Full text of Monthly Labor Review : July 1952, Vol. 75, No. 1

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Monthly
Labor

Review


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JULY 19 5 2 VOL. 75 N O .

American Labor in the Next Decade
Employment Trend in Ship Construction and Repairing
Labor and the Savannah River AEC Project
Part II—Unionization and Industrial Relations

U N I T E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary

B U R E A U OF L AB O R S T A T I S T I C S

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

M aurice J. T obin , Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an Clague,
A r yness

J oy

Commissioner

W ic k e n s ,

Deputy Commissioner

Assistant Commissioners
H erm an
H enry

J.

Charles

B.

B yer

F it z g e r a l d

D.

Stew art

Chief Statistician
S a m u e l W e is s
H . M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
W. D uane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dw aed D . H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
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L awrence R . K lein , Office of Publications.
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W alter W. Schneider, Acting Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eigert , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
S eymour L. W olfbein , Chief, D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
M orris W eisz, Special Assistant to the Commissioner

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: Monthly Labor Review

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR . BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

L a w r e n c e R . K l e in , E d ito r

CONTENTS
Special Articles
*

1 American Labor in the Next Decade
7 Employment Trend in Ship Construction and Repairing
12 Labor and the Savannah River AEC Project—Part II, Unionization
and Industrial Relations

Summaries of Studies and Reports

*

x

»


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22
24
26
27
28
30
34
39
43
45
46
48
50
52
52
54
56

The United Steelworkers Convention of 1952
Wages in Radio, Television, and Related Products, November 1951
Earnings in Iron and Steel Forgings Industry, 1951 and 1952
Earnings in Grain Milling in Late 1951 and Early 1952
Increases in Military Pay and Allowances, 1952
Wage Chronology No. 25: International Shoe Co., 1945-51
Wage Chronology No. 26: Anaconda Copper Mining Co., 1941-51
Wage Chronology No. 27: Glenn L. Martin Co., 1944-52
President’s Conference on Industrial Safety, 1952
State Minimum Ages for Farm Work During School Hours
Employment of Children Under 14 in New York State
Low Incomes and Underemployment in Agriculture—Proposed Rem­
edies
Ceiling Price Regulations 143-145; Suspension of Some Price Controls
Relaxation of Mortgage Credit Controls, 1952
Conclusions on Inflation by the American Assembly
Developments in Foreman Training
Union Conventions Schedule, August 1952

Technical Note
57

BLS Earnings Series as Applied to Price Escalation

Departments
in
60
64
66
70
78

The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)

5 4 — ^B 65

July 1952 . Vol. 75 • No.l

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The Labor Month
in Review

stoppage ends became a possibility. Steel manage­
ment invited the union to discuss this problem.
At mid-month, the major firms reentered negotitions and there was indication of a price concession
on the part of the Government.
Defense Production Act of 1952

a month’s shut-down, there was some
progress toward settling the steel strike. Con­
gress, in enacting an amended Defense Production
Act which sharply curtailed economic controls,
requested the President to use a Taft-Hartley
Act injunction to break the steel stalemate. Both
the AFL and the CIO called on the conventions
of the two major political parties to adopt plat­
forms and nominate candidates attractive to
labor voters.

A fter

Steel Stoppage

Hopes for a settlement of the steel stoppage
rose when a tentative agreement was reached be­
tween the union and Bethlehem Steel Co., second
largest employer in the industry, but this failed of
consummation when other major companies re­
fused to follow Bethlehem’s lead. Meanwhile, a
few smaller firms did sign conditional agreements
following the pattern of the proposed Bethlehem
contract. The first of the interim contracts, that
of the Pittsburgh Steel Co., included a modified
union-security clause; wage adjustments and
fringe benefits were in some respects below the
settlement terms recommended by the Wage
Stabilization Board.
President Truman had declared that the steel
impasse appeared to him “to be a conspiracy
against the public interest and not a labor dis­
pute.” The CIO steelworkers filed a complaint
with the National Labor Relations Board, charg­
ing steel management with unfair bargaining.
The steelworkers’ president, Philip Murray, later
requested the Department of Justice to investi­
gate possible conspiracy-in-restraint-of-trade as­
pects of the steel stoppage.
The strike dried up supplies of steel and raised
fears of serious dislocations of production during
the months ahead. First to feel the effect were
the railroads and the automobile industry, which
announced cut-backs and lay-offs early in July.
With a sympathetic cessation of iron-ore mining
and shipping on the Great Lakes, normally at a
seasonal height, serious shortages of steel after the

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After the House of Representatives had voted
to end virtually all economic controls, a com­
promise 10-months Defense Production Act was
passed by Congress and sent to President Truman,
who signed the bill with expressed reluctance and
with a warning of the inflationary danger inherent
in the legislation.
The amended DPA weakens both direct and in­
direct price controls. Fresh and processed fruits
and vegetables are exempt. Food wholesalers
and retailers are guaranteed pre-Korean profits.
Provisions of the Capehart amendment are
extended to farm commodity processors, including
those of milk and other dairy products.
OPS was ordered to set no ceilings below any
present State minimum sales price laws, including
those on milk prices, and was barred from appear­
ing before the Interstate Commerce Commission in
behalf of the public when common carriers apply
for rate increases. OPS rulings are made subject
to court review. Automobile dealers in Texas
(but not elsewhere) are guaranteed their preKorean profits. Price supports at 90 percent of
parity are guaranteed on cotton, corn, wheat,
peanuts, rice, and tobacco.
Authority for renewed consumer credit controls
(Regulation W) was withdrawn. Construction
credit controls (Regulation X) were tied to the
volume of housing starts. Rent controls are au­
thorized only until September 30, except for
critical defense areas, areas which have estab­
lished rent control through local option, and
certain unincorporated defense housing areas,
where rent controls will continue until April 30,
1953.
The present 18-man tripartite Wage Stabiliza­
tion Board was abolished as of July 29, 1952, and a
new tripartite board authorized. Members must
be confirmed by the Senate. In the interim, the
old Board could issue no new policies. The new
Board can advise parties in collective-bargaining
negotiations as to what can be agreed upon in wage
provisions within stabilization policies. Disputes
settlement powers are withdrawn. As a conse-

IV

LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW

quence of all this, serious doubts arose as to
whether the AFL and CIO would furnish labor
representatives for the new WSB.
Wage controls were continued for the newspaper
and the radio and television industries, although
these are not subject to price ceilings. Wage
controls will be withdrawn from all employers of
eight or less employees July 30, but the President
was empowered to order exclusions from this
exemption; in particular, small tool and die job­
bing shops, if not so excluded, might break through
previous wage restrictions.
Professional engineers, architects, and public
accountants were also exempted from salary
controls; the Salary Stabilization Board reported
strong pressures for advances in engineers’ com­
pensation. In addition to specific action on
controls, Congress voted a substantial cut in
appropriations for WSB and other stabilization
agencies.
While the new DPA exempts from wage controls
all wage adjustments that do not bring maximum
hourly rates above $1, it permits employers to
seek court review of minimum-wage orders issued
under the Walsh-Healy Act.
The Unions and Politics

Most AFL and CIO leaders did not officially
endorse aspirants for the presidential nomination,
but representatives of the two federations appealed
to the platform committees of both major political
parties to include planks which would attract the
support of union members in November. Both
AFL and CIO spokesmen urged that the platforms
include a rejection of the Taft-Hartley Act.
Other suggestions to the platform makers
included: an effective stabilization program, a
strong and united foreign policy, Federal aid to
education, a comprehensive housing program, a
fair tax program, liberalization of social-security
benefits, an increased minimum wage, a Fair
Employment Practices Act, and improved pro­
visions for Federal employment.
Interunion Relations

Relations between certain unions deteriorated
during the month. Within the AFL, a warning
was issued to the Machinists to cease taking
jurisdictional disputes with other AFL affiliates
to the NLRB for determination. A suggested
arbitration arrangement proposed by the Machin­

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ists to AFL construction-trades unions was
rejected.
On the West Coast, several work stoppages in­
volved rivalries between the AFL Seafarers and
certain independent and CIO affiliates. Both of
the latter groups charged SIU leaders with raiding.
At its convention in San Francisco, the AFL Meat
Cutters announced a program designed to elimi­
nate the CIO Packinghouse Workers Union, with
which they had formerly had a no-raiding pact.
In contrast, the Machinists and the CIO Auto
Workers renewed their no-raiding agreement, un­
der which the two unions may compete in organiz­
ing unorganized shops but will not undermine each
other in shops where contracts are already in effect.
Interunion solidarity was proclaimed by John L.
Lewis, who offered to extend a $10 million credit
from the United Mine Workers (Ind.) to the
striking CIO Steelworkers.
Economic Background

New construction outlays during the first half
of 1952 reached a record total of nearly $15 billion.
The volume of housing starts remained high in
May, with 107,000 new permanent nonfarm dwell­
ing units begun.
Man-days of idleness due to work stoppages
rose to 7,500,000 in May, about 0.9 percent of the
estimated total working time of all workers. This
was the highest number of man-days lost in any
month since February 1950.
The number of nonfarm employees was un­
changed from mid-April to mid-May, standing at
46.2 million. Employment in manufacturing
dropped by 160,000 between April and May to
15.6 million. The average factory workweek was
40.0 hours in May, a decline from 40.7 in May
1951.
The Consumers’ Price Index advanced 0.2 per­
cent from April 15 to May 15, when the adjusted
CPI was 189.0, 11.0 percent higher than the preKorean figure. Food prices, according to BLS
estimates, continued to rise through June. The
old series index was computed at 190.4 for May
15, bringing a 2-cent hourly wage increase to both
operating and nonoperating railroad workers and
to employees of northern woolen mills and a 1cent hourly advance to workers in northern cotton
mills.

American Labor in the Next Decade
The Framework of Labor-Management Relations
Emphasizes the Use of Economic Measures—
Commentaries by a Panel of Specialists

A modern 'philosopher recently observed that 11Forecasting is an extension oj
one's hopes— or jears.” Whether or not that observation should be applied to the
papers presented in a panel discussion at a recent meeting oj the Industrial
Relations Research Association1 on the subject, “Where is American Labor Going
in the Next Decade?”, depends in no small measure upon one's attitude toward the
Commons-Perlman theories.2 I t was assumed by the speakers that American
workers will continue to associate their welfare primarily with jobs, unions, and
economic power. I t was assumed also that the labor movement will continue to
be oriented around collective bargaining and that developments in the use oj this
process will determine where American labor will go in the next decade. Labormanagement relationships were thus emphasized. These seem to be valid
assumptions with which others, who visualize a growing tendency oj the labor
movement to rely upon political activities, will disagree.
Union-Management Cooperation
B. M . Selekman struck the keynote in discussing
the question: “Is Labor-Management Cooperation
the Answer to the ‘Class Conflict’?” H is paper
brings a new realization oj the signidcant extent to
which labor and management have, with some notable
and well-publicized exceptions, learned to resolve the
tense conflicts arising between them— conflicts arising
fortunately over abundance and opportunity— while
preserving American values and American ideas.
Such a result is what is expected of collective bargain­
ing. Perhaps the real question to be asked, when the
Government must intervene to settle a labor dispute,
is: “ W hy do these companies and this union seem to
be unable to work out their problems as most of the
others have learned to do?”

Class conflict as defined in the Marxian sense
will not develop in this country. Labor-manage­
ment cooperation as used in the traditional sense—
that is, cooperation in which unions have an
important voice in management—is not expected

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to spread in American industry during the next
10 years.
Both AFL and CIO unions, Professor Selekman
stated, have on the whole placed the labor move­
ment in a direction far removed from Marxian
class conflict. Furthermore, the impact of inter­
national events has tended to make the labor
movement conservative. American organized
labor has actively ostracized Communist-domi­
nated unions, spoken for American values and
ideas, and stressed technological rather than
ideological points of view.
Union security, which historically has been in
this country the most explosive cause of conflict,
can no longer be considered in this light. In
1 George W. Taylor, of the University of Pennsylvania, who presided over
the panel discussion at the annual spring meeting of the IR R A in N ew
York, M ay 2-3,1952, prepared the introduction and the italicized summary
statement preceding each of the four parts of this article. The speakers
were B . M . Selekman, of Harvard University; Paul Fisher, of the M utual
Security Agency; N eil W. Chamberlain, of Yale University; and Daniel
Bell, Fortune Magazine.
2 See Perlman’s Theory of the Labor M ovement, M onthly Labor Review,
February 1951 (p. 121).

1

2

LABOR IN THE NEXT DECADE

most basic industries, the vast majority of
employees belong to unions and dues are checked
off. A modified union shop, as exemplified by the
General Motors’ agreement, exists in virtually
every basic sector of the American economy.
Even in the 1951-52 steel dispute, in spite of the
confused atmosphere, “ the issue is not a funda­
mental one of union acceptance or of collective
bargaining but one involving wages, or wages in
relation to costs and prices, on the one hand, and
the necessity of uninterrupted production on the
other. Surely these are not issues from which
class conflict can arise.”
Finally, the type of management personnel
which increasingly is taking charge of industry
precludes the development of class conflict in this
country. Recognition of individual and social
welfare as a component of shop management is
much more prevalent than many business execu­
tives are inclined to think. Industrial manage­
ment has come to realize that it must make an
adjustment to trade-unions as a new power
entity; few are seriously contemplating “ unionbusting” campaigns. Also, there is no monolithic
class organization among employers such as is
usually envisaged in the concept of the class
struggle.
For all these reasons, the development of class
conflict in the Marxian sense is unlikely. Con­
flicts, however, will occur: those natural to
American traditions, over such issues as wages,
working conditions, social security, management
functions, Government regulation and inter­
vention, and so on. These types of conflicts should
not be minimized or exaggerated. They arise over
abundance, over opportunity, over equitable
shares, and, thus, are a far cry from the class
struggle or bitter-end conflict.
Labor-management cooperation, in Professor
Selekman’s opinion, will not develop on any large
scale in the sense in which the term is usually used.
Nevertheless, a great deal of cooperation will occur,
varying from the “Scanlon Plan” in small closely
held companies to sensible business dealings be­
tween unions and corporations. For example,
when a business is plagued by hard times, it is
possible to awaken and mobilize the ideas and
emotions of the people in the ranks to make a con­
tribution to greater efficiency and thereby preserve
both the establishment and the jobs. Even in the
absence of such a crisis, pioneers will always blaze

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MONTHLY LABOR

trails to bring about a sense of partnership in the
shop, both as a social and as an economic
institution.
Cooperation in a realistic sense is prevalent to
a great extent today. The GM-UAW agreement
spells out about as much cooperation as can be
expected between such large institutions. Even
within individual plants or departments of a large
corporation, there may be worked out satisfactory
relationships which result in spontaneous cooper­
ation at the work level.
However, too much cooperation in unionmanagement relationships may be dangerous, ac­
cording to Professor Selekman. “There is a
danger that, if union officials and corporation
executives see eye to eye on desirable objectives,
the final result may be a manipulative administra­
tion by two bureaucracies—manipulative in the
sense that the bureaucracies do not take pains to
carry the rank and file with them. Top leaders
have been known to become so understanding of
each others’ needs that they become impatient
with the lack of understanding on the part of the
rank and file.” Furthermore, growth of such co­
operation can easily blend into collusion to main­
tain wages, prices, and markets against the interest
of the larger community.
The Co-Determination Principle
The legal establishment of co-determination (M itbestimmung) in the German iron and steel industry,
and the rather general acceptance by the German
labor movement of this idea as a goal, has raised
fears in some of our management circles. Is this
the direction in which we too are moving ? Paul
Fisher discussed this matter in his paper, “W ill
American Labor Consider Co-Determination?”
M any years ago, an employer tentatively suggested
to the president of a union that he {the union presi­
dent) might well take a seat on the company’s board
of directors. I t was reasoned that the union presi­
dent, in fact, participated in making decisions
vitally affecting the welfare of the company and,
therefore, should be informed about the business needs
of the company so that sound decisions would be
made. The suggestion was summarily rejected; it
was made very clear that the collective-bargaining
representative of the employees looked askance at
assuming responsibilities fo r the conduct of the busi­
ness. That was management’s job. And, besides,

REVIEW, JULY 1952

LABOR IN THE NEXT DECADE

a union representative must consider elections.
There is no reason to believe that the union president’s
reaction would be any different today. Such a con­
clusion finds strong support in the analysis of co­
determination in Germany made by M r. Fisher.

“It has become almost axiomatic to assume
that American labor has little taste for ideology.”
Labor has no reason to seek refuge in “industrial
councils” or in “Co-determination” as long as
the present economic system provides for sub­
stantially full employment at increasing wages.
Reform of the economic system attracts attention
only in periods of severe stresses and strains of
the economic universe when American labor may
be compelled to review its attitudes toward
society. Even if this country should experience
another period of unemployment and interest in
“ideological” matters should flare up, Mr. Fisher
stated that American labor is not likely to turn
to co-determination as practiced in the German
coal and steel industries.3 American trade-union
support of the German labor movement’s fight
for co-determination cannot be construed as a
desire to copy this institution in the United States.
Organized labor prefers to take its share in
higher earnings and has not shown a great desire
to endanger its freedom of action. In addition,
“the basically democratic American labor move­
ment is well aware that the mere presence of
union officials in management councils may raise
membership suspicion.”
Experience with participation in technical and
business management through union-management
cooperation has led labor to take a rather skeptical
view of its aptitudes in the managerial field.
Such experience has been gained in certain profitsharing schemes, producer cooperatives, labor
banks, insurance companies, housing projects,
and similar exceptional ventures. Also, when
unions seek the right to “open company books,”
it stems from their desire for evidence of a com­
pany’s ability to pay, for use as an argument in
the collective-bargaining process; it does not
represent an attempt to gain union control over
management.
Mr. Fisher was emphatic that if American labor
reconsiders its role in the economy, it will arrive
at a totally different concept from co-determina­
tion. “Industrial Democracy” still appeals to
* For discussion, see M onthly Labor Review, December 1951 (p. 649).


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3

American labor. “A pragmatic and realistic labor
movement does not look toward a mechanical
application of all the outside manifestations of par­
liamentary democracy to business management.”
American labor is more inclined to apply
successful experience with political democracy in
the economic field. Labor, however, has not
shown any desire to form a labor party or to
attach itself irrevocably to either political group.
Instead, it prefers to become influential from out­
side by praising, criticizing, or if necessary, attack­
ing the actions of others. Such experience carries
over into the economic field. In such fields as
personnel management and the determination of
the employment contract, labor prefers to chal­
lenge one-sided managerial control through collec­
tive bargaining. And in its legislative program,
especially for full employment, it attempts to
enhance its bargaining power. In general mana­
gerial decisions, labor is unlikely to make an
attempt either to replace business management by
union rule, or even to become so closely inter­
twined with capital that co-responsibility for
technical and business decisions would become
inevitable. Analogous to union behavior in the
political field, labor seeks to safeguard its unre­
stricted freedom to criticize, attack, check, and
to influence industrial government in the role of a
permanent opposition.
Such a view is not that of an immature labor
movement or of an irresponsible pressure group.
American labor consciously restricts the range of
its activities in this area in order to maintain the
essential characteristics of an economic order
as long as this system appears to offer it the
chance for greater satisfaction of its basic demands
than any known alternative arrangement. “This
attitude stems also from a truly democratic con­
cept of a free society which depends on a balance
of integrating and opposing powers, the only type
of society in which free unions can hope to function
and survive.”
Management Prerogatives
I n his paper entitled, “Are Management Pre­
rogatives Under Fire P” , Neil W. Chamberlain con­
centrated upon the important aspect of collective
bargaining which embodies the “management secu­
rity ” issue. The way in which this phase of the
union-management relationship is handled will have

4

LABOR IN THE NEXT DECADE

a great bearing upon the direction in which the labor
movement will go in the years ahead. There can be
no doubt about the increasing number of subjects
being encompassed by the joint-determination method
which is collective bargaining. Pensions, health and
welfare programs, and merit increases are but some
of the important matters brought within the scope of
collective bargaining under the Taft-Hartley law.
Some of the staunchest proponents of that law have
evidently not perceived the fu ll significance of making
a specified subject legally bargainable. Management
then cannot take unilateral action on that subject.
Nor has it become clearly evident how the public
lack of toleration of strikes in strategic industries
may tend to expand the scope of bargaining. Strikes
in such industries frequently engender strong pres­
sures for the Government to establish nonstrike
methods of settling labor disputes. Nor are there
effective restraints upon what subjects shall be so
settled. Indeed, a dispute over any subject which
threatens a critical strike tends to come within the
purview of an intervening agency. I t is ju st begin­
ning to be understood that the so-called management
prerogative question finds its most important expres­
sion in disputes over the scope of collective bargain­
ing. This was made very clear by Professor
Chamberlain.

Strikes in strategic industries will be subject to
less and less toleration by Government authorities,
under pressure from the people affected by such
strikes. This becomes even more important when
considering that the number of “strategic indus­
tries” is likely to increase due to growth in the
size of bargaining units and the development of
coordinated bargaining. The unions face little
restraint on what subjects may be included in the
agenda of the bargaining conference, since any
issue which threatens a strike will require settle­
ment to avoid that threat. Such controversial
issues are ultimately thrown into the Government’s
decision-making machinery for consideration on
their merits and seriousness. In these situations,
Professor Chamberlain stated, the assurance and
imaginativeness and perspicacity of union leaders
and the interest of their membership in the mat­
ters raised for discussion are the primary limita­
tions on expansion of the subject matter of
collective bargaining.
Temporary factors may also play an important
role in widening organized labor’s authority in

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MONTHLY LABOR

business decisions. Unions, genuinely interested
in widening such authority, can capitalize on that
interest as long as the international situation is
one of tenseness, making prolonged strikes intoler­
able. Also, an intensification of inflationary
pressures, requiring a tightened control program
with increased reluctance to approve wage rises,
may result in trading off economic for non­
economic demands.
In Professor Chamberlain’s opinion, “the spe­
cific issues that are likely to be raised in the years
immediately ahead are in an extension of employee
welfare programs (which involves joint direction
of the managerial function to matters which
management formerly conceived were of no con­
cern to it) and in production problems . . .
(which involves joint direction of the managerial
function to matters which management formerly
conceived were of sole concern to it).”
Management’s views or attitudes in these mat­
ters are important and cannot be disregarded,
but appear to constitute a delaying action.
“Over the years—perhaps more than 10—as
union leaders become more ingenious and more
assured, and insofar as their membership follow
and support their views, they will sooner or later
find the appropriate moment to achieve their im­
mediate, limited, next objective.” Even though
the balance of power shifts back and forth, non­
economic gains, once won by unions, will not
easily be relinquished.
It is not too certain that the labor movement as
a whole will be subject to the pendulum swing to
the same extent as in the past. Although indi­
vidual unions will be so affected, the movement as
a whole is likely to show greater stability of power.
During periods of prosperity, their power is
economic, stemming from the scarcity of labor
relative to demand. “But in depression periods,
their power, instead of contracting, may con­
ceivably expand, through political rather than
economic means.”
In considering how much unions will gain over
the longer haul, or how stable will be their power,
Professor Chamberlain stated that much will de­
pend on union public-relations programs. A
reluctance to use the strike except as a genuine
last resort and an attitude of reasonableness will
allow them to make great gains. If they disre­
gard the rights of others, they are likely to find

REVIEW, JULY 1952

LABOR IN THE NEXT DECADE

further legislative restraints imposed upon them.
As for management, the prospect of a further
sharing of its authority with labor may appear
only as another turn of the screw. The most
adaptable executives may devise new methods of
joint decision-making, so that the unions may
most effectively be incorporated in the business
decisional procedures. “A realistic, intensive and
analytical investigation of the potentialities and
limits of joint decision-making may pay hand­
some returns to those who initiate it, and in any
case is likely to make business life more comfort­
able and satisfying.”
Management Maturity
Since the passage of the Wagner Act, most em­
ployers in the country have had a difficult task on
their hands in learning how to share decision­
making with representatives of their employees re­
garding many of the aspects of their businesses.
They have had to adjust to new methods of operation.
Since “it takes two to make a bargain,” the course of
the collective-bargaining-oriented labor movement de­
pends to a notable degree upon management policies
and practices. To bring this matter into focus,
Daniel Bell was called upon to answer the question,
“Has Management Been M aturef” Development
of management maturity in the use of collective
bargaining, and of a labor union maturity as well,
has unquestionably been retarded in the last decade—
in years of national emergency— because so much of
the decision-making has been in the Government's
hands. Nor can it be anticipated with any confi­
dence that emergency conditions will entirely disap­
pear in the next decade.
Perhaps the greatest challenge to both labor and
management is the need fo r maturity in their col­
lective-bargaining relations so that they can settle
their own problems despite the likelihood, or even
certainty, that the Government will decide i f they do
not. The current crisis in steel might even have a
modicum of good results i f it served to convince both
management and labor that their own collective­
bargaining relationships should be made so effective
that they would work out their own arrangements
without Government intervention. It seems obvious
that keeping the Government out, and avoiding a
great crisis that can accompany its intervention, can­
not be achieved by more rules detailing how the
Government should intervene. Perhaps the tendency
211338— 52-------2


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5

to focus attention upon such rules is an example of
the “refraction of reality" about which M r. Bell
spoke.

The striking fact about labor and management’s
“ contrast images” of the Washington scene is the
tremendous refraction of reality. Industry sees
Washington as inducing “ creeping socialism.”
Labor sees big business domination in decisive
areas. Each image is a distortion; each side,
therefore depends more for guidance on its old
stereotypes polished up as “ ideologies.” These
impose compulsives to defend “ principles” to the
last ditch. This heightening of ideological com­
mitment, Mr. Bell stated, leads to polarization of
beliefs and becomes a barrier to the give-and-take
understanding needed in industrial relations.
The ideological tension has been heightened in
the last 10 years because effective decision-making
in industrial relations has rested in Government
for most of that period, thus meshing decisions in
a host of wider political frames. Specifically,
collective-bargaining decisions have been condi­
tioned by the deep split in Government; the
executive branch has been pro-labor; Congress has
not. Congress passed the Case bill, the SmithConnally bill, and the Taft-Hartley measure, all
of which imposed restraints on labor; they were
vetoed by the President and the latter two were
passed by Congress over the veto.
The politicalization of collective bargaining
interferes with “ maturity”. Such management
maturity entails acceptance of a situation, without
myths, without acting compulsively, and accep­
tance of compromises and even defeats without
recourse to violence.
Mr. Bell pointed out that one cannot generalize
about “ management.” Some companies have
learned to bargain realistically, as shown by the
National Planning Association studies. Perhaps
the best illustration is the GM-UAW “ Treaty of
Detroit.”
The present steel crisis exemplifies poor bargain­
ing. The steel companies were caught in a wageprice whipsaw. They were in a position of bar­
gaining on wages without knowing how much
bargaining they could do on prices. Quite ob­
viously, they were not prepared to absorb part of
any wage increase. Thus, there was an important
reason for them to sit tight in the hope of reaching
a satisfactory price deal.
A complication was a stubborn adherence to an

6

LABOR IN THE NEXT DECADE

inflexible position, ideologically sparked by the
adamant anti-union-shop stand, which brought
collective bargaining to a standstill. As a result
no determination was possible of the real “limits”
of both the company and union position. Thus,
the Wage Stabilization Board, which, in a semicontrolled economy, has normally tried to operate
within the frame of a bargaining position, had no
guide. And ironically, Mr. Bell added, the major­
ity of the Wage Stabilization Board offered its
industry members a 17.1-cent wage package which
they rejected, only to find a little later that Clar­


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ence Randall, an industry spokesman, offered a
17.6-cent package just before seizure.
The breakdown of collective bargaining meant
throwing the wage issue into the political arena,
and more important, it completely obscured a
host of important contract questions—incentive
pay, management rights, grievance procedure—in
the jockeying for position on the immediate wageprice question. “ The most serious question raised
by the steel situation is not the immediate settle­
ment of a wage-price problem, but how collective
bargaining will be restored to Pittsburgh.”

Employment Trend

reconditioning will probably remain the industry’s
dominant activity during 1952.

in Ship Construction

Production Trends

and Repairing
G erson

B.

K ram er*

e m p l o y m e n t in the United States in
March 1952 was in a period of moderate expansion
following one of relative stagnation between VJday and the start of Korean hostilities. This
increase in employment has been more rapid than
in most other industries, although the level of
activity in the shipbuilding and repairing industry
still remained far below that of World War II.
Shipyards reporting to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics were operating at less than 22 percent of
capacity during the fourth quarter of 1951 as
measured by the ratio of current employment to
maximum potential employment with existing
equipment.
The shipbuilding work force increased more than
96 percent between the outbreak of hostilities in
Korea and March 1952. It totaled 259,400
employees in March, an increase of 127,000 over
the postwar low in May 1950. Although both
Navy and private yard employment increased in
this period, the rate of expansion in Navy yards
had slowed down considerably by the end of 1951.
It is estimated that future expansion will occur, for
the most part, in private yards.
This upward trend in shipyard employment will
continue until the end of 1952, but at a slower
rate. By mid-1952, the expanded construction
programs of the Navy and the Maritime Admin­
istration were well under way toward their antici­
pated peaks, and private shippers had also
increased their orders for new ships. Although
new construction will become increasingly impor­
tant as these ships reach the ways, repair and

S h ip y a r d

'Of the Bureau’s Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics


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In May 1950, private shipbuilders had under
construction, or on order, only 26 ships of more
than 1,000 gross tons each. Activity in Navy
shipyards was also at a low level. When the
Korean emergency began, the reactivation of
reserve vessels resulted in a sizable increase in ship
repair and reconditioning activity. During the
remainder of 1950, both private and Naval ship­
yards were heavily engaged in these activities.
At the year’s end, only 29 new merchant vessels
were under construction or on order in private
shipyards.
As the mobilization program gathered momen­
tum in 1951, new construction increased sharply
in private and Navy shipyards. Private yards
received contracts for 77 new merchant vessels
during 1951 and had 96 merchant ships (of more
than 1,000 gross tons each) under construction or
on order at the beginning of 1952. Merchantship construction continued to rise during the first
quarter of 1952. Private yards also received
contracts for the construction of 22 naval vessels
ranging in size from the super aircraft carrier,
“ Forrestal,” to submarines. These ships were
in addition to the 11 naval vessels under construc­
tion at the beginning of the year. A substantial
number of smaller craft such as LST’s and mine­
sweepers also were contracted out to private yards.
Tonnages of merchant and naval vessels under
construction in private yards at the end of 1949,
1950, and 1951 are as follows:
Merchant
vessels
(gross tons)

1949 ____________________
1950 ____________________
1951 ____________________

660,572
400,833
1,251,190

Naval vessels
(displacement
tons)

42,085
42,085
214,180

Source: Annual Report of the Shipbuilders Council of America.

Trend in Employment, Hours, and Earnings

Employment levels reflect to a great extent the
fluctuations of ship construction and repairing
activity in the United States. After the World
War I construction boom, shipyard employment
dropped sharply and continued at a lowlevel during
the 1920’s and early 1930’s. Employment reached
7

8

EMPLOYMENT IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION

Chart 1.

Employment in Private and N avy Ship­
yards, M a y 1950 to March 1952

THOUSANDS OF EMPLOYEES

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BU REAU OF LABO R STATISTICS

Fe b ru a ry and M arch
1952 P re lim in a ry

its lowest point in July 1933 when total employ­
ment in shipyards was 56,100. The passage of the
Merchant Marine Act of 1936, calling for 500
merchant ships in 10 years, greatly stimulated
employment in the industry. By January 1939,
nearly twice as many employees were engaged
in American shipyards as in 1933. The begin­
ning of World War II had an even greater
effect upon shipbuilding employment. By Decem­
ber 1941, shipyard employment had increased
tenfold over the low mark of the depression of
the 1930’s.
During World War II, employment expanded
rapidly, as the industry was called upon to pro­
duce large numbers of ships in a short time. Peak
wartime employment occurred in November 1943;
thereafter, employment declined slowly until the
surrender of Japan.
Shipyard employment
dropped sharply in the postwar period and reached
the postwar low in May 1950 when 132,400
workers were employed.
The outbreak of hostilities in Korea provided
the initial stimulus for expanding shipyard em­

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MONTHLY LABOR

ployment. Between May and December 1950,
shipyards added 34,000 employees to their work
force in order to repair and recondition merchant
ships withdrawn from the reserve fleet and to
“de-mothball” naval vessels.
Navy yards increased employment more than
45 percent and private yards, almost 45 percent
during 1951. This sharp rate of increase con­
tinued through the first quarter of 1952 (chart 1).
Figures for February and March 1952 are pre­
liminary.
No major change in the regional distribution of
employment resulted from the doubling of the
number of workers between June 1950 and March
1952. In March 1952, over three-fifths of the
work force of both private and Navy yards was
employed in Atlantic Coast shipyards. The re­
maining Navy-yard employment was concentrated
on the Pacific Coast. Private-yard employment
on the other hand, was scattered throughout
several areas: about 15 percent along the Gulf of
Mexico; about 13 percent along the Pacific Coast;
the Great Lakes and Inland yards accounted for
the remaining 12 percent. Distribution of em­
ployment in private and Navy shipyards, by
region, as of March 1952, is shown in chart 2.
Earnings of shipyard workers have risen sharply
since Korean hostilities began because of the
longer workweek and higher rates of pay. The
workweek averaged 37.9 hours in June 1950, com­
pared with 41.3 hours in March 1952; average
hourly earnings in shipyards increased from $1.66
to $1.90 in the same period, compared with the
increase in all durable goods from $1.52 to $1.74
(table 1). The higher level of earnings in the
shipbuilding and repairing industry reflects in
part the greater proportion of skilled workers in
this industry than in durable goods as a whole.
As a result of these longer hours and higher rates
of pay, average weekly earnings in shipyards in
March 1952 were at their highest level since
World War II.
Utilization of the Work Force

Kepairing and reconditioning work continued to
be the dominant activity in private yards up to
March 1952, despite increased ship construction.
In fact, a larger proportion of total man-hours (54
percent) was devoted to repairing and recondition­
ing activities during the fourth quarter of 1951

REVIEW, JULY 1952

EMPLOYMENT IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION

than in the quarter following Korean hostilities in
the preceding year. New construction activities
occupied only 33 percent of the worktime in
private shipyards in the fourth quarter 1951, and
approximately 7 percent of all man-hours worked
was devoted to miscellaneous activities, such as
construction of bridge caissons, boilers, and other
structural steel products.
Shift operations have been influenced by the
large amount of repair work in the industry. Un­
scheduled repairs are often done on short notice,
frequently by working around the clock, but may
not involve many workers. Even though a ma­
jority of private shipyards were operating more
than one shift in January 1952, almost 81 percent
oc all production workers were employed on the
first shift and 97 percent were being scheduled for a
40-hour week or less (table 2).
Work-force utilization varied regionally in pri­
vate shipyards in January 1952. More than half
of all man-hours expended in Atlantic Coast yards
were devoted to repair work; at the same time
this region accounted for nearly two-thirds of the
industry’s new construction. The 40-hour week
was nearly universal in these yards. While many
yards were operating extra shifts, less than a fifth
of all production workers were engaged on these
shifts.
Private shipyards along the Gulf of Mexico and
1 .— Average hours and gross earnings of production
workers in shipbuilding and repairing compared with dur­
able goods, 1947-51

T able

Average
weekly earnings
Year and month

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average___

1951: January___
February___
March______
April_______
M ay_______
J u n e - - .____
July________
August ____
September. __
October____
November.
December__
1952: January___
February
March 1____

Average
weekly hours

Average
hourly earnings

Ship­
Ship­
Ship­
D urable building D urable building D urable building
goods
and re­
goods
and re­
goods
and re­
pairing
pairing
pairing
$52.46
57.11
58.03
63.32
69. 97

$57. 59
61.22
61.88
63.83
71.18

40.6
40.5
39.5
41.2
41.7

39.5
38.7
37.8
38.2
39.9

$1. 292
1.410
1.469
1.537
1.678

$1,458
1. 582
1.637
1.671
1.784

67.65
68.18
69.30
69.68
69.60
70. 27
68. 79
69. 55
71.01
71.10
71.05
72. 71
72.15
72.18
72. 55

64.73
69.41
69.33
68.92
68. 96
71.04
72.40
72. 66
72.10
74.23
72. 97
74. 72
75.58
75.68
78. 55

41.5
41.6
41.9
42.0
41.8
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.7
41.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
41.6

38.6
40.4
40.1
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.1
39.0
40.5
40.7
40.3
41.3

1.630
1.639
1.654
1.659
1.665
1.681
1.682
1.684
1.707
1.705
1.712
1.723
1.726
1.731
1. 744

1.677
1.718
1.729
1.736
1.737
1.776
1.792
1.812
1.807
1.851
1.871
1.845
1.857
1.878
1.902

i Preliminary.


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Chart 2.

9

Employment in Private and N avy Ship
yards, By Region, March 1952*

THOUSANDS OF EMPLOYEES

Atlantic

Atlantic

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Lakes
*

P re lim in a ry

BU REAU OF LABO R STATISTICS

on the Pacific Coast were predominantly engaged
in repair activities in January 1952. In contrast
to other regions, nearly a third of all the Gulf of
Mexico workers were employed on the second and
third shifts, and 6 percent were scheduled more
than 40 hours. More than 15 percent of the work
force in Pacific yards was scheduled less than 40
hours, and many yards were partially engaged in
other production activities in an attempt to fill
out slack work schedules.
Turn-over rates in the shipbuilding and repair­
ing industry are higher than those in most other
industries. They fluctuated between 2 and 6
times the durable-goods average between January
1950 and February 1952. High separation and
accession rates are due to the industry’s irregular
work load which results in periodic lay-offs. Many
specialized skills are used in the construction or
repair of large ships, and, as workers finish their
particular tasks, lay-offs occur at various stages of
completion. During World War II, when a large
number of identical ships were under construction

MONTHLY LABOR

EMPLOYMENT IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION

10

T a b l e 2. — Distribution of types of activity, shift operations, workweek, and capacity utilized in private shipyards, by

regions, January 1952 1
Percentage distribution
Item

All
private
yards

Man-hours devoted to— 3
Construction
_ _________________________________________
Repair and conversion_______________ ______________________
Other production. . ________________________________________
Nonallocable
__ _________________________________

North
Atlantic
yards

South
Atlantic
yards

Gulf
yards

Pacific
yards

Great
Lakes
yards

Inland
yards

33.0
53.8
6.3
6.9

38.2
48.2
6.0
7.6

32.5
62.7
4.8

15.5
71.9
3.4
9.2

9.0
70.7
11.5
8.8

67.2
21.1
.6
11.1

59.7
14.9
19.4
6.0

__ _______________________________________________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Production workers employed on—
First shift
- _ _______________________________________
Other shifts ___ ___________________________________________

80.8
19.2

3 82.7
3 17.3

67.5
32.5

79.5
20.5

4 86.1
4 13.9

Total

T otal--------- --------------------- ------------------- ----------------------------

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Production workers scheduled for—
Under 40 hours. ___________________________________________
40 hours _ _________________________________________________
Over 40 hours ________ _____________________________________

2.6
94.4
3.0

3 .2
3 99.0
3 .8

.4
93.4
6.2

15.6
80.7
3.7

4 3.7
4 84.8
4 11.5

T o t a l.........................................................................................................

100.0

100.0

100.0

16.0

22.0

Capacity utilized

(p e rc e n t of m a x im u m )

21.8

100.0
19.8

43.3

100.0
28.7

24.3

1 Compiled from unpublished special quarterly reports to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
2 For the quarter ending Jan. 15,1952.
* North and South Atlantic yards combined.

4 Great Lakes and Inland yards combined.
8 As measured by the ratio of current production-worker employment to
maximum potential production-worker employment, using existing equip­
ment, times 100.

and the work load was more regular, lay-offs were
greatly reduced because workers moved from one
ship to another.
Lay-offs declined sharply with rising shipyard
activity after the start of Korean hostilities. In
February 1952, private yards had a lay-off rate of
4.2 times the durable-goods average in marked
contrast to a rate of more than 15 times the dur­
able-goods average in June 1950. On the other
hand, quit rates, which generally increase with
high shipyard employment, were more than dou­
ble those before the Korean hostilities (table 3),
while the rates in the durable-goods industries
remained relatively the same over the comparable
period.

Ship repairing and reconditioning is expected to
remain the industry’s dominant activity during
1952, although ship construction will increase in
relative importance. Virtually all the repairing
and reconditioning of ships taken from the reserve
fleets since Korean hostilities started have been
completed. However, some of these reserve ves­
sels have been returned to inactive status, and
conditioning them to withstand the elements is
generating some shipyard activity.
Part of the expanded program of new naval
construction and conversion authorized by Con­
gress in 1951 was completed by March 1952, but
a large part was not yet under construction and
most of the production was scheduled to take
place in 1952 and 1953. In addition to the $718
million for maintenance and repair of the fleet,
the Navy plans to spend more than $780 million
for construction and conversion in the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1953.
The “Mariner” construction programs initiated
by the Maritime Administration in 1951 as well
as contracts for tankers by private owners, includ­
ing foreign shippers, will contribute to expanding
shipyard employment. In addition, to meet the
steel industry’s increased demand, bulk ore car­
riers are now under construction or on order in
the Great Lakes yards. In addition to Merchant
Marine construction, several yards in this area

Employment Outlook

The upward trend in shipyard employment
which began after the outbreak of Korean hos­
tilities may continue until the end of 1952, but
at a slower rate. Although contracts for new
vessels increased substantially during 1951, many
of these ships are still in the drafting stage. If
construction begins on these vessels before ships
now on the ways are completed, employment in
new construction may rise sharply. Expansion
will be greater in private shipyards than in those
of the Navy.

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REVIEW, JULY 1952
T a b l e 3.

EMPLOYMENT IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION

11

Labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in ship and boat building and repairing compared with durable goods,
selected months, 1950-52
Total accessions

Total separations

Layoffs

Quits

Year and month
Durable
goods

Ship­
building

Durable
goods

Ship­
building

Durable
goods

1950: M ay_______________________________
June_______________ ______________ . .
July_______________________________________
August______________________ ______ ______ ____
September___________ _______ __________
October_______________________________________
November_________ . . . _____________ . .
December_____________________ _____ ______

5.1
5.2
5.0
7.2
6.4
5.8
4.4
3.4

18.6
16.8
20.5
24.0
14.2
19.0
14.7
14.8

3.0
3.2
3.0
4.4
5.2
4.4
4.1
3.9

16.0
16.5
13.8
18.1
16.7
15.4
17.7
13.4

0.9
.9
.6
.6

1951: January____________ __________________
F ebruary... __________ _______ ______
March____________________ _______ _
April____________________________________
M ay__________________________________________
June___________________ ________________
July__________________________________________
A ugust______________________________________
September___________________________ .
October________________________________ . .
November______ __ _ ______________ .
December________________________________

5.7
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.1
4.3
4.7
4.5
4.8
3.9
3.1

39.3
20.5
14.7
17.6
17.4
14.9
17.6
15.8
11.7
16.2
11.7
11.2

4.4
3.9
4.4
4.9
4.9
4.5
4.7
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.2
3.7

14.3
14.2
17.9
14.6
16.3
13.9
9.9
13.2
11.0
10.0
10.8
10.4

1.1

1952: January_________________________ ____ ______
February i ____________________________________

4.6
4.0

16.5
14.4

3.8
3.8

11.1

10.0

.7
.7

1.1
1.4

.7
.7

1.0
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.3

1.2

Ship­
building

Durable
goods

Ship­
building

13.7
14.0
11.0
13.3
12.1
10.0
12.4
9.1

1.7
1.9
1.9
3.0
3. 6
2.9
2.3
1.8

1.7
1.8
2.0
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.3
3.2

8.7
8.4
11.0
8.8
9.6
7.8
4.3
5.7
4.3
3.6
4.8
5.8

2.2
2.2
2.7
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.4
3.2
3.2
2.6
1.9
1.5

3. 6
4.1
5.1
4.8
5. 6
4.5
4. 7
6.1
5.5
5.1
4.4
3.5

4.8
5.1

1.8
1.9

4.1
4.7

1Preliminary.

have sizable Navy contracts for minesweepers,
landing vessels, and other small craft.
Even with this large program, the 132,000
Navy-yard workers employed in March 1952
constitute a near-maximum level that will pre­
vail in the next few years. The total will probably
not exceed 140,000 employees, because congres­
sional limitations on the number of Civil Service
personnel include classified employees in Navy
shipyards, working in key occupations such as
engineering, designing, drafting, and lofting.
Because these restrictions indirectly limit the
number of production workers that may be em­
ployed on ship construction and repair in navy
yards, an increasing proportion of naval con­
struction is expected to be done in private ship­
yards. This will increase ship-construction em­
ployment further in private yards.
Repair of naval vessels also will remain at a
relatively high level in 1952 and 1953. Under
the cycle system of repair used by the Navy,
ships are scheduled for repair and overhaul at
regular periods. In addition, the Navy is con­
tinuing its modernization program begun in 1951;
approximately 300 ships are scheduled to be
modernized. Improved antiaircraft weapons, ra­
dar equipment, and underwater-detection devices
will be installed, and extensive improvement of
submarines and aircraft carriers will be carried
out. Modifications had been completed on more

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than 30 vessels by the end of the third quarter of
1951, but the bulk of the work is yet to be done.
Navy yards will do part of this repair and con­
version, but a sizable portion will be contracted
out to private shipyards. It is estimated that
more than 20,000 workers in private yards were
engaged in the repair of Navy vessels during 1951,
and more may be required during 1952.
No general shortage of shipyard workers was
evident in March 1952, although shortages had
appeared in some key occupations and in some
local areas. These shortages are expected to con­
tinue and may become more serious as shipbuilding
expands, particularly in occupations common to
other metalworking industries. In mid-1952, the
following shipyard occupations were listed on the
Department of Labor’s List of Critical Occupa­
tions: marine boilermaker, marine lay-out man,
marine loftsman, marine architect and engineer.
Most shipyards were located in labor surplus
areas in mid-1952. (Only a small proportion of
total shipyard employment was located in labor
market shortage areas such as San Diego, Calif.)
Additional recruiting efforts will be required to
overcome the industry’s high turn-over rates.
However, these high turn-over rates are not
expected to limit further expansion of the industry.
Beyond 1952, employment trends will depend upon
future Government decisions toward further
expansion of the Navy and the Merchant Marine.

Labor and the
Savannah River
AEC Project—Part II
M. M ead Smith *

Editor’s Note .— This is the second part of the
article describing the effect on the surrounding com­
munity of the atomic energy project currently under
construction in South Carolina. Part I , covering
manpower, wages, and recruitment, appeared in the
June 1952 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
Part I I I will discuss housing.

II—Unionization and
Industrial Relations
in the Aiken-Augusta
area during the initial construction work on the
Savannah River Plant (SRP) were among local
common laborers and truck drivers. Previously
these men had been almost completely nonunion;
the change resulted from project hiring through
the American Federation of Labor buildingtrades unions. Craft unions already established
in Augusta before the project’s start had added
some new members, but a good many of the
in-migrant SRP workers retained membership in
locals outside the area. Whether the new mem­
bers, either local or from outside the area, rep­
resent permanent additions to the local labor
movement will depend, however, on factors such
as union officials’ success in demonstrating the
advantages of union membership to newly organ­
ized workers with little understanding of union
functions; the establishment, by unions setting
up new units in the area, of firm relations with
local employers at the same time as the manning
of the project (a function which chiefly pre-

M ajor trade - u n io n gains

* 0 f the Bureau’s Office of Publications.


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occupied union officials in November 1951);
and availability of construction or maintenance
jobs, after major SRP construction is completed,
for either local workers new to construction jobs
or in-migrant members of local unions. Tradeunion organization had not spread to workers in
other industries at the time of this study, as
some local residents feared it would eventually do,
although organization of a union in Barnwell was
attempted for the first time in the spring of 1951.
Widespread publicity and intense local interest
centered on SRP labor relations in the fall of 1951.
On the basis of an incognito visit to the project
site, Congressman W. M. Wheeler from Georgia
in September charged that SRP construction jobs
could be obtained only through “labor racket­
eers,” who imposed exorbitant fees for a “worker’s
permit” and withdrew union cards already issued
to workers and “sold” them to others. An
October series of articles in the New York JournalAmerican (reprinted by the two Augusta papers)
reported the situation in similar terms, stated
that union initiation fees had been raised in
recent weeks, and described as union “kick-backs”
such items as dues paid into the union’s operating
fund and employer contributions to pension funds.
Early in November, a subcommittee of the
House Education and Labor Committee held a
week’s public hearings in Augusta on SRP em­
ployment practices in the light of the TaftHartley Act closed-shop prohibition, the question
of union “rackets,” and similar matters on which
complaints had been received. Facts brought
out at the hearings, at which both the unions and
the company denied the validity of the complaints
against them, clarified the policies and operations
described throughout this article.
Meanwhile the SRP’s almost unbroken record
of industrial peace was virtually unnoticed.* The
only strike which had occurred at the time of this
survey was a 1% day walk-out of electricians in
early October.
Project Labor-Management Relations

Du Pont followed its customary policy for
construction jobs of recruiting both skilled and
unskilled workers through the building-trades
unions—the most expeditious means of obtaining
skilled construction labor, since most crafts are

SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT

highly organized. In November 1951, 12 of the
19 internationals affiliated with the AFL Build­
ing Trades Department were represented on the
SRP,1 and the vast majority of project workers
were members. Several unions referred workers
to the project who were neither members nor
applicants for membership, in the expectation of
later convincing them to join. Almost all such
workers did so, but some membership applicants,
particularly laborers, did not complete payment of
initiation fees or “pick up their cards.”
The International Association of Machinists
(IAM), which reaffiliated with the AFL in Jan­
uary 1951 but was not a member of the Building
Trades Department, also had a few members on
the project, employed in the machine shop.
Role oj AEC. Within the framework of general
AEC policy, Du Pont had handled its labor
relations on the SRP with substantial independ­
ence as of November 1951. AEC exercises an
over-all supervisory role on its various instal­
lations, based on its control of contractor labor
expenditures and its general responsibility for
carrying out the atomic energy program. The
Commission also retains final authority over all
security matters, which in the past have sometimes
complicated organizational questions. AEC se­
curity policies are currently spelled out in such a
way as not only to safeguard security (in pre­
venting a political strike or other organized
sabotage as well as protecting confidential infor­
mation) but also to protect the rights of both labor
and management under the Labor Management
Relations Act: provision is made for assurance
that information will not be withheld in National
Labor Relations Board cases on grounds of se­
curity if it can be supplied in unclassified form,
and for assistance where a decision may turn on
data which are available only in classified form.2
AEC staff at a given project site exercise their
broad supervisory responsibilities in a variety of
ways. For example, they assure that changes in
employment conditions proposed on the basis of
area practices are those actually prevailing in the
area or having other substantial foundation; en­
courage application of practices and procedures
which have proved most successful in maintaining
sound and stable labor relations; carry out any
AEC responsibility placed upon the agency under
existing labor laws; and so on.

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13

AEC also encourages construction contractor»
and union officials to settle jurisdictional disputes,
in accordance with the rules and regulations of
the National Joint Board for the Settlement of
Jurisdictional Disputes in the Building and Con­
struction Industry (established in early 1948) and
to resolve other labor disputes or grievances
whenever possible at the local level. Utilization
of Federal agencies authorized to assist in thesettlement of labor disputes, such as the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service or the WageStabilization Board, is facilitated by AEC wher­
ever necessary. If collective bargaining and
normal processes of conciliation have failed to
resolve a dispute, it may be referred to the Atomic
Energy Labor Relations Panel3 as a last resort,
at the request of either party or AEC. Appointed
by the President in 1949 to prevent any work
stoppages which might threaten a vital part of
the atomic energy program, the “Davis Panel”’
attempts to mediate, but may make formal
recommendations if further negotiations between
the parties fail. Panel procedures are “designed
to safeguard continuity of operations while not
inhibiting free collective bargaining between AEC
contractors and unions.”
On AEC manufacturing operations, the unions
and contractors are bound to submit an unre­
solved dispute to the Panel before resorting to
either strike or lock-out. In an exchange of letters
with the AEC in 1949, both groups agreed that,
if such a dispute occurred, operations would be
continued under existing employment conditions
without interruption until the Panel took juris­
diction and so long as the Panel retained jurisdic­
tion, and for an additional 30 days if the disputeremained unsettled and the Panel made final
1 The International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, and
Helpers of America; the Sheet M etal Workers’ International Association;
the International Association of Bridge, Structural, and Ornamental Iron
Workers; the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America;
the Bricklayers, Masons, and Plasterers International Union of America;
the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and
Pipe Fitting Industry; the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers;
the Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers of America;
the International Union of Operating Engineers; the International Brother­
hood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers of America;
the International Hod Carriers’, Building and Common Laborers’ Union o f
America; and the International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators
and Asbestos Workers.
1 These policies are set forth in Bulletin GM-187, Security Policies and
Practices in the Area of Labor Relations, issued M ay 8, 1951, which covers,
for example, circumstances under which AEC pro j ect managers may authorizeinvestigation for security clearance of union officials, or Federal conciliators
and arbitrators.
3 For a description of the Panel, see M onthly Labor Review, June 1949>
(p. 661).

14

SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT

recommendations (the no-stoppage obligation
ceases if the Panel does not take jurisdiction).
Construction contractors did not participate in
the exchange of letters, and construction activities
accordingly are not currently covered by the no­
strike no-lock-out pledge, although the Panel has
increasingly been called on to help settle construc­
tion disputes. Following a series of “wildcat”
strikes on one or two important AEC construction
projects in the fall of 1951, the president of the
AFL Building Trades Department proposed a
meeting to work out an over-all policy to eliminate
construction work stoppages on AEC projects
during the current national emergency. “While
present disputes appear to be solely between AEC
contractors and unions,” he said, “we believe
that the underlying cause stems directly from a
lack of an equitable, uniform labor policy of the
AEC.”
Both the AFL and the CIO, as well as outside
authorities,4 have pointed out the anomaly of
AEC’s stated wish to leave labor matters in the
hands of its contractors insofar as possible with the
simultaneous requirement that AEC approve
labor costs and the necessity for avoiding stop­
pages which would impede the vital atomic
energy program. The federations have called for
an AEC policy covering wages and working con­
ditions under which the workers, having relin­
quished certain bargaining rights in the interests
of national security, could look to the Commission
to supply the deficiency in their bargaining power.
(The c i o has further urged that a TVA-type
operation, with direct collective bargaining be­
tween the Government agency and the unions,
replace the current system of contracting to
private corporations; this practice in their opinion
strengthens the latter’s “already monopolistic
position,” as well as results in “bad labor poli­
cies.”) Establishment of the Davis Panel and
clarification of security policies represent the
major formalized steps taken to date to establish
a clear-cut framework of Commission policy within
which unions and contractors can bargain with
“minimum interference with the traditional rights
of American labor and management.”
In the construction of the SRP, only routine
AEC action in labor relations matters had been
required as of November 1951. No NLRB elec­
tions had been requested;5no dispute had required

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MONTHLY LABOR

outside assistance, either from Federal mediation
authorities or the Davis Panel, for settlement;
and no wage increases had been negotiated.
Management Policy. Industrial relations practices
on the SRP were in general the “normal com­
mercial practices” of Du Pont and the various
subcontractors. Du Pont signed no formal
collective-bargaining agreements with the unions.
As described in Part I (Monthly Labor Review,
June 1952, p. 631), the initial wage scale was
predetermined by the Secretary of Labor. The
Du Pont company extended to SRP employees
certain vacation and other benefits provided
throughout its organization but not prevalent in
the construction industry. Company officials
met with representatives of the building-trades
unions in the SRP area, shortly after the project
announcement, in order to reach an understanding
on the fringe payments customary for construc­
tion workers, such as premium rates for overtime.
Subsequently, as new situations arose and changes
were proposed, actions to be taken were discussed
with and clearly understood by the unions.
A few of the subcontractors had written national
agreements with the internationals concerned, and
others had agreements with the locals, but the
details of subcontractor practices were not ex­
plored as part of this survey.
Union Activity. Recruitment of an adequate and
qualified labor force was the main union activity
on the project as of November 1951. In connec­
tion with recruitment difficulties anticipated in
the near future, a number of union spokesmen
urged the need of a wage increase, but only one
or two indicated that active negotiations were
under way. Several, however, had submitted
evidence to the Du Pont company, the AEC,
and the Secretary of Labor showing that pre­
determined rates for their crafts were slightly
below those prevailing, and one or two adjust­
ments had been made on the basis of this evidence.
No union efforts to alter Du Pont’s working rules
and safety, medical, and other employee pro4
James R . Newman, Yale Law Journal, December 1951. For a discussion
of collective bargaining in quasi-public work in general, see M onthly Labor
Review, March 1952 (p. 257).
» On December 7,1951, the electrical workers filed a petition for certification
as representative for all electrical workers employed on the site; a hearing
was held in late March 1952, and an election directed on M ay 8.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT

grams were reported. One union representative
said: “ Their safety conditions are excellent, and
the working conditions are . . . above normal in
construction” although “ all construction is bad,
to a certain extent.”
The settlement of members’ grievances was
another important union activity on the SEP.
These cases were numerous, though mostly minor,
according to union sources; some of the lower-paid
local workers, for example, “ fussed” not about
wages but about the discipline, the size, and the
strangeness of the project. Union international
representatives, specially assigned to the area in
some instances, handled a good deal of the griev­
ance work.
The locals or the internationals, or both, also
operated life insurance (and in some instances
pension or sick benefit) programs for members—•
the coverage, size of member contribution, and
employer contribution (in the case of some sub­
contractors) varying between crafts. Member
contributions to both local and international
schemes were included in the monthly dues
(initiation fees and dues ranging from $20 and
$2, respectively, for laborers, to $200 and $6 for
sheet-metal workers). Dues and payments on
initiation fees were generally mailed or brought
to the union office, or collected on the site outside
working hours by the working stewards.
I n d u s tr ia l D is p u te s .
The SRP had an excep­
tional industrial relations record as of November
1951. In contrast to the repeated work stoppages
on some other large AEC construction projects
during the same period, only one brief stoppage
had occurred.6 On October 1, some 675 elec­
tricians, working under subcontractor super­
vision, walked out over a “misunderstanding as
to the assignment of electricians as stand-bys
during the dry-out of transformers,” according
to AEC. The union’s international represent­
ative was summoned and, after an all-day con­
ference on October 2, the men went back to work.
Union representatives testifying at the Novem­
ber 1951 congressional hearings reported con­
siderable unrest on the project during October,
when workers in several crafts interpreted the
cut-back in “requisitions” to the unions for labor
(hiring having been reduced because of design
delays) as presaging recruitment through non­


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15

union sources. In their opinion, a serious stop­
page might have occurred if union officials had
not been forewarned by the company of the
hiring “ at the gate” scheduled in October (see Part
I, MLR June 1952, p. 633), in time to explain
the situation to the membership. Describing the
strong feeling among craft workers against work­
ing with nonunion men, the ironworkers’ repre­
sentative pointed out that a member “ hanging
a float” five stories up, for example, needed
to trust the man working with him and to know
that he had been accepted by a union examining
board.
Explanations for the SRP’s record of industrial
peace varied. Some authorities attributed it pri­
marily to the decisive management practices of the
Du Pont company and its policy of insuring that
conditions of employment were at all times clearly
understood by all concerned. Others pointed out
that many locally recruited project workers had
had little previous contact with unions; those who
had were members of unions well-integrated into
the community and accustomed to peaceful rela­
tions with local contractors. “Union discipline,”
on the other hand, was responsible for the lack of
stoppages, according to some union sources. One
organization, for example, required any member
who came in with “gripes” to fill out and sign a
detailed “Member’s Grievance Report” form,
which caused many to decide that “maybe it
wasn’t a grievance after all.” When a member
of this organization came to the union office
and said his group “had a grievance and was going
out in the morning,” the business agent’s policy
was to tell him to “do that, but I ’ll have some
other men up there” and hand him a grievance
form. This business agent also pointed out that
relations with Du Pont were completely handled
by the international representatives rather than by
less-experienced people.
Union officials were proud of the SRP’s peaceful
record. Various union spokemen stressed at the
hearings that their organizations were doing
“everything in their power” to prevent work stop6
On January 7, 1952, an unauthorized stoppage of about 800 operating
engineers employed by D u Pont followed reassignment of an oiler, and
approximately 1,500 truck drivers failed to report the following day, appar­
ently in sympathy; both groups were back at work on January 9. Sub­
sequent stoppages reported involved 22 teamsters on March 6, over discharge
of a foreman and a truck driver, and 75 boilermakers on April 7-9, also over
discharge of a worker; both groups were subcontractor employees.

16

SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT

pages, including jurisdictional disputes—source of
many frictions on construction projects. Du Pont
officials said that they dealt with the unions on
jurisdiction hut the company decided which craft
was entitled to a job if the unions were in disagree­
ment. Representatives of several crafts criticized
Du Pont’s classification of certain jobs as nonman­
ual, hence not under union jurisdiction: the team­
sters claimed three such categories and several
unions said that the work of Du Pont’s assistant
area superintendents was normally performed by
foremen in the construction industry. But the
chief jurisdictional problem raised at the hearings
was the IAM’s long-standing claim to certain jobs
handled on the project by the carpenters and the
operating engineers. The IAM, having been
excluded from construction work and awarded
jurisdiction only over machinists hired to operate
the machine shop, had considered filing charges of
unfair labor practices and had complained to the
Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy.
Organization Before the Project

Union organization in the area adjacent to the
site was largely confined, prior to the SRP an­
nouncement, to a small, quite highly organized
group of AFL building trades in Augusta: the car­
penters (local chartered in 1899); bricklayers
(1899); plumbers (1908); electricians (1948); and
painters (December 1950, the previous local’s
charter having been revoked a few months earlier
owing to internal differences). The other unions
represented on the project had locals chartered
elsewhere in South Carolina and Georgia (generally
at Savannah and Charleston) with jurisdiction
over the SRP area, the jurisdictional line being
drawn at the State boundary or geographically
halfway between the locals concerned. However,
none of these maintained branch offices in the area,
and indications were that local membership was
extremely limited.
The five Augusta craft unions were well estab­
lished in the city, according to local observers, and
had mutually satisfactory arrangements with
local contractors. The electricians, for example,
claimed some 90 percent of the electrical work in
Augusta before the project’s establishment. These
unions were generally regarded as “responsible,


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MONTHLY LABOR

respectable” organizations. The carpenters’ busi­
ness agent, described as the leading local la or
spokesman, had been elected to the State legis­
lature, and the union was a member in good stand­
ing of the Augusta Chamber of Commerce.
Outside the building trades, only a few small
groups—the printing trades, teachers, postal
workers, and some city workers—in Augusta were
reported to have organized, mainly postwar. The
few attempts which had been made at organizing
the textile and other manual production workers—
primarily by the CIO—were met by sharp em­
ployer resistance, strongly supported by local
public opinion.
An organizing campaign in Augusta had been
initiated by the CIO textile workers in 1 9 4 9 . The
union won an NLRB election in September of
that year at the Riverside Mill, a large cottonwaste plant employing mainly Negro workers.
Extensive publicity, both in the local press and
outside the area, was given to an exchange of
letters between the CIO organizing committee and
the Chamber of Commerce about a month after
the election. The committee invited “sugges­
tions, help, or criticism” from the Chamber with
regard to the organizing campaign and expressed
the conviction that the latter would prove a
blessing to the community. In reply, the Cham­
ber secretary commented on the “empty factories”
in New England and “severe dislocations” in
southern cities following CIO organizing cam­
paigns, described Augusta employers as “en­
lightened,” and suggested that the union “take
[its] ‘blessings’ elsewhere.” A collapse of worker
support for the union at the plant had followed,
the Chamber secretary said when interviewed in
November 1951. The anticipated negotiations
did not take place, nor did the strike which several
Augusta residents said “everyone feared” would
follow the election.
Reportedly some strike activity and two un­
successful NLRB elections accompanied efforts, by
CIO and other organizers, to organize the common
laborers (e. g., in brickyards) during this period.
Outside Augusta, union organization was vir­
tually nonexistent. One Aiken plumbing business
had an “on and off union shop,” but otherwise
labor was unorganized in Aiken, Barnwell, and the
other small communities in the area.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT

Changes in Building Trades Organization

Of the project-connected crafts which had no
locals chartered in Augusta, the boilermakers and
sheet-metal workers handled recruitment through
the Savannah and Charleston locals, respectively.
The ironworkers general executive board set up an
Augusta office under an international representa­
tive, specifically charged with supplying workers
to the project only; new members, initiation fees,
etc., were divided between the Savannah and
Charleston locals, since the project tract came
within the geographical jurisdiction of both.
Few of the workers in these crafts were recruited
locally. Organization of local workers had also
been little affected in November 1951 by recruit­
ment activities of the asbestos workers and the
IAM (Savannah local), whose combined member­
ship on the project was less than 50 at that time.
New Organizational Arrangements. By the time
SRP construction hiring began in early February
1951, the AFL operating engineers, teamsters, and
laborers had set up new offices in Aiken. The
new laborers’ unit was a temporary one: existing
locals in Savannah, Charleston, and Spartanburg
(upper South Carolina) were pooled to form a
Construction and General Laborers Council, but
each local maintained its entity. In contrast,
the teamsters chartered a new local, and the
operating engineers established a fourth branch
office of the local chartered originally in Charles­
ton for the State of South Carolina.
Workers in these three categories were among
those needed in largest numbers during the initial
construction work. More laborers than any other
trade were employed on the project in November
1951, and employment of teamsters and operating
engineers exceeded that of almost all other crafts.
Further additions were scheduled in all three
trades, but a greater proportion of other crafts
would be needed as construction progressed.
Almost all the laborers and the vast majority of
truck drivers on the project at that time were local
workers, as were over half of the operating engi­
neers, according to a rough estimate by that un­
ion’s business representative. All three unions
concerned referred only members or applicants
for membership to the project, and union rolls had
accordingly risen sharply.


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IT

Of the 4,000 to 4,500 members of the Laborers
Council in November 1951, some 3,000 were em­
ployed on the project, according to the council
business manager (an official from the Savannah
local). Any pre-project members of the three co­
operating locals were included, but the union esti­
mated that over 3,000 of its current members had
joined after the council was organized. This ex­
cluded some 1,500 workers who had obtained re­
funds of down payments on initiation fees after
they had been referred to the project and rejected,
plus over 1,500 additional laborers who had either
been rejected or subsequently separated and had
not continued their membership. New members
were allocated equally to the three locals by the
council. Funds were also intermittently distrib­
uted to the three locals (totaling $10,500 as of
November 1951). The council collected all dues
and fees and had about $40,000 in assets at that
time, the business manager stated at the Novem­
ber hearings, including initial loans of $1,500 from
the international and $200 each from the three
locals to get the council started.
Many new members came from the rural sec­
tions of South Carolina, where council efforts to
recruit project laborers had been vigorous, accord­
ing to the business manager. Union representa­
tives, he said, spent considerable time visiting
small communities, encouraging potential con­
struction workers to apply for project jobs, gather­
ing them into groups, and helping to arrange trans­
portation facilities to the project. Such workers
frequently did not meet union obligations after
making their $10 down payments on initiation
fees, and, since a trip to the union’s Aiken office
would represent an additional 60 to 70 miles of
travel for many, the council maintained a sub­
office in the field on paydays to cash checks for
members and collect any union payments they
might wish to make. Nevertheless, an estimated
two-thirds of the membership had failed to make
the second payment on their initiation fees or were
delinquent on dues in November.
The teamsters’ local was chartered under inter­
national trusteeship, following custom in estab­
lishing new locals, and the business agent was em­
ployed directly by the international. Current
membership was 1,270, less than 200 being em­
ployed outside the project. Initially, the member­
ship fee was set substantially below the $25 fixed

18

SAVANNAH RIVER AEG PROJECT

by the Southern Conference of Teamsters for the
Southern States, but as the local people were ab­
sorbed it was raised, and as of October the full
fee was established. Any members who came in
from other locals were required to transfer to the
Aiken unit, but most of the members were new
to the union.
Under the trusteeship arrangement, members
had a voice in raising dues and other regular pro­
cedures of the local, but the international ap­
pointed the officers. As soon as the $5,000 lent
by the international to start the local had been
paid off and it “got running,” the members were
to elect their own officers. Half the loan had been
repaid in October from the $18,000 collected (ex­
clusive of refunds) at that time, and an office had
been repaired and equipped for use. Some in­
formal educational work was being attempted in
preparation for the eventual end of the trustee­
ship. One or two potential officers were given
occasional jobs to do around the office, and printed
material was distributed to the members, some
meetings were held, etc. Teaching of union dis­
cipline and the meaning of organization was hand­
icapped, however, by such factors as illiteracy
among some local workers; the latter’s total inex­
perience in union functions or any form of united
action to improve wages and working conditions;
the fact that project rates for these workers were
already higher than local pay; and the lack of
experienced union men (generally not interested in
coming to the project under existing conditions)
to serve as working stewards or otherwise to pro­
vide leadership among the rank-and-file.
Since jurisdiction of the operating engineers was
on a State basis in the area, the new Aiken office
handled all project placement but workers in
Augusta continued to come under the Savannah
local. Membership of the South Carolina local
rose from 143 shortly before establishment of the
Aiken branch to 1,887 on November 1, 1951, al­
most all members having been hired by Du Pont
or the specialty subcontractors. Members on the
project in November numbered 1,300, the others
presumably having been separated after initial
hiring. How many of these were full-scale mem­
bers of the South Carolina unit was not clear, how­
ever; a worker belonging to another local could
either transfer his membership, if approved by the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

South Carolina local, or remain a member of his
home local and pay the Aiken office a “temporary
working permit” fee; a new member also had the
option of paying the initiation fee (down payment
and balance in 30 days) or of paying the permit
fee until the “obligation of contract” was paid.
Over $130,000 had been collected by the South
Carolina local as a whole from dues, fees, and
“permits” during the first 9 months of 1951.
Membership cards were of three types in this
organization, with initiation fees and dues scaled
accordingly: apprentices, new members or appli­
cants, and full-scale qualified engineers who had
been with the organization for many years and
operated heavy equipment at top pay scales.
Only this last-mentioned group had the right to
vote, and officers were required to be elected from
among them—a regulation designed to safeguard
the organization against election of “undesirable”
persons, union spokesmen stated, since they “don’t
know who these [new members] are until such
time as they qualify.”
All three unions tried to place workers rejected
or subsequently discharged by the SRP on other
jobs in the area. A Laborers Council spokesman,
for example, said that a number of SRP medical
rejects had been placed with contractors requir­
ing no physical examination of employees; he cited
one job, not connected with the project, with 50odd such rejects out of some 60 workers. Each
of the other two organizations indicated that they
had reached agreement with one or two local con­
tractors, who would have lost their force to the
project if they had not been willing to pay union
wages. In this connection, one nonproject strike
was reported during the period following the SRP
announcement: the teamsters and laborers, em­
ployed by the State contractor constructing the
highway between Augusta and the site, walked off
the job briefly on March 23, 1951, reportedly over
organization of the job as well as wage demands.
(Wage agreement was reached on March 26.)
Preoccupation of union officials with SRP re­
cruitment, however, and the general limitation of
nonproject construction 7 to small and scattered
jobs during this period suggested that such new
organization was limited in November 1951. No
7
Only a few local contractors had project subcontracts, generally for jobs
requiring a fairly small number of workers.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT

efforts were being made at that time to organize
maintenance workers employed by local firms in
these trades.
An operating engineers’ official pointed out that
his organization worked largely on big construction
jobs and would be unlikely to deal with small local
contractors. The union already had agreements
with the big contractors who might come into the
area to build a road, for example, or for some other
specific construction job; included were a number
of the project subcontractors. Establishment of
a permanent Aiken office by this organization
largely reflected the expectation, based on experi­
ence at other AEC installations, that construction
work would continue to be available on the SRP
even after major facilities were completed.
Unions. Existing Augusta
unions were unevenly affected by the project,
depending on the size of project needs for each
craft, local contractor activity, whether in-migrant
union members transferred to the Augusta local,
and so on. The addition of project workers in­
creased the membership of all these unions and
their funds, available for future organizational
efforts as well as current activities. Some wage
increases were negotiated for nonproject workers
as indicated in Part I (see MLR, June 1952, p.
638). But indications were that existing rela­
tions with local contractors had changed little as
of November 1951.
None of these Augusta locals had more than a
few hundred members before SRP construction
began—the largest being the carpenters with 525
members. Project employment of carpenters,
the only trade other than laborers with over 3,000
employed on the SRP in November, was nearly
5 times that of any other of the Augusta-organized
crafts, and membership in the Augusta local had
risen to more than 3,000—almost all project em­
ployees. Figures are not available on how many
of these workers had retained their membership
in other locals, however, which they were per­
mitted to do by paying the Augusta local the
equivalent of its monthly dues.
Union administration of the over 600 members
of the plumbers and pipefitters’ union on the SRP
was kept separate from that of nonproject mem­
bers, the international and the local having
jointly set up a special office in Augusta about the
Effect on Augusta


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

19

first of March to handle project work. It was not
clear how many project workers were additions to
the Augusta local’s membership. (No member­
ship figures were available.) Over 300 applicants
for membership had been hired on the project
since its start, as well as some 600 union men; but
many of the latter retained membership elsewhere,
according to a union spokesman, and a number of
these had quit due to inadequate take-home pay.
An electrical workers’ official stated that the
majority of the over 700 SRP electricians had
retained membership in other locals and benefited
the Augusta organization little, either temporarily
or over the long-run. However, the latter’s
membership had risen from 119 (of whom 88
had taken SRP jobs) to 341 in November, in­
cluding transfers from other locals as well as
new members. Membership in the painters’
local stood at 138 at the end of September,
including 43 transfers from the local whose charter
had been revoked; over 100 members were on the
project. The bricklayers initiated 110 new mem­
bers during the first 10 months of 1951, raising
membership to 321. About 100 were currently
employed on the project, including 35 new union
members as well as members of other locals, who
had the option of transferring to the Augusta
local.
The bricklayers’ union was the only organization
reporting a dues increase after the project’s
announcement. The increase—to the same level
fixed during World War II—was necessitated
by the extra work entailed in manning the project,
according to union officials, which required
employment of a full-time business agent as had
been necessary for defense construction during
the war.
Project-connected
unions in Aiken and Augusta established a joint
building-trades council in the summer of 1951,
but information on its membership and activity
in November was inconsistent. Both the presi­
dent and vice president were officials of organiza­
tions newly established in Aiken, and union com­
ments suggested that the newer groups were
taking the lead in organizing the council.
Describing the council as active and functioning,
thus enabling union officers to talk over problems
and exchange information, the council vice
Relations B e t w e e n U n i o n s .

20

SAVANNAH RIVER AEC PROJECT

president said that all the crafts had joined
except the carpenters, who were expected to do so
shortly. Another unionist new to the area
indicated that the council had been meeting for
some time, but that the November hearings
really “got them going’’; all the locals were in,
he stated, except the electricians, who had a juris­
dictional dispute with several other crafts. On
the other hand, two Augusta union officials said
neither of their crafts was a member. One of
them was convinced the unions would be stronger
in dealing with the company if they were unified,
but his organization traditionally worked alone.
The other asserted that Augusta had not had a
joint building-trades council in 20 years, though a
“C entral Labor Union representing all AFL locals
in the city was active; as for the newly formed
council, several important crafts did not belong,
he commented, and in his opinion it did not amount
to much.
Although the Congressional hearings in No­
vember tended to unite the unions, according to
some observers, they also brought into the open
existing discords, particularly between the pre­
project Augusta unions and the newly established
Aiken units. Dealing with members of the
United States Congress was a new experience for
most local representatives and appeared to
intensify existing resentments. One Augusta offi­
cial, for example, called the Congressmen’s at­
tention to the fact that his organization “is not a
lodge nor a local from Savannah or Columbia
operating up here, but is right here in Augusta.”
Another Augusta business manager, interviewed
shortly after the hearings, termed the newly
arrived unions “fly-by-night outfits” and was
vehement in his opinion that if a union is going
to do business it should “set up an office and do
business regularly,” whether employment and
organizational opportunities go up or down.
Negro Membership. Negro members of buildingtrades unions in the SRP area were largely con­
centrated as of November 1951 in the laborers’
union, with smaller numbers in the teamster,
bricklayer, and carpenter organizations. Negroes
were employed in no other crafts on the project,
though at least one craft union reportedly included
colored helpers (not employed on the project in


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

this category) in its membership. A few Negroes
were reported to have applied for union referral
to the SRP in some of these other crafts, but
apparently none had as yet been admitted to
membership in the locals in the SRP area nor
referred to the project.
Common laborers were customarily colored in
the area. The bricklayers’ union, with local
jurisdiction over the “ trowel trades,” was the one
craft traditionally mixed racially there; all local
cement finishers were Negroes, an Augusta
source observed, and, except for a few masons
(including the president), the bricklayers’ member­
ship would therefore be colored. The new teamster
local included both races, the preponderance be­
ing white. Queried by a New York Times re­
porter concerning charges of discrimination in
admission to the union (see Part I, MLR, June
1952, p. 635), the carpenters’ head stated that the
organization had admitted Negroes in the South
since 1941. At the time the project started, how­
ever, the Augusta local had no Negro members, and,
according to local sources, the only colored mem­
bers in the general area belonged to a segregated
local in Columbia, S. C. The Augusta local was
reported to have admitted colored members be­
ginning in the late summer of 1951. Information
on the status of these members with regard to
segregation was somewhat conflicting, but recent
reports from the area indicate that changes are
currently in process in union arrangements for
handling project workers, both white and colored.
Effect on Other Workers

The only new organizational development re­
ported among nonconstruction workers in the SRP
area during the period under review was in Barn­
well, in the small zipper company which a few
years earlier had moved into a building leased from
the Barnwell development corporation. The new
plant was “ just getting on its feet” and strong
public resentment accompanied an attempt by
its workers, in the spring of 1951, to form a union.
Reports on the circumstances surrounding the
attempt varied. One local official pointed out
that the plant came originally from New York,
where it had been having “ labor troubles” at
the time of its move; in his opinion,union organizers

REVIEW, JULY 1952

SAVANNAH RIVER AEG PROJECT

had followed the company to the area, although
several workers in the plant were “ key agitators”
in the movement for a union. On the other hand,
some observers suggested that the effort to organize
had originated with the plant employees cited,
who were seeing unions in operation for the first
time, and that they had got in touch with union
organizers through one of the construction unions.
In any case, these workers were included in a
group laid off by the company, and the Internation­
al Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (AFL) filed
charges of unfair labor practices with the NLRB
in late May 1951. NLRB investigators visited
the area and found that lack of orders had in
fact forced the company to lay off workers; how­
ever, when rehiring began the workers in question
were to be included.
With regard to the expectations of community
leaders and local residents concerning the longrange effect of the project on local labor, some were
apprehensive that organized labor would now
“move in” on the area and bring “labor troubles”
for the first time. Others asserted, on the basis


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

21

of the “temporary” nature of SRP construction
work, that the new organization of local labor was
a passing phenomenon only and conditions would
return to “normal” as construction declined.
Experience at other AEC installations supplies
no guide to the probable long-run effect of such a
project on local organization; major local indus­
tries were already organized and in some instances
the projects were considerably more isolated than
is the SRP. Some observers pointed out the
various difficulties generally encountered in organ­
izing workers in the South. Others stressed that
the permanent effect would in any case depend
largely on the organization of “permanent” SRP
workers after manufacturing operations got under
way. Both the CIO chemical workers and the
AFL metal trades unions have organized AEC
plants, the latter having far greater membership
among atomic energy workers. At the time the
SRP was studied in November 1951, representa­
tives of the AFL Metal Trades Department met
and mapped an “intensive and continuous”
organizing campaign in AEC installations.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

The United Steelworkers
Convention of 1952
T he dispute between the union and the steel
mill owners overshadowed all other matters con­
sidered at the sixth constitutional convention of
the United Steelworkers of America (CIO), meet­
ing in Philadelphia May 13-16, 1952. However,
the convention adopted resolutions pertaining to
such important issues as political action and legis­
lation, foreign policy, and organizing; and changes
in the union constitution were also made.
Philip Murray, Steelworkers’ president, in a
special report to the convention, reviewed the
highlights of the long dispute, including the col­
lective-bargaining conferences on 22 union pro­
posals which began in November 1951, submission
of the dispute to the WSB, the union’s acceptance
of the Board’s recommendations, and Govern­
ment seizure of the mills following the industry’s
refusal to accept them.1
Nearly all of the speakers at the convention
dealt largely with the steel dispute. Vice Presi­
dent Alben W. Barkley, Secretary of Labor
Maurice J. Tobin, and Senator Hubert H. Hum­
phrey all expressed strong support for the terms of
settlement recommended by the Wage Stabiliza­
tion Board. Presidents of three CIO unions,
Walter Reuther of the Automobile Workers, Emil
Rieve of the Textile Workers, and Joseph Beirne
of the Communications Workers assured the
Steelworkers of their support. A resolution that
the members would not continue to work indefi­
nitely under the terms of the expired agreements
was unanimously adopted by the delegates.

Labor Legislation

The bill introduced in the House of Representa­
tives by Congressman Howard W. Smith (D.,
Va.) to deal with labor disputes in defense indus­
tries was bitterly denounced by union speakers.
22

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Under its terms, strikes and lock-outs could be
enjoined for an indefinite period and a receiver
appointed to take possession of the property of
both the union and the company if their dispute
remained unresolved after 80 days. David J.
McDonald, secretary-treasurer, charged that “this
is government by injunction at its zenith” and
that employers would lack incentive to settle dis­
putes, since the receiver would not be allowed to
change existing wages and working conditions.
He also stated that the expenses of any receiver­
ship, to be shared equally by the company and
the union, would place a heavy burden on the
union involved.
Repeal of the Labor Management Relations
(Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947 and enactment of a
national labor relations law based on the princi­
ples of the original Wagner Act were urged.
Similarly, the delegates pledged that the union
would fight for repeal of State laws outlawing or
restricting union-security and check-off provisions,
picketing, and similar union activities.
Congress was called upon to enact a more com­
prehensive Social Security program including
hospitalization insurance, sickness and accident
benefits, and permanent- and total-disability pay­
ments. Extensive changes were also asked in
unemployment-compensation laws, particularly to
aid workers unemployed because of conversion to
defense production. A national system of unem­
ployment insurance, to eliminate “inadequacies
of State laws” and a minimum wage of $1.25 an
hour for all workers covered by the Fair Labor
Standards Act were also endorsed.
General Political Issues

The convention demanded enactment of Fed­
eral antilynching, antipoll tax, and fair employ­
ment practices legislation; repeal of|Senate Rule
1
For a detailed discussion of these steps, see the M onthly Labor Review for
M ay 1952 (p. 570), June 1952 (p. 696), and p. 66 of this issue. The convention
was held before the Supreme Court of the United States rendered its adverse
decision on the constitutionality of Government seizure of the steel mills.

