duction workers with at least 1 year of seniority
(about 90 percent of all plant workers) are guar­
anteed 2,000 hours of employment or pay during
the guarantee year (September 1 to August 31),
with any monies due workers for time not worked
payable at the end of the year. Unlike the
Quaker Oats Co., the sugar refineries may not
write off more than 8 hours per day, or 56 hours
per week, toward the total number of guaranteed
hours. At one of the refineries the transferability
of workers is virtually plantwise; at the other,
transferability is on an intradepartmental basis,
which could result in a higher layoff rate.
1 See Guaranteed Annual Wage Payments and Related Employer Pay­
ments Under State Unemployment Insurance Systems, Bureau of Employ­
ment Security, U. S. Department of Labor, October 1, 1953 (mimeographed).
2 BES staff members obtained the information in discussions with the direc­
tor of industrial relations of each company and with appropriate union and
State unemployment insurance representatives.
2
Guaranteed wage plans with identical provisions are in effect in five
other refineries on the East Coast.

770
Both refinery plans provide for reducing the
number of guaranteed hours, for example, “ by the
number of hours in which it shall not be practi­
cable for the company to provide its employees
with work by reasons beyond the company’s
control.” The guarantee becomes inoperable in
the event of “ repeal or modification of the Sugar
Act of 1952, adversely affecting the company’s
operations; or labor disputes which result in de­
pletion of the company’s raw stock or which
prevent the production or delivery of refined
sugars, major breakdowns or causes beyond the
company’s control.” The union has the contrac­
tual right to contest decisions of the company in
these matters.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

At the National Sugar Refining Co., aggregate
payments for time not worked were relatively
low—probably less than 1 percent of the Penn­
sylvania division’s payroll for the first year the
plan was in operation. The Franklin Sugar Re­
finery made no payments for time not worked
during the plan’s first 12 months because workers
who otherwise might have been laid off for short
periods were transferred to plant renovation
projects. Even in slack periods, the shortest
workweek at either company between September
1, 1952, and August 31, 1953, was 3 days, and,
since the Pennsylvania statute requires a 1 week
waiting period for unemployment insurance claim­
ants, there was no compensable unemployment
among workers covered by the plans.

Employment Experience 4
Attitudes of Companies and Workers

All three plans are financed on a pay-as-you-go
basis. Under the Quaker Oats plan, payments
for time not worked were somewhat higher during
the years 1934-40 than since, according to a
company official, although exact costs are not
available. The company has offered steady em­
ployment to its regular workers since Pearl Harbor.
While complete information regarding unemploy­
ment insurance claims filed by Quaker Oats
workers covered by the plan is not readily avail­
able, no such claims have been filed in Illinois,
according to representatives of the State Division
of Placement and Unemployment Insurance. If
such claims were filed now, in Illinois or in other
States, either they would be denied or the amount
of the unemployment insurance benefit would be
reduced, depending upon the amount of payments
made under the guarantee. In New York State,
for example, Quaker Oats employees who receive
140 hours’ guaranteed work payments during a
particular month are considered to be in substan­
tially full employment and are therefore ineligible
for unemployment insurance in any week during
that month. Those workers who receive 70 hours’
pay under the plan are considered to be employed
for 2 weeks of the month and unemployed for the
remaining 2 weeks, during which they may re­
ceive unemployment insurance.
«Certain fiscal and employment data were obtained on a confidential
basis and therefore cannot be included.


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High levels of employment, reportedly, have
made it difficult for workers fully to appreciate
the potential advantages of guaranteed wage plans
and particularly so for those workers who entered
the labor market for the first time after 1940.
However, as a result of meetings sponsored and
literature distributed by both the companies
themselves and by employee organizations, the
workers are rapidly becoming more aware of the
protection afforded them. Unquestionably the
recent widespread public interest in guaranteed
plans has also affected workers’ attitudes.
At least one union official interviewed believed
that leaders of his union would forego other bene­
fits if necessary in order to retain the plan covering
its membership. In fact, he thought that they
would press for the retention of the plan even if
the company demonstrated that this would neces­
sitate somewhat reduced, but more regularized,
employment levels.
Officials of all three companies felt strongly that
production operations were more stable before the
guaranteed wage plans were initiated than after
that time. However, an opposite view was ex­
pressed by a union representative who has par­
ticipated in the negotiations for the plans with the
two sugar refineries.
— H a r p e r R. F o r t u n e
B u re a u of E m p lo y m e n t S e c u rity

771

M IL IT A R Y -S E R V IC E P A Y M E N T S IN A G R E E M E N T S

Military-Service Payments
in Union Agreements, 1953
m ployer
paym ents
to workers entering the
Armed Forces or for time off for National Guard
or Reserve Corps duty (other than active military
service) were provided for in about a tenth of the
1,737 labor-management agreements (covering
over 6 million workers) analyzed by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.1 Moreover, some employers, as a
matter of company policy, may make such pay­
ments even though no provision of this type is
incorporated in their labor agreements. Of the
agreements having such provisions, 105 granted
military bonuses to workers entering the Armed
Forces, 56 provided pay to employees on short
tours of temporary (active) duty, and 21 provided
for both types of payments.2 (See table 1.)

E

T

able

Payments to employees entering regular or
temporary military service were provided by 138
manufacturing and 44 nonmanufacturing agree­
ments, or about 10 percent of those analyzed in
each industry division. Such allowances were
most frequent in the communications (44 percent
of the agreements studied), electrical machinery
(31 percent), and chemicals and allied products
(23 percent) industry groups.
Military-service allowances in agreements are of
three basic types: a flat bonus or lump-sum pay­
ment, expressed either as a specified dollar amount
or as a multiple of a week’s or month’s pay; an
1 The agreements in the study, current as of January 1, 1953, or later, were
selected from the Bureau’s current file of union contracts on the basis of in­
dustry, union, and geographic representation. Agreements for the airline
and railroad industries are not collected by the Bureau and, therefore, are
not included in the study.
2 Payments of accrued vacation pay to inducted employees are not covered
in this report.

1.— Types of military-service payments provided in collective bargaining agreements, 1953, by industry group
Agreements with pay provisions for—

Number studied

Industry group
Agree­
ments

Workers
(thou­
sands)

Regular military
service only
Workers 2
(thou­
sands)

Agree­
ments

Temporary (active)
duty only 1
Workers 2
(thou­
sands)

Agree­
ments

Regular military serv­
ice and temporary
(active) duty
W orkers2
(thou­
sands)

Agree­
ments

1,737

6,366. 7

105

224.8

56

249.4

21

127.3

_______ _____ _____________________ ____

1,267

4, 304.3

90

175.4

38

119.5

10

23.4

Food and kindred products................................... .......
Tobacco manufactures---------- ----------------------------Textile-mill products____________________________
Apparel and other finished textile products----- -------Lumber and timber basic products-----------------------Furniture and finished wood products_____________
Paper and allied products________________________
Printing and p u b lish in g .____ __________________
Chemicals and allied products__________ _____ ___
Petroleum and coal products--------------------- ------ —
Rubber products_____________________ _________
Leather and leather products--------------------- ----------Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------------------Primary metal industries------------------------------------ Fabricated metal products-----------------------------------Machinery (except electrical)------------------ ----------Electrical machinery__________________ _________ _
Transportation equipment------------------------ ------- Instruments and related products................................. .
Miscellaneous manufacturing---------------------- ----------

120
14
113
54
26
32
50
46
70
24
20
30
50
99
96
164
78
114
24
43

309.3
32. 7
182.0
364. 4
21. 6
55. 2
95.9
46. 6
97.8
67.3
131. 7
53.0
102. 9
596.9
178. 9
341.6
375.5
1,162 0
44. 0
45.0

2

1.9

3

6.6

1

2.0

8
1
1
1

22.7
.5
.3
.5

1

4.0

3
13
1
1
2
3
7
8
14
13
3
4
5

4

6.6

2

3.4

2.3
17.3
1.5
.9
1.0
21.1
9.4
10. 4
31.1
25.5
8. 5
15. 6
4.9

2
1

4.2
11.3

1
3

1.4
12.5

3

5.3

N ONM A NUFACTURING__________________ _________ ______

470

2,062. 4

15

49.4

18

Mining, crude-petroleum, and natural-gas production
Transportation 3................................................................
Communications--------------------- -------- ----------------Utilities: electric and gas_________ ______________
Wholesale trade_____________ ________ __________
Retail trade____________________ _______________
Hotels and restaurants---------------------------------------Services------- ------ ------- ------ -----------------------------Construction_____________ ________________ ____
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing.................... ..........

33
85
63
60
22
63
25
61
53
5

514. 2
218. 3
504.8
154.9
23. 0
124. 2
105.9
122.1
273.0
22.0

1
1
8
3

1.1
1. 2
39.7
6.0

2

1.4

All industries--------- ------------------------------------------M

a n u f a c t u r in g

1 By members of the National Guard, State Militia, Naval Militia, and
reserve components of the Armed Forces.
2 Total number of workers in bargaining units covered by contracts pro­
viding military-leave payments for regular service or temporary (active)
duty.


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1

.3

1
2
3
10
7

2.4
2.2
9.1
51.5
16.0

1

.5

1
1

1.4
2.2

129.9

11

103.9

10
7

96.6
32.2

Ï0
1

100.3
3.6

1

1.1

3 Excludes railroad (including Railway Express Agency contracts) and airline industries.

772

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

allowance graduated according to length of com­
pany service (and, occasionally, according to the
employee’s marital status); or payment, for a
limited period, of the difference between military
pay and the employee’s regular pay with the com­
pany (salary continuation plan).3 A lump-sum
payment, whether the same for all employees or
graduated according to length of service, was the
most common type of payment for extended serv­
ice in the Armed Forces. In contrast, wage or
salary continuation plans were invariably used for
paid annual or special short-term (emergency)
tours of reserve or military duty.

Regular Military Duty

In the 126 agreements which provided for
military-service payments beyond accrued wages
or salary to drafted or enlisted employees, fixed
or uniform payments were almost twice as fre­
quent as allowances graduated according to length
of service and three times as frequent as wage or
salary continuation plans (table 2).

3
Some agreements covering newspaper publishing provide, in addition to a
military-service bonus, for payment of dismissal pay to an employee who
suffers physical disability while in the armed services “which renders him
incapable of resuming his employment . . .” or to the beneficiary of an em­
ployee who dies while in service. In calculating the amount of dismissal
pay, credit is given for time served in military duty.
T

a b l e

2 . — M aximum

Type of Payments. The fixed bonus type of pay­
ment was expressed either as a flat sum or, more
commonly, as an amount equal to one week’s pay
or more. Fixed dollar allowances ranged from
$21 to $150 in the 15 agreements with such pro­
visions. No single amount predominated. One
week’s pay was specified in half the 51 agreements
which granted workers a fixed military-service
allowance as a multiple of a week’s earnings, al-

amounts of military-leave payments under collective bargaining agreements, 1958, for employees
entering the Armed Forces, by type of payment
Type of payment

Maximum amounts payable

Workers 1
(in thou­
sands)

Agree­
ments
All agreements____________ ______ _ .
Dollar amounts:
$21.00________________________
$25.00________________________
$35.00_____________________
$40.00______________________
$50.00____________________
$60.00_____________________
$75.00______________________
$100.00 2_________________
$150.00__________________
$1,000.00_______________
Based on pay multiple:
16 hours’ pay______ ____ _____
1 week’s pay_____ _____
___
2 weeks’ p ay2_________________
3 weeks’ pay„_
_____________
4 weeks’ pay 3____ ___ _
8 weeks’ pay3_____ ____ ____
13 weeks’ pay 3_______________
1 month’s pay 3_____ _____
2 months’ pay 2 3_______ . ___
3 months’ pay 3_______________
4 months’ pay___ _ _ _ _ _ _
6 months at half pay____
___
Other_______________
__

66

115.4

1
2
1
1

1.0

35

85.7

1

3

1
10

.6
22.8

13
43
1

3fi 8

2
2

1 9

Workers 1
(in thou­
sands)

Agree­
ments
22

148.2

Workers 1
(in thou­
sands)

Agree­
ments
3

2.8

«3

2.8

.4

2
1
25
7
1
6

.7
57.8
9.3
1.0
4.8

9
1

22. 6
1.5

1

1.4

1

2
2

Workers 1
(in thou­
sands)

Agree­
ments

Other

.9

1.0
4.9
.2
3.4
2.7
1.8

3

7 3

14

1

1.0

2

6.8

12.4
IB

1 Total number of workers in bargaining units covered by contracts provid­
ing militray-leave payments for regular service in the Armed Forces.
2 Includes 1 agreement in which one-half the payment was made upon
induction, the remainder after the returning veteran completed a specified
period of active service with the company.
3 Although 4, 8, or 13 weeks are commonly construed as referring to 1, 2, or
3 months, respectively, they have been listed separately to indicate the varied
agreement terminology used in expressing such allowances. For example,
some agreements equated 1 month with 170 or 173 hours’ pay and 1 defined
it as
standard weeks’ pay.
4 Includes 1 agreement with 200 workers which also varied the payment
according to the employee’s marital status.
6
Includes 1 agreement which graduated the military-leave bonus up to
40 hours’ pay and, in addition, granted 10 hours’ pay for each additional
12 m onths’ company service over 23 months; and another agreement in which


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Amount graduated by Salary continuation or
length of service
“ make-up” plan

Fixed bonus

1
62

2.9

a “Military Service Award” was graduated up to a $40maximum, depending
upon the time of year the employee left for service: $10 award if inducted
after summer vacation money paid and before Oct. 1; $20 if inducted between
Oct. 1 and Jan. 1; $40 if inducted after Jan. 1.
6 Includes 1 agreement which (in addition to providing 1 week’s pay
to employees who complete probation but have less than 1 year’s service)
paid employees with more than 1 year’s service $10 per month for military
service performed outside United States limits and $5 per month for military
service performed within the United States, “until discharge, total disabil­
ity, death, cessation of hostilities or armistice, whichever shall first occur” ;
1 which granted 2 weeks’ pay at the start of the employee’s military leave,
plus monthly payments for 12 months amounting to 10 percent of the em­
ployee’s base monthly pay; and 1 agreement which stated that present
military-leave pay practices would be continued.

MILITARY-SERVICE PAYMENTS IN AGREEMENTS

though the range of such payments varied from
16 hours’ pay to 3 months’ pay, or its equivalent.
An example of a fixed or uniform military-service
bonus provision follows:
I f a n y r e g u l a r e m p lo y e e e lig ib le f o r v a c a t i o n is in d u c t e d
i n t o t h e s e rv ic e o f t h e A r m e d F o rc e s o f t h e U n i t e d S ta te s ,
t h e c o m p a n y s h a ll p a y h im a t t h e t i m e h e le a v e s h is
e m p l o y m e n t , a s u m e q u a l t o 1 w e e k ’s p a y , p lu s h is a c c r u e d
v a c a t i o n p a y , if a n y .

Payments graduated according to an employee’s
length of service at the time of induction were
provided in 35 agreements. Most commonly, the
maximum amounts payable were not to exceed 4
weeks’ or 1 month’s pay (15 agreements) and 2
weeks’ pay (10 agreements). An illustrative clause
follows:
A n e m p lo y e e w h o h a s le f t t o e n t e r t h e m i l i ta r y s e rv ic e
o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s u n d e r t h e p r o v is io n s o f t h e F e d e r a l
S e le c tiv e S e r v ic e A c t t h e n in e ffe c t s h a ll b e p a i d e x t r a
c o m p e n s a tio n b a s e d o n l e n g t h o f s e rv ic e w i t h t h e e m p lo y e r
a s fo llo w s, p r o v i d e d h e s h a ll a p p l y th e r e f o r w i t h i n 90
d a y s a f t e r t h e d a t e o f le a v in g a n d s h a ll f u r n i s h a c e r tific a ­
ti o n o f h is c o m m a n d in g o fficer t h a t h e h a s r e p o r t e d fo r
d u t y w i t h i n 3 0 d a y s a f t e r t h e d a t e of s u c h le a v in g :
L e ss t h a n 6 m o n t h s ’ c o n tin u o u s
s e rv ic e p r i o r t o d a t e o f le a v e of
absence.
6 m o n t h s t o less t h a n 1 y e a r of
c o n t i n u o u s s e rv ic e p r i o r t o d a t e
o f le a v e o f a b s e n c e .
1 y e a r t o less t h a n 2 y e a r s of c o n ­
t i n u o u s s e rv ic e p r i o r t o d a t e of
le a v e o f a b s e n c e .
2 o r m o re y e a rs of c o n tin u o u s s e rv ­
ic e p r i o r t o d a t e o f le a v e of
absence.

N o e x tra
tio n .

Another graduated bonus schedule, in a chemical
industry agreement, added the factor of marital
status to length of service in determining the maxi­
mum amount of the military-leave allowance, as
follows :
I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c o m p a n y ’s p o lic y , t h e c o m p a n y
w ill p a y s in g le m e n w h o a r e c a lle d f o r a r m e d s e r v ic e a s
fo llo w s:
. . . S in g le m e n w i t h 3 o r m o r e y e a r s ’
4 w eek s’ p a y .
e m p lo y m e n t.
M a r r i e d m e n w ill r e c e iv e t h e fo llo w in g s e p a r a t i o n b o n u s :
. . . M a r r i e d m e n w i t h 3 y e a r s ’ b u t less
6 w eek s’ p a y .
t h a n 10 y e a r s ’ e m p l o y m e n t .
M a r r i e d m e n w i t h 10 o r m o r e y e a r s ’ e m 8 w eek s’ p ay .
p lo y m e n t.

Twenty-two agreements, primarily in the com­
munications industry, provided that the employer
was to make up the difference between the em­
ployee’s regular pay and his military pay for a
limited period of time. With but 4 exceptions,
this period was limited to a maximum of 3 months ;
in the 4 exceptions, the interval specified ranged
from 1 to 4 months. In almost every case, the
maximum salary continuation or “make-up” period
varied with length of service. For example:

com pensa­

2 w eek s’ p a y .

3 w eek s’ p a y .

4 w eek s’ p a y .

In one graduated-pay plan, the payments were
expressed in dollar amounts: from $500 to em­
ployees with 1 year’s service up to $1,000 for
employees with at least 5 years’ service. The
allowance was payable in 4 equal installments:
upon induction, 60 days after such date, 6 months
after such date, and 1 year after such date. Em­
ployees with more than 6 months’ but less than
1 year’s service were to receive a week’s pay upon
induction. Such payments, however, were to be
made only in the event of war and were not appli­
cable to employees “called to the armed services
of the United States pursuant to a universal mili­
tary training statute.”


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773

E m p lo y e e s w i t h le s s t h a n 1 y e a r o f n e t c r e d i t e d s e rv ic e
w h o a r e g r a n t e d le a v e s of a b s e n c e . . . w ill r e c e iv e , w h e r e
t h e i r c o m p a n y p a y is g r e a t e r , t h e d if fe r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e i r
c o m p a n y p a y in e ffe c t a t t h e t i m e t h e le a v e w a s g r a n t e d
a n d t h e i r G o v e r n m e n t p a y f o r t h e f ir s t 2 w e e k s o f m i l i ta r y
s e rv ic e .
E m p lo y e e s w i t h 1 y e a r o r m o r e o f n e t c r e d i t e d s e rv ic e
w h o a r e g r a n t e d le a v e s o f a b s e n c e . . . w ill r e c e iv e , w h e r e
t h e i r c o m p a n y p a y is g r e a t e r , t h e d if fe r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e i r
c o m p a n y p a y in e f fe c t a t t h e t i m e t h e le a v e w a s g r a n t e d
a n d t h e i r G o v e r n m e n t p a y f o r t h e f ir s t 3 m o n t h s o f m i l i ta r y
s e rv ic e .

The circumstances surrounding the employee’s
entry into service constituted another factor in
determining the duration of the make-up period,
under several communications agreements. For
example, make-up pay was limited to 2 weeks for
employees with less than 1 year’s service and
also for those employees with more than 1 year’s
service who are: (1) subject to induction under
the Selective Service Act of 1948, as amended,
and who enlist for the minimum allowable period,
but not over 4 years, prior to classification by
their draft boards in a group currently being
inducted; (2) aged 18-19 and who enlist for the

774
minimum period set for this age group; or (3)
reservists who apply for active duty on their own
initiative. Make-up pay up to 3 months was
provided for the following groups of employees
with over 1 year’s service: (1) Those inducted
under the Selective Service Act of 1948, as
amended; (2) those subject to such induction
who enlist in the Armed Forces for the minimum
allowable period, but not over 4 years, after
classification by their draft boards in a group
currently being inducted; or (3) reservists ordered
or called into active service not on their own
volition.
Dependents' Allowances. Payments to dependents
of regular employees on leave of absence for
active military service were provided in 17 agree­
ments, almost all of which were in the communi­
cations industry. Such payments were in addi­
tion to the employee’s military-leave bonus.
Dependents’ allowances generally consisted of the
difference between the employee’s regular pay and
military pay, for a period not to exceed 3 months.
Dependents were usually defined as wife, children
under 18, and parents. Allowances could be paid
on behalf of dependents other than wives or
children. Submission of satisfactory evidence of
dependency in such cases was required in many
agreements, and the maximum period of make-up
pay could be less than that for wife and children,
for example:
E m p lo y e e s h a v i n g w iv e s , o r d e p e n d e n t c h ild r e n u n d e r
18 y e a r s o f a g e , a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e i r le a v e s w ill re c e iv e
f o r a f u r t h e r p e r io d o f 3 m o n t h s , w h ile o n s u c h le a v e s , t h e
d if fe r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e i r c o m p a n y p a y a n d t h e i r G o v e r n ­
m e n t p a y . F o r th is p u rp o se th e a m o u n t of G o v e rn m e n t
p a y s h a ll b e d e t e r m i n e d a s o f t h e b e g in n in g o f s u c h a d d i ­
t i o n a l 3 m o n t h s ’ p e r io d , a n d s h a ll i n c lu d e a ll a llo w a n c e s
sp e c ifie d . . . p l u s a n y o t h e r f a m ily a llo w a n c e s p r o v i d e d
b y la w .
E m p lo y e e s h a v i n g o n ly d e p e n d e n t s o t h e r t h a n w iv e s
o r c h ild r e n u n d e r 18 y e a r s o f a g e a t t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t
d a t e o f t h e i r le a v e , w ill, u p o n s u b m is s io n o f s a t i s f a c t o r y
e v id e n c e o f s u c h d e p e n d e n c y r e c e iv e s p e c ia l p a y m e n t s
f r o m t h e c o m p a n y w h ic h m a y b e le s s t h a n , b u t s h a ll n o t
e x c e e d , th o s e s t a t e d in [th e ] p a r a g r a p h a b o v e .

A benefit plan for dependents in a chemical
industry agreement, provided for a monthly
military-service allowance not to exceed the lesser


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

of “ (1) the employee’s monthly contribution to
the support of his named dependents at the time
of his entry into military service, or (2) 50 percent
of the employee’s company pay, or (3) the differ­
ence between the employee’s company pay and
his Government pay.” Company pay was based
on the employee’s regular rate (excluding over­
time payments) and the normal work schedule in
effect as of the last day of active company service
preceding entry. Government pay included “base
pay plus any allowances for rent, subsistence,
service, ratings, or special qualifications, but
exclud[ing] allowances for travel, uniform, etc.,”
and “any unemployment benefits and payments by
State and Federal Governments to or for the
support of dependents which are not a part of the
regular pay of members of the Armed Forces.
Credit will be taken by the company for depend­
ency payments by the Government on the basis
of the employee’s rank as of the date of entry
into active military service, or as of the last
preceding January 1, or July 1, whichever is
later.” Dependents included (1) wife; (2) children
who are under 18, or totally and permanently
disabled, or receiving more than half of their
total support from the employee; and (3) parents.
Computation of Benefits. Only 1 out of every 4
agreements which provided for payment other
than as a specific dollar amount clearly described
the method of calculating the rate of pay on
which the military bonus was based. The pay
base, where defined, was most often the employee’s
average earnings for some prior period, ranging
from the two payroll periods immediately pre­
ceding the military leave to the four most recent
social security “quarters.”
A few agreements referred to “average hourly
earnings” without indicating the period for cal­
culating such earnings. Although only one agree­
ment used the phrase “average straight-time
earnings,” overtime premiums, shift differentials,
and similar payments were ordinarily excluded in
determining the pay base. Some communica­
tions industry contracts, however, included pre­
mium payments in company pay when calculat­
ing the difference between company pay and
military pay. Government pay, in these cases,
was generally defined as including “basic pay,

775

MILITARY-SERVICE PAYMENTS IN AGREEMENTS

pay for special or hazardous duty, and for em­
ployees with dependents, the difference between
his quarters allowance and the quarters allowance
established for a member of the Armed Forces of
equal rank without dependents.”
The employee’s rate or base pay, rather than
earnings, was specified in a few agreements,
which referred to “regular straight-time rate” ;
“base pay” ; a “standard week’s pay” ; or “normal
full pay”, i. e., the employee’s rate times the nor­
mal hours in effect on the last workday.
The calculation of military-service bonuses for
incentive workers was specifically described in
only three agreements. One specified use of the
employee’s “guaranteed rate” ; another, his “base
rate” plus cost-of-living allowances; and the third,
average earnings exclusive of overtime for the
calendar quarter year preceding that during which
the employee qualified for military pay.
Eligibility. A minimum period of employment
with the company was a qualifying condition in
four-fifths of the contracts providing for militaryservice payments. Thus, temporary and proba­
tionary workers were ordinarily excluded. Eligi­
bility was related to the hiring date and depend­
ency status requirements in one agreement. An
employee hired on or before September 30, 1948,
and who had “completed 52 weeks’ aggregate serv­
ice with the employer without loss of seniority
previous to entering the active service” was con­
sidered eligible for induction pay. However, an
employee hired subsequent to that date was eligi­
ble, provided he had “one or more persons wholly
dependent upon him as a source of livelihood as of
the date he terminates his active employment with
the company for the purpose of entering active
service.”
The bonus was payable only in the event of a
“shooting war” in a few instances, one agreement
specifically providing for payment of the bonus to
“an}7 employee on military leave at the time a
shooting war begins.” This same agreement also
stated that “employees taken into military service
because of a universal military-training program,
but not subject to service in combat, shall not be
eligible for the above benefits whether or not the
United States is in a shooting war.”

303366— 54------4

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Military-service allowances generally are paid,
or payments commence, immediately after proof
of enlistment or induction has been established
with the company. In some instances, the pay­
ment was to be withheld until after the employee
reported to his first duty station and his com­
manding officer so certified to the company. In
three contracts, half the bonus was paid upon
induction or after completing a minimum period
of military service; the balance, after the employee
had returned to the company and continued in its
employ for a specified time.
Temporary (Active) or Emergency Duty

Allowances for employees on annual tempo­
rary or emergency duty with the reserve com­
ponents of the Armed Forces, the State Militia,
the Naval Militia, or the National Guard, were
found in only 77 agreements of the 1,737 analyzed
(table 3). Two out of every 5 of these contracts
(31) allowed pay for time off for emergency duty
as well as for regular annual reserve tours of duty.
Most of these latter agreements were in the com­
munications industry.
T a ble 3. — Duration of paid m ilitary leaves of absence for

temporary ( active) duty, on annual or emergency basis,
provided by collective bargaining agreements, 1958
Annual temporary
(active) duty 1
Duration
Agree­
ments
Number with provision 4
1 week
_ _ ______
2 weeks 8 _____________ _ _
3 weeks. . ________ .. .
4 weeks. . _____ _____ ___
Up to 1 month__ _____ ___
30 (lavs______________ ...
Time allowance covers both
annual training period and
emereencv dutv 6 . _ _

75

Work­
ers 3
(thous­
ands)
371.9

64
3

311.7
12.2

4
4

8.4
39.6

Emergency duty

Agree­
ments

2

Work­
ers 3
(thous­
ands)

33

209.6

1
21

1.8
169.4

1
1
1

2.5
2.8
20.4

4
4

8.4
4.3

1 By members of the National Guard, State Militia, Naval Militia, and
reserve components of the Armed Forces.
2 By members of the National Guard, State Militia, or Naval Militia called
out in local emergencies.
3 Includes all employees covered by agreements with such provisions.
4 Totals are not mutually exclusive, since each include 31 agreements com­
pensating both emergency duty and annual temporary (active) reserve duty.
5 Also includes agreements which allowed 15 calendar days or 10 “working”
days.
6 One agreement permitted 30 days; 2, 31 days; and 1, up to 3 months each
year.
7 Includes agreements which gave no definite time allowance, referred to a
company peacetime training policy without further details, or stated that
present practices would continue in effect.

776

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

Most commonly, temporary reserve-duty pay
amounted to the difference between the employee’s
regular company pay and his reserve pay, for a
period of 2 weeks annually, as in the following
clause:
E m p lo y e e s s e r v in g t e m p o r a r i l y in m i l i ta r y u n i t s u n d e r
t h e j u r is d i c t i o n o f t h e U . S. A r m y , U . S. N a v y , U . S.
M a r in e C o r p s , U . S. C o a s t G u a r d ( E n l i s t e d R e s e r v e C o r p s
a n d R e s e r v e O ffic e rs’ T r a i n i n g C o r p s ) , a n d . . . S t a t e
N a t i o n a l G u a r d , s h a ll, u p o n p r o p e r p r e s e n t a t i o n o f e v i­
d e n c e o f s u c h s e rv ic e , b e r e i m b u r s e d f o r t h e d iffe re n c e in
p a y w h ic h t h e y w o u ld h a v e e a r n e d o n t h e i r r e g u l a r jo b s
a n d t h e p a y w h ic h t h e y r e c e iv e f o r s u c h s e rv ic e f o r a p e r io d
n o t e x c e e d in g 10 w o r k d a y s .

In only scattered instances were such payments
to be granted for more than a 2-week period. Four
agreements provided “make-up” pay to cover
both the annual reserve duty and any emergency
calls. In 3 of these cases, the period of make-up
was not to exceed 1 month and in the fourth, 3
months.
All employees were eligible to receive military
reserve or emergency active military duty pay in
about two-thirds of the 77 agreements. Of those
which set minimum eligibility requirements, most
excluded temporary or casual employees, although
five communications industry agreements included
temporary employees having one or more years’
service since their date of hire or rehire, whichever
was later. Minimum company service of 1 year
was specified, generally, in the other agreements;
a few imposed the additional requirement that
the employee must have been a reservist for at
least 3 or 6 months prior to his active-duty call.
Most of the agreements were not explicit as to
whether the paid short-term military leave of ab­
sence was granted in addition to the regular vaca­
tion period. Some contracts stated that the paid
military leave granted was in addition to the vaca­
tion allowance; a few provided that such paid
leaves replaced any corresponding vacation period
to which an employee was otherwise entitled.
Others provided that employees entitled to 2
weeks’ vacation but who spent this vacation in
military training duty were to be granted an addi­
tional week of vacation with pay; however, em­
ployees normally entitled to 3 or more weeks of
vacation were not eligible for additional vacation
with pay for military training.
— A braham W eiss and M orton L evine
D iv is io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e la ti o n s


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Teen-Age Student Workers
in an Ohio County, 1940-49
T he importance of proper utilization of the teen­
age population as a source of labor in an expanding
labor market has generally been overlooked. The
national trend in the number and percentage of
children gainfully employed was downward in the
1910-40 period,1 as levels of educational attain­
ment and living standards improved. However,
teen-age youths represented one of the most
important sources of additional workers during the
war, according to a study published in 1945.2
Bureau of the Census estimates indicate that 3.4
million youngsters between the ages of 14 and 17
were employed in April 1945, compared with
1.1 million in March 1940.3 Employment of
workers in this age group fell sharply during the
reconversion period and remained near the
2 million level for the rest of the decade (based on
April figures for each year).
Statistics on current labor force activity neces­
sarily give less than a complete measure of man­
power resources for a given area. This case study
of the teen-age group in Franklin County, Ohio,4
during the war decade shows one possibility for
exploiting data that become available through the
issuance of work permits by local boards of educa­
tion. The compulsory education laws of the State
of Ohio require children between the ages of
6 and 18 years to attend school or be instructed
privately unless they have obtained work certifi­
cates or have been adjudged as incapable of bene­
fiting substantially from further schooling.5 The
records of work certificates issued are used by
school attendance officers in Franklin County to
assist them in the enforcement of the Ohio school
laws. These data can also be important sources of
information for use in labor force analysis, par­
ticularly as an indication of the teen-age popula­
tion’s labor force propensities. While the work
1 Economics and Problems of Labor, by Philip Taft, New York, Stackpole
and Heck, Inc., 1948 (p. 235).
2 Teen-Age Youth in the Wartime Labor Force, Monthly Labor Review,
January 1945 (pp. 6-17).
3 Child Labor Trends in an Expanding Labor Market, M onthly Labor
Review, December 1948 (p. 590).
4 Franklin County is located in central Ohio and includes Columbus,
the State capital. Columbus accounts for approximately 75 percent of the
total county population of 500,000. Economically, the area is diversified.
About one-fourth of the labor force is employed in manufacturing, the largest
major industry group in terms of employment.
5 Section 4849, General Code of Ohio.

777

T E E N -A G E S T U D E N T W O R K E R S I N O H IO

permit data do not show the number of 14- to
17-year-olds actually at work, they do indicate
how many students are taking jobs after school
and during vacations or are leaving school for
full-time work.
As in the Nation, the elasticity in labor market
participation by Franklin County teen-agers was
high during the 1940’s. The number of first work
permits issued annually to teen-age students from
1940 to 1949 varied directly and sharply with the
amount of employment opportunity (table 1).
There were two sharp decreases from the 1943
peak in the number of students going to work—
one in 1945, when war production was already
beginning to slacken, and the other in 1949, when
unemployment in Franklin County rose sub­
stantially.6
The proportion of permits issued for vacation
and part-time work increased markedly. In 1940,
the number of regular work permits—issued for
full-time work—was more than double the number
of part-time and vacation permits. By 1942,
more part-time and vacation permits than regular
certificates were issued, and that situation con­
tinued through 1949. The volume of part-time
permits accounted for the fact that the total in
1949 was larger than in 1940, for fewer regular
permits were issued in the later year.
The relationship between work permits issued
and school enrollment also suggests the existence
of a high degree of flexibility in labor force activity
among the teen-age group. (See table 1.) In
the 1940 school year (September 1940-August
1941), only 6.7 percent of all students enrolled in
grades 7 through 12 at the beginning of the term
applied for permits. By 1943, this percentage
had increased to 42.5. After the war, the ratio
of work permits to school enrollment leveled off
at about 20 percent until 1949, when it dropped
to 12 percent.
Not only were there extraordinary increases
in the number of school-age youths entering the
labor force, but there were also large-scale changes
in the relative numbers attracted to different
industries (table 2). Whereas only 8 percent of
students going to work in 1940 took jobs in manu­
facturing, 42 percent did so in 1943. In absolute
numbers, the figures are even more impressive:
6
Unemployment estimates made by the Columbus office of the Ohio State
Employment Service jumped from 5,500 in November 1948 to 10,000 in March
1949.


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T a b l e 1.-— First work 'permits issued to students 14 to 17

years of age, by type of permit, and school enrollment,
Franklin County, Ohio, 1940-49
Number of permits issued
Year 1

1940________
1941________
1942________
1943________
1944________
1945________
1946________
1947________
1948________
1949________

PartRegular2 time and Other
vacation3
1,243
1,517
3,301
4,134
3,857
2,013
1,790
1,777
1,480
1,090

510
51,165
« 4,287
5,840
5,838
2, 659
2,203
2,670
2,421
1,497

23
15
97
173
111
45
34
38
62
17

Total

School
enroll­
m ent 4

1,776
2,697
7,685
10,147
9,806
4, 717
4,027
4, 485
3,693
2,604

26,324
25, 781
24, 766
23,827
24,019
23,428
22,672
21,996
21, 366
22,051

Permits as
percent of
enroll­
ment

6.7
10.4
31.0
42.5
40.8
20.1
17.7
20.3
18.5
11.8

1 School years starting in September of the year shown.
2 Issued to students 16 and 17 years of age who leave school for full-time
work.
3 Issued to students 14 to 17 years of age for after-school work or vacation
jobs.
4 For city of Columbus, students in the seventh grade or higher; for re­
mainder of Franklin County, students 14 years of age and older.
5 Excludes NYA workers.
S o u r c e : Data from the Franklin County, City of Columbus, and Ohio
State Boards of Education.

manufacturing employers, who in 1940 hired
fewer than 200 persons with school-issued work
permits, hired nearly 4,300 in 1943. In the
postwar period, the number of work permits
issued to students taking jobs in manufacturing
industries declined spectacularly. Only 18 per­
cent of those going to work in 1947 took jobs in
manufacturing, and by 1949 there was a further
decline to 10 percent, representing fewer than 300
student workers.
The many unusual circumstances present during
the war make it difficult to disengage the one
factor that was most influential in the increase in
labor force participation by the teen-age group,
which interrupted the long-term trend away from
the use of younger workers. The diminution in
child labor had been attributed to legislation and
public sentiment against it, but the wartime
experience suggests the importance of the relation­
ship between the demand for workers of all kinds
and the supply of older workers. Should jobs
again become as easily available as they were
during the war, it would be unrealistic to ignore
the probability that students will seek part-time
work or drop out of school to take full-time jobs
at an accelerated pace, in the absence of an
ambitious effort to discourage child labor.
In such circumstances, young people of school
age, working in sufficient numbers, may be
important factors in the ability of local areas to
produce adequate amounts of goods and services.

778
T

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

2 .— Industrial distribution of work permits issued by
Franklin County Boards of Education , selected years ,
1940-49

able

Type of industry where work
was obtained

1940

1943

1945

1947

The Labor Market and
Economic Activity in Canada

1949
e v e l o p m e n t s in the Canadian labor market and
the economy generally, since the last quarter of
1953, have borne a marked resemblance to those
in the United States. Much of this can be attrib­
uted to the close interrelationship of the two
economies. The amount of trade between Canada
and the United States is greater than that between
any other two nations. Furthermore, the Cana­
dian economy is strongly influenced by the busi­
ness climate in the United States, since more than
half of Canada’s foreign trade is with the United
States, the equivalent of about a fourth of her
gross national product. The business downturn
in Canada, which came very shortly after that in
the United States, gained its main force and
momentum after September 1953.
The Canadian civilian labor force, labor income,
and gross national expenditures reached new highs
in 1953, while unemployment reached a postwar
low. However, in contrast to the contraseasonal
expansion of employment in 1952, increases in un­
employment in the latter part of 1953 approached
those of the recession during the winter of 1949-50.
Although there is no single standard for meas­
uring unemployment in Canada, there are authori­
tative barometers to indicate changes in the nature
of the employment market. The civilian labor
force, according to the Dominion Bureau of
Statistics,1 as of March 20, 1954, had declined by
279,000 (or 5 percent)—a greater than seasonal
drop—from the July 1953 postwar peak of
5,515,000; it was, however, still slightly above the
March 1953 level.
The number of those without jobs and seeking
work rose from 84,000 (1.6 percent of the labor
force) in September 1953 to 318,000 by the third
week in March 1954. This compared with 172,000
a year earlier. The number reported receiving
unemployment insurance, which covers about 60
percent of the labor force, increased from 87,400
in August 1953 to 360,000 by the end of February
1954. On the other hand, figures released by the
National Employment Service showed that the

D
Number
Agriculture- _________ ______
Construction____ . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . ____ _
T rade.. ______ . _ _______
Service________ __ ________ .
Public utilities______________
Other_________ _____ ____

93
53
155
476
804
151
44

69
44
4,296
3,440
1,060
1,218
20

201
52
1,297
1,762
820
332
253

87
64
826
1,907
1,338
207
56

36
80
270
1,092
952
119
55

Total _. _ ____________

1, 776

10,147

4, 717

4,485

2,604

Percent
Agriculture ____ _ . . . ______
Construction.
Manufacturing.. __________
Trade_____________ . . . . . . .
Service. . . . .. _ _______ .
Public utilities___ . . . _ _ .
Other. ____ _ _ ____ ___
T o ta l1__________ _____

5.2
2.9
8.7
26.8
45.3
8.5
2.4

0.7
.4
42.3
33.9
10.4
12.0
.2

4.2
1.1
27.4
37.3
17.3
7.0
5.3

1.9
1.4
18.4
42.5
29.8
4.6
1.2

1.3
3.0
10.3
41.9
36.5
4.5
2.1

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1May not total 100 due to rounding.
Source: Data from Franklin County and Columbus Boards of Education.

The volume of part-time work by teen-age
students in the years studied further suggests that
this is a matter that might well be given greater
attention if drastic labor shortages should occur.
Since the social costs of part-time teen-age employ­
ment are so much less severe than those resulting
from full-time employment necessitating with­
drawal from school, the possibilities of cooperation
among employers, school vocational counselors,
and manpower officials for channeling students
into part-time work rather than full-time jobs
should be exploited fully.
Finally, against the contention that the chief
wartime demand for students would be in occu­
pations where they had always been employed,7
can be cited the fact that in 1943 more students in
Franklin County applied for work permits for
manufacturing jobs than applied for jobs in all
industries in 1940. Students were willing to go
where the jobs were available and employers were
willing to hire them. Thus, job availability
appeared to condition not only the size of the
active labor force but its industrial distribution as
well.
— Sanford C ohen
A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r o f E c o n o m ic s
W e s te rn R e se rv e U n iv e rs ity
7
The Labor Force in Wartime America, b y C la r e n c e D .
National Bureau of Economic R e s e a rc h , Inc., 1944 (p . 0 0 ),


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L ong, N ew Y o rs

i Data are from News Release (issued jointly by the Department of Labor
and the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa), April 21, 1954, and from the
Canadian Statistical Review (Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa),
various issues. 1953 and 1954.

C A N A D IA N L A B O R M A R K E T A N D E C O N O M IC A C T I V IT Y

number of live applications for work rose from
168,000 in July 1953 to 570,000, or 10.9 percent of
the civilian labor force, as of March 18, 1954. Al­
though the latter figures exclude registrations of
people at work who were seeking other jobs, they
inevitably include some who have found employ­
ment or who have left the labor force by the time
the count is made. The highest previous number
of applicants reported by the National Employ­
ment Service in the postwar period as seeking
work was 428,000 in March 1950. The peak num­
ber of those without work and seeking work in
the 1949-50 recession was 312,000 in the quarter
ending March 4, 1950 (6 percent). These figures
were equaled by the third week in February 1954.
Trade unions reportedly have been critical of the
official statistics; they estimated that at the end
of 1953 unemployment actually was a half mil­
lion—a rate of 9 or 10 percent—and likely would
reach 700,000 in the second quarter of 1954.
By the beginning of 1954, unemployment passed
the initial patchy stage during which it was felt
most keenly in localities dependent upon single
industries. It spread to every Province and to
most industries. In March, 38 percent of all paid
workers, compared with fewer than 25 percent a
year ago, were in local labor markets which the
Canadian Labor Department classified as being
“substantial” labor surplus areas. In March
1954, 98 percent of all workers in Canada were in
“substantial” or “moderate” labor surplus areas,
compared with 41 percent as of January 1, 1953;
and 2 percent, compared with 25 percent, were in
“balanced” labor areas.2 There was no labor
shortage in any of the 109 areas in 1954.
The industrial composite index of employment
(1949 = 100) declined from the October 1953 peak
of 116.9 to below comparable 1952 levels, reaching
110.2 as of January 1, 1954, and 107 on February
1, 1954. Altogether, total employment dropped
8.5 percent in 4 months—significantly more than
the usual seasonal contraction. In the logging
industry, employment improved seasonally in
the winter of 1953; nevertheless, in January
3 ‘Substantial” labor surplus areas are those in which the ratio of National
Employment Service applications on file to paid workers (.including those
looking for work) is more than 9.9, 11.9, or 13.9 percent, depending on the
size and character of the area. For “ moderate” surplus areas, the ratio is
more than 5.9 or 6.9 percent b ut less than 10,12, or 14 percent; for “balanced”
areas, more than 1.9 or 2.4 percent but less than 6 or 7 percent; and for labor
shortage areas, less than 2 or 2.5 percent. (In the Labor Gazette, Ottawa,
March 1954.)
s The Labor Gazette (Department of Labor, Ottawa), May 1954 (p. 623).

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779

1954 it was 15 percent below the January 1953
level and 60 percent below the January 1952 post­
war peak. Mining employment fell almost 10
percent between August 1953 and January 1954.
Manufacturing employment declined steadily, to­
taling more than 6 percent between September
1953 and January 1954. Construction employ­
ment showed a more than seasonal drop, 30 per­
cent, in the latter quarter of 1953. In transpor­
tation, communications, public utilities, and retail
trade and services, employment remained firm.
Insurance, investment, and real estate showed
minor gains in employment. Industries particu­
larly hard hit were wood products, textiles, cloth­
ing, coal mining, and farm implements. The
Atlantic Provinces, Quebec and British Columbia,
had the greatest decline in employment.
In April and May 1954, reports from all parts
of Canada showed a seasonal rise in economic
activity, but at a slower rate than in previous
years. Compared with past seasonal trends, un­
employment decreased more slowly than in 1953,
and the labor force increase also was smaller
than usual. The labor surpluses remained well
above last year’s in most labor market areas.3
The weakening of the employment market was
accompanied by a more than seasonal decline,
10.5 percent, in the Industrial Index of Produc­
tion between September 1953 (the postwar peak)
and January 1954. In mining, output fell by 18
percent; in nondurable manufactures, by 11 per­
cent; and in durable manufactures, by 7 percent.
Although the number of dwelling units completed
in the last quarter of 1953 showed a continuous
and steady rise (after allowance was made for a
seasonal decline), there was a sharp drop in the
value of new building permits issued to a level
below that of December 1952. Contrary to the
rapid expansion of inventories in the second and
third quarters of 1953, there were no further
accumulations in inventories during the fourth
quarter, but some decreases, notably in clothing.
Exports and imports began a steady moderate
decline in the last quarter of 1953 which continued
into 1954. Wholesale sales in the early months
of 1954 fell more than seasonally. Although the
volume of retail sales was maintained in the last
quarter of 1953, by January 1954 they were 4 per­
cent below the January 1953 volume, with partic­
ularly sharp declines in motor vehicles, furniture,
and clothing.

780
At the same time, the consumer and wholesale
price indexes showed little change throughout
1953. Average hourly earnings continued to
creep up, and average hours worked in manu­
facturing were only slightly below those in the
previous year. Average weekly earnings in manu­
facturing remained above those of a year earlier,
with fractional rises. The stock market began
a steady recovery in October 1953, although the
Investor’s Index of Industrials for February 1954
had not yet returned to the level of a year earlier.
Pulp and paper products, which in 1953 comprised
21 percent of all Canadian exports, were firm,
with no decline in the United States market.
Governmental (Federal, Provincial, and local)
expenditures were higher at the end of 1953 than
the year before, as were personal expenditures for
consumer goods and services, which constitute
the largest demand sector of the economy.
The depth, scope, and duration of the decline
in Canadian economic activity, and how much
of the decline is due to the usual December to
March slump, has aroused considerable difference
of opinion in the country. The major labor
federations, the Trades and Labor Congress of
Canada (AFL), the Canadian Congress of Labor
(CIO), and the independent railway brotherhoods,
have declared that the present scale of unem­
ployment is neither frictional nor seasonal nor
localized, and that “whatever the causes of this
alarming situation, it is clear something drastic
is happening to the Canadian economy and some­
thing must be done about it.” 4 They have urged
increases in the scope and benefits of the Unem­
ployment Insurance Act and in public assistance,
encouragement of home building, increased aid to
underdeveloped areas to increase purchasing power
from abroad, and the initiation of public works
projects being “saved” by the Government in the
event of the need to use them to buttress the
economy. Individual unions such as the United
Automobile Workers (CCL-CIO) have asked for
government action to ease the slump in the farm
implement industry while the United Mineworkers has sought Government aid for the maritime
coal industry. The parliamentary opposition par­
ties, the Progressive Conservatives and the Co­
operative Commonwealth Federation (Socialist),
have urged the Government to deal with the
current situation as a special problem.

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The Government, however, has indicated the
belief that the economy is not in a state requiring
drastic or emergency action. It attributes most
of the current situation to both seasonal and fric­
tional unemployment which have been accentu­
ated by inventory readjustment and the emer­
gency created by increased foreign and domestic
competition to which the economy must adjust
itself. Through legislation and special provisions
in trade agreements, the Government is blocking
ultra-cheap imports or “ dumping” from abroad,
especially primary textiles, but it has not taken
any action on proposals for the expansion of un­
employment insurance and public works. Various
cabinet ministers have announced that the Gov­
ernment will not inject itself into the free func­
tioning of the economy and that the suggested
remedies are not appropriate. Government offi­
cials have indicated that, despite layoffs and weak­
nesses in some industries, they believe that in­
creased capital, consumer, and defense spending,
together with a continued high rate of develop­
ment of Canada’s natural resources and the ac­
companying buildup of auxiliary service industries
(e. g., transportation and communication), would
continue to be a steadying influence on employ­
ment levels.
In a major policy speech in April 1954, the
Canadian Minister for Trade and Commerce re­
affirmed the objectives and policies formulated in
the 1945 “ White Paper on Employment and In­
come.” The future problem, he stated, was one
of finding the right time and appropriate extent
for applying these policies which also seek to
maintain Canada as a free economy. They in­
clude the use of “ cyclical budgeting,” encourage­
ment of multilateral trade liberalization, promo­
tion of private investment, provision of “ built-in
stabilizers” as a cushion for consumer expendi­
ture, and management of public capital spending
with a view to stabilizing and expanding employ­
ment and income. He attributed recent increases
in unemployment to temporary overexpansion in
certain industries and predicted that improve­
ments in the latter half of 1954 would balance the
weaknesses of the earlier part of the year.
— H e r b e r t E. W e in e r
D iv i s i o n o f F o r e i g n L a b o r C o n d i t i o n s
4
Memorandum on Unemployment by the Trades and Labor Congress
(AFL) and Canadian Congress of Labor (CIO) to the Federal Cabinet,
February 1954. (In Canadian Transport, March 1954.)

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases

Prevailing Wage

Minimum Wage in Government Contract. The
United States Court of Claims held 2 that a modi­
fication of a wage determination issued by the
Secretary of Labor entitled a World War II con­
tractor who had been required to pay an increased
rate to reimbursement for the additional cost.
The Secretary of Labor’s initial determination,
made under the Davis-Bacon Act, was a minimum
wage of 85 cents an hour for unskilled labor,
which was included in the contract specifications.
Under war wage-stabilization regulations, this
rate was also the maximum payable by the con­
tractor. After investigation of the labor market,
the contractor was satisfied that labor was avail­
able at the 85-cent rate and successfully bid on
the contract. After work had progressed, he
found it necessary to pay $1 an hour to obtain
adequate labor.
Subsequently, the Secretary of Labor, “ due to
an inadvertence” in not having modified the rate
earlier, issued a letter in which the minimum rate
for laborers was retroactively increased from a
date prior to the letting of the contract. The
contracting officer, the Court of Claims found, had
directed that such increased rate be paid.
Without deciding whether the “ inadvertence”
letter amounted to a change in the contract speci­
fications, the court found that the contractor,
through no negligence on his part, was in fact re­
quired to pay a higher rate than that specified in
the contract. The original determination, the
court pointed out, represented that the successful
bidder for the contract would be required to pay
the rate determined by the Secretary of Labor—
neither more nor less. The contractor, who made
an adequate prebid investigation, was entitled to
rely on this representation. After determining
that the contracting officer had required the con­
tractor to pay the higher rate, the court found

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that the “ inadvertence” letter was in effect a
determination by the Secretary of Labor that the
prevailing wage rate, “ at all times here pertinent,”
was higher than originally determined. The
parties contracted under a mutual mistake of fact;
both intended to contract for the prevailing wage
rate. Therefore, the court under its equitable
jurisdiction, could re-form the contract to reflect
“ the true understanding and intent of the parties
to it.”
The court distinguished the Binghamton 3 case,
in which the contractor made no prebid investi­
gation and in which there was no wartime contract
provision, as here, that the rates set were the maxi­
mum payable as well as the minimum.
Labor Relations

Court Jurisdiction, Federal and State. The United
States Supreme Court upheld 4 the right of a Fed­
eral district court to enjoin an employer from
enforcing a State court injunction against second­
ary picketing by a union. An injunction had also
been sought by the National Labor Relations
Board against the same union, in the Federal dis­
trict court.
The union had tried unsuccessfully to organize
the employees of a bakery that manufactured and
distributed products in California. Seeking the
aid of consumers, the union set up pickets at retail
stores which handled the products, with the result
that deliveries were interrupted and employees of
other employers refused to cross the picket line.
The primary employer filed against the union, in
the State court, suit for an injunction to ban the
picketing, and with the NLRB, a charge of unfair
labor practice. The State court issued a prelim­
inary injunction against the union banning all
picketing at retail stores.
Subsequently, the regional director of the
NLRB issued an unfair-labor-practice complaint
1 Prepared, in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
s P o irie r & M c L a n e C o rp . v. U n ite d S ta te s (U. S. Ct. of Claims 49623, Apr.
6, 1954).
3
U n ite d S ta te s v. B in g h a m to n C o., I n c ., (U. S. Sup. Ct., Mar. 8, 1954).
See Monthly Labor Review, May 1954 (p. 558).
* C a p ita l S ervice, I n c . v. N L R B (U. S. Sup. Ct., M ay 17, 1954).
781

782
against the union, limited to the picketing that
induced or encouraged employees of other em­
ployers to refuse to perform services at the picketed
stores, and also petitioned the Federal district
court for an injunction to restrain such conduct
pending the Board’s final adjudication. At the
same time, the Board asked the Federal court to
enjoin the bakery from enforcing the injunction
it had obtained in the State court. Concluding
that the conduct involved came within the exclu­
sive jurisdiction of the NLRB and that the State
court had invaded an area in which it had no
authority, the Federal district court “granted the
relief prayed for.” The United States court of
appeals affirmed this decision.5
The Supreme Court recognized the wisdom of
Federal courts’ avoidance of conflict with State
agencies when State remedies are available and
adequate. It pointed out, however, that when
intrusion of the State in an area in which a Federal
agency has exclusive jurisdiction would result in
conflict of functions, the Federal court, to preserve
the Federal rights, may enjoin a State proceeding.
Congress, the court found, gave exclusive juris­
diction of the subject here involved to the NLRB,
which must have authority to take all steps neces­
sary to preserve its case. If the State court decree
were allowed to stand, the Federal district court
would be limited in the decision it could make for
or against the union. The Federal court must be
unfettered to write such a decree as it deems neces­
sary to effectuate the policies of the Labor Man­
agement Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act. Title 28,
section 2283, of the United States Code provides
that a United States court may not stay proceed­
ings in a State court except “as expressly author­
ized by act of Congress, or where necessary in aid
of its jurisdiction, or to protect or effectuate its
judgments.” Here, stated the Supreme Court,
the State decree was correctly removed in aid of
the Federal court’s jurisdiction.
Independent Union-—Company Assistance. A court
of appeals modified 6 an NLRB order directing
the disestablishment of an independent union.
The NLRB had found that the employer had aided
the union and thus violated section 8 (a) (2) of the
LMRA, which forbids employers to dominate
or interfere with the formation or administra­
tion of any labor organization, or to contribute to
it financial or other support. When the inde­

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

pendent union was being formed, the employer had
loaned his premises for holding an employee elec­
tion and had arranged for his accountant to super­
vise the election. In the meantime, he had fore­
stalled the efforts of an outside union to talk to his
employees.
The court found no evidence that (1) the em­
ployer had communicated to his employees either
any preference for the independent union or any
hostility to the outside local, or (2) that the inde­
pendent union was dominated by the employer.
To order the independent union disestablished
without any showing that the employees were re­
strained or coerced by the employer in their
choice, the court said, would be an encroachment
on the employees’ rights “to maintain the associa­
tion by manifesting their desire to do so in a fair
representation election.”
The NLRB order was modified to eliminate those
portions which ordered the employer to cease domi­
nating and to completely disestablish the inde­
pendent union. A provision was inserted that
recognition was to be withheld only if the inde­
pendent failed to win a properly certified NLRB
election. The court upheld those portions of the
order directing the employer to cease and desist
from contributing support to the independent or
to any other labor organization.
Defunct Union. A court of appeals refused 7 to
enforce an NLRB order requiring an employer to
bargain with a local union which had lost its ma­
jority status and had become defunct within the
certification year.
A few months after the local’s certification, the
international union had dismissed and replaced
the local’s business agent. All the employees had
revoked their membership, and more than a year
after the union’s certification they filed a petition
with the Board for its decertification. In the
meantime, the new business agent and a regional
director tried unsuccessfully to bargain with the
employer on the old local’s behalf.
The NLRB, the court found, was fully advised
of the facts and, by attempting to force the em­
ployer to bargain with the defunct union, it was
making the wishes of the international union over­
ride those of the employees. This assumption of
5 See M onthly Labor Review, April 1953 (p. 413).
8NLRB v. Wemyss (C. A. 9, Apr. 20, 1954).
7 NLRB v. National Shirt Shops of Florida (C. A. 5, M ay 6, 1954).

S IG N IF IC A N T D E C IS IO N S IN L A B O R C A S E S

authority by the Board the court regarded as
plainly in error.
Secondary Boycott—Independent Contractor. A
court of appeals upheld 8 an NLRB order finding
a noncertified union guilty of a secondary boycott.
The union had picketed a filling station where an
employer of drivers had his place of business.
The drivers’ employer was an owner of tractors,
and supplied tractors and drivers, under a lease
arrangement, to the oil company that owned the
filling station.
This employer, who maintained a regular place
of business at the filling station, denied the union’s
request for recognition. The picketers, by the
banners displayed and by their actions toward the
employees and customers of the filling station,
gave the impression that the picketing was directed
at the oil company.
Discarding the argument that the drivers were
employees of the oil company and that the tractor
owner was not an independent contractor, the
court found that the tractor owner maintained
control over hiring and firing of the drivers and
gave them their trip assignments. He also paid
them with his own personal checks. Further, the
court found that the union’s conduct in demand­
ing recognition by the tractor owner and directing
the picketing at him, as the union claimed it had
done, was inconsistent with its argument that he
was other than an independent contractor. Al­
though there may be situations in which the
secondary employer must suffer some of the con­
sequences of the picketing of the primary employer,
the court pointed out, this case was not within
that category. The conduct directed against the
oil company demonstrated that, as to that com­
pany, the picketing was “ a secondary boycott and
unlawful under the act.”
Jurisdiction oj District Court. A United States
district court 9 held that an alleged unfair labor
practice by a labor organization did not deprive
the court of jurisdiction to hear a complaint
brought under section 301, title III, of the LMRA.
That section confers upon the Federal district
courts jurisdiction of suits for violation of con8NLRB v. Chauffeurs, Teamsters, Warehousemen and Helpers Local 135
0AFL) (C . A. 7, Apr. 21, 1954).
9 Gremio de Prensa, Radio, Teatro y Television de Puerto Rico v. Voice of
Puerto Rico, Inc. (U. S. L>. C. Dist. of P. R., Apr. 29, 1954).
w Personal Products Corp. (108 NLRB 109, May 5, 1954).


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783
tracts between an employer and a labor organiza­
tion representing employees in an industry affect­
ing interstate commerce. The employer made a
motion to dismiss the complaint, on the grounds
that the union violated section 8 (b) (6) of the
LMRA in obtaining the collective bargaining
agreement. Section 8 (b) (6) defines the union
practice commonly known as “ featherbedding”
as an unfair labor practice, and the employer
claimed that therefore the NLRB should have
jurisdiction over the controversy.
The court rejected this argument. Because the
complaint on its face did not contain any intima­
tion that the agreement was not voluntary, the
court held that a motion to dismiss the suit was
not a proper method of establishing the contract’s
illegality. The employer can establish at the
trial, the court pointed out, whether or not it was
coerced or otherwise improperly induced to enter
into the contract. Whether or not it could suc­
cessfully invoke either the Lea Act or section 8 (b)
(6) of the LMRA as a defense to the action
remains “ an open question to be determined by
the court in its final decision on the merits.”
Harassing Tactics. The NLRB found 10 a union,
that employed harassing tactics during negotia­
tions, guilty of an unfair labor practice under
sections 8 (b) (3) and 8 (d) of the LMRA. Sec­
tion 8 (b) (3) lists the refusal to bargain collec­
tively as an unfair labor practice on the part of
a union, and section 8 (d) includes in the definition
of collective bargaining a requirement to confer
“in good faith.”
The practices which the employer complained
about occurred during negotiations for a new
contract and at a time when the company’s
business was particularly vulnerable to any
interference with its operations. These practices
consisted of an organized refusal to work over­
time, unauthorized extension of rest periods from
10 to 15 minutes, direction of employees to refuse
to work special hours, slowdowns, unannounced
walkouts, and inducement of a subcontractor’s
employees not to work for the employer.
Findings by the trial examiner of union respon­
sibility were based upon admissions by the local
union’s officers to the personnel director, state­
ments by union stewards to supervisors, and
testimony of employees. Such statements were
acts in themselves, it was pointed out, and were

784
not privileged as coming within the “free speech”
provision of section 8 (c).
In upholding the trial examiner’s findings, the
Board decided that the legislative history of
sections 8 (b) (3) and 8 (d) makes clear the pur­
poses of Congress to impose the same duty upon
unions as upon employers to bargain in good
faith. Section 8 (d), the Board ruled, “does not
prescribe a purely objective test of what consti­
tutes ‘good faith’ in collective bargaining.”
“Good faith,” stated the Board, is a question of
fact to be decided in each case “on the totality of
the relevant evidence.” Here, the harassing
tactics of the union interfered with production
and put strong economic pressure on the employer
without informing him of any specific demands.
Exclusive Bargaining Representative. The NLRB
found 11 that an employer who conducted a strike
poll among employees after an impasse in nego­
tiations violated section 8 (a) (5) of the LMRA,
which defines a refusal to bargain collectively
with employee representatives as an unfair labor
practice.
The union had voted to reject the company’s
final offer and to go out on strike. The employer
sent ballots to each of his employees, stating in
detail the terms of his final offer, urging them to
accept the offer and avoid a strike, and asking
them to mark and return unsigned a card indi­
cating whether or not they wished to accept the
company’s final offer or to strike.
The Board recognized that an employer may
inform employees of the status of negotiations
with the union and may even urge the employees
to persuade the union leadership to accept the
employer’s last offer. But, in this instance, the
employer asked the employees themselves to
indicate their acceptance or rejection of the final
offer which the union’s membership had rejected.
By thus dealing directly with the employees, he
bypassed the exclusive bargaining representative.
NLRB Jurisdiction Standards. An NLRB order
directed 12 that a representation election be held,
and stated that a temporary loss of business had
not removed the employer from the Board’s juris­
diction under the LMRA. The employer, whose
normal business operations satisfied the Board’s
present jurisdictional requirements, had been a
member of a multiemployer group under contract

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

with the union until April 1953, at which time he
had withdrawn from the association and com­
menced operating a nonunion shop. As a result,
he had suffered such a loss of business in 1953
that he no longer met the requirements established
under the “Hollow Tree doctrine” 13 for coverage
under the act. The union subsequently demanded
a members-only contract with the employer.
This constituted a demand for recognition as
majority representative, the NLRB held, properly
presented under section 9 (c) (1) of the LMRA.
The Board denied the union’s contention that
there was no question of representation and that
the NLRB no longer had jurisdiction. The em­
ployer employed as many persons at the time of
the hearing as he did when he was a member of
the group, the Board found; his normal business
operations satisfied the current jurisdiction stand­
ards; and no basis existed for concluding that the
change would have a “substantial and permanent
adverse effect” on his business.
Veterans Reemployment

Result of Noncompliance With Seniority Provisions.
A veteran was entitled to damages under the
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, a
United States district court held.14 Three years
after his reemployment following military service,
he was one of three employees who were dropped
as a result of declining business. The collective
bargaining agreement provided that the last em­
ployee hired should be the first to be laid off.
The veteran had not been restored to the seniority
he would have had but for his military service.
He claimed that he would have been second out
of 20 in seniority at the time of the layoff and
would not have been affected by the dismissal, if
he had been given proper seniority at the time of
reemployment.
In opposition to the veteran’s claim, the em­
ployer contended that the statutes do not protect
a veteran against a discharge occurring more
than 3 years after his separation from mili­
tary service. The statutes provide that a restored
employee “shall not be discharged from such posi­
tion without cause for 1 year after such restora(108 NLRB 102, May 5, 1954).
(108 NLRB 39, Apr. 29, 1954).
13 H o llo w T ree L u m b e r Co. (91 NLRB 113, Oct. 3, 1950), See Monthly
Labor Review, December 1950 (p. 717).
u R a d e r v. N o r th w e s t E x te r m in a tin g Co. (S. D. N. Y., Apr. 12, 1954).
S ta n le y W o r k s

12 S ilvers S p o r ts w e a r

785

S IG N IF IC A N T D E C IS IO N S IN L A B O R C A S E S

tion.” The court considered this defense unten­
able, saying that the veteran’s cause of action was
fundamentally based on wrongful deprivation of
seniority status from the beginning of reemploy-'
ment. The discharge, 3 years later, resulted from
this deprivation. The Supreme Court has said,
the court noted, that the veteran is to be restored
without loss of seniority; that “he therefore
assumes upon his reemployment, the seniority he
would have had if he had remained in his civilian
employment. His seniority status secured by
this statutory wording continues beyond the first
year of his reemployment, subject to the advan­
tages and limitations applicable to the other
employees.”
The veteran brought suit 6 years after his
discharge from service, and claimed damages

accruing during 3 years following his dismissal.
The employer contended that damages under the
statutes could not be awarded for such a period.
It argued that to allow them would open the way
to suits commenced 5 or 10 years after a reem­
ployed veteran was discharged, with damages
increased by the veteran’s delay in bringing suit.
This contention the court rejected, on the
ground that the statutes provide for compensatory
damages and that this covers loss of wages result­
ing later from the employer’s initial wrongful
failure to restore properly. The reemployment
statutes themselves do not limit the time for
bringing such actions, but State statutes of limita­
tions, or the doctrine of laches, where applicable,
guard against attempts to inflate damages through
delay in bringing court action.

Union Conventions Scheduled for August 1954
August
2
9
9
9
9
14
15
16
16
16
16
19
23
23
23
23
23
24
30
30
30
30
30

Name of organization

In d .
S t a g e E m p lo y e e s , I n t e r n a t i o n a l A llia u c e o f T h e a t r i c a l , A F L . . C i n c i n n a t i , O h io .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l T y p o g r a p h i c a l U n io n , A F L _______________________ S t. P a u l , M in n .
S h e e t M e t a l W o r k e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n , A F L _________ M o n t r e a l , C a n a d a .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l P h o t o - E n g r a v e r s ’ U n io n o f N o r t h A m e r ic a ,
B o s to n , M a s s .
AFL.
B r o t h e r h o o d o f R a il r o a d S ig n a lm e n o f A m e r ic a , A F L --------------- C h ic a g o .
A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n o f T e a c h e r s , A F L _________________________ C h ic a g o .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l M a ile r s U n io n , I n d ________________________________ B ir m in g h a m , A la .
R a ilw a y P a t r o l m e n ’s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , A F L -------------------------S t. L o u is , M o .
N a t i o n a l F e d e r a t i o n of P o s t O ffice C le r k s , A F L ------------------------- C in c i n n a t i , O h io .
N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f P o s t a l S u p e r v is o r s , A F L _______________ M ia m i B e a c h , F la .
O il W o r k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n , C I O __________________________ C le v e la n d , O h io .
N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f P o s t O ffice a n d G e n e r a l S e rv ic e s M a in - D e t r o i t , M ic h ,
t e n a n c e E m p lo y e e s , I n d .
U n i t e d N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f P o s t O ffice C le rk s , I n d ________ S tillw a te r , O k la .
N a t i o n a l R u r a l L e t t e r C a r r i e r s ’ A s s o c ia tio n , I n d _______________ D a lla s , T e x .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o t h e r h o o d o f E le c t r i c a l W o r k e r s , A F L ------------- C h ic a g o .
A m e r ic a n F e d e r a t i o n o f G o v e r n m e n t E m p lo y e e s , A F L ------------- C h ic a g o .
N a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f L e t t e r C a r r ie r s , A F L ----------------------------- C le v e la n d , O h io .
U n i t e d T e x tile W o r k e r s o f A m e ric a , A F L ------------------------------------A t l a n t i c C ity , N . J .
B r o t h e r h o o d o f R a il r o a d T r a i n m e n , I n d -------------------------------------- M ia m i B e a c h , F la .

August
9

Place

A m e r ic a n N e w s p a p e r G u ild , C I O ________________________________ L o s A n g e le s .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h e m ic a l W o r k e r s U n io n , A F L ___________________ C h ic a g o .
I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f F i r e F i g h t e r s , A F L ________________ M ia m i, F la .
N a t i o n a l F e d e r a t i o n o f P o s t O ffice M o t o r V e h ic le E m p lo y e e s , L o s A n g e le s .

Place

State conventions

C le v e la n d .

O h io , A F L

141

H e le n a .

M o n ta n a , C I O . .

23

C a lif o r n ia , A F L

16

U ta h , A F L .

1 Tentative.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

_ _
___

S a n ta B a rb a ra .
O gden.

August
16
17
20
28
30

State conventions

Place

W is c o n s in , A F L
M o n ta n a , A F L
V e rm o n t, A F L
_.
K a n s a s, C IO
In d ia n a , A F L _ _

E a u C la ire .
B illin g s.
B a rre .
H u tc h in s o n .
In d ia n a p o lis .

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

lo c a ls a n d e x p e llin g J o h n D io g u a r d i, p r e s i d e n t o f N e w
Y o r k C i t y L o c a l 6 4 9 a n d a c o n v i c t e d e x t o r t io n i s t w h o h a d
r e c e n t l y s e r v e d a p r is o n t e r m f o r S t a t e in c o m e - ta x e v a s io n .
A m a j o r i t y o f t h e u n i o n ’s e x e c u tiv e b o a r d r e p u d i a t e d h is
a c tio n , o r d e r in g t h e lo c a ls r e i n s t a t e d a n d a h e a r i n g t o
c o n s id e r D i o g u a r d i ’s r e t u r n t o office.

May 11

May 3, 1954
T h e U n i t e d M in e W o r k e r s ( I n d .) b e g a n
S h a n k s v ille m in e o f t h e C a m b r i a F u e l C o .
p i t s , h a v i n g b e e n n o tif ie d b y t h e c o m p a n y
c a n c e l t h e u n io n c o n t r a c t , b e c a u s e i t n o
a f f o r d t o o p e r a t e u n d e r i t s te r m s .

p ic k e t i n g t h e
a n d 21 o t h e r
t h a t i t w o u ld
lo n g e r c o u ld

May 5
T h e N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e la ti o n s B o a r d o r d e r e d ( 4 - 0 ) , in
t h e c a s e o f t h e Textile Workers Union of America {CIO)
et al. and [¿is] Local 1172 . . . et al. a n d Personal Products
Corp., C h ic a g o , t h a t t h e u n io n c e a s e i t s r e f u s a l t o b a r g a i n
i n g o o d f a i t h . T h e B o a r d d e c la r e d t h a t a s e rie s o f h a r a s s in g
t a c t i c s in w h ic h t h e u n io n e n g a g e d — i n c lu d in g w o r k
slo w d o w n s , p a r t i a l s t r i k e s , r e f u s a l t o w o r k o v e r tim e ,
u n a u t h o r i z e d e x te n s io n s o f r e s t p e r io d s , r e f u s a l t o wrnrk
s p e c ia l h o u r s , a n d i n d u c in g e m p lo y e e s o f a n o t h e r c o n c e r n
n o t t o p e r f o r m w o r k f o r t h e e m p lo y e r in v o l v e d — w e r e
u n fa ir la b o r p ra c tic e s .
M o re o v e r, th e B o a rd o b se rv e d ,
t h e e m p lo y e r w a s n o t i n f o r m e d o f a n y s p e c ific d e m a n d s
w h ic h th o s e t a c t i c s w e r e in t e n d e d t o e n f o rc e , n o r w h a t
c o n c e s s io n s w o u ld a v o id t h e m .
(S e e p . 7 8 3 o f t h i s is s u e .)