UNITED STEELWORKERS CONVENTION

22 which permits filibustering; prohibition of
segregation and discrimination in interstate travel
and the Armed Forces; and safeguards against
racial and religious segregation in Federal appro­
priations for State aid.
Congress was urged to reject any proposals for
a sales or transactions tax. Alternatives offered
by the delegates were heavier taxation on the
incomes of the wealthy and excess profits of cor­
porations and elimination of loopholes in the
tax laws.
Other legislative recommendations called for
extension of the Rent Control Act and expansion
of the public housing program; enactment of an
improved GI bill of rights to cover all veterans;
extensive Federal aid to education; and more
effective flood control and river valley develop­
ment measures, including construction of the St.
Lawrence Seaway.
Mr. Murray emphasized the importance of
political action, stating that “if a reactionary
candidate is elected to the Presidency and he is
supported by a reactionary Congress, there is not
a labor union in America that will be safe.” The
principle of nonpartisan political action, with
candidates to be endorsed on the basis of their
individual records and platforms, was reaffirmed.
One resolution called upon each member of the
union to contribute a dollar annually to the CIO
Political Action Committee and to register all
adult members of the family as voters.
Delegates endorsed many aspects of the foreign
policy of the Government, including truce efforts
in Korea, participation in the United Nations and
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and for­
eign economic aid. However, appeasement of the
Spanish, Argentine, and other dictators was op­
posed, and absence of labor participation in the
planning and direction of American foreign policy
was cited as a serious defect.
The efforts of the International Confederation
of Free Trade Unions to improve the conditions
of workers in the free world and its opposition to
both Communist and reactionary forces were
commended. Full support of the ICFTU program
was pledged by the convention delegates.
Labor Unity

The effectiveness of the former United Labor
Policy Committee was cited by a resolution which

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

23

urged organized labor to reestablish such unity in
order to fight jointly on legislative matters.
Appreciation for the support given by CIO,
AFL, and unaffiliated unions in the Steelworkers’
dispute with the steel industry was expressed in a
special resolution. In turn, the support of the
USA-CIO was pledged to other unions engaged
in strikes to preserve the living standards of their
members.
The action of the international officers and
executive board in making the union a party to
the CIO Agreement Governing Organizational
Disputes was also ratified.
Other Resolutions

The principle of a tripartite Wage Stabilization
Board was endorsed and personal attacks on its
public members were condemned. The Board
was urged to act more promptly in passing on
petitions for approval of negotiated wage increases
and in making recommendations for settlement of
pending dispute cases.
The convention also adopted resolutions calling
for support of union efforts to establish a daily
labor newspaper; establishment of a guaranteed
annual wage in the steel industry; more active
participation by members of the union on com­
munity service agency boards, civil defense com­
mittees, and parent-teacher groups; and endorse­
ment of the union label campaigns of all affiliates
of the CIO.
Internal Union Affairs

A membership of about 1,100,000 was reported,
compared with the 660,000 recorded 10 years
earlier. However, the need for continued organ­
izing efforts was stressed by union leaders, partic­
ularly among unorganized segments of industries
within the jurisdiction of the union, among
“ white-collar” workers in these industries, and
among seamen on ore-carrying ships on the Great
Lakes. Full support of the CIO Southern
Organizing Committee was pledged.
A total of 2,128 collective-bargaining contracts
with 1,660 companies in the United States was
reported. Of these agreements, 1,646 contain
social-insurance programs and 821 contain pension
or retirement plans.
The secretary-treasurer of the International

24

WAGES IN RADIO AND TELEVISION

Union reported net assets of $10,139,204 (as of
March 31, 1952), an increase of $1,452,098 over
the amount reported to the last convention 2 years
earlier. The bulk of the union’s funds are invested
in Government securities. A relatively small
investment has been made in various industrial
and utility stocks in order to obtain the financial
and operating information appearing in the
companies’ reports to stockholders.
Several changes were made in the International
Union Constitution at the convention. Most of
these pertained to election procedures and qualifi­
cation of candidates for office.
The proposal to raise monthly dues from $2 to
$3 and initiation fees from $3 to $5 was the only
issue which aroused much controversy among the
delegates. Although considerable opposition was
expressed on the floor, the increase was voted by a
substantial majority. The increase in revenue is
to be divided equally between the International
Union and the local unions.
— J ames N ix
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

MONTHLY LABOR

T able 1.— Percentage distribution of all production workers

in radio, television, and related products industry by
average straight-time hourly earnings 1 United States and,
selected regions, November 1951
Average hourly earnings i
(in cents)

United
S tates2

N ew
England

0.3
.7
1.6
3.0
2.7
4.1
6.0
6.0
5.9
8.4
8.2
5.8
7.3
6.8
4.7
4.0
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.7
2.6
1.9
1.5
1.6
.8
.8
.6
.7
.4
.3
.3
.5

0.1
.7
8.8
8.2
9.0
9.5
16.7
7.6
6.6
5.3
5.1
2.9
3.5
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.8
1.8
.7
1.5
.7
1.1
.4
.9
.6
.3
.3
(3)
«

T otal___________________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Number of workers____________
Average hourly earnings 1 _____

169, 310
$1.36

16, 337
$1.16

60,819
$1.36

6,963
$1.36

75.0 and under 80.0_____________
80.0 and under 85.0 __________
85.0 and under 90.0 __________
90.0 and under 95.0__ __________
_____
95.0 and under 100.0__
100.0 and under 105.0- .
_ __
105.0 and under 110.0___________
110.0 and under 115.0. ________
115.0 and under 120.0___________
120.0 and under 125.0________
125.0 and under 130.0___________
130.0 and under 135.0_______
135.0 and under 140.0_________ .
140.0 and under 145.0___________
145.0 and under 150.0... _ . . . . . .
150.0 and under 155.0___________
155.0 and under 160.0___________
160.0 and under 165.0___________
165.0 and under 170.0___________
170.0 and under 175.0__ . . . .
175.0 and under 180.0___________
180.0 and under 185.0_____ ____
185.0 and under 190.0___________
190.0 and under 195.0................ ___
195.0 and under 200.0___ _____
200.0 and under 205.0___________
205.0 and under 210.0_______ __
210.0 and under 215.0_________ _
215.0 and under 220.0_______ ___
220.0 and under 225.0
225,0 and under 230.0___________
230.0 and over_________________

(3)
(3)

Great
Lakes
0.2
1.1
1.0
2.3
2.2
4.2
4.7
4.4
7.1
8.0
8.9
6.8
8.5
7.6
6.0
4.4
3.9
3.4
3.1
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.5
.8
.6
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.8

Pacific

3.9
2.9
4.6
6.6
7.6
10 6
13.4
6.6
4.2
4.1
2.8
3.1
3.4
2.8
3.7
2.3
1.8
2.6
1.7
2.8
1.7
1.7
2. 2
.2
.7
.5
1.1
0

.4

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Includes data for regions not shown separately.
3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

Wages in Radio, Television, and
Related Products, November 1951
P roduction w orkers in the radio, television,
and related products industry in November 1951
averaged $1.36 an hour, exclusive of premium
pay for overtime and night work, according to a
survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Indi­
vidual workers’ earnings varied from less than 80
cents to more than $2.30 an hour; the middle 50
percent, however, had earnings ranging between
$1.15 and $1.55. (See table 1.) One worker in 12
received less than $1 an hour; 1 in 25 earned $2
or more.
Occupational wage data obtained for selected
jobs covered two-thirds of the production workers.
Tool-and-die makers had the highest average
hourly earnings ($2.13) and solderers, the lowest
($1.19). For almost a fourth of the jobs studied,
wages averaged $1.80 or more an hour. (See
table 2.) Among these occupations, which gen
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erally embraced the most skilled categories, were
class A machine-tool operators, maintenance
electricians and machinists, machine-tool set-up
men, and class A testers and welders.
Two-fifths of the production workers were
employed in the seven jobs for which average
earnings were below $1.30 an hour. These in­
cluded the more routine types—class C assemblers,
inspectors, wirers, and testers; coil winders;
solderers; and janitors. Class C assemblers, com­
prising almost a fourth of the production workers,,
averaged $1.20 and class C wirers, the next
largest group studied, $1.21 an hour.
Nationally, in the plants manufacturing com­
ponent parts, workers in the selected occupations
generally had lower average hourly earnings than
those in plants primarily manufacturing or
i The study covered establishments employing 51 or more workers, pri­
marily engaged in the manufacture of radios, phonographs, television sets,
and related products such as radar and other detection apparatus. Com­
ponent parts also were included, but radio tubes and phonograph records
were excluded. It is estimated that at the time of the study about 230,000
workers were employed in the industry as here defined. Data were col­
lected by field representatives under the direction of Bureau regional analysts.
More detailed information is available on request.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

WAGES IN RADIO AND TELEVISION

assembling complete radios, television sets, or
phonographs and in plants producing other elec­
tronic apparatus. Earnings of workers in twofifths of the occupations averaged at least 12
cents an hour lower in component-parts plants
than in either of the other two groups. For
nearly two-thirds of the jobs studied, workers
in plants making radios, television sets, and
phonographs had higher average hourly earnings
than those primarily engaged in the manufacture
of other electronic apparatus. In a majority of
cases, however, the differences amounted to less
than 10 cents.
In establishments employing more than 500
workers, average hourly earnings of production
workers were generally higher than in those with
500 or less. For a majority of the selected occu­
pations, workers in the larger plants averaged
from 5 to 17 cents more than those in the smaller
establishments. Class C assemblers had average
hourly earnings of $1.25 in establishments em­
ploying 501 or more workers compared with $1.12
in smaller plants; class C wirers averaged $1.22
and $1.18, respectively.
Chicago production workers in this industry
averaged $1.37 an hour and New York workers,
$1.28. Among the occupations studied, average
earnings in Chicago ranged from $1.10 for women
stock handlers and hand truckers to $2.36 for
men tool-and-die makers. In New York, main­
tenance machinists ($1.79) had the highest aver­
age earnings and janitors ($1.14) the lowest.
Gross average hourly earnings of production
workers in this industry, as published monthly
by the Bureau, advanced 41 cents ($1,066 to
$1,473) between January 1947, the date of the
Bureau’s previous study,2 and November 1951.
This increase of 38.2 percent was approximately
the same as the 38.5-percent increase for all
manufacturing combined ($1,174 to $1,626).
The increases in gross average hourly earnings
which occurred after January 1950 amounted to
18 cents for radios, phonographs, television sets,
and equipment, and 21 cents for all manufacturing
combined.

A scheduled workweek of 40 hours for firstshift production workers was reported by plants
M onthly L abor R eview , S e p t e m b e r


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employing more than four-fifths of the workers.
The remainder were employed in establishments
with longer work schedules, most commonly 45
or 48 hours a week. A tenth of the production
workers were employed on second-shift and 2
percent on third-shift operations. Half of the
second-shift workers received a premium pay­
ment of 10 percent; the most common differentials
for third-shift workers were 10 and 15 percent.
Paid holidays were granted by most establishT a b l e 2. —Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 of workers

in selected occupations in the radio, television, and related
products industry, United States and selected regions,
November 1951
United States2 Average hourly earn­
ings in —
Occupation

N um ­ Aver­
N ew
age
ber of hourly
Eng­
work­
earn­
land
ers
ings

Great
Lakes

Paci­
fic

1,392
3i 138
38,413
552
155
567
1,593

$1.65
1.47
1.20
1.75
1.74
1.84
1.37

$1.36
1.04
1.56

$1.53
1.24
1.85
1 75

1.31
1.12
1.74

1.77
1.14

1 .8 8
1 .3 7

2.00

1,238
3,052
7,239
2,165

1.78
1.49
1. 29
1. 24

1 .6 8

1.31
1 03
1.06

1.80
1.52
1 32
1.26

1.88
1.63

1,283
1,514
2,893
369

1.81
1.66
1.36
1. 83

1.70
1.42
.97
1.52

1.90
1. 72
1.36
1.92

548
555
543
34i

1.83
1. 83
1.65
1. 74

1.70

2 02
1 «7
1.72
1.81

397
2,183
1,888
773
5, 24o
1,819
4, 611

1.69
1 34
1 57
1.81
1 19
1.41
1.33

1 .4 5
1 .1 0

1,407
2 027

1.82
1. 49
1 24
2.13
1. 77
1.48
1.46

Production occupations (Men and
Women)
Assemblers:
Class A _____ _____ __________
Class B _________
. . . . . . ..
Class C ______________________
Carpenters, maintenance. ________
Die se tte r s... ._ _
Electricians, maintenance_______
Guards_____________
_____
Inspectors:
Class A ______ . . .
____
Class B ________
Class C ..........................................
Janitors. . . . .
Machine-tool operators:
Production, class A ___ ________
Production, class B ___ ______
Production, class C .............. .........
Tool room___ . . .
.. . ..
Machinists:
M aintenance_______________ .
Production___________________
Maintenance men, general u tility __
Mechanics, maintenance________ .
Punch-press operators:
Class A ____
Class B . _. .
Repair operators__________________
Set-up men, machine tools________
Solderers______
Stock clerks. . . .
Stock handlers and truckers, h an d ..
Testers:
Class A ________
Class B ........
Class C ____ _____
Tool-and-die m akers.. .
Trouble shooters___
Truck drivers.
Truckers, power
Weldeis, machine:
Class A __________
Class B ___ _____
Winders, coil _
Wirers:
Class A . ________
Class B ______ .
Class C __________

4 1 59

2*, 034
2,384
401
251

1 .7 9
1 .5 7

1. 28
1.91
1. 65

1.65
1 41
1 54
1. 85

1.83
1.55

1.19
1.08

1. 51
1.37

1.46
1.42

1.66
1 35
1 07
1. 90

1.88
1 04
1 27
2. 27
1 82
1. 58
1.51

1.78

1.34

145
476
3,465

1. 89
1. 48
1 .2 2

1.06

714
2,130
9, 061

1. 54
1 32
1 21

1.53

496
1,829

1.23
1.24

1.11
1.07

1.32
1.28

731
1,644

20
1.06

.95

1. 12

2.15
1 .4 4

1 43
1.30

1 .3 7

1 24
1 .2 2

Office Occupations (Women)

Related Wage Practices

* See

25

1947 (p . 320).

Clerks, payroll__________
Stenographers, general___
Typist:
Class A _____________
Class B ___________

1

1 .3 9

1.36

1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r t im e a n d n i g h t w o r k .
2 I n c lu d e s d a t a fo r o th e r r e g io n s in a d d i t io n t o t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e ly .

EARNINGS IN IRON AND STEEL FORGINGS

26

ments. Although the provisions varied from 1
to 10 days a year, three-fourths of the workers
were employed in plants granting either 6 or 7
holidays annually.
Paid vacations of 1 week after a year of service
were provided for production workers in most
establishments. More than two-fifths of the
workers were employed in plants granting 2
weeks after 3 years’ service. Vacation provisions
for office workers were somewhat more liberal
than those pertaining to production workers.
Formal provisions for paid sick leave were
reported by establishments employing about 7
percent of the production workers and more than
half of the office workers. Ten days of leave
after a year of service was the most common
practice.
Insurance or pension plans, financed at least
partially by the employer, were provided in plants
employing almost nine-tenths of the workers.
The plans typically included life insurance, health
insurance, and hospitalization.
— F r e d W . M ohr
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

MONTHLY LABOR

table.) Hourly earnings of hammersmiths ranged
from $2.17 in Detroit to $3.34 in Chicago, the city
with the highest pay level among the areas covered.
Average hourly earnings for individual hammer
operators included in the study ranged from $1.60
to well over $4.
Size of equipment and materials handled was
one of several factors which contributed to the
wide range in individual earnings. In the four
cities studied, men operating the larger hammers
and working with the heavier materials earned
more than those using smaller equipment and
lighter materials. For example, average hourly
earnings in Cleveland ranged from $2.11 for lightboard to $2.51 for heavy-board hammer operators
and from $2.63 for light-steam to $3.55 for heavysteam hammer operators.
Die sinkers, the highest paid time workers
covered in the study, averaged $2.67 in Detroit,
$2.79 in Chicago, and $2.82 in Cleveland. Main­
tenance mechanics averaged $2 and $1.99 in
Chicago and Detroit, respectively, $1.86 in Cleve­
land, and $1.61 in Philadelphia.
Related Wage Practices

Earnings in Iron and Steel
Forgings Industry, 1951 and 1952
in late 1951 and
early 1952 exceeded $2 for most of the production
jobs studied in the iron and steel forgings industry
in Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit. A lower pay
level prevailed in Philadelphia, the fourth area
included in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ survey.2
Workers in these four areas accounted for about
a third of the total employment in this industry.
Chicago and Cleveland, with a fourth of the total
employment, were the two most important centers.
Incentive systems of wage payment were found
in most of the shops in each area, accounting, in
part at least, for the comparatively high earn­
ings in many of the jobs surveyed. Drop-hammer
operators, generally paid on an incentive basis,
averaged over $3 an hour on the heavier boarddrop hammers in Chicago and Detroit and on the
heavier steam-drop hammers in Cleveland. (See

A verage hourly e a r n in g s 1


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Most of the production workers in the industry
in each of the areas studied were employed under
terms of collective-bargaining agreements.
Even though a 40-hour week was the dominant
scheduled workweek in the industry, longer
workweeks were reported in one or more shops in
each of the areas. In Detroit, nearly a fourth of
the workers were employed in establishments
with a 53-hour workweek and in Cleveland about
a fourth were in plants with a 48-hour week.
On late shifts, virtually all workers were paid
a differential over day (first) shift rates—usually
in the form of cents-per-hour. The proportion
of workers employed on such shifts ranged from
a fourth in Detroit to about two-fifths in Cleveland.
Six paid holidays were granted to nearly all
production workers in Chicago and Philadelphia,
to a third in Cleveland, and nearly half in the
Detroit area.
Vacations with pay after a specified minimum
waiting period, (with a few exceptions in Clevei Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and night work.
* The study covered establishments, with 21 or more workers, primarily
engaged in manufacturing light and heavy hoard drop, steam hammer, upset
and press iron and steel forgings with or without the use of dies. Additional
detailed information for each area studied is available on request.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

EARNINGS IN GRAIN MILLING

27

Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 for men in selected occupations in the iron and steel forgings industry in four areas,
late 1951 and early 1952
Chicago
January 1952

Cleveland
October 1951

Detroit
December 1951

Philadelphia
October 1951

Occupation

Chippers and grinders_________
D ie setters_________________
Die sinkers_______________
Drop-hammer operators, board:
1,200 pounds and under___________
Over 1,200 to 2,000 pounds____________
Over 2,000 pounds_____ ____ _____
Drop-hammer operators, steam:
4,000 pounds and under_______ _____
Over 4,000 to 10,000 p o u n d s .._____
Over 10,000 pounds__________
Hammersmiths_____________
Heaters, forge:
Light work_____________________________
H eavy work_____________ ______ _
Helpers, forge___________________ .
Inspectors:
Class A . _ _________________________
Class B ________ _______ ______
Class C___
_____ _____________
Mechanics, maintenance___ _ ____
Stock handlers and truckers, hand_________
Tool-and-die makers______ ___________
Trim-press operators:
Cold trim _____________________________
Hot trim _________________ ______
Truckers, power:
Fork lift___________________________________
Other than fork lift. - ________ _ _____________ .

Number
of workers

Average
hourly
earnings

Number
of workers

Average
hourly
earnings

Number
of workers

Average
hourly
earnings

31
19
37

$2.11
1.97
2.79

162
18
115

$1.68
1.86
2.82

23
8
29

$1.76
2.06
2. 67

10
33
21

2. 67
3.08
3.24

14
72
29

2.11
2. 27
2. 51

25
35
46

2.43
2.87
3.06

36
29
28
20

2.63
2.79
3. 55
2.95

19

2.17

13

140

2.00

109

2.32

22

1.59

229

2.42

43

2.00

23

1.35

34

1. 61

26

3.34

102
105
418

2.61
3.00
2.83

19
46
196
141
72

1.96
1.83
1.95
2.00
1.47

70
77
54
44
86
35

1.81
1.86
1. 64
1.86
1.53
2.20

6
21
22
33

2.09
1.98
1.71
1.99

87

2.32

51
59

1.89
2.06

47
37

1.93
2.09

52
52

1. 92
1.90

15

1.82

Number
of workers

Average
hourly
earnings

$2.39

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.

land and Philadelphia) were granted production
workers in shops surveyed. For example, pro­
duction workers usually qualified for 1 week’s
vacation after a year’s service, and 2 weeks after
5 years.
Insurance or pension plans, financed wholly or
in part by the employer, were found in establish­
ments employing nearly all of the production
workers. Life insurance was the most common

plan, but large numbers of workers were covered
by hospitalization and health-insurance plans.
Less than half the production workers were cov­
ered by pension plans in each of the areas except
Chicago where nearly two-thirds were in establish­
ments with such plans.

Earnings in Grain Milling in
Late 1951 and Early 1952

Even though plants in the grain-milling indus­
try are widely dispersed, nearly a fifth of the
workers are concentrated in the three areas cov­
ered by this study. Plants in these areas were
larger than those commonly found in the industry
as a whole; and, for the most part, were of the

M e n production workers in Buffalo grain mills had
higher earnings than those in the same occupa­
tions in Kansas City and Minneapolis, the two
other major milling centers covered by a recent
Bureau of Labor Statistics wage survey.1 Occu­
pational wage levels in Buffalo were generally from
8 to 20 cents higher than those reported in Min­
neapolis; and the latter, in turn, were slightly
higher than rates in Kansas City.


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•—A. N.

J arrell

Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

1 Straight-time average hourly earnings shown exclude premium pay for
overtime and night work. Data for the occupations selected for study cover
the following payroll periods in 3 areas: October 1951 in Kansas City (Johnson
and W yandotte Counties, Kans., and Jackson and Clay Counties, M o.);
November 1951 in Minneapolis-St. Paul (Anoka, Dakota, Hennepin, and
Ramsey Counties, M inn.); and January 1952 in Buffalo (Erie and Niagara
Comities, N . Y .). Bureau field representatives obtained wage data from
establishments w ith 21 or more workers primarily engaged in milling flour
or meal from grain, except rice.

M ILITARY PAY AND ALLOWANCES

28

Number of men workers and straight-time average hourly
earnings1 for selected occupations in grain milling in
selected areas, late 1951 and early 1952
Buffalo (Jan­
uary 1952)
Occupation

Bolters
--- ----------Grain-elevator operators-----Oilers_____________ _______
Packers, flour----- -------------Packers, feed
_________
S mutters___________________
Stock handlers and truckers,
hand_____________________
Sweepers___________________
W atchm en...................................
i

Kansas City
(October
1951)

MinneapolisSt. Paul
(November
1951)

received an additional 4 cents an hour for secondshift and 6 cents an hour for third-shift work.
In Buffalo, nearly all workers received 5 cents an
hour additional for both second- and third-shift
work.
—A. N.

N um ­ Aver­ N um ­ Aver­ N um ­ Aver­
ber
age
ber
age
age
ber
of hourly
of hourly
hourly
of
work­ earn­ work­ earn­ work­ earn­
ings
ings
ers
ers
ings
ers
$1.63
1.61
1.79
1.48
1.57
1,53
1.54

10
16

$1.68
1.61

1.74

22
23
28
25
96
70
18

43
114
41
13

1.50
1.59
1.59
1.54

1.59
1.52
1.54

294
95
18

1.47
1.40
1.32

222
91
10

1. 51
1.44
1.44

21
66
50
42
101

$1.83
1.72
2.06
1.59
1.72

22
332
166
23

MONTHLY LABOR

J arrell

Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Increases in Military
Pay and Allowances, 1952

Excludes premium pay ior overtime and night work.

multiple-plant type of operation. All of them
had collective-bargaining agreements with labor
organizations. No incentive methods of wage
payments were reported in any of the plants
covered.
Stock handlers and hand truckers, numerically
the most important job category studied, aver­
aged $1.59 an hour in Buffalo, $1.51 in Minneap­
olis, and $1.47 in Kansas City. Flour packers,
another large group, earned $1.72 in Buffalo, com­
pared with $1.59 in Minneapolis and $1.57 in
Kansas City. Bolters (who sift ground grain to
remove broken kernels and lumps) averaged $1.83,
$1.63, and $1.68 in Buffalo, Kansas City, and
Minneapolis, respectively.
Related Wage Practices

Production workers in the three areas received
similar supplementary wage benefits. Nearly all
workers received 6 paid holidays a year and a paid
vacation of 1 week after 1 year of service. In
nearly all of the plants, the vacation period was
increased to 2 weeks after 2 years of service and
3 weeks after 15 years.
A 40-hour workweek was the most common
schedule in the areas studied, but a few plants re­
ported weekly work schedules as high as 48 hours.
Operations of extra shifts were reported by all
the plants. Nearly a fifth of all plant workers in
the three areas were employed on second shifts
and more than a seventh on third shifts. In Kan­
sas City and Minneapolis, nearly all the workers


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A basic - pay increase of 4 percent and a 14percent increase in subsistence and quarters
allowances were granted to all members of the
uniformed services by Public Law 346, approved
by the President on May 19, 1952.1 A 4-percent
rise was also authorized for all retired military
personnel. These increases were effective on the
first day of May 1952.
Basic Pay

The base-pay increase, the first since October
1949,2 covers officers and enlisted personnel on
active duty in the Army, Air Force, Marine Corps,
Navy, Coast Guard, Public Health Service, and
the Coast and Geodetic Survey. It also applies
to cadets at the United States Military Academy,
midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy,
and to aviation cadets. For comparative pur­
poses, the annual salary of a recruit (with over 4
months’ service) in the Army will range from
$998.40 to $1,185.60, as contrasted with $960 to
$1,140 under the old scale. Annual basic salary
for a second lieutenant in the Army will range
from $2,667.60 to $3,912.48, compared with $2,565
to $3,762 prior to May 1, 1952. Basic monthly
compensation, within each pay grade and accord­
ing to length of service, is outlined in table 1.
i
Sources: Public Law 346, 82d Cong., approved M ay 19, 1952; Public
Law 771, 81st Cong., approved September 8, 1950; and Public Law 351, 81st
Cong., approved October 12,1949.
* For a discussion of this change, see M onthly Labor Review for March
1950 (p. 295).

REVIEW, JULY 1952

MILITARY PAY AND ALLOWANCES ________________________________

T a b l e

1

29

.— B a s i c m o n th ly c o m p e n s a tio n o f m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l b y le n g th o f s e r v ic e 1
C u m u l a t i v e y e a r s o f s e r v ic e —

P a y grade
U nder
2

O ver
2

O ver
4

O ver
6

O ver
8

E N L IS T E D

E - 7 _________ _____
E - 6 ..........- ....................
E - 5 ........................ ..
E - 4 _______________
E - 3 ................................
E - 2 ........................ ..
E - l _____ _________
( O v e r 4 m o n th s )
E - l _______________
( U n d e r 4 m o n th s )

$206.39
1 7 5 .8 1
152.8 8
129. 95
10 7.0 2
93. 60
91.00

$206.39
1 7 5 .8 1
14 5.2 4
122 .3 0
99 .37
85.80
83.20

$ 214 .03
18 3.46
16 0 .5 2
13 7 .5 9
114. 66
10 1.4 0
98.80

$221. 68
1 9 1 .1 0
1 6 8 .1 7
145. 24
122 .3 0
109.20
98.80

$229.32
198 .74
1 7 5 .8 1
152.88
129 .9 5
117 .0 0
98.80

O ver
12

O ver
10

O ver
30

O ver
14

O ver
16

O ver
18

O ver
22

O ver
26

$252.25
221. 68
198 .74
1 7 5 .8 1
152.8 8
124.80
98.80

$259.90
22 9.32
206.39
18 3.46
152.8 8
124.80
98.80

$ 2 7 5 .18
24 4.61
22 1.6 8
19 8 .7 4
152,8 8
124.80
98.80

$290.47
259.90
236.96
198 .74
152.8 8
124.80
98.80

$305.76
259.90
236.96
198. 74
152.8 8
124.80
98.80

$305.76
259.90
236.96
198 .74
162.88
124.80
98.80

$408. 56
340.48
295.08
2 5 7 .2 4

$423.70
348.04
302.64
264.82

$438.83
3 6 3 .17
317. 77
279 .9 5

$453.96
378.30
332.90
295.08

$469.09
393.43
348.04
310. 21

$484.22
408.66
3 6 3 .17
3 10 .2 1

$9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
5 0 3 .8 8
4 5 9 .4 2
4 1 4 .9 6
3 6 3 .1 0
3 2 6 .0 4

$ 963. 30
8 0 0 .2 8
607. 62
5 1 8 .7 0
4 7 4 .2 4
4 2 9 .7 8
3 6 3 .1 0
3 2 6 .0 4

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
6 3 7 .2 6
5 4 8 .3 4
5 0 3 .8 8
4 4 4 .6 0
3 6 3 .1 0
3 2 6 .0 4

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
6 6 6 .9 0
5 7 7 .9 8
5 1 8 .7 0
4 5 9 .4 2
3 6 3 .1 0
3 2 6 .0 4

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 2 9 .9 2
6 9 6 .5 4
607. 62
5 3 3 .6 2
4 5 9 .4 2
3 6 3 .1 0
3 2 6 .0 4

$ 9 9 2 .9 4
8 5 9 .5 6
7 2 6 .1 8
607. 62
5 3 3 .5 2
4 5 9 .4 2
3 6 3 .1 0
3 2 6 .0 4

PER SO N N EL

$236.96
206.39
18 3.46
160. 52
1 3 7 .5 9
124.80
98.80

$244.61
214 .0 3
1 9 1 .1 0
1 6 8 .1 7
14 5.2 4
124.80
98.80

78.00

W A R R A N T O F F IC E R S

W
W
W
W

- 4 _____________
- 3 ..........................
- 2 ______________
- l ...............................

$332.90
302.64
264.82
219 .4 2

$332.90
302.64
264.82
2 19 .4 2

$332.90
302. 64
264.82
219 .4 2

$348.04
310. 21
264.82
226.98

$ 36 3.17
3 1 7 .7 7
272.38
234.55

$378.30
325.34
279 .95
2 4 2 .1 1

C O M M IS S IO N E D

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

- 8 ................................
- 7 ................................
- 6 ................................
- 5 . ..............................
- 4 ............. ...................
- 3 . . ............................
- 2 _______________
- 1 ______ ____ _

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
4 7 4 .2 4
4 0 0 .1 4
3 2 6 .0 4
2 7 4 .1 8
2 3 7 .1 2

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
4 7 4 .2 4
4 0 0 .1 4
3 2 6 .0 4
2 5 9 .3 6
2 2 2 .3 0

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
4 7 4 .2 4
4 0 0 .1 4
3 4 0 .8 6
2 8 9 .0 0
2 5 1 .9 4

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
4 7 4 .2 4
4 0 0 .1 4
3 5 5 . 68
3 0 3 .8 2
2 6 6 .7 6

$ 963. 30
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
4 7 4 . 24
4 1 4 .9 6
3 7 0 . 50
3 1 8 .6 4
281. 58

$393.43
332.90
287. 51
249.68

O F F IC E R S

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
4 7 4 .2 4
4 2 9 . 78
3 8 5 .3 2
3 3 3 .4 6
2 9 6 .4 0

$ 9 6 3 .3 0
8 0 0 .2 8
5 9 2 .8 0
4 8 9 .0 6
4 4 4 .6 0
4 0 0 .1 4
3 4 8 . 28
3 1 1 .2 2

i Pay scales also apply to commissioned officers of the Public Health Service and to personnel of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.
specified pay grades are:
Pay
grade

A rm y

E N L IS T E D

E
E
E
E
E
E
E

- l ___
- 2 ___
- 3 ___
-4 ....
- 5 ___
- 6 ___
-7 ....

■ Rçnniit
F r i v*).tp.

fir st ol$\SS

O or p oral
f if t r g p .iv n t

S e r g e a n t , fir s t c l a s s . . ............... ............
M a s t e r s e r g e a n t ____________ ____

N avy,

M a r in e C o r p s

C o ast G u ard , an d C o ast
a n d G e o d e tic S u r v e y

Ranks corresponding to

A ir F o rce

PER SO N N EL

P r i v a t e ________________________
P r i v a t e , fir s t c la s s _______________
C o rp o ral
______________________
S e r g e a n t ________________________
S t a f f s e r g e a n t _____ ______________
T e c h n i c a l s e r g e a n t ................................
M a s t e r or fir st s e r g e a n t .................... -

S e a m a n , r e c r u i t ___________ ____ —
S e a m a n , a p p r e n t i c e ______________
S e a m a n . ___________________ ___
P e t t y officer, t h i r d c la s s ................. .
P e t t y officer, s e c o n d c la s s ..................
P e t t y officer, fir st c la s s .......................
C h i e f p e t t y o ffic e r ----------------------------

B a s i c a ir m a n .
A i r m a n , t h i r d c lass.
A i r m a n , s e c o n d class.
A i r m a n , fir s t class.
S t a f f se r g e a n t.
T e c h n i c a l se r g e a n t.
M a s t e r o r fir s t s e rg e a n t.

W A R R A N T O F F IC E R S

W -l....
W -2 ....
W -3 — .

W a r r a n t officer, j. g _____ ____ ___
C h i e f w a r r a n t o ffic e r ______ _____ _
C h i e f w a r r a n t o fficer (o v e r 10
y ea rs).

W -4

W a r r a n t officer, j . g ________ _____
C h i e f w a r r a n t officer______ ____ _
C h i e f w a r r a n t officer (o v e r 10
y e a r s ).
____ d o __________________________

W a r r a n t officer, j . g . . --------------------C h i e f w a r r a n t o ffic e r ............................
C h i e f w a r r a n t o fficer ( o v e r 10
y e a r s ).
____ d o .........................................................

W a r r a n t officer, j . g .
C h i e f w a r r a n t officer.
C h i e f w a r r a n t o fficer
y e a r s ).
Do.

(o v e r

10

ooooooo

C O M M ISSIO N ED OFFICER S
pp.noud liçnt.ftniunt
First, lieutenant
OftptriMn
A/r?\jor
T¿ipn t-priant nnlnriBl
Colonel
Brigadier general------------ -----------

Second lieutenant_______________
First lieutenant_________________
CaDtain________________________
Major . _______ _____________
Lieutenant colonel _ ___________
Colonel
____________________
Brigadier general................................

0 - 8 ....

General, lieutenant general, and
major general.

General, lieutenant general, and
major general.

2 1 1 3 3 8 — 52-

S


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Ensign_________ _______________
Lieutenant (junior grade)-----------Lieutenant---- --------------------------Lieutenant commander_________
Commander _________________
Captain________________________
Rear admiral (lower half) and
commodore.
Admiral, vice admiral, and rear
admiral (upper half).

Second lieutenant.
First lieutenant.
Captain.
Major.
Lieutenant colonel.
Colonel.
Brigadier general.
General, lieutenant general, and
major general.

BO

MONTHLY LABOR

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 25

T a b l e 2. — Basic monthly quarters allowance for

Quarters and Other Allowances

enlisted

-personnel and officers

Certain enlisted personnel3 who are entitled to
receive subsistence allowance will receive the
following amounts:

E N L IST E D P E R SO N N E L

When rations in kind are not available---------------- $2. 57
When permission to mess separately is granted----- 1. 05
When assigned to duty under emergency conditions
where no Government messing facilities are avail­
able________________________________________ 13- 42
i Maximum.

All officers of the uniformed services will receive
a flat monthly subsistence increase from the exist­
ing $42 to $47.88.
Monthly rates of basic allowances for quarters
for enlisted personnel and for commissioned officers
and warrant officers are noted in table 2.
s In Public Law 771 (Dependents Assistance Act of 1950), approved Sep­
tember 8, 1950, enlisted members w ithout dependents were authorized a
basic allowance for quarters at the rate of $45 per month. This rate of pay
was increased 14 percent by Public Law 346.

Wage Chronology No. 25:
International Shoe Co., 1945-51
shoe industry in the United States is com­
posed of over 1,000 firms, employing approxi­
mately 220,000 workers, and has a production
capacity of 600 million pairs of shoes annually.
By far, the largest single firm in the industry is the
International Shoe Co. of St. Louis, Mo., which
employs over 32,000 production workers. Its 53
shoe factories, 21 supply plants, and 8 tanneries,
located in Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, Kentucky,
Tennessee, West Virginia, New Hampshire, and
Pennsylvania produce 10 percent of the Nation’s
yearly shoe output. The company’s combined
facilities represent the largest production capacity
of any shoe-manufacturing company in the world.
This chronology1 traces the major changes in
wage rates and related wage practices negotiated
between the company and the United Shoe
Workers of America (CIO) and the Boot and Shoe
Workers (AFL) since 1945, the date of the first
master agreements. Although there is a separate
T he


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Number of
dependents

Number of
dependents

Per day

Pay grade

Pay grade

E-7
F.-fi
E-5
E -4 __________

N ot
over 2

Over 2

$77.10
77.10
77.10
77.10

$96.90
96.90
96.90
96.90

E -3 _________
E -2 _________
E - l _________

1

2

$51. 30
51.30
51.30

$77.10
77.10
77.10

Over 2
$96.90
96.90
96.90

C O M M ISSIO N E D A N D W A R R A N T O FFICER S

Pay grade

0 -8
______
0 - 7 _________
O-fi
O fi
O 4
O 3

W ith de­
pendents

W ithout
dependenis

$171.00
171.00
136.80
136.80
119. 70
102. 60

$136.80
136.80
119. 70
102. 60
94. 20
85.50

Pay grade

0 - 2 _________
O -l_________
W - 4 ________
W -3_________
W -2_________
W -l_________

With de­ Without
pendents depend­
ents
$94. 20
85. 50
119.70
102. 60
94. 20
85.50

$77.10
68. 40
94.20
85.50
77.10
68.40

contract for each plant, all agreements are nego­
tiated centrally and contain substantially the
same basic points. Conditions of employment are
the same in both the organized and unorganized
plants of the company. The contracts cover only
production, maintenance, and custodial workers.
Union organizing activities in the International
Shoe factories began in the early 1940’s. Master
agreements between the company and the unions
were first negotiated in 1945. At the time of the
last negotiation (October 1950), the United Shoe
Workers bargained for 10,500 production workers
in 21 shoe factories, 15 supply plants, and 1 tannery;
the Boot and Shoe Workers bargained for 7,000
workers in 17 shoe factories and 1 supply plant;
and workers in 7 tanneries, 2 shoe factories, and
3 supply plants are represented by a number of
other unions. The balance of the company’s
operations are not organized and about 70 per­
cent of the company’s employees are represented
by these unions.
1 For purpose and scope of wage chronology series, see M onthly Labor
Review, December 1948 (p. 581). Reprints of this chronology are available
on request.

31

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 25

REVIEW, JULY 1952

Approximately 90 percent of the workers in the
factories of the International Shoe Co. are paid
on a piecework basis. The changes reported in
the chronology relate to these employees as well
as those paid on a straight hourly basis. Special
provisions of the contracts dealing with the dayto-day administration of the incentive plans are
omitted, as are provisions relating only to specified
plants. Since the chronology starts with the 1945

agreements, the provisions reported under that
date do not necessarily indicate changes in prior
conditions of employment.
The latest agreements, effective October 1,
1951, continue in effect until September 30, 1952,
in the case of the United Shoe Workers, and Octo­
ber 31, 1952, in the case of the Boot and Shoe
Workers. They make no provision for a reopen­
ing on wages or any other matter.

A—General Wage Changes 1
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Effective date

Provision

Dec. 1, 1945, USWA and B&SW
(by agreement).
June 3, 1946, USWA and B&SW
(by agreement).
Sept. 2, 1946, USWA and B&SW
(by agreement).
Mar. 3, 1947, USWA and B&SW (by
agreement and arbitration award)

10-percent increase, averaging ap­
proximately 8 cents an hour.
7-cents-an-hour increase_____________

Approved by the Wage Stabilization
Board on July 26, 1946.

5-cents-an-hour increase_____________
7b>-percent increase with a minimum
increase of 6 cents, averaging ap­
proximately 7 cents an hour.
3-cents-an-hour increase_____________

October 1947, USWA and B&SW (by
agreement).

December 1947, USWA and B&SW__
April 1948, USWA and B&SW_____
May 1948, USWA and B&SW______
July 1948, USWA and B&SW______
October 1948, USWA and B&SW. _ .
February 1949, USWA and B&SW__
Oct. 3, 1949, USWA and B&SW (by
agreement).
Oct. 2, 1950, USWA and B&SW (by
agreement).
Oct. 1, 1951, USWA and B&SW (by
agreement).

3-cents-an-hour
3-cents-an-hour
3-cents-an-hour
3-cents-an-hour
3-cents-an-hour
3-cents-an-hour

increase.
increase .
decrease.
increase.
increase.
decrease.

6-cents-an-hour increase.
6-cents-an-hour increase.

i General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting an entire establishment, bargaining unit, or plant at one time.
They do not include adjustments in individual rates such as promotions and
minor adjustments in wage structure or changes in individual job rates that
do not have an immediate or noticeable effect on the average plant wage
level.

Increase designated as cost-of-living
allowance, to be adjusted 3 cents
whenever there was a 5-point increase
or decrease in the BLS Consumers’
Price Index. The agreement pro­
vided for a maximum increase of 12
cents and limited reductions to the
level of the previous agreement.
Adjustment of cost-of-living allowance.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Cost-of-living adjustment frozen at
9 cents. Escalator clause eliminated.
Additional 3 cents to skilled mechanics.

The wage changes listed above were the major adjustments in the general
wage level made during the period covered. Because of the omission of non­
general changes, incentive earnings, and other factors, the total of the general
changes listed will not necessarily coincide w ith the change in straight-time
average hourly earnings.

B—Minimum Plant Wage Rates, by Area
Area and minimum rate
Effective date

Effective date
St. Louis
area

Dec. 1, 1945________________

Area and minimum rate

$0. 675

Outside St.
Louis
$0. 625

St. Louis
area
J a n .25,1950_______________

i I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a m e n d m e n t t o F a i r L a b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t , e f fe c t i v e J a n u a r y 25, 1950.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 $0. 75

Outside St.
Louis
1 $0. 75

MONTHLY LABOR

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 25

C—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters

Guaranteed Minimum Earnings for Workers Learning Higher Rated Jobs
Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

90 percent of former average hourly
earnings guaranteed to employees
learning new operation, providing
such rate is not above 90 percent of
average hourly earnings established
for new job.
Overtime Pay

Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

Time and one-half for work outside
regular daily schedules or 40 hours a
week.
Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday

Dec. 1 and 3, 1945,
USWA.

B&SW and

Time and one-half for work on Satur­
day. double time for Sunday as such.

Nonproduction employees on special
schedules paid overtime rate only for
Saturday or Sunday work in excess of
40 hours a week.

Holiday Pay
Holidays were: New Year’s Day, Me­
morial Day, Independence Day, Labor
Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.
Paid holidays were: Labor Day, Thanks­
giving, and Christmas. Holidays
must fall within employee’s basic
workweek. Holiday pay to equal av­
erage straight-time hourly earnings
during last previous full-calendar
quarter if quarter was more than 30
days prior to payment. When aver­
age could not be obtained by this
method, average for 6 weeks prior to
holiday was used.
Sept. 30, 1947, USWA and B&SW__. Added: 2 paid holidays (total 5)--------- Holidays added: New Year’s Day and
Memorial Day.
October 1948, B&SW and USWA---- Added: 1 paid holiday (total 6 )......... -- Holiday added was Independence Day.
To be eligible for pay on any holiday
employee must have been on payroll
for at least 30 days, and have worked
day prior and day after each holiday
unless properly excused.

Time and one-half for work on 6 speci­
fied holidays. No payment for holi­
days not worked.
Sept. 2, 1946, B&SW and USWA----- Three paid holidays established for
which workers received 8 hours’ pay.
Double time and one-half (total) for
work on paid holidays.

Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

Paid Vacation
Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

Dec. 1, 1947, B&SW and USWA


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 week after 1 and less than 5 years’
continuous service; 2 weeks after 5
years’ continuous service.

Vacation pay to equal straight-time av­
erage hourly earnings during last pre­
vious full quarter of calendar year.
Number of hours of vacation pay de­
termined by average of hours that a
plant was in operation during past
year but not fewer than 40 nor more
than 48 a week. Employee must have
worked minimum of 1,000 hours in
past year to qualify for vacation.
Minimum hours necessary to qualify for
vacation changed to 1,100 hours of
time paid for (including vacations and
holidays).

REVIEW, JULY 1952

33

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 25

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters

Reporting Time
Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

Minimum of 2 hours’ pay at average
hourly earnings guaranteed employ­
ees not notified of lack of work.

Not applicable if failure to furnish work
was due t o : (a) causes beyond control
of management, (b) employee left
plant before lapse of 2 hours, unless
previously excused.

Down Time
Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

90 percent of average hourly earnings
paid pieceworkers for time lost after
stoppages exceeded 30 minutes.

Applied only to stoppages caused by
power- or steam-line failure.

Jury and Election Service
Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

Employees required to serve on a jury
or at elections or registrations com­
pensated by company for difference
between amount paid for service and
regular pay.

Employees were expected to work full
time when not actually engaged in
court or election duty.

Machine Repair Allowance
Dec. 1 and 3, 1945, B&SW and
USWA.

Pieceworker paid average hourly earn­
ings when directed to do machine re­
pair work consisting of more than
normal adjustments and not part of
regular job.
Group Insurance

Dec. 1, 1945


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Life insurance: Contributory group in*
surance plan available to employees
with 3 months’ service, providing
$2,000 in the event of natural or ac­
cidental death. For participants un­
der 65 years of age, who left employ­
ment because of total disability,
death benefit extended for 12 months
(if employee was insured for less than
12 months at the time of total dis­
ability, for period equal to the time
insured).
Sickness and accident benefits: $7 a
week for women and $10 for men up
to maximum of 15 weeks in a 12month period.

Not included in the contract; estab­
lished by company in June 1934.
Employee contribution was 80 cents a
month.

Provided through Mutual Aid Societies
established at various plants from
1902 on through the 1940’s. Em­
ployee contribution ranged from 35 to
50 cents a month. In some cases
payments were extended to 15 weeks.
Benefits payable for all sickness and
accidents.

34

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 26

MONTHLY LABOR

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters

Provision
Group Insurance— Continued

June 1, 1948

______ ______

Changed to: Sickness and accident bene­
fits: Mutual Benefits Societies su­
perseded by insured sickness and ac­
cident plan.2 For employees with
less than 5 years’ service, $7 a week
for women and $10 a week for men,
up to a maximum of 13 weeks for
each illness. For employees with 5
years’ service or more, $14 for women
and $20 for men, up to a maximum
of 13 weeks for each illness. Bene­
fits to begin on first working day ab­
sent because of accident or fourth
day absent because of illness.

Applicable only to nonoccupational ac­
cidents and sickness not covered by
Workmen’s Compensation.
Em­
ployee contribution ranged from 35
cents to $1 a month depending on
length of service and sex.

i The last entry under each item represents the most recent change.
1Some plants deviated from the general plan.

— C a r l W. R e e d , J r .
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Wage Chronology No. 26:
Anaconda Copper Mining Co., 1941-51
T h is chro no log y traces the major changes in
wage rates and related wage practices put into
effect since 1941 at the operations of the Anaconda
Copper Mining Co. in Butte, Anaconda, and
Great Falls, Mont. Since this chronology 1begins
with the 1941 contract, provisions shown for that
date do not necessarily indicate changes in prior
conditions of employment. The International
Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, until
February 1950 affiliated with the CIO and now
independent, represents workers at all Anaconda
locations in Montana and Arizona. At most of
these locations, a smaller number of workers are
represented by AFL craft unions.
In 1947, locals of the MMSW organized into
councils in order to coordinate their bargaining
negotiations with a company or group of com­
panies. Delegates from the councils make up the
national wage policy committee which meets with
the executive board of the union to formulate
policy for the United States and Canada. Thus,
although there is no master contract between

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Anaconda and locals of the MMSW, the existing
agreements reflect a centralized bargaining pro­
cedure.
Almost 10 percent of the copper mined in the
United States is produced by the Anaconda
Copper Mining Co., the third largest producer in
the industry. Through its subsidiaries, the Amer­
ican Brass Co. and the Anaconda Wire & Cable
Co., Anaconda is the largest manufacturer of
primary nonferrous products.
The company carries on all three of the first
steps in the preparation of copper for manu­
facturing at its operations in Montana. Ore is
extracted at the company’s Butte mines which
constitute one of the three greatest sources of
copper in the country. Copper smelting and
electrolytic zinc processing are carried on at
Anaconda.2 Copper and zinc are refined at
Great Falls. In addition, the company’s proper­
ties in Montana mine and treat over 95 percent
1

For the purpose and scope of the wage chronology series, see M onthly
Labor Review, December 1948 (p. 581). Reprints of this chronology are
available on request.
1
In addition to the mines and plants at Butte, Anaconda, and Great Falls,
the company operates a lead slag fuming plant at East Helena, Mont.; and,
through its subsidiaries, the Inspiration Mining Co. and the International
Smelting and Refining Co., a copper mine and a copper smelter in M iami,
Ariz.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

35

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 26

of the domestically produced manganese which is
mined at Butte and treated at Anaconda to pro­
duce manganese nodules and ferromanganese.
Many of Anaconda’s underground miners are
paid on a contract (incentive) basis; in addition,
all of these workers are paid for time spent in
traveling to and from the face of the mine.
Changes reported in this chronology relate to
these employees as well as to those paid hourly or

daily rates. The wage data for miners shown in
table B, however, refer only to miners paid by the
day or hour.
The current agreements became effective July
1, 1951, and continue in effect until July 1, 1953;
they provide for a reopening on June 30, 1952.
— J ohn E . M aher
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations

A—General Wage Changes 1
Provision 2

Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters

Effective date
Increases per day

Increases per hour

Oct. 1, 1941 (by agreement of the
same date).3
Oct. 1, 1942 (by NWLB Directive
Order of Jan. 15, 1943).
Apr. 1, 1946 (by agreement of Apr.
19, 1946).

$0. 75

$0. 094 (approx.)

1. 00

. 125

1. 48

. 185

Apr. 1, 1947 (by agreements of June
10, 1947, Great Falls and Anacon­
da; and June 12, 1947, Butte).
July 1, 1948 (by agreement of July
7, 1948).
Mar. 1, 1950 (by agreement of Apr.
10, 1950).
Oct. 16, 1950 (by agreement of Oct.
17, 1950).
July 1, 1951 (by agreement of same
date).

. 92

. 115

. 96

. 12

. 40

. 05

. 80

. 10

1

1. 24 (average)

General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
aflecting an entire establishment, bargaining unit, or plant at one time.
They do not include adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit
increases, etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure (such as changes in
individual job rates or incentive rates) that do not have an immediate or
noticeable effect on the average wage level.
The wage changes listed above were the major adjustments in the general
wage level made during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in incen­
tive earnings, changes in the grade of ore mined, and other factors, the sum of
the general changes listed will not necessarily coincide with the amount of
change in average hourly earnings over the same period.
* Negotiated increases during the first 2 years of this chronology took the
form of changes in daily rates. From 1946 on, all increases were in terms of
hourly changes. During the entire period, rate schedules showed daily basic
rates for specified occupations rather than hourly rates (see table B ).
Before Oct. 1,1941, minimum daily rates were established for all occupa­
tions and changes in these rates were to be made as the price of electrolytic

8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

. 155 (average)

Half of the increase (74 cents a day),retro­
active to Oct. 1, 1945. Increase was
in accordance with recommendations
of the Nonferrous Metals Fact Find­
ing Board, Apr. 29, 1946.

Approved by Wage Stabilization Board
Dec. 7, 1951. The general wage
change consisted of an 8-cent-an-hour
across-the-board increase and an aver­
age of 7y-i cents an hour for the correc­
tion of job increments. These ad­
justments ranged from 2 to 17% cents
an hour and provided for a spread of
5% cents among the various job levels.
In addition incentive earnings were
increased approximately $1.16 a day.

copper changed. For example, after Oct. 1, 1939, the minimum daily wage
for an 8-hour day for underground miners was $5 and the following schedule
of wage changes was agreed to:
Wage
Price of Copper for SO consecutive days
At
At
At
At

¿ay

least 9 cents per pound------------------------------------------- ------ --------- $5. 25
least 9% cents per pound____________________ _____________ ___ 5.75
least l l j i cents per pound______________________________ ____ 6.00
least 13 cents per pound--------------------------------- ------ ------ ---------- 6.25

For each rise in price of l t f cents beyond 13 cents a pound, the rate was to be
increased 25 cents. Decreases in wages were to follow declines in the price of
copper in the same manner. This practice was discontinued in the 1941
agreement.

36

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 26

MONTHLY LABOR

B—Basic Daily Rates for Selected Occupations 1
Effective date

Location and occupation

Oct. 1,1041 Oct. 1,1942 Oct. 1,1945 Apr. 1,1946 Apr. 1,1947 July 1,1948 Mar. 1,1950 Oct. 16,1950 July 1, 1951
Butte:
Compressormen_______
Carpenters, boss________
Carpenters, regular______
Diamond drill runners .
Miners, regular 2________
Miners, sh a ft2_______
Scalers___________ ____
Great Falls and Anaconda:
Cranemen, firem en ..........
D inkey engineers...............
Operators *_...................... .
Sub-operators 2__________
Butte, Great Falls, and Anaconda:
Laborers, boss__________
Laborers, regular________
Laborers, helper___
Truck drivers:
Under 2 tons____
2 to 5 tons____________
Over 5 t o n s .....................
Machinists, boss________
Machinists, regu lar...
M achinists’ helpers______

$7.50

8.00
7.50
7. 25
. 75
7.25
.75

6
6

$9.24
9.74
9.24
.99
.49
.99
8.49

$9.98
10. 48
9. 98
9.73
9.23
9.73
9.23

$10.90
11.40
10.90
10.65
10.15
10.65
10.15

$11.86
12.36

8.00
8. 25

9.48
9.73
9.23
8.98

10.40
10.65
10.15
9.90

11.36
11.61

11.76

7.75
7.50

8.74
8.99
8.49
8.24

1 1 .1 1

7.75
7.25
7.00

8.49
7.99
7.74

9.23
.73
8.48

8

10.15
9.65
9.40

8.74
8.99
9.24
9.74

9.48
9.73
9.98
10.48

10.40
10.65
10.90
11.40

11.36
11.61

11.76

1 1 .8 6

9 .2 4

9 .9 8

1 0 .9 0

9.23

10.15

1 1 .8 6
1 1 .1 1

12.26
12. 76
12.26
11.51

8

8
8
8

8

7.00
7.25
.75
. 50

6
6
6. 75
6.25
6.00
7.00
7.25
7. 50

$8. 50
9.00
. 50
8.25
7. 75
. 25
7. 75

8.00

8.00
7. 50
6.75

8.25
8.50
9.00

8 . 50

8.49

7.75

1 E x c l u d i n g s h if t d iffe r e n tia ls a n d p r e m i u m o v e r t i m e p a y m e n t s .
2 T h e r a te s s h o w n a re for m in e r s p a i d b y t h e d a y .
2 O p e r a to r s a re e m p lo y e e s w h o h a n d le t h e v a r i o u s m a c h in e s a n d e q u i p ­

$12.26
12.76
12.26

$13.06
13.56
13.06
12.81
12.31
12.81
12.31

$14. 76
15.62
14.76
14.33
13.47
14.33
13.47

12.01

10.86

11.51
11.26

12.56
12.81
12.31
12.06

13.90
14.33
13.47
13.04

1 1 .1 1

11.51

10.61
10.36

1 1 .0 1

12.31
11.81
11.56

13.47
12.61

12.56
12.81
13.06
13. 56
13.06
12.31

13.90
14.33
14.76
15.62
14. 76
13.47

11.86
11.61
11.11
11.61
11.11

12.36

12.01
11.51
12.01
11.51

10.76

12.01

12.20

m e n t , s u c h a s t h e flo ta t io n m a c h in e s i n t h e c o n c e n tr a to r , t h e r e v e r b e r a t o r y
fu r n a c e s a n d t h e c o n v e r te r s , t h e m a n g a n e s e k i l n o r a n y o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t
e q u ip m e n t.
T h e su b -o p e r a to r is a h e lp e r o f t h e o p e r a to r .

C—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Shift Premium Pay

Oct. 1, 1941
Oct. 1, 1943

No provision for shift premium pay. __
4 cents an hour for work on second shift;
8 cents an hour for third shift; and 6
cents an hour for intermediate shifts.

In accordance with National War Labor Board Directive
Order, July 27, 1944.

Overtime Pay
Oct. 1, 1941

Time and one-half for hours worked in
excess of 8 a day or 40 a week.
Premium Pay for Week End Work

Oct. 1, 1941

Time and one-half paid for work on Sunday
as such.

Applicable to workers, not assigned regularly to con­
tinuous operations, when working as helpers to crafts­
men; and to any work when Sunday was worked in lieu
of a holiday.

Holiday Pay
Oct. 1, 1941 2 Double time for work on specified holidays;
no pay for holidays not worked.
Oct. 1, 1942

Changed to: Time and one-half for work
on 6 holidays.

Aug. 21, 1945

Changed to: Double time for work on 4
specified holidays; 5 holidays in Butte.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Holidays were: Fourth of July, Labor Day, Christmas, and
either Miners’ Union Day (June 13) or Memorial Day.
In Butte, all 5 were premium holidays.
Holidays were: New Year’s Day, Fourth of July, Labor
Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas, and either Memorial
Day or a local holiday.
Holidays in Great Falls and Anaconda were: Fourth of
July, Labor Day, Christmas, and either Smeltermen’s
Union Day (June 13) or Memorial Day. In Butte,
both June 13 and Memorial Day were holidays.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 26

37

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters
Holiday Pay-—Continued

Apr. 1, 1947

5 paid holidays established for which em­
ployees received 8 hours’ straight-time
pay; double time for holidays worked.

July 1, 1948

Added: 1 paid h o lid a y .___

___

Apr. 10, 1950

Holidays were: New Year’s Day, Fourth of July, Labor
Day, Christmas, and Memorial Day. In Butte, Miners’
Union Day was substituted for New Year’s Day. To
qualify for holiday pay an employee must have worked
in the 26 weeks preceding the week of the holiday, 117
shifts if on a 6-day week or 97 if on a 5-day week.
Holiday was: New Year’s Day in Butte; Thanksgiving in
Great Falls; August 8, a local holiday in Anaconda.
To qualify for pay for holidays not worked, employees on
a 5-day workweek required to work at least 2 shifts;
those on a 6-day workweek, 3 shifts during the week in
which the holiday falls.

Paid Vacations
Oct. 1, 1941

1 week’s vacation with 5 days’ pay, based
on average daily earnings in the 3 months
preceding the vacation.

Oct. 1, 1942

Added: 6 days’ paid vacation for employ­
ees on scheduled 6-day workweek.

Oct. 1, 1943

Changed to: 1 week’s paid vacation for
employees with 1 but less than 5 years’
service; 2 weeks’ paid vacation for em­
ployees with 5 or more years’ service.
Pay based on straight-time earnings in 12
weeks preceding vacation.

Oct. 1, 1945

Apr. 1, 1947

To be eligible, employees must have worked as follows in
the preceding year: 230 days, if employed by the com­
pany less than 10 years; 215 days, if employed 10 years
and less than 20; or 200 days, if employed 20 years or
more.
Eligibility requirements changed to—•
Butte: 267 days, if employed less than 10 years; 250
days, if employed 10 years and less than 20; 232 days, if
employed 20 years or more. Great Falls: 247 days, if
employed less than 10 years; 231 days, if employed 10
years and less than 20; 214 days, if employed 20 years
or more. Anaconda: 276 days, if employed less than 10
years; 258 days, if employed 10 years and less than 20;
240 days, if employed 20 years or more.
Pursuant to NWLB Order of July 27, 1944, eligibility
requirements were as follows:
Great Falls and Anaconda: To receive credit for a year
of service, an employee must have worked a required
number of shifts in each such year.3 Butte: (a) 1
week’s vacation, 75 percent of scheduled shifts in the
preceding year; (b) 2 weeks’ vacation, 75 percent of
scheduled shifts in 5 years preceding Oct. 1, 1943.
Eligibility requirements were changed to—
Butte: 2 weeks’ vacation, 60 percent of scheduled shifts
in any 3 of the previous 4 years and 75 percent of the
scheduled shifts in the last 2 years. Great Falls and
Anaconda: changed to conform to practice in Butte.
Eligibility requirements changed back to a specified
number of shifts in each year of service.3

Reporting Time
Oct. 1, 1941
Oct. 1, 1945

No provision for reporting time.
Minimum of 4 hours’ straight-time pay
guaranteed employees reporting to work.

Not applicable when failure to provide work was beyond
control of the company. In case of this kind of failure,
employees were permitted to work at other than their
regular jobs.

Call-In Pay
Oct. 1, 1941

Time and one-half paid to employees called
to work between regular shifts.

Minimum payment was 4 hours at straight time.

Travel Pay
Apr.

1, 1941

Oct.

1, 1941

Straight time paid Butte employees for 10
minutes (total) travel to and from sur­
face of mine.

211338— 52-

Pursuant to regulations of the Fair Labor Standards Act,
time worked plus travel time and surface time paid at
Butte to employees who quit or were laid off while at
work.
-4L


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

38

W A G E CHRONOLOGY KO. 26

MONTHLY LABOR

C—Eelated Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Mine Accident Pay
Oct.

1, 1941

Time and one-half paid employees kept
underground by causes beyond their con­
trol.

Applicable in Butte only.

Injury Pay
Oct.

1, 1941

Full day’s pay guaranteed to workers injured at work.

Applicable in Butte only. Contract miners to be paid at
day rate for hours not worked on day of injury.

Accident and Sickness Benefits
Oct.

1, 1941

Oct.

1, 1942

Apr. 10, 1950

July

1, 1951

Equal contributions by company and em­
ployees up to a maximum company con­
tribution of $1 a month per family for
hospital and medical insurance.
Increased to: Company, $1.75 a month;
employee, $1.50 a month. Plan provided
necessary medical, hospital, and surgical
services required to treat occupational and
nonoccupational injuries and sickness.
Dependents: Maximum of $1.50 each con­
tributed by company and employee for
necessary family medical care and hospi­
tal treatment.
Nonindustrial sickness and accident benefits:
Engineers, $28 a week for 26 weeks;
miners, $28 a week for 13 weeks.

Applicable in Butte and Anaconda only.

In case of sickness or injury, company contribution to
continue for a maximum of 6 months.
Not applicable to venereal disease and sickness and injury
caused by intoxication. Plan applicable to all three
locations.
Benefits provided by several commercial companies of the
union’s choice.
Company paid $1 a month. Contribution by employees
equalled $1.28 to $1.37 a month depending on plan.
Included in union contract approved by WSB, Dec. 7,
1951.

Pension Plan
Jan.

1, 1952

Noncontributory plan made available to
employees, 65 years of age with 15 or
more years of service, providing annuities
equal to 1 percent of average monthly
earnings times years of cototinuous service,
less statutory benefits.

Early retirement: Reduced annuity of per­
cent for each month preceding normal
retirement date paid employees retiring
at age of 60 with 15 years’ service.
Minimum annuities: $100 a month after 25
or more years’ service; for 15 but less
than 25 years’ service benefits pro-rated
on basis of length of service.
Disability benefits (total and permanent):
Minimum of $50 a month up to normal
retirement date, and applicable mini­
mum annuity thereafter, paid employees
with 15 years’ service and 50 years of age.
1 The last entry under each item represents the most recent change.
2 During the period covered by Executive Order No. 9240 (Oct. 1, 1942,
to Aug. 21,1945), this provision was modified in practice to conform to that
order.
The following table shows, as an example, the number of shifts that
employees in Great Falls and Anaconda had to work in each year to qualify
for a 2-weeks’ vacation after Oct. 1, 1943:

8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Plan subject to approval of Bureau of Internal Revenue
and the Wage Stabilization Board. Plan was included
in union contract.
Average monthly earnings arrived at by dividing total
compensation paid during 10 calendar years preceding
retirement by 120.
Butte: Continuous-service credit prior to May 1, 1952,
based on date of employment or number of shifts
worked; after May 1, 1952, continuous-service credit
given at rate of 1 year for each year of service in which
a minimum of 150 shifts were worked.

Payable after 6 months or when disability was established,
whichever was later.

Location
Year beginning
Great Falls
Anaconda
Oct. 1, 1939.......................................
154_ 154
Oct. 1, 1940_____________________________
154_
165
Oct. 1, 1941_________________________________ 162_______________
185
Oct. 1, 1942................................. .........- ____ ______ 234________________
232
Oct. 1, 1943_____ _____ ____________ ______ _
231_________ _____ _
231

REVIEW, JULY 1952

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 27

Wage Chronology No. 27:
Glenn L. Martin Co., 1944-52
United Automobile, Aircraft, and Agricul­
tural Implement Workers of America (UAWCIO) was certified on October 18, 1943, by the
National Labor Relations Board as the exclusive
bargaining representative for production and cer­
tain other hourly rated employees of the Glenn L.
Martin Co., one of the largest aircraft producers
on the east coast. After certification, a working
agreement covering a number of points that had
been under negotiation was signed on March 27,
1944. The parties failed to reach agreement on
issues relating to wages, vacations, and sick-leave
provisions. Consequently, these issues were sub­
mitted to the National War Labor Board for
decision. The first comprehensive written agree­
ment between the company and the union was
signed on March 11, 1946.
This chronology1 traces the changes in wage
rates and related practices provided in the agree­
T he

39

ments between the company and the UAW and
by Directive Orders of the National War Labor
Board since 1944. The provisions reported under
date of March 27, 1944, do not necessarily indi­
cate changes in the conditions of employment pre­
vailing prior to that time.
Contract changes amending the 2-year agree­
ment of October 9, 1949, were negotiated in No­
vember 1950. At that time the company-fi­
nanced retirement benefit plan was incorporated in
the agreement. It became effective in its new
form on May 15, 1951. The latest agreement,
negotiated November 19, 1951, is to remain in
effect until December 31, 1954, and included, in
addition to a general wage increase, a cost-ofliving escalator clause and provision for 4-centan-hour “annual improvement factor” increases in
June 1952, 1953, and 1954. Most of the com­
pany’s 20,000 production workers are covered by
the collective-bargaining agreement.
1 For the purpose and scope of the wage chronology series, see M onthly
Labor Review, December 1948 (p. 581). Reprints of this chronology
available on request.

a re

A—General Wage Changes 1
Effective date

Mar. 27, 1944 (by agreement of Mar.
27, 1944).
June 1, 1946 (by NWSB Executive
Order, Mar. 28, 1946).
Aug. 14, 1947_______________________
Aug. 30, 1948 (by agreement of Oct. 10,
1948)

Nov. 13, 1950 (by supplement to Oct.
9, 1949, agreement, Nov. 13, 1950)

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision

No change 2____________
11-cents-an-hour increase.
7-cents-an-hour increase..
15-cents-an-hour increase.

Mar. 3, 1952________________________

9- to 13-cents-an-hour increase,
averaging approximately 6
percent or 10 cents.
11-to 14-cents-an-hour increase,
averaging approximately 12
cents.
3-cents-an-hour increase_______

June 2, 1952.
June 30, 1952

1-cent-an-hour decrease.
4-cents-an-hour increase.

Nov. 19, 1951 (by agreement of Dec.
22, 1951)

1

General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting a substantial number of workers at one time. N ot included within
the term are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases,
etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure (such as changes in individual
job rates or automatic progression increases) that do not have an immediate
and noticeable effect on the average wage level.
The wage changes listed above were the major adjustments in the general
wage level made during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in earn­
ings, changes in products and employment practices, the omission of non­
general change in rates, and other factors, the sum of the general changes
listed will not necessarily coincide with the change in straight-time average
hourly earnings.
Previously, the company had granted increases averaging 3.8 cents an
hour about April 1941, increases averaging 5.2 cents an hour about October
1941, and increases averaging 6.5 cents an hour in October 1942 to compensate
for loss of earnings due to the operation of Executive O r d e r 9240.

3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3

By unilateral company action.3
5 cents of increase granted as compensation
for the elimination of two 10-minute rest
periods (see Table B— Related Wage
Practices). Additional 10 cents an hour
to four job classifications.
In addition, 14 job classifications were up­
graded 1 labor grade.
4 cents of increase was subject to Wage Sta­
bilization Board approval and was ap­
proved on Feb. 20, 1952A
Quarterly allowance of cost-of-living adjust­
ment.
Do.
Annual improvement factor adjustment.
Subject to WSB approval.

During this period the U A W ’s right to act as collective-bargaining agent
for the plant production workers was questioned by another union. Shortly
after the increase, the UAW won a National Labor Relations Board election
and was recertified.
< The contract included an escalator clause based on BLS Consumers’
Price Index and provided quarterly adjustments with the stipulation that
a decline in the Index below the September 15, 1951, index figure would not
be the basis for a reduction in wage rates. The cost-of-living adjustment
provision, as written into the agreement, closely follows the General Motors
system (reported in Wage Chronology No. 9, M onthly Labor Review,
September 1949) but differs in three respects: (1) adjustments were based on
the September 1951 C PI and quarterly thereafter; (2) the changes were auto­
matic after a 1.15-point change in the index; and (3) the agreement started at
a higher level on the index.

MONTHLY LABOR

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 27

40

B—Basic Hourly Rates By Labor Grade for Selected Occupations,1 1944-51
Mar. 27, 1944

Mar. 11,1946

Aug. 14,1947

Min.

Min.

Oct. 9, 1948

N ov. 13,1950

N ov. 19,1951

M in.

M in.

Occupation
Min.

Max.

Max.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Max.

$1.90
Mechanic, ground and flight test; toolmaker, first
class; toolmaker, wood, first class.
Grade I. - - _ - ______
_____________________ $1.30
Inspector, machine parts, first class; layout man,
machine shop, first class; operator, automatic
screw machine, first class.
1.175
Grade II
_________ ____________ ___
Electrician, maintenance, first class; grinder, tool,
first class; inspector, final assembly, first class.
_______ _ _____________
_ __ _ 1.125
Grade III
Fitting man, first class; inspector, assembly, first
class; mechanic, bench, sheet metal, first class.
1.075
Grade IV
_ __________________ ___________
Cable splicer, first class; mechanic, engine installa­
tion, first class; radio man, first class.
1.025
Grade V
_____________ - ___________
Inspector, final assembly, second class; inspector,
materials, second class; operator, yoder hammer,
second class.
.975
Grade VI
__
_____________ -- _______
Electrician, maintenance, second class; inspector,
assembly, second class; machinist, second class.
.925
Grade VII
. . . __________________
Cable splicer, second class; inspector, ground and
flight test, third class; radio man, second class.
.80
Grade VIII
.
_______________________
Chauffeur; fireman; junior inspector.
.70
Grade IX
__ _
___ _ _ __ _ _____ ____
Assemblyman, semiskilled; mechanic, bench, sheet
metal, third class; operator, sewing machine,
second class.
.60
Grade X
_____
____________ ____
Janitor; laborer; operator, elevator.
.60
Grade X -C
__ _ _
_____________________
Cafeteria worker, grade “ B .”

Max.
$2.20

1.80

2.10

1.88

1.70

2.00

1.51

1.83

1.65

1.95

1.60

1.46

1.69

1.60

1.80

1.30

1.50

1.36

1.59

1.50

1.70

1.30

1.25

1.45

1.30

1.54

1.45

1.65

1.10

1.25

1.20

1.40

1.25

1.49

1.40

1.60

.95

1.10 1.02

1.17

1.12

1.32

21.20

1.44

1.35

1.55

.89

1.04

.96

1.11

1.06

1.26

2 1.17

1.41

1.30

1.52

.80

.875

.95

.945

1.02

1.05

1.17

2 1.13

1.29

1.25

1.40

.70

.75

.85

.82

.92

.92

1.07

.99

1.16

1.05

1.27

$1.50

$1.43

$1.63

$1.50

$1.70

$1.60

$1.85

$1.67

1.40

1.33

1.53

1.40

1.60

1.50

1.75

1.56

1.35

1.28

1.48

1.35

1.55

1.45

1.70

1.25

1.23

1.38

1.30

1.45

1.40

1.175

1.13

1.28

1.20

1.35

1.125

1.08

1.23

1.15

1.075

1.03

1.18

.975
.925

i From the date of the first agreement to 1948, provision was made for a
quarterly job-classification review. Advancement within a grade or to a
higher grade was based on merit. The 1948 agreement revised this procedure

$1.98

by providing for minimum 5-cent-an-hour within-grade promotions also
based on quarterly merit reviews.
2 In February 1950, 3 cents was added to labor grades VIII and X and 6
cents was added to labor grade IX .

C—Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision
Overtime Pay

Mar. 27, 1944________
Mar. 11, 1946____ . . .

Time and one-half for work in excess of 8 hours
a day.
Added; Time and one-half for work in excess
of 40 hours a week.

Time and one-half after 40 hours a week appli­
cable under Fair Labor Standards Act.

Shift Premium Pay
Mar. 27, 1 9 4 4 . ____

5-cents-an-hour premium plus time bonus
(depending on hours worked) for work on
second and third shifts.

_ Changed to: 15 percent of regular earnings
(including overtime) for work on second and
third shifts.
Nov. 19, 1 9 5 1 _______ Changed to : Flat rate stated in cents-an-hour
and equaling 15 percent of earnings at mid­
point of each labor grade.3
Mar. 11, 1946.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

...

In accordance with company practice, the time
bonus was paid in addition to the hourly cash
bonus to second and third shift employees
scheduled to work 7% hours a day.2
8 hours’ pay for 7}i hours worked on second and
third shifts.
Employees receiving more in cents-an-hour
under previous agreement were to continue to
receive that amount.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 27

41

C—Related Wage Practices1—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision

Premium Pay for Week End Work
Mar. 27, 1944 4_______

Time and one-half for work on sixth and double
time for work on seventh consecutive day.
Holiday Pay

Mar. 27, 1944 4_______

Time and one-half for work on 6 holidays.
pay for holidays not worked.

Mar. 11, 1946________

Changed to: 4 holidays paid for at regular rate
when not worked. Double time (total) for
work on these holidays. Time and one-half
for work on 2 holidays.
Changed to : 7 holidays paid for at regular rate
when not worked. Double time (total) for
hours actually worked.

Oct. 9, 1948__________

No

Oct, 9, 1949__________

Holidays were: New Year’s Day, Memorial
Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanks­
giving, and Christmas.
Paid holidays were: New Year’s Day, Fourth
of July, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.
Added holidays were: Memorial Day, Labor
Day, and the Friday following Thanksgiving.
Overtime paid on top of holiday pay if holiday
worked was also sixth or seventh consecutive
day worked, resulting in double time and
one-half (total) for sixth consecutive day
worked and triple time (total) for the sev­
enth consecutive day worked.

Paid Vacations
Mar. 27, 1944.

Mar. 13, 1945

Mar. 11, 1946

Oct. 9, 1949


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Paid vacations provided, depending on years
of service and hours worked during the
preceding year.

Company practice for employees with less
than 5 years of continuous service— 3 days’
vacation for 1,000 but less than 1,500 hours
worked during preceding year; 5 days’ vaca­
tion for 1,500 but less than 2,000 hours
worked; 7 days’ vacation for 2,000 or more
hours worked. For employees with 5 or
more years of continuous service— 5 days’
vacation for 1,000 but less than 1,500 hours
worked during preceding year; 7 days’ va­
cation for 1,500 but less than 2,000 hours
worked; 10 days’ vacation for 2,000 or more
hours worked.
2 days’ vacation added for employees with 5
or more years’ continuous service, and 2,000
hours of work during the year by Directive
Order of National War Labor Board, March
13, 1945.
Vacation requirements for employees with 5
or more years of continuous service made
part of agreement and changed to—
5 days’ vacation for 1,000 but less than
1,500 hours worked during preceding year;
7 days’ vacation for 1,500 but less than
1.800 hours worked; 10 days’ vacation for
1.800 or more hours worked.
Vacation requirement for employees with
1 year and less than 5 years of continuous
service changed to—
3 days’ vacation for 1,000 but less than 1,500
hours worked during preceding year; 5 days’
vacation for 1,500 but less than 1,800 hours
worked; 7 days’ vacation for 1,800 or more
hours worked.

42

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 27

MONTHLY LABOR

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Sick Leave and Injury Pay
Mar. 27, 1944_____
Mar. 13, 1945________

_ 3 days’ paid annual sick leave and injury pay
for disabilities lasting 5 days or more after 1
year of continuous service.

Company practice.
Existing plan incorporated into agreement by
Directive Order of National War Labor
Board, Mar. 13, 1945. Sick leave not cumu­
lative.
Plan eliminated from agreement but still in
effect as company practice.

Mar. 11, 1946________

Reporting Time
Mar. 27, 1944
Oct. 9, 1948__________

Minimum of 4 hours’ work or 2 hours’ pay
guaranteed employees not notified of lack of
work.
Changed t o : 4 hours’ work or pay.

Not applicable, if lack of work was due to cir­
cumstances beyond control of management.

Paid Rest Periods
Mar. 27, 1944 ___ __ _ 2 paid 10-minute rest periods.
Aug. 30,' 1948_________ Practice eliminated. . . .

See Table A, General Wage Changes, for further
details.

Insurance Benefits
Mar. 27, 1944. _______

Dec. 10, 1947_______

Mar. 1, 1950________


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Insurance benefits available to employees on a Not in union agreement. Weekly cost to em­
contributory basis as follows—
ployees ranged from 55 cents to $1.17; for
Life insurance: $1,000 to $4,000 depending
employee and dependents, from 62 cents to
on hourly earnings; 5
$1.24. Part of cost borne by company.
Accidental death and dismemberment: $1,000$4,000 depending on hourly earnings; 5
Sickness and accident benefits: $10 to $30 pay­
able for a maximum of 91 days (6 weeks
for maternity) beginning with first day of
accident and fourth day of sickness;
Hospitalization: $4 a day for maximum of 31
days (14 days for maternity). Available
to dependents;
Special hospital charges: up to $20. Avail­
able to dependents;
Surgical operation expenses: up to $150.
Available to dependents.
Increased to: Hospitalization, $5.50 a day for
maximum of 31 days (14 days for mater­
nity). Available to dependents;
Special hospital charges, up to $55. Available
to dependents.
Benefits increased to —
Life insurance: $2,000 to $4,000 depending
on hourly earnings; 6
Accidental death and dismemberment: $2,000 Lower rates were eliminated and cost remained
to $4,000 depending on hourly earnings; 6
same on rates above $1.09 an hour.
Sickness and accident benefits: $25 to $35;
Hospitalization: $7 a day. Available to de­
pendents;
Special hospital charges: up to $70. Avail­
able to dependents;
Surgical operation expenses: up to $200;
Added: Obstetrical fees, up to $50. Available
to dependents.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY CONFERENCE

43

C—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision

Effective date

Retirement Benefits
July 1, 1943____

Mar. 15, 1951 (supple­
ment to Oct. 9, 1949
a g re em en t d a ted
Nov. 13, 1950).

Company-financed pensions available to em­
ployees retiring at 65 years of age or older
with 2 or more years of continuous service.
Monthly pensions after 20 years of service
ranged upward from $10 a month.7
Employees with less than 20 years of service
to have pensions proportionately reduced.
Death benefits: In the event of death prior to
retirement, beneficiary of employee received
amount equal to premiums paid by com­
pany plus 2 percent interest.
In the event of death within 10 years after re­
tirement, pension to be paid to beneficiary
for the remainder of 10 years.
Plan changed to: Monthly pension increased
to maximum of $112.50, including Federal
Social Security benefits and any retirement
benefits accrued under company’s old plan,
for employees with 25 years’ accredited
service upon reaching age 65.
Death benefits: If employee died within 5 years
after retirement, beneficiary to receive dif­
ference between retirement received and
what would have been received after 5 years.
Disability pensions: up to $75 monthly. Min­
imum of $50 a month.

1The last item under each entry represents the most recent change.
3The time bonus was computed as follows:
Time worked on 2d or Sd shift
Time bonus
Uo to 2 hours...................... .............- ................ - .......................... - 21o hours’ pay
2jdo to 4 hours_______ ____ ________ - ........................................ fio hours’ pay
41-49 to 6 hours................................. - ______ _________________ Ho hours’ pay
6}4o hours or more____________________ _________________ Ho hours’ pay
Premium specified was as follows: Grade I-A , 28 cents; grade I, 27 cents;
grade II, 26 cents; grade III, 25 cents; grade IV, 24 cents; grades V and VI, 22
cents; grade VII, 21 cents; grade V III, 20 cents; grade IX , 19 cents; grade X ,
18 cents; grade X -C , 16 cents; beginners, 16 cents.
‘ During the period covered by Executive Order 9240 (Oct. 1, 1942, to
Aug. 21, 1945) practices relating to premium pay for week-end and holiday
work were modified when necessary to conform to that order.
Amount of insurance available to employee depending on hourly earnings
was as follows:
Amount of
Hourly earnings
insurance
Through $0.59-.................................
$1,000
$0.60 through $0.84...................... .............. ............ ....................................... 1, 500
$0.85 through $1.09._____ _________________ _____________________ 2,000
$1.10 through $1.49_________ ____________ ___________ ________ ___ 2, 500
$1.50 and over........ ...............................................
4,000

3

4

President’s Conference on
Industrial Safety, 1952
of manpower for defense produc­
tion through industrial safety practices was key­
noted by the President in opening his Conference
on Industrial Safety.1 About 1,500 delegates from
the 48 States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico attended
the sessions on June 2-4, 1952. They represented
C o n s e r v a t io n


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Retirement plan not covered by union agree­
ment. Special provisions for retirement at
age 55. Delayed retirement at age 70, if em­
ployee was not covered by the plan until he
reached age 65 or 10 years later, if covered
between 55 and 59.

New plan included in union agreement.

8Amount of insurance available to employee depending on hourly earnings
was as follows:
Amount of
Hourly earnings
insurance
Through $1.09........ ............................... .............................................. - ...........$2,000
$1.10 through $1.49______________ ____ ________ ______ ______ ____ _ 2, 500
$1.50 and over__________________________________________________ 4,000
Amount of m onthly pension depending on earnings during 12 months
before coverage was as follows:
Earnings, except bonus, during 12 months before
Monthly pension
coverage
$2,400 or le s s ..._______________________ _________ $ 10.
$15.
$2,400-$3,000...............— .........— ..................................
$3,000-$3,900.................................................... ................. $ 20.
30 percent of such earn­
$3,900 or o v e r ........................................... ................. .
ings in excess of $3,000
divided by 12.

7

— R o b e r t H a m lisc h
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations

labor, business, State, and Federal agencies, insur­
ance associations, educational institutions, and
private safety organizations.2
“The most important problem facing this con­
ference/’ the President said, “is to bring about the
i The President’s Industrial Safety Conference, June 2-4, 1952; releases,
pamphlets, and reports.
The 1952 session was the third full-scale conference since the first meeting
in 1949. For a discussion of the 1950 session, see M onthly Labor Review,
August 1950 (p. 207). The 1951 session was a working session attended by
members of the various committees of the conference.

1

44

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY CONFERENCE

actual application of the safety principles” that
have been proposed. He advocated an 8-point
industrial safety program, for this purpose: (1)
improvement in accident reporting and analysis;
(2) installment of better guards on machines by
manufacturers; (3) emphasis of safety education
in schools, colleges, and plants; (4) an organized
safety program for every company; (5) more
extensive participation of workers in safety meas­
ures; (6) modernization and unification of State
safety codes; (7) improved safety programs for
public employees; and (8) better public under­
standing and support of accident prevention.
Progress achieved since the first conference in
1949 was outlined by Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
of Labor. According to the Secretary, occupa­
tional injuries rose in 1950 and again in 1951;
however, there is reason to believe that the rate of
increase is “now leveling off.” Citing injuryfrequency rates for manufacturing industry alone,
he said: “From March 1951 on, the rate became
progressively less until the fall figures showed a
decided improvement over the same period for
1950. It was the first time in 2 years that they
were better than the corresponding quarter of a
previous year. While the final average for 1951
may be a bit higher than 1950, I believe there is
good reason for encouragement in this trend.”
Contributing factors to this leveling off, the
Secretary said, were: Emergency causes of acci­
dents seem to be yielding to control—retooling has
for the most part been completed, new processes
are being mastered, and new employees are being
better trained; and States are responding to the
first major recommendations of the President’s
Conference—i. e., holding of Governors’ confer­
ences (to date 18 States, the District of Columbia,
and Hawaii have held one or more). Additional
indications of safety activity listed by Secretary
Tobin included (1) at least a 20-percent increase
in safety staff in most States; (2) a rise in State
expenditures on safety measures; and (3) improved
training and raising of job qualifications for
inspectors.
According to William L. Connolly, Director of
the United States Department of Labor’s Bureau
of Labor Standards, and Chairman of the Co­
ordinating Committee of the Conference, the 1952
session was designed to stress the safety problems
of small business; to assess 4 years of progress;
and to discuss new and unresolved major safety

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MONTHLY LABOR

problems. Therefore, a series of workshops was
held at which several discussions dealt with par­
ticular phases of industrial safety. Individual
addresses were also devoted to this topic.
Safety in the small plant was discussed by Ned
H. Dearborn, president of the National Safety
Council. “ The employees of the 100-man or
smaller plant still have about two-thirds of all of
the occupational injuries suffered in this country
each year,” Mr. Dearborn said. To help meet
this problem, he particularly emphasized the im­
portance of professional and trade associations in
the promotion of safety measures to the smaller
companies. In addition, he listed the services
available from local safety councils, insurance rep­
resentatives, chambers of commerce, and on-theground representatives of labor departments and
other government agencies who have personal con­
tact with employers as further means of helping
to promote industrial safety in the small busi­
ness plant.
Some newer aspects and unresolved problems
of safety were also discussed at the conference.
These covered the public relations value of indus­
trial safety; safety as good business; and need for
stimulating public employee safety.
Workshops

In all, five workshops were held at the confer­
ence. These indicated the major areas of com­
mittee activity, and some were specifically de­
signed to aid small businessmen with safety
measures.
Safety and Small Business . The workshop on
Governors’ Conferences covered safety activities
in the States of Oregon, Rhode Island, and Illinois,
because their safety programs were planned to
promote safety for small business. Utilization of
trade associations by small business in promoting
safety measures was highlighted by Mr. Dear­
born. In addition, success stories of actual ap­
plication of safety services to small business were
discussed. Various safety services offered by
trade associations were outlined. Participants in
this workshop were members of associations ac­
tively engaged in safety work.
Progress and Appraisal. Progress in the States
and by committees of the conference was also
covered. The problem of built-in machine guard-

REVrEW, JULY 1952

MINIMUM AGE FOR FARM WORK

ing at the source of manufacture was the subject
of one workshop. Several addresses were de­
voted to the importance of machine safeguarding;
reports were made on what was actually being
accomplished; and a film was shown depicting
various potential hazards existing because of fail­
ure to install necessary guards.
“How Can Labor Unions Increase Safety Serv­
ices?” served as the subject of still another work­
shop. Representatives of the American Federa­
tion of Labor and the Congress of Industrial
Organizations and two affiliates—the Interna­
tional Union of Operating Engineers (AFL) and
the Communications Workers of America (CIO)—
participated. Emphasis on joint effort in safety
services by both management and labor was
stressed. This cooperation, it was stated, is
needed at the plant, State, and national level.
Actual safety programs in effect on a local union
level were outlined. In addition, the need for
comparison on an industry basis was also stressed.
Training of safety engineers was the theme of
the final workshop. S. S. Steinberg, dean of the
College of Engineering, University of Maryland,
and W. N. Cox, Jr., professor in the Department
of Safety Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech­
nology, outlined progress that had been achieved
in the programming of industrial safety in appro­
priate engineering courses.