May 6
T h e U . S . C o u r t o f A p p e a ls in N e w O r le a n s d e c lin e d t o
e n f o rc e a n N L R B o r d e r r e q u i r i n g a n e m p lo y e r t o b a r g a i n
w i t h a c e r tif ie d u n io n a ll o f w h o s e m e m b e r s h a d r e s ig n e d
w i t h i n 9 0 d a y s o f t h e c e r tif ic a tio n a n d h a d file d a d e c e r t i ­
f ic a tio n p e t i t i o n w h ic h t h e B o a r d r e f u s e d t o r e c e iv e .
T h e p e t i t i o n w a s s u b m i t t e d o v e r a y e a r a f t e r c e r tif ic a tio n
a n d m o re th a n 60 d a y s p r io r to th e o rd e r.
T h e case
i n v o lv e d w a s N L R B v . National Shirt Shops of Florida,

Inc., et al.
F e d e r a l D i s t r ic t J u d g e E d w a r d A . T a m m g r a n t e d a
p r e l i m i n a r y i n j u n c t i o n t o 36 c o m p a n ie s in t h e w o o le n
a n d wro r s t e d i n d u s t r y (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r A p r . 1, 1954,
M L R , J u n e 1954) to p r e v e n t th e S e c re ta ry of L a b o r fro m
a p p l y i n g t o t h o s e c o m p a n ie s t h e n e w m in im u m w a g e of
$ 1 .2 0 a n h o u r , w h ic h b e c a m e e f fe c tiv e o n M a y 7 u n d e r
t h e P u b l i c C o n t r a c t s A c t.

May 8
L e s t e r W a s h b u r n r e s ig n e d a s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d
A u to W o r k e r s ( A F L ) a f t e r r e v o k in g t h e c h a r t e r s o f six
786


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T h e F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t C o u r t in N e w Y o r k fin e d t h e I n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’s A s s o c ia tio n
( I n d .)
$ 5 0 ,0 0 0
f o r c r im in a l c o n t e m p t in d e f y in g t h e c o u r t ’s o r d e r b a n n i n g
in te rfe re n c e w ith h a n d lin g g o o d s on tr u c k s o p e ra te d b y
t h e A F L T e a m s t e r s ’ u n io n (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r M a r . 4,
1954, M L R , M a y 1 9 5 4 ).
T h r e e o fficials r e c e iv e d ja i l
s e n te n c e s a n d 8 lo c a ls w e r e f in e d a t o t a l o f $ 4 2 ,0 0 0 . T h e
c o u r t p la c e d t h e u n io n in F e d e r a l r e c e iv e r s h ip o n M a y 25 .
O n M a y 2 7 , t h e N e w Y o r k r e g io n a l d i r e c t o r o f t h e
N L R B a n n o u n c e d t h a t , in t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n e le c tio n
c o n d u c t e d o n M a y 26 a m o n g 2 5 ,0 0 0 d o c k w o r k e r s in t h e
P o r t o f N e w Y o r k , t h e v o t e h a d b e e n 9 ,1 1 0 f o r I L A - I n d . t o
8 ,7 9 1 f o r I L A - A F L , w i t h 1 ,7 9 7 c h a lle n g e d v o te s t o b e
i n v e s ti g a t e d (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r A p r . 1, 1954, M L R ,
J u n e 1 9 5 4 ).
O n M a y 28, t h e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d M in e W o r k e r s
( I n d .) a n n o u n c e d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a U n i t e d M a r i n e W o r k ­
e r s D iv is io n , t o b e a n a f filia te o f U M W D i s t r i c t 50,
c o m p o s e d i n i t i a l l y o f a b o u t 9 ,0 0 0 E a s t C o a s t t u g b o a t ,
sc o w , a n d b a r g e w o r k e r s . T h e 3 ,9 4 2 m e m b e r s o f L o c a l
3 3 3 o f t h e I L A ( I n d .) f o r m e d t h e n u c le u s , h a v i n g v o t e d
(1 ,8 5 7 t o 4 1 9 ) t o l e a v e t h e I L A a n d a ffilia te w i t h t h e U M W .
T h e J o i n t U . S .- M e x ic a n T r a d e U n io n C o m m itte e , w h ic h
in c lu d e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f v i r t u a l l y a ll o r g a n iz e d l a b o r in
t h e tw o c o u n t r i e s , c o n v e n e d t o p l a n j o i n t a c t i o n o n p r o b ­
le m s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e e n t r y , b y le g a l i m p o r t a t i o n o r ille g a l
tr a ff ic , o f a b o u t a m illio n s e a s o n a l M e x ic a n f a r m l a b o r e r s
a n n u a lly in to th e U n ite d S ta te s . T h e P re s id e n t re c e n tly
r e j e c t e d t h e r e q u e s t o f o r g a n iz e d l a b o r t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d
o n t h e n e w ly c r e a t e d U n i t e d S ta te s - M e x ic o I n t e r n a t i o n a l
C o m m is s io n o n M i g r a t o r y L a b o r (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r
M a r . 10, 1954, M L R , M a y 1 9 5 4 ).

May 13
T h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s C o m m is s io n A g a i n s t D is c r i m i n a t i o n
a n n o u n c e d t h a t , a f t e r m o r e t h a n a y e a r ’s n e g o tia tio n s , t h e
P u l l m a n C o . o f C h ic a g o a g r e e d t o c h a n g e a 9 0 - y e a r -o ld
p o lic y a n d h ir e p o r t e r s a n d c o n d u c t o r s in M a s s a c h u s e t t s
w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o r a c e , c o lo r, r e lig io u s c re e d , n a t i o n a l
o r ig in , o r a n c e s t r y .

May 14
L e a d e r s o f 100 A F L u n io n s a p p r o v e d in p r i n c ip le a
v o l u n t a r y 3 - p o i n t p l a n f o r s e t tl i n g j u r is d i c t i o n a l d i s p u t e s
w i t h i n t h e f e d e r a t io n (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r F e b . 9, 1954,
M L R , A p r . 1 9 5 4 ; a ls o p . 4 4 0 o f t h a t is s u e ) . T h e p l a n
w ill b e s u b m i t t e d t o t h e A F L c o n v e n t i o n in S e p t e m b e r f o r
ra tific a tio n .

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EV EN TS

May 15
T h e f a c tf in d in g b o a r d a p p o i n t e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t in t h e
d i s p u t e b e tw e e n 15 n o n o p e r a t i n g r a i l r o a d u n io n s a n d
t h e m a j o r c a r r ie r s (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r F e b . 4, 1954,
M L R , A p r . 1 954) r e c o m m e n d e d f rin g e b e n e f its c o s tin g a n
e s tim a te d 7 to 8 c e n ts a n h o u r.
P r i n c ip a l r e c o m m e n d a ­
t i o n s w e re : (1) A n e x t r a w e e k ’s p a i d v a c a t i o n f o r e m p lo y e e s
w i t h 15 y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e ; (2) p a y f o r 7 d e s i g n a t e d h o lid a y s
i f t h e y f a ll o n w o r k d a y s ; a n d (3) p r o v is io n o f h o s p ita l,
m e d ic a l, a n d s u r g ic a l b e n e f its f o r e m p lo y e e s , w h o w o u ld
p a y h a l f t h e i r 'c o s t .
T h e H a rts v ille M a n u fa c tu rin g C o. a g re e d to a r b itra tio n
o f a d e m a n d b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a d ie s ’ G a r m e n t
W o r k e r s ’ U n io n ( A F L ) f o r a 3 5 - h o u r w o r k w e e k a t i t s
S o u t h C a r o lin a p l a n t , fo llo w in g a s t r i k e a t t h a t p l a n t a n d
p i c k e t i n g a t t h e c o m p a n y ’s F a l l R iv e r , M a s s ., d r e s s
f a c to ry , w h e re th e u n io n h a d w o n a 3 5 -h o u r w eek la s t
S e p te m b e r.
M e m b e r s o f L o c a l 50 o f t h e B a k e r y a n d C o n f e c tio n e r y
W o r k e r s ’ U n io n ( A F L ) r a t i f i e d a n e w a g r e e m e n t w i t h 5
N e w Y o r k C i t y b a k e r ie s , t h u s e n d in g a 2 -w e e k s t r i k e .
S e t t l e m e n t t e r m s i n c lu d e d a n i m m e d i a t e 6 - c e n t - a n - h o u r
w a g e i n c r e a s e a n d , e f fe c tiv e O c to b e r 1, in c r e a s e s o f 1.5
c e n t s a n h o u r in e m p l o y e r p a y m e n t s t o t h e u n i o n ’s h e a l t h
a n d w e lf a r e f u n d a n d o f 1 c e n t a n h o u r in t h e n i g h t
d if f e r e n tia l.
T h e C I O G la s s , C e r a m ic a n d S ilic a S a n d W o r k e r s
n e g o t i a t e d a 1 - y e a r c o n t r a c t , c o v e r in g a b o u t 2 2 ,0 0 0
e m p lo y e e s o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h P l a t e G la s s C o . a n d L ib b e y O w e n s - F o r d C o ., w h ic h p r o v i d e d f o r in c r e a s e s in p e n s io n ,
h e a l t h , a n d h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n b e n e f its , a d d i t i o n a l p a id
h o lid a y s , a n d o t h e r i m p r o v e m e n ts e s t i m a t e d t o t o t a l
a b o u t 7 c e n t s a n h o u r . N o g e n e r a l w a g e in c r e a s e w a s
p r o v id e d .

May 16
T h e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e U p h o l s t e r e r s ’ I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n
(A F L ) a n n o u n c e d th e e s ta b lis h m e n t of a n in e -m e m b e r
i n d e p e n d e n t “ c o u r t ” t o c o n s id e r a p p e a l s f r o m u n io n d is ­
c i p l i n a r y o r d e r s , a s a u t h o r i z e d a t t h e u n i o n ’s 1953 c o n ­
v e n tio n , w i t h P r o f . A r c h ib a ld C o x c h a i r m a n . A n y m e m ­
b e r m a y a p p e a l u n io n d i s c ip l i n a r y a c t i o n a g a i n s t h im t o
t h i s c o u r t , w h ic h m a y c a n c e l o r r e d u c e p e n a l i t i e s , b u t n o t
in c re a se th e m .

May 17
T h e U n ite d S ta te s S u p re m e C o u rt u p h e ld a F e d e ra l d is tric t
c o u r t in c a n c e lin g a S t a t e c o u r t i n j u n c t i o n b a n n i n g s e c o n d ­
a r y p ic k e t i n g b y a u n io n , in f a v o r o f a F e d e r a l i n j u n c t i o n .
T h e C o u r t b a s e d i t s d e c is io n o n le g is la tio n t o t h e e f fe c t t h a t
a F e d e r a l c o u r t m a y s t a y p r o c e e d in g s in a S t a t e c o u r t
“ w h e r e n e c e s s a r y in a i d o f i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n .”
T h e u n io n
i n v o lv e d h a d p i c k e t e d r e t a i l s t o r e s t h a t w e r e c u s to m e r s o f
th e co m p a n y — a m a n u fa c tu re r a n d d is trib u to r of b a k e ry


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

787
p r o d u c t s — in a n a t t e m p t t o o r g a n iz e t h e c o m p a n y ’s
e m p lo y e e s . T h e c a s e w a s Capital Service, Inc., et al. v .
N L R B . (S ee a ls o p . 781 o f t h i s is s u e .)
O n t h e s a m e d a y , t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t d e n ie d r e v ie w t o
t h e fo llo w in g c a s e s, t h e r e b y , in e ffe c t, s u s t a i n i n g d e c is io n s
o f t h e lo w e r c o u r t s :
1. Syracuse Color Press, Inc. v . N L R B . T h e lo w e r
c o u r t h a d u p h e l d t h e N L R B r u l in g t h a t t h e f re e s p e e c h
p r o v is io n s o f t h e T a f t - H a r t l e y A c t d i d n o t p r o t e c t a n
e m p lo y e r w h o , f a v o r in g o n e u n i o n o v e r a n o t h e r in a n
i m m i n e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n e le c tio n , i n t e r f e r e d w i t h e m ­
p lo y e e s ’ o r g a n i z a t i o n a l r i g h t s b y q u e s t io n i n g k e y e m p lo y e e s
c o n c e r n in g m e m b e r s h ip in t h e d is f a v o r e d u n io n , a t t e n d a n c e
a t a n d lo c a t i o n o f i t s m e e tin g s , a n d t h e o u tc o m e o f t h e
e le c tio n .
2. Monarch Machine Tool Co. v . N L R B . T h e lo w e r
c o u r t h a d u p h e l d t h e B o a r d ’s r u lin g t h a t a n e m p lo y e r h a d
i n t e r f e r e d w i t h h is e m p lo y e e s ’ r i g h ts o f s e lf - o r g a n iz a tio n
b y p r o h i b it i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n o f u n io n l i t e r a t u r e o n p l a n t
p r o p e r t y , a s t h e l i t e r a t u r e c o u ld n o t r e a d i l y b e c i r c u l a t e d
off p r e m is e s , a n d b y p r o h i b i t i n g u n io n s o l i c i t a t i o n in t h e
p l a n t c a f e t e r i a d u r i n g n o n w o r k in g h o u r s .
(S e e a ls o M L R ,
A p r . 1954, p . 4 3 5 .)
3. Wheatland Electric Cooperative, Inc. v . N L R B . T h e
lo w e r c o u r t h a d u p h e l d t h e N L R B f in d in g t h a t t h e e m ­
p lo y e r h a d v io la te d th e T a f t- H a r tle y A c t b y b a rg a in in g
w i t h a c e r tif ie d u n io n w i t h o u t a n y i n t e n t t o r e a c h a n a g r e e ­
m e n t.
T h e c o u r t c i t e d a s s u p p o r t i n g e v id e n c e a s t a t e m e n t
b y t h e e m p l o y e r ’s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o u n io n n e g o t i a t o r s t h a t
“ a ll I a m o b l i g a t e d t o d o is t o m e e t w i t h y o u ” a n d t h e
e m p l o y e r ’s u n i l a t e r a l a c t i o n in h i r in g n e w w o r k e r s a n d
p r o m o ti n g o ld o n e s a t h i g h e r w a g e s t o r e p la c e s t r i k i n g
e m p lo y e e s (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r N o v . 16, 1953, M L R ,
J a n . 1 9 5 4 ; a ls o M L R , M a r . 1954, p . 2 9 9 ).
4. Aerovox Corp. v . N L R B . T h e lo w e r c o u r t h a d g r a n t e d
t h e N L R B ’s r e q u e s t f o r e n f o r c e m e n t o f a B o a r d o r d e r t h a t
t h e e m p lo y e r c e a s e t o r e c o g n iz e a u n io n w h ic h i t f o u n d t o
b e c o m p a n y d o m in a te d . I t fo u n d n o m e rit to th e co m ­
p a n y ’s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e N L R B h a d n o j u r is d i c t i o n in a n
u n f a i r la b o r p r a c t i c e c h a r g e m a d e b y a u n io n w h o s e
o fficers, i t w a s a lle g e d , h a d file d f a ls e n o n - C o m m u n i s t
a f fid a v its .
T h e A F L e x e c u tiv e c o u n c il a d o p t e d r e s o lu tio n s u r g in g t h e
P r e s i d e n t t o fu lfill a t o n c e t h e m a n d a t e o f t h e E m p l o y m e n t
A c t o f 1946 t h a t h e p r o m o te m a x im u m e m p l o y m e n t ,
p ro d u c tio n , a n d p u rc h a s in g p o w e r, a n d re c o m m e n d e d a n
i n c r e a s e in t h e F e d e r a l h o u r l y m i n i m u m w a g e t o $ 1 .2 5 ;
i n a u g u r a t i o n o f a la r g e - s c a le p u b l i c w o r k s p r o g r a m ; a $ 1 0 0
i n c r e a s e a n n u a l l y in i n d i v i d u a l i n c o m e - ta x e x e m p t i o n s ;
e n l a r g e m e n t o f t h e h o u s in g a n d s o c ia l i n s u r a n c e p r o g r a m s ;
a n d , a ls o , c r e a t i o n o f a $1 b illio n F e d e r a l f u n d t o a s s i s t t h e
S t a t e s in c a r r y in g o u t t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t ’s o r d e r o u tla w in g
r a c i a l s e g r e g a tio n in p u b lic sc h o o ls.
A t t h e M a y 19 c o u n c il s e s s io n , t h e T e a m s t e r s a n d t h e
R a il w a y C le r k s s e t t l e d t h e i r d i s p u t e o v e r c o n t r o l o f 1 3 ,0 0 0
R a il w a y E x p r e s s d r iv e r s .
B o t h s id e s p le d g e d t o a b i d e b y
a 1937 a g r e e m e n t , w h ic h g a v e t h e T e a m s t e r s j u r is d i c t i o n
o v e r a b o u t 4 ,1 0 0 d r i v e r s in 8 la r g e c itie s , a n d u n d e r w h ic h
t h e R a ilw a y C le r k s w o u ld c o n t i n u e t o b a r g a i n f o r d r i v e r s in

788
o t h e r c itie s b u t w o u ld s u r r e n d e r b a r g a i n i n g r i g h ts in a n y
c i t y w h e r e a m a j o r i t y o f t h e d r iv e r s v o l u n t a r i l y e x p r e s s e d a
d e s ire t o t r a n s f e r a ffilia tio n . T h e T e a m s t e r s p le d g e d n o
m e m b e r s h i p r a i d s a n d t h e R a il w a y C l e r k s ’ p e t i t i o n f o r a
n a t i o n w i d e e le c tio n a m o n g e x p r e s s d r i v e r s (see C h r o n .
i t e m f o r F e b . 17, 1954, M L R , A p r . 1954) w a s t o b e l e t
“ d ie o n t h e v i n e .”
A F L p r e s i d e n t G e o r g e M e a n y w o u ld
r e fe re e a n y d i s p u t e s a r is in g in e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e 1937
c o m p a c t, w i t h f in a l w o r d in d e c is io n s .

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

O n t h e s a m e d a y , t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t, r e v e r s in g a lo w e r
c o u r t r u lin g , h e ld t h a t t h e D e f e n s e P r o d u c t io n A c t
a u t h o r i z e d t h e P r e s i d e n t t o t a k e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a c tio n t o
e n f o rc e t h e w a g e s t a b il i z a t i o n p r o v is io n s .
N o r d id t h e
e x p i r a t i o n of th o s e p r o v is io n s p r e c lu d e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
e n f o r c e m e n t a g a i n s t v i o la tio n a n t e d a t i n g t h a t e x p ir a tio n ,
t h e C o u r t f o u n d . T h e c a s e w a s Allen, etc., et al. v. Grand
Central Aircraft Co., a C a lif o r n ia c o r p o r a tio n .

May 27
T h e R a d io C o r p o r a t i o n o f A m e r ic a a n d t h e E le c t r i c a l
W o r k e r s (C I O ) s ig n e d a n e w a g r e e m e n t p r o v i d in g a 9 - c e n t
“ p a c k a g e ” in c r e a s e . A b o u t 1 2 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s in 4 p l a n t s
w ill r e c e iv e a 5 - c e n t a c r o s s - t h e - b o a r d w a g e i n c r e a s e ; 2
c e n t s w ill b e u s e d t o c o r r e c t w a g e r a t e “ i n e q u i t i e s ,” a n d
t h e b a l a n c e o f 2 c e n ts , f o r s u p p l e m e n t a r y b e n e f its .
W o rk ­
m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t i o n b e n e f its f o r w o r k e r s a t 2 N e w J e r s e y
p l a n t s w ill b e i n c r e a s e d f r o m $ 3 0 a w e e k — t h e le g a l m a x i­
m u m t h e r e — t o 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e e m p lo y e e s ’ w a g e s f o r 12
w e e k s , w i t h t h e c o m p a n y p a y i n g t h e d iffe re n c e .
T h e fa c tfin d in g c o m m itte e a p p o in te d J a n u a r y 6 to a v e rt
a s t r i k e o v e r a n e w c o n t r a c t b e tw e e n t h e T r a n s p o r t
W o r k e r s U n io n ( C I O ) , r e p r e s e n t i n g 3 4 ,0 0 0 w o r k e rs , a n d
t h e N e w Y o r k C i t y T r a n s i t A u t h o r i ty , is s u e d a r e p o r t
r e c o m m e n d in g a 1 4 -c e n t a c r o s s - t h e - b o a r d p a y r is e , r e c o g ­
n i t i o n t o m a j o r i t y u n io n s in v a r io u s d iv is io n s , a c le a r e r
d e f in itio n o f m a n a g e m e n t f u n c tio n s , a n d b i n d i n g a r b i t r a ­
t i o n o f f u t u r e d i s p u t e s (see a ls o J a n . 195 4 M L R , p. 65,
a n d t h i s iss u e , p . 7 9 2 ).
T h e N L R B ’s c h ie f fie ld e x a m in e r a n n o u n c e d t h a t a s u b ­
s t a n t i a l m a j o r i t y o f W e s t C o a s t s h ip s t e w a r d s h a d v o t e d
a g a i n s t b o t h u n io n s i n v o lv e d in a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n e le c tio n —
t h e N a t i o n a l U n io n o f M a r in e C o o k s a n d S te w a r d s ( I n d .)
a n d t h e M a r in e C o o k s a n d S te w a r d s U n io n ( A F L ) . T h e r e ­
u p o n , t h e u n a f f ilia te d I n t e r n a t i o n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’s a n d
\ \ a r e h o u s e m e n ’s U n io n a n n o u n c e d t h a t i t w o u ld “ m o v e
i m m e d i a t e l y t o n e g o t i a t e t h e lo n g o v e r d u e c o n t r a c t ” f o r
th e s te w a rd s .
T h e d e a t h o f L o u is S t a r k , a g e 66, c lo s e d h is 34 y e a r s ’
s e rv ic e w i t h t h e N e w Y o r k T im e s a s a la b o r r e p o r t e r a n d
e d i t o r ia l w r ite r .

May 24
T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S u p r e m e C o u r t d e c lin e d t o r e v ie w t h e
d e c is io n o f a lo w e r c o u r t in t h e c a s e of N L R B v . Southern
Silk M ills, Inc. T h e lo w e r c o u r t h a d s u p p o r t e d t h e N L R B
r u l in g t h a t e m p lo y e e s ’ s p o n t a n e o u s t e m p o r a r y w o r k
s t o p p a g e s p r o t e s t i n g a g a i n s t w h a t t h e y n o t u n r e a s o n a b ly
c o n s id e r e d e x c e s s iv e h e a t in a f a c t o r y c o n s t i t u t e d p r o t e c t e d
a c t i v i t y a n d t h a t t h e c o m p a n y c o u ld n o t la w f u lly s u s p e n d
a n d l a t e r d is c h a r g e t h e w o r k e rs f o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g in t h e
s to p p a g e s .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T h e s t r i k e of t h e U n i t e d H a t t e r s ( A F L ) w h ic h b e g a n m
J u l y 1953, t o o b t a i n a g u a r a n t e e f r o m t h e c o m p a n y t h a t
i t w o u ld n o t, a s i t h a d p r o p o s e d , m o v e a d d i t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n s
o u t o f N o r w a lk , f o r m a lly e n d e d w i t h t h e s ig n in g of a n e w
3 - y e a r c o n t r a c t . P r i n c ip a l p r o v is io n s in c l u d e d t h e r e i n ­
s t a t e m e n t o f a ll s t r i k e r s u p o n w r i t t e n a p p l i c a t i o n , c o n t i n ­
u a t i o n o f t h e u n io n s h o p , c o m p a n y - f in a n c e d p e n s io n s
( d e ta ils t o b e w o r k e d o u t l a t e r ) , a d d i t i o n a l p a i d h o lid a y s ,
a n i m p r o v e d g r ie v a n c e p r o c e d u r e , a n d s e v e r a n c e p a y
g r a d u a t e d b y l e n g t h o f s e rv ic e f o r w o r k e r s a f f e c te d b y a n y
s h i f t of o p e r a t i o n s w h o p r e f e r i t t o o t h e r jo b s .
D u r i n g t h e s to p p a g e , t h e H a t t e r s h a d r e c e iv e d f in a n c ia l
a id f r o m b o t h t h e p a r e n t f e d e r a t io n a n d t h e C I O t o t h e
e x t e n t of a b o u t $ 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 . A n e s t i m a t e d $ 4 m illio n w a s
lo s t in w a g e s , a c c o r d in g t o t h e c o m p a n y ; s t r i k e b e n e f its
p a i d o u t b y t h e u n io n t o t a l e d $ 1 .7 m illio n .
(S ee a ls o
M a r . 1954 M L R , p . 3 06, a n d t h i s iss u e , p . 7 8 9 .)
T h e C o m m e r c ia l T e l e g r a p h e r s ’ U n io n ( A F L ) , r e p r e s e n t i n g
3 5 ,0 0 0 W e s te r n U n io n e m p lo y e e s o u ts id e m e t r o p o li t a n
N e w Y o r k , o b t a i n e d a n e w 2 - y e a r c o n t r a c t u n d e r w h ic h
e m p lo y e e s w ill re c e iv e in c r e a s e s of 4 t o 5 c e n ts a n h o u r ,
d e p e n d in g o n l e n g t h of s e rv ic e . T h e s e t t l e m e n t a ls o
p r o v i d e d a f o u r t h w e e k of v a c a t i o n f o r 3 0 - y e a r e m p lo y e e s ,
e f fe c tiv e J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 5 5 ; a n in c r e a s e in m i n i m u m p e n s io n s
t o $ 6 0 a m o n t h ; a n d p e r m is s io n f o r r e t i r e d e m p lo y e e s t o
c o n tin u e t h e i r g r o u p in s u r a n c e .
(S ee a ls o p . 791 o f t h i s
is s u e .)
T h e D i s t r i b u t i v e ( I n d .) a n d
u n io n s v o t e d t o a f filia te (o n a
t h e C I O R e ta il, W h o le s a le , a n d
m o r e t h a n d o u b lin g t h e o r ig in a l
s h ip .

N o v e l t y W o r k e r s (C I O )
lo c a l- b y -lo c a l b a s is ) w i t h
D e p a r t m e n t S to r e U n io n ,
7 0 ,0 0 0 R W D S U m e m b e r ­

May 30
T h e N L R B u n a n i m o u s l y v o id e d t h e c o m p lia n c e s t a t u s o f
t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l F u r a n d L e a t h e r W o r k e r s ’ U n io n ( I n d .) ,
a f t e r t h e u n io n , o n M a y 8, h a d u n a n i m o u s l y r e e l e c t e d
B e n G o ld p r e s i d e n t , in t h e f a c e of t h e B o a r d ’s o r d e r t h a t
t h e u n io n o u s t h im o r s h o w c a u s e w h y i t s h o u ld n o t b e
j u d g e d o u t of c o m p lia n c e .
G o ld r e c e n t l y w a s c o n v i c t e d
of m a k in g a f a ls e n o n - C o m m u n i s t a f f id a v it u n d e r t h e
T a f t - H a r t l e y A c t (see C h r o n . i t e m f o r A p r. 12, c a s e 2,
M L R , J u n e 1 9 5 4 ).

Developments in
Industrial Relations

M a y was marked by settlement of the 10-month
strike at the Hat Corp. of America and bargaining
activity in a number of leading industries, notably
steel and electrical equipment. Several factfind­
ing or arbitration boards in the transportation
industry issued reports, one making recommenda­
tions in the dispute over supplementary benefits
for nonoperating railroad employees. A new
NLRB election was held to determine the bargain­
ing agent for New York dockworkers. The AFL
and CIO agreed to consummate their “no raiding”
pact, and the AFL continued efforts toward solv­
ing jurisdictional problems within its own ranks.
Plans to revise the Taft-Hartley Act at this session
of Congress were dropped after the Senate voted
50 to 42 on May 7 to send the bill back to com­
mittee.
Wage increases were provided in about 80 per­
cent of 222 contracts, each affecting 1,000 or more
workers, negotiated during the first quarter of
1954.2 In half of the settlements the increases
amounted to less than 7 cents an hour. About
1 out of every 5 made no change in existing rates
of pay. Half of the workers involved were covered
by contracts increasing hourly rates by less than
6 cents.
Most of the settlements that provided wage in­
creases also changed one or more supplementary
benefits; about a third liberalized health and wel­
fare plans, a fourth increased paid-holiday bene­
fits, and the same proportion liberalized vacations.

Work Stoppages and Wage Negotiations

Hats. The strike of employees of the Hat Corp.
of America in Norwalk, Conn., which began on
July 8, 1953, ended in late May with an agreement
between the company and the United Hatters,
Cap and Millinery Workers (AFL) on a 3-year
contract. The actual terms of the formal agree­
ment did not deal with the basic issue that pro­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

longed the strike—the union’s efforts to obtain a
job security clause in their contract prohibiting
further diversion of work from the Norwalk area.
However, union officials said that the company
had given assurances to the strikers that “Norwalk
is where the company plans to remain so far as its
major operations in felt hats is concerned.” 3 To
help the union in its fight to deter the company
from moving operations, the parent federation
and also the CIO had contributed financial assist­
ance to the Hatters.
The agreement provided “in principle” for
company-financed pensions (with details to be
worked out later), additional paid holidays, an
improved grievance procedure, and severance pay
based on length of service for those workers
affected by discontinuance of operations who pre­
fer severance pay to other jobs. The company
dropped an injunction and damage action it had
brought against the strikers. Workers who were
hired during the strike to replace employees on
strike will not be discharged. Instead, the com­
pany will encourage these workers to quit volun­
tarily by offering them severance pay, in amounts
to be decided by the company. If they elect to
stay at their jobs, their retention after 60 days
will depend on seniority. It was agreed that all
workers must join the union; those involved in
the work stoppage were to apply for job reinstate­
ment within 15 days and be rehired within 30 days.
Construction. The usual seasonal increase in bar­
gaining over new contract terms in the construc­
tion industry continued in May. About 25,000
workers employed on residential building projects
in the Cleveland, Ohio, area were involved in a
brief strike that began May 10. The Home
Builders Association of Greater Cleveland, rep­
resenting residential building contractors, had re­
fused to accept the terms of an agreement be­
tween the AFL Building Trades Council and the
Building Trades Employers’ Association (com­
mercial and industrial contractors) providing a
7^-cent hourly wage increase retroactive to May
1, 1954, and an additional 5 cents effective Noi Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
3
For more details see the Bureau’s M onthly Report of Current Wage
Developments, No. 77. The report excludes construction, water transpor­
tation, miscellaneous nonmanufacturing, and government.
3
Advertisement of United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers’ Inter­
national Union, New York Times, June 1, 1954.

7S9

790
vember 1, 1954. The strike ended on May 17
when the Home Builders agreed to these terms.
Another large work stoppage, involving the
AFL Carpenters’ union and the Southwestern
Michigan Contractors Association, commenced
May 3, after the employers rejected the union’s
demand for a 15-cent hourly wage increase.da The
employers had offered 7% cents an hour. Mem­
bers of several other AFL building trades unions
in southwestern Michigan also stopped work
after their contracts expired.
Steel. The United Steelworkers (CIO) served
notices late in April that they would terminate
current contracts in the basic steel industry on
June 30, and requested an early start of negotia­
tions. On May 6 and 7, the union’s 170-member
wage policy committee reviewed proposals to be
submitted to various steel companies, including
an increase in wage rates, a modified form of the
guaranteed annual wage, and other contract
changes. Although the pension and social insur­
ance agreements do not expire until the end of
October, proposals for an improvement in the
present $100 minimum monthly pension and ex­
panded hospitalization-medical-surgical benefits
were combined with other contract proposals.
Negotiations began on May 18 with the United
States Steel Corp., and after preliminary discus­
sions, were recessed for “at least 2 weeks” to
permit company consideration. Similar prelim­
inary discussions were held with other major
basic steel producers.
Contracts in the basic steel industry cover about
600.000 workers. Those covering an additional
500.000 to 600,000 employees of steel fabricating
companies were not under immediate considera­
tion. Agreements with steel fabricators expire at
varying times between June 30 and the end of the
year, and new contract terms are conditioned by
the agreements reached in basic steel.
Electrical Equipment. The General Electric Co.,
in separate negotiations with the International
Union of Electrical Workers (CIO) and the United
Electrical Workers (Ind.), proposed a 2.68-percent
wage increase, with a 4-cent minimum. Accord­
ing to the company, the raise would average
slightly more than 5 cents an hour. In addition,
the company offered improvements in vacation
and holiday provisions. The unions reportedly

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

termed the company proposal “well below the
pattern” for 1954, and IUE notified the company
on May 27 that the proposal was unacceptable.
The unions had proposed wage increases and other
contract changes, including an IUE proposal for
a guaranteed wage.
Contracts between Westinghouse Electric Corp.
and the IUE, representing 46,000 workers, and
UE, representing approximately 17,000, were due
to expire June 30. Negotiations, which began
April 1, were recessed later in the month, and
resumed early in May.
The Radio Corp. of America and the IUE (CIO)
agreed May 14 on a wage increase for approxi­
mately 12,000 workers in 4 plants, under a wage­
reopening provision in a 2-year contract that ex­
tended to June 1, 1955. The settlement included
a 5-cent across-the-board wage increase, 2 cents
to correct wage rate “inequities,” and changes in
supplementary benefits reportedly valued at 2
cents.
On May 20, the company and the AFL Elec­
trical Workers, representing 17,000 employees in
7 plants, agreed to new contract terms which
called for a 3-percent wage increase with a mini­
mum of 4.5 cents, reclassification of certain jobs
in all plants, and insurance improvements.
About 8,000 members of the IUE-CIO ceased
work on May 1 at plants of the Philco Corp. in
Philadelphia, Pa., and Sandusky, Ohio. The
plants affected manufacture radios, television sets,
and other electronic equipment. The union
reportedly was asking for a wage increase or a
profit-sharing plan, improved vacations, and other
supplementary benefits. The strike was still in
effect at the end of May.
Textiles. A wage reduction of 9){ cents an hour
for 1,500 workers of the Botany Mills, Inc., at
Passaic, N. J., effective June 7, was ordered by an
arbitrator, June 1. On April 19, the company had
sought a 16K-cent wage reduction in accordance
with the wage-reopening provision of a new 2-year
agreement which it had reached with the Textile
Workers Union (CIO) during the previous week.4
The award may set a pattern for wage reductions
in the woolen and worsted textile industry. The
pay cut, in effect, cancels a wage increase received
3» E d i t o r ’s N o t e .—The strike ended on May 17 with the Home Builders
Association agreeing to the same wage increases as were set in negotiations
with the Building Trades Employers’ Association.
4 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1954 (p. 668).

D E V E L O P M E N T S IN IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S

in 1951, leaving as the only wage gain since that
time an increase of 5 cents an hour under the costof-living escalator provision of the union’s contract
with the company. There was no reduction in
rates of pay in woolen manufacture in 1952, when
pay for northern cotton textile workers was
reduced.
On May 6, the Federal District Court for the
District of Columbia issued an injunction pro­
hibiting the Department of Labor from putting
into effect a $1.20-an-hour minimum wage for any
work on Government contracts performed by
36 woolen and worsted manufacturers who had
requested the injunction.5 Meanwhile, on May 19,
the Hayward-Schuster Woolen Mills, Inc., of
East Douglas, Mass., one of the largest producers
of heavy woolen materials for the United States
Department of Defense and the CIO Textile
Workers, asked the court for permission to inter­
vene in support of the proposed minimum, in
order to “maintain the principle of a single
industrywide prevailing minimum.”
An arbitration board rejected the Peppered
Manufacturing Co.’s proposal to reduce wages 10
percent in its Biddeford, Maine, plant and 16%
percent in its Lewiston plant. The board also
rejected the CIO Textile Workers’ plea for restora­
tion of a 6K-percent pay cut put into effect 2 years
earlier. The present agreements, covering ap­
proximately 2,400 employees, were extended to
April 15, 1955, with provision for a wage reopening.
Communications. Western Union negotiated a
new 2-year extension of its agreement with the
AFL Commercial Telegraphers covering the com­
pany’s 35,000 employees outside metropolitan
New York. The agreement, subject to union
membership ratification, provided the first in­
creases since 1951 6 in weekly pay for long-service
employees, and increases for other employees to
equalize pay schedules by mid-1955 for all workers
in the same occupation.
The minimum wage increase amounted to about
5 cents an hour for employees hired before Novem­
ber 1, 1941, and to 4 cents (by June 1955) for other
5 See Monthly Labor Review, June 1954 (p. 668).
8
In 1952, employees hired before Nov. 1, 1941 (about half of the total)
had their hourly rates increased to maintain weekly pay with reduced hours;
the present agreement provided for increasing the pay of those who have
been at their job rate for 1 year or more to the maximum for their job classi­
fication (with a minimum 5-cent increase) and for increasing pay of other
employees hired before Nov. 1, 1941, by 5 cents. See also Monthly Labor
Review, July 1952 (p. 67).


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791
employees. In addition, the settlement increased
minimum pensions from $30 to $60 a month,
permitted retired employees to continue group
insurance, and added a fourth week of vacation
for employees with 30 years’ service.
Other Negotiations. Wage demands to be served
on the “ Big Four” meatpacking companies—
Armour, Cudahy, Swift, and Wilson—were ap­
proved by the CIO Packinghouse Workers’ con­
vention early in May. The Packinghouse Workers
and the AFL Meat Cutters planned to present
demands, covering approximately 120,000 workers,
jointly to the companies.
The first contract reopening on wages in the
rubber industry occurred on May 4, between the
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. and the CIO Rubber
Workers. Discussions with the B. F. Goodrich
Co. began on May 25; negotiations with Firestone
and United States Rubber were scheduled for
mid-June.
Negotiations in the Pacific Northwest lumber
and sawmill industry reached an impasse when the
CIO Woodworkers, representing 40,000 employees,
voted to strike, and the AFL Northwestern Council
of Lumber and Sawmill Workers authorized a
strike vote among approximately 85,000 members
on a demand for a 12fLcent wage increase and
other contract revisions. Employers proposed to
renew contracts at existing wage levels.
The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. and the LibbeyOwens-Ford Co. reached agreement with the CIO
Glass Workers on May 15 for a 1-year extension
of present basic wage rates, with additional pen­
sion, health, and welfare benefits, additional paid
holidays, and other improvements, estimated in
all at 7 cents an hour. About 22,000 workers at
plants in 6 States were affected.
The National Association of Doll Manufacturers
and the Stuffed Toy Manufacturers Association
signed 2-year agreements with the Doll and Toy
Workers’ union (AFL) on May 18, applying to
8,000 workers in the New York metropolitan area.
The contracts provided for $2- and $l-a-week in­
creases, respectively, effective July 1, 1954, with
additional increases on July 1, 1955, and other
supplementary benefits.
A new contract between the Pacific Coast Asso­
ciation of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers and the
two AFL paper unions provided a 2-percent wage
increase for 18,000 workers.

792
Transportation

Railroads. An emergency board named by the
President last January submitted its report on
May 15 in the dispute between 15 nonoperating
unions—representing 1,000,000 employees—and
the Nation’s major railroads.7 No wage rate
increase was at issue. The principal recommenda­
tions were hospital, medical, and surgical insur­
ance for employees, jointly financed by the carrier
and the employees; a third week of vacation for
workers with 15 or more years’ service; and 7
paid holidays when any of the holidays falls on
an assigned workday. The board estimated the
value of the recommended fringe benefits at about
7 to 8 cents an hour.
The board rejected the employees’ proposals
for increased transportation privileges and penalty
pay for Sunday work. It also recommended
against the union’s demand that hospitalization
and other benefits be available to the employee’s
family, with the carriers paying the cost of the
broader coverage. Adoption of certain changes
in work rules proposed by the carriers was
recommended.
Airlines. An across-the-board increase of 13 cents
an hour, retroactive to January 1 , 1954, was
awarded to 6,300 employees of American Airlines
represented by the Transport Workers Union
(CIO). The amount of the general increase was
the only issue submitted to arbitration; all other
points had been resolved in an agreement signed
January 25.8
New York Transit. A three-man factfinding com­
mittee recommended a two-step wage increase
totaling 14 cents an hour for 44,000 employees of
New York City-owned transit lines. The com­
mittee, appointed last January to head off a
threatened strike by the CIO Transport Workers’
Union, recommended a 6K-cent increase retroac­
tive to January 1, 1954, and 7}i cents effective
March 15, 1955, with the contract to expire
June 30, 1956. It also recommended recognition
of majority unions, final settlement of disputes
by arbitration, and reestablishment of manage­
ment prerogatives that might permit economies
and avert a fare increase. The local executive
board of the TWU first voted to accept the
recommendations and later rejected them after

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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

approximately 1,500 shop stewards and union
section managers voiced their dissatisfaction.
Subsequently, the New York City Transit
Authority rejected the committee’s major recom­
mendations and unilaterally announced a wage
increase retroactive to January 1, of 5 to 12 cents
an hour for most workers, and a new set of labor
regulations. Union officials then set June 14 as
a strike date in protest. The Authority, mean­
while, warned its employees of the consequences
of a strike (a State law prohibits strikes by public
employees under penalty of mandatory dismissal)
and also began to explore the possibility of
obtaining a State injunction.
New York Docks

A new election between the two rival dock
unions was held on May 26, without any of the
violence which led to the invalidation of a similar
poll held last December. Results of the balloting
announced by the NLRB were as follows: ILA,
9,110; AFL-ILA, 8,791; neither, 51; voided, 49;
and challenged, 1,797. The AFL-ILA announced
on June 2 that the results of the election would be
protested, but failed to file a protest within the
time limit set for such action. The regional
NLRB continued to check the validity of the
challenged ballots and, in the absence of a formal
protest, prepared to certify the eventual winner
as the collective bargaining agent for the port’s
dockworkers.
Earlier in the month, the independent ILA was
fined $50,000, 8 of its locals were fined additional
amounts, and 3 local officers were sentenced to
prison terms by a Federal district court judge for
contempt of court.9 The National Labor Re­
lations Board had petitioned the court for con­
tempt action after the union’s members stopped
work in the port of New York last March in de­
fiance of a Federal court injunction obtained by
the NLRB under the secondary boycott provisions
of the Taft-Hartley Act. The Department of
Justice, on May 24, petitioned a Federal court to
put the union into receivership to improve the
Government’s chances of collecting the $50,000
fine. The court granted the petition on the fol­
lowing day.
7 See Monthly Labor Review, June 1954 (p. 670).
8 See April 1954 Monthly Labor Review (p. 442).
8 See May 1954 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 564).

793

D E V E L O P M E N T S IN IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S

Members of the New York tugboat local of the
ILA-Ind., in a mail referendum, approved an
early May recommendation of their leaders that
the group secede from the ILA and affiliate with
the United Mine Workers’ District 50. Forma­
tion of a United Marine Workers division com­
posed of east coast tugboat, scow, and barge
workers, and having the jurisdiction of an inter­
national union, was announced by the United
Mine Workers.
Union Developments

The CIO executive board, on May 10, reversed
the position it had taken on March 22, and au­
thorized an exchange of signatures with the AFL
unions which had agreed to the no-raiding pact.10
Shortly afterward, the two organizations an­
nounced that the no-raiding agreement would
take effect June 8 with an exchange of signatures
by about 65 AFL and 30 CIO unions in Washing­
ton on June 9. Such major AFL unions as the
Teamsters, Carpenters, Hotel and Restaurant
Workers, and Railroad Carmen did not plan to
sign the agreement at that time. The United
Steelworkers (CIO) indicated that it would not
commit itself until specific questions regarding
its jurisdiction were satisfactorily settled.
Meanwhile, the AFL executive council unani­
mously approved a plan for settlement of juris­
dictional disputes within the federation, and the
presidents of 100 affiliates approved the principles
underlying the plan, which would provide that
all disputes that cannot be resolved through direct
negotiations or mediation are to be submitted to
binding arbitration. The machinery 11 for arbi­
trating jurisdictional disputes inside the federation
will be submitted to the federation’s next regular
convention in September for consideration.
A dispute12 between two AFL unions—the
Teamsters and the Railway Clerks—over control
of 13,000 Railway Express drivers, was settled
harmoniously through the intervention of AFL
president, George Meany. The peace formula
10 See Monthly
11 See M onthly
iJ See Monthly
13 See M onthly

Labor
Labor
Labor
Labor

Review, June 1954 (p. 672).
Review, April 1954 (p. 440).
Review, April 1954 (p. 441) and June 1954 (p. 672).
Review, June 1954 (p. 671).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

worked out at the May meeting of the federation’s
executive council provided that the Clerks’ peti­
tion to the National Mediation Board for a repre­
sentation election would be dropped, while both
unions pledged themselves to abide by a 1937
agreement under which the Clerks agreed to surren­
der bargaining rights to the Teamsters in any city
where the express drivers voluntarily asked for a
transfer of affiliation. The Teamsters pledged
not to conduct membership raids, and Mr. Meany
was designated referee, with final authority to
decide any disputes over enforcement of the
1937 compact.
Welfare Funds. The International Ladies’ Gar­
ment Workers, a pioneer in the welfare field,
reported on May 16 that, as a result of the slump
in garment production, 18 of the 104 welfare
funds maintained by its locals and joint boards
had paid out more than they had taken in and
that 44 others had spent more than 80 percent
of their current receipts during 1953. A union
spokesman said that the report on welfare funds,
which cover approximately 440,000 union mem­
bers in the women’s clothing industry, was made
to show that in a decentralized union with more
than 100 separate local funds it is possible for
union leadership to maintain coordination and
control without seeking additional powers.
NLRB Actions

The secretary-treasurer of the Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers Union, Maurice Travis, defied
an NLRB subpena to appear at a hearing ques­
tioning his non-Communist affidavit. The Board
was seeking to determine whether the union,
expelled in 1949 from the CIO on the grounds
that it was Communist dominated, should be
denied NLRB privileges.13
Late in May, the International Fur and Leather
Workers’ Union was barred from NLRB facilities
because it retained Ben Gold as union president,
after he had been convicted of making a false
non-Communist affidavit under the Taft-Hartley
law. The union by convention action had unani­
mously reelected Gold on May 8 despite an NLRB
order to oust him from office or show why it
should not be judged out of compliance.

794
Other Developments

A draft bill intended to end Communist con­
trol of labor unions was sent to the Senate and
House by the Attorney General on May 10.
Entitled the “Communist-Infiltrated Organiza­
tions A ct/’ the measure was designed to replace
the Taft-Hartley Act’s non-Communist affidavit
section. It would require the Subversive Ac­
tivities Control Board to investigate charges by
the Attorney General that an organization in a
position to affect national defense or security
adversely is Communist controlled. If the Board
determined, after public hearings, that the or­
ganization was Communist dominated, no em­
ployer would be required to bargain with the
union, its collective agreements would be nulli­
fied, employers would not be held to have com­
mitted an unfair labor practice if they discrimi­
nated against such union’s members, and the
organization would be denied access to the
NLRB.
Two major legislative proposals for new or
changed Federal employee benefits were sub­
mitted to Congress on May 19 and 20. In the
first, Congress was asked to provide life insurance
benefits. A Federal employee would be eligible


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M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

to obtain group life insurance protection approxi­
mating his annual salary, and the maximum
cost to him would be fixed in the act.
The second proposal consisted of recommenda­
tions by the Committee on Retirement Policy for
Federal Personnel, created under Public Law 555,
82d Congress, for extension of old-age and sur­
vivors’ insurance coverage to about 2.3 million
Federal employees. This proposal would in­
tegrate the present Civil Service Retirement
System with the Federal social security system.
The committee report pointed up the inequities
in benefits provided to employees who move
between Federal and private employment and
indicated that the proposed changes “would
establish a rational relationship between benefits
and length of employment in place of the present
haphazard arrangement.” Retirement income,
to participants in the retirement system, the
report stated, would be increased on the average
by about 8 percent, after age 65, when social
security payments would supp’ement adjusted
retirement allowances. Under the committee’s
proposals, aggregate benefits to members of the
retirement system would not be less than thos*
provided under the present law; nor would any
benefits accorded present annuitants be affected.

Book Reviews
and Notes
Special Reviews

Social Responsibility and Strikes. By Neil W.
Chamberlain. New York, Harper & Brothers,
1953. 293 pp. (Yale Labor and Manage­
ment Center Series.) $4.
The Impact of Strikes— Their Social and Economic
Costs. By Neil W. Chamberlain and Jane
Metzger Schilling. New York, Harper &
Brothers, 1954. 257 pp. (Yale Labor and
Management Center Series.) $4.
With an elaboration hampered only by the ab­
sence or inadequacy of data, Professor Chamberlain and his associate attempted in these two vol­
umes to formulate a social basis for government
strike control. In the process, they invented a
technique for evaluating the general impact of
strikes, which they offer, in admittedly crude form,
as a better guide than was heretofore available.
Although recognizing the importance of the
strike to collective bargaining and of collective
bargaining to a free economy, Professor Chamberlain builds a case for stronger government strike
controls. He defines the “social responsibility’’
of management and unions so as to make virtually
all strikes a breach of responsibility. He also
measures the impact of strikes and the correspond­
ing need for government intervention in terms sub­
stantially broader than those generally used in
defining national or local emergency situations.
Social Responsibility and Strikes starts from a
point of the author’s own choosing: What is the
“social responsibility” that union and company
officials, in their relations with each other, are so
often called upon to exercise? In modern society,
Professor Chamberlain reasons, social responsi­
bility, stripped of ethical or moral connotations, is
the obligation to exercise one’s rights so that they
do not contravene important rights of expectancy
(for goods, services, employment, etc.) held by
others who are not parties to the particular rela­
tionship (thus excluding the workers involved)

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but who are affected by it. The obligation to
conform to social responsibility, however, cannot
be left to the conscience of the parties but, rather,
must be enforceable by sanctions. Public opinion
is the force that supports sanctions.
On the basis of the fragmentary information
provided by public-opinion polls, Professor Cham­
berlain concludes that of all the phases of unionmanagement relations that attract substantial
public attention—union security, featherbedding,
wage-price relationships, and strikes—the strike
is the only one about which the public feels keenly
critical. Some social sanctions are available to
the public when a strike passes the level of toler­
ance, but the operation of these sanctions is inef­
fective or unreliable. Two case studies are used
to bear out this point. Thus, legal sanctions are
needed to buttress social sanctions and support
the rights of the public.
No summary can do justice to the analytical
prowess displayed in establishing these principles.
Others, however, have reached similar conclusions
with less effort. For example, the declaration of
policy written into the Labor Management Rela­
tions (Taft Hartley) Act of 1947 states, in part,
that “industrial strife which interferes with the
normal flow of commerce and with the full produc­
tion of articles and commodities for commerce, can
be avoided or substantially minimized if employers,
employees, and labor organizations . . . above
all recognize under law that neither party has any
right in its relations with any other to engage in
acts or practices which jeopardize the public health,
safety, or interest.”
In the concluding chapter of Social Responsi­
bility and Strikes, Professor Chamberlain examines
the principal methods—mediation, factfinding, in­
junction, seizure, and compulsory arbitration—
now used or proposed in the avoidance of publicaffecting strikes, and finds that these solutions
either fail to safeguard the public’s right to expect
a continued flow of essential goods or services or
may subject labor relations to dictation in place of
agreement. He offers a new, tentative solution—
the “statutory or nonstoppage strike”—in which
a government order directs workers to stay on the
job and management to continue production when
a strike appears imminent. The contest of en­
durance, which a strike is supposed to represent,
and the incentive to settlement would be pre795

796

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

served by cutting wages in half and reducing the
returns to the company to actual out-of-pocket or
variable expenses plus one-half of fixed costs.
Whether such a procedure would work effectively
remains highly uncertain; even assuming that the
necessary regulations could be developed, it would
require, at the least, a virtual upheaval of tradi­
tional worker, union, and management concepts
to assure safe and productive operations during
the life of a “nonstoppage” strike.
In searching for the level of public tolerance of
a strike, a systematic method is developed by
Professor Chamberlain for evaluating strikes in
terms of their impact on the public in a number of
ways.
The Impact of Strikes is devoted largely to ap­
plying the strike evaluation plan to 17 coal, steel,
and railroad strikes. By way of illustration, the
coal strike in the winter of 1949-50 is rated at
492, the highest score; the coal strike in the spring
of 1949 is rated at 10, the lowest score. Data for
scoring were obtained from whatever sources were
available, mainly files of the New York Times.
The outward similarity between this strike-rating
method and the point system of job evaluation is
obvious; practically, this method might be more
appropriately compared with a job-evaluation
procedure in which the evaluating team was not
familiar with the job being rated, could not see it
in operation, and relied upon such bits of infor­
mation as happened to come its way. Professor
Chamberlain’s claim that his method would pro­
vide a useful guide for government action can be
seriously questioned. In strike evaluation, as in
job evaluation, the appearance of being systematic
does not disguise the fact that, in the end, some­
one’s judgment prevails.
—J oseph W. B loch

America’s consumers. In a fifth part, Dr. Walter
G. Muelder, of Boston University, discusses from
an ethical viewpoint the facts and problems
pointed out by the other writers.
In part I, Professor Hoyt indicates that our
understanding of the relatively new field of con­
sumption economics has not kept up with the
changes brought about by the great advance of
technology in this country. She points out that
the large increase in income and available choices
for consumption in recent years, and the changing
attitudes toward consumption and savings, have
made the problem of how incomes should be used
much more difficult.
Professor Margaret G. Reid presents in part II
a well-rounded picture of American income and
its distribution from the technical side of definition
and measurement as well as from the analysis side.
Without getting too involved in details, she gives
a very complete view of the income picture as
related to such factors as race, price change,
family status and size, place of residence, etc.
The users of statistics on retail prices, consumer
incomes and expenditures, and family budgets
will be interested in the discussion of consumption
and welfare levels of living and of standards and
cost of living in which she gives a historical and
critical review of some of the work done in this
field.
In part III, Professor J. L. McConnell and
Miss Janet M. Hooks trace the changes in compo­
sition and social responsibilities of families in the
light of social and economic changes, and note the
effects on the country’s welfare problems, particu­
larly with regard to the aged, the sick, dependent
children, broken families, etc.
— T homas J. L anahan
B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s

B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s

American Income and Its Use. By Elizabeth E.
Hoyt and others. New York, Harper &
Brothers, 1954. xxi, 362 pp. $4.
This volume is the fourth in the series on
“Ethics and Economic Life” produced by a study
group of the Federal Council of Churches of
Christ in America. It contains four parts written
by specialists from midwestern universities who
point out the great changes in the socioeconomic
structure of the Nation and indicate the new
status and resulting economic problems for

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Report on International Definition and Measure­
ment of Standards and Levels of Living. New
York, United Nations, 1954. xii, 95 pp.
(Sales No., 1954, IV, 5.) 80 cents, Columbia
University Press, International Documents
Service, New York.
This report was prepared in response to a request
from the U. N. Economic and Social Council by a
committee of experts from six different countries
(including one from the United States), with
assistance from members of the secretariats of the
U. N. and certain of its specialized agencies. The

B O O K R E V IE W S A N D N O T E S

committee points out that the phrase “standard of
living” may refer to three separate concepts:
T h e f ir s t r e l a t e s t o t h e a c t u a l liv in g c o n d itio n s o f a
p e o p le a n d is in c r e a s in g ly d e s i g n a t e d a s “ le v e l o f l iv in g .”
T h e s e c o n d r e l a t e s t o t h e a s p i r a t i o n s o r e x p e c t a t i o n s of a
p e o p le , t h a t is, t h e liv in g c o n d itio n s w h ic h t h e y s e e k t o
a t t a i n o r r e g a in o r w h ic h t h e y r e g a r d a s f i tt i n g a n d p r o p e r
f o r th e m s e lv e s t o e n j o y ; i t is in c r e a s in g ly k n o w n in t h e
l i t e r a t u r e a s “ s t a n d a r d o f li v i n g .” T h e t h i r d r e l a t e s t o
d e s ir a b le c o n d itio n s o f liv in g a s d e f in e d f o r s p e c ific p u r ­
p o se s, s u c h a s t h e fix in g o f m i n im u m w a g e s o r w o r k in g
h o u rs, a n d a r riv e d a t b y n a tio n a l o r in te r n a tio n a l c o n v e n ­
t i o n o r a g r e e m e n t . T h is t h i r d c o n c e p t is o f te n k n o w n a s
“ n o r m o f l iv in g .”

The committee confined its work to recom­
mendations on content and methods of measure­
ment of material aspects of actual levels of living,
since the nonmaterial elements are not readily
measurable and differ from one country to another.
It stressed “its belief in the importance of recog­
nizing characteristic national or local cultural
values in any studies of levels of living.”
For purposes of international comparisons of
levels of living, there was agreement on a set of 40
indicators most easily measurable. Quantitative
and descriptive data were suggested to indicate
differences in changes in housing and household
facilities, clothing, recreation and entertainment,
social security, and human freedoms.
The committee selected the following indicators
as having the highest priority:
1. E x p e c t a t i o n o f life a t b i r t h .
2. I n f a n t m o r t a l i t y r a t e .
3. N a t i o n a l a v e r a g e f o o d s u p p lie s in t e r m s o f c a lo rie s
a t t h e “ r e t a i l le v e l ” c o m p a r e d w i t h e s t i m a t e d c a lo rie
re q u ire m e n ts .
4. P r o p o r t i o n o f c h ild r e n 5 - 1 4 y e a r s o f a g e a t t e n d i n g o r
e n r o lle d in s c h o o ls.
5. P e r c e n t a g e o f p o p u l a t i o n l i t e r a t e , a b o v e s o m e a p p r o ­
p r i a t e a g e , t o t a l a n d b y sex.
6. P r o p o r t i o n o f e c o n o m ic a lly a c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n u n e m ­
p lo y e d .
7. P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e c o n o m ic a lly a c t i v e p o p u ­
la t i o n b y p r i n c i p a l i n d u s t r i a l a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l c a te g o r ie s .
8. “ P e r s o n a l c o n s u m p ti o n ” a s a p r o p o r t i o n o f n a t i o n a l
in c o m e a n d in d e x o f c h a n g e s t h e r e i n .
9. I t e m s r e l a t e d t o n a t i o n a l in c o m e (in c lu d in g p e r s o n a l
c o n s u m p tio n e x p e n d i t u r e s a n d s a v in g s ) .
10. T h e r a t i o o f t h e in d e x o f c h a n g e in n a t i o n a l in c o m e
(in c o n s t a n t p ric e s ) t o t h e in d e x o f c h a n g e s in p o p u l a t i o n .
11. A v e r a g e e x p e c t a t i o n o f life ( a t b i r t h a n d ) a t v a r io u s
ages.

A question should be raised as to the committee’s
recommendation concerning the use of selected


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

797

price data as a means of interpreting differences in
the purchasing power of per capita national
incomes. It is doubtful if the price statistics now
available, or likely to be available, are sufficiently
representative of the prices paid by total populations
to be useful in clarifying the purchasing power of
the per capita incomes of total populations. (For
most countries, retail prices are collected for a few
large cities.) Further, even basic commodities
and services are consumed in very different propor­
tions in different countries. One can agree with
the committee’s statement that “the whole
question of the correction of the official rates of
exchange in the light of purchasing power parity
differences is one that needs to be studied at the
international level.”
The experts’ report represents a real advance in
analyzing the problems met in making inter­
national comparisons of levels of living, and will be
valuable to administrators planning statistical
programs and to those who wish to make use of
the data for the purpose of making international
comparisons.
— F

a it h

M .

W

il l ia m s

B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s

Arbitration
Arbitration Bibliography.
t i o n A s s o c ia tio n , 1954.

N e w Y o r k , A m e r ic a n A r b i t r a ­
92 p p .
$2.

Arbitrators’ Determination of Management’s Right to
Manage. B y W a l t e r L . D a y k i n . I o w a C ity , S t a t e
U n iv e rs ity o f Io w a , B u re a u of L a b o r a n d M a n a g e ­
m e n t, 1 9 5 4 . 19 p p .
( R e s e a r c h S e rie s , 6.)

How the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service Helps
Small Businesses. B y J a c k W i n t e r . W a s h in g to n ,
U . S. S m a ll B u s in e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 1954. 3 p p .
( M a n a g e m e n t A id s f o r S m a ll B u s in e s s , 4 7 .)
F re e .

Sixth Annual Report of Federal M ediation and Conciliation
Service, Fiscal Year 1953. W a s h in g to n , 19 5 4 . 2 8 p p .,
m ap.
15 c e n ts ,
W a s h in g to n .

S u p e rin te n d e n t

of

D o c u m e n ts ,

Proceedings of Sixth Annual Conference on Industrial
Relations, Held at University of Buffalo, March 11,1951+.
B u ffa lo , N . Y ., U n i v e r s i t y o f B u ffa lo , S c h o o l o f
B u s in e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f I n d u s t r i a l
R e la tio n s , 1954. 24 p p .
T h e p r o c e e d in g s c o n s is t o f a p a p e r o n “ T h e S ig n ific a n c e
a n d F u n c t i o n o f M e d i a t io n ,” b y D a v i d L . C o le, f o r m e r
d i r e c t o r o f t h e F e d e r a l M e d i a t io n a n d C o n c ilia tio n S e rv ic e ,
a n d d is c u s s io n o f t h e s u b j e c t b y t h r e e o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s .

798

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

Employee Benefits

Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention

Employee Benefit Survey.

Accidents Can Be Predicted. B y D . F . H a y e s .

C le v e la n d , O h io , A s s o c ia te d
I n d u s t r i e s o f C le v e la n d , 1954. 8 p p ., c h a r t s , illu s .;
p ro c e sse d .
R e p o r t o n t h e c o s t o f e m p lo y e e b e n e f its in 1953, b a s e d
o n a s u r v e y o f 1 6 0 C le v e la n d c o m p a n ie s e m p lo y in g o v e r
7 4 ,0 0 0 h o u r l y p a i d f a c t o r y w o r k e rs . I n c l u d e s s o m e
c o m p a r a t i v e d a t a f r o m t h e A s s o c ia te d I n d u s t r i e s ’ 1951
su rv e y .

Survey Report of Private Employee Benefits in Distribution,
Covering Retail, Wholesale, Service, Combination
Businesses. W a s h in g to n , C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e o f
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , D o m e s t ic D i s t r i b u t i o n D e p a r t m e n t ,
1 9 5 4 . 31 p p ., c h a r t s .
$1.
T h e s u r v e y c o v e r e d 1 ,2 0 8 c o m p a n ie s h a v i n g o v e r 1 5 0 ,0 0 0
w o r k e rs . B e n e fits r e p o r t e d u p o n in c lu d e h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n ,
s u r g ic a l s e rv ic e , p r e p a i d m e d ic a l c a re , life i n s u r a n c e , s ic k
le a v e , a n d r e t i r e m e n t p e n s io n s .

Worker Welfare Funds.

B y H e le n B . S h a f fe r .
W a s h in g ­
t o n (1 2 0 5 1 9 th S t r e e t N W .) , E d i t o r i a l R e s e a r c h
R e p o r t s , 1 9 5 4 . 17 p p .
(V o i. I , 1954, N o . 10.)
$1.

Employment and Unemployment
Annual Report of the Federal Advisory Council on Em ploy­
ment Security, Ju ly 1, 1952-June SO, 1958. W a s h ­
in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f
E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r ity , 1 9 5 4 . V a r io u s p a g in g s . F r e e .

Employment

Stabilization.

W a s h in g to n ,
B u re a u
of
N a t i o n a l A ffa irs, I n c ., 1954. 2 9 p p .
(P e rso n n e l
P o lic ie s F o r u m S u r v e y 2 4 .)
$1.

L ’Inchiesta Parlamentare

sulla Disoccupazione. R o m e ,
C o n f e d e r a z io n e G e n e r a le
d e l l ’I n d u s t r i a
ita lia n a ,
M a r c h 1954. 3 3 5 p p .
( “ Q u a d e r n i ” d e lla R a s s e g n a
d i S ta tis tic h e d el L a v o ro , V i l i .)
1 ,5 0 0 lire .
T h is s p e c ia l is s u e o f t h e R e v ie w o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s
s u m m a r iz e s t h e r e p o r t o f a n i n v e s ti g a t i o n i n t o u n e m p l o y ­
m e n t in I t a l y c o n d u c t e d b y a p a r l i a m e n t a r y c o m m i t t e e
in 1 952.
( T h e f u ll r e p o r t c o n s is ts o f 5 v o lu m e s , in 15
p a r t s .)
P re p a re d w ith th e c o lla b o ra tio n of e x p e rts w ho
p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e i n v e s ti g a t i o n , t h e s u m m a r y d e s c rib e s
t h e s c o p e o f a n d m e t h o d s u s e d in t h e i n q u i r y , p r e s e n t s t h e
p r i n c i p a l s t a t i s t i c a l f in d in g s , a n d d is c u s s e s a w id e r a n g e of
s u b j e c t s r e l a t e d t o u n e m p l o y m e n t , i n c lu d in g l a b o r - m a r k e t
o r g a n i z a t i o n ; h o u s in g ; m e d ic a l a n d s o c ia l w e lf a r e ; v o c a ­
t i o n a l t r a i n in g , g u id a n c e , a n d p l a c e m e n t ; m i g r a ti o n ; a n d
le g is la tio n . T o p ic s c o v e r e d in t h e b u l l e t i n a r e l i s t e d a t
t h e e n d in E n g lis h , F r e n c h , a n d I t a l i a n .
A b r ie f a r t i c l e o n t h e f in d in g s o f t h i s i n v e s ti g a t i o n w a s
p u b l i s h e d in t h e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w f o r M a r c h (p . 2 7 6 ).
Svensk Arbetsmarknad vid Full Sysselsdttning.

B y R u d o lf
M e id n e r. S to c k h o lm , K o n j u n k t u r i n s t i t u t e t , 1954.
341 p p ., b i b lio g r a p h y , c h a r t s .
15 k r .
R e p o r t o n t h e “ S w e d is h la b o r m a r k e t a t f u ll e m p lo y ­
m e n t.” A su m m a ry , ta b le of c o n te n ts , a n d title s of ta b le s
a n d c h a r t s a r e p r o v id e d in E n g lis h .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(/« N a tio n a l
S a f e t y N e w s , N a t i o n a l S a f e t y C o u n c il, C h ic a g o , A p ril
1954, p p . 2 4 - 2 5 , 8 2 - 8 4 , c h a r t s . 5 5 c e n ts t o C o u n c il
m e m b e r s , 75 c e n ts t o n o n m e m b e r s .

1954 Annual Safety Equipment Issue, National Safety
News. C h ic a g o , N a t i o n a l S a f e t y C o u n c il, M a r c h
1954. 3 3 8 p p ., illu s . 55 c e n t s t o C o u n c il m e m b e r s ,
75 c e n ts t o n o n m e m b e r s .

Inspection A ctivity and Industrial Safety, With Particular
Reference to New York State. N e w Y o r k , S t a t e
D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , D iv is io n o f R e s e a r c h a n d
S t a t i s t i c s , 1954. 148 p p ., c h a r t s .
( P u b l i c a ti o n B 72.)

Rating the Construction Safety

Program.

U . S. A to m ic E n e r g y C o m m is s io n , 1954.

W a s h in g to n ,
8 pp.

Some Medical and Psychological Aspects of Industrial
Accident Prevention in an Iron and Steel Works in
Eastern France. B y J . G o d a r d . (In O c c u p a tio n a l
S a f e t y a n d H e a l t h , I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O ffice, G e n e v a ,
J a n u a r y - M a r c h 1954, p p . 4r-13, c h a r t s , illu s. 75
c e n ts .
D i s t r i b u t e d in U n i t e d S t a t e s b y W a s h in g to n
B r a n c h o f I L O .)

Industrial Hygiene
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning— A Review. B y B . L .
H a r d i n , J r ., M .D .
(In I n d u s t r i a l M e d ic in e a n d
S u r g e r y , C h ic a g o , M a r c h 1954, p p . 9 3 - 1 0 5 , b ib lio g ­
rap h y .
75 c e n ts .)
C o n t a i n s a s e c tio n o n i n d u s t r i a l u s e o f c a r b o n t e t r a ­
c h lo r id e , a n d s u m m a r ie s , f r o m c ite d l i t e r a t u r e , o f c a s e s o f
p o is o n in g f r o m t h i s c h e m ic a l.

Properties and Essential Information for Safe Handling
and Use of V inyl Chloride. W a s h in g to n , M a n u f a c ­
t u r i n g C h e m i s t s ’ A s s o c ia tio n , I n c ., 1954. 16 p p .
( C h e m ic a l S a f e t y D a t a S h e e t S D - 5 6 .)
25 c e n ts .

S pray Booths— Design and Operation. B y J a c k B a liff.
(In M o n t h l y R e v ie w , D iv is io n o f I n d u s t r i a l H y g ie n e ,
N e w Y o rk S ta te D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, N e w Y o rk ,
M a r c h 1954, p p . 9 - 1 2 .)

Ultraviolet Emission During Inert-Arc Welding. B y J o h n
J . F e rry .
(In A m e r ic a n I n d u s t r i a l H y g ie n e A s so c i­
a t i o n Q u a r t e r ly , C h ic a g o , M a r c h
b ib lio g ra p h y , c h a r t.
75 c e n ts .)

1954, p p . 7 3 - 7 7 ,

Proceedings of the 4th Annual National Noise Abatement
Symposium , Chicago, October 23 and 24, 195S. N e w
Y o r k , N a t i o n a l N o is e A b a t e m e n t C o u n c il, [1953 ?].
110 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h ie s , c h a r t s , illu s. $1.

The Relations of Hearing Loss to Noise Exposure.
Y o r k , A m e r ic a n S t a n d a r d s A s s o c ia tio n , I n c .,
64 p p ., c h a r t s .

N ew
195 4 .

799

B O O K R E V IE W S A N D N O T E S

Statutes on Labor Standards in Construction Field.

Industrial Relations
Basic Patterns in Union Contracts.

W a s h in g to n , B u r e a u
o f N a t i o n a l A ffa irs, I n c ., 1 9 5 4 . 107 p p . 3 d e d .
( R e p r i n t e d f r o m “ C o lle c tiv e B a r g a in in g N e g o t i a t i o n s
& C o n t r a c t s . ” ) $1.2|5.

Fundamentals of Industrial Leadership: Report of 34th
Annual Session, Southern Industrial Relations Con­
ference, Blue Ridge, N. C., July 15-18, 1953. A t l a n t a ,
G a . (6 1 8 W a l t o n B u ild in g ) , t h e C o n f e r e n c e , [1953?].
132 p p . $1.

Legal Aspects and Problems of Multiemployer Bargaining.
B y H a r r y H . R a in s .
( In B o s t o n U n i v e r s i t y L a w
R e v ie w , B o s to n , A p r il 1954, p p . 1 5 9 - 1 8 3 .

$1.)

“Quid Pro Quo in Labor Relations." B y J . W a r d K e e n e r
a n d o th e rs .
{In M a n a g e m e n t R e c o r d , N a t i o n a l
I n d u s t r i a l C o n f e r e n c e B o a r d , I n c ., N e w Y o r k , F e b r u ­
a r y 1 9 5 4 , p p . 5 0 - 6 7 .)

A Study of Contrasts in Industrial Relations.

W ash­
in g to n , U n i t e d A s s o c ia tio n o f J o u r n e y m e n a n d
A p p r e n tic e s o f t h e P l u m b i n g a n d P i p e F i t t i n g I n d u s ­
t r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a , [1954],
11 p p .
In fo rm a tio n o n th e D a v is -B a c o n A c t a n d o th e r F e d e ra l
s ta tu te s .

Labor Organizations
Supplement to Directory of Labor Unions in the United
States. W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ,
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , F e b r u a r y 1954. 13 p p .
F re e .
S u p p l e m e n t t o B u l l e t i n 1127, D i r e c t o r y o f L a b o r U n io n s
in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1953. T h e b u l l e t i n , a c c o m p a n ie d b y
t h e s u p p l e m e n t, is a v a i l a b l e a t 35 c e n t s f r o m t h e S u p e r i n ­
t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .

Directory of International Trade Union Organizations.
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , O ffice of
I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r A ffa irs, M a y 1954. V a r io u s
p a g in g s ; p r o c e s s e d .

B y Ire n e M .
C h a m b e rs.
B o s to n , M a s s ., S im m o n s C o lle g e , P r in c e
S c h o o l o f R e ta il i n g , [1953?]. 4 2 p p . 5 0 c e n ts .
C o v e r s m a n a g e r i a l v ie w p o in ts a n d e m p lo y e e r e s p o n s e s
to t h e m , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o p r o f i t s h a r in g .

Directory of Labor Organizations in the Territory of Hawaii,
March 1954• H o n o lu lu , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d

Outstanding Books on Industrial Relations, 1953.

An Introduction to Trade Unionism.