45

minimum-age standard might be interpreted as
including coverage of work on farms. In the
remaining 20 States, no minimum age has been
set for work on farms either during or outside
school hours. The accompanying table, adapted
from an outline prepared by the Bureau of Labor
Standards of the United States Department of
Labor, groups the States and Territories accord­
ing to their provision, or lack of provision, of
legislation to restrict child labor on farms.
State minimum-age regulation of work in agriculture
G en er a l m in i­
m u m age s e t m ig h t b e in te r ­
p r e te d to co v er
a g r ic u l t u r e

M in im u m ag e
s e t fo r a g r i­
c u ltu r e

S ta te
D u r in g
sch ool
hours

C a lif o r n ia »_..................
C o n n e c t i c u t _______
D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia .
F l o r i d a ______________
H a w a i i 4„ _ _________
I l l i n o i s - - ........ ...........
M a r y l a n d __________
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ______
N e w J e r s e y _________
N e w Y o r k - .- . . . . .
N o r t h C a r o l in a 8___
O h i o _________________
P e n n s y l v a n i a _______
P u e r t o R i c o _________
U t a h _________________
V i r g i n i a ______ _____ _

O u ts id e
sch ool
hours
a n d in
sch ool
vaca­
tio n s

15
14
14

14
2 14
»14

3 14
16
16
16
14
16
16
16
16
7 15
16

N one
14

16
16

N one
N one
» 12
! 14
14
N one
N one
14

S ta te
D u r in g
sch ool
hours

A la s k a 9
A r iz o n a
A r k a n s a s ....... ...........
I d a h o ______ __
I n d ia n a
K an sas
M in n e s o ta
M o n ta n a
N eb rask a
N evada
N e w M e x i c o ______
N o r t h D a k o t a _____

s 14
(8)

O u ts id e
sch ool
hours
a n d in
sch o o l
vaca­
t io n s

14
14
14
14
14
14
15
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

14

^014
N one

N nnn

N

n

Xj
■VJTSTotk*
N one
N one
NYinft
N one

S t a t e s h a v i n g n o m i n i m u m a g e fo r w o r k in a g r ic u lt u r e
e it h e r d u r in g or o u t s id e s c h o o l h o u r s

A la b a m a
C o lo r a d o
D e la w a r e
G e o r g ia
Io w a

State Minimum Ages for Farm Work
During School Hours
C h il d r e n u n d e r 16 are barred by the 1949
amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act
from work during school hours on farms the
products of which go into interstate commerce.
The laws of 16 State and Territorial jurisdictions
definitely restrict employment of children below
certain ages in agriculture at least during school
hours. In these jurisdictions, coverage is indi­
cated by express language, by implication, or by
legislative history. In 16 others, the general


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

K e n tu c k y
L o u is ia n a
M ic h ig a n
M is s i s s i p p i
M isso u r i

N e w H a m p s h ir e
O k la h o m a
R h o d e Is la n d
S o u th C a r o lin a
S o u th D a k o t a

I

Texas
W a s h in g t o n
W e s t V ir g in ia
W is c o n s in 11
W y o m i n g 13

During school hours, 14 if eighth grade completed; outside school hours,
14 on school days, 12 in vacations and on school holidays; farm work under
control of, or in connection with, premises owned, operated, or controlled
by parent, exempted.
Applies only during weeks in which average number of employees exceeds
15. Members of employer’s immediate family are exempted.
Does not apply to farm work in connection with own home and directly
for parent.
When child is not “required” to attend school, the minimum age for
employment during school hours is 14; the minimum does not apply to work
“other than in a hazardous occupation if performed directly for parent or
guardian when child is not legally required to attend school.”
‘ Minimum is 12, if the child is working for parent.
Exemption is made from either age minimum if work is under “direction
and authority” of the parent.
Under certain conditions, 14 years.
• No minimum-age standard applies if work is with consent of child’s
parent.
Children working under direct supervision of their 'parents are exempted
if the parents own and operate the business.
Minimum for work during school vacations does not apply to occupa­
tions owned or controlled by parents.
Child under 14 may not be employed in the culture or harvesting of sugar
beets during school hours unless he has completed eighth grade, or for more
than 8 hours a day or 48 hours in any 1 week, or between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m.
If child is required to attend school, employment during school hours is
prohibited.

3
3
4
8
7

9
10
II

13

54

-

2065

46

EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN—NEW YORK

Employment of Children Under 14
In New York State
e w Y ork S t a t e child labor laws require full­
time school attendance by children under 16, and
their employment during school hours is pro­
hibited.1 Excepted are those children at least 14
years of age who have graduated from high school
or those at least 15 who are unable to profit by
further instruction. Outside of school hours and
on vacations, children of 14 or over may work in
nonfactory occupations if appropriate certificates
are obtained.
However, employment of children under 14 is
strictly prohibited, with the following exceptions:
Children working in agriculture on “the home
farm” ; in “street trades” (newsboys, bootblacks);
or as “performers.” In the first two categories,
the minimum age fixed by law is 12 years; no
limitation is set for performers. Several other
occupations in which children under 14 are allowed
to work are covered by State labor laws, but have
been exempted in practice. These include baby
sitting; casual employment such as shoveling snow,
mowing lawns, or other work that youngsters find
by going from house to house; and work as models.

N

Agricultural Employment

Special problems in enforcing the child labor law
on fruit and vegetable farms have been encoun­
tered by the State Labor Department. Employ­
ers have given various reasons for employing
children under 14. These included ignorance of
the minimum-age provisions; inability to obtain
older help; preference for young children on certain
crops, especially those that require stooping; and
some parents’ refusal to work if their children
were not permitted to accompany them. Another
reason cited was that the children worked for the
parents and not for the employers. Children of
migrant workers are not affected by the exception
as to employment on “the home farm.”
Compliance with child labor law in agriculture
is improving, however, according to the State De­
partment of Labor. From 1948 to 1950, the per­
centage of illegally employed workers dropped
from 19 to 4.


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MONTHLY LABOR

Street Trades

The State education law defines a street trade
as carrying, selling, or delivering newspapers or
periodicals, and work as a bootblack. Under this
law, the boys are presumed to be self-employed
and are required to obtain street-trades badges
from certificating authorities of the State Educa­
tion Department. Local school authorities are
vested with responsibility for enforcement. By a
1949 amendment, the law is applicable not only
to cities but to all school districts in the State.
Boys 12 years of age may work as bootblacks
or sell newspapers or periodicals. However, girls
under the age of 18 may not be so employed.
Newsdealers may not employ a boy under 14. A
newspaper publisher may not employ one under
16, as this technically is work “in connection with
a factory.”
The New York report notes the lack of recent
information on the important question of proper
age for such employment, the problems of early
morning and late evening work, and the total
number of children engaged in street trades. A
1941 study of 706 newspaper boys in 15 cities
throughout the United States, which was cited in
the report, indicated that working hours averaged
14.4 a week; average time of leaving home in the
morning was 4 :48 a. m. (although a fourth of the
boys started at 4 a. m.); and average time of
finishing work was 4:50 p. m. (with some boys
working until 9 p. m.). Scholastic standings for
these boys were average, while illness and accident
incidence was no higher than that of other boys
in the same age group.
Badges are not issued to bootblacks in New
York City, as education authorities have deter­
mined that it is in the boys’ best interests to pro­
hibit shoeshining on the streets.
Special Occupations

Baby Sitters. State Labor Department investi­
gators found that no employment certificates had
been issued to baby sitters, because such a pro­
cedure was not feasible. It was pointed out that
a new certificate would be required for each
i Data are from The Child Labor Laws and Their Administration in N ew
York State (State of N ew York, Department of Labor, Publication B-4S,
1 9 5 1 ).

REVIEW, JULY 1952

EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN—NEW YORK

employer, and the sitter might have a different
employer each day. No effort had been made to
enforce minimum-age and hours limitations, and
“there is no prohibition of nightwork” for such
employment.
The report notes that “no statistics are available
but the number of baby sitters seems to be grow­
ing constantly.” High-school students form the
main source of supply. Often the teen-agers
obtain such work through neighbors, friends, or
relatives, although some formal channels are
provided.
Placement of baby sitters is sometimes done by
academic high schools. Seven out of 15 upstatecity schools to which questionnaires concerning
placement of baby sitters were sent by the State
Labor Department reported that they obtained
consent of the sitter’s parents; 3 made some inves­
tigation of the home requesting the sitter. The
average wage was 35 cents an hour up to midnight
and 50 cents thereafter. Seven schools indicated
that the girls profited both from the earnings and
from beneficial training received on the job.
Two schools reported that they did not make such
placements because they gave no special training
for the work; the sitter might not be able to cope
with emergencies; supervision frequently is lack­
ing; and girls employed as baby sitters were
frequently asked to do housework.
Since 1946, the general policy in the vocational
division of New York City high schools has been
against placing baby sitters. In the academic
division, fewer than half of the schools were
making such placements in the fall of 1950.
Child Performers. Employment of child per­
formers under 16 years of age in radio, television,
and theater,2 is regulated under the New York
State penal law and parallel provisions of the
education law. Official permission must be ob­
tained for such employment by local educational
authorities (or in New York City by the mayor’s
office), preceded by a child-welfare organization
investigation. No minimum age for such work is
set by law.
Outside New York City, very few permits are
requested for child performers, and a procedure
for their issuance has been established only in
Buffalo. Power to enforce the legal provisions
covering child performers outside New York City
was given by law in 1947 to the State Department

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47

of Labor. Few complaints of violation have been
received by the Department. In New York City,
the local Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Children is responsible for investigating permit
applications.
Child performers are comparatively well paid.
Important points for consideration in issuing
permits, according to the report, are whether
the children work too long or too late; whether
their schooling is interfered with; and whether
the work affects their health or normal develop­
ment.
Great increases occurred from 1946 to 1950 in
the number of permits requested. In 1946, there
were 299 applications covering 2,052 children as
contrasted to 1,947 applications for 4,635 children
in 1950. The phenomenal growth of television
broadcasting during the last 3 years of the period,
the report states, contributed to this increase.
Over a third of the child performers covered
by permits in 1950 were under 11 years of age.
Nineteen applications covering children under 7
were rejected, after objection by the society. In
1950, nearly 55 percent of the children in such
work attended public schools, 15 percent paroch­
ial schools, and over 11 percent private schools.
Less than 2 percent were under private tutors.
About 6 percent were in special professional
schools which had hours adjusted to the needs
of individual children. No report was made as
to schooling obtained for about 11 percent.
No data are available as to exact working hours
a day and number of days a week. The applica­
tions specify day and time of performance and
the days and number of hours of maximum
scheduled rehearsals. As indicated by the ap­
plications, 2 hours a day was the most frequent
working time, but about a fourth of the children
were scheduled for more than 3 hours.
Child Models. Commercial photographers, mag­
azines, fashion shows, stores, dress manufacturers,
and advertising agencies employ child models.
Ninety percent of these children are placed by
“ modeling agencies.” Although such employees
are subject to the 14-year minimum-age and the
employment-certificate requirements of the labor
law, these requirements have not been enforced as
they apply to models. It is estimated by these
J Television includes motion pictures made for television use, and theater
includes the legitimate theater, vaudeville, and concerts.

48

UNDEREMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE

agencies that from 750 to 1,000 children in New
York City work “ fairly regularly” as models with
wage rates ranging from $5 to $15 an hour.
Typically, these models work up to 1 hour a
day, usually only for part of the hour, and are
paid for at least 1 hour. The modeling agencies
place children as young as 3 months of age for
the modeling of infants’ clothing. Customarily,
child models are accompanied by a parent or
other adult, and the agencies insist on this practice.
The children do not work under hot lights, and
dummies are used in setting the scenes. Em­
ployment certificate requirements would be dif­
ficult to apply to models, according to the agencies,
as they may be employed by several different
persons in a week, and because placements are
made on very short notice to meet advertising
deadlines. Some organizations have suggested
that regulation of models’ work could be achieved
best through the penal law which regulates the
work of child performers.

Low Incomes and Underemployment
in Agriculture—Proposed Remedies
of farm owners and hired
farm workers in low-income agricultural areas of
the United States is the subject of National
Planning Association Pamphlet No. 77.1 “It
would be folly in the light of world conditions,”
the report states, “if we failed to use for the
mobilization effort every source of manpower at
our disposal. Yet experience indicates that a
vast amount of manpower on low-income farms
will remain largely unused unless we take new
and energetic steps to draw it into higher pro­
ductivity.” Low productivity in the areas of
agricultural unemployment, the report shows, is
a particular problem because of the probable food
needs in the coming years of a growing population.
In view of this need, the underemployment problem
should not be solved by a general exodus of
workers from farms to industrial cities. A move­
ment of this kind might result in “a large-scale

U nderem ploym ent


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MONTHLY LABOR

abandonment of farms such as occurred in the
Northeast from 1850 on.” A complication, how­
ever, referred to in a resolution by the NPA
Agriculture Committee is that: “These areas of
underemployment have about the highest birth
rates anywhere in this country. They have a
large annual surplus of population that is much
needed in our growing industry and trade. As
the output per man can be increased in these
areas, more farm people can be spared for city
occupations.”
The problem of underemployment can be met,
the report points out, by (1) enlarging the acreages,
and (2) improving productivity of the land without
increasing the acreage. The first plan applies
chiefly to farms with tillable land already in
cotton or other crops, and the second to farms
which, through liming, fertilizing, and reseeding,
can double or triple the number of dairy or beef
animals supported.
Farm productivity, the report states, is influ­
enced by eight factors: Farm size; availability
of capital; production methods; kind of tenure
[ownership, sharecropping, etc.]; availability of
markets; off-farm work; educational standards;
and community standards.
With reference to all the low-income areas,
the report states, “real signs of progress are found
where local leadership has made full use of com­
munity resources with whatever assistance existing
Government programs could offer.”
Four areas of agricultural underemployment
(the Cotton South, the mountain regions, cut­
over sections, and scattered areas)2 are considered
below:
i Underemployment in American Agriculture—A Problem in Economic
Development, prepared by Arthur Moore for the N P A Agriculture Com­
mittee on National Policy, Washington, 1952.
s Five agricultural “poverty areas” are designated by the report, but only
four are discussed, as one area in northern N ew Mexico and Arizona has
different problems from those under discussion:
Cotton South includes the cotton and tobacco sections of South Carolina,
the Piedmont section of Georgia, the clay hills and Black Belt of Alabama,
the M ississippi lowlands, the Louisiana rice, sugarcane, and cotton regions,
and the piney woods and cotton areas of eastern Texas. (Certain other
Texas cotton-farming regions have been mechanized and are not low-income
areas.) The Southern Appalachians consist of mountainous sections of
Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and
the hills of northern Georgia and Alabama. The Ozarks area is in Arkansas
and southern Missouri. Scattered Areas include the southern parts of Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois, and cut-over land of the northern Great Lakes district
in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

UNDEREMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE

49

The Cotton South

Mountain Areas

Improvement in this region either through
increasing productivity or through enlargement of
existing farms depends upon the availability
of capital. In certain localities, banks have
worked out assistance plans. Government-insured
loans, according to the report, should likewise
serve as an important source of credit.
The facilities of the Farmers Home Administra­
tion can also be utilized, the report states. This
agency makes loans for production goods (such as
livestock and machinery), operating expenses, and
ownership. Its activities have been of great value
in showing “what can be done when the right
combination of personal initiative, production
methods, technical help, and capital are brought
together.”
In addition to farm improvement, another
method of increasing income is employment in
jobs off the farm. Many farm dwellers have left
to find jobs in cities, thus depleting home area
labor reserves. The net population gain in the
Southeast from 1930 to 1948, the report notes,
was only a fifth greater than the loss by out-mi­
gration.
This area already is doing a good job, the report
indicates, and can do a better job in obtaining
industry as local demand for consumer goods
mounts. From 1929 to 1948 per capita income
payments in the Southeastern States increased
179 percent—the highest increase in the country.
In addition, the large amount of underemployed
manpower on small farms can be stressed as an
incentive for placing heavy industries in the South.
Further, many small businesses which supply
services and process raw materials can also be
utilized. Types of such services include canning
plants, locker plants, cheese factories, electrical
service and repair, and custom land clearing.
Even though demands for increased cotton
production may exist, it would not “be doing the
South or the country any good” for the small
farms to stop their trend from cotton growing to
livestock production. The bulk of any increase
in cotton production, it is suggested, should come
from “areas most suitable to high-yield and
mechanized production,” so that the greatest
amount of cotton can be produced with the least
effect on manpower.

Farmers of the Southern Appalachians and the
Ozarks have not benefited by technological
advances, according to the report; incomes are
lower and there are more low-income families in
these areas than in the Cotton South. The
original holdings of land in these regions often
were as large as 500 acres. However, isolation
has kept young people from moving out and, as
population increased, frequent divisions of acre­
ages were made; finally slopes were cultivated
which “never should have been taken out of
trees and grass.”
Research and adult education, it is stated, can
do much to raise productivity of the mountain
farms. Use of vegetable crops, fertilization to
improve corn yield, and grass cultivation to make
grazing profitable are examples of successful
methods. Also, as pointed out by a committee
member, combining agriculture and forestry has
possibilities which have increased severalfold as a
result of a “recent sharp rise in prices of timber.”
A major difficulty, however, is the long period of
waiting (estimated to be 25 years) between the
time “when good woodland management is begun
and the time when the income from this attains
magnitude.”
Roads are being “ pushed through mountain
areas” (primarily in the interests of the tourist
business) and are providing accessibility to mar­
kets. No great demand for farming capital in
these regions has existed, but, as modern produc­
tion techniques spread and markets become avail­
able, demand will increase. According to the
report, this demand would probably have to be
met largely by direct Government or Governmentinsured loans. “ It is doubtful if private unin­
sured sources will be readily available, but a
livelier demand could work a swift change in this
outlook.”


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Scattered Areas

Cut-Over Land. In the now cut-over portion of the
northern Great Lakes district, where the timber
industry began about 1860, farming was first
undertaken to supply food for workers in logging
camps and village residents and to raise feed for
horses. Farmers obtained additional income from

50

PRICE REGULATIONS

part-time jobs in the woods or in the mills and by
selling timber from their farms. Iron min­
ing began in this area in the 1890’s, and for a
time furnished additional part-time employment.
Mine labor-saving devices, together with the near
exhaustion of the timberland, reduced the need
for part-time work around 1920. Moreover, taxes
increased sharply. A fifth of the land in 14
counties in northeastern Minnesota (4 million
acres) was forfeited in 1 year (1936) for taxes.
By State law, such land was eventually zoned for
farming (about one-third) and for sustained-yield
lumbering.
Although industry will not become important
in many parts of the regions, the tourist and va­
cation business is thriving and, as in the Mountain
regions, benefits the low-income farmers. Further,
Wisconsin has had a rapid expansion of industry
in the last decade, and the great industrial area in
the central and southern portions of Michigan
has attracted workers from cut-over areas.
To increase farm production more land must be
cleared, and additional livestock and equipment
are needed. Good management of the timberlands can heighten the productivity of the area.
New iron-mining processes would provide more
off-farm jobs, and their use would also increase
railroad and port employment. Private lenders
and bankers should be utilized for the additional
capital required to enlarge the farms and “ should
be encouraged to work out loan arrangements for
farmers,” the report states.
Southern lllinois-Indiana-Ohio. The uplands in
the southern sections of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
and Iowa are alike in that they were settled by
frontiersmen, mainly of mountain background,
who were looking for areas having both wood and
water for subsistence-type farming. Except for
10 counties in southern Iowa, these regions are
still characterized by small-scale farming. The
10 counties, the report explains, experienced a
change during World War II. In the period 1940
to 1947, farms were enlarged by an average of 36
acres to a total average of over 200 acres, and
raising of livestock increased.
Similar sections of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois,
however, experienced no such change. Most of
the farms are not more than half as large as those
of the Iowa region. Although the agricultural
population decreased during the early part of

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MONTHLY LABOR

World War II, a movement back to the farms be­
gan in 1944, and by 1948 the population in 12
counties in Illinois, considered typical of these
areas, was larger than in 1940.
Workers depending on agriculture in the lowincome regions of the three States have not ma­
terially decreased in number, despite the accessi­
bility of the Louisville and St. Louis industrial
districts and those farther north. Greater effort
must be made to increase the number of full-time
nonfarm jobs in order “ to clear the way for larger
farms,” the report points out. The area meets
most of the needs of industry looking for decen­
tralization or defense production, the report
continues.
Small farms of the area could be made more
productive, however, and could furnish more em­
ployment, the report states. A “ rolling” Illinois
farm with 90 acres in hay and pasture, it is as­
serted, supplies 109 days of work a year. “ By
improving land use, shifting to dairy cattle, and
adding 200 hens, the same farm would supply 256
days of labor at good pay.”
Good timber management in southern Illinois
“ could multiply by five times the income off every
third acre.”
Availability of capital, as in the Cotton South,
is necessary to farmers who wish to increase pro­
ductivity and enlarge their acreage, but “ until
recent years, there had not been the experience
to show bankers what could be done by long-term
loans for basic farm-operating improvements.”

Ceiling Price Regulations 143-145;
Suspension of Some Price Controls
I s s u a n c e of three new ceiling regulations and th e
suspension of controls on raw cotton, wool yarns
and fabrics, and cotton-textile products by the
Office of Price Stabilization comprised major price
stabilization activity during the month of May
1952.1 These are presented in tabular form.

1

Sources : Federal Registers, vol. 17, N o. 89, M ay 6, 19S2, p. 4145; No. 95,
M ay 14, 1952, p. 4379; N o. 98, M ay 17, 1952, p. 4531; No. 100, M ay 21, 1952,
p. 4616; and No. 101, M ay 22, 1952, pp. 4645, 4646, 4647, and 4648.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

51

PRICE REGULATIONS
Major provisions of CPR’s adopted in May 1952

C PR
No.

Date issued

Effective
date

Commodity covered

Distribution level

Certain paper and paper
products.

Various levels__

143

May

5

May 10

144

May 13

May 19

145

May 16

June 16

Scope of provision

Establishes ceilings for certain paper and paper
products sold in Puerto Rico. Items af­
fected: wrap tissue paper; standard wrap­
ping paper; and grocers and variety paper
bags at the distributor and wholesaler levels.
Concrete blocks______ _ Manufacturers. . Fixes dollar-and-cent ceilings for sales in the
Virgin Islands of concrete blocks manu­
factured there.
Watches cased in the Assemblers
Establishes ceilings for sales of watches and
United States contain­
clocks containing imported movements cased
ing imported move­
in the United States. It provides for 3
ments.
methods of establishing ceiling prices and
requires absorption of future domestic cost
increases but permits adjustment in prices
to reflect future increases in the landed cost
of imported parts.
Suspension of controls (supplementary regulations)

May 19

May 19

Crude cottonseed, soy­
bean and corn oil; and
lard.

P rim a r y p r o ­
ducers.

By amendment, rescinds the roll-back of ceiling
prices (see Monthly Labor Review, June
1952, p. 689) and restores the level of ceiling
prices in effect for the commodities covered
to the levels existing prior to the issuance of
the suspension regulation. This is accom­
plished for the 3 oils by restoring the ceilings
previously established under CPR 6 on a
dollars-and-cents basis. Ceiling price for
lard is fixed at 18 cents for loose lard at
Chicago (with appropriate differentials).
The ceiling prices established are suspended
however, with suspension ending when mar­
ket prices rise to within 2% cents of the
restored ceiling prices.
May 20 May 20 American upland cotton. _ Primary level__ Provides for suspension of controls on raw
cotton and for cotton sold on a commodity
exchange under contract to deliver in the
future. Controls will be reimposed when
the sale of a cotton futures contract in any
active trading month (October, December,
March, May, or July) is reported at 43.39
cents a pound or higher, or when the official
average price of the 10 spot markets is
reported by the Department of Agriculture
at 43.05 cents or higher for middling 1&
/it
inch cotton.
__ do___ — do___ Wool yarns and fabrics__ Manufacturers. _ Provides for suspension of ceiling prices on
wool yarns and fabrics. Suspension will be
terminated when the price of a futures con­
tract for the nearby month as published by
the Wool Associates of the New York Cotton
Exchange reaches $2.36 for wool or $3.07
for wool top, or when the Bureau of Labor
Statistics index for broadwoven wool fabrics
reaches 131.4.
— do___ __ do____ Cotton yarns andfabrics;* ____ do_________ Provides for suspension of price controls on
synthetic and silk yarns
cotton-textile products. A group of repre­
and fabrics.
sentative constructions of cotton fabrics
has been selected by OPS to form a compos­
ite index for use in determining when to
terminate the suspension. Controls will be
reinstated when the index reaches 90 pei cent
of 1951 peak prices. Further, a group of
representative rayon greige fabrics has been
selected to form a composite index. If this
index reaches 85 percent of the peak prices
of 1951, controls will be reinstated.
*GOR 4, R ev . 1, Amdt. 1 adds the following 3 groups of commodities for
suspension, w hen sold by manufacturers: (1) certain synthetic and silk yarns


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and fabrics; (2) certain wool yarns and fabrics; and (3) cotton yarns and fab­
rics.

AMERICAN ASSEMBLY ON INFLATION

52

Relaxation of Mortgage
Credit Controls, 1952
ortgage credit restrictions were relaxed, effec­
tive June 11, 1952, on one- to four-family houses as
shown in the following table.1 On houses costing
$5,000, veterans are not required to make any
down payment and the requirement for nonvet­
erans is 5 percent. Percentages on housing costing
$25,000 or over are 35 and 40, respectively. The
revised Regulation X also reduced the minimum
down payment requirements for multi-unit hous­
ing but did not change the time allowed for paying
off mortgage credit subject to any of the above
restrictions.2

M

Revised down payments on new houses, June 1952
N e w r e g u la t i o n

O ld r e g u l a t i o n

V a lu e o f h o u se
N on­
v e te r a n s

$ 5 ,0 0 0 _______________________
$ 6 ,0 0 0 _______________________
$ 7 ,0 0 0 _______________________
$ 8 ,0 0 0 _______________________
$ 9 ,0 0 0 ______________________
$ 1 0 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 1 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 2 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 3 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 4 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 5 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 6 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 7 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 8 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 1 9 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 2 0 ,0 0 0 ____________________
$ 2 1 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 2 2 ,0 0 0 ____________________
$ 2 3 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 2 4 ,0 0 0 _____________________
$ 2 5 ,0 0 0 ____________________

$250
300
350
950
1 ,2 0 0
1 ,4 5 0
1 ,9 0 0
2 ,3 5 0
2 ,8 0 0
3, 250
3 ,7 0 0
4, 250
4 ,8 0 0
5 ,3 5 0
5 ,9 0 0
6, 450
7 ,0 0 0
7 ,7 5 0
8 ,5 0 0
9 ,2 5 0
1 0 ,0 0 0

V e te r a n s

N on­
v e te r a n s

0
0
0
$380
480
580
740
900
1 ,4 5 0
2 ,0 0 0
2, 550
3 ,1 0 0
3 ,6 7 0
4 ,2 4 0
4 ,8 1 0
5 ,3 8 0
5 ,9 5 0
6 ,6 5 0
7 ,3 5 0
8, 050
8 ,7 5 0

$500
600
700
1 ,2 0 0
1 ,3 5 0
1 ,5 0 0
2 ,2 0 0
2, 400
3 ,0 0 0
3 ,6 0 0
4 ,2 0 0
5 ,0 0 0
5 ,8 0 0
6 ,6 0 0
7 ,4 0 0
8, 200
9 ,1 0 0
1 0 ,0 0 0
1 0 ,9 0 0
1 1 ,8 0 0
0)

V etera n s

$200
240
280
480
540
600
880
960
1 ,7 9 0
2 ,6 2 0
3 ,4 5 0
4 ,2 0 0
4 ,9 5 0
5 ,7 0 0
6 ,4 5 0
7 ,2 0 0
8 ,0 5 0
8 ,9 0 0
9 ,7 5 0
1 0 ,6 0 0
0)

1 On houses costing more than $24,500, the old regulations fixed 50 percent
as the minimum down paym ent for nonveterans and 45 percent for veterans.

1
2

Joint release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and
Housing and Home Finance Agency, June 9, 1952.
For a discussion, see M onthly Labor Review, April 1952 (p. 390).

Conclusions on Inflation
By the American Assembly
of three round-table discussions at
the second American Assembly on Inflation—Its
Causes, Consequences and Cures—May 18-22,
1952, are reproduced below. The Assembly,
created in 1950, functions as part of the Graduate

C o n c l u s io n s


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MONTHLY LABOR

School of Business, Columbia University. The
sessions took place at Arden House, Harriman,
N . Y., with over 80 prominent persons in eco­
nomics, business, banking, labor, education, and
other fields present.
Threat of Inflation
(1) The American Assembly holds that inflation is a
continuous and serious threat to the stability of the
American economy and to the security of the entire
Western World. Inflation results in an unjust redistribu­
tion of income and wealth, stimulates class conflict, en­
courages a wasteful use of resources, and saps social and
economic strength.
(2) Despite the current lull in consumer spending,
underlying inflationary pressures remain. They result
primarily from the demands upon our economy, arising
from the conflict between the totalitarian world and the
freedom-loving nations of the West. The threat of inflation
requires continuous reappraisal of our national policies
and our means of carrying them out.
(3) The longer inflation goes on, the harder it is to
achieve stability. The present period of relative ease is a
good time to take stock. The Assembly agreed that there
was no single, simple answer to the problem of inflation.
Like many crucial problems of our time, it must be dealt
with day by day through sound public policies courage­
ously carried out. It is the responsibility of every indi­
vidual citizen to acquaint himself with this situation, for
only through personal understanding can the fight against
inflation be successful.

Influence of Government Spending
(1) Throughout history the greatest single cause of
inflation has been huge Government spending, accom­
panied by unbalanced budgets generally caused by war
conditions. There was common agreement that a serious
inflationary threat at the present time is the prospective
deficit in the Federal budget.
(2) There was also agreement that the utmost effort
should be made to bring the Federal budget into balance.
The minimum goal should be to balance cash income and
disbursements in the coming fiscal year. This would con­
stitute an effective and powerful measure for combating
inflation. It was the prevailing view that it would be
most desirable if the budget could be balanced through
expenditure reductions. It was generally believed that
such reductions could be effected without sacrifice or im­
pairment of the defense effort. There was support in the
Assembly for the view that if expenditure reductions were
insufficient to balance the budget, steps should be taken
to increase tax revenues.
(3) The Assembly supported the defense and mutual
security program, but believed that substantial savings
could be made in the cost of the program by eliminating
waste and increasing the efficiency of each dollar spent.
(4) Control of Government expenditures can be im­
proved by better machinery for Congressional review of

REVIEW, JULY 1952

AMERICAN ASSEMBLY ON INFLATION

requests for funds. This is particularly necessary with
respect to the present huge and complicated defense bud­
get. Thorough review cannot be achieved without ade­
quate staff assistance. Accordingly, we recommend that
the Committees of Congress charged with responsibility
for the defense budget set up a permanent joint staff—•
along the lines of the joint staff on Internal Revenue Taxa­
tion to work closely with the Department of Defense at
every stage of the budgetary process as well as in its
presentation to the Congress.
(5) Support was also expressed in the Assembly for the
use, where appropriate, of citizen commissions such as the
Commission on the Executive Branch of the Government
to review Federal budgetary policies.
(6) One of the three round tables of The American
Assembly favored the principle that the Congress should
give closer supervision to, and place limits upon, actual
expenditures, as distinguished from appropriations, in a
given fiscal year.

Public Debt Management
The round tables concluded that the large outstanding
public debt is a powerful inflationary force, and held that
the inflationary effect of the public debt can be minimized
if the Treasury redirects a larger part of the debt into the
hands of savers and savings institutions. In its borrowing
operations the Treasury should strive to attract the sav­
ings of individuals, pension funds and savings institutions,
by offering securities and interest rates designed to ac­
complish that purpose.

Monetary and Credit Policy
(1) The Federal Reserve System should have primary
responsibility for influencing the cost, supply and avail­
ability of credit. This responsibility should be exercised
so as to contribute to general economic stability. Prin­
cipal reliance should at all times be placed on indirect
credit controls, such as the rediscount rate and openmarket operations. Selective credit controls on install­
ment financing and mortgage lending should be used only
when essential to supplement indirect controls and should
be suspended promptly when the emergency conditions
subside.
(2) Two round tables resolved that a primary objective
of Federal Reserve policy should be to preserve the pur­
chasing power of the dollar.
(3) In order to avoid any potential conflict the American
Assembly recommended that the policies of Government
lending, loan insurance and loan guarantee agencies should
conform with the credit policies of the Federal Reserve
System.

Savings
The Assembly held that savings are essential in any
type of economic system. All kinds of savings, including
the repayment of debt, constitute a powerful defense
against inflation. The record-breaking saving achieved
by the American people since early in 1951 is a demon­

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53

stration of the fact that individual thrift can help check
inflation. The Treasury’s recent action in raising the
interest on savings bonds is a step in the right direction.
It is desirable that interest rates and other terms of such
bonds be made sufficiently attractive to the individual
saver, to avoid further monetization of the debt through
the sale of Government securities to the commercial
banks.

Price and Wage Controls
Direct controls of prices and wages are at best a supple­
ment to appropriate fiscal and credit policies, not an
alternative. Direct controls should be resorted to only
at a time of sudden and extreme emergency. The pre­
vailing view of The American Assembly was that sus­
pension of the majority of direct controls is both feasible
and desirable at this time.

Productivity
A significant contribution to the fight against inflation
can be made by increases in industrial and agricultural
productivity. To this end public policies should give
every encouragement, especially in the field of taxation
and in the development of agricultural resources in fooddeficit countries, to the improvement of production
techniques.

An International Monetary System
There was rather general agreement that, as a conscious
object of policy, an international monetary system should
be re-created whereby currencies will be freely exchange­
able and made a more effective tool in international
commerce. It was felt that the objective among the nations
should be to get control of internal inflation as a first
step for progress. Once the objective of internal stability
is achieved, international cooperation and revival of
foreign investments could support a world-wide expansion
in production and improvement in human well-being.

The Need for Public Understanding
It is the consensus of The American Assembly that
public knowledge of the causes, processes and consequences
of inflation is essential to the success of any anti-infla­
tionary measures. Consequently, every effort should be
made to improve the understanding of the American people
as to ways and means of dealing with this problem.

Inflation—A World Problem
Inflation is a problem common to all nations of the
Western World. It arises primarily out of the destruction
and sacrifices of the war fought to preserve human liberties,
and continues as the result of the burdens of the cold war
now being ruthlessly waged against the freedom-loving
nations of the world. Failure to deal with this problem
successfully could mean the defeat of civilization and the
inevitable victory of totalitarianism.

54

FOREMAN TRAININO

Developments in
Foreman Training
F oreman training is directed toward making the
foreman more effective at his job and widening his
general knowledge of economics and management
policies. Such programs have become permanent
features in many organizations. Most companies
utilize varied methods of training in order to
achieve certain established objectives. Currently,
the conference method of training, or some modi­
fied version, is most popular. The case-study and
role-playing methods are also more widely used
than formerly, as they permit foremen to deal with
actual problems and make training sessions more
realistic than the theoretical approach. While
subjects covered vary, much emphasis is placed
on the human aspect of a foreman’s job: The
ability to get along with people, to understand
them and their problems, and to utilize this knowl­
edge in obtaining maximum effectiveness. These
facts are pointed out in a small group of research
studies.

Recent Trends

Foreman training has become an important tool
for strengthening the administration of many com­
panies. This process involves the use of training
methods to help the foreman perform his immedi­
ate job more efficiently and also to keep him in­
formed on general company policies.
A survey conducted by the Bureau of National
Affairs, Inc., and released in January 1952, indi­
cates a rapid growth in foreman training during
the past 5 years. The report, entitled “Foreman
Training,” covered 160 personnel and industrial
officials of large and small firms and all types of
companies. Fully two-thirds of the larger and
half of the smaller companies surveyed have formal
foreman programs. Of those reporting no formal
training, 25 percent indicated that they were
planning to initiate such programs in 1952.
The actual training of foremen is handled by the
personnel or industrial relations department in 25
percent of the larger companies and 50 percent of
the smaller ones covered in the BNA survey.


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MONTHLY LABOR

Larger companies generally have a separate train­
ing department or training director. Line offi­
cials are in charge of some training programs.
About 25 percent of the larger companies and 15
percent of the smaller ones have committees made
up of both line and staff officers to administer
such training.
A recent development indicated by another sur­
vey is in the actual handling and responsibility for
supervisory training programs. Training depart­
ments primarily determine training needs, develop
plans, and coordinate activities, according to the
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., in its
report on “Developments in Supervisory Training”
covering 75 companies currently conducting ex­
tensive programs. The actual training, however,
in many instances, is performed by line or oper­
ating personnel.
An additional trend reported by the NICB in­
volves the shift from periodic to continuous efforts.
Interest in the training and development of fore­
men and supervisors is at an all-time high, the
Board reports, with many companies entering the
field for the first time and others intensifying their
efforts. The Board also states that companies are
currently planning their programs in advance and
know what they want to accomplish, why, and
how they plan to do it. Thus, the training of
supervisory personnel is not considered to be com­
plete after several sessions or weeks of training.
The training process employed by various com­
panies depends upon the particular needs and
problems of the individual organization. In
general, the trend is toward training for a specific
need. This sometimes results in special emphasis
on particular problem situations, such as formal
performance appraisals, exit interviews, etc.
Another purpose in establishing some training
programs is to meet short- and long-range objec­
tives. Short-range aims are the actual train­
ing of the foreman in principles designed to help
him in his immediate job, the dissemination of
information which may cover responsibilities of
management, or an explanation of channels of
communication between the foreman and middle
or top management. Long-range objectives are
the training of foremen or other supervisory
personnel as potential top executives.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

FOREMAN TRAINING

Techniques Employed

There is no so-called “ package” of approaches
and techniques in training foremen. Most of the
companies use more than one approach, depending
on the objective or current operating situation.
According to the NICB, companies use the
following methods: (1) continuous conference pro­
grams; (2) meetings for spot needs, when a new
policy is formulated or a new union contract is
signed; (3) short series of meetings, used generally
to meet specific needs or to expand knowledge;
(4) intensive off-the-job programs; (5) individual­
ized training; (6) central training schools; (7) cor­
respondence courses; and (8) university coop­
eration. More detailed practices include the case
study method, role playing, and use of visual aids.
Over two-thirds of the companies with formal
training programs used the modified conference
method involving lectures, discussions, films, and
other visual aids, the BNA survey reveals. Mo­
tion pictures were the most popular visual aid,
followed in the order mentioned by charts, slide
films, blackboard illustrations, posters, pictures,
role playing, and case-study methods. Sessions
were scheduled weekly, biweekly, or monthly and
were usually held on company time. Other ap­
proved methods included understudy on the job,
conferences, lectures, reading assignments, and
distribution of instructional material.
BNA found that all of the companies conducted
some informal on-the-job training of foremen. In
some companies, particularly the smaller ones,
this was the only program. Another type of
informal training was given through meetings—generally dinners where policy matters are dis­
cussed.
Both the case-study and role-playing methods
permit dealing with actual situations and make
discussion sessions practical and not theoretical.
Program Content

In general, more courses are currently given
which cover a greater variety of subjects than in
the past. Both the BNA and the NICE report
that practically every training program emphasizes
the various problems involved in handling people.
Another subject almost equally as significant is


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55

one involving company personnel policies. Other
courses that are given include union-contract in­
terpretation, financial and business policies, and
company organization. In the field of technical
training, courses are offered in such phases of the
foreman’s job as initial training of new employees,
quality and cost control, and work planning and
scheduling.
Subjects for supervisory training are classified
into the following groupings by the N ICB: admin­
istrative principles, human relations, management
techniques, economics, and company information.
At one company, NICB reports, the keynote is
on the foreman and the program is planned to
help him in his job. A committee of works fore­
men drew up an over-all plan of needed training
to cover five basic areas: Personal development,
human relations, economics, company operations,
and technical operations.
Four types of training are described by A. Zaleznik, in “Foreman Training in a Growing Enter­
prise,” which covers intensive research on existing
supervisory training. These are (1) training in
company programs and policies, (2) technical
training, (3) economics, and (4) human-relations
training. The more popular methods, Professor
Zaleznik states, are conference and lecture and, of
more recent interest, case and role playing.
According to Professor Zaleznik, who based his
findings on actual observations, “the inadequacy
of the conferences [training] resulted from failure
at the outset to diagnose the supervisors’ problems
and to utilize such a diagnosis as the foundation
for a training program.” His conclusion was
that the training conferences were concerned
mainly with abstract theories, rules of behavior,
and attitudes which were different from the
beliefs and attitudes of the supervisors when
attending meetings.
A shift in values in recent years is pointed out
by Willard E. Parker and Robert W. Kleemeier
in “Human Relations in Supervision.” In a sur­
vey involving 3,000 experienced manufacturing
foremen, over 90 percent stated that leadership
in building morale and teamwork was most essen­
tial to success. Only about 3 percent still in­
dicated that being the most skilled mechanic was
most important. Additional support to this shift
in emphasis is found in “Human Relations and

56

FOREMAN TRAININO

the Foreman,” by John P. Foley, Jr., and Anne
Anastasi, where it is stated that “modern super­
vision is 85 percent men, 10 percent material,
and 5 percent money.”
In an appraisal of training supervisors in human
relations, appearing in the September 1951 issue
of the Harvard Business Review, E. J. Roethlisberger states that many training programs fall
short for the following reasons: “ (1) They are
oriented more to words and techniques than to
the understanding of situations; (2) they ignore
the feelings and attitudes which supervisors
bring to these training sessions; (3) they ‘misevaluate’ the complexity of the learning process;

and hence (4) they substitute good intentions
and wheezes for intelligent reflection about
experience.”
Another caution is cited by Norman R. F. Maier
in his article, “A Human Relations Program for
Supervisors” (appearing in “Human Factors! in
Management,” edited by Schuyler Dean Hoslett),
where he outlines the main reasons why many
training programs fail to produce lasting results.
Among these, “officials in top management posi­
tions expect supervisors at lower levels to practice
a more and more considerate approach to em­
ployees without in turn receiving the same con­
sideration from persons to whom they report.”

Union Conventions Schedule, August 1952
Among union conventions, which are usually held periodically to determine
policy and to elect officers, those scheduled for August 1952 are listed below by
type—national or international and State—in chronological order.
August

4
10
11
11
12
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
25
25

National or International. Conventions

August

State Conventions

8
11
11
11
15

Iowa, CIO__ __
Massachusetts, AFL_
North Carolina, AFL
Ohio, AFL_________
Nevada, AFL______


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Place

International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees andMoving Minneapolis
Picture Machine Operators of the United States and Canada, AFL.
Federated Independent Texas Unions, Ind_____________________
Fort Worth
International Association of Fire Fighters, AFL_________________ Seattle
United Garment Workers of America, AFL_____________________ Minneapolis
National Rural Letter Carriers’ Association, Ind------------------------- Stillwater, Okla.
International Typographical Union, AFL_______________________ Cincinnati
International Mailers Union, Ind______________________________ Toledo
The National Association of Special Delivery Messengers, AFL__ St. Louis
International Photo-Engravers Union, AFL_____________________ Cleveland
National Federation of Post Office Clerks, AFL__________________ St. Paul
National Association of Post Office and General ServicesMainte- Cleveland
nance Employees, Ind.
National Federation of Post Office Motor Vehicle Employees, Ind_ New York City
Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen, AFL_______________________ Los Angeles
American Federation of Teachers, AFL_________________________ Syracuse
American Federation of Government Employees, AFL___________ San Francisco
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union, AFL_____ Cincinnati
Place

Des Moines
Boston
Durham
Cincinnati
Las Vegas

August

18
18
19
25
31

State Conventions

Utah, AFL _ __ __
Wisconsin, AFL____
Montana, AFL_ _ _
California, AFL__ _
North Dakota, AFL.

Place

Salt Lake City
Wausau
Missoula
Santa Barbara
Grand Forks

Technical Note

BLS Earnings Series as
Applied to Price Escalation
U se of the hourly ea r n in g s ser ies compiled
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics is frequently
specified as the yardstick for adjustment of labor
cost in escalator clauses written into sales contracts
by business firms. The Bureau’s wholesale price
series is similarly used to adjust material costs.
Such provisions are adopted in periods of uncertain
costs in order to adjust prices automatically to
changes in labor and material costs.
This practice is especially widespread in sales
contracts for goods requiring a long period for
completion. As the military procurement pro­
gram continues on a large scale and the trend of
costs remains uncertain, contracts with escalator
clauses may become an increasingly important
business practice. This note explains briefly the
principle of escalator clauses, the use of the
Bureau’s earnings figures, and some conceptual
problems in relating escalation to these series.

Principle of Escalator Clauses

Escalator clauses for adjusting prices with
changes in labor costs generally contain two sec­
tions. One specifies which Bureau earnings series
is to be used in determining the percent of change
in labor costs from a given base period to any given
date during the contract period. The other pre­
sents the base amount which is multiplied by the
percentage change in the earnings series in order
to determine the amount of adjustment in the
contract price.
Contracts having escalation differ in important
respects from the other types which are designed to
deal with rising costs. Under the fixed-price con­
tract, the usual form of commercial agreement,
the seller generally takes prospective higher costs
into account by including a contingency factor
in his quoted fixed price. Since an escalator con­


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tract provides automatic adjustment for price
changes, no contingency factor is included; thus,
the escalated base price is generally lower than the
fixed price.
In cost-plus contracts, both fixed fee and fixed
percent, all changes in actual costs are covered.
But these contracts do not provide any strong
incentives to cut costs.
In deciding between the usual fixed-price and
the escalator-type contract, the seller will consider
the escalator clause advantageous if he is convinced
that the amount of price adjustment, as a result
of escalation, is likely to exceed the amount of the
contingency factor which he could include in his
contract price. If the buyer concludes that the
base price of the escalator clause is sufficiently
below the price the seller would quote in a fixedprice agreement to offset any probable price rise,
he too will be more willing to assume the cost
burden that escalation may create. Estimates of
probable cost changes, relative bargaining power,
willingness to bear risks, and knowledge of the
market will determine the businessman’s approach
to the contract.
Use of Escalation in World War II Contracts

When the question of writing escalator clauses
into long-term contracts arose during World War
II, various Government stabilization agencies
recommended the use of Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics hourly earnings series for broad industry
groups as the soundest method for adjusting labor
costs.1 Broad industry groups were specified
because they minimize the influence of a single
firm or group of firms on the course of earnings
and take into account only cost changes due to
general wage movements and other factors beyond
the control of the individual producer. Standard
clauses developed by the War Department incor­
porated this principle. Escalation based on
changes in an individual firm’s own costs was
definitely rejected as a form of disguised costplus-percentage contract.
It was recognized that carefully designed
escalator clauses could have a stabilizing influence
on markets, even though automatic price adjust-------------•
1See Activities o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics in World War II (His­
torical Reports of War Administration, No. 1, p. 13), Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics; also, Escalator Clauses in War Contracts (Price Policy Series, No. 3),
January 1942, U. S. Office of Price Administration.

57

58

USE OF BLS EARNINGS SERIES

ment might have an inflationary tendency. By
tying escalation to an index of average earnings
for a group of industries, rather than to the con­
tractor’s own costs, an incentive was maintained
for keeping costs to a minimum. When the
contractor’s actual costs rose more than the series
for the broad industry group, the excess costs, of
course, were borne by him rather than shifted to
the Government. Lower base prices quoted in
escalator contracts counteracted upward cost
pressures. Having the assurance that final prices
would cover at least part of increased costs, con­
tractors were more willing to undertake contracts
for defense supplies requiring a fairly long pro­
duction period. The extent of price adjustment
under escalation, moreover, was limited by pricecontrol ceilings.
Use of the Bureau’s Earnings Data

Among the average hourly earnings series
extensively used as the indicators for escalator
adjustments of labor costs are those for durablegoods manufacturing industries, the machinery
industry group, and sometimes those for individual
industries. The earnings series by industry are
published monthly in the Bureau’s Hours and
Earnings Industry Report, available without
charge. Each issue of the Industry Report pre­
sents earnings data for the second, third, and
fourth months prior to month of publication.
Data for the latest 2 months are subject to revision
as reports are received from late reporting firms.
Only the figures for the earliest month are con­
sidered final and, hence, generally used in escala­
tion.
Since earnings data for broad economic sectors
are based on reports from a large number of
individual firms of varying size, from diverse
geographic areas, and of different economic
status, the trend in an individual firm may
diverge considerably from the average for the
group. The producer, in determining how closely
the industry series and the hourly earnings for his
firm parallel each other, should take into account
the definitions of earnings both for his firm and
for the Bureau’s series.
in addition to those regularly published, the
Bureau collects and prepares at the request of the
Maritime Commission, a monthly index of average
straight-time earnings in selected Atlantic Coast

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MONTHLY LABOR

private shipyards. Similarly, at the request of
the National Electrical Manufacturers Association,
the Corps of Engineers, and various Government
purchasing agencies, an index of straight-time
earnings paid by manufacturers of hydraulic
turbines is calculated for use in escalating the
prices of turbines which usually have a production
cycle of 2 years or more.
Specific company practices in applying Bureau
earnings series vary.2 Price adjustment may be
made monthly, quarterly, or only after the series
has risen by a stated percentage. Escalation is
often applied in case of both decline and rise and
sometimes for a rise only, but rarely for a decline
only. The specific wording of a widely used type
of escalator clause follows:
Adjustment of labor costs shall be made on the basis
of monthly average hourly earnings for the Durable
Goods Industry Group as published by the Depart­
ment of Labor (from now on referred to as the Labor
Index). Adjustments shall be calculated for each
calendar quarter up to the completion date specified
in the contract. The percentage increase or decrease
in the quarterly index (obtained by averaging the
Labor Index for each month of the calendar quarter)
shall be obtained by comparison with the Labor
Index for the base month. The base month shall
be January 1951.

Conceptual Problems

The regular Bureau earnings series were de­
signed to meet general rather than specific needs
for industrial statistics by various groups, and,
therefore, do not fit exactly all the specifications of
a precise yardstick for price escalation. Although
the conceptual differences do not destroy the
usefulness of the series, it is essential that lawyers,
purchasing and sales agents, and others responsible
for writing and administering contracts take
account of some of the problems involved in using
these data for escalation.
The gross hourly earnings series may not be a
suitable yardstick if the amount of overtime and
other extra time worked are considered cost
changes which management can control. Gross
hourly earnings vary with changes in the amount
of overtime, night work, Sunday work, and lateshift work paid for at premium rates as well as with
changes in wage rates. The influence of these
2 For information on company practices, see National Industrial Conference
Board report (March 1941), Escalator Protection in Contracts; also a study
made in 1946 in Conference Board Report No. 17, Price Protection in Con­
tracts.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

USE OF BLS EARNINGS SERIES

changes is partially reduced in the Bureau’s series
on hourly earnings, exclusive of overtime pay­
ments, published for the manufacturing, durablegoods, and nondurable-goods industries in the
Industry Report.3 However, only premium pay
at time and a half for hours worked over 40 (but
not pay for night work, etc.) are eliminated from
these data.
In addition, the Bureau’s earnings series cover
changes in most but not all payments for labor
and, to this extent, are only an approximate indi­
cator of changes in labor cost. They measure
primarily payments made regularly to production
workers. Because of technical difficulties of defi­
nition, data collection, and computation, certain
types of fringe benefits are excluded from the reg­
ular earnings series. Such wage costs as extra pay
for night work and Sunday work and late-shift
differentials are included but not payments for
health and welfare programs, irregular bonuses,
and retroactive pay.
The trend in the hourly earnings series may,
nevertheless, still fairly accurately indicate the
relative movement of total hourly labor costs,
partly because basic wages and overtime pay com­
prise the largest single item of total labor cost.
Moreover, to the extent that certain fringe labor
costs are computed as a fixed percent of hourly
earnings (e. g., employers’ contributions for old-age
and survivors insurance and unemployment in­
surance), such costs vary proportionately with
changes in, and have the same trend as, hourly
earnings. If welfare and related payments are
considered items of overhead rather than labor
cost, the earnings series may be a fairly good
indicator for escalation purposes. Sometimes con­
tractors take account of the effect of higher welfare
payments on labor costs by increasing the base
amounts to which escalation is applied, instead of
trying to revise the Bureau’s earnings series to
cover all fringe payments.
Furthermore, in using hourly earnings for broad
industry groups, factors not relevant to labor cost
may produce changes in the series. Shifts in em­
ployment among industries in a particular group
may result in a change in the over-all average,
8

The Bureau’s regular gross hourly earnings series for manufacturing
industries can be adjusted to give an estimate excluding certain types of over­
time pay by means of the statistical technique described in the article, E lim i­
nation of Overtime Paym ent from Gross Hourly Earnings in Manufacturing,
M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1950 (p. 537), also available as Serial Reprint
No. 2020.


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59

although average earnings for individual industries
have not changed significantly. For example,
the hourly earnings series for durable-goods manu­
facturing industries is computed by averaging the
figures for 10 industries, weighting the figure for
each industry by current man-hours. A rise in
employment or the workweek in the higher-paid
industries between two periods gives greater
weights to their earnings and, other things re­
maining unchanged, thus raises the average for
the broad industry group as a whole. Similarly,
a seasonal decline in employment in an important
industry may be reflected in the average for an
entire industry group. It should be noted that
employment shifts among industries in the machin­
ery group, with fairly similar levels and changes
in average earnings, will have less influence on
average earnings for the group than would employ­
ment shifts among industries in a broader and more
diverse industry group.
Some additional limitations exist on the use of
the Bureau’s data for escalation. For example,
the proportion labor costs are of total costs cannot
be determined from hourly earnings statistics.
This proportion is generally set by agreement
between buyer and seller on the basis of cost
records. It should also be understood that hourly
earnings data do not indicate changes in unit labor
costs which measure changes in productivity as
well as earnings. Perhaps escalation based on
changes in unit labor costs can be theoretically
justified, but in practice they are not generally
used because of the difficulty of obtaining monthly
or quarterly productivity data.
Finally, it is important for contracting parties to
understand the meaning and the method of pre­
paring Bureau earnings statistics in relation to the
purpose of escalation. A brief explanation of
definitions and methods of preparing earnings data
may be found in the monthly Hourly and Earnings
Industry Report and BLS Bulletin No. 993, Tech­
niques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series.
Although the Bureau cannot change the method of
compiling series, regularly published for the general
public, for escalation purposes only, and it cannot
advise users on the desirability or form of escala­
tion, it can assist contracting parties in clarifying
the meaning of the series and in indicating their
relevance to the objectives.
— E dgar W e in b e r g
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics

Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1
Wages and Hours 2
Limitation Period Not Applicable to Government. The
United States Court of Appeals in Philadelphia held3
that the 2-year period of limitations provided in section
6 of the Portal-to-Portal Act did not apply to Federal
Government action to recover liquidated damages from
a contractor who was alleged to have violated the childlabor provisions of the Public Contracts (Walsh-Healey)
Act. The court concluded, on the basis of legislative
history, that “liquidated damages” as used in section 6
of the Portal-to-Portal Act referred not to liquidated
damages arising out of child-labor violations generally,
but merely to those connected with unpaid minimum
wages and unpaid overtime compensation. To interpret
section 6 so that it would cover suits for liquidated dam­
ages for child-labor violations would, the court stated,
“radically distort the intent of Congress.”
Finally, the court stated: “In so construing the Portalto-Portal Act, we are fully cognizant of the fact that the
Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Fifth Circuits have
reached the opposite conclusion. See United States v.
Lovknit Mfg. Co., 189 F. 2d 454, cert, denied 342 U. S.
896; United States v. Lance, 190 F. 2d 204, cert, denied
342 U. S. 896.”

Supreme Court Ruling on Steel Seizure
In a 6-3 decision with 7 Justices writing opinions, the
United States Supreme Court held 4 on June 2, 1952, that
the President was not acting within his constitutional
power when he ordered the Secretary of Commerce to
take possession of and operate most of the Nation’s steel
mills. The steel owners had argued that the President,
contrary to the Constitution, exercised legislative powers.
The Government maintained that the President, acting
“within the aggregate of his constitutional powers” and
as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, was attempt­
ing to avert a national catastrophe.
Majority Opinion. Mr. Justice Black stated the issues
arose out of the following events: Late in 1951, the com­
panies and the union began to bargain collectively over
the terms and conditions of employment that should be
included in a new contract. On December 18, 1951, the
union gave notice of its intention to strike on December
31, 1951, upon expiration of the existing contract. The
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service then inter­
vened, but its attempt at settlement was unsuccessful.
On December 22, 1951, the President referred the dispute
60

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to the Wage Stabilization Board “to investigate and make
recommendations for fair and equitable terms of settle­
ment.” When the Board’s recommendations resulted in
no settlement, the union again gave notice on April 4,
1952, that it would call a strike for April 9. The Presi­
dent, deeply concerned over the precipitous emergency,
issued Executive Order 10340 a few hours before the
strike was scheduled to begin, directing the Secretary of
Commerce to take possession of and operate most of the
country’s steel mills. The Secretary then issued his own
orders. On April 10, the President reported to Congress
what he had done. Twelve days later he sent another
message to Congress asking for approval or disapproval
of his action, with the possibility of working out new
legislation concerning the steel dispute. Congress, how­
ever, took no action.
The companies complied with orders of the Secretary of
Commerce, but brought suit for a temporary injunction
in the district court. On April 30, 1952, Judge Pine
granted the injunction restraining the Government’s
seizure of the steel mills; on the same day, the court of
appeals stayed this injunction, deeming it best that the
issues raised be decided by the Supreme Court. The
mills were thus kept in operation.
Justice Black then stated that two issues were raised.
“First. Should final determination of the constitutional
validity of the President’s order be made in thi3 case which
has proceeded no further than the preliminary injunction
stage? Second. If so, is the seizure order within the
constitutional power of the President.”
Regarding the first question, the Government argued
that the district court could have denied the preliminary
injunction on nonconstitutional grounds; that is, no in­
junction should have been granted because “ (a) seizure of
the companies’ property did not inflict irreparable damages,
and (b) there were available legal remedies adequate to
afford compensation for any possible damages which they
might suffer.” Justice Black disagreed, stating (1) it was
doubtful that the companies could recover damages in the
Court of Claims, and (2) “seizure and governmental
operations of these going businesses were bound to result
in many present and future damages of such nature as to
be difficult, if not impossible of measurement.” Accord­
ingly, he agreed with the district court that there was “no
reason for delaying decision of the constitutional validity
of the orders.”

1Prepared in the U . S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. N o attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory pro­
visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach b y the court*
to the issue presented.
This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in­
volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
>U. S. v. Unexcelled Chemical Corp. (3 O. A ., Apr. 29,1952).
4 The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. et al. v. Charles Sawyer (If. S. Sup.
Ct., June 2,1952).

1

DISCUSSIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Turning to the constitutional question, Justice Black
stated that the Presidential seizure power “must stem”
either from a Congressional statute or the Constitution
itself. No statute, he said, expressly or by implication
gave the President the right to seize as he did in this case.
He pointed out that on the contrary the Congress, when
considering the Taft-Hartley Act, rejected an amendment
which would have given the President this seizure power.
Therefore, he concluded that, such power must be found
in the provisions of the Constitution, if it existed.
In answering the Government’s argument that the Presi­
dent derived his seizure power from being Commander in
Chief of the Army and Navy, Justice Black said that
seizure of private property was a “job for the Nation’s
lawmakers, not for its military authorities.”
The grant of executive powers to the President by
various provisions in the Constitution, Justice Black
thought, in themselves refuted “the idea that he is to be a
lawmaker.” Even though other Presidents may have
exercised seizure power, he held that Congress had not
thereby lost “its exclusive constitutional authority” to
make the laws of the land.
In conclusion he said: “The founders of this Nation
entrusted the lawmaking power to the Congress alone in
both good and bad times. It would do no good to recall
the historical events, the fears of power, and the hopes for
freedom that lay behind their choice. Such a review
would but confirm our holding that this seizure order can­
not stand.”
Concurring Opinions. Mr. Justice Frankfurter, in dis­
cussing the tripartite form of our Government, pointed
out that the founding fathers knew that “accretion of
dangerous power does not come in a day” and that there­
fore restrictions are necessarily placed on the three
branches of the Government. “Even the most dis­
interested assertion of authority,” he added, could not go
unchecked.
Proclaiming that the Supreme Court should be slow to
accept constitutional questions and then avoid them, if
possible, Justice Frankfurter then considered the propriety
of the district court in issuing a temporary injunction in
this case. Such an injunction is an extraordinary remedy
he pointed out, and the steel companies were not entitled
to it, if money damages would fairly compensate them for
any wrong they might have suffered; also, an injunction
should not be issued if “a commanding public interest”
compels against it. Justice Frankfurter found both argu­
ments unconvincing. Thus, a decision on the constitu­
tional question was not avoided, because in his opinion
industrial evils were preferable to unchecked illegality,
and the consequences presented in this case “cannot be
translated into dollars and cents.” Accordingly, “with
the utmost unwillingness,” he thought it necessary to
discuss the legality of the President’s seizure order.
The constitutional issue can and should be met “without
attempting to define the President’s powers comprehen­
sively,” Justice Frankfurter pointed out; on at least 16
occasions since 1916, Congress had given the President
seizure power but had always qualified this power with
“detailed conditions.” In 1947, he further noted, Congress
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61

when considering the Taft-Hartley bill had expressly
rejected a proposal giving seizure power to the President.
He quoted Mr. Justice Holmes: “The duty of the President
to see that the laws be executed is a duty that does not go
beyond the laws or require him to achieve more than
Congress sees fit to leave within his power.” (Myers v.
United States, 212 U. S. 52, 177.)
Next, Justice Frankfurter stated that the Constitution
cannot be read narrowly but that consideration should
also be given to “the gloss which life has written upon”
the words of the Constitution. Of 10 seizures effected by
President Wilson, he acted or purported to act under
Congressional authority, Justice Frankfurter noted; and
of 12 seizures effected by President Roosevelt, 3 were
sanctioned by law, 6 resulted after Congress had declared
war, and 3 during June-December 1941 were not sufficient
“either in number, scope, duration or contemporaneous
legal justification” to warrant the Court in following them
as a precedent. Furthermore, as the latter 3 seizures had
not been “sanctioned by long-continued congressional
acquiescence,” they were not useful as a precedent.
In conclusion, Justice Frankfurter stated it was “not a
pleasant judicial duty” to find that the President had
exceeded his authority “when his purposes were dictated
by concern for the Nation’s well-being.”
Mr. Justice Douglas stated that the present emergency
did not create power, but it did mark an occasion for its
use. The question for decision, he continued, was not
which branch of the Government could deal most expedi­
tiously with the steel crisis, but which had authority to
act under the Constitution.
Quoting article 1, section 1, of the Constitution, he
pointed out that not “some” but “all” legislative powers
were vested in the Congress. He then argued: “The
legislative nature of the action taken by the President
seems to me to be clear.” The President condemned
private property, and under the Constitution the Govern­
ment must pay compensation for the temporary possession.
The fifth amendment provides that “no private property
shall be taken for public use without just compensation.”
The President has no power to raise revenues to pay
compensation since this power resides solely in Congress.
Therefore, without Congressional ratification, “no condem­
nation would be lawful. The branch of Government that
has the power to pay compensation for a seizure is the
only one able to authorize a seizure or make lawful one
that the President had effected.”
If the Court sanctioned the President’s seizure, Justice
Douglas stated, it would be expanding the executive pow­
ers, granted under the Constitution, “ to suit the political
conveniences of the present emergency.” It would give
the President “ not only the power to execute the laws, but
to make some. Such a step would most assuredly alter
the pattern of the Constitution.”
Mr. Justice Jackson, at the outset, made two observa­
tions: (1) There is a real poverty of useful and unambigu­
ous authority on the question of executive authority; and
(2) “ Presidential powers are not fixed but fluctuate, de­
pending upon their disjunction or conjunction with those
of Congress.”

62

DISCUSSIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Regarding the latter point, Justice Jackson stated, the
President’s power in “ practical situations” may be tested
in three ways: (1) When a President acts pursuant to
express or implied authorization of Congress his power
is at its strongest. (2) When a President acts without
either a Congressional grant or denial of authority—his
power is doubtful and the test will depend upon “ the im­
peratives of events and contemporary imponderables
rather than on abstract theories of law.” (3) When a
President acts or takes action incompatible with the
expressed or implied will of Congress—his power is at its
lowest ebb. “ Courts can sustain,” Justice Jackson stated,
“ exclusive Presidential control in such a case only by dis­
abling the Congress from acting upon the subject.” Under
this situation, what is at stake is “ the equilibrium estab­
lished by our constitutional system.”
In questioning which category the steel seizure fitted
into, Justice Jackson said that the first was eliminated
when the Government admitted that “ no Congressional
authorization exists for this seizure.” Regarding the sec­
ond category, he noted that Congress had provided careful
procedures for seizure in two statutes: the Selective Service
Act of 1948, section 18; and the Defense Production Act
of 1950, section 201. A third statute (the Taft-Hartley
Act), however, did not give the President seizure power;
when Congress considered the Taft-Hartley Bill, it ex­
pressly rejected an amendment giving the President seizure
power. Accordingly, Justice Jackson maintained that the
third category remained, and this, it will be remembered,
was the one in which Presidential power was at its weakest
and most vulnerable to attack.
With respect to the Government’s argument concerning
the President’s power as Commander in Chief of the Army
and Navy, Justice Jackson supported a broad construc­
tion when such power is turned outward for the country’s
security, but a narrow construction when it is turned in­
ward toward an economic struggle between industry and
labor. Without attempting to define precisely this area
of Presidential authority or to consider the legal status of
the “ Korean enterprise,” Justice Jackson said: “ But no
doctrine that the Court could promulgate would seem to me
more sinister and alarming than that a President . . .
can vastly enlarge his mastery over the internal affairs of
the country by his own commitment of the Nation’s
Armed Forces to some foreign venture.”
Justice Jackson suggested that “ emergency powers are
consistent with free government only when their control
is lodged elsewhere than in the Executive who exercises
them. That is the safeguard that would be nullified by
our adoption of the ‘inherent powers’ formula.”
Mr. Justice Burton, after stating that the issue of the
President’s seizure was “ ripe for decision,” noted that the
President could have used the Taft-Hartley Act but chose
instead the use of the Wage Stabilization Board to resolve
the steel dispute. Either procedure was proper, he stated,
and under both the power to seize was reserved to the
Congress.
“ The controlling fact here,” Justice Burton added, “ is
that Congress, within its constitutionally delegated power,
has prescribed for the President specific procedures, exclu­

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MONTHLY LABOR

sive of seizure, for his use in meeting the present type of
emergency.” Accordingly, under these circumstances the
President’s order “ invaded the jurisdiction of Congress,”
and the injunction should therefore be sustained.
Mr. Justice Clark reached much the same conclusion,
but added another point, when he said: “ That where
Congress has laid down specific procedures to deal with
the type of crisis confronting the President, he must follow
those procedures in meeting the crisis; but that in the
absence of such action by Congress, the President’s
independent power to act depends upon the gravity of the
situation confronting the Nation.” Accordingly, he too
could not sustain the seizure because Congress had
prescribed procedures for the President to follow.
At the outset, Justice Clark discussed the implied
powers of the Presidency. “ The limits of Presidential
power are obscure,” he said, and a grant of implied or
inherent power “may well be necessary to the very existence
of the Constitution itself.” In short, “ the Constitution
does grant to the President extensive authority in times
of grave and imperative national emergency.”
Dissenting Opinions. Mr. Chief Justice Vinson, with
whom Mr. Justice Reed and Mr. Justice Minton joined,
wrote a dissenting opinion, in six parts.
(1) He began by stating that the President’s action
must be considered in the light of existing circumstances.
Then, discussing the United States commitments abroad
and their close relationship to the urgent and important
steel emergency which the President had tried to avoid,
he concluded that “ if the President has any power under
the Constitution to meet a critical situation in the absence
of express statutory authorization, there is no basis
whatever for criticizing the exercise of such power in
this case.”
(2) He found no bar to seizure in this case because the
steel owners “ are assured of receiving the required just
compensation,” if need be. He noted that even the steel
companies admitted that the Government could seize an
industry but that it must be done under Congressional
authorization. To this, Justice Vinson stated, “ the
President is left powerless at the very moment when the
need for action may be most pressing and when no one,
other than he, is immediately capable of action. Under
this view, he is left powerless because a power not expressly
given to Congress is nevertheless found to rest exclusively
in Congress.”
(3) Citing numerous historical examples of past Presi­
dential actions, Chief Justice Vinson stated: “With or
without explicit statutory authorizations, Presidents have
at such times dealt with national emergencies by acting
promptly and resolutely to enforce legislative programs,
at least to save those programs until Congress could act.”
(4) Since the President reported his actions immediately
to Congress, Chief Justice Vinson pointed out, there was
no “question of unlimited executive power in this case.”
In short, the President was only trying to “preserve the
legislative programs from destruction until Congress
could act.” He also noted that there was in existence at
the time the President acted no statute “prohibiting seizure

REVIEW, JULY 1952

DISCUSSIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

as a method of enforcing legislative programs.” The TaftHartley Act did not expressly prohibit seizure action by
the President, and the Defense Production Act and the
Universal Military Training and Service Act authorized
seizure under certain circumstances. Accordingly, he
concluded: "Where Congress authorizes seizure in in­
stances not necessarily crucial to the defense program, it
can hardly be said to have disclosed an intention to pro­
hibit seizures where essential to the execution of that legis­
lative program.”
(5)
and (6). Chief Justice Vinson, in discussing the
Taft-Hartley Act, stated: "When the President acted on
April 8, he had exhausted the procedures for settlement
available to him.” He also added that the Taft-Hartley
Act was a route parallel to, not connected with, the Wage
Stabilization Board procedure.
In conclusion, the dissenting opinion criticized the “mes­
senger boy concept” of the Presidency that the majority
had promulgated under this decision. The "judicial,
legislative, and executive precedents throughout our
history demonstrate that in this case the President acted
in full conformity with his duties under the Constitution.”

Refusal To Bargain
The United States Supreme Court recently held5 that
an employer’s insistence on including a so-called manage­
ment-functions clause in a proposed contract did not con­
stitute a refusal to engage in collective bargaining in vio­
lation of section 8 (a) (5) of the Labor Management Rela­
tions (Taft-Hartley) Act, as amended. The National
Labor Relations Board’s conclusion that the employer’s
bargaining for a management-functions clause was per se,
an unfair labor practice, the Court held to be unjust. It
further said that a party need not engage in "fruitless
marathon discussions at the expense of frank statements
and support of its position.”
Mr. Chief Justice Vinson wrote the majority opinion
and Justices Minton, Black, and Douglas dissented. The
employer could not stake out an area which, the dis­
senting justices thought, was a proper subject for bar­
gaining, and then say to the union: “As to this we will
not bargain.” The management-functions clause was a
proper subject for bargaining, and the employer should
not be allowed to demand that it would not bargain on
those issues, according to the dissenting opinion. To
allow the employer to do this, it concluded, would mean
that the bargaining rights of employees are “indeed illu­
sory,” if they can be cut away so easily.

Unemployment Compensation
Availability. A Delaware superior court h eld 6 eligible
for unemployment compensation benefits a 65-year old
electrical engineer who had retired on a pension and moved
to Florida, where he made numerous applications for work
as a timekeeper, fruit-stand attendant, electrician, etc.
In order to find the claimant available for work and in
the labor market, the court stated, there need be no job
openings if work of any kind the claimant is willing and
qualified to do is performed in the geographical area in
which he is seeking employment.

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63

Availability—Refusal To Work on Sabbath. A Michigan
circuit court held 7 that Seventh Day Adventists who re­
stricted their availability for work to times other than
sundown Friday to sundown Saturday of each week were
nevertheless available for work. The court found that the
claimants had been employed for years without working on
their Sabbath; that much of the work in the area which the
claimants were qualified to do was performed on a 5-day
week or employers arranged days off to suit Adventists;
and that the legislative requirement that claimants be
available for full-time work was not intended to infringe
on freedom of religion.
Receipt of Other Renumeration. The Connecticut Su­
preme Court held 8 ineligible for benefits a claimant who
was receiving a pension under a funded retirement plan
of his last employer. The statute makes ineligible
individuals who are receiving “payment by way of com­
pensation for loss of wages.” The court stated that a
pension received from an employer, other than the one
who caused the unemployment for which benefits are
sought, would not render a claimant ineligible.
Restitution— Wages. The Appellate Division of the New
York Supreme Court held 9 claimants were liable for the
repayment of unemployment benefits received, covering
a period for which they were later awarded "back pay”
pursuant to an order of the National Labor Relations
Board. The court stated that such "back pay” is wages,
and claimants were therefore not unemployed during the
period for which they had been paid benefits.
Labor Dispute Disqualification. The Utah Supreme
Court held 10 that the claimants’ unemployment was due to
a stoppage of work caused by a strike, as distinguished
from a lock-out, under the following circumstances. Six
“basic craft” construction unions had established in Utah
a pattern of collective bargaining with an employers’
association. When negotiations for a new industry-wide
agreement were unsuccessful, the unions called a strike
against two of the employers. A few days later all the
other employer members of the association locked out their
employees. The court reasoned that the strike rather
than the lock-out was the principal cause of unemploy­
ment of the workers. It also held that where there has
been industry-wide bargaining, the places of business of
the entire group of employers must be considered as a
single establishment. The claimants were therefore
disqualified under the statute disqualifying an individual
whose "unemployment is due to a stoppage of work which
exists because of a strike involving his grade, class or
group of workers at the factory or establishment at which
he is or was last employed.”
1 N L R B v. American Insurance Co. (No. 126, M ay 26,1952).
6 Ashmore v. Delaware Unemployment Compensation Commission (Del.

Superior Ct. for Newcastle Co., Feb. 27, 1952).
7 Swenson v. A ppeal Board (Mich. Cir. Ct. for Co. of Calhoun, Apr. 15,
1952).
8 Kneeland v. Administrator of Employment Security Division (Conn. Sup.
Ct., Apr. 15, 1952).
9 In re Steward (N. Y. Sup. Ct., App. D iv., Third Judicial D ept., Mar. 12,
1952).
10 Nelson v . Industrial Commission (Utah Sup. Ct., Apr. 29, 1952).

May 19

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

G e o r g e B a l d a n z i , recently defeated for the presidency of
the Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA-CIO) by
Emil Rieve (for discussion, see MLR, June 1952, p. 648),
was appointed national director of organization for the
United Textile Workers of America (UTW -AFL). Sev­
eral TWUA locals voted to follow Mr. Baldanzi into the
UTW. (Source: New York Times, May 20, 1952.)

T h e WSB, in the dispute between the United Automobile

May 12, 1952
T h e United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, in the
case of National Labor Relations Board v. Rockaway News
Supply Co., Inc., reversing an NLRB ruling, held that the
company had not violated provisions of the LaborManagement Relations Act by discharging an employee
who refused to cross a picket line of another union at a
customer’s plant in line of duty. (Source: Labor Rela­
tions Reporter, vol. 30, No. 7, May 26, 1952, LRRM,
p. 2119.)

May 13
T h e American Woolen Advisory Council of the Textile

Workers Union of America (CIO) approved a new 2-year
contract covering about 20,000 American Woolen Co. em­
ployees. The agreement, previously approved by the
Woolen and Worsted Policy Committee, retains existing
wage scales but changes vacation and holiday provisions.
(Source: CIO News, May 19, 1952; and New York Times,
May 14, 1952.)

May 15
O i l w o r k e r s ’ u n i o n s accepted as a pattern terms of the
contract with one company, after the Wage Stabilization
Board approved 15 cents of a negotiated 18-cent-an-hour
wage increase and other improvements in wages and work­
ing conditions. The workers began to sign individual con­
tracts with employers, thus ending their strikes (see Chron.
item for Apr. 16, 1952, MLR, June 1952). (Source:
WSB release 231, May 14, 1952; and CIO News, May 26,
1952.)

T h e Salary Stabilization Board issued General Salary
Stabilization Regulation No. 8 relating to health and wel­
fare plans. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 17, No. 97,
May 16, 1952, p. 4489.)
h e P r e s i d e n t approved the act amending the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act to provide increased bene­
fits, effective July 1, 1952. (Source: Public Law 343, 82d
Cong., 2d sess., May 15, 1952.)

T

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Workers (CIO) and the Borg-Warner Corp. (see Chron.
item for Nov. 5, 1951, MLR, Dec. 1951), declined to make
a recommendation on the multi-plant agreement sought
by the UAW. The Board also asked the parties to nego­
tiate further on other issues but retained jurisdiction over
them. (Source: WSB release 233, May 20, 1952.)

May 23
T h e Secretary of the Army, at the President’s direction,
ended Federal operation of the railroads (see Chron. item
for Aug. 27, 1950, MLR, Oct. 1950) after representatives
of the carriers and three independent operating brother­
hoods (Engineers, Conductors, and Firemen and Enginemen) had ended their nearly 3-year-old dispute over wages
and rules by signing an agreement effective until October
1953. The contract provides for wage increases, some of
them retroactive, and for changes in rules which are
similar to those in the earlier agreement (see Chron. item
for May 25, 1951, MLR, July 1951) between the railroads
and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (Ind.). (Source:
New York Times, May 24, 1952; and Labor, May 24,
1952.)
T h e Economic Stabilization Administrator approved the
revision of General Railroad and Airline Stabilization
Regulation 1 (see Chron. item for Nov. 21, 1951, MLR,
Jan. 1952) which incorporates WSB and SSB regulations
relating to health and welfare programs, pensions, stock
options, and bonus plans. (Source: Federal Register, vol.
17, No. 107, May 30, 1952, p. 4941.)

May 26
T h e Western Union strike (see Chron. item for Apr. 3,

1952, MLR, May 1952) ended after members of the Com­
mercial Telegraphers’ Union (AFL) voted by an 8 to 5
majority to accept negotiated settlement terms providing
a 40-hour week with 48 hours’ pay for the majority of the
employees, varying wage increases for other employees, a
universal severance-pay schedule, and an “agency-shop”
clause replacing the union-shop provision. Changes will
not be effective until the Federal Communications Com­
mission approves the company’s request for a rate increase,
which the union supported. (Source: New York Times,
May 26, 1952; and AFL News-Reporter, May 28, 1952.)

<

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
T h e Sailors Union of the Pacific (AFL) voted to strike
immediately against the 24 operators of some 350 American
flagships (except those shipping military cargoes) after
negotiations on a new contract collapsed. Union demands
included wage increases and other improvements; the
operators (comprising the Pacific Maritime Association)
insisted on a 1-year contract without the present 60-day
reopening clause. (Source: New York Times, May 28,
1952.)
T h e S u pr e m e C o urt of the United States, in the case of
the National Labor Relations Board v. American National
Insurance Co., affirmed a Court of Appeals decision that
the employer’s insistence on bargaining for a “management
functions” clause in its contract with the Office Employees
International Union (AFL), Local No. 27, was not, in itself,
an unfair labor practice. The NLRB had ordered the
employer to “cease and desist from refusing to bargain
collectively . . . by insisting as a condition of agreement,
that the union agree to” a clause reserving to management
sole control over certain conditions of employment.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Extra Edition Bulletin,
vol. 30, No. 7, May 26, 1952; for further discussion, see
p. 63 of this issue.)

65

tin, vol. 30, No. 9, June 2, 1952; for further discussion,
see p. 60 of this issue.)
Immediately, CIO Steelworkers’ president Philip
Murray, in the absence of a wage agreement, called a strike
of all members affected by the decision and urged a re­
sumption of collective bargaining. (Source: CIO press
release, June 2, 1952.)
A few hours later, the President directed the Secretary
of Commerce to return the steel mills to their owners.
(Source: New York Times, June 3, 1952.)
On June 9, industry and union representatives agreed
to produce steel for essential military requirements, after
a breakdown in contract negotiations, begun June 5 at
the White House on invitation of the Acting Director of
Defense Mobilization. (Source: New York Times, June
10, 1952.)
On June 10, the President asked a joint session of the
Congress to choose between (1) legislation authorizing
seizure and operation of the steel industry, providing
“just compensation for the owners and the workers during
the period of Government operation” ; and (2) “the use
of a labor injunction of the type authorized by the TaftHartley law.” (Source: Congressional Record, June 10.
1952, p. 7087.)

June 4
May 28
T h e 58-day strike of 12,000 carpenters in four California

counties ended when the (San Francisco) Bay District
Council of Carpenters (AFL) signed an agreement with
employers providing a 15-cent-an-hour wage increase, and
a welfare fund effective March 1, 1953, based on contri­
butions of 7Yi cents an hour by employers. (Source: BLS
records.)
On June 5, the strike of about 40,000 carpenters in
42 northern and central California counties was settled on
the same basis, with an additional 6-cent-an-hour increase,
effective in February 1953, to eliminate the current rate
differential between those counties and the Bay area.
Some 47,000 nonstriking workers in other crafts also
obtained the welfare fund payment.
(Source: BLS
records.)

May 30
T h e Administrator of the U. S. Department of Labor’s

Wage and Hour Division announced higher minimum
hourly rates, effective June 30, 1952, ranging from 31 to 36
cents (formerly 27 cents) for employees in the leaf tobacco
industry in Puerto Rico, under the Fair Labor Standards
Act. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 17, No. 107, May 30,
1952, p. 4925.)

June 2
T h e S u pr e m e C o urt of the United States, in a 6 to 3
decision, held that the President had exceeded his Consti­
tutional powers in ordering seizure of the steel industry
(see Chron. item for Apr. 29, 1952, MLR, June 1952).
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Extra Edition Bulle­


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T he International Labor Conference opened its thirtyfifth session at Geneva, Switzerland.
(Source: ILO
News Service, WB/264, June 4, 1952.)

June 9
T h e S u pr e m e C ou r t of the United States, in the case of
the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen et al. v. Howard
and St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company, held that
an agreement between the Brotherhood and the carrier
threatened Negro train porters “with loss of their jobs
because they are not white and for no other reason” and
that the Railway Labor Act bars labor unions from
destroying “colored workers’ jobs in order to bestow them
on white workers.” (Source: Labor Relations Reporter,
vol. 30, No. 11, June 9, 1952.)
T h e Building and Construction Trades Council (AFL)

and the Building Trades Employers Association of New
York City announced a new agreement, effective August 1,
that will give about 100,000 workers in the 17 crafts
involved a 15-cent hourly wage increase. The unions
voluntarily pledged that members would strive for greater
productivity to offset potential inflationary effects of
higher wage rates. (Source: AFL News-Reporter, June 11,
1952; and New York Times, June 9, 1952.)
T h e Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

and the Housing and Home Finance Agency announced
reductions, effective June 11, in down payments on homes,
required under Regulation X (see Chron. item for Sept. 1,
1951, MLR, Oct. 1951). (Source: Joint release of the Board
of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board and the HHFA.
June 9, 1952; for discussion, see p. 52 of this issue.)

Developments in
Industrial Relations

A
by the steelworkers
ended early in May, but a breakdown in renewed
negotiations pointed to the probability of a recur­
rence in the event the United States Supreme
Court ruled against the Government’s seizure of
steel properties. Operating railroad unions ac­
cepted a White House-sponsored settlement of the
protracted wage-rules dispute in May 1952, thus
ending Federal control of the country’s major
railroads.
b r i e f

n a t i o n a l

s t r i k e

Major Strike Activity

Nation-wide strikes in the basic steel, oil, and
communications industries ended during the
month. However, those in the lumber and con­
struction industries continued.
Basic Steel. The steel strike that began late in
April2was terminated by the United Steelworkers
(CIO) on May 2 in response to a Presidential ap­
peal. At a special bargaining meeting of union
and industry representatives which convened at
the White House on May 3, the President urged
a settlement of the prolonged dispute and warned
that he would order a wage increase unless an
agreement was reached promptly. Negotiations
were discontinued, however, after the United
States Supreme Court on May 4 forbade any
Government-imposed wage increase until it ruled
on an appeal from District Court Judge Pine’s
order nullifying Federal seizure of the steel
mills.
Pending the Court’s decision, further bargain­
ing between the disputants was suspended. In­
dustry claimed that the seizure action was “un­
lawful and completely without authority under
the Constitution and laws of the United States”
and that the President should have invoked the
Taft-Hartley Act which was "specifically designed
by the Congress for use in precisely the situation
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here presented.” The Government countered
that seizure was necessary "to avoid a cessation
of steel production which would gravely endanger
the national interests” and that the Taft-Hartley
Act was "not intended to be either an exclusive
or a mandatory means of dealing with labor
disputes.”
The unrest that developed from the long-de­
layed settlement of the steel wage-price contro­
versy was evident at the Steelworkers’ Sixth Con­
stitutional Convention.3 There delegates voted
unanimously to strike unless industry "promptly”
reached agreements to replace those that expired
December 31, 1951. No strike date was set but
union officials indicated that a walk-out would
occur if the Supreme Court invalidated the steel
seizure.
Petroleum. Virtually all of the 90,000 oil workers
who struck on April 30 2were back at work by the
end of May. This action terminated a dispute
that had closed down a third of the Nation’s oil­
refining capacity and severely curtailed oil sup­
plies in Chicago, Detroit, and other Midwest
communities.
Settlements in the dispute were reached grad­
ually on the basis of the Wage Stabilization
Board’s action on May 14. It partially approved
a contract reached between the Oil Workers In­
ternational Union (CIO) and the Farmers Union
Central Exchange of Billings, Mont. The Board
(industry members dissenting) approved 15 cents
of the 18-cent hourly wage increase agreed upon
by the parties, and a $100 lump sum to each
worker, in lieu of retroactive pay, for the period
October 1, 1951 (expiration date of the former
contract), to May 1, 1952 (effective date of the
increase). Provisions for a seventh paid holiday
and for hourly increases in second- and third-shift
differentials from 4 to 6 cents and 6 to 12 cents,
respectively, received unanimous Board approval.
A coordinating committee of CIO, AFL, and
independent oil unions immediately announced
that they had "reluctantly” approved settlement
of the dispute on the basis of the Board’s action.
The first major settlement occurred on May 19
when the CIO Oilworkers ratified a national agree­
ment with the Sinclair Oil Corp. affecting some
1 P r e p a r e d i n t h e B u r e a u ’s D i v i s i o n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s .

2See June 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 696).

* F o r a d is c u s s io n o f t h e S te e lw o r k e r s c o n v e n tio n , see p . 22 o f t h is issu e .