P rin c e ­
t o n , N . J . , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y , I n d u s t r i a l R e la ti o n s
S e c tio n , 1 9 5 4 . 4 p p .
( S e le c te d R e fe r e n c e s , 5 6 .)
20
c e n ts .

Labor Legislation
Labor Code, State of California, 1953.

S a c r a m e n t o , C a li­
f o r n i a S t a t e P r i n t i n g O ffice, D o c u m e n t s S e c tio n , 1953.
254 p p .
$ 1 .2 5 .
A d i g e s t o f t h e S t a t e ’s la b o r la w s , in c o r p o r a t i n g a ll im ­
p o r t a n t c h a n g e s m a d e in 19 5 3 a n d 1954, w a s p u b l i s h e d
r e c e n t l y b y t h e R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t , C a lif o r n ia S t a t e
C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e , [ S a n F ra n c is c o ] .

Labor Laws of Indiana, 1953-54 Edition.

In d ia n a p o lis ,
I n d i a n a D iv is io n o f L a b o r , [1954?]. 2 4 7 p p .
In c lu d e s in d u s tr ia l co d es re la tin g to h e a lth a n d s a fe ty
a d o p t e d b y t h e S t a t e c o m m is s io n e r o f L a b o r .

The National Labor Relations Act and Compulsory Unionism.
B y R o b e rt J . R o s e n th a l.
{In W is c o n s in L a w R e v ie w ,
M a d is o n , J a n u a r y 1954, p p . 5 3 - 9 4 .

$1.)

State Powers in Labor Relations.

I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s , B u r e a u o f R e s e a r c h a n d S t a t i s ­
tic s , 1954. 2 7 p p .
B y G . D . H . C o le .
L o n d o n , G e o r g e A lle n & U n w in , L td ., 19 5 3 . 3 2 4 p p .,
b ib lio g ra p h y , c h a rts .
18s. ($ 4 .2 5 , M a c m illa n C o .,
N e w Y o rk ).
D e a ls p r i m a r i l y w i t h u n io n s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n .

Trade-Union Utilization of Quality Control Techniques.
B y S o lo m o n B a r k i n .
N e w Y o r k , T e x t il e W o r k e r s
U n io n o f A m e r ic a , C I O , [1954?]. 2 2 p p .; p r o c e s s e d .
( R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t P u b . T - 1 1 6 .)

Manpower
A Manpower Program for Full Mobilization.

W a s h in g to n ,
U . S. O ffice o f D e f e n s e M o b iliz a tio n , N a t i o n a l L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t M a n p o w e r P o lic y C o m m i t t e e , 1954.
19 p p .

A Study of Census Data on the Craftsman Population of the
United States, 1870-1950: The Skilled Labor Force.
W a s h in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u
o f A p p r e n t i c e s h i p , 1954. 5 2 p p ., c h a r t s .
( T e c h n ic a l
B u ll. T - 1 4 0 .)
4 5 c e n ts , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u ­
m e n t s , W a s h in g to n .

B y H e l e n B . S h a ffe r.
W a s h in g to n
(1 2 0 5 1 9 th S t r e e t N W .) , E d i t o r i a l
R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s , 1 954. 17 p p .
(V o l. I , 1954, N o .
17.) $1.

Agricultural Labor in the United States, 1943-52— A
Selected List of Annotated References. C o m p ile d b y

The Seaman as Ward of the Admiralty. B y M a r t i n J .
M o r r is .
{In M ic h ig a n L a w R e v ie w , A n n A r b o r,

J o s i a h C . F o ls o m .
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f
A g r ic u ltu r e , L ib r a r y , 1954. 170 p p .; p r o c e s s e d .
( L i b r a r y L is t 61.)

F e b r u a r y 1954, p p . 4 7 9 - 5 0 4 .

$1.)

D e s c rib e s s e a m a n ’s s t a t u s u n d e r U n i t e d S t a t e s la w s ,
t r a c i n g t h e i r o r ig in s t o a n c i e n t a n d m e d ie v a l s e a c o d e s .
303366— 54------ 5


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The Mobility of Electronic Technicians, 1940-52.
J a m e s J . T r e ir e s .

By
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t of

800

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , 19 5 4 . 7 9 p p .,
c h a rts,
su rv e y
f o rm s .
(B u ll.
1 150.)
50
c e n ts ,
S u p e r i n te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n .
R e p o r t o n t h e w o r k e x p e r ie n c e , t r a i n i n g , a n d p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f w o r k e r s in a n e w s k ille d o c c u p a tio n .

Manpower Resources in Mathematics.

B y S o lo m o n S h a ­
p ir o .
W a s h in g to n , U . S. N a t i o n a l S c ie n c e F o u n d a ­
ti o n , 1 9 5 4 . 22 p p ., c h a r t s . 20 c e n ts , S u p e r i n te n d e n t
o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
A s t u d y c o n d u c t e d j o i n t l y b y N a t i o n a l S c ie n c e F o u n d a ­
tio n a n d B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s of U . S. D e p a r tm e n t
of L a b o r.

B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , 19 5 4 . 4 2 p p ., c h a r t s ,
m a p , illu s .
( B u ll. 1 1 5 6 .) 3 0 c e n ts , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t
o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n .

Employment Outlook in the Industrial Chemical Industry.
B y S o l S w e rd lo ff a n d E v e l y n R . K a y .
W a s h in g to n ,
U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s ­
tic s , 1954. 3 7 p p ., c h a r t s , illu s .
(B u ll. 1 151.)
30
c e n ts , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n .

Careers in Life Insurance.
I n s u r a n c e , [1954].

N e w Y o r k , I n s t i t u t e o f L ife
32 p p .

Job Guide for Medical Occupations.

Medical Care
Management and Union Health and Medical Programs.
B y M a r g a r e t C . K le m a n d M a r g a r e t F . M c K ie v e r .
W a s h in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n ,
a n d W e lf a r e , P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v ic e , D iv is io n o f
O c c u p a ti o n a l H e a l t h , 1953. 2 7 6 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h ie s ,
c h a rts .
( P H S P u b l i c a t i o n 3 2 9 .)
$1, S u p e r i n te n d e n t
o f D o c u m e n ts , W a s h in g to n .
T h e fiv e s e c tio n s c o v e r (1) d e v e l o p m e n t o f h e a l t h a n d
m e d ic a l p r o g r a m s f o r e m p lo y e d g r o u p s , (2) e x t e n t o f
c o lle c tiv e ly b a r g a i n e d p r o g r a m s a n d t y p e s o f b e n e f its ,
(3) p r o g r a m c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , (4) a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d f in a n c ­
in g o f c o lle c tiv e ly b a r g a i n e d p r o g r a m s , a n d (5) s e le c te d
p r o g r a m s , p r i n c i p a l ly a t h e a l t h c e n te r s .

Morbidity Experience of Subscribers to a Prepaid Medical
Care Plan. B y J . R . S m ile y a n d o t h e r s . {In A m e r i­
c a n J o u r n a l o f P u b l i c H e a l t h a n d t h e N a t i o n ’s H e a l t h ,
N e w Y o r k , M a r c h 1954, p p . 3 6 0 - 3 6 9 , b ib lio g r a p h y .
$ 1.)

D e a ls w i t h p a t t e r n s o f illn e s s a m o n g i n d u s t r i a l f a m ilie s
o f a C a n a d i a n c i t y , b a s e d o n r e c o r d s o f p h y s i c ia n s ’
s e rv ic e s .

Diagnostic Statistics [for the Hotel Industry ] for Year
Ending December 31, 1953, According to the Inter­
national Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries,
and Causes of Death. N e w Y o r k , N e w Y o r k H o t e l
T r a d e s C o u n c il & H o te l A s s o c ia tio n H e a l t h C e n te r, In c .,
1 9 5 4 . 2 7 p p .; p r o c e s s e d .

Occupations
How To Choose that Career, Civilian and M ilitary—A Guide
for Parents, Teachers, and Students. B y S . N o r m a n
F e in g o ld .
C o ., 1 9 5 4 .

C a m b r id g e , M a s s ., B e llm a n
5 2 p p ., b i b l i o g r a p h y . $1.

P u b lis h in g

W a s h in g to n , U . S.
D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u o f E m p lo y m e n t
S e c u r ity , U . S. E m p l o y m e n t S e r v ic e , 1 9 5 4 . 2 0 p p .
T h e g u id e l i s ts d u t i e s , e n t r a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d t r a i n ­
in g , jo b o p p o r t u n it i e s , a n d s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n , f o r
p a r a m e d i c a l a n d m e d ic a l p e r s o n n e l.

The Printing Industry Offers You a Career.
E d u c a t i o n C o u n c il o f t h e G r a p h i c
I n c ., 1 9 5 4 . 21 p p ., illu s . $ 1 .5 0 .

W a s h in g to n ,
A rts I n d u s tr y ,

Older Workers and the Aged
Age and Achievement.

B y H a rv e y C . L e h m a n . P rin c e ­
t o n , N . J . , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ( fo r A m e r ic a n
P h ilo s o p h ic a l S o c ie ty ) , 19 5 3 . 3 5 9 p p ., b ib l i o g r a p h y ,
c h a r t s . $ 7 .5 0 .
R e s u l t s o f t h e a u t h o r ’s m a n y y e a r s o f s t u d y o f t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f c h r o n o lo g ic a l a g e t o a c h i e v e m e n t i n p r o ­
f e s s io n a l fie ld s.

Economic Problems of Retirement: A Report on Jffh Annual
Southern Conference on Gerontology, University of
Florida, January 27-28, 1954. E d i t e d b y G e o r g e B .
H u rff.
G a in e s v ille , U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a , I n s t i t u t e
of
G e r o n to lo g y ,
1954.
180
p p .,
b ib l i o g r a p h y ,
c h a rts .
( I n s t i t u t e o f G e r o n to lo g y S e rie s, V o l. 4 .)
$ 2 .5 0 , U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a P r e s s , G a in e s v ille .
P a p e r s b y r e c o g n iz e d a u t h o r i t i e s p r e s e n t c o m p r e h e n s iv e
f a c t s o n e c o n o m ic q u e s t io n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c u r r e n t t r e n d s
in p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e p e n s io n p l a n n in g .

Jobs After Retirement.

B y M a x w e ll L e h m a n a n d M o r t o n
Y a rm o n .
N e w Y o r k , H e n r y H o l t a n d C o ., 1 9 5 4 .
241 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h ie s .
$ 2 .9 5 .

A Psychologist’s View of Retirement Problems. B y G e o r g e
K . B e n n e tt.
{In I n d u s t r i a l M e d ic in e a n d S u r g e r y ,
C h ic a g o , M a y
75 c e n ts .)

1954,

pp.

2 0 9 -2 1 2 ,

b ib lio g ra p h y .

Conditions of Employment in International Civil Aviation.
B y Ja co b S chenkm an.
{In I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r

The Study of Occupational Retirement—First Progress
Report, 1953. I t h a c a , N . Y ., C o r n e ll U n i v e r s i t y ,

R e v ie w , G e n e v a , M a r c h 1954, p p . 1 8 9 -2 1 5 . 60
c e n ts .
D i s t r i b u t e d in U n i t e d S t a t e s b y W a s h in g to n
B r a n c h o f I L O .)

D e p a r t m e n t o f S o c io lo g y a n d A n th r o p o lo g y , [1 9 5 4 ?].
34 p p .
R e p o r t o n t h e f i r s t y e a r ’s w o r k o n a s t u d y d e s ig n e d t o
“ r e c o r d a n d a n a l y z e t h e e ffe c ts o f r e t i r e m e n t a s c o m p a r e d
w i t h c o n t i n u e d e m p l o y m e n t .”
P r o v i d e s t h e b a s ic d a t a
o n w h ic h t h e l a t e r s t u d i e s w ill p r o c e e d .

Employment Outlook in Banking Occupations.
E b e r.

W a s h in g to n ,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U.

S.

D e p a rtm e n t

B y M anuel
of L a b o r,

801

B O O K R E V IE W S A N D N O T E S

Housing an Aging Population.

N e w Y o r k , A m e r ic a n
P u b l i c H e a l t h A s s o c ia tio n , I n c ., C o m m i t t e e o n t h e
H y g ie n e o f H o u s in g , 19 5 3 . 92 p p ., b i b lio g r a p h y .

t h e A m e r ic a n D e n t a l A s s o c ia tio n , [C h ic a g o ], J a n u a r y
1954, p p . 6 8 - 7 4 . 75 c e n ts .)

Teachers’ Salaries.

Social and Economic Characteristics of Old Age Security
Recipients in California. S a c r a m e n to , D e p a r t m e n t of
S o c ia l W e lf a r e , B u r e a u o f R e s e a r c h a n d S t a t i s t i c s ,
1 954. 21 p p ., c h a r t s .

Annual Review of Man-Hours and Hourly Earnings, with
Average Weekly Wages, [Canada], 1945-1953. O t t a w a ,

Personnel Management
Compensating Employees, Including a Manual of Procedures
on Job Evaluation and Merit Rating. B y E u g e n e J .
B e n g e . N e w L o n d o n , C o n n ., N a t i o n a l F o r e m e n ’s
I n s t i t u t e , I n c ., 1 9 5 3 . V a r io u s p a g in g s , c h a r t s . $7 .5 0 .
R e v is e d a n d e n la r g e d e d i t i o n o f a v o lu m e f o r m e r ly p u b ­
lis h e d u n d e r t h e t i t l e Job Evaluation and Merit Rating.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e c tio n s o n th o s e to p ic s , t h e p r e s e n t
v o lu m e c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l c h a p t e r s o n i n c e n t i v e p a y .

Improving Supervisory Behavior.

B y E u g e n e E . J e n n in g s .
M a d is o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f W is c o n s in , S c h o o l o f C o m ­
m e r c e , B u r e a u o f B u s in e s s R e s e a r c h a n d S e rv ic e , 1954.
35 p p .
( W is c o n s in C o m m e r c e S tu d ie s , V ol. I I ,
N o . 1.) $ 1 .1 5 .

The Techniques of Supervision.

B y A lf re d R . L a t e i n e r
in c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h I . E . L e v in e .
N ew L ondon,
C o n n ., N a t i o n a l F o r e m e n ’s I n s t i t u t e , I n c ., 1954.
2 0 7 p p . $4 , c l o t h ; $2, p a p e r .
A s im p le a n d d i r e c t t r e a t m e n t o f te c h n i q u e s , t a k i n g a
h o w -to -d o -it r a th e r th a n a th e o re tic a l a p p ro a c h .
Con­
t a i n s m a n y k e y p o i n t s a n d c h e c k lis ts . I n c lu d e s a c h a p t e r
o n a c c i d e n t c o n tr o l a n d o n e o n e m p lo y e e t r a i n in g .

Ford’s Area-Wide Seniority Plan. B y J a m e s J . B a m b r ic k ,
J r . {In M a n a g e m e n t R e c o r d , N a t i o n a l I n d u s t r i a l
C o n f e r e n c e B o a r d , I n c ., N e w
p p . 9 4 - 9 5 , 1 1 6 -1 1 8 , c h a r t .)

Y o rk ,

M a rc h

1954,

Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
Occupational Earnings, Selected Industries and Areas—
Studies Between March 1951—May 1952. W a s h in g to n ,
U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s ­
tic s , 1954. 4 8 p p .
(B L S R e p o r t 3 6 .)
F re e .
A l a t e r r e p o r t ( N o . 6 0 ), a ls o p u b l i s h e d r e c e n t l y , g iv e s
d a t a f o r 1 9 5 2 - 5 3 o n o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n in g s in v a r io u s
i n d u s t r i e s , m o s t o f w h ic h w e r e a ls o c o v e r e d b y t h e r e p o r t
lis te d a b o v e .

Wage Structure, Miscellaneous Textile Industries, October
1958. W a s h in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ,
B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s ,
R e p o r t 5 6 .)
F re e .

1954.

11

pp.

(B L S

Wage Structures and Administration.

B y H . M . D o u ty .
L o s A n g e le s , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a lif o r n ia , I n s t i t u t e of
I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s , 1954. 72 p p ., b i b lio g r a p h y ,
c h a r t s . 25 c e n ts .

The 1958 Survey of Dental Practice: II, Income of Dentists
by Location, Age and Other Factors. {In J o u r n a l of

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

B y E u g e n e L . H a m m e r. W a s h in g to n ,
W o r ld O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e T e a c h i n g P ro f e s s io n ,
[1953]. 4 2 p p .
R e s u l t s o f a n e f f o r t t o a n a l y z e t h e e c o n o m ic s t a t u s o f
t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s io n in v a r io u s p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld .

D o m in io n B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s , L a b o r a n d
D iv is io n , 1954. 3 4 p p ., c h a r t s . 25 c e n ts .

P ric e s

Salaires et Revendications Sociales en France, 1944-1952.
B y J . L . G u g lie lm i a n d M . P e r r o t . P a r i s , L ib r a i r i e
A r m a n d C o lin , 19 5 3 . 2 4 8 p p ., c h a r t s .

Taux de Salaire et Heures de Travail Fixés dans des Contrats
Collectifs, [Switzerland ], 1949 à 1952. B e rn e , D é p a r t e ­
m e n t F é d é r a l d e l ’É c o n o m ie P u b l i q u e , 19 5 3 .
p p . (5 8 e S u p p l é m e n t d e l a V ie É c o n o m iq u e .)
F re n c h a n d G erm an .

124
In

Expansive Lohnpolitik.

B y V i k t o r A g a r tz .
{In W W I ,
M i t t e i l u n g e n d e s W ir t s c h a f t s w i s s e n s c h a f t l ic h e n I n ­
s t i t u t s d e r G e w e r k s c h a f te n K ô ln , D e c e m b e r 1 9 5 3 ,
p p . 2 4 5 - 2 4 7 .)
P r e s e n t s a r g u m e n t s f o r a n a g g r e s s iv e w a g e p o lic y b y
W e s t G e r m a n l a b o r u n io n s .

Women in Industry
What About Women Workers?— A Few Facts.

W a s h in g to n ,
U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , W o m e n ’s B u r e a u , 1 9 5 4 .
( L e a f le t 18.) 5 c e n ts , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s ,
W a s h in g to n .

U. S. Navy Occupational Handbook for Women.

W ash­
i n g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e N a v y , B u r e a u o f
N a v a l P e r s o n n e l, 1953. V a r io u s p a g in g s , illu s .
A m a n u a l d e s ig n e d f o r c iv ilia n g u i d a n c e c o u n s e lo rs ,
s c h o o ls , lib r a r ie s , a n d e m p l o y m e n t a n d y o u t h a g e n c ie s .

The Outlook for Women as Practical Nurses and Auxiliary
Workers on the Nursing Team. B y L illia n V . I n k e .
W a s h in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , W o m e n ’s
B u re a u , 1953.
62 p p ., b i b l i o g r a p h y , illu s .
( B u ll.
2 0 3 - 5 ; M e d ic a l S e r v ic e s S e rie s.)
4 0 c e n ts , S u p e r ­
i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n .

Women Workers in California Manufacturing Industries,
1958.
S a n F r a n c is c o , D e p a r t m e n t o f I n d u s t r i a l
R e la tio n s , D iv is io n o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s a n d R e s e a r c h ,
1954. 10 p p ., c h a r t ; p r o c e s s e d .

Workmen’s Compensation
Analysis of Workmen’s Compensation Laws.

W a s h in g to n ,
C h a m b e r o f C o m m erce of th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1954.

56 p p . $1.
S u m m a r iz e s t h e p r i n c i p a l w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a t i o n la w s
i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a a s o f J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 5 4 .

802

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

Workmen’s Compensation: Measures of Accomplishment.
B y D o r o t h y M c C a m m a n a n d A lf re d M . S k o ln ik .
(In

in Underdeveloped Countries, [Ithaca, N. Y.], November
12-14, 1953. E d i t e d b y R o b e r t L . A r o n s o n a n d J o h n

S o c ia l S e c u r i t y B u lle tin , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h ,
E d u c a t i o n a n d W e lf a r e , S o c ia l S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a ­
t i o n , W a s h in g to n , M a r c h 1954, p p . 3 - 1 3 , c h a r t s . 20
c e n ts , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n .)
D e s c r ib e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n a t i o n a l e s t im a t e s o f
w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n c o v e r a g e a n d b e n e f its b y t h e
S o c ia l S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d p r e s e n t s d a t a o n c o v e r ­
a g e , b e n e f it p a y m e n t s , c o s ts , a n d r e l a t e d m a t t e r s t h r o u g h
1952.
( F o r e s t i m a t e d p a y m e n t s i n 19 5 2 b y S t a t e s , se e a r ­
t i c le i n S o c ia l S e c u r i t y B u lle tin , D e c e m b e r 1953, p . 21.)

P . W in d m u lle r . I t h a c a , N . Y ., C o r n e ll U n i v e r s i t y ,
N e w Y o r k S t a t e S c h o o l o f I n d u s t r i a l a n d L a b o r R e la ­
t io n s , I n s t i t u t e o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n d u s t r i a l a n d L a b o r
R e la ti o n s , 19 5 4 . 2 5 1 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h i c a l f o o tn o te s .

Work Injuries Compensable in Pennsylvania.

B y A lic e
W arn e.
S t a t e C o lle g e , P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r ­
s i t y , C o lle g e o f B u s in e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , B u r e a u o f
B u s in e s s R e s e a r c h , 1 9 5 4 . 5 0 p p . 2 d e d .
( B u ll. 50.)
2 0 c e n ts .

Workmen's Compensation in Canada—A Comparison of
Provincial Laws. O t t a w a , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ,
L e g is la tio n B ra n c h , 1953.

42 p p .

10 c e n ts .

Miscellaneous
History of Economic Analysis.

B y J o s e p h A. S c h u m p e te r
( e d i t e d f r o m u n c o m p l e t e d m a n u s c r i p t b y E li z a b e t h
B o o d y S c h u m p e te r).
N e w Y o r k , O x f o rd U n i v e r s i t y
P r e s s , 1 9 5 4 . x x v , 1 ,2 6 0 p p .
$ 1 7 .5 0 .
C o m p r e h e n s iv e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e c o ­
n o m ic a n a ly s is , f r o m i t s r u d i m e n t a r y b e g in n in g s in a n c i e n t
G r e e k t h o u g h t t h r o u g h t h e c la s s ic a l sc h o o ls , e n d in g in t h e
e a r l y 1 9 0 0 ’s. T h e i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e fie ld
a r e a n a l y z e d i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h e s o c ia l b a c k g r o u n d o f
t h e p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d a n d r e l e v a n t d e v e l o p m e n t s i n n e ig h ­
b o r in g fie ld s.

Labor Laws and Their Administration: Proceedings of the
Thirty-sixth Convention of the International Association
of Governmental Labor Officials, Providence, R. /.,
May 25-27, 1953. W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f
L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a n d a r d s , 1 9 5 4 . 9 8 p p .,
c h a rts .
(B u ll. 169.) 3 5 c e n ts , S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f
D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n .

Labor, Management, and Economic Growth: Proceedings of a
Conference on Human Resources and Labor Relations


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 2.

What a Profit-Sharing Plan Can Do for Your Business and
its Employees. C h ic a g o , C i t y N a t i o n a l B a n k a n d
T r u s t C o ., 1 9 5 3 .

20 p p .

International Labor Conference, 36th Session, Geneva, 1953—
Record of Proceedings. G e n e v a , I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r
O ffice, 1 9 5 4 . x liii, 4 7 2 p p . $ 6 . D i s t r i b u t e d
U n ite d S ta te s b y W a s h in g to n B ra n c h o f IL O .

in

Report of the Director-General [of the International Labor
Organization]. G e n e v a , I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O ffice,
1 9 5 4 . 144 p p ., c h a r t s .
$1. D i s t r i b u t e d in U n i t e d
S ta te s b y W a s h in g to n B ra n c h o f IL O .
R e p o r t I p r e p a r e d f o r 3 7 t h s e s s io n o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r
C o n f e r e n c e , G e n e v a , 1954.

Working Conditions, April 1953, of Sales Staff in Retail
Trade, [Canada]. (In L a b o r G a z e tt e , D e p a r t m e n t o f
L a b o r , O t t a w a , M a r c h 1954, p p . 434r-4 3 8 . 2 5 c e n ts .)
G iv e s d e t a i l e d t a b u l a t i o n s o f s t a n d a r d w e e k ly h o u r s ,
v a c a t i o n s w i t h p a y , a n d p a i d h o l i d a y s o f n o n o ffic e e m ­
p lo y e e s , w i t h s o m e a d d i t i o n a l d a t a o n o v e r t i m e p a y , s ic k
le a v e , a n d p e n s io n s .

Labor Demand and Supply in the Jamaican Sugar Industry,
1830-1950. B y G . E . C u m p e r . (In S o c ia l a n d
E c o n o m ic S tu d ie s , U n i v e r s i t y C o lle g e , I n s t i t u t e o f
S o c ia l a n d E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , J a m a i c a , M a r c h 19 5 4 ,
p p . 3 7 - 8 6 , b ib l i o g r a p h y . 9s.)

Purchasing Power of Soviet Workers, 1954•

By E dm und
N ash.
W a s h in g to n , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ,
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , 19 5 4 . 10 p p ., c h a r t s ;
p ro c e sse d . F re e .
C o m p a r e s t h e w o r k t i m e r e q u i r e d t o p u r c h a s e s e le c te d
c o m m o d itie s in 1 9 2 8 a n d 1954, a n d r e a l e a r n in g s , i n M o s ­
c o w a n d N e w Y o r k C ity .
A lso d is c u s s e s r e c e n t S o v i e t
p ric e c u ts a n d e s tim a te s of S o v ie t a v e ra g e m o n e ta r y
e a r n in g s .

Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
805

Table A -l:

806

Table A-2:

810
813

Table A-3:
Table A-4:

813

Table
Table
Table
Table

814

A-5:
A-6:
A-7:
A-8:

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro­
grams, by geographic division and State

B.—Labor Turnover
815

Table B -l:

816

Table B-2:

Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turnover
Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries

C.—Earnings and Hours
818

Table C -l:

834

Table C—2:

834

Table C-3:

835

Table C-4:

835

Table C-5:
Table C—6:

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker aggregate weekly man-hours in
manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1

1 T h is t a b l e is in c l u d e d in t h e M a r c h , J u n e , S e p te m b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r is s u e s of t h e R e v ie w .
N o t e .— B e g in n in g w i t h t h e J u n e 1 9 5 4 is s u e , d a t a s h o w n i n t a b l e s A - 2 , A - 3 , A - 4 , A - 5 , C - l , C - 2 , C - 3 , a n d C - 4
h a v e b e e n r e v is e d b e c a u s e of a d j u s t m e n t t o m o r e r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k le v e ls .
T h e se d a ta c a n n o t b e u se d w ith
t h o s e a p p e a r i n g in p r e v io u s is s u e s of t h e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .
C o m p a r a b l e d a t a fo r e a r l i e r y e a r s a r e a v a i l ­
a b l e u p o n r e q u e s t t o t h e B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

803

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

•804

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
836 Table D -l:
837 Table D-2:
837 Table D-3:

Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and com­
modity groups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, food and its subgroups

Consumer Price Index—United States average, apparel and its
subgroups

Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and food
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—All items and commodity groups, except
food, by city
D-7: Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
D-8: Average retail prices of selected foods
D-9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
D -10 Special wholesale price indexes

838 Table D-4:
838 Table D-5:
839 Table D-6:
841
842
843
844

Table
Table
Table
Table

E.—Work Stoppages
845

Table E -l:

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.—Building and Construction


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

846 Table F -l:
847 Table F-2:
848 Table F-3:
849 Table F-4:
850 Table F-5:

Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed­
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

805

A : EM PLO Y M EN T AND PAY RO LLS

A: Employment and Payrolls
T a b l e A - l : E s tim a te d t o ta l lab or force classified b y e m p lo y m e n t sta tu s, h ou rs w ork ed , an d sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1
1954*

1953

Labor force status
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.3

Oct.

Sept.8

Aug.

July

June

May

Total, both sexes
Total labor force_________________ ____ _

67,786

67,438

67,218

67,139

66,291

66,106

66,874

66,954

67,127

68,238

68,258

68,290

66,497

Civilian labor force___________ ____ ______
Unemployment________________ _____
Unemployed 4 weeks or less________
Unemployed 5-10 w e e k s ...___. . . .
Unemployed 11-14 weeks_____ . . . .
Unemployed 15-26 weeks_______ . . .
Unemployed over 26 weeks________
Employment________________________
Nonagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more__________
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 8__________
With a job but not at work8. . . .
Agricultural______________ ____ _
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours__________
Worked 1-14 hours 8___________
With a job but not at work 8____

64,425
3,305
1,157
764
336
672
375
61,119
54,297
43,962
6,211
2,133
1,991
6,822
4,957
1,436
285
144

64,063
3,465
1,160
854
403
740
307
60,598
54,522
43,603
6,480
2,379
2,060
6,076
4,231
1,336
283
226

63,825
3,725
1,301
932
484
741
267
60,100
54,225
44,291
5,804
2,364
1,765
5,875
4,294
1,100
304
178

63,725
3,671
1,434
1,198
408
470
160
60,055
54,351
42,825
7,246
2,265
2,013
5,704
3,844
1,283
301
272

62,840
3,087
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
59,753
54,469
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
5,284
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

62,614
1,850
1,093
444
125
124
64
60,764
55,326
46,889
5,139
1,811
1,487
5,438
3,900
1,123
232
184

63,353
1,428
886
294
96
96
55
61,925
55,274
42,847
8,972
1,873
1,582
6,651
5,092
1,274
180
105

63,404
1,162
727
236
72
82
46
62,242
55,083
46,957
4,906
1,711
1,509
7,159
5, 713
1,175
185
86

63,552
1,246
817
234
58
81
56
62,306
55,044
32, 767
18,114
1,543
2,620
7,262
5,772
1,261
154
76

64,648
1,240
724
278
88
88
62
63,408
56,134
45,598
4,482
1,260
4,794
7,274
5,512
1,442
190
130

64,668
1, 548
924
368
104
78
74
63,120
55,492
43,196
5,054
1,224
6,018
7,628
5,898
1,436
186
108

64,734
1,562
1,042
212
96
124
88
63,172
55,246
46,304
4,924
1,468
2, 550
7,926
6,334
1,346
178
68

62,964
1,306
656
326
116
150
58
61,658
55,268
45,988
5,608
1,926
1,746
6,390
4,346
1,578
230
236

Males
Total labor force.............. ................ ................

47,791

47,671

47,408

47,539

(4)

47,013

47,184

47,129

47,446

48,599

48,803

48,372

47,333

Civilian labor force______________________
Unemployment_____________________
Employment________________________
Nonagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more______
Worked 15-34 hours.. . . . . . ..
Worked 1-14 hours 8___________
With a job but not at work 8____
Agricultural.. . . . _______________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours__________
Worked 1-14 hours 8__
___
With a job but not at work 8. _

44,471
2,197
42,274
36,660
31,184
3,241
956
1,279
5,614
4,502
761
214
137

44,337
2,343
41,993
36,682
31,100
3,257
981
1,344
5,311
3,987
891
224
209

44,057
2, 552
41, 504
36,337
31,219
2,944
1,040
1,134
5,167
4,052
687
261
167

44,167
2, 542
41,625
36, 592
30,399
3,829
1,053
1,309
5,033
3,633
884
273
243

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

43,565
1,337
42,228
37,335
32,897
2,672
718
1,048
4,893
3, 724
815
186
168

43, 709
927
42,782
37,283
30, 470
4,910
788
1,115
5,499
4,549
727
120
103

43,626
736
42,889
37,241
33,319
2,283
648
991
5,649
4,848
595
127
78

43,917
768
43,149
37,370
24,173
10,968
560
1,669
5,779
4,891
707
109
71

45,056
814
44,242
38,204
32,680
2,112
514
2,898
6,038
5,052
726
150
110

45,260
1,024
44, 236
38,042
31,248
2,660
470
3,664
6,194
5,350
620
130
94

44,862
1,024
43,838
37,626
33,166
2,258
634
1,568
6,212
5,458
568
122
64

43,848
898
42,950
37,470
32,582
2,822
854
1,212
5,480
4,134
960
184
202

Females
Total labor force _______________________

19,995

19,767

19,810

19,600

(4)

19,094

19,690

19,825

19,681

19,639

19,455

19,918

19,164

Civilian labor force___________ _________
Unemployment____________________
Employment________________________
Nonagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 8__ . . . . . . .
With a job but not at work 8_ . _
Agricultural__ . . . _______________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours________ . . .
Worked 1-14 hours 8_____
. .
With a job but not at work 8___

19,954
1,108
18,846
17,637
12,775
2,972
1,177
712
1,209
454
675
71
10

19,726
1,121
18,605
17,840
12,503
3,223
1,398
715
765
244
445
58
17

19,768
1,173
18, 596
17, 888
13,072
2,860
1,324
631
708
242
413
43
11

19, 558
1,128
18,430
17,759
12,426
3,417
1,212
704
671
211
399
28
29

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

19,050
513
18,536
17,991
13,992
2,468
1,093
439
545
175
308
46
16

19,645
501
19,143
17,991
12,377
4,062
1,085
467
1,152
544
547
60
2

19,778
425
19,353
17,842
13,638
2,624
1,063
518
1,510
865
580
58
7

19,635
478
19,157
17,674
8,594
7,146
983
951
1,484
880
554
45
5

19,592
426
19,166
17,930
12,918
2,370
746
1,896
1,236
460
716
40
20

19,408
524
18, 884
17,450
11,948
2,394
754
2,354
1,434
548
816
56
14

19,872
538
19,334
17, 620
13,138
2,666
834
982
1,714
876
778
56
4

19,116
408
18,708
17,798
13,406
2,786
1,072
534
910
212
618
46
34

1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu­
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
2 Data beginning January 1954 are based upon a new Census sample in
230 areas and are not entirely comparable with earlier data. In addition,
the introduction during 1953 of materials from the 1950 Census into the
estimating procedures produced certain discontinuities in the data. Revised
figures are expected to be available at a later date.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 Census survey week contained legal holiday.
i Not available.
5 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of layoff. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

806

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

T

able

A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group
[In thousands]
1954

Annual aver­
age

1953

Industry group and industry
May
Total employees.
Mining...................
Metal_________
Iron________
Copper______
Lead and zinc.
Anthracite_____
Bituminous-coal.

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

1953

1952

47,932 48,056 47,848 47,880 48,147 50,197 49,851 50,180 50, 200 49,962 49, 716 49,904 49,531 49,660 48,306
743
98.6

216.5

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction_________________ _________

750
98.7
35.2
27.3
15.3

772
101.6
36.2
29.0
15.4

790
103.1
37.1
29.1
16.0

805
104.3
38.2
29.3
15.9

822
105.5
39.6
29.4
15.4

829
105.3
39.7
29.2
15.5

826
105.1
40.0
28.7
15.7

839
105.2
40.5
28.6
15.8

844
105.2
40. S
28.5
16.3

836
105.9
40.8
28.5
16.6

846
106.6
40.6
28.7
17.5

842
105.4
40. 1
28.1
17.9

844
105.7
39.8
28.6
17.4

885
99.8
33.5
26.5
21.2

38.8
220.9

41.5
237.2

44.8
252.2

46.4
260.5

48.5
266.4

49.0
271.1

48.7
269.4

50.2
276.3

50.2
276.4

48.6
275.4

53.6
284.1

55.6
285.2

52.8
285.6

63.4
327.8
289.8

291.1

292.3

291.4

295.3

298.0

297.4

295.0

298.2

303.1

298.4

294.7

289.7

294.5

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.

102.2

100.4

99.0

98.1

98.8

104.0

106.0

107.7

108.6

108.7

107.2

107.1

106.0

105.1

103.8

Contract construction...........................
Nonbuilding construction________
Highway and street__________
Other nonbuilding construction.

2,613

2,536
499
208.2
291.2

2,415
443
173.3
269.7

2,356
420
155.9
264.1

2,349
415
149.9
264.6

2,632
490
195.9
293.7

2,789
550
235.3
314.5

2,889
594
265.8
328.0

2,866
597
269.4
327.6

2,825
6Ò0
274.4
325.6

2,768
570
258.0
311.7

2,711
553
246.0
306.8

2,607
521
223.2
297.9

2,644
518
218.1
299.9

2,634
514
209.4
305.0

Building construction.
General contractors..
Special-trade contractors_________
Plumbing and heating_______
Painting and decorating_____
Electrical work_____________
Other special-trade contractors.
Manufacturing.___ _____
Durable goods 2___
Nondurable goods 3.
Ordnance and accessories_____
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products__________________
Dairy products_________________
Canning and preserving__________
Grain-mill products_____________
Bakery products________________
Sugar_________________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages______________________
Miscellaneous food products___. . . .

2,037
866.7

1,972
834.0

1,936
813.7

1,934
811.5

2,142
924.6

2,239

2,295

2,269

2,225

981.0 1,020.8 1,014. 7 1,018.3

2,198
997.7

2,158
969.8

2,086
931.0

2,126

2,119

944.5

948.3
1,170.4 1,137.8 1,122. 5 1,122. 6 1, 217. 6 1,258.3 1, 274.1 1, 254. 5 1, 206. 7 1,200.0 1,188.1 1,154. 7 1,181.2 1,170.8
289.7 289.2 287.6 292.2 305.5 309.8 311.1 303.0 298.5 291.8 286.8 281.4 293.1 287.7
134.1 127.1 122.4 124.1 142.9 153.2 159.6 160.6 165.7 161.0 154.1 148.3 148.1 156.5
161.7 163.1 165.4 169.1 170.5 171.6 172.0 169.3 165.9 162.7 158.3 156.5 162.3 155.7
584.9 558.4 547.1 537.2 598.7 623.7 631.4 621.6 576.6 584.5 588.9 568.5 577.7 570.9
15,803 15,996 16,234 16,322 16,434 16,765 16,988 17,301 17,510 17,537 17,336 17,416 17,283 17,259 16,334
,128 9, 251 9, 389 9,480 9, 591 9, 773 9,897 10,072 10,145 10,192 10,190 10,301 10, 269 10,129 9, 340
,675 6,745 6,845 6,842 6,843 6,992 7,091
7,229 7,365
7,345 7,146 7,115 7,014 7,131 6,994
174.5 187.9 202.1 217.0 231.4 240.6 246.3 250.7 251.3 252.1 258.3 253.2 248.7 242.6 178.7

Tobacco manufacturers__________
Cigarettes___________________
Cigars______________________
Tobacco and snuff____________
Tobacco stemming and redrying.

453.7 1,434.0 1,431.1 1,428. 9 1,444.7 1,505.3 1, 574. 2 1, 651.4 1, 756.2 1,721.4 1,634. 9 1,536.6 1,478. 5 1, 555.0 1, 548.2
311.5 316.7 319.3 326.0 335.9 341.4 330.4 322.4 319.9 318.2 314.7 310.1 321.5 319.0
118.5 115.3 111.6 110.8 112.4 114.6 117.1 122.7 127.5 129.7 128.5 121.5 118.7 119.9
162.6 153.6 152.9 159.7 178.1 213.8 284.6 404.5 375.7 296.6 210.0 187.9 235.3 227.6
111.2 116.2 117.4 117.1 116.8 117.6 120.6 121.8 121.6 121.3 121.6 117.2 119.4 123.8
282.8 281.9 282.5 281.5 284.4 288.4 290.3 288.9 288.4 289.2 288.2 284.5 285.9 284.1
28.4
44.1
52.6
27.3
30.2
51.0
33.0
28.7
30.2
30.1
28.5
27.5
34.2
33.4
76.6
90.2
93.0
93.1
89.6
83.2
79.3
81.2
83.6
75.5
78.1
75.7
84.6
86.2
205.1 202.3 198.0 200.8 206.4 212.0 219.1 226.8 230.2 228.7 222.4 215.5 214.9 215.6
137.3 138.5 137.3 135.0 137.0 140.8 145.2 146.5 144.8 145.5 144.6 138.6 140.6 138.7
89.4
90.0
92.1
98.2 105.6 112.9 109.7 117.4 120.4 113.3
91.6
91.3
91.7 103. 6 105.6
31.6
32.0
31.8
31.9
31.8
32.0
31.6
31.6
31.4
31.4
30.6
31.6
31.4
30.4
39.3
41.7
39.4
40.8
41.3
40.5
39.8
40.3
40.0
39.0
40.3
40.3
40.6
41.1
8.0
8.2
8.0
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.5
11.1
32.1
27.8
36.6
40.4
12.6
18.1
26.6
34.2
14.4
11.7
11.8
23.7
25.5

Textile-mill products______________
Scouring and combining plants___
Yarn and thread mills___________
Broad-woven fabric mills________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares____
Knitting mills__________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Hats (except cloth and millinery)...
Miscellaneous textile goods_______

063.6 1,074. 7 1,083.7 1,090.2 1,091.1 1,123.1 1,141.4 1,163. 2 1,184.1 1,189. 6 1,181.5 1, 209. 6 1,203.6 1,188. 5 1,195.6
5.4
5.1
5.2
5.8
5.6
5.0
6.3
6.9
7.1
7.1
7.0
6.7
6.6
6.4
124.7 125.3 125.8 128.3 133.5 135.7 138.9 144.2 147.0 144.7 148.6 147.1 144.8 150.1
485. 5 489.6 493.1 494.8 506.2 514.9 522.9 531.4 533.5 537.4 544.4 541.0 534.1 538.4
29.4
29.2
29.1
29.2
30.2
30.6
31.2
31.5
31.4
31.2
31.9
31.8
31.5
31.3
212.7 214.1 214.5 211.1 219.5 225.4 231.8 237.0 238.9 234.3 240.6 240.2 236.1 236.2
86.7
90.5
88.5
90.7
91.6
87.8
88.1
92.7
92.5
91.0
92.8
92.8
93.2
93.8
53.4
55.4
53.3
54.1
54.1
56.2
57.2
55.0
55.8
54.4
58.5
58.3
57.6
55.6
13.9
15.4
16.2
16.2
15.6
15.5
16.0
15.8
16.3
16.7
17.0
17.5
16.8
16.7
63.0
63.9
64.5
66.0
67.3
67.4
64.8
68.1
67.1
64.7
68.8
68.2
67.7
67.0

Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts____________________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing________________________
Women’s outerwear________________
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
Millinery_________________________
Children’s outerwear_______________
Fur goods.___ ____________________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories!
Other fabricated textile products_____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

110.3 1,158.4 1,226.8 1, 213. 8 1,188.2 1,212.6 1,214.1 1, 231.3 1, 226. 7 1, 249. 7 1,192. 5 1,214.4 1, 200.8 1, 230.7 1,199.8
125.9 134.4 135.0 133.0 134.2 135.2 137.4 138.4 138.2 127.0 136.4 134.4 134.4 129.9
291.7
353.1
111.1
20.3
69.3
8.9
57.1
121.0

297.7
389.4
111.6
25.9
74.4
9.5
59.3
124.6

293.1
384.7
111.3
24.4
73.8
9.9
58.4
123.2

290.9
372.7
108.6
22.5
71.2
10.2
56.5
122.6

298.9
371.1
110.9
20.0
71.4
12.4
60.9
132.8

308.2
352.6
115.4
18.1
69.2
13.1
63.2
139.1

314.0
352.5
116.4
21.6
71.5
11.5
65.2
141.2

314.9
351.2
114.0
21.1
71.3
11.8
65.5
138.5

316.3
371.0
113.1
22.2
74.2
12.8
65.4
136.5

301.8
350.1
111.3
19.9
71.6
14.2
62.6
134.0

313.9
345.0
113.9
17.1
74.5
14.5
64.0
135.1

313.8
333.8
116.3
17.6
71.5
11.8
64.1
137.5

310.2
363.1
115.0
21.5
72.2
12.1
63.9
138.2

287.2
369.6
109.6
23.1
68.9
13.7
65.0
132.9

807

A : EM PLO Y M EN T AND PAY RO LLS

T

able

A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual aver­
age

1953

1954
Industry group and Industry
May
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)................... - ........-........... .
Logging camps and contractors............
Sawmills and planing mills...................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products........ ...........
Wooden containers________________
Miscellaneous wood products...............
Furniture and fixtures..................... -........
Household furniture..............................
Office, public-building, and profes­
sional furniture................................ .
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures - __ __ ____________ _____ _
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures------- ------------

731.2

332 .5

Paper and allied products-------------Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products—
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries...... ...............................................
Newspapers............................ -..............
Periodicals--------- --------------- ----------Books........ ...............................................
Commerical printing..............................
Lithographing.........................................
Greeting cards-------- ----------- ------ —
Bookbinding and related industries—
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.
Chemicals and allied products. .
Industrial inorganic chemicals.
Industrial organic chemicals........ ........
Drugs and medicines---------------------Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara­
tions---- ----------------------------- ------

803.5

774.5

Paints, pigments, and fillers-----------

Gum and wood chemicals____ ____
Fertilizers...------------------- -----------Vegetable and animal oils and fats__
Miscellaneous chemicals.......................

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

1953

1952

711.2
9 0 .7
3 8 0 .9

710.0
96.7
375.9

694.2
85.7
372.1

684.5
74.8
372.5

722.5
89.6
388.9

764.6
108.5
406.9

782.3
110.1
418.2

790.4
111.5
424.2

802.5
115.5
430.4

796.3
110.6
428.9

811.1
115.9
434.6

791.9
108.1
426.5

775.4
102.1
418.2

788.7
9 9 .7
439.3

123.6
61 .1
5 4 .9

121.5
61.0
54.9

120.4
61.3
54.7

120.7
61.5
55.0

124.4
63.0
56.6

128.1
63.5
57.6

131.3
64.5
58.2

130.9
64.9
58.9

131.2
65.8
59.6

131.2
66.8
58.8

134.2
67.3
59.1

132.0
66.8
58.5

130.8
65.5
58.8

125.6
64.1
6 0 .0

33 7 .5
237.2

344.4
242.1

346.1
241.9

347.7
241.7

356.0
248.7

363.5
256.5

367.8
259.6

370.5
261.3

370.3
261.6

369.7
261.4

371.6
264.2

376.3
269.4

373.6
265.9

361.4
257.1
4 1 .9

4 0 .0

40.7

41.4

41.5

42.2

42.0

42.5

43.2

43.2

42.6

42.3

42.7

4 2 .7

3 3 .3

34.1

34.7

35.6

35.6

35.7

36.3

35.7

36.0

36.0

35.8

35.4

35.7

3 4 .0

2 7 .0

27.5

28.1

28.9

29.5

29.3

29.4

30.3

29.5

29.7

29.3

28.8

2 9 .2

2 8 .4

523.7
256.8
142.7
124.2

525.1
257.7
143.6
123.8

525.2
257.7
144.4
123.1

525.7
257.5
145.6
122.6

530.7
260.0
148.2
122.5

535.0
259.2
153.6
122.2

537.7
259.8
153.8
124.1

539.7
260.8
152.5
126.4

537.6
260.0
151.4
126.2

529.5
258.5
145.9
125.1

532.2
258.0
148.7
125.5

525.0
254.6
145.8
124.6

529.6
257.5
148.2
123.9

503.7
252.8
132.6
118.4

803 .3
292.2
6 2 .9
5 1 .2
207.5
5 9 .3
18.8
4 4 .2

804.5
292.3
63.6
51.5
207.3
58.9
18.8
44.3

802.2
290.7
63.5
51.3
207.4
59.0
18.6
44.3

802.8
290.6
63.7
51.0
209.6
58.7
18.5
43.4

814.1
295.1
64.9
51.2
211.6
60.4
20.5
44.3

810.5
293.3
64.8
51.4
208.1
60.9
21.7
44.7

809.3
292.4
63.6
52.3
208.3
59.9
21.6
46.0

801.2
290.5
62.4
52.0
206.3
59.1
20.9
45.5

789.6
288.6
60.6
50.9
202.5
57.5
20.6
45.1

786.2
288.0
60.6
50.3
203.0
56.0
20.1
44.6

790.1
289.5
60.7
50.2
204.4
56.8
20.0
44.6

784.9
288.2
61.1
49.7
202.9
56.2
18.6
44.3

793.0
289.1
6 2 .3
50.6
205.1
57.4
19.8
4 4 .6

769.3
284.9
61.6
47.2
198.7
54.6
18.6
42.9

6 7 .2

67.8

67.4

67.3

66.1

65.6

65.2

64.5

63.8

63.6

63.9

63.9

64.1

6 0 .7

805.5
9 2 .4
317.2
91.5

770.0
8 6 .7
283.3
96.5

790.7
9 3 .3
298 .3
91 .4

796.1
93.6
301.0
92.2

793.6
93.5
303.7
92.3

798.1
93.8
311.2
92.2

800.2
94.1
315.1
88.7

807.8
94.0
318.5
91.1

811.2
93.8
320.6
90.8

814.1
94.0
325.2
91.1

809.4
94.2
327.8
90.3

804.3
94.4
324.9
90.0

804.6
92.8
321.8
91.7

804.7
91.9
316.9
91.3

51 .6
72 .9
8 .3
4 6 .8
3 9 .6
8 8 .5

51.9
72.9
8.3
46.5
41.4
88.3

51.7
73.2
8.3
40.0
42.6
88.3

51.6
73.4
8.3
34.9
44.5
88.2

51.3
74.1
8.3
32.9
46.3
89.4

51.4
74.5
8.3
32.4
47.4
90.2

51.8
74.6
8.2
34.2
47.0
90.2

51.6
75.2
8.1
34.7
44.2
90.0

51.2
75.9
8.0
33.0
38.6
90.4

50.9
76.3
7.9
32.0
37.0
90.9

51.3
75.4
7.8
34.7
38.0
91.1

51.4
75.2
8.0
40.6
38.9
90.5

51.4
75.0
8 .1
37.2
42.7
9 0 .0

50.4
73.1
8 .0
3 6 .9
4 4 .3
9 0 .9

251.6
202.4

252.2
202.3

253.1
203.1

255.4
204.1

258.0
205.0

260.7
206.5

263.2
208.1

265.6
209.9

265.4
209.6

263.5
207.6

260.1
205.0

260.4
206.3

253.9
201.6

Products of petroleum and coal-----------Petroleum refining_________________
Coke and other petroleum and coal
products-------------------------- ---------

252.0

252.0
202.9
4 9 .1

49.2

49.9

50.0

51.3

53.0

54.2

55.1

55.7

55.8

55.9

55.1

54.1

52.2

Rubber products____ _____
Tires and inner tubes-----Rubber footwear_______
Other rubber products___

253.5

253. 5
112.3
2 4 .5
116.7

256.3
112.1
24.9
119.3

259.4
112.3
25.9
121.2

262.3
113.0
27.0
122.3

265.9
113. 3
28.3
124.3

267.6
114.3
29.2
124.1

273.1
116.9
29.6
126.6

278.5
120.2
29.7
128.6

278.9
120.4
29.3
129.2

277.3
120.8
28.1
128.4

284.1
122.7
29.1
132.3

283.8
123.1
28.9
131.8

278.3
119.8
29.3
129.2

266.7
118.8
28.3
119.7

Leather and leather products........—........
Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedindustrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.—
Footwear (except rubber)........ ............

352 .2

364 .4
4 3 .3
4 .8
15 .7
241.8
13.5
30.1
15.2

377.5
44.3
4.8
16.9
250.6
13.3
32.9
14.7

378.4
44.7
4.8
17.2
250.2
14.3
33.3
13.9

371.0
44.6
5.0
16.9
246.6
13.6
31.1
13.2

372.0
44.7
5.0
16.7
243.6
15.5
31.4
15.1

373.0 374.1 380.5 389.9 382.6
47.2
47.5
46.4
47.0
45.0
5.3
5.3
5.1
5.2
5.1
16.8
17.0
15.6
15.6
16.0
238. £ 237. C 244.2 252.0 247.6
17.2
17. C 16.7
17. 1 17.6
30.4
33. S 32. C 32.1
33.4
18.4
19.2
19.4
17.5
19.0

388.5
48.0
5.4
17.2
253.2
17.6
28.7
18.4

380.8
47.3
5.7
16.2
248.0
17.6
28.0
18.0

386.1
47.1
17. C
249. £
17.0
31.8
18.0

381.2
4 6 .5
5.1
17.1
246.2
16.8
3 0 .3
19.2

510.3
2 8 .2
91.4
15.8
4 1 .0
77.1
53.5

511.2
28.2
91.5
16.4
41.1
76.1
54.5

509.6
29.4
90.9
16.4
40.8
73.8
54.6

511.0
31.0
90.6
16.8
41.2
75.0
52.2

531.0
31.6
95.8
17.2
42.0
78.]
54.4

542.0
31.5
98.7
17. ‘
42. ;
79.7
55.7

547.7
31.5
99.1
18. (
42. (
80.6
56.7

550.8
31. £
99.1
18. (
42.5
80.5
56.3

549.6
31.6
97.6
18.2
42.7
81.2
55.1

541.9
31.3
95.1
17.8
42.5
81.9
50.1

550.7
31.2
100.0
18.4
41.7
82.1
56.0

545.7
31.3
98.9
18.5
41.7
79.7
56.9

543.2
31.6
97.8
18.2
41.8
79.6
56.1

527.5
3 0 .4
9 3 .2
17.1
4 0 .0
8 1 .2
57.9

9 9 .8
18.9

98.2
18.4

96.5
18.2

96.2 101.6
18. C 18.7

104. £
18.7

106. £
18.7

108.3
18.7

109.1
18.7

108. £
18.4

106.2
18.4

104.9
17.8

104.6
18.

100.7
17.5

8 4 .6

86.7

89. C

90. C

91.6

93.1

94.

95.

96. £

96.'

96.0

95.6

8 9 .7

Handbags and small leather goods........
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
Stone, clay, and glass products— ....... .
Flat glass--------- ------- -------------------Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products.....................—
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products_________________ _______
Cut-stone and stone products-----------Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products------------------------- ----------See footnotes a t end of table.

303366—54------ 6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

509.7

95. £

5.4

808

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group ^ C on tin u ed
[In thousands]
1954

Annual aver­
age

1953

Industry group and industry
M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

1953

1952

Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries...... ........... ........ 1,170.2 1,186.3 1, 206.9 1,223.4 1, 249.0 1,273. 7 1,290.5 1,314.8 1,330.3 1,342.4 1,348.5 1,356.7 1,348.3 1,333. 2 1, 232.0
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills................... ........ ..........................
578.8 593.3 601.4 614.2 626.6 637.7 650.3 654.0 666.8 665.1 662.1 655.9 653.3 570.7
Iron and steel foundries___________ I.
223.1 223.9 225.5 228.7 232.0 232.8 238.8 245.3 245.0 250.8 256.
257.4 249.8 256.6
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals___________________
57.6
58.0
58.7
58.5
58.4
58.9
59.7
60.8
60.6
60.9
60.8
60.4
59.5
55.7
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals________________
12.4
12.8
12.4
12.8
12.9
13.1
13.4
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.7
13.8
13.5
12.7
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals________ _____ _____
102.1
102.7 104.5 108.1 110.6 111.9 114.1 113.8 114.4 113.6 115.7 115.3 113.5 106.5
Nonferrous foundries................ .............
78.1
75.7
80.3
82.9
85.8
87.5
88.3
90.5
90.4
92.3
93.4
91.7
91.5
87.6
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
136.2 138.5 140.6 143.8 147.4 148.6 150.2 152.8 151.8 152.3 154.9 153.8 152.3 142.3
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)_______ _____
1, 032.1 1,046. 7 1,060.1 , 072. 6 1,083.4 1,086.6 1,114.0 1,135.3 1,149.6 1,154.0 1,145.7 1,162.7 l, 157.5 1,141.1 1,042.0
Tin cans and other tinware__________
54.1
52.8
52.9
53.3
33.1
57.9
55.0
61.6
62.6
59.7
58.0
55.4
56.1
55.4
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
147.9 151.2 155.2 153.8 154.9 152.9 154.5 157.1 161.3 160.6 166.2 166.6 160.9 150.0
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies_______________
116.3 117.9 117.6 118.8 124.3 129.0 134.0 134.7 135.4 134.8 136.9 137.2 135.0 133.0
Fabricated structural metal products...
265.6 264.7 264.9 266.5 272.6 274.6 276.5 278. ; 276.7 272.1 273.1 268.4 271.5 251.4
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving...
233.5 239.2 245.2 249.8 253.1 251.3 256.9 258.8 258.4 260.0 266.2 266.1 259.7 209.9
Lighting fixtures....... ....................... ......
44.5
45.8
46
47.6
48.7
49.4
48.8
50.1
50.2
50.8
50.9
51.2
50.3
46.0
Fabricated wire products___________
55.5
56.2
54.6
58.3
62.0
62.8
63.0
63.7
64.2
63.8
65.1
64.4
65.6
59.8
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts........................................
130.2 133.0 133.8 135.3 137.9 139.4 143.3 145.3 145.0 144.1 146.3 146.3 144.1 136.5
Machinery (except electrical)_________ 1, 568. 2 1, 591.7 1,608.0 , 626. 0 1,636.6 1,643.4 1, 644.8 1,659. 2 1,669.4 1,676.4 1,705. 4 1,736.4 1,738. 7 1, 705.3 1,664.4
Engines and turbines____________
77.2
78.9
80.3
81.8
84.2
86.5
86.0
86.8
85. £ 89.4
90.3
90.2
88.5
85.8
Agricultural machinery and tractors.. I '
151.2 149.2 145.1 140.3 138.4 137.0 145.5 156.2 164.8 172.1 176.8 179.3 167.3 179.9
Construction and mining m achinery...
126.0 124.9 124.2 125.0 125.5 126.5 128.1 131.2 133.7 134. £ 137.5 134.9 133.4 134.8
Metalworking machinery_________
291.4 298.7 303.9 307.9 307.4 309.5 310.8 311.5 307.4 307.5 311.6 310.7 308.9 294.3
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________
177.5 179.3 180.1 181.8 183.5 183.5 184.0 183.7 185.6 186.8 191.0 190.3 187.9 190.9
General industrial machinery_______
230.8 235.1 237.8 241.5 244.7 245. C 245.6 243.4 243.8 246.0 246.1 243.4 243.7 235.8
Oflice and store machines and devices
104.6 105.7 107.9 108.6 109.6 109.3 110.1 108.9 107.6 108.7 109.3 109.7 109.3 108.7
S e rv ic e -in d u stry a n d household
machines_________ _____________
179.8 178.6 185.7 185.1 184.4 183.6 184.4 183.1 185.1 193.1 203.9 209.8 198.7 181.9
Miscellaneous machinery parts........ II’
253.2 257.6 261.0 264.6 265.7 264.4 264.2 264.6 262.5 266.9 269.9 270.4 267.7 252.4
Electrical machinery_________________ 1,085.1 1,108.4 1,126.6 1,138.4 1,157. 6 1,187. 5 1, 216. 6 1,235.8 1,242. 9 1,233. 9 1, 216. 9 1,232. 4 1, 238.8 1,226. 5 1,084.1
Electrical generating, transmission",
distribution, and industrial appa­
ratus__________________________
373.9 379.4 384.4 390.3 395.9 397.1 400.7 402.7 403.8 406.8 408.9 408.6 402.8 373.8
Electrical appliances_______ _____ ]
66.2
67.2
64.7
68.6
71.1
72.2
72.3
72.2
70.9
71.3
71.9
71.6
70.8
56.5
Insulated wire and cable_________
28.9
28.9
28.9
29.8
31.1
31.6
32.7
33.1
33.4
33.2
34.3
34.3
33.4
30.8
Electrical equipment for vehicles.. II
73.1
75.1
77.5
78.3
79.0
79.3
79.4
81.5
82.4
81.0
84.9
84.9
82.0
75.9
Electric lamps____________________
29.1
28.2
28.7
29.5
29.8
29.8
29.6
29.3
28.7
28.6
28.5
28.2
28.4
25.6
Communication equipment_____
494.3 503.2 505.2 514.6 532.1 555.7 569.3 572.6 565.1 544.7 554.6 562.4 559.7 474.2
Miscellaneous electrical products.IIIIII
45.1
45.3
46.1
46.5
48.5
50.9
51.8
51.5
49.9
51.0
49.3
48.8
49.5
47.3
Transportation equipment______
1,761. 7 t, 791.9 L,823. 7 ., 846.8 1,886.0 1, 904.3 1,867. 7 1, 924. 4 1, 938.0 1, 969. 0 1,981.3 1, 987. 0 1,990. 9 1, 955.0 1,693.4
Automobiles________________
768.5 785.3 803.1 828.2 862.9 844.1 875.5 883.1 922.9 945.0 950.0 963.5 920.2 790.2
Aircraft and parts____ _____ II
816.6 823.1 823
830.1 810.9 789.8 811.3 813.2 803.5 793.3 784.8 778.3 790.3 660.7
Aircraft___________________
498.9 497.9 496.9 502.7 483.3 466.8 489.1 490.6 485.3 478.9 475.2 475.8 479.1 425.9
Aircraft engines and parts__ IIIIIII
174.2 178.2 178.8 179.5 181.6 181.7 183.9 182.7 180.2 179.7 177.4 172.3 177.3 138.8
Aircraft propellers and parts_______
17.5
13.8
17.8
18.1
18.2
18.1
18.1
18.2
17.8
17.8
17.9
17.9
18.0
14.5
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent.. I
129.7 129.5 130.2 129.8 127.8 123.2 120.2 121.7 120.2 116.9 114.3 112.3 115.9
81.6
Ship and boat building and repairing. _.
133.6 136.9 139. 5 143.3 143.7 146.2 146.5 150.1 150.3 153. 4 155.6 154.7 152.8 152.6
Shipbuilding and repairing_______ I
112.8 114.0 117.4 121.7 123.2 124.9 125.3 128.6 128.1 130.2 131.7 130.7 130.5 134.2
Boatbuilding and repairing____
22.9
20.8
22.1
21.6
20.5
21.3
21.2
21.5
22.2
23.2
23.9
24.0
22.3
18.4
Railroad equipment..................IIIIIIIII
69.9
64.5
72.1
76.1
77.5
76.5
79.2
79.6
80.3
77.9
84.9
83.0
80.4
78.3
Other transportation equipment_____
8.5
8.7
8.4
8.3
9.3
11.1
11.9
12.0
12.0
11.7
11.7
11.4
11.3
11.6
Instruments and related products______ 308.5 314.8 321.2 325.0 329.7 332.9 334.3 332.7 334.1 332.8 334.4 336.2 333.8 332.8 310.2
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering'
instruments______________________
52.4
53.7
55.4
54.7
55.9
56.0
55.9
55.5
53.2
55.8
55.3
54.9
54.8
49.4
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments____________________
77.3
78.3
79.1
79.3
80.4
79.1
80.6
79.8
81.2
80.9
82.2
81.5
80.7
74.0
Optica] instruments and lenses.IIIII
14.1
14.3
14.8
14.6
14.3
14.8
14.9
15.2
14.9
14.9
15.1
14.9
14.1
15.0
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
ments________ _____ ________
40.1
40.9
40.8
41.8
42.5
42.5
42.8
43.3
43.7
43.7
44.1
43.8
43.3
40.8
Ophthalmic goods_______ IIIIIIIIIII
26.2
26.7
27.2
27.3
27.6
27.2
26.7
27.1
26.9
26.7
27.2
27.5
27.3
27.3
Photographic apparatus______
68.2
67.2
68.4
69.4
69.3
69.4
69.2
69.4
69.9
69.5
67.6
67.1
68.1
64.9
Watches and clocks_________
39.2
37.5
41.7
40.1
42.9
43.8
44.1
43.8
43.0
42.9
44.7
44.1
43.5
39.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 454.6 464.1 475.1 480.4 473.8 494.7 512.4 521.4 517.9 508.6 491.7 502.9 498.5 500.2 457.4
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
52.9
54.2
55.3
55.6
56.1
57.4
56.7
55.3
53.5
50.8
52.9
52.2
53.6
49.7
Musical instruments and parts_______
15.9
16.3
16.5
16.7
17.0
16.9
17.0
17.3
17.1
16.8
17.1
17.2
17.2
16.1
Toys and sporting goods____________
79.2
80.1
81.1
78.3
85.9
96.8 104.0 103.4 101.0
96.9
97.5
96.2
94.1
80.3
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies
29.3
29.8
29.2
29.8
30.1
30.5
30.2
29.9
29.1
29.5
29.6
29.4
29.5
29.9
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions
60.5
65.1
62.6
62.7
64.9
68.0
69.2
68.8
69.3
66.1
66.0
67.0
64.5
61.2
Fabricated plastic products_________
71.5
73.6
75.2
73.8
76.8
78.7
79.9
80.0
78.9
76.7
77.5
76. 9 77.2
67.8
Other manufacturing industries......... .
154.8 158.5, 158.5 156.4 163.9 164. ll 164.41 163.2 159.3 155.3 162.3 162.1 161.5 152.5
See footnotes at end of table.


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809

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T a b l e A -2 : E m p lo y e e s in n on agricu ltu ral esta b lish m en ts, b y in d u str y d iv isio n a n d grou p ^ C o n t i n u e d
[In thousands]
Annual aver­
age

1953

1954
Industry group and industry
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1953

1952

Transportation and public utilities.-- ___ 4,020 4,006 3,992 4,039 4,069 4,187 4,216 4,257 4,265 4,274 4,283 4,260 4,233 4,224 4,185
Transportation____ ________________ 2,693 2,684 2,670 2,719 2,747 2,861 2,887 2,927 2,932 2,929 2,934 2,928 2,911 2,899 2,899
1,205.9 1, 215.2 1,243. 7 1, 266.4 1,328.6 1,353. 9 1,382.6 1,393. 5 1,407.2 1,409.5 1,399. 9 1,387.0 1,376.9 1,399. 8
Interstate railroads_________________
1,050.8 1,058.8 1, 086.1 1,107. 6 1,155.1 1,188.0 1, 214. 6 1, 224.3 1,236. 7 1, 238.8 1,229.2 1, 217. 5 1, 206. 5 1, 226. 2
___________
Class I railroads___
125.3 125.7 126.1 126.5 127.1 127.5 128.1 126.1 126.8 128.2 128.6 128.3 127.6 133.1
Local railways and buslines_________
682.9 685.4 690.4 698.5 729.5 733.7 740.2 736.4 724.4 721.3 723.8 720.8 724.4 699.1
Trucking and warehousing... _____
669.4 643.8 658.4 655.5 676.0 672.1 676.4 676.2 670.8 674.9 676.0 674.7 669.9 666.9
Other transportation and services____
52.9
53.2
52.1
51.2
51.7
52.2
53.1
53.5
52.2
52.4
49.1
50.8
48.5
48.6
Buslines, except local____
97.1
104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 105.7 105.8 105.7 105.9 106.1 105.9 105.7 103.1 104.4
Air transportation (common carrier).
760
751
749
749
748
754
747
720
742
742
747
750
742
744
C ommunication___ _______ __________ 744
699.4 700.0 700.5 701.3 704.0 705.2 705.6 703.6 709.9 715.5 706.0 703.2 702.2 678.4
Telephone____
43.2
43.0
43.9
44.6
44.6
43.7
40.4
42.1
42.7
42.6
43.6
40.9
41.5
40.9
Telegraph__
591
589
585
581
573
578
566
579
580
580
580
580
578
578
Other public utilities_________________ 583
555.3 555.2 553.9 554.5 555.5 556.3 555.8 560.3 566.1 564.1 557.3 549.3 554.2 543.3
Gas and electric u tilitie s___ ________
23.9
23.8
24.7
24.1
22.6
23.7
23.7
24.3
24.8
23.6
24.3
23.8
23.6
24.6
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified
10,485 10,305 10,310 10,421 11,361 10,828 10,669 10,523 10,392 10,414 10,473 10,405 10,533 10,281
2,762 2, 780 2,792 2,794 2,830 2,831 2,808 2,774 2, 770 2,773 2,765 2,747 2, 782 2,743
7, 723 7, 525 7,518 7,627 8, 531 7,997 7,861 7,749 7,622 7, 641 7,708 7,658 7, 751 7,537
1,402.1 1,318.8 1,304.6 1,368.8 1,960. 4 1, 581.0 1,476. 3 1, 403.3 1,339.6 1,333.9 1,385. 7 1,390.1 1,447. 2 1,446.1
1,418.1 1,398. 5 1,406.4 1,401.1 1,428. 7 1,415.3 1, 405. 2 1,385.7 1, 375. 5 1,385.6 1,390. 5 1,384. 2 1,387.8 1,346.1
807.7 811.8 818.2 824.9 839.3 830.0 826.9 822.6 825.2 820.1 814.5 805.4 812.5 767.8
661.6 574.1 563.1 583.7 720.7 629.8 616.9 594.5 549.8 560.0 603.6 603.9 602.0 589.1
3,433.3 3, 421.8 3,425.7 3,448.9 3, 582. 2 3, 540. 5 3, 535. 9 3, 542.8 3, 531. 7 3, 541.6 3, 514.0 3,474.1 3, 501.9 3,388. 2

Wholesale and retail trade_____________
Wholesale trade............ .............................
Retail trade________________________
General merchandise stores____ _____
Food and liquor stores______________
Automotive and accessories dealers__
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade....................................

10,411
2, 756
7,655
1,355.3
1,419.5
809.5
632.2
3,438.2

Finance, insurance, and real estate____ ..
Banks and trust companies___________
Security dealers and exchanges..
Insurance carriers and agents__________
Other finance agencies and real estate

2,084

2,078
522.6
65.2
771. 3
719.3

2,057
522.5
64.8
768.4
701.1

2,044
520.3
64.4
764.9
694.3

2,033 2,040
516. 1 515.8
63.9
64.1
759.4 761.4
693.3 699.0

2,034
513.7
64.3
756.6
698.9

2,040
512.0
64.6
754.3
709.4

2,041
511.8
64.9
749.0
714.8

2,067
518.9
66.2
753.8
727.6

2,067
519.3
66.8
751.0
729.6

2,037
506.8
66.5
738.4
725.2

2,014
499.1
66.7
731.1
717.3

2,025
506.3
65.7
740.8
712. 5

1,957
480.0
65.1
704.8
707.1

Service and miscellaneous____ . _____
Hotels and lodging places_____________
Personal services:
_________________
Laundries__
Cleaning and dyeing plants
______
Motion pictures_____ ______________

5,555

5,507
488.8

5,406
474.3

5,380
473.5

5,377
466.7

5,435
474.7

5,467
477.3

5,506
490.2

5,566
524.9

5,601
596.0

5,607
596.2

5,576
538.9

5,534
508.3

5,486
510.2

5,423
493.3

330.8
171.0
233.3

328.8
164.4
225.0

330.0
163.2
223.1

332.6
164.5
223.8

334.8
167.2
225.2

336.5
169.9
228.8

338.1
170.3
233.5

338.3
166.7
237.3

342.8
163.4
238.0

347.3
167.8
237.3

347.0
174.3
237.4

342.0
172.3
236.2

339.2
167.6
232.7

340.2
166.0
240.1

Government__________________________ 6,703 6,698 6,667 6,639 6,659 6,955 6,700 6,692 6,590 6,422 6,405 6,585 6,613 6,645 6,609
Federal________________ ___________ 2,162 2,167 2,173 2,175 2,184 2,480 2,203 2,205 2,230 2, 258 2,281 2,303 2,304 2,305 2,420
State and local4------ ------------------------- 4, 541 4,531 4,494 4,464 4,475 4,475 4, 497 4,487 4,360 4,164 4,124 4,282 4,309 4,340 4,188
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating firms.
These reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricul­
tural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons
who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period will
be counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally
refer to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month;
in State and local government, to persons who received pay for any part of the
pay period ending on, or immediately prior to, the last day of the month.
Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants are excluded. These employment series have been adjusted to first
quarter 1953 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social
insurance programs. Revised data in all except the first 3 columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
These data differ in several respects from the nonagricultural employment
data shown in the Monthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l, civilian
labor force), which are obtained by household interviews. This MRLF
series relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month.
It includes all persons (14 years and over) with a job whether at work or not,
proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2Durable goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments
and related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco manu­
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem­
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
4 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, paid
volunteer firemen and elected officials of small local units.
See N o t e on p. 803.
N o t e . — I n f o r m a t i o n o n c o n c e p ts , m e th o d o lo g y , e t c ., is
g iv e n in a t e c h n i c a l n o t e o n M e a s u r e m e n t o f I n d u s t r i a l
E m p l o y m e n t , w h ic h a p p e a r e d i n t h e S e p t e m b e r 195 3
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .

810

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

T

able

A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1954

Annual
average

1953

Industry group and Industry
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1953

1952

Mining:
Metal_____________________________
Iron______________________ ______
C o p p er................ ..................................
Lead and zinc______________ ______

84.7
30.6
23.3
12.9

87.2
31.5
24.8
13.0

88.7
32.5
24.9
13.5

90.0
33.5
25.1
13.5

91.1
34.9
25.2
12.9

90.7
35.0
25.0
12.9

90.6
35.2
24.6
13.1

90.9
35.7
24.5
13.3

90.7
36.0
24.4
13.7

91.4
36.0
24.5
13.9

92.0
35.8
24.6
14.9

91.3
35.4
24.2
15.3

91.3
35.1
24.5
14.8

86.6
29.3
22.9
18.5

Anthracite____ _____ _______________
Bituminous-coal.........................................

35.5
201.5

38.0
217.8

41.5
232.7

42.8
241.2

45.0
246.7

45.1
251.0

45.0
248.4

46.5
255.9

46.5
255.4

45.4
254.5

50.3
263.1

51.6
263.8

49.1
264.5

59.5
304.4

Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro­
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)__________

129.1

128.4

128.9

128.4

128.8

129.0

130.6

133.7

136.9

136.5

134.7

129.8

131.4

129.0

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying____

86.1

84.5

83.8

84.3

89.1

91.2

92.6

94.0

94.1

93.4

93.0

91.1

90.6

89.9
Manufacturing___________ ___________ 12,415 12,592 12,818 12,906 13,002 13,319 13,534 13,852 14,061 14,070 13,875 13,985 13,890 . 13,850 13,144
Durable goods 3..... .................... ........ 7,188 7,303 7,430 7, 520 7,616 7,791 7,910 8,088 8,161 8,195 8,194 8,326 8, 311 8,167 7,539
Nondurable goods 3______________ 5,227 5,289 5,388 5,386 5,386 5,528 5, 624 5,764 5,900 5, 875 5, 681 5,659 5, 579 5,683 5; 604
126.5 137.1 150.4 164.5 176.5 183.6 187.4 193.0 194.3 194.4 198.7 193.9 191.0 186.3 135.0
Food and kindred products___________ 1,029.6 1,009.3 1,009.1 1,009.1 1, 024. 2 1,082. 7 1,149.0 1, 223.8 1,325. 6 1, 289. 4 1,202. 2 1,108. 3 1,060. 4 1,133. 5 1,137. 2
M eat products____________________
240.8 246.0 249.7 256.4 267.1 272.5 262.5 254.4 252.6 251.6 248.9 244.7 254.9 252.9
Dairy products____________________
74.1
80.1
76.6
73.4
74.4
76.1
78.9
88.7
90.2
89.5
84.1
83.4
80.7
82.7
Canning and preserving...... ............. .
134.7 125.9 125.3 132.0 148.7 183.8 253.0 371.8 342.7 263.6 178.6 157.2 204.5 197.9
Grain-mill products_______ ________
80.1
84.7
85.8
85.7
85.2
85.7
88.7
89.1
89.2
89.6
89.5
87.3
85.3
93.2
Bakery products________ ______ ___
173.7 174.4 174.7 173.1 176.6 180. 3 182.1 181.5 181.4 182.9 183.1 180.1 180.1 181.6
22.1
Sugar_____ ______________________
23.0
23.2
24.7
37.9
45.7
44.1
24.8
24.7
23.2
27.5
22.2
28.6
28.0
67.0
Confectionery and related products___
65.5
61.9
69.0
78.4
75.6
78.8
68.9
61.3
64.0
75.3
70.4
62.0
71.6
Beverages___ ___________ _________
117.5 115.1 111.9 115.1 119.7 125.2 130.0 135.0 137.6 133.9 126.9 126.7 126.2 129.3
Miscellaneous food p roducts........... . —
97.4
97.5
98.8
94.8
97.5 101.3 105.7 106.5 103.6 104.8 104.5
98.8 100.9
99.9
Ordnance and accessories...... ........... ........

Tobacco manufactures...........................
Cigarettes__________ ____ _________
Cigars.......................... ............................
Tobacco and snuff___________ _____
Tobacco stemming and redrying...........

81.6

82.0
28.6
37.4
6.9
9.1

84.0
28.7
37.9
6.7
10.7

89.9
28.8
38.5
6.7
15.8

Textile-mill products______ _________
Scouring and combing plants________
Yarn and thread mills______________
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
Knitting mills__________ __________
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
H ats (except cloth and millinery)____
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

971.1

981.8
4.9
115.4
457.3
25.7
191.8
76.3
44.5
12.3
53.6

989.0
4.6
115.7
460.1
25.5
193.0
77.5
44.3
13.8
54.5

994.6
4.5
116.2
463.2
25.3
193.5
77.8
45.0
14.0
55.1

_________

Apparel and other finished textile products.
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing............. ........... ................. .
Women’s outerwear________ ______
Women’s, children’s undergarm ents...
Millinery_______________ _________
Children’s outerwear________ ______
Fur goods________________________
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
Other fabricated textile products_____
Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture)____________________ ____
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Wooden containers_________ ______
Miscellaneous wood products........... .
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_______________
Office, public-building and professional
furniture_______________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures...............................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

97.2
28.9
37.5
6.6
24.2

104.3
28.8
38.8
6.8
29.9

101.1
28.9
39.8
6.9
25.5

109.2
28.6
39.4
6.8
34.4

112.2
28.7
38.6
6.7
38.2

105.2
28.5
38.0
6.6
32.1

83.6
27.7
37.1
6.5
12.3

83.2
28.5
38.3
6.8
9.6

83.2
28.5
38.2
6.8
9.7

95.1
28.4
38.5
6.8
21.4

96.7
27.5
39.0
7.3
22.9

996.5 1,028. 2 1,046. 0 1,067. 3 1,088. 2 1,092.8 1,085.3 1,112. 7 1,107.6 1,092.6 1,100. 5
5.2
4.6
5.1
5.7
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.2
6.1
5.9
118.7 123.9 125.8 128.9 134.3 136.9 134.5 138.5 137.1 134.9 139.8
466.0 477.0 485.1 493.2 501.8 503.4 507.2 513.9 510.6 504.1 508.6
25.5
26.4
27.0
27.6
27.8
27.6
28.2
27.9
28.2
27.9
27.8
190.0 198.6 204.3 210.8 215. 5 217.4 213.6 219.6 219.6 215.2 215.6
77.5
79.9
80.2
80.8
81.6
80.0
81.9
81.7
82.3
81.9
83.0
44.9
45.9
46.4
47.1
46.7
45.3
49.5
48.1
49.2
48.6
47.2
13.9
14.4
14.6
14.6
14.7
15.0
15.3
14.2
15.2
15.9
14.9
55.4
56.7
57.7
58.6
57.8
55.5
58.3
59.4
58.9
58.4
57.7

987.7 1,033. 5 1,100. 5 1,087. 6 1,061.6 1,083. 5 1,084. 6 1,102. 5 1,099. 4 1,120. 7 1,065. 5 1,084. 5 1,072. 8 1,102.1 1,074.7
112.2 120.8 121. 5 119.2 120.5 121.4 124.0 125.2 124.9 114.2 123.0 121.1 121.1 116.9
269.1 275.0 270.6 268.1 275.2 284.5 290.4 292.2 293.8 279.3 290.3 290.9 287.3 266.2
314.8 349.4 344.4 332.9 330.5 312.0 312.6 311.4 330.2 309.9 304.6 293.9 322.7 329.3
99.2
98.8
99.0
96.2
98.3 102.7 103.8 101.4 100.4
98.8 101.0 103.8 102. 5 97.9
23.6
22.2
18.1
20.2
17.7
15.8
19.2
19.9
18.8
17.7
14.8
15.2
19.1
20.5
62.9
68.0
67.4
65.0
64.9
62.7
64.6
67.2
65.1
67.9
64.7
65.5
64.9
62.8
6.2
6.9
7.3
7.5
9.7
10.2
8.8
10.1
11.5
9.0
11.7
9.3
9.1
10.7
50.3
52.8
51.9
49.8
54.2
56.4
58.2
58.1
58.4
55.3
56.8
56.9
56.8
57.7
101.1 104.8 103.3 102.7 112.5 118.9 120.9 118.3 116.1 113.7 114.4 117.0 117.8 112.9
663.2
—

277.6

642.1
83.8
350.2

642.6
89.6
346.8

627.3
78.6
343.3

616.9
67.6
343.7

653.5
82.2
359.0

695.3
100.9
377.0

713.1
102.8
388.2

720.7
104.4
393.3

731.1
108.0
398.6

726.5
104.0
396.9

740.3
108. 3
403.1

720.9
100.7
394.7

705.3
94.8
387.1

719.1
93.2
406.7

103.3
56.5
48.3

101.4
56.4
48.4

100.5
56.7
48.2

100.6
56.8
48.2

104.0
58.4
49.9

107.6
58.9
50.9

110.8
59.8
51.5

110.6
60.2
52.2

110.7
61.0
52.8

111.3
62.0
52.3

113.8
62.4
52.7

111.5
62.0
52.0

110.5
60.7
52.2

106.4
59.3
53.3

283.8
204.9

290.0
209.3

291.7
209.1

293.2
208.5

301.4
215.8

308.4
223.4

312.6
226.1

315.3
228.1

315.1
228.2

314.4
228.0

317.3
231.5

321.9
236.5

319.0
233.0

309.3
225.5

32.1

32.9

33.5

33.9

34.3

34.0

34.7

35.2

35.5

34.7

34.6

35.0

35.0

34.5

25.4

26.0

26.8

27.8

27.9

27.7

28.5

27.8

27.9

28.0

27.7

27.5

27.8

26.5

21.4

21.8

22.3

23.0

23.4

23.3

23.3

24.2

23.5

23.7

23.5

22.9

23.3

22.7

A : EM PLO Y M EN T AND PA Y RO LLS

T

a ble

811

A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries ^ C ontinu ed
[In thousands]
1954

Industry group and Industry

Annual aver age

1953

_____
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

435.9
218.6
118.0
99.3

436.5
218.3
119.1
99.1

437.5
218.7
119.9
98.9

442.4
220.7
122.3
99.4

446.3
220. C
127.5
98.8

448.3
220.5
127.7
100.1

450.0
222.2
125. £
101.9

447.0
220.7
124.3
102.0

438.8
219. (
119.0
100.8

442.5
219.3
121.9
101.3

Printing, publishing, and allied industries 517.5
Newspapers-............. ...... ........ .............. .............
Periodicals......................... .................................
Books..................................................... ..............
Commercial printing.......... .................... ...........L ithographing....................................... .............
Greeting cards____________________ ______
Bookbinding and related industries..................Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.............................................................

517.1 516.8
146.1 145.9
26.0
26.3
30* V 30. 5
168.3 168.1
45. 6 45.2
13.7
13.7
34.8
34.7

513.6
143.3
26.0
30.3
168.6
45.3
13.5
34.5

514.2
142.4
26.4
30.3
170.9
44.7
13.4
33.8

524.5
147.8
26.3
30.1
172.8
46.2
15.3
34.6

522.1
146.6
26.5
30.1
169.4
47.0
16.6
34.9

524.8
147.4
26.6
30.6
170.0
46.5
16.6
36.4

520.5
147.0
26.8
30.7
168.0
45.6
16.2
36.0

509.6
144.3
25.8
29.7
164.4
44.4
16.0
35.6

506.7
143.7
25.9
29.0
165.4
42.9
15.4
35.2

512.4
145.6
26.0
29.5
167.2
44.0
15.2
35.2

51.9

52.4

52.1

52.3

51.4

51.0

50.7

50.2

49.4

49.2

49.7

49.7

50.1

48.2

Chemicals and allied products ................ . 519.0
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______ ______
Industrial organic chemicals_________ ______
Drugs and m ed icin es........................................
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara­
tions___ ________________ _______ ______
Paints, pigments, and fillers.................. .............
Gum and wood chemicals___________ ______
Fertilizers_________________ ______ ______
Vegetable and animal oils and fats---------------Miscellaneous chemicals. ...................... .............

533.2
66.8
201.8
56.3

538.6
66.8
204.3
57.2

536.1
66. 5
207.1
57.7

539. 5
67.0
214.1
57.5

540.1
67.1
217.3
54.1

547.7
66.9
219.7
57.6

552.3
67.0
221. 8
56.9

554.6
66.8
225.8
56.9

549.8
66.9
228.9
55.4

546.2
167.3
226.9
55.0

550.4
66.0
226.5
57.0

553.4
65.4
222.9
57.1

551.4
65.9
222.0
56.9

536.9
62.2
203.9
61.3

32.0
45.9
7.0
38.3
28. 5
56.6

32.2
45.9
7.1
38.1
30.0
57.0

32.2
45.8
7.1
31.7
31.1
56.9

31.8
45.8
7.1
26.6
32.6
57.0

31.1
46.2
7.1
24.8
33.9
58.5

31.4
46.3
7.2
24.3
34.9
59.4

31.9
46.7
7.1
26.1
35.0
59.8

32.0
47.3
6.9
26.5
33.1
59.3

31.6
48.0
6.8
24.8
27.5
59.9

31.4
48.6
6.7
23.8
26.0
60.5

32.1
48.3
6.6
26.5
26.7
60.7

32.5
47.8
6.9
32.4
27.8
60.6

32.1
47.4
6.9
29.0
31.3
59.9

32.0
46.6
6.9
29.2
32.9
61.9

Products of petroleum and coal...... .......... 177.4
Petroleum refining_________________ ______
Coke and other petroleum and coal
products.......................... ..................................

176.1
137. 0

176.5
137.2

177.6
137.7

177.8
137.7

180.7
139.4

183.8
140.8

185.3
141.3

187.9
142.8

190.5
144.8

190.0
144.2

189.3
143.3

187.2
141.9

186.5
142.4

182.6
140.2

39.1

39.3

39.9

40.1

41.3

43.0

44.0

45.1

45.7

45.8

46.0

45.3

44.1

42.4

Rubber products_________ _________
197.1
Tires and inner tubes_____________________
Rubber footwear........... ........................ .............
Other rubber products.......................... .............

197.0
84.9
19. 2
92.9

199.4
84.7
19.6
95.1

202.9
85.3
20.5
97.1

205.7
86.4
21.5
97.8

208.7
86.7
22.9
99.1

210.0
87.3
23.7
99.0

215.6
90.3
24.0
101.3

220.6
93.4
24.1
103.1

220.7
93.3
23.6
103.8

219.3
93.7
22.5
103.1

226.5
96.0
23.5
107.0

226.2
96.2
23.3
106.7

220.8
93.0
23.7
104.1

211.7
92.9
22.9
96.0

Leather and leather products__________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing _
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings __
Footwear (except rubber)___________
L uggage...----------------------------------Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.

312.4

324.7
38.8
3. 6
13.9
217.3
11. 4
26.7
13.0

337.7
39.8
3.7
15.1
225.8
11.1
29.6
12.6

338.6
40.2
3.7
15.4
225.4
12.2
30.0
11.7

331.9
40.0
3.9
15.2
222.4
11.6
27.8
11.0

332.4
40.0
4.0
14.9
219.3
13.3
28.0
12.9

333.6
40.4
4.1
14.2
215.0
14.9
30.0
15.0

334.4
41.7
4.2
13.8
212.8
15.3
30.0
16.6

340.5
42.3
4.1
13.8
219.8
14.9
28.7
16.9

349.4
42.7
4.3
14.9
227.0
14.8
28.7
17.0

342.9
42.4
4.3
15.2
223.3
14.6
27.0
16.1

349.5
43.2
4.5
15.4
229.4
15.4
25.4
16.2

342.2
42.6
4.7
14.3
224.7
15.4
24.7
15.8

346.7
42.4
4.4
15.1
225.8
14.8
28.5
15.6

342.5
41.9
4.3
15.3
222.7
14.7
27.0
16.7

Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass_____________ ___________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. .
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay p roducts.......................
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Cut-stone and stone products________
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products.............. ................ ...... ........

426.3

427.4
25.0
78.1
13.6
34.3
68.4
47.0
81.4
16.7

429.1
25.3
78.2
14.2
34.5
67.7
48.2
79.6
16.2

427.2
26.2
77.6
14.2
34.2
65.4
48.3
78.2
16.0

428.4
27.6
77.4
14.6
34.6
66.4
45.8
78.1
15.8

447.7
28.3
82.6
15.0
35.2
69.8
48.1
82.8
16.5

458.6
28.3
85.5
15.1
35.6
71.6
49.1
86.2
16.5

464.8
28.2
86.0
15.7
35.5
72.2
50.4
88.1
16.6

467.4
28.4
85.7
15.7
35.9
72.1
50.0
89.8
16.7

465.6
28.1
84.6
15.8
35.9
72.9
48.7
90.2
16.5

457.9
27.8
82.0
15.5
35.8
73.5
43.9
89.8
16.1

467.2
27.7
86.9
16.0
35.0
73.6
49.9
87.6
16.2

462.3
27.9
85.9
16.1
35.1
71.3
50.3
86.3
15.6

460.2
28.2
84.8
15.8
35.2
71.2
49.8
86.0
16.2

447.7
26.9
80.4
14.6
33.9
73.0
51.7
82.3
15.3

Manufacturing—C ontinued
Paper and allied products_____________ 433.4
Pulp, paper, and paper board mills-------------Paper board containers and boxes....................Other paper and allied products_____ ______

Prim ary metal industries.............. ........... 976.9
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_____________________________ ____
Iron and steel foundries____________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals__ ____________ _________
Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals__________________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_______________________ _
Nonferrous foundries______________________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries _____
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)............................... 824.3
Tin cans and other tinware________________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware_____ _____
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies................................ .........
Fabricated structural metal products________
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving ...........
Lighting fixtures............ ......................................
Fabricated wire products_________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products_____
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

433.8
217.8
117.0
99.0

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1953

1952

436.7
216.4
119.7
100.6

441.0
218.9
122.2
99.9

420.9
215.7
109.9
95.3

509.0
145.6
26.5
'29.1
165.6
43.5
14.0
35.0

513.3
145.1
26.6
r 29. 7
167.5
44.4
15.0
35.1

500.5
143.5
27.5
28.2
163.0
42.2
14.1
33.9

62.9
67.1
65.2
69.4
68.1
72.1
73.1
70.7
72.9
73.5
74.3
73.8
72.9
69.5
992.2 1,009. 6 1,026.7 1,048.8 1,074.3 1,088.1 1, 111. 5 1,128.6 1,138.4 1,143.4 1,152.6 1,146.4 1,131. 5 1,043.7
490.2 502.0 511.3 522.2 534.0 542.2 554.9 560.8 572.4 570.5 567.2 561.8 559.6 486.5
194.3 195.0 196.4 198.9 202.5 203.6 209.4 215.5 214.8 220.3 225.9 227.3 219.9 226.7
48.6
47.0
47.6
48.3
48.3
50.8
49.0
49.9
50.4
50.4
50.3
49.9
49.3
46.1
9.5
9.0
9.3
9.6
9.1
9.9
9.7
10.0
10.0
9.9
10.2
10.3
10.0
9.5
80.9
61.0
109.3

81.4
63.3
111.2

83.2
65.1
113.1

86.7
67.6
115.8

89.5
70.8
119.6

90.6
72.4
120.6

92.6
73.0
121.7

92.3
74.9
124.4

92.4
75.2
123.2

91.5
76.9
123.9

94.0
78.0
127.0

94.2
76.8
126.1

92.2
76.4
124.3

86.2
73.0
115.7

839.0
47.5
120.3

852.1
46.1
123.4

863.6
46.0
127.4

873.5
46.3
125.5

874.9
26.4
126.7

902.4
47.9
124.6

924.0
50.9
126.2

939.0
54.5
129.0

942.1
55.5
133.2

933.9
52.5
132.1

952.9
51.2
137.8

949.0
49.5
138.5

932.1
48.6
132.9

847.5
48.7
123.3

89.8
201.0
194.5
35.5
45.0
105.4

91.3
201.0
200.2
36.6
45.8
107.7

91.1
201.3
205.3
37.6
46.4
108.5

92.2
203.1
209.1
38.4
48.5
110.4

97.3
209.0
211.5
39.4
52.0
112.6

102.0
211.7
209.6
39.5
53.0
114.1

107.1
213.3
215.6
40.1
52.7
118.1

107.5
215.4
217.5
41.0
53.7
120.4

108.1
213.2
217.0
41.9
53.5
119.7

107.2
209.1
219.1
41.2
53.9
118.8

109.9
211.1
225.2
41.8
54.7
121.2

110.0
206.8
225.5
42.1
55.4
121.2

107.8
209.4
219.0
41.2
54.3
119.1

106.0
194.1
175.2
37.2
49.9
113.1

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

812

Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1953

1954
Industry group and industry
May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1953

1952

Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,165.8 1,187.3 1,201.9 1,219.8 1,230.0 1,238.4 1,240.1 1,253.6 1,262.2 1,267. 5 1, 294.9 1,330.2 1, 335. 3 1,301.5 1,279.9
64.8
66.1
66.4
64.7
63.4
62.2
62.9
61.7
‘Rnginp.s arid fcnrbinfis
54.8
55.8
______
60.6
62.7
58.3
57.0
111.6 109.7 105.4 100.9
98.8
97.3 105.3 115.1 122.7 130.0 134.7 137.0 125.8 137.0
Agrimltnral manhinp.ry and tractors. _
100.4
99.2
102.4
91.3
90.7
96.8
99.1
100.7
Construction and mining machinery
91.9
92.5
94.1
103.0
90.5
91.5
Metalworking machinery _
225.0 232.2 237.3 241.0 242.0 243.8 245.0 245.8 241.9 242.0 247.5 247.4 244.8 235.7
Special-industry machinery (except
m etalwork-in pmaeh in ery')
127.9 129.7 130.7 132.1 134.3 134.0 134.1 134.0 135.2 136.6 140.6 140.0 138.0 142.6
158.4 162.2 164.5 167.7 170.7 171.3 172.0 169.9 170.7 172.5 174.0 172.5 171.8 167.9
General industrial machinery _______
87.8
86.8
87.7
88.6
89.3
88.5
Office and stnrp. machines and devices
82.8
83.6
87.9
88.8
89.0
86.7
87.9
86.0
Service-industry and household ma137.5 135.6 142.9 142.4 141.3 140.5 140.9 139.4 141.3 148.7 158.9 164.7 154.6 140.7
chines
- - _____________
Miscellaneous machinery parts
198.0 202.4 205.5 209.4 210.9 210.6 210.7 210.5 208.1 212.2 216.8 217.3 214.2 201.3
Electrical machinery _______________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus.
Electrical appliances
-___- Tnsnla ted wire and cable _ _
"Electrical e q u ip m e n t for vehicles____
Electric lamps. _ _ _ ______________
Communication equipment
_____
Miscellaneous electrical products ___

787.8

810.5

827.4

838.9

855.1

882.7

913.0

933.1

940.8

932.2

918.1

936.7

945.5

930.4

817.4

263.4
53.2
23.2
58.3
24.4
354.1
33.9

268.5
54.6
23.4
60.5
25.0
361.9
33.5

272.7
55.4
23.4
62.9
25.5
364.4
34.6

277.1
57.0
24.2
63.9
25.9
371.9
35.1

282.4
59.0
25.5
64.3
26.2
388.2
37.1

282.4
60.2
25.9
64.6
26.3
414.3
39.3

286.8
60.0
27.1
64.5
26.0
428.4
40.3

289.9
60.2
27.4
66.5
25.6
431.1
40.1

290.0
59.0
27.8
66.0
25.2
424.8
39.4

293.2
59.5
27.5
67.5
25.2
406.8
38.4

297.3
60.1
28.5
70.3
25.0
417.8
37.7

297.8
59.9
28.5
70.8
24.7
426.5
37.3

290.7
59.0
27.7
67.5
24.9
422.6
38.1

269.8
46.0
25.6
60.8
22.0
356.6
36.6

Transportation eq u ip m ent___________ 1,351.8 1,381.3 1,408.6 1,434.6 1, 469.8 1,486.8 1,449.1 1, 506. 5 1, 520.4 1, 546. 9 1,558.9 1, 573.1 1, 580.3 1, 543.6 1,334.2
623.5 637.0 655.0 676.8 707.1 685.6 714.6 720.7 757.7 779.2 787.1 800.4 759.9 644.4
Automobiles
-- _______________
586.4 591.9 596.0 602.3 586.4 567.0 591.6 595.7 584.3 574.9 572.1 568.9 576.8 483.5
Aircraft and parts
______________
356.2 355.5 356.2 362.9 346.0 330.5 354.6 358.6 351.3 344.8 344.0 346.9 347.8 311.6
Aircraft . ____ _________
98.8
122.0 125.5 127.3 127.3 129.1 128.6 131.5 130.3 128.1 127.2 126.5 122.3 126.5
Aircraft engines and p arts.............. .......
10.4
13.4
13.1
13.2
13.2
13.2
9.2
12.6
13.3
13.3
13.3
12.9
12.9
13.2
Aircraft propellers and p a r t s __ ..
89.8
88.4
86.5
89.3
62.7
98.3
97.9
94.6
92.2
93.5
99.0
99.6
98.9
92.0
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
116.4 119.5 121.8 125.3 125.9 128.2 128.4 131.8 131.9 135.1 136.9 136.3 134.4 134.6
Ship and boat building and repairing..
99.1 102.1 106.2 107.9 109.4 109.8 113.0 112.3 114.4 115.6 114.8 114.5 118.1
98.1
Shipbuilding and repairing.......... . —
19.8
20.7
21.3
21.5
16.5
20.4
18.8
18.6
18.8
19.6
18.3
19.1
18.0
19.7
Boatbuilding and repairing_____
62.9
61.9
62.8
59.8
67.1
53.4
59.9
58.9
65.0
48.0
55.2
58.9
61.7
62.0
Railroad equipment
________ ._
9.9
9.6
9.8
9.4
10.2
10.2
10.2
9.9
9.7
6.6
7.5
7.0
6.8
6.5
Other transportation e q u ip m en t____
Instrum ents and related products_____ 217.7
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instrum ents____ ___________ ___
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments ___________________
Optical instruments and lenses . ____
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
ments
_____________________
Ophthalmic goods__ ______________
Photographic a p p aratu s....................... ...........
Watches and clocks_______________

224.0

229.4

232.5

237.0

240.8

242.9

241.5

242.2

239.8

241.5

245.3

243.7

242.3

227.5

31.7

32.6

33.6

34.1

34.5

34.9

34.7

34.5

32.0

34.3

34.6

34.4

34.4

32.2

54.3
11.0

55.4
11.1

56.0
11.4

56.1
11.6

57.5
11.3

57.8
11.7

56.8
11.7

56.8
12.0

57.5
11.8

57.5
11.8

59.4
11.9

59.0
11.8

58.1
11.7

53.0
11.3

28.2
20.8
46.2
31.8

28.8
21.3
47.0
33.2

28.7
21.8
47.1
33.9

29.6
21.9
48.1
35.6

30.2
22.2
48.3
36.8

30.5
21.9
48.3
37.8

30.7
21.2
48.2
38.2

31.1
21.6
48.2
38.0

31.2
21.6
48.6
37.1

31.2
21.4
48.4
36.9

31.5
21.9
47.5
38.5

31.4
22.1
46.9
38.1

31.0
22.0
47.5
37.5

29.5
22.0
45.6
33.8

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 369.9
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware ._
Musical instruments and parts ____
Toys and sporting goods_______ ___
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies.
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastic products...................
Other manufacturing industries______ ...........

378.7
42.6
13.5
66.0
22.0
49.8
58.7
126.1

389.0
44.0
13.8
66.8
22.5
52.3
60.6
129.0

393.2
45.3
14.1
67.4
22.4
54.5
60.9
128.6

386.4
44.8
14.5
64.5
22.0
52.2
62.2
126.2

407.1
46.1
14.7
72.3
22.8
53.9
63.7
133.6

424.9
47.1
14.7
83.4
23.2
56.8
65.5
134.2

434.0
46.6
14.9
90.3
23.0
58.1
66.5
134.6

430.3
45.3
15.0
89.5
22.7
57.8
66.5
133.5

421.9
43.4
14.9
87.7
22.2
58.4
65.7
129.6

405.4
41.2
14.6
83.1
21.8
55.3
63.6
125.8

416.7
43.1
14.8
83.8
22.3
55.5
64.7
132.5

414.2
42.4
14.9
83.4
22.3
53.9
64.7
132.6

414.8
43.8
14.9
81.0
22.3
56.2
64.6
132.0

378.1
40.4
13.7
69.1
22.7
50.8
56.6
124.8

i See footnote 1, table A-2. Production and related workers Include work­
ing foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (Including leadmen and trainees)
engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage,
handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, janitorial, watch­
man services, products development, auxiliary production for plant’s own


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

use (e. g., powerplant), and record-keeping and other services closely associ­
ated with the above production operations.
a See footnote 2, table A-2.
s See footnote 3, table A-2.
See N ote on p. 803.

A : EM PLO Y M EN T AND PAY RO LLS

T

able

813

A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing
industries 1
1947-49=100]
Employ­
ment

Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:

Average____________
Average____________
Average________ ____
Average____________
Average____________
Average____________
Average___ ____ _____
Average........ ........ ........
Average_____ _____
Average____________

66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8

Weekly
payroll
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1

Employ­
ment

Period
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:

Weekly
payroll

Employ­ Weekly
m ent
payroll

Period

Average____________
Average___________
Average____________
Average____________
Average____________

93.8
99.6
106.4
106.3
112.0

97.2
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.6

1953: M a y ...____ ________
June_______________
July.............. ................
August________ _____

112.3
113.1
112.2
113.8

151.9
153.9
151.1
154.0

1953: September__________
October____________
N ovem ber...................
December__________

113.7
112.0
109.4
107.7

153.4
152.6
148.0
147.2

1954: January____________
February___________
March_____________
April_______________
May .

105.1
104.3
103.6
101.8
100.4

140.8
140.5
138.4
135.0

1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
See N ote on p. 803.
T

able

A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
[In thousands]
Executive 1

Year and month

All branches
Total

Department of
Defense

Post Office
Department

Legislative

Judicial

Other agencies

Continental United States 2
1952: Average_______________________
1953: Average_______________________

2,420
2,305

2, 394.0
2,279.0

1,199.2
1,130.6

538.3
526.5

656.6
621.9

22.6
22.2

3.9
3.9

1953: April--------------------- -----------------M ay ........................... ......................
June__________________________
Ju ly ---------------------------------------August. ______________________
September.________ ___________
October_______________________
November_____________________
December_____________________

2,326
2,304
2,303
2,281
2,258
2,230
2,205
2,203
2,480

2,299. 5
2,277.6
2,277.2
2,255.0
2,231. 9
2,204. 7
2,179.3
2,177.0
2,454.6

1,160.6
1,140.4
1,138.1
1,128.2
1,113.0
1,094.4
1,076. 5
1,069.0
1,063. 5

507.5
507.5
504.3
498.6
495.0
497.4
497.9
505.2
792.8

631.4
629.7
634.8
628.2
623.9
612.9
604.9
602.8
598.3

22.5
22.3
22.3
22.2
22.2
21.9
21.8
21.7
21.7

3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9

1954: January_______________________
February______________________
March_____________ _________
April_________________________

2,184
2,175
2,173
2,167

2,157.9
2,149.0
2,147.2
2,141. 6

1,058.0
1,048.4
1,041.4
1,036.0

504.4
502.2
500.8
502.6

595.5
598.4
605.0
603.0

21.7
21.9
21.8
21.8

3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9

Washington, D. C.2
1952: Average_______________________
1953: Average.................... .............. ..........

258.7
241.4

237.2
220.3

92.9
90.4

10.0
9.5

134.4
120.4

20.8
20.3

0.7
.7

1953: April--------------------------------------M ay__________________________
June__________________________
July---------------------------------------August _______________________
September_____________________
October_________________ _____
November______ ____ _______ ..
December_____________________

247.1
243.8
243.2
239.6
236.4
233.8
231.1
230.3
233.7

225.8
222.7
222.1
218.6
215.4
213.0
210.4
209.6
213.0

91.6
90.2
90.1
89.6
88.9
89.5
88.9
88.6
88.2

9.3
9.2
9.1
9.3
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.1
13.3

124.9
123.3
122.9
119.7
117.4
114.5
112.4
111.9
111.5

20.6
20.4
20.4
20.3
20.3
20.1
20.0
19.9
19.9

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8

1954: January_______________________
February______________________
March__________________ _____
April_________________________

228.4
228.1
228.0
227.8

207.7
207.2
207.2
207.0

87.8
87.4
87.3
87.1

9.0
9.0
9.1
9.2

110.9
110.8
110.8
110.7

19.9
20.1
20.0
20.0

.8
.8
.8
.8

1 Includes all executive agencies (except Central Intelligence Agency) and
Government corporations. Civilian employment in navy yards, arsenals,
hospitals, and on force-account construction is also included.
¡includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington standard metro­
politan area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
See N ote on p. 803.

814

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

Table A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic
division and State
[In thousands]
1954

1953

1952

Geographic division and State
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Continental United S tates............... 2,181.6 2,174.8 2,169.3 2,033.8 1,508.9 1,115.1

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

960.6 1,143.9

Apr.

840.0

779.4

816.1

861.1

832.7

889.0

New England_____ _____ _____ _
Maine______________________
New Hampshire..... ................ .
Vermont. _ ________________
Massachusetts_______________
Rhode Island_______________
Connecticut_________________

172.8
18.1
12.3
3.5
78.4
28.3
32.2

160.9
13.7
9.7
3.4
76.1
28.0
30.0

161.2
14.4
9.4
3.6
78.3
27.2
28.3

153.8
14.9
10.2
3.8
75.7
24.5
24.7

118.7
13.5
9.3
2.7
60. 3
17.3
15.6

91.6
10.1
8.8
1.5
45.9
13.6
11.7

73.1
7.4
8.4
1.0
36.8
10.7
8.8

66.1
5.3
7.2
1.2
34.5
9.3
8.6

64.0
4.9
5.5
1.1
31.4
10.0
11.1

66.6
5.8
5.8
1.1
34.7
9.7
9.5

61.9
6.3
6.2
1.0
32.7
9.3
6.4

74.6
9.9
7.6
1.1
38.0
11.3
6.8

79.6
11.6
7.2
1.4
39 4
11.7
8.3

135.2
14.7
9.6
2.9
73.3
19.3
15.4

Middle Atlantic___ _____________
New York__________________
New Jersey_______ _______ _
Pennsylvania.____ __________

622.0
277.3
91.9
252.8

589.4
261.7
87.9
239.8

575.6
264.5
89.0
222.1

563.9
265.1
91.0
207.8

430.1
209.9
65.8
154.4

331.3
168.9
50.0
112.4

246.2
120.1
37.2
88.9

251.2
127.2
38.3
85.7

257.0
132.2
39.1
85.7

283.8
153.6
45.9
84.3

275.0
156.6
40.2
78.2

289.1
163.4
45.5
80.2

313. 5
164.3
48.6
100.6

359.5
200.6
51.0
107.9

East North Central_________ _____
Ohio__________ _________ ____
Indiana_____________________
Illinois __________________ _
Michigan_______ ___________
Wisconsin___________________

486.7
113.5
64.1
153.3
118.9
36.9

480.4
116.2
67.0
124. 5
129.9
42.8

472.3
109.3
65.8
126.9
127.8
42.5

426.1
99.0
60.4
117.8
107.0
41.9

318.1
72.2
40.7
86.2
83.3
35.7

233.2
50.2
28.4
60.4
69.4
24.8

179.3
33.7
20.9
52.0
56.0
16.7

152.4
25.2
14.7
43.3
52.4
16.8

155.8
23.0
14.6
49.7
53.1
15.4

140.2
23.6
14.8
53.7
30.6
17.5

130.0
29.4
14.4
54.5
22.7
9.0

124.8
26.6
11.8
57.0
20.9
8.5

121.2
24.5
11. 5
55. 8
19. 9
9.5

184.3
36.7
19.3
71.3
44.6
12.4

West North C e n tra l_____________
Minnesota__________________
Iowa_______ . . ___________
Missouri____________________
North Dakota____ __________
South Dakota_______________
Nebraska___________________
Kansas..........................................

123.1
40.4
12.1
47.6
3.6
1.9
5.6
11.9

130.3
41.1
15.6
43.2
5.1
3.0
7.7
14.6

127.8
35.3
17.1
42.0
5.4
3.3
8.9
15.8

119.7
33.5
16.2
40.2
4.2
2.7
7.6
15.3

81.9
19.8
10.1
32.9
2.4
1.4
4.3
11.0

56.0
9.8
6.2
28.8
.8
.4
1.9
8.1

39.8
6.2
4.3
21.6
.2
.2
1.1
6.2

32.3
5.8
3.7
16.4
.2
.2
1.0
5.0

31.1
6.7
4.0
14.2
.2
.2
.9
4.9

38.1
7.6
4.3
19.0
.3
.2
1.1
5.6

39.0
8.0
4.0
20.1
.5
.2
1.2
5.0

42.6
12.3
4.6
18.2
.9
.4
1.8
4.4

53 6
19. 8
5. 8
17. 2
28
9
2. 6
5.0

59.2
23.7
6.1
19. 7
20
11
2.6
4.0

South Atlantic. ________________
Delaware___________________
M aryland. _________________
District of Columbia ________
Virginia____ ________________
West Virginia...................... ........
North Carolina___________ _ .
South Carolina.___ __________
Georgia... __________________
Florida_____________________

237.9
4.0
32.0
6.6
21.6
47.2
59.1
21.0
32.8
13.6

224.9
4.5
26.8
7.6
23.0
41.4
54.5
20.8
31.9
14.4

221.5
4.6
27.5
7.5
22.4
36.3
54.1
21.1
33.7
14.3

213.6
4.0
24.8
6.3
21.6
32.5
54.6
22.4
34.0
13.4

148.2
3.0
16.5
4.4
14.3
20.5
36.6
15.9
25.2
11.8

113.9
2.4
12.6
3.4
10.3
15.4
28.9
12.6
17.0
11.3

93.8
1.6
8.6
2.7
8.0
12.3
22.4
10.3
12.7
15.2

91.7
1.2
8.2
2.6
8.4
12.4
21.3
9.3
11.9
16.4

101.8
.8
9.7
2.4
10.7
14.2
20.9
11.0
12.8
19.3

112.5
.9
10.7
2.5
13.7
16.6
24.5
12.3
14.3
17.0

105.2
.9
10.3
2.4
14.8
15.3
25.8
10.1
13.8
11.8

103.5
.9
12.2
2.6
11.3
15.3
27.3
10.6
13.6
9.7

101.0
1.0
12. 5
3.0
7. 5
16. 6
28. 2
10.3
13.5
8.4

104.8
1.3
12.7
2.3
7.1
15.7
31.8
11.3
14.6
8.0

East South Central.___ __________
K e n tu c k y ...___ ______ _ .
Tennessee___________________
Alabama__________ ______ _
Mississippi-____ ____________

159.8
52.8
57.0
31.6
18.4

154.4
49.7
54.9
30.4
19.4

151.5
45.3
56.3
28.9
21.0

139.7
40.3
52.6
26.9
19.9

103.2
30.9
36.9
21.3
14.1

77.4
23.0
28.8
16.5
9.1

59.7
19.3
21.2
12.4
6.8

52.5
14.9
19.3
12.2
6.1

58.7
17.0
19.3
14.2
8.2

60.9
17.0
21.2
14.1
8.6

57.5
17.3
18.4
13.9
7.9

66.2
19.6
21.6
15. 4
9.6

69.3
20.2
23.0
16.0
10.1

74.8
20.8
28.6
15.0
10.4

West South Central................... ........
Arkansas____ _______________
Louisiana___________________
Oklahoma___________________
Texas........ ................................. .

101.9
20.4
24.4
16.2
40.9

106.5
20.5
26.0
17.7
42.3

107.9
22.1
25.0
18.8
42.0

94.1
19.8
22.2
17.0
35.1

64.8
13.1
13.9
12.4
25.4

47.2
9.2
9.4
9.3
19.3

38.5
7.3
7.8
7.0
16.4

37.3
5.7
8.8
6.0
16.8

45.1
7.5
11.2
8.2
18.2

46.2
7.6
12.2
9.1
17.3

44.2
7.2
11.8
9.2
16.0

48.0
8.9
12.9
9.5
16.7

51.0
10. 8
13. 2
10. 2
16.8

53.1
11.3
18.6
9.3
13.9

M ountain______________________
M ontana___________________
Idaho______________________
Wyoming___________________
Colorado........... ............................
New Mexico_______ _________
Arizona_____________________
U tah____ __________________
Nevada_____________________

47.4
5.9
6.7
3.1
8.0
5.9
6.7
7.8
3.3

57.7
7.2
9.7
3.9
10.1
6.5
7.0
9.6
3.7

60.0
8.4
11.8
3.7
9.2
6.5
6.5
10.0
3.9

51.6
6.9
11.0
2.2
7.8
5.7
6.0
8.7
3.3

33.9
3.2
7.9
1.1
5.0
4.4
4.6
5.2
2.5

19.5
1.3
3.8
.4
3.1
2.8
3.8
2.7
1.6

12.8
.7
1.5
.2
1.8
2.4
3.4
1.7
1.1

11.0
.6
1.2
.2
1.5
2.0
3.3
1.5
.7

12.7
.7
1.3
.2
1.8
2.3
3.8
1.8

12.8
1.4
1.5
.3
1.6
1.7
3.2
2.3
.8

15.1
2.2
2.2
.5
2.0
1.8
3.2
2. 4
.8

21.1
3.9
4.0
.7
2.8
2.2
3.3
3.1

.8

12.7
1.0
1.4
.2
1.8
1.9
3.5
2.1
.8

18.9
3.4
3.3
g
2.0
2.2
2. 5
3. 5
1.2

Pacific..................................................
Washington_________________
Oregon_____________________
California- ___ _____________

229.9
33.9
22.9
173.1

270.6
47.6
32.5
190.5

291.5
63.4
42.3
185.8

271.3
66.1
43.9
161.3

209.9
49.4
36.2
124.3

144.9
34.9
23.8
86.2

96.6
22.2
13.0
61.4

85.0
16.9
9.6
58.5

90.0
15.6
10.1
64.3

100.0
14.0
9.6
76.4

107.1
12.5
8.9
85.7

125.1
17.5
11.6
96.0

150.4
26.0
16.6
107.8

* Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 Monthly Labor Review
(p. 382). Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

i.i

154.2
19. 7
12.3
122.2

Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.

B : LABOR TURNOVER

815

B: Labor Turnover
T a b l e B - l : M o n th ly lab or tu r n o v er r a te s (per 100 em p lo y ees) in m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u strie s, b y cla ss o f
tu rn o v er 1
Class of turnover and year

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total separation^
1954...................... ............................
1953_______________________
1952_.................................................
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_____ ____________________
1948_________________________
1947_______ ____ _____________
1946____ ___ _________________
1939_________________________

4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
32

3.5
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.6

3.7
4.1
3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1

2 3. 9
4.3
4.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5

4.4
3.9
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5

4.2
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3

4.3
5.0
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3

4.8
4.6
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0

5.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8

4.5
4.2
4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9

4.2
3.5
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0

4.0
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5

Quit:
1954_________________________
1953_________ ________________
1952_______ __________________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946________________ __________
1939 3________________________

1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9

1.0
2.2
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6

1.0
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8

21.1
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8

2.7
2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7

2.6
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7

2.5
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7

2.9
3.0
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8

3.1
3.5
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1

2.1
2.8
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9

1.5
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8

1.1
1.7
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7

Discharge:
1954_________________________
1953_________________________
1952..____ ___________________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________________

.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1

2.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
Q
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1

.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1

.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2

.3
.4
.3
.3

J2
.4
.4
.4
.2

.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1

Layoff:
1954___ ______________________
1953....____ _________________
1952............... ...................................
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________
1939_________________________

2.8
.9
1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

2.2
.8
1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9

2.3
.8
1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

2 2.4
.9
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7

.9
1.1
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5

Ì.Ì
2.2
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5

1.3
1.0
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1

1.5
.7
1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6

1.8
.7
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8

2.3
.7
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0

2.5
1.0
1.5
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7

Miscellaneous including military:
1954______ _________ __________
1953....______ ________________
1952_________________________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________________
1947_________________________
1946_________________________

.3
.4
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.2
.4
.4
.6
1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.2
.3
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

2.2
.3
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

.2
.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

Total accession:
1954_________________________
1953_________________________
1952_________ _______ ________
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949_________________________
1948_________________ ____ ____
1947_____________________ ____
1946_________________________
1939_______ ______ ___________

2.8
4.4
4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1

2.5
4.2
3.9
4.5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1

2.8
4.4
3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3

2 2.4
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9

4.1
3.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3

5.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9

4.1
4.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2

4.3
5.9
4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1

4.0
5.6
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2

3.3
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9

2.7
4.0
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1

2.1
3.3
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8

i Month-to-month changes In total employment in manufacturing indus­
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables
and seafoods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(3) Plants are not included in the turnover computations In months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
2 Preliminary.
3 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
fBeginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
because of rounding.
N o t e : I n f o r m a t i o n o n c o n c e p ts , m e t h o d o lo g y , e t c ., is
g iv e n in a t e c h n i c a l n o t e o n M e a s u r e m e n t o f L a b o r T u r n ­
o v e r , w h ic h a p p e a r e d i n t h e M a y 195 3 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .

816

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 195 4

T a b l e B - 2 : M o n th ly la b o r tu r n o v e r ra te s (per 100 em p lo y ee s) in se lec te d g rou p s a n d in d u stries 1
Separation
Total

Industry group and industry

Apr.
1954

Quit

Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Discharge
Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Total ccession

Mise. incl.
military

Layoff
Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Mar.
1954

Manufacturing
All manufacturing___ . ____________
Durable goods 2__________________
Nondurable goods *_______________
Ordnance and accessories______________
Food and kindred p r o d u c ts ..____ _____
Meat products___________________
Grain-mill products______________
Bakery p roducts_______ ______ ___
Beverages:
M alt liquors__________ ______
Tobacco manufactures___________ ____ _
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars___
_ ___________________
Tobacco and snuff________________
Textile-mill products__ ______________
Yarn and thread mills ____________
Broad-woven fabric mills . .. ____
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber_____
Woolen and worsted___________
Knitting mills______ ___________
Full-fashioned hosiery__________
Seamless hosiery.. .
_________
Knit underwear_______________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile products___________ _____________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats... ..
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing______________________
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)________ . . . ____ ______
Logging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Household furniture__________
Other furniture and fixtures________
Paper and allied products__________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products.. .
Industrial inorganic chemicals.. .
Industrial organic chemicals.. .
Synthetic fibers__________
Drugs and m edicines____
Paints, pigments, and fillers..............
Products of petroleum and coal . ..
Petroleum refining______ _____
Rubber products................ ...
Tires and inner tubes____ _
Rubber footwear___________
Other rubber products______
Leather and leather products.
Leather. ___ . . . _____
Footwear (except rubber)_______
Stone, clay, and glass products__
Glass and glass products___
PS Cement, hydraulic____________
Structural clay products_____
F Pottery and related products............
Primary metal industries____
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills.. ___________
Iron and steel foundries____
Gray-iron foundries_________
Malleable-iron foundries
Steel foundries________ .
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and z in c ____
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper___________________
Nonferrous foundries___________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings.................. .
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.9
4.2
3.3
4.3
3.7
5.8
1.9
3.3

3.7
4.1
2.9
4.6
4.2
5.7
3.5
3.2

11
10
1.1
1. 0
10
.7
12
1.6

1.0
1.0
1,1
1.0
1.0
.7
1.0
1.3

1.0
2.7
1.5
4.0
1.2
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.4
5.2
3.3
1.6
3.9
4.2
4.3
3.0

1.4
1.9
1.2
2.6
.9
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.1
4.0
4.0
2.7
4.4
5.7
2.6
4.4

.4
1.1
1.1
1.3
.6
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
.7
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.5
.7
.6

.4
1.1
.9
1.4
.4
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.2
.9
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.6
.8
.7

.1
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2

.1
.2
.1
.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1

.3
1.3
.1
2.4
.3
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
4.0
1.8
.2
2. 5
2. 5
3.1
1.9

.7
.4
.1
.7
.1
1.9
1. 6
1. 5
1. 4
2. 7
2. 4
1.2
2. 8
3. 9
1.5
3.2

5.3
4.3

3.2
2.4

2.1
1.9

2.1
1.4

.2
.2

.1
.1

2.9
2. 2

0.2
0.2
24
.2
.2
27
__ ^ ______.J2_
1.8
.2
.2 ... .3T
.2
.2
23
.1
.2
4.8
.2
.3
3
.3
.3
1.2

23
97
1.5
32
29
4.6
1Q
1.5

.1
[X

2.6
12

2.6

.1

3.7
34
3.5

3.8

,i

.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.3

.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3

6.0
1.8
1.4
2.5
.5
2.9
3.1
2.9
2. 7
6.4
2.4
1.8
2.0
2.9
1.5
2.3

4.4
13
1.4
1. 4
.8
3 1
34
3 1
28
74
29
23
25
37
1. 8
2.0

.9
7

.1
.1

.1
.1

2.6
2.0

32
22

.1

2.7

3.6

6.3

3.4

2.3

2.4

.2

.1

3.8

.8

4.3
5.4
3.6

4.0
6.4
3.5

1.7
3.1
1.6

1.6
2.3
1.5

.3
1.0
.2

.2
.3
.2

2.1
1.2
1. 7

2.0
3.4
1. 6

3.8
4.9
5.2
4.1
2.2
1.3
2.8
1.9
2.6
1.6
2.8
1.0
2.0
.8
.4
2.9
1.6
2.8
4.1
3.4
2.7
3.5
2.9
3.3
1.4
2.6
2.1
3.5

2.6
4.6
4.8
4.1
2.2
1.3
2.9
1.7
1.6
1. 5
2.1
1.6
1.4
.7
.5
2.6
2.2
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.1
1.2
3.1
1.6
4.2

1.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.0
.6
1.4
.6
.6
.4
.2
.6
.8
.4
.1
.8
.7
1.3
.8
1.5
.6
1.7
.6
.6
.5
1.0
.7
.7

1.1
1.3
1.5
.8
.9
.6
1.2
.5
.7
.4
.4
.7
.6
.3
.2
.7
.6
1.2
.8
1.5
.6
1.7
.6
.5
.6
.8
.6
.6

.1
.4
.4
.2
.2
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1

.1
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1

.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1

.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1

2.6
3.0
3. 2
2.7
.8
.3
.9
1.0
1.7
.9
2.3
.1
.9
.2
.1
1.7
.6
1. 3
2.9
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.9
2. 5
.5
1.3
.9
2. 4

2.5
4.2
4.0
3.7
4.9

4.0
4.0
3.6
2.2
5.2

.6
.9
1.0
1.0
.6

.5
.8
.9
.9
.6

.1
.2
.2
.2
.2

.1
.2
.2
.4
.2

1.3

2.5

.5

.3

3.1
8.5

3.0
6.2

1.0
.9

.7
.8

.1
.2

6.7

5.4

.5

.7

.2

(4)

.1
.2

(4)
m

(4)

.2
.1
.1
(4)

(4)

2.8

.3
.4
.3

4.2
10. 7
3.6

5. 7
17. 4
35

1.1
28
28
2.9
.9
.4
1.2
.9
.6
.9
1. 5
.7
.4
2
.1
1. 5
14
15
1.6
1.2
1. 9
1.0
1. 9
2. 2
.2
1. 8
.6
32

.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
2
1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
,i
2

.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
2
1
.2
.1
.2
,i
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
2

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.3
2.6
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.8
.8
1.5
1.1
.6
2.2
2.0
2. 4
2.3
2.2
1.4
2.4
1.9
2.2
1.6
2. 5
1.4
16

3.0
30
34
2.0
23
12
2.5
14
20
10
16
12
l.i
7

1.6
3.0
2. 5
2.3
3. 9

3. 2
2.8
2. 3
.7
4.1

.2
.2
.2
.2
1

.2
.2
.1
.2
2

1.6
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.4

10
25
2 fi
4 1

.6

1.9

.i

.2

.8

10

.1
.3

1.8
7.1

2.0
4.9

.1
.3

.2
.2

13
1. 9

27

.1

6.0

4.5

.1

.2

1.0

1.0

.1
.2

(4)
(4)

(4)

,i

.1

(4)

.1
.1
.1
.2
.2

24
.1
jT

(4)

.2
(4)

'.5

2.0
1Q
1 fi

2.2
26
16
2.8
19
2 fi
14
26
1.6
18

1 Q

1 f)

817

B : LABOR TURNOVER

T a b l e B - 2 : M o n th ly lab or tu r n o v e r ra te s (per 100 em p lo y ee s) in se lec te d g ro u p s a n d in d u strie s 1—
C on tin u ed
Separation
Total

Industry group and industry

Apr.
1954

Manufacturing—C ontinued
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)________________ _______
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware__
Cutlery and edge tools,_.
Hand tools___________________
Hardware... -- ------------ ------Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies__________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies_____________ ________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified.............. ........
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving—....................................................
Machinery (except electrical)---------------Engines and turbines------------- ------Agricultural machinery and tractors.
Construction and mining m achinery..
Metalworking machinery__________
Machine tools__ ____________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)------ ------------Machine-tool accessories_____ .
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines__ _____ _______ ______Miscellaneous machinery p arts--------Electrical machinery............ ........... ...........
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa---- ------- ------ratu s.. . . .
Communication equipm ent________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipm ent------- -- . ..
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipm ent__________ . ------Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products.-------- ----------Transportation equipm ent_____________
Automobiles. .. ------------------------Aircraft and parts_________________
Aircraft______ _______________
Aircraft engines and parts_______
Aircraft propellers and parts ___
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent. ....... . . . . . ___. . . .
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm ent_______________
Locomotives and parts_________
Railroad and street cars------------Other transportation equipment____
Instruments and related products......... ....
Photographic apparatus-----------------Watches and clocks. . ----------------Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..

Quit

Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Mise. incl.
military

Layoff

Discharge
Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

Mar.
1954

Apr.
1954

0.2
.2
.2
.1
.2

3.1
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.4

3.4
2.8
1.3
1.5
4.1

0.2
.2
.1
.3
.2

.4

.3

1.6

2.3

.3

.5

1.4

1.2

.5
.3

.2
.2

1.8
2.0

.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2

.8
.8

.4
.3

.2
.2

.9
.8
1.0

1.0
.8
.9

.3
.1
.2

4.2
2.4
3.2

1.4
.7
1.1

.9
.7
1.0

2.7
4.2

2.3
3.4

.9
1.3

4.6

3.7

1.3

4.6
3.6
3.2
3.0
3.9

3.6
1.8
1.7
1.3
2.0

.1

.1

3.6

4.6

.1

.1

4.3

3.4

3.0
1.8

.2
.1

.1
.1

3.0
2.4

5.5
2.6

6.0
2.6
3.6
(8)
1.7
3.6
4.7

5.6
2.0
.9
.9
1.9
3.5
4.0

.5
.2
.1

.3

.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1

4.8
1.7
1.3
(8)
2.4
.9
.5

5.7
1.9
1.5
4.3
2.2
1.1
.8

.9

3.4
1.9

.1
.1

.2
.2

li

3.8

1.7

1.2
1.9

.2
.2
.2

2.1
1.8
2.2

1.2
1.8
2.1

.2
.2
.1

.2
.2
.1

1.5
1. 1
2.3

2.0
1. 5
1.9

.3
.1
.2

.2
.1
.2

4.0
2.0
2.6

2.9
1.4
1.8

.3
.2
.2

.3
.2
.2

2.5
1.4
2.1

2.2
1.6
2.0

.7
1.4

.1
.2

.1
.2

1.5
2.3

1.3
1.5

.1
.4

.2
.3

1.5
2.6

1.3
2.6

1.4

.2

.2

2.7

1.8

.5

.2

2.6

3.4

1.0
.9
.6
.6
1.1

4.0

4.0

1.8

1.3

2.9

2.7

1.0

.9

4.9
3.5

5.0
3.2

2.4
1.1

1.6
1.0

7.3
3.9
4.8
(')
2.9
4.8
5.7

6.9
3.2
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.5
5.0

.7
.9
.9
.9
.7
.5

.9
.8
.6
.7
.8
.7
.6

2.3
5.2

4.6
3.0

.9
.9

3.4
2.9
3.5

2.7
3.0
3.3

6.1
3.0
4.1

(8)

2.1

(')

6.2
4.8
5.1
3.0
2.5
3.4
(8)

4.9
5.1
6.0
2.5
2.2
3.1
2.6

1.1
1.0
.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
(5)

1.1
.7
1.2
1.4
.9
.8

4.9
(8)
11.5
(8)
11.5
8.9
2.9
(5)
C8)
2.0
5.3
3.1

3.1
13.4
9.1
(8)
8.9
3.2
2.2
1.5
2.5
2.4
6.6
5.3

1.4
(8)
1.0
(2)
1.3
.6
.8
(8)
(8)
.7
1.3
1.2

1.1
2.0
.9
(8)
1.2
.9
.7
.5
.9
.7
1.6
1.3

3.0
3.4
1.6
1.7
(8)
5.1

7.7
10.1
9.4
2.3
6.3
5.4

1.3
.2
1.1
1.3
(8)
.5

1.9
.3
3.0
1.0

(8)
(8)

1.0
.9

(8)
(5)

1.3
1.5

1.0

0.2
.2
.2
.1
.2

(8)

.2

(8)

.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2

4.7
3.2
3.9
1.3
.9
1.8
(8)

3.5
3.5
4. 6
.9
.6
1.8
1.5

.4

.2
.4
.3

3.0
(8)
9.4
(8)
9.5
8.0
1.9
(8)
(8)
1.0
3.5
1.6

1.7
10.8
6.6
(8)
6.9
1.7
1.3
.8
1.3
1.4
4.5
3.7

1.2
2.9
.1
.1
(8)
4.3

5.2
9.7
5.5
.8
5.6
4.8

(8)

.9

i See footnote 1, table B -l. Current month data subject to revision without
notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indicated by footnotes.
2 See footnote 2, table A-2.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing, and allied industries are
excluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Mar.
1954

2.8
1.4
1.7
1.0
1.0

1.0
.9
.9
.5
1.1

(8)
(8)
(8)

.3
.3

(8)

(4)
.1
(8)
(8)

(4)
.1
.2
.1

.4
.1
.1
.l
.l
.3
.3

.5

(8)

.1
.2

.3

(8)

1.1

.2
.4
.4
.2
.1
.1
.2

2.1
3.0
2. 8
1.9
2.0
1.0
(8)

1.8
4.0
4.6
2.3
27
1.4
.9

.1
.2
.1

.1
.2
1.3
(8)
.5
.6
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1

2.4
(8)
3. 4
(8)
4.3
1.0
1.3
(8)
(8)
1.0
2.2
1.4

2.3
10.4
3.8
(8)
4. 5
3.8
1.2
.8
1.1
1.4
2.9
1. 4

.3
.2
.3
.2

.1
.4
.2

.3

,i

.2

5.4
10.2
1. 7
2. 0
(8)
.9

2.5
.5
2. 9
1. 6
.7
.7

.1
.3

(8)
(8)

1.2
1. 5

(8)
.3

.4
.6
.2
.1
.1
(8)
(4)
(8)
(8)

(8)
(8)

.7
.5
.2
.1

Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining--------- ------- -----------------Iron mining---------- ------- - -----------Copper mining----------------------------Lead and zinc mining--------------------Anthracite m ining.------------ ---------------Bituminous-coal m ining------------ ------ Communication:
Teleohone________ _______________
Telegraph«... .
.....
----------

Apr.
1954

0.1
.2
.1
.1
.2

4.8
4.1
2.2
2.4
5.7

(')

Mar.
1954

.6

(4)

.1

(4)
(4)

(8)

.4
(8)
(8)

.4

.3
.1
.1
.1

.4
.2

.1
.1

(8)
(8)

.1
.3

,i

(8)
(8)
(8)

*Less than 0.05.
5 Data are not available.
3 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those employees
compensated entirely on a commission basis.

818

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

C: Earnings and Hours
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Mining
M etal
Tc tal: Metal

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1952: Average.......... $81.65
1953: Average_____ 88. 54
A p r i l .._____ 84.67
M ay________ 86.29
June________ 86.76
July------------- 88.82
August______ 92.19
September___ 94.16
October_____ 90.29
November___ 90.72
December___ 92.40
1954: January_____ 92.00
February........ 85.49
82.62
M arch______
April............... 81.00

43.9
43.4
43.2
43.8
43.6
42.7
43.9
44.0
43.2
43.2
44.0
43.6
41.7
40.5
39.9

Coal

Iron

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.86 $80.34
2.04 90.74
1.96 84.84
1.97 88.74
1.99 90.67
2.08 95.82
2.10 98.99
2.14 98. 75
2.09 93.04
2.10 93.44
2.10 92.62
2.11 90.45
2.05 86.03
2.04 83.03
2.03 76.74

43.9
42.4
42.0
43.5
43.8
42.4
43.8
43.5
42.1
41.9
42.1
41.3
40.2
38.8
36.2

Copper
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.83 $85. 73
2.14 91.60
2.02 88.53
2.04 88. 98
2.07 87.81
2.26 86.33
2.26 93.32
2.27 97.39
2.21 95.27
2.23 95.63
2.20 97.97
2.19 99.22
2.14 88.56
2.14 83. 22
2.12 84.64

45.6
45.8
45.4
45.4
44.8
43.6
46.2
46.6
46.7
46.2
47.1
46.8
43.2
41.2
41.9

Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.88 $81.60
2.00 80.06
1.95 79. 57
1.96 79.00
1.96 79.61
1.98 79. 52
2.02 79.90
2.09 81.56
2.04 79.15
2.07 77. 99
2.08 84. 08
2.12 84.32
2.05 74.64
2.02 73.10
2.02 74. 66

42.5
41. 7
42.1
41.8
41.9
41.2
41.4
41.4
40.8
40.2
42.9
42.8
39.7
39.3
39.5

M ining—Continued

41.1
40.9
40.8
41.2
40.1
41.4
41.7
40.7
40.3
41.4
40.2
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.1

$2.09 $71.10
2.21 75. 99
2.16 74.37
2.16 75.94
2.17 76.78
2.24 77.63
2.25 79.41
2.27 79.20
2.24 80.33
2.28 76.99
2.25 76.12
2.28 70.93
2.26 73.79
2.25 74.22
2.25 74.56

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkiy.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.92 $71.19
1.92 72.91
1.89 61.99
1.89 77.19
1.90 91.63
1.93 83.89
1.93 61.49
1.97 70.40
1.94 73.41
1.94 63.49
1. 96 64. 71
1.97 70. 93
1.88 74.84
1.86 63.74
1.89 64.45

Bituminous

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings hours

31.5
29.4
25.3
31.0
36.8
34.1
25.2
28.5
29.6
25.6
26.2
28.6
29.7
25.6
26.2

$2.26 $78.09
2.48 85. 31
2.45 79.61
2.49 84.97
2.49 91.25
2.46 84.97
2.44 92.88
2. 47 86.15
2.48 89.78
2.48 81.17
2. 47 82. 25
2.48 82.34
2.52 79.04
2. 49 73.06
2. 46 71.14

34.1
34.4
32.1
34.4
36.5
34.4
37.3
34.6
36.2
32.6
33.3
33.2
32.0
29.7
28.8

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$2.29
2.48
2.48
2.47
2.50
2.47
2.49
2.49
2.48
2. 49
2.47
2.48
2.47
2. 46
2. 47

Contract construction

Crude-petroleum and
natural-gas production
Nonmetallic mining
Petroleum and
and quarrying
natural-gas production
(except contract
services)
1952: A verage____ $85.90
1953: Average_____ 90.39
April_______
88.13
M ay________ 88.99
June________ 87.02
July________
92. 74
August______ 93.83
September___ 92.39
October_____ 90.27
November___ 94.39
December___ 90.45
1954: Ja n u ary ... . . . 92.80
February____ 91.08
M arch.........
90.45
April_______
90.23

Anthracite

45.0
44.7
44.8
45.2
45.7
45.4
45.9
45.0
45.9
44.5
44.0
41.0
42.9
42.9
43.1

fonbuilding construction

Total: Contract con­
struction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction

$1.58 $87.85
1.70 91.61
1.66 89.15
1.68 90.58
1.68 92.25
1.71 91.82
1.73 94.18
1.76 90.77
1.75 96.11
1.73 93.00
1.73 92.37
1.73 87.12
1.72 92.85
1.73 93.24
1.73 92.87

38.7
37.7
37.3
37.9
38.6
38.1
38.6
36.9
38.6
37.2
36.8
34.3
36.7
37.0
37.0

$2.27 $86.72
2.43 90.27
2.39 85.02
2.39 87.60
2.39 91.54
2.41 92. 57
2.44 96.05
2.46 90.97
2.49 97.48
2.50 91.01
2. 51 89.93
2. 54 83.88
2.53 91.14
2. 52 90.12
2. 51 89.38

41.1
40.3
39.0
40.0
41.8
41.7
42.5
39.9
42.2
39.4
39.1
36.0
39.8
39.7
39.2

Highway and street

$2.11 $80.26
2.24 85.28
2.18 77.62
2.19 81.61
2.19 88.10
2. 22 88.37
2.26 92.42
2.28 87.97
2.31 94.61
2. 31 86.67
2.30 81.87
2. 33 71.69
2.29 81.37
2. 27 80. 98
2.28 82.74

41.8
41.2
39.4
40.4
43.4
42.9
43.8
41.3
43.8
40.5
38.8
34.3
39.5
39.5
39.4

Other nonbuilding
construction

$1.92 $91. 35
2.07 93. 85
1.97 90.02
2.02 91.71
2.03 94.19
2.06 95.65
2.11 98.95
2.13 93. 27
2.16 99. 80
2.14 94.18
2.11 95. 50
2.09 91.02
2.06 97.20
2.05 95. 92
2.10 93.99

40.6
39.6
38.8
39.7
40.6
40.7
41.4
38.7
40.9
38.6
39.3
37.0
40.0
39.8
39.0

$2. 25
2. 37
2.32
2.31
2. 32
2. 35
2. 39
2. 41
2.44
2.44
2.43
2.46
2. 43
2.41
2. 41

Building construction
Total: Building con­
struction

Special-trade contractors
General contractors

38.1 $2.31 $82. 78
1952: Average.......... $88.01
2.48 87. 75
1953: Average_____ 91.76
37.0
April_______
36.9
90.04
2.44 86. 71
37.3
2.44 87. 40
M ay________ 91.01
June________ 92.23
37.8
2.44 88. 55
91.64
July________
37.1
2.47 87.14
August______ 93.62
37.6
2.49 89.68
September___ 90.97
36.1
2.52 86.03
October_____ 95.76
37.7
2.54 90.58
November___ 93.59
36.7
2.55 88.45
December___ 93.29
36.3
2. 57 87.85
1954: January_____ 87.46
33.9
2.58 82.13
February____ 93.24
2.59 88.94
36.0
36.4
M arch______ 94.28
2.59 90.41
A pril.............. 93. 81 36.5
2.57 88.94
Special-trade
contractors
Other special-trade
contractors
1952: Average_____ $88.43
1953: Average_____ 91.04
April________ 88.10
M ay________ 90.36
June________ 91.98
Ju ly ................. 92.46
A u g u st_____ 93.84
September___ 92.20
O ctober......... 95.79
November___ 93.70
December___ 91.00
1954: January.......... 83.21
February____ 90.90
March______ 91.87
93.37
April_______
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

37.0
35.7
35.1
36.0
36.5
36.4
36.8
35.6
36.7
35.9
34.6
31.4
34.3
34.8
35.5

38.5
37.5
37.7
38.0
38.5
37.4
38.0
36.3
37.9
36.7
36.3
33.8
36.3
36.9
36.6

$2.15 $91.99
2.34 95.05
2.30 92.57
2.30 94.21
2.30 95.23
2. 33 95.20
2.36 96.98
2.37 95.04
2.39 99. 75
2.41 97.62
2.42 97.19
2.43 91.80
2.45 96.30
2.45 97.11
2.43 97.28

37.7
36.7
36.3
36.8
37.2
36.9
37.3
36.0
37.5
36.7
36.4
34.0
35.8
36.1
36.3

$2.44
2.59
2. 55
2.56
2.56
2.58
2. 60
2.64
2.66
2.66
2.67
2.70
2.69
2.69
2.68

$94.92
98. 30
96.39
97.41
97. 67
97.01
98.68
96.42
101. 78
101.08
102. 94
99.96
101.30
101.68
101.41

38.9
38.1
38.1
38.2
38.3
37.6
38.1
36.8
38.7
38.0
38.7
37.3
37.8
37.8
37.7

Painting and
decorating

$2.44 $82. 72
2.58 87.10
2. 53 84.28
2. 55 85.61
2. 55 87. 75
2.58 88. 35
2. 59 89.06
2.62 88.32
2.63 91.85
2.66 88.41
2.66 88.67
2.68 82. 36
2.68 87.28
2. 69 88.58
2.69 89.27

35.2
34.7
34.4
34.8
35.1
35.2
35.2
34.5
35.6
34.4
34.5
31.8
33.7
34.2
34.6

Electrical work

$2.35 $110. 30
2. 51 111.61
2.45 109.09
2.46 109.98
2.50 110. 21
2. 51 109.48
2.53 112. 29
2.56 108. 46
2.58 117.49
2. 57 114.17
2. 57 116.11
2.59 111.07
2.59 112.42
2. 59 112.42
2. 58 110. 98

40.7
39.3
39.1
39.0
39.5
39.1
39.4
37.4
40.1
39.1
39.9
38.3
38.9
38.9
38.4

$2. 71
2.84
2. 79
2.82
2.79
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.93
2.92
2.91
2. 90
2.89
2. 89
2. 89

Manufacturing

Total: M anu­
facturing

$2.39 $67.97
2. 55 71.69
2. 51 71.40
2. 51 71.63
2.52 72.04
2.54 71.33
2.55 71.69
2. 59 71.42
2.61 72.14
2.61 71.60
2.63 72.36
2.65 70.92
2.65 71.28
2.64 70. 71
2. 63 70.20

Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors

40.7
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.5
39.9
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.4
39.6
39.5
39.0

Durable goods 2

$1.67 $73. 46
1.77 77.23
1.75 77.56
1.76 77.19
1.77 77.42
1.77 76. 70
1.77 77.27
1.79 77.14
1.79 77.90
1.79 76.73
1.80 77. 52
1.80 76. 59
1.80 76.38
1.79 76.00
1. 80 75.43

41.5
41.3
41.7
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.1
40.6
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.1
40.2
40.0
39.7

Nondurable goods »

$1.77 $60. 98
1.87 63.60
1.86 62.81
1.86 63. 20
1.87 63.52
1.88 63.76
1.88 63.76
1.90 63. 57
1.90 63.67
1.89 63.73
1.90 64.45
1.91 63.53
1. 90 64.02
1.90 64.02
1.90 62.70

39.6
39.5
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.6
39.0
39.3
39.1
39.3
38.5
38.8
38.8
38.0

Total: Ordnance
and accessories

$1.54 $77. 47
1.61 77.90
1.59 76.52
1.60 78.25
1.60 78.88
1.61 77.87
1.61 78.12
1.63 79.13
1.62 78.94
1.63 76.21
1.64 78.94
1.65 77.60
1.65 78.40
1.65 79.19
1.65 78. 41

42.8
41.0
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.9
39.9
40.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.8

Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products

$1.81 $63.23
1.90 66.33
1.88 64.48
1.89 66. 01
1.91 66. 56
1.89 66.72
1.91 65.25
1.93 67.04
1.93 67. 23
1.91 68.31
1.93 68.15
1.94 68. 71
1.96 67. 64
1. 97 67. 87
1. 97 67. 54

41.6
41.2
40.3
71.0
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.9
41.5
41.4
41.3
40.9
40.5
40.4
40. 2

$1.52
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.65
1.65
1.68
1.67
1.68
1.68

819

€ : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M anufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued

Year and month

Meat products 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

1952: Average_____ $70.30
1953: Average.......... 74.57
April_______
70. 62
M ay......... .
71.86
74.29
June_______
72.85
Ju ly..............
August_____
72.67
September.. .
76.18
October____
77.89
November__
82. 51
December___
76.54
1954: January.........
76.78
February___
73.05
March.........
73.05
April_______
72.68

41.6
41.2
39.9
40.6
41.5
40.7
40.6
41.4
42.1
43.2
41.6
41.5
39.7
39.7
39.5

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.69 $73.39
1.81 77.64
1.77 73.02
1.77 74.15
1.79 76.63
1.79 75. 52
1.79 75.33
1.84 80.06
1.85 82.22
1.91 87. 20
1.84 80.03
1.85 80.60
1.84 75. 22
1.84 75.81
1. 84 74.67

Canning and pre­
serving 4
1952: Average.
1953: AverageApril__
M ay___
June___
July----August—
October____
December1954: January...
February..
March___
April____

$51.88
53.18
51.61
52.26
51.44
54.00
54.14
55.34
54. 54
49.95
53. 44
55.04
54.38
53. 95
52. 93

39.3
39.1
36.6
37.6
38.1
40.3
40.1
41.3
40.1
37.0
37.9
37.7
37.5
36.7
36.5

$61.57
64.84
63.45
64.02
65.36
65.73
65.41
66.88
65.67
65.60
66.42
66.10
66.42
66. 50
67.08

41.6
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.9
41.6
41.4
41.8
41.3
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.9

1953: Average.
April__
May___
June___
July----August—

1954: January.