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

10.000 production, pipeline, and refinery employ­
ees. Subsequently, other employees returned to
work as agreements were reached with individual
plants.
Communications. Members of the Commercial
Telegraphers’ Union (AFL) on May 25 ratified an
agreement reached with the Western Union Tele­
graph Co., ending a strike that had idled about
30.000 workers for 7% weeks.2 It provided that
employees formerly working a 45/3-hour week at
48 hours’ pay (about 60 percent of the union’s
members) would work 40 hours for the same pay.
The union had requested an hourly increase of 16
cents in addition to the 40-hour week. Employees
already on the 40-hour workweek were granted
an hourly wage increase of 10 cents; those working
a 35-hour week received a flat $22 monthly in­
crease; and bicycle messengers’ wages were in­
creased by 5 cents an hour. Agreement was also
reached on an improved severance pay plan. The
settlement stipulated, however, that these adjust­
ments would become effective only if a petition for
increased telegraph rates was approved by the
Federal Communications Commission.
The union agreed to replace the union shop pro­
vision in the former contract with an “ agency
shop” arrangement under which employees need
not remain in, or join, the union but must regularly
pay the equivalent of union dues as a “ service
charge” for the union’s bargaining activities. Em­
ployees on the payroll when the strike was settled
were permitted to withdraw from the union only
during a 10-day period after returning to work.
New imployees have 30 days in which to signify
whether they wish to join the union.
Construction. Stoppages affecting large numbers
of construction workers increased during the
month, following the customary seasonal upturn
in contract negotiations in the building trades.
The largest of these was a strike by about 12,000
AFL carpenters which began March 31 in 4 San
Francisco Bay Area counties and spread to 42
other northern and central California counties in
mid-May. A settlement reached late in May
affecting workers in the Bay Area only, reportedly
provided (1) a wage increase of 15 cents an hour
effective March 1, 1952, and (2) effective March 1,
1953, employers’ contributions of 7% cents an hour
to a health and welfare fund as is permitted

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67

under the new Wage Stabilization Board regula­
tions applicable to the construction industry).
Other stoppages affecting large numbers of con­
struction workers occurred in the Detroit, Mich.,
metropolitan area; New Orleans, La.; Milwaukee,
Wis.; and Chattanooga, Tenn.
Lumber. A strike which was largely unsettled
at the end of May involved the International
Woodworkers of America (CIO) and lumber com­
panies in 5 northwestern States. It began April
28 and idled about 40,000 workers. A substantial
number of workers returned to work following
scattered settlements with individual companies
providing wage increases and improvements in
fringe benefits. Disagreement over the terms of
a health and welfare plan hampered negotiation
of other settlements.
Electrical Products. A 3-day strike called by the
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO) at
the Westinghouse Electric Co.’s East Pittsburgh,
Pa., plant idled about 17,000 workers beginning
May 24. This action was taken as a protest
against the company’s previous 1-day disciplinary
furlough of several hundred workers who had
stopped work to attend a union meeting. As a
disciplinary measure, the company did not reopen
the plant until May 28.
Nation-wide demonstrations were scheduled by
the IUE for June 5 at General Electric Co. plants
to enforce demands for higher wages and other
benefits. Negotiations collapsed early in May
after the union rejected the company’s final offer
to increase wages by about 1 percent to offset
advances in living costs since September 1951 .*
Significant Negotiations

A settlement was reached in the long-standing
railroad wage-rules dispute. In the depressed
New England textile industry, an agreement was
negotiated in a leading woolen firm without basic
changes. In contrast, demands of cotton and
rayon mills for substantial wage reductions were
submitted to arbitration.
Transportation. After nearly 3 years the wagerules dispute between the major railroads and 3
independent operating unions—Brotherhood of
* See M ay 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 570).

68

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of Loco­
motive Firemen and Enginemen, and Order of
Railway Conductors—was settled on May 21.
The unions accepted a White House-sponsored
settlement previously agreed to by the carriers.
Two days later control of the railroads was re­
turned to their owners by Presidential order,
terminating 21 months of nominal operation by
the Secretary of the Army.
The carriers were seized in August 1950 in
order to avert a national strike threatened by the
ORC and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
(Ind.).6 In December 1950 a “ memorandum of
agreement” was negotiated under White House
auspices by representatives of the four operating
unions and the carriers but it was not accepted
by the unions’ general chairmen.6 Subsequently,
the “ agreement” was the basis of a settlement
negotiated separately with the BRT in May 1951.7
The new contract expires in October 1953 and
affects about 150,000 members. Its terms, like
the Trainmen’s agreement,7 are similar to the 1950
“agreement” except for certain changes in working
rules. Among major wage provisions are: in­
creases in basic hourly rates of 27 cents for yard­
men and 12K cents for roadmen and additional
increases of 10 cents an hour for both groups to
compensate for cost-of-living advances. These
adjustments include interim wage increases of
12K cents and 5 cents for yardmen and roadmen,
respectively, ordered by the Army early in
1951.8 In part the increases in basic rates are
made retroactive to October 1950, January 1,
1951, and March 1, 1951. An additional hourly
wage increase of 4 cents for yardmen to partially
offset reduced weekly earnings (if the parties
decide to convert from a 48-hour to a 40-hour
workweek) is contingent upon improvement in
the railroad manpower situation. A cost-ofliving escalator clause was also provided.
The principal change in working rules related to
procedures for processing disputes over “interdivisional runs.” A joint committee to resolve
these disputes was established with selection
of a neutral chairman by the parties, when
required, to make nonbinding recommendations.
The unions had opposed the carriers’request for
arbitration of these controversies—the method
provided in the earlier “memorandum” settle­
ment.
A system-wide union shop agreement, affecting

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MONTHLY LABOR

approximately 45,000 maintenance employees of
the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., was reached with
the United Railroad Workers (CIO). A similar
contract was signed with the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Engineers (Ind.). 2
T e x tile s. A 2-year contract, effective March
15, 1952, was reached between the Textile Workers
Union of America (CIO) and the American
Wroolen Co. on May 9. It is subject to ratifica­
tion by union locals representing about 20,000
workers in 21 mills, 18 of which are located in
New England. The agreement followed pro­
longed negotiations that were marked by the
company’s threat to transfer operations to the
South unless the union agreed to contract re­
visions intended to reduce production costs.9
No change was made in existing contractual
provisions concerning basic wage rates, cost-ofliving adjustments, shift premiums, workload,
retirement pay, and social insurance. A wage
reopening is permitted effective March 15, 1953,
with arbitration in the event of disagreement.
Basic revisions in the contract concerned more
stringent eligibility requirements for vacation and
holiday benefits.
Depressed economic conditions in the New
England cotton textile industry were reflected
in employer demands for wage reductions. An
arbitration board heard final arguments by the
Bates Manufacturing Co., Lewiston, Maine, in
support of a proposed hourly wage decrease
of 30 cents for about 7,000 workers represented by
the TWrUA (CIO). The company claimed that
the requested reduction is equivalent to the differ­
ence in cost of producing cotton and rayon goods
in the North and the South.
New Bedford and Fall River cotton and rayon
manufacturers, in a similar action affecting
about 18,000 of the union’s members, submitted to
arbitration a demand for a wage reduction of 13
to 15 cents an hour. This amounted to ap­
proximately 10 percent of the employees’ existing
average hourly rates. The employers argued
that lower textile labor costs in the South have
jeopardized their competitive position.

5See September 1950 Issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 366).
6See February 1951 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 190).
7See July 1951 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 74).
8See April 1951 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 452).
9See April 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 435).

REVIEW, JULY 1952

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Glass. Hourly wage increases ranging from 8 to
16 cents for about 22,000 workers were provided in
a 2-year contract between the Glass, Ceramic and
Silica Sand Workers (CIO) and the Libby-OwensFord Co. and Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. All em­
ployees received immediate increases of 8 cents an
hour; an additional 8 cents is to be paid to mainte­
nance and nonbonus workers. Other provisions
included a cost-of-living escalator clause, increased
night-shift differentials, and improved vacation
and holiday benefits.
Aircraft. An agreement negotiated between Con­
solidated Vultee Aircraft Corp.’s Fort Worth,
Tex., division and the International Association of
Machinists (AFL) provided hourly wage increases
of 6K percent for approximately 22,000 hourly
paid employees. Nonunion employees will receive
the same increases, the company stated. Other
key provisions of the contract which expires July
1, 1953, included automatic wage progression, 12
days’ vacation after 1 year’s service, 6 paid holi­
days, and paid sick leave.
Meatpacking. CIO and AFL meatpacking unions
announced bargaining programs to be presented at
forthcoming negotiations with the packers.
Delegates to a program conference of the Amal­
gamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen
(AFL) voted to submit a 22-point program to the
“ Big Four” meatpackers (Armour, Swift, Cudahy,
and Wilson) and about 500 independent compa­
nies, employing approximately 125,000 of the
union’s members. The proposals include wage
increases, a guaranteed annual wage, the union
shop, elimination of geographical wage differen­
tials, a contributory health and welfare plan, and
equality of rates for men and women performing
similar work.
Meanwhile, at the Eighth Constitutional Con­
vention of the United Packinghouse Workers
(CIO), delegates adopted proposals to be nego­
tiated when present contracts with major meatpackers expire in August 1952. These include a
wage increase of 30 cents an hour, the union shop,
higher shift premiums, and improved vacation and
holiday benefits. The union is also requesting a
guaranteed annual wage which it unsuccessfully
sought to obtain earlier in the year, despite brief
walk-outs at major meatpacking plants.10
211338—52-

6


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69

Maritime. The National Maritime Union (CIO)
proposed a general 15-percent wage increase for
approximately 40,000 unlicensed sea-going per­
sonnel at contractual wage review negotiations
which began May 13 with 42 Atlantic and Gulf
coast ship operators. The meetings convened un­
der the terms of a 2-year contract expiring June
15, 1953, which provides for a wage and overtime
rate review at 6-month intervals.
W SB Actions. A public-industry majority of the
Board announced that it had declined to make a
recommendation on the demand of the United
Automobile Workers (CIO) for a corporation­
wide or “master” agreement with the Borg-Warner
Corp. It held that the NLRB was the appropri­
ate agency to determine this issue which was the
principal factor in the dispute certified by the
President to the Board in October 1951.11 The
Board referred the other issues in the dispute to
the parties and directed them to report bargain­
ing developments, but retained jurisdiction in the
case.
Recently, a Board panel majority (industry
members dissenting) recommended that bargain­
ing should proceed on a division-by-division
basis, as in the past, but that the parties should
simultaneously explore the possibilities of nego­
tiating a corporation-wide contract. The major­
ity panel contended that the Board had jurisdic­
tion in the dispute on the grounds that the union
was not requesting determination of an appropri­
ate bargaining unit under the Labor Management
Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act but was seeking to
execute a multiple-unit agreement.
General Wage Regulation 13 was amended
(industry members dissenting) to exclude sick
leave from the fringe benefits covered by the
regulation.2 12 The Board determined that sick
leave is properly within the scope of GWR 19,
relating to Health and Welfare Plans.13 The
amendment also provides for approval of petitions
for minor fringe benefits without listing industry
or area practice where such standard is inapprapriate or inapplicable.14
See March 1952 issue of M onthly Labor Review (p. 315).

11See December 1951 M onthly Labor Review (p. 714).
12See September 1951 M onthly Labor Review (p. 318).
12 See February 1952 M onthly Labor Review (p. 193).
14Emil Rieve resigned as W SB labor member to resume his position as
president of the Textile Workers Union of America (CIO)-

Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor’s N ote.—Correspondence regarding publications to which ref­
erence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing
agencies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with
the title entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.

Special Reviews
Strike Controls in Essential Industries. By Herbert R*
Northrup. New York, National Industrial Con­
ference Board, Inc., 1951. 56 pp., chart. (Studies
in Business Economics, 30.) 50 cents.
For quite some time, and recently in the Monthly
Labor Review (March 1952, p. 257) writers have recognized
the special framework of labor relations in industries
"vested with the public interest,” and the inadvisability
of allowing strikes to occur as in other industries. Often,
however, scant attention has been given to the problems
of how strikes affect collective bargaining and what
substitutes—so essential to normal bargaining procedures—
can be found for the weapons of the threatened strike or
lock-out. Therefore, it is commendable that a study of
the experience of the States in this field has been published
by the National Industrial Conference Board, based not
only on documents but also on interviews with those
charged with administering existing regulations.
The problem considered is one aspect of government in­
fluence upon proper bargaining functions, so near the sur­
face in all periods of emergency when the “public interest”
must be defined broadly. Definitions of this term vary
widely between States, but wherever a strike is not per­
mitted, the determination of wages and working conditions
is at least partly transferred to government agencies.
Of the possible statutory measures for controlling strikes,
compulsory arbitration goes farthest, although most
statutes provide for its use only as a last resort and to
supplement collective bargaining. However, Dr. North­
rup points out, the danger exists that “arbitration may
erode the collective bargaining process.” He found this
the situation most frequently where the weakest bargaining
conditions prevailed, and where a strike would most
seriously affect the public—where, in other words, the
parties were accustomed to seek a bargaining substitute.
In such cases, arbitration relieves the representatives of
both parties of the onus of unpopular settlements—pro­
tecting them from reproach of executive boards or rival
leaders, and facilitating rate-increase arguments before
public service commissions. Fear of prejudicing a case
before the arbitrator undermines all genuine bargaining,
and experience indicates that one party often believes

70

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! ;

1;

that a more favorable settlement can be obtained by other
than economic means.
The fact-finding procedure is another method, which
varies widely between States in its application to threat­
ened strikes in different types of industries. Where the
application is flexible, as it is in Minnesota, this procedure
interferes with bargaining as much or more than arbitra­
tion does; this is due to the possible—and frequent—
rejection of the findings. Many settlements disregard the
findings, but where they are rejected, and no settlement is
reached, the danger of a strike against the public interest
is greater than before the appointment of the fact-finding
commission.
If a strike occurs, seizure is often the next step— a
method both parties usually discourage as long as each
feels it has a case. If the profits continue to flow to
management as before, labor objects; if the Government
can make an agreement with the union which binds
management, this employer group is dissatisfied. The
latter procedure is forbidden by the Virginia law with the
possible result that the depression demands of management
for wage cuts can be indefinitely postponed by govern­
ment seizure of the plant. The Massachusetts law
permits “fair and reasonable” compensation for use of the
plant, but the cost of a possible strike must be calculated
in arriving at the amount. This Massachusetts law
provides for a variety of possible actions by the Governor,
so that it is all but impossible for parties to a dispute to
calculate the risk of failure to agree. Voluntary arbitra­
tion agreements are encouraged so much that the parties
must even show cause why the dispute has not been settled
by this method. Of all the State laws discussed, this is
the most elaborate and most carefully thought out, but it
has been invoked only twice in over 4 years. Is this an
indication of its efficacy?
Dr. Northrup has performed a very useful service, be­
cause it is thought-provoking to review all possible meth­
ods of dealing with this problem, from strike vote to plant
seizure, and to consider their effects on the working of
collective bargaining. The fact that a year ago the
United States Supreme Court declared the Wisconsin Law
void as incompatible with the Taft-Hartley Act, and thus
endangered the validity of other State laws, makes the
study more timely. A bill before Congress to amend the
Taft-Hartley Act so that State laws dealing with strike
controls in essential industries would be compatible with
it would keep the entire problem in the public eye, even
without the current interest in it.
— K ir k

R.

P etsh ek .

Apprenticeship
The National Apprenticeship Program. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship,
1952. 30 pp., form. Free.
1951 Annual Report, Bureau of Apprenticeship, for Fiscal
Year Ending June SO, 1951. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship,
1952. 31 pp.; processed. Free.

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Union Participation in Apprenticeship in 82 Selected States
and Territories. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship, 1951. 10 pp.;
processed. (Technical Bull. T-132.) Free.
Apprenticeship Programs and Apprentices in Training in
New York State on December 81, 1951. New York,
State Department of Labor, Division of Research and
Statistics, 1952. 48 pp.; processed. (Publication
B-58.)

Arbitration
How Arbitration Works. By Frank Elkouri. Washington,
Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1952. 271 pp.
$5.50.
Labor Arbitration. By Clarence M. Updegraff. Iowa
City, State University of Iowa, Bureau of Labor
and Management, 1951. 19 pp. 25 cents.
Labor-Management Arbitration in Our Defense Economy.
By J. Noble Braden. (In Personnel, New York,
March 1952, pp. 400-406. $1.)
Compulsory Arbitration of Labor Disputes in Great Britain.
By Jean Trepp McKelvey. (In Arbitration Journal,
Vol. 7, New Series, No. 1, New York, 1952, pp.
31-38. $1.50.)

Cooperative Movement
Consumers’ Cooperatives: Operations in 1950. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics, 1952. 16 pp. (Bull. 1049.) 20 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.
A report on membership, business, and operating results.

71

on material gathered by the author while studying in
that country with the aid of a fellowship.
Der Internationale Genossenschaftsbund und die Genossenschaftsbewegung der Freien Welt in den Jahren 1949
bis 1951. By Dr. Erwin Hasselmann. Hamburg,
Zentralverband deutscher Konsumgenossenschaften,
[1951?] 91 pp.
Contains a description of the International Cooperative
Alliance and statistics on the membership and business of
its members (the national cooperative organizations in
30 countries). Descriptive and statistical material is also
presented for these member organizations, country by
country.

Economic and Social Problems
Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation. Pro­
ceedings of a Conference. Edited by Tjalling C.
Koopmans. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1951. 404 pp., bibliography, charts. (Cowles Com­
mission for Research in Economics Monograph, 13.)
$4.50.
Examination by a group of economists and econometri­
cians of the computations and validity of mathematical
analyses of input-output models, with reference to Leontief
models and certain industries.
Basic Statistics— A Textbook With Special Reference to
Economics and Business. By George Simpson and
Fritz Kafka. New York, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.,
1952. 514 pp., bibliography, diagrams, maps. $4.90.
Economic Mobilization: Problems and Prospects. By
Marion B. Folsom. (In The Scientific Monthly,
Washington, March 1952, pp. 132-138.)
Presents the thinking of the Committee for Economic
Development on problems imposed on the economy by the
current rearmament effort and on coming problems of
transition after the peak of rearmament has passed.

The Cooperative Movement and Some of Its Problems. By
Paul Hubert Casselman. New York, Philosophical
Library, 1952. 178 pp. $3.
A thoughtful discussion of many problems faced by the
cooperative movement, including educational work, its
relations with government, with labor, with socialism,
and with producer cooperatives. One chapter deals with
taxation. Consumers’ cooperatives are assumed to be
“the basic type of cooperation” ; other types of coopera­
tives are treated only incidentally. The author holds
“the consumer function to be a fundamental approach to
economics and one which has been greatly neglected on
this continent.”

War and Defense Economics. By Jules Backman and
others. New York, Rinehart & Co., Inc., 1952.
458 pp., bibliographies, charts. $4.50.
Includes a chapter on manpower in an armament econ­
omy and one on wage controls and labor disputes. Con­
tains the full text of the Defense Production Act of 1950
with the 1951 amendments.

Health & Welfare Newsletter— A Digest of Information on
Health Programs and Related Matters. Vol. I, No. 1.
Chicago, Cooperative Health Federation of America,
343 S. Dearborn Street, March 1952. Processed.
A new service, sponsored by the Federation’s Labor
Committee, for officers and staff of labor unions.

Social Choice and Individual Values. By Kenneth J.
Arrow. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1951.
99 pp., bibliography. (Cowles Commission for Re­
search in Economics Monograph No. 12.) $2.50.

Consumers’ Cooperatives in Norway. By John C. Norby.
CIn Journal of Marketing, Chicago, April 1952, pp.
423-434. $1.)
Well-rounded account of the consumers’ cooperative
movement in Norway, with statistics through 1950, based

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Factors Affecting the Demand for Consumer Installment
Sales Credit. By Avram Kisselgoff. New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Ine., 1952.
65 pp., charts. (Technical Paper 7.) $1.50.

Society in Transition. By Harry Elmer Barnes. New
York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1952. 878 pp., bibliog­
raphies, map, charts, illus. (2d ed.) $6.
A traditional restatement of the areas of interest of
classical sociologists, emphasizing the phenomena of cul­
tural lag.

72

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Economic Survey for 1952. London, Chancellor of the
Exchequer, 1952. 47 pp. (Cmd. 8509.) ls.3d. net,
H. M. Stationery Office, London.
An Economic Survey of the Colonial Territories, 1951:
Volume 7, The Central African and High Commission
Territories— Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Basuto­
land, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland. London, Colo­
nial Office, 1952. 106 pp., maps. (Colonial No.
281(1).) £1 5s. net, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Subjects of labor interest treated in the report include
labor legislation, housing, social security, cooperative
movement, and wages and hours of labor.

MONTHLY LABOR

Foreman Training
Developments in Supervisory Training. By William W.
Mussmann. New York, National Industrial Con­
ference Board, Inc., 1952. 84 pp., charts, forms,
pictographs. (Studies in Personnel Policy, 124.)
An article on developments in foreman training in this
issue of the Monthly Labor Review (p. 54) gives informa­
tion from the above report and the five listed below.
Foreman Training.
Washington, Bureau of National
Affairs, Inc., 1952. 17 pp.
(Personnel Policies
Forum Survey, 8.) $1.

Ceylon: Economic and Commercial Conditions in Ceylon.
By C. E. Thorogood. London, Board of Trade, 1952.
106 pp., charts, map. (Overseas Economic Surveys.)
3s.6d. net, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Various topics of labor interest, including the coopera­
tive movement, are dealt with in a chapter on social
questions affecting industry and trade.

Foreman Training in a Growing Enterprise. By A.
Zaleznik. Boston, Harvard University, Graduate
School of Business Administration, Division of
Research, 1951. 232 pp., charts. $3.50.

Employment Conditions

Human Relations and the Foreman. By John P. Foley,
Jr., and Anne Anastasi. New London, Conn.,
National Foremen’s Institute, Inc., 1951. 251 pp.
$3.

Alabama and Birmingham Employment and Earnings by
Industry, 191+9-1951. Montgomery, Ala., Depart­
ment of Industrial Relations, 1952. 20 pp., charts;
processed.
These data were prepared in cooperation with the U. S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
California Employment and Payrolls in 191+9. Sacramento,
California Department of Employment, Employment
Stabilization Commission, 1952. 65 pp. (Report
127, No. 12.)
Report of workers and wages covered by the California
unemployment insurance act, classified by industry and
by county.
Georgia Employment and Earnings, by Industry, 1950-1951.
[Atlanta], Department of Labor, Employment Secu­
rity Agency, [1952]. 30 pp., charts; processed.
Spanish-Name Persons in the Labor Force in Manufactur­
ing Industry in Texas. By Frederic Meyers. Austin,
University of Texas, 1951. 31 pp. (Inter-American
Education, Occasional Papers VIII.) Free.
This study is an initial effort to obtain some information
concerning the proportion of the million and a quarter
persons of Latin-American origin in Texas who have shifted
from agriculture to industry.
Underemployment in American Agriculture—A Problem in
Economic Development. By Arthur Moore. Wash­
ington, National Planning Association, 1952. 91 pp.
(Planning Pamphlet 77.) 75 cents.
Findings of this report are discussed in this issue of the
Monthly Labor Review (p. 48).
Una Indagine Suite Forze di Lavoro. Rome, Istituto
Centrale di Statistica, 1952. 57 pp., chart.
A sample survey of the labor force on September 7,
1951, in Sicily and in the Provinces of Milan, Pisa, and
Naples. Includes data on employment, hours worked,
and unemployment.

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Human Factors in Management. Edited by Schuyler
Dean Hoslett. New York, Harper & Brothers,
1951.
327 pp., bibliography, charts. Rev. ed. $4.

Human Relations in Supervision: Leadership m Man­
agement. By Willard E. Parker and Robert W.
Kleemeier. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1951. 472 pp., charts, illus. $4.50.
A list of motion pictures and film strips is appended.

Housing Problems and Policies
Housing Market Behavior in a Declining Area: Long-Term
Changes in Inventory and Utilization of Housing on
New York’s Lower East Side. By Leo Grebler. New
York, Columbia University Press, 1952. 265 pp.,
maps, charts. $4.50.
Two-thirds of a Nation— a Housing Program. By Nathan
Straus. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1952.
291,xviipp. $4.
By a former Administrator of the United States Housing
Authority, this book deals briefly with a variety of housing
problems. The author challenges current claims regarding
advantages of home ownership, evils of public housing, and
possibilities of slum clearance through private enterprise.
The book also includes chapters by other authors describ­
ing British housing policies, the United States Housing Act
of 1949, racial segregation problems in housing, and the
State sponsored public housing program in Connecticut.
Financing of New Sales Housing in Metropolitan Areas.
By Mary F. Carney. Washington, U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952.
5 pp., chart. (Serial No. R. 2078; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, April 1952.) Free.
Housing Problems and Policies in Latin America. (In
International Labor Reviewq Geneva, March 1952,
pp. 348-378. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)

REVIEW, JULY 1952

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Incentive Systems
Mobility Factors as They Affect Workers’ Attitudes and Con­
duct Toward Incentive Systems. By Robert C. Stone.
(In American Sociological Review, New York, Feb­
ruary 1952, pp. 58-64. $1.)
Contrasts attitudes and behavior of a group of depart­
ment store employees with those of a group of factory
workers, checking levels of output in response to incentive
wage systems.
Compensation and Incentives for Industrial Executives. By
Robert B. Fetter and Donald C. Johnson. Bloom­
ington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1952. 208
pp., charts, bibliography. $5.
A study of the practices being followed by 50 large cor­
porations with special attention given to incentive-com­
pensation methods for top “professional” executives.
Executive Compensation: Stock Option and Subsidized Sav­
ings Plans. New York, Industrial Relations Coun­
selors, 1952. 37 pp.; processed. (Industrial Rela­
tions Memo, 125.) $1.
Group Incentive Payment Schemes: The Effects of Lack of
Understanding and of Group Size. By H. Campbell.
(In Occupational Psychology, London, January 1952,
pp. 15-21, charts.)
Study of worker behavior toward group incentive pay
systems in two plants in England.
Economic Incentives and Human Relations. By William
Foote Whyte. (In Harvard Business Review, Bos­
ton, March-April 1952, pp. 73-80. $1.50.)
The author states that systems of financial incentives
in industry today probably yield a net gain in productivity,
but most of them fail to release more than a small fraction
of the energy and intelligence workers have to give to their
jobs. If they are to be successful, management must base
decisions “upon research and experimentation designed to
devise an integrated program of incentives and human
relations.”

Industrial Accidents and Prevention
Haulage Fatalities in Bituminous Coal Mines, 1951. By
M. J. Ankeny and D. S. Kingery. Washington,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
[1952]. 15 pp.; processed. (Health and Safety
Statistics, 405.)
Analyzes the fatalities and their causes and contributing
factors, and makes recommendations to both manage­
ment and workers for accident-prevention.
Work Injuries in California Agriculture, 1950. San
Francisco, Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1951.
20 pp., charts; processed.
Disabling Work Injuries to Roofers, California, 1950.
San Francisco, Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1952.
9 pp.; processed.


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73

Brug Musklerne Rigtigt! Copenhagen, Direktoratet for
Arbejds- og Fabriktilsynet, 1952. 45 pp., illus.
Discusses correct ways to use muscles in heavy work
correct postures for sitting, standing, lifting, carrying,
etc.

Industrial Relations
Labor-Management Relations in the Southern Textile Indus­
try. Washington, 1952. 91 pp.
Report of Subcommittee on Labor and Labor-Manage­
ment Relations, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare,
United States Senate, 82d Congress, 2d session.
The Processing of Labor Grievances. By George Rose.
(In Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville, April 1952,
pp. 285-314. $1.25.)
Collective Bargaining Settlements in New York State, 1951.
New York, State Department of Labor, Division of
Research and Statistics, 1952. 21 pp.; processed.
(Special Labor News Memorandum 33.)
Transcript of Proceedings [o/] National Industrial Relations
Conference, Held at William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh,
Pa., February 1952. Washington, Chamber of
Commerce of the United States, 1952. 70 pp.; proc­
essed. $1.
The Man on the Assembly Line. By Charles R. Walker
and Robert H. Guest. (In Harvard Business Review,
Boston, May-June 1952, pp. 71-83. $1.50. Reprints
available at $1 each.)
Problems raised from study of one plant are related to
technological and organizational trends of modern industry.
Ethics for Policy Decisions: The Art of Asking Deliberative
Questions. By Wayne A. R. Leys. New York,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1952. 428 pp., maps, illus. $6.35.
A chapter on pragmatic policy making by labor unions
and management is included.
The Firestone Story. By Alfred Lief. New York, McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., 1951. 437 pp., illus.; bibliography.
$4.50.
Phases of labor history are included in this account
covering a 50-year period.
The Scientific Study of Human Relations in Industry. By
W. H. Scott. (In Personnel Management, London,
England, March 1952, pp. 16-21. 4s. 6d.)
Brief explanation of the nature and aims of British
research in the field of industrial sociology.
Collective Bargaining in Postwar [Western] Germany. By
Clark Kerr. (In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N. Y., April 1952, pp. 323-342.
$1.25.)

Labor Legislation
Labor Laws and Their Administration: Proceedings of the
Sjth Convention of the International Association of
Governmental Labor Officials, Seattle, September 4~I,
1951. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,

74

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1952. 145 pp. (Bull.
155.) 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.

Analysis of State Minimum-Wage Laws and Orders, July
1, 1950, to January 1, 1952. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1952. 50
pp.; processed. (S u p p le m e n t to B u lle t in 227,
revised.)
The Right to Work; Here and Abroad. By Arthur Lenhoff.
(In Illinois Law Review, Chicago, NovemberDecember 1951, pp. 669-718.)
Comprehensive and well-documented treatise on the
legal aspects of the right to work, broadly interpreted.
Covers full employment concept, protection of employ­
ment, strikes, boycotts, blacklisting, closed- and union-shop
provisions in collective agreements, apprenticeship quotas,
and fair-employment-practice and antidiscrimination
legislation.
Government and Labor in the United States. By John H.
Leek. New York, Rinehart & Co., Inc., 1952. 336
pp.
Systematic treatment of labor legislation in its various
main aspects, together with the role of the courts and the
interplay of organized labor and Congress.
Betsenkning Afgivet af den af Arbejdsministeriet den 8.
December 1948 Nedsatte Ferielovskommission. Copen­
hagen, J. H. Schultz A/S, 1951. 264 pp.
Report of Vacation Law Commission appointed by
Minister of Labor of Denmark in 1948. It discusses the
pros and cons of a vacation longer than the 2 weeks pro­
vided by Danish law; vacations for housewives in Den­
mark, Finland, and Sweden; and vacation laws of Finland,
Norway, Sweden, and seven other countries.

Labor Organizations
Action! for a Better Community. New York, National CIO
Community Services Committee, [1951?] 62 pp.
25 cents.
A manual for the use of CIO Council and local union
community services committees in their localities in de­
veloping health, welfare, and recreation programs for CIO
families and the local community.
AFL Attitudes Toward Production, 1900-1932. By Jean
Trepp McKelvey. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University,
New York State School of Industrial and Labor Rela­
tions, 1952. 148 pp., bibliography. (Cornell Studies
in Industrial and Labor Relations, Vol. II.) $1.
This is a study of the change in attitude of the AFL
from its early emphasis on the 8-hour day and its argument
that higher wages could be paid from profits, to an ad­
vocacy of union-management cooperation for higher pro­
duction, in the proceeds of which labor could have a share.
Effects of a Union Split Upon Property Rights. By
Herbert Fisher. (In Wisconsin Law Review, Madi­
son, January 1952, pp. 139-153. $1.)
The

Unpaid Local Leader. By George Strauss and
Leonard R. Sayles. (In Harvard Business Review,


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MONTHLY LABOR

Boston, May-June 1952, pp. 91-104. $1.50. Re­
prints are available at $1 each.)
Based on intensive research into leadership activities of
20 local unions.
Sidney Hillman— Great American. By Jean Gould.
Boston, Mass., Houghton Mifflin Co., 1952. 342 pp.,
bibliography. $3.
The Progressive Mine Workers of America: A Study in Rival
Unionism. By Harriet D. Hudson. Urbana, 111.,
University of Illinois, Bureau of Economic and Busi­
ness Research, 1952. 152 pp., map. (Bull. 73.)
Free.
The Older Worker and His Union. (In Industrial Bulletin,
New York, State Department of Labor, April 1952,
pp. 22-25, 31, 32, illus.)
Digest of an account of a survey by the New York State
Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging,
published in its 1951 report under the title “Unions and
the Older Worker.”
Directory of Labor Organizations in the Territory of Hawaii.
Honolulu, Department of Labor and Industrial Rela­
tions, Bureau of Research and Statistics, March 1952.
26 pp.; processed. Rev. ed. (No. 21.)
Forty-Seventh Directory of Labor Organizations in Massa­
chusetts, 1951 (With Statistics of Membership, 194950-51). [Boston], Department of Labor and Indus­
tries, [1951?]. I l l pp. (Labor Bull. 195.)
Directory of Labor Organizations in Ohio, 1951.
[Co­
lumbus], Department of Industrial Relations, Division
of Labor Statistics, [1951?]. 104 pp.; processed.
World Labor Today— Highlights of Trade Unions on Six
Continents, 1945-1952. By Robert J. Alexander. New
York, League for Industrial Democracy, Inc., 1952.
54 pp. 35 cents.
All important countries are covered except the United
States and the Soviet Union, each of which, the author
states, requires more detailed treatment than the report of
a general survey can give.
Report of the Second World Congress of the International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions Held at Milan,
Italy, July 4-18,1951. Brussels, International Confed­
eration of Free Trade Unions, 1951. 465 pp., illus.
An article on the congress was published in the Monthly
Labor Review for September 1951 (p. 265).
Die österreichischen Gewerkschaften Vergangenheit Und
Gegenwarts probleme, Yol. I. By Fritz Klenner. Vienna,
Verlag Des Österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbundes,
1951. 743 pp.
This volume contains a history of the Austrian tradeunion movement from its beginning until the middle of
1928. In an appendix a tabulation is given of the develop­
ment of social and labor legislation in Austria from 1918 to
1927.
Die Gewerkschaftsbewegung in Deutschland. By Richard
Seidel. Köln, Bund-Verlag GMBH, 1952. 143 pp.,
bibliographies.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

This pamphlet deals with the history, tasks, and accom­
plishments of the German trade-union movement.

Medical Care
Management of the Older Employee with Medical Problems.
By Rufus Baker Crain, M. D. (In A. M. A. Archives
of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine,
Chicago, January 1952, pp. 71-81, charts. $1.)
Describes a large company’s medical program and re­
lated activities; quotes rates of sickness and nonindustrial
injury.
Illness and Health Services in an Aging Population. By
G. St. J. Perrott and others. Washington, Federal
Security Agency, Public Health Service, 1952. 68 pp.,
charts, bibliographies. (Publication 170.) 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Four papers presented at the Second International
Gerontological Congress.

75

Selection, Training, and Use of Personnel in Industrial Re­
search: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on
Industrial Research, June 1951. (Sponsored by the
Department of Industrial Engineering, Columbia
University.) Edited by David B. Hertz. New York,
King’s Crown Press, 1952. 274 pp. $4.50.
Includes transcripts of 12 lectures, together with
abridged and rearranged record of discussions at clinic
sessions on 14 subjects.

Price Control
A Review of Prices in a Year of Price Stabilization. By
Robert Pasternak. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1952. 4 pp.,
charts. (Serial No. R. 2079; reprinted from Monthly
Labor Review, April 1952.) Free.
A Theory of Price Control. By John Kenneth Galbraith.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1952.
81 pp. $2.

Medical Personnel and Employee Feeding Facilities in New
York State Establishments Employing 100 or More
Workers, October 1950. New York, State Department
of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, 1952.
76 pp.; processed. (Publication B-55.)

Price Fixing for Foodstuffs. By Earl L. Butz. New
York, American Enterprise Association, Inc., 1951.
27 pp. (National Economic Problems, 443.) 50 cents.

The Picture That Came to Life— The Story of the Sidney
Hillman Medical Center of the Male Apparel Industry
of Philadelphia, and of the Union Which 11 Serves. By
Elden La Mar. Philadelphia, Amalgamated Clothing
Workers of America, Philadelphia Joint Board, 1951.
94 pp., chart, illus.

Federal Grants-in- A id in Health, Social Security, Education,
Vocational Rehabilitation— Selected References, 1938—
1951. Washington, Federal Security Agency, Li­
brary, 1952. 37 pp.; processed.

The Use and Abuse of Prepaid Comprehensive Physicians’
Services. By. S. J. Axelrod, M. D. and Robert E.
Patton. (In American Journal of Public Health and
the Nation’s Health, New York, May 1952, pp. 566574. $1.)
Experience under a nonprofit plan in Windsor, Ontario,
sponsored by a county medical society.

Personnel Problems
Personnel Administration. By William W. Waite. New
York, Ronald Press Co., 1952. 683 pp., charts, bibli­
ographies, forms, illus. $7.
Talking It Over With Employees, Stockholders, and Dealers.
New York, National Association of Manufacturers,
Industrial Relations Division, [1952?]. 65 pp., bibliog­
raphy, illus.

Social Security

More Social Security for Canada. By Miriam Civic. (In
Business Record, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., New York, April 1952, pp. 140-145.)
Review of Dominion social security system, with special
emphasis on the recently liberalized old-age pension pro­
visions.
Social Security in the Central American Countries. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, January 1952,
pp. 93-105; February 1952, pp. 211-231. 60 cents
each. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
Account of work of social security seminar held in San
José, Costa Rica, in January 1951, with a survey of social
security services in the Central American countries.
Conspectus of Social Security in 1951. (In Bulletin of the
International Social Security Association, Geneva,
December 1951, pp. 391-413.)
Summary of important legislative and administrative
social security provisions enacted in 36 countries in 1951.
Trends of Social Security in Nordic Countries. By Nilo A.
Mannio. (In Bulletin of the International Social
Security Association, Geneva, January 1952, pp. 3-13.)

Teacher Personnel Practices, 1950—51: Appointment and
Termination of Service. Washington, National Edu­
cation Association of the United States, Research
Division, 1952. 31 pp. (Research Bulletin, Vol.
X X X , No. 1.) 50 cents.

Wages and Wage Policies

The Personnel Executive (His Title, Functions, Staff, Salary
and Status). Washington, Bureau of National Af­
fairs, Inc., 1952. 21 pp., charts. (Personnel Policies
Forum Survey 9.) $1.

Earnings and Hours, Selected Industries, California, 1951.
San Francisco 1, California, Department of Indus­
trial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and
Research, 1952. 26 pp.; processed.


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76

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

MONTHLY LABOR

Night-Shift Premium Pay Provisions in California Union
Agreements: Selected Manufacturing Industries, [July
15, 1951], San Francisco, Department of Industrial
Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and Research,
1952. 33 pp.; processed.

A startling restatement of the Malthusian doctrine.
Argues that the rise in the birth rate throughout the world,
and improved medical care, resulting in a longer life span,
must inevitably drive down the wage levels of American
workers.

Iowa Municipal Salaries in Cities Over 5,000 Population.
Compiled by Edith T. Baikie. Iowa City, University
of Iowa, Institute of Public Affairs, in cooperation
with League of Iowa Municipalities, 1951. 32 pp.

Wages Policy Under Full Employment. By Erik Lundberg
and others. Edited and translated from the Swedish
by Ralph Turvey. London, William Hodge and Co.,
Ltd., 1952. 88 pp. $1.

Clerical Salary Survey. New York, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., 1952. 33 pp. (Studies in
Labor Statistics, 7.)

Payment by Results [in Great Britain]. {In Ministry of
Labor Gazette, London, April 1952, pp. 121-125. Is.
net, H. M. Stationery Office, London.)

Salary and Wage Data [for Municipal Employees], Michigan
Cities and Villages Over 4,000 Population—Hours of
Work, Overtime Pay Practices, and Holiday Pay
Practices, 1952. Compiled by Ann Arbor Municipal
Personnel Service. Ann Arbor, Michigan Municipal
League, 1952. 83 pp. (Information Bull. 66.) $3.

Salaires et Niveau de Vie en U. R. S. S. By Paul Briere.
Paris, Les lies d’Or, 1951. 103 pp.
Discusses wage policies, wage trends, and the low level
of living under the Soviet regime, 1917-1951.

Faculty Salaries in Land-Grant Colleges and Universities,
1949-50. By Maude Farr. Washington, Federal
Security Agency, Office of Education, 1951. 10 pp.
(Circular 283.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.
Instructional Salaries in 40 Selected Colleges and Uni­
versities for the Academic Year 1951-52. {In American
Association of University Professors Bulletin, Easton,
Pa., Winter 1951-52, pp. 769-804, charts.)
Third of a series of studies on this subject by the
American Association of University Professors’ Committee
on the Economic Status of the Profession; earlier reports
covered the academic years 1948-49 and 1949-50.
Police Standards, Conditions of Employment, and Compen­
sation in North Carolina. Compiled by Donald B.
Hayman. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina,
Institute of Government, 1952. 43 pp.; processed.
Wage and Salary Stabilization: A Guide to Current Control
Policies and Rules. New York, Industrial Relations
Counselors, 1952. 25 pp., processed. (Industrial
Relations Memo No. 124.) $1.
Digest of major policies of Wage Stabilization Board and
Salary Stabilization Board, with an appraisal of the first
year of operations under the stabilization program.
Wage Stabilization from Labor’s Viewpoint. By Sid Lens.
{In Harvard Business Review, Boston, March-April
1952, pp. 46-52. $1.50.)
In the writer’s opinion, the wage stabilization program
has modified the usual course of collective bargaining and
the power relationships between employers and unions.
The argument is advanced that rank and file union mem­
bers are dissatisfied with limitations placed on wage ad­
vances and the delays in processing cases place union
leaders in a vulnerable position. The author states that
wage stabilization may force the union movement toward
more intensive political action.
Wages Are Going Lower! By William J. Baxter. New
York, International Economic Research Bureau,
1951. 86 pp., charts, maps, illus. $1.


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Statistics of Wages and Working Hours in Egypt, July 1950.
Cairo, Ministry of National Economy, Statistical
Department, 1952. 101 pp. 150 mills.

Workmen’s Compensation
The Nature and Origins of Workmen’s Compensation. By
Arthur Larson. {In Cornell Law Quarterly, Ithaca,
N. Y., Winter 1952, pp. 206-234. $1.25.)
Industrial Loss of Hearing: Medical Aspects. By C'
Stewart Nash, M. D. {In Industrial Medicine and
Surgery, Chicago, April 1952, pp. 171-173. 75 cents.)
Experience of workers in an industrial plant, with re­
lated problems of workmen’s compensation. Standards
of noise tolerance are discussed in another article in the
same issue of the magazine.
Trends in Compensation Attitudes. By Noel S. Symons{In Industrial Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, May
1952, pp. 216-228. 75 cents.)
Gives particular attention to industrial deafness as a
recently recognized occupational disease and to ensuing
compensation problems.
Workmen’s Compensation Commission Report, January 1,
1950-December 31, 1950. Lansing, Mich., State
Workmen’s Compensation Commission [1951?]. 32
pp.; processed.
In addition to statistics of compensable injury cases re­
ported in 1950, data is included on industrial diseases,
occupations and ages of injured workers, injuries to minors,
and time elapse between date of reporting and compensa­
tion payment.
New York State Workmen’s Compensation Law and Rules
and Regulations Promulgated Thereunder, [as of] July
1951. New York [Department of Labor], Workmen’s
Compensation Board [1951?]. 380 pp.
Also covers the State nonoccupational disability bene­
fits law.
Current Trends in Personal Injuries and Deaths Under Work­
men’s Compensation, Railroad, Admiralty, and Per­
sonal Injury {Tort) Law. {In NACCA Law Journal,
National Association of Claimants’ Compensation At-

REVIEW, JULY 1952

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

77

torneys, Boston, November 1951; 325 pp., bibliog­
raphies.)
Includes a summary of 1951 amendments to State work­
men’s compensation laws.

European Economic Cooperation, 1951. 378 pp.,
map, charts. 50 cents.
The findings of a mission of 34 European pulp and paper
industry specialists.

Youth Employment

Proceedings of the Annual Fall Conference on Principles,
Methods and Techniques for Increasing Productivity and
Improving Human Relations, New York City, November
1 and 2, 1951. New York, Society for Advancement
of Management, 1952. 193 pp., charts. $5.

After Teen-Agers Quit School—Seven Community Programs
Help Would-be Workers. Washington, U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1952. 30
pp. (Bull. 150.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.
Job Outlook for 1952 Graduates. {In Labor Market and
Employment Security, Washington, May 1952, pp.
3-4. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington.)
Why Young People Fail To Get and Hold Jobs. New York,
State Department of Labor, Division of Placement
and Unemployment Insurance, [1952?]. 12 pp.; proc­
essed.

Miscellaneous
Changing Concepts of Business Income: Report of Study
Group on Business Income. New York, Macmillan
Co., 1952. 160 pp., bibliography, chart.
$2.
A study sponsored by the American Institute of Accountants.
Thinking Ahead for Business. Edited by Edward C. Bursk.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1952.
215 pp., bibliography. $3.25.
Based on proceedings of the 21st National Business Con­
ference sponsored by the Harvard Business School Associ­
ation. The first half of the book is a compilation of the
remarks of speakers on problems external to the United
States. The second part presents opinions regarding the
problem of inflation, price and wage controls, materials
controls, organizing production personnel, and business
progress toward statesmanship.
Technical Cooperation in the Field of Labor-—A Prospectus of
Consultant Services, Training Programs, Special Serv­
ices. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Office
of International Labor Affairs, 1952. 29 pp.; proc­
essed. Rev. ed.
The Pulp and Paper Industry in the USA: A Report by a
Mission of European Experts. Paris, Organization for


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Chain Stores in America: 1859-1950. By Godfrey M.
Lebhar. New York, Chain Store Publishing Corp.,
1952. 362 pp., charts. $5.95.
Contains a chapter on chain stores as employers (con­
cerned mainly with status of store managers).
Legal Aid in the United States: A Study of the Availability
of Lawyers’ Services for Persons Unable to Pay Fees.
By Emery A. Brownell. Rochester, N. Y., Lawyers
Co-operative Publishing Co., 1951. xxiv, 333 pp.,
charts. $4.50.
Work Measurement— New Principles and Procedures. By
Adam Abruzzi. New York, Columbia University
Press, 1952. 290 pp., charts. $6.
Emphasizes that “scientific” methods of work measure­
ment now in use are in fact subjective and intimately
associated with collective bargaining. Offers “objective
principles” for use of statistical quality control and other
statistical techniques tested in experiments.
Labor Looks at Conservation and Development. By Anthony
Wayne Smith. {In The Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia,
May 1952, pp. 189-195. $1 to members of Academy,
$2 to nonmembers.)
Conditions of Work in the Fishing Industry. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1952. 215 pp. (Studies
and Reports, New Series, 30.) $1.25. Distributed
in the United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Labor Policies in the West Indies.
Labor Office, 1952. 377 pp.
New Series, 29.)
$2.25.
States by Washington Branch

Geneva, International
(Studies and Reports,
Distributed in United
of ILO.

Year Book of Labor Statistics and Research, 1950. [Tokyo],
Ministry of Labor, Division of Labor Statistics and
Research, [1952]. 452 pp., charts, map. In English
and Japanese.

Current Labor Statistics
A.

—Employment and Payrolls
80 Table A -l: Estimated civilian labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
81 Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
85 Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
87 Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
88 Table A-5: Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
89 Table A-6: Government civilian employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Table A-7: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Table A-8: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
90 Table A-9: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro­
grams, by geographic division and State

B.—Labor Turn-Over
91 Table B -l:
92 Table B-2:

C.

Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries

—Earnings and Hours
94 Table C -l:
109 Table C-2:
110 Table C-3:
110 Table C-4:
Table C-5:

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1

1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N o t e . — Beginning with Volume 74, tables in the A section have been renumbered consecutively,
to take into account the elimination of two tables.
78


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CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

79

D.—Prices and Cost of Living
Ill

Table D -l:
by group of commodities
Consumers' price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
Table D-3: Consumers' price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities (1947-49=100)
Table D-7a Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods (1926=100)
Table D-8:

112 Table D-2:
113
114
115
116
117
117
118

E. —Work Stoppages
119

Table E -l:

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F. —Building and Construction
120 Table F -l:
121 Table F-2:
122 Table F-3:
123 Table F-4:
124 Table F-5:

Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed­
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

Note.— Earlier figures in many of the series appearing in the following tables are shown in the Handbook of Labor
Statistics, 1950 Edition (BLS Bulletin 1016). For convenience in referring to the historical statistics,
the tables in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review are keyed to the appropriate tables in the Handbook.
MLR
table
A - l_____

Handbook
table
A-13
IfA -i
!A-3
A-2
—
1A-4
1[a -8
A-3
A -3_____ -------------- 1 A-4
[a -7
A -4__ ___
A-6


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MLR
table
A -5______
A -6______
A -7______
A -8______
A -9______
B - l ______
B -2 ______
C - l______
C -2______

Handbook
table
________A-9
________A-2
________A-2
________A-14
________B - l
. . . ____ B -2
________C -l
__ ____ None

MLR
table
C -3______
C -4______
C -5______
D - l ______
D -2 ______
D -3 ______
D -4 ______

Handbook
table
________C-4
________C-3
________C-2
________D - l
________D -2
-------- None
________D -4
ÌD -2
u —o ______
............... {D -3

M LR
Handbook
table
table
D—6 _____ ------------None
D -7 a _____ ________D -5
D—8 ______ ------------None
E-l___ __ ________E-2
F - l ______ ________H - l
F -2 ______ ________H -4
F -3______ ________H -6
F -4 ______ ________H -6
F -5 ______ _____ 1-1

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

80

A: Employment and Payrolls
T able

A -l: Estimated Civilian Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
1951

1952
Labor force 2
M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

N ov.

Dec.

Oct.

Sept.3

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

61,789
1,744
825
366
173
237
145
60,044
53,400
43,996
5,651
2,185

Total, both sexes
Civilian labor force--____ _______ _
U nem ploym ent-------- -------------Unemployed 4 weeks or less..
Unemployed 5-10 weeks-----U n employed 11-14 weeks—
Unemployed 15-26 w eek s,-.
Unemployed over 26 weeks .
E m p lo y m en t-__ ___________
Noil agricultural___ ________
Worked 35 hours or more.
Worked 15-34 hours-----Worked 1-14 hours 4_. W ith a job but not at
•
work 5._ ______ ______
Agricultural
___ . . .
Worked 35 hours or more.
Worked 15-34 hours _ . .
Worked 1-14 hours 4-----W ith a job but not at
work 3________ ______

62,778
1,602
896
352
96
158
100
61,176
54,216
45,284
4,946
1,934

61, 744
1,612
774
342
174
196
126
60,132
53,720
43,002
6,826
1,918

61,518
1,804
880
418
202
208
96
59,714
53,702
43,954
5,810
2,012

61,838
2,086
982
638
174
198
94
59,752
53,688
44,134
5,652
2,078

61,780
2,054
1,068
570
136
172
108
59, 726
53,540
44,046
5, 686
2,002

62,688
1,674
920
374
152
136
92
61,014
54,636
45,116
5,926
2,080

63,164
1,828
1,072
390
130
114
122
61,336
54,314
43, 708
6,832
2,102

63,452
1,616
944
330
126
126
90
61,836
54,168
43,040
7,488
1,922

63,186
1,606
1,004
280
128
78
116
61, 580
54,054
29,204
20,070
1,818

64,208
1,578
870
390
102
104
112
62,630
54,942
43,656
5,080
1,558

64,382
1,856
1,122
408
92
100
134
62,526
54,618
42,312
4,898
1,570

63,783
1,980
1,216
358
141
150
116
61,803
53,768
44,088
5,061
2,082

62,803
1,609
862
342
91
163
153
61,193
63,763

2,052
6,960
5,416
1,308
120

1,974
6,412
4, 684
1,416
150

1,926
6,012
4,152
1,378
202

1,824
6,064
4,390
1,194
194

1,806
6,186
4,116
1,378
316

1,514
6,378
4,392
1,538
250

1,672
7,022
4,660
1,840
332

1,718
7,668
6,090
1,270
228

2,962
7,526
5,724
1,436
224

4,648
7,688
5,658
1,592
238

5,838
7,908
6,110
1,468
206

2,537
8,035
5,960
1,699
280

1,697
7,440
5,799
1,335
215

1, 567
6,645
4,809

116

162

280

286

376

198

190

80

142

200

124

97

91

246

4 5 ,0 5 5

4,931
2,071

1 ,3 5 1

239

, Males
Civilian labor force-----------------------Unemployment- ____________
Em ploym ent_________ _______
Nonagricultural----------------Worked 35 hours or more.
Worker 15-34 hours____
Worked 1-14 hours 4____
W ith a job but not at
work 5______ _____ _
Agricultural_______________
Worked 35 hours or more.
Worked 15-34 hours . . .
Worked 1-14 hours 4___
W ith a job but not at
work 5__________ _

43,262
972
42,290
36,620
32,060
2,438
780

42,946
1,048
41,898
36,298
30,796
3,478
778

42,810
1,224
41, 586
36,246
31,038
3,060
838

42,858
1,376
41,482
36,116
31,346
2,724
852

42,864
1,384
41,480
36,132
31,296
2,852
828

43,114
1,008
42,106
36,728
31,974
2,906
852

43,346
1,002
42,344
36, 616
31,102
3,540
834

43,522
890
42,632
36,756
31,206
3,654
780

43,672
842
42,830
37,050
22,174
12,240
760

44, 720
956
43,764
37, 604
31,554
2,726
656

44, 602
1,098
43, 504
37,234
30,492
2,614
608

44,316
1,167
43,149
36,862
32,021
2,578
815

43,508
950
42, 558
36,596
32,184
2,457
893

43,182
1,028
42,154
36,349
31,420
3,029
897

1,342
5; 670
4,902
618
76

1,246
5,600
4,464
876
124

1,310
5,340
3,966
964
148

1,194
5,366
4,210
768
154

1,156
5,348
3,910
888
232

996
5,378
4,110
936
158

1,140
5,728
4,280
1,074
216

1,116
5,876
5,110
554
142

1,876
5, 780
4,810
690
154

2,668
6,160
5,128
724
132

3,520
6,270
5,346
680
122

1,448
6,287
5,301
724
175

1,062
5,962
5,107
619
156

1,003
5,805
4,583
859
165

74

136

262

234

318

174

158

70

126

176

122

87

80

198

Females
Civilian labor force_______________
Unemployment- ______ . . . . .
Employm ent_______ ________
Nonagricultural __________
Worked 35 hours or more.
Worked 15-34 hours. . . .
Worked 1-14 hours 4____
W ith a job but not at
work L . ____________
Agricultural-.
_________
Worked 35 hours or more
Worked 15-34 hours
Worked 1-14 hours 4____
W ith a job but not at
work 5_______________

19, 516
630
18,886
17,596
13,224
2,508
1,154

18,798
564
18,234
17,422
12,206
3,348
1,140

18, 708
580
18,128
17,456
12,916
2,750
1,174

18,980
710
18,270
17,572
12,788
2,928
1,226

18,916
670
18,246
17, 408
12, 750
2,834
1,174

19,574
666
18,908
17,908
13,142
3,020
1,228

19,818
826
18,992
17, 698
12,606
3,292
1,268

19,930
726
19,204
17,412
11,834
3,834
1,142

19,514
764
18,750
17,004
7,030
7,830
1,058

19,488
622
18,866
17,338
12,102
2,354
902

19,780
758
19,022
17,384
11,820
2,284
962

19,467
813
18,654
16,906
12,067
2,483
1,267

19,294
659
18,635
17,157
12,871
2,474
1,178

18,607
716
17,890
17,051
12, 576
2,622
1,288

710
1,290
514
690
44

728
812
220
540
26

616
672
186
414
54

630
698
180
426
40

650
838
206
490
84

518
1,000
282
602
92

532
1,294
380
766
116

602
1,792
980
716
86

1,086
1,746
914
746
70

1,980
1,528
530
868
106

2,318
1,638
764
788
84

1,089
1,748
659
975
105

635
1,478
692
716
59

564
840
226
492
74

42

26

18

52

58

24

32

10

16

24

2

10

11

48

i Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu­
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
5 Beginning with January 1951, total labor force is not shown because of the
security classification of the Armed Forces component.
3 Census survey week contains legal holiday.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental uhpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
5 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U . S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

81

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, JULY 1952

T able A-2: Employees in Nonagriculturai Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1951

1952
Industry group and industry
M ay
Total employees____________ __________
M i n i n g ___________________

- . ..

_

M e t a l_______________________________
____________ _______ - ___
Iron
Copper
_________
_______
Lead and zinc_______________________

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1951

1950

-16,234 46, 249 45, 983 45,899 45,913 47,663 46,852 46,902 46, 956 46,724 46,432 46, 567 46, 226 46,401 44,124
891
107.0

897
107.4
37.9
29.1
22.6

899
106.8
36.9
29.0
22.5

902
107.2
36.9
29.1
22.4

909
106.9
37.1
28.9
22.2

916
106.4
37.5
28.8
21.9

917
105.4
37.7
28.4
21.4

917
104.3
38.2
27.9
20.9

917
103.7
38.7
27.9
19.8

922
105.2
39.0
28.8
20.0

906
105.1
38.3
29.0
20.3

927
105.0
38.5
28.8
20.3

915
103.3
37.6
28.5
19.9

920
104.9
37.6
28.7
20.8

904
101.0
35.5
28.1
19.7

60.8

61.4

61.8

67.0

67.1

67.1

67.2

67.9

68.3

65.5

70.2

70.3

69.1

75.1

347.0

355.8

362.0

366.0

367.0

368.5

367.9

367.0

366.5

369.6

359.4

378.4

377.2

378. 2

375.6

268.6

267.3

266.6

267.4

268.8

269.2

268.7

269.1

269.5

267.8

264.8

258.4

262.2

2öo. o

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying--------

106.0

104.8

101.5

100.7

100.8

105.1

107.3

109.3

109.5

109.8

108.2

108.3

105.9

105.1

97.4

C o n tr a c t c o n str u c tio n ______ _______________

2,498

2,416

2,300

2,308

2,316

2,518

2,633

2,761

2,768

2,809

2,754

2,686

2,598

2,569

2,318

452
177.7
273.9

396
142.8
253.4

395
143.5
251.1

390
140.3
249.5

453
179.4
273.3

495
207.3
288.1

544
234.5
309.6

554
240.4
313.1

568
247.7
320.5

556
242.5
313.8

540
232.6
307. 7

508
213. 5
294.2

480
200.4
285.1

447
183.0
264.1

Anthracite. __________________________
Bitum inous-coal.. ___________________
Crude petroleum and natural gas production
. ______________________

Nonbuilding construction______________
Highway and street_______ ________
Other nonbuilding construction---------Building construction_________________
General contractors

_________________

Durable goods2___________ _____
Nondurable goods *____________

--

Ordnance and accessories______________

15,609

8,974
6,635
76.0

Food and kindred products____________ 1,444
M eat products______________________
Dairy products_____________________
Caning and preserving ________ - _
Grain-mill produ cts________________
Bakery products____________________
Sugar
_____________
Beverages
__ _______________ _
is e e l l a n eons food products ________

M

Tobacco manufactures_________________
Cigarettes _ __ ____________________
___________________
Cigars
.
Tobacco and snuff__________ ________
Tobacco stemming and redrying ------ ---

1,904

1,913

1,926

2,065

2,138

2,217

2, 214

2,241

2,198

2,146

2,090

2,084

1,871

792

769

775

775

847

887

944

945

963

945

925

892

880

797

1,172 1,135 1,138 1,151 1,218 1,251 1,273 1,269 1,278 1,253 1,221 1,198 1,204 1,074
287.6 289.0 291. 4 296.9 307.9 313.6 314.0 308.4 305.7 300.1 297.3 291.3 298.5 270.6
159. 9 146.0 143.5 146.4 167.6 175.5 182.9 188.8 189.9 183.0 175.0 167.6 165.5 132.5
153.5 154.4 155.2 156.9 158.2 156.9 155.3 153.4 154.0 149.9 145.6 142.1 147.5 123.6
571.4 545.1 548.0 550.6 584.6 604.8 620.7 618.6 628.4 620.1 602.7 596.6 591.9 511. 7

Special-trade contractors______________
Plumbing and heating_______________
Painting and decorating _ ______ _
Electrical work
_____ ___________
Other special-trade contractors_______
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .. ------- ---------- ----------------------------

1,964

84

15 ,76 9

9.036
6,733
7 5 .7

15,858

9,025
6,833
74.0

15,859

9,010
6,849
71.7

1 5 ,7 7 6

8,946
6,830
69.2

15 ,9 13

9,000
6, 913
66.3

15,890

8, 976
6,914
63.4

15,965

8, 942
7,023
59.0

16,039

8,913
7,126
55.1

1,442 1,442 1,448 1,452 1,507 1,547 1,644 1,721
297.2 303.8 309.3 310.7 314.5 309.8 298.7 297.2
142.5 136.7 134.9 133.5 136.6 139.3 144.7 150.2
137.8 128.6 130.4 131.3 145.5 170.6 263.4 356.6
129.4 130.1 130.5 131.0 130.5 130.1 131.3 131.7
283.7 284.9 286.4 286.2 288.3 288.6 291.6 289.8
30.3
51.7
46.1
42.0
27.4
28.7
26.7
27.3
96. 7
97.8 102.2 104. 5 106.3 101.7
93.5
90.7
221.5
214.3
216.2
225.7
203.9
203.5 206.1 202.8
130.1 131.5 129.9 129.3 132.9 136.1 140.3 137.5
84
26.6
40.9
11.8
4.8

85
26.5
41.8
11.8
5.3

88
26.8
41.7
12.0
7.1

90
26.8
40.9
11.9
9.9

92
27.0
41.9
11.8
11.5

93
26.9
42.3
11.9
11.5

96
26.6
42.0
11.7
15.8

96
26.2
41.1
12.0
16.8

16,008

8, 878
7,130
50.8

15 ,8 13

8,839
6,974
46.5

15,958

8, 998
6, 958
42.3

1,698 1,615 1,532
295.1 299.3 296.7
156.4 158.3 157.5
332.8 252.7 179.6
132.1 131.6 128.7
288.3 288.2 286.6
30.1
30.1
29.7
89.8
87.5
95.2
232.0 232.2 224.1
136.2 135.4 139.0
91
26.0
39.9
11.7
13.3

81
26.0
39.0
11.7
4.4

83
25.7
40.6
11.9
4.4

15,863

8,975
6,878
40.1
1,4 7 8

291.2
150.4
162.7
123.1
284.6
29.6
90.5
211.8
134.5
81
25.4
39.4
12.1
4.4

15 ,9 3 1

8, 926
7,005
46.7

14,88

8,008
6,876
24.7

1,555 1, 542
300.1 295.6
145.5 144.5
206.4 202.9
128.9 123.9
287.6 285. 9
34.5
34.0
99.5
97.2
218.8 216.3
136.5 138.5
88
26.1
41.0
11.9
8.9

88
25.9
41.2
12. 3
8.8

Textile-mill produ cts_________________ 1,172
Yarn and thread mills ___________ Broad-woven fabric mills____________
Knitting mills . . ___
____________
Dyeing and finishing te x tile s ._______
Carpets, rugs, other floor covering-------Other t e x t i l e - m i l l products
-

1,188 1,208 1,217 1,226 1, 237 1,227 1, 22S 1,231 1,247 1,262 1,301 1,302 1,282 1,297
156.0 157.8 159.7 160.0 160.5 160.3 161.3 164.0 164.8 161.5 168. 6 171.0 167.1 162.0
537.5 548.4 556.2 569.7 579.3 575.2 578.0 582.8 592.7 605.8 619.9 605.8 600.4 616.1
228.7 229.5 230.0 229.1 231.0 229.0 228.4 225.1 230.9 230.1 235.5 241.4 238.8 242.8
89.7
89.4
88.1
88.1
84.0
83.2
83.3
86.4
84.7
87.9
89.3
87.8
89.1
86.1
60.6
55.0
58.6
55.6
49.2
50.7
48.5
49.4
49.5
50.4
50.9
52.3
52.8
52.6
125.
7
132.4
135.8
133.1
126.9 130.8 129.9 128.6 128.2 127.0 126.4 127.0 126.0 126.9

Apparel and other finished textile
products______
. . . ____________ 1,067
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats ------- .
M en’s and bovs’ furnishings and work
clothing
__ ___________________
Women’s outerwear _ _ __________
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
M illinery
.
_______ ________
Children’s outerw ear.___________ ___
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel__
Other fabricated textile products -----------

1,113 1,170 1,172 1,149 1,155 1,128 1,138 1,156 1,167 1,110 1,120 1,118 1,160 1,159
133.5 140.7 141.2 140.7 136.4 131.0 144. 2 151.5 152.8 142.9 149.5 148.9 147.7 148.3
258.8 256.5 251. £ 247.2 253.6 251.6 256.2 257.0 256.2 251.2 263.4 271.6 264.2 2b3. 2
308.2 341.0 344.7 335.5 331.5 314.1 305.5 320.2 329.8 305.9 280. 5 283.4 317.7 320.3
99.3 100.9 105.4
97.0
94.6
97.5
97.7
99.7
98.9 100.3 100.3
101.7 101.9 101.1
22.0
21.2
17.1
16.8
19.7
21.5
21.6
2 1 .1
19.1
23.4
21.0
25.5
25.9
21.6
66. 5
65. 2
61.8
64.9
65.0
65.3
62.8
64.7
63.6
64.0
69.8
65.9
64.8
69.6
89. 6
94.4
97.1
98.1
92.1
98.9 101.5 102.2 102.2 101.4
89.5
90.3
84.1
88.1
140.5 146.0 148.6 146.7 149.2 145.6 145.2 143.0 142.5 138.6 140.3 141.2 145.6 143.5

Lumber and wood products (except furniture)_______ ___ ______________
Logging camps and contractors_______
Sawmills and planning mills_______ .
M ill work, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
W ooden containers__ ______________
Miscellaneous wood products ----------------

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

711

792
67.9
461.6

739
59.8
438.0

735
62.1
430.8

733
61.1
429.0

718
52.1
423. 2

445.1

783
74. £
460.7

803
78.1
471.4

818
76.8
481.8

813
77.3
477.0

838
80.7
488.7

828
78.0
482.0

805
73.3
469.4

106.6
75.0
59.7

105.2
76.1
60.6

105.3
76.5
60.6

107. C 109. S
77.9
76.5
59.2
59.8

110.8
76.7
60.2

115.2 115.6 118.4
77. C 77. C 78.0
62.9
61.1
60.8

115.9
80.3
62.1

122.6
82.4
63.2

122.5
82.0
63.5

118.8 124.3
7 7 .7
80.3
62.7 1 60.8

761
6 8 .8

808
79.8
475.0

82

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952

Annual
average

1951

Industry group and industry
M ay
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures_________________
Household furniture..................................
Other furniture and fixtures.............. .

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1951

1950

334

339
233.6
105.7

344
236.9
107.4

345
236.4
108.2

345
237.2
107.5

344
236.3
108.1

342
235.1
106.8

337
229.8
107.3

334
225.0
108.5

333
223.9
108.8

331
223.7
106.9

334
226.0
108.1

349
240.5
108.6

349
240.8
108.0

357
255.5
101.5

Paper and allied products........... ...............
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills____
Paperboard containers and boxes...........
Other paper and allied products.............

474

476
241.3
126.5
108.2

482
245.8
127.5
108.4

482
246.4
126.8
108.3

482
247.1
126.8
108.4

484
245. 9
129.2
109.3

486
246.1
130.5
109.4

488
246.3
131.4
110.4

490
247.7
131.1

494
248.1
132.5
113.0

493
247.1
133.0
113.1

500
248.8
136.5
114.7

497
246.0
137.4
114.0

494
245.7
134.9
113.0

472
235.8
128.5
107.7

Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Newspapers............................... ..................
Periodicals........... ............................... .......
Books........ .................. ................................
Commercial printing______ _______ _
Lithographing..................... ........................
Other printing and p u b lish in g .............

760

761
301.8
54.3
51.3
202.5
40.1

763
302.4
54.5
51.4
203.7
40.2
110.7

765
303.5
54.6
51.6
203.9
39.9
111.3

768
303.2
54.7
51.2
207.2
39.9

773
302.5
55.4
51.2
207.1
41.9
115.2

769
300.7
54.5
50.9
206.3
42.1
114.6

764
299.6
53.8
51.0
203.7
41.5
114.1

759
298.5
53.5
60.3

762
299.7
52.4
49.1
206.3
41.1
113.6

1 1 2 .1

763
299.2
53.5
49.8
205.6
41.2
113.5

743
293.3
52.1
46.7

40.9
113.9

758
299.1
52.2
49.0
204.2
40.4
112.9

759
299.7
52.6
48.9
204.8
41.1

1 1 2 .1

775
304.4
56.1
51.3
207.9
41.5
114.2

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals............
Industrial organic chemicals....................
Drugs and medicines_______ _______ _
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Fertilizers__________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.........
Other chemicals and allied products___

742

761
83.5
227.1
110.4
75.3
42.2
54.1
168.3

759
83.4
228.1
109.1
74.8
38.8
56.9
168.0

757
83. 5
229.5
108.2
74.8
35.0
59.6
166.6

759
84.2
230.9
108.3
74.3
32.5
61.9
166.6

762
84.0
233.0
108.3
74.4
31.8
63.3
167.6

763
83.7
231.3
107.9
75.1
32.7
64.5
168.2

764
84.0
234.5
108.1
75.9
32.7
59.8
168.6

753
84.1
233.3
108.3
76.9
30.6
49.9
169.4

744
84.0
230.9
107.3
76.9
29.9
47.5
167.9

742
82.6
229.0
106.0
76.5
31.4
47.9
168.6

742
81.4
225.6
105.5
76.5
36.4
49.1
167.7

749
82 3
227.2
106.2
75.6
34.8
55.1
168.2

686

Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining...................................
Coke and byproducts__________ ____ _
Other petroleum and coal products___

260

268
216.9
22.5
28.1

267
217.1

266
216.4

269
218.3

267
213.9

267
214.0

266
213.7

263
210.4

260
207.7

263

2 2 .1

2 2 .2

2 2 .1

2 2 .1

2 2 .2

2 2 .2

2 2 .0

245
194

27.6

28.5

31.1

30.7

30.4

30.5

2 1 .6

27.4

269
217.0
21.3
30.4

269
215.4

2 2 .2

30.9

30.4

Rubber products................................. ..........
Tires and inner tubes.......... ......................
Rubber footwear.................... ............... .
Other rubber products.............................

268

270
119.3
29.9

273
120.5
31.1
121.7

1 2 1 .8

269
115.0
31.1
122.9

272
117.7
30.9
123.6

272
116.5
30.9
124.5

271
115.0
30.4
125.7

273
114.3
31.2
127.7

1 1 2 .8

1 2 0 .8

272
119.7
31.0
121.7

273
120.4
31.2

1 2 0 .2

269
119.4
30.3
119.6

Leather and leather products__________
Leather__________ __________________
Footwear (except rubber)____________
Other leather products..............................

364

375
43.5
240.5
91.0

384
44.3
245.4
93.9

382
44.5
244.1
93.2

368
44.2
235.1
89.1

362
43.7
228.2
90.5

356
43.3
220.7
92.3

359
42.6
224.0
92.5

365
42.2
230.4
92.7

382
44.8
244.0
92.8

374
46.0
237.0
90.7

Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products____ _________
Cement, hydraulic.................................. .
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products____ ____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products^
Other stone, clay, and glass products...

534

533
140.9
42.2
89.0
54.2
97.5
109.1

531
139.4
42.5
87.5
54.3
97.0
110.3

528
138.0
42.4
87.3
54.7
96.2
109.6

533
137.6
42.8

545
141.8
43.0
92.0
55.3
100.3
112.7

552
143.2
43.2
93.0
56.2

559
146.7
43.3
93.2
56.8
103.1
115.4

561
147.9
43.6
93.4
57.2
103.0
116.2

564
148.5
44.0
93.4
57.7
103.8
116.1

557
141.8
43.8
93.2
57.4
104.1
116.7

1 1 1 .0

2 2 2 .6

110.3
75.2
42.9
51.6
168.2

22.5
28.7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

268
1 2 0 .0

27.6

979

Machinery (except electrical).............. ....... 1, 637
Engines and turbines...............................
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
Construction and mining m achinery...
Metalworking machinery........................
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)___ ______
General industrial machinery________
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma­
c h in e s ..____ ______________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts.______

See footnotes at end of table.

272
2 2 0 .6

Primary metal industries............................. 1,336
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills__________________ ____ ______
Iron and steel foundries______________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_____________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_______ ___________ _
Nonferrous foundries________________
Other primary metal industries_______
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipment)________ ____ ______
Tin cans and other tinware______ ____
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies__________ ______
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products______

754
83.0

1,340
648.1
271.0

1,350
656.8
271.5

1,354
659.2
275.0

8 8 .8

54.7
97.2
111.5
1,354
657. 6
277.4

1,355
658.9
279.9

1 0 2 .1

113.8
1,339
643.6
281.9

1,349
655.6
280.4

1 1 1 .2

1,351
659.0
280.6

2 0 2 .2

1,352
659.8
280.7

1,341
656. 5
277.9

2 1 0 .6
2 1 .8

2 0 0 .8

40.7
108.9
71 5
2 0 0 .1

95.8
71.4
34.0
54.5
158.3
6
20 8

30.4

29i 5

30.8
128.3

272
115. 5
30.8
125.7

252
110J
25'6
114.'9

382
47.3
244.6
90.5

369
47.6
232.7
88.9

381
46. 7
240. 6
93.3

394
50. 5
252JJ

562
147.2
43.4
92.9
59.2
102.5
116.7

560
148.3
42.7
91.1
60.4

556
145. 7
43.0
91.3
58.6

512
133J
42' 1
82U
57’ 9
92|_2
103'. 5

1,357
655.0
285.3

272

1 0 1 .0

116.4
1,347
648.7
284.1

1 0 1 .2

115.6
1,345
650. 5
279.9

91: i

1 .2 2 0

614J
23L8

56.9

56.7

56.9

56.3

56.4

56.2

56.3

55.9

56.8

55.5

56.8

55.4

56.3

64.6

1 0 0 .6

1 0 0 .6
1 1 2 .6

100.5
150.8

97.9
110.4
151.0

98.6
108.7
149.8

98.5
108.3
149.7

96.3
109.0
149.8

97.8
108.4
148.3

98.0
106.8
146.6

1 0 1 .2

151.5

99.9
111.7
151.5

1 0 0 .0
1 1 1 .1

100.3
109.6
147.7

96J
93'Ô
129; 8

991
46.9
149.0

991
45.5
148.4

989
44.4
150.6

986
44.7
151.1

988
46.1
149.9

984
45.9
150.5

988
48.9
152.7

989
51.0
154.3

996
50.9
158.0

991 1,019 1,026 1,007
49.4
49.7
49.0
49.0
156.6 161.6 163.4 159.7

933
48 4
156] 9

144.1
243.3
174.3
233.8

144.8
243.6
172.9
235.9

144.9
241.9
171.0
236.2

143.8
240.9
170.4
235.3

148.1
240.5
168.4
235.2

148.7
235.6
169.1
234.3

148.6
234.2
170.1
233.2

149.2
232.3
168.4
233.6

151.0
233.0
169.0
234.0

152.2
227.9
174.7
229.7

150 0
201 4

114.4
148.9

1 1 1 .1

109.9
148.8

157.9
227.3
185.7
236.6

147.5

159.1
229.8
188.2
236.0

154.8
229.8
179.7
233.8

169JJ
206.1

1,652 1,655 1,655 1,647 1, 640 1,625 1 , 611 1,585 1,573 1.597 1,611 1,598 1,591 1,352
100.3 100.4 100.5 1 0 0 . 1
94.6
99.0
97.9
95.1
93.5
91.8
92.1
90.2
91.3
72 6
185.9 185.9 190.9 189.6 188.0 186.3 187.8 170.0 169.7 194.7 195.8 193.1 187.3 172 4
133.0 133.6 132.3 130.9 128.1 126.2 124.8 124.1 1 2 2 . 1 1 2 1 . 1 120.7 118.2 120.7 1 0 0 7
312.5 312.6 311.8 310.0 307.9 303.5 294.3 293.1 286.1 293.5 294.3 289.6 289.8 2 2 0 . 2
192.5
241.6
107.8

194.0
243.2
107.4

191.8
242.1
107.7

193.1
240.1
107.8

194.8
239.8
107.8

196.6
238.6
108.0

196.7
236.9
107.2

196.4
235.3
106.3

197.3
233.0
105.3

196.8
230.1
102.5

197.9
228.7
105.0

197.7
227.6
104.4

195.6
229.7
104.5

167 ß
188* c
90;g

172.3
206.4

171.4
206.8

170.5
207.2

167.4
208.0

164.7
209.6

159.4
208.8

161.0
207.4

162.0
204.4

162.7
202.4

164.5
201.9

173.2
203.0

176.9
200.3

171.2
2 0 1 .2

176 n
162 ^

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, JULY 1952

83

T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1952

Annual
average

1951

Industry group and industry

Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery__________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus _______________ - .... .........
Electrical equipment for v eh icles____
Communication equipment __ ___ __
Electrical appliances, lamps, and misccllaneous products _______________

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1951

1950

952

961

967

970

965

965

955

944

942

927

914

932

930

937

836

376.4
81.3
364.0

379.0
81.4
367.3

380.9
82.3
366.5

378.3
82.5
362.4

376.2
83.0
362.2

370.8
82.7
357.3

369.1
82.3
346.0

376.3
82.5
334. 2

374.1
81.2
323. 2

372.9
80.6
313.6

376.3
81. 5
324.6

369. 9
81.7
327. 5

367.6
81 0
339 8

317.3
70 1
309.2

138.9

139.7

139.8

141.4

143.9

144.4

146.9

148.7

148. 6

146.4

150.0

150.9

149 0

13Q »

Transportation equipment_____________ 1,643
Automobiles .
__________________
Aircraft and p a r ts ........... .................. .......
Aircraft
______________ ______
Aircraft engines and parts__________
Aircraft propellers and parts. ____
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship and boat building and repairing .
Ship building and repairing 1______
Boat building and repairing________
Railroad equipment . . _ . ______
Other transportation equipm ent______

1,621 1,596 1,584 1,560 1, 558 1,551 1,511 1,514 1,497 1,490 1,525 1,513 1,511 1,273
805.1 782.4 776.9 775.0 786.0 794.5 807.1 816.7 812.4 819.1 875. 6 891.4 856.3 839.4
589.4 585.2 581.0 566.4 556.0 539.0 496.2 493.4 486.3 471.3 451.7 428.5 456.3 275.4
393.9 389.9 386.6 377.5 373.2 364.0 339.8 330.8 330.6 319.7 304.9 289.1 308.3 184. 2
120.4 120.6 120.4 116.1 112.6 106.5
90.3
95.4
92.9
99.8
89.6
84.5
89.6
54. 5
12.4
13.5
13.2
12. 7
12.1
11.8
11.5
10.5
10.5
12.9
10.4
10.5
10.7
8.1
54.3
61.6
61.5
60.1
57.8
56.4
51.3
49.8
48.3
46.7
47.7
61.1
28.7
144.2 142.1 138.9 131.0 126.5 127.0 118.9 117.2 114.4 115.4 112.4 109.1 113.7
84.4
126. 6 126.2 123.8 116.8 112.6 113.6 106.2 104.3 101.2 101.1
97.7
94.3
99.7
71.4
13.9
12.7
14.2
13.4
12.9
13.2
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.0
17.6
15.9
15.1
13.0
72.4
76.6
77. 6
77.4
75.1
72.4
72.9
74.4
73.2
71.4
62. 2
75. 6
75.7
78.3
11.4
11.2
11.1
11.7
11.5
11.1
10.8
10.8
11.7
11.1
11.2
11.4
10.8
11.7

Instruments and related products______
Ophthalmic goods_____ _____________
Photographic apparatus_______ ____ _
Watches and clocks......
_ _________
Professional and scientific instrum ents..

318

323
28.0
64.9
36. 6
193.1

320
27.8
64.5
36.2
191.8

319
27.4
64.1
35. 8
191.3

316
27. 5
63.7
35.5
189.4

315
27.9
63.5
35.3
188.6

313
27.7
62.7
35.5
186.9

310
27.4
62.3
35.0
185.6

307
27.2
62.6
34.2
183.2

302
27.3
62.3
33.9
178.3

298
27.5
59.3
33.2
178.4

299
27.8
60.6
34.1
176.5

297
27.9
59.1
34.0
175.5

299
27.6
60.1
34.3
177.3

250
25.4
51.3
30.1
143.4

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys and sporting goods ____________
Costume jewelry, buttons, n o tio n s ___
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries_________________________

454

461
45. 5
69. 5
51.2

462
45.9
68.6
53.7

461
46.2
67.0
54. 5

453
45.7
64.5
52.6

463
46.8
65.9
52.9

469
47.2
70.5
53.7

471
47.6
72.1
53.4

467
48.1
72.2
51.9

465
48.5
73.2
53.4

460
48.5
70.8
52.3

479
50.5
75.1
54.3

487
52.8
77.2
56.1

480
51.4
73.5
56.7

459
54.8
73.3
58.2

294.7

293.9

293.2

290.6

297.0

297.9

297.8

294.9

290.3

288.4

298.9

300.4

298.6

272.3

Transportation and public u tilitie s______ 4,136
Transportation ______________________ 2,904
Interstate railroads______ ___________
Class I railroads._________________
Local railways and bus lines_________
Trucking and warehousing .. ...............
Other transportation and services_____
Air transportation (common carrier).
Communication _____________________
(t)
T elephone... ______________________
Telegraph_____ __________________
Other public utilities_________________
553
Gas and electric utilities. ___ ________
Electric light and power utilities____
Gas utilities__ ______
________
Electric light and gas utilities combined. _____________ ____ ______
Local utilities_______________________

4,103 4,161 4,165 4,166 4,178 4,190 4,178 4,161 4,137 4,144 4,010
4,106 4,119 4, 111
2,881 2,856 2, 853 2,852 2, 908 2,912 2, 915 2,925 2,929 2, 918 2,921 2,911 2,905 2,801
1,404 1,395 1,392 1,394 1,426 1,428 1,440 1,457 1,468 1,468 1,468 1,463 1,449 1,390
1 230 1 221 1 218 1,222 1,247 1, 258 1, 271 1, 287 1,297 1,296 1,296 1,290 1,276 1,220
144
141
141
141
142
141
143
143
148
141
' 139
'141
139
141
584
619
620
628
621
614
649
631
637
651
641
649
641
641
691
684
695
686
679
694
696
698
690
693
680
681
679
689
81.5
81.4
79.4
80.9
74.4
84.1
83.7
85.3
83.7
86.3
84.7
89.2
87.8
87.5
680
700
698
687
688
702
696
663
701
697
701
708
(t)
(t)
630.4
648.2
637.3
638.9
651.5
614.8
654.1
652.8
648.5
647.8
652.8
655. 2 663.8 660.3
48.8
47.9
47.4
47.7
48.5
48.3
(t)
(t)
47.2
47.2
47.3
46.8
47.5
47.1
546
561
560
553
551
546
552
557
550
551
554
552
550
551
527. 6 526.2 525. 6 525.5 527.0 527.6 528.7 531.7 534.7 533.7 527.2 521.0 526.0 520.6
234. 7 234.3 234.1 234.4 234.3 234.9 236.2 236.2 237.1 237.5 234.9 232.4 234.3 234.0
118.3 117. 7 117. 6 117.3 118.5 118.6 118.4 118.8 120.3 119.8 118.3 116.1 117.7 114.9

Trade.
_ _____
..
________ . . . .
Wholesale trade_______________________
Retail trade-------------- -----------------------General merchandise stores— ................
Food and liquor stores... . . . ----------Automotive and accessories dealers----Apparel and accessories stores.................
Other retail trade___ _______________

9,811
2,599
7,212
1, 516
1, 292
734
591
3,079

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9, 754
2,596
7,158
1, 466
1,287
736
569
3,100

174.6
24.4

174.2
24.4
9,660
2,619
7,041
1,430
1,287
738
529
3, 057

173.9
24.1
9,643
2, 624
7, 019
1,416
1,286
743
515
3,059

173.8
24.1

174.2
24.4

9,720 10, 660
2, 622 2,657
7,098 8, 003
1,472 2,092
1,282 1,316
749
768
531
651
3,064 3,176

177.3
26.2

176.4
25.9

174.0
25.5

172.5
24.9

174.0
25.1

171.6
25.2

10,109 9, 893 9, 781 9,641
2, 657 2,622 2, 594 2,596
7, 452 7, 271 7,187 7,045
1,701 1,550 1, 487 1,399
1,295 1,281 1,274 1,260
757
759
754
748
544
500
580
561
3,117 3,131 3,128 3,129

9,667
2,594
7,073
1,407
1,268
756
512
3,130

9, 732
2,581
7,151
1,458
1,270
750
548
3,125

9,683
2, 568
7,115
1,475
1,271
742
550
3, 077

9,804
2,602
7,203
1,535
1,272
749
550
3,097

9,524
2, 544
6,980
1,493
1,209
728
536
3,014

174.1
24.5

174.1
25.0

176.7
25.4

84
T

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

able

MONTHLY LABOR

A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group —Con
[In thousands]
1952

Annual
average

1951

Industry group and industry
M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1951

1950

Finance..
_____________________ _
Banks and trust companies____________
Security dealers and exchanges_________
Insurance carriers and agents___________
Other finance agencies and real estate __ .