March.
April..

$52.27
53.45
51.46
54.25
54.35
53.10
54.37
55.18
55.06
53.45
54.94
54.60
55.16
55. 52
55. 34

39.9
39.3
38.4
39.6
39.1
38.2
39.4
39.7
39.9
39.3
40.1
39.0
39.4
39.1
38.7

See footnotes at end of tablo.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.76 $69. 72
1.88 73.39
1.83 71.05
1.84 73.01
1.86 74. 56
1.86 74. 55
1.86 74.03
1.92 74.46
1.93 73. 51
2.00 76.68
1.91 74.34
1.91 73.98
1.89 73.35
1.90 72.44
1.90 73.93

31.0
29.8
29.7
27.0
30.3
35.8
32.5
28.5
29.6
26.6
29.3
30.5
27.9
26.8
27.8

41.7
41.4
41.2
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.5
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.2

$1.31 $50.67
1.36 51.74
1.34 49.66
1.37 52.00
1.39 52.13
1.39 50.65
1.38 52.14
1.39 53.46
1.38 52.93
1.36 51.74
1.37 53.47
1.40 52.65
1.40 53.06
1.42 53. 29
1.43 53.93

39.9
39.2
38.2
39.1
38.9
37.8
39.2
39.6
39.8
39.2
40.2
39.0
39.3
38.9
38.8

$1.66 $63.80
1.76 68.05
1.75 66.10
1.73 67.32
1.73 68.39
1.75 69.73
1.75 68. 51
1.79 69.84
1.78 68.26
1.80 67.94
1.80 68.73
1.80 69.39
1.82 69. 71
1. 82 69.12
1.83 69. 28

41.0
40.7
38.2
39.9
39.2
41.5
41.0
42.2
41.7
39.4
39.4
39.7
39.5
38.6
38.3

41.3
41.2
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.9
42.2
41.2
40.1
39.7
40.4
41.0
40.3
39.7

$1.32 $69.15
1.37 71.88
1.41 69.39
1.40 72.05
1.38 72.16
1.32 72.74
1.35 72. 21
1.35 74.25
1.37 73.10
1.34 72.04
1.40 72.38
1.45 73.81
1.46 72.65
1.48 71.38
1.45 71. 94

$1.27 $71.14
1.32 76.01
1.30 73.49
1.32 76.51
1.34 79.66
1.34 80.60
1.32 79. It
1.35 80.90
1.33 77.33
1.32 75.41
1.33 75.31
1.35 75.06
1.35 76.80
1.37 77. 71
1.39 78. 57

41.6
41.1
40.6
41.6
42.6
43.1
41. £
41.7
40.7
39. f
40.1
39.2
40.0
40.1
40.5

$1.45 $66.41
1.55 69. 77
1.53 69. 77
1.53 69.92
1.53 72.05
1.56 72.22
1.55 69. 92
1.58 72.23
1.58 68.25
1.58 68.25
1.58 69.00
1.61 70.84
1.61 70. 20
1. 60 70.04
1.60 70.96

44.9
44.1
43.1
44.2
45.1
44.9
44.3
45.0
44.3
43.4
43.6
44.2
43.5
43.0
43.6

42.1
43.4
41.3
41.5
42.2
42.9
41.0
42.2
42.3
48.5
47.7
42.7
41.2
42.9
39.2

$1.45 $64.09
1.52 68.53
1.52 65.41
1.52 67.86
1.52 68. 61
1.53 70.68
1.52 68.85
1.55 71.83
1.52 69.80
1.52 68.88
1.53 71.28
1.55 69.64
1.56 71.40
1. 56 70.72
1.57 70.64

45.1
44.5
42.4
44.0
44.4
45.2
45.2
45.4
45.9
45.0
44.4
45.3
44.3
42.9
44.2

$1.53 $66.58
1.64 74.94
1.70 74.64
1.70 75.12
1.72 78.37
1.72 79. 56
1.70 73.50
1.75 80.66
1.55 72. 58
1.53 72.90
1.56 75.06
1.72 73.78
1.73 72.31
1. 79 82.53
1. 75 72. 31

41.1
42.1
41.7
42.2
43.3
44.2
42.0
43.6
40.1
40.5
41.7
40.1
39.3
43.9
39.3

M a l t liq u o rs

43.2 $1.29 $82.20
1.42 89.79
42.6
41. £
1.37 85.46
43. C 1.4C 89. 66
1.42 94.98
44.4
1.41 97.45
44.5
42. £
1.43 93.68
43.2
1.48 95.68
41.4
1.45 91.13
41. C 1.46 89.04
41.1
1.46 90.05
39 8
1.47 88. 20
41. (
1.48 89.95
41. (
1.48 91. 37
41.5
1.47 92.46

41.1
41.0
40.5
41.7
42.4
43.7
42.2
41.6
40.5
39.4
40.2
39.2
39.8
39.9
40.2

43.6
43.1
42.2
43.5
43.7
43.9
43.3
43.8
42.3
42.0
43.2
41.7
42.5
42.6
42.3

$1.47
1.59
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.61
1.59
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.67
1.68
1.66
1.67

P r e p a r e d fe ed s

$1.59 $67.62
1.70 69.30
1.66 68.99
1.67 69.92
1.68 70.97
1.70 69. 77
1.72 69.45
1.76 70.99
1.76 69.44
1.76 68.77
1.74 70.18
1.76 71.10
1.74 69. 52
1.71 70.28
1. 68 70. 91

C a n e-su g a r r e fin in g

B o ttle d s o ft d r in k s

$1.71 $55.73
1.85 60.4£
1.81 57.4C
1.84 60. 2C
1.87 63.05
1.87 64.08
1.8£ 61.35
1.94 63.94
1.90 60.03
l.St 59.86
1.88 60.01
1.91 58.51
1.92 60. 68
1.94 60.62
1. 94 61.01

45.8
45.9
45.9
46.0
47.4
47.2
46.0
46.6
44.9
44.9
45.1
45.7
45.0
44.9
45.2

Ice c rea m a n d ices

Avg.
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly.
earn­
earn- earn­ wkly.
ings hours ings
ings

F lo u r a n d other g ra in m ill p r o d u c ts

$1.54 $71. 71
1.63 75.65
1.61 70.38
1.63 73.48
1.60 74. 59
1.62 76.84
1.63 77.74
1.65 79.90
1.65 80. 78
1.66 79. 20
1.66 77.26
1.67 79. 73
1.67 77.08
1. 66 73.36
1.65 74.26

Sugar 4

$1.36 $64.41
1.43 71.18
1.40 70. 21
1.43 70.55
1.43 72.58
1.44 73. 79
1.45 69.70
1.46 73.85
1.45 65. 57
1.46 74. 21
1.47 74.41
1.49 73.44
1.49 71.28
1.53 76. 79
1. 54 68.60

Beverages 4

44.0
43.9
43.2
44.0
44.7
44.7
44.2
44.2
43.2
43.0
43.5
43.1
43.3
43.2
43.3

C o n d en sed a n d ev a p ­
orated m ilk

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings hours
ings

Grain-mill products4

B is c u its , cra ckers, a n d
p r e tz e ls

$1.52 $56.17
1.60 58.92
1.57 57.54
1.58 58.63
1.59 58.49
1.61 58.18
1.61 59.31
1.64 61.61
1.63 59.74
1.64 58.55
1.65 58.36
1.65 60.20
1.65 61.09
1.65 61.66
1.66 61.14

C o n fe ctio n ery

42.0
41.7
40.6
42.2
43.1
42.6
42.3
41.6
41.3
42.6
41.3
41.1
40.3
39.8
40.4

Dairy products 4

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours

C a n n e d fr u it s , vege­
tables, a n d s o u p s

$1.47 $54.12
1.51 55.76
1.55 53.86
1.49 55.86
1.43 54.10
1.59 54.78
1.55 55.35
1.44 56.97
1.42 57.13
1.51 52.80
1.61 55.16
1.65 57.57
1.52 57.67
1.54 57.13
1.52 55. 54

B r e a d a n d other ba ke ry
p r o d u c ts

$1.48 $63.38
1.57 66.24
1.54 64.68
1.55 65.41
1.56 66. 94
1.58 67.46
1.58 66.82
1.60 68.39
1.59 67.32
1.60 67. 57
1.62 68.15
1.62 67.49
1.62 67.65
1. 63 67.49
1.64 68. 39

Confectionery and
related products 4

41.7
41.3
39.9
40.3
41.2
40.6
40.5
41.7
42.6
43.6
41.9
42.2
39.8
39.9
39.3

S a u sa g es a n d casings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings hours
ings

S eafood, c a n n e d a n d
cured

$1.32 $45. 57
1.36 45.00
1.41 46.04
1.39 40.23
1.35 43.33
1.34 56.92
1.35 50.38
1.34 41.04
1.36 42.03
1.35 40.17
1.41 47.17
1.46 50.33
1.45 42.41
1. 47 41.27
1.45 42. 26

Bakery products4
1952: Average_____
1953: Average____
April......... .
May_______
June..............
July-----------August.........
September.. .
October........
November__
December___
1954: January____
February___
March_____
April...........

M e a tp a c k in g , w h o le ­
sa le

46.0
45.0
44.8
45.4
47.0
45.9
45.1
45.8
44.8
43.8
44.7
45.0
44.0
44.2
44.6

$1.47
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.51
1.52
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.69

B e e t su g a r

$1.62 $65.94
1. 78 69.80
1.79 66.91
1.78 66.12
1.81 67.37
1.80 67.83
1.75 68.02
1.85 69.89
1.81 62.78
1.80 77.12
1.80 77. 24
1.84 78.85
1.84 75.78
1.88 70.20
1. 84 66. 97

42.0
42.3
38.9
38.0
39.4
39.9
38.0
40.4
41.3
48.5
47.1
44.8
42.1
39.0
37.0

$1.57
1.65
1.72
1.74
1.71
1.70
1.79
1.73
1.52
1.59
1.64
1.76
1.80
1.80
1.81

D is tille d , rectified, a n d
b len d ed liq u o rs

$2.00 $70.88
2.19 71.42
2.11 71.24
2.15 70.67
2.24 72.91
2.23 71.05
2.22 72.94
2.30 72.95
2.25 72.52
2.26 71.80
2.24 70.12
2. 25 73.34
2.26 73.54
2. 29 73. 73
2.30 75.46

39.6
38.4
38.3
38.2
39.2
38.2
38.8
38.6
39.2
38.6
37.7
38.4
38.3
38.6
39.3

$1.79
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.92

820

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month

Miscellaneous food
products 4

C o rn s ir u p , s u g a r, oil,
a n d starch

Tobacco manufactures
Total: Tobacco
manufactures

M a n u fa c tu r e d ice

Cigarettes

Cigars

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings
1952: Average..__ $ 60.35
1953: Average_____ 63.12
April_______ 61.39
May_______
62. 28
62.28
June_______
July------------ 63. 57
August_____
63.57
September___ 65.48
October_____ 64.53
November___ 65. 57
December___ 64.95
1954: January.......... 66.20
February____ 66.36
March____ _ 65.36
April_____
65.00

42.2
41.8
41.2
41.8
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.8
41.9
42.3
41.9
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.4

$1.43
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.58
1.58
1. 56
1.57

$77.00
80.94
78.86
78.81
81.65
81.78
80. 56
89.00
86.57
85.80
82.52
81. 95
80.90
81.02
80.10

43.5
42.6
42.4
42.6
43.2
43.5
42.4
44.5
43.5
42.9
42.1
41.6
41.7
42.2
41.5

$1.77
1.90
1.86
1.85
1.89
1.88
1.90
2.00
1.99
2.00
1.96
1.97
1.94
1.92
1.93

$59.80
63.34
60.62
62.24
62.15
65.00
65. 55
68.26
64. 61
65.21
65.00
65.04
64.16
64.30
65. 28

46.0
45.9
44.9
46.1
45.7
47.1
47.5
47.4
45.5
45.6
46.1
45.8
45.5
45.6
46.3

$ 1 .3 0

1.38
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.44
1.42
1.43
1.41
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41

$44.93
47.37
47.62
47.23
46.99
47.87
47.46
46. 92
48.07
47.49
49.13
45.97
46.31
47. 52
48.74

Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snuff
1952: Average_____ $47.74
1953: Average_____ 50.90
April_____ .. 49.48
May_______ 50.52
June_______ 51.03
July------------ 50.63
August........... 52.25
September___ 53.98
52.85
October........
November___ 50.69
December___ 51.34
1954: January_____ 50.18
February____ 50.92
March............ 49.76
April_______ 51.94

37.3
37.7
37.2
37.7
37.8
37.5
38.7
39.4
38.3
37.0
37.2
36.1
36.9
35.8
37.1

$1.28
1.35
1.33
1. 34
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.38
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.40

38.6
39.0
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.2
38.9
38.3
36.2
36.9
37.3
36.7
36.5
38.8
36.5

$1.29 $51.99
1.27 52.80
1.27 53.20
1.26 53.73
1.27 53.47
1.26 52.93
1.27 52.14
1.26 50. 79
1.27 50.94
1.28 51.21
1.26 51.34
1.27 49.13
1.27 50.03
1.26 50.16
1.27 48. 60

Narrow fabrics and
small wares
1952: Average.......... $54.27
1953: Average____
54.53
April_______ 55.08
May_______ 55.20
June_______ 55. 75
July________ 53.96
August_____ 53.54
September___ 53.84
October_____ 53. 82
November___ 53. 54
December___ 54. 51
1954: January_____ 54.21
February........ 54.79
March______ 54. 65
April_______ 53.96

40.2
39.8
40.5
40.0
40.4
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.0
38.8
39.5
39.0
39.7
39.6
39.1

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$38:91
39. 73
42. 34
42.83
42.13
41.65
39.19
38.02
38.42
36.90
40.87
37.63
38.63
41.54
44.53

39.3
38.2
36.5
36.3
35.7
35.6
38.8
39.6
39.2
36.9
39.3
35.5
34.8
35.2
36.2

$0.99
1.04
1.16
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.01
.96
.98
1.00
1.04
1.06
1.11
1.18
1. 23

Broad-woven fabric
mills 4

T h re a d m ills

1952: Average_____ $49.79
1953: Average.......... 49.53
April_____ . 50.29
May. . . . . . 50.65
June_______
50.42
July------------ 49.39
August_____
49.40
September___ 48.26
October_____ 45.97
November___ 47.23
December....... 47.00
1954: January_____ 46.61
February........ 46. 36
M a rch ...__ 48. 89
April... ____
46.36

Tobacco stemming
and redrying

$1.35
1.37
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.38

38.8
39.4
39.7
40.1
39.9
39.5
39.2
37.9
38.3
38.5
38.6
37.5
37.9
38.0
37.1

$1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.31
1.32
1. 32
1.31

38.4
38.2
37.2
36.9
37.0
37.4
38.9
39.1
39.4
38.3
39.3
36.2
35.9
36.0
36.1

$1.17
1.24
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.28
1.22
1.20
1.22
1.24
1 . 25
1.27
1 . 29
1 . 32
1.35

$56.45
58.59
57.37
53.55
54. 45
58.89
62.68
60. 68
63.49
60.84
63.96
58.40
54.91
56.68
60. 64

39.2
38.8
38.5
35.7
36.3
39.0
40.7
39.4
40.7
39.0
41.0
37.2
35.2
36.1
37.9

$1.44 $40.13
1.51 42.71
1.49 41.25
1.50 42.83
1.50 42.22
1.51 41.22
1.54 42. 60
1.54 44.05
1.56 44.23
1.56 44.35
1.56 43.66
1.57 40. 57
1.56 41. 95
1.57 41.52
1.60 40.14

37.5
37.8
36.5
37.9
37.7
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.8
38.9
38.3
35.9
36.8
36.1
34.6

$ 1 .0 7
1 .1 3
1 .1 3
1 .1 3
1 .1 2
1 .1 2
1 .1 3
1 .1 5
1 .1 4

1.14
1.14
1 .1 3

1.14
1 .1 5

1.16

Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
$53.18
53.57
53.84
53.98
53.72
53.18
53.04
51.65
52. 33
52.33
52.61
50.86
52.06
51.68
50.32

39.1
39.1
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.1
39.0
37.7
38.2
38.2
38.4
37.4
38.0
38.0
37.0

Scouring and combing
plants

$1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.36
1.36

$62.80
62.40
61.30
64.15
65.35
66.14
63.12
64.24
54.24
52.46
60.29
58.78
60. 74
60.04
58.09

40.0
39.0
38.8
40.6
41.1
41.6
39.7
38.7
33.9
31.6
38.4
37.2
38.2
38.0
37.0

$1.57
1.60
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
1. 59
1.66
1.60
1.66
1.57
1. 58
1.59
1.58
1.57

Yam and thread
mills 4
$49.15
48. 51
48. 77
49.15
49. 53
49.15
48.51
46.85
46.00
45. 75
45.26
44.13
44.75
45.14
44.02

38.7
38.2
38.4
38.7
39.0
38.7
38.2
36.6
36.8
36.6
36.5
35.3
35.8
36.4
35.5

$1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24

Y a r n m ills

$49.15
48.26
48.51
48.90
49.53
49.15
48. 26
46. 70
45.75
45.38
44.76
43.25
44.13
44. 39
43. 65

38.7
38.0
38.2
38.5
39.0
38.7
38.0
36.2
36.6
36.3
36.1
34.6
35.3
35.8
35.2

$1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.29
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24

C o tto n , s ilk , s y n th e tic fib er
W o o le n a n d w o rsted

United States
$49.79
51.09
51.48
52.00
51.21
50.70
50.57
49.14
49. 54
49.92
49.67
47.87
48.76
48.76
47.10

38.6
39.3
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.3
39.2
37.8
38.4
38.7
38.5
37.4
37.8
37.8
36.8

$1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1. 29
1. 29
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.29
1.29
1.28

North
$55.25
56.37
56.12
56.40
56.54
55. 86
56.26
55.41
54. 67
54.81
54. 99
53.86
54.14
54.43

38.1
39.7
39.8
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.9
39.3
38.5
38.6
39.0
38.2
38.4
38.6

South
$1.45
1.42
1.41
1.41
1. 41
1.40
1. 41
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.41
1. 41
1.41
1.41

$48. 76
49.78
50.17
50.80
49.90
49. 27
49.14
47.50
48.38
48.76
48.38
46.50
47.50
47.50

38.7
39.2
39.5
40.0
39.6
39.1
39.0
37.4
38.4
38.7
38.4
37.2
37.7
37.7

$1.26 $62.56
1.27 61.93
1.27 62.56
1.27 63.34
1.26 63. 90
1.26 64.06
1.26 61.23
1.27 59.75
1.26 58. 97
1.26 57.88
1.26 60.84
1.25 59.14
1.26 59.36
1.26 59. 21
59. 91

F u ll-fa s h io n e d hosiery

40.1 $1.56
39.7 1.56
40.1 1.56
40.6 1.56
40.7 1.57
40.8 1.57
39.5 1.55
38.3 1.56
37.8 1.56
37.1 1.56
39.0 1.56
38.4 1.54
38.8 1.53
38.7 1.53
38.9 1.54

S e a m le ss hosiery

Knitting mills 1
United States
$49.02
48.75
48.49
48.36
48.25
47.99
48.63
46.80
49. 26
48.73
48.60
47.65
48.84
48.71
46.99

38.3
37.5
37.3
37.2
37.4
37.2
37.7
36.0
37.6
37.2
37.1
36.1
37.0
36.9
35.6

$1.28
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32

$57. 61
56.70
56.46
55. 75
54.66
54.66
55. 72
53.00
57. 23
57. 75
57.98
55.95
57. 75
57.83
55. 95

37.9
37.3
36.9
36.2
36.2
36.2
36.9
35.1
37.9
38.5
38.4
37.3
38.5
38.3
37.3

$1. 52
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.51
1.51
1.51
1. 51
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1.50

North
$57.00
57.00
56.61
56.46
55.78
55. 72
55.42
53.70
57.45
59.04
59.89
56.78
57.98
58.83

37.5
37.5
37.0
36.9
36.7
36.9
36.7
35.8
38.3
39.1
39.4
37.6
38.4
38.2

South
$1.52 $58.06
1.52 56.24
1.53 56.30
1.53 54.82
1.52 53.91
1.51 53.40
1.51 56.02
1.50 52. 44
1.50 56.63
1.51 56.85
1.52 56.63
1.51 55.65
1.51 57.37
1.54 57.07

38.2
37.0
36.8
35.6
35.7
35.6
37.1
34.5
37.5
37.9
37.5
37.1
38.5
38.3

United States
$1.52
1. 52
1.53
1.54
1.51
1.50
1. 51
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49

$40.39
40. 26
39.63
39. 60
40.07
39.79
39.85
38.37
40.26
39.93
40.26
39.18
40. 32
39. 87
37. 97

37.4 $1.08
36.6 1.10
35.7 1.11
36.0 1.10
37.1 1.08
36.5 1.09
36.9 1.08
35.2 1.09
36.6 1.10
36.3 1.10
36.6 1.10
35.3 1.11
36.0 1.12
35.6 1.12
33.9 1.12

821

0 : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

.b

le

C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued

Seamless hosiery—Continued
Year and month

North

South

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn-; earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

1952: Average_____ $43.62
43.88
1953: A verage.___
45.16
April_______
M ay________ 44.81
June________ 45.05
July------------- 44.01
August______ 44.11
42. 69
September__
October_____ 43.19
41.07
November__
December___ 41.18
1954: January_____ 40. 80
February........ 42. 72
March ____ 43.32
April________

38.6
37.5
38.6
38.3
38.5
37.3
37.7
36.8
36.6
35.1
35.5
34.0
35.6
36.1

$1.13 $39.33
1.17 39.31
1.17 38.15
1.17 38.23
1.17 38.90
1.18 38.84
1.17 38.90
1.16 37.24
1.18 39.53
1.17 39.89
1.16 40.11
1.20 39.05
1.20 39. 71
1.20 39. 52

Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings 4
1952: Average_____ $68.39
1953: Average_____
70.58
April_______
71.45
M ay________ 68.46
June________ 68.74
July________
69. 20
August______ 69. 89
September . . . 69. 03
October_____
69. 37
November___ 68.16
December___
69. 72
1954: January___ _ 68.68
February.......- 69. 83
March _____ 69.72
April............... 67. 60

41.2
40.8
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.1
39.4
40.3
39.7
39.9
40.3
39.3

37.1
36.4
35.0
35.4
36.7
36.3
36.7
34.8
36.6
36.6
36.8
35.5
36.1
35.6

Knit outerwear
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.06 $49.14
1.08 50.81
1.09 50. 44
1.08 50.70
1.06 51.19
1.07 50.25
1.06 52.65
1.07 49. 28
1.08 53.68
1.09 52.30
1.09 50.83
1.10 49.07
1.10 50.82
1.11 50.46
50. 26

Wool carpets, rugs.
and carpet yarn

$1.66 $65. 74
1.73 69.08
1.73 70. 53
1. 72 66.39
1.71 66.91
1.73 66. 39
1.73 67.64
1.73 66. 43
1.73 67.34
1.73 65. 91
1.73 68. 38
1.73 66.95
1.75 66.99
1.73 67. 69
1. 72 65.39

39.6
39.7
40.3
38.6
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.4
38.7
38.1
39.3
38.7
38.5
38.9
37.8

39.0
38.2
38.5
38.7
38.2
37.5
39.0
36.5
38.9
37.9
37.1
35.3
36.3
36.3
35.9

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
$1.26 $45.55
1.33 45.12
1.31 45. 72
1.31 45.96
1.34 45.22
1.34 44.96
1.35 44.96
1.35 45.01
1.38 44. 65
1.38 42.23
1.37 42.33
1.39 42.33
1.40 43.08
1.39 43.44
1. 40 42.09

Hats (except cloth
and millinery)

$1.66 $53.20
1.74 56. 47
1.75 51.80
1. 72 55.65
1.72 57.83
1.72 51.80
1.73 60.68
1.73 56.24
1.74 55.87
1.73 54. 77
1.74 56.70
1.73 54.53
1.74 54.66
1.74 53.10
1.73 45.53

37.2
37.4
35.0
37.1
38.3
35.0
38.9
37.0
37.0
35.8
37.3
36.6
36.2
35.4
31.4

Knit underwear

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

38.6
37.6
38.1
38.3
38.0
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.9
34.9
34.7
34.7
35.6
35.9
34.5

$1.18 $62. 58
1.2C 61.65
1.2C 62.10
1.2C 60. 79
1.19 63. 72
1.18 60. 64
1.18 59.90
1.21 57.96
1.21 59.40
1.21 61.56
1. 22 61.86
1.22 59.49
1.21 62.17
1. 21 62.17
1.22 59.70

Miscellaneous textile
goods 4

$1.43 $60.09
1.51 62.42
1.48 62.88
1.50 61.86
1.51 62.62
1.48 62. 73
1.56 62.68
1.52 62.31
1.51 62. 62
1. 53 62.31
1.52 62.99
1.49 61.75
1.51 62.00
1. 50 61.91
1.45 60. 68

40.6
40.8
41.1
40.7
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.2
40.4
40.2
40.9
40.1
40.0
40.2
39.4

41.4 $1.55 $51.24
41. C 1.59 51.30
41.5
1.57 51.97
1.57 52.83
41.3
40.8
1. 55 51.91
42.0
1.57 50.88
1.62 51.73
40.7
1.65 50.51
38.7
1.62 51.24
41.1
1.62 50. 87
39.9
1.63 50.58
40.5
41.9
1.66 50.82
39.7
1.65 49.73
1.65 50. 51
41.0
40.4
1.65 50.26

Men’s and boys’
furnishings and
work clothing 4
$40. 50 37.5
1952: Average____
41.18
37.1
1953: Average....... .
37.8
41.58
April.............
37.3
41.03
M ay_______
37.4
41.51
June..............
36.9
40. 96
July...............
41.78
37.3
August_____
40. 79 36.1
September-..
41.84
36.7
October____
35.8
40. 81
November--.
40.70
35.7
December__
39.56
34.4
1954: January____
35.9
41.29
February......
41.15
36.1
M arch_____
38.99
34.5
April.............
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

42.7
42.4
42.6
43.3
42.9
42.4
42.4
41.4
42.0
41.7
41.8
42.0
41.1
41.4
41.2

$1.20 $75.58
1.21 80.10
1.22 81.81
1.22 77.51
1.21 81.45
1.20 80.64
1.22 80. 36
1.22 80. 63
1.22 78.62
1.22 81.07
1.21 83.81
1.21 76.68
1.21 79.53
1.22 77. 29
1.22 76.93

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear

$1.08 $39.96
1.11 41.40
1.10 41.42
1.10 40.66
1.11 41.78
1.11 41.13
1.12 41.55
1.13 41.72
1.14 42.98
1.14 42. 75
1.14 41.27
1.15 39. 45
1.15 41.52
1.14 41.50
1.13 38.99

37.0
37.3
38.0
37.3
37.3
36.4
37.1
36.6
37.7
37.5
36.2
34.3
36.1
36.4
34.2

44.2
44.5
45.2
43.3
45.0
44.8
44.4
44.3
43.2
44.3
45.8
42.6
43.7
42.7
42.5

37.6
37.5
39.1
38.4
38.1
37.0
37.1
35.8
36.4
35.3
36.1
36.2
37.8
37.6
35.7

Cordage and twine

$1.71 $53.06
1.80 53.33
1.81 53.19
1.79 52.92
1.81 53.99
1.80 53.72
1.81 53.99
1. 82 53.19
1.82 52.90
1. 83 52. 25
1.83 53.33
1.80 52.25
1.82 53.18
1. 81 53.84
1. 81 51. 92

Separate trousers

$1.08 $42.86
1.11 44.63
1.09 45. 75
1.09 44.93
1.12 46.10
1.13 43. 66
1.12 44.89
1.14 43.32
1.14 44. 41
1.14 43.07
1.14 44.04
1.15 44.16
1.15 46.12
1.14 45. 87
1.14 42. 84

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.49 $62.16
1.50 61.65
1.50 61. 54
1.49 60. 24
1.51 63.15
1.49 60.09
1.49 59.79
1.49 57.87
1.50 59.15
1.52 61.46
1.52 61.76
1.51 59.40
1.52 62.06
1.52 62.06
1.50 59.45

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

42.0
41.1
41.3
40.7
42.1
40.6
40.4
39.1
39.7
40.7
40.9
39.6
41.1
41.1
39.9

$1.48
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.49

40.3
41.3
41.8
41.7
41.2
40.7
40.2
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.9
39.5
39.2
40.1
39.5

$1.68 $57.07
1.72 61.85
1. 71 62.49
1.73 62.24
1.72 63. 43
1.70 62. 37
1.70 62.81
1.73 62.95
1.76 63.24
1.75 61.88
1.73 61. 92
1.72 57.24
1. 73 59.84
1.70 60. 59
1.71 58. 97

38.3
38.9
39.3
38.9
39.4
38.5
38.3
39.1
38.8
38.2
38.7
36.0
37.4
37.4
36.4

$1.49
1.59
1. 59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.64
1.61
1.63
1.62
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.62
1. 62

Apparel and other finished textile products

leather, oil­
Paddings and uphols­ Processed waste and Artificial
cloth, and other
teryfilling
recoveredfibers
coatedfabrics
$64.17
65.19
65.16
64. 84
63.24
65.94
65. 93
63.86
66. 58
64.64
66.02
69. 55
65. 51
67.65
66.66

42.0
41.1
41.4
40.8
42.2
40.7
40.2
38.9
39.6
40.5
40.7
39.4
40.9
40.9
39.8

Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)

Felt goods (except
wovenfells and hats)

$1.48 $67.70
1. 53 71.04
1.53 71.48
1.52 72.14
1.52 70.86
1. 53 69.19
1.54 68.34
1. 55 71.62
1.55 71.81
1.55 72.10
1.54 70. 76
1.54 67.94
1.55 67.82
1. 54 68.17
1.54 67.55

Textile-mill products—Continued

1952: Average.......
1953: Average.......
April______
M ay______
Ju n e ............
July..............
August........
September...
October.......
November.-.
December__
1954: January____
February___
M arch_____
April............ .

Dyeing and finishing
textiles 4

39.6
39.5
39.4
39.2
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.4
38.9
38.7
39.5
38.7
39.1
39.3
37.9

Work shirts

$1.14 $35.15
1.19 34.32
1.17 34.96
1.17 34.68
1.21 34.76
1.18 34.22
1.21 35.24
1.21 34. 31
1.22 32.83
1.22 31. 58
1.22 33. 56
1.22 31.39
1.22 34.24
1.22 33. 79
1.20 34.68

37.8
36.9
38.0
37.7
38.2
37.2
38.3
36.5
35.3
33.6
35.7
32.7
35.3
35.2
36.5

$1.34
1.35
1.35
1. 35
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.37
1. 37

Total: Apparel and
other finished tex­
tile products
$47. 58
48.41
47. 73
47.09
48.05
47.88
49. 78
47.12
48. 74
48.06
48. 82
47.68
49.46
49. 59
45.49

36.6
36.4
37.0
36.5
36.4
36.0
36.6
34.9
36.1
35.6
35.9
34.8
36.1
36.2
34.2

$1.30 $52.15
1.33 57.93
1.29 56.78
1.29 56.93
1.32 58.67
1.33 57.41
1.36 60. 59
1.35 57.35
1.35 58. 64
1.35 57.48
1.36 58.19
1.37 55.84
1.37 57.98
1.37 57.32
1.33 52.16

Women’s outerwear 4
$0.93 $52.39
.93 52. 65
.92 51.84
.92 50.34
.91 50.66
.92 52.59
.92 54.72
.94 49.40
.93 51.83
.94 50.76
.94 53.61
.96 52.44
.97 54.62
.96 54. 93
.95 49.20

35.4
35.1
36.0
35.2
34.7
34.6
35.3
32.5
34.1
34.3
35.5
34.5
35.7
35.9
33.7

M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
35.0
36.9
37.6
37.7
36.9
36.8
37.4
35.4
36.2
35.7
36.6
34.9
36.0
35.6
32.6

$1.49
1.57
1.51
1. 51
1.59
1.56
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.60

Women’s dresses

$1.48 $51.48
1.50 52.15
1.44 55. 78
1.43 52.60
1.46 49.16
1. 52 48.76
1.55 53.45
1.52 49. 53
1.52 52.02
1. 48 51.15
1.51 52.80
1.52 50.96
1.53 53. 25
1.53 55.18
1.46 52.29

35.5
35.0
36.7
35.3
33.9
34.1
35.4
32.8
34.0
34.1
35.2
34.2
35.5
36.3
34.4

$1.45
1.49
1.52
1.49
1.45
1.43
1. 51
1. 51
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.52

822
T

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 195 4

able

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Contii
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued

Household apparel

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1952 : Average_____
1953 : Average_____

April_______
M ay________
June______
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January___ _
February____
March _
April_______

$ 39 .
39.

96
74
40.45
39.74
39.53
38. 45
38.31
37.37
39.46
39.53
40. 77
38.26
40.26
41.18
39.93

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

37.7
36.8
37.8
36.8
36.6
35.6
35.8
34.6
36.2
36.6
37.4
35.1
36.6
37.1
36.3

$ 1.06

1.08
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.08
1. 09
1. 09
1.10
1.11
1.10

$ 43.

52
44.41
42.46
43.17
45.26
45.51
45.50
42.46
44.76
44. 27
44.98
45.59
47.12
46.63
41. 87

April_______
M ay..............
June______
July________
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January. _
February____
M a rc h ......... .
April_____

37.2
36.4
36.6
36.9
37.1
37.0
36.4
33.7
36.1
35.7
35.7
35.9
37.4
37.3
34.6

$ 64 .
64.
54.

94
81
65
55.02
62. 51
68.34
68.74
60.50
62.69
60. 96
65.86
66.80
67.94
65.47
51.89

Women’s and chil­
dren’s undergarments4

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

33.3
32.9
29.7
29.9
32.9
34.0
34.2
30.4
31.5
31.1
33.6
33.4
33.8
32.9
27.6

$ 1.
1.

95
97
1.84
1.84
1.90
2.01
2.01
1. 99
1. 99
1. 96
1.96
2.00
2 . 01
1. 99
1. 88

$ 43.62

$ 1.17

1.22
1.16
1.17
1.22
1.23
1.25
1.26
1.24
1.24
1. 26
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.21

$ 43.15
44. 52
44. 01
43. 54
44. 27

43.07
45.25
44.41
46.13
44.77
44.41
42.83
43.92
43.80
40. 92

37.2
37.1
37.3
36.9
37.2
36.5
37.4
36.4
37.5
36.4
36.7
35.4
36.6
36.2
34.1

37.6
36.9
37.3
36.7
36.7
35.5
36.8
36.2
37.3
37.0
36.4
34.7
36.0
36.6
34.9

44.28
44.39
44.04
44.04
41. 54
43. 79
43.08
45.13
44. 77
44. 04
42.33
44.28
44.65
42. 58

Miscellaneous
apparel and
accessories

Children’s
outerwear
1952: Average...........
1953: Average_____

Women’s suits, coats,
and skirts

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1.16

1.20
1.19
1.20
1. 20
1.17
1.19
1.19
1. 21
1. 21
1. 21
1.22
1. 23
1.22
1. 22

Other fabricated
textile products 4

$ 1.16

$ 46.46
47. 75
47. 50

1.20
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.18
1.21
1. 22
1.23
1.23
1.21
1. 21
1.20
1.21
1.20

38.4
37.6
37.7
37.6
37.6
37.3
37.7
36.9
38.5
37.5
36.6
35.6
36.2
36.9
36.3

47.38
48.13
47.37
47.88
46.86
49.67
48.38
47. 21
45. 92
47.06
47.60
46.83

Underwear and night­
wear, except corsets

$ 1.

21
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.28
1. 27
1. 27
1.27
1.29
1.29
1. 29
1.29
1.30
1.29
1.29

$ 41.
41.
41.
40.

03
58
55
77
41.47
39. 29
41.10
41.02
43.13
42. 67
41.38
39.79
41.63
41.95
40.01

37.3
36.8
37.1
36.4
36.7
35.4
36.7
36. 3
37.5
37.1
36.3
34.9
36.2
36.8
35.1

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1.10

1.13
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.14
1.14

Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings
$ 42 .

67
42.18
42.80
41.61
41.15
40.18
42.56
41. 92
43.28
42.41
40. 71
39. 56
41.53
42. 69
41.64

38.1
37.0
36.9
36.5
36.1
36.2
38.0
37.1
38.3
37.2
35.4
34.1
35.8
36.8
35.9

Corsets and allied
garments

$ 47.

24
48.10
49.39
48.73
47.71
44.50
47.97
46. 57
48.47
48. 21
48.18
45.89
47.97
48.64
46.36

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

38.1
37.0
37.7
37.2
36.7
35.6
36.9
36.1
37.0
36.8
36.5
34.5
35.8
36.3
34.6

$ 1.24

1.30
1.31
1.31
1.30
1. 25
1.30
1.29
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.33
1. 34
1. 34
1.34

Textile bags

$ 1.12

$ 47.60

1.14
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16

49.53
47.88
49.66
49.13
49.52
50.30
49.78
52.27
50.14
51.32
50. 41
47.78
49.50
48.91

38.7
38.1
37.7
38.2
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.0
39.3
37.7
38.3
37.9
36.2
37.5
36.5

Millinery

$ 58.60
58. 64

51.79
44.40
50.05
58.55
64. 51
58.14
59.20
51.48
58.08
59.29
67.09
67.20
46.36

36.4
36.2
34.3
30.0
32.5
35.7
38.4
34.2
36.1
33.0
36.3
36.6
39.7
40.0
30.5

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$ 1.61

1.62
1.51
1.48
1.54
1. 64
1.68
1.70
1.64
1.56
1.60
1.62
1.69
1.68
1.52

Canvas products
$ 1.23

1.30
1. 27
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.34

$ 49.

88
51.09
50.70
52.26
53.32
52.66
50.30
49. 27
51. 22
49.37
50.41
50.01
50.25
50.76
51.19

39.9
39.0
39.0
40.2
40.7
40.2
38.4
37.9
38.8
37.4
37.9
37.6
37.5
37.6
38.2

$ 1.25

1.31
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.3
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.34

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)
1952: Average_____
1953 : Average_____

$ 63.86

65.93
65. 85
66.50
68.31
67.16
66.91
66.97
67.32
65.20
64.32
62. 65
63.76
64.40
66.00

April______
M ay___
June_____
July________
August______
September___
O cto b er.___
November___
December.. .
1954: January
February___
March
April__

41.2
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.4
40.7
40.8
40.1
40.8
40.0
40.2
39.4
40.1
40.0
40.0

$ 1.

55
1.62
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.67
1.65
1.63
1.60
1.59
1.59
1.61
1.65

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products 4
1952: Average____
1953: A verage.___

$ 66.94

April______
M ay____
June__ _
July________
August______
September___
October___ .
November___
December.......
1954: January___
February____
M arch______
April_______

68.89
69.63
69.89
69.89
68.31
68.15
66.47
69.55
68.54
69. 22
68. 28
69.19
68.54
68.38

42.1
41.5
42.2
42.1
42.1
41.4
41.3
39.8
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.8
40.7

See footnotesrat end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Logging camps and
contractors
$ 77.68

79.00
79.78
80. 55
84.46
83.84
78.17
81. 97
77.79
75. 85
71. 81
72.74
73. 92
72. 96
81.70

41.1
39.5
39.3
39.1
40.8
40.5
38.7
39.6
38.7
38.5
37.4
38.9
38.7
36.3
36.8

$ 1.89

2.00
2.03
2. 06
2.07
2.07
2.02
2.07
2. 01
1.97
1.92
1. 87
1.91
2.01
2. 22

Sawmills and plan­
ing mills 4
$ 63.

24
65.37
64. 71
65.61
67.16
65. 85
67.40
67.06
67. 82
65. 76
64. 64
62.72
63.92
64. 96
65. 61

Millwork

$ 1.59

$ 65.83

1.66
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.68
1.68

68.55
68.79
68.88
69. 86
68. 72
68. 55
67.23
69. 72
67.98
68. 89
67.80
68.47
68.47
67.73

42.2
41.8
42.2
42.0
42.6
41.9
41.8
40.5
42.0
41.2
41.5
40.6
41.0
41.0
40.8

40.8
40.6
40.7
40.5
41.2
40.4
41.1
40.4
41.1
40.1
40.4
39.2
40.2
40.6
40.5

$ 1.
1.

55
61
1.59
1. 62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.66
1. 65
1. 64
1.60
1.60
1. 59
1.60
1.62

Plywood
$ 1.56

$ 70.62

1.64
1.63
1.64
1. 64
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.66

71.32
73. 25
73.18
72.16
69.89
69. 05
67.60
69.29
69.43
71.48
72.83
73. 25
71.31
71.38

42.8
42.2
43.6
43.3
42.7
41.6
41.1
40.0
41.0
40.6
41.8
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.5

Sawmills and planing mills, general
United States
$ 63.

65
66.18
65.37
66.42
67.98
66.66
68.23
67.87
68.23
66.17
65.04
63.11
64.32
65.37
66.18

40.8
40.6
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.4
41.1
40.4
41.1
40.1
40.4
39.2
40.2
40.6
40.6

South

$ 1.56

1.63
1.61
1.64
1.65
1. 65
1.66
1.68
1. 66
1.65
1.61
1.61
1.60
1. 61
1.63

Wooden containers 4
$ 1.65

1.69
1. 68
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1. 71
1.71
1.73
1.74
1. 71
1.72

$ 50.39
51. 25
52. 25
51. 58

51.88
51.28
50.78
49. 52
51.18
49. 85
50.10
47. 72
48.83
49.08
49.72

41.3
41.0
41.8
41.6
41.5
40.7
40.3
39.3
40.3
40.2
40.4
38.8
39.7
39.9
40.1

$ 1.
1.

22
25
1.25
1.24
1. 25
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.27
1. 24
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.23
1. 24

$ 43.03
43. 78

43.76
43.16
43. 76
43.98
44.30
44.08
45.24
43.99
43. 99
41.61
43. 57
43.26

42.6
42.5
42.9
41.9
42.9
42.7
42.6
42.8
43.5
42.3
42.3
40.4
42.3
42.0

West
$ 1.01

1.03
1.02
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.03
1.04
1. 04
1.04
1.03
1. 03
1.03

Wooden boxes,
other than cigar
$ 50.82

51.34
53.38
52. 58
52.08
51.25
50.10
49.00
50. 25
48. 56
49. 04
47. 46
47.95
49.20
49.45

42.0
41.4
42.7
42.4
42.0
41.0
40.4
39.2
40.2
39.8
40.2
38.9
39.3
40.0
40.2

$ 1.

21
1.24
1. 25
1. 24
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.25
1. 22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.23
1.23

$ 81.

51
83.81
82. 64
84.24
85.46
83.11
86.33
85.14
85.06
82.94
82.22
80.35
80.85
82.68

39.0
38.8
38.8
39.0
39.2
38.3
39.6
38.7
39.2
38.4
38.6
37.9
38.5
39.0

$ 2.09

2.16
2.13
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.20
2.17
2.16
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.12

Miscellaneous
wood products
$ 53.63

55.46
55.15
55.44
55. 99
55. 06
55.59
55.35
56.43
54.54
55.34
53.07
54.67
54.54
54. 67

41.9
41.7
42.1
42.0
42.1
41.4
41.8
41.0
41.8
40.7
41.3
39.9
40.8
40.7
40.8

$ 1.28

1.33
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS________________________

823

T /

•jLE C 1 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures
Total: Furniture
and fixtures

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1952: Average_____

$

1953: Average_____
April_______
May . . . ____
June................
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February____
March ____
April_______

61.01
63.14
63.19
62.73
62.73
61.05
62.99
62.78
64.12
63.49
63.90
61.78
62.16
62.56
61.15

41.5
41.0
41.3
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.9
40.5
41.1
40.7
40.7
39.6
40.1
40.1
39.2

Household
furniture 4

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$

1.47
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.54
1. 55
1. 56
1.56
1.57
1.56
1. 55
1.56
1.56

Wood household fur­ Wood household
niture (except up­ furniture, upholstered
holstered)

$ 58 .

93
60.38
61.09
60. 24
60.24
58.21
60.38
59. 90
61.35
61.00
60.70
58.41
59.30
59.85
58.20

41.5
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.7
39.6
40.8
40.2
40.9
40.4
40.2
39.2
39.8
39.9
38.8

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$

1.42
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1. 47
1 48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50

$

53.38
55.21
55.76
55.74
55. 61
54.40
55. 89
54. 41
56.03
55.35
54.68
53.60
54.14
54. 54
52.92

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

41.7
41.2
41.3
41.6
41.5
40.9
41.4
40.3
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.0
40.4
40.4
39.2

$

1.28
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.35
1.35
1.36
1. 36
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.35

$ 64 .
65.

58
45
66.26
64.48
64. 55
61.56
63.84
65.36
67.24
66.58
68.80
60.10
63.41
63. 57
62.10

41.4
40.4
40.9
39.8
39.6
38.0
39.9
40.1
41.0
40.6
41.2
37.1
38.9
39.0
38.1

Mattresses and
bedsprings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
1. 56
1.62
1.62
1. 62
1.63
1. 62
1.60
1.63
1.64
1. 64
1.67
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63

$

$ 64 .

87
66.23
66.33
64.12
66.07
64 . 68
67.40
66.90
65. 51
63.69
63.25
64.08
6a 30
65.97
64.30

1952 : Average..........
1953 : Average..........

$ 60.

86
61.71
61.95
61. 95
60.70
59.28
62.73
61.05
61.51
60. 89
61.86
59.60
59. 55
59.10
56.10

April_______
M ay________
Ju n e .. _____
3
July------------, August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February___
March______
April_____ ._

41.4
40.6
41.3
41.3
40.2
39.0
41.0
39.9
40.2
39.8
40.7
40.0
39.7
39.4
37.4

$

1.47
1. 52
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50

M e t a l office fu r n it u r e

Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures

$ 72.

$

80
75.70
76. 59
74.59
75.03
72. 71
68. 81
79.15
77.93
77. 71
78.09
77.11
77.30
77.71
75. 79

41.6
40.7
41.4
40.1
41.0
39.3
37.6
42.1
40.8
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.1

$

1.75
1. 86
1.85
1.86
1.83
1.85
1.83
1.88
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.89

71.17
73. 85
73. 51
73. 03
73.03
70. 56
74. 93
73.71
75.81
76.26
74.93
75.14
73.60
73.05
72.83

40.9
40.8
41.3
40.8
40.8
39.2
41.4
40.5
41.2
41.0
40.5
40. 4
40.0
39.7
39.8

$ 1.74

1. 81.
1. 78
1. 79
1.79
1.80
1.81
1. 82
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.84
1.84
1. 83

Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures

1952 : Average_____
1953: Average..........

April__ ___
M ay. ______
June. . . . ___
July________
August_____
September___
October..........
November___
December___
1954 : January_____
February____
M arch______
A p ril_______

$

64.45
67. 68
67.10
67.84
68.00
67.36
69.17
68. 88
69.50
68.10
66. 65
65.36
66. 09
66. 75
66.33

42.4
42.3
42.2
42.4
42.5
42.1
42.7
42.0
42.9
42.3
41.4
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.2

$

1.52
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.65

$

64.18
67.42
66.68
67.58
67.73
66.94
68. 75
68. 46
69. 23
68.00
66.08
65.12
65. 69
66.34
65.93

Periodicals
1952: Average_____
1953: Average_____

April_______
M ay________
Juno_______
July------------August— . . .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______

$ 83.60

86.98
83.92
83.71
82.68
85.84
92. 62
96.28
89. 47
86.24
86.33
89. 87
90.27
88.58
86.46

40.0
39.9
39.4
39.3
39.0
40.3
40.8
41.5
40.3
39.2
39.6
40.3
40.3
39.9
39.3

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

F ib er c a n s , tu b e s,
and d ru m s

P a p e rb o a rd boxes

42.5
42.4
42.2
42.5
42.6
42.1
42.7
42.0
43.0
42.5
41.3
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.2

$

1.51
1.59
1.58
1. 59
1.59
1.59
1.61
1.63
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.63
1. 64

$ 71.24

2.18
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.27
2.32
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.23
2.24
2 . 22
2.20

73.84
74.03
74.99
73.45
72.35
74. 96
74.80
73.82
73.68
74. 84
74.49
73.91
75.84
73.73

39.8
39.7
39.8
40.1
39. 7
38.9
40.3
40.0
39.9
39.4
39.6
39.0
38.9
39.5
38.4

66.01
71. 65
71. 57
69.80
69. 55
71.72
73.02
73.85
71.14
70.24
72. 08
69. 60
71.69
71.09
71.60

41.0
41.9
42.1
41.3
41.4
41.7
42.7
42.2
41.6
40.6
42.4
39.1
40.5
40.5
40.0

$

1.61
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1. 72
1.71
1.75
1.71
1.73
1.70
1.78
1.77
1.77
1. 79

Commercial printing

Books
$ 2.09

$

$

1.79
1.86
1.86
1. 87
1.85
1. 86
1. 86
1. 87
1.85
1. 87
1.89
1.91
1.90
1. 92
1.92

$ 80.00
84 . 42

84.02
83. 81
84.00
83. 60
83. 81
84.80
85. 63
85. 41
86.67
85. 79
84 . 50
85. 57
84. 71

40.2
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.1
40.5
39.9
39.3
39.8
39.4

1.59
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.66
1. 65
1. 65
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.67

$

$ 68.36

71.23
71. 32
70. 47
70.73
69.19
70.38
72.58
72.14
71. 55
73.01
70. 86
69. 94
70.93
68.80

$ 57.

69
62.31
63.34
62. 46
63.33
61.42
61.27
61.84
63.15
63. 57
64. 90
62. 47
62. 88
62. 58
62. 58

41.5
42.1
42.8
42.2
42.5
41.5
41.4
41.5
42.1
42.1
42.7
40.3
41.1
40.9
40.9

1.39
1.48
1 48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1. 55
1.53
1.53
1.53

$

Total: Paper and
allied products
$ 68 .
72.

91
67
71.81
71.81
72. 41
73.44
73.61
73. 87
73. 53
73.36
73.62
72.07
72. 07
72.83
71. 55

42.2
41.9
42.2
41.7
42.1
40. 7
41.4
42.2
41.7
41.6
42.2
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.0

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$

1.62
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.72
1. 73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1. 71
1.73
1.72

$

1.99
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.15

42.8
43.0
43.0
43.0
43.1
43.2
43.3
42.7
43.0
42.9
42.8
41.9
41.9
42.1
41.6

1. 61
1.69
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.73
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.72

$

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
$

73. 68
78. 76
77.62
77. 44
78.68
80.10
79.92
80.85
79.72
80. 08
80. 08
78. 55
78.37
78. 99
77. 65

43.6
44.0
44.1
44.0
44.2
44.5
44.4
43.7
43.8
44.0
44.0
43.4
43.3
43.4
42.9

$

1. 69
1.79
1.76
1. 76
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.85
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.82
1. 81

Printing, publishing, and allied industries

Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes *

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

Paper and allied products

Furniture and fixtures—Continued
W ood office fu r n it u r e

40.8
39.9
40.2
39.1
39.8
39.2
40.6
40.3
39.7
38.6
38.1
38.6
39.7
39.5
38.5

Office, public-build­
ing, and profes­
sional furniture 4

Other paper and
allied products
$ 62.

40
65.31
65.31
65.31
64 . 58
65.31
65. 47
65. 57
65.83
65.19
66.72
65.53
65. 85
66.01
65. 37

41.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.6
41.7
41.5
41.4
41.0
41.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.6

1.50
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.61
1. 61

$

T o ta l: P r i n t i n g ,
pub lish in g , and
allied industries
$ 81.48
85. 58

85.19
85. 41
85.36
84 . 75
85. 58
87.14
86.58
86.14
88. 43
86.02
85.95
86. 85
86.11

61
85.26
85. 06
85.07
85. 46
87.34
86.30
86.71
85.26
84.65
85. 44
83. 07
84 . 96
87.05
84.50

40.2
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.5
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.0
39.7
40.3
39.3

$ 2.

03
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.11
2.12
2.11
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.15

$ 2.10

$ 87.12

2.20
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.19
2 . 20
2 . 24
2. 22
2.22
2 . 25
2.24
2.25
2. 25
2.26

91.22
91.36
92. 85
92.35
90.36
90.36
93.03
92.93
92. 57
96.87
90.07
90.42
90. 68
92. 52

Greeting cards

Lithographing
$ 81.

38.8
38.9
38.9
39.0
38.8
38.7
38.9
38.9
39.0
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.2
38.6
38.1

$

45.84
48 . 50
48.63
48.50
46. 75
45.23
47.00
47.21
50. 95
51.34
52.22
51.61
53.10
53.20
53.30

38.2
37.6
37.7
37.6
37.1
35.9
37.3
36.6
38.6
38.6
38.4
37.4
38.2
38.0
37.8

Newspapers

$

1.20
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.26
1. 26
1.26
1.29
1.32
1.33
1.36
1.38
1.39
1.40
1. 41

36.3
36.2
36.4
36.7
36.5
36.0
36.0
36.2
36.3
36.3
37.4
35.6
35.6
35.7
36.0

$ 2.
2.
2.

40
52
51
2.53
2.53
2.51
2 . 51
2.57
2.56
2 . 55
2.59
2 . 53
2 . 54
2.54
2 . 57

Bookbinding and
related industries
$ 62.33

66.30
65. 74
66.63
66.70
65. 86
66.70
65.69
66.70
67. 49
68.51
67.16
66. 95
67.82
66. 91

39.2
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
39.2
39.7
39.1
39.7
39.7
39.6
38.6
38.7
39.2
38.9

$

1.59
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.70
1.73
1. 74
1. 73
1.73
1.72

824

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing,
and allied indus­
tries—Continued
Year and month

Miscellaneous pub­ Total: Chemicals and
lishing and print­
allied products
ing services
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1952: Average....... ..
1953: Average..........
April..... ..........
M ay________
June________
July------------August...........
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January ...........
February____
M arch.
-_
April_______

Chemicals and allied products

$98.25
104.15
102. 56
101.39
102.83
103.23
105. 73
106.65
105.86
105. 20
106. 66
104.41
103.33
106. 79
102. 71

39.3
39.6
39.6
39.3
39.4
39.4
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.8
39.4
38.7
39.7
37.9

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.50 $70. 45
2.63 75.58
2. 59 74.70
2.58 75.35
2.61 75.58
2.62 76.63
2.67 76.26
2.70 77.83
2.68 76. 04
2. 67 76.82
2.68 77. 61
2. 65 76. 86
2. 67 76. 86
2.69 76.86
2.71 77.27

Synthetic rubber
1952: Average........ . $80. 60
1953: Average........... 87.29
April_______
86. 51
M ay................ 87.34
June________ 86. 71
July________
87.91
A ugust......... . 88.29
September___ 90. 50
October_____ 86.80
November___ 87.82
December___ 88. 51
1954: January_____ 88.29
F e b ru ary ___ 88. 88
March______
89.20
April________ 90.54

40.3
40.6
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.6

1952: Average_____ $71.38
1953: Average.......... 76.08
April_______
76.02
M ay________ 78.32
J une _______ 76.20
July________
76.31
A ugust.-....... . 75.17
September___ 76. 41
October_____
76. 54
November___ 76. 54
December....... 77.00
1954: January.......... 76. 67
February____ 76. 67
March______
76.11
April_______
77.04

41.5
41.8
42.0
42.8
42.1
41.7
41.3
41.3
41. 6
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.0
40.7
41.2

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.71 $77.08
1.83 82. 81
1.80 81. 56
1.82 81. 77
1. 83 84.00
1. 86 83.21
1.86 83.23
1.88 86.11
1.85 as. 23
1. 86 84.05
1.87 85.28
1. 87 84. 87
1.87 84. 46
1. 87 85.06
1. 88 84.66

Syntheticfibers

$2.00 $66. 47
2.15 69.87
2.11 68.68
2.12 69.37
2.12 69. 77
2.16 71.38
2.18 70. 62
2.24 75. 20
2.17 68. 71
2.19 69.24
2.18 71.56
2.18 71. 60
2. 20 69.42
2.23 70. 71
2.23 72.47

Paints, pigments,
and fillers 4

41.2
41.3
41.5
41.4
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.3
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.1

39.8
39.7
39.7
40.1
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.0
38.6
38.9
40.2
40.0
39.0
39.5
39.6

41.7
41.7
42.2
42.9
42.0
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.6

41.0
41.2
41.4
41.3
42.0
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.4
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.7

39.6
39.6
39.4
39.5
38.7
39.8
39.8
40. 5
39.4
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.7
39.5
39.2

$1. 88 $76. 52
2.01 82.39
1.97 81.32
1.98 80. 75
2.00 87. 60
2.01 84.64
2.04 83.03
2. 09 84.86
2.05 81. 81
2.05 82. 62
2.06 83.64
2.07 83.23
2.07 82. 82
2.09 82.82
2.08 83.22

42.1
41.7
41.1
41.7
41.3
42.9
42.3
42.2
42.1
42.0
41.6
41.4
41.9
41.7
42.7

40.7
41.4
41.7
41.2
43.8
41.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.6
40.4
40.4

$1.77 $63.44
1. 89 68. 71
1.88 68. 23
1.87 68.06
1.90 66.90
1. 91 68. 28
1.91 68.38
1.92 70. 04
1.93 71. 55
1.92 71.97
1. 93 72.66
1.93 72.28
1.94 73.39
1.94 72.45
1.95 70.41

39.9
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.3
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.6
41.6
42.0
41.3
41.7
41.4
40.7

$1.88 $75.11
1.99 80.18
1.95 79.15
1.96 79. 54
2.00 80.16
2.02 81.59
2.03 80. 79
2.08 83.64
2.02 80.60
2.02 81.20
2. 05 81.81
2.03 81.41
2.04 81.20
2.05 81.20
2.06 82. 82

42.6
42.4
44.3
42.7
41.9
42.2
41.4
42.0
41.1
41.1
42.1
41.5
42.2
43.8
44.3

1952: Average_____ $70.34
1953: Average_____ 74.29
April_______
73.02
M ay________ 75. 41
June______ _ 75. 28
July------------- 73.92
August______ 74.13
September___ 76.32
October.......... 75. 4S
November___ 76.44
December....... 75.26
1954: January_____ 76.39
February____ 76. 88
M arch.. ___
75.75
April........... .
75.58

44.8
45.3
44.8
45.7
45.9
46.2
45.2
45.7
45.2
45.5
44.8
45.2
44.7
44.3
44.2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Miscellaneous chem­
icals 4

$1. 57 $65.35
1.64 69.94
1.63 69.12
1.65 68.95
1. 64 69.70
1.60 69.60
1.64 69. 77
1.67 70. 76
1.67 71.17
1.68 70.99
1.68 71.05
1.69 70.35
1. 72 71.46
1.71 71.10
1. 71 70.53

41.1
40.9
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.2
40.6
40.4
40.3

Essential oils, per­
fumes, cosmetics

$1. 59 $54. 49
1.71 57. 66
1.69 56. 83
1.69 56.92
1.70 57.37
1.71 56.17
1. 71 57.30
1.73 58.26
1. 74 60. 74
1.74 60.44
1.75 60.13
1. 75 59. 44
1. 76 61.86
1.76 60.45
1. 75 60.14

39.2
38.7
38.4
38.2
38.5
37.7
38.2
39.1
39.7
39. 5
39.3
38.1
39.4
38.5
38.8

$1.85 $76.31
1.97 82.88
1.94 81.94
1.94 83.42
1.96 83. 85
1.99 82.68
1.99 83.92
2.05 84.80
2.01 82.35
2. 01 83.58
2. 01 82.94
2.01 81.32
2.01 82.12
2.02 81.34
2.05 82.35

41.3
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.5
41 0
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.9
41.2
40.7

$1.32 $61. 51
1.40 64.89
1.37 63.35
1.42 65.86
1. 41 67.93
1.42 67.18
1.42 65.97
1.45 65.52
1.41 65.35
1.40 66. 58
1.44 66.83
1.43 66.17
1.41 66. 87
1.40 67.33
1.42 68. 25

45.9
45.7
44.3
44.2
44.4
44.2
43.4
46.8
47.7
47.9
47.4
46.6
45.8
45.8
45.2

41.7
42.5
42.9
43.0
43.0
42.4
42.6
42.4
41.8
42.0
42.1
41.7
41.9
41.5
41.8

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1.83
1.95
1.91
1.94
1. 95
1.95
1.97
2.00
1.97
1.99
1.97
1.95
1.96
1.96
1. 97

Soap and glycerin

$1.79 $81.14
1.90 85. 90
1.89 85. 28
1.88 84.04
1.89 83.84
1.88 83.43
1.91 86.31
1.92 87.35
1.94 87. 54
1.93 87. 77
1.93 87. 76
1.94 86.07
1.94 87.97
1. 96 88. 58
1.96 87.48

Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 4

Chemicals and allied products—Continued

Animal oils andfats

40.6
40.7
40.8
41.0
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.1
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.4

Plastics, except syn­
thetic rubber

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Soap, cleaning and
polishing prepara­
tions 4

$1.59 $73.93
1.68 78.47
1.66 77.68
1.66 76. 89
1.66 77.30
1.69 76. 52
1.68 79.27
1.70 79.68
1. 72 79.54
1.73 79. 71
1.73 79.13
1.75 79.93
1.76 79. 35
1.75 80.75
1.73 79.77

Fertilizers

$1.41 $56.23
1.54 59. 36
1.50 60. 69
1.54 60.63
1.55 59.08
1. 55 59. 92
1.54 58.79
1.64 60.90
1.54 57.95
1.55 57. 54
1. 55 60. 62
1.56 59.35
1.56 59. 50
1.56 61.32
1. 59 62. 91

Industrial organic
chemicals4

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

Drugs and medicines

Gum and wood
chemicals

$1.69 $59.36
1.79 64.22
1. 79 61.65
1. 81 64. 22
1.78 64.02
1.80 66. 50
1.79 65.14
1.80 69. 21
1.82 64.83
1.82 65.10
1.83 64. 48
1.84 64.58
1.84 65.36
1.84 65.05
1.84 67. 89

Alkalies and chlorine

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Explosives

$1.67 $70.09
1.76 74.84
1.73 74.07
1.73 73. 87
1.74 73.53
1.78 76.02
1.77 76. 02
1.88 77.76
1.78 76. 04
1. 78 77.38
1.78 77.78
1. 79 77.78
1.78 78.96
1.79 76. 63
1.83 76. 44

Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels

$1.72 $70. 47
1.82 74.64
1.81 75. 54
1.83 77. 65
1.81 74. 76
1.83 74.70
1.82 73. 75
1.85 73.98
1.84 75.17
1.84 75.53
1.86 75. 58
1.87 75. 26
1.87 75. 44
1.87 74.70
1.87 74.70

Industrial inorganic
chemicals4

41.4
41.1
41.0
40.6
40.7
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.2
40.6
41.3
41.2
40.5

$1. 96
2.09
2. 08
2. 07
2.06
2.06
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.15
2.16

Vegetable oils

$1.34 $57.07
1.42 59. 67
1.43 58. 21
1.49 59. 62
1.53 62.35
1.52 61.92
1.52 60.35
1.40 59. 72
1.37 61.00
1.39 62.10
1. 41 62. 82
1.42 61.36
1.46 61. 58
1.47 62. 44
1. 51 63.98

46.4
45.9
44.1
43.2
43.3
42.7
42.2
47.4
48.8
48.9
48. 7
47.2
46.3
46.6
45.7

$1.23
1.30
1.32
1.38
1.44
1.45
1.43
1.26
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.30
1.33
1.34
1.40

Products of petroleum and coal

Compressed and
liquefied gases

$1.39 $74.10
1.49 80.37
1. 48 79.38
1.49 78. 73
1.49 79.38
1.49 81.18
1.50 81.75
1.49 83.57
1.53 81.02
1. 53 80. 67
1.53 80.10
1. 56 81.67
1. 57 80.67
1. 57 80.10
1.55 82.68

42.1
42.3
42.0
42.1
42.0
42.5
42.8
43.3
42.2
41.8
41.5
42.1
41.8
41.5
42.4

Total: Products of
petroleum and coal

$1. 76 $84. 85
1.90 90.17
1.89 88.29
1.87 89. 60
1.89 88. 54
1.91 92.32
1.91 92.06
1.93 94.35
1.92 91.80
1.93 92.21
1.93 91.98
1.94 91.53
1.93 90.68
1. 93 90.45
1. 95 91.30

40.6
40.8
40.5
41.1
40.8
41.4
41.1
41.2
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.2
40.4

Petroleum refining

$2.09 $88. 44
2.21 94.19
2.18 91.88
2.18 92. 57
2.17 91.94
2.23 96.00
2.24 95. 00
2. 29 97.68
2.25 94.71
2.26 96. 46
2.26 96.05
2.26 95.58
2.25 94. 47
2.25 94.47
2.26 94. 87

40.2 $2. 20
40.6
2.32
40.3
2.28
40.6
2. 28
40. 5 2. 27
41.2
2.33
40.6
2.34
40.7
2. 40
40.3
2.35
2.37
40.7
40.7
2.36
40.5
2.36
40.2
2.35
40.2
2.35
40.2
2.38

825

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petro­
leum and coal—Con.

Year and month

Coke and other pe­
troleum and coal
products

Leather and leather
products

Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products

Tires and inner
tubes

Other rubber
products

Rubber footwear

Total: Leather and
leather products

Avg. Avg.
Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly.
earnearnearnearnearnearn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours
mgs ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
ings
1952: Average___ _
1953: Average_____
April_______
May______
June__
July______
August_____
September___
October,. ___
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February____
March______
April___

$73. 74
78. 81
76. 45
79.48
78.58
80.60
82.60
83. 07
81. 83
78. 72
77.36
77. 57
77. 52
75.98
77. 71

41.9 $1.76
41.7 1. 89
41.1
1.86
42.5 1. 87
41.8 1.88
42.2 1.91
42.8 1. 93
42.6 1. 95
42.4 1.93
41.0 1. 92
40.5 1. 91
40.4 1. 92
40.8
1.90
40.2 1.89
40.9 1.90

$74.48
77.78
79. 32
78.59
78.55
78. 98
77. 21
74.88
75. 07
75.65
75.66
75.08
75.47
74.31
74. 88

40.7
40.3
41.1
40.3
40.7
40.5
39.8
39.0
39.1
39.4
39.2
38.7
38.9
38.5
38.6

$1.83
1.93
1. 93
1.95
1.93
1. 95
1. 94
1. 92
1. 92
1.92
1. 93
1. 94
1.94
1.93
1.94

Leather: tanned, cur- Industrial leather
ried, and finished
belting and packing
1952: Average, . . . $64.48
68.23
1953: Average__ _
April,“______ 67.60
May_______ 69.19
69.26
June_______
68.46
July_______
69.03
August ...
September__ 67.86
October. ___ 67. 99
November___ 68.38
December___ 69.43
1954: January __ 68.68
February........ 68. 34
67.64
March_____
April_____
67.16

39.8 $1.62
39.9
1. 71
40.0 1.69
40.7 1.70
40.5 1. 71
39.8 1.72
39.9 1.73
39.0 1.74
39.3 1.73
39.3 1.74
39.9 1. 74
39.7 1. 73
39.5 1. 73
1.73
39.1
38.6 1. 74

$64.12
67.97
68.22
67.39
64. 88
63. 68
68. 72
67.90
66.50
66.02
70.39
69.22
66.80
64. 57
65.30

41.1
41.7
41.6
41.6
40.3
39.8
41.9
41.4
40.8
40.5
41.9
41.2
40.0
38.9
39.1

$1.56
1.63
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.60
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.68
1.68
1. 67
1.66
1.67

$85. 65
88. 31
91.58
91.30
89.20
90.45
87. 58
83.54
83.16
85.09
82.43
82.88
83.03
80.89
83.69

40.4
39.6
40.7
40.4
40.0
40.2
39.1
37.8
37.8
38.5
37.3
37.5
37.4
36.6
37.7

Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
$49. 40
50.16
50.29
49.37
51.74
50.95
50. 67
47.22
47.44
48.33
51. 72
50. 65
50.67
50. 52
47.44

38.9
38.0
38.1
37.4
38.9
38.6
38.1
35.5
35.4
35.8
38.6
37.8
38.1
37.7
35.4

Leather and leather
products—Con.
Gloves and miscella­
neous leather goods
1952: Average____ $44.15
44.04
1953: Average____
April_______ 44. 77
43.92
May_____
44.17
June___ , ,
July, ___
42.83
August_____ 44.17
September___ 42.94
October_____ 44.53
November___ 44.41
December___ 44.53
1954: January. __ 43.54
February___ 44. 02
March______ 44.27
April_______ 43.77

1952: Average_____ $56. 30
1953: Average_____ 60.01
April______ 59.57
May_______
59.18
58. 75
June_______
July________ 57.28
59.71
August_____
September__ 58.90
October____
60.74
November___ 60.98
December....... 61.24
1954: January_____ 57. 57
February____ 59. 94
March . ... 60.49
April...
58.89

40.8
41.1
40.8
41.1
40.8
39.5
40.9
39.8
41.6
41.2
41.1
38.9
40.5
40.6
39.0

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.38
1. 46
1.46
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.48
1. 46
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.51

$1. 27
1. 32
1.32
1.32
1. 33
1.32
1.33
1.33
1. 34
1. 35
1. 34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.34

$62. 22
65.60
67.82
60. 31
68.06
68.64
65.53
64.24
62.86
63. 57
65. 44
62. 98
65. 57
65.51
63. 58

40.4
40.0
41.1
37.0
41.0
41.1
40.2
39.9
38.8
39.0
39.9
38.4
39.5
39.7
38.3

$1.54
1. 64
1. 65
1. 63
1.66
1.67
1.63
1. 61
1. 62
1. 63
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.65
1.66

$66. 58
70.93
71. 21
70. 93
71.28
70.64
70. 30
69.65
70.70
70.53
72. 45
70. 62
70. 40
70. 22
68. 95

Footwear (except
rubber)
$48.26
49.10
49.10
48.81
49.90
49. 65
49.24
45.41
45. 67
45.80
49.10
49.37
50.41
49.98
46.42

41.1 $1. 62 $50.69
41.0 1.73 51.65
41.4 1. 72 51.79
41.0 1.73 51.61
41.2 1.73 52.33
40.6 1.74 51.82
40.4 1.74 51.79
39.8 1. 75 48.99
40.4 1. 75 49.68
40.3 1. 75 49.82
40.7 1. 78 52. 03
39.9 1. 77 51.89
40.0 1. 76 52.44
39.9 1.76 52.40
39.4 1.75 49.13

40.5
39.1
40.8
40.0
37.8
38.8
38.7
39.1
39.4
39.2
35.6
35.4
34.2
37.2
36.4

$1.32
1.37
1. 37
1. 38
1. 37
1.36
1. 37
1.38
1.38
1.38
1. 38
1. 38
1. 38
1. 39
1.38

Handbags and small
leather goods

Luggage

38.0 $1. 27 $56. 70
37.2 1. 32 57. 09
37.2 1. 32 58. 75
36.7 1.33 57.60
37.8 1. 32 55.57
37.9 1. 31 56.26
37.3 1.32 55.73
34.4 1.32 58.65
34.6 1.32 59. 49
34.7 1. 32 58.02
37.2 1.32 53. 40
37.4 1. 32 53.10
37.9
1.33 51.64
37.3 1.34 56.17
34.9 1.33 54.60

38.4
37.7
37.8
37.4
38.2
38.1
37.8
35.5
36.0
36.1
37.7
37.6
38.0
37.7
35.6

$1.40
1.46
1.44
1.44
1.47
1. 45
1.44
1. 50
1.51
1.48
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1.51
1.50

$45.08
46.99
45.87
44.04
46. 36
45.99
47.48
44. 65
48.38
49.13
48. 24
46.38
48.88
49.38
45.38

38.2 $1.18
38.2 1.23
37.6 1.22
36.4 1.21
38.0 1. 22
37.7 1.22
38.6 1.23
36.3 1.23
38.7 1. 25
39.3 1.25
38.9 1.24
37.1 1. 25
39.1
1. 25
39.5 1.25
36.3
1. 25

Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products

37.1 $1.19 $66.33
36.4 1. 21 70.35
37.0 1. 21 69.87
36.3 1. 21 70.45
36.5 1. 21 70.11
35.4 1. 21 70. 58
36.5 1. 21 71.10
35.2 1.22 71.10
46.5 1. 22 72.10
36.4 1. 22 71.05
36.5 1. 22 71.23
35.4 1.23 69.48
35.5 1.24 70.70
35.7 1.24 70.30
35.3 1.24 70.35

Glass products made
of purchased glass

$2.12
2.23
2. 25
2.26
2.23
2. 25
2.24
2. 21
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2.21
2. 22
2. 21
2. 22

41.2 $1.61 $85.65
40.9 1. 72 97.34
41.1 1.70 97.63
41.2 1. 71 101. 52
41.0 1. 71 95. 65
40.8 1.73 96.46
41.1 1.73 94.64
40.4 1.76 91.72
41.2 1.75 95.75
40.6 1. 75 97. 77
40.7 1. 75 98. 42
39.7 1. 75 99.31
40.4 1. 75 100. 28
40.4 1.74 96.00
40.2 1.75 96.80

Cement, hydraulic
$67. 72
73.39
71.23
72.38
73. 99
76.26
75.18
77.75
74.82
72.75
73.46
73.51
74.05
73.81
74.05

Flat glass

41.8
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.8
41.9
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.7
41.6

$1. 62
1.76
1.70
1.74
1. 77
1.82
1.79
1.86
1.79
1. 77
1. 77
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.78

40.4 $2.12
40.9 2.38
41.9 2.33
42.3 2.40
40.7 2.35
40.7 2.37
40.1 2.36
38.7 2.37
40.4 2.37
40.4 2.42
40.5 2.43
40.7 2. 44
41.1 2.44
40.0 2.40
40.0 2.42

Structural clay
products 4
$60. 09
64. 06
63. 09
63.24
64.74
65.41
65.83
65.37
66.98
65.92
65.03
62.81
64.40
64.08
65.28

Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown 4
$62.09
67. 89
67.89
68. 46
68. 40
67.08
68.46
69.17
69.08
70.13
69. 34
68.64
70. 09
70.49
69.48

39.8 $1.56
39.7 1. 71
39.7 1. 71
39.8 1. 72
40.0 1.71
39.0 1.72
39.8 1.72
39.3 1.76
1.74
39.7
39.4 1. 78
39.4 1. 76
39.0 1.76
39.6 1. 77
39.6 1.78
38.6 1.80

Brick and hollowtile

40.6 $1.48 $58. 51
40.8 1. 57 61. 77
40.7 1.55 60.92
40.8 1. 55 60.35
41.5 1. 56 62.64
41.4 1. 58 62.35
41.4 1. 59 63.36
40.6 1.61 62.60
41.6 1. 61 64.96
41.2 1.60 64.22
40. S 1. 50 63. 77
39.5 1. 59 59.13
40.5 1. 59 62.05
40.3 1. 59 62.31
40.8 1.60 64.80

42.4
42.6
42.6
42.2
43.2
43.0
43.1
42.3
43.6
43.1
42.8
40.5
42.5
42.1
43.2

$1.38
1. 45
1.43
1.43
1. 45
1. 45
1. 47
1.48
1.49
1.49
1. 49
1. 46
1. 46
1.48
1.50

Glass containers
$63.12
69. 60
70. 58
71. 46
71.23
67.73
71.15
68.89
70.80
72. 09
72. 50
70. 35
72.54
72.80
72.89

39.7 $1. 59 $60.89
40.0 1.74 65.46
40.1 1.76 64. 68
40.6 1.76 64. 57
40.7 1. 75 64. 91
38.7 1.75 65.80
40.2 1. 77 64.85
38.7 1.78 69. 20
40.0 1.77 66.81
40.5 1.78 68. 00
40.5 1.79 65.53
39.3 1.79 66.61
40.3
1.80 66. 95
40.0 1.82 67.47
39.4 1.85 64. 50

Floor and wall tile
$62. 64
67.47
66.40
66. 80
67. 97
68. 64
67. 97
68.28
69.77
68. 95
66.90
66.36
66.36
67.54
66.63

Pressed and blown
glass

39.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.7
41.1
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.3
39.5
39.5
40.2
39.9

$1.57
1. 67
1.66
1. 67
1.67
1. 67
1. 67
1.69
1. 71
1. 69
1. 66
1.68
1. 68
1.68
1.67

39.8 $1. 53
39.2
1.67
39.2
1. 65
1.66
38.9
39.1
1.66
39.4
1. 67
39.3 1. 65
40.0 1.73
39.3
1.70
38.2
1. 78
38.1
1. 72
38.5
1.73
1.73
38.7
1.73
39.0
37.5
1. 72

Sewer pipe
$59.98
64. 56
64.08
64.88
66.01
66. 91
66. 02
64. 94
66. 91
67.23
64.55
63.20
64.40
64. 96
66.00

39.2
40.1
40.3
40.3
41.0
41.3
40.5
39.6
40.8
40.5
39.6
39.5
40.0
40.1
40.3

$1. 53
1.61
1. 59
1. 61
1. 61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.61
1. 62
1. 64

826
T

able

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 19 5 4

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued

Year and month

C la y refractories

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1952: Average........... $61.60
1953: Average.......... 66.85
April_______
64.26
M ay_____ _
65.28
June________ 66.13
Ju ly ------------- 68.20
A u g u s t..___
69.63
September___ 69.17
October_____ 69. 09
November___ 67.28
December___ 67.79
1954: January_____ 67.11
February........ 66.93
March______
65.16
A p ril_______ 64. 62

38.5
38.2
37.8
38.4
38.9
38.1
38.9
37.8
38.6
37.8
38.3
37.7
37.6
36.4
35.9

Pottery and related
products

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.60 $61.15
1.75 62.04
1.70 62.87
1.70 61.92
1.70 61.09
1.79 60.92
1.79 60.06
1.83 60. 59
1.79 63.20
1.78 62.42
1.77 61.62
1.78 60.14
1.78 61.62
1. 79 62. 66
1.80 61. 62

38.7
37.6
38.1
37.3
36.8
36.7
36.4
36.5
38.3
37.6
36.9
35.8
36.9
37.3
36.9

Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products4

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.58 $70.65
1.65 72.87
1.65 72.16
1.66 71.88
1.66 73.54
1.66 73. 37
1.65 75. 71
1.66 74.21
1.65 76.37
1.66 73.35
1.67 73.25
1.68 70. 31
1.67 72.48
1.68 72.38
1.67 73.15

45.0
43.9
44.0
44.1
44.3
44.2
44.8
43.4
4 4 .4

43.4
43.6
42.1
43.4
43.6
43.8

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1. 57 $70.22
1.66 71.56
1.64 71.16
1.63 71.16
1.66 72.82
1.66 71.72
1.69 74.70
1.71 71.81
1.72 74.93
1.69 71.28
1.68 71. 94
1.67 68.30
1.67 70.63
1.66 70. 79
1.67 71.00

45.3
43.9
44.2
44.2
44.4
44.0
45.0
43.0
44.6
43.2
43.6
41.9
43.6
43.7
44.1

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.55 $60. 01
1.63 63. 91
1.61 62.88
1.61 64. 90
1.64 64.17
1.63 64.02
1.66 65. 57
1.67 63. 71
1.68 65.60
1.65 64. 06
1.65 66.34
1.63 61.29
1.62 63. 55
1.62 64.12
1. 61 64. 27

Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued

A b r a s iv e p r o d u c ts

1952: Average_____ $73. 45
1953: Average_____ 79.98
April_______
81.51
M ay________ 82.52
June________ 79. 59
July________
78.01
A ugust______ 79. 20
September___ 76.04
October_____ 77.62
November___ 78.41
December___
79.20
1954: Jenuary. . . .
76.44
February____ 75.86
March______
75. 47
74. 69
April_______

39.7
40.6
41.8
42.1
40.4
39.6
39.8
38.6
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.0
38.9
38.7
38.3

$1.85 $71. 57
1.97 76.43
1.95 76.72
1.96 78.04
1.97 77.43
1.97 77. 51
1.99 76.80
1.97 77. 41
1.98 78.14
1.99 77.04
1.98 76.44
1.96 75.07
1.95 75.81
1.95 74. 52
1. 95 74.37

E le c tro m e ta llu r g ic a l
p r o d u c ts

1952: Average_____ $76.04
1953: Average......... 80.36
April_______
79.10
M ay________ 79. 95
J u n e ____. . .
79.95
July________
83.82
August______ 81.79
September___ 85. 70
October_____ 77.62
November___ 78.99
December___ 78.40
1954: January_____ 77.41
February____ 77.61
M arch.. ____ 77.02
April_______
80.39

41.1
41.0
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.7
41.1
41.6
39.6
40.3
40.0
39.9
39.8
39.7
40.6

41.7
42.1
41.9
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.9
42.1
42.0
42.5
42.5
42.3
40.8
39.5
39.3

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

42.6
42.7
43.1
43.6
43.5
43.3
42.2
42.3
42.7
42.1
42.0
40.8
41.2
40.5
40.2

40.8
40.6
41.7
41.1
41.5
40.7
40.5
39.5
39.3
39.1
39.7
38.9
38.5
38.5
38.3

P r im a r y r e fin in g o f
a lu m in u m

$1.80 $76.08
1.91 81.81
1.87 80.59
1.87 80. 57
1.90 80.79
1.91 80.00
1.93 80.99
2.00 85.32
1.94 83.01
1.94 85.06
1.92 84.25
1.95 84.66
1.91 82.80
1.89 83.84
1.89 84.45

41.8
40.5
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.0
39.7
39.5
40.1
40.7
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.5
40.6

36.3
36.3
37.3
36.6
35.6
35.9
36.0
36.4
35.7
34.5
36.5
36.0
34.8
32.9
31.4

40.4
40.7
41.9
41.2
41.5
40.8
40.6
39.7
39.8
39.5
40.0
39.1
38.5
38.4
38.7

41.3
41.6
42.3
42.2
41.6
40.5
41.3
41.0
41.3
41.2
42.1
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.8

40.7
40.9
41.2
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.2
40.3
39.8
39.8
39.3
38.6
38.0
38.1

$1.46 $69.83
1.54 74.07
1.53 74.57
1.56 75. 30
1.55 73.67
1.55 73. 35
1.55 74.34
1.55 74.74
1.54 73.97
1.54 72.86
1.55 74. 56
1.54 73.08
1.55 72.68
1. 56 72.50
1. 56 71.02

39.2
40.5
41.5
41.7
41.2
41.1
40.0
38.7
39.1
37.9
38.6
38.1
36.9
39.1
37.9

41.5
42.3
43.1
42.9
43.5
42.2
41.9
41.2
41.4
40.8
40.7
39.7
39.5
39.5
39.5

40.0
40.5
40.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.2
38.9
37.8
36.8
37.3

40.6
40.7
41.2
41.6
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.6
40.3
39.5
39.5
39.4
38.6

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1.72
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.84

42.0
40.6
41.3
40.6
41.6
40.2
40.4
39.4
38.3
38.7
39.6
38.6
39.3
38.6
37.3

41.8
42.9
44.1
44.6
44.9
43.4
43.1
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.6
38.8
38.2
38.6
38.4

40.0
40.5
40.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.2
38.9
37.8
36.8
37.3

$1.99
2.16
2.10
2.11
2.14
2.20
2.20
2.27
2.19
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.15
2.15
2.15

Prim ary smelting
and refining of nonferrous metals 4

$1.85 $75.48
1.97 80.93
1.96 79.46
1.96 79.46
1.97 80. 51
1.97 80. 34
1.99 81.16
2.00 85.08
1.98 82.39
1.98 82.98
1.99 82.54
1.98 83. 40
1.98 79.98
1.98 78.20
1.97 78.41

R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d
a llo y in g o f co p p e r

$1.79 $76. 49
1.96 85.37
1.93 87.32
1.94 89.20
1 . 95
90.25
1. 95 86. 37
1.98 86.20
2.02 83.64
1.98 81.99
1.97 81.39
1.98 81.20
1.97 77.21
1.97 75.64
1. 97 76.43
1.98 76.42

B la s t fu r n a c e s , steel­
w o r k s , a n d ro llin g
m ills , ex cep t electro­
m e ta llu r g ic a l p r o d ­
u c ts

$1.99 $79. 60
2.16 87.48
2.10 84.63
2.11 86.72
2.14 87. 53
2.20 89.76
2.20 90.20
2.27 90.80
2.19 88.04
2.18 86. 33
2.18 85.46
2.18 84.80
2.15 81.27
2.15 79.12
2.15 80.20

S te e l fo u n d r ie s

$1.80 $77. 70
1.90 79. 98
1.92 80.95
1.90 79.58
1.93 81.95
1.90 79.19
1.89 80.40
1.89 78.80
1.89 75.83
1.89 76.63
1.90 78.80
1.91 76.43
1.90 77.81
1.91 76. 43
1.91 73.48

Rolling, drawing,
and alloying o f nonferrous metals 4

$1.65 $74.29
1.77 82.91
1. 75 83.18
1.77 83.23
1.76 84.83
1.77 82.29
1.78 82. 96
1.80 83.22
1.78 81.97
1.77 80.38
1.79 80.59
1.80 78.21
1.79 77.82
1.79 77. 82
1.79 78.21

Blast furnaces, steel­
works, and rolling
mills 4

$1.90 $79.60
2.06 87.48
2.02 84.63
2.02 86. 72
2.04 87. 53
2.08 89.76
2.08 90. 20
2.13 90.80
2.08 88.04
2.08 86. 33
2.08 85.46
2.08 84.80
2.06 81.27
2.06 79.12
2.06 80.20

M a lle a b le -ir o n
fo u n d r ie s

$1.73 $70. 56
1.84 76.95
1.84 79. 68
1.84 79.23
1.85 79. 52
1.86 78.09
1.84 75.60
1.86 73.14
1.86 73.90
1.86 71.63
1.86 73.34
1.88 72.77
1.86 70.11
1.86 74. 68
1. 87 72. 39

Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals

$1.82 $68.15
2.02 73.63
1.98 74.03
1.97 74.69
1.99 73.22
2.00 71.69
2.04 73. 51
2.16 73.80
2.07 73. 51
2.09 72.92
2.06 75.36
2.07 73.62
2.07 73.03
2.07 72.85
2.08 73.03

Total: Prim arym etal
industries

$1.81 $77.33
1.97 84.25
1.94 83.22
1.94 83. 43
1.92 84.25
1.97 85. 07
2.00 85.28
2.01 85.63
1.98 83.82
1.97 82.78
2.00 82.78
1.99 81.74
2.01 79.52
1. 98 78. 28
1. 95 78.49

C r a y -iro n fo u n d r ie s

$1.77 $69.89
1.88 74.89
1.88 77.10
1.88 75.81
1.89 76. 78
1.90 75.89
1.89 74.70
1.90 73.84
1.89 74.03
1.89 73.47
1.90 74.40
1.91 73. 51
1.89 71.61
1.89 71.42
1. 90 72.37

41.1
41.5
41.1
41.6
41.4
41.3
42.3
41.1
42.6
41.6
42.8
39.8
41.0
41.1
41.2

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Prim ary metal industries

N o n c la y refractories

$1.68 $65.70
1.79 71.51
1.78 72.36
1.79 71.00
1.78 68.35
1.79 70.72
1.82 72.00
1.83 73.16
1.83 70.69
1.83 67. 97
1.82 73.00
1.84 71.64
1.84 69.95
1.84 65.14
1.85 61.23

Iron and steel
foundries 4

$1.85 $72.22
1.96 76.33
1.92 78.40
1.95 77. 27
1.95 78.44
2.01 77.33
1.99 76.55
2.06 75.05
1.96 74.28
1.96 73.90
1.96 75.43
1.94 74. 30
1.95 72. 77
1. 94 72.77
1.98 72. 77

P r im a r y
s m e ltin g
a n d r e fin in g o f c o p ­
p e r, lea d , a n d zin c

1952: Average_____ $75. 06
1953: Average_____ 80.41
April.. ___
78.35
M ay------------ 78.35
June________ 79.61
July________
79.84
August______ 80.87
September___ 84.20
October_____ 81.48
November___ 82.45
December___ 81.60
1954: January.
82.49
February____ 77.93
M a rch ........... 74.66
April___ ____ 74.28

A s b e s to s p r o d u c ts

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products 4

Cut-stone and stone
products

C o n crete p r o d u c ts

41.7
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.7
41.9
41.7
40.6
39.9
39.8

$1.81
1.95
1.91
1.91
1.94
1.95
1 .9 7
2 .0 6

1.99
1.99
1.97
2.00
1.97
1 .9 6
1. 97

R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d
a llo y in g o f a lu m in u m

$1.83 $69. 95
1.99 77.93
1.98 77.42
2 . 00
74.59
2 . 01
77.27
1.99 75.60
2.00 77.03
2.03 80.80
1.99 80.16
1.99 76.82
2.00 77.79
1.99 77.99
1.98 78. 57
1.98 77.99
1.99 79. 58

40.2
40.8
41.4
40.1
41.1
40.0
39.5
40.2
40.9
39.6
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.2
40.6

$1.74
1.91
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.95
2.01
1.96
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.96

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

827

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal
products (except ord­
nance, machinery,
and transportation
equipment)

Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
prima­
Nonferrous foundries Miscellaneous
ry metal industries 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1952: Average_____ $77. 79
1953: Average_____ 80.97
April..........
80.56
M ay________ 80.34
June________ 80. 97
July------------- 80.59
August,_____ 79.38
September___ 80.60
October.......... 81.60
November___ 80.00
December___
81.61
1954: Jan u ary ......... 80.40
February____ 80.20
March______
79.00
April________ 78.01

41.6
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.8
40.0
40.6
40.0
40.1
39.5
39.2

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings hours
$1.87 $82.15
1.97 87.57
1.96 88.41
1.95 86.74
1.97 86.94
1.98 85.89
1.96 87.34
1.99 86.46
2.00 86.71
2.00 85.63
2.01 86.05
2.01 83. 95
2.00 83.53
2.00 82.29
1.99 81.45

Tin cans and other
tinware
1952: Average_____ $69.31
1953: Average_____ 75. 71
April_______
73.80
M ay________ 74.16
June____ _ 75.24
July________
78.32
August______ 79.30
September___ 78.02
October_____ 74.89
November___ 75.70
December....... 77.93
1954: January_____ 77.79
February........ 81.71
March______
79.32
April _____
79.32

41.5
41.6
41.0
41.2
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.4
40.7
40.7
41.9
40.1
41.9
41.1
41.1

1952: Average_____ $73.60
1953: Average— ___ 75.64
April________ 77.38
M a y .. ___
76.19
June________ 74.26
July------------- 74.09
August______ 74.67
September___ 72.58
October____
76.43
November___ 76.04
December....... 75.66
1954: January___
74.69
February........ 74.69
March. ___
76.04
April________ 72. 58

40.0
39.6
40.3
40.1
39.5
39.2
39.3
37.8
39.6
39.4
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.4
37.8

1952: Average_____ $75.18
1953: Average_____ 80.22
April_______
80.33
M ay________ 79.99
June________ 78.81
July________
75.79
August______ 80.03
September___ 82. 71
October.......... 83.46
November___ 80.90
December....... 80.93
1954: January... . . . 77.95
February........ 76.80
M arch.. ____ 77.59
April.............
77.78

42.0
42.0
42.5
42.1
41.7
40.1
41.9
42.2
42.8
41.7
41.5
40.6
40.0
40.2
40.3

See¿footnotes"at‘end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.97 $86.09
2.11 91.12
2.09 92.65
2.09 90.92
2.09 89.44
2.10 88.99
2.12 90.27
2.14 88.66
2.12 89.95
2.13 90.13
2.13 90.35
2.12 88.40
2.12 87. 56
2.11 85. 58
2.11 83.00

41.1
41.6
42.3
42.2
42.1
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.9

41.1
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.4
40.5
40.3
39.4
40.5
39.3
40.0
38.5
39.5
39.3
38.6

$1.79 $74.29
1.91 78.81
1. 89 79.29
1.90 79.15
1.89 78.58
1.89 78.88
1.91 77.71
1.96 76.78
1.95 78.91
1.94 78.12
1.95 79.90
1.92 81.16
1.92 78.76
1.93 77.97
1.93 77.99

41.5
41.7
42.4
42.1
41.8
41.3
40.9
40.2
41.1
40.9
41.4
41.2
40.6
40.4
40.2

$2.04 $80.54
2.18 84.87
2.18 86.11
2.17 85.49
2.15 86.73
2.16 84. 45
2.17 85.27
2.20 83. 79
2.21 82.19
2.22 81.12
2.22 82.78
2. 21 81.14
2.20 81.54
2.20 81.33
2.19 80.70

41.0
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.2
40.3
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.8
40.9
39.1
39.8
39.9
38.9

42.3
42.5
42.8
42.7
42.8
41.8
42.5
41.7
42.8
42.2
42.9
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.1

$1.79 $54.00
1.89 59.06
1.87 57.08
1.88 57.53
1.88 58.22
1.91 63.45
1.90 59.60
1.91 57.15
1.92 58.83
1.91 59.59
1.93 60.60
1.97 61.88
1.94 61.60
1.93 60.83
1.94 60.83

37.5
38.6
37.8
38.1
38.3
41.2
38.7
36.4
38.2
38.2
38.6
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.5

$1.95 $81.14
2.07 84.45
2.06 85.91
2.06 82.01
2.07 81.59
2.08 82.18
2.09 83.39
2.10 82.56
2.06 85.67
2.08 84.42
2.08 85.84
2.07 83.37
2.08 82.16
2.08 82.16
2.08 82.97

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

41.4
40.6
41.5
40.4
39.8
39.7
39.9
39.5
40.6
40.2
40.3
39.7
39.5
39.5
39.7

$1.96 $72.38
2.08 77.15
2.07 77.41
2.03 77.04
2.05 77.28
2.07 76.41
2.09 76.59
2.09 75.70
2.11 77.23
2.10 76.67
2.13 78.02
2.10 76. 92
2.08 76.33
2.08 75. 95
2.09 75. 39

41.1
41.7
42.7
42.7
42.4
41.0
40.5
40.2
40.2
40.8
41.4
40.6
40.3
39.8
40.4

41.6
41.7
42.3
42.1
42.0
41.3
41.4
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1.74
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1. 87
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.88
1.88

Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies 4

Hardware
$1.68 $70.69
1.80 75.89
1.79 77.71
1.79 78.14
1.80 78.02
1.80 75.03
1.80 73.71
1.80 72.76
1.81 73.16
1.81 74. 26
1.82 77.00
1.83 76.33
1.84 75.76
1.84 74.03
1.83 75.95

Total: Fabricated
metal products

$1.72 $70.99
1.82 73.57
1. 82 74.48
1.83 73.71
1.84 72.98
1.83 72.98
1. 82 72.80
1. 81 71.76
1.82 74. 56
1.82 72.31
1.86 73.63
1.88 71.80
1.88 73.10
1.86 73.10
1.88 71.04

40.8
40.2
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.0
40.3
39.3
39.8
38.6
39.3
39.3
38.4

$1.74
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.85

Structural steel and Metal doors, sash,
ornamental metal­ frames, molding, and Boiler-shopproducts
work
trim

$1.77 $75.05
1.90 81.27
1.87 79.55
1.87 80.35
1.88 81.97
1.89 79.71
1.92 82.32
1.93 80.26
1.94 84.39
1.94 83.23
1.94 85.17
1.92 82.18
1.92 80.79
1.91 79. 99
1. 92 79. 61

Vitreous-enameled
products

41.3
41.0
41.8
41.5
41.9
40.6
40.8
39.9
39.9
39.0
39.8
39.2
39.2
39.1
38.8

41.3
41.5
42.2
41.9
42.2
41.3
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.7
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.4

Welded and heavyriveted pipe

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Handtools

$1.55 $89.38
1.63 74.70
1.61 75.54
1.60 75.00
1.60 75.96
1.62 74.34
1.63 73.08
1.66 73.62
1.66 73.49
1.66 74.03
1.66 74.07
1.64 73.57
1.65 73.42
1.64 73.05
1.63 72.10

Fabricated structur­
al metal products4

$1.70 $74.87
1.79 80.75
1.79 80.04
1.78 79.85
1.79 80.46
1.79 79.00
1.79 81.60
1.81 80.48
1.82 83.03
1.81 81.87
1.82 83.23
1.83 80.26
1.83 79.49
1.83 78.69
1.82 78. 91

Metal stamping,
coating, and engrav­
in g 4

42.2
41.8
42.5
41.9
41.6
41.2
41.6
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.0
39.8
38.9
37.9

Wire drawing

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Cutlery and edgetools

$1.68 $63. 55
1.78 67.32
1.77 66.65
1.78 66.08
1.79 65.92
1.79 65.29
1.78 67.48
1.78 68.89
1.79 69.22
1.79 69.39
1.81 67.89
1.82 64.12
1.83 65.67
1.81 65. 44
1. 82 63.41

Oil burners, nonelec­
tric heating and cook­
ing apparatus, not
elsewhere classified

$1.84 $69.87
1. 91 72.32
1.92 73.21
1.90 72.27
1.88 72.32
1.89 72.50
1.90 72.14
1.92 71.31
1.93 73. 71
1.93 71.13
1.93 72.80
1.92 70.46
1.92 72.29
1.93 71.92
1.92 70. 25

Sheet-metalwork

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware 4

$1. 67 $69.05
1.82 74.05
1.80 74.87
1.80 75.12
1.80 75.36
1.83 73.21
1.84 72.45
1.84 72.27
1.84 72. 67
1. 86 73.39
1.86 74.39
1.94 73.16
1.95 73.38
1. 93 72.04
1. 93 72.62

Sanitary ware and
plumbers’supplies

41.7
41.5
42.3
41.5
41.6
40.9
41.2
40.4
40.9
40.2
40.4
39.6
39.4
39.0
38.6

Iron and steelforgings

42.4
43.0
43.0
43.2
43.6
42.4
43.1
41.8
43.5
42.9
43.9
42.8
42.3
42.1
41.9

$1. 77 $74.23
1.89 78.44
1.85 78.58
1.86 79.34
1.88 81.13
1.88 78.44
1.91 77. 71
1.92 76.95
1.94 76.67
1.94 76.52
1.94 79.61
1. 92 75.39
1.91 74.86
1.90 76.21
1.90 76.22

Stamped and pressed
metal products

$1.44 $77.33
1.53 81.90
1.51 82.18
1.51 81.83
1.52 81.67
1.54 82.15
1.54 80.95
1.57 79.59
1.54 81.77
1.56 80.36
1.57 81.97
1.62 83.63
1.60 80.79
1.58 80.19
1.58 80.40

41.8
42.0
42.8
42.4
42.1
41.7
41.3
40.4
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.4
40.6
40.5
40.4

41.7
41.5
41.8
42.2
42.7
41.5
40.9
40.5
41.0
40.7
41.9
40.1
39.4
39.9
39.7

$1.78 $74.80
1.89 80.94
1.88 80.35
1. 88 79.85
1.90 80.09
1.89 80.98
1.90 82.22
1.90 80.48
1.87 82.88
1.88 81.48
1.90 82.60
1.88 80.87
1.90 80. 67
1.91 79.30
1. 92 79.13

Lighting fixtures

$1.85 $68.00
1.95 72.50
1.92 71.10
1.93 70.98
1.94 70.98
1. 97 71.42
1.96 68.64
1.97 69.74
1.98 73.67
1.96 72.90
1.98 75.58
2.02 72.58
1.99 70.49
1.98 70.13
1. 99 70.13

40.0
40.5
40.4
40.1
40.1
39.9
39.0
39.4
40.7
40.5
41.3
40.1
39.6
39.4
39.4

42.5
42.6
43.2
42.7
42.6
42.4
42.6
41.7
42.5
42.0
42.8
41.9
41.8
41.3
41.0

$1.76
1.90
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.93
1.93
1. 92
1.93

Fabricated wire prod­
ucts

$1.70 $68.30
1.79 72.62
1.76 72.51
1.77 72.16
1.77 72.16
1.79 72.22
1.76 72.85
1.77 71.82
1.81 73.89
1.80 73.12
1.83 71.31
1.81 73.02
1.78 72.04
1.78 72.76
1.78 71.46

40.9
40.8
41.2
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.4
39.4
39.9
39.8
40.2
39.7

$1.67
1.78
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.81
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.81
1.81
1.80

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

828

T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)

Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued

Year and month

Miscellaneous fabri­
cated metal prodducts 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1952: Average-------- $73.02
78. 51
1953: A v erag e.-__
April ______ 80.70
80.70
M av____ _
79. 97
June - . ___
July _______ 77. 78
77. 59
A u g u st-___
September___ 76.36
October_____ 76.36
November
76. 36
77. 52
December___
1954: January_____ 74.70
February ____ 75. 85
74.34
M arch______
72.47
April_______

M e t a l s h ip p in g barrels,
d r u m s , kegs, a n d p a ils

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

42.7 $1. 71 $79.61
1.83 82.35
42.9
44.1
1.83 82.06
44.1
1.83 84.44
1.83 83. 61
43.7
42.5
1.83 82. 52
42.4
1.83 83.95
1.84 82.42
41.5
1.84 83.43
41.5
1.84 82. 21
41. 5
41.9
1.85 83. 84
1.84 81.41
40.6
1.85 82.01
41.0
40.4
1.84 82.61
1.83 80.60
39.6

43.5
41.8
42.3
43.3
43.1
42.1
42.4
40.8
41.3
40.7
41.1
40.3
40.6
41.1
40.1

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.83 $74.26
1.97 83.13
1.94 84.28
1.95 84. 71
1.94 83.69
1.96 82.12
1.98 79.93
2.02 79.40
2.02 81.61
2. 02 81.81
2. 04 84. 22
2. 02 81.40
2. 02 79.00
2.01 77.03
2.01 75.07

e n g in e s , tu r b in e s,
Engines and turbines 4 S te aa m
n d w a te r w h eels

1952: Average_____ $82. 68
1953: Average_____ 85. 28
83.43
April----------M ay_____ -- 85.70
J u n e __ - -- 84.67
83.43
July________
85.06
August ____
September___ 85.89
October-------- 87.14
November___ 85.88
88. 61
December___
1954: January_____ 86. 51
February— - 86. 30
March ______ 86.28
A p ril_______ 83.39

42.4
41.2
41.3
41.6
41.3
40.5
40.7
40.9
41.3
40.7
41.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
39.9

$1.95 $89.02
2.07 93.66
2.02 86.90
2.06 98.08
2.05 87.94
2.06 83.98
2. 09 99.39
2.10 96.30
2.11 97. 58
2.11 94. 24
2.13 99. 72
2.11 97. 02
2.11 97.06
2.12 99.03
2.09 90.00

Construction and min­
ing machinery 4
1952: A verage---- -- $77.61
1953: Average-------- 79.42
___
80.28
April
M ay________ 80. 51
80.60
June __ ___
J u l y __ _____ 78.47
August __77. 52
September___ 76. 21
78.14
October_____
November___ 78. 55
79. 54
December___
1954: January_____ 79. 76
February------ 80.93
March____
79.93
78. 94
April_______

43.6
41.8
42.7
42.6
42.2
41.3
40.8
39.9
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.5
41.2
40.9

M a c h in e -to o l
sories

1952: A verage____
1953: Average..
April-.
___
M ay______ _
June
___
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______

$95. 53
100.93
101. 27
101. 99
97.61
96.30
99. 21
100.33
103. 71
100.11
101.47
99.23
98.34
97. 66
97.41

46.6
46.3
47.1
47.0
45.4
45.0
45.3
45.4
46.3
45.3
45.5
44.7
44.1
43.6
43.1

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

42.8
42.0
40.8
43.4
40.9
38.0
43.4
42.8
42.8
41.7
42.8
42.0
42.2
42.5
40.0

$2.08
2.23
2.13
2.26
2.15
2. 21
2.29
2. 25
2. 28
2.26
2.33
2.31
2.30
2.33
2. 25

B o lts , n u ts , w a sh ers,
a n d rivets

S te e l s p r in g s

40.8
42.2
43.0
43.0
42.7
41.9
41.2
40.1
40.6
40.7
41.9
40.7
40.1
39.3
38.3

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.82 $72.83
1.97 79.18
1.96 80. 78
1.97 81.77
1.96 81.03
1.96 78. 26
1.94 78.31
1.98 77.00
2.01 76.63
2.01 75. 85
2.01 77.19
2.00 74.00
1.97 75. 92
1.96 73.66
1.96 72. 52

D iesel a n d other in te rn a l c o m b u s tio n
e n g in e s, n o t elsew h ere classified

$80.37
82.41
82.39
81.59
83.63
83.43
80.00
82.01
83.64
82. 62
84. 87
82.42
82.62
81.20
81.00

42.3
41.0
41.4
41.0
41.4
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.8
40.3
41.2
40.6
40.5
40.0
39.9

43.0
42.8
43.3
43.2
43.0
42.3
42.2
41.8
42.3
42.0
42.9
41.5
41.9
41.8
41.0

$1.80 $77. 96
1.90 81. 56
1.89 79. 61
1.89 83.28
1.89 81.51
1.90 82. 75
1.89 82.32
1.92 81.25
1.92 81.45
1.94 81.09
1.94 83.89
1.94 84.15
1.94 84. 94
1.9S 83. 95
1.93 81.16

42.6
42.7
41.9
43.6
42.9
43.1
43.1
42.1
42.2
41.8
42.8
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.2

$1.73 $76.37
1.85 81.07
1.84 84.00
1.85 83. 27
1.85 83. 25
1.85 79. 97
1.86 78. 99
1.86 77. 78
1.86 78. 38
1.85 78. 75
1.86 78. 75
1. 85 75. 76
1.87 75. 95
1.86 74. 62
1. 85 72.07

39.9
39.8
40.4
39.9
39.7
39.3
39.8
39.2
39.2
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.6
40.1
39.6

$1.83 $68. 54
1.91 71.93
1.90 72. 38
1.91 72.80
1.90 72.45
1.92 69.60
1.91 70. 47
1.93 69.34
1.93 71.98
1.94 71.15
1.96 73.63
1.98 70. 09
1.98 71.69
1.98 71.33
1. 97 70.05

46.4
45.8
46.7
46.4
45.4
44.8
45.0
45.0
45.6
44.7
45.0
44.0
43.9
43.6
42.7

40.8
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.4
40.0
40.5
39.4
40.9
40.2
41.6
39.6
40.5
40.3
39.8

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

39.7
39.6
39.9
39.6
39.6
39.0
40.0
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.9
39.3

$1.94 $73. 97
2.00 75.20
2. 01 78.12
2.00 75. 58
1.99 74.61
1.98 74. 45
1.98 74. 64
1.99 73. 70
1.99 73. 28
2.00 72. 52
2. 02 73. 70
2.02 74.47
2.03 76.02
2. 04 77. 38
2.04 76. 61

M a c h in e tools

47.1
46.3
47.1
46.7
45.8
44.9
45.1
46.0
46.2
45.5
45.8
44.6
44.8
44.6
43.3

45.6
44.3
44.8
44.5
44.3
43.6
43.8
43.4
43.6
43.2
45.3
43.7
44.2
44.5
43.4

$1.86
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.98
1.99
1.99
2. 01
2 00
2.00
2.00
2. 00

40.2
40.0
40.9
40.2
39.9
39.6
39. 7
39.2
39.4
39.2
39.2
39.4
39.8
40.3
39.9

$1.84
1.88
1.91
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.86
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.92

M e ta lw o r k in g m a ­
c h in ery (ex cep t m a ­
ch in e tools)

$1.91 $85. 95
2. 05 89. 52
2.04 91.76
2.04 90.34
2.04 90.09
2.03 89.93
2.03 89. 76
2.08 86.90
2. 09 87. 92
2. 09 86. 92
2.10 87.95
2.1C 85. 27
2. 09 86. 51
2.09 86.10
2.07 84.46

P a p e r -in d u s tr ie s m a c h in ery

$1.68 $82.08
1.75 82.84
1.74 84.22
1.75 83. 22
1.75 82.84
1. 74 81.97
1.74 81.03
1.76 82. 03
1.76 82. 4C
1.77 81.65
1.77 86. 98
1.77 83.03
1.77 83.98
1.77 84.11
1.76 82.03

42.9
42.3
42.9
42.6
42.3
41.7
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.6
42 0
41.2
41.3
41.1
40.5

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e ry
(excep t tractors)

T ra c to rs

$1.98 $89. 96
2.11 94. 92
2.09 96. 08
2.10 95.27
2.09 93.43
2.08 91.15
2.11 91.55
2.14 95. 68
2.15 96.56
2.14 95.10
2.15 96.18
2.15 93.66
2. IS 93.63
2.15 93. 21
2.16 89. 63

m a c h in e ry

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

44.4 $1.72 $79. 79
44.3
1.83 82.91
45.9
1.83 83. 66
45. 5 1.83 83.07
45.0
1.85 82. 49
43.7
1.83 81.73
43.4
1.82 82.12
42.5
1.83 82. 57
42.6
1.84 83. 58
42, 8
1. 84 82. 78
42.8
1.84 84. 42
41.4
1.83 82. 40
41.5
1.83 82. 60
41.0
1.82 82.20
39.6
1. 82 81.00

$1.89 $77.02
1.94 79.20
1.96 80.20
1.94 79.20
1.93 78.80
1.93 77.22
1.93 79.20
1.93 77. 81
1.92 77. 81
1.92 79.00
1.95 79.79
1.95 80.19
1.96 79.78
1.97 81. 40
1. 98 80.17

Metalworking ma­
chinery 4

44.4 $1.79 $91.87
$1.78 $76. 64 43.3 $1.77 $79.48
1.90 78.85
41.5
1.90 80. 98 42.4
1.91 96. 64
42.6
1.89 79. 79 42.9
1.86 97.60
1.88 80. 51
42.9
1.89 80. 75 42.5
1.90 80.65
1.88 97.44
1.92 94.89
1.91 80. 22 42.0
1.91 82.18
42.8
1.90 77.90
41.0
1.91 93.18
1.90 80. 22 42.0
41.9
1.91 94. 95
1.90 76. 76 40.4
1.90 80.03
39.4
1.91 74.86
1.91 76. 59 40.1
1.90 96. 30
1.92 76.78
40.2
1.91 81.09
1.94 98. 04
41.8
40.2
1.93 77.18
1.92 81.93
1.96
95.66
41.8
1.94 78.17
40.5
42.3
1.93 83.33
1.97 96. 75
40.2
84.
77
1.95 77. 59
1.93
42.6
1.99 94.60
40.6
43.6
1.95 78.36
1.93 86.33
1.98 94.39
1.94 78. 74
40.8
1.93 81. 90 42.0
1. 95 93. 74
41.9
40.4
1.93 77. 57
1. 92 82.12
1. 96 92. 23
Special-industry maaccèschinery (except
F o o d -p ro d u cts m a T e x tile
metalworking mach in ery
chinery) 4
$2.05 $77. 40
2.18 81.32
2.15 81.84
2.17 81.65
2.15 81.27
2.14 80.37
2.19 79.76
2. 21 80.26
2. 24 81.22
2. 21 81.48
2.23 83.23
2. 22 80. 51
2.23 81.29
2.24 80.67
2.26 79.13

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

Agricultural machin­
ery and tractors 4

$1.90 $75.41
2.01 77. 21
1.99 79.18
1.99 77. 41
2. 02 76. 62
2.02 75.85
2.01 76.81
2.04 75. 66
2.05 75. 26
2.05 75.46
2.06 76. 64
2. 03 77.03
2.04 77. 62
2.03 79.00
2.03 78.41

C o n s tr u c tio n a n d m i n ­
O ilfield m a c h in e ry a n d
in g m a c h in e ry , ex­
tools
ce p t fo r oilfields

42.1
42.8
43.9
44.2
43.8
42.3
42.1
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.5
40.0
40.6
39.6
39.2

S c r e w -m a c h in e
p r o d u c ts

45. 0
44. 1
45.2
44.5
44.6
44.3
44.0
42.6
43.1
42.4
42.9
41.8
42.2
42.0
41.0

$1.91
2.03
2.03
2. 03
2. 02
2. 03
2. 04
2.04
2. 04
2.05
2. 05
2.04
2.05
2. 05
2.06

P r in tin g -tr a d e s m ach in ery a n d e q u ip m e n t

$1.80 $87.36
1.87 94. 59
1.88 95.64
1.87 94.13
1.87 92.00
1.88 93.93
1.85 91.15
1.89 93.09
1.89 94.83
1.89 97. 46
1.92 97.24
1.9C 89. 24
1.90 91.38
1.89 92. 23
1.89 87. 74

43.9
44.2
44.9
44.4
43.6
44.1
43.2
43.5
43.3
44.3
44.0
41.7
42.5
42.5
41.0

$1.99
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.14
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.14
2.15
2.17
2.14

829

0 : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
M a n u ía c tu r in g — C o n t in u e d

M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ) — C o n t i n u e d

ar and month

General industrial
machinery 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Average-------- $79.24
Average_____ 83.42
April_______
83.33
M ay________ 83.76
June--- --------- 83.38
July------------- 82.60
August______ 82. 45
September___ 83.69
October. ___ 83.92
November___ 83.33
December... . 83.95
January_____ 81.16
February____ 81.36
March______
79. 77
April________ 78.59

43.3
43.0
43.4
43.4
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.7
42.6
42.3
42.4
41.2
41.3
40.7
40.3

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
$1.83 $78.66
1.94 81.98
1.92 82.70
1.93 82. 56
1.93 82.37
1.93 80.83
1.94 80.87
1.96 84.91
1.97 83.30
1.97 81.51
1.98 80.90
1.97 80. 56
1.97 80. 56
1.96 78.38
1. 95 77.59

M e c h a n ic a l sto kers
a n d in d u s tr ia l fu r~
nace s a n d ovens

Average . ---- $76.97
Average_____ 81.02
A pril... . . . . - 80.46
M ay________ 81.13
June________ 81.02
July........ ........ 77. 46
August .. . . . 80.70
September---- 80.93
84.35
O ctober... ..
November----- 81.76
December----- 83.36
82.98
January____
February____ 82.76
81. 77
M arch_____
April----- ------ 80.19

43.0
42.2
42.8
42.7
42.2
41.2
41.6
41.5
42.6
41.5
42.1
41.7
41.8
41.3
40.5

43.9
42.3
42.3
42.0
42.0
42.4
42.2
41.0
42.7
41.8
41.8
40.4
40.9
40.6
41.0

M a c h in e sh o p s (jo b
a n d r e p a ir )

A verage.___ $78.55
80.28
A verage____
April ______ 80. 78
May ______ 79.48
June________ 80.09
July
78. 77
79.95
A u g u st____
September___ 80.41
October_____ 81.98
November___ 81.22
December___ 82.22
January_____ 79.68
February____ 79. 49
M arch. _____ 79. 71
April............... 77.95
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.80 $79. 79
1. 92 84. 44
1.91 85. 22
1.92 85.36
1.92 84.97
1.92 85.36
1.93 82.06
1.97 83.27
1.96 84.32
1.95 85. 77
1.94 85.80
1.96 81.76
1.96 82. 76
1.94 81.16
1.93 80.16

40.9
40.3
40.5
40.1
40.5
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
39.9
39.7
39.6
39.5

40.6
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.9
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.6
38.8
39.8
40.0
39.6

42.9
43.3
43.7
44.0
43.8
44.0
42.3
42.7
42.8
43.1
42.9
41.5
41.8
41.2
40.9

B lo w e r s, e x h a u st a n d
v e n tila tin g f a n s

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings
$1.86 $74. 47
1.95 76.50
1.95 76.01
1.94 76.54
1.94 77.51
1.94 75.58
1.94 78.62
1.95 77.38
1.97 78. 02
1.99 75.99
2.00 76. 54
1.97 75.07
1.98 74.26
1.97 73.02
1.96 72.62

42.8
42.5
42.7
43.0
43.3
42.7
43.2
41.6
42.4
41.3
41.6
40.8
40.8
39.9
39.9

40.9
40.2
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.1
39.5
39.8
40.1
40.1
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.1
39.5

$1.74 $81.22
1.80 83.50
1.78 84.24
1.78 84.83
1.79 82.74
1.77 83.50
1.82 82.35
1.86 83.07
1.84 84. 51
1.84 84.18
1.84 80.54
1.84 73.15
1.82 76.04
1.83 76.63
1.82 77.02

$1.89 $76.04
1.93 79. 76
1.96 82.12
1.93 79.73
1.93 78.96
1.94 80.16
1.91 77. 42
1.93 76.83
1.94 79.40
1.98 77.03
1.99 78.41
2.00 79.40
1. 99 79.00
1.99 78.61
1. 99 76.44

41.1
40.9
41.9
41.1
40.7
40.9
39.7
39.4
40.1
39.1
39.6
39.9
39.7
39.7
38.8

43.2
42.6
43.2
43.5
42.0
42.6
41.8
42.6
42.9
42.3
41.3
38.1
39.4
39.5
39.7

41.0
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.3
41.1
40.3
40.3
39.4
39.5
38.4
39.2

$1.68 $75.81
1.76 78. 74
1.74 80. 51
1.73 78.53
1.76 77.76
1.77 78. 96
1.77 77.20
1.80 76.82
1.80 79.18
1.80 77.03
1.81 78.01
1.81 77. 62
1.81 78.01
1.82 78.01
1.84 76.05

Miscellaneous maehinery parts 4

$1.85 $75.36
1.95 78.85
1.96 79.15
1.94 77. 64
1.94 78.44
1.96 76.17
1.95 79.04
1.95 79.30
1.98 79.49
1.97 79.73
1.98 80.93
1.99 78.57
1.99 78.18
1.98 78.18
1.97 76. 62

42.1
41. 5
42.1
41.3
41.5
40.3
41.6
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.5
40.5
40.3
40.3
39.7

41.2
40.8
41.5
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.0
39.6
40.4
39.5
39.8
39.6
39.8
39.8
38.8

$1.88 $79.98
1.96 85.93
1.95 86.24
1.95 86.24
1.97 85.06
1.96 85. 50
1.97 85.50
1.95 84. 94
1.97 84. 60
1.99 85.02
1.95 85.85
1.92 83.82
1.93 81.99
1.94 79. 40
1. 94 79.00

41.7
41.0
41.4
40.8
41.0
38.9
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.6
40.4
40.4
40.4
39.9

43.0
43.4
44.0
44.0
43.4
43.4
43.4
42.9
42.3
42.3
42.5
41.7
41.2
40.1
39.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings
$1.86
1.98
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.98
1.98

D o m e stic la u n d r y
e q u ip m e n t

$1.84 $74.89
1.93 78. 57
1.94 76.24
1.92 77.78
1.92 77.41
1.94 74.88
1.93 75.64
1.94 77.42
1.96 81.77
1.95 78.20
1.96 77.03
1.96 73.91
1.96 77.42
1.96 79.20
1. 96 74. 82

F a b rica ted p ip e , fittin g s , a n d valves

$1.79 $73.39
1.90 77. 90
1.88 77.83
1.88 76.70
1.89 77.08
1.89 73.13
1.90 78.69
1.92 79.52
1.92 80.10
1.94 80.73
1.95 81.54
1.94 78.78
1.94 78.78
1.94 79.18
1.93 77.41

M e c h a n ic a l p o w ertr a n s m is s io n e q u ip m e n t

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Service-industry and
household machines4

$2.00 $68.88
2. 07 70.93
2.05 69.43
2.04 69.03
2.08 70.75
2.07 70.98
2.07 71.33
2.06 72. 54
2.09 73. 98
2.10 72. 54
2.12 72.94
2.11 71.31
2.11 71.50
2.11 69.89
2.12 72.13

R e fr ig e r a to r s a n d airc o n d itio n in g u n it s

In d u s tr ia l tr u c k s,
tractors, etc.

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

C o m p u tin g m a c h in e s
a n d cash registers

$1.84 $81.80
1.92 83.21
1.90 82.82
1.89 81.40
1.92 83.62
1.93 83.01
1.92 81.77
1.93 81.99
1.94 83.81
1.95 84.21
1.97 85.44
1.97 84. 40
1.96 84.19
1.96 84.61
1.97 83.74

s e w in g m a c h in e s

$1. 74 $76. 73
1.81 77.01
1.79 78.01
1.79 76. 62
1.82 77.01
1.81 77. 99
1.82 75.83
1.83 77. 20
1.84 77. 02
1.84 78.61
1.86 78.80
1.83 77.60
1.84 79.20
1.85 79.60
1.85 78.80

Machinery (except
electrical)--Con.

43.7
42.7
43.3
43.0
42.9
42.1
41.9
43.1
42.5
41.8
41.7
41.1
41.1
40.4
40.2

C onveyors a n d con­
veyin g e q u ip m e n t

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Office and store machines and devices 4

$1.79 $75. 26
1.92 77.38
1.88 76. 95
1.90 75.79
1.92 77. 76
1.88 77.01
1.94 76.80
1.95 77.78
1.98 78.38
1.97 78.39
1.98 79.59
1.99 78. 60
1. 98 77.81
1.98 77.62
1. 98 77. 82

C o m m e rc ia l la u n d r y ,
d ry -c le a n in g , a n d
p r e s sin g m a c h in e s

Average_____ $76.39
Average___ . 76.56
A p r il.._____ 75. 72
M ay________ 75.18
June________ 76.44
76.74
July________
A u g u st_____ 76.80
75.03
September__
October_____ 78. 57
November___ 76.91
77. 75
December___
January_____ 73.93
February____ 75.26
M arch______ 75.11
75.85
April-----------

P u m p s , a ir a n d gas
co m p resso rs

40.7
40.5
39.5
40.3
39.9
38.6
39.6
39.3
41.3
39.9
39.3
38.1
39.7
39.8
37.6

$1.84
1.94
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.91
1.97
1.98
1.96
1.96
1. 94
1.95
1.99
1.99

B a l l a n d roller bearin g s

$1. 76 $74. 57
1.90 77. 71
79.38
1 .8 8
1.88 76. 52
1.88 78.12
1.88 76.95
1.91 78.06
1.93 77. 57
1.93 76. 22
1.95 76.04
1.96 78.59
1.95 77.42
1.95 75.85
1.96 75.08
1.94 73. 54

41.2
40.9
42.0
40.7
40.9
40.5
41.3
40.4
39.7
39.4
40.3
39.5
39.1
38.9
38.3

$1.81
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.94
1.93
1. 92

Electrical machinery
Electrical generating,
transmission, disTotal: Electrical matribution, and inehinery
dustrial apparatus4

43.4 $1.81 $68.80
42.7
1.88 71.81
43.2
1.87 71.86
1.87 70.99
42.5
42.6
1.88 71.81
41.9
1.88 70.58
1.89 71.63
42.3
42. 1 1.91 72.09
1.92 71.91
42.7
1.92 72.14
42.3
42.6
1.93 72.36
1.92 70. 74
41.5
41.4
1. 92 72.22
41.3
1.93 71.28
1.92 70.56
40.6

41.2
40.8
41.3
40.8
40.8
40.1
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.2
39.3
39.9
39.6
39.2

$1.67 $74.40
1.76 77.83
1.74 78. 54
1.74 77.42
1.76 77. 79
1.76 77.11
1.76 77.68
1.78 78.72
1.78 77. 74
1.79 78.12
1.80 78.91
1.80 76.9f
1.81 77.38
1.80 76.4C
1.80 75.45

41.8
41.4
42.0
41.4
41.6
40.8
41.1
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.1
40.3
40.0
39.5

$1.78
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.92
1. 92
1.91
1.91

w ir in g aevices a n a
s u p p lie s

$64.78
68. 54
68. 72
68. 06
67. 89
67.37
68.78
68.91
69.32
68. 74
69.60
67.20
67.32
67.49
65.07

41.0
40.8
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.1
40.7
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.7
39.3
39.6
39.7
38.5

u a r o o n a n a g ra p h ite
p r o d u c ts ( electrical )

$1.58 $75. 58
1. 68 77.83
1.66 78. 58
1.66 77.98
1.66 77.83
1.68 78.44
1.69 77.11
1.71 79.27
1. 72 76.70
1.71 75.58
1.71 77.11
1.71 75.39
1.70 76.14
1.70 74.43
1.69 74. 82

41.3
41.4
41.8
41.7
41.4
41.5
40.8
41.5
40.8
40.2
40.8
40.1
40.5
39.8
39.8

E le c tric a l in d ic a tin g ,
m e a s u r in g , a n a re c o r d in g in s t r u m e n ts

$1.83 $71.48
1.88 73.57
1.88 72.75
1.87 72.27
1.88 72.92
1.89 72. 90
1.89 73.03
1.91 74.16
1.88 75.76
1.88 73.89
74.66
1 . 89
1.88 71.92
1.88 73.16
1.87 72.25
1 .8 8
71.50

41.8
41.1
41.1
40.6
41.2
40.5
40.8
41.2
41.4
40.6
40.8
39.3
40.2
39.7
39.5

$1.71
1. 79
1.77
1.78
1 .7 7

1.80
1.79
1.80
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.82
1. 81

830

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees ^C ontinued
Manuíacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month

M o to r s , g en e ra to rs, a n d
m otor-generator sets

P o w e r a n d d is tr ib u ­
tio n tra n s fo r m e rs

S w itc h g e a r, s w itc h ­
board a n d in d u s tr ia l
co n tro ls

E le c tr ic a l w e ld in g
a p p a r a tu s

Electrical appliances

Insulated wire
and cable

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earnings ings
ings ings
ings mgs
ings ings
ings
ings ings
ings
1952: Average_____ $80.22
1953: Average_____ 84.03
April.............. 85.00
May___ ___ 82.78
June........ ...... 84. 42
July— .......... 82.62
August.......... 83.22
September___ 84. 25
October.......... 82.62
November___ 84.05
December....... 84. 67
1954: January_____ 82.62
February___ 83.23
March______ 82.01
April............. 80. 59

42.0 $1.91
41.6 2. 02
42.5 2.00
41.6 1.99
42.0 2. 01
40.9 2.02
41.2 2. 02
40.9 2.06
40.5 2. 04
41.2 2.04
41.3 2. 05
40. 5 2.04
40.6 2.05
40.2 2. 04
39.7 2.03

Electric equipment for
vehicles
1952: Average......... $72.98
1953: Average_____ 76.70
April_______ 78. 96
May............... 77.19
June............... 77.90
July_______ 75.20
August_____ 75.20
September___ 74.28
October_____ 75.43
November___ 76.00
December___ 74. 84
1954: January_____ 75.06
February........ 75.24
March______ 73.32
April_______ 71.63

40.1
40.8
42.0
41.5
41.0
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.3
39.6
39.0
38.1

$1. 82
1.88
1.88
1.86
1.90
1. 88
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.91
1.90
1.88
1.88

$72. 04
76.33
76.63
77. 46
76.45
75. 58
75. 98
76. 59
76. 00
76. 81
76.63
75. 85
76.24
78.20
76.83

40.7 $1.77
40.6 1.88
41.2 1.86
41.2 1.88
41.1 1. 86
40.2 1.88
40.2 1.89
40.1 1.91
40.0 1.90
39.8 1.93
39. 5 1. 94
39.1 1.94
39.3 1. 94
40.1 1. 95
39.2 1.96

Electric lamps
$58. 89
65. 21
66. 49
65.85
63.12
61.78
63.52
66.58
66.42
65.85
65. 44
64.12
65. 01
65.24
64.02

39.0
40.5
41.3
40.9
39.7
39.1
39.7
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
38.8

$1. 51
1.61
1. 61
1.61
1. 59
1. 58
1.60
1.64
1.64
1.63
1. 64
1.64
1.65
1.66
1. 65

$72.16
75.84
75.90
74.82
74.46
75.12
76. 49
77.28
75.95
76. 54
76.91
75.11
75.48
74.37
73.84

42.2
41.9
42.4
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.8
42.0
41.5
41.6
41.8
40.6
40.8
40.2
39.7

$1.71
1.81
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.84
1. 85
1. 85
1.85
1.86

Communication
equipment4
$64. 21
66. 66
66.18
65.53
66. 66
65. 34
67.73
67. 06
66. 97
67. 26
67. 49
65.96
67. 89
67. 55
66.86

40.9
40.4
40.6
40.2
40.4
39.6
40.8
40.4
40.1
39.8
39.7
38.8
39.7
39.5
39.1

$1. 57
1.65
1.63
1.63
1. 65
1.65
1. 66
1.66
1.67
1. 69
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.71

$91. 28
85.20
86.28
84. 80
83. 78
84. 82
86. 25
86. 09
83.36
81.77
81.38
78. 21
78.39
80. 56
83.73

46.1
42.6
42.5
42.4
42.1
42.2
42.7
42.2
42.1
41.3
41.1
39.7
40.2
41.1
42.5

$1.98
2.00
2.03
2. 00
1.99
2. 01
2.02
2.04
1.98
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.95
1.96
1.97

R a d io s, p h o n o g ra p h s,
te levisio n sets,
a n d e q u ip m e n t

$62.12
64.64
64.00
63. 36
64.64
63.50
65.36
64. 71
65.44
66.23
67.03
65. 02
67. 09
66. 59
65.91

40.6
39.9
40.0
39.6
39.9
39.2
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.9
39.9
38.7
39.7
39.4
39.0

$1.53
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1. 66
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69

$72.32
76.92
77.83
76. 89
74.80
75.36
75.62
76.80
78. 55
77. 76
76. 21
74. 87
76. 02
76. 03
74. 49

40.4
40.7
41.4
40.9
40.0
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.7
40.5
39.9
39.2
39.8
39.6
39.0

40.2 $1.43
40.7 1. 53
41.5 1. 51
41.2 1. 51
41.0 1.53
40.4 1. 54
41.6 1. 54
40.8 1.56
39.2 1. 54
37.3 1. 56
37.7 1.57
37.8 1.58
39.1 1.58
39.1 1.57
39.6 1.57

$57.49
62.27
62.67
62. 21
62. 73
62.22
64.06
63. 65
60.37
58.19
59.19
59. 72
61.78
61. 39
62.17

1952: Average____ $65.93
1953: Average........ . 67.94
67.30
April.......... .
May_______ 67.64
June.............. 68.04
July............. . 67.70
69.36
August_____
September__ 68.23
68. 51
October____
68.00
November__
December___ 68. 51
1954: January........ . 68.43
69.60
February___
69.13
March_____
April............ . 68. 56

40.7 $1. 62 $73. 34
40.2 1. 69 76.67
40.3 1. 67 75.81
40.5 1. 67 75.62
40.5 1.68 78.54
40.3 1. 68 79. 76
40.8 1.70 79.80
39.9 1. 71 79.32
40.3 1.70 76.73
40.0 1.70 76.95
39.6 1.73 75. 83
39.1 1. 75 76. 22
40.0 1. 74 76.99
39.5 1.75 74.69
39.4 1. 74 75.65

M o to r vehicles. bodies.
p a r ts , a n d accessories

1952: Average.......... $83.64
88.78
1953 Average____
April.............. 89.67
May.............. 88.19
90.06
June_______
88.32
July......... —
August........... 89. 21
September__ 87.38
October.......... 89.16
November__ 87.82
December___ 88.22
1954: January......... 90.42
February...... . 86.11
March.......... . 85.10
April.............. 89.13

40.6 $2.06
41.1 2.16
41.9 2.14
41.6 2.12
41.5 2.17
40.7 2.17
41.3 2.16
39.9 2.19
40.9 2.18
40.1 2.19
40.1 2.20
41.1 2.20
39.5 2.18
39.4 2.16
40.7 2. IS

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

S torage batteries

41.2
41.0
41.2
41.1
42.0
42.2
42.0
41.1
40.6
40.5
39.7
39.7
40.1
38.9
39.4

$1. 78
1. 87
1. 84
1. 84
1.87
1.89
1. 90
1.93
1.89
1. 90
1. 91
1.92
1. 92
1. 92
1.92

T ru ck and bus
bodies

$70.18
74.26
74.85
72.94
72.18
73.12
75.48
74. 85
73.89
74.70
78. 77
75.58
72.68
74.89
74. 96

40.8
40.8
40.9
40. a

40.1
40.4
41.7
40.9
40.6
40.6
41.9
40.2
39.5
40.7
40.3

$1.72
1.82
1. 83
1. 81
1.8C
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.88
1.88
1.84
1.84
1. 86

39.9
40.0
40.0
40.8
40.0
39.7
40.3
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.7
38.9
40.0
39.7
39.4

$1. 42
1.48
1.47
1.48
1.46
1. 44
1. 49
1.49
1. 51
1. 52
1.53
1. 52
1. 52
1. 53
1.53

T ra ile rs (tr u c k a n d
a u to m o b ile)

$70. 52
73. 6C
74.98
73.92
73.16
71. 74
73.84
71.98
74. 8(
75.95
75. 7!
72.56
73. 4!
72.8!
72.47

43.7
42.0
43.0
43.2
42.4
41.2
40.2
40.4
41.1
40.7
40.8
39.3
40.3
40.1
39.3

$1.65
1.72
1. 71
1.71
1. 72
1. 72
1. 72
1.77
1.72
1. 71
1. 71
1.71
1. 72
1.71
1.71

$82.03
82. 49
82.29
82. 71
82.91
77.59
83. 66
83.42
83.69
82. 71
81.12
77.78
79.38
78. 99
77.03

43.4
42.3
42.2
42.2
42.3
40.2
42.9
43.0
42.7
42.2
41.6
40.3
40.5
40.3
39.5

$1. 89
1. 95
1. 95
1.96
1.96
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.96
1.96
1. 95
1.93
1.96
1.96
1. 95

Transportation equipment

P r im a r y batteries
(d ry a n d w et)

$56. 66
59.20
58. 80
60.38
58.40
57.17
60.05
58. 86
59. 95
60.19
60. 74
59.13
60.80
60. 74
60.28

$72.11
72. 24
73.53
73.87
72.93
70.86
69.14
71. 51
70.69
69.60
69. 77
67.20
69.32
68. 57
67.20

T e le p h o n e , te leg raph,
a n d related
e q u ip m e n t

R a d io tu b e s

Electrical machinery—Continued
Miscellaneous elec­
trical products4

$1.79
1.89
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.91
1. 91
1. 92
1.91

41.0 $1. 72
40. C 1. 84
41.2 1. 82
40.4
1.82
40.2 1.82
39.2 1.82
39.7 1.86
38.7 1.86
40. (
1.87
40.4
1.88
40.1
1.89
1.87
38. f
39.2
1.87
1.85
39.4
39.6 1.83

X - r a y a n d n o n ra d io
electronic tu b e s

$72. 93
72.36
71. 78
69. 77
67.73
68.11
71. 56
73. 49
75.14
73.63
74.74
74. 64
77. 74
80. 32
77. 57

42.9
40.2
40.1
40.1
38.7
38.7
40.2
40.6
40.4
39.8
40.4
39.7
40.7
41.4
40.4

$1.70
1.80
1. 79
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.78
1.81
1. 86
1.85
1.85
1.88
1.91
1.94
1.92

Aircraft and
parts4
$81. 70
83. 8C
83.16
82. 57
81.9!
82. 59
83. 6(
83. 21
84.02
84.02
85. 27
83.22
85.28
84.46
83.43

Total: transporta­
tion equipment
41.4 $1.96
41.2 2.07
41.6 2.06
41.3 2. 05
41.1 2. 07
40.8 2. 08
41.2 2.08
40.3 2.09
40.9 2.10
40.4 2.10
40.7 2.11
40.5 2.12
40.2 2.11
40.1 2.1C
40.4 2.11

$81.14
85. 28
85.70
84.67
85.08
84.86
85.70
84.23
85.89
84.84
85.88
85.86
84.82
84. 21
85. 24

A ir c r a ft

43.0 $1.90 $79.66
41. £ 2.0C 82.1£
42. C 1.98 82.17
41.7 1.98 80.97
41.2 1.9£ 80.18
41.5 1.99 80. 57
41. f
2.0C 82.3!
41.4 2. 01 80.9!
41.6 2.02 82.61
41.6 2.02 82.61
41.8 2. W 83.4Í
40.6 2.05 82. 21
41.2 2.07 85.4!
41. (
2. 06 84.67
40.5 2.06 83. 22

42.6
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.7
40.9
41.4
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.1
40.1
41.2
41.:
40.4

Automobiles4
$82.82
87. 95
88.83
87.15
89.23
87.91
88.58
86.58
88.13
87. 02
87. 42
89.79
85. 72
84. 93
88.10

40.6 $2.04
41.1 2.14
41.9 2.12
41.5 2.10
41.5 2.15
40.7 2.16
41.2 2.15
39.9 2.17
40.8 2.16
40.1 2.17
40.1 2.18
41.0 2.19
39.5 2.17
39.5 2.15
40.6 2.17

A i r c r a f t en g in es a n d
p a r ts

$1. 87 $86.92
1. 99 87.29
1. 98 85.40
1. 97 85.80
1. 97 84.84
1.97 86.68
1.99 86.90
1.99 87.54
2.01 87. 55
2. 01 86.93
2.03 87. 96
2. 05 84.67
2. 07 85.28
2. Ofc 84. 24
2.06 1 83.84

43.9
43.0
42.7
42.9
42.0
42.7
42.6
42.7
42.5
42.2
42.7
41.3
41.0
40.5
40.5

$1.98
2.03
2.00
2.00
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.08
2.08
2.07

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

831

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued

Aircraft propellers and
parts

Year and month

Other aircraft parts
and equipment

Ship and boat building
and repairing 4

Shipbuilding and
repairing

Boatbuilding and
repairing

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1952: Average............. .......... $92.25
1953: Average____________ 85. 90
April______________
83. 84
M ay______________
83.43
June_____ _____ _
84. 67
July----------------------- 84.66
August______ _____
85.70
September__________ 85.49
October___________
84.67
N o v em b er........... ...... 85.28
December__________ 85. 08
1954: January____________ 78.28
February...................... 84. 04
M arch_____________ 85.67
April______________
82.76

45.0
41.9
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.4
41.3
38.0
40.6
40.6
39.6

$2. 05
2. 05
2.03
2.02
2.06
2.04
2.06
2.05
2. 05
2. 06
2. 06
2.06
2. 07
2.11
2.09

$81.22
85.17
85.10
83. 30
83. 75
84. 38
84.80
85.04
86.05
85.45
87. 95
85. 07
84. 04
84.05
84.67

43.2
42.8
43.2
42.5
42.3
42.4
42.4
42.1
42.6
42.3
42.9
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.1

$1.88
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.98
1.99
2. 00
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.05
2.04
2. 03
2.04
2.06

$75. 58
79. 37
80. 59
80.39
79. 59
80.98
81.16
78.87
79. 70
78.62
82. 37
78. 66
81.12
81.95
80.91

40.2
39.1
39.7
39.6
39.4
39.5
39.4
38.1
38.5
37.8
39.6
38.0
39.0
39.4
38.9

$1.88
2.03
2. 03
2.03
2.02
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2. 08
2. 08
2. 07
2. 08
2.08
2.08

$76. 78
80.91
81.95
81.74
81.14
82. 53
82.92
80.60
81.41
80. 30
83.92
80.14
83.25
84.28
82.60

40.2
38.9
39.4
39.3
39.2
39.3
39.3
38.2
38.4
37.7
39.4
37.8
38.9
39.2
38.6

$1.91
2.08
2.08
2.08
2. 07
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.14

$66.23
70.58
71.86
72.28
70. 41
70. 93
70. 93
67.86
70.92
69.66
73. 62
70. 53
70.45
70.93
71.63

39.9
40.1
41.3
41.3
40.7
40.3
40.3
37.7
39.4
38.7
40.9
39.4
39.8
40.3
40.7

1952: Average..- _________ $77. 33
1953: Average____________ 80. 39
April_____________
81.40
M ay _______________ 79. 79
June_______________ 81.20
July_______________ 77. 99
August_____________ 78.16
September__________ 80. 73
October____________ 81. 77
November__________ 80.11
December__________
82. 76
1954: January____________ 82.32
February____ ______
82.95
M arch_____________ 81.93
April________ _____
80.50

*

40.7
39.6
40.1
39.5
40.0
38.8
38.5
39.0
39.5
38.7
39.6
39.2
39.5
39.2
38.7

$1. 90
2. 03
2. 03
2. 02
2.03
2.01
2.03
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.08

Laboratory, scientific,
and engineering
instruments
1952: Average_____
___ $93.11
1953: Average____________ 89. 25
April______________
80. 57
M ay_______________ 89.87
June_______________ 90.09
July_______________ 82. 40
August____________
88.62
S eptem ber.................. 91.38
October____________ 89. 04
N ovem ber.................. 89.25
December__________ 88.83
1954: January____________ 80. 50
February___________ 83.22
M arch________ _____ 83.43
April______ ______ 81.56

45.2
42.5
39.3
43.0
42.9
40.0
42.4
42.9
42.2
42.3
42.1
38.7
40.4
40.5
39.4

$2. 06
2.10
2. 05
2.09
2.10
2.06
2.09
2.13
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.08
2. 06
2.06
2.07

Locomotives and
parts
$81.14
82.00
85. 07
80. 55
85. 06
78.16
81.97
82.56
81.16
81.54
84. 35
82. 89
84. 21
82.97
82.19

41.4
40.0
40.9
39.1
40.7
38.5
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.1
40.1
39.7
39.9

$1.96
2.05
2.08
2.06
2.09
2.03
2.07
2.09
2. 06
2.08
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.06

Mechanical measuring
and controlling
instruments
$71.66
74.16
74.05
73. 51
74. 52
71.96
72.72
74.66
75.99
75.26
75.85
72.83
74.70
74.12
73.60

42.4
41.2
41.6
41.3
41.4
40.2
40.4
40.8
41.3
40.9
41.0
39.8
40.6
40.5
40.0

$1.69
1.80
1.78
1.78
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84

Railroad and
streetcars
$74.00
79.19
78.21
79.00
78.01
78. 00
75. 60
79. 34
82.16
79.49
81.97
81. 54
82.11
81.30
79. 38

40.0
39.4
39.5
39.9
39.4
39.0
37.8
38.7
39.5
38.4
39.6
39.2
39.1
38.9
37.8

Optical instruments
and lenses
$76.68
79.00
81.47
81.22
79.98
78.26
78.44
77.04
76. 73
76. 45
78.35
75.11
73.38
73.20
72.65

42.6
42.7
43.8
43.9
43.0
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.7
41.1
41.9
40.6
40.1
40.0
39.7

Instruments and related products—Continued
Photographic
apparatus
1952: Average____________ $76. 73
1953: Average_______ _____ 77. 49
April___________ -.
76.48
M ay_______________ 76. 52
June.............................. 76.30
July_______________ 75.36
August. .............. ........ 77.68
Septem ber................
78.28
October................... .
79. 07
N o v em b er_________ 80.83
December__________ 80.83
1954: January..... .................. 81. 16
February_________ . 80. 57
M arch .___ ________ 79.98
April..... ....................... 80. 59
See footnotes at end of table.
30336 6 -

54 -

7

--------


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.7
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.8
40.3
41.1
41.2
41.4
42.1
42.1
41.2
40.9
40.6
40.7

$1.84
1.89
1.87
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.98

Watches and
clocks
$60. 55
66.98
66.78
67. 20
67.78
66.98
67. 65
66.99
68. 31
67.24
67. 49
64.62
64.39
64.62
62.65

40.1
41.6
42.0
42.0
42.1
41.6
41.5
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.9
39.4
39.5
39.4
38.2

$1.85
2.01
1.98
1.98
1.98
2. 00
2. 00
2.05
2.08
2. 07
2. 07
2. 08
2.10
2.09
2.10

$1.80
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.83

Other transportation
equipment
$73.02
73. 49
72.22
75.17
75.17
70. 31
76.59
76.96
77. 04
70.86
69. 34
68.78
71.31
71.31
71.16

42.7
40.6
40.8
41.3
41.3
39.5
41.4
41.6
41.2
38.3
38.1
38.0
39.4
39.4
39.1

$1.71
1.81
1.77
1.82
1.82
1.78
1.85
1.85
1.87
1.85
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82

Surgical, medical, and
dental instruments
$64. 68
66.74
66.98
66. 24
66. 74
67. 65
66. 99
66. 91
67.08
65.85
66.83
66.00
67.73
67.23
66.47

41.2
41.2
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.8
40.5
39.8

$1.57
1.62
1.61
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67

Total: Instruments and
related products
$72. 07
73. 69
72.51
73. 63
73.87
71.86
73.16
74.16
74.93
74. 75
75.17
72.22
73.12
72.76
72.25

41.9
41.4
41.2
41.6
41.5
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.3
39.9
40.4
40.2
39.7

$1. 72
1.78
1.76
1. 77
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82

Ophthalmic goods
$56.63
58.69
58.18
58. 44
58.69
57. 67
56. 59
58. 40
59.68
60. 24
60.09
58. 76
58.76
58. 71
58.20

39.6
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.2
39.5
39.3
40.0
40.6
40.7
40.6
39.7
39.7
39.4
38.8

$1.43
1.46
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.44
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
.1.49
1.50

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing industries

$1.51
1.61
1. 59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.64

$1.66
1.76
1.74
1.75
1.73
1. 76
1. 76
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.76
1.76

Instruments and related
products

Transportation equipment—Continued
Railroad
equipment

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$61. 50
64.06
64.43
64. 21
63.80
61.93
63.74
63.36
65.19
65.12
65. 53
63. 43
64.16
64.00
62. 72

41.0
40.8
41.3
40.9
40.9
39.7
40.6
40.1
41.0
40.7
40.7
39.4
40.1
40.0
39.2

$1.50
1.57
1.56
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.60

Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 4
$65. 99
68.85
68.59
68.20
67. 36
65.28
67.14
68.88
71.71
72. 31
71.98
66. 58
68.22
67. 24
65.69

42.3
42.5
42.6
42.1
42.1
40.8
41.7
42.0
43.2
43.3
43.1
40.6
41.6
41.0
40.3

$1.56
1.62
1.61
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.64
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.63

Jewelry and
findings
$63. 33
65. 41
64. 41
63. 91
63. 38
60. 70
62.73
63. 71
68. 37
68. 05
68. 53
63.65
64.95
64.12
63.34

42.5
42.2
42.1
41.5
41.7
40.2
41.0
41.1
43.0
42.8
43.1
40.8
41.9
41.1
40.6

$1.49
1.55
1.53
1.54
1.52
1.51
1. 53
1.55
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.56
1.55
1.56
1.56

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 19 5 4

832
T

able

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d

Y ea r a n d m o n th

1952: A v e r a g e _________________
1953: A v e r a g e _________________
______
A p r i l ________
M a y ____
_____________
J u n e ____________ ________
J u l y . . . -----------------------A u g u s t ________ _________
S e p t e m b e r ______________
O c t o b e r _________________
N ovem ber
__________
D e c e m b e r ______________
1954: J a n u a r y _________________
F ebruary.
___________
M a r c h __________________
A p r i l ...................
............