1,957

1,951
481
64.6
704
701

1,936
479
64.3
701
692

1,919
477
64.1
692
686

1,909
472
63.9
685
688

1,912
472
64.1
690
686

1,907
470
64.1
689
684

1,898
467
63.7
682
685

1,898
466
63.4
684
685

1,914
471
64.3
690
689

1,908
471
64.3
682
691

1,893
460
63.8
671
698

1,874
452
63.8
663
695

1,883
460
63.7
674
686

1,812
427
59.6
646
680

Service________________ _ _________ . . .
Hotels and lodging places_______________
Laundries___________ ______________
Cleaning and dyeing plants. ________
________ _____
M otion pictures___

4,787

4,748
437
357.7
161.9
248

4,683
430
353.1
154.0
243

4,667
428
354.0
153.4
242

4,671
424
355.5
153.8
242

4,702
426
356.2
154.3
241

4,734
430
356.6
157.4
242

4,770
437
360.0
159.3
244

4,831
473
362.1
157.4
247

4,839
507
364. 5
153.3
245

4,852
510
368.9
157.6
245

4,835
478
364.8
161. 3
248

4,789
452
359. 5
158. 7
249

4,759
455
358. 6
154. 5
245

4,761
456
353. 5
147.5
241

Government____________ __________ .
6,602 6,551 6,528 6,490 6,509 6,881 6,497 6, 532 6,544 6,401 6,356 6,377 6,377 6,390 5,910
Federal6. . . . . _ . . . __________________ 2,371 2,362 2,354 2,344 2,331 2,727 2,325 2,322 2,336 2,330 2,313 2,271 2,244 2,277 1,910
State and lo ca l6__________ ____ ________ 4,231 4,189 4,174 4,146 4,178 4,154 4,172 4,210 4,208 4,071 4,043 4,106 4,133 4,113 4,000
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish­
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the M onthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A -l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab­
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period
ending nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the
pay period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local
government during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the
month, while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the
calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces
are excluded from the BLS but not the M R L F series. These employment
series have been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance
agency data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first four columns
will be identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
* Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures: textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod­
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod­
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
< Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
5 Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-5.
e Excludes as nominal employee paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
t Data are not available because of work stoppage.
All series m ay be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Requests should specify which industry series are desired.

85

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, JULY 1952

T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In th o u sa n d s)

1952

Annual
average

1951

Industry group and Industry
M ay
Mining:
M etal
_____________________________
Iron
_________ _______________
Copper
______ ____ __
- -Lead and zinc
___________________
Anthracite

___ ___ _____ ___

Bituminous-coal

__ -

________________ ___

Crude petroleum and natural gas production •
Petroleum and natural gas production
(except contract services) ________
Nnnmetallic mining and quarrving_ ___
Manufacturing_______________ ______ ___

58.0

Food and kindred products____________ 1,059
M e a t p r o d u c t s __ __
_____________
D a ir v p r o d u c ts
__________________
C a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v in g _______ ____ d r a i n - m il l p r o d u c t s _______________
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s ___________________
S u g a r __________________ _______ _____
C o n fe c t io n e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ___
B everages
____________ __________
M is c e lla n e o u s food p r o d u c t s __________ .............
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s ............................... ..
C i g a r e t t e s ___________________________
C i g a r s _____________________________
T o b a c c o a n d s n u f f ___________________
T o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g ______

76

T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ---------- -------- -------------- 1,078
Y a m a n d th r e a d m i l l s ----------------------------B r o a d - w o v e n fa b r ic m i l l s -----------------------K n i t t i n g m i l l s _______________________
D y e i n g a n d fin is h in g t e x t i le s -----------------C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r flo or c o v e r in g s ___
O t h e r t e x t ile -m ill p r o d u c ts ......................... .............
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ------------ -------- -----------------------------------M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u it s a n d c o a ts --------M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n is h in g s a n d w o r k
c l o t h i n g ___________________________
W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ___ _____________
W o m e n ’s, c h i ld r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s . . .
M i l l i n e r y ________ __________________
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ___________ ____
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l . „
O t h e r fa b r ic a t e d t e x t ile p r o d u c ts ______
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu r n i t u r e ) ------------- ------------------------------ -----L o g g i n g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s ------------S a w m i lls a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ___________
M i l l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d p r e fa b r ic a te d
s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s -------------------W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s ___
____________
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ---------------F u r n i t u r e a n d fix t u r e s _________________
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e _________________
O t h e r fu r n it u r e a n d fix t u r e s -------------------

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

950

648

285

___

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

92.5
34.3
25.3
17.6

June

92.6
34.6
25.1
17.6

M ay

91.3
33.8
24.9
17.4

1950

1951

89.4
31.9
24.8
17.2

92.5
33.8
25.1
18.1

94.6
33.8
25.4
19.9

94.0
32.9
25.2
19.8

94.4
32.9
25.3
19.7

94. 2
33.1
25.2
19.5

93 8
33 6
25.1
19.2

92.9
33.8
.24.8
18.7

91.8
34. 2
24.3
18.2

91.0
34.7
24 2
17.1

92.6
35.0
25.0
17.3

57.2

57.7

58.1

63.0

63.1

63.1

63.2

63.8

64.2

61.6

65.0

70.6

353.4

353.1

353.7

351.0

129.9
94.8

126.0
93.0

127.3
91.9

125.7
85.2

332.0

338.1

341.8

343.5

344.9

344.7

343.0

341.9

345.2

334.6

129.2
90.9

128.0
87 9

127.5
87. 2

127. 3
87.2

126 9
91.6

127.8
93. 9

127.7
95.5

129.4
96.1

132.9
96.5

131.9
94.6

12, 559 12, 712 12, 807 12,820 12, 766 12,911

Durable goods
- ------- --------- 7,251
Nondurable goods 1----- ------5,308
Ordnance and accessories................... —

Apr.

7,314
5,398

7,310
5,497

57.3

56.0

7,306
5, 514
54.6

7,264
5,502
53.5

7,322
5,589
51.7

66.0 66.1

12,904 12, 997 13.087 13,069 12, 885 13,064 12,993 13,034 12,264
7,314
5,590
50.1

7,296
5, 701
46.9

7,279
5,808
43.6

7,261
5,808
41.3

7,226
5,659
38.0

7,409
5,655
33.9

7,406
5,587
32.2

7,334
5,700

6,622
5,642

37.4

19.8

1,057 1,056 1,060 1,068 1,122 1,160 1,254 1,330 1,307 1,225 1,146 1,099 1,170 1,168
234.5 240.3 244.1 246.4 251.6 246.3 236.3 234.5 233.1 235.5 233.2 229.2 237.6 235.9
93.7
100.7
98.5 102.8 108.1 114.2 116.2 115.6 109.5 104.4 104.4
95.7
94.8
96.3
112. 7 104.0 105.4 105.8 120.3 145.2 238.1 329.5 304.5 226.1 153.9 136.9 180.5 176.9
96.4
91.1
94.2
96.9
97.9
99.2
98.7
97.0
97.2
98.5
95.6
96.4
97.3
96.6
184.4 186. 6 187.3 187.2 190.3 192.2 195.1 193.0 192.3 192.2 192.0 189.5 191.0 191.5
24.4
29.9
28.8
24.8
40.2
24.7
24.9
24.0
25.3
22.2
36.7
45.6
22.3
21.7
73.6
80.4
83.1
89.2
78.2
71.2
73.1
82.7
85.1
87.5
84.7
73.8
76.6
79.4
137.4 138 3 134.4 136.2 145.9 146.8 150.0 155.5 160.5 160.9 155.1 145.3 150.2 149.1
99.1 100.9 102.6
99.9
99.4 101.7
94.7
98.1 101.1 104.8 101.2
95.2
96.4
95.2
77
23.8
38.7
10.0
4.0

78
23.9
39. 5
10.1
4. 6

80
24.2
39. 5
10.3
6. 3

82
24.2
38.8
10.3
9.0

85
24.4
39.7
10.2
10.5

85
24.4
40.1
10.3
10.5

89
24.0
39.8
10.2
14.8

89
23.7
38.8
10.3
15.9

84
23.6
37.7
10.2
12.2

75
23.7
36.9
10.2
3.7

70
23.3
38.4
10.3
3.6

74
22.9
37.2
10.4
3.6

81
23.6
38.9
10.4
8.0

81
23.3
39.1
10.8
7.8

1,091 1,112 1,123 1,131 1,141 1,132 1,133 1,136 1,152 1,167 1,205 1,206 1,186 1,206
144.9 146.8 149.0 149.0 149.8 149.4 150.5 153.2 154.0 153.6 157.8 160.1 156.3 151.8
506.8 517.6 526.7 540.0 547.5 544.2 546.2 551.4 561.2 573.7 587.7 574.3 568.7 585. 6
209.2 209 7 210 0 209.0 210.7 209.1 208.5 205.3 211.5 210.3 215.7 221.6 219.0 223.6
80.1
79.2
78.1
73.4
78.1
77.9
74.3
74.9
73.4
78.0
76.5
79.0
75.8
78.8
47.1
63. 3
50.7
47.7
41.2
43.1
41.6
43.1
42.6
40.6
41.6
44. 7
44. 5
44 8
117.0
120.4
111.9
117.9
110.5
111.8
109.9 113.8 113.3 112.4 112.3 111.3 110.8 111.6
993 1,049 1,052 1,029 1,035 1,008 1,019 1,037 1,047
120.0 126. 5 127. 5 127.2 122.5 117.1 130.6 138.0 139.2

990
129.3

1,000

135.4

998 1,039 1,042
135.0 133.8 134.3

238.9
273 7
91.6
19.1
58. 8
73 2
117.6

238 1
305 8
92.0
23. 5
63 5
76 8
123.2

232.7
308.8
9Ï.2
22.8
64.0
78. 7
126.0

228.2 235.4
300.3 295.7
88.9
90.2
21. C 18.7
60.2
58.3
79.2
87.6
124. £ 126.5

232.7
278.6
90.3
16.7
59.2
90.3
123.3

237.5
270.1
89.8
18.7
58.1
91.0
123.3

238.8
284.4
87.6
19.1
57.1
90.9
120.7

238.0
294.5
87.0
19.0
59.7
89.5
119.7

233.1
271.0
84.2
17.1
59.4
80.1
116.0

245.2
255.4
86.6
14.3
59.2
85.8
117.6

252.9
249.1
88.9
14.6
56.3
82.7
118.6

245.6
282.7
90.6
18.7
59.6
85.4
123.1

245.3
286:8
95.2
19.4
60.7
78.4
121.7

676
55.6
406.4

670
57.7
398.1

668
56.9
396.4

654
47.9
390.6

696
64.2
412.2

719
70.7
428. (

740
74.2
439. £

745
75.5
442.7

754
72.9
449. (

748
73.3
443.2

773
76.7
455.9

764
74.2
449.2

741
69. 2
437.1

730
63.5
431.1

91.3
69.1
53. 5

90.0
70.4
54.2

89.8
70.8
54.4

91.6
71.0
53.0

93.9
72.1
53.7

95.3
70.9
54. (

100.0
71.)
54.9

100.4
71.2
54. £

103.0
72.3
56.7

100.7
74.4
55.9

107.3
76.6
56.8

107.2
76.2
57.3

103. 4
74.4
56. 5

108.5
72.2
64.8

296
296
208. C 207.4
88.4
87.8

296
208.0
87.6

296
207.7
88.4

294
206.4
87.3

289
201.2
87.9

285
196.0
89.3

285
195.2
89.4

284
195.9
87.8

286
197.3
89.0

301
211.4
89.7

301
211.9

311
227.9
82.6

291
204.9
86.2

88.8

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

86

T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1951

1952
Industry group and industry
Apr.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products--------------Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Other paper and allied products__

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

July

Aug.

June

M ay

1951

1950

396

399
206.3
ip5. 2
87.2

403
210. 2
105. 5
87.6

404
210.2
105.7
88.0

405
211.3
105.7
87.8

410
212.2
108.7
88.8

411
211.9
109.9
89.0

413
212.3
110.7
90.2

416
214.3
110.9
91.0

419
214.6
112.1
92.3

418
213.5
112.4
92.5

426
214.9
116.4
94.3

424
213.0
117.0
94.3

420
212.2
114.5
92.7

404
205.1
109.8
88.8

Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers.......................... ......................
Periodicals.................... ..............................
Books...........................................................
Commercial printing........... ................ .
Lithographing................................ ............
Other printing and publishing-----------

506

506
151.8
35.1
35.7
166.0
30.6
87.1

508
151.8
35. 5
36.0
166.7
30.9
86.8

507
151.7
35.2
36.2
166.4
30.6
87.3

510
151.3
34.7
36.0
169.7
30.6
88.0

520
154.9
35.6
36.3
170.5
32.1
90.2

519
153.7
35.1
36.5
169.6
32.6
91.0

517
152.8
35.5
36.7
168.9
32.9
90.5

515
152.5
35.4
37.0
167.4
32.4
89.9

509
150.5
35.2
36.4
165.8
31.8
89.6

507
151.0
34.0
35.3
166.8
31.4
88.5

512
152.2
33.7
35.9
168.8
31.9
89.4

510
151.9
34.6
35.7
167.8
32.1
87.7

512
151.6
3ö. 0
36.2
168.6
32.1
89.1

503
148.6
34.7
35.7
166.6
31.7
85.8

Chemicals and allied products---------Industrial inorganic chemicals..........
Industrial organic chem icals.............
Drugs and medicines_____ _____ _
Paints, pigments, and fillers_______
Fertilizers__________________ _____
Vegetable and animal oil and fats__
Other chemicals and allied products___

518

530
60.8
162- 9
71. 2
47. 7
35.3
38-1
114.2

538
60.9
167.8
71.4
47.8
34.7
40.7
114.4

538
61.0
168.4
70.6
48.0
31.5
44.0
114.2

536
61.0
169.6
70.2
47.9
27.8
46.4
112.8

538
61.8
171.1
70.5
47.9
25.4
48.8
112.4

542
61.7
172.9
70.4
47.9
24.8
50.5
113.5

544
61.2
172.1
69.9
48.1
25.8
52.0
114.4

543
61.4
174.9
70.0
48.6
25.8
47.6
114.6

531
61.1
173.8
70.2
49.7
23.8
37.9
114.5

526
61.0
172.3
70.3
50.2
22.9
35.6
114.0

528
60.4
171.5
70.1
50.0
24.7
36.3
115.2

531
59.4
169.5
70.1
49.8
29.6
37.6
115.1

535
60.1
169.9
69.7
49.1
28.0
43.2
114.8

496
52.9
151.8
62.7
46.8
27.8
43.8
110.3

Products of petroleum and coal_____
Petroleum refinin g........... ...............
Coke and byproducts____________ _
Other petroleum and coal produets.

186

197
155.1
19.1
22.6

194
152.3
19.2
22.1

193
152.6
18.8
21.6

193
152.7
18.8
21.4

196
154.5
19.0
22.4

197
154.1
18.2
24.2

197
153.6
19.0
24.8

197
153.6
19.2
24.4

198
154.0
19.4
24.2

198
154.3
19.3
24.3

198
153.8
19.1
24.8

194
150.8
18.7
24.4

195
151.9
18.8
24.3

185
142.8
18.1
23.9

Rubber products......... ................................. .
Tires and inner tubes_____________
Rubber footwear......... ................ ..........
Other rubber products.........................

214

213
94.2
22.0
96.9

216
93, 9
24.2
97.7

215
94.2
24.7
96.3

218
94.4
25.4
97.9

219
95.4
25.5
97.9

219
94.8
25.6
98.2

215
89.8
25.5
99.4

218
92.4
25.3
100.2

218
91.5
25.2
101.2

217
90.0
24.8
102.2

220
89.9
25.7
104.7

220
88.3
25.4
106.0

219
90.8
25.3
1 0 2 .9

203
87.8
20.6
94.3

Leather and leather products.
Leather__________________
Footwear (except rubber)...
Other leather products____

325

335
39.2
216.5
79.6

343
39.7
221.6
81.9

342
40.0
220.6
81.6

330
39.8
212.8
77.5

323
39.0
205. 4
78.4

317
38.7
197.7
80.3

320
38.1
201.4
80.8

327
37.6
208.0
81.2

343
40.0
221.3
81.2

336
41.5
215.0
79.3

344
42.7
221.8
79.3

331
42.8
210.4
77.4

342
42.1
218.0
81.7

355
45.9
229.4
79.7

Stone, clay, and glass produ cts............. .
Glass and glass products_____________
Cement, hydraulic___________ _____ _
Structural clay products...... ................ .
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products...

452

451
122.5
35.8
79.3
48.5
80.8
84.0

449
121.0
36.2
78.0
48.5
80.4
85.0

447
119.8
36.1
78.0
49.1
79.2
84.6

452
119.4
36.6
79.7
49.0
80.8
86.7

465
123.4
36.8
83.2
49.9
83.7
88.2

472
124.7
37.0
84.4
50.6
85.6
89.4

479
128.2
37.1
84.7
51.1
87.0
91.0

482
129.6
37.4
85.2
51.5
86.9
91.7

484
130.1
37.7
85.0
51.9
87.8
91.4

478
124.3
37.5
84.8
51.6
87.8
91.8

485
129.8
37.3
84.8
53.3
87.0
92.8

484
131.1
36.5
83.0
54.6
85.8
92.8

478
128.2
36.8
83.0
52.9
85.6
91.6

441
117.3
36.0
74.8
52.3
78.7
81.8

Primary metal industries.......................... 1,142
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills____________ _____ ___________
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_____________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals___________ _________
Nonferrous foundries._____ _________
Other primary metal industries..........
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transporta­
tion equipm ent)....................................
T in cans and other tin w a r e .................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ su p p lies..____ _____
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products___

794

1,146

1,154

1,160

1,162

1,164

1,149

1,160

1,162

574.7
249.6

571.6
247.1


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,172

1,162

1,159

571.8
253.7

565.0
252.5

566.4
248.9

1,053
535.6
204.0

559.9
239.3

566.8
239.2

570.2
243.4

570.2
246.3

572.7
248.6

557.7
250.3

47.4

47.3

47.5

47.1

47.1

47.1

47.2

46.8

47.7

46.8

47.8

46.4

47.2

45.4

82.3
95.2
121.6

82.2
93.6
124.4

81.4
93.0
124.7

82.2
92. ‘
124.1

79.3
91.8
124.3

80.0
90.2
123.3

80.1
90. Í
123.4

78.4
90.8
123.7

79.3
90.5
122.9

79.8
88.2
121.fi

83.1
91.5
124.1

81.9
93.2
123.2

82.2
91.9
122.7

80.7
78.8
108.4

807
41.
122. £

807
39.
122.

807
38.7
124.6

804
38. £
124. £

806
40.2
123. £

805
40.0
124.5

809
42. £
126.fi

810
44. £
128.

817
44.8
132.3

813
43.2
130. £

843
43.5
136.fi

850
42.9
138.1

831
42.9
134.3

776
42.8
132.7

114.
188.
145.
193.

115.
189.
144.
195.

115.
188.
143.
196.

115.
186.
143.
195.

118. £
186.
141.
195.

120.0
183.1
142.
195.

120.
181."
142. £
194.

120."
180. (
141.,
194.

121.8
180.
142.
195.

122.8
177.1
147.;
191.

128.4
176. £
158.
198.

130.1
178.5
161.
198.

126.0 123.9
178. S 156.5
153. C 146.9
195.
173.0

1,274 1,277 1,281 1, 276 1,269 1,255 1,242 1,219 1,209
Machinery (except electrical)__________ 1,257
69.
70.'
70.
73.
73.
74.
74.
74.
' 74.
Engines and turbines.......... .
129.
145.
127.
145.
147.
145. 2 149. 1 148.
145.
Agricultural machinery and tractors...
93.
9 4 .; ;
91.
[
95.
5
97.
99.
3
100.
101.
101.
Construction and mining machinery__
230.
224.
231.
246. 5 244. 3 240.
248. 5 248.
248.
Metalworking machinery.
Special-industry machinery (except
148. 9 150.
148.
145. 8 145. 4 146. 8 147. 5 148.
144.
metalworking machinery)...
169. 4 168.
171.
172. 2 173. 4 173. 6 173. i 173. 1 172.
General industrial m achinery.................
89. 5
88.
90.
6
90.
8
90.
89.
89. 2
89. 3
89. 4
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household m a­
1
125.
5
124.
123.
0
121.
1
127.
133 9 133. 2 132. ö' 130.
chines........................................................
165. 7 163. 5 162.
164. 3 165. 3 166. 4 166. 6 167. 9 166.
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______ ______
See footnotes at end of table.

1,155

1,165

572.7
249.4

569.7
248.7

:

0
7

1,235 1,252 1,242 1,233 1,040
68.
54.5
67. £
69.;
68.
145.
133. 5
151.
153.
151.
90.
73.0
88.!
90.
90.
228.
169.0
232.
227.
232.
149.
165.
88.

149. 4
166. 8
86. 2

150.
166.
88. 5

128. 4
161. 5

137. 3 141. 5
163. 21 161.

148.
166.
87.

126.6
134.3
76.6

134.
161. 5

143.2
130.0

REVIEW, JULY 1952

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

87

T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1952

Annual
average

1951

Industry group and industry
M ay
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery.._________________ 705
Electrical generating, transmission, dis­
tribution, and industrial apparatus________
Electrical equipment for vehicles____________
Communication equipment_________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis­
cellaneous products______________________
Transportation equipment_____________ 1,306
Automobiles________ ____ __________
Aircraft and parts___________________
Aircraft__________________________
Aircraft engines and parts__________
Aircraft propellers and parts...............
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Shipbuilding and repairing_________
Boat building and repairing________
Railroad equipm ent_________________
Other transportation equipment............

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1951

1950

714

723

727

725

726

718

707

707

696

684

704

707

710

636

269.5
65.1
268.3

272.1
65.3
273.3

274.6
66.1
273.4

272.8
66.6
271.1

270.8
67.2
272.0

266.2
67.4
268.4

265.0
67.2
257.5

272.8
67.5
247.3

271.6
66.1
238.5

271.1
65.6
229.5

275.0
67.0
241.2

270.0
67.1
247.2

267.1
66.1
256.1

229.7
56.0
237.0

111.1

112.0

112.4

114.1

115.7

115.9

117.7

119.7

119.4

117.7

121.2

122.2

120.5

113.3

1,283 1,263 1,251 1,235 1,235 1,234 1,205 1,211 1,198 3,187 1,237 1.233 1,221 1,044
661.8 639.2 634.0 633.2 645.3 654.6 667.4 678.6 675.1 684.0 738.1 752.4 718.4 713.5
428.6 427.4 424.3 415.4 406.7 395.3 362.1 360.3 357.1 346.6 332.7 317.9 336.6 201.8
288.3 286.9 283.7 278.9 274.7 267.8 248.7 241.9 243.7 236.6 225.6 216.2 228.6 135.7
83.7
84.3
84.3
78.4
81.3
74.8
62.4
66.6
69.5
64.6
59.4
63.0
62.8
39.1
9.4
9.6
9.2
8.7
9.0
8.5
8.3
8.0
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.5
5.4
7.5
47.0
46.8
47.1
46.2
44.9
44.2
42.7
40.9
39.4
38.1
36.8
34.8
37.5
21.5
127.6 126.2 122.4 114.9 110.5 111.1 103.7 101.9
99.3 100.5
97.9
94.7
98.9
71.4
111.7 111.8 108.9 102.3
98.2
99.3
92.5
90.6
87.6
87.7
84.7
81.5
86.5
60.2
14.4
15.9
13.5
12.3
12.6
11.8
11.2
11.3
11.7
12.8
13.2
13.2
12.4
11.2
56.4
60.8
60.5
62.8
61.7
63.1
62.2
60.0
57.4
47.2
59.2
58.3
56.7
47.9
9.0
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.8
9.8
9.7
9.7
9.3
9.0
9.0
9.9
9.3
9.7

Instruments and related products______
231
Ophthalmic goods_________________________
Photographic apparatus____________________
Watches and clocks________________________
Professional and scientific instruments_______

235
22.5
45.3
30.9
136.7

234
22.5
44.9
30.5
135.8

233
22.3
44.7
30.2
135.8

232
22.3
44.7
30.1
135.1

232
22.7
44.9
30.0
134.1

230
22.5
44.4
30.0
133.2

228
22.3
44.2
29.5
132.3

226
22.1
44.7
28.9
130.2

224
22.2
44.9
28.6
128.0

221
22.5
42.2
28.1
128.5

223
22.6
44.0
28.9
127.6

222
22.8
43.0
28.6
127.6

223
22.5
43.4
29.0
127.7

186
20.6
37.3
25.5
103.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 373
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware________
Toys and sporting goods___________________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions.____ _____
Other miscellaneous manufacturing in­
dustries_________________________________

380
36.9
59.7
42.5

381
37.1
58.6
44.9

381
37.4
57.3
45.5

374
36.8
54.9
43.5

381
37.7
56.2
43.7

388
38.3
60.8
44.5

390
38.6
62.4
44.4

388
39.0
62.6
43.1

388
39.4
64.1
44.3

383
39.4
61.8
44.3

400
41.1
65.5
45.7

409
43.3
67.6
47.5

402
42.0
64.1
47.8

385
44.5
64.2
49.2

240.7

240.7

240.4

238.3

243.8

244.6

244.8

243.6

240.6

237.4

247.8

251.0

247.8

227.2

1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full- and part
time employees engaged in production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main­
tenance and repair, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.

1 See footnote 2, table A-2.
» See footnote 3, table A-2.

Table A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries 1
[1947-49 average= 100]
Period
1939: Average............................
1940: Average______________
1941: Average............... ...........
1942: A verage.................. .......
1943: Average______________
1944: Average______________
1945: Average............. ..............
1946: Average_____________
1947: Average____ _________

Employ­
ment
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4

1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Weekly
payroll
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7

Period

Em ploy­
ment

Weekly
payroll

1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________

1 0 2 .8
9 3 .8
9 9 .2
1 0 5 .4

1 0 5 .1
9 7 .2
1 1 1 .2
1 2 9 .2

1951:

M ay________ ______ _
June_________ _______
July_________________
August________ _____ _

1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .7

1 2 8 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 2 8 .4

Period
1951: September___________
October_____________
November___________
December_________
1952: January_____________
February____ ______
M a r c h /_____________
April___ ______
M ay________________

Em ploy­
ment
105.8
105.1
104.3
104.4
103.2
103.6
103. 5
102.8
101.5

Weekly
payroll
130.9
129 8
129.8
132.9
130. 4
131.0
131.4
127.8

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able

A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
E xecu tive1

Year and month

Legislative

All branches
Total

Defense
agenciess

Post Office
D epartm ent5

Judicial

All other
agencies

Employment—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: Average_________________________
1951: Average_________________________

2, 080. 5
2, 465.9

2, 068. 6
2, 453. 7

837.5
1, 210. 7

521.4
525.4

709.7
717.6

8.1
8.3

3.8
3.9

1951: M a y ____________________________
June__________________________ July____________________________
August__________________________
September_______________________
October ________________________
N ovem ber_______________________
December_______________________

2, 432. 6
2, 462.3
2, 503. 4
2, 521.3
2, 528. 7
2, 514. 9
2, 517. 5
2, 921. 6

2, 420. 5
2, 450.1
2, 491. 0
2, 509. 3
2, 516. 7
2, 502. 8
2, 505. 4
2, 909. 2

1,212.1
1, 237. 5
1,265. 3
1, 267. 7
1, 277.2
1, 279. 4
1, 288. 5
1, 293. 0

492.1
491.2
489.4
495.5
496.0
495.7
496.2
898.1

716.3
721.4
736.3
746.1
743.5
727.7
720.7
718.1

8.2
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4

3.9
3. 9
3. 9
3. 9
3.9
3. 9
3. 9
4.0

1952: January_________________ ____ ___
February________________________
M arch__________________________
April____________________________
M ay____________________________

2, 524.3
2, 537. 5
2, 550. 9
2, 559.2
2, 571.3

2, 512.1
2, 525. 2
2, 538. 5
2, 546. 7
2, 558. 7

1, 296. 9
1, 308. 8
1, 314. 6
1, 319. 0
1, 326. 4

502.4
503.6
508.8
510.0
511.8

712.8
712.8
715.1
717.7
720.5

8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7

3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
3. 9

Payrolls--T otal (including areas outside continental United States)
1950: Average.............. .................. ..................
1951: Average_________________________

585, 576
749, 563

580, 792
744, 560

235,157
361, 825

135, 300
147, 408

210, 335
235, 327

3, 215
3, 320

1, 569
1, 683

1951: M ay____________________________
June____________________________
July____________________________
August__________________________
September_______________________
October _______________________
November_______________________
D ecem b er-.------ --------------------------

742, 529
721, 693
735, 991
769,173
707, 508
857, 429
891,129
856,123

737, 428
716, 681
731,168
764,167
702, 576
851, 725
885, 714
850, 904

370, 700
360, 686
364, 256
385, 852
347, 046
402, 013
423, 827
381,184

131, 353
131,156
133, 044
130, 860
134, 916
169, 963
187, 003
225, 820

235, 375
224, 839
233, 868
247, 455
220, 614
279, 749
274, 884
243, 900

3,338
3,379
3,195
3,257
3,213
3,445
3, 589
3,529

1, 763
1, 633
1, 628
1, 749
1, 719
2,259
1, 826
1, 690

1952: January_________________________
February________________________
March__________________________
April_______________ ____ ________
M ay_______ ____ ________________

846, 065
801, 375
807, 727
826, 343
830,750

840, 578
796.100
802, 514
821,276
825,257

413, 322
391, 062
391, 111
405,977
408, 316

158, 767
158, 481
162, 569
159,495
159, 714

268, 489
246, 557
248, 834
255, 804
257,227

3,661
3, 546
3,604
3,721
3,725

1, 826
1, 729
1, 609
1,846
1,768

Employment—Continental United States
1950: Average_________________________
1951: Average_________________________

1, 930. 5
2, 296. 9

1,918. 7
2, 284.8

732.3
1, 093. 7

519.4
523.4

667.0
667.7

8.1
8.3

3.7
3.8

1951: M ay_____________ ______________
June____________________________
July____________________________
August_________________ _______
September_______________________
October _______________________
November_______________________
D ecem ber.------- --------------------------

2, 263. 9
2,290. 5
2, 329. 8
2, 349.0
2,355. 3
2, 341. 5
2, 344. 0
2, 746.2

2, 251. 9
2, 278.4
2, 317. 5
2, 337.1
2, 343. 4
2, 329. 4
2,332.0
2, 733. 9

1, 089. 8
1,113.3
1, 141. 2
1,156.1
1,164. 4
1,166.1
1,174. 0
1,177. 8

490.3
489.3
487.5
493.4
494.0
493.6
494.1
894.4

671.8
675.8
688.8
687.6
685.0
669.7
663.9
661.7

8.2
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4

3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.8
3.9

1952: January_________________________
February________________________
March---- ---------------------------------April____________________________
M ay____________________________

2, 350.0
2, 362. 9
2, 373. 5
2, 380. 8
2, 390.0

2, 337. 8
2, 350. 7
2, 361. 2
2, 368. 4
2, 377. 4

1,181.1
1,192. 2
1,195.3
1,198. 5
1, 203. 6

500.3
501.5
506.6
507.9
509.6

656.4
657.0
659.3
662.0
664.2

8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7

3.9
3. 9
3.9
3.9
3.9

Payrolls—-Continental United States
1950: Average_________________________
1951: Average_________________________

549, 328
706, 838

544, 587
701, 880

211, 508
334,015

134, 792
146, 819

198, 287
221, 046

3,215
3, 320

1, 526
1, 638

1951: M ay____________________________
June____________________________
July____________________________
August__________________________
September_______________________
October_______ ____ _____________
N o v em b er______________________
December_______________________

698, 694
677, 493
693, 405
724,164
665, 042
818, 307
840,879
808,960

693, 638
672, 525
688, 626
719, 202
660,153
812, 658
835, 515
803, 786

340, 465
330, 332
337, 591
357, 459
320, 781
379, 746
391.089
352, 230

130, 850
130, 613
132, 500
130, 329
134, 356
169,257
186, 221
224, 878

222, 323
211, 580
218, 535
231, 414
205, 016
263, 655
258,205
226, 678

3,338
3,379
3,195
3, 257
3,213
3, 445
3, 589
3, 529

1, 718
1, 589
1, 584
1, 705
1, 676
2,204
1,775
1, 645

1952: January_________________________
February_______ ____ ___________
March__________________________
April____________________________
M ay_______________________ . . . .

797, 797
755,244
759, 261
773,491
782,026

792, 357
750,104
754, 089
772,968
776,577

382, 580
361, 775
360, 239
374, 879
377,053

158,110
157, 824
161,893
158, 832
159,044

251, 667
230, 415
231,957
239, 257
240,480

3, 661
3, 546
3,604
3,721
3, 725

1,779
1, 684
1, 568
1,802
1,724

i See footnote 2, table A-6.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

!See footnote 3, table A-6.

‘Includes fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A-2.

T able

89

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, JULY 1952

A-6: Government Civilian Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
District of
Total
Columbia
government government

Year and month

Executive 3
Legislative

Total
All agencies

Defense
agencies 3

Post Office
Department

All other
agencies

Judicial

Employment
1950: Average------- -------- ------------1951: Average— ....................... .........

242.3
271.4

20.1
20.3

222.2
251.1

213.4
242.1

67.5
83.8

8.1
8.3

137.8
150.0

8.1
8.3

0.7
.7

1951: M a y ..
-------------------------June_— - - —-----------July--------------August_________ _____ _____
September, — — _
October-.
— N ovem ber__ - - ------------- D ecem ber.. ------- -- - - -

271.4
272.9
280.3
281.1
278.0
274.0
273.5
279.2

20.1
20.5
19.9
19.8
20.0
20.3
20.7
20.5

251.3
252.4
260.4
261.3
258. 0
253.7
252.8
258.7

242.4
243.4
251.2
252.5
249.2
244.8
243.9
249.6

83.6
83.9
87.7
88.7
87.4
86.6
86.7
86.5

7.8
7.7
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.9
14.2

151.0
151.8
155.6
155.9
154.0
150.5
149.3
148.9

8.2
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7

1952: January---- - ------ --------February_____ - _ - - - M arch______
_________
April____
- M a y .--------- -----------------

272.0
273.0
272.7
273.1
273.0

20.5
20.6
20.6
20.4
20.5

251.5
252.4
252.1
252.7
252.5

242.5
243.4
243.0
243.5
243.1

86.5
87.1
87.1
87.4
87.6

7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.1

148.1
148.3
147.9
148.0
147.4

8.3
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.7

.7
.7
.7
.7
.7

Payrolls
81,602
98,369

5,321
5,629

76, 281
92, 740

72, 780
89,106

22, 888
31,018

2,937
3,201

46, 955
54,887

3, 215
3,320

286
314

1951: M a y ... ---------------- - - June____ _ _ . - -----------July_______________________
A ugust___
— .........
September________
October.. ---------------- ----NovemberDecember—
------ --

104.400
94,102
96,344
102,943
89, 868
119,319
111, 480
101,184

5,883
5,623
4, 474
4,591
5,435
6, 264
6,491
6,241

98, 517
88,479
91, 870
98,352
84,433
113.055
104, 989
94,943

94,863
84, 798
88,374
94, 766
80, 905
109, 252
101, 045
91,102

31,082
29, 480
30,893
35,357
28, 258
37,085
37, 729
31,920

2,946
2,839
2,937
2,975
2,860
4, 096
3,649
4, 533

60,835
52, 479
54, 544
56,434
49, 787
68,071
59,667
54,649

3,338
3,379
3,195
3, 257
3,213
3,445
3,589
3, 529

316
302
301
329
315
358
355
312

1952: January------ - - ------- ---..........
February- —
-----M arch---April___
M ay ____ — -

109, 745
101, 213
102, 657
106,478
106,400

6, 635
6, 266
6,270
6,346
6,414

103,110
94, 947
96,387
100,132
99,986

99, 111
91,084
92,481
96,071
95, 926

34,683
32,354
33, 486
34,259
34,287

3,450
3,364
3,447
3, 462
3,471

60, 978
55,366
55, 548
58,350
58,168

3,661
3, 546
3,604
3, 721
3,725

338
317
302
340
335

1950: Average— ----1951: Average---- -

-------

1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area, as
defined by the Bureau of the Census.
2 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by governmental personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data which


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission are adjusted to
maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
3 Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and N avy), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, Canal Zone Government, Selective Service System, National
Security Resources Board, National Security Council, War Claims Com­
mission.

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

90

MONTHLY LABOR

T able A-9: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[In th o u s a n d s ]

1951

1952

Geographic division and
State
April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Continental United States-------------- 1,143. 9 1,192.3 1,284.1 1,384.1 1,101.6

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1950
July

June

M ay

April

932.1 1, 908.8

April

939.9

853.0

859.8

939.2 1,001.6

934.7

949.9

New England____________________
M aine.. _____________________
New Hampshire---------------------Vermont_____________________
Massachusetts------------------------Rhode Island-------------------------Connecticut--------------- ------------

135.2
14.7
9.6
2.9
73.3
19.3
15.4

110.3
9.8
7.6
2.3
58.2
18.6
13.8

113.1
9.2
7.0
2.3
61.0
18.6
15.0

123.3
10.2
7.6
3.0
65.3
21.0
16.2

107.4
9.8
7.9
2.3
56.5
18.4
12.5

102.2
8.6
8.9
1.9
52.1
17.7
13.0

105.8
7.4
8.0
1.9
52.1
22.4
14.0

106.4
7.5
8.2
1.7
52.7
21.8
14.5

110.5
7.4
7.3
1.5
54.1
22.5
17.7

111.7
8.5
7.0
1.5
56.2
22.2
16.3

112.6
9.2
7.6
1.4
59.4
22.1
12.9

122.2
12.5
9.9
1.5
65.5
19.9
12.9

99.8
11.2
7.6
1.2
55.1
13.1
11.6

225.1
22.7
16.3
4.6
123.6
25.9
32.0

Middie Atlantic____________ _____ _
New York______________ ____ New Jersey---------- ----------------Pennsylvania--------------------------

359. 5
200.6
51.0
107.9

355.3
198.4
50.4
106.5

373.2
209.6
54.7
108.9

415.8
232.6
63.1
120.1

352.2
219.3
42.8
90.1

316.2
196.0
41.6
78.6

304.2
183.9
46.2
74.1

298.6
178.2
42.9
77.5

315.1
189.0
42.9
83.2

344.8
215.5
46.5
82.8

327.2
204.7
46.7
75.8

311.7
190.4
48.8
72.5

299.7
183.9
43.1
72.7

526.0
292.2
84.9
148.9

East North Central----------------------Ohio_________________________
Indiana-------- - - -------------- _
Illinois_______________________
M ichigan.............. ............... ...........
Wisconsin____________________

184.3
36.7
19.3
71.3
44.6
12.4

194.5
42.8
19.6
55.5
61.1
15.5

226.1
47.8
23.8
63.3
73.7
17.5

259.3
49.7
25.6
73.8
89.3
20.9

213.4
41.8
22.0
57.4
77.2
15.0

182.2
38.0
19,1
55.8
57.5
11.8

158.7
32.7
13.3
54.6
50.6
7.5

158.0
30.4
15.1
62.1
44.5
5.9

184.3
31.8
20.1
70.6
55.1
6.7

191.0
33.4
22.9
76.8
51.1
6.8

158.6
28.4
17.6
74.3
32.5
5.8

158.8
27.0
17.0
78.3
30.6
5.9

150.9
27.7
14.9
72.9
27.8
7.6

373.4
103.5
26.7
148.1
75.9
19.2

West North Central------------------ Minnesota-----------------------------Iowa_________________________
Missouri— ---------- ----------------North Dakota____ ____________
South Dakota_________________
Nebraska............. ............... ............
K a n sa s...------ -------------- ---------

59.2
23.7
6.1
19.7
2.0
1.1
2.6
4.0

71.0
26.3
8.1
21.6
3.5
1.8
4.3
5.4

76.1
26.7
8.9
24.3
3.7
1.9
5.1
5.5

76.5
24.0
8.4
28.2
3.1
1.8
4.7
6.3

51.3
13.9
4.4
24.2
1.8
.9
1.9
4.2

40.6
8.1
2.6
25.0
.6
.3
.8
3.2

34.4
6.0
2.5
22.4
.1
.2
.5
2.7

30.8
6.3
2.4
18.3
.1
.2
.6
2.9

31.5
6.7
2.8
16.7
.2
.2
.6
4.3

35.2
7.2
3.2
18.2
.2
.2
.7
5.5

31.9
7.0
3.1
18.2
.2
.3
.7
2.4

39.0
11.2
3.5
19.9
.5
.4
1.1
2.4

52.2
18.4
4.8
20.3
1.9
1.1
2.1
3.6

101. 7
32.8
8.9
39.3
3.7
1.9
5.4
9.7

South A tlan tic....................... ......... .
Delaware---------------------- --------M arylan d -------- ------------------District of Columbia_____ _____
Virginia------------- --------- ---------West V irginia...------- -------------North Carolina__________ ____ _
South Carolina________________
Georgia---------------------------------Florida_______________________

104.8
1.3
12.7
2.3
7.1
15.7
31.8
11.3
14.6
8.0

99.8
1.5
9.5
2.8
8.1
14.4
29.3
11.2
14.6
8.4

106.8
1.7
11.6
3.0
9.3
15.7
28.4
12.2
15.3
9.6

116.9
1.9
13.5
2.7
10.6
16.3
30.2
12.9
17.9
10.9

90.6
1.4
10.0
1.8
7.3
11.3
24.7
10.0
13.9
10.2

84.6
1.1
7.7
1.4
7.5
9.0
25.2
9.3
12.9
10.5

83.2
1.0
6.7
1.2
7.4
8.5
24.2
9.0
11.4
13.8

94.7
1.1
6.5
1.4
8.2
8.5
28.5
9.6
13.8
17.1

107.0
1.2
8.5
1.5
10.5
10.4
31.0
10.5
15.4
18.0

112.7
1.2
10.7
1.5
12.7
11.7
30.6
11.0
16.1
17.2

98.0
1.2
11.0
1.5
12.5
10.3
25.5
9.1
15.5
11.4

90.9
1.1
12.1
1.7
9.1
10.6
24.8
8.0
14.2
9.3

78.0
1.0
11.6
2.1
5.4
11.0
20.1
7.1
12.2
7.5

164.0
2.7
29.3
5.9
15.7
21.8
37.3
14.4
22.8
14.1

East South Central................................
Kentucky----- ------------ ---------Tennessee----- ------------------------A labam a----------- ------------- -----M ississippi___________________

74.8
20.8
28.6
15.0
10.4

78.5
20.1
31.4
14.9
12.1

79.1
19.7
31.4
15.1
12.9

81.4
18.8
35.0
15.6
12.0

66.1
15.5
28.4
13.4
8.8

63.1
14.9
26.0
15.3
6.9

51.8
13.5
21.5
11.6
5.2

54.7
13.5
22.7
12.2
6.3

58.3
14.9
22.7
13.2
7.5

63.5
16.4
25.5
13.9
7.7

58.5
16.4
22.0
13.4
6.7

60.0
17.9
22.6
12.9
6.6

60.7
17.7
22.4
13.4
7.2

105.4
25.2
40.1
25.9
14.2

West South Central...... .............. .........
Arkansas------------- ------------------L ouisiana...................... ..................
Oklahoma.........................................
Texas_________________ _______

53.1
11.3
18.6
9.3
13.9

60.7
14.2
21.0
10.5
15.0

63.3
15.5
21.5
11.2
15.1

58.7
15.1
19.5
10.7
13.4

42.7
10.5
13.9
7.9
10.4

34.5
7.7
11.5
6.5
8.8

29.1
4.9
11.1
5.3
7.8

30.2
4.5
12.1
5.5
8.1

35.8
5.3
14.4
6.5
9.6

37.8
5.4
15.9
6.8
9.7

38.0
5.5
15.6
7.2
9.7

42.7
7.1
17.6
7.5
10.5

47.1
8.6
18.4
8.9
11.2

95.0
17.6
29.9
16.9
30.6

M ountain________________________
Montana ____________________
Idaho............. ............... .............
W yoming................ .........................
Colorado______________ _______
New Mexico__________ ________
Arizona..............................................
U t a h ...____ _______ __________
Nevada ____ _______________ _

18.9
3.4
3.3
.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.5
1.2

28.3
5.9
6.0
1.2
2.4
2.7
3.1
5.4
1.6

31.9
6.8
7.3
1.5
2.7
2.6
3.2
5.8
2.0

30.7
6.1
7.3
1.4
2.6
2.5
3.0
5.7
2.1

18.8
3.2
4.7
.7
1.4
1.6
2.6
3.2
1.4

10.3
1.4
2.0
.3
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.7
.9

6.7
.6
.9
.2
.7
.7
1.7
1.3
.6

6.7
.6
.7
.1
.7
.9
2.0
1.2
,5

8.0
.7
.9
.2
1.1
1.0
2.0
1.5
.6

9.1
.8
1.0
.3
1.4
1.1
2.0
1.8
.7

8.9
1.1
.8
.3
1.5
1.1
1.8
1.6
.7

11.3
2.0
.9
.4
1.8
1.2
2.1
1.9
1.0

16.6
3.9
1.9
.8
2.1
1.6
2.3
2.8
1.2

37.9
8.2
5.6
2.0
5.6
3.4
4.7
5.9
2.5

Pacific----------- ------ ---------------- -----Washington______________ ____
O regon.............................................
California........................................

154.2
19.7
12.3
122.2

193.9
28.3
21.4
144.2

214.0
38.4
27.6
148.0

221.5
46.3
33.2
142.0

159.0
31.1
21.5
106.4

106.5
18.1
12.3
76.1

78.9
10.8
7.6
60.5

79.9
9.6
6.3
64.0

88.7
10.3

96.0
9.3
5.9
80.8

101.1
6.7
3.9
90.5

113.5

127.2
14.2
8.2
104.8

280.4
36.0
20.6
223.8

• P r io r to A u g u s t 1950, m o n t h l y d a t a r e p r e s e n t a v e r a g e s o f w e e k s e n d e d in
s p e c ifie d m o n th s ; for s u b s e q u e n t m o n th s , t h e a v e r a g e s a re b a s e d o n w e e k ly
d a t a a d ju s t e d for s p l i t w e e k s in t h e m o n t h a n d a re n o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b le
w i t h ea rlier d a t a .
F o r a te c h n ic a l d e s c r ip t io n o f t h is se ries, see t h e A p r i l
1950 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w (p . 382).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 .4

72.0

8 .7

5.0
99.8

F i g u r e s m a y n o t a d d to e x a c t c o lu m n t o t a ls b e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g .

S ource : U.

S. D e p a r tm e n t of L ab o r, B u rea u

of

E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r i t y

B: LABOR TURN-OVER

REVIEW, JULY 1952

91

B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year

Feb.

Jan.

Mar.

Apr.

M ay

June

Aug.

July

Sept.

Oct.

N ov.

Dec.

Total separation:
1952
.............................................
1951.___________________________
1950.............................. ..........................
1949.__________________________
1948___________________________
1947...................................................... .
1946_____ ____ ________ _________
1939........................................................

4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2

3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.6

3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1

2 4.2
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5

4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5

4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3

4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3

5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0

5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8

4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9

4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.9

3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5

Quit:
1952
1951........................................................
1950............... .................. .....................
1949___________________________
1948_____ _____ ________________
1947...................................................
1946___________________________
1939»______ ____________________

1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9

1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6

2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8

2 2.3
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8

2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7

2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7

2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7

3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8

3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1

2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9

1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8

1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7

Discharge:
1QS9
1951____________________ _______
1950__________ _____ ______ ____ _
1949_____ ____ _______ ____ _____
1948................... ...................................
1947.................................. .....................
1946......................... ............... ............
1939...................................... ................

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1

2 .3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1

.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1

.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1

.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2

.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1

1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2

1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7

1.1

3 1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6

1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7

1.0

1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5

1.4
.6
1.8
1.2

1.3
.7
1.8
1.0

1.4

2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5

1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4

1.5
1.3
2.0
2.2

.4

Lay-off:
1952
....................................
1951...... ................................................
1950....................................... ................
............................ ....................
1949
1948 ______ _____________ ______
1947
..............—............... .............
1946 ________ _________________
1939 .....................................................
Miscellaneous, including military:
1Q52
1951 ............ ................... ....................
1950 _________________ _________
1949 _____________ _____ _______
1948
________ ___ ____ _______
1947
_______________________ 1946____ ____ __________________
Total accession:
1952

1951...................... ................................
1950 ...................................................1949
................. .............. ................
1948
________________________
1947 ___________ ____ __________
1946 ........ ...................................... .
1939 ........ .............................................

.8

1.4
2.8
1.2

.8

.9

.7
2.1

1.0
1.6

.1
.1
.1

.4
.3
.1
.1
.1

.4
.4
.1
.1
.1

.4
.4
.1
.1
.1

.2

.2

.2

.2

4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9

4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2

4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1

4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2

.9

.8

.9

1.7
1.9

1.8
2.2

.4
.7
.1
.1

.4

.1

.1
.1

.1
.1

.2

.1
.1
.1
.2

.4
.1
.1
.1
.1

.2

.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

2.3
.5

.1

.4
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1

.2

4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1

3. 9
4.4
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1

3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3

»3.8
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9

4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3

.1

.8

2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8

1.8
2.2

i M o n t h - t o - m o n t h c h a n g e s in t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s ­
trie s as in d ic a t e d b y la b o r t u r n -o v e r r a te s are n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h t h e c h a n g e s
s h o w n b y t h e B u r e a u ’s e m p l o y m e n t a n d p a y r o ll r e p o rts, for t h e fo llo w in g
rea son s:
(1) A c c e s s io n s a n d s e p a r a tio n s are c o m p u t e d for t h e e n tir e c a le n d a r m o n th ;
t h e e m p l o y m e n t a n d p a y r o ll r e p o rts, for t h e m o s t p a r t, refer t o a 1 -w e e k p a y
p e r io d e n d i n g n e a r e s t t h e 1 5 th o f t h e m o n th .
(2) T h e t u r n -o v e r s a m p le is n o t so la rg e as t h a t o f t h e e m p lo y m e n t a n d
p a y r o ll s a m p le a n d in c lu d e s p r o p o r t io n a t e ly fe w e r s m a ll p la n t s ; c e r ta in
in d u s tr ie s are n o t c o v e r e d .
T h e m a jo r in d u s tr ie s e x c lu d e d are: p r in t in g ,
p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s ; c a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v in g fr u its, v e g e t a b le s ,
a n d sea fo ods; w o m e n ’s, m is s e s ’ , a n d c h ild r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ; a n d fe rtilize rs.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.9

.8

.9

.7
2.0

1.0
2.7

.3
.3
.1
.1
.1

.2

.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9

3.9
10
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1

3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8

.2

.1

(3)
P la n t s a re n o t in c lu d e d in t h e t u r n -o v e r c o m p u ta t io n s in m o n t h s w h e n
w o r k s t o p p a g e s are in prog ress; t h e in flu e n c e o f s u c h s t o p p a g e is r e fle c te d ,
h o w e v e r , in t h e e m p lo y m e n t a n d p a y r o ll fig u r e s.
P r io r t o 1943, r a te s r e la te
t o p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s o n ly .
» P r e li m in a r y fig u res.
» P r io r t o 1940, m is c e lla n e o u s s e p a r a tio n s w e r e in c lu d e d w i t h q u it s .
N o t e : Information
on concepts, methodology, and
special studies, etc., is given in a “Technical Note on Labor
Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is available upon re­
quest to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

92

B: LABOR TURN-OVER

T able

MONTHLY LABOR

B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries 1
Separation

Industry group and industry

Total
Apr.
1952

Quit

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Discharge
Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Total accession

M ise., incl.
military

Lay-off
Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Manufacturing
D u r a b le go o d s
______ ________________
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s 1..............................................

4.2
4.3

3.7
3.6

2.4
2.1

2.1
1.9

0.3
.3

0.3
.2

1.2
1.6

O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e sso r ie s____ ____ ______

2.8
4.5
6.5
3.2
3.9

2.0
4.6
5.7
4.1
3.4

1.9
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.9

1.4
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.3

.6
.4
.4
.4
.4

.4
.4
.4
.5
.3

.1
1.6
3.6
.5
.4

2.7
3.0
2.0
3.7
2.8
4.8
5.4
5.2
5.1
5.5
3.4
2.9
3.7
3.8
3.7
2.7

3.3
3.2
2.9
3.6
2.5
4.6
6.0
4.9
4.3
11.2
3.5
2.8
3.6
3.7
3.6
2.9

1.4
1.7
1.0
2.2
1.4
1.9
1.7
2.2
2.3
1.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.3
1.3
1.5

1.1
1.7
.9
2.4
1.1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.2
1.4

.4
.3
.3
.2
.5
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3

.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3

6.1
6.7

3.9
3.3

3.6
2.1

2.9
2.0

.3
.3

.2
.1

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s .............................
M e a t p r o d u c ts ................................................
G r a i n -m i ll p r o d u c t s . . . ................................
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s . . . ......................................
B everages:
M a l t li q u o r s .......................................... .
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c t u r e s __________________
C i g a r e t t e s ____ _____________________
C i g a r s ------------------------ ----------------------------T o b a c c o a n d s n u f f ........................................
T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c ts .......... ................................
Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m i l l s ......... ......................
B r o a d - w o v e n fa b r ic m i l l s ______ _____
C o t t o n , s ilk , s y n t h e t i c fib e r ...........
W o o le n a n d w o r s t e d . . ............... ........
K n it t i n g m ills ................................................
F u ll-f a s h io n e d h o s ie r y ........................
S e a m le s s h o s ie r y ....................... ............
K n i t u n d e r w e a r .......................... ..........
D y e i n g a n d fin is h in g t e x t i l e s . . . ........... .
C a r p e t s , ru g s, o th e r floor c o v e r in g s __
A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d ­
u c t s _______ __________ _____ __________
M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a t s ............
M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ fu r n is h in g s a n d w o r k
c l o t h i n g ........ ................................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts ( e x c e p t fu r ­
n i t u r e ) . . .................................................... ...........
L o g g i n g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s ______
S a w m i lls a n d p la n i n g m i l l s __________
M i l l w o r k , p l y w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r ic a te d
s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s ......................
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . ..................................
H o u s e h o ld fu r n i t u r e ..... ..............................
O t h e r fu r n it u r e a n d fix t u r e s ...... ............
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s _________ _____
P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m i lls ___
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s ____
C h e m i c a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ___________
I n d u s t r ia l in o r g a n ic c h e m i c a ls ................
I n d u s t r ia l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a ls ____ ____
S y n t h e t i c fib e r s _________________
D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s ________________
P a i n t s , p i g m e n t s , a n d fille r s ....................
P r o d u c t s o f p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l__________
P e t r o le u m r e f in in g .......................................
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ___ ________ ___________
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ..................................
R u b b e r fo o t w e a r __________ _______ _
O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ...............................
L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s . ........................
L e a t h e r .............................................................
F o o t w e a r (e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ............. ...........
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s . . ................. ..
G la s s a n d g lass p r o d u c t s . .........................
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c . ____ _______ _____
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ______ ____ _
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . .................
P r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s t r i e s _______________
B l a s t fu r n a c e s , s te e l w o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m i l l s ______________ ____ __________
Ir o n a n d s t e e l fo u n d r ie s _____ ________
G r a y -i r o n fo u n d r ie s ....... .............. ........
M a l l e a b l e -i r o n f o u n d r i e s . .................
S t e e l fo u n d r ie s _____________ ____
P r i m a r y s m e lt in g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n fe r ro u s m e t a ls :
P r i m a r y s m e lt i n g a n d r e f in in g o f
c o p p e r , le a d , a n d z i n c . . . ............. ..
R o l l i n g , d r a w i n g , a n d a llo y i n g o f n o n fe rro u s m e t a ls :
R o l l i n g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y i n g o f
c o p p e r ______________ _______ _
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r i e s . . ____ __________
O t h e r p r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s :
Ir o n a n d s t e e l f o r g in g s ______ ____

See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.3

0.3
.3

0.3
.2

4.1
3.2

4.2
3.3

1.9
2.8
.8
.7

.2
.2
.3
.2
.2

.2
.2
.4
.2
.1

4.5
3.8
2.9
2.6
4.3

4.5
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.5

.8
.7
.1
1.1
.5
2.3
3.3
2.5
2.3
3.7
1.0
.5
1.3
1.1
1.7
.6

1.7
.7
.8
.6
.8
2.3
3.9
2.6
1.9
9.5
1.1
.6
1.3
1.3
1.8
.8

.1
.3
.6
.2
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.4
.3

.2
.5
1.0
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4

5.0
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.0
3.4
3.5
4.0
3.3
10.8
3.2
1.7
2.7
6.0
1.6
2.9

4.6
2.9
2.6
3.5
1.4
3.5
3.5
3.7
3.5
6.1
3.7
2.3
4.2
5.7
2.0
3.7

2.0
3.9

.7
1.0

.2
.4

.1
.2

4.6
3.0

4.8
3.0

.8

.1

.1

5.5

5.2

1.2
4.5
.9

.2
.2
.1

.2
.5
.2

6.6
14.1
6.2

5.8
13.9
5.3

1.0

.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3

3.2
4.7
5.0
4.3
2.6
1.7
4.1
1.7
2.4
1.2
2.3

.3

.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.1
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3

2.4
1.5
1.1
3.2
2.7
2.4
3.8
3.8
3.5
3.9
3.2
4.4
2.5
3.9
2.4
2.9

3.3
5.1
5.2
4.7
2.9
2.0
4.0
1.6
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.6
1.3
1.1
2.6
1.7
2.7
3.3
4.0
2.8
4.2
2.8
3.0
2.2
3.9
3.0
2.7

.4
.2
.3
.3
.3

2.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
5.5

1.8
4.0
3.1
3.1
5.1

6.3

4.3

4.2

3.2

.2

.2

1.8

5.6
12.1
5.4

4.9
14.4
4.1

3.8
7.0
3.9

3.2
8.9
2.7

.3
.8
.2

.3
.5
.3

1.3
4.1
1.2

2.7
5.1
5.1
4.7
3.4
2.4
4.3
3.3
3.0
4.0
10.2
1.4
3.3
.8
.7
3.3
1.9
4.1
4. 5
4.5
5.1
4.4
3.4
4.3
2.2
4.4
2.8
3.3

3.1
5.5
6.1
3.7
2.7
2.2
3.5
2.1
2.7
2.3
2.7
1.7
2.1
.9
.6
3.1
1.9
3.5
4.1
4.3
4.2
4.3
3.3
4.5
2.5
3.9
3.1
2.9

2.2
3.5
3.6
3.1
1.9
1.3
3.0
1.2
1.9
.7
.5
.6
1.6
.6
.4
2.0
1.3
2.6
2.5
3.0
2.1
3.2
1.8
1.8
1.6
2.6
1.6
2.0

1.5
3.3
3.5
2.6
1.7
1.3
2.4
1.5
.8
.6
1.2
1.1
.5
.4
1.7
1.0
2.6
2.2
2.9
1.4
3.1
1.6
1.6
1.3
2.4
1.8
1.7

.2
.5
.6
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.4

.2
.5
.6
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1

.2
.9
.8
1.1
.9
.5
.8
1.6
.7
3.0
9.4
.6
1.2
.1
.1
.8
.2
1.2
1.4

2.5
5.0
4.7
5.1
5.2

2.3
4.1
4.0
3.7
4.5

1.5
3.1
2.5
3.3
3.8

1.5

1.3

1.7
5. 6
4.9

1.0

0
0

0

1.0

0

1.4
1.7
.5
.5
.3
.6
.7
.7
1.1
1.7
.3
.6
0
0

1.0

.2
.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.4
.4
.3

.2
.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3

1.5
2.7
2.3
2.4
3.2

.2
.6
.5
.4
.7

.1
.5
.4
.4
.6

1.0

.3
.7

1.4

1.0

1.0

.4

.6
.4

.4
.3
.3
.4
.3

1.1

.7

.1

.1

.1

.3

.2

.2

1.1

1.2

1.6
4.8

1.1
3.0

.9
2.1

.3
.5

.2
.9

.2
1.9

.4
1.5

.1
.2

.1
.3

1.5
5.8

1.6
6.0

3.8

2.5

2.0

.4

.4

1.6

1.1

.4

.3

3.7

3.1

1.0

2.6
.7
1.2
2.1
.1
1.1
.8
.7
.4

.9
.5
.6
1.4
.9
2.4
.7
1.3
2.4
.6
1.0

.8
.6

0

REVIEW, JULY 1952

B: LABOR TURN-OVER

93

T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus­

tries 1—Continued
S e p a r a tio n
T o t a l a cc e ssio n
T o ta l

I n d u s tr y gro u p a n d in d u s tr y

Apr.
1952

»

Q u it

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

D is c h a r g e

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

M i s e ., in c l.
m i li t a r y

L a y -o ff

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Apr.
1952

Mar.
1952

Manufacturing—C o n t i n u e d
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r ta t io n
e q u i p m e n t ) . . . _________ _______
C u t l e r y , h a n d to o ls, a n d h a r d w a r e . . .
C u t l e r y a n d e d g e t o o ls .......................
H a n d t o o ls .......... ..................................
H a r d w a r e ________ _____ _______
H e a t i n g a p p a r a t u s ( e x c e p t e le c tr ic )
a n d p l u m b e r s ’ s u p p l i e s ___________
S a n ita r y
w are
and
p lu m b e r s ’
s u p p l i e s ___________ ____ ___
O il b u r n e r s , n o n e le c tr ic h e a t i n g
and
c o o k in g
a p p a ra tu s, n o t
e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d . ______
F a b r i c a t e d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ..
M e t a l s t a m p i n g , c o a tin g , a n d e n g r a v i n g ......... .................................................
M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) . . . ...................
E n g i n e s a n d t u r b in e s _______________
A g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h i n e r y a n d t r a c t o r s .. .
C o n s tr u c tio n a n d m in in g m a c h in e r y ..
M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ____________
M a c h i n e t o o ls __________________
M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t
m a c h in e t o o ls ) ___ _____ _______
M a c h i n e -t o o l a c c e s s o r ie s ___ ____
S p e c i a l -i n d u s t r y m a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t
m e t a lw o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ) ......... ..........
G e n e r a l in d u s tr ia l m a c h i n e r y ________
O ffic e a n d s to r e m a c h in e s a n d d e v i c e s . .
S e r v i c e -i n d u s tr y a n d h o u s e h o ld m a c h i n e s . ____ ______ _______ _______
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h i n e r y p a r t s ______

4.3
4.1
2.4
4.7
4.3

T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ______________
A u t o m o b i l e s ________________________
A i r c r a f t a n d p a r ts ___________________
A i r c r a f t ___________ ___________
A i r c r a f t e n g in e s a n d p a r t s _______
A ir c r a ft p r o p e lle r s a n d p a r t s _____
O t h e r a ir c r a ft p a r ts a n d e q u i p m e n t _________________________
S h ip a n d b o a t b u i l d i n g a n d r e p a i r i n g ..
R a i lr o a d e q u i p m e n t _______________
L o c o m o t i v e s a n d p a r ts __________
R a i lr o a d a n d s tr e e tc a r s __________
O t h e r t r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t _____
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . . .............
P h o t o g r a p h i c a p p a r a t u s _____________
W a t c h e s a n d c l o c k s _________________
P r o fe ssio n a l
and
s c ie n t ific
in s t r u m e n t s . . . ................... ....................................

1. 9
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.0

0.4
.4
.2
.2
.5

0 4
.4
.2
.3
.5

15
1.7
.8
2.6
1.5

1.0
6
1.5
.9

(9

(9

.2
.3

.2

2.5

.2
.2

2.1
2.6

4.1
2.8
2 6
1.8
3.2

5.4

4.2

2.4

2.3

.6

.4

2.2

1.3

2

J2

3.7

2.7

2.0

1.6

.3

.3

1 .1

.6

.2

.2

2.2

2.2

7.9
3.6

6.2
3.8

3.0
2.4

3.1
2.1

1.0
.5

.7
.5

3.7
.5

2.2
.9

.2
.2

.2
.3

5 7
4.2

6 2
4 6

5.0
3.5
3.2

2.0
2.2
2.4

.2
.2
.2

.4
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2

5.0
3.3
3.3

.1
.3
.2

2 .3
.6
.4
.8
.2
.3
.2

.5
.2
.2

.7
.5
.5

.3
.4
.4
.3
.6
.4
.5

2.2
.6
.2

2.4
2.4
2.4

1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.1

.3
.5
.4

3.4
3.4
3.3

4.8
3.2
2.9
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.0

4.1
3.3
3.4

5.0
34
3 3
3. 3
40
3. 4
3 4

3.2
3.7

2.7
3.6

2.4
2.5

2.0
2.1

.3
.4

.3
.4

.3
.6

.2
.9

.2
.2

.2
.2

3.1
3.3

34
34

2.9
3.3
2.5

3.0
3.0
2.2

1.6
2.0
1.3

1.8
1.8
1.4

.4
.5
.2

.4
.4
.2

.7
.6
.6

.6
.6
.3

.2
.2
.4

.2
.2
.3

2.7
3.1
2.3

4.0
3 0
2 0

3.8
4.1
3.8

3.2
3.6
3.4

2.3
2.2
2.1

1.7
1.8
1.9

.5
.5
•3

.3
.4
.3

.7
1.1
1.2

.7
1.1
.9

.3
.3
.2

.5
.3
.3

4.7
3.0
2.7

52
2.5
3 4

3.1
4.2

2.3
4.2

1.6
2.6

1.3
2.6

.2
.3

.1
.4

1.0
1.1

.6
.9

.3
.2

.3
3

2.1
3.3

9 2
4 6

1.4

.3

.3

4.0

50

.2

.5

2.4

3 4

.2
.5
.7
.2
.3
.1

.3
5
.7
.3
.3
.6
.1

2.8
6.3
6.0
5.5
6.0
3.9
2.9

3.7
6 5
6 4
4 8
fi 2
4 0
4 a

.4

2
3
.8
.9
.6
.2
.3
.2
_4

4.3

2 7
14 n
6 *4
2 8

0

(9

(9

(9

4.9

4.8

2.4

2.5

.4

.6

2.7

1.8

2.1

.2

.1

4.2
5.4
5.2
3.8
4.2
2.9
1.9

3.5
4.1
3.0
3.7
3.8
3.8
1.9

2.1
2.6
1.7
3.1
3.4
2.2
1.4

1.9
2.1
1.2
2.8
3.0
2.4
1.5

.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3

.2
.4
.2
.4
.3
.5
.2

1.7
1.9
2.5
.1
.1
.1
.2

l.l
1.1
.9
.2
.2
.3
.1

4.3

3.1

.6
1.4
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2

.2

l.l

2.2
4.8
1.7
1.4
2.1
1.7
1.0
.6
1.0

.6

2.1

3.6
11.5
4.6
4.2
5.2
4.1
2.2
.9
3.4

.7

.6
5.0
1.9
1.8
2.2
2.0
.7
.1
1. 9

2.1
6.4
5.4

2.6
5.1
2.8

l.l
3.0
2.6

1.2
2.6
1.9

.2
.5
.2

.3
.3
.2

.3
2.5
2.4

.6
1.9
.6

.5
.4
.2

5.7
2.5
6.2
5.6
2.0
3.1

5.1
1.7
5.4
4.3
1.7
2.6

4.8
1.8
5.5
4.7
1.5
1.5

4.0
1.0
4.8
3.4
1.3
1.4

.4
.1
.3
.3

.6
.1
.3
.4

.2
.2
1
.3
.3
1.4

.3
.3
1
.3
.1
.9

.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2

0

, _

0 3
.2

2.2

0

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s . .
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p l a t e d w a r e ..

2.1
1.8
1.4
1.7
2.0

3.6

0

E le c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y ............................................
E le c t r i c a l g e n e r a t in g , tr a n s m is s io n ,
d is tr i b u t i o n , a n d in d u s tr ia l a p p a r a t u s ________ _____ ____ __________
C o m m u n i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ________
R a d i o s , p h o n o g r a p h s , te le v is io n
se ts, a n d e q u i p m e n t - ............. ....
T e l e p h o n e a n d t e le g r a p h e q u i p m e n t _________________________
E le c t r i c a l
a p p lia n c e s ,
la m p s ,
and
m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ____________

4.0
3.4
2.4
3.4
3.6

5.8
5.5
6.7
3.1
2.0

(9

2.4
2.0
3.6
.9
1.1

(9

(9
(9
(9

.2
.1
.5
.1
.1

(9

.l

1.8

(9

(9

(9

2.3
2.4
1.9
1.9
.4

(9

.

(9

.
.

(9

.9
1.0
.7
.3
.4

(9

.2

■

(9

(9

4.6
3.3
8.4
1.5
2.7

11*8

3.4

li 7
9 7
16
2 7

.5
3
.1

2.8
4.8
2.1

3.3
4 3
2.2

.2
3
.2
.2
.3
.2

5.8
5.4
5.0
4.9
1.3
1.4

4 8
2o
4 3
4.1
1.1
1.5

(9

Nonmanufacturing
M e t a l m i n i n g __________________________
Ir o n m i n i n g __________ ____ _ ______
C o p p e r m i n i n g . __________________
L e a d a n d z in c m i n i n g _______________
A n t h r a c it e m i n i n g ______________________
B it u m in o u s -c o a l m i n i n g .................... ................
C o m m u n ic a tio n :
T e l e p h o n e __________________________
T e l e g r a p h . . . _______ ________________

1

0
0

2.0

0

(9
(9

1.6

(9

S e e fo o t n o t e 1 , t a b l e B - l .
D a t a fo r t h e c u r r e n t m o n t h a re s u b je c t t o
r e v is io n w i t h o u t n o t a tio n ; r e v is e d fig u r e s fo r e a r lie r m o n th s w i ll b e in d ic a t e d
b y fo o tn o te s .
2 1 1 3 3 8 — 5 2 ---------■ 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(9
(9
(9
(9

(9
.1
.

(9

1

.

(9
(9

.

.

(9

1

(9
(9

1

» S e e fo o tn o te 2 , t a b le A - 2 .
* S e e fo o tn o te 3, t a b le A - 2 .
P r i n t in g , p u b li s h i n g ,
a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s are e x c lu d e d .

.2

0

(9
(9

2. 6

(9

« L ess th a n 0 0 5
» N o t a v a ila b le ."

94

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

C: Earnings and Honrs
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
M in in g

C oal

M eta l

Y ear and

A vg.

A vg.

w k ly .
earn­

w k ly .
hours

in g s

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .
earn­

w k ly .
earn­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .
earn­

w k ly .
earn­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.

A v g .

h r ly .
earn­

w k ly .
earn­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

B itu m in o u s

A n th r a c ite

L e a d a n d z in c

C opper

Iro n

T o ta l: M e ta l

m o n th

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .
earn­

w k ly .

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .

earn­

hours

A vg.

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­

w k ly .

in g s

in g s

earn­

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

I 9 6 0 : A v e r a g e _________

$65. 58

4 2 .2

$ 1 ,5 5 4

$61. 96

4 0 .9

$ 1 ,5 1 5

$ 7 2 .0 5

4 5 .0

$1. 601

$66. 64

4 1 .6

$ 1 .6 0 2

$ 6 3 .2 4

3 2 .1

$ 1 .9 7 0

$ 7 0 .3 5

3 5 .0

$ 2 .0 1 0

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ............. —

7 4 .6 0

4 3 .6

1 .7 1 1

7 2 .6 3

4 2 .5

1 .7 0 9

7 8 .1 9

4 6 .1

1 .6 9 6

7 6 .2 0

4 3 .0

1. 7 7 2

66. 60

3 0 .3

2 .1 9 8

7 7 .8 6

3 5 .2

2 .2 1 2

1951-

4 4 .0
4 4 .2

1 .6 9 6

7 3 .3 1
7 5 .4 8

4 3 .2
4 4 .4

1 .6 9 7

76. 82
7 6 .0 0

77. 96

4 3 .7

1 .7 8 4

4 7 .2 0

2 1 .6

2 .1 8 5

3 3 .9

1 .7 7 7
1 .7 6 4

66. 67
6 8 .9 4

3 0 .1
3 1 .0

2. 2 1 5
2. 224

2 .2 3 1
2 .2 1 8

4 1 .8

76. 23
7 6 .2 0

4 2 .9

7 0 .8 9

1 .6 6 3
1 .6 6 0

7 5 .6 3
7 3 .8 6

J u n e ______________

4 6 .0
4 5 .7
4 5 .4

1 .6 7 0

____________

7 4 .6 2
74. 96

J u l y _______________

7 2 .3 2
7 5 .7 4

4 4 .6

1 .7 0 1
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 9 6
1 .6 8 8

7 6 .8 5

4 3 .1
4 3 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .9

1 .7 8 3
1 .7 5 7
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 6 1
1 .7 6 4

7 9 .5 0
58. 52

A p r il
M a y

1 .7 0 0
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 2 4

4 2 .0

1 .7 2 2

6 5 .1 9
67. 58

1 .7 0 2

7 5 .9 2

3 8 .3
3 9 .2
4 4 .4

1 .7 3 3
1 .7 1 4

76. 56
76. 79
7 3 .0 6

4 3 .8
44. 7
4 2 .5

1 .7 1 0
1 .7 4 8
1. 7 1 8
1 .7 1 9

7 6 .8 3

4 3 .9

74. 57
7 6 .3 2
77. 95

4 4 .1
4 4 .4

O c t o b e r _________
N o v e m b e r ______

76. 43
7 6 .1 0
7 4 .4 3

D e c e m b e r ______

79. 43

4 4 .5
4 4 .1
4 4 .4
4 3 .4
4 4 .4

1 9 5 2 : J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y _______

7 9 .1 2
79. 25
80. 05

4 4 .3
4 4 .1
4 4 .2

A p r i l ...........................

7 7 .4 9

4 3 .0

A u g u s t - — ____S e p te m b e r
_

1 .6 9 6
1 .6 9 6

1. 7 15
1. 7 8 9
1 .7 8 6
1 .7 9 7
1 .8 1 1
1 .8 0 2

7 1 .9 1

44. 9
4 2 .2

75. 36
7 5 .8 6

4 5 .9
46. 7
4 6 .3
4 6 .0

1 .7 5 0

7 6 .8 8
79. 20
7 8 .1 5
77. 74
84. 38

1 .6 9 1
1 .7 1 9
1 .7 3 6

8 6 .1 1
8 4 .5 0
8 4 .8 2

1 .7 0 4

8 4 .3 1

46
46
45
45

4 6 .8
.7
.0
.9
.5

7 6 .7 8
7 5 .6 6
7 5 .5 5
7 4 .4 4

4 3 .2

8 1 . 84

3 5 .1
3 6 .8

1 .8 8 7

69. 98

3 1 .1

2 .2 5 0

8 6 .2 8

3 6 .2
3 8 .4

73. 58
6 8 .9 7

3 2 .6
3 0 .9

2 .2 5 7
2 .2 3 2

8 6 .3 9
8 0 .2 7
7 9 .3 0

3 8 .5
3 5 .9
3 5 .4

6 6 .3 5

2 9 .7

8 1 .5 2

1 .8 3 7
1 .8 4 8

8 3 .0 2
8 1 .9 0
8 2 .8 6

4 3 .4
4 2 .7
4 2 .8

1 .9 1 3
1 .9 1 8
1 .9 3 6

1. 8 5 3

8 0 .2 8

4 1 .9

1 .9 1 6

1 .8 4 4

C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d
n a tu r a l g a s p r o d u c tio n
an a

n a tu r a l g a s p r o d u c tio n
(e x c e p t c o n tr a c t
s e r v ic e s )

3 5 .3
2 6 .3
2 7 .2

60. 36
7 8 .2 4

7 7 .2 3
8 1 .6 1
8 0 .6 2
8 1 .0 9

3 6 .5
3 6 .3

2 .2 3 2
2 .2 5 4
2 .2 1 3
2 .2 3 6
2 .2 2 1
2 .2 4 0
2. 247
2 .2 4 6
2 .2 3 6
2 .2 4 0
2 .2 3 4

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n

M in in g — C o n tin u e d

P e tr o le u m

3 3 .3
3 4 .8
3 2 .7
3 4 .9

2. 252
2 .2 2 5
2. 219
2 .2 2 9
2 .2 2 4

4 2 .2
4 3 .2

1 .6 9 0
1 .8 0 3

7 7 .6 7
7 3 .7 1

N o n b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n
N o n m e ta llic m in in g
a n d q u a r r y in g

T o ta l: C o n tr a c t co n s tr a c tio n
T o ta l: N o n b u ild in g
c o n s tr u c tio n

H ig h w a y a n d str e e t

O th e r n o n b u ild in g
c o n s tr u c tio n

1 9 5 0 : A v e r a g e _________

$73. 69

4 0 .6

$ 1 ,8 1 5

$59. 88

4 4 .0

$ 1 ,3 6 1

$73. 73

3 7 .2

$ 1 .9 8 2

$ 7 3 .4 6

4 0 .9

$1. 796

$ 6 9 .1 7

4 1 .1

$ 1 ,6 8 3

$ 7 6 .3 1

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e _________

7 9 .6 7

4 0 .9

1 .9 4 8

6 7 .1 9

4 5 .0

1 .4 9 3

81. 71

3 7 .9

2 .1 5 6

8 0 .8 2

4 0 .8

1 .9 8 1

74. 66

4 1 .0

1 .8 2 1

8 5 .0 6

4 0 .7
4 0 .6

$ 1 .8 7 5
2 .0 9 5

1951:

A p r i l ____________
M a y _____________
J u n e ______________
J u l y _____________
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r _________

80. 30
7 8 .3 0
7 8 .7 4

4 1 .2

1 .9 4 9
1 .9 3 8
1 .9 4 9

6 5 .8 8

4 5 .0
4 5 .7
4 5 .7

1 .4 6 4
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 8 4

7 9 .3 6
8 1 .6 2

3 7 .4

2 .1 2 2

8 5 .1 6

4 1 .3

2 .0 5 6
2. 062

1 .5 0 3
1 .5 0 3
1 .5 3 2
1 .5 2 6

S3. 73
8 4 .4 6

1 .8 1 7
1 .8 4 1
1 .8 7 2
1. 8 75

4 1 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .9

7 9 .0 2
8 3 .8 5

6 7 .3 2

1 .5 3 6
1. 5 3 0

8 1 .6 6
83. 83

3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 6 .8
3 7 .9

8 5 .9 8
8 9 . 21
8 9 . 51
8 9 .2 0
90. 42

N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ______

4 5 .8
4 6 .3
4 6 .1
4 7 .0
4 4 .5
4 4 .0

7 5 .6 8
75. 56
79. 22
79. 90
7 8 .8 1
81. 75
7 1 .7 3

1 .7 6 8
1 .7 8 5
1 .8 1 2

4 0 .2

1 .9 4 4
1 .9 7 3

4 0 .4
4 2 .4

82. 65

2 .1 3 1
2 .1 4 6
2 .1 4 7

4 0 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .6

7 1 .4 3

3 8 .3
3 8 .4

7 8 .2 6
8 1 .2 6

1 .9 4 2

6 7 .2 2
6 7 .8 2

1 .8 6 8
1. 8 4 7

8 4 .7 2
84. 75

3 8 .9
3 9 .4

66. 69
67. 60
6 6 .9 5

4 3 .7
4 4 .3
4 3 .5

3 7 .9
3 8 .3
3 7 .0
3 8 .0

8 6 .6 4
8 8 .0 1
8 4 .7 0

4 4 .5

8 4 .7 4
85. 95
83. 29
8 4 .8 9

1 .8 2 8
1 .8 5 2

68. 71

1 .5 2 6
1 .5 2 6
1 .5 3 9
1 .5 4 4

3
4
3
3

1952:

J a n u a r y _________
F e b r u a r y ____ __
M a r c h __________
A p r i l . ...................... -

8 3 .3 2
7 8 .1 5
8 3 .6 8
7 8 .9 3

8 4 .5 3
8 2 .2 9
8 4 .7 8
8 2 .3 3

4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 2 .1
4 0 .2
4 1 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 0 .8

1 .9 7 9
1 .9 4 4
2 .0 0 2
1 .9 4 9
1 .9 5 6
2 .0 0 6
2 .0 2 7
2 .0 1 7
2 .0 3 8
2 .0 1 8

68. 84
69. 59
70. 63
71. 72
6 8 .3 5

8 2 .4 1

8 5 .1 9
8 6 .2 6

2 .1 6 0
2 .1 9 0
2 .1 9 5
2. 219
2 .2 1 2
2. 236
2 .2 4 4
2. 251
2 .2 3 4

8 1 .4 8
8 4 .8 1
8 5 .2 7
84. 72
8 6 .6 1
7 9 .3 0

3 8 .7

79. 08

3 8 .9

8 1 .2 6
8 2 .7 3
7 8 . 71
8 1 .6 2

3 9 .6
4 0 .2
3 8 .3
3 9 .6

1 .9 7 7
1 .9 9 7
2. 022
2 .0 3 3
2 .0 4 9
2 .0 3 3
2 .0 5 2
2 .0 5 8
2 .0 5 5
2 .0 6 1

4 1 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .4
4 2 .1
4 3 .6
3 8 .4

7 0 .5 6

3 8 .2

7 1 .8 4
7 3 .3 4
68. 21
73. 27

3 9 .3
3 9 .6
3 7 .5

1 .8 1 9
1 .8 5 5

3 9 .5

8 7 .1 0

9 .8
0 .5
8 .8
9 .7

2 .0 9 7
2 .1 0 4
2 .1 2 1
2 .1 3 9
2 .1 5 8
2 .1 7 8
2 .1 5 1
2 .1 7 7
2 .1 7 3
2 .1 8 3
2 .1 9 4

C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n — C o n tin u e d
B u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n

S p e c ia l-tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s
r o ta i: B u u a m g co n -

G e n e r a l c o n tr a c to r s
T o t a l: S p e c ia l-tr a d e
c o n tr a c to r s

1 9 5 0 : A v e r a g e _________
1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e _________
1951:

A p r i l _______
M a y _____________
J u n e _____________
J u l y _____________
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____

1 9 5 2 : J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l ____________

$73. 73
8 2 .1 0
7 9 .7 5
8 1 .8 3
8 2 . 71
8 3 .6 3
8 4 .3 1
85. 42
8 6 .2 0
8 2 .2 6
8 4 .9 4
85
86
84
85

.3
.6
.3
.5

5
0
8
8

3 6 .3
3 7 .3

$ 2 .0 3 1

3 6 .8
37. 5

2 .1 6 7
2 .1 8 2

3 7 .7
3 8 .1
3 8 .2
3 8 .2

2 .1 9 4
2 .1 9 5
2 .2 0 7
2 .2 3 6
2 .2 3 9

3 8 .5
3 6 .4

4 0 .1

2. 549

2 .1 4 4
2 .1 6 5
2 .1 7 1

9 8 .7 2
1 0 2 .1 2

3 9 .6
4 0 .3

103. 70
103. 54
1 0 4 .4 2

2. 365
2 .3 7 1

7 9 .6 8
7 9 .2 4
80. 33
80. 27
8 2 .1 6

3 6 .1
3 6 .6
3 6 .7
3 6 .4
3 6 .2
3 5 .9
3 6 .5

2 .2 3 6
2 .2 5 1

1 0 6 .7 6
1 0 5 .1 9

2 .3 8 7
2 .3 8 6

7 8 .0 7
8 0 .3 1

3 4 .3
3 5 .1

2. 276
2 .2 8 8

1 0 0 . 61

4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
3 8 .8

2 .4 9 3
2 .5 3 4
2. 548
2 .5 4 4
2. 553
2 .6 0 4
2 .5 9 1

1 0 6 .2 8

4 0 .8

2 .6 0 5

2 .4 1 0
2 .4 0 0
2 .4 1 7

78. 07
79. 57
7 9 .0 8

3 4 .3
3 4 .9

2. 276
2 .2 8 0
2. 266

106. 74
1 0 8 .9 3
1 0 8 .0 0

4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .3

2 .6 ¿ 9
2 .6 4 4

2 .4 0 0

79. 76

2 .2 9 2

1 0 6 .1 2

3 9 .7

$ 2 .1 1 9

$ 8 1 .7 2

3 8 .4

$ 2 .1 2 8

3 7 .8

2 .3 0 7

9 1 .2 6

3 9 .2

2 .3 2 8

7 2 .9 7
7 5 .2 4
75. 28
7 6 .2 8
76. 76

3 6 .0
3 6 .9
3 6 .9
3 7 .3
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
3 8 .3

2 .0 2 7
2. 039
2 .0 4 0
2 .0 4 5
2. 047

8 4 .4 8

3 7 .3
3 7 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 8 .7

2 .2 6 5
2 .2 8 5

8 9 .0 5

2 .2 9 5
2 .3 3 0
2. 332

3 6 .2
3 7 .4

2. 101
2 .0 8 5

9 3 .8 9
9 4 .6 0
9 1 .1 8

3 8 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
3 8 .2

3 7 .6
3 7 .9

2 .0 9 1

3 6 .3
3 8 .6

77. 79
7 9 .6 6

3 7 .9
3 6 .8

2 .2 7 6
2 .2 8 5
2 .2 9 3

7 8 .6 2
79. 67
7 6 .4 1

3 7 .6

2. 276

8 1 .0 2

3 7 .5

3 8 .4

1 0 2 .2 1

3 6 .7

87. 20

76. 06

3 7 .7

$ 8 9 .1 6

2 .1 9 7

$77. 77

2 .0 5 2

7 7 .9 8

9 1 .8 0
9 2 .1 1

3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 6 .5

2 .3 0 6
2 .3 0 5
2 .3 2 4
2. 349
2 .3 5 6
2 .3 7 2

8 9 .5 1

3 7 .8

2 .3 6 8

95. 92

4 0 .2

2 .1 0 2

90. 00
9 1 .3 4

3 7 .5
3 7 .9

9 5 .9 2
9 4 .3 2

2 .1 0 5
2. 099

8 9 . 71
8 8 .8 4

3 7 .1
3 7 .0

2. 400
2 .4 1 0
2 .4 1 8

3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
3 8 .3

2 .0 8 0
2 .0 8 0

2 .4 0 1

9 2 .1 9
92. 39

9 3 .3 0
9 1 .9 2

E le c tr ic a l w o r k

$ 2 .0 1 3

$ 1 ,9 1 5

8 8 .9 7
89. 94
9 1 .1 4
9 0 .9 4
86. 58

d e c o r a tin g

3 5 .4

3 5 .8
3 6 .6

8 6 .6 0
8 8 .3 2

P a in tin g a n d

3 5 .8

$68. 56
7 5 .1 0

2. 260
2 .2 5 3

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 .2 0 1

P lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g

2 .3 2 8
2 .3 4 5

$ 7 1 .2 6
7 8 .6 5
7 7 .4 0
7 9 .2 4

3 4 .9
3 4 .8

2 .1 7 7
2 .2 1 9

$ 2 .3 2 2

2. 593

2 .6 8 0
2 .6 7 3

REVIEW, JULY 1952

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

95

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con,
C o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n — C o n tin u e d

B u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n — C o n tin u e d

S p e c ia l-tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s — C o n tin u e d
Y ea r a n d m o n th
O th e r s p e c ia l-tr a d e

A vg.
w k ly .