S ilv e rw a re a n d
w a re

p la te d

M u s ic a l
in s tr u m e n ts
a n d p a r ts

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

$70. 81
7 5 .8 6
7 6 .1 3
7 6 .0 3
7 4 .7 3
7 3 .5 0
7 5 .5 0
77. 43
7 8 .0 4
8 0 .0 0
77. 83
7 1 .3 3
7 3 .9 8
7 3 .0 3
7 0 .2 7

4 1 .9
4 3 .1
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .9
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 4 .2
4 3 .0
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .7

$ 1 .6 9
1 .7 6
1 .7 5
1 .7 6
1. 75
1. 75
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1. 79
1. 81
1. 81
1 .7 7
1. 80
1 .7 9
1 .7 7

$ 6 8 .6 4
71. 81
7 2 .2 8
7 0 .8 8
7 0 .3 5
6 8 .7 8
7 0 .5 8
7 0 .8 4
7 2 .8 0
73. 51
73. 51
70. 75
7 0 .4 0
6 9 .1 3
6 7 .9 0

4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 8 .8

$ 1 .6 7
1 .7 6
1. 75
1. 75
1. 75
1 .7 5
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 5
1 .7 5

$58. 73
6 0 .7 0
6 1 .2 0
6 0 .9 0
6 0 .6 0
58. 20
59. 75
6 0 .3 4
6 2 .1 2
6 2 .9 3
6 1 .6 9
6 0 .2 2
6 0 .3 0
5 9 .9 8
5 7 .7 6

4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 8 .8
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .0

Toys

G a m e s, to y s, d o lls, a n d
c h ild re n 's vehicles

S p o r tin g

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

$ 1 .4 5
1. 51
1. 50
1. 50
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .4 9
1. 52
1 .5 3
1. 55
1. 55
1 .5 6
1. 55
1. 53
1 .5 2

$58. 84
61. 35
6 1 .5 6
6 1 .4 1
60. 70
5 7 .4 5
6 0 .3 0
61. 51
63. 55
64. 84
61. 70
5 9 .6 3
60. 83
6 1 .1 5
58. 52

4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 8 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
3 9 .3
3 7 .5
3 8 .5
3 9 .2
3 8 .0

$ 1 .4 6
1 .5 3
1. 52
1. 52
1 .5 1
1. 50
1 .5 0
1. 53
1 .5 5
1 .5 7
1 .5 7
1 .5 9
1 .5 8
1 .5 6
1 .5 4

$58. 90
60. 35
6 0 .8 3
6 0 .5 3
6 0 .2 4
5 9 .0 0
59. 05
5 8 .0 5
6 0 .0 0
59. 65
6 1 .4 1
60. 65
5 9 .4 9
5 8 .6 5
5 6 .4 7

4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 8 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 7 .9

and
s p o r tin g
goods 4

M anufacturing—Continued

1952: A v e r a g e _________________
1953: A v e r a g e _________________
A p r i l ________________ .
M a y _____________________
J u n e _________________ .
J u l y ..........................................
A u g u s t ________ _____ _
S e p t e m b e r ______________
O c t o b e r _________________
N ovem ber
___________
D e c e m b e r . . . _________
1954: J a n u a r y _________________
F e b r u a r y . _ ___________
M a r c h _________ _________
A p r i l ____________________

a th letic
A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s
$ 1 .4 4
1 .4 9
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
1 .4 8
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
1 .5 1
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1 .5 1
1 .5 0
1 .4 9

Transportation and
public utilities

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Pens, pencils, and other
office supplies
$57. 26
40.9
$1.40
40.4
58. 98
1.46
59. 02
40.7
1.45
59.13
40.5
1. 46
59.86
41.0
1. 46
57. 38
39.3
1. 46
40.4
58. 58
1.45
40.0
58. 80
1.47
60.56
41.2
1.47
40.8
1.49
60. 79
61.12
41.3
1.48
39.8
1.49
59. 30
41.2
61.80
1.50
60.79
1.49
40.8
61.46
40.7
1.51

and
goods

Costume jewelry, but­ Fabricated plastic prod­ Other manufacturing
tons, notions
ucts
industries
$55. 74
$1. 39 $64. 79
41.8
$1. 55 $62. 02
40.1
40.8
$1. 52
59. 09
40.2
1.47
67. 97
64. 80
41.7
1.63
40.5
1.60
61. 01
41.5
68. 79
42.2
1.63
64. 62
1.47
40.9
1.58
64.24
60.38
40.8
68.88
1.64
40.4
1.48
42.0
1.59
59.83
40.7
67.16
41.2
1.47
1. 63 64. 71
40.7
1. 59
55.39
38.2
1.45
66. 91
41.3
64.24
1.62
39.9
1. 61
41.4
1.46
58.11
39.8
67.07
1.62
65. 21
40.5
1. 61
1.64
1.48
58. 61
40.8
39.6
66. 91
63. 92
39.7
1. 61
1.47
58. 07
39.5
41.5
68.06
1.64
66. 34
40.7
1.63
38.9
1.48
57. 57
67.73
41.3
1. 64
65. 53
40.2
1. 63
39.7
68.31
41.4
1.47
58. 36
1. 65
66. 50
40.3
1.65
1.48
66.23
38.8
57. 42
39.9
1.66
65. 46
39.2
1. 67
39.5
1. 46
40.4
57.67
67.06
1.66
66. 00
40.0
1. 65
57.82
39.6
1.46
67. 40
40.6
1.66
66.40
40.0
1.66
38.2
65.01
39.4
55.77
1.46
1.65
65.74
39.6
1.66
Transportation and public utilities—Continued

Class I railroads 8
$74.30
76. 33
76. 82
74.43
77. 75
78.31
75.36
76. 33
77.30
76. 04
76.78
75.08
79.18
78.66

40.6
40.6
41.3
39.8
41.8
42.1
40.3
40.6
40.9
39.4
40.2
38.7
40.4
41.4

$1.83
1. 88
1.86
1. 87
1.86
1. 86
1. 87
1.88
1. 89
1.93
1. 91
1.94
1. 96
1.90

Communication
Local

railways
buslines6

and

Switchboard operating
employees 7

Telephone

46.4
1952: Average____________ $76. 56
$1.65
1953: Average____________ 77.12
45.1
1.71
April______________
1. 68
45.7
76. 78
May______________
46.2
78.08
1.69
June_______________ 78. 37
46.1
1.70
July........ ..................... 77. 92
1.72
45.3
August___________
1. 72
45.0
77. 40
September_________
1. 74
44.9
78. 13
October....... ......... ...... 77.53
1. 75
44.3
November. _______ 77.18
44.1
1. 75
December.. ________ 77. 43
1.74
44.5
1954: January____________ 78. 59
44.4
1. 77
February. ________
43.4
1.78
77. 25
March____________
1.79
43.2
77.33
April.. _ _____ . . .
77.15
43.1
1.79
Transportation and
public utilities—Con.

$61.22
65. 02
63.20
64. 63
65.13
64. 35
64.24
68. 16
66.01
67. 90
65.84
65.70
65.74
65.70
66.09

38.5
38.7
38.3
38.7
39.0
39.0
38.7
39.4
38.6
38.8
38.5
38.2
38.0
38.2
38.2

$1. 59
1.68
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.73
1. 71
1. 75
1. 71
1. 72
1.73
1.72
1.73

$51. 43
54. 39
52. 20
54. 68
54. 09
54. 38
53. 57
59.75
55. 72
57. 88
53.58
54. 30
54. 36
53.64
54.09

37.0
37.0
36.5
37.2
37.3
37.5
37.2
38.3
36.9
37. 1
36.2
36.2
36.0
36.0
36.3

$1.39
1. 47
1.43
1.47
1. 45
1. 45
1.44
1.56
1. 51
1.56
1.48
1. 50
1. 51
1.49
1.49

Wholesale and retail trade

Other public utilities
Total: Gas and electric
utilities
1952: Average____________ $75.12
1953: Average____________ 80. 51
April______________
78.50
May_______________ 79. 52
J u n e..___ _________ 80. 22
July_______________ 81.32
August____________
81. 34
September_________
82. 76
October____________ 82.17
November__________ 82.98
December__________ 82.37
1954: January____________ 81. 77
February.. .............. . 80.97
March_____________ 80.77
April___________ . . . 80.97
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.5
41.5
41.1
41.2
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.8
41. 5
41.7
41.6
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.1

$1. 81
1.94
1.91
1. 93
1.93
1. 95
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1. 98
1.98
1. 97
1.97
1.97

Line construction, in­
stallation, and mainte­
Telegraph
nance employees 8
$86. 51
42.2
$2. 05 «$72.48 «43.4 « $1. 67
92.23
42.5
2.17
74.23
1. 78
41.7
89. 67
42.1
2.13
73. 63
1. 77
41.6
90. 95
42. 5
2.14
1.79
42.4
75.90
93. 53
43.3
2.16
75.60
42.0
1.80
2.15
90. 95
42.3
74. 76
1.78
42.0
91. 15
42.2
74. 76
2.16
1.78
42.0
93.94
42.7
2.20
77. 46
1. 84
42. 1
93.26
42.2
2. 21
74.05
41.6
1.78
95. 87
2.24
42.8
73.34
41.2
1. 78
95.44
42.8
2.23
73.16
41. 1
1. 78
91.94
2.21
41.6
72. 80
1. 79
40.9
92.57
41.7
2. 22 73.69
41.4
1. 78
93.91
42.3
2.22
73. 75
41.2
1.79
42.1
93.46
2.22
75.78
42.1
1.80

Retail trade
Wholesale trade
$67.80
71.69
70.53
70.93
71.10
72.09
71. 91
72.72
72.67
72.50
73.26
72.76
72.36
72.76
73.35

40.6
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.3

$1. 67
1. 77
1. 75
1.76
1.76
1. 78
1.78
1.80
1. 79
1. 79
1. 80
1. 81
1. 80
1.81
1.82

Retail trade (except
eating and drinking
places)

General

$52. 67
55.02
53.96
54. 21
55.16
56.26
56.12
55.52
55.24
55.10
54. 49
55. 77
55.91
55.91
55.91

$38.41
38.96
37.93
38. 52
39. 65
40. 07
39.74
38.98
38. 75
38. 64
39.93
40. 14
39. 90
40.13
40.34

39.9
39.3
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.1
38.9
38.8
39.2
39 0
39.1
39.1
39.1

$1.32
1.40
1.38
1.39
1. 40
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.42
1. 42
1.39
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43

merchandise
stores 4
35.9
35.1
34.8
34.7
35.4
36.1
35.8
34.8
34.6
34.5
36.3
34.9
35.0
35.2
35.7

$1.07
1.11
1.09
1.11
1. 12
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.10
1. 15
1.14
1.14
1.13

D e p a r tm e n t stores a n d
g e n e r a l m a il-o r d e r
h ouses

$44.77
44.88
43. 79
44.38
45. 59
45.86
45.11
45. 09
44.96
44.60
47.13
45.31
45.47
45.49
46.23

37.0
35.9
35.6
35.5
35.9
36.4
35.8
35.5
35.4
35.4
37.7
35.4
35.8
36.1
36.4

$1. 21
1. 25
1.23
1. 25
1.27
1.26
1. 26
1. 27
1. 27
1.26
1.25
1. 28
1. 27
1.26
1.27

833

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C-T: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Other retail trade

Year and month

Food and liquor stores

1952: A v erag e1953: Average...
April........
M ay____
June_____
Ju ly ..........
August__
September.
October.. .
November.
December.
1954: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch___
April____

Automotive and acces­
sories dealers

Apparel and accessories
stores

Lumber and hardware
supply stores

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$56.52
58.89
57.81
58. 05
58. 95
60. 25
60. 40
60. 37
59.37
59. 75
59. 83
59. 75
59. 59
59.75
59. 75

39.8
39.0
38.8
38.7
39.3
39.9
40.0
39.2
38.3
38.3
38.6
38.3
38.2
38.3
38.3

$1.42
1.51
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56

$70.06
73.92
74.09
74.70
74.98
74.98
74.48
73.10
74.48
74.32
72.37
71.60
72.82
73.26
74.93

45.2
44.8
44.9
45.0
44.9
44.9
44.6
44 ‘3
44.6
44.5
44.4
44.2
44.4
44.4
44.6

$1.55
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.63
1.62
1.64
1.65
1.68

$43. 68
44.96
43.75
44. 58
45.09
45. 61
45.25
45.15
45. 76
45.63
46. 90
46.11
46.15
45.80
4b. 37

35.8
35.4
35.0
35.1
35.5
36.2
36.2
35.0
35.2
35.1
35.8
35.2
35.5
35.5
35.4

$1.22
1.27
1.25
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.29
1.31

$61.06
62.31
60. 90
61.03
61.89
62.31
62.16
62.31
63.15
62. 97
66. 07
63.00
61.89
62.46
62. 31

42.7
42.1
42.0
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.0
42.1
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.0
42. 1
42.2
42.1

$1.43
1.48
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.50
1.51
1.54
1.50
1.47
1.48
1.48

$61.19
64. 65
62.78
64.37
64. 67
65.10
65.97
65. 79
66.99
66. 22
65.79
64.14
65.33
65.33
66.22

43.4
43.1
43.0
43.2
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.0
43.5
43.0
43.0
42.2
42.7
42.7
43.0

Finance, insurance, and real estate 10
Banks and Security
trust com­ dealers and Insurance
carriers
panies
exchanges

Avg.
wkly.
earnings
1952: Average...
1953: Average...
April.........
M ay ........ .
June_____
July_____
August__
September.
October...
November.
December1954: Jan u ary ...
February..
M arch___
A pril... . . .

$52.50
54.84
54.47
54. 65
54.28
54.90
55.00
55.03
55.36
55. 33
55. 68
56. 51
56. 79
56.47
56.34

Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$81.08
82.94
86. 78
84.48
82. 55
81.72
79. 72
80.00
80.68
81.73
84.19
86.83
86. 57
89. 53
90.68

Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$63.38
67. 29
66. 55
66. 52
67. 20
68.73
68.07
67. 30
67. 63
68. 54
68. 43
68.74
68. 66
69.06
69.05

-8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.41
1.50
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.54

Service and miscellaneous
Persona services
Hotels, year-round 11

Cleaning and dyeing
plants

Laundries
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$37.06
38.40
37.83
37.89
38. 22
38.40
38. 49
39.06
39. 76
39. 67
39.81
39. 71
39. 90
39.81
39.67

42.6
42.2
42.5
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.0
42.3
42.2
41.9
41.8
42.0
41.9
42.2

$0.87
.91
.89
.90
.91
.91
.91
.93
.94
.94
.95
.95
.95
.95
.94

$38.63
39. 69
39.58
40.67
40.08
39.30
39.10
39. 80
39. 70
40. 00
40. 60
39. 70
39.80
39.60
40. 50

41.1
40.5
40.8
41.5
40.9
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.6
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.5

$0.94
.98
.97
.98
.98
.98
.98
.99
.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

$45.10
45. 71
45.36
48.19
47.08
44.69
44.35
46.40
46.92
45.98
46. 68
45.08
45. 55
46. 26
50.40

41.0
40.1
40.5
41.9
41.3
39.2
38.9
40.0
40.1
39.3
39.9
38.2
38.6
39.2
42.0

$1.10
1.14
1.12
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.20

1 Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for,
any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer to pro­
duction and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless other­
wise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first month
they are published.
2 See footnote 2, table A-2.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
5 Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
6 Beginning with January 1953, data include only privately operated estab­
lishments. Averages for earlier years include both privately operated and
Government operated establishments.
7D ata relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as

3 0 3 3 6 6 -5 4 -

Furniture and appliance
stores

Motionpicture pro­
duction and
distribu­
tion 13
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$90. 56
90.04
89.26
84.60
91.55
91.13
91.22
85.85
89. 79
92.38
95.25
92.18
92. 97
92. 55
92.92

switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1953 such employees made up 45 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1953 such employees
made up 24 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
910-month average.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail­
able.
11 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
See N ote on p. 803

N ote.— I n f o r m a t i o n o n c o n c e p ts , m e t h o d o l o g y , e t c ., is
g iv e n in a t e c h n i c a l n o t e o n H o u r s a n d E a r n i n g s in N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l I n d u s t r i e s , w h ic h a p p e a r e d in t h e A p r il 1 9 5 4
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w .

834

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

T a b l e C -2 : G ross a v era g e w e e k ly earn in gs o f p ro d u ctio n w ork ers in se lec te d in d u stries, in cu rren t an d
1 9 4 7 -4 9 d ollars 1
Manufacturing
Period

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:

Bituminouscoal mining

Laundries

Cur­ 1947-49 Cur­ 1947-49 Cur­
rent
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars

Average.............. .. $23.86
Average____ ____- 25.20
Average................
29.58
Average____ _____ 36. 65
Average_________
43. 14
Average____ _____ 46.08
Average____ _____ 44.39
43.82
Average_________
Average____ _____ 49. 97
Average_________
54. 14
Average......... ........ 54. 92
Average_________
59.33
64. 71
Average_________
Average_________
67. 97
Average_________ 71.69

$40. 17
42.07
47. 03
52. 58
58.30
61.28
57. 72
52. 54
52.32
52. 67
53.95
57.71
58.30
59. 89
62. 67

$23. 88
24.71
30. 86
35. 02
41.62
51.27
52. 25
58.03
66. 59
72. 12
63.28
70.35
77. 79
78. 09
85.31

$40. 20
41.25
49. 06
50. 24
56. 24
68. 18
67. 95
69. 58
69.73
70. 16
62. 16
68. 43
70. 08
68. 80
74.57

$17. 64
17.93
18. 69
20. 34
23. 08
25. 95
27. 73
30. 20
32. 71
34.23
34.98
35.47
37.81
38. 63
39.69

Period
1947-49
dollars
$29. 70
29.93
29. 71
29. 18
31. 19
34. 51
36.06
36. 21
34. 25
33.30
34.36
34. 50
34. 06
34.04
34. 69

S?'i These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior
to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from
the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
T

able

Manufacturing

Bituminouscoal mining

Laundries

Cur­ 1947-49 Cur­ 1947-49 Cur­ 1947-49
rent
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars

1953: April_____ _______ $71. 40
M ay____________ 71.63
72. 04
June____ ______
July.......................
71.33
August_________
71.69
September_______ 71.42
October_________
72. 14
Novem ber..........
71.60
December_______
72. 36
1954: January.................. 70. 92
February________
71.28
M arch__________
70. 71
A pril2.... .............
70.20

$62.80 $79. 61
62. 83
84. 97
62. 92
91.25
62. 19 84. 97
62.34
92. 88
62. 00
86. 15
62. 51
89. 78
62. 26 81. 17
62. 98
82. 25
61.56
82.34
61.98
79.04
61.59
73.06
61.26
71.14

$70. 02
74. 54
79.69
74.08
80. 77
74. 78
77.80
70. 58
71. 58
71.48
68. 73
63. 64
62. 08

$39. 58
40. 67
40.08
39.30
39. 10
39. 80
39. 70
40. 00
40. 60
39.70
39. 80
39. 60
40.50

$34.81
35.68
35. 00
34. 26
34.00
34. 55
34.40
34.78
35. 34
34. 46
34. 61
34. 49
35. 34

2 Preliminary,
bee

-N o t e

on p. 803.

C -3 : A v er a g e w e e k ly earn in gs, gross an d n e t sp en d a b le, o f p ro d u c tio n w ork ers in m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u stries, in cu rren t an d 1 9 4 7 -4 9 d ollars 1

Gross average
weekly earnings

Period

Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents

Worker with 3
dependents

Index
Cur­ 1947-49 Cur­
A(1947- rent
rent
mount 49=100)
dollars dollars dollars
1939: Average................... $23.86
1940: Average—............
25.20
1941: Average_________
29.58
1942: Average................... 36. 65
1943: Average................
43. 14
1944: Average_________
46.08
1945: Average.......... ........ 44.39
43.82
1946: Average_________
1947: Average_________
49. 97
54.14
1948: Average_________
1949: Average_________
54. 92
1950: Average.................. 59.33
1951: Average............. .
64.71
1952: Average.................. 67. 97
1953: Average_________ 71.69

45.1 $23.58
47.6
24. 69
55.9
28.05
31.77
69.2
81. 5 36. 01
38.29
87.0
36. 97
83.8
37. 72
82.8
94.4
42. 76
102.2
47. 43
103.7
48. 09
51.09
112.0
122.2
54.04
128.4
55. 66
135.4
58. 54

$39.70
41.22
44. 59
45. 58
48. 66
50. 92
48. 08
45.23
44. 77
46. 14
47.24
49. 70
48. 68
49. 04
51. 17

$23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43. 20
48.24
53. 17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63. 62
66.58

1947-49
dollars
$39.76
41.65
46. 55
52. 05
55.93
58.59
55. 58
51.80
50.51
51.72
52.88
55. 65
55.21
56. 05
58.20

1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the
specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability de­
pends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, there­
fore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no
dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents. See footnote 1, table C-2.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Gross average
weekly earnings

Period

Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents

Worker with 3
dependents

Index
Cur­ 1947-49 Cur­ 1947-49
A(1947rent
rent
mount 49=100)
dollars dollars dollars dollars
1953: April____________ $71. 40
M ay___ ________
71.63
June____________
72. 04
July _______ _____ 71.33
August__________ 71.69
September_______ 71.42
72. 14
October_________
November_______
71.60
December......... .
72.36
1954: January.................. 70. 92
February________ 71.28
March________ _
70. 71
April 2__________
70.20

134.8 $58. 31
58. 49
135.3
136. 1 58.81
134.7
58. 26
135.4
58. 54
134.9
58. 33
136.2
58.89
135.2
58.47
59. 06
136.7
133.9
58.80
59. 09
134.6
133. 5 58.63
132.6
58.22

$51. 28
51.31
51.36
50. 79
50.90
50. 63
51.03
50. 84
51. 40
51.04
51.38
51.07
50.80

$66.34
66.53
66.86
66. 29
66.58
66.36
66. 94
66. 50
67. 11
66.00
66.30
65. 83
65.41

$58.35
58.36
58.39
57. 79
57. 90
57.60
58. 01
57.83
58.41
57. 29
57. 65
57. 34
57.08

The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver­
age weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing industries
without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The pri­
mary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes in
disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
1 Preliminary.
See N o t e on p. 803.

C : E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

835

T a b l e C -4 : A v era g e h o u r ly earn in gs, gross an d ex clu d in g o v er tim e , of p ro d u ctio n w ork ers in m a n u ­
factu rin g in d u stries 1
Manufacturing

Gross
amount

Average___
Average____
Average___
Average___
Average____
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average____
Average____
Average___
Average____
Average... -

Nondurable
goods

$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
1.59
1.67
1.77

54.5 $0.808 $0.770 $0.640
62.5
.947
.881
.723
69.4 1.059
.976
.803
73.5 1.117 1.029
.861
3 74.8 1.111 21.042
.904
81.6 1.156 1.122 1.015
93.0 1.292 1. 250 1.171
101.7 1.410 1.366 1.278
106.1 1.469 1.434 1.325
109.9 1.537 1.480 1.378
118.8 1.67
1.60
1.48
125.0 1.77
1.70
1.54
132.8 1.87
1.80
1.61

Gross
amount

$0.625
.698
.763
.814
3 .858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.43
1.49
1.56

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for
at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding
overime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays.

Excluding
overtime

Period

Ex­
ExcludGross cluding
over­
over­ Gross ingtime
Index
time
Amount (1947-49
= 100)
$0.702
.805
.894
.947
3 .963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.53
1.61
1.71

Durable goods Nondurable
goods

Manufacturing

Excluding
overtme

Period

1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:

Durable goods

April..........
M'ay______
June______
July----------August____
September—
October____
November..December.-January___
February__
M arch_____
A pril3_____

Ex­
Ex­
Gross cluding
Gross cluding
over­
over­
Index
time
time
Amount (1947-49
= 100)

$1.75
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
1. 79
1.80

$1.69
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.76

131.2
132.0
132.0
132.8
132.8
134.3
134.3
135.1
135.1
136.6
135.9
135.9
136.6

$1.86
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.90
1. 90
1.90

$1.78
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.85
1. 85

$1.59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.65
1. 65
1.65

$1.55
1.55
1.56
1.56
1. 56
1.58
1.58
1. 59
1.59
1.61
1.61
1. 61
1. 61

2 11-month average; August 1945 excluded because of V-J holiday period.
8 Preliminary.
See N ote on p. 803.

T a b l e C -5 : In d e x es o f p ro d u ction -w ork er a g g reg a te w e e k ly m a n -h o u rs in m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u strie s 1
[1947—
49=100]
1954

Annual
average

1953

Major industry group and industry
Apr.3 Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1953

1952

Manufacturing___ ____________ _______

99.5

102.5

103.5

103.8

108.4

109.6

113.0

113.7

115.4

113.4

115.4

114.5

115.2

113.7

108.4

Durable_______________ ___________
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)____ ____ ______ _______
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)___ _________
Machinery (except electrical)________
Electrical machinery_______________
Transportation equipment............ ........
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries_____ _____ ________________

108.1
590.6

110.6
654.3

112. 5
712.1

113. 7 118.4
764.1 812.7

119.6
809.2

123.6
854.3

123.4
862.1

125.6
860.5

124. 7 128.5
885.9 866.7

128.4
855.7

129. 4
810.9

125. 5
826.7

116. 6
625.0

84.2
92.0
97.2
93.1

84.1
96.2
98.2
94.4

82.3
96.7
97.8
97.5

79.6
96.1
96.2
101.4

86.1
101.4
103.2
105.4

91.2
103.8
105.4
106.7

95.2
106.3
108.3
110.4

94.7
105.8
106.9
111.7

97.6
106.8
108.3
114.9

96.7
103.7
105.8
115.2

100.3
107.6
108.6
117.4

96.2
109. 1
107. 7
116.7

94.8
112.1
108. 0
116.7

94. 0
108.2
106. 6
114.0

96 9
106. 2
104. 3
104.6

106.9
103.7
123.8
139.3
114.4

109.4
106.6
127.9
141.0
118.9

111.5
108.6
130.6
144.0
120.9

112.9
109.4
131.1
148.6
121.9

115.4
112.3
138.3
151.1
128.1

117.8
111.4
143.3
146.3
129.1

121.4
113.8
146.9
153.9
128.7

121.5
113.5
148.4
153.1
128.6

123.9
114. 5
148.0
159.2
126.8

122.7
116.5
143.6
158. 9
126.3

127.3
121. 3
149.2
161. 7
131.3

127.0
122.6
150. 5
163.1
130.5

127.6
124. 7
153. 2
166. 5
129.6

123. 7
118. 9
148. 0
158. 7
129.1

112.1
118. 4
131. 2
138 0
122.7

96.3

101.0

102.1

98.7

107.5

112.1

115.3

111.9

111.0

104.4

110.4

109.9

110.6

109.8

100.5

Nondurable___________________ _____ 89.3
Food and kindred products_______ .. 81.2
Tobacco manufactures______________ 73.6
Textile-mill products_______________ 76.5
Apparel and other finished textile produets_____________ ____ __________ 94.0
Paper and allied p r o d u c t s ________ 106.1
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________________ 104.2
Chemicals and allied products_______ 103.7
Products of petroleum and coal______ 94.1
Rubber products_________ _________ 95.5
Leather and leather products- _____
85.2

92.9
81.5
75.0
79.2

92.8
81.8
80.1
79.5

92.1
83.8
87.3
78.5

96.4
89.4
101.7
83.2

97.6
95.1
96.1
84.2

100.5
101.6
106.8
86.0

102.2
111.2
108.9
86.3

103.3
106. 6
101.6
89.8

99.9
100.3
77.6
89.3

99. 7
92.2
76.4
92.7

97. 9
87. 0
76.3
91.9

98. 2
83. 5
77.0
91.9

99. 7
93. 5
90.1
90.0

98 6
94. 7
92. 2
90.7

106.1
107.8

104.3
107.5

98.2
107.6

103.5
111. 1

102.8
112.3

106.0
113.2

102.0
112.9

109.2
113.7

102.2
111.3

105.0
112.0

104.3
110.3

108.0
110.3

106.8
111.4

104. 5
105.9

105.4
104.9
94.0
96.4
93.8

103.7
104.4
94.9
99.1
94.9

104.3
105.0
95.3
100.1
91.9

109.0
106.1
97.3
102.8
92.3

107.2
107.2
99.3
104.0
88.7

108.1
107. 5
100.2
106.0
88.7

106.9
108.8
102.5
108.0
89.1

104.7
106.7
103.8
110.5
97.4

103.6
106.6
104.3
111.6
96.3

105.1
107. 7
102.4
115.8
98.3

104.9
108.6
101.8
114.6
94.3

104. 5
110. 3
100. 4
116.8
98.4

105. 5
107. 8
100.9
111. 7
96.4

102. 7
104. 7
98.2
108 4
96.9

1 These indexes represent production-worker aggregate weekly man­
hours expressed as a percentage of average aggregate weekly man-hours for
the 1947-49 period. Aggregate weekly man-hours are for the pay period end­
ing nearest the 15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Aggregate weekly man-hours are derived by multiplying production-worker
employment by average weekly hours.
3 Preliminary.

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

836

D : Consumer and Wholesale Prices
Table D -l: Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and commodity groups
[1947-49 = 100]
Housing 2

Year and month

All
items

Total
food 2

Total
apparel

T o ta l2

Rent

Reading Other
Trans­ M edical Personal and
goods
porta­
and
recrea­
care
care
Gas and Solid 1 House House­
tion
tion services4
electric­ fuels and furnish­ hold op­
eration
ings
fuel oil
ity

Average______
Average______
A verage_____ .
A verage_______
Average____
Average —_ ___
Average__

95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4

95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8

97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8

95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7

94.4
100.7
105.0
108.8
113.1
117.9
124.1

97.6
100.0
102.5
102.7
103.1
104.5
106.6

88.8
104.4
106.8
110.5
116.4
118.7
123.9

97.2
103.2
99.6
100.3
111. 2
108.5
107.9

97.2
102.6
100.1
101.2
109.0
111.8
115.3

90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7

94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111. 1
117.2
121.3

97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8

95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106. 5
107.0
108.0

96.1
100. 5
103.4
105. 2
109.7
115.4
118.2

1951: January _____
February. ..
M arch..
___
April _____ ..
M ay. . _______
June
______
July__________
August ___.
September.
October . . . .
N o v em b er.___
December . . . .

108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4
110.9
110.8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8
113.1

109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113.5
114.6
115.0

103.8
105.6
106.2
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.3
106.4
109.3
109.2
108.5
108.1

110.4
111.2
111.7
111.9
112.2
112.3
112.6
112.6
112.9
113.2
113.7
113.9

110.6
111.3
111.9
112.2
112.5
112.7
113.1
113.6
114.2
114.8
115.4
115. 6

103.1
103.1
103.1
102.8
103.2
103.0
103.1
103.2
103.2
103.3
103.3
103.4

115.1
116.4
116.7
116.7
115.2
115. 4
115.9
116.2
116.6
117.1
117.4
117.6

109.3
110.5
111. 1
111.6
112.1
112.0
112.0
111. 1
111.3
110.9
111. 1
110.8

107.2
108.1
108.4
108.3
108.7
108.7
109.1
109.0
108.8
109.6
110.4
111.1

114.7
115.8
116.9
117.2
117.6
117.5
117.8
118.7
119.7
120.5
122.1
122.2

108.5
108.9
109.9
110.3
11C. 7
111.0
111.0
111.2
111.8
112.6
113.1
114.3

109.8
110.6
110.7
110.7
110.8
110.8
110.6
110.4
110.0
110.0
110.6
111.1

105.6
106.4
107.0
107.3
107.3
106. 5
106.6
106.4
105.8
105.9
106.3
106. 5

108.4
108.7
108.9
109.0
109.2
109.1
109.1
109.1
109.6
109.6
112.4
112.8

1952: January ... . . .
February______
March____ . . .
April ___
M ay. ____
June______
July__________
August
September . . .
October
November.
December__ .

113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1

115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115. 4
115.0
115.0
113.8

107.0
106.8
106. 4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105.8
105.6
105.2
105.1

113.9
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.8
115.2
115.7
116.4

116.0
116. 4
116.7
116.9
117.4
117.6
117.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
119.5
120.7

103.5
103.8
103.8
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.2
105. 0
105.0
105. 0
105.4
105.6

117.7
117.6
117.7
117.3
115.6
115.8
118.6
119.0
119.6
121.1
121.6
123.2

110.2
110.0
109.4
108.7
108.3
107.7
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.9
108.0
108.2

110.9
110.8
111.0
111.0
111.2
111.2
111.8
111.9
112.1
112.8
113.3
113.4

122.8
123.7
124.4
124.8
125.1
126.3
126.8
127.0
127.7
128.4
128.9
128.9

114.7
114.8
115.7
115.9
116.1
117.8
118.0
118.1
118.8
118.9
118.9
119.3

111.0
111. 1
111.0
111.3
111.6
111.7
111.9
112.1
112.1
112.3
112.4
112.5

107.2
106.6
106.3
106.2
106.2
106.8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.6
107.4
108.0

113.2
114.4
114.8
115.2
115.8
115.7
116.0
115.9
115.9
115. 8
115.8
115.9

1953: January ...
F ebruary.. ___
M a r c h ..______
April.
M a y . . ____ .
June
July__________
August _____
September . . .
October._ . . . _
November__. .
December______

113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9

113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113. 6
112.0
112.3

104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105, 5
105.3

116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9

121.1
121.5
121.7
122.1
123.0
123.3
123.8
125.1
126.0
126.8
127.3
127.6

105.9
106.1
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.9
105.9
107.0
107.3
107.2

123.3
123.3
124.4
123.6
121.8
121.8
123.7
123.9
124.6
125.7
125.9
125.3

107.7
108.0
108.0
107.8
107.6
108.0
108. 1
107.4
108.1
108.1
108,3
108. 1

113.4
113.5
114.0
114.3
114.7
115.4
115.7
115.8
116.0
116.6
116.9
117.0

129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9

119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6

112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6

107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9

115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7
120.2
120.3

1954: January_______
F e b r u a r y ..___
M a rc h .___ ..
A pril. . . ___ ..
M ay__________

115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0

113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3

104. 9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2

118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9

127.8
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.3

107.1
107.5
107.6
107.6
107.7

125.7
126.2
125.8
123.9
120.9

107.2
107.2
107.2
106.1
105.9

117.2
117.3
117.5
116.9
117.2

130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1

123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1

113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0

108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4

120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:

iA n r jor revision was incorporated in the Consumer Price Index beginning
January 1953. The revised index, based on 46 cities, has been linked to the
previously published “interim adjusted” indexes for 34 cities and rebased on
1947-49=100 to form a continuous series. For the convenience of users, the
“All-items” indexes are also shown on the 1935-39=100 base in table D-4.
The revised Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices
of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium, and small cities are combined for the
United States average.
For a history and description of the index, see: The Consumer Price Index—
A Layman’s Guide, Bulletin 1140; The Consumer Price Index, in the Feb­
ruary 1953 Monthly Labor Review; The Interim Adjustment of Consumers’
Price Index, in the April 1951 Monthly Labor Review; Interim Adjustment
of Consumers’ Price Index, Bulletin 1039, and the following reports: Con­
sumers’ Price Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

mittee on Education and Labor (1951); and Report of the President’s Com­
mittee on the Cost of Living (1945).
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for the
United States and 20 individual cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau for
“All items” and 8 major components from 1947 to date. Indexes are also
available from 1913 for “ All items,” food, apparel, and rent, for all large cities
combined, and from varying dates for individual cities.
2 Includes “ Food away from home” (restaurant meals and other food
bought and eaten away from home); prior to January 1953, prices for this
category were estimated to move like prices for “Food at home” but, since
that date, have been measured by prices of restaurant meals.
2 Includes “ Other shelter.”
4 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and “miscellaneous services” (such
as legal services, banking fees, and burial services).

837

D : C O N SU M ER AN D W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S

Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, food and its subgroups

T able D -2 :

[1947-49=100]
Food at home

Food at home
Total
Year and month food2

Total
food
at
home

95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8

95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.5
115. 0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1952:

A v g _______
A v g _______
A v g _______
A v g _______
A v g _______
A v g _______
A v g _______
.Tan________
F e b _______
M a r ______
A p r ............ M a y ______
J u n e ______
J u l y _______
A u g ---------S e p t ______
O c t _______
N o v _______

Dec_____

Cereals Meats,
and
poul­
bakery try,
prod­
and
fish
ucts

Dairy
prod­
ucts

Fruits
and
vege­
tables

Other
foods 8

93.5
106.1
100.5
104.9
117.2
116.2
109.9
117.1
116.7
115.2
114.8
114.5
116.5
116.4
119.4
119.2
116.9
114.3
113.0

96.7
106.3
96.9
95.9
107.0
111.5
109.6
112.0
112.7
112.0
110.4
109.3
108.9
110.2
111.0
112. 5
113.2
113.3
112.7

97.6
100.5
101.9
97.6
106.7
117.2
113.5
118.2
109.5
113.7
121.1
124.3
122.4
124.0
118.7
111.5
111.3
115.9
115.8

100.1
102.5
97.5
101.2
114.6
109.3
112.2
109.1
105.8
104.4
105.0
104.4
105.2
111.5
113.1
113.7
115.1
114.3
110.6

94.0
103.4
102. 7
104. 5
114.0
116.8
119.1
115.3
115.5
115.7
115.6
117.2
116. 9
117.6
117.5
117.4
117.5
117. 5
117.7

i See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 18 food subgroups (1935-39=
100) from 1923 to December 1952 were published in the March 1953 Monthly
Labor Review and in previous issues.

T able D - 3 :

Year and month

Total
food 2

Total
food
at
home

1953: Jan______
Feb_____
M ar_____
Apr_____
May
June_____
July-------Aug-------Sept_____
Oct______
Nov_____
Dec_____

113.1
111. 5
111.7
111. 5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3

112.9
111.1
111.3
111. 1
111.7
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.5
113.3
111.4
111.7

1954: Jan__ _
Feb_____
M ar. .
Anr____
M ay_____

113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3

112.6
112.0
111.4
111.8
112.8

Cereals Meats,
poul­
and
bakery try,
and
prod­
fish
ucts

Dairy
prod­
ucts

Fruits
and
vege­
tables

Other
foods 8

117.7
117.6
117.7
118.0
118.4
118.9
119.1
119. 5
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.9

110.9
107.7
107.4
106.8
109.2
111.3
112.0
114.1
113.5
111.1
107.0
107.8

111.6
110.7
110.3
109.0
107.8
107.5
108.3
109.1
109.6
110.1
110. 5
110.3

116.7
115.9
115.5
115. 0
115.2
121.7
118.2
112.7
106.6
107.7
107.4
109.2

109.7
107.3
109.1
110.4
110.3
110.9
112.3
114.4
116.7
117.4
114.8
113.5

121.2
121.3
121.2
121.1
121.3

110.2
109.7
109.5
110. 5
111.0

109.7
109.0
108.0
104.6
103.5

110.8
108.0
107.8
110.0
114.6

113.5
114.0
112.3
113.6
114.5

2 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic)
and other miscellaneous foods.

Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, apparel and its subgroups
[1947-49=100]

Year and month

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1952:

Avg __________
Avg ------------ A v g ____ _____
Avg
---- -Avg
____
Avg _____ _ -Avg- _________
Jan__________
Feb____________
M ar_.
- A pr.. . _____ -M ay_____ _____
June----------------July___________
Aug -----------S ept.. -.- .
Oct____________
Nov---------Dec__ - - -------

Total
apparel
97.1
103. 5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
107.0
106.8
106.4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105.8
105.6
105.2
105.1

M en’s
and
boys’
97.3
102. 7
100.0
99.5
107.7
108.2
107.4
109.6
109.1
108. 7
108.5
108.3
108.3
108. 1
108.0
107.8
107.7
107.5
107.4

Women’s
and
girls’
98.0
103.8
98.1
94.8
102.2
100.9
99.7
101.6
101.8
101.4
100.8
100.6
100.5
100.1
99.9
101.6
101.6
100.6
100.4

Foot­
wear
94.5
103.2
102.4
104.0
117.7
115.3
115.2
117.1
116.7
116.4
116.1
115.9
115.4
114.9
114. 5
114.2
113.9
114.1
114.4

O ther2
apparel
(3)
108.6
93.2
92.0
101.6
92.1
92.1
94.0
93.6
92.8
92.0
91.5
91.3
91.1
91.2
91.5
91.7
92.3
92.5

1 See footnote 1 to table D -l.
diapers, yard goods, and an unpriced group of items represented

2 Includes


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Year and month

1953: Jan____________
F e b ___________
M ar___ _____
Apr.-_
- M ay.-_ - _ ___
June. - _
___
July___________
A u g ___- _____
Sept-- - _
_
Oct __________
Nov _________
D e c _- _ _ _
1954: Jan____ _____Feb____________
M ar__
Apr
____
M ay_____ _

Total
apparel
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105. 5
105.5
105.3
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2

Men’s
and
boys’
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.3
107.4
107.2
107.4
107.3
107.5
107.6
107.8
107.6
107.4
107.4
107.2
107.1
107.3

Women’s
and
girls’
99.7
99.3
99.6
99.4
99.4
99.2
98.9
98.7
100.5
100.8
100.7
100.5
99.8
99.5
99.0
98.4
98.5

Foot­
wear
114.3
114.6
114.5
114.8
115.1
115.3
115.0
115.0
115.3
115.8
116.2
116.1
116.2
116.1
116.1
116.1
115.9

Other 2
apparel
92.0
92.3
92.4
92.1
92.5
92.3
92.2
92.0
92.5
92.3
91.3
90.9
90.4
90.4
90.0
90.4
90.9

in the index by the weighted average of prices for all priced items in the total
apparel group.
2 Not available.

838

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 195 4

T

D-4: Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and food

able

1947-49=100
Year

1913:
1914:
1915:
1916:
1917:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1923:
1924:
1925:
1926:
1927:
1928:
1929:
1930:
1931:
1932:
1933:
1934:
1935:
1936:
1937:
1938:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:

All
items

Total
food *

42.3
42.9
43.4
46.6
54.8
64.3
74.0
85.7
76.4
71.6
72.9
73.1
75.0
75.6
74.2
73.3
73.3
71.4
65.0
58.4
55.3
57.2
58.7
59.3
61.4
60.3
59.4
59.9
62.9
69.7
74.0
75.2

39.6
40.5
40.0
45.0
57.9
66.5
74.2
83.6
63.5
59.4
61.4
60.8
65.8
68.0
65.5
64.8
65.6
62.4
51.4
42.8
41.6
46.4
49.7
50.1
52.1

Average_____
A v erag e..___
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average... . . .
Average_____
Average_____
Average... . . .
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average___ _
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
A v erag e..___
Average.. ___
Average_____

1 S ee f o o tn o te 1 to t a b le D - l .

T

1935-39=100

able

1947-49= 100

Year and month

A ll
i te m s

All items

4 8 .4

47.1
47.8
52.2
61.3
68.3
67.4

70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122. 5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8

99.4
100.2
105. 2
116.6
123.7
125. 7

1945:
194fi:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1950:

A v e r a g e ______
Avara.^p,
A v e r a g e ______
A v e r a g e ______
A v e r a g e ______
A v e r a g e ..............
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ______
A v e r a g e ______
J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l _________
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u l y ---------------A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r.. . .
1951: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l _______ _
M a y __________
J u n e . . _______
J u l y __________
A u g u s t ______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ____

1947-49=100

1935-39= 100

Y e a r a n d m o n th
T o ta l
fo o d 2

7 6 .9
83 4
9 5 .5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111. 0
113. 5
114.4
100.6
100.4
100. 7
100.8
101.3
101.8
102.9
103.7
104.4
105.0
105. 5
106.9
108.6
109.9
110. 3
110.4
110.9
110. 8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8

A ll i te m s

6 8 .9
79 0
9 5 .9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
9 7 .0
9 6 .5
9 7 .3
9 7 .7
9 8 .9
100 5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104. 4
107.1
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112. 5
113.5
114.6

128.6
159. 6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185. 6
189.8
191.3
168.2
167.9
168.4
168.5
169. 3
170.2
172.0
173.4
174.6
175.6
176.4
178.8
181.5
183.8
184. 5
184.6
185. 4
185 2
185.5
185.5
186.6
187.4
188.6

1951: December___
1952: January_____
February___
March______
April_______
M ay________
June________
J u l y _______
August______
September___
October. . . . .
November___
December.. ..
1953: January_____
February____
M arch___. . .
April_______
M ay________
June________
J u l y ----------August______
September___
October. ___
November___
December__
1954: January_____
February____
M a rc h ___
April_______
M ay______ .

All
items

1935-39=100

Total
food 2

113.1
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1
113.9
113.4
113.6
113. 7
114.0
114. 5
114. 7
115.0
115.2
115.4

115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113. 9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6

115.0
114.9
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0

112.0
112.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3

All items
189.1
189.1
187.9
188.0
188. 7
189.0
189. 6
190.8
191.1
190.8
190.9
191.1
190.7
190.4
189.6
189.9
190.1
190.6
191.4
191. 8
192.3
192.6
192.9
192.3
192.1
192.6
192.3
1 9 1.9
191.6
192.3

2 S ee f o o tn o te 2 to t a b l e D - l .

D-5: Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
1935-39
= 100

1947-49=100
City

United States average 2_________ _____

May
1954

Apr.
1954

Mar.
1954

Feb.
1954

Jan.
1954

Dec.
1953

Nov.
1953

Oct.
1953

Sept.
1953

Aug.
1953

July
1953

June
1953

May
1953

June
1950

Revised
series
May
1954

115.0

114.6

114.8

115.0

115.2

114.9

115.0

115.4

115.2

115.0

114.7

114.5

114.0

101.8

192.3

Atlanta, Ga____________ ___________
0)
Baltimore, M d----------------- . . . _____ (3)
Boston, M ass.. . _______ _______ ____
(3)
Chicago, 111 . .............................................. 117.3
Cincinnati, Ohio__________ . . . ______
(3)
Cleveland, Ohio_____________________ 115.3
Detroit, M ich__ _____________ . . . . 116.9
Houston, Tex.. . . . _____. . . . . . .
116.7
Kansas C ity , M o .. ______ _____ _ .
(3)
Los Angeles, Calif_________ _ . . . . ___ 115.9

(3)
(3)
112.9
116.5
(3)

117.0
114.8
(3)
116.7
114.2

(3)
(3)
(3)
116.7
(3)

0)
(3)
112.7
116.7
(3)

117.1
114.5
(3)
116.4
114.6

(3)
(3)
(3)
116.4
(3)

(3)
(3)
113.8
117.1
(3)

117.6
115.0
(3)
116.6
115.3

(3)
(3)
(3)
116.3
(3)

(3)
(3)
113.1
115.7
(3)

117.1
115.1
(3)
115.3
114.5

(3)
(3)
(3)
114.6
(3)

(3)
101.6
102.8
102.8
101.2

(3)
(3)
(3)
199.8
(3)

(3)
116.7
(3)
115.5
15.7

C)
116.5
(3)
(3)
116.2

115.2
116.4
116.9
(3)
116.6

0)
117.0
(3)
115.0
116.8

(3)
116.4
(3)
(3)
115.8

115.5
116.7
117.3
(3)
116.1

(3)
117.2
(3)
115. 7
116.3

(3)
116.9
(3)
(3)
116.2

115.1
116.9
116.8
(3)
115.8

(3)
116.9
(3)
115.3
115.8

(3)
116.6
(3)
(3)
115.4

113.7
115.8
116.8
(3)
115.3

(3)
102.8
103.8
(3)
101.3

196.5
197.3
197.6
(3)
193.7

Minneapolis, M inn__________ ________
New York, N. Y_____ . ._ . . .
Philadelphia, P a__________ _________
Pittsburgh, P a______________________
Portland, Oreg_____ ________________

116.3
112.5
315.1
114.5
114.8

(3)
112.4
114.9
<3>
(3)

(3)
112.8
115.2
(3)
(3)

116.6
113.0
115.3
114.4
115.4

(3)
113.0
115.0
(3)
(3)

(3)
112.9
114.7
rs)
(3)

116.6
113.3
115.3
114.7
116.1

O)
113.2
115.2
(3)
(3)

(3)
112.7
114.9
(3)
(3)

115.6
112.1
114.7
113.8
115.5

(3)
112.0
114.6
(3)
(3)

(3)
111.4
113.8
f3)
(3)

102.1
100.9
101.6
101.1
(3)

(3)
186.8
191.9
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

116.9
116.5
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
113. 2
116.2
114.1

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

116.9
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
113.4
116.4
114.3

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

117.1
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
113.2
116.8
114.2

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

115.8
116.1
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
112.0
116.2
113.5

101.1
100.9
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
186.6
198.8
186.7

(3)
112.9
115.3
(3)
(3)

St. Louis, Mo_________ _______ _____
(3)
San Francisco, Calif____ . . ________
(3)
Scranton, P a_________ . . ___________ 112.3
Seattle, W ash... ___ _ _____
____ 116.3
Washington, D. C ____________________ 113.7

1 S ee fo o tn o te 1 to t a b le D - l . I n d e x e s a r e b a s e d o n tlm e - to - tim e c h a n g e s
in th e c o s t o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s p u r c h a s e d b y u r b a n w a g e - e a r n e r a n d clericalw o r k e r fa m ilie s . T h e y d o n o t in d i c a t e w h e t h e r i t c o s ts m o r e to liv e in o n e
c i t y th a n in a n o t h e r .
2 A v e ra g e of 46 c itie s b e g i n n in g J a n u a r y 1953. S ee f o o tn o te 1 t o t a b le D - l .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

* P r i o r to J a n u a r y 1953, in d e x e s w e r e c o m p u te d m o n t h l y fo r 9 of th o s e c itie s
a n d o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n t h s fo r th e r e m a in i n g 11 c itie s o n a r o t a t i n g c y c le .
B e g in n in g in J a n u a r y 1953, in d e x e s a r e c o m p u te d m o n t h l y fo r 5 c itie s a n d
o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n t h s fo r t h e 15 r e m a in i n g c itie s o n a r o t a t i n g c y c le .

839

D : C O N SU M ER A N D W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S

T a b l e D - 6 : C on su m er P r ic e In d e x 1— A ll ite m s an d c o m m o d ity gro u p s, e x c e p t fo o d ,2 b y c ity
[1947-49 = 100]
All items

Personal care

Medical care

Reading and
recreation

Transportation

Other goods
and services

City and cycle of pricing
M ay
1954
United States average_______
Monthly:
Chicago, 111___________
Detroit, M ich__________
Los Angeles, Calif...........
New York, N. Y _______
Philadelphia, P a_______
Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio________
Houston, Tex__________
Scranton, P a_______
Seattle, Wash__________
Washington, D. C ______

May
1953

May
1954

May
1953

May
1954

May
1953

May
1954

114.0

113.0

112.8

125.1

120.7

129.1

129.4

117.3
116.9
115.9
112.9
115.3

114.6
115.8
115.3
111.4
113.8

113.2
119.3
117.3
107.4
117.1

114.3
119.3
117.8
106.7
116.5

122.8
124.1
122.6
123.9
123.7

119.8
121.3
119.8
120.5
119.7

133.7
120.8
127.4
134.5
137.3

133.5
125.7
126.8
127.3
133.5

115.3
116.7
112.3
116.3
113.7

113.7
116.8
112.0
116.2
113.5

114.6
119.3
112.5
110.4
111.4

113.8
119.5
112.1
111.4
111.4

129.5
119.6
119.7
131.0
117.2

119.8
118.4
114.1
125.0
117.5

122.7
125.2
124.0
129.8
127.1

123.3
126.7
129.3
133.4
127.3

Apr.
1953

112.9
115.5
116.3
114.5
114.8

Apr.
1954

111.7
114.3
115.1
112.8
115.4

Mar.
1954
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, G a........................
Baltimore, M d ........... ......
Cincinnati, Ohio_______
St. Louis, Mo____ _____
San Francisco, Calif_____

May
1953

115.0

Apr.
1954
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass______
Kansas City, M o_______
Minneapolis, M inn_____
Pittsburgh, P a_________
Portland, Oreg___ _____

May
1954

Mar.
1953

117.0
114.8
114.2
116. 9
116.5

112.3
115.6
115.7
116.5
110.6
Mar.
1954

116.7
114.2
112.6
114.7
115.5

116.6
108.6
110.2
114.6
113.0

Apr.
1953

Apr.
1954

111.8
114.7
117.0
106.1
111.7
Mar.
1953

124.4
135. 4
141.9
127.8
121.4
Mar.
1954

115.4
105.7
108.8
110.0
113.0

120.8
133.3
124.6
134.6
123.2

Apr.
1953

Apr.
1954

123.4
119.3
136.4
121.1
118.0
Mar.
1953
117.9
132.1
121.2
132.4
120.0

Mar.
1954
127.3
138.2
128.2
136.2
143.4

120.1

118.0

107.5

109.8
110.6
104.0
106.4
112.5

119.0
125.0
115.2
121.5
123.4

112.3
122.9
113.9
118.2
121.8

114.0
114.5
118.2
110.4
112.9

119.9
119.5
116.1
127.1
127.0

116.7
119.4
115.3
125.9
125.1

114.0
111.0

115.4
107.7
105.3
Apr.
1954
104.7
113.4
114.1
96.8
111.3

Mar.
1953

Mar.
1954

130.5
138.0
130.7
137.2
143.1

May
1953

108.0

99.2
104.8
110.0

135. 6
130.0
121.8
139.0
127.6

May
1954

106.4

111.0

Apr.
1953

140.9
129.8
120.9
138.6
124.6

M ay
1953

112.0
113.7
99.8
99.4
105.7

Apr.
1953

Apr.
1954

106.2
110.0
116.7
97.2
115.3
Mar.
1953

118.5
117.5
125.1
120.5
118.7
Mar.
1954

110.4
119.0
99.4
100.7
104.3

118.2
123.3
118.1
115.7
116.3

Apr.
1953
116.2
119.3
122.9
118.8
117.5
Mar.
1953
116.8
118.2
113.6
115.4
114.6

Apparel
Total
May 1954
United States average..........
Monthly:
Chicago, 111__________
Detroit, Mich....... .........
Los Angeles, Calif.........
New York, N. Y ._........
Philadelphia, P a______
Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio.............
Houston, Tex.................
Scranton, P a__________
Seattle, Wash..................
Washington, D. C_____

Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga......... ............
Baltimore, M d________
Cincinnati, Ohio______
St. Louis, Mo_________
San Francisco, Calif.___
See footnote* at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Women’s and girls’

Other apparel 3

Footwear

May 1953

May 1954

May 1953

May 1954

May 1953

May 1954

May 1953

May 1954

104.2

104.7

107.3

107.4

98. 5

99.4

115.9

115.1

90.9

92.5

108.1
102.6
103. 7
103.9
105.1

106.4
103.3
103.6
104.9
104.2

114.1
109.3
109.4
106.7
104.9

112.5
109.3
107.6
106.9
106.5

101.1
94.3
97.0
98.2
103.3

99.9
95.9
97. 5
100.0
100.0

117.5
112.6
114.0
115.4
110.8

112.4
111.8
114.8
114.6
112.1

94.1
87.4
82. 5
94. 1
92.6

94.9
89.2
83.9
96.2
93.0

104.6
106.7
106.1
106. 1
102.5

105.4
107.0
106.5
106.9
103.8

109.2
106.8
108.0
109.2
105.5

109.0
106.3
108. 7
109.9
106.1

97.1
100.7
100.8
101.2
97.0

99.1
100. 5
101.2
102.6
99.5

116.8
127.2
120.3
117.3
115.2

115.8
129.8
119.6
114.9
113.0

93.4
89.2
92.3
86.7
90.8

94.1
90.8
93.7
88.7
92.5

Apr. 1953

Apr. 1954

Apr. 1953

Apr. 1954

Apr. 1953

Apr. 1954

Apr. 1953

Apr. 1954

103.8
105. 1
105.4
104. 1
104.0

103.2
107. 7
109.4
107.1
110.3

104.2
108.8
109.9
107.1
106.8

95.3
98.0
100.4
96.6
95.3

99.4
99. 5
99.6
98. 5
97.1

112.0
114.7
113.7
114.9
119.9

112.0
114.9
113.1
112. 1
117.1

102.0
87.6
91.8
98.3
93.6

105.0
90.0
93.8
99.9
94.6

Mar. 1954

Mar. 1953

Mar. 1954

Mar. 1953

Mar. 1954

Mar. 1953

Mar. 1954

Mar. 1953

Mar. 1954

Mar. 1953

111.2
102.4
103.1
104.5
103.5

111. 1
102.8
104.7
104.4
105.3

114.6
101.3
106.1
109.7
105.6

114.7
102.0
105.4
109.5
107.0

105.8
98.9
96.8
96.8
100.0

106.0
99.2
100.2
96.5
102.9

122.6
117.5
122.6
117.8
113.5

118.6
115.6
122.0
116.4
111.8

91.3
93.1
85.1
95.6
87.8

93.8
95.8
88.6
98.0
89.7

Apr. 1954
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, M ass.............
Kansas City, Mo____
Minneapolis, M inn__
Pittsburgh, P a ............
Portland, Oreg........... .

M en’s and boys’

101.1
103.8
105. 5
103.4
104.6

May 1953

Apr. 1953

840
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954

D-6: Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2by city—Continued
[1947-49=100]
Housing

C ity a n d cycle of p ric in g
T o ta l h o u sin g

M ay
1954
U n ite d S ta te s a v e ra g e- _____
M o n th ly :
C hicago, I1L- - - - - _ D e tro it, M ic h ______ _
L os A ngeles, C alif _____
N e w Y o rk , N . Y _______
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ____
F e b ., M a y , A ug., a n d N o v .:
C le v ela n d , O h io ___ H o u sto n , T e x ____ _____
S c ra n to n , P a _ . _ S e a ttle , W a s h -.
____
W a sh in g to n , D. C
..

M ay
1954

M ay
1953

M ay
1954

M ay
1953

H o u se -fu rn ish in g s

M ay
1954

M ay
1953

H o u se h o ld o p era­
tio n
M ay
1954

M ay
1953

117.1

128.3

123.0

107.7

106.6

120.9

121.8

105.9

107.6

117.2

114.7

120.0
118.7
123.3
114.3
112.4

(*)
(4)
138.5
0)
(4)

(4)

106.3
110.3
109.5
108.7
102.3

100.0
109.2
109.5
108.0
101.8

122.9
118.8
(4)
122.1
112.4

119.8
117.0
(4)
125.6
118.9

107.3
109.5
107.6
106.1
107.9

108.7
110.5
111.6
107.9
109.5

120.6
110.0
106. 8
118.9
113.7

118.6
106.3
107.6
118.6
112.5

119.4
123.8
114.7
119.4
116.8

117.7
123.2
114.2
119.0
116.2

(4)

106.8
106.5
112.2
88.5
118.1

106.8
106.5
111.9
99.0
114.9

120.5
(4)
125.7
127.3
125.5

119.4
(4)
129.9
127.0
126.6

102.8
101.2
100.7
106.2
107.2

105.0
105.2
101.7
108.5
108.9

110.6
128.5
109.6
112.3
114.8

112.5
119.6
105.8
110.3
113.0

117.5
118.3
119.8
116.5
119.4

124.1
113.8
116.7
119.1
118.0

A p r.
1953
115.6
117.0
116.8
114.3
119.6
M a r.
1953
123.3
113.8
112.9
114.6
116.1

1 See footnote 1 to table D -l.
2 See tables D-2, D-4, D-7, and D-8, for food.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ay
1953

S olid fuels a n d fuel
oil

126.1
122.1
123.9
115.2
113.4

M a r.
1954
M a r ., J u n e , S ep t., a n d D ec.:
A tla n ta , G a _ . ___
B a ltim o re , M d - _ ___
C in c in n a ti, O h i o _____ _
S t. L ouis, M o .. ______
S an F ran cisc o , C alif _ _

M ay
1954

G as a n d e le c tric ity

118.9

A p r.
1954
J a n ., A p r., J u ly , a n d O ct.:
B o sto n , M a s s ___ _ . . ___
K a n s a s C ity , M o . ______
M in n ea p o lis, M in n . _ _
P itts b u r g h , P a . . ______
P o rtla n d , O re g ..
...

M ay
1953

R ent

(4)

135.1

(4)
(4)

(4)
123.0

(4)
(4)
118.8

(4)

(4)

A p r.
1954

A p r.
1953

123.0

(4)

133.5

(4)

122.8
(4)
M a r.
1954
130.5
123.7
(4)
(4)
(4)

118.6

(4)
124.8
(4)
116.1
(4)
M a r.
1953
128.0
120.2
(4)
(4)
(4)

A p r.
1954
108.9
105.2
110.0
116.7
105.2
M a r.
1954
112.0
97. 5
115.4
103.8
130.1

A p r.
1953
105.4
104.4
110.0
113.5
118.6
M a r.
1953
109.2
97.8
112.5
95.8
130.1

A p r.
1954
122.6
113.2
114.8
123.2
127.6
M a r.
1954
119.5
126.9
127.2
135.1
(4)

A p r.
1953
124.7
112.6
115.1
120.6
123.2
M a r.
1953
119.5
126.7
122.6
127.4
(4)

3 gee footnote 2 to table D-3.

i Not available.

A p r.
1954
104.1
106.4
106. 3
104.6
108.9
M a r.
1954
112.0
100.9
102.9
106.7
106.9

A p r.
1953
107.7
107.6
107.4
105.8
110.9
M a r.
1953
112.0
103.2
103.9
108. 7
109.2

A p r.
1954
113.1
120.9
121.0
119.8
111.6
M a r.
1954
128.2
109. 7
121. 5
119.0
109.6

A p r.
1953
107.6
120.3
116.8
117. 5
111.2
M a r.
1953
125.9
109.1
111.8
116. 5
108.3

D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

841

D -7: Consumer Price Index1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total food 3

City

Total food at home

Cereals and bakery products

Meats, poultry, and fish

May 1954 Apr. 1954 May 1953 May 1954 Apr. 1954 May 1953 May 1954 Apr. 1954 May 1953 May 1954 Apr. 1954 May 1953
United States average 3_____

113.3

112.4

112.1

112.8

111.8

111.7

121.3

121.1

118.4

111.0

110.5

109.2

Atlanta, Ga________ _
Baltimore, M d______ ___ ..
Boston, Mass______ _______
Chicago, 111_______ _ _
Cincinnati, Ohio____ _____

114.1
114.9
110.1
111.7
114.8

112.8
113.9
109.3
110.4
113.7

112.8
112.2
108.8
110.8
114.1

113.5
114.2
109.2
114.4

111.9
113.1
108.1
109.8
113.2

112.6
111.7
107.9
110.5
113.9

116.0
121.7
119.3
116.8
118.6

116.1
122.0
119.2
117.2
118.4

115.9
117.1
117.3
115.2
117.6

118.4
113.7
106.7
106.4
115.7

117.9
113.0
106.0
105.8
115.5

115.2
110.0
103.5
104.7
113.2

Cleveland, Ohio. _____ . ..
Detroit, Mich__________ _
Houston, Tex_____________
Kansas City, M o ..
- ..
Los Angeles, Calif___ _ . ..

111.4
116.2
112.2
108.6
113.4

110.2
116.1
112.1
109.0
113.1

109.2
115.0
111.9
110.2
112.2

110.8
115.4
111.4
107.9
112.3

109.4
115.2
111.0
108.4
111.8

108.6
114.9
111.1
109.6
111.4

116.3
117.8
118.4
120.3
122.5

116.6
117.8
118.5
120.3
122.5

115.0
116.3
114.9
117.2
117.7

108.6
109.8
107.8
107.2
110.7

107.6
109.8
107.0
107.7
109.6

106.0
108.2
107.6
107.6
109.5

Minneapolis, Minn_ . . _
New York, N. Y ___________
Philadelphia, P a___________
Pittsburgh, P a__ . . . _ ____
Portland, Öreg_____ _______

112.7
111.8
115.6
114.8
112.9

112.1
111.0
114.3
113.3
112.2

112.7
110.3
113.3
112.5
113.4

112.7
111.4
114.8
114.3
112.9

111.9
110.6
113.4
112.6
112.0

113.0
109.8
112.9
112.3
113.4

124.6
125. 2
120.8
122. 5
115.4

124.7
125.2
120.8
121.1
115.6

119.6
122.6
118.6
119.3
114.7

104.2
110.5
113.4
108. 1
114.8

103.8
110.4
112.4
107.0
114.0

105.3
108.2
110.2
105.6
114.8

St. Louis, Mo_______ ____ _
San Francisco, Calif. . _____
Scranton, P a______________
Seattle, Wash
Washington, D. C__ ______

115.8
114.7
112.8
113.1
112.9

114.9
113.9
111.8
112.6
111.0

112.9
113.9
111.5
112.0
110.8

114.4
114.1
112.8
113.1
112.1

113.3
113.1
111.3
112.5
110.4

112.5
113.7
110.8
111.9
110.1

116.5
127.5
119.5
121.9
120.7

116.5
127.5
119.4
122.0
118.6

113.2
123.7
116.3
119.3
115.7

112.1
110.7
111.2
110.6
107.2

110.4
110.4
110.0
110.5
105.6

111.3
109.5
107.6
107.8
105.4

111.0

Food at home—Continued
C ity

U n ite d S ta te s average 3-

D a iry p ro d u c ts
M a y 1954

A p r. 1954

F r u its a n d v eg etab les
M a y 1953

M a y 1954

A p r. 1954

O th e r foods a t h o m e 4

M a y 1953

M a y 1954

A p r. 1954

M a y 1953

________________

103.5

104.6

107.8

114.6

110.0

115.2

114.5

113.6

110.3

A tla n ta , G a _______ __________ _________
B altim o re , M d _ . _____
______ ____
B o sto n , M ass
_________________________
_______ _____
C hicago, 111
C in c in n a ti, O h io _____ _ ___________

108.1
107.2
102.9
102.1
103.5

108.3
107.8
104.3
104.4
103.6

111.6
112.4
106.1
108.6
109.1

112.9
112.6
107.8
112. 7
111.7

105.8
110.2
103.2
105.6
105.9

116.7
112.4
108. 2
113.5
114.9

108.4
114.8
108.7
121.4
120.4

107.3
112.2
107.5
120.1
119.4

104.6
108.3
106.1
116.8
115.4

C le v ela n d , O h io _______________________
D e tro it, M ic h _____________________________
H o u sto n , T e x ______________________________
K a n sa s C ity , M o . . ___ _________ . . . _ .
L os A ngeles, C alif_________________________

97.4
104.1
106.7
96.6
103.2

97.7
105.9
109.2
99.7
103.2

99.3
109.7
108.1
106.0
109.5

110.3
125.0
111.0
105.1
115.4

105.1
123.8
111.0
105.0
113.6

110.8
127.6
115.4
110.2
109.7

118.8
117.2
113.8
109.7
111.0

117.6
116.0
111.8
109.2
111.7

112.0
112.1
111.1
108.1
111.3

M in n ea p o lis, M in n ______ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N e w Y o rk , N . Y __________________________
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ______ ____ _____ _______
P itts b u r g h , P a ____ _________ . . . . . . . . .
P o r tla n d , O reg____________________________

101.8
100.6
105.3
107.2
106.9

102.4
101.8
105.5
107.1
107.1

108.5
102.2
109.7
110.2
110.0

123.1
108.8
116.6
114.3
114.1

120.2
103.4
110.0
107.7
111.0

122.7
111.8
116.0
113.2
114.0

119.5
115.9
115.9
124.1
112.6

118.0
115. 6
115. 8
123.4
112.0

116.6
109.2
110.1
118.1
112.8

S t. L o u is, M o .. .
______ _________ . . .
..
_ _____
S an F ran cisco , C alif___ __
S cra n to n , P a ___________ __________________
S e attle, W a s h __________________ . . . . . . .
W a sh in g to n , D. C _______________ _____

96.8
105.7
105.6
103.5
110.8

96.7
105.5
107.0
103.9
111.9

100.6
110.3
107.9
108.6
113.2

122.1
121.1
112.7
120.6
110.1

119.6
118.8
104.3
115.6
106.1

117.7
122.1
112.5
118.2
109.7

123.0
111.2
113.8
111.3
113.3

122.3
109.3
114.1
111.9
111.5

118.0
108.9
110.2
109.2
108.7

i See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 56 cities for total food (1935—
39=100 or June 1940=100) were published in the March 1953 Monthly Labor
Review and in previous issues. See table D-8 for U. S. average prices for 46
cities combined.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

i See footnote 2 to table D -l.
s Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D-l.
* See footnote 3 to table D-2.