A vg.
w k ly .

earn­

hours

in g s

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .

w k ly .

earn­

earn­
in g s

in g s

1 9 5 0 : A v e r a g e _____

- $ 7 4 .7 1

3 5 .8

$ 2 .0 8 7

$70. 85

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e _____

.

3 7 .0

2 .2 6 0

7 8 .8 3

8 3 .6 2

1 9 5 1 : A p r i l ...................
M a y __________

8 0 .8 4
82. 29

J u n e __________
J u l y , . .................

86. ¿8
86. 86

A u g u s t _______

1952:

S e p te m b e r .
O c t o b e r _____

87. 90
88. 97
88. 20

N o v em b er.
D e c e m b e r ..

8 2 .9 1
8 4 . 51

J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ...

8 5 .1 8
8 7 .8 0

M a r c h ..............
A p r i l . ................

85. 26
8 5 .1 1

3 6 .4

.

P la s te r in g a n d la th ­
in g

M ason ry

co n tr a c to r s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

3 3 .9
3 5 .1

A vg.
h r ly .

A vg.
w k ly .

earn­

earn­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.

A v g .

h r ly .

w k ly .

earn­

earn­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .

w k ly ,

earn­

earn­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

$ 8 6 .7 0

3 5 .0

$ 2 .4 7 7

$ 69. 86

3 7 .0

$ 1 ,8 8 8

$ 6 4 .4 9

3 5 .3

$ 1 ,8 2 7

$74. 92

3 8 .6

2 .2 4 6

8 9 .6 6

3 4 .9

2. 569

72. 92

3 5 .8

2 .0 3 7

7 1 .1 3

3 6 .2

1 .9 6 5

8 0 .1 7

3 9 .3

2. 221

7 7 .5 0

3 5 .1

3 6 .9

2. 2 3 0

3 8 .3
38. 6

2. 268
2 .2 6 8

7 8 .8 3
7 7 .2 3
83. 96

3 5 .7
3 4 .4
3 7 .4

2 .2 4 5
2 .2 4 5

2 .2 8 3

83. 55

3 7 .1

2. 252

3 8 .6
3 8 .1
36. 6

2. 305
2. 3 1 6

2 .2 5 2
2. 272

90. 72
8 7 .9 1

36. 6

2 .3 0 9

8 4 .0 0
8 3 .6 1
7 4 .9 3
7 6 .9 4

3 7 .3
3 6 .8

2 .3 2 9

3 3 .2
3 3 .6

2 .2 5 7
2 .2 9 0

8 3 .0 5
85. 81

3 6 .2

2. 3 5 3
2 .3 7 3

7 5 .7 0
7 5 .7 3

2 .2 9 4
2. 281

7 1 .7 1

2 .2 3 4

8 3 .1 9
8 7 .8 8
8 4 .1 1

3 2 .7
3 4 .3

2 .3 7 5
2 ,3 5 1

3 3 .0
3 3 .2
3 2 .1

3 2 .6

7 3 .4 3

3 3 .0

2 .2 2 5

85. 62

3 3 .2

3 6 .2

A vg.

h r ly .

E x c a v a tio n a n d fo u n ­
d a tio n w o r k

$ 2 .0 9 0

3 7 .6

3 7 .0
35. 9

A vg.
earn­
in g s

R o o fin g a n d sh e e tm e ta l w o rk

C a r p e n tr y

2 .2 0 8
2. 2 0 8

92. 87
9 3 .3 1
9 2 .1 0
9 1 .3 8
9 1 .1 8

3 5 .8
3 6 .0
3 5 .6
3 5 .5
3 5 .8
3 5 .8
3 4 .5
3 2 .8
3 3 .6

2. 594
2. 592

7 0 .8 5
7 2 .1 6

3 5 .8
3 6 .5

1 .9 7 9
1 .9 7 7

68. 95
7 1 .1 4

3 5 .8
36. 9

1 .9 2 8

82. 23

2. 587
2. 574
2 .5 4 7

73. 70
76. 76

3 7 .0
3 7 .7

1 .9 9 2

7 1 .1 1
7 3 .6 3
7 3 . 51

80
83

3 7 .3

2 .0 3 6
2 .0 8 4

1. 943
1 .9 4 8

7 7 .7 3
8 0 .1 4
7 7 .6 5

3 6 .0
3 7 .8
3 7 .6

3 8 .0
3 6 .2

2 .1 0 9

7 5 .5 3
7 6 .6 3

85. 82
84. 69
8 5 11

40 5
40 8

7 1 .1 4

3 3 .7

2 .1 4 5
2. I l l

1. 955
1. 9 9 3
2 .0 2 2

36

7 3 .0 8

3 5 .0

2 .0 8 8

7 0 .5 5
7 1 .9 2

2. 562
2. 5 8 0

7 1 .8 9
7 3 .4 3
7 3 .0 0

3 5 .0
3 5 .7

2 .0 5 4
2 .0 5 7

7 0 .3 1
7 2 .0 4

2 .0 7 4

2 .5 7 9

7 2 .6 3

3 5 .2
3 5 .5

6 7 .8 3
7 2 .4 4

2. 534
2 .5 4 8
2 .5 3 2
2 .5 5 4
2. 544

2 .0 4 6

1. 9 2 6

78

19
80
15

37

A v g .
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

$1

2 063
2 061

9

39 9
39 3
40
41

941

2 .0 4 0

9 056

2 043
2 083

7
2

3 7 .9
3 7 .9
34. 6

2 .0 3 9

77

3 5 .5

2 .0 2 6

81. 82

3 9 .0

¿ 0 9 8

53

2 091

2 086

?

9

101

3 4 .7
3 3 .2

2 .0 4 4
2 .0 7 6

7 8 .1 9
83. 28

37 9
39 3

2 .0 4 3

8 0 .0 2

37 8

2 063
2 11Q
2 117

3 5 .3

2 .0 5 2

8 0 .4 4

3 9 .8

.0 2 1

3 4 .4

2

M a n u fa c tu r in g

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts
T o ts d: M a n u fa ctu r in g

D u r a b le g o o d s 1

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s 1

T o ta l: O r d n a n c e a n d
a c c e s s o r ie s
T o ta l: F o o d a n d k in ­
d r e d p r o d u c ts

1 9 5 0 : A v e r a g e _____

$59. 33

4 0 .5

$ 1 ,4 6 5

$63. 32

4 1 .2

$1. 537

$ 5 4 . 71

3 9 .7

$1. 378

$ 6 4 .7 9

4 1 .8

$1. 550

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e _____

64. 88

$ 5 6 .0 7

4 0 .7

1 .5 9 4

6 9 .9 7

4 1 .7

1 .6 7 8

58. 50

3 9 .5

1 .4 8 1

7 3 .7 8

4 3 .5

1 .6 9 6

6 1 .3 4

4 1 .0
4 0 .7

1 .5 7 8
1 .5 8 6
1. 5 9 9
1 .5 9 8

4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .6

5 8 .1 6
5 7 .9 3
5 8 .4 7
58. 48

3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .4

1. 4 6 5
1 .4 7 4
1 .4 8 4

70. 97
7 2 .4 5
7 1 .0 2

1 .6 6 2

5 9 .6 0
60. 40

5 7 . 91
58. 67
5 8 .0 0
59. 07

3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
3 8 .9

7 3 .1 0
73. 71
7 6 .4 7
7 5 .5 0
75. 68

42. 7
4 3 .2
4 2 .4
4 3 .1
43. 9
4 4 .2
4 4 .0

1 9 5 1 : A p r i l _________

M ay ______
J u n e __________
J u l y .....................
A u g u s t ______
S e p tem b er.
O c t o b e r _____
N o v em b er.
D e c e m b e r ..
1952:

J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h _______
A p r i l _________

6 4 .7 0
64. 55
65. 08
64. 24
6 4 .3 2
6 5 .4 9
6 5 .4 1
6 5 .8 5

4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .5

1 .5 9 6
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 1 5
1 .6 2 6

6 9 .6 8
6 9 .6 0
70. 27
68. 79
6 9 .5 5
7 1 .0 1
7 1 .1 0
7 1 .0 5

4 1 .7
4 1 .5

1 .6 5 9
1. 6 6 5
1 .6 8 1
1 .6 8 2
1 .6 8 4
1 .7 0 7
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 1 2

3 9 .2

1 .4 8 8
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 8 9
1 .4 9 1
1. 5 07

6 7 .4 0

4 1 .2

1. 636

7 2 . 71

4 2 .2

1 .7 2 3

6 0 .4 5

3 9 .9

1. 5 1 5

7 7 .6 2

1 .6 4 0
1 .6 4 4
1 .6 5 5
1 .6 5 4

7 2 .1 5
7 2 .1 8
72. 55
7 1 .0 3

4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 0 .8

1 .7 2 6
1 .7 3 1
1. 7 4 4
1 .7 4 1

6 0 .0 4
6 0 .1 2
6 0 .0 9
5 8 .9 1

3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 8 .5

1 .5 2 0
1 .5 2 2
1 .5 2 9

7 7 .2 6
78. 76
79. 08

1 .5 3 0

7 7 .1 7

4 0 .7
4 0 .2

6 6 . 91
6 6 .9 1
6 7 .1 9
6 5 .8 3

4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
3 9 .8

4 3 .9
4 5 .1
4 4 .4
4 4 .7
4 4 .4
4 3 .4

M e a t p r o d u c ts

4 1 .6
4 1 .9

$1. 351

$ 6 0 .0 7

4 1 .6

$ 1 .4 4 4

1 .4 6 4

6 6 .7 9

4 1 .9

1 .5 9 4

4 1 .2

62. 91

4 1 .2

4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .2

1 .4 4 8
1. 452
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 6 1

6 3 .9 0
6 7 .8 8

1. 527
1 .5 3 6
1. 6 2 4
1 .6 3 3
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 3 0

1 .6 7 7
1 .6 7 5
1. 6 9 6
1. 679
1 .7 3 0
1 .7 1 6
1. 7 2 4
1 .7 2 1

6 1 .8 0
6 1 .6 5
6 1 .1 5
6 2 .0 6
6 1 .9 1
6 3 .3 4
6 4 .1 3

4 2 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .0

1 .4 5 6
1 .4 5 0
1 .4 7 4
1 .5 0 8

6 8 .2 6
6 7 .4 8
6 8 .4 6
6 7 .6 5
7 3 . 51

4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 4 .1

4 2 .3

1 .5 1 6

7 3 .0 6

4 4 .2

1 .6 5 3

1 .7 4 0
1 .7 6 2
1 .7 8 1

6 3 .4 0
6 3 .3 0
6 3 .4 2

4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .1

69. 66
68. 72
6 8 .1 2

4 2 .5
4 1 .4
4 0 .5

1 .6 3 9
1 .6 6 0
1 .6 8 2

1 .7 7 8

6 3 .2 3

4 0 .9

1 .6 2 4
1 .5 2 9
1 .5 4 3
1 .5 4 6

6 8 .0 7

4 0 .3

1 .6 8 9

1 .6 6 7

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d

M e a t p a c k in g ,
w h o le s a ! e

1 9 5 0 : A v e r a g e _________
1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e _________
1 9 5 1 : A p r i l ............................
M a y .............................
J u n e ______________
J u l y ..............................
A u g u s t . ...................
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r _________
N o v e m b e r ______
D e c e m b e r .............
1952:

J a n u a r y ..................
F e b r u a r y _______
M a r c h .......................
A p r i l ............................

$ 6 0 .9 4
6 8 .3 4

4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
41. 5
41. 7

S au sag e s a n d

$ 1 .4 6 5

$60. 80

1 .6 3 1

65. 87

6 3 . 91
65. 03
69. 47
6 9 .8 1
6 9 .0 9
70. 27
6 9 .0 1

4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .1

1 .5 6 7
1. 6 6 6
1. 674
1 .6 7 7
1 .6 7 7
1 .6 7 9

7 5 .9 8
7 5 .8 2

4 4 .2
44. 6

1 .7 0 0

1 .5 5 5

1 .7 1 9

4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .8

c a s in g s

$1. 434
1 .5 7 2

D a ir y p r o d u c ts

$ 5 6 .1 1
60. 61

4 4 .6

5 9 .6 7
60. 52
6 1 .1 1
6 2 .0 2

4 4 .3
4 5 .1
4 5 .4
4 5 .4

6 0 .7 0
6 2 .1 0
6 0 .6 0

4 4 .9
4 5 .0
4 4 .3
4 3 .8
4 4 .1

6 4 .1 7
6 4 .1 7
6 6 . 51
6 7 .5 0
6 7 .6 9
67. 92
6 7 .0 0

4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .9

1. 5 5 0
1 .5 7 6
1 .5 7 7
1. 5 8 9
1 .6 2 1
1 .5 9 9

6 8 .1 9
6 6 .4 4

4 2 .3
4 1 .6

1 .6 1 2

60. 09

1 .5 9 7

6 1 .4 8

1 .5 5 0

4 4 .5

$ 1 .2 6 1
1 .3 5 9

C on d en sed an d ev a p ­
o r a te d m ilk

$ 5 7 .3 6
6 3 .2 5

1 .3 4 7
1 .3 4 2

6 2 .5 6
64. 34

1 .3 4 6
1 .3 6 6
1 .3 5 2

64. 26

1 .3 8 0
1 .3 6 8
1 .3 7 2
1 .3 9 4

Ice cream

a n d ic e s

C a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v ­
in g

4 5 .6
4 6 .1

$ 1 .2 5 8

$57. 29

4 4 .1

$1. 299

$ 4 6 .8 1

39 3

1 .3 7 2

6 2 .3 5

4 4 .6

1 .3 9 8

5 1 .4 2

4 0 .2

1.’ 2 7 9

4 5 .9

1 .3 6 3
1 .3 6 9
1 .3 7 3
1 .3 9 9
1 .3 6 4
1 .3 9 3
1 .3 6 4
1 .3 7 0
1 .3 8 4

6 1 .6 6

4 4 .2
4 4 .4
44. 6
45. 7

1 .3 9 5

5 0 .3 9

6 1 .2 7
6 1 .4 6
6 3 .5 7
6 2 .3 2
6 3 .1 1
6 2 .3 3
62. 48

1 .3 8 0
1 .3 7 8
1 .3 9 1

4 8 .8 8
4 9 .2 5

33 7
38 1
3 8 ft
40 8

1
1
1
1
1
1

4 7 .0
4 6 .8
4 6 .8

6 5 .4 7
6 3 .7 0
64. 77
6 2 .0 6
6 1 .9 2
62. 56

4 5 .2
4 5 .2

4 6 .7
4 6 .5
4 5 .5

6 4 .0 9

4 4 .9
4 4 .6
4 4 .3
4 4 .0
4 4 .6

1 .3 8 8
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 0 7
1. 4 2 0
1 .4 3 7

49. 20
53 on

41 7

$1

191

302
283
776
206
271
249

47 80

43 5
42 5
37 0

1 338
1 292

5 1 .0 2

38Ì 3

1 .3 3 2

38 0

1 325

54. 33
56 87

7 1 .9 5
7 0 .9 7

4 2 .8
4 1 .6

1 .6 8 1
1 .7 0 6

6 5 .9 1
6 6 .0 1

4 1 .3
4 0 .8

1 .5 9 6
1 .6 1 8

6 2 .7 9
6 2 .2 9

4 4 .0
4 3 .9

1 .4 2 7
1 .4 1 9

63. 56
6 3 .5 0

4 4 .6
4 5 .1

1 .4 2 5
1 .4 0 8

6 3 .0 3
63. 66

4 3 .5
4 3 .9

1 .4 4 9
1 .4 5 0

50 35
5 1 .1 1

38

7 0 .1 5

40. 5

1 .7 3 2

6 6 .8 3

4 1 .1

1 .6 2 6

6 3 .2 5

4 4 .2

1 .4 3 1

6 3 .8 8

4 4 .7

1 .4 2 9

6 3 .4 8

4 3 .6

6 9 .9 1

1 .4 5 6

4 0 .2

6 7 .0 8

4 0 .8

1 .6 4 4

38 3

1 350

1 .7 3 9

5 1 .7 1

6 2 .9 9

4 4 .3

1 .4 2 2

6 4 .0 4

4 5 .0

1 .4 2 3

6 3 .1 6

4 3 .8

1 .4 4 2

5 1 .0 1

3 7 .7

l! 3 5 3

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4

1 331

MONTHLY LABOR

C: E ARN IN O8 AND HOURS

96

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

G r a i n -m i ll p r o d u c ts

Y e a r a n d m o n th

F l o u r a n d o th e r
g r a in -m ill p r o d u c ts

P r e p a r e d fe ed s

Sugar

B a k e r y p r o d u c ts

C a n e -s u g a r r e fin in g

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

Avg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

1950: A v e r a g e .........
195 1: A v e r a g e --------

$59.02
66.28

43 .3
44 .6

$1. 363
1.48 6

$60.95
67.43

4 4 .1
4 5 .5

$1.38 2
1.4 8 2

$ 5 7.2 1
64.63

4 5 .3
4 6 .1

$1.2 63
1.402

$53. 54
57.3 8

4 1 .5
4 1 .7

$1.290
1 .3 7 6

$59. 94
6 1.6 6

43 .0
4 1 .3

$ 1.39 4
1.4 9 3

$ 61.83
6 3 .13

43.0
4 1 .1

$ 1.4 38
1.5 3 6

19 5 1: A p r i l ...............
M a y ................
J u n e ................
J u l y ...............A u g u s t ...........
S e p te m b e r ..
O c t o b e r ____
N o v e m b e r ..
D e c e m b e r ...

6 3 .16
64. 75
6 5 .13
6 8 .14
68.09
68.60
68.67
68.38

4 3 .5
4 4 .5
44.4
4 5 .7
4 5 .3
4 5 .4
4 5 .3
4 4 .5
44 .4

1.4 5 2
1 .4 5 5
1.4 6 7
1.4 9 1
1. 503
1 .5 1 1
1 .5 1 6
1. 528
1.5 4 0

62. 57
63. 36
64.00
68.54
69. 76
7 1 .3 5
69. 98
7 1 .3 7
7 1.2 8

44.0
44.4
44 .6
4 6 .5
46 .6
4 7 .0
45.8
4 5 .9
4 5 .4

1.4 2 2
1 .4 2 7
1.4 3 5
1.4 7 4
1.4 9 7
1. 518
1.5 2 8
1. 555
1.5 7 0

6 2 .10
64.36
66 .31
67.40
65. 85
. 45
65.98
67.04
65.98

45.0
46 .4
4 7 .3
4 7 .7
46.8
4 7 .9
4 6 .5
46.3
4 5 .5

1.38 0
1.3 8 7
1.40 2
1 .4 1 3
1.4 0 7
1.4 2 9
1 .4 1 9
1.448
1.4 5 0

5 6.37
5 7 .2 4
57. 93
5 8 .15
58.07
58.69
58.38
59.26
59.43

4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
42 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .5

1 .3 5 5
1.3 6 6
1 .3 7 6
1.3 7 8
1.38 6
1.3 9 4
1.400
1.428
1.4 3 2

5 9 .7 2
65.66
63. 76
62. 77
58.42
62.8 2
5 5 .3 9
65.20
6 4 .7 5

40.0
42 .8
4 1 .0
4 1.0
39.0
4 1 .3
3 8 .2
4 5 .5
43 .6

1.4 9 3
1.5 3 4
1 .5 5 5
1 .5 3 1
1.4 9 8
1. 521
1.4 5 0
1.4 33
1.4 8 5

59.60
73.60
. 41
6 3 .14
5 9 .15
63. 38
56.93
62.36
63.45

3 9 .6
4 7.0
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
3 9 .2
4 1 .7
3 7 .9
39 .9
40 .7

1.5 0 5
1 .5 6 6
1.5 8 5
1 .5 2 5
1.5 0 9
1.5 2 0
1.5 0 2
1. 563
1 .5 5 9

1952: J a n u a r y ------F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h _____
A p r i l ______

69. 22
. 40
6 7 .7 3
66 .4 2

44.8
4 3 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .1

1.5 4 5
1 .5 3 7
1 .5 5 7
1 .5 4 1

7 1.0 6
67. 21
68.82
68.38

4 5 .7
4 3 .7
4 4 .2
44 .0

1 .5 5 5
1.5 3 8
1. 557
1.5 5 4

6 7.46
63 .20
6 7 .7 6
6 5 .9 6

46 .3
4 4 .1
4 6 .0
4 5 .3

1.4 5 7
1.4 3 3
1.4 7 3
1.4 5 6

59.04
60. 09
60.07
60.92

4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5

1.4 3 3
1.4 4 8
1.4 5 1
1.4 6 8

66.02

6 2 .5 7
62. 24

40 .5
4 0 .1
4 1 .6
39 .3

1. 545
1 .5 5 2
1 .5 8 7
1 .5 7 7

63. 40
60.80
.9 5
61. 43

40.8
39 .0
4 2 .4
39 .0

1. 554
1 .5 5 9
1 .5 7 9
1 .5 7 5

68.00

66

68

6 1.9 8

66

66

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d
r e la t e d p r o d u c ts

B e e t su gar

B everages

C o n fe c tio n e r y

B o t t l e d s o ft d r in k s

M a l t liq u o r s

1950: A v e r a g e .........
1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e .........

$58.69
6 1.3 6

4 2 .5
4 1 .1

$ 1.3 8 1
1.4 9 3

$ 46.72
50.41

3 9 .9
40.2

$ 1 .1 7 1
1.2 5 4

$44.81
48.32

3 9 .9
40.3

$ 1.12 3
1 .1 9 9

$ 67.49
7 3.6 2

4 1 .0
4 1 .2

$ 1.6 4 6
1 .7 8 7

$ 4 9 .12
53.03

4 2 .9
4 3 .5

$ 1 .1 4 5
1 .2 1 9

$ 72.6 6
78 .9 9

40.8
4 1 .1

$ 1 .7 8 1
1.9 2 2

19 5 1 : A p r i l ...............
M a y _______
J u n e ................
J u l y .................
A u g u s t ...........
S e p te m b e r ..
O c t o b e r -------N o v e m b e r ..
D e c e m b e r ...

6 1 .9 5
5 1 .1 4
60. 76
64.20
5 8 .9 1
63.78
54.90

1 .5 2 2
1. 513
1 .5 4 6
1.6 0 1
1 .5 3 8
1.5 6 7
1.4 4 1
1.428
1 .5 1 7

49.00
49.93
5 1.6 4
49. 71
50.23
5 2 .1 7
50.96
5 1 .7 4
52.33

3 9 .2
3 9 .5
40 .5
3 8 .9
39 .8
4 1 .5
40 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .6

1.2 5 0
1.2 6 4
1 .2 7 5
1.2 7 8
1.2 6 2
1. 257
1.2 5 2
1.2 5 9
1.2 5 8

46.84
47.8 3
49.04
4 7 .10
47.48
4 9 .16
48.44
49.68
5 0.61

3 9 .1
3 9 .3
40 .2
3 8 .7
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
40.6
4 1 .3
42.0

1 .1 9 8
1.2 1 7

1 .1 9 6
1 .19 3
1. 203
1.20 5

7 1 .9 7
7 3 .7 5
7 5 .2 1
75 .6 4
7 5 .1 3
7 5 .1 1
72. 54
74.54
73.48

40 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .9
42.0
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
40.8
40.6
40.8

1 .7 7 7
1.7 9 0
1 .7 9 5
1.8 0 1
1 .7 9 3
1 .7 9 7
1 .7 7 8
1.83 6
1.8 0 1

5 1 .7 2
53.45
5 4 .6 2
5 6 .16
54.89
5 3 .7 9
52.68
54. 59
52.58

4 2 .6
4 3 .7
44 .3
4 5 .4
4 4 .7
4 3 .7
43.0
4 3 .5
4 3 .1

1 .2 1 4
1.2 2 3
1.2 3 3
1 .2 3 7
1.2 2 8
1 .2 3 1
1.2 2 5
1 .2 5 5

66.60

40 .7
3 3 .8
3 9 .3
40 .1
3 8 .3
40 .7
3 8 .1
4 7 .7
43 .9

7 6 .9 9
79.30
8 0 .57
8 1.4 2
80.53
81.00
7 7 .2 9
8 0 .11
79 .3 4

4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
40.4
40.5
4 1 .0

1.9 0 1
1.920
1.9 2 3
1.9 3 4
1.9 2 2
1.9 2 4
1 .9 1 3
1.9 7 8
1.9 3 5

1952: J a n u a r y — ..
F e b r u a r y ....
M a r c h _____
A p r i l ______

62.70
. 91
64 .73
64 .79

38.8
4 0 .7
38 .3
3 9 .7

5 1.8 2
5 2 .4 3
5 2 .1 1
5 1.3 3

39.8
40.3
3 9 .9
38 .8

1.30 2
1.3 0 1
1.30 6
1 .3 2 3

49.30
50.01
49. 60
49 .3 3

3 9 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
38 .9

1. 245
1 .2 4 1
1.2 4 3
1.2 6 8

72.94
7 3.5 0
7 3 .3 1
7 4 .1 4

40 .5
4 0 .7
40 .3
40 .6

1.8 0 1
1.80 6
1 .8 1 9
1.8 2 6

5 1 .3 1
5 1 .7 3
5 2 .5 6
5 3 .2 5

4 2 .3
4 2 .4
42 .8
4 2 .6

1. 213

77 .8 9
7 8 .7 5
78. 23
79. 49

40.4
4 0 .7
40 .2
4 0 .7

1.928
1.9 3 5
1.9 4 6
1.9 5 3

68.12

66

1. 616

1.6 4 4
1.690
1.6 3 2

1.220
1 .2 1 7
1.202

1.220
1.220

1.2 2 8
1.2 5 0

M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n t in u e d

T o b a c c o m a n u fa ctu r e s

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts-- C o n t in u e d

D is t ille d , r e c tifie d ,
a n d b l e n d e d l iq u o r s

M i s c e l l a n e o u s fo o d
p r o d u c ts

T o ta l: T o b a cc o
m a n u fa ctu r e s

C ig a r e tte s

T o b a c c o a n d sn u ff

C ig a r s

1950: A v e r a g e ------19 5 1: A v e r a g e ------

. $ 6 1 .9 4
. 6 8 .8 6

4 0 .3
4 0 .2

$ 1 .5 3 7
1 .7 1 3

$ 5 4 .9 9
5 9 .2 2

4 2 .2
4 2 .0

$ 1 .3 0 3
1 .4 1 0

$ 4 1 .0 8
4 4 .2 0

3 7 .9
3 8 .3

$ 1 .0 8 4
1 .1 5 4

$ 5 0 .1 9
5 4 .2 1

3 9 .0
3 9 .4

$ 1 .2 8 7
1 .3 7 6

$ 3 5 .7 6
3 8 .9 2

3 6 .9
3 7 .6

$ 0 .9 6 9
1 .0 3 5

$ 4 2 .7 9
4 6 .0 7

3 7 .7
3 7 .7

$ 1 .1 3 5
1 .2 2 2

19 6 1: A p r i l .............
M a y ..............
J u n e ______
J u l y ______
A u g u s t ------S e p tem b er.
O c t o b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber-

„
.
.
_
.

6 8 .1 0
6 7 .7 8
6 9 .7 9
6 8 .5 0
6 8 .1 8
6 7 .7 0
7 0 .2 0
6 7 .6 1
6 6 .3 0

3 9 .5
3 9 .5
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
4 0 .6
3 8 .7
3 8 .5

1. 724
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 1 9
1 .7 2 1
1 .7 1 3
1 .7 1 4
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 4 7
1 .7 2 2

5 7 .7 8
5 7 .2 0
5 8 .2 2
5 9 .2 1
5 8 .6 6
5 9 .7 4
5 9 .0 5
6 0 .0 6
6 0 .7 7

4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
41. 7
4 2 .0
4 2 .2

1 .3 9 9
1 .3 8 5
1 .4 0 3
1 .4 2 0
1 .4 1 7
1 .4 3 6
1 .4 1 6
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 4 0

42. 58
4 2 .4 9
4 4 .4 9
4 4 .0 3
4 4 .0 8
44. 75
4 5 .3 0
4 6 .2 6
4 6 .5 3

3 6 .8
3 6 .6
3 7 .9
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .5

1 .1 5 7
1 .1 6 1
1 .1 7 4
1 .1 7 1
1 .1 4 5
1 .1 3 3
1 .1 4 1
1 .1 7 7
1 .1 7 8

5 0 .5 9
5 1 .4 1
5 5 .3 7
5 3 .7 0
5 5 .7 9
5 5 .8 2
5 5 .4 0
5 8 .0 2
5 7 .5 3

3 7 .2
3 7 .8
4 0 .3
3 9 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .6

1 .3 6 0
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 7 0
1 .3 8 1
1 .3 9 2
1 .3 9 2
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 1 7

3 7 .7 2
3 6 .7 0
37. 50
3 7 .8 3
3 8 .9 4
4 0 .1 8
40. 88
4 1 .0 3
4 1 .6 6

3 6 .8
3 5 .8
3 6 .3
3 6 .8
3 7 .7
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .3

1 .0 2 5
1 .0 2 5
1 .0 3 3
1 .0 2 8
1 .0 3 3
1 .0 4 9
1 .0 5 1
1 .0 6 3
1 .0 6 0

4 4 .2 7
4 3 .5 6
4 6 .8 5
4 4 .9 9
4 6 .7 6
48. 20
4 6 .9 0
4 8 .6 3
4 7 .6 7

3 6 .5
3 6 .0
3 8 .4
3 7 .0
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 7 .7
3 8 .5
3 8 .2

1 .2 1 3
1 .2 1 0
1 .2 2 0
1 .2 1 0
1 .2 2 1

1952: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ____
A p r i l ______

6 8 .4 3
68. 87
6 8 .6 0
„ 6 8 .2 4

3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 8 .8
3 8 .6

1 .7 5 0
1 .7 5 7
1 .7 6 8
1 .7 6 8

6 1 .3 6
6 1 .8 2
6 1 .0 7
6 0 .4 2

4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .6

1 .4 6 8
1 .4 6 5
1 .4 6 8
1 .4 7 0

45. 27
4 3 .6 9
4 3 .8 5
4 1 .2 3

3 8 .4
3 6 .9
3 6 .6
3 4 .5

1 .1 7 9
1 .1 8 4
1 .1 9 8
1 .1 9 5

55. 24
5 1 .8 4
52. 59
4 7 .8 8

3 9 .4
3 6 .9

1. 402
1 .4 0 5
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 0 4

4 0 .1 4
3 8 .8 6
3 9 .1 2
3 6 .9 6

3 7 .9
3 6 .8
3 6 .7
3 4 .8

1 .0 5 9
1 .0 5 6
1 .0 6 6
1 .0 6 2

4 7 .8 2
4 6 .3 0
4 4 .0 0
4 3 .4 2

3 8 .1
3 7 .1
3 4 .7
3 4 .6

1 .2 5 5
1 .2 4 8
1 .2 6 8
1 .2 5 5

.

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 1 .1

3 7 .3

3 4 .1

1.2 3 9

1 .2 4 4
1 .2 6 3
1 .2 4 8

REVIEW, JULY 1952

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

97

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c ­
tu re s— C o n .

Y e a r a n d m o n th

T o b a c c o ste m m in g
a n d r e d r y in g

T e x t i le - m i ll p r o d u c ts

T o t a l : T e x t i le - m i ll
p r o d u c ts

Y a m a n d th rea d
m ills

Y a m m ills

B r o a d - w o v e n fa b r ic
m ills

Cotton, silk, syn­
thetic fiber
U n it e d S ta te s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

$37. 59
3 7 .9 1

3 9 .4
3 9 .2

$0.954
.9 6 7

1951: A p r i l . ............... ..
M a y _________
J u n e ____ ____
J u l y . ...................
A u g u s t . .............
S e p t e m b e r ___
O c t o b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____

38.84
41. 72
43.07
41.00
34.99
37.30
39. 25
36.89
37. 67

35.8
38 .0
38.8
36.8
3 7 .5
42 .0
4 2 .8
39 .0
38 .6

1.08 5
1.098

1952: J a n u a r y
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _____ _
A p r i l _________

38. 04
3 7 .7 2
3 9 .1 6
37. 88

38 .5
3 6 .8
3 6 .5
34 .0

1950: A v e r a g e ...........
19 5 1: A v e r a g e ..........

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

$48.95
5 1.3 3

39 .6
38 .8

$ 1,2 3 6
1.3 2 3

.9 1 7
.946
.9 7 6

5 2.8 7
5 1.3 7
5 1.0 7
49.58
48.08
48.74
49. 29
50.46
52.70

3 9 .9
38.8
38 .6
3 7 .7
3 6 .7
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
3 7 .8
39 .3

.988
1.0 25
1.0 7 3
1 .1 1 4

52.40
5 2 .2 2
5 1 .3 2
49. 89

38 .9
38 .8
3 8 .1
3 7 .2

1.110
1 .1 1 4
.933

.888

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

Avg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

$45.01
47.8 6

38 .9
38 .6

$ 1 .1 5 7
1.240

1. 325
1.3 2 4
1.3 2 3
1 .3 1 5
1 .3 10
1 .3 2 1
1 .3 2 5
1.3 3 5
1.3 4 1

49.64
48. 05
47.78
46.70
44.89
4 5 .14
46.01
46. 57
49.02

40 .1
39.0
38 .5
3 7 .6
3 6 .2
3 6 .2
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
39.0

1.3 4 7
1.3 4 6
1 .3 4 7
1.3 4 1

48.88
48. 55
4 8 .18
46.39

3 8 .7
3 8 .5
38 .0
3 6 .7

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

$45.09
48.02

38 .8
3 8 .6

$ 1 .1 6 2
1.2 4 4

1.2 3 8
1. 232
1.2 4 1
1.2 4 2
1. 240
1.2 4 7
1 .2 4 7
1 .2 5 2
1 .2 5 7

49. 93
48. 39
4 7.8 1
46 .9 2
44.94
4 5 .16
46.38
46 .9 7
48. 94

4 0 .2
38 .9
38 .4
3 7 .6
3 6 .1
3 6 .1
3 7 .1
3 7 .4
38 .9

1.2 6 3
1 .2 6 1
1.2 6 8
1. 264

48. 71
48 .35
47. 98
46 .3 2

38 .6
3 8 .4
3 7 .9
3 6 .7

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

$49. 28
5 1.6 3

40 .1
3 9 .2

$ 1.2 2 9
1 .3 1 7

$48.00
50.38

4 0 .1
3 9 .3

$ 1 .1 9 7
1.2 8 2

1.2 4 2
1.2 4 4
1.2 4 5
1.248
1.2 4 5
1 .2 5 1
1. 250
1 .2 5 6
1.2 5 8

53. 95
5 2.67
5 2 .10
50.25
48.30
4 8 .75
4& 77
50.01
52. 62

40.9
39 .9
39 .5
38 .3
3 7 .1
3 7 .1
3 7 .0
3 7 .6
39 .3

1. 319
1.320
1 .3 1 9
1. 312
1. 302
1 .3 1 4
1 .3 1 8
1.3 3 0
1.3 3 9

52.64
51. 57
50. 63
48 .74
46. 59
4 7.20
4 7 .3 6
48. 35
50.48

4 1 .0
4 0 .1
39 .4
38 .2
36.8
36 .9
3 7 .0
3 7 .6
3 9 .1

1. 284
1 .2 8 6
1 .2 8 5
1 .2 7 6
. 266
1 .2 7 9
1.2 8 0
1,2 8 6
1 .2 9 1

1.2 6 2
1 .2 5 9
1.2 6 6
1.2 6 2

5 2.10
5 1 .1 9
4 9 .3 4
4 9 .19

39 .0
38 .4
3 7 .1
3 7 .1

1.3 3 6
1 .3 3 3
1.3 3 0
1.3 2 6

50.30
49 .4 5
4 7 .3 2
4 7 .2 1

38 .9
38 .3
36 .8
3 6 .8

1.2 9 3
1 .2 9 1
1.2 8 6
1.2 8 3

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

1

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

T e x t i le - m i ll p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

C o t t o n , s ilk , s y n t h e t i c fib e r — C o n t i n u e d

F u ll-f a s h io n e d h o s ie r y
W o o le n a n d w o r s t e d

N o r th

K n i t t i n g m ills

S o u th

19.50: A v e r a g e .............. $ 5 1.2 3
195 1: A v e r a g e ______
53. 66

40 ,5
38.8

$ 1.2 6 5
1.3 8 3

$47.08
49 .4 1

40.0
3 9 .4

19 5 1: A p r i l _________
M a y _________
J u n e _________
J u l y __________
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ........
O c t o b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____

54.96
5 4 .13
54. 25
5 1.60
48.82
5 1 .1 7
5 1 .4 1
5 1 .2 7
5 4.46

40.0
39 .6
39 .6
38.0
3 5 .9
36 .6
3 6 .1
35 .8
3 7 .9

1 .3 7 4
1 .3 6 7
1. 370
1.3 5 8
1.360
1.398
1.4 2 4
1.4 3 2
1 .4 3 7

52.04
50.90
49 .7 2
47.8 6
45.99
4 6 .18
46.40
4 7 .5 8
49.49

1952: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _______
A p r i l ________

54.89
5 4 .13
52 .2 0

3 7 .7
3 7 .2
36 .0

1.4 5 6
1.4 5 5
1.4 5 0

4 9 .12
48. 20
4 6 .13

U n ite d S ta te s
$ 1 .1 7 7
1.2 5 4

$54.01
5 7 .7 1

39 .8
3 9 .1

$ 1 ,3 5 7
1.4 7 6

$ 44 .13
4 6 .5 7

3 7 .4
3 6 .7

4 1 .4
40.3
39 .4
38 .2
3 7 .0
3 7 .0
3 7 .3
38.0
3 9 .4

1 .2 5 7
1.2 6 3
1.2 6 2
1.2 5 3
1. 243
1.248
1. 244
1 .2 5 2
1.2 5 6

58.69
57. 35
5 8 .16
5 7 .4 7
55.84
56.20
55.38
57.68
6 2 .1 5

40 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
38.3
3 8 .1
3 6 .8
3 7 .6
40.2

1.460
1.4 6 3
1.4 6 5
1.4 6 6
1.4 5 8
1.4 7 5
1.5 0 5
1. 534
1. 546

4 6 .7 6
45.04
4 5 .18
44. 57
44.44
44.84
46.06
4 7 .5 6
48.08

39 .2
3 8 .5
3 6 .9

1.2 5 3
1 .2 5 2
1.2 5 0

6 1.4 2
6 0 .37
5 9.0 2
58. 75

39 .6
3 9 .1
3 8 .5
3 8 .4

1 .5 5 1
1.5 4 4
1.5 3 3
1.5 3 0

47. 66
4 8 .3 1
4 8 .12
45. 77

N o r th

$ 1.18 0
1. 269

$53. 63
56. 69

3 7 .9
3 6 .6

$1. 415
1. 549

$54. 25
5 8 .16

3 7 .7
3 5 .9

$ 1.4 3 9
1.620

3 6 .7
3 5 .3
3 5 .6
3 5 .4
3 5 .3
3 5 .5
3 6 .3
3 7 .3
3 7 .8

1 .2 7 4
1 .2 7 6
1.2 6 9
1.2 5 9
1.2 5 9
1.2 6 3
1.2 6 9
1 .2 7 5
1 .2 7 2

5 7 .1 6
5 5 .14
54.01
54. 01
5 3 .7 5
54.07
5 5 .18
57. 75
58.09

3 6 .5
3 5 .1
3 4 .8
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
3 5 .2
3 5 .9
3 7 .5
3 7 .6

1.5 6 6
1. 571
1 .5 5 2
1. 530
1 .5 2 7
1.5 3 6
1 .5 3 7
1.5 4 0
1. 545

5 9 .19
56.70
5 5 .18
54. 48
54.32
5 5 .1 2
5 7 .4 7
57.8 0
56. 57

3 5 .7
34 .2
34.0
34 .2
34 .4
34 .6
3 6 .1
36 .4
3 5 .6

1.6 5 8
1.6 5 8
1.6 2 3
1.5 9 3
1 .5 7 9
1.5 9 3
1.5 9 2
1.5 8 8
1. 589

3 7 .0
3 7 .8
3 7 .8
3 6 .1

1.28 8
1.2 7 8
1 .2 7 3
. 268

58 .18
59.06
58.83
5 5 .3 1

3 7 .2
3 8 .5
3 8 .6
3 6 .2

1.5 6 4
1.5 3 4
1.5 2 4
1.5 2 8

58 .76
57. 26
5 6 .5 1

3 6 .7
3 7 .6
3 7 .7

1.6 0 1
1.5 2 3
1.499

1

M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n t in u e d

T e x t i le - m i ll p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d
F u ll-f a s h io n e d h o ­
s ie r y — C o n t i n u e d
S o u th

S e a m le s s h o s ie r y
K n i t o u te r w e a r
N o r th

U n it e d S ta te s

K n it u n derw ear

S o u th

1950: A v e r a g e ______ $ 53.3 3
55. 76
19 5 1: A v e r a g e ______

38 .2
3 7 .2

$ 1.39 6
1.4 9 9

$34.94
36.85

35 .8
3 5 .2

$0.976
1.0 4 7

$ 38 .12
4 1 .2 4

38 .2
3 7 .8

$0. 998
1.0 9 1

$34.37
36.02

36 .4
3 4 .7

$0. 971
1.038

$ 43.73
4 7.23

38 .6
38 .4

$ 1 .1 3 3
1.230

$39.60
42. 71

3 7 .5
3 7 .3

$ 1.0 5 6
1 .14 5

19 5 1: A p r i l _________
M a y ----------------J u n o _________
J u l y ....... .............
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r __ . . . .
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____

55 .6 5
53.84
58.39
53.83
53.41
53.32
53.8 1
67.68
5 8 .70

3 7 .2
3 5 .7
3 5 .5
3 6 .1
3 5 .7
3 5 .5
3 5 .8
38 .2
38.8

1.4 9 6
1.5 0 8
1.50 4
1.4 9 1
1.4 9 6
1.5 0 2
1.5 0 3
1. 510
1. 513

35 .4 6
34. 31
35.80
35 .39
35 .3 2
3 5 .25
3 7 .4 5
38.66
3 9 .4 1

3 4 .1
32 .8
34.0
34.0
3 3 .7
33.8
3 5 .5
36 .4
3 7 .0

1.040
1.046
1.0 5 3
1.0 4 1
1.048
1.043
1.0 5 5
1.0 62
1.0 6 5

4 1 .3 7
40 .51
40. 26
38.20
3 9 .7 1
40.74
42. 21
42.48
4 4 .3 1

38 .2
3 7 .3
36.8
3 5 .5
36 .6
3 7 .1
3 8 .1
38.0
3 9 .6

1.0 8 3
1.0 8 5
1.094
1.0 7 6
1.08 5
1.098
1.1 0 8
1 .1 1 8
1 .1 1 9

34.30
32.94
34. 87
34.85
34.42
34.23
36. 54
37 .9 4
38.43

3 3 .3
3 1 .8
33.4
3 3 .7
3 3 .1
3 3 .2
85.0
3 6 .1
3 6 .5

1.030
1.0 36
1.044
1.0 34
1.040
1.0 3 1
1.0 4 4
1 .0 5 1
1.0 5 3

4 a 03
4 6 .3 7
46.41
45.26
4 a 27
46. 56
47 .3 6
48. 33
48 .2 1

38 .8
38 .2
38 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
3 7 .8
38 .6
38 .6

1.2 3 8
1 .2 1 4
1. 215
1.2 0 7
1.2 2 4
1 .2 3 5
1.2 5 3
1 .2 5 2
1.2 4 9

43. 55
4 1 .2 7
4 1.9 9
40. 55
40. 91
4 1 .6 2
42. 33
4 3 .14
44.50

38 .3
36 .3
36.8
3 5 .6
3 5 .7
36.0
36 .3
36 .9
38.0

1 .1 3 7
1 .1 3 7
1 .1 4 1
1 .1 3 9
1 .1 4 6
1 .1 5 6
1 .1 6 3
1 .1 6 9
1.1 7 1

1952: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h _______
A p r il

5 7 .4 9
59.98
60. 29

3 7 .5
3 9 .1
39 .3

1.5 3 3
1.5 3 4
1.5 3 4

38.48
39 .38
38.80
37 .0 3

3 6 .1
3 6 .8
3 6 .4
3 4 .8

1.0 6 6
1.0 7 0
1.0 6 6
1.0 64

4 2 .8 5
42. 79
42.9 4

38 .4
38 .0
3 8 .2

1 .1 1 6
1 .1 2 6
1 .1 2 4

37 .6 6
3 8 .76
38.09

3 5 .7
3 6 .6
3 6 .1

1.0 5 5
1.0 5 9
1.0 5 5

46 .79
47.8 8
48.36
4 5 .3 2

3 6 .9
38.0
3 8 .2
3 6 .4

1.26 8
. 260
1.2 6 6
1.2 4 5

4 4 .16
43 .7 8
4 3 .5 7
42.90

3 7 .3
3 7 .1
3 7 .3
3 6 .6

1 .1 8 4
1.18 0
1 .16 8
1 .1 7 2

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1

98

C: EARNING AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M anufacturlng—C ontinue d
Apparel and ocher
fin is h e d te x tile
products

Textile-mill products—Continued

Year and month

Dyeing and flinshing
textiles
Avg. Avg.
wkly wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1060:
1951:

A v e r a g e ____
A v e r a g e ____

1951:

A p r i l ...............
M a y _______
J u n e _______
J u l y , ............... .
A u g u s t ............

$53.87
56.49

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

40.9 $1,317 $62.33
39.7 1.423 62. 53

Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yam

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Other textile-mill
products

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Fur-felt hats and hat
bodies

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Total: Apparel and
other finished tex­
tile products

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.5 $1,502 $62. 72
39.4 1. 587 60.37

41.1 $1. 526 $52. 37
37.9 1.593 54.88

40.6 $1,290 $51.05
39.8 1.379 52.67

35.9 $1,422 $43. 68
35.3 1.492 45. 65

36.4
36.0

$1,200
1.268

39.7
38.5
39.5
37.3
36.0
37.4
38.7
40.4
42.3

1.415
1.413
1.417
1.409
1.417
1.422
1.426
1.453
1.460

64.76
61.38
59. 48
58.43
58. 59
59. 69
60. 99
60.80
63.12

40.4
38.7
37.6
37.1
37.2
37.8
38.8
38.7
39.9

1.686

O c t o b e r _____
N o v e m b e r ...
D e c e m b e r __

56.18
54. 40
55. 97
52. 56
51.01
53.18
55.19
58.70
61.76

1.582
1.575
1.575
1.579
1.572
1. 571
1.582

62.83
58. 51
56.43
54. 92
54.46
55. 96
59.05
59.18
61.15

39.0
36.8
35.6
35.0
34.8
35.6
37.3
37.6
38.8

1.611
1.590
1.585
1.569
1.565
1.572
1.583
1.574
1.576

55.70
54. 51
54. 55
53. 70
52. 32
53.89
54.03
54. 09
56.30

40.6
39.7
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.8
38.7
38.5
40.1

1.372
1.373
1.374
1.370
1.366
1.389
1.396
1.405
1.404

50. 69
49.42
51. 73
50. 38
47.18
49. 66
49. 90
49.93
57.23

33.5
33.8
35.0
34.2
33.2
32.0
33.4
33.4
37.8

1.513
1.462
1.478
1.473
1.421
1. 552
1.494
1.495
1.514

44. 97
43.56
44.05
45.10
46.11
45.89
43. 70
45.12
46. 26

36.5
35.3
35.3
35.4
35.8
35.6
34.6
35.5
36.2

1.232
1.234
1.248
1.274
1.288
1.289
1.263
1.271
1.278

J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ............
A p r i l _______

60.69
62. 27
60. 76
68.73

41.4
42.1
41.0
39.9

1. 466
1. 479
1.482
1.472

64. 80
65.04
66.63
60.62

40.5
40.5
41.0
37.7

1.600
1.606
1.625
1.608

63.68
64.00
64.96
56.55

39.9
39.9
40.1
35.5

1. 596
1.604
1.620
1.593

56. 41
56.98
56. 97
55. 29

39.7
39.9
39.7
38.5

1.421
1.428
1.435
1.436

55.12
56.22
55.53
44. 57

36.6
36.7
36.8
29.0

1.506
1.532
1.509
1.537

46. 40
47. 56
47.36
43.61

36.0
36.7
36.8
35.0

1.289
1.296
1.287
1.246

Septem ber..

1952:

Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings

1.603

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
1950: Average........
1951: A v e r a g e ____

$50. 22
52.73

1951: April............. .
J u n e ........... ..
J u l y . ...............
A u g u s t _____
S e p te m b e r ..
O c t o b e r ..........
N o v e m b e r ...
D e c e m b e r __
J a n u a r y .........
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ______
A p r i l _______

May____

1952:

M en’s and boys’ fur­
nishings and work
clothing

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear

Separate trousers

Work shirts

Women’s outerwear

36.9 $1.361 $36.43
35.8 1.473 38.05

36.8 $0,990 $36.26
36.0 1.057 37. 95

36.7 $0. 988 $39. 43
35.6 1.066 40.14

37.8 $1.043 $31. 34
36.0 1.115 33.

35.9 $0. 873 $49.41
.925 51.31
35.7

34.7
35.0

$1. 424
1.466

54.90
53. 29
52.85
52.82
51.56
51.98
47. 81
47. 59
49. 98

37.5
36.3
36.0
36.2
35.0
35.1
32.5
32.2
33.7

1.464
1.468
1. 468
1.459
1.473
1.481
1.471
1.478
1.483

38.96
37. 28
36.82
36.15
36. 99
37.67
37.14
38.13
38.09

37.0
35.5
35.0
34.4
35.3
35.5
35.0
35.6
35.8

1.053
1.050
1.052
1.051
1.048
1.061
1.061
1.071
1.064

39.15
36. 96
35. 97
35.30
36. 47
37. 70
37. 52
38.84
38. 41

37.0
34.9
34.0
33.4
34.5
35.1
35.0
36.0
35.7

1.058
1.059
1.058
1.057
1.057
1.074
1.072
1.079
1.076

42.37
38.86
39.28
38. 61
39.13
39.94
36.83
37. 56
39.32

37.9
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.0
35.6
33.3
33.6
35 2

1.100
1.122

36.5
36.4
35.9
35.3
35.2
34.3
34.5
35.1
35.3

.918
.922
.916
.924

.021

1.106
1.118
1.117

33. 51
33. 56
32.
32. 62
32. 42
31. 83
32. 53
32. 85
32.

.928
.943
.936
.931

48. 37
47. 30
47. 52
52.35
53.45
51.50
47. 33
50. 41
52.30

35.1
34.3
33.8
34.9
35.4
34.4
32.8
34.6
35.8

1.378
1.379
1.406
1.500
. 510
1.497
1.443
1. 457
1.461

50. 00
51.67
52.38
47.99

33.4
34.7
35.2
32.8

1.497
1. 489
1.488
1.463

38. 06
39.02
39.34
38.13

35.7
36.5
36.7
35.8

1.066
1.069
1.072
1.065

38.23
38.84
39.02
38.20

35.3
35.7
36.1
35.4

1.083
1.088
1.081
1.079

40. 52
42.03
44.08
42.30

35.7
36.8
38.2
37.2

1.135
1.142
1.154
1.137

33. 46
33. 32
33. 61
34. 37

36.1
35.9
36.3
37.0

.927
.928
.926
.929

53. 38
54. 78
53.14
47. 50

35.9
36.4
36.2
34.1

1.487
1.505
1.468
1.393

02

1.118
1.107
1.119

1.118

88
86

1

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued

Women’s dresses

Household apparel

Women’s suits, coats,
and skirts

Women’s and chil­
dren’s undergar­
ments

U n d erw ea r and
nightwear, except
corsets

1950: Average______ $48.09
1951: Average........... 50. 65

34.8 $1.382 $34.66
35.1 1. 443 37.86

36.1 $0,960 $63.77
36.9 1.026 63. 89

33.6 $1. 898 $38.38
32.9 1.942 40. 92

36.9 $1. 040 $3a55
36.6 1.118 39. 67

1951: April.................
M ay........ .........
June________
July..................
August.........
September___
O ctober..........
November___
December........

50. 65
49. 46
48. 92
48.96
52.16
51.05
47.33
49. 60
52.60

35.1
34.3
34.5
35.4
35.8
34.4
32.8
34.3
36.1

1.443
1. 442
1.418
1.383
1. 457
1.484
1.443
1.446
1.457

39.13
38.00
37.22
34. 48
37.19
37.69
36. 81
38.35
39. 07

38.1
37.0
36.1
34.0
36.6
36.7
35.7
36.8
37.9

1.027
1.027
1.031
1.014
1.019
1.027
1.031
1.042
1.031

53.79
55.15
55. 71
. 43
. 97
63.33
56. 29
60.83
63. 21

30.6
32.1
31.0
34.2
33.5
32.1
29.3
31.5
33.2

40. 88
38.27
38.99
38. 41
39. 55
41.06
41.66
42.79
42. 90

3a 8
34.6
35.0
34.6
35.5
36.5
36.8
37.5
37.5

1952; January_____
February____
M arch_______
April.................

51.77
52.96
53.07
50.26

35.9
36.3
36.6
35.1

1.442
1.459
1.450
1.432

39. 34
40. 38
41.18
39. 26

37.5
38.2
38.7
37.5

1.049
1.057
1.064
1.047

67. 01
68.63
62.86
53.15

34.0
34.3
32.4
28.3

41.95
42.49
43.43
41.37

36.7
37.4
37.8
36.1

See fo o tn o te s a t end o f tab le.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

68
66

1. 758
3.718
1.797

2.001

1.999
1.973
1.921
1. 931
1.904
1.971

2.001
1.940
1.878

Millinery

36.4 $1.004 $54. 21
36.8 1.078 57.46

35.2
36.0

$1.540
1.596

1.114
1.125
1.132
1.141
1.144

39.77
37.38
38. 52
38. 56
38. 66
40.00
40. 51
41.13
41.21

37.1
35.0
35.8
35.7
35.9
36.9
37.2
37.6
37.4

1.072
1.068
1.076
1.080
1.077
1.084
1.089
1.094

1.102

52.94
45. 91
49. 42
57.66
59. 35
62.10
52.50
50.90
55. 91

34.2
31.0
32.9
35.9
3a 5
37.3
33.4
32.9
35.5

1.548
1.481
1. 502
1.606
1.626
1.665
1.572
1.547
1.575

1.143
1.136
1.149
1.146

40.00
40.18
40.63
38.90

36.6
37.0
37.0
35.4

1.093
1.086
1.098
1.099

61.82
69.91
69.37
51.93

38.4
41.1
40.9
32.7

1.610
1.701
1.696
1.588

1.111

1.106
1.114

1.110

99

C: EARNING AND HOURS

REVIEW, JULY 1952

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

L u m ber and w ood
p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t
fu r n itu r e )

A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

Y e a r a n d m o n th
C h il d r e n ’ s o u te r w e a r

F u r g o o d s a n d m is ­
c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l

O t h e r fa b r ic a t e d
t e x t ile p r o d u c ts

C u r ta in s a n d
d r a p e r ie s

T o ta l: L u m b e r a n d
w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x ­
c e p t fu r n itu r e )

T e x tile ba gs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

Avg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

Avg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

1950: A v e r a g e ......... .
19 5 1: A v e r a g e ......... .

$38. 98
4 1 .5 3

3 6 .5
3 6 .3

$1,068
1 .1 4 4

$43.45
45. 71

3 6 .7
3 6 .6

$ 1.18 4
1.2 4 9

$42.06
4 4 .19

38 .2
3 7.8

$ 1 .1 0 1
1 .1 6 9

$ 38 .37

36 .3

$ 1.0 5 7

$44.85

38 .4

$ 1,16 8

$ 5 5 .3 1
59.26

4 1 .0
40.9

$ 1,3 4 9
1.4 4 9

195 1: A p r i l ............... .
M a y _______
J u n e _______
J u l y ..................
A u g u s t _____
S e p t e m b e r __
O c t o b e r ____
N o v e m b e r ...
D ecem ber-

40. 74
40.35
40.90
41.8 3
4 1 .5 9
41.9 3
4 0 .15
42. 37
42 .7 9

36.8
3 5 .9
3 6 .1
3 6 .5
3 6 .2
3 5 .9
3 4 .7
36.4
3 6 .7

1 .1 0 7
1 .1 2 4
1 .1 3 3
1 .1 4 6
1 .14 9
1.16 8
1 .1 5 7
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 6 6

44.88
44.82
4 6 .14
4 3 .6 1
46.28
46 .76
45.68
47 .6 2
4 7 .1 3

3 6 .7
36 .0
3 6 .5
36 .4
3 6 .5
3 6 .7
36.0
3 7 .0
3 7 .2

1.2 2 3
1.2 4 5
1. 264
1.19 8
1.268
1. 274
1. 269
1.2 8 7
1.2 6 7

4 3 .15
42 .8 1
44. 59
43.48
44.03
44. 36
44 .4 1
44.65
45. 74

3 7 .1
3 6 .5
3 7 .5
3 7 .1
3 7 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .6
3 7 .9
38 .6

1.1 6 3
1 .1 7 3
1 .18 9
1 .1 7 2
1.16 8
1 .18 3
1 .1 8 1
1 .1 7 8
1 .1 8 5

3 8 .12
37. 21
38 .27
38.05
37 .4 9
3 7 .3 1
3 7 .7 3
38.00
39.33

36 .0
3 5 .2
3 5 .7
3 5 .3
3 5 .7
3 5 .4
35 .8
3 6 .5
3 7 .1

1.0 5 9
1.0 5 7
1.0 7 2
1.0 78
1.050
1.0 54
1.0 54
1.0 4 1
. 060

1

4 3 .12
42.65
44.03
44.00
45. 94
44. 92
45. 21
46. 21
47.60

3 7 .4
36.8
3 7 .6
3 7 .8
38 .9
38 .0
3 7 .9
38.8
40.0

1 .1 5 3
1 .1 5 9
1 .1 7 1
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 8 1
1 .1 8 2
1 .1 9 3
1.1 9 1
1.1 9 0

58.95
59. 72
6 1 .5 1
57.4 3
60.49
6 1 .5 1
62 .32
60.86
60.18

4 1 .4
41. 5
4 1 .9
39 .8
40 .9
40 .6
4 1 .3
40 .6
40.8

1424
1.4 3 9
1.468
1.4 4 3
1 .4 7 9
1. 515
1.5 0 9
1.4 9 9
1 .4 7 5

38.3
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
3 7 .0

1 .1 7 7
1.18 0
1 .1 8 2
1 .1 9 1

40. 81
4 2 .3 2
4 1 .9 5
4 1 .1 0

38.9
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 8 .3

1.049
1.0 66
1.0 62
1.0 73

45. 31
4 5 .7 1
45 .23
44.03

38.4
39 .0
3 8 .3
3 6 .6

1.18 0
1.1 7 2
1 .1 8 1
1.20 3

57.0 2
5 9 .1 1
59. 70
6 1.2 8

40 .1
40. 6
40. 5
40 .8

1.4 2 2
1 .4 5 6
1.4 7 4
1.5 0 2

1952: J a n u a r y .........
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ______
A p r i l ______

3 6 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .6
3 5 .6

43.23
44 .29
44 .2 2
40.01

1 .1 7 8
1 .1 8 1
1.1 7 6
1 .1 2 4

43.86
4 3 .3 7
44.43
42.63

3 6 .1
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
35.0

1 .2 1 5
1 .19 8
1.2 2 4
1.2 1 8

45.08
44. 96
45.03
44.0 7

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts ( e x c e p t fu r n it u r e ) — C o n t i n u e d

M illw o r k ,
piyw ood,
and
p r e f a t r ic a te d
w ood
stru c tu ra l
prod u c ts

S a w m i lls a n d p la n i n g m ills , g e n e r a l
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d
c o n tr a c to r s

S a w m i lls a n d p la n ­
in g m ills
W est

S o u th

U n ite d S ta te s

1950: A v e r a g e ______ $66.25
195 1: A v e r a g e ............. 7 1 .3 7

38 .9
39 .3

$ 1.7 0 3
1 .8 1 6

$54.95
58 .73

40 .7
40 .5

$1.35 0
1.450

$55.53
59.58

40.5
40 .5

$ 1 .3 7 1
1 .4 7 1

$38.90
4 1 .1 9

4 2 .1
42 .2

$0.924
.9 7 6

$70. 43
75 .8 5

3 8 .7
38 .6

$1,820
1. 965

$60.52
64 .74

4 3 .2
42. 4

$ 1.4 0 1
1. 527

19 5 1: A p r i l _______
M ay
Jun e
J u ly
A u g u s t _____
S e p t e m b e r __
O c to b e r
N ovem ber
D e c e m b e r ____

7 1 .1 0
7 1 .6 4
7 7 .1 0
62 .5 5
7 4 .5 7
7 5 .6 3
79.99
79.38
74.92

39.0
39 .0
4 1 .7
3 5 .7
40.2
3 9 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
40.0

1.8 2 3
1 .8 3 7
1.84 9
1 .7 5 2
1.8 5 5
1. 905
1. 909
1.9 2 2
1.8 7 3

58. 49
5 9.22
60.92
5 7.4 6
60.29
61.06
6 1.49
60.56
59. 47

4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
39 .6
40.6
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.4

1.4 2 3
1.4 3 4
1.468
1 .4 5 1
1.48 5
1. 519
1. 507
1.4 9 9
1.4 7 2

5 9 .16
59.95
6 1.7 9
5 8 .1 7
61.06
61. 95
62.42
6 1.4 9
60.36

4 1.0
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
39.6
40.6
40.2
40.8
40.4
40.4

1.4 4 3
1.4 5 5
1.489
1.469
1.50 4
1. 541
1.530
1.5 2 2
1.4 9 4

4 1.8 2
41.8 1
4 1 .1 2
40. 62
4 1.0 2
4 1 .2 1
42. 37
4 1 .7 5
42.03

42.8
4 3 .1
42.0
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
42.8
42 .3
4 2 .5

.9 7 7
.970
.9 7 9
.9 7 4
.9 7 9
.986
.990
.9 8 7
.989

7 5 .6 1
7 5 .6 2
7 9 .3 1
72.38
7 7 .5 7
79.0 1
79. 57
78. 82
7 7 .1 9

39 .4
3 9 .1
40.4
3 7 .1
3 9 .1
3 8 .6
3 9 .1
38 .6
3 8 .1

1 .9 1 9
1.9 3 4
1.9 6 3
1 .9 5 1
1.98 4
2.047
2.035
2.042
2.026

65.04
6 5 .32
65. 48
63.56
64 .79
.3 9
. 94
62. 97
6 5 .1 5

43 .3
43. 2
42.8
4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
42. 5
40 .6
41. 9

1.5 0 2
1 .5 1 2
1.5 3 0
1.5 2 8
1.6 3 9
1. 577
1. 575
1. 551
1. 555

1952: J a n u a r y

63. 46
7 2.8 2
72.40
80. 50

3 9 .1
4 1 .4
40 .2
4 0 .7

1. 623
1. 759
1.8 0 1
1. 978

56. 56
5 8 .4 7
59.04
60.63

39 .5
4 0 .1
40.0
40 .5

1. 432
1.458
1.4 7 6
1.4 9 7

57. 25
5 9 .16
59.74
6 1.6 4

39 .4
40.0
39.8
40 .5

1. 453
1. 479
1 .5 0 1
1.5 2 2

4 1 .9 2
4 1 .1 8
4 1 .1 3
4 1 .7 7

42 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .9

.9 9 1
.990
.9 9 1
.9 9 7

72. 67
7 6 .7 6
76. 23
78.63

3 6 .3
38 .4
38 .0
3 9 .1

. 002
1.999
2.006

65. 06
65.89
. 50

4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
42 .0

1. 564
1. 580
1.5 8 7
1.5 9 2

February
Mareh

___

A p r i l ________

2

66
66

66
2.011 66.86

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F u r n i t u r e a n d fix tu r e s

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu r n it u r e ) — C o n t i n u e d

W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s

M illw o r k

W o o d e n b o x e s, o th e r
t h a n cig a r

M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d
p r o d u c ts

T o t a l: F u r n itu r e
a n d fix tu r e s

H o u s e h o ld fu r n it u r e

1950: A v e r a g e ___
195 1: A v e r a g e ------

$59.05
61.8 0

43 .2
4 2 .1

$ 1.3 6 7
1.468

$46.03
49.22

40.7
4 1 .6

$ 1 ,3 1 1
1 .18 6

$46.56
49.54

4 1 .5
42 .2

$ 1 ,1 2 2
1.1 7 4

$47.07
5 1.2 8

4 1 .4
42.0

$ 1 .1 3 7

$ 53.6 7
5 7 .7 2

4 1 .9
4 1 .2

$ 1,2 8 1
1.4 0 1

$ 5 1.9 1
54.84

4 1 .9
40.8

$ 1,2 3 9
1.3 4 4

195 1: A p r i l .............
M a y ..............
J u n e ..............
J u l y ______
A u g u s t .........
S e p tem b er.
O c t o b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D e c e m b e r ..

6 2 .13
62 .32
62.08
60.54
6 2 .14
62. 81
64 20
61. 74
63.09

4 2 .7
42 .6
42 .2
4 1 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
42.8
4 1 .3
42 .2

1.4 5 5
1.463
1 .4 7 1
1.4 7 3
1.4 7 6
1.4 9 2
1.500
1.4 9 5
1 .4 9 5

48.70
49 .2 7
50.46
48.63
48.87
49.93
50. 01
49.48
5 1.0 7

4 1 .8
4 1 .9
42 .3
40.9
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
42.0

1 .1 6 5
1 .1 7 6
1 .1 9 3
1 .1 8 9
1 .1 9 2
1.209
1. 205
1 .19 8
1 .2 1 6

49.64
49.82
50.35
49 .2 7
48. 74
49. 42
49. 61
4 9 .16
50. 37

42.9
42.8
42 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
42.4

1 .1 5 7
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 8 2
1 .1 9 3
1.1 8 3
1.18 8
1 .18 4
1.1 7 6
1 .18 8

5 1.4 9
5 1 .7 2
5 2.26
50 .75
5 1.2 9
52.38
5 1.9 6
50.92
52.08

42.8
42 .5
42.8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
41. 9
4 1 .6
40.8
4 1 .7

1.20 3
1.2 1 7

1 .2 1 7
1. 224
1. 250
1. 249
1.248
1.2 4 9

56.96
56.28
56.03
5 5 .7 4
5 7 .5 3
58. 40
58. 79
58 .8 1
60.48

4 1 .1
40.4
40.4
3 9 .7
40.8
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
42.0

1.3 8 6
1.3 9 3
1.3 8 7
1.40 4
1.4 10
1 .4 2 1
1. 420
1.4 3 1
1.44 0

54.04
52.96
52.64
5 1.9 1
53.64
5 5 .3 2
55. 94
56. 50
57. 75

40.6
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
38.8
40.0
40.8
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .7

1 .3 3 1
1. ¿34
1.3 2 6
1.3 3 8
1« 341
.3 5 6
1 .3 6 1
1.3 7 8
1 .3 8 5

1952: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ..........
A p r i l . ...........

6 1.98
62 00
63.05
63.50

4 1 .4
40.9
4 1 .4
4 1 .5

1.4 9 7
1. 516
1.5 2 3
1.5 30

48. 63
48.64
48.88
49 .29

40.8
4 0 .7
40 .5
40 .6

1 .1 9 2
1 .1 9 5
1.2 0 7
1.2 1 4

4 8 .16
4 8 .16
48.42
4 9 .5 1

4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .4

1 .1 6 6
1 .1 6 6
1 .1 8 1
1 .1 9 6

5 1 .7 5
5 2 .2 1
52. 75
52. 67

4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .6

1.2 4 4
1 .2 5 5
1.268
1.2 6 6

59. 84
60. 26
6 0 .7 1
59.67

4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
40 .7

1.4 4 2
1.4 5 2
1.4 7 0
1.4 6 6

5 6.46
5 7 .3 1
57. 59
56.80

4 1 .0
4 1 .2
40.9
40 .4

1 .3 7 7
1 .3 9 1
1.408
1.406

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.221
1.221

1

100

C: EARNING AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

F u r n i t u r e a n d fix tu r e s — C o n t i n u e d

W o o d h o u s e h o ld
fu r n it u r e , e x c e p t
u p h o ls te r e d

Year and month

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours
1950: Average1951: Average.

$48.39
50. 88

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Wood household fur­
niture, upholstered
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Paper and allied products

Mattresses and
bedsprings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Other furniture
and fixtures

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Total: Paper and
allied products

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ w kly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

42.3 $1,144 $56.35
41.3 1.232 58. 03

41.4 $1,361 $57. 27
39.8 1.458 60.37

41.2 $1.390 $58. 53
40.3 1. 498 64. 69

41.9 $1,397 $61.14
42.2 1. 533 65. 77

43.3 $1,412 $65.06
43.1 1. 526 71.17

43.9
44.4

$1,482
1.603

D e c e m b e r ,.

50.84
49. 73
49.45
47. 50
50.10
50. 92
61. 46
61. 68
52. 54

41.4
40. 5
40.2
38.9
40. 6
41.1
41. 6
41.3
41.8

1.234
1. 239
1.240
1. 249
1.257

55.88
53.91
55.11
54.37
55. 59
58.17
60. 23
61.39
65.33

38.7
37.1
37.8
37.6
38.5
40.2
41.0
41. 2
42.7

1.444
1.453
1.458
1.446
1.444
1.447
1.469
1.490
1. 530

58.00
57.29
56. 47
58. 84
57. 97
62.23
62.09
63.15
63.08

39.7
39.0
39.6
39.2
39.3
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.8

1.461
1.469
1.426
1. 501
1.475
1.529
1.633
1.563
1. 546

64.52
64.20
63.82
64.30
65. 92
65.32
65.30
64.49
67.07

42.5
42.1
42.1
41.7
42.5
41.9
42.1
41.5
42.8

1. 518
1. 525
1.516
1.542
1.551
1. 559
1.551
1.654
1. 567

43.7
43.4
43.1
42.8
42.6
42.8
42.5
42.4
42.8

1. 529
1. 522
L 532
1.537
1.548
1.558

71.37
70.96
70. 84
71. 73
70.38
71. 29
71.15
71.31
72.22

44.8
44. 6
44.3
44. 5
44.1
44.2
44.0
43.8
44.2

1.593
1.591
1. 599
1.612
1. 596
1. 613
1.617
1.628
1.634

1952: January___
February...
March____
April______

51.87
52.37
51.85
51. 48

41.4
41. 5
40. 7
40. 6

1.253
. 262
1. 274
. 268

59.12
62.34
63.60
62. 88

39.6
40.8
41.3
40.7

1.493
1. 528
1. 540
1. 545

63.45
63. 78
64.63
63.28

40.7
40.7
40.8
40.1

1.559
1. 567
1. 584
1.578

67. 85
67.22
68.35
. 49

42.7
42.2
42.4
41.4

1.589
1. 593
. 612
. 606

42.5
42.4
42.6
41.3

1.562
1. 570
1. 581
1.579

71.29
71.68
72. 66
69. 84

43.6
43.6
43.8
42.2

1.635
1. 644
1. 659
1. 655

1951: April_____
M a y ______
J u n e ______
J u l y - ...........
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r .
O c t o b e r ___

November.

1.228
1.228
1.230

1.221

1
1

66

1
1

66.38
65.92
65.56
65.44
64.84
65. 57
65.32
65.64

66.68
66.39
66. 57

67.35
65. 21

1.519
1.519

1. 521

Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products--Continued
Paperboard contamers and boxes
1950: Average1951: Average.
1951: April...........
M a y _____ _
J u n e ______
J u l y . . . .........
A u g u s t ........
S e p te m b e r.
O c t o b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D e c e m b e r ..

1952:

J a n u a r y ___

February...
M a r c h ____

April______

$57. 96
60. 65

Other paper and
allied products

Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing, pub­
lishing, and allied
industries

Newspapers

P e r io d ic a ls

Books

43.0 $1.348 $55.48
41.8 1.451 59.73

42.0 $1.321 $72. 98
41.8 1. 429 76.05

38.8 $1,881 $80.00
38.8 1. 960 83. 34

36.9 $2.168 $74.18
36.6 2.277 79.28

39.5 $1.878 $64.08
39.8 1.992 67.48

62.74
61.38
60.05
58. 59
58.92
59.12
58.93
59.49
60. 77

43.0
42.1
41.5
40.6
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
41. 2

1.459
1.458
1.447
1.443
1.444
1.442
1.448
1.458
1. 475

59. 82
59.99
60.15
58.95
59.39
59. 78
59.60
59.80
60. 76

42.1
42.1
42.3
41. 4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.1
41.5

1.421
1. 425
1.422
1.424
1. 431
1.437
1.443
1.455
1.464

75.78
75.66
75.82
75. 50
75.54
77. 69
76.27
77.09
79. 43

38.9
38.7
38.8
38.6
38.7
39.2
38.6
38.7
39.4

1.948
1.955
1.954
1.956
1.952
1. 982
1. 976
1.992
2.016

82.98
83. 49
83.16
82. 36
82.29
85.13
84. 59
85.51
. 65

88

36.8
36.7
36.7
36.3
36.3
36.9
36.7
36.7
37.5

2. 255
2. 275
2.266
2.269
2.267
2.307
2.305
2.330
2. 364

77.34
75.93
77.70
79.64
80.32
83.23
80. 07
80.48
80.11

39.4
38.9
39.3
39.7
40.0
40.7
39.7
39.8
39.5

61.25
61.13
61. 44
60. 07

41.3
41.0
41.1
40.1

1.483
1.491
1. 495
1. 498

60.90
60.64
61.60
60. 56

41.4
41.0
41.4
40.7

1.471
1. 479
1.488
1.488

77.28
77. 64
79.19
78.32

38.6
38.4
38.8
38.3

2.002
2. 022

83.13
84.19
84. 98
85.60

35.8
36.1
36.3
36.3

2.322
2.332
2.341
2.358

78.67
81.69
84. 20
80. 77

39.1
40.2
40.6
39.4

2. 041
2.045

68

1.963
1.952
1.977
2.006
. 008
2.045
2.017

. 05
67.99
68.99

2

68.20

2 .0 2 2

66.68

39.1
39.6

$1.630
1. 704
1.714
1.704
1.712
1.693
1.707
1.713
1.683
1.701
1. 718
1.735
1.758
1. 762
1.787

2.028

68.03

39.7
39.9
40.3
39.1
40.0
40.1
39.4
39.2
39.6

2 . 012

68.19
. 56
69. 25
70.23

39.3
39.0
39.3
39.3

2. 032
2.074
2.050

68.28
68.69
66.31

68

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Comm ercial printing
1950: Average...
1951: A verage...

$72.34
75.36

1951: April.........
M a y_____
J u n e _____

July..........
A u g u s t ___
S e p te m b e r .
O c t o b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D ecem b er.

1952: January__
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ____
A p r i l _____

Lithographing

Chemicals and allied products

Other printing and
publishing

Total: Chemicals
and allied products

Industrial inorganic
chemicals

Industrial organic
chemicals

39.9 $1.813 $73.04
40.0 1.884 75. 99

40.0 $1,826 $65.18
40.1 1.895 67.42

39.1 $1. 667 $62.67
39.2 1. 720

68.22

41.5 $1.510 $67.89
41.8 1.632 75.13

40.9 $1.660 $65. 69
41.6 1.806 71. 62

40.6
40.9

$1.618
1. 751

74.76
74. 60
74.86
74.86
74.77
76.99
75.13
76.57
78. 75

40.0
39.7
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.5
39.5
39.9
40.7

1.869
1.879
1.881
1.881
1.874
1.901
1.902
1.919
1.935

76. 52
74.79
75. 95
76.42
77. 09
77.81
75.96
75.56
78.47

40.4
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.0
39.6
40.7

1.894
1.884
1.894
1.901
1.913
1. 926
1. 899
1.908
1.928

67.60
67. 69
67.11
66.44
65.96
67. 70
67. 22
66.99
69.38

39.3
39.4
39.2
38.9
38.8
39.2
38.9
38.7
39.6

1.720
1.718
1.712
1.708
1.700
1. 727
1.728
1.731
1. 752

67.84
68.14
68.72
69.01
68.18
68.43
68.18
. 72
69.10

41.8
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.8

1.623
1.634
1.648
1.656
1.843
1.641
1.631
1.644
1.653

73.69
74.53
75.50
76.36
76.03
76.13
76.45
76.36
75.89

41.4
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.1
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.0

1.780
1.783
1.802
1.818
1.806
1.830
1.829
1.840
1.851

71.82
72.07
72.48
73.06
71.87
72.54
71.17
71.63
72.45

41.3
41.3
41.3
41.3
41.0
40.8
40.3
40.4
40.7

1.739
1.745
1.755
1.769
1.748
1.778
1. 766
1.773
1.780

78.18
77. 26
79. 23
77.74

40.3
39.7
40.3
39.5

1.940
1.946
1.966
1. 968

76.40
77.14
78. 76
77. 89

39.2
39.1
39.5
39.3

1.949
1.973
1. 994
1.982

68.99
68.84
70. 76
69.69

39.4
38.5
38.9
38.5

1.751
1. 788
1.819
1.810

69.06
68.81
69.01
69.25

41.6
41.4
41. 2
41. 1

1.660
. 662
1.675
1. 685

76.74
75. 46
75. 62
76.36

41.3
40.9
40.7
40.9

1.858
1. 845
1. 858
1.867

72.11
72. 02
72. 50
73. 00

40.4
40.3
40.3
40.2

1.785
1.787
1. 799
1.816

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

68

1

REVIEW, JULY 1952

G: EARNING AND HOURS

101

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d

Y ea r a n d m o n th

P la s tic s , e x c e p t s y n ­
th e tic r u b b e r

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

S y n th e tic r u b b e r

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .
earn­

w k ly .

in g s

earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

S y n t h e t ic fib e r s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

1J3Ö0: A v e r a g e _____

$ 65. 54

4 1 .8

$ 1 .5 6 8

$7 1 . 93

4 0 .8

$ 1 .7 6 3

$ 5 8 .4 0

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e _____

7 2 .6 6

4 2 .0

1 .7 3 0

7 8 .3 1

4 1 .0

1 .9 1 0

62. 76

7 2 .2 1

4 2 .3
4 2 .1

1951:

A p r i l ______
M a y ______
J u n e ______
J u l y ______
A u g u s t ____
S e p tem b er.
O c t o b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber-

7 2 .2 0
7 2 .1 5
7 3 .9 1
7 2 .3 6

7 8 .0 0

4 1 .4

7 8 .8 7

4 1 .6
4 3 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .1

1 .9 3 0
1 .9 2 5
1 .9 3 2
1 .9 1 2
1 .9 5 2

7 8 .4 0
7 9 .3 2

1 .8 8 4
1 .8 9 6
3 .9 0 3

hours

3 9 .3
3 9 .4

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .
earn­

w k ly .

in g s

in g s

hours

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .

w k ly .

earn­

earn­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

$64. 80

4 2 .3

$ 1 .5 3 2

$ 4 7 .0 0

4 1 .3

1 .5 2 1

6 8 .8 4

4 1 .9

1 .6 4 3

5 2 .1 6

4 2 .2

6 3 .0 8
6 2 .1 7

4 1 .8
4 1 .2

1 .5 0 9

6 8 .7 9

4 2 .8

1 .2 0 8
1 .2 4 5

5 2 .9 6
5 4 .3 6

1 .2 6 1

6 2 .0 0
6 1 .9 0
6 3 . 51

4 0 .6

1 .5 1 0
1 .5 3 3
1 .5 2 7

4 2 .0

6 1 .6 3

4 1 .3
4 0 .2

6 8 .8 3
6 8 .5 4
6 8 .8 4

50. 98
5 3 .2 9

4 2 .2

1 .5 0 9

6 2 .3 6

4 2 .6
4 1 .6

4 0 .3
4 1 .0

1. 5 3 6
1 .5 4 9

4 2 .4

1 .2 7 6
1 .2 6 6
1 .2 7 4

4 1 .9
4 1 .9

1 .2 6 7

3 9 .7

1 .5 8 2
1. 5 8 5
1 .5 8 3
1 .6 0 3
1. 5 8 7

3 9 .1
3 8 .9

1. 6 2 5
1 .6 1 6

4 2 .1

1 .6 3 4

4 2 .1

1 .6 3 5
1 .6 3 2

6 8 .3 5

4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .7

6 7 .8 6
68. 56

4 1 .0
4 1 .2

7 2 .3 6
7 3 .4 9

1 .7 5 2
1 .7 7 5

8 0 .4 2

4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .2

6 3 .1 0

3 8 .9

1 .6 2 2

6 3 .5 9

4 1 .0

1 .5 5 1

6 9 .8 5

7 3 .6 1

4 1 .4

1 .7 7 8

8 1 .2 0

4 1 .6

1 .9 5 2

6 3 .9 1

3 9 .4

1. 6 2 2

6 3 .6 7

4 1 .0

1 .5 5 3

70. 27

4 1 .6
4 1 .9

7 3 .8 6
72. 69

4 1 .4

1. 7 8 4

7 8 .8 6

4 0 .4

1 .9 5 2

3 9 .0
3 9 .4

1 .6 2 5

64. 25
64. 93

4 0 .9
4 1 .2

1. 5 71
1 .5 7 6

69. 63
6 9 .4 1

4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1

1 .9 2 6

7 3 .1 4

4 0 .7

1. 7 9 7

77. 62
7 7 .2 4

4 0 .3

M a r c h ..............

4 0 .0

3 9 .6

1. 6 2 6
1 .6 4 5

7 2 .6 6

4 0 .3

1 .8 0 3

7 8 .6 7

4 0 .3

1 .9 3 1
1. 9 5 2

6 5 .1 4

A p r i l .............

6 6 .7 1

3 9 .9

1. 6 7 2

1. 7 8 6

in g s

$1. 457

1 .7 3 5
1 .7 2 7

4 0 .7

h r ly .

hours

4 0 .9

3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .4

62. 86

in g s

earn­

4 1 .1

1. 7 5 4

7 6 .8 6

in g s

A vg.

A vg.
w k ly .

earn­

6 2 .5 1

6 2 .8 1

6 2 .5 3
6 3 .5 4

A vg.
w k ly .

$59. 59

4 2 .6
4 1 .9

7 9 .1 2
7 8 .4 4

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­

1 .5 9 3

63. 38
64. 06

February—

A vg.
w k ly .

F e r tiliz e r s

$ 1 .4 8 6

6 3 .0 8
62. 09
6 3 .3 2

earn­

P a in ts , p ig m e n ts ,
a n d fille r s

4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4

74. 55

1 9 5 2 : J a n u a r y ___

1 .7 0 7
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 2 2

4 1 .9

A vg.
w k ly .

D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s

64. 71

4 0 .8

1. 5 8 6

7 0 .5 4

63. 84

4 0 .3

1. 5 8 4

70. 49

1. 6 4 7
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 5 5
1. 664
1 .6 7 9

5 2 .6 7
54. 02
52. 92

1 .6 7 7

5 3 .0 9
54. 95

1 .6 8 6

54. 23
53. 76

$ 1 .1 3 8
1 .2 3 6

1 .2 6 3

4 2 .6

1 .2 9 0

4 2 .2
4 2 .1

1 .2 8 5

1 .6 9 3
1 .7 0 8

5 4 .5 3

4 2 .9

1. 2 7 7
1 .2 7 1

1 .7 1 5

5 7 .3 6

4 4 .6

1. 286

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

C h e m i c a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

V e g e ta b le a n d a n i­
m a l o ils a n d fa ts

1950: A v e r a g e ...

$ 5 3 .4 6

4 5 .5

1951: A v e r a g e ...

5 8 .6 0

4 6 .0

1951:

A p r i l ________

5 8 .3 9
59. 22

M a y ............
J u n e .................