842

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, JULY 1954
T able
Commodity

D-8: Average retail prices of selected foods
May
1954

Cereals and bakery products:
Flour, wheat______________ ____ 5 pounds..
53.7
Biscuit mix_______________ . . . 20 ounces..
27.5
Cornmeal»________________ ______ pound..
12.5
Rice___ _ ________________ ________do____
19.7
Rolled oats_______________ ___20 ounces .
18. 5
Cornflakes8. . ______ _____ . . . 12 ounces
21.9
Bread__ ________________
__ pound
17.0
. _____ do. __
Soda crackers___________
27.1
Vanilla cookies A ________ .. . 7 ounces..
23.6
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Beef and veal:
Round steak___________ ______ pound..
89.9
Chuck roast________ . .. ________do_ __
51.7
Rib roast______________ ________do___
70.0
Hamburger____________ _______ do___
40.9
Veal cutlets ___________ ___ ___do___ 110.9
Pork:
Pork chops, center c u t __ ________do___
90.3
Bacon, sliced __________ ________do___
89.5
Ham, whole____________ _ _____ do___
73.9
Lamb, leg.. ______________ ___
__do___
74.4
Other meats:
Frankfurters____
___
do .
55.9
Luncheon meat, canned .. ___ 12 ounces..
52.2
Poultry:
Frying chickens:
Dressed3 ___ ____ ___ .pound..
43.5
Ready-to-cook 4_____ _______ do____
53.1
Fish:
Ocean perch fillet, frozen 3_________do___
44.3
Haddock, fillet, frozen 8__ .. _____do___
49.6
Salmon, p in k __________ ..16-ounce can..
52.3
Tuna fish______________ . . . 7-ounce can..
39.6
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh (grocery)..
21.2
-------- quart..
Milk, fresh (delivered 7______
_ ___do___
22.2
Ice cream______
_ ____
___ .pint.
29.6
B utter___________________ ____ .pound— 69.6
Cheese, American process____ _ _ _____d o __
57. 3
Milk, evaporated__________ 14)4-ounce can.
13.9
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables:
Strawberries_____ ____
12 ounces..
36.8
Orange juice concentrate.. ____ 6 ounces..
18.5
Peas, green 10___________
.10 ounces..
19.4
Beans, green___________ _______ do___
24.5
Fresh fruits and vegetables:
Apples________ _______ ______ pound..
16.8
Bananas___
_________ _____ __do____
16.0
Oranges, size 200 _ ___ ___ ...dozen.
52.6
Lemons . ____________ ______ pound..
18.4
Grapefruit*________ . . . . ________ each..

Apr.
1954

May
1953

53.8
27. 5
12.5
19. 7
18.5
21.8
17.0
27.1
23.6

52.4
28. 2
12.4
20. 6
18.2
21.4
16.3
26.2
23.5

88.3
51.2
69.1
40.7
110.9

86.6
49.8
67.0
45.0
115.5

88.5
88.4
72.8
74.1

87.4
75.8
69.9
74.0

56.0
51.7

58.3
49.3

45.4
54.6

46.9
60.1

44.0
49.8
51. 2
39.3

44.3
48.9
53. 3
38.1

21.5
22.5
29.6
70.0
57. 7
14.0

21.7
22.8
30.1
78.4
60. 0
14.7

36.7
16.7
19. 2
24.5

37.2
18.5
22. 6
24.2

15.9
16.3
50. 1
18.0
9.6

17.4
16.6
48.4
18.6

1 41 cities.
842 cities.
! 38 cities.
« 36 cities.
311 cities.
145 cities.
4 35 cities.
8 40 cities.
s 44 cities beginning July 1953, 43 cities December 1952 through June 1953.
10Specification changed from 12 ounces to 10 ounces, effective February 1954
‘ Priced only in season.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Commodity
All fruits and vegetables—Continued
Fresh fruits and vegetables—Continued
Peaches* _
pound
Strawberries*__________ ________pint-Grapes, seedless*
pound
_ do
W atermelons*____
Potatoes_____ ______ ___ ___15 pounds..
Sweetpotatoes__________ ______ pound..
Onions________________ ______ _do____
Carrots________________ ________do___
Lettuce___________
_____ head..
Celery___ _____________ ______pound..
Cabbage_______________ ________do___
Tomatoes_______ ______ __ _ _ _ _do___
Beans, green. ____ . . . . -------- _do___
Canned fruits and vegetables:
Orange juice____________ ..46-ounce can..
Peaches__ ____ _________ . No.
can _
Pineapple_______ ______ ________do___
Fruit cocktail.— ____
_______ do___
Corn, cream style______ ...N o . 303 can__
___ ______ do___
Peas, green______
Tomatoes 8____ ______
—No. 2 can.
Baby foods___
____ 4^-5 ounces _
Dried fruits and vegetables:
Prunes________________ ____ pound..
Navy beans____________ ________do_._
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Vegetable soup_________ ..11-ounce can..
Beans with pork. . . . . . . . 16-ounce can
Condiments and sauces:
Gherkins, sweet,
Catsup, tomato__ ______ ___ 14 ounces .
Beverages, nonalcoholic:
Coffee_________________ ______ pound..
Tea___________________ . _.M pound..
Cola drink________ carton of 6, 6-ounce...
Fats and oils:
Shortening, hydrogenated
Margarine, colored 9___ _ ________do___
L a r d . . __
__________ ________do___
Salad dressing__________ _____ ..p in t..
Peanut butter__________ ______ pound..
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar_____ ____________ ___ 5 pounds..
Corn syrup_____________ ___ 24 ounces..
Grape jelly_____________ __ 12 ounces..
Chocolate bar___________ ___ 1 ounce...
Eggs, fresh___ _ . ________ ______ dozen..
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored__ ____ ____ 3-4 ounces

May
1954

Apr.
1954

May
1953

31.0

38.7

29.3

74.3
14.6
7.8
13.4
18. 1
12.7
7.6
34.1
23.8

66.9
13. 4
6.6
12.4
15. 1
12. 6
7.4
28.6
25.2

83.1
19.5
8.2
11.1
14.3
14.9
6.7
27.2
25.9

33.0
32.8
38.7
41. 1
18.2
21.3
17.3
9.8

32.8
32.9
38.6
41. 1
18.4
21.3
17.2
9.8

33.4
34.0
38.6
40.2
19.0
21.2
17.5
9.8

30.3
17.4

30.0
17.3

29.0
16.8

14.3
14.5

14.3
14.4

14.3
14.1

29 R
22.3

30 1
22. 2

99 7
22.3

118.0
33.9
31.9

113.6
33.4
31.1

88.9
32.3
29.8

34 7
29.8
28.0
35.8
49.0

34 a
29.5
26.7
35.8
49.1

34 fi
29.3
17.2
34.5
49.0

52.7
23.6
25.3
4.6
53.8

52.5
23.6
25.1
4.5
55.5

52.7
23.5
24.1
4.5
66.0

8.5

8.5

8.5

N o t e . —The United States average retail food prices appearing in table
D-8 are based on prices collected monthly in 46 cities for use in the calculation
of the food component of the revised Consumer Price Index. Average retail
food prices for each of 20 large cities are published monthly and are available
upon request. Prices for the 26 medium-size and small cities are not published
on an individual city basis.

843

D : C O N SU M ER AN D W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S

T

able

D -9 :

Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49“ 100]

Commodity group

May Apr.
1954 2 1954

Mar.
1954

Feb.
1954

Jan.
1954

Dec.
1953

Nov.
1953

Oct.
1953

Sept.
1953

Aug.
1953

July
1953

June
1953

May
1953

June
1950

All commodities_____________________________

110.9 *111.0

110.5

110.5

110.9

110.1 109.8

110.2

111.0

110.6

110.9

109.5

109.8

100.2

Farm products
__________ _______________
Fresh and dried produce__________________
Grains
___ _______ ______ __________
Livestock and poultry____________________
Plant and animal fibers___________________
Fluid milk
_________________________
Eggs
................... .....................................
Hay and seeds ..... ............................ ...............
Other farm products—.........................................

98.0
104. 4
91.2
93.0
107.0
84.7
69.(1
95.3
181.2

*99.4
97.4
92.9
94. 9
105. 5
*88.3
77.9
96. 5
182.2

98.4
89. 6
93.0
92.4
105.9
93.4
80.1
93.4
181.2

97.7
89.7
91.6
91.3
106.5
95.0
89.6
91.6
168.0

97.8
91.2
91.3
91.8
104.2
97.5
92.7
90.5
161.0

94.4
89.8
90.6
83 9
103.2
99.5
97.2
89.7
148.1

93.7
94.2
89. 3
78. 4
103. 5
101.9
111.6
88.0
145.9

95.3
94.2
87.9
82.0
103.2
100.7
126.3
84.3
146.2

98.1
96. 4
96. C 98.0
88.3
86.5
90.6 88. 1
103.6 103.9
99. C 97.6
122.5 113.8
81.1
85.1
149.3 144.3

97.9
94.7
85.4
95.9
105. 0
96.4
106.2
85.5
140.7

95.4
109.9
84.2
86.8
104.0
93 1
106. 5
89.8
136.7

97.8
105. 4
93.4
91.7
104.3
93.6
98.7
93.7
135.4

94.5
89.8
89.6
99.8
107.3
81.6
70.6
87.6
122.4

Processed foods
-------------- ----------------------Cereal and bakery products........—............. ......
Meats, poultry, fish
__________________
Dairy products and Ice cream_____________
Canned frozen fruits and vegetables________
Sugar and confectionery
___ _________
Packaged beverage materials_______________
Animal fats and oils
__________________
Crude vegetable oils ____________________
Refined vegetable oils _____ ______________
Vegetable oil end products____ ____________
Other processed foods........................................

106.8 *105.9
113.4 *113.2
98.3
94.3
101.7 103.0
104.5 *103.3
113.1 112.6
229.6 229.6
100.0 108. 5
71.7
72.1
76.4
76. 5
87.2
84.4
101.3 102.9

105.3
112.6
92.8
106.1
103.0
112.8
209. 1
95.3
67.9
73. 1
83.2
106. 5

104.8
112.7
92.9
107.4
103.0
110.2
191.4
94.7
65.2
69.8
81.4
108.9

106.2
112.4
96.4
109.4
103.8
110.1
182.1
93.5
64.0
72.7
83.8
111.5

104.3
112.2
89.7
111.3
103.9
108.9
171.6
92.7
66.3
74.2
84.4
113.9

103.8
112.6
86.2
113.9
104.7
108.7
171.0
85.6
71. 2
75. 5
84.2
no. 2

104.7
112.0
88.9
112.7
104 9
110. 2
169.8
94.0
70.1
73.3
80.3
117.1

106.6 104.8
110.8 108.4
97.4
93.6
111 3 110.7
104.7 104. 7
110.1 110.5
169.8 169.8
106.8 82. 2
65.7
62.9
68.8
70.9
80.5
83.4
116.8 116.7

105.5
108.5
97.0
110.0
105.0
109.8
169.8
72.4
63.1
78.0
84.0
117.3

103.3
107.9
91.6
107.7
103 7
109.8
164 6
60.9
68.4
79.8
84.6
120.2

104.3
109.0
93.8
107.9
104.0
109.6
164.6
64.2
70.5
79.8
86.5
121.5

96.8
96. 5
102. 4
90.0
98.0
94.7
136.9
63.9
67.9
67 4
79 2
106.6

All commodities other than farm and foods_____

114.5 *114.5

114.2

114.4

114.6

114.6 114.5

114.6

114.7

114.9

114.8

113.9

113.6

102.2

Textile products and apparel__________________
Cotton products________________________
Wool products _____________________ ____
Synthetic textiles----- ---------------- ------------Silk products _________________________ _
Apparel
_______ —-__________ _______
Other t.exti'e products_____________________

94.5
88.3
106.8
85.2
131.6
98.2
78.8

*94.4
88. 5
106.3
84.6
132.3
*98.2
78.9

94.7
95.3
88.5
88.8
106. 4 109.0
85.4
84.9
135. 1 135.8
98.6
98.8
80.6
83.1

96.1
90.4
111.0
85.4
142.1
99.1
82.7

95.8 96.2
90.9 91.6
112.1 111.5
85.5 85.2
139.3 136. 5
97.9 98.7
82.4 83.5

96.5
92.4
111.6
85.9
135.8
98.7
82.7

96.9
93.7
111.2
86.7
134.7
98.5
82.9

97.5
94.1
111.8
86.7
134. 7
99.3
86.5

97.5
94.1
111.7
87.5
134. 7
99.3
85.3

97.4
93.4
111 6
87.5
134.7
99.4
85.5

97.6
93.3
112.0
87.4
133.0
99.9
83.8

93.3
90.0
105. 3
91.3
88.8
92.7
96.3

Hides, skins, and leather products--------------------Hides and skins___ ___________ _______
Leather . _____________ _____________
__________ ____ _______
F o o tw ear__
Other leather products____________________

96.0
62.5
87.6
111.9
97.6

94.6
56.5
*86.0
111.9
*97.4

94.7
56.0
86.3
111.9
97.6

94.9
55.4
87.4
111.9
98.0

95.3
56 8
88.1
111.9
98.1

95.6 97.1
57.7 64. 3
88.7 90.4
111.8 111.8
98.2 98.8

97.1
64.4
90.4
111.7
99.1

99.7
74.2
94.5
111.8
99.1

99.9
74.6
95.0
111.8
99.5

100.0
73.4
96.1
111.7
99.7

101.0
76.3
98.0
111.7
100.3

109.4
74.8
97.3
111.6
100.0

99.1
94.3
98.2
102.7
95.2

Fuel, power, and lighting materials____________
Coal __________________________________
Coke ----------------- -----------------------------Ons
-------------- --------------------------------Electricity__ .. _ . . . -------------------------Petroleum and products ______ ___________

108.4 *108.6 109.2
104.1 104.1 107.9
132.4 132. 4 132.5
112.3 *112.3 111. 5
101.8 *101.8 102.9
111.7 112 1 111. 5

110.5
110.9
132.5
113.5
101.3
113.5

110.8
111.9
132.5
111.8
100.7
114.2

111. 1
112.5
132.5
109.6
100.7
114.9

111.2
112. 5
132.5
106.3
99. 6
116.3

111.2
112. 5
132. 5
106 6
98,5
116.6

110.9
112.3
131.8
106.0
98.0
116. 5

111.0
111.7
131.8
105. 7
99 1
116.5

111.1
111.8
131.8
106.1
98.5
116.8

108.3
111.2
131.8
108.2
98.5
111.1

107.1
110.8
131.8
108.2
97. 4
109.4

102.4
104.8
115.6
94.8
101.3
103.1

Chemical? and allied products_____________ ____
Industrial chemicals _____________________
Prepared paint___________________________
Paint materials— ----------------- -------------Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics - ______
Fats and oils, inedible---------------------------- ..
Mixed fertilizer ________________________
Fertilizer materials ____ ______________ _
Other chemical? and products.......... . . . ___

107.1
117.3
112.8
94.7
94.0
60.0
109.9
114.0
108.1

107.2
117. 4
112.8
94.7
94.0
*59.8
109.9
114. 1
108.1

107.4
117.9
112.8
95.2
93.9
60.5
110.0
114.0
108. 1

107.5
118.4
112.8
95.2
93.9
63.5
110.0
114.0
106.8

107.2
118.4
112.8
96.5
93.9
61.2
111. 1
114.0
105.3

107.1
118.6
112.7
96.6
93.8
58.6
111.4
113.9
105.2

107.2
119. 2
112.7
97.7
93. 5
58.0
111.5
112.9
105.0

106.7
119.5
112.1
98.0
93.5
53.3
111.7
112.9
103.4

106.7
120.0
111.0
98.5
93.5
51.1
112.0
113.0
103.3

106 3
120. 2
110.7
96.0
93.5
46.9
1112
113.8
102.9

106.2
120 2
110.7
95.3
93.6
46.7
110.6
113.8
102.8

105.6
119.2
110.8
95.0
93.1
46.6
110.6
102.6

105. 5
118.0
110.8
95.1
93.1
49 9
110.7
112.9
103.0

92.1
96 3
98.0
86.8
91.3
48.8
101.2
98.5
91.1

Rubber and pro d u cts______ ________________
Crude rubber _ ______________________
Tire casing? and tubes_________________
Other rubber p ro d u cts------------------------------

125.1
117.5
129.3
123.7

125.0
117.0
129.3
123.7

124.9
113.8
130. 3
123.7

124.6
112.9
130.3
123.3

124.8
113.4
130.3
123.7

124.8
114.5
130.1
123.2

124.3
112.0
130.1
123.2

124.2
111.3
130. 1
123.2

124.0
120.1
126.4
123.0

123. 5
120.0
125.1
123.2

124.6
121.1
126.4
124.1

125.0
122.7
126.3
124.5

125.4
124 2
126.3
124.7

109.5
129.0
106.1
103.6

Lumber and wood products____________ ___ _
Lumber_______________________________
Millwork_____ __________________________
Plywood _________ ____________________

116.2
115.0
130.8
102.9

116.2
115.3
130.8
100.7

116.7
115.6
131.1
102.9

116.8
115.5
131.1
105.0

117.0
115.9
131.1
103.5

117.4
116.4
131.3
103.9

117.3
116. 3
131 2
103.1

118.1
117.2
131.2
104.7

119.2
118.3
131.4
106.8

120.4
119.3
131.7
112. 4

121.1
120.2
131.6
112.7

121.5
120.7
132.0
112.4

121.8
121 0
132.0
112.4

112.4
113.5
110.9
101.7

Pulp, paper, and allied products_______________
Woodpulp_____________ ________ _____ _
Wastepaper_____________________________
Paper .. ___ ____ _____________________
Paperboard____________ _______________
Converted paper and paperboard___ _______
Building paper and board_________________

115.8
109.7
67.2
126.5
124.4
111.5
127.9

116.3
109. 7
83.2
126.8
124.8
111.8
127.9

116.6
109. 7
84. 1
126.8
124.6
112.3
127.9

117.1
109.7
85.7
126.8
125.1
113.2
127.9

117.0
109.7
79.1
126.8
125.5
113.2
127.9

117.1
109.7
79.1
126.8
125.9
113.4
123.0

117.3
109.7
90.8
126.8
126.0
113. 4
123.0

117.5
109.7
112.9
126.6
126.2
113.2
123.0

116.9 116.2
108.8 108.8
109.6 98.5
126. 5 125.9
126.0 123.6
112.3 112. 1
123.0 123.0

115.8
108.8
85.0
125.1
123.7
112.1
123.0

115.8
108 8
85.0
124 7
123.2
112.4
123.0

115.4
108.8
85.0
124.9
123.1
111.4
123.0

95.9
90.6
79.0
103.3
97.2
93.2
106.3

Metals and metal products____ _ . . ______ _
Iron and steel _____________ __________
Non ferrous m e ta ls_______________________
Metal containers .......................... ...... .........
Hardware
__________________ ________
Plumbing equipment_____________________
Heating equ ip m en t__________________ ____
Structural metal products_________________
Nonstructural metal products______________

127.1 *126.8
131.8 131.1
123.6 *123.4
130.0 130.0
138.5 *138. 5
118.2 118.2
114.0 114.5
116. 5 116.6
125.3 125.3

126.3
130.6
121 2
130.0
138.0
118.2
114.4
116.8
126.3

126.2
131.0
119.8
130.0
137.9
118.2
114.8
116.8
126.5

127.2 127.5
132.0 132.8
121. 5 122.1
130.0 128.7
137.5 137.2
118.2 118.2
115.3 115.5
117.6 117.3
127.2 127.2

127.9
133.6
122.3
128.7
137. 2
118.2
115.8
117. 5
127.2

127.9
133.4
122.1
128.7
137.2
118.2
115.8
117.7
127.2

128.5
134.6
122.8
128.6
136.9
118.7
115.8
117.9
127.0

129.4
136.2
124 5
128.6
135. 6
118. 7
115.6
117.8
126.3

129.3
135.7
126.4
128.6
134.7
116. 4
115.1
117.5
125.4

126.9
130.9
127 6
126 6
134 5
113. 5
114.6
114.4
124.1

125. 7
128.9
126.6
126.6
133.2
113.8
114.4
113.6
124.0

108.8
113.1
101.8
109.0
111.1
103. 2
102.0
100.1
113. 2

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

no. 7

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

844

T able D - 9 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=100]

May Apr.
1954 2 1954

Commodity group

Mar.
1954

Feb.
1954

Jan.
1954

Dec.
1953

Nov.
1953

Oct.
1953

Sept.
1953

Aug.
1953

July
1953

June
1953

May
1953

June
1950

Machinery and motive products________ ____
Agricultural machinery and equipment--------Construction machinery and equipment------Metalworking machinery and equipm ent.......
General purpose machinery and equipment__
Miscellaneous machinery. ______________
Electrical machinery and equipment . . . ---Motor vehicles ____________________ _____

124.4 124.4
122.6 *122.3
131.6 *131.6
132.6 132.6
128.2 128.2
125.3 125.2
126.0 126.5
118.9 118.9

124.5
122.3
131.7
133.0
128. 5
125.1
126.8
118.9

124.5
123.0
131.5
133.0
128.2
124.9
126.8
118.9

124.4
122.7
131.2
132.8
128.2
124.7
126.8
118.9

124.3
122.5
131.1
132.8
128.6
124.5
126.8
118.5

124.2
122.5
131.1
132.8
128. 5
124.4
126.6
118.5

124.1
122.4
131.0
132.7
128.2
124.1
126.5
118.5

124.0
122.3
130.9
132.8
127 9
124.2
126.2
118.6

123.7 123.4
122.3 122.7
130. 5 130.8
131.9 131 8
126.9 125.8
123.9 123.3
125. 6 124.8
118.6 118.6

122.9
122 6
129.4
131. 3
124.9
122.4
124 2
118.6

122.4
122.4
129 1
130.1
123.8
122.0
122.6
118 6

106.3
108 3
108.1
108.8
107.0
105.0
102.1
106.7

Furniture and other household durables______ ..
Household furniture __________ ______ ____
Commercial furniture----- --------------------------Floor covering___ _____ _________________
Household appliances,.......... ................. ...........
Radios, . ..................................... ....................
Television s e ts ____ ______________________
Other household durable goods_____________

115.5 *115. 6
113.5 113.6
126.2 126.2
122.6 122.6
109.7 *109.9
95.7
95.7
73.8
73.8
130.4 *130.4

115.0
113.7
126.2
122.6
109.5
95.7
73.8
128.2

115.1
113.9
126.2
122.3
109.7
96.1
73.8
128.1

115.2
114.2
126.2
122.5
109.6
96.1
73.5
128.1

115.0
114. 1
126.2
124.8
109.1
94.3
74.0
127.7

114.9
114.1
126.2
125. 0
109.0
94. 3
74. 2
127.6

114.8
114.2
125.8
125.2
109.0
94.8
74.2
126.8

114.9
114.2
125.8
125.2
109.1
94.8
74.2
126.9

114.8
113.8
125.8
125.3
108.9
95.0
74.0
126.9

114.7
113.8
125.8
125.2
108.8
95.0
74.3
126.7

114.3
114.1
125.7
124 8
108.1
95.4
75.0
125 6

114.1
114.0
124.3
125. 0
108.1
94.9
74.9
125.4

103.1
101.8
106.2
109.1
100.1
0
0
106.8

Nonmetallic minerals—structural______________
Flat g la ss.--------------- ------- --------------------Concrete ingredients--------------------------------Concrete products__ ____ ________________
Structural clay products--------- ----------------Gypsum products ............ ................ ..............
Prepared asphalt roofing_________ _________
Other nonmetallic minerals________________

119.2 *120.8
124.7 124.7
119.9 119.8
117.3 117.3
132.0 132. 0
122.1 122.1
95.8 *108.4
120.2 120.2

121.0
124.7
119.9
117.3
132.0
122.1
109.9
119.8

121.0
124.7
119.8
117.6
131.9
122.1
109.9
119.8

120.9
124.7
119.9
117.2
131.9
122.1
109.9
119.8

120.8
124.7
119.6
117. 2
132.1
122. 1
109.9
118.9

120.8
124.7
119.4
117.4
132. 1
122. 1
109.9
118.9

120.7
124.7
119.4
117.4
132.0
122.1
109.9
118.0

120.7
124.7
119.3
117. 4
132 0
122.1
109.8
117.8

119.6
124.7
118.6
116.1
131.4
122.1
105.8
117.8

119.4
124.7
118.4
115.6
131.1
122.1
105.8
117.3

118.1
122.9
118.2
115. 5
125.1
122.1
106 2
116.4

117.2
116.4
117.9
115. 5
124.7
122.1
106.0
115.3

105.4
105.6
105.7
104. 5
110.5
102.3
98.9
105.7

Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages____
Cigarettes............ ........................................ ......
Cigars. ---------------------- ------------------------Other tobacco products___________________
Alcoholic beverages.. ____________________
Nonalcoholic beverages____________________

121.4
124.0
103.5
120.7
114. 3
147.9

121.5
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.6
147.9

117.9
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.6
125.1

118.0
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.6
125.1

118.2
124.0
103.5
120.7
115.0
125.1

118.1
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1

118.1
124. 0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1

118.1
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1

116. 2
124.0
103.5
120.7
111.2
125.1

115.6
124.0
103.5
120.7
110.0
125.1

115.6
124.0
103.5
120.7
110.0
125.1

114.9
124 0
102 9
120.7
110.0
120.6

114.8
124.0
102. 9
121. 5
110.0
119.9

101.4
102.8
100.6
103.3
100.9
100.8

Miscellaneous
________________________ ___
Toys, sporting goods, small arms. _________
Manufactured animal feeds_______________
Notions and accessories. __________________
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment______ . . .
Other miscellaneous._____________________

109.2 *110.3
113.6 *113.6
109.1 111.1
93.5
93.5
102.3 *102.7
121.3 121.3

104.9
113.0
101.1
93.5
102.0
121.2

102.8
113.0
97.2
93.5
102.0
120.4

101.1
113.1
94.0
93.5
102.1
119.8

100.1
113.2
92.2
93. 5
101.9
119.7

93.2
114.0
78.7
93.5
101.9
119. 5

94.4
114.1
81.0
93.5
101.9
119.5

94.7
114.0
81.6
93. 5
102.0
119.3

96.4
95.3
114.0 114.1
82. 7
85.0
93. 5 93 2
101.8 101.8
119.6 119.8

95.8
114 0
83.7
93.2
101 8
119.9

99 7
114.3
91 1
93.2
101.9
120.3

104.8
93.7
88.7
96.6
105.4

1 T h e r e v is e d w h o le s a le p r ic e in d e x ( 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ) is t h e o ffic ia l in d e x for
J a n u a r y 1952 a n d s u b s e q u e n t m o n t h s . T h e o ffic ia l in d e x for D e c e m b e r 1951
a n d p r e v io u s d a t e s is t h e fo r m e r in d e x ( 1 9 2 6 = 1 0 0 ) . T h e r e v is e d i n d e x h a s
b e e n c o m p u t e d b a c k to J a n u a r y 1947 for p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r i s o n a n d a n a l y s is .
P r ic e s a re c o lle c te d fr o m m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d o t h e r p r o d u c e r s . I n s o m e c a s e s
t h e y a r e s e c u r e d fro n t t r a d e p u b li c a t i o n s o r fr o m o th e r G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s
w h ic h c o ll e c t p r ic e q u o t a t i o n s in t h e c o u r s e o f t h e ir r e g u la r w o r k . F o r a m o r e

96 9

d e t a il e d d e s c r i p t io n o f t h e i n d e x , s e e A D e s c r ip t i o n o f t h e R e v i s e d W h o l e s a l e
P r i c e I n d e x , M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , F e b r u a r y 1952 ( p . 1 8 0 ), o r r e p r in t
S e r ia l N o . R . 2067.
* P r e li m in a r y .
* N o t a v a i la b l e .
* R e v is e d .

Table D-10: Special wholesale price indexes1
[1947-49=100]
1950

1953

1954
C o m m o d ity g ro u p
M ay 2
A ll f o o d s ...................... ....................................................................
A ll fish ______________________________________ ______ _
S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s _________________
M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y __________________________
M a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t _________________________
T o ta l t r a c t o r s __________ ______ ______________________
S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s . ...................................... ........................
B u ild in g m a t e r i a ls __________________________________
S o a p s _____ . . _______ _________________________________
S y n t h e t i c d e te r g e n t s ______________________ ______ _
R e f in e d p e tr o le u m p r o d u c t s ________________________
E a s t c o a s t p e t r o l e u m . __________________________
M i d - c o n ti n e n t p e tr o l e u m _______________________
G u l i c o a s t p e t r o l e u m ___________________________
P a c ific c o a s t p e t r o l e u m _______ ________________
P u l p , p a p e r a n d p r o d u c ts , ex cl. b ld g , p a p e r _______
t S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e D - 9


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A p r.

104.7 *103.9
105.7
103.7
125.0
125. 2
139.9 *139.9
127.4
127.5
123.9
123.9
141.9
141.9
118.7 *119.0
97.1
97.1
9 3 .4
9 3 .4
110.5
1 1 0 .0
108.1
107.3
105.7
105.4
114.1
113.1
118.8
118.8
116.1
115.5

M a r.
103.0
107.5
124.6
140.1
127.6
123.7
141.9
119.3
97.1
9 3 .4
109.7
108.7
106.3
110. C
118.8
116.3

Feb.
103.1
107.2
124.6
140.1
127.6
124.9
142.0
119.2
9 4 .8
91 .0
112.2
109.9
107.7
116. C
118.8
116.9

Jan.
104.5
114.0
125.3
139.7
127.4
124.5
142.4
119.6
91.1
91 .0
112.9
109.4
109.9
116.2
118.8
116.8

1 P r e lim in a r y .

D ec.
103.1
109.4
125.4
139.7
127.5
124.1
142.4
119.6
90 .5
91 .0
113.8
1 1 2 .0

109.6
117.8
118.8
116.9

N ov.
10 3 .6
106.1
125.7
139.7
127.4
124.1
142.4
119. 5
9 0 .0
9 1 .0
115.5
114.1
110.2
121.3
118.8
117.1

S e p t.

O c t.
105.1
111.3
125.7
139.6
127.2
124.1
142.5
120.0
8 6 .5
91.0
115.8
113.5
110.1
122 8
118.8
117.4

106.8
104.9
126.2
139.7
127.1
124. 1
142.6
120.4
8 6 .2

9 1 .0
115.6
113.8
109.6
1 2 2 .8

118.8
116.7

R e v is e d .

A ug.

104.8
107.8
126.8
139.1
126. 5
123.7
142.7
120.8
85 .8
91.0
115.6
113.8
109.6
122.8
118.8
116.1

J u ly
104.9
102.5
126.8
138.8
126.0
124.3
142.7
121.3
85.8
9 0 .8
116. 1
113.8
109.7
124.1
118 8
115.6

Ju n e
103.8
100 9
125.0
138.7
125.3
123.8
137 1
120 5
85. 5
90.8
109.1
107 3
100.0
116.8
118 8
115.6

M ay
104.1
106.5
124. 1
138.2
124. 4
123 8
134.4
120 2
87 1
90.8
109.1
107 8
99 6

116 8
118 8
115.2

June

9 5.0
92.4
108.3
109.8
106.1
107.5
114.9
107. 5
80.9
8 2 .9
102.1
98.1
101.8
109.7
94.1
95 .6

845

E : W O RK STOPPA G ES

E: Work Stoppages
T

able

E - l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages

Man-days idle during month
or year

Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
1 9 3 5 -3 9 (a v e r a g e )
1 9 4 7 -4 9 (a v e r a g e )
1945
_____
1946
______
1947—
...

1948—

.................... -..................

1949
1 950
1951
1952
1953

______________ ______________ _____
_____
_____
_____

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

869
875
841
763
721
658
502
354

313, 000
258, 000
293, 000
238, 000

1954: January 2._
February 2.
March 2__
A pril2___
M a y 2____

250

400
350
375
450
500

80,000
50, 000

225
300
350

i All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift are
included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “workers
involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or more


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

406, 000
448, OCO
491, 000
393, 000
211, 000
210, 000
175, 000
173, 000

3, 770, 000
4, 530, 000
3, 880, 000
2, 880, 000
1, 700, 000
1, 650, 000
1, 570, 000
1, 880, inlll

.42
.48
.39
.32
. 19
. 17
.18

150, 000
100, 000
150, 000
200, 000
230, 000

1, 000, 000
750, 000
1, 300, 000
1, 200. nnn
1, 750, 000

.12

3, 510, 000
2, 400, 000

596
567
534
484
420
379
281
145

119, 000

175, 000
100, 000

76, 300

100, 000

130. 000
180,000

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time
0. 27
.46
.47
1. 43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

2, 220. 000

1953: M ay_____
June_____
July-------August__
September.
O ctober...
November.
December.

Number

16, 900, 000
39, 700, 000
38, 000, 000
116, 000, 000
34, 600, 000
34, 100, 000
50, 500, 000
38, 800, 000
22, 900, 000
59, 100, 000
28, 300, 000

1,130, 000
2, 380, 000
3, 470, 000
4, 600, 000
2, 170, 000
1, 960,000
3, 030, 000
2, 410, 000

2,862
3, 573
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
3, 606
4, 843
4,737
5,117
5,091

200

In effect dur­
ing month

.20

.09
.14
.13

.21

shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not meas­
ure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries
whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

846

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

F: Building and Construction
T able F -l: Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
E x p e n d i t u r e s ( in m il li o n s )

Type of construction

1954
Ju n e2 M a y 8 Apr.

Total new construction4 .

1953

Mar.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1952

Total

Total

______ ____ $3,322 $3, 097 $2, 808 $2, 568 $2, 348 $2, 440 $2, 712 $3,024 $3, 236 $3,362 $3, 345 $3, 325 $3, 224 $35, 256 $33,008

Private construction___ . . . . . . _______
Residential building (nonfarm)______
New dwelling u n i t s . . ................... .
Additions and alterations________
Nonhousekeeping8_____________
Nonresidential building (nonfarm)8___
Industrial_____________________
Commercial________ _________
Warehouses, office, and loft
buildings____________
Stores, restaurants, and garages_________________ _
Other nonresidential building___
Religious
___ _______ ____
Educational____ ___________
Social and recreational_______
Hospital and institutional7___
Miscellaneous_____________
Farm construction_________________
Public utilities________
_________
Railroad_____________ _______
Telephone and telegraph________
Other public utilities___________
All other private 8__________________
Public construction. . . . ___ __________
Residential building 9. .
. ._
Nonresidential building (other than
military facilities)_______________
In d u strial__ ______________
Educational . . . . ___ . . . . . .
Hospital and institutional- _____
Other nonresidential- . . . _______
Military facilities 70______________ . .
Highways... .. . . . ___ ___________
Sewer and water
. . . . . ..
Miscellaneous public service enterprises'1. . .
. . . . . _________
Conservation and development______
All other public 12__________________

2,244
1,148
1,005
114
29
530
166
190

2,106
1,082
945
111
26
491
166
169

1,930
972
855
93
24
465
169
152

1,791
863
770
71
22
469
173
154

1,643
758
675
61
22
474
176
157

1,714
816
730
63
23
486
179
164

1,917
951
850
78
23
507
177
182

2,077
1, 034
915
94
25
523
177
192

2,154
1,076
950
101
25
511
177
179

2,200
1,093
965
103
25
505
177
175

2,223
1, 114
980
110
24
493
174
169

2, 218
1,126
990
112
24
489
176
165

2,187 23, 877
1, 123 11,930
990 10, 555
110 1,108
23
267
479 5, 680
185 2, 229
152 1, 791

22,107
11,100
9,870
1,045
' 185
5,014
2, 320
lj 137

76

72

69

70

73

75

79

79

75

71

66

60

114
174
46
47
20
28
33
157
398
35
54
309
11
1,078
29

97
156
42
43
17
28
26
145
379
34
54
291
9
991
31

83
144
40
39
16
27
22
127
358
36
50
272
8
878
32

84
142
40
38
16
27
21
114
338
33
50
255
7
777
34

84
141
41
38
16
26
20
106
298
25
45
228
7
705
35

89
143
42
39
16
26
20
102
303
26
46
231
7
726
36

103
148
45
40
16
26
21
103
347
36
48
263
9
795
39

113
154
46
41
17
26
24
118
393
41
51
301
9
947
43

104
155
46
41
16
26
26
140
417
42
56
319
10
1,082
46

104
153
44
40
15
27
27
170
422
41
51
330
10
1,162
46

103
150
43
38
15
27
27
185
420
39
52
329
11
1,122
44

105
148
40
36
15
27
30
182
408
39
55
314
13
1,107
46

408
143
175
33
57
67
385
88

395
143
171
32
49
67
320
83

383
146
165
29
43
67
230
79

367
142
158
26
41
61
160
75

347
140
150
23
34
61
125
69

354
145
150
23
36
65
130
68

350
136
152
23
39
78
174
71

353
131
154
23
45
96
286
75

374
140
158
25
51
101
379
77

380
147
153
26
54
118
428
81

376
150
148
28
50
120
395
80

373
153
147
28
45
122
382
77

377
162
142
31
42
122
310
73

4, 352
1,771
1,728
'353
500
1,307
3,165
861

4,136
1,684
1,619
' 473
360
1,388
2,820
790

19
67
15

17
63
15

15
59
13

14
53
13

12
46
10

13
51
9

13
61
9

18
66
10

23
70
12

24
73
12

22
74
11

20
77
10

16
78
10

201
830
107

193
854
66

1Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Business and Defense Services Administration, U. S. Depart­
ment of Commerce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the
monetary value of the volume of work accomplished during the given period
of time. These figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and
the data on value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
3 Preliminary.
s Revised.
<Includes major additions and alterations.
8Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
8 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Feb.

1953

739

515

96 1,052
142 1,660
38
472
34
426
14
163
27
317
29
282
174 1,731
398 4,416
38
442
54
615
306 3, 359
13
120
1,037 11, 379
51
556

56

622
1,557
399
351
125
394
288
1,905
4, 003
438
570
2,995
85
10, 901
654

7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
« Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous non building items such as parks and playgrounds.
8 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
10 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for
production facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
13 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified such as parks, play­
grounds, and memorials.

F : B U IL D IN G A N D C O N S T R U C T IO N

847

T a b l e F - 2 : V a lu e o f co n tr a c ts aw ard ed an d fo rce-a cco u n t w ork sta rted o n fed er a lly fin an ced n ew
co n stru ctio n , b y t y p e o f co n stru ctio n 1
Value (in thousands)
Type of construction

1954 2
Apr.8

Mar.

1953 2

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

1953»

1952»

Total

Total

Total new construction4. $251,015 $166, 872 $111,053 $158,156 $168,045 $156, 748 $318, 493 $166, 946 $212,413 $176, 726 $352,393 $261,092 $355,132 $2, 839, 734 $4, 730,311
Airfield 8_____________ 20,342
Building___ ____ _____ 69,023
Residential_______ _
2,417
NonresidentiaL........ . 66,606
Educational7...........
6,461
Hospital and institu tio n a l_______
2,026
Administrative and
general8 . ______
2,976
Other nonresidential building___ 55,143
Airfield buildings8. 17,340
Industrial 10____ 25,833
Troop housing___
2,858
2,006
Warehouses_____
Miscellaneous i>_._
7,106
Conservation and development________ 23, 288
Reclamation________
591
River, harbor, and
flood control............. 22,697
Highways....................... 129, 794
Electrification________
4, 598
All other 12___________
3,970

8, 250
40,388
463
39,925
3,064

19, 212
19, 865
397
19, 468
2,562

11,497
82, 073
104
81, 969
11,051

2, 702
38,131
79
38,052
6, 580

4,425

6,493

3, 615

9,780

9,505

2,936

1, 766

2,145

1,873

1,150

29, 500
10, 256
7,408
951
5, 776
5,109

8, 647
1,382
3,403
1,394
511
1,957

65,158
12, 913
42,333
2, 334
2, 538
5,040

19, 819
1,076
15, 540
372
751
2,080

12,385
782

7,296
810

4, 763
1,339

11, 252
7,701

9, 729
3, 673

27,012
1, 716

11,603
90, 547
6,905
8,397

6,486
47, 552
13, 413
3, 715

3, 424
50, 401
3,585
5,837

3, 551
92, 047
20,130
3,783

6,056
88,176
1,226
5, 216

25, 296
66, 407
47, 237
8, 640

3,357
634
49, 044 168, 563
68 (6)
48,976 168, 563
10,291
7, 712

8, 554
48,337
394
47, 943
11,051

11,305
65,399
30
65,369
19, 778

10,033

9, 691

6,856

10, 280

18, 490

23, 790

6,097

141,346

211,877

14,460

2,512

2,135

1, 719

4,506

4,462

4, 220

45, 731

43,195

28,030 136,358
1,774
199
19, 631 128, 400
1,002
1,176
992 2, 758
4,631
3, 825

24, 689
4,027
11,196
823
3,437
5,206

36, 600
2,630
22,011
3,077
160
8, 722

19, 689
1, 008
12, 940
2,284
880
2, 577

87, 237
17, 659
36,004
9, 483
8, 382
15, 709

63,080 185,019
10, 584 12,032
33, 849 147,136
4, 567 6,739
5, 262 4, 962
8,818 14,150

861,398 2,187, 644
70, 047
80, 671
603,128 1,305, 481
60, 046
285, 602
40,338
276, 455
87,839
239, 435

9, 770
1,844

14,663
11,086

11,564
4,060

31, 396
4,540

14,179
9,419

206,355
63,604

1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts con­
tributed by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work
is done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using
a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
2 Beginning with data for January 1953, awards of less than $25,000 in value
are excluded; during 1951-52 the total value of such awards represented less
than 1 percent of the total.
3Preliminary.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
1 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
.nonresident ial” building construction.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7, 926 3, 577
97, 543 105, 629
557 10,695
2,185
4, 722

12,651 10, 274
4, 773 21, 246
106,411
140, 991
48, 007 132, 074 112,102 217,155 1, 237, 047 2, 596, 961
3, 411
620 3,025
15, 239
23, 296
(•)
48,007 128, 662 111,482 214,130 1, 221,808 2, 573, 665
16, 319 18, 429 20,150 18, 794 173,333 ' 130; 949

7, 504 26, 856
4, 760
94, 792 122, 202 110. 664
5,293 40, 069 11,815
4,419 16, 378
7,559

10, 665
3,083

287, 498
92, 916

7,582
142, 751
194, 582
92, 771 1,050,116 1,005, 808
2,981
156, 759 515,962
10,314
83, 046
183,091

8 Less than $25,000.
7 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.
8 Includes armories, offices, and customhouses.
8 Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in­
cluded under “Troop housing.”
i° Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in­
cluding those which are privately operated.
11 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
12 Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.

848

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

T a b l e F - 3 : U rb a n b u ild in g a u th o riz ed , b y p rin cip a l cla ss of co n stru ctio n a n d b y t y p e o f b u ild in g 1
Number of new dwelling units—Housekeeping only

Valuation (in thousands)
New residential building
Period

Privately financed

Housekeeping

Total, all
classes 2

New nonresl
Nondential
Privately financed dwelling units
Publicly house- building
financed keeping 3
dwell­
Multiing
Total
1-family 2-fam­
ily 3 family 4 units

1942________________ $2, 707, 573 $598, 570 $478, 658
1946________________ 4,743, 414 2,114, 833 1, 830, 260
1947________________ 5, 563, 348 2, 885, 374 2,361, 752
1948________________ 6, 972, 784 3, 422, 927 2, 745, 219
1949________________ 7, 398,144 3, 724, 924 2, 845, 399
1950________________ 10, 480, 350 5, 819, 360 4, 850, 763
1951_______________
8, 918,168 4, 380,137 3, 817, 697
1952________________ 8, 926, 672 4, 647, 014 4, 050, 435
9, 603, 891 4, 645, 521 3, 993,421
1953_______________

$42, 629
103,042
151,036
181,493
132, 365
178, 985
171, 343
213, 790
201,133

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Total

$77, 283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1, 510, 688 $278, 472 184, 892
181, 531 355, 587 43, 369 1, 458, 602 771, 023 430,195
372, 586
42, 249 29, 831 1, 713,489 892, 404 502,312
496, 215 139, 334 38,034 2, 367, 940 1,004, 549 516,179
747,160 285, 627 39, 785 2, 410, 315 937,493 575, 286
798, 612 327, 553 84, 504 3,156, 475 1, 092, 458 798, 499
391, 097 587, 476 37, 875 2, 815, 669 1, 097, 011 534, 605
382, 789 460, 375 51,713 2, 637,037 1,130, 534 563, 211
450,967 284, 592 93, 111 3, 330, 469 1, 250,197 536, 998

1-fam­
ily

138, 908
358,151
393, 606
392, 532
413, 543
624,377
435, 219
457,389
425, 686

2-family 3

Pub­
licly fi­
Multi- nanced
fam­
ily 4

15, 747 30, 237
24,326 47, 718
33, 423 75, 283
36,306 87, 341
26, 431 135, 312
33,310 140, 812
29, 895 69, 491
37, 454 68, 368
32, 548 78, 764

95, 946
98, 310
5, 833
15,114
32,194
38, 953
66, 640
53, 626
32, 737

1952: Ja n u a ry ----- .
February_____
March___ __
April. _____ .
M ay__________
June________
Ju ly __________
August . . . . _
September . ..
October... _____
N ovem ber... ._
D ecem ber_____

527, 773
611,085
783,787
858,403
829, 940
887, 561
807, 019
751, 678
800,125
822, 292
644, 786
602,222

267, 068
345, 392
408, 651
465, 793
443, 519
411, 226
420, 336
401, 450
438, 618
450,175
319,189
275, 596

230, 354
300,957
353, 504
409, 964
388, 013
368,060
369,052
347, 555
384, 202
388, 207
276, 724
233,845

16, 287
17, 276
18, 807
20, 425
20, 737
17, 489
17, 301
19,001
20. 719
17, 479
14, 498
13, 770

20, 426
27,160
36,341
35, 404
34, 769
25, 678
33,983
34, 894
33, 697
44, 489
27, 967
27, 981

28, 684
26, 089
80, 957
75, 698
62, 057
63, 596
22, 554
12,119
15, 947
15, 680
21, 822
35,172

1,432
1,632
4, 570
3, 257
6, 729
3,605
2,395
5, 781
7, 247
4,243
7,451
3,370

159,148
160, 555
197, 739
219, 581
211,040
291, 571
252,128
232, 974
233, 568
246, 654
217,087
214, 990

71, 441
77, 417
91, 869
94,074
106, 595
117, 562
109, 607
99,354
104, 746
105, 539
79, 237
73,094

34, 426
43, 237
50,026
56,325
53, 352
48, 909
50, 636
48, 768
52,528
52, 785
38,314
33,905

27, 902
35,003
40, 204
45,964
43, 672
41,107
41, 842
39,110
42, 767
42, 655
30. 854
26,309

2,892
3, 019
3, 471
3, 566
3, 550
3, 080
2,938
3, 289
3, 588
3, 055
2, 521
2,485

3, 632
5, 215
6, 351
6, 795
6,130
4, 722
5, 856
6, 369
6,173
7,075
4,939
5,111

3, 419
3,047
10, 094
9,235
6,736
7,008
2,484
1,663
1,701
1,624
2, 475
4,141

1953: January--------- _
February____
March . . . .
A pril.. ._ _____
M ay____ _____
June. ____ ..
Ju ly __________
August. ___. . .
S ep tem b er.___
October..
November. . . .
December____

590, 397
665, 229
941, 507
1,015, 568
910, 269
886, 089
884, 063
802, 374
801,062
785,093
672, 564
608, 318

278, 931
331, 971
482,342
501,327
454, 976
447, 820
410, 770
392, 541
378, 975
386,155
302, 858
271,361

233,070
281, 720
417, 691
438,360
395,168
385, 891
352, 921
338, 663
323,110
332, 596
263, 782
227,110

13, 369
16, 345
19, 861
20, 964
20,095
16, 970
17, 967
14, 682
14, 790
18, 644
13,518
12,192

32, 492
33, 906
44, 790
42, 003
39, 713
44, 959
39, 882
39,196
41,075
34, 915
25, 558
32,059

32, 280
33,111
80,979
26,005
23,150
19, 976
5, 210
9, 730
28, 001
2, 066
12, 705
5,146

5,153
3,101
6, 693
7,077
6,235
4, 677
11,135
13,109
15, 425
5, 986
7,697
6, 823

195, 643
213, 028
268, 016
362,123
311,049
288, 053
332, 523
278, 386
260, 908
282, 237
262. 917
248,324

78, 390
84, 088
103,478
119, 037
114, 859
125, 563
124, 425
108, 609
117, 753
108, 650
86, 387
76, 664

34,914
39, 953
56, 068
57, 225
52, 739
51, 721
46, 697
44, 528
42, 899
43,148
34,363
32,074

26,833
31,047
44, 647
46,074
42, 477
41,351
37,015
35, 686
33, 625
34, 534
27, 839
24,165

2,347
2, 815
3, 342
3, 524
3,294
2,635
2,906
2, 246
2, 399
2, 674
2,128
2,028

5,734
6,091
8, 079
7, 627
6, 968
7,735
6, 776
6,596
6, 875
5, 940
4,396
5, 881

3,973
3', 869
9, 268
3, 918
2,457
2,282
571
1,046
3,249
'238
1, 557
'734

1954: January----------February_____
March 8...
A p ril7_________

600,116
637, 444
887, 732
950, 472

263, 564
320,014
467, 733
511, 812

210,176
277, 379
408, 444
450,460

9,274
11.103
15, 544
16,049

44,114
31,532
43, 745
45,303

16, 817
9. 876
9, 711
8,932

8,117
5, 223
11, 296
9,858

238, 295
220, 517
297,066
304, 932

73,324
81, 814
101, 927
114, 939

31,855
37,392
53, 655
56, 807

23,185
29, 810
43, 417
47,082

1,489
1,900
2, 528
2, 526

7,181
5, 682
7,710
7,199

1,830
1.132
1,174
1, 064

1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
2 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
3 Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
5 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Revised.
7 Preliminary.

849

F : B U IL D IN G A N D C O N S T R U C T IO N

T able

F-4:

N e w n o n r esid en tia l b u ild in g au th o rized in a ll u rb an p la c e s,1 b y gen era l t y p e a n d b y
geograp h ic d iv isio n 2
Valuation (in thousands)

Geographic division and
type of new nonresi­
dential building

1954
Apr.3

M ar.4

Feb.

1953
Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

1953

1952

Total

Total

All types____________ $304,932 $297,066 $220,516 $238, 295 $248,324 $262, 917 $282, 237 $260, 908 $278, 386 $332, 523 $288,053 $311, 049 $362, 123 $3, 303, 469 $2, 637, 037
New England__ __ 19,630 18, 754
6,591
8,237 17, 350 20,166 18, 912 15,378 11, 952 16, 233 17, 486 21, 323 22. 552
192,857
165, 928
Middle Atlantic___ 61,636 50,781 36, 992 45, 993 62, 445 36, 391 45, 840 40, 252 44, 733 40,125 46, 485 47, 769 50, 012
508, 043
440, 529
East North Central. 69,880 68, 901 49,008 55, 354 41, 019 58, 297 67, 670 56, 482 74, 963 102, 275 68, 768 76, 925 92, 818
786, 544
597, 588
West North Central. 31,661 26, 951 15, 712 15, 751 21, 058 16, 520 23, 865 26, 308 23, 548 30, 470 18, 584 32, 934 25, 074
271, 263
215, 776
South Atlantic........ 32,250 37,483 34, 024 28, 374 25,172 41, 241 36, 375 27,366 40,810 44, 496 35,810 36, 831 52, 476
441, 683
276, 783
East South Central
13,105 13,350
8, 703 8, 181
7, 737 6,212 10,954 10, 870 10, 086
113,191
8, 558 10, 164 6, 575 11,631
120,165
West South Central. 28, 204 25,310 25,371 31, 003 24, 746 37, 410 24,642 28. 570 22. 425 28,101 41, 131 28, 552 50, 546 368, 642 274,142
8,815 15, 298
M ountain________
7, 768
5, 288 11,124
141, 752
8,838
8, 510 15, 421
9, 961 17, 762 10, 749 11,082 17, 562
101, 699
Pacific___________ 39,751 38,439 36, 348 40,114 37, 674 37, 842 45, 470 40, 261 39, 908 44, 503 38, 877 49,058 39, 452
506. 494
444, 429
Industrial buildings A. .
New England...
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain______
Pacific_______
Commercial buildings 6_
New England___
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
Mountain. ______
Pacific__ _____ _
Community buildings 7.
New England_____
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
Mountain ___. . .
Pacific . .. . . .
Public buildings 8___
New England .. ..
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic . ..
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain. . ..
Pacific. . . . . .
Public works and utility
buildings 8 _____ _
New England... ..
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain. ___ _
Pacific ______ ..
All other buildings i0__
New England_____
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central.
West North Central.
South Atlantic____
East South Central.
West South Central.
M ountain. ______
Pacific___________

32, 086
2,199
12,450
8,896
1,700
1,400
663
1,302
614
2,863
111, 169
4,131
21, 419
20,708
15, 273
14,440
4, 704
12,855
3,841
13, 798
121,423
11,487
22,663
26, 805
9,831
11,621
6, 417
12,356
2,977
17,266
6, 257
115
918
944
2,130
797
21
352
144
837

20,096
2, 059
6,129
4,815
860
908
1,133
779
631
2,782
97. 582
6,694
15,818
18, 578
10, 291
10, 704
5,835
10, 257
6,288
13,116
136, 719
8, 288
26, 411
27, 778
12, 623
23,137
6,179
10, 212
7, 077
15, 014
7, 299
0
25
170
937
969
1,883
118
504
2,691

20, 347
603
2,141
4,036
2,244
4,362
218
1, 407
531
4,805
76,364
2,895
10,174
13,216
3, 944
19, 955
4, 790
10,011
3,618
7, 701
74, 043
2,637
13, 646
15,398
7,234
7, 122
1,177
9,815
1, 884
15, 130
29, 279
0
8,198
11, 737
773
192
1, 905
1, 444
982
4,050

37, 362
511
14, 089
9,037
2,486
1, 436
897
1,013
583
7,311
66,141
2, 206
10, 959
10, 606
3, 604
9, 629
1, 836
14, 449
1,718
11, 234
102, 500
4, 703
18, 341
28, 902
3,867
12, 929
2, 487
12, 214
1,886
17, 171
7, 059
55
552
313
1,032
1,348
1, 662
335
0
1, 762

36,890
683
11, 893
8, 227
6, 257
1, 435
2, 431
762
277
4, 926
74, 210
3, 454
17, 202
16, 642
4, 028
11, 734
2,106
7, 444
2, 908
8,692
101, 501
11, 389
26, 212
12, 372
9, 195
7, 711
2,961
10, 368
6,318
14, 975
9, 715
798
1,213
462
790
417
72
3,373
801
1,788

39,378
6 858
8,321
14,083
1,875
1,339
1, 232
1,208
933
3, 528
87, 594
4,154
11, 784
14,955
4, 953
18, 096
1,452
14, 272
3,431
14, 497
93, 908
6,705
11, 686
17, 824
3, 891
12, 403
2, 742
19, 927
3, 613
15,116
3, 952
231
127
1, 050
509
1,168
27
136
82
622

34, 217
1,066
9,962
9, 718
3, 536
2, 255
2,408
610
484
4,177
98, 279
3, 122
17, 510
17, 434
11,056
14,889
1,807
9, 520
2, 574
20, 366
106, 237
10, 644
15, 432
23, 664
5,164
16, 576
3, 860
11,010
4,028
15, 859
8, 334
1, 510
110
4,155
739
482
0
454
83
801

21,027
1,704
5, 556
6, 307
3,090
1, 357
441
2,033
271
5, 269
94, 446
4,935
17, 4*j
22, 023
7, 928
8,977
3, 514
9, 386
8, 080
12, 126
100, 331
7, 172
13, 247
17, 844
11,921
13, 758
5, 621
10,331
3, 371
17, 067
4, 824
0
125
448
1,050
354
44
642
906
1, 254

41,198
1,291
4, 729
21,156
2,147
2, 341
1,359
2,258
356
5, 562
91, 247
3, 649
13, 096
20. 176
8, 056
21,162
3,083
5, 715
3,149
13, 162
100, 476
4,541
23. 349
20, 252
9,697
8,913
4,406
11,011
4,877
13, 432
7,087
711
285
731
285
1,227
55
212
96
3,484

11,334
495
1,979
2,814
1,044
2,708
727
206
535
827
22,663
1,203
2,207
9.713
1,682
1,286
574
1,134
705
4,160

15,623
1, 007
553
9,274
319
461
30
2,143
196
1,640
19, 748
707
1,845
8,284
1,920
1,105
291
1,801
601
3, 195

7,561
136
1, 298
2,860
643
1,117
0
649
49
811
12, 922
320
1, 535
1,762
873
1, 277
614
2,046
705
3, 791

10, 559
155
345
463
4, 213
2,097
1,010
1, 489
305
480
14, 674
607
1,707
6,034
649
933
289
1,504
796
2,156

15, 051
453
4,015
1, 522
21
2,048
0
1,262
361
5, 370
10, 957
572
1,909
1,793
767
1, 828
167
1,538
458
1, 925

23,180
1,089
3,043
6, 491
3, 878
5,868
76
533
190
2,012
14,905
1,129
1,429
3,894
1,413
2,367
683
1,334
589
2,067

15, 284
1,606
474
5, 675
1, 265
551
2, 394
1, 250
364
1, 706
19, 886
964
2, 352
7,024
2,104
1,620
485
1,799
977
2,560

13, 666
143
1, 553
2,565
418
1,156
650
3, 724
1, 576
1, 880
21, 614
1, 425
2,295
7,296
1,901
1,763
599
2,454
1, 216
2,665

11, 668
567
1, 301
4,184
1, 363
1,602
123
890
462
1,176
26, 707
1,193
1,975
8, 464
1,999
5, 565
1,060
2,339
1, 021
3,093

1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
3 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
1Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39, 523 37, 982 46,826 48, 178 429, 709 351, 520
1,904
1,982
2. 553
2,237
25, 231
28, 097
9, 010
84. 380
6, 213
7, 335
7, 133
60, 949
18, 399 12, 380 20, 762 10, 228
138, 556
111,839
1,225
1,246
2,316
24, 305
3, 055
30, 457
41, 631
2,199
3, 774 3,689 12, 340
25, 237
662
447 3, 771
16, 511
16, 084
707
14, 410
801
1, 026
1,987
1, 713
17, 192
492
209
9, 989
5,983
625
668
8, 774
9, 107
5, 954
68, 645
61, 834
5,587
112, 910 96.137 101,017 124,887 1, 093, 687 686, 346
2, 832
4, 420
7,481
49,192
3, 487
28, 766
181, 303
16, 260 16, 237 21, 798 17, 639
121, 120
226, 201
144,107
26,805 16, 182 17, 706 35, 344
84, 282
6,699
6, 808 10, 296 12,813
56, 056
22, 294 12, 903 14, 316 11, 493
166, 734
87, 085
2, 782
33, 055
3, 666 3,405
2, 951
26, 015
12, 671 20, 558 10, 736 13, 493
138, 262
91, 774
54, 133
4, 204 10. 471
5, 095
3, 307
30, 392
160, 525
15, 934 13, 906 14, 759 13, 201
101, 032
136, 250 102, 894 119,215 123, 702 1,268, 043 1,101. 141
80, 420
8,911
6, 649
8, 881
9, 282
78, 221
188, 091
193, 155
9, 949 12, 890 14, 607 19, 593
46, 284 26, 956 25, 579 27, 351 272, 363
227, 139
6, 626
115, 333
103, 712
18. 026
7, 136 17, 728
15,814 13, 360 15, 572 24, 538
167, 647
115. 572
4, 500 2, 258 3, 575
46, 632
1, 469
57, 008
150, 304
117, 264
8, 758 15, 499 12, 920 14, 414
34, 827
5,385
3, 800 4, 718
56,164
9, 246
174. 243
17, 792 10, 518 17, 871 13, 605
191, 090
4,384 13, 700 13,824 13, 476
119, 502
152, 537
1,294
916
6,723
13, 951
20
420
1,585
609
10, 993
19, 434
381
6,145
1,269
39, 286
15, 656
666
5, 467
5, 743
332
1,502
7, 053
4, 246
467
606
4,114
287
13, 102
16, 547
1,197
611
419
639
2, 329
10, 841
0
175
14
176
360
9,412
2,608
7, 348
14, 480
320
419
3, 845
506
5
26, 759
790
2,850
753
50, 035
1, 718
14,140
536
5, 335
1,509
614
2,078
889
1, 760
951
468
25, 316
1, 297
1, 987
8, 612
1, 609
1, 499
1,872
4,096
1, 340
3, 004

12,113
3,632
1,112
3, 904
1,174
181
28
654
74
1, 354
25, 226
1, 401
2, 766
8, 077
1, 635
1, 478
1,349
3, 218
1, 767
3, 535

7, 787
2,860
709
605
573
673
287
777
44
1, 258
22, 380
1, 631
1,937
6, 806
2, 758
1, 384
383
2, 046
2,221
3,213

31, 547
1,597
1, 065
7, 383
351
2, 541
24
15, 505
128
2, 954
20, 334
1,372
2,097
6, 770
1, 465
1, 277
671
2,540
1,158
2,985

193, 608
19, 227
21. 292
42, 462
15, 936
29, 286
5, 878
29, 299
4,282
25,945
225, 921
12, 064
21, 984
67, 677
18, 202
23, 282
8, 787
26. 955
13, 339
33, 630

135, 525
6, 296
23. 540
33, 612
7, 618
12, 736
3, 720
19, 991
3,365
24, 648
209, 968
10. 599
22, 331
65, 234
19, 839
19, 605
6, 497
20, 573
12, 651
32. 638

6 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as court­
houses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals, armories,
army barracks, etc.
8 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.

850

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , J U L Y 1954

T a b l e F - 5 : N u m b e r and c o n stru ctio n c o s t o f n ew p erm a n en t n on farm d w ellin g u n its sta rted , b y
u rban or rural lo ca tio n , an d b y sou rce o f fu n d s 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units

Period
Total
non­
farm

Privately owned

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm

Publicly owned

Estimated construction cost
(in thousands)2

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total

Privately
owned

Publicly
owned

1925_________________________
1933 3________________________
1941 «________________________
19-14 8________________________
1946_________________________
1947_________________________
1948_________________________
1949_________________________
1950«________________________
1951_________________________
1952_________________________
1953------ ------ -------------------------

937,000
93. 000
706,100
141,800
670, 500
849, 000
931, 600
1,025,100
1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103,800

752,000
45,000
434,300
96, 200
403, 700
479, 800
524,900
588,800
827, 800
595, 300
609, 600
565,000

185,000
48,000
271,800
45, 600
266,800
369,200
406, 700
436,3C0
568, 200
496,000
517, 400
538,800

937,000
93. 000
619,500
138, 700
662,500
845, 600
913. 500
988.800
1,352, 200
1, 020, 100
1,068, 500
1,068, 300

752,000
45, 000
369, 500
93,200
395, 7C0
476, 400
510,000
556, 600
785, 600
531, 300
554,600
533, 200

185,000
48, 000
250, 000
45, 500
266, 800
369, 200
403,500
432, 200
E66,600
488,800
513, 900
535,100

0
0
86, 600
3,100
8, 000
3, 400
18, 100
36, 300
43, 800
71, 200
58, 500
35, 500

0
0
64,800
3, 000
8,000
3,400
14, 900
32, 200
42, 200
64,000
55, 000
31,800

0
0
21,800
100
0
0
3,200
4,100
1,600
7, 200
3,500
3, 700

$4,475,000
285, 446
2,826,192
496, 054
3, 769, 767
5,643,436
7,203,119
7, 702, 971
11, 788, 595
9,800.892
10,208, 983
10, 488,003

$4,475, 000
285,446
2,530, 765
483, 231
3, 713, 776
5,617,425
7, 028, 980
7,374,269
11,418, 371
9,186,123
9, 706, 276
10,181,185

0
0
$295,427
12, 823
55,991
26,011
174,139
328, 702
370,224
614, 769
502, 707
306,818

1951: First q u a rte r-----------------January___________ - -February-------------------March--- . _ ---------. -----Second quarter----- . . . . .
April_________ ________
M ay__________________
June--- --------------------Third quarter--------- --------July---------------------------A u g u st----- ----------September---------- ..
Fourth quarter----------------October___________ -November____. . . ____
December______________

260,300
85, 900
80, 600
93, 800
329,700
96, 200
101,000
132, 500
276.000
90, 500
89,100
96, 400
225, 300
90,000
74, 500
60, 800

147,800
49,600
47,000
51,200
192,000
51, 900
55, 400
84, 700
141, 200
45, 900
45, 900
49,400
114,300
44, 400
31,400

112, 500
36,300
33, 600
42.600
137, 700
44,300
45,600
47,800
134,800.
44, 600
43, 200
47,000
111, 000
45,600
36,000
29, 400

248, 900
82, 200
76, 500
90, 200
280, 200
92,300
97, 600
90, 300
270, 400
88,800
88,300
95, 300
220, 600
88,900
72, 200
59, 500

137, 200
46, 400
43,200
47, 600
148, 500
48,300
52,300
47, 900
135, 700
42,300
45,100
48. 300
109, 900
43, 400
36, 200
30,300

111, 700
35,800
33, 300
42,600
131,700
44,000
45, 300
42, 400
134, 700
44, 500
43, 200
47,000
110, 700
45, 500
36. 000
29, 200

11,400
3, 700
4,100
3, 600
49, 500
3,900
3,400
42, 200
5,600
3, 700
800
1,100
4,700
1,100
2,300
1,300

10, 600
3, 200
3, 800
3, 600
43, 500
3,600
3,100
36, 800
5, 500
3,600
800
1,100
4,400
1,000
2,300
1,100

800
500
300
(7)
6.000
300
300
5,400
100
100
0
(7)
300
100
(7)
200

2,293, 974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
2,964,810
866, 652
922, 661
1,175,497
2, 527,033
827,173
804,317
895, 543
2,015,075
806,955
672, 078
536,042

2,191,489
721,014
681, 607
788,868
2, 549, 238
828,339
895, 309
825, 590
2,472, 196
791, 783
795,624
884, 789
1,973, 200
796, 682
650, 660
525, 858

102,485
34, 586
35.022
32,877
415, 572
38.313
27,352
349, 907
54,837
35,390
8, 693
10, 754
41,875
10,273
21,418
10,184

1952: First quarter-----------------January----- -----------------February______ ______
M arch__ ______________
Second quarter----------------April______ -. ---M ay--------------------------June__ ___________ ____
Third quarter----------------July— ....... ...... ........ ........
August______________
September_____ . _ _____
Fourth quarter----------------October. _____________
November_____________
December_____________

246, 500
64, 900
77, 700
103,900
319, 300
106,200
109, 600
103, 500
302, 500
102, 600
99, 100
100. 800
258, 700
101,100
86,100
71, 500

137, 400
36,100
42, 800
58, 500
175, 800
59, 000
60, 700
56, 100
156, 000
52,400
50, 800
52, 800
140,400
53, 800
46,000
40, 600

109,100
28, 800
34, 900
45, 400
143, 500
47, 200
48, 900
47, 400
146, 500
50, 200
48,300
48, 000
118.300
47, 300
40,100
30, 900

226,800
61. 400
74,300
91,100
294, 900
97,000
101, 000
96, 900
297, 700
101,100
97.400
99,200
249,100
99, 200
82,300
67, 600

119,100
32, 800
39, 700
46, 600
152, 700
50, 400
52, 400
49, 900
151,600
50, 900
49,400
51,300
131, 200
52,100
42,300
36, 800

107, 700
28. 600
34, 600
44, 500
142, 200
46,600
48, 600
47,000
146,100
50, 200
48, 000
47, 900
117,900
47,100
40, 000
30,800

19, 700
3, 500
3,400
12, 8C0
24, 400
9, 200
8, 600
6, 600
4, 800
1,500
1, 700
1,600
9,600
1,900
3,800
3,900

18,300
3. 300
3, 100
11,900
23, 100
8,600
8,300
6,200
4,400
1,500
1,400
1,500
9,200
1,700
3, 700
3,800

1,400
200
300
900
1,300
600
300
400
400
(7)
300
100
400
200
100
100

2,167, 659
566, 665
682, 895
918, 099
2, 920, 186
949,001
1, 006, 552
964, 633
2,761,316
945, 587
895,675
920,054
2, 359,822
928,677
785, 969
645,176

2,006,918
537, 697
654,631
814, 590
2, 705,653
874, 524
926, 803
904,326
2, 718,369
931,214
882,446
904, 709
2, 275,336
910, 701
751,664
612,971

160, 741
28, 968
28, 264
103, 509
214, 533
74,477
79, 749
60, 307
42, 947
14,373
13,229
15,345
84, 486
17, 976
34,305
32,205

1053: First quarter-----------------January_______________
February__________ ____
March________________
Second quarter... ________
April__________ ______
M ay....................................
June__________________
Third quarter____________
July.....................................
August________ _______
September_____________
Fourth quarter_____ ____
October_______________
November_____________
December___ ________

257,100
72,100
79, 200
105,800
324,300
111,400
108,300
104, 600
285, 000
96, 700
93, 200
95,100
237, 400
90.100
81, 500
65,800

140,600
38, 400
43,100
59,100
165,900
57,400
55, 200
53,300
141,600
48,100
46,400
47, 100
116,900
43,100
38, 800
35,000

116, 500
33, 700
36,100
46, 700
158, 400
54, 000
53, 100
51,300
143,400
48, 600
46,800
48, 000
120. 500
47,000
42, 700
30,800

238,100
68, 200
73, 800
96,100
315, 000
107,400
105,600
102, 000
280, 700
96, 100
92, 200
92,100
234, 500
90. 100
79, 900
64, 500

123,800
35, 400
38,600
49, 800
158, 000
54,100
52, 500
51, 400
137,300
47, 800
45,400
44,100
114,100
43,100
37,200
33,800

114,300
32,800
35, 200
46,300
157,000
53,300
53,100
50, 600
143,400
48, 600
46,800
48,000
120, 400
47,000
42, 700
30, 700

19, 000
3, 900
5,400
9, 700
9, 300
4,000
2, 700
2, 600
4,300
300
1,000
3,000
2, 900
(7)
1,600
1.300

16,800
3,000
4, 500
9,300
7,900
3, 300
2, 700
1,900
4,300
300
1,000
3,000
2, 800
0
1,600
1,200

2,200
900
900
400
1, 400
700
(7)
700
(7)
0
0
0
100
0
0
100

2,346, 213
641, 703
720, 234
984, 276
3,083. 256
1,057,899
1, 027, 221
998, 136
2, 777, 607
941, 943
911,681
923,983
2, 280, 927
883, 597
777,479
619,851

2,183, 710
610, 344
674,399
898,967
3, 000. 120
1, 022, 836
1,001, 693
976, 591
2, 739, 268
938,871
902, 501
897,896
2, 258, 087
882, 980
764, 774
610,333

162, 503
31, 359
45, 835
85,309
83, 136
35,063
25, 528
22, 545
38,339
3.072
9, 180
26, 087
22, 840
617
12, 705
9,518

1954: First q u arter8____________
January 8__ __________
February 8_____________
March 8_______________
Second quarter___________
A p ril8___
__________
M ay 8_________________

236,000
66,000
73, 000
97,000

0
(9)
(9)

(9)
(9)
(9)

232,300
64, 700
71, 800
95, 800

(9)
(9)
(9)

(9)
(9)
0

3, 7C0
1.300
1, 200
1,200

(9)
(“)
(9)

(«)
(9)
(9)

2, 237, 793
613,425
691, 202
933,166

2,205,034
601,162
680, 405
923, 467

32, 759
12,263
10, 797
9,699

110,000
106, 000

(»)
(9)

(9)
(9)

109,10Ó
105, 500

(9)
(9)

(B)
0

900
500

(9)
(»)

(9)
0

Ï, 082, 757
(9)

1,075, 019
0

7, 738
0

38, eoo

1 The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys in non­
permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling units
started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonform starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.


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2 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
3 Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
8 Last full year under wartime control.
6 Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
8 Preliminary.
8 Not available.
U. S- GOVERNMENT PR IN TI NG O F F I C E : 19 S4

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BLS Report No. 36: Occupational Earnings, Selected Industries and Areas.
Studies Between March 1951-May 1952. 48 pp.
BLS Report No. 53: Plant operation report on a Small Gray Iron Foundry.
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BLS Report No. 56: Wage Structure, Miscellaneous Textile Industries, Oc­
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ance. Processed Foods: Preserves, Jams, and Jellies. February 1954.
85 pp.
BLS Report No. 58: Case study data on productivity and factory perform­
ance. Fine Cotton Gray Goods. February 1954. 94 pp.
BLS Report No. 59: Capital requirements and operating ratios.
Shoe Industry, 1950 and 1951. March 1954. 36 pp.

The Men’s

Supplement to Directory of Labor Unions in the United States (Bulletin
No. 1127). February 1954. 13 pp.
Guide to Employment Statistics of BLS.
Labor Turnover. 77 pp.


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