6 0 .4 3
6 1 .5 9

J u l y .............
A u g u s t _____

5 9 .8 1
58. 43
58. 82
5 8 .9 5

S e p te m b e r .
O c t o b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber _
1 9 5 2 : J a n u a r y ____

F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ____
A p r i l _____

$ 1 .1 7 5
1 .2 7 4

4 4 .4
4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 4 .5
4 4 .4

O th e r c h e m ic a ls a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts

$ 7 1 .8 1

4 1 .7

$1. 722

$ 7 5 .0 1

4 0 .9

$ 1 .8 3 4

$ 7 7 .9 3

4 0 .4

$ 1 .9 2 9

$ 6 2 .8 5

3 9 .7

1. 6 6 2

7 7 .1 1

4 1 .5

1 .8 5 8

8 1 .3 0

4 1 .0

1 .9 8 3

8 4 .7 0

4 0 .7

2 .0 8 1

6 9 .4 7

3 9 .9

4 1 .8
4 1 .5

1 .6 4 3
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 4 0
1 .6 5 9

4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .4

1. 651
1 .6 7 2
1 .6 8 0
1 .6 9 4
1 .7 0 4

59. 65

4 7 .4
4 6 .4
4 5 .1

6 0 .1 7

4 4 .6

1 .2 5 6
1. 2 6 7
1. 3 0 6
1 .3 4 9

C o k e a n d b y p ro d u cts

$ 1 .5 5 2

4 1 .4
4 1 .4

59. 53
5 8 .7 9
5 8 .9 0

r e fin in g

4 1 .5

6 8 .6 8
6 8 .0 2

1 .2 1 3
1 .2 3 5

P e tr o le u m

4 1 .7

6 8 .1 4
6 8 .6 8
6 8 .1 9
69. 22
69. 55
7 0 .4 7

4 8 .6
4 8 .3

T o ta l: P r o d u c ts o f
p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l

6 9 .3 1

1 .3 1 5
1 .3 4 9

1 .3 4 7
1 .2 2 5
1 .1 9 8

S o a p a n d g ly c e r in

an d coal

$ 8 4 .4 1

1 .3 6 4
1 .3 8 4

4 7 .7
4 9 .1

P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o le u m

4 1 .6

70. 72

4 1 .5

70. 38
70. 46

4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .9

70. 79
70. 02

1 .7 0 0
1. 7 0 6
1. 7 1 4
1. 7 1 2

4 1 .3
4 0 .6

1 .8 3 7
1 .8 2 4

8 1 .3 3

4 1 .2

8 1 .3 1

4 0 .9

1 .9 8 8

4 0 .8
4 0 .9

8 1 .2 0
8 4 .0 6
80. 55
8 3 .2 1

4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .4
4 6 .9

1 .9 9 5
2. 011
1 .9 8 4
2 .0 1 0
1 .9 9 8

4 1 .6

1 .8 5 0
1 .8 6 8
1 .8 5 6
1 .8 7 0
1 .8 8 3
1 .9 0 5

4 0 .7

7 9 .0 6

4 1 .2

1 .9 1 9

8 2 .9 4

4 1 .2

1 .9 9 7
2 .0 1 3

7 7 .7 9
77. 93
78. 69
7 7 .8 4

4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .5

1 .9 0 2
1 .9 1 0
1 .9 2 4

8 2 .6 6
82. 09

1. 9 2 2

8 1 .9 3

4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .4

7 5 .8 7
7 4 .0 5
7 5 .4 8
7 6 .4 0
7 5 .9 1
7 6 .8 6
77. 39
7 9 .2 5

4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .1

8 1 .7 2
8 1 .2 8

81. 77

1 .9 7 4

2. 021
2 .0 1 2
2. 014
2. 0 2 8

8 4 .8 7
84. 77
8 4 .7 6
87. 94

4 0 .9

2 .0 7 5

4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .2

2 .0 9 3
2 .0 9 8
2 .1 1 4
2 .0 8 2

41. 1

2 .1 0 7
2. 096
2 .0 9 1

6 8 .9 6
6 9 .1 2

$ 1 .6 8 3
1 .7 4 1

4 0 .0

1 .7 2 4

4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .5

70. 42
7 0 .8 8
6 8 .7 7
70. 62
6 9 .2 0
6 9 .3 2

1 .7 2 8
1 .7 5 6
1 .7 5 0
1 .7 4 1

83. 70
8 6 .6 0
84. 68
8 4 .8 9

4 0 .4
4 0 .0

8 7 .1 4

4 1 .3

2 .1 1 0

7 0 .3 5

4 0 .2

1 .7 5 0

8 6 .6 7
8 5 .6 3
8 5 .1 6
85. 26

4 1 .0
4 .0 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .2

2 .1 1 4
2 .1 0 4

70. 05
70. 46
6 9 .4 8

3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 8 .4

1 .7 6 9

2 .1 0 8
2 .1 2 1

6 8 .4 3

1. 770
1 .7 4 3
1 .7 5 5

1. 766
1. 7 5 9
1 .7 8 2

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o ­
le u m a n d c o a l— C o n .

O th e r p e tr o le u m

and

T o ta l:

co a l p r o d u c ts

E u b b er

T ir e s a n d in n e r

p r o d u c ts

tu b es

$ 6 6 .7 8

4 4 .7

$ 1 .4 9 4

$64. 42

4 0 .9

$ 1 .5 7 5

$ 7 2 .4 8

3 9 .8

$ 1 .8 2 1

$ 5 2 .2 1

6 9 .0 9

4 3 .7

1. 5 8 1

6 8 .7 0

4 0 .6

1. 6 9 2

7 7 .9 3

3 9 .6

1 .96S

5 7 .8 1

1 9 5 1 : A p r i l . ................
M a y __________

6 9 .1 0
6 9 .7 3

6 5 .9 6

7 0 .1 5
7 5 .9 2

1 .5 6 7

6 8 .5 6
7 1 .2 7

4 0 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .9

1 .6 4 9

6 7 .6 9
6 9 .0 9

4 3 .9
4 4 .3
4 3 .2

1 .5 7 4
1 .5 7 4

J u n e ..............
J u l y ______
A u g u s t .........
S e p te m b e r.
O c t o b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber-

4 3 .7
4 4 .4

1 .5 8 1
1 .5 9 2

7 0 .8 1
6 9 .5 2

1. 6 1 7
1 .6 2 0
1 .5 8 9

7 0 .1 8
6 8 .6 7
6 9 .4 6

1 .7 2 7
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 1 5

8 3 .6 7

4 4 .8
4 4 .9
4 2 .4

4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .5

3 7 .0
3 9 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .4

8 2 .0 7
8 1 .6 4
78. 76

4 1 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .9

8 0 .2 7

4 0 .5

8 6 .2 6

4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
3 9 .9

6 4 .7 5

1 9 5 2 : J a n u a r y ___

64. 88

F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ____
A p r i l ______

6 7 .4 3
69. 27
7 0 .3 2

-8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8 2 .4 4

4 1 .4

1 .5 6 4

7 3 .9 1

4 1 .2

1 .7 9 4

4 1 .3
4 2 .3
4 3 .0

1 .5 7 1
1 .5 9 4
1. 6 1 1
1. 6 2 4

7 4 .1 9

4 0 .9

1 .8 1 4

7 3 .3 1
73. 40
71. 68

40. 5
4 0 .6
3 9 .8

1 .8 1 0
1. 8 0 8

8 6 .9 9
85. 75
85. 72

1 .8 0 1

8 2 .8 3

4 3 .3

See footnotes at end of table.
2 1 1 3 3 8 — 52 -

1 .6 6 0
1 .7 0 1

4 0 .1
4 1 .0

le a th e r

L e a th e r a n d

le a th e r p r o d u c ts

$59. 76

4 2 .2

$ 1 .4 1 6

$ 4 4 .5 6

3 7 .6

6 3 .2 6

4 1 .4

1. 5 2 8

4 7 .1 0

3 7 .0

6 3 .8 1
6 4 .0 9
6 4 .4 7

3 6 .5
3 5 .4

5 9 .8 2

4 2 .1

1 .4 2 1

4 2 .9
4 2 .3

1 .4 3 3

1 .9 7 7
2 .0 2 1
1 .9 9 2

6 1 .4 8
5 9 .9 8
5 4 .6 8
5 7 .0 4

1. 9 9 6
1 .9 7 4
1 .9 8 2

5 5 .9 4
5 6 .1 6
5 6 .6 4

3 9 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2

2 .1 0 4

59. 95

4 0 .7

2 .1 2 7
2 .1 1 2
2 .1 0 1

6 0 .2 7

4 0 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
3 9 .3

T o ta l:

1 .4 1 0

1 .8 9 6

60. 46
61. 51
5 9 .4 2

O th e r r u b b e r
p r o d u c ts

$ 1 .3 0 2

1 .9 2 7

2. 076

and

p r o d u c ts

E u b b e r fo o tw e a r

1 9 5 0 : A v e r a g e ___
1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ___

7 0 .6 8
72. 44
7 2 .7 4
6 7 .3 7

L e a th e r

E u b b e r p r o d u c ts

1 .4 1 8
1 .4 0 2
1 .3 9 8
1 .3 9 5
1 .4 0 4
1 .4 0 9
1 .4 7 3
1 .5 0 3
1. 5 19
1. 5 3 0
1. 5 1 2

6 3 .2 9
6 1 .4 2

4 1 .9

1 .5 2 3

4 6 .6 5

4 2 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .1

1 .5 0 8
1 .5 3 5

4 5 .3 8
4 6 .9 0
4 7 .1 2

6 3 .0 6
62. 68
6 2 .3 6

4 0 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .6

6 5 .4 5

4 1 .5

65. 63
6 4 .4 3

4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .9

6 4 .4 8
6 3 .7 6

1 .5 4 0
1 .5 2 4

4 6 .1 9
45. 92
4 5 . 31

3 6 .7
3 7 .1
3 6 .4

$ 1 .1 8 5
1 .2 7 3
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 8 2
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 7 0
1 .2 6 8

4 5 .8 5

3 5 .9
3 5 .4
3 5 .6

1 .5 7 7

4 8 . 61

3 7 .8

1 .2 8 6

1 .5 9 3
1. 5 8 7
1. 5 9 2
1. 5 9 8

49. 54

3 8 .4

5 0 .1 9
50. 39

3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 7 .0

1. 290
1. 2 9 7
1 .3 0 2

1 .5 3 8
1. 5 40
1 .5 3 6

4 8 .3 2

1 .2 7 9
1 .2 8 0
1 .2 8 8

1 .3 0 6

MONTHLY LABOR

0: EARNING AND HOURS

102

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g lass p r o d u c ts

L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

Y e a r a n d m o n th

F o o t w e a r (e x c e p t
rubber)

L e a th e r

G la s s a n d g lass
p r o d u c ts

T o t a l : S to n e , c la y ,
a n d g lass p r o d u c ts

O t h e r le a th e r
p r o d u c ts

G la s s c o n ta in e r s

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg,
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

Avg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

1950: A v e r a g e ______ $57. 21
10 51: A v e r a g e ----------- 60 .41

3 9 .7
3 9 .1

$ 1.4 4 1
1. 545

$41. 99
4 4 .10

36 .9
36 .0

$ 1.13 8
1.2 2 5

$44.85
4 8 .16

3 8 .5
3 8 .5

$ 1 ,1 6 5
1 .2 5 1

$59. 20
64. 94

4 1 .2
4 1 .6

$ 1.4 3 7
1 .5 6 1

$61. 58
65. 81

40.3
40 .2

$ 1,5 2 8
1 .6 3 7

$56. 36
60 .67

39 .8
4 0 .1

$ 1 ,4 1 6
1. 513

195 1: A p r i l ________
M a y ________
J u n e _________
J u l y ........ ............
A u g u s t ______
S e p t e m b e r ___
O c t o b e r ..............
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____

60.49
59. 71
60.30
59. 44
58.94
58.94
60. 37
59.98
6 1 .1 1

3 9 .1
38 .6
38 .8
38. 5
3 8 .1
38 .3
38 .9
38 .3
38 .9

1. 547
1. 547
1. 554
1. 544
1.5 4 7
1.6 3 9
1. 552
1 .5 6 6
1.5 7 1

43.6 5
4 1 .7 0
43. 79
44. 39
43.29
42 .73
4 1.8 3
41.9 3
45. 57

3 5 .4
3 3 .9
3 5 .6
36 .3
3 5 .4
3 4 .6
33 .9
3 3 .9
3 6 .9

1.2 3 3
1.2 3 0
1.2 3 0
1.2 2 3
1.2 2 3
1.2 3 5
1.2 3 4
1 .2 3 7
1 .2 3 5

4 7 .2 7
47. 43
48.24
47. 85
47.88
48.04
47.08
48. 79
5 0 .1 7

38.0
3 7 .7
3 8 .5
38 .4
38 .3
3 8 .1
3 7 .6
3 8 .6
3 9 .5

1.2 4 4
1.2 5 8
1.2 5 3
1.2 4 6
1.2 5 0
. 261
1 .2 5 2
1.2 6 4
1.2 7 0

65.09
6 5 .1 1
65. 25
65.04
64. 74
65.74
65.93
65.03
65.30

4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 1.8
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
40.9
4 1 .2

1.5 4 6
1.5 5 4
1. 561
1. 571
1.5 6 0
1.584
1 .5 8 1
1.5 9 0
1 .5 8 5

66 .91
65.8 1
65. 97
6 7 .1 4
6 3 .19
65.40
65. 67
65.50
. 28

66

4 1 .3
40.4
40.4
40.4
3 9 .2
39 .3
39.8
3 9 .2
40.0

1.620
1.6 2 9
1.6 3 3
1.6 6 2
1 .6 1 2
1.664
1.6 5 0
1 .6 7 1
1 .6 5 7

6 1.3 2
60.53
59.89
6 1.4 4
58.45
59. 40
6 1 .2 1
62. 22
64.48

4 1 .1
40.3
3 9 .9
40. 5
3 9 .1
38 .4
39 .9
40.3
4 1 .6

1.4 9 2
1. 502
1. 501
1 .5 1 7
1.4 9 5
1 .5 4 7
1. 534
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 5 0

1952: J a n u a r y ______

6 1 .8 2
6 1.7 8
6 1.4 2
60. 86

3 9 .1
39 .0
38 .8
3 8 .4

1 .5 8 1
1. 584
1. 583
1. 585

4 7 .5 2
48. 52
48.94
46 .25

3 8 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 6 .5

1.2 4 4
1 .2 5 7
1.268
1. 267

48.92
4 9 .1 7
48.94
47.63

3 8 .7
38 .9
38 .9
3 7 .5

1. 264
1. 264
1. 258
1.2 7 0

64.35
6 5.23
65.64
65.04

40.6
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
40 .6

1 .5 8 5
1. 591
1.6 0 1
1.602

6 4 .14
65 .5 4
66.70
65.60

38 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
39 .0

1.6 5 3
1. 655
1. 676
1.6 8 2

60.92
60. 76
6 1.9 4
60. 40

3 9 .2
3 9 .1
39 .3
38 .3

1 .5 5 4
1 .5 5 4
1. 576
1.5 7 7

February____
M arch_______
A p r i l ____- -

1

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

P r e s s e d a n d b lo w n
g la s s

C e m e n t , h y d r a u li c

S t r u c tu r a l c la y
p r o d u c ts

B r i c k a n d h o llo w
tile

P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d
p r o d u c ts

S ew er p ip e

1950: A v e r a g e ______ $ 5 3 .7 1
195 1: A v e r a g e ______ 57. 50

3 9 .7
3 9 .9

$ 1,3 5 3
1 .4 4 1

$60.13
6 5 .1 7

4 1 .7
4 1 .8

$ 1.4 4 2
1.5 5 9

$ 54.19
6 1.0 1

40.5
4 1 .5

$ 1.338
1.4 7 0

$53. 75
58.09

42 .9
4 2 .9

$1. 253
1.3 5 4

$ 5 2 .1 7
5 8 .19

3 9 .7
4 0 .1

$ 1 ,3 1 4
1 .4 5 1

$ 5 2 .16
57. 65

3 7 .5
3 8 .1

$ 1,3 9 1
1 .5 1 3

195 1: A p r i l . . ......... ..
M a y ..... ..............
J u n e ...................
J u l y _________
A u g u s t ______
S e p t e m b e r __
O c t o b e r ............
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____

5 7.9 6
56.25
56.34
60.16
5 6.5 6
58.23
56.64
56.70
58. 76

40 .9
39 .5
3 9 .4
40.9
39 .5
39 .8
39 .2
3 8 .6
40 .3

1.4 1 7
1.4 2 4
1.430
1 .4 7 1
1.4 3 2
1.4 6 3
1.4 4 5
1.4 6 9
1.4 5 8

64.08
65.35
6 5 .7 1
65.78
6 6 .7 2
6 7 .0 1
. 56
65.64
65. 27

4 1 .8
42.0
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
42 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .6

1 .5 3 3
1.5 5 6
1 .5 7 2
1.5 8 9
1 .5 8 1
1. 603
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 7 4
1.5 6 9

60.78
6 1.6 8
6 1 .5 1
60.96
6 1.6 3
6 1.98
63.34
6 1.9 8
6 2 .13

4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .5

1.4 6 1
1.4 6 5
1.468
1.4 6 9
1 .4 7 1
1.4 9 7
1 .5 0 1
1 .4 9 7
1.4 9 7

58. 94
60.02
59.25
58.49
5 8 .7 1
58.58
59.91
5 7 .3 4
5 7 .9 2

43 .4
44.0
43.6
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
43.6
4 2 .1
42 .4

1.3 5 8
1.3 6 4
1.3 5 9
1.3 5 4
1.3 5 9
1 .3 7 2
1.3 7 4
1 .3 6 2
1.3 6 6

5 7 .3 1
58.90
5 7 .4 7
5 5 .5 7
59.30
59 .4 1
6 2 .10
6 1 .1 1
60. 25

40.3
4 1 .1
40.3
38 .7
40 .7
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
40.5
3 9 .9

1.4 2 2
1.4 3 3
1.4 2 6
1.4 3 6
1.4 5 7
1.50 4
1. 511
1.5 0 9
1 .5 1 0

58.65
67 .2 6
5 7.0 4
5 5 .3 7
5 7.04
56. 96
58.06
58. 79
59.40

3 9 .1
3 8 .1
3 7 .8
36.6
3 7 .4
3 7 .3
3 7 .8
38 .0
38 .2

1.5 0 0
1.5 0 3
1.5 0 9
1 .5 1 7
1.5 2 5
1 .5 2 7
1.5 3 6
1 .5 4 7
1 .5 5 5

1952: J a n u a r y .............

5 8 .1 2
59. 99
60 .16
60. 25

3 9 .4
40 .7
40 .4
3 9 .9

1 .4 7 5
1. 474
1. 489
1. 510

65.05
65. 81
65. 07
65. 78

4 1 .3
42.0
4 1 .5
4 1 .5

1.
1.
1.
1.

6 1 .2 1
60. 48
60. 63
59. 90

4 1 .0
40 .7
40.8
40 .5

1.4 9 3
1. 486
1.48 6
1. 479

5 5 .6 2
56. 22
56. 77
56. 97

4 1 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .8

1.3 5 0
1.3 4 5
1 .3 5 5
1.36 3

5 8 .3 7
56. 76
59.06
60. 21

3 9 .2
38.3
39 .4
3 9 .9

1.4 8 9
1.48 2
1. 499
1.50 9

58 .9 7
60. 92
61. 47
59.86

3 7 .8
39 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .1

1.5 6 0
1. 562
1. 568
1. 5 71

P r im a r y

m e ta l

February____
M arch__ ____
A p r i l ___

66

575
567
568
585

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts — C o n t i n u e d

C o n cre te , g y p su m ,
a n d p la s te r p r o d u c ts

C o n c r e t e p r o d u c ts

O t h e r sto n e , c la y ,
a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts

T o ta l: P r im a r y
m e t a l in d u s tr ie s

in d u s tr ie s

B l a s t fu r n a c e s , s te e l
w o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m ills

I r o n a n d stee l
fo u n d r ie s

1950: A v e r a g e ............. $62. 64
19 5 1: A v e r a g e ______
.3 7

68

4 5 .0
4 5 .4

$ 1.39 2
1.5 0 6

$ 6 1 .1 5
6 7 .4 1

4 3 .9
4 5 .0

$1. 393
1.4 9 8

$60. 94
6 7 .6 7

4 1 .4
4 1 .8

$1. 472
1 .6 1 9

$67. 24
7 5 .1 2

40.8
4 1 .5

$1. 648
1.8 1 0

$ 67.4 7
7 7 .0 6

39 .9
40 .9

$1. 691
1.88 4

$65.32
7 1 .9 5

4 1 .9
4 2 .4

$ 1.5 5 9
1 .6 9 7

19 5 1: A p r i l ...................
M a y ...................
J u n e ...................
J u l y ........ ............
A u g u s t ______
S e p t e m b e r ___
O c t o b e r ............
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____

67.80
68.26
69 .13
6 9 .14
70.34
70. 71
70. 82
69.06
67. 98

4 5 .5
4 5 .6
4 5 .9
4 5 .7
46 .4
46 .4
4 6 .2
44 .9
44 .4

1.490
1.4 9 7
1.5 0 6
1 .5 1 3
1 .5 1 6
1.5 2 4
1.5 3 3
1.5 3 8
1. 531

6 6 .14
6 7 .5 1
67.80
69.07
69.49
69.89
7 0 .12
68.67
68.36

4 4 .6
4 5 .4
4 5 .5
4 6 .2
4 5 .9
4 6 .1
4 6 .1
45.0
44 .8

1.48 3
1.4 8 7
1.490
1.4 9 5
1 .5 1 4
1 .5 16
1 .5 2 1
1.5 2 6
1.5 2 6

67.8 5
. 72
68.29
6 7 .3 2
67.93
.3 5
67. 81
. 94
6 7 .7 3

4 2 .3
4 2 .5
42 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
40.4
4 1 .1

1.604
1.6 1 7
1.6 2 6
. 626
1. 629
1. 639
1.6 38
1.6 5 7
1.6 4 8

7 5 .7 0
75 .0 2
76.03
74. 76
73. 70
75. 79
74. 82
75.2 3
7 7 .7 3

4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
40.9
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 2 .2

1. 798
1 .7 9 9
1 .8 1 9
1 .8 1 9
1.80 2
1.8 3 5
1 .8 1 6
1.8 2 6
1.8 4 2

7 7 .9 2
76.90
78 .70
77.6 4
7 5 .2 5
78. 72
7 5 .7 9
7 7 .4 9
79.44

4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
40.8
40 .2
4 1 .0
40.4
4 1 .0
4 1 .9

1.8 7 3
1 .8 7 1
1.9 0 1
1.903
1.8 7 2
1.920
1 .8 7 6
1.89 0
1.8 9 6

7 2.9 3
72 .4 6
72.08
70. 22
70. 85
7 1 .8 2
7 2.24
7 1 .3 7
73.69

4 3 .1
42 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
42 .0
4 1 .4
42 .4

1.6 9 2
1.6 9 3
1.6 9 6

1 .6 9 1
1. 706
1 .7 2 0
1.7 2 4
1.7 3 8

1952: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _______
A p r i l ________

6 7.49
. 44
67. 47
. 95

44 .4
4 4 .5
4 3 .9
44 .6

1.5 2 0
1. 538
1 .5 3 7
1.5 4 6

4 4 .5
4 5 .2
4 3 .6
4 4 .5

1.4 9 8
1. 521
1. 515
1. 527

6 7 .5 2
. 46
69. 45
67.94

40 .6
4 0 .7
40 .9
40 .2

1.6 6 3
1.6 8 2
1. 698
1.690

76.8 6
75. 85
7 5 .9 1
70.64

4 1 .5
4 1 .2
41. 1
3 8 .6

1.8 5 2
1.8 4 1
1.8 4 7
1.830

7 7 .9 3
76. 53
76.99

40.8
40 .6
40.8
3 6 .5

1 .9 1 0
1.8 8 5
1. 887

72.8 6
72. 32
71. 97
70.98

4 1 .8
4 1 .3
40.8
40 .4

1 .7 4 3
1 .7 5 1
1. 764
1. 757

68
68

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

66. 66
68. 75
66.05
6 7.9 5

68

68
66
68

1

68.11

1.866

1.688

REVIEW, JULY 1952

C: EARNING AND HOURS

103

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s tr ie s — C o n t i n u e d

G r a y -i r o n fo u n d r ie s
Y e a r a n d m o n th

M a lle a b le -ir o n
fo u n d r ie s

S t e e l fo u n d r ie s

P r im a r y
s m e ltin g
and
r e fin in g
of
n o n fe r r o u s m e t a ls

P r im a r y
s m e ltin g
and
r e fin in g
of
c o p p e r , le a d , a n d
z in c

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

Avg.
w k ly .
hou rs

Avg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

Avg.
w k ly .
hom s

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

Avg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

Avg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

Avg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

Avg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hou rs

$1. 554
1.6 9 4

$ 62.37
69. 34

40.9
4 1 .3

$1. 525
1.6 7 9

$63.97
70. 92

40.9
4 1 .5

$ 1. 564
1.7 0 9

1.6 7 5
1.6 7 9

42 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
40.2
4 1 .4
3 9 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .8

1.6 5 9
1.6 5 9
1 .6 7 2
1.698
1.6 8 7
1.6 8 7
1.68 3
1.6 8 3
1 .7 3 3

7 1 .1 9
71. 06
72.63
7 2.9 3
7 1 .3 9
7 1.0 5
7 2.24
7 1 .7 0
6 9 .12

4 1 .8
4 1 .7
42 .4
42 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
40 .4

1.7 0 3
1. 704
1. 713
1. 720
1. 716
1 .7 1 2
1. 716
1.7 3 6
1 .7 1 1

4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .4

1.7 9 0
1. 769
1. 782
1 .7 7 6

7 1.6 0
7 2 .1 9
72. 88
72.83

4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .1

1 .7 1 3
1. 723
1 .7 2 7
1 .7 3 0

1050:
19 5 1:

Average............
Average______

$65. 06
70.0 1

42 .3
4 2 .2

$1. 538
1 .6 5 9

$65. 46
7 1.9 8

4 1 .3
4 1 .9

$1. 585
1 .7 1 8

$65.43
7 5.6 8

4 1 .1
4 3 .1

$1. 592
1. 756

$63. 71
7 0 .13

4 1 .0
4 1 .4

195 1:

April.................
M ay____ ____
June.................
July..................
August............September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December........

70. 88
70. 75
70. 47
6 8 .15
68.81
68.93
69 .4 7
68.96
70.43

42.8
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .6

1.6 5 6
1.6 5 7
1.6 5 8
1.6 5 0
1.6 5 8
1.6 6 5
1.6 7 8
1.6 8 2
1.6 9 3

7 4 .7 3
73.23
7 1.2 0
69 .37
7 1.3 9
7 1.8 4
71. 69
70. 79
72.99

43.4
42 .5
4 1 .3
40.9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
40 .5
4 1 .4

1. 722
1.7 2 3
1 .7 2 4
1.696
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 3 1
1.74 0
1.74 8
1 .7 6 3

7 5 .6 5
74.90
76.29
74.45
74.99
76.33
76.64
7 6 .3 7
79. 56

43 .4
42.8
43 .3
42 .3
42.9
4 3 .2
43 .2
43.0
4 4 .1

1. 743
1. 750
1 .7 6 2
1. 760
1. 748
1. 767
1. 774
1 .7 7 6
1.80 4

70 .18
70 .18
70 .73
69. 90
70.46
68.64
70. 47
69. 95
7 1 .5 8

4 1 .9
4 1.8
4 1 .9
40.9
4 1 .4
40.4
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .4

1.70 9
1.7 0 2
1. 699
1.6 9 4
1.7 0 2
1 .7 2 9

70. 01
69 .35
69. 72
. 26
69.84
6 7 .3 1
70.01
6 9 .1 7
7 2 .4 4

January............
February____
M arch_______
April________

68. 75
69. 71
68. 47

70 .59

4 1 .4
40.3
40 .6
3 9 .9

1 .7 0 5
1.70 6
1. 7 17
1. 716

70. 79
70.09
68.64
69. 20

40 .2
39 .8
38 .8
3 8 .9

1 .7 6 1
1. 761
1. 769
1. 779

7 7 .0 1
78 .78
7 7 .5 5
7 5 .3 5

4 2 .9
4 3 .5
4 2 .4
4 1 .7

1 .7 9 5
1 .8 1 1
1. 829
1.8 0 7

7 3 .5 4
7 3 .1 7
73.63
72 .6 4

4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .2

1 .7 7 2
1. 759
1. 770
1. 763

74.8 2
73. 77
7 4 .3 1
73 .5 3

1952:

P r i m a r y r e fin in g o f
a lu m i n u m

1.688

68

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r i m a r y m e t a l In d u s tr ie s — C o n t i n u e d
R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
a l lo y i n g
of
and
n o n fe r r o u s m e t a ls

R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y i n g
of
copper

R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y i n g
of
a lu m i n u m

N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s

u w ie r p i i m a r y m e tm
in d u s tr ie s

io r g m g s

1950: A v e r a g e ............. $66. 75
. 70
19 5 1: A v e r a g e .............

68

4 1 .9
4 0 .7

$ 1.5 9 3

$70.24
70. 47

4 2 .7
40 .9

$ 1.6 4 5
1 .7 2 3

$59.99
6 4 .14

40 .1
3 9 .4

$ 1.4 96
1.6 2 8

$67. 65
73 .8 3

4 1 .5
4 1 .9

$ 1.630
1 .7 6 2

$ 7 1 .2 7
7 9 .4 5

4 1 .9
4 2 .6

$1. 701
1.8 6 5

$ 710 9
8 4.8 7

4 1 .6
4 3 .3

$1. 781
1.9 6 0

19 5 1: A p r i l ...................
M a y ____ ____
J u n e _________
J u l y .....................
A u g u s t . .............
S e p t e m b e r ___
O c t o b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____

68.09
67. 91
69 .3 7
. 76
6 7 .1 5
67. 64
. 61
68.94
73.00

40 .6
40.4
40.9
40.4
3 9 .9
40.0
40.6
40.6
4 2 .1

1 .6 7 7
1.6 8 1
1.6 9 6
1.70 2
1.68 3
1.6 9 1
1.690
1.698
1 .7 3 4

7 0 .14
6 9 .15
72.22
7 1 .9 2
69. 53
69 .4 1
70. 54
69.04
7 5 .3 5

40.9
40.3
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
40.4
40.4
40.8
40.0
4 2 .5

1 .7 1 5
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 3 6
1 .7 3 3
1. 721
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 2 9
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 7 3

62. 83
63.99
63.29
62.33
6 2 .1 7
63 .36
64.39
. 50
6 7 .0 7

39 .0
39 .4
38 .9
3 7 .8
38 .4
38 .4
3 9 .6
40.4
40 .6

1 .6 1 1
1.6 2 4
1.6 2 7
1.649
1 .6 1 9
1.6 5 0
1.6 2 6
1.6 4 6
1 .6 5 2

7 3 .5 2
73. 85
73. 67
7 1 .4 3
72. 73
7 4 .7 6
75.08
74.48
7 7 .9 7

42 .3
42 .2
4 1 .8
40 .7
4 1 .3
42 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .7

1 .7 3 8
1 .7 5 0
1.76 0
1. 755
1. 761
1.78 0
1 .7 9 2
1.7 9 9
1.8 2 6

7 9 .2 2
78.90
8 0.31
78 .32
7 8 .5 1
79.21
80.49
80.39
83.69

42.8
42 .6
42 .9
42 2
42 .3
42 .0
4 2 .7
42 .4
4 3 .5

1 .8 5 1
1.8 5 2
1.8 7 2
1.8.56
1.8 5 6
1.88 5
1.8 9 6
1.9 2 4

8 5.78
84. 41
85. 91
8 2 .15
83.22
8 4.14
87. 21
85.46
9 1 .1 0

4 3 .9
43 .4
4 3 .7
42 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
43 .8
42 .9
4 4 .7

1.9 5 4
1.9 4 5
1.9 6 6
1.942
1.9 4 9
1 .9 7 5
1.9 9 1
1.9 9 2
2.038

1952: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _______
A p r i l ________

71. 54
70. 21
7 1 .0 7
70.05

4 1 .4
40 .7
40.8
40 .4

1 .7 2 8
1. 725
1 .7 4 2
1 .7 3 4

73. 37
7 1 .3 3
7 2 .1 5
7 1 .2 7

4 1 .5
40.3
40.4
40 .2

1 .7 6 8
1. 770
1.7 8 6
1. 773

6 7 .1 5

65. 76
65.96

40 .6
40 .2
3 9 .9
40.0

1.6 5 4
1. 647
1. 648
1.6 4 9

78.88
76.94
77.03
74. 91

42.8
42.0
42.0
40.8

1.8 4 3
1.8 3 2
1.8 3 4
1.8 3 6

8 2 .7 5
8 3.01
8 1.4 7
77. 40

4 3 .1
4 3 .1
42 .3
40 .5

1.920
1.9 2 6
1. 926
1.9 1 1

9 1.3 0
89. 85
8 7.4 5
83.98

44.8
44.0
4 3 .1
4 1 .7

2.038
2.042
2.029
2 .0 14

68

68

1.688

66

66.21

1.886

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
P r i m a r y m e t a l in ­
d u s tr ie s — C o n .

W ir e d r a w i n g

1950: A v e r a g e _______
19 5 1: A v e r a g e _______
19 5 1: A p r i l ......................

M a y .......................
J u n e .......................
J u l y ........................
A u g u s t .................
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ................
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____

1952: J a n u a r y ............. ..

February____
March_______
A p r i l ___________

F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h i n e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t )

T o ta l
F a b r ic a te d
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
(e x c e p t o r d n a n c e ,
m a c h in e r y ,
and
tr a n s p o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t)

T i n c a n s a n d o th e r
t in w a r e

C u t l e r y , h a n d to o ls,
a n d h ard w are

C u t le r y a n d ed ge
to o ls

H a n d to o ls

$ 73.79
8 0 .15

42 .9
4 3 .0

$ 1,7 2 0
1.8 6 4

$63.42
69 .35

4 1 .4
4 1 .7

$1. 532
1.6 6 3

$60.90
. 45

66

4 1 .6
4 1 .3

$1. 464
1.6 0 9

$ 6 1.0 1
.4 7

66

4 1 .5
4 1 .7

$ 1.4 70
1 .5 9 4

$55. 54
60.53

4 1 .7
4 1 .6

$ 1,3 3 2
1 .4 5 5

$ 6 1.3 1
69. 49

4 1 .2
4 2 .5

$1.488
1 .6 3 5

80.46
79.35
80. 44
81.00
79. 09
80.06
78.70
80. 33
8 1.0 0

43 .4
42.8
42.9
4 3 .5
42.8
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .9

1.8 5 4
1.8 5 4
1.8 7 5
1.86 2
1.84 8
1. 875
1. 865
1.89 0

69. 51
6 9 .18
69.43
67.98

1.6 5 5
1.6 5 5
1 .6 6 1
1.6 5 8
1.6 6 3
. 682

63.95
64.83
64.95

1.888

7 0 .14
70. 39
69.92
7 1 .7 8

42.0
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 2 .3

40.4
40.8
40.8
4 1 .6
4 2 .7
4 3 .1
4 1 .3
40 .7
4 1 .9

1.5 8 3
1.5 8 9
1.5 9 2
1.603
1.6 3 2
1.6 7 3
1.6 5 9
1.6 3 4
1 .6 3 5

66.40
66.33
6 7 .1 3
65. 47
65.84
66.41
66 .78
.7 4

66
68.21

42 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 2 .0

1 .5 8 1
1.5 8 3
1.606
1.5 9 3
1. 598
1 .6 1 2
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 1 6
1. 624

6 1 .2 1
6 0 .11
60. 55
58.65
5 9 .18
60.55
60.31
60. 87
62. 36

42 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
40 .7
40 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .6

1.4 4 7
1.438
1.4 5 9
1 .4 4 1
1.4 5 4
1. 466
1 .4 7 1
1.4 8 1
1.4 9 9

70.42
7 0 .3 1
70.39
68.50
69.32
69.09
69.30
68.06
69.68

4 3 .2
4 2 .9
43 .0
4 2 .1
42 .5
42.0
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
4 2 .1

1.6 3 0
1.6 3 9
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 2 7
1 .6 3 1
1. 645
1.6 5 4
1 .6 5 6
1 .6 5 5

78 .58
79.34
79. 17
70. 84

4 1 .6
42.0
4 1 .8
3 7 .8

1.88 9
1.889
1.894
1.8 7 4

7 1.0 6
7 1 .2 7
71. 52
69.73

4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
40.8

1.70 0
1.7 0 5
1. 7 1 1
1.70 9

40 .5
40.4
4 1 .0
4 0 .7

1.6 3 5
1.6 2 5
1. 642
1. 653

6 7.8 1
67. 57
67. 20
66.78

4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
40 .5

1.6 3 0
1.640
1.6 3 9
1.649

6 1.4 9
6 1.3 9
6 1.3 6
60. 41

40.8
40 .6
40 .5
3 9 .9

1 .5 0 7
1. 512
1. 515
1. 514

69.26
69 .35
69 .35
68.80

4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .1

1.6 5 3
1.6 6 3
1. 671
1 .6 7 4

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

68.68

1
1.688
1.68 9
1 .6 9 7

66.68
69.69
7 2 .1 1
68 .52
. 50
6 8 .5 1

66

66. 22
65. 65
6 7 .3 2
67.28

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNING AND HOURS

104

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1950: Average.
1951: Average.

Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies

Hardware

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

41.6 $1. 506 $63.91
41.3 1. 615 69. 58

$62.65
66.70

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

41.1 $1.555 $67.64
41.0 1.697 75. 03

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Oil burners, noneleotric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere
classified

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

41.6 $1,626 $61.20
41.8 1.795 65.93

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Fabricated struc­
tural metal products

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

40.8 $1.500 $63.29
40.6 1.624 71.74

Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.1 $1.54G $63.23
42.6 1.684 71. 61

41.3
42.3

$1.531
1.693

September.
October___
November.
December..

66.41
66. 24
67.56
66.14
66.30
66.67
67.32
67. 52
69.09

41.4
41.4
41.4
40.8
40.9
40.8
41.2
41.4
42.0

1.604
1.600
1.632
1.621
1.621
1. 634
1.634
1.631
1.645

70.22
69.67
69.50
67.40
67.23
69. 89
70.65
69.53
71.49

41.5
41.2
41.2
39.6
39.9
40.8
41.1
40.4
41.3

1.692
1.691
1.687
1.702
1.685
1.713
1.719
1.721
1.731

76.35
75.45
76.01
74.13
70.92
75. 84
75.58
72.96
75. 84

42.7
42.2
42.8
41.0
39.8
41.4
41.3
40.0
41.4

1.788
1. 788
1.776
1.808
1.782
1.832
1.830
1.824
1.832

66.67
65.73
64.80
62.34
64.24
65. 61
66. 91
66.91
68. 27

41.0
40.6
40.1
38.6
39.0
40.4
40.9
40.7
41.2

1.626
1.619
1.616
1.615
1.610
1.624
1.636
1.644
1.657

71.86
71. 57
71.44
69.93
71.95
73.44
72.59
72.93
74. 87

42.7
42.7
42.6
41.7
42.7
43.1
42.6
42.6
43.4

1.683
1.676
1.677
1.677
1.685
1. 704
1.704
1.712
1.725

71.02
71.53
72.20
70.17
72.89
73.66
72.12
73.19
74.78

42.0
42.5
42.8
41.4
42.8
43.1
42. 2
42.5
43.0

1.691
1.683
1.687
1.695
1.703
1.709
1.709
1.722
1. 739

1952: January___
February...
M arch____
April_____

69. 26
68.60
68. 22
68.00

41.8
41.2
41.0
40.5

1.657
1. 665
1. 664
1. 679

70.07
69. 85
70.39
67. 57

40.5
40.4
40.5
38.9

1.730
1. 729
1.738
1.737

73. 61
73. 83
74. 05
64. 65

40.4
40.5
40.4
35.5

1.822
1.823
1.833
1.821

67. 40
67.10
67. 68
67.13

40.6
40.4
40. 5
40.1

1.660
1. 661
1.671
1. 674

73. 36
73.74
74.00
72. 27

42.7
42.8
42.8
41.8

1.718
1. 723
1. 729
1. 729

73.74
74.34
75.12
72.63

42.7
42.8
43.1
41.6

1.727
1.737
1.743
1.746

1951: April............
M a y ............
June______
July........... .
A u g u s t _____

Manufacturing—C ontinued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance machinery and transportation equipment)—Continued

Machinery (except
electrical)

M etal stamping,
coating, and
engraving

Total: Machinery
(except electrical)

Boiler-shop products

Sheet-metal work

41.1 $1. 512 $64.22
41.9 1. 678 68. 54

Stamped and pressed
metal products

41.5 $1.594 $64. 76
40.8 1.728 70.43

41.7 $1. 553 $67. 21
42.3 1.665 76. 73

41.8
43.5

$1,608
1. 764

70.23
68.92
71.07
68.69
68.76
70.73
71.52
71.85
73. 40

41.0
40.4
41.2
39.5
39.7
40.3
40.5
40.5
41.4

1.713
1.706
1.725
1.739
1.732
1. 755
1.766
1.774
1. 773

71.47
70. 76
70.89
68.47
69. 22
70. 27
71.32
70.22
72. 71

43.6
42.5
42.6
41.6
41.6
42.0
42.4
41.9
43.1

1.662
1.665
1.664
1.670
1.664
1.673
1.682
1.676
1.687

76.78
76.30
76. 65
75. 42
75.94
77.24
77.86
77.63
79.95

43. S
43.6
43.5
43.0
43.0
43.2
43.4
43.2
44.1

1.749
1.750
1.762
1.754
1.766
1.788
1.794
1.797
1.813

75.77
76.02
75. 92
73.34

42.0
42.0
41.6
40.7

1.804
1.810
1.825
1.802

71.19
71.66
71. 57
69.84

42.3
42.4
42.3
41.3

1.683
1.690
1.692
1. 691

79.81
79. 70
80.08
78.58

43.9
43.6
43.5
42.8

1.818
1.828
1.841
1.836

41.3 $1. 555 $66.15
40.7 1. 684 70.50

1950: Average_____ $62.16
1951: Average........— 71.57

40.6 $1. 531 $62.14
42.7 1.676 70.31

1951: A pril.............
M a y___ ___
June________
July___ ____ _
August____ .
September----O cto b er_____
November___
December____

71-48
70. 89
70.72
70.09
71.56
74.38
73. 73
73. 53
75.11

42.7
42.5
42.4
42.3
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.2
43.9

1.674
1.668
1.668
1.657
1.672
1.702
1.695
1.702
1.711

71.30
70. 52
69.76
68. 59
70.05
70.68
72. 54
71.13
74.69

42.8
42.2
41.7
41.0
41. ç
41.6
42.3
41.5
43.0

1.666
1.671
1. 673
1.673
1.684
1.699
1.715
1.714
1.737

68.14
67.43
68.67
66.74
67.06
68. 67
69. 49
69.64
71.15

40 8
40.4
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
41.2

1.670
1.669
1.683
1.694
1.685
1.704
1.720
1.728
1.727

1952: January..........
February____
M arch_______
A p ril... . . .

73.70
74.35
74. 95
73.48

43.1
43.2
43.2
42.5

1.710
1. 721
1. 735
1.729

72.01
71.93
71.32
69.19

41.6
41.6
41.2
39.9

1.731
1.729
1.731
1.734

73.06
73.35
73.63
71.13

41.7
41.7
41.6
40.6

1.752
1. 759
1. 770
1. 752

Other fabricated
metal products

Manufacturing—Con tinned
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Engines and
turbines
1950: Average_____
1951: Average............
1951: April________
M ay________
June________
July-------------August__ __
September___
October _____
November___
December____
1952: January_____
February___
M arch_____ _
April_______

$69.43
79.79
80.44
79. 38
79.91
77.05
78.91
78. 79
81.76
79. 97
83. 55
84.42
84.90
83.12
82.93

40.7 $1. 706 $64.60
42.9 1. 860 73.46
43.6 1.845 73.69
43.0 1. 846 73.29
43.1 1.854 74. 21
41.9 1. 839 73. 36
42.4 1. 861 72.41
42.0 1.876 74.52
43.1 1.897 74.01
42.4 1.886 73. 42
43.7 1.912 76.55
43.9 1.923 75.85
43.9 1. 934 76.10
43.0 1.933 77. 98
42.9 1. 933 77.53

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
40.1 $1,611 $66.09
40.7 1.805 75.75
41.1 1.793 75.74
40.9 1.792 75. 73
41.0 1.810 75. 73
40.8 1.798 75.13
39.7 1.824 74.85
40.0 1.863 77.73
40.6 1.823 76. 24
40.1 1.831 76. 58
41.2 1.858 79.23
40.8 1.859 78. 06
40.2 1.893 78.63
41.0 1.902 79.05
40.7 1.905 79. 89

Tractors

Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)

40.3 $1,640 $62.57
40.9 1.852 70.92
41.3 1.834 71.25
41.2 1,838 70.39
41.0 1. 847 72.54
40.9 1.837 71.66
38.6 1.939 70.64
39.6 1.963 72.18
40.9 1.864 71.65
40.8 1.877 69. 97
41.7 1.900 73.40
41.0 1.904 73.63
40.3 1. 951 73.30
40.6 1.947 76. 88
40.8 1.958 75.15

Construction and
mining
machinery

39.8 $1. 572 $85.97
40.5 1. 751 75. 38
40.9 1.742 75. 62
40.5 1.738 75.63
41.1 1.765 74. 61
40.9 1.752 73. 63
40.6 1.740 74. 94
4P 3 1.791 75. 60
40.3 1. 778 75.57
39.4 1. 776 76.96
40.6 1.808 80. 47
40.7 1.809 79. 24
40.1 1.828 79. 04
41.4 1. 857 79.41
40.6 1.851 77.83

Metalworking
machinery

42,4 $1.556 $71.54
44.5 1.694 85.55
44.8 1.688 84.87
44.7 1.692 85.07
44.2 1.688 85.08
43.7 1.685 83. 57
44.5 1.684 85.23
44,6 1.695 86.77
44.4 1.702 89.44
44.9 1.714 87.33
46.3 1.738 90.20
45.7 1.734 90. 30
45.4 1. 741 89.82
45.3 1. 753 90.86
44.5 1.749 88.27

43.2
46.8
47.1
47.0
46.8
46.3
46.5
46.5
47.4
46.5
47.6
47.5
47.0
47.1
46.0

$1,656
1.828
1.802
1.810
1.818
1.805
1.833
1.866
1.887
1.878
1.895
1.901
1.911
1.929
1.919

C: EARNING AND HOURS

REVIEW, JULY 1952

105

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued

Y e a r a n d m o n th

M a c h in e t o o ls

M e ta lw o r k in g
m a­
c h in e r y (e x c e p t
m a c h i n e t o o ls )

M a c h in e - t o o l a c c e s ­
s o r ie s

S p e c ia l- in d u s tr y m a ­
c h in e r y (e x c e p t
m e ta lw o r k in g m a ­
c h in e r y )

G e n e r a l in d u s tr ia l
m a c h in e r y

O ff ic e a n d s t o r e m a ­
c h in e s a n d d e v ic e s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

1950: A v e r a g e _______ $69. 72
1951: A v e r a g e _______
8 4 .7 5

4 3 .2
4 7 .4

$ 1 ,6 1 4
1 .7 8 8

$70. 54
8 1 .9 9

4 2 .7
4 5 .2

$1. 652
1 .8 1 4

$74. 69
8 8 .0 8

4 3 .5
4 6 .8

$1. 717
1 .8 8 2

$65. 74
74. 69

4 1 .9
4 3 .6

$1. 569
1. 713

$66. 33
7 6 .9 1

4 1 .9
4 4 .2

$ 1 ,5 8 3
1 .7 4 0

$66. 95
7 3 .5 8

4 1 .1
4 1 .9

$ 1 ,6 2 9
1. 756

1951: A p r i l ......................
M a y .......................
J u n e ....................._
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t . ...............
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ...........

8 4 .1 3
8 4 .3 8
83. 99
8 1 .8 4
84. 64
8 4 .9 1
8 9 .4 2
8 6 .8 9
8 9 .6 9

4 7 .8
4 7 .7
4 7 .4
4 6 .9
4 7 .1
4 6 .5
4 8 .0
4 7 .3
4 8 .3

1. 760
1. 769
1 .7 7 2
1 .7 4 5
1. 797
1 .8 2 6
1 .8 6 3
1 .8 3 7
1. 857

8 2 .5 8
8 2 .1 7
8 2 .0 8
8 0 .9 5
8 1 .0 0
8 3 .6 8
8 5 .2 8
8 2 .8 9
85. 75

4 5 .7
4 5 .6
4 5 .4
4 4 .8
4 4 .9
4 5 .6
4 6 .4
4 5 .0
4 6 .1

1 .8 0 7
1 .8 0 2
1 .8 0 8
1 .8 0 7
1 .8 0 4
1 .8 3 5
1 .8 3 8
1 .8 4 2
1 .8 6 0

86. 76
87. 05
8 8 .2 7
86. 25
87. 46
90. 81
9 1 .6 2
9 0 .6 4
9 3 .6 8

4 7 .1
4 6 .8
4 7 .0
4 6 .0
4 6 .4
4 7 .2
4 7 .4
4 6 .6
4 7 .7

1 .8 4 2
1 .8 6 0
1 .8 7 8
1 .8 7 5
1 .8 8 5
1 .9 2 4
1 .9 3 3
1 .9 4 5
1 .9 6 4

7 6 .0 1
74. 55
75. 37
7 4 .0 0
7 3 .1 4
7 4 .5 6
74. 43
7 4 .6 5
76. 47

4 4 .5
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 3 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .9
4 3 .8

1 .7 0 8
1 .7 0 2
1 .7 1 3
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 0 1
1. 722
1 .7 3 1
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 4 6

7 7 .1 5
77. 59
7 8 .0 0
7 5 .0 4
7 6 .5 6
7 8 .1 5
7 7 .4 8
7 8 .1 4
79. 97

4 4 .7
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 3 .4
4 4 .0
4 4 .2
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 4 .8

1 .7 2 6
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 4 1
1 .7 2 9
1. 740
1 .7 6 8
1 .7 6 9
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 8 5

7 3 .0 1
7 3 .0 8
73. 46
72. 57
73. 67
7 4 .3 8
7 5 .0 4
7 4 .9 5
7 5 .3 5

4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .7

1 .7 3 0
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 4 9
1. 753
1 .7 7 1
1 .7 8 8
1 .7 9 1
1 .7 9 3
1 .8 0 7

1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________

90. 59
8 9 .3 9
89. 77
8 8 .0 3

4 8 .6
4 7 .7
4 7 .6
4 7 .0

1 .8 6 4
1 .8 7 4
1 .8 8 6
1 .8 7 3

8 4 .6 4
8 5 .9 7
8 7 .1 8
8 3 .5 6

4 5 .7
4 5 .9
4 6 .1
4 4 .4

1 .8 5 2
1 .8 7 3
1 .8 9 1
1. 882

9 4 .0 0
9 2 .7 0
9 4 .1 1
9 1 .4 9

4 7 .5
4 6 .7
4 6 .8
4 5 .7

1 .9 7 9
1 .9 8 5
2 .0 1 1
2. 002

7 6 .3 9
7 6 .4 7
77. 25
75. 66

4 3 .5
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 2 .7

1 .7 5 6
1 .7 6 2
1 .7 8 0
1 .7 7 2

7 8 .9 0
79. 07
79. 69
7 7 .5 8

4 4 .2
4 4 .1
4 4 .1
4 3 .1

1 .7 8 5
1 .7 9 3
1 .8 0 7
1 .8 0 0

7 5 .2 4
7 5 .0 4
7 5 .6 4
7 4 .8 3

4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .0

1 .8 1 3
1 .8 1 7
1 .8 2 7
1 .8 2 5

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

M a c h in e r y ( e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l) — C o n tin u e d

C o m p u t in g m a c h in e s
a n d c a s h r e g is t e r s

T y p e w r it e r s

S e r v ic e - in d u s tr y a n d
h o u s e h o ld m a c h in e s

R e f r ig e r a t o r s a n d a irc o n d itio n in g u n its

M is c e lla n e o u s m a ­
c h in e r y p a r ts

B a l l a n d r o lle r b e a r ­
in g s

1 950: A v e r a g e . ............. $ 7 1 .7 0
1951: A v e r a g e , ............. 78. 81

4 0 .9
4 1 .5

$1. 753
1 .8 9 9

$ 6 2 .0 8
6 8 .0 0

4 1 .5
4 2 .5

$ 1 ,4 9 6
1 .6 0 0

$ 6 7 .2 6
7 1 .0 6

4 1 .7
4 0 .7

$ 1 ,6 1 3
1 .7 4 6

$ 6 6 .4 2
6 9 .4 1

4 1 .1
3 9 .8

$ 1 ,6 1 6
1 .7 4 4

$ 6 6 .1 5
74. 26

4 2 .0
4 3 .2

$ 1 .5 7 5
1. 719

$ 6 8 .5 5
7 6 .6 9

4 2 .5
4 3 .4

$ 1 ,6 1 3
1. 767

1951: A p r i l ......................
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____

7 7 .4 8
7 7 .8 1
7 8 .1 9
7 7 .8 7
79. 22
80. 48
8 1 .1 7
8 1 .6 2
81. 91

4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .6

1 .8 5 8
1 .8 7 5
1 .8 8 4
1 .9 0 4
1 .9 0 9
1 .9 4 4
1 .9 5 6
1 .9 6 2
1. 969

6 8 .0 3
6 8 .5 4
6 8 .3 5
6 7 .2 0
6 7 .4 9
6 7 .4 5
68. 42
68. 51
6 8 .5 1

4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 1 .9

1 .5 8 2
1 .5 9 4
1 .5 9 7
1 .6 0 0
1 .6 0 7
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 1 2
1 .6 3 5

7 1 .3 6
6 9 .2 8
6 9 .6 7
7 0 .0 4
6 9 .5 4
7 1 .3 2
7 1 .7 3
72. 41
7 4 .0 4

4 1 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .2

1 .7 3 2
1. 719
1 .7 4 6
1 .7 5 1
1 .7 5 6
1. 761
1. 771
1 .7 7 9
1. 797

6 8 .8 7
6 7 .2 3
6 7 .2 4
6 9 .2 4
6 8 .7 2
7 0 .2 6
7 0 .2 5
7 1 .4 4
72. 80

3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .4

1. 726
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 4 2
1 .7 5 3
1 .7 5 3
1. 761
1 .7 6 5
1 .7 8 6
1 .8 0 2

7 5 .0 7
7 4 .6 4
7 4 .2 2
7 2 .8 5
7 3 .4 9
7 4 .1 3
7 4 .8 2
7 4 .0 0
7 5 .8 6

4 3 .9
4 3 .7
4 3 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .4

1 .7 1 0
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 1 4
1 .7 2 1
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 3 6
1 .7 3 7
1. 748

7 7 .3 1
76. 78
7 8 .1 7
75. 97
7 7 .3 9
7 6 .4 6
77. 20
7 5 .2 8
7 6 .7 0

4 4 .1
4 3 .8
4 3 .6
4 2 .8
4 3 .6
4 3 .1
4 3 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .8

1 .7 5 3
1 .7 5 3
1 .7 9 3
1 .7 7 5
1 .7 7 5
1 .7 7 4
1 .7 8 3
1 .7 8 4
1 .7 9 2

1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ______ __
A p r i l ___________

8 2 .4 3
8 1 .0 8
8 2 .1 5
80. 71

4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .6

1 .9 7 2
1. 968
1 .9 8 9
1 .9 8 8

6 7 .8 1
6 9 .1 8
69. 26
68. 52

4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .2

1 .6 3 8
1. 659
1 .6 5 7
1 .6 6 3

75. 59
74. 49
7 3 .9 3
7 1 .9 5

4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
3 9 .6

1 .8 0 4
1 .8 0 8
1 .8 2 1
1 .8 1 7

7 5 .2 5
74. 65
7 4 .1 8
71. 42

4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
3 9 .2

1 .8 0 9
1 .8 1 2
1 .8 2 7
1 .8 2 2

7 6 .3 9
7 5 .8 5
75. 75
74. 52

4 3 .5
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .1

1 .7 5 6
1 .7 6 4
1 .7 7 4
1 .7 7 0

7 8 .3 8
7 6 .7 3
76. 74
7 3 .1 3

4 3 .4
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 0 .9

1 .8 0 6
1 .7 9 7
1 .8 1 0
1 .7 8 8

Manufacturing—Continued
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t
e le c tr ic a l)— C o n .

M a c h i n e s h o p s (jo b
a n d r e p a ir )

E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y

T o ta l: E le c tr ic a l m a ­
c h in e r y

E le c tr ic a l
g e n e r a t­
in g , tr a n sm iss io n ,
d is tr ib u t io n , a n d
in d u s tr ia l
appa­
r a tu s

M o to r s , g e n e r a to r s,
tra n sfo r m er s, a n d
in d u s t r ia l c o n tr o ls

E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
fo r v e h i c l e s

C o m m u n ic a tio n
e q u ip m e n t

1950: A v e r a g e . ............. $ 6 5 .1 8
1951: A v e r a g e . ............. 7 4 .1 7

4 1 .7
4 3 .2

$ 1 .5 6 3
1. 717

$ 6 0 .8 3
6 6 .8 6

4 1 .1
4 1 .4

$ 1 .4 8 0
1 .6 1 5

$ 6 3 .7 5
7 1 .5 3

4 1 .1
4 2 .1

$ 1 .5 5 1
1. 699

$ 6 4 .9 0
7 2 .9 2

4 1 .1
4 2 .1

$ 1 .5 7 9
1 .7 3 2

$66. 22
6 8 .8 4

4 1 .7
4 0 .4

$ 1 .5 8 8
1 .7 0 4

$ 5 6 .2 0
6 1 .8 6

4 0 .9
4 1 .1

$ 1 ,3 7 4
1. 505

1 051: A p r i l ................. M a y .................. ..
J u n e ..................... ..
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ........... ..
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........

7 3 .6 9
7 4 .1 3
7 2 .8 0
7 1 .9 1
7 2 .3 8
7 4 .0 8
74. 81
7 5 .9 0
7 8 .1 5

4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 4 .2

1 .6 9 8
1 .7 0 8
1 .7 0 9
1 .7 0 4
1 .7 0 7
1. 739
1 .7 4 8
1. 761
1 .7 6 8

6 5 .5 8
6 6 .5 7
6 7 .1 5
6 6 .1 3
6 6 .3 4
6 8 .0 6
68. 27
6 9 .1 0
69. 97

4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .0

1 .5 8 8
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 1 8
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 4 0
1 .6 4 5
1 .6 5 3
1. 666

7 0 .0 6
7 1 .5 7
7 1 .9 1
7 0 .8 7
7 2 .1 1
7 3 .0 1
73. 26
73. 78
7 4 .8 1

4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .7

1 .6 6 8
1 .6 8 8
1 .6 9 6
1 .7 1 6
1 .7 1 7
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 4 0
1. 752

7 1 .2 3
7 3 .1 0
7 3 .5 3
7 2 .1 8
7 3 .5 8
7 4 .4 8
74. 70
7 5 .3 0
7 5 .9 5

4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .5

1 .6 9 6
1. 716
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 5 2
1 .7 5 6
1 .7 6 5
1. 766
1 .7 7 6
1 .7 8 7

6 7 .9 7
6 8 .0 0
6 7 .5 8
7 0 .0 2
6 8 .8 8
7 0 .0 8
7 0 .3 2
7 0 .8 6
72. 99

4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 1 .1

1 .6 7 0
1 .6 7 9
1 .6 9 8
1 .7 1 2
1 .7 2 2
1 .7 3 9
1. 745
1 .7 5 4
1 .7 7 6

6 0 .6 0
6 1 .0 5
6 2 .0 5
6 0 .3 4
6 0 .3 4
62. 75
6 3 .8 7
6 5 .0 2
6 4 .6 9

4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 1 .6

1 .4 7 8
1 .4 8 9
1 .5 0 6
1 .5 2 0
1 .5 0 1
1 .5 2 3
1 .5 3 9
1 .5 4 8
1. 555

1952: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ......................

7 8 .1 4
78. 62
78. 80
7 8 .8 8

4 4 .0
4 3 .9
4 3 .8
4 3 .7

1 .7 7 6
1. 791
1. 799
1 .8 0 5

7 0 .2 2
69. 93
69. 96
6 8 .8 2

4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 0 .6

1 .6 7 6
1 .6 8 1
1 .6 9 4
1 .6 9 5

7 5 .1 9
7 5 .0 6
7 5 .8 4
7 4 .4 9

4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 1 .5

1 .7 6 1
1. 766
1 .7 9 3
1 .7 9 5

76. 92
7 6 .3 7
77. 63
7 6 .3 9

4 2 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 1 .7

1 .7 9 3
1 .7 9 7
1 .8 3 1
1 .8 3 2

74. 41
7 1 .8 3
7 1 .9 8
7 1 .1 6

4 1 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .6

1 .7 7 6
1 .7 7 8
1 .7 9 5
1 .7 9 7

6 5 .3 5
6 5 .1 7
6 4 .8 6
6 3 .7 5

4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .3

1 .5 7 1
1 .5 7 8
1 .5 8 2
1 .5 8 2

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106

C: EARNING AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued

Transportation equipment

R a d io s , p h o n o ­
graphs, television Telephone, telegraph, Electrical appliances,
lamps, and miscel­
sets, and equip­ and related equipment
laneous products
ment

Year and month

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Total: Transporta­
tion equipment

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Automobiles

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Aircraft and parts

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1950: Average_____ $53.85
1951: Average______ 58.40

40.7 $1.323 $65.84
40.5 1.442 77.20

40.1 $1. 642 $61.58
43.2 1.787 65.73

41.0 $1. 502 $71.18
40.8 1.611 75. 77

41.0 $1. 736 $73. 25
40.8 1.857 75.52

41.2 $1. 778 $68. 39
39.5 1.912 78.05

41.6
43.8

$1,644
1.782

1951: April.................
M a y .................
Juno..................
July...................
August.........
September___
October..........
November___
D e ce m b er .....

56. 74
57.41
58. 42
57. 35
57. 26
59.40
60.41
60.98
61.14

40.1
40.2
40.4
39.2
39.9
40.8
40.9
41.4
41.2

1.415
1.428
1.446
1.463
1.435
1.456
1.477
1.473
1.484

43.3
43.2
43.0
42.8
43.1
44.2
44.8
44.3
43.9

1952: Jan u a ry _____
February____
M arch_______
April________

61.24
61.01
60. 72
59. 47

41.1
40.7
40.4
39.7

1.490 82.19
1.499 82.73
1. 503 81.95
1.498 “81. 23

77.33
76. 85
76. 28
76. 27
76.24
78. 76
80. 42
81.33
81.08

1.786
1.779
1.774
1.782
1. 769
1.782
1.795
1. 836
1.847

65. 52
65. 44
66. 62
64. 55
64.28
66.10
65. 61
66.26
68. 89

41.0
40.8
41.2
39.6
40.0
40.7
40.4
40.5
41.6

1. 598
1.604
1.617
1. 630
1.607
1.624
1.624
1.636
1. 656

74.81
74. 97
75.14
74. 33
76. 36
77. 43
77.14
77.05
79.48

40.9
40.9
40.4
39.9
40.9
41.1
40.9
40.7
41.7

1.829
1.833
1.860
1.863
1.867
1.884
1.886
1.893
1.906

74. 52
74.90
74. 88
73.30
76.31
77.53
77.34
76. 44
79. 91

39.7
39.8
38.9
37.9
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.1
40.4

1.877
1.882
1.925
1.934
1.932
1.948
1.948
1.955
1.978

77.13
77. 22
77.31
77.48
77.48
79. 28
78. 07
79. 85
80. 57

44.0
43.9
43.8
43.7
43.6
43.9
43.3
43.9
44.1

1.753
1. 759
1.765
1.773
1.777
1.809
1.803
1.819
1.827

44.0 1. 868
44.1 1.876
43.8 1.871
“43.3 “1. 876

67.77
67.98
67.48
66.11

40.9
40.9
40.6
39.9

1.657
1.662
1.662
1. 657

79. 47
79.24
80. 00
78. 74

41.5
41.4
41.3
40.8

1.915
1.914
1.937
1.930

80. 55
79.83
80. 56
80.68

40.5
40.4
40.3
40.3

1.989
1.976
1.999
2.002

79. 53
80.01
80.58
77.46

43.2
43.2
43.0
41.8

1.844
1.852
1.874
1.853

Manufacturing—Continued
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t— C o n tin u e d

Aircraft engines and
parts

Aircraft
1950: Average____
1951: Average........ .

$67.15
75.82

1951: April............. .
M a y ............ .
June_______
July________
August...........
September...
October____
N ovem ber...
December__
1952: January____
February___
March.......... .
A pril.......... .

Aircraft propellers
and parts

Other aircraft parts
and equipment

Ship and boat build­
ing and repairing

Shipbuilding and
repairing

41.4 $1. 622 $71.40
43.3 1. 751 85.90

42.1 $1.696 $73.90
45.4 1.892 89.17

42.4 $1. 743 $70.81
46.2 1.930 78.53

41.7 $1. 698 $63.28
43.7 1. 797 70.56

38.4 $1. 648 $63.83
40.0 1.764 71.18

38.2
39.9

$1.671
1.784

74.43
74.69
75.00
75.78
75.86
77.66
76. 4?
77.95
78.13

43.5
43.3
43.3
43.4
43.3
43.7
43.1
43.5
43.5

1.711
1.725
1.732
1.746
1.752
1.777
1.773
1. 792
1.796

86.80
86. 67
88.06
86.24
84.00
85 61
83.20
87.02
88.44

46.0
46.2
46.3
45.7
44.8
44.8
43.4
45.3
45.8

1.887
1.876
1.902
1.887
1.875
1.911
1.917
1.921
1.931

90.38
87.68
90. 77
92.16
90. 49
87.33
86. 33
87.67
88.98

46.9
46.0
47.3
48.1
47.5
45.2
44.8
45.1
45.4

1.927
1.906
1.919
1.916
1.905
1.932
1.927
1. 944
1. 960

79.25
78.45
77.43
76.00
75.84
78.29
79.35
78. 50
81.16

44.1
43.9
43.5
42.6
42.7
43.4
43.6
43.3
44.4

1.797
1.787
1.780
1.784
1. 776
1.804
1.820
1.813
1.828

68.31
68. 46
70. 42
71.59
71.96
71. 52
73. 57
72.37
74.12

39.9
39.8
40.1
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.2
39.1
40.5

1.712
1.720
1.756
1.772
1.790
1.788
1.830
1. 851
1.830

68.92
68. 96
71.04
72.40
72. 66
72.10
74.23
72.97
74.72

39.7
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.1
39.0
40.5

1.736
1.737
1.776
1.792
1.812
1.807
1.851
1.871
1.845

76.82
78. 40
78.84
76.41

42.3
42.7
42. 5
41.8

1.816
1.836
1.855
1.828

88.50
85. 66
87.23
81.20

45.9
44.8
44.8
42.4

1.928
1.912
1.947
1. 915

88.97
87.36
91.26
89.27

45.3
44.8
45.2
44.5

1.964
1.950
2.019
2.006

80.78
79. 75
80. 91
79.22

44.0
43.2
43.5
42.5

1.836
1.846
1.860
1.864

74.85
74.32
77.29
75.45

40.7
40.0
41.0
40.5

1.839
1.858
1.885
1.863

75. 58
75.04
77.98
76.10

40.7
40.0
41.0
40.5

1. 857
1.876
1.902
1.879

M anufacturing—C on tinued
Instruments and
related products

T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t— C o n tin u e d

Boat building and
re.pairing
1950: Average__
1951: A verage...

$55.99
60. 79

1951: April..........
M ay_____
June_____
July........... .
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
1952: January__
February..
March____
April_____

Railrc ad equi pment

Locomotives and
parts

Railroad and street­
cars

Other transportation Total: Instruments
equipment
and related products

40.6 $1.379 $66.33
40.1 1.516 75.99

39.6 $1. 675 $70. 00
40.9 1. 858 81.16

40.3 $1. 737 $62.47
41.6 1.951 70.48

38.9 $1. 606 $64.44
40.0 1. 762 68.44

41.9 $1. 538 $60. 81
42.3 1. 618 68.87

41.2
42.2

$1.476
1.632

59.80
59. 64
58. 56
60.80
60. 86
62. 52
62. 55
63.48
65.53

40.6
40.0
39.3
40.4
40.2
40. 7
40.3
39.9
40.3

1.473
1.491
1.490
1. 505
1.514
1.536
1.552
1. 591
1. 626

77.36
76. 55
75.64
75. 82
77.05
76.96
77 06
76. 49
77.81

41.5
41.2
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.8

1.864
1.858
1.877
1.863
1.893
1.89)
1.884
1.884
1.907

83.27
80.36
79. 75
82. 43
82.45
82. 05
82. 75
81.93
83. 76

42.1
41.4
40.3
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.9

1.978
1.941
1.979
1.972
1.982
1.963
1. 975
1. 960
1. 999

70. 74
72. 90
71.69
70.98
71.20
71.68
71.06
70. 66
71.05

40.7
41.0
40.3
39.9
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.3

1.738
1. 77.8
1. 779
1. 779
1.798
1.810
1.781
1.798
1.808

64.70
65.81
68.43
66.85
67.82
68. 91
71.13
71.06
73.48

41.0
41.0
42.4
41.7
42.1
42.3
42 9
42.6
44.0

1.578
1.605
1.614
1.603
1.611
1. 629
1.658
1. 668
1. 670

68. 55
68.78
69.44
68.18
68. 51
69.93
70.26
70.98
71.70

42.5
42.3
42.6
41.8
41.9
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.6

1. 613
1.626
1.630
1.631
1.635
1.657
1.661
1.670
1.683

63. 99
63.40
62. 96
62.95

39.6
3y. ô
39.3
39.0

1.616
1. 605
1.602
1.614

76.79
78.12
78.17
76. 21

41.0
41.4
41.1
40.3

1.873
1.887
1.902
1.891

81.61
81.90
81.58
78. 66

41.7
42.0
41.6
40.4

1.957
1.950
1.961
1.947

72.19
74. 22
75.40
73.49

40.4
40.8
41.0
40.2

1.787
1.819
1.839
1.828

68.80
68. 72
70.43
68.81

41.9
41.5
41.8
41.3

1.642
1.656
1.685
1.666

71.02
71.02
71.04
70.20

42.1
41.7
41.4
41.1

1.687
1.703
1. 716
1.708

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

107

C: EARNING AND HOURS

REVIEW, JULY 1952

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manu­
facturing industries

Instruments and related products—Continued

Year and month

Ophthalmic goods

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Photographic
apparatus

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Watches and
clocks

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
hours
ings

Professional and sci­
entific instruments

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

1950: Average...................................................... $50. 88
1951: Average....................................................... 55.65

40.7 $1. 250 $65. 59
40.8 1.364 73.08

41.2 $1. 592 $53. 25
42.0 1.740 59.49

39.8 $1.338 $63.01
40.8 1. 458 71.99

1951: A pril.......................................................
M ay ____________________ _______
June...........................................................
July........... .................................................
August........................................................
September________________________
October....................................................
November............................................
December...................................................

56.23
55. 60
56. 07
55.41
55.23
56.19
56.11
55.36
55.14

41.5
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.2
39.9

1.355
1.366
1.371
1.375
1.374
1.384
1.382
1.377
1.382

73. 24
73. 77
72. 82
73. 04
71.93
72.90
73. 33
74. 53
74.96

41.9
42.2
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.9
42.3
42.3

1.748
1.748
1. 742
1. 760
1.729
1. 744
1. 750
1.762
1. 772

60. 49
61.07
59.78
57. 66
59. 70
69.98
59. 52
60.57
60. 55

41.6
41.8
41.0
40.1
41.0
40.8
40.3
40.9
40.8

1.454
1.461
1.458
1. 438
1.456
1.470
1.477
1.481
1.484

1952: January____________________
February______________________
March_________ _______ _
April____________________________

55. 62
56. 22
57. 24
57. 67

39.7
39.4
40.0
40.3

1.401
1.427
1.431
1.431

75.39
74.92
76.65
76.72

42.4
41.9
41.5
41.9

1.778
1.788
1.847
1.831

59.52
59. 86
60.64
59.00

40.0
40.2
40.4
39.6

1.488
1.489
1.501
1.490

Avg. Avg.
wkly. hrly.
hours earn­
ings

Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing in­
dustries
Avg. Avg.
wkly.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.7 $1,511 $54.04
42.9 1.678 58.00

41.0
40.9

$1,318
1.418

71.12
71.10
72.73
71.06
71.57
73. 53
73. 92
74. 78
75.95

43.1
42.7
43.5
42.5
42.5
43.0
43.1
43.3
43.6

1.650
1.665
1.672
1.672
1.684
1.710
1. 715
1.727
1.742

58.03
57.39
57.85
56. 46
56.82
57. 61
58.18
58. 71
60.53

41.3
40.7
40.8
39.9
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.6
41.4

1.405
1.410
1.418
1.415
1.417
1.426
1.433
1.446
1.462

74.77
74.71
73.91
72.61

42.9
42.4
41.9
41.3

1.743
1.762
1.764
1.758

59.94
60.18
60.34
59.00

41.0
40.8
40.8
40.0

1.462
1.475
1.479
1.475

Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware
1950: Average___
1951: Average__

$59.45
62.11

1961: April...........
M ay_____
June______
July______
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
1952: January__
February...
March____
April...........

Jewelry and
findings

Silverware and
plated ware

T oys and sporting
goods

42.8 $1.389 $54. 25
41.6 1.493 58.21

41.6 $1,304 $64.08
41.7 1. 396 65.73

43.8 $1.463 $50. 98
41.6 1. 580 53.54

62. 46
61.45
61.23
58. 59
59.25
61.53
62.14
63. 42
66.33

42.4
41.3
40.9
39.4
39.5
40.8
40.8
41.4
42.6

1.473
1.488
1.497
1.487
1.500
1. 508
1. 523
1.532
1. 557

57.93
50.58
56.61
54. 43
55.28
57. 25
59. 27
61.07
63.02

42.1
41.0
40. 7
39.3
39.6
41.1
41.3
42.0
42.9

1.376
1.380
1.391
1.385
1.396
1.393
1.435
1.454
1. 469

66.40
65.49
64.90
61. 94
62. 69
65.28
64.68
65.73
69. 25

42.7
41.5
41.0
39.4
39.4
40.6
40.3
40.9
42.2.

1. 555
1.578
1. 583
1.572
1.591
1.608
1. 605
1.607
1. 641

63. 55
63.47
64.30
63.10

41.4
41.0
41.3
40.5

1.535
1.548
1.557
1.558

60. 77
60. 44
60. 94
59.19

42.2
41.6
41.8
40.6

1.440
1.453
1.458
1.458

66. 30
66.42
67.16
66. 29

40.7
40.6
40.7
40.3

1.629
1.636
1.650
1.645

40.4 $1.262 $49. 52
39.6 1.352 53.65

40.0
40.1

$1,238
1.338

53. 48
52.10
52. 68
52.13
52. 72
53.54
54. 26
54.53
56.17

39.7
39.0
39.2
38.7
39.2
39.6
39.9
39.8
40.7

1.347
1.336
1.344
1.347
1.345
1.352
1.360
1.370
1.380

53.13
53. 45
54.40
53. 44
52. 63
53.35
53.53
54.04
54. 20

40.1
39.8
40.0
39.5
38.9
39.9
39.8
39.3
40.0

1.325
1.343
1.360
1.353
1.353
1.337
1.345
1.375
1.355

57.21
57.39
58.16
55.84

40.6
40.7
40.9
39.6

1.409
1.410
1.422
1.410

54.48
54. 54
54. 84
53. 62

40.0
40.1
40.0
38.8

1.362
1.360
1.371
1.382

Transportation and public utilities

Manufacturing—Con.
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries—Con.

Communication
Class I railroads 4

Local railways and
bus lines *

Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries

Telephone •

$54. 91
59.20

1961: April_____
M ay_____
June______
J u ly ...........
August.......
September.
October___
November.
D ecem ber-

59. 34
58.83
59. 22
57.85
58. 22
58. 89
59. 43
59.84
61.73

41.7
41.2
41.3
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.9
41.6

1.423
1. 428
1.434
1.432
1.434
1.447
1.453
1.463
1.484

68.49
69. 62
70.82
69.81
72.54
68.82
72. 74
71.40
69.95

40.6
41.0
41.1
40.1
42.1
39.1
42.0
40.8
39.5

1.687
1.698
1.723
1.741
1.723
1.760
1.732
1.750
1. 771

70.92
72.17
72. 77
73.19
72. 72
73.11
73. 23
73.11
75.35

45.9
46.5
46.8
46.5
46.2
46.1
46.2
46.3
47.6

1.545
1. 552
1.555
1.574
1.574
1.586
1. 585
1.579
1.583

1952: January__
February..
March____

61.02
61.50
61.24
60.21

41.2
41.0
40.8
40.3

1.481
1.500
1.501
1.494

74.09
76. 69

41.6
42.7

1. 781
1. 796

73.92
73. 52
73.65
73.23

46.4
46.5
46.0
45.6

1.593
1. 581
1.601
1.606

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.1 $1. 336 $63.20
41.2 1. 437 *69. 78

40.8 $1. 549 $66. 96
*41.0 *1. 702 72.32

45.0 $1,488 $54. 38
46.3 1.562 58.30

1950: Average___
1951: Average___

A p r i l ............ .

Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions

Switchboard operat­
ing employees 7

38.9 $1,398 $46. 65
39.1 1.491 49.54

37.5
37.7

$1. 244
1.314

56.12
56. 59
58.12
59.30
58.84
59. 97
59. 94
60.84
59.44

38. 7
39.0
39.4
39.8
39.2
39.4
39.1
39.2
38.8

1.450
1.451
1.475
1.490
1. 501
1.522
1. 533
1.552
1. 532

47. 45
47. 42
49. 26
50. 77
50.03
51.23
51.48
52.79
49.70

37.3
37.4
38.1
38.7
37.9
38.2
37.8
37.9
37.2

1.272
1.268
1.293
1.312
1.320
1.341
1.362
1.393
1.336

59.68
59. 83
59.33
54.23

38.7
38.5
38.5
35.1

1.542
1.554
1.541
1.545

49. 63
50.33
49.35
43.61

36.9
36.9
36.8
32.3

1.345
1.364
1.341
1.350

C: EARNING AND HOURS

108

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
C o m m u n ic a tio n

Y ear and month

Line construction,
in sta lla tio n , and
maintenance em­
ployees 8
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

42.1 $1.741 $64.19
42.8 1. 899 68.33

$73.30
81.28

1951: April...................................
M a y.................................. .
June_________________
July—................................ .
August.............................. .
September____________
November____________
D ecem b er...................... .

77. 69
79. 49
81.20
82. 78
82.58
83.83
83. 54
83.79
83.91

42.2
42.9
43.1
43.0
42.9
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.7

1.841
1.853
1.884
1.925
1.925
1.945
1.961
1.967
1. 965

1952: January.............................
February_____________
March......................... ......
April..................................

83.90
83.97
83.47
76. 71

42.5
42.3
41.8
38.8

1.974
1.985
1. 997
1.977

October____________

Telegraph »

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

1950: Average..............................
1951: Average..............................

O th e r p u b lic u t ilit ie s

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Total: Gas and electric Electric light and
utilities
power utilities

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

44.7 $1. 436 $66.60
44.6 1.532 71. 77

41.6 $1. 601 $67.81
41.9 1. 713 72.74

41.6 $1.630 $63.37
41.9 1.736 68. 76

41.5
41.8

$1. 527
1.645

64. 40
65. 97
65. 44
71.23
70.47
72.33
72.34
72.13
72.21

44.6
45.4
45.1
44.8
44.6
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.3

1.444
1.453
1.451
1. 590
1. 580
1. 629
1.633
1.632
1.630

70.38
70. 72
71. 06
71.82
71. 73
72. 88
72.92
73. 29
73.63

41.5
41.5
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.0
42.1

1.696
1.704
1. 704
1.710
1.712
1.727
1.732
1.745
1.749

71. 51
71. 97
72. 40
73.25
72.96
73.34
72.85
73. 56
74. 56

41.6
41.6
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.7
42.1

1.719
1. 730
1.732
1.740
1.733
1.742
1. 747
1.764
1. 771

66.71
66.91
66.99
67.44
67.48
69.35
71.39
71.49
71. 53

41.1
41.1
41.1
41.4
41.3
41.8
42.7
42.4
42.3

1.623
1.628
1.630
1.629
1.634
1.659
1. 672
1.686
1.691

70. 77
70. 90
(t)
(t)

43.9
43.9
(t)
(t)

1.612
1.615
(t)
Ct)

73. 20
72.82
73. 54
73.24

41.9
41.4
41.5
41.4

1.747
1.759
1.772
1.769

74. 25
73.39
74.35
73.79

41.9
41.3
41.4
41.2

1.772
1.777
1.796
1.791

70. 56
70.38
70.43
70.18

41.8
41.4
41.5
41.5

1.688
1.700
1.697
1.691

Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.

Trade

Other public utili­
ties—Con.

Retail trade
Wholesale trade

Electric light and gas
utilities combined
1950: Average---------- ------------------------------ $67.02
1951: Average------------------ --------------------- 72. 36

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Gas utilities

Retail trade (except
eating and drink­
ing places)

General merchandise
stores

D epartm ent stores
and general mail­
order houses

41.6 $1.611 $60.36
41.9 1. 727 64. 51

40.7 $1.483 $47. 63
40.7 1. 585 50. 25

40.5 $1.176 $35.95
40.1 1. 253 37.25

36.8 $0.977 $41.56
36.2 1.029 44.11

38.2
37.8

$1.088
1.167

1951: April-------------------------------------------M a y _________ _____ .
_ _ -June______________________________
July_____________________________
August---------------------------------------September________________________
October___________________________
November_______________________
December ................... ............... ............

71.43
71.47
71.94
72.80
73.04
74.50
74.02
73.96
73. 66

41.7
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.9

1.713
1.718
1.717
1.725
1.735
1. 753
1. 754
1.761
1.758

63.95
63.78
64.35
64. 55
64. 51
65.64
65. 44
65. 52
66.58

40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.8
41.1

1.575
1.571
1.581
1.586
1.585
1.605
1.604
1.606
1.620

49. 84
49.83
50.74
51.49
51.37
50.80
50.43
49.92
49. 92

39.9
39.8
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.4
40.1

1.249
1.252
1.256
1.262
1.259
1.270
1. 267
1.267
1. 245

36.98
36. 71
37. 70
38. 51
38.01
37.19
36. 56
36.12
37. 52

35.9
35.5
36.5
37.1
36.9
35.9
35.6
35.1
37.0

1.030
1.034
1.033
1.038
1.030
1.036
1.027
1.029
1.014

43.39
43.49
44.23
44.81
44.27
44.29
43. 57
43.28
46.49

37.5
37.3
38.0
38.1
37.9
37.6
37.3
36.8
39.4

1.157
1.166
1.164
1.176
1.168
1.178
1.168
1.176
1.180

1952: January------------------ ------------ --------February_________________ ________
March------ ---------------- ------------ . .
April_____________________________

73.58
73.62
74.46
74.68

42.0
41.5
41.6
41.7

1.752
1.774
1. 790
1.791

66. 42
66.13
66. 66
66.73

40.7
40.4
40.4
40.2

1.632
1.637
1.650
1.660

51.22
50. 98
50.86
51.05

39.8
39.8
39.7
39.7

1.287
1. 281
1.281
1.286

38.27
37.44
37.23
37.05

35.8
35.9
35.8
35.8

1.069
1. 043
1.040
1.035

45.27
43.67
43. 71
44. 21

37.2
37.1
37.2
37.5

1.217
1.177
1.175
1.179

T r a d e — C o n tin u e d

Other retail trade

R e t a il tra d e— C o n tin u e d

Food and liquor
stores
1950: Average__
1951: Average__

$51.79
53.96

1951: April......... .
M a y _____
June_____
July--------August----September.
October__
November.
December.
1952: January__
February..
March____
April_____

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Automotive and ac­
cessories dealers

Apparel and acces­
sories stores

Furniture and appli­
ance stores

Lumber and hard­
ware-supply stores

40.4 $1. 282 $61. 65
40.0 1. 349 66. 51

45.7 $1.349 $40. 70
45.4 1.465 42.20

36.5 $1.115 $56.12
36.1 1.169 59.61

43.5 $1.290 $54.62
43.1 1.383 58.64

43.8
43.6

$1.247
1.345

53.18
53.44
54.72
55. 44
55.23
54.24
53.90
54.35
54.44

39.6
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.0
40.0
39.6
39.7
40.0

1.343
1.346
1.351
1.349
1.347
1.356
1. 361
1.369
1.361

66.34
66.22
67.03
66.91
67.18
67. 94
67.24
67.13
67.06

45.5
45.2
45.6
45.3
45.3
45.2
45.4
45.3
45.4

1.458
1.465
1.470
1.477
1.483
1. 503
1. 481
1.482
1. 477

41.09
41.44
42.25
42.71
42. 47
42.45
42. 49
42.17
43. 31

35.7
35.6
36.2
36.5
36.8
36.1
35.8
35.5
36.3

1.151
1.164
1.167
1.170
1.154
1.176
1.187
1.188
1.193

59.18
59. 38
59.13
59.62
59.47
60.07
60.50
60.23
62.39

43.1
43.0
43.0
43.2
43.0
43.0
43.0
42.9
43.6

1.373
1.381
1.375
1.380
1.383
1.397
1. 407
1.404
1.431

58.12
58.60
58.91
59. 67
59.48
59.69
60.18
59.10
59.60

43.6
43.8
43.8
44.2
43.9
43.7
43.8
43.2
43.6

1.333
1.338
1.345
1.350
1.355
1.366
1.374
1.368
1.367

54.53
54.45
54.73
55.08

39.4
39.4
39.4
39.6

1.384
1.382
1.389
1.391

66.68
67.37
67.77
69.25

44.9
45.0
45.0
45.2

1.485
1.497
1.506
1.532

43.64
42. 76
41.64
42. 57

36.1
35.9
35.5
35.3

1.209
1.191
1.173
1.206

59.45
59. 72
59.19
59.33

42.8
42.9
42.8
42.9

1.389
1.392
1.383
1.383

58. 65
59.36
59.25
60.36

43.0
43.2
43.0
43.3

1.364
1.374
1.378
1.394

REVIEW, JULY 1952

C: EARNING AND HOURS

109

T able C 1. H o u rs an d G ross E a rn in g s of P r o d u c tio n W orkers or N o n su p e r v iso r y E m p lo y e e s 1— C o n .
F i n a n c e 10

B anks
and
tr u st
com ­
p a n ie s

Year and month

S e r v ic e

S e c u r ity
d e a le r s
and
ex­
changes

In su r­
ance
c a r r ie r s

H o te ls , y e a r -r o u n d »

A vg.
A vg.
A vg.
A vg.
w k ly .
w k ly .
w k ly .
w k ly .
e a r n in g s e a r n in g s e a r n in g s e a r n in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
e a r n in g s

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Laundries

Cleaning and dyeing
plants

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings

Motionpicture
produc­
tion
and
distri­
bution i»

Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
w kly.
earnings earnings

1950: Average_________________
1951: Average.................................

$46. 44
50.32

$81.48
83.68

$58.49
61.31

$33.85
35. 38

43.9
43.2

$0.771
,819

$35.47
37.52

41.2
41.1

$0.861
.913

$41.69
44.07

41.2
41.5

$1,012
1.062

$92. 7983.95

1951: April______________ _____
M ay____________________
June___ ____ __________
August.......... ........................
September_______ . ____ __
October____________ ____ _
November_______________
December____ __________

50.08
50.11
50. 06
50. 50
50. 28
50.36
50. 78
51.13
51.81

84.12
81. 78
80.97
77.67
79.14
81. 78
85.20
83.88
83. 09

60.83
61.01
61. 71
62.09
61.01
60.91
61.32
60.70
62.25

34.90
35. 02
35.24
35.46
35.29
35. 78
35. 91
36.20
36.81

43.3
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.3
42.9
42.9
43.1
43.2

.806
.807
.812
.817
.815
.834
.837
.840
.852

37.32
37.96
38.06
37.83
37.38
37.87
37. 73
37.93
38.34

41.1
41.4
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.4

.908
.917
.917
.916
.914
.917
.918
.925
.926

44.90
45.90
45. 45
44. 26
42. 56
44. 72
44. 36
43.71
44.14

42.4
43.1
42.6
41.6
40.3
41.6
41.5
40.7
41.1

1.059
1.065
1.067
1. 064
1.056
1. 075
1.069
1.074
1.074

84.94
83.63
83. 55
84.13
83.32
83.98
85.09
83.68
86.19

1952: January.____ ___________
February________________
M arch.___________ ______
April___________________

52.05
52.14
52.43
52.14

82.79
83.17
81.24
82.70

62. 09
62.11
63.65
63.32

36.47
36. 59
36.68
36.94

42.8
42.8
42.7
42.8

.852
.855
.859
.863

38. 55
37.96
38.21
38.60

41.5
40.9
41.0
41. 2

.929
.928
.932
.937

44.08
43.14
43.28
44. 77

40.7
39.8
40.0
41.0

1.083
1.084
1.082
1.092

89.35
90.25
90.73
89.24

J u l y . .............................................. ..

1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay
for any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the
mining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries,
data relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining indus­
tries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and
working supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are de­
sired. Data for the three current months are subject to revision without nota­
tion; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
2 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical ma­
chinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related productsmiscellaneous manufacturing industries.
» Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod­
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod­
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
4 Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made
which are excluded from monthly averages.
8 Data include privately and government operated local railways and bus
lines.

« Through M ay 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employees Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1,337.
? Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors and
pay-statwn attendants. During 1951 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
* Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1951 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data
8 N ew series beginning with January 1952; data relate to domestic em ploy­
ees, except messengers, and those compensated entirely on a commission
basis. Comparable data for October 1951 are $70.52, 43.8 hours, and $1 610'
November—$70.31, 43.7 hours, and $1,609; December—$70.47, 43.8 hours,
and $1.609.
18 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not available.
n M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
•Preliminary.
fD ata are not available because of work stoppage.
“ Telephone—April hours and earnings affected by work stoppage.

T able C 2. Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current

and 1939 Dollars 1
M a n u fa c tu r in g

B itu m in o u s c o a l m in in g

L a u n d r ie s

Year and month

B itu m in o u s c o a l m in in g

L a u n d r ie s

Year and month
C u rren t
1939
d o l la r s d o lla r s

1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

M a n u fa c tu r in g

C u rren t
1939
d o lla r s d o lla r s

C u rren t
d o lla r s

1939
d o lla r s

C u rren t
d o lla r s

1939
dollars

C u rren t
d o l la r s

1939 C u r r e n t 1939
dollars dollars dollars

Average
Average
Average
Average.
Average.
Average
Average

$23. 86
29. 58
43.82
54.14
54.92
59.33
64.88

$23. 86
27.95
31.22
31.31
32.07
34.31
34.75

$23. 88
30.86
58. 03
72.12
63.28
70.35
77.86

$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36.96
40.68
41.70

$17. 69
19.00
30.30
34. 23
34. 98
35.47
37.52

$17. 69
17.95
21.59
19.79
20.43
20.51
20.09

1951; July_____
August___
September
O ctober...
November.
December.

$64.24
64.32
65. 49
65. 41
65.85
67.40

$34.42
34.47
34.89
34.69
34.71
35.43

$73. 71
77.23
81.61
80. 62
81.09
86.28

$39. 50
41.38
43. 47
42.76
42.74
45.35

$37.83
37.38
37. 87
37.73
37,93
38.34

$20.27

1951: April___
M ay__
June___

64. 70
64. 55
65.08

34.84
34.61
34.93

75.63
73.86
77. 67

40. 72
39. 60
41.69

37. 32
37.96
38.06

20.10
20.35
20.43

1952; January.._
February..
March 2__
April 2___

66. 91
66.91
67.19
65.83

35.17
35.40
35. 52
34.68

86.39
80.27
79.30
66.35

45.41
42.46
41.93
34. 95

38. 55
37. 96
38.21
38.60

20.26
20.08

- j. urae sci ics uiuictHB uuauges m m e revei oi weeKiy earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

20.03

20.17
20.01

19.99
20.15

20.20
20.33

the Consumers' Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 Preliminary.

G: EARNING AND HOURS

110

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur­

ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)

Worker with
no dependents

Worker with
3 dependents

Cur­
Cur­
1939
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars

1939
dollars

1941: January..................... $26. 64
1945: January..................... 47. 50
J u ly ........................... 45. 45
1946: June........................... 43.31

111.7
199.1
190.5
181.5

$25.41
39. 40
37. 80
37.30

$25. 06
30. 76
28. 99
27. 77

$26. 37
45.17
43. 57
42.78

$26.00
35. 27
33. 42
31.85

23.86
25.20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46. 08
44. 39
43. 82
49. 97
54.14
54. 92
59.33
64.88

100.0
105.6
124.0
153. 6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2
248.7
271.9

23. 58
24.69
28. 05
31. 77
36. 01
38.29
36. 97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.18

23. 58
24. 49
26. 51
27.08
28. 94
30.28
28. 58
26.88
26.63
27. 43
28.09
29.54
29.02

23. 62
24. 95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42.74
43.20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.41

23.62
24. 75
27. 67
30. 93
33.26
34.84
33. 04
30.78
30.04
30. 75
31.44
33. 08
32.89

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

Average.....................
Average...................Average__________
Average------------Average_________
Average....................
Average__________
Average....................
Average..................
Average________ _
Average............ .......
Average................. .
Average....................

i N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents: (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the

N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
1951: A p ril......................... $64.70
M a y ,.........................
64. 55
June................ ........... 65.08
July...... .................
64.24
A ugust...................... 64. 32
Septem ber.............. 65. 49
October__ _______
65.41
November................. 65. 85
December................. 67.40
1952: January..................... 66. 91
February
66. 91
M arch2 . . . . .
67.19
A p ril2___
65.83

271.2
270.5
272.8
269.2
269.6
274.5
274.1
276.0
282.5
280.4
280.4
281.6
275.9

Worker with
no dependents

Worker with
3 dependents

Cur­
Cur­
1939
1939
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars dollars
$54. 23
54.11
54. 53
53.87
53.93
54. 85
54. 79
54.04
55.23
54. 85
54. 85
55.07
54.03

$29.20
29. 01
29.27
28. 87
28.90
29. 22
29. 06
28.48
29.03
28.83
29. 02
29.12
28.46

$61. 31
61.19
61.62
60.94
61.01
61. 95
61.89
61.96
63.17
62. 79
62.79
63.01
61. 94

$33.01
32.81
33.07
32.65
32.69
33.00
32.83
32.66
33.21
33.01
33. 22
33.31
32.63

gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data
from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 Preliminary.

T able C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in

Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods

Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime

Period
Gross
amount

1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:

Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average........
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average........

$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1. 023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
1.594

Gross
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.536

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross

110.9 $0.808 $0.770 $0.640
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2 1.059
.976
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1.111 2 1.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325
223.5 1. 537 1.480 1.378
242.7 1.678 1.610 1.481

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Period

$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
2. 858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1. 337
1.437

1951: April______
M a y _______
Ju n e.,............
July_______
August_____
September__
October____
November__
D ecem ber...
1952: January____
February___
March 3____
April 3___

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Durable
goods

Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Gross
amount

$1.578
1.586
1. 599
1.598
1.596
1. 613
1.615
1.626
1.636
1.640
1.644
1. 655
1. 654

* Eleven-month average.
period,
* Preliminary,

Index
Amount (1939=
100)
$1.518
1.528
1. 540
1.546
1. 542
1. 554
1. 557
1.569
1. 571
1. 579
1. 585
1. 596
1.605

Gross

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross

239.8 $1. 659 $1.587 $1.465
241.4 1.665 1.596 1.474
243.3 1.681 1.611 1.484
244.2 1.682 1.622 1.488
243.6 1.684 1.619 1.481
245.5 1.707 1. 638 1. 489
246.0 1.705 1.635 1.491
247.9 1.712 1.644 1.507
248.2 1.723 1.644 1. 515
249.4 1.726 1.653 1.520
250.4 1.731 1. 659 1. 522
252.1 1.744 1.673 1. 529
253.6 1.741 1.682 1.530

Exelud­
ing
over­
time

$1.422
1.432
1. 441
1. 444
1.441
1.444
1.450
1.465
1.468
1.476
1.480
1. 489
1.494

August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday

REVIEW, JULY 1952

I): PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

111

D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of

Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Year and month

All items

Food

Apparel

Rent
Total

1913: Average_________ ______
1914: Average____________ . . .
1915: Average________________
1916: Average________________
1917: Average............ ...................
1918: Average________________
1919: Average________________
1920: Average................................
1921: Average_________ ______
1922: Average________________
1923: Average________________
1924: Average________________
1925: Average________________
1926: Average_____________ _
1927: Average.............................
1928: Average________________
1929: A v e r a g e ..--.......................
1930: Average____ ___________
1931: Average_____ _____ _____
1932: Average________________
1933: Average___________ ____
1934: Average______ ____ _____
1935: Average.......... ......................
1936: Average........ ................ .......
1937: Average________ ____ _
1938: Average________________
1939: Average________ ____ _
1940: Average__________ ____ _
1941: Average...............................
1942: Average.......... .....................
1943: Average______ __________
1944: Average................................
1945: Average________________
1946: Average.......... ................... .
1947: Average______________ _
1948: Average_______________
1949: Average________________
1950: Average.................................
1951: Average________________
1950: January 15_____________
June 15_________________
1951: January 15............................
January 15______ _______
M ay 15...............................
M ay 15__________ ______
June 15_________________
June 15_____ _____ _____
July 15___ ______ _______
July 15____________ ____
August 15. - .............. ...........
August 16__ ____ _______
September 15___________
September 16____________
October 15______________
October 16_______ ______ _
November 15...... ..............
November 16____________
December 15____________
December 1 5 ____________
1952: January 15___
____
January 15_____ _ ___
February 15____________
February 15_____________
March 15—........... ...............
March 1 5 _______________
M ay 15___ .
_ _ .
M ay 16____ _ _ _

70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185.6
168.2
170.2
181.5
181.6
185.4
185.4
185.2
185.5
185. 5
185.8
185.5
185.6
186.6
186.6
187.4
187.8
188.6
189. S
189.1
190.0
189.1
190. 2
187.9
188. S
188.0
188.4
189.0
190.4

79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103.9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105.5
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
227.4
196.0
203.1
221.9
m .6
227.4
m .7
226.9
m .o
227. 7
227.5
227.0
m .4
227.3
m .s
229.2
2 2 9 .2

231.4
232.1
232.2
SS5.9
232.4
234.6
227.5
229.1
227.6
229.2
230. 8
254-6

69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154.8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.5
115.3
112.7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102.2
100.5
101.7
106.3
124.2
129 7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187.7
204.5
185.0
184.6
198.5
199.7
204.0
205.7
204.0
205.5
203.3
204.9
203.6
205.2
209.0
210.7
208.9
211.0
207.6
209.9
206.8
209.1
204.6
206.7
204.3
206.1
203.5
205.6
202.3
204.4

* The “Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners and
lower-salaried workers in large cities.
U. S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 699, Changes in Cost of Living in
Large Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of
methods used in constructing this index. Additional information on the
index is given in the following reports: Report of the Joint Committee on the
Consumers’ Price Index of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, A Joint
Committee Print (1949); September 1949 M onthly Labor Review, Construc­
tion of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 284); April 1951 M onthly Labor R eview,
Interim Adjustment of Consumers’ Price Index (p. 421), and Correction of
N ew Unit Bias in Rent Component of CPI (p. 437); and Consumers’ Price
Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Committee on Educa­
tion and Labor (1951).
The Consumers’ Price Index has been adjusted to incorporate a correction
of the new unit bias in the rent index beginning with indexes for 1940 and
N

ote.

92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93.2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150.7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100.7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108 7
109.1
109.5
110.1
113.6
121.2
126.4
131.0
136.2
129.4
130.9
133.2
126.0
135.4
128.0
135.7
128. S
136.2
128.8
136.8
129.3
137.5
130.0
138.2
130.8
138.9
131.4
139.2
1S1.8
139.7
132.2
140.2
132.8
140.5
1S2.9
141.3
133.7

Gas and
electricity

Other
fuels

Ice

61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108.9
103.4
100.0
101.4
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99.7
102.2
105.4

(3)
(*)
(J)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(*)
(»)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(’)
(3)
(3)
102.8
100.8
99.1
99.0
98.9
98.0
97.1
96.7

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(*)
(*)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1

(3)
(3>
(s)
(3>
(*)
(*)
(3>
(*)
(a)
(s)
(3>
(3>
(3)
(3>
(s)
(s)
o)
(*)
(3>
(s)
(a)
(j)
m o
m o

109.8
110.3
112.4
121.1
133.9
137.5
140.6
144.1
140.0
139.1
143.3
144-5
143.6
144- 9
143.6
145.1
144.0
145.7
144.2
146.0
144.4
146.3
144.6
146.8
144.8
147.0
144.9
147.1
145.0
147.2
145.3
147.3
145.3
147.4
144.6
145.5

95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96.7
96.8
97.2
96. 7
96.8
97.2
97.2
97.3
97.4
97. Í
97.2
97.2
97.2
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.3
97.4
97.4
97.4
97.4
97.5
97.5
97.6
97.6
97.9
97.8
97.9
97.8
98.2
98.2

126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194.1
204.5
193. 1
189.0
202.3
201.8
202.4
201.6
202.8
202.3
203.7
203.4
204.2

115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
155.6
145.5
147.0
152.0
152.9
156.0
156.0
156.0
166.0
157. 6
157.6
157.8
157.8
157.8
167.8
156.3
166.3
156.3
156.3
156.3
156.3
156.3
156.3
156.3
166.3
156.5
156.5
156.5
156.5

2 0 4 .0

204.9
2 0 4 .8

205.8
206.3
206.3
206.7
206.6
207.0
206.8
207.1
206.7
207.1
206.8
207.1
203.1
201.8

1 0 0 .0

m o
m 2
1 0 0 .4
104.1
110.0

Housefurnishings

Miscella­
neous >

59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117.5
126.1
124.0
121. 5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108.9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104.3
103.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
122.2
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
210.9
184. 7
184.8
207.4
208.9
212.6
214.8
212.5
214.6
212.4
2 1 4 .8

210. 8
212.7
211.1
212.8
210.4
212.0
210.8
212.6
210.2
211.8
209.1
210.5
208.6
210.0
207.6
209.2
205.4
207.0

adjusted population and commodity weights beginning with indexes for
January 1950. These adjustments make a continuous comparable series
from 1913 to date. See also General Note below.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
3 The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro­
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion pic­
tures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
* Data not available.

—The old series of Indexes for 1951-52 are shown in italics in tables D -l, D-2, and D-5 for reference.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

50.9
51.9
63.6
56.3
65.1
77.8
87.6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
101 4
102 2
102.6
103.2
103.8
104.6
105.1
104.1
101.7
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101.5
100.7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
128 8
139.9
149.9
154.6
156.5
165.4
155.1
154. 6
162.1
163.7
165. 0
166. 4
164.8
166.3
165.0
166.3
165.4
166.8
166.0
167.5
166.6
168.1
168.4
169.9
169.1
170.6
169. 6
171.1
170.2
171.5
170. 7
172.0
171.4
172.9

MONTHLY LABOR

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

112

T able D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39-100]

City

M ay 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, N ov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Jan. 15, June 15, M ay 15,
1951
1952
1951
1951
1950
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
185.5

185.5

185.2

185.4

181.5

170.2

190.4

190.5
191.4
177.8
(2)
191.8
186.8
0
0
189.0
194.1

193.1
0
190.5
177.2
0
190.9
185.3
189.1
0
188.5
193.0

0
0
189.2
176.9
185.5
190.9
185.6
0
187.6
188.6
192.6

0
189.8
189.8
176.5
0
190.1
185.0
0
0
188.3
192.3

192.7
0
190.1
176.1
0
189.8
184.8
188.2
0
187.4
3 192. 5

0
0
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
0
184.9
184.2
190.1

0
174.7
171.6
165.5
0
175.1
170.5
0
0
173.5
175.8

195. S
0
195.5
182.1
0
196.5
190.6
195.1
0
194.3
193.6

189.9
0
180.4
187.9
187.0
0
0
0
0
0
183.0

0
192.0
0
187.2
0
189.9
0
183.1
185.6
0
182.5

0
0
0
186.6
0
0
192.3
0
0
188.9
180.9

187.8
0
179.7
186.7
184.4
0
0
0
0
0
181.2

0
190.6
0
186.1
0
187.8
0
183.6
183.5
0
180.5

0
0
0
186.3
0
0
190.9
0
0
188.5
181.4

184.4
0
175.6
181.3
180.6
0
0
0
0
0
177.8

0
176.3
0
169.3
0
172.7
0
169.1
168.2
0
167.0

0
0
0
191.0
0
0
198.9
0
0
191.8
185.0

0
186.7
191.2
0
195.8
183.8
(2)
0
198.8
(2)
(2)
(2)

0
186.1
190.0
178.6
0
0
186.2
188.4
0
0

188.6
185.4
188.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
182.5
190.9
180.8

0
185.4
189.3
0
195.7
181.3
0
0
196.5
0
0
0

0
185.6
187.8
176.4
0
0
185.0
188.4
0
0
0
0

188.3
186.4
187.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
182.4
191.4
180.0

0
181.0
183.4
0
190.4
179.8
0
0
189.2
0
0
0

0
169.1
171.8
164.4
0
0
168.8
172.4
0
0
0
0

192.6
189.6
193.1
0
0
0
0

Average......................

189.0

188.7

188.0

187.9

189.1

189.1

188.6

187.4

Atlanta, Ga_______
Baltimore, M d------Birmingham, A la ...
Boston, M ass______
Buffalo, N . Y ...........
Chicago, 111_______
Cincinnati, Ohio___
Cleveland. Ohio----Denver, C olo......... .
D e tr o itM ic h _____
Houston, T ex............

194.4 ~ 0
0
0
194.2
193.3
179.9
178.9
188.8
0
194.7
193.1
189.4
188.4
192.7
(J)
191.1
0
191.8
191.7
194.3
194.7

0
193.0
193.6
179.1
(0
192.7
187.5
(0
(0
190.7
194.3

195.2
(0
193.9
179.3
(0
191.9
187.1
191.8
00
190.7
194.3

(«)
(0
194.7
180.0
188.3
194.1
188.3
(0
192.3
192.0
195.4

(0
193.3
196.0
180.9
(«)
194.2
187.9
(0
(0
191.9
196.0

196.1
(0
196.3
180.0
(0
194.3
187.8
192.0
(0
191.5
195.1

(0
(0
196.0
179.3
186.9
193.5
187.0
0
191.2
190.2
194.4

Indianapolis, I n d ...
Jacksonville, F la—
Kansas City, M o ...
Los Angeles, C alif..
Manchester, N . H ..
Memphis, Term___
Milwaukee, W is. ._
Minneapolis, Minn
Mobile, Ala_______
New Orleans, La—
N ew York, N . Y ___

(2)
(2)
(2)
191.3
(2)
(2)
198.1
(5)
(2)
190.1
183.2

189.8
(2)
183.3
191.5
187.0
(3)
0
(2)
0
0
183.5

(0
195.6
(0
190.9
(0
190.2
(0
188.0
187.9
(0
182.4

(0
(0
(0
190.7
(0
00
195.1
(0
(0
190.5
183.0

190.9
(0
182.3
190.0
187.0
0
(0
(0
(0
(0
184.2

(0
195.9
(0
190.4
(0
191.4
(0
187.7
187.3
(0
184.0

0
(0
(J)
189.6
0
(0
195.3
(0
(0
190.0
184.1

Norfolk, Va.._ -----Philadelphia. P a ___
Pittsburgh, P a------Portland, M aine---Portland, Oreg------Richmond, Va_____
St. Louis, M o____
San Francisco, Calif.
Savannah, Ga_____
Scranton, P a ______
Seattle, W ash_____
Washington, D . C ..

192.9
188.3
191.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
186.3
195.8
184.9

(0
188.2
190.9
(0
198.6
184.5
(0
(0
199.6

(0
187.8
190.3
180.6
(0

«192.0
187.1
190.9
(0
(0
(0

(0
188.9
192.2
(0
199.0
183.8
(0
(0
200.3
(0
(0
(0

(0
189.2
191.7
179.9
(0
(0
190.2
193.1
(0
(0
(0
(0

191.7
189.1
192.0
0
(0
(0
(0
(0
(0
185.4
194.6
184.7

00
00

(0

(0

190.2
193.1
(0

00

(0
(0

00

0
<0
184.2
195.3
183.9

i The Indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do
not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

186.6
0

0

0

0

0
189.8
194.8
186 6

2 Indexes are computed monthly for 10 cities and once every 3 months for
24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule,
3 Corrected.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

113

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

T able D-3: Consumers' Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of

Commodities1
[1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 1 0 0 ]

F u e l , e le c t r i c i t y , a n d r e fr ig e r a tio n
Food

A pp arel

H o u s e f u m is h i n g s

R ent
T o ta l

M i s c e lla n e o u s

G a s a n d e le c tr ic ity

C ity
M a y 15,
1952

A p r . 15,
1952

M a y 15,
1952

A v e r a g e . . ....................... ..

230.8

230.0

202.3

A t l a n t a , G a __________
B a l t im o r e , M d _______
B i r m i n g h a m , A l a ____
B o s t o n , M a s s ________
B u f f a l o , N . Y _ _ ......... ....
C h ic a g o , 111__________
C i n c i n n a t i , O h io _ _ .......
C l e v e l a n d , O h i o ______
D e n v e r , C o l o . .................
D e t r o i t , M i c h ............. ...
H o u s t o n , T e x ...... ...........

22 3 .2
24 3.2
2 16 .4
218 .8
22 7.0
239.3
234.3
240.3
232.6
2 3 1.6
2 3 6 .1

225.0
242.6
2 15 .8
2 1 5 .2
22 4.7
234.8
2 3 1.9
23 8.2
232.0
2 3 1 .2
23 7.9

2 1 5 .5

I n d ia n a p o lis , I n d ____
J a c k s o n v i l l e , F l a _____
K a n s a s C i t y , M o _____
L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i f ____
M a n c h e s t e r , N . H ____
M e m p h i s , T e n n ______
M i l w a u k e e , W i s _____
M i n n e a p o l is , M i n n ___
M o b ile , A la _____
N e w O r le a n s , L a _____
N e w Y o r k , N . Y ...........

225.0
2 3 1.3
215. 5
2 3 5 .7
2 3 1 .7
2 3 7 .1
2 2 4.2
224.4
23 9.2
2 2 7 .4

232.6
2 14 .4
2 3 7 .1
2 1 7 .5
2 3 1.4
2 3 1 .5
222.3
229.1
240.1
229.3

N o r f o lk , V a
.................
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a _____
P i t t s b u r g h , P a . ......... —
P o r t l a n d , M a i n e _____
P o r t l a n d , O r e g ...............
R ic h m o n d , V a
S t . L o u i s , M o ________
S a n F r a n c is c o , C a l i f - . .
S a v a n n a h , Q a ________
S c r a n to n , P a ___ ____
S e a ttle , W a s h
_ .........
W a s h in g to n , D . C

235.0
2 2 8 .1
233.0
2 15 .4
2 5 1.3
2 15 .6
243.6
247.0
2 4 1.3
2 3 1 .1
23 9.7
226.8

2 3 4.7
226.9
2 3 1.4
2 13 .6
250.6
216 .8
240.5
24 9.5
239.3
227.8
2 4 1 .5
227.8

______

___

221.2

222.2

(9

2 1 2 .5
18 6 .5

(9
203.7
200.5

201.8
(9

19 5 .2
219 .0

(9
(9
(9
198 .4
(9
(9
203.7

(9
(9
209.7
204.9
19 1 .1
19 6 .3
229.2

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

211.6
201.8
221.2

A p r . 15,
1952

20 2 .7

(9
(9
2 13 .8
18 7 .1
198 .9
203.3

200.6
(9

203.7
19 6 .1
2 19 .4
19 5 .9

(9
19 6 .3
199. 2
19 4 .5

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
204.6

(9
19 6 .9
230.7

(9
198 .6
204.5

(9
(9
208.3
(9
(9
(9

M a y 15,
1952

A p r . 15,
1952

A p r . 15,
1952

M a y 15,
1952

A p r . 15,
1952

M a y 15,
1952

A p r . 15,
1952

M a y 15,
1952

A p r . 15,
1952

1 4 1 .3

140.8

14 4 .6

14 5 .3

9 8 .2

98.0

205.4

206.2

1 7 1 .4

17 1 .1

1 5 1 .4

(9
(9
09
(9

15 9 .4
148.8
13 6 .4
1 6 1 .2
1 5 2 .2
13 8 .2
14 9 .3
15 0 .2
113 .8
15 4 .2
9 8 .5

160.9
14 8 .9
1 3 7 .9
16 2 .7
15 2 .4
13 8 .2
1 5 1 .6
15 0 .5
11 3 .8
1 5 5 .2
98 .5

8 5 .8
1 1 5 .9
7 9 .4
1 1 8 .4

8 5 .9
1 1 5 .7
7 9 .4
1 1 8 .5

216 .0

0)
(0

18 2.8

(>)
(>)
16 9 .7
16 4 .2
17 8 .0
1 7 3 .0
1 7 1 .2

10 5 .6
6 9 .7
88.9
82.0

10 5 .6
6 9 .7
89.9
8 2.0

1 6 1 .6
14 3.0
13 7 .0
100.9
170 .0
1 4 1 .6
15 1 .5
15 0 .5
130 .7
1 1 3 .2
14 3 .9

162 .0
14 3.0
13 4 .9
100.9
170 .0
1 4 1 .6
15 2 .3
15 0 .5
1 2 9 .1
1 1 3 .2
14 4 .7

8 4 .5
84.8
7 3 .5
9 5 .3
1 1 4 .6
7 7 .0
9 9 .2

8 4 .5
84.8
7 2 .1
9 5 .3
1 1 3 .9
7 7 .0
9 9 .2

15 9 .9
14 7.0
1 4 7 .5
160.0
138 .0
14 6 .4
14 3 .6
98.8
168.8
1 5 7 .2
13 2 .2
1 5 2 .7

15 9 .7
15 0 .3
14 7 .6
160.0
138.0
148.8
14 3 .6
98.8
168.8
1 5 7 .2
13 2 .2
14 9 .3

100.4
10 4 .2
11 0 .4
1 1 2 .3
9 7 .5

09
205.4
(2)

(2)

(9
(9
1 5 2 .1
(9
(9
1 7 2 .1

(9
(9
(9
16 7 .3

(9
(9
17 6 .3

(9
(9
1 4 3 .1

(9
1 6 1 .3
1 3 2 .7

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
1 2 5 .1
16 2 .3
12 7 .6

1 4 1 .0

(9
(9
09
16 4 .4
14 6 .7

(9
1 4 8 .1

(9
15 0 .3

09
1 3 7 .2

(9
(9
(9
(9

(9

1 1 8 .7

(9
(9
1 3 1 .5

(9

15 9 .0
1 5 5 .9

(9
(9
168 .9

(9
09
(9

1 Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M a y 15,
1952

110.0
8 3 .5
101.6

86.2

8 4.9
7 5 .1
10 2 .9

102.2

8 8.4
8 7 .0
12 3 .9
10 3 .5
92 .6

111.2

110.0
8 3 .5
101.6

86.2

(>)
19 3 .9
194 .8
(*)
19 6 .1
19 2 .8
18 3 .9

0)
2 2 3 .1

202.6
(>)

«
(>)

201.2
(>)
(>)
2 16 .8

1 9 6 .1
194 .8
209.4
196 .0
19 3 .7

(0

1 7 1 .4
1 6 4 .1

0)

0)

1 7 3 .3
1 7 2 .4
1 6 9 .1

2 3 1.6
2 2 3.5
202.9

(>)
18 3 .7
1 7 2 .9

1 9 4 .1

0)
1 9 1.8
203.3
2 1 4 .7

0)

0)

0

(’)

0)

16 9 .6

(0
0)
1 7 0 .5

(0
(0

(>)

(>)

8 3 .7
7 5 .1
10 2 .9

207.0
19 4 .9

0)

1 5 4 .1
17 0 .6

100.1

202.0

0)

104. 2
1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .4
9 7 .5

209.3
209.0

17 0 .4
1 7 2 .3
169 .8

102.2
8 8 .4
8 7 .0
12 3 .9
10 3 .5
9 2 .6
10 5 .3

0)

0)
(0
0)
0)

(>)
«

1 8 2 .5
206.5
2 1 5 .3

(>)

1 9 5 .4

211.1
209.7

(>)
199 .0

220.0
0;
0)

2 15 .3

(0
(0

(>)

0)

16 8 .5
183.3
17 3 .0
17 8 .8

(0

1 7 5 .9
16 9 .2
1 6 3 .1

«
C1)

0)
0)
«

169 .8

«
1 7 2 .4
16 9 .9

(>)
«
«

(0

«
«

(>)

(0

15 8 .0
17 8 .4
17 3 .1

1 7 7 .4
15 9 .8

0)

17 6 .6

(>)

«

(0

* Rents are surveyed every 3 months In 34 large cities on a staggered schedule,

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

114

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]

Year and month

Cere­ Meats,
als
poul­
All
and
try,
foods bakery and
Total
prod­ fish
ucts

1923:
1926:
19291932:
1939:

Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
August______
1940; Average_____

124.0
137.4
132.5
86.5
95.2
93.5
96.6

105.5
115.7
107. 6
82.6
94. 5
93.4
96.8

101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96, 6
95.7
95.8

1941: Average..........
December___
1942: Average_____
1943: Average_____
1944: Average_____
1945: Average_____
August______

105.5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9

97.9
102.5
105.1
107. 6
108.4
109.0
109.1

107.5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8

106. 5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118. 0
118.1

1946: Average_____
June________
November___

159.6
145.6
187.7

125.0
122.1
140.6

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:

A verage.........
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
January_____
June________

193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
196. 0
203.1

1951: Average_____
M ay________
June________
J u ly ................
August.......... .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1952: January_____
February____
M arch ...........
April_______
M ay________

Fruits and vegetables

Meats
Beef
and
veal

96.6 101.1
95.4 99.6
94.4 102.8

Pork

Lamb

Chick­ Pish
ens

93.8 101.0
94.6 99.6
94.8 110.6

Dairy
prod­ Eggs
ucts
Total

Can­
Fro­
zen * Fresh ned Dried

Sugar
Bever­ Fats
and
and
ages
oils sweets

129.4 136.1
127.4 141.7
131.0 143.8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
93.1 90. 7
101.4 93.8

169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
94.5
92.4
96.5

173.6
226.2
173. 5
105.9
95.1
92.8
97.3

124.8
122.9
124. 3
91.1
92. 3
91. 6
92.4

175 4
152. 4
171 0
91 2
93.3
90 3
100. 6

131.5 126. 2
170.4 145. 0
164. 8 127 2
112. 6 71.1
95. 5 87 7
94 9 84 5
92. 5 82. 2

175.4
120 0
114 3
89 6
100 6
95 ft
9ft 8

112.2
138.1
136.5
161. 9
153.9
164. 4
171.4

103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5

104.2
111.0
132.8
178. 0
177.2
188. 2
196.2

97.9
106.3
121. 6
130. 6
129.5
130. 2
130. 3

106 7
118.3
136 3
158 9
164 5
168 2
168 6

101. 5
114.1
122 1
124 8
124. 3
124 7
124. 7

94 0
108.5
119 6
12fi 1
123 3
124 0
124 0

106. 4
114.4
126 5
127 1
126 5
12fi 5
12fi ft

88.9
88.0
81.1

99.5
98.8
99. 7

110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5

100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6

106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134. 5
136.0
136.4

102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3

161.3
134.0
203.6

150.8 150.5
120.4 121. 2
197.9 191.0

148.2
114.3
207.1

163.9
139.0
205.4

174.0 236. 2
162.8 219.7
188.9 265.0

165.1 168.8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6

182.4
183.5
184.5

190.7
196.7
182.3

140.8 190. 4
127.5 172.5
167.7 251.6

139. 6 152.1
125.4 126.4
167.8 244.4

143.9
136.2
170.5

155.4
170.9
169.7
172.7
169. 0
169.8

217.1
246.5
233.4
243.6
219.4
246. 5

214.7
243. 9
229.3
242.0
217.9
246.7

213.6
258.5
241.3
265.7
242. 3
268.6

215.9
222.5
205.9
203.2
177.3
209.1

220.1
246.8
251. 7
257.8
234.3
268.1

183.2
203.2
191. 5
183.3
158.9
185.1

271.4
312.8
314.1
308.5
301.9
295.9

186.2
204. 8
186.7
184.7
184.2
177.8

200.8
208. 7
201.2
173.6
152.3
148.4

199.4
205. 2
208.1
199. 2
204.8
209.3

201. 5
212.4
218.8
206.1
217.2
224.3

166. 2
158. 0
152.9
146. 0
143. 3
142. 7

263 5
24fi 8
227.4
228 5
223 9
222.fi

186. 8
205 0
220 7
312. 5
299. 5
29ft 5

197. 5
195 5
148 4
144 3
135 2
140 1

180 0
174 0
176^ 4
179 9
178 9
174 3

227.4
227.4
226.9
227.7
227.0
227.3
229.2
231.4
232.2

188.5
188.2
188.4
189.0
188.7
189.4
189.4
190.2
190.4

272.2
272.8
271.6
273.2
275.0
275.6
276.6
273.5
270.1

274.1
272.4
273.1
274.2
276.6
277.6
281.0
278.6
274.6

310.4
308.7
308.8
310.3
310.1
310.7
317.0
317.3
316.9

215.7
213.4
214.4
215.3
222.6
224.3
223.8
215.8
203.8

288.8
289.1
292.5
292.2
292.0
292.2
293.7
295.6
300.0

192.1
199.4
191.3
195.3
194.4
195.1
188.7
184.0
181.9

352.0
353.1
356. 3
353.3
356.4
353.2
353.2
351.1
351.2

206.0
203.5
203.9
205.1
205.9
206.4
207.9
210.4
213.2

211.3
198.4
201.2
211.5
225.8
239.3
243.4
241.8
216.7

217.9
221.6
219.9
218.5
208.9
205.1
210.8
223.5
236.5

98.6
99.6
98.8
98.8
98.0
97.5
97.5
95, 9
95.0

223.3
226.5
223.5
221.8
209.1
204.3
214.4
235.0
255.4

165.9
169.6
170.4
170.0
165.8
164.2
162.8
162.7
163.3

249.9
256.7
254.4
250.7
248. 5
245.6
240.8
238.1
238.9

344.5
345.3
345.2
344.8
345. 2
345. 0
345. 8
346.6
346.8

168.8
176.7
175.2
168.8
162.7
161.5
160.6
158.5
157.8

186.6
185.4
186.1
188.0
188.3
188.2
187.0
186.7
186.4

232.4
227.5
227.6
230. 0
230.8

190.6
190.9
191.2
191.1
193.8

272.1
271.1
267.7
266.7
266.0

273.8
270.8
268.8
268.1
271.7

316.0
314.2
312.6
311.2
310.8

203.8
201.0
200.3
198.7
208.6

297.1
285.6
276. 5
283.1
287.1

192.6
197.5
190.7
188.8
175.4

351.5
351.5
347.6
346.3
345.3

215.8
217.0
215. 7
212.6
210.6

184.3
166.5
161.3
165.9
164.0

241.4
223.5
232.1
247.2
253.8

95.0
94.2
92.5
91.5
88.7

263.2
234.6
248.4
272.8
283.4

163.3
163.6
163.9
163.5
163.7

238.6
238.4
236.3
236.9
236.8

346.7
347.1
347.1
347.3
346.6

155.3
150.9
145.6
143.1
139.9

185.9
185.1
184.3
186.2
187.3

«The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate method,
using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and independent
store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases by families
o f wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing city indexes,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8

112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133. 6
133.9
133.4

and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in order to derive
average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1949 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle­
tin No. 1032, Retail Prices of Pood, 1949, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U . S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same data,
by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
1 December 1950= 100.

115

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

REVIEW, JULY 1952

T able D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935—3 9 = 1 0 0 ]

Jan.
1952

Dec.
1951

Nov.
1951

Oct.
1951

Sept.
1951

Aug.
1951

July
1951

United States......... . . ..........

230.8

230.0

227.6

227.5

232.4

232.2

231.4

229.2

227.3

227.0
231.4
238.0
217.3
215.5
225.0

227.4
238.6
217.3
214.5
227.0

230.7
243.8
220.2
218.2
229.4

230.7
242.5
222.7
219.3
228.9

232.1
242.4
224.3
218.4
227.9

230 0
241.1
224.0
217.8
227.4

232.1
238.3
220.1
213.9
224.3

2 3 4 .6

195.4
215.6
192.2
196.1
204.0
199.0
203.0
208.6
188.0
208.4

2 3 4 .3
2 S 3 .6
M .8
2 2 1 .7
2 4 2 .4

228.1
238.9
216.4
214.9
225.9

Feb.
1952

223.9
239.5
215.3
214.6
227.3

203.1

228.7
239.0
218.1
214.4
225.3

226.9

229.4
237.0
214.5
216.6
226.0

Mar.
1952

225.0
242.6
215.8
215. 2
228.3

227.4

227.7

Apr.
1952

223.2
243.2
216.4
218.8
230.5

M ay
1952

May
1951

M ay
1952

Atlanta, Qa....... ....................
Baltimore, M d___________
Birmingham, Ala_________
Boston, M a s s ............. ...........
Bridgeport, C o n n ........... .

June
1950

June
1951

City

m .s
2 4 7 .1
2 21. S

221.8
2 S S .9

Buffalo, N . Y . . . __________
Butte, M ont______________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1______
Charleston, S. C __________
Chicago, 111..............................

227.0
229.4
238.0
221.4
239.3

224.7
228.9
236.4
220.2
234.8

221.8
228.1
235.1
219.3
233.3

221.0
227.5
235.1
219.4
231.4

225.2
230.2
238.3
222.3
237.5

226.7
233.7
239.8
221.5
238.1

227.2
230.2
240.5
218.0
237.8

224.2
229.2
237.8
217.9
236.2

221.5
228.5
235.1
220 6
232.3

219.2
229.0
236.0
221.0
233.4

222.1
227.4
238.5
218.9
235.3

224.3
225.5
237.2
211.6
233.4

221.9
226.6
236.5
211.6
233.0

Cincinnati, Ohio__________
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Columbus, Ohio__________
Dallas, T e x .............................
Denver, Colo_____________

234.3
240.3
213.8
231.8
232.6

231.9
238.2
211.4
231.3
232.0

228.6
235.8
209.2
229.8
230.4

228.1
237.2
209.8
228.8
230.0

233.2
240.9
214.3
236.3
236.2

230.4
238.5
211.3
235.4
239.2

232.0
239.0
211.4
236.0
236.9

229.7
237.2
209.6
233.8
234.9

229.0
235.3
207. 8
233.5
232.4

228.3
235.7
207.3
230.9
231.6

229.2
236.7
207.6
227.0
230.6

226.9
236.3
208. 5
227.9
232.6

227.1
235.6
207.3
228.9
232.3

205.1
211.2
183.9
201.5
205.9

2 8 6 .7
2 4 2 .4
2 1 8 .9
2 3 5 .6
2 3 7 .7

Detroit, M ic h _____ ______
Fall River, M ass__________
Houston, Tex. _ __________
Indianapolis, Ind__........ .......
Jackson, M iss.1. . . ........ .........

231.6
224.4
236.1
225.0
222.7

231.2
220.4
237.9
222.2
223.7

228.8
221.4
236.1
224.1
223.9

229.1
220.7
236.0
223.8
225.8

235.0
224.0
241.4
227.6
230.3

234.5
223.8
241.2
227.0
229.2

233.5
224.2
237.8
227.9
227.4

230.5
223.2
237.6
226.3
229.4

228.4
219.7
239.4
225.4
227.2

228.9
221.0
237.2
224.3
224.8

229.1
222.2
235.2
223. 3
222.6

229.4
221.3
235.2
222.4
221.9

229.1
219.2
237.1
223.3
223.2

202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0

2 3 7 .8
2 2 9 .8

224.0

Jacksonville, F la ...................
Kansas City, M o_________
Knoxville, Tenn.i_________
Little Rock, Ark__________
Los Angeles, Calif_________

231.3
215.5
249.6
226.5
235.7

232.6
214.4
250.9
226.1
237.1

231.2
213.1
250.5
224.3
234.6

231.5
213.0
253.2
224.6
234.2

237.2
217.8
256.9
229.7
239.3

235.0
218.0
256.6
229.9
240.7

234.8
216.4
256. 2
226.4
237.1

232.5
213.9
253.7
224.4
234.5

234.7
212.2
254.9
223 0
233.3

233.6
211.8
253.1
222.9
232.3

233.8
213.7
251. 7
223.6
232.7

231.9
212.8
249.8
225 2
230.9

230.5
213.6
250.3
225.1
230.9

205.8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6

2 3 4 .3
2 1 8 .6
2 5 3 .8
2 3 3 .3
2 3 7 .6

Louisville, K y ____________
Manchester, N . H ________
Memphis, T enn......................
Milwaukee, W is...... ..............
Minneapolis, M inn_______

216.4
221.2
231.7
237.1
224.2

214.5
217.5
231.4
231.5
222.3

213.2
216.6
231.0
228.0
220.2

213.6
216.8
234.9
227.3
220.1

218.4
221.2
237.8
232.8
223.1

219.1
220.9
238.9
232.6
224.0

218-6
222.5
237.7
231.7
221.2

216.7
222.8
238.0
228.9
218.9

215. 6
219.8
237.4
227.9
215.6

214.8
221.9
234.7
229.2
217.5

216.0
221.6
232.3
231.9
219.0

215.5
221.0
233.0
229.9
219.4

213.7
218.4
234.6
227.5
218.2

192.0
200. 6
208.3
206. 6
194.1

2 2 0 .7
2 2 5 .4
2 3 7 .5
2 4 1 .9

Mobile, A la ..................... .
Newark, N . J_____________
New Haven, Conn________
N ew Orleans, La................
New York, N . Y ........... .........

224.4
228.6
226.1
239.2
227.4

229.1
228.2
221.0
240.1
229.3

228.0
224.1
220.2
239.8
225.3

228.0
225.0
219.7
240.5
226.2

231.6
227.7
222.6
244.8
230.2

231.4
227.2
222.2
244.3
230.6

230.0
228.3
222.1
241.3
230.9

231.7
226.4
222.4
239.9
227.8

229.1
225.3
219.9
240.6
226.1

227.0
225.0
219.2
240.8
225.5

229.5
225.7
221.6
238.8
226. 5

225.7
225.5
220.5
238.2
224.4

224.2
227.1
220.3
239.5
226.4

200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7

2 2 7 .6
2 3 0 .0
2 2 9 .2
24 S. 4
2 3 0 .8

Norfolk, Va..............................
Omaha, N ebr________ ____
Peoria, 111________________
Philadelphia, Pa.....................
Pittsburgh, P a ........................

235.0
224.8
240.0
228.1
233.0

234.7
223.2
239.8
226.9
231.4

231.0
222.4
235.6
224.3
229.3

232.7
222.6
238.5
224.4
229.8

237.2
226.8
243.8
229.4
235.7

233.6
227.0
242.5
228.8
234.6

231.9
225.1
239.6
228.6
235.2

230.0
223.3
235.6
227.1
233.5

229.1
219.6
235.6
224.1
231.0

229.1
220.0
236.9
223.2
232.0

229.1
219.1
239.8
223.6
232.9

229.2
219.6
241.2
222.2
230.3

229.4
219.3
240.6
223.8
230.5

205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207. 5

2 3 8 .3
2 2 8 .7
2 4 4 .7
2 2 9 .8
2 3 6 .6

Portland, M aine....................
Portland, Oreg.................... .
Providence, R. I . . . ....... ......
Richmond, Va____________
Rochester, N. Y __________

215.4
251.3
237.8
215.6
226.4

213.6
250. 6
233.4
216.8
222.2

213.8
248.3
231.4
212.9
221.6

214.1
246.9
229.5
214.3
223.5

217.0
254.8
234.4
219.3
227.4

216.1
253.3
234.1
218.3
227.4

216.4
251.8
233.3
219.1
226.3

215.8
246.9
232.8
218.4
222.3

213.2
247.9
228.3
217.7
220.2

215. 9
247.4
228.9
215.9
218.9

217.0
251.2
231.8
216.5
221.5

213.9
251.5
229.6
216.4
222.9

210.0
252.1
229.1
216.7
220.9

193.0
219.1
207.9
195. '2
196.4

2 1 6 .9
2 5 4 .5

St. Louis, M o___________
St. Paul, M inn...................
Salt Lake City, U tah...........
San Francisco, Calif_______
Savannah, Ga...... .................

243 fi
223.2
234.2
247.0
241.3

240 fi
221.6
233.7
249.5
239.3

238. 3
220.0
231.5
245.4
238.7

238. 6
221.2
231.2
240.5
238.9

244.0
224.0
232.9
248.9
242.6

243.9
223.7
233.4
248.4
241.7

242.2
221.6
232.5
240.7
241.7

239.3
220.7
228.5
235.6
240.7

238.8
215.1
228.0
234.8
241.4

237.2
216.2
227.4
234.4
240.0

237.9
216.5
228.3
237.8
241.2

238.2
216.2
230.0
237.4
239.6

238.4
215.1
228.3
241.2
237.6

210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3

2 4 9 .5
2 2 2 .3
2 3 9 .8
2 5 0 .4
2 4 5 .5

Scranton, P a ..........................
Seattle, W ash_____________
Springfield, 111___________
Washington, D. C________
Wichita, Kans.1___________
Winston-Salem, N. 0.»........

231.1
239.7
242.2
226.8
241.5
217.1

227.8
241.5
240.1
227.8
240.4
218.0

224.3
239.7
238.6
224.0
240.8
217.6

225.6
238.2
240.2
223.1
242.7
218.6

232.0
243.4
244.1
228.7
248.3
223.2

229.9
239.9
242.6
228.9
248.8
222.8

229.8
238.1
241.4
228.1
244.1
220.5

227.2
234.8
238.6
228.0
242.9
220.1

225.6
214.4
238.1
224.0
241.4
219.3

225.9
232.7
237.9

225.5
233.8
238.6
221.9
238.2
220.3

225.7
233.0
238.5
224.2
234.9
220.6

225.2
236.8
237.6
224.3
234.0
220.6

204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3

244.8

1J u n e 1 9 4 0 -1 0 0 .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

222.6
237.8
220.7

2

240.2
2 2 8 .9

224.6

24 1.6
2 2 0 .7
2 3 0 .8

2 3 5 .5
2 4 1 .5
2 3 4 .6
2 4 8 .9
2 1 9 .5

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

116

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D - 6 : Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
A ver­
age

In d e x e s 1 9 3 5 -3 9 -1 0 0

p r ic e

C o m m o d ity

M a y
1952
C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c ts :
C e r e a ls :
F l o u r , w h e a t _______________ 5 p o u n d s . .
C o m f l a k e s 1________________ 1 2 o u n c e s . .

M ay

A pr,

M ar.

F eb .

Jan.

1952

1952

1952

1952

1852

D ec,
1951

N o v .

O c t.

S e p t.

A u g.

J u ly

1951

1951

1951

1951

1951

2 0 1 .8

2 0 1 .3

2 0 6 .4

2 0 5 .8
2 0 3 .6

M a y

June

1951

1950

cents
5 2 .5
2 2 .2

2 0 3 .4

2 0 4 .4
2 0 9 .4

2 0 4 .3

2 0 3 .1

2 0 2 .3

2 0 8 .2

2 0 7 .7

1 0 .2

3 6 7 .9
2 0 6 .4

9 6 .7

2 1 2 .7
9 6 .1

2 0 9 .0

1 7 .7

2 1 8 .0
9 6 .7

2 1 6 .1

R i c e ! ________________ _______ ________ d o —
R o i l e d o a t s * ..................................2 0 o u n c e s . .

2 1 7 .1
9 9 .0

2 0 3 .6
2 1 0 .1
2 1 7 .4
9 8 .2

2 0 3 .7
2 0 9 .6

m e a l _______________ ________ p o u n d . .

9 3 .1

1 8 .0

1 6 3 .8

1 6 3 .7

1 6 3 .5

1 6 3 .8

1 6 3 .3

9 4 .9
1 6 2 .9

2 0 4 .3
9 4 .2

1 6 2 .7

1 6 2 .9

1 8 5 .1
2 2 4 .6

1 8 4 .8
2 2 4 .5
1 0 7 .9

1 8 4 .5
2 2 4 .2

1 8 4 .2

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .9

2 2 3 .8
1 0 9 .1

2 2 3 .1
1 0 9 .8

2 2 1 .5

1 8 3 .7
220. 0

1 8 3 .5
2 1 5 .8

1 0 8 .3

107. 5

1 0 7 .9

1 0 7 .1

3 3 1 .9
3 0 3 .2
3 3 4 .0

3 3 3 .3
3 0 5 .3

3 3 3 .6
3 0 7 .2
3 3 8 .3
1 0 8 .1

3 3 4 .6
3 0 8 .2
3 3 8 .5
1 0 8 .6

3 3 2 .7
3 0 6 .4
3 3 7 .4
1 0 8 .9

3 2 3 .3

3 3 6 .7
1 0 7 .6

2 9 0 .6
3 2 7 .7
1 0 8 .6

2 1 7 .9

2 1 7 .8

2 1 8 .7

2 1 6 .1

3 2 2 .9

3 1 9 .5

3 1 9 .6

3 2 0 .1

226

2 4 8 .8

2 5 8 .7
1 7 8 .4
2 2 6 .5

2 5 8 .1

C om

June
1951

2 0 9 .9

B a k e r y p r o d u c ts:
B r e a d , w h i t e * . . ______ ________ p o u n d . .

1 6 .2

1 8 9 .7

185. 2

V a n i l l a c o o k i e s * .................... . 7 o u n c e s . .
L a y er cak e *»_
............................ p o u n d . .

2 3 .2
4 9 .8

2 2 3 .3
1 0 8 .9

2 2 2 .5
1 0 8 .2

3 3 0 .3
2 9 9 .0
3 3 2 .6

3 3 0 .0
2 9 9 .0
3 3 2 .3

105. 7

1 0 8 .5

9 9 .7
1 6 2 .2

2 0 1 .1

2 0 1 .7
1 9 9 .5

2 0 2 .3
1 9 7 .8

2 0 2 .4

1 9 0 .6

1 9 7 .4

2 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .3

2 0 0 .8

2 0 0 .4

2 0 1 .3

1 7 6 .5
1 8 1 .9

1 0 1 .5

1 0 1 .3

1 6 2 .0

161. 8

1 6 1 .3

1 0 1 .6
1 6 0 .2

1 4 5 .8

2 0 3 .9

9 3 .1

1 8 3 .4

1 8 3 .4

1 8 2 .8

1 6 3 .9

2 1 4 .9
1 0 8 .6

2 1 3 .5

2 1 3 .2

1 9 1 .7

1 0 6 .8

1 0 7 .3

3 2 3 .2
2 8 9 .6
3 2 7 .1
1 0 8 .6

3 2 3 .1

3 2 2 .2
2 8 9 .5

2 1 5 .1

2 1 5 .9

2 1 5 .8

1 0 6 .5
2 1 6 .9

1 8 1 .8

3 1 9 .8

3 1 9 .1

3 1 7 .2

3 1 5 .4

2 7 1 .2

1 7 8 .0
2 2 9 .4
1 8 6 .2

2 5 4 .4
1 7 7 .8
2 2 9 .4
1 8 4 .9

2 3 6 .9
1 7 7 .8
2 2 9 .6
1 8 3 .6

2 3 5 .3
1 7 7 .8
2 2 8 .1
1 8 4 .9

2 3 4 .2
1 7 7 .6
2 2 6 .3
1 8 4 .9

2 4 3 .5
1 6 1 .9
2 1 5 .8
1 6 0 .5

1 8 5 .1

M e a t s , p o u lt r y , a n d fis h :
M e a ts:
B eef:
B o u n d s t e a k _________________ d o -------R i b r o a s t . . . .................................. - d o -------C h u c k r o a s t _________________ d o ---------F r a n k f u r t e r s > . . . ................. . d o ---------

1 1 1 .6
8 6 .4
7 5 .1
6 4 .1

H a m b u r g e r * _________________ d o ---------

6 4 .4

2 1 0 .6

1 0 5 .8
2 1 1 .7

V e a l:
C u t l e t s ................ ...................... ............d o -------P ork:

1 3 0 .4

3 2 5 .3

8 1 .2

2 4 5 .8

6 0 .6
62. 7
3 3 .5
8 2 .6

C h o p s .......... ................. .......................... d o -------B a c o n , s l i c e d _________________ d o . . .
H a m , w h o r e . . . _____________d o
...
S a l t p o r k ............................................. d o -------L am b:
L e g ......................................... ............ . . d o -------P o u l t r y _______ ___________ ___________________________
F r y in g c h ic k e n s :
N e w Y o r k d r e s s e d *_______ d o --------D r e s s e d a n d d r a w n 8 _____ d o _____

3 3 0 .4
2 9 8 .0
3 3 3 .7
1 0 6 .2
2 1 4 .3

1 0 6 .3
2 1 5 .9

2 1 7 .0

3 2 5 .5

3 2 6 .4

3 2 6 .8

3 2 5 .0

2 2 3 .2

2 2 5 .1

2 2 3 .9

1 5 8 .8
2 1 3 .4
1 5 9 .4

1 5 9 .2
2 1 0 .8
160. 9

1 6 0 .6
2 1 1 .9

1 6 1 .9
2 1 4 .4

1 6 4 .0

1 6 8 .1

22
16
21
17

2 9 1 .7

287. 7

2 8 0 .9

2 9 0 .2

175. 4

1 8 8 .8

1 9 0 .7

7
3
6
1

2 9 0 .0
3 2 7 .0
1 0 8 .4

3 2 7 .2
1 0 6 .5

3 2 0 .9
2 8 9 .0
3 2 7 .1

.6
.5
.8
.4

.e
1 6 5 .2
2 1 7 .2
1 7 4 .8

1 7 2 .7
2 1 8 .7
179. 2

3 0 4 .8
1 8 1 .9

3 0 0 .3
1 8 4 .0

2 9 8 .4

1 9 7 .5

3 0 1 .8
1 9 2 .6

1 8 8 .7

2 9 6 .9
1 9 5 .1

2 9 6 .7
1 9 4 .4

2 9 6 .9
1 9 5 .3

2 9 7 .2
1 9 1 .3

2 9 3 .8
1 9 9 .4

2 9 6 .7

2 9 9 .6

2 9 8 .3

2 9 6 .7

2 9 5 .8

2 9 4 .7

2 9 0 .1

2 9 2 .5

2 8 8 .1

2 9 1 .4

2 8 7 .1

1 8 5 .6

2 8 7 .9
2 6 4 .1
2 7 9 .2

2 7 2 .4

4 4 .9
5 3 .9

F is h :
F i s h , f r e s h o r f r o z e n 8_____________________
O c e a n p e r c h f i l l e t , f r o z e n 10* d o _____
H a d d o c k f i l l e t , f r o z e n 11 * . d o -------S a l m o n , p i n k 9 _______1 6 - o u n c e c a n . .
D a ir y p ro d u cts:
B u t t e r _____ ___________________ ________ p o u n d . .

2 9 5 .1

2 9 5 .5

5 0 .6
5 6 .5

4 5 6 .7

4 5 9 .3

4 6 0 .9

4 6 7 .1

4 7 1 .2

4 7 5 .1

4 7 7 .4

4 8 9 .1

5 0 3 .1

5 0 8 .2

5 0 9 .2

5 1 1 .0

5 1 1 .7

3 4 4 .1

8 2 .0

2 2 5 .3

2 3 1 .1

2 4 5 .8

2 5 8 .5

266. 2
193.7
194.2
105.5
209.8
164.0

266. 1
195.0
196.6
106.0
209.6
165.9

265.6
196.7
198.7
106.0
208.2
161.3

265.4
196.5
198.5
105.7
206.6
166.5

252.4
266.8
196.0
198.1
105.3
205.1
184.3

241.2
263.3
195.0
197.1
104.4
202.8
216.7

226.9
261.2
194.0
195.8
104. 5
202.8
241.8

224.2
258.3
191.2
192.7
104.9
203.1
243.4

219.7
259.4
189.7
191.2
104.8
203.0
239.3

220.5
259.3
188.3
190.5
105.2
203.7
225.8

221.8
260.0
187.2
188.5
105.1
203.3
211.5

223.8
261.3
185.1
186.4
104.9
203.3
201.2

223.3
26Ö.3
184.9
185.9
104.7
202.8
198.4

195.4
226. 3
160.4
162.0

89.8
73.3

88.5
83.0

91.9
84.2

92.0
85.3

92.7
88.8

93.2
92.5

04.9
96.6

95.1
99.2

95.6
100.2

95.8
101. 5

97.4
103.2

97.0
104.8

98.7
105.0

4 6 .1

Cheese, American process______ do—
60.2
M ilk, fresh (delivered)________quart.
23.8
M ilk, fresh (grocery)18________ do—
22.2
Ice cream 8_________________ __ p in t..
31.4
M ilk, evaporated____ 14^-ounce ca n ..
14.9
Eggs: Eggs, fresh______________ ..d o zen ..
57.2
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:
Strawberries * 18_____ .12 ounces _
39.9
Orange ju ice9_________ 6 ounces.
17.2
Frozen vegetables:
Peas 9________________ 12 ounces .
23.4
Fresh fruits:
Apples__________________pound— 16.6
Bananas__________________ do----- 16.9
Oranges, size 200_____
—dozen . 46.8
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green____________ pound . 25.4
Cabbage__________________ do----- 12.3
Carrots_________________ bunch .
12.8
Lettuce___________________head..
16.5
Onions_________________ pound— 15.3
Potatoes_____________ 15 pounds
121. 6
Sweetpotatoes___________ pound— 22.4
Tom atoes19_______________ do----- 30.6
Canned fruits:
Peaches____________ No. 2J4 can..
34.6
Pineapple_________________do___
38.3
Canned vegetables:
Com >•____________ No. 303 can .
18.7
T om atoes..- ______ No. 2 can.
17.5
P e a s . . . ___ ______ No. 303 can..
20. 5
Baby foods 19 9____ ,A % -5 ounces . 10.0
Dried fruits, prunes____ .
pound— 26.9
Dried vegetables, navy beans___do----15.8
Beverages:
C ofiee... _______
—
.d o
.
86.8
Cola drink *_________ 6-bottle carton _ 29.1
Fats and oils;
Lard_______________________ pound— 17.6
Shortening, hydrogenated______do___
32.8
Salad dressing_________________pint— 34.4
Margarine . -----------------------pound . ___
Uncolored 17_ . _______ d o ..
32.3
Colored 18. ____________
do ..
28.2
Sugar and sweets:
S u g a r__________________ 5 pounds .
51.2
Grape jelly 9
.
. - .12 ounces.. 23.4
i S p e c i f i c a t i o n c h a n g e d t o 12 o u n c e s
i n M a y 1952.
» J u ly 1 9 4 7 -1 0 0 .
1 F e b r u a r y 1 9 4 3 — 100.
• A v e r a g e p r ic e b a s e d o n 5 2 c it ie s ;
i n d e x , o n 56 c it i e s .
8 S p e c ific a tio n c h a n g e d to 7 o u n c e s
i n S e p t e m b e r 1951.
' D e c e m b e r 1950— 100.
T P r i c e d i n 46 c i t i e s .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

174.2
148.4

93.3

96.3

95.8

98.7

08.5

96.9

96.3

08.5

97.8

98.3

96.2

98.0

98.3

310.0
278.7
164.3

279.7
282.1
159.9

239.4
281.5
160.8

229.2
273.4
156.2

218.8
269.9
161.7

204.8
267.7
164.7

191.2
270.5
175.8

178.4
269.9
189.3

203.0
265.6
194.4

214.3
264.5
1S8.0

240.2
268.9
161.5

232.9
271.7
167.5

213.6
274.2
163.7

301. Î
271.9
172.8

236.8
327.6
234.7
199.3
370.1
333.7
433.4
201.4

258.8
235.5
193.4
184. 5
382. 2
307.0
387.7
231.8

250.4
198.1
196.3
166.0
313.3
282.0
231.2
192.9

238.1
260.0
220.0
145.4
250.9
270.5
309.9
160.7

191.3
419.8
291.7
256.5
242.6
289.5
299.7
189.0

208.0
268.0
281.8
272.8
209.0
266.2
265.2
222.4

246.2
217.2
289.4
232.1
196.6
247.5
234.4
144.3

188.4
160.5
235. 9
186.4
177.0
215.2
227.5
142.8

185.4
153.7
241.1
168.1
168.6
193.3
265.8
101.5

166.8
151.6
235.0
180.6
176.0
208.7
308.2
112.6

149.1
151.0
229.2
192.6
205.7
236.1
251.8
170.2

187.3
172.9
202.6
182.8
246.1
230.2
231.4
179.4

212.7
191.0
196.5
229.8
235.1
202.5
201.5
196.6

151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3

180.0
176.6

178.8
176.5

179.7
176.4

180.0
176.8

179.1
176.7

178.3
177.3

177.6
177.6

177.0
177.8

177.0
177.4

175.3
177.6

174.8
177.6

174. 9
178.1

174.6
178.8

140.1
172.0

172.2
195.2
111.8
102.0
256.2
213.6

172.0
194.8
112.3
102.1
256.3
213.7

171.2
195.9
113.0
102.0
256.2
212.9

171.3
194.2
113.0
102.0
259.0
214.5

169.5
195.1
113.0
101.9
260.6
214.0

168.3
195. 4
114.3
101.9
261.6
213.9

166.7
194.2
114. 6
101.7
263.1
211. 9

165.3
194.8
115. 6
101.7
268.7
213.1

165.7
200.7
116.9
101.7
274.9
216.8

165.4
209.0
117.8
101.7
275.1
220.9

164.9
228.0
119.2
101.7
274.5
224.4

164.2
230.4
118.8
102.1
272.8
230.7

164.4
228.4
118.8
101.9
273.1
233.8

138.4
161.6
114.3

345.2
111.2

345.8
111.4

345.9
111.2

345.9
111.2

345.2
111.3

345.4
111.2

345.5
110.8

345.1
110.2

345.3
109.1

346.3
108.4

346.2
108.0

346.7
108.0

346.5
108.2

294.9

118.3
159.1
142.9
151.8

124.8
162.8
146.7
151.6

130.3
165.6
147.9
153.8

143.7
170.7
151.1
157.2

149.8
174.0
153.6
165.4

155.5
176.6
153.4
169.4

158.3
177.2
152.8
170.5

167.7
178.4
153.0
171.2

163.1
179.4
156.9
172.8

161.7
181.4
158.3
174.6

159.9
190.4
163.5
184.2

166.2
198.4
166.1
194.3

167.8
201.1
164.8
197.8

116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1

191.2
98.2

189.1
98.9

187.0
98.2

187.9
98.3

188.7
98.8

188.8
99.6

189.1
100.0

189.8
99.4

191.6
99.3

191.7
99.4

190.8
100.0

187.4
101.0

186.4
101.0

175.3

8 P r i c e d in 28 c it i e s .
• 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 = 100.
18 P r i c e d i n 46 c it i e s .
11 P r i c e d i n 47 c it i e s .
18 S p e c i f i c a t i o n r e v i s e d i n N o v e m ­
b e r 1950.
18 S p e c i f i c a t i o n c h a n g e d t o 12
o u n c e s i n J a n u a r y 1952.
“ O cto b e r 1949= 100.

237.8
202.7

15 N o . 303 c a n o f c o m i n t r o d u c e d i n M a y 1951 i n p la c e o f N o . 2 c a n .
16 S p e c i f i c a t i o n c h a n g e d t o 4 % -5 o u n c e s i n M a y 1952.
17 P r i c e d i n 9 c it i e s b e g i n n in g O c t o b e r 1 9 5 1 ,1 2 c i t i e s S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 1 ,1 3 c i t i e s
A u g u s t 1951, 16 c it i e s A p r i l t h r o u g h J u l y 1951, 18 c i t i e s J a n u a r y t h r o u g h
M a r c h 1951, a n d 19 c it i e s A u g u s t t h r o u g h D e c e m b e r 1950. P r i c e d i n 56 c i t i e s
b efo re th a t d a te .
18 P r i c e d i n 37 c i t i e s A u g u s t t h r o u g h D e c e m b e r 1950, 38 c i t i e s J a n u a r y
t h r o u g h M a r c h 1951, 40 c it i e s A p r i l t h r o u g h J u l y 1951, 43 c i t i e s A u g u s t 1951,
44 c i t i e s S e p t e m b e r 1951, a n d 47 c i t i e s b e g i n n i n g O c t o b e r 1951.
* A v e r a g e p r i c e s a v a i l a b l e b e g i n n i n g F e b r u a r y 1952.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

T able

117

D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group of Commodities
[1947-49=100] i
M ay
1952

Commodity group
All commodities__________

Apr.
1952

Commodity group
All commodities other than farm and food—Continued

111.6

' 111. 8

Farm products........ ...........................
Processed foods____ ______ ____

108.1
108.6

108.7
108.0

All commodities other than farm and food

113.0

« 113.3

99.4

99.9
c 94.1
106.3
104.8

Textile products and apparel .
Hides, skins, and leather products______ . .
Fuel, power, and lighting materials . . .
Chemicals and allied produ cts..............

94.5
106.5
104.0

1 The revised wholesale price index (1947-49=100) is the official index
for January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December
1951 and previous dates is the former index (1926=100)— see table D-7a.
The revised index has been computed back to January 1947 for purposes
of comparison and analysis. Beginning with January 1952 the index is
based on prices for one day in the month. Prices are collected from manu­

M ay
1952

Rubber and prod nets

140.4
120.6
117.1
121.8
121.6
111.4
112.8
110.8
108.5

T,umber and wood products
Metals and metal products

Machinery and motive prodTints
Furniture and other household durables
Nonmetallic minerals—structural
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages___
Miscellaneous

Apr.
1952

« 140. 6
» 120. 9
122.5
« 121.6
« 112.1
112.8
110.8
109.5

facturers and other producers. In some cases they are secured from trade
publications or from other Government agencies which collect price quota­
tions in the course of their regular work. For a more detailed description
of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale Price Index,
M onthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180).
« Corrected.

T able D-7a: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]

All
com­
modi­
ties
ex­
cept
farm
prod­
ucts

All
com­
modi­
ties
ex­
cept
farm
prod­
ucts
and
foods

All
com­
modi­
ties

Farm
prod­
ucts

Foods

Hides
and
leather
prod­
ucts

Tex­
tile
prod­
ucts

Fuel
and
light­
ing
mate­
rials

1 9 2 9 : A v e r a g e ________

69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3

71.6
71.4
150.3
169.8
104. 9

64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9

68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1

57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4

61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0

90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5

56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4

80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0

56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3

93.1
88.1
142. 3
176.5
82.6

68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5

74.9
67.8
162. 7
253.0
93.9

69. 4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5

69.0
65. 7
131.0
165.4
93.3

70 0
65. 7
129 9
170 6
91.6

1 9 3 2 : A v e r a g e ________
1 9 3 9 : A v e r a g e ________
A u g u s t . ................
1 9 4 0 : A v e r a g e ________

64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6

48.2
65. 3
61.0
67.7

61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3

72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8

54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8

70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7

80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8

71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8

73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0

75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5

64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3

55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9

59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1

70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6

68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8

70. 2
81.3
80.1
83.0

1 9 4 1 : A v e r a g e .................

87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0

82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3

82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9

108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7

84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4

76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0

99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8

103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5

84.4
90.4
95.5
94. S
95.2

94.3
101.1
102.4
1Ô2.7
104.3

82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6

83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2

86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1

89.1
94. 6
98.6
100.1
100.8

88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6

89.0
93.7
95. 5
96.0
98.5

105.8
105. 7

128.2
126.9

106.2
106.4

118.1
118.0

100.1
99.6

84.0
84.8

104.7
104.7

117.8
117.8

95.2
95.3

104.5
104.5

94.7
94.8

116.8
116.3

95.9
95.5

101.8
101.8

100. 8
100.9

99.7
99.9

121.1
112. 9
139. 7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161. 5
175.3
180.4

148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165. 5
170.4
187.4
196.1

130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
179.0
186.9

137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
218.7
221.4

116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
171.4
172.2

90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
135.7
138.2

115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
163.6
170.2
173.6
184.9
189.2

132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
199.1
193.4
206.0
221.4
225.5

101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
139.6
143.3

111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
170.2
176.0

100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
120.5
112.3
120.9
140.5
141.0

134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
187.1
192.4

110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150.2
156.0
178.1
177.6

116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151.2
156.8
169. 0
174.9

114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
172.4
176.7

109.5
105. 6
120.7
135. 2
151.0
147.3
153.2
166. 7
169.4

180.2
183.7
184.0
183.6
182.9
181.7
179.4
178.0
177. 6
178.1
178.3
177.8

194.2
202.6
203.8
202. 5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
192.3
195.1
193.6

182.2
187.6
186.6
185.8
187.3
186.3
186.0
187.3
188.0
189.4
188.8
187.3

235.4
238.7
236.9
233.3
232.6
230.6
221.9
213.7
212.1
208.3
196.6
192.3

178.4
181.0
183.0
182.7
182.0
177.9
173.2
167.4
163.1
157.7
159.4
160.5

136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
138.9
139.1
139. 2

187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
187.9
188.1
189.1
191.2
191.5
191.7

226.2
228.2
228.6
228.6
227.7
225.6
223.8
222.6
223.1
223. 6
224.5
224.0

147.5
150.2
149.3
147.2
145. 7
142.3
139.4
140.1
140.8
141.1
138.7
137.9

175.0
175.7
179.1
180.4
180.1
179.5
178.8
175.3
172.4
171.7
172.0
172.0

142.4
142.7
142.5
142.7
141.7
141.7
138.8
138.2
138.5
139.2
141.3
141.0

192.6
198.9
199.4
197.7
195.5
194.7
189.9
187.5
187.0
188.9
189.6
188.8

184.9
187.0
187.4
187.0
186.4
180.0
174.0
170.0
168.8
168.3
168.7
167.9

173.3
175.6
175.9
176.1
176.2
175.6
175.1
174.4
174.2
174.3
174.1
173.9

176.9
179.3
179.4
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
174.9
174.8
174.8
174.3
174.1

170.4
171.9
172.6
172.3
171.6
170.6
168. 6
167.2
167.0
166.6
166.9
166.9

Year and month

1 9 1 3 : A v e r a g e ________
1 9 1 4 : J u l y .......... ..................
1 9 1 8 : N o v e m b e r ____
1 9 2 0 : M a y _____________

D e c e m b e r _____
1 9 4 2 : A v e r a g e ________
1 9 4 3 : A v e r a g e .................
1944:

A v e r a g e ________

1 9 4 5 : A v e r a g e ________
A u g u s t . . ..............
1 9 4 6 : A v e r a g e _________
J u n e ______________
N o v e m b e r _____
1 9 4 7 : A v e r a g e _________
1 9 4 8 : A v e r a g e _________
1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e _________
1 9 5 0 : A v e r a g e _________
D e c e m b e r ............
1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________
1 9 5 1 : J a n u a r y ..................
F e b r u a r y _______
M a r c h ___________
A p r i l _____________
M a y ______________
J u n e ______________
J u l y .............................
A u g u s t . .................
S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r _________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ______

Metals
and
metal
Prod­
ucts

1 This index (1926=100) is the official index for December 1951 and all
previous dates. The revised index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent dates—see tables D-7 and D-8. BLS whole­
sale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary markets. They
are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are prices prevailing on
organized exchanges.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Chem­
Build­ icals Housefurand
ing
nishmate­ allied
ing
rials
prod­ goods
ucts

M is­
cella­
neous
com­
modi­
ties

Raw
mate­
rials

Semi- M anu­
manufac­
factured
tured
prod­
articles ucts

F o r a d e t a ile d d e s c r ip t io n o f t h e m e t h o d o f c a lc u la t io n fo r t h is s e r ie s s e e
N ov em b er
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , C o m p ilin g M o n t h ly a n d W e e k ly
W h o le s a le P r ic e I n d e x e s (p .

1949

541).

M im e o g r a p h e d t a b le s a r e a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t , g iv in g m o n t h ly in d e x e s
fo r m a jo r g r o u p s o f c o m m o d itie s s in c e
a n d fo r s u b g r o u p s a n d e c o n o m ic
g r o u p s s in c e

1913.

1890

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

118

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices, by Group and Subgroup of Commodities 1
[1947-49=100]

Commodity group

A l l c o m m o d i t i e s . . ______________________________

M ay 2
1952
111.6

Apr.
1952
« 111. 8

F a r m p r o d u c t s . . ----------------------------------------------F r e s h a n d d r i e d p r o d u c e ....................................
G r a i n s ...................................... ....................... ................
L i v e s t o c k a n d p o u l t r y .........................................
P l a n t a n d a n i m a l f i b e r s . ....................................
F l u i d m i l k ...................................................................
E ggs
— - . - ............................................................
H a y a n d s e e d s --------------------------------------------O t h e r f a r m p r o d u c t s . ...........................................

108.1
128.9
98.8
108.9
114.2
105.6
74.3
96.0
136.9

108.7
127.3
100.9
106.6
119.6
108.1
81.7
95.5
136.7

P r o c e s s e d f o o d s ___________________________ _____
C e r e a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ...........................
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , f i s h ......................... ....................
D a i r y p r o d u c t s a n d i c e c r e a m ................ —
C a n n e d , f r o z e n , f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s . . .
S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y --------------------------P a c k a g e d b e v e r a g e m a t e r i a l s -----------------A n i m a l f a t s a n d o i l s _______________________
C r u d e v e g e t a b l e o i l s ............... .............................
R e f i n e d v e g e t a b l e o i l s . . -------- ------------------V e g e t a b l e o il e n d p r o d u c t s .............................
O t h e r p r o c e s s e d f o o d s --------- ----------------------

108.6
107.0
112.1
110.6
104.5
109.2
161.9
65. 2
55.4
60.2
75.6
112.9

108.0
107.4
109.4
112.2
104.6
109.4
161. 9
65.2
49.5
61.1
'77.8
107.8

A l l c o m m o d i t i e s o t h e r t h a n fa r m a n d f o o d s .

113.0

' 113. 3

T e x t i l e p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ------------------------C o t t o n p r o d u c t s ----------------------------------------W o o l p r o d u c t s ------------------- -----------------------S y n t h e t i c t e x t i l e s --------------------------------------S i l k p r o d u c t s ______________________________
A p p a r e l _____________________________________
O t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ___________________

99.4
97.2
112.1
86.7
128.8
100.8
98.6

99.9
98.6
109.2
'86.7
128.4
101.2
110.0

H i d e s , s k i n s , a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ................... .
H i d e s a n d s k i n s ......................... — ......................
L e a t h e r _____ _______________________________
F o o t w e a r ------------------------- --------------------------O t h e r l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ......................................

94.5
58.2
83.4
111.2
100.4

'94.1
49.7
84.4
' 112.9
' 100.2

F u e l , p o w e r , a n d l i g h t i n g m a t e r i a l s ------------C o a l ____________________ __________ _________
C o k e __________________ _____ ________ _______
G a s ........... ......................................................................
E l e c t r i c i t y - ................... ......... ...................................
P e t r o l e u m a n d p r o d u c t s --------------------------

106.5
104.8
124. 3
106.6
99.1
109. 9

106.3
' 104. 9
124.3
' 106. 6
99.1
' 109. 5

C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ---------------------I n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l s --------------------------------P a i n t a n d p a i n t m a t e r i a l s ----------------------D r u g s , p h a r m a c e u t i c a ls , c o s m e t i c s ------F a t s a n d o i ls , i n e d i b l e ___________________
M i x e d f e r t il i z e r ----------------------------------------F e r t i l iz e r m a t e r i a l s ----------------------------------O t h e r c h e m i c a l s a n d p r o d u c t s ---------------

104.0
114.6
107.3
92.5
46.0
108.6
111.5
103.0

104.8
116.8
108.0
92.7
42.6
108.6
109.8
103.0

R u b b e r a n d p r o d u c t s -------------------------------------C r u d e r u b b e r ____ _________________________
T i r e s a n d t u b e s . ------- -------------------------------O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ------- ---------------------

140. 4
182.7
133.0
127.6

' 140. 6
182.7
' 133. 0
128.2

i See footnote 1, table D-7.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Preliminary.

Corrected.

Commodity group

M ayJ
1952

Apr.
1952
120.9

Lumber and wood products.
Lumber______________
M illwork_____________
Plywood........................... .

120.6

Pulp, paper, and allied products-----Woodpulp..........................................
Wastepaper........................................
Pap er..................................................
Paperboard__________________
Converted paper and paperboard.
Building paper and board----------

117.1
113.3
55.1
123.5
130.0
115.0
114.7

117.4
113.3
70.0
123.5
130.3
115.0
113.8

Metals and metal products.............
Iron and steel---------------------Nonferrous metals------- --------M etal containers.............. ..........
Hardware....................- .............. .
Plumbing equipment....... ........
Heating equipment......... ..........
Structural metal products----Nonstructural metal products.

121.8
120.5
126.9
116.0
113.8
115.4
124.4

122.5
123.0
« 124. 8
120.5
« 126.9
116.3
113.9
115.4
124.4

Machinery and motive products.. . . -------------Agricultural machinery and equipment........
Construction machinery and equipment---Metal working machinery...............................
General purpose machinery and equipment.
Miscellaneous m achinery..—........ ..................
Electrical machinery and equipment............
Motor vehicles....................................................

121.6

«

Furniture and other household durables.
Household furniture --------- ----------Commercial furniture-------------------Floor covering...................................... .
Household appliances......................... .
Radio, TV , and phonographs............
Other household durable goods........ .

111.4
113.1
123.2
107.1
90.7
118.4

113.4
123.0
« 126.8
107.8
90.7
117.7

Nonmetalic minerals—structural.
Flat glass__________________
Concrete ingredients.........—
Concrete products..................
Structural clay products-----Gypsum products__________
Prepared asphalt roofing-----Other nonmetallic minerals..

112.8
114.4
112.9
112.4
121.4
117.7
98.6
111.9

« 114. 4
112.9
112.4
121.3
117.7
98.6
« 111.9

Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages.
Cigarettes_________ __________________
Cigars-------------- --------- -----------------------Other tobacco products________________
Alcoholic beverages._____ _____________
Nonalcoholic beverages---------- ------ -------

110.8

119.7

119.7

M iscellaneous..............................................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms—
Manufactured animal feeds.:______
Notions and accessories----------------Jewelry, watches, photo equipment.
Other m iscellaneous..____________

108.5
113. 5
108.3
94.4

109.5
« 113. 5

101.0
121.0

101.0
121.0

121.0

126.4
105.6

122.8
122.0

121.5
124.9
127.9
123.1
119.3
120.9
119.7

120.8

107.3
98.0
114.8
111.2

«

' 121.3
126.4
105.6

121. 6
121.6

124.9
127.9
« 123.1
' 119.3
« 120. 9
« 119. 7

«112.1

112.8

110.8
107.3
98.0
114.8
111.2

110.2

96.1

REVIEW, JULY 1952

119

E: WORK STOPPAGES

E: Work Stoppages
T able E - l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Workers Involved in stoppages

Man-days idle during month
or year

M onth and year
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)
1945
.........
1946
.........
1947
.........
1948
.........
1949
.........
1950
.........

In effect dur­
ing month

2,862
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

1.130.000
3, 470,000
4.600.000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000

Number

16.900.000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34.600.000
34.100.000
50, 500,000
38.800.000

Percent of esti­
mated work­
ing time
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44

1951: M ay................
June________
July............ ..
August_____
Septem ber,...
October_____
November__
December___

440
396
450
505
457
487
305
186

621
615
644
727
693
728
521
357

166,000
194.000
284.000
213.000
215.000
248.000
84,000
81,500

249.000
261.000
345.000
314.000
340.000
365.000
191.000
130.000

1,820,000
1, 800,000
1,880,000
2, 640,000
2, 540,000
2, 790,000
1, 610,000

.21
.21
.22

1, 020,000

.28
.33
.30
.19
.13

1952: January 2„
February 2.
March 2___
April2........
M ay 2____

400
350
400
475
475

600
550
600
650
675

190.000
185.000
240.000

250.000
250.000
320.000

1, 000,000

1, 200, 000
1, 200,000

1.250.000
1.270.000
1.400.000
5, 300,000
7, 500,000

.14
.15
.17
.61
.90

1 All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work­
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

300, 000

more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus­
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

MONTHLY LABOR

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

120

F: Building and Construction
T able F - l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
{Value of work put In place}
Expenditures (In millions)
1951

1952

Type of construction

June3 M a y 2 A pril2 Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1951 »

1950

Total

Total

Total new construction4. . .............................. $2,981 $2,775 $2, 541 $2,345 $2,102 $2,193 $2,394 $2, 660 $2,893 $2,934 $2, 942 $2,873 $2,810 $31,025 $28,749
Private construction___________ _________ 1,906
965
Residential building (nonfarm)_______
845
N ew dwelling un its_______ _______
104
Additions and alterations________
16
Nonhousekeeping 8_______________
403
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) 4__
180
Industrial__________ _______ ____ _
Commercial________________ _ ._
93
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings. ________________
37
56
Stores, restaurants, and garages
130
Other nonresidential building_____
Religious- _________________
32
Educational ________________
29
Social and recreational___ ____
10
34
Hospital and institutional7___
Miscellaneous_______________
25
Farm construction__________________
171
359
Public utilities............................ ..............
Railroad________________________
36
Telephone and telegraph _______
47
Other public utilities_____________
276
All other private 8___________________
8
Public construction___ _______ _________ 1,075
Residential building »__________ . .
55
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)..................
368
Industrial_________________ _____
164
Educational- ___________ _______
133
Hospital and institutional_______
41
0 ther nonresidential _. ________
30
Military and naval facilities 18________
163
Highways_______________________ . . .
320
Sewer and water____________________
62
Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11__________ _ _____________
18
Conservation and development_______
83
All other pu blic11___________________
6

1,807
918
810
95
13
392
188
82

1,690
849
750
87
12
386
194
73

1,616
799
710
77
12
397
201
74

1,464
676
600
63
13
407
209
76

1, 518
720
650
57
13
415
209
83

1,674
840
760
66
14
415
200
92

1,818
930
832
84
14
425
200
96

1,908
963
858
91
14
440
205
95

1,955
958
849
93
16
460
210
101

1,971
956
847
92
17
465
204
108

1,968
965
857
91
17
471
195
121

34
48
122
29
27
9
33
24
157
333
33
46
254
7
968
55

33
40
119
28
26
9
33
23
136
313
32
45
236
6
851
57

33
41
122
29
26
9
33
25
123
292
30
46
216
5
729
59

36
40
122
30
27
9
32
24
113
263
27
41
195
5
638
62

39
44
123
31
28
9
32
23
110
267
30
41
196
6
675
65

41
51
123
32
28
8
33
22
110
303
37
40
226
6
720
66

41
55
129
34
29
9
34
23
126
331
41
42
248
6
842
68

41
54
140
38
31
10
36
25
148
351
40
44
267
6
985
66

45
56
149
42
32
12
37
26
179
352
35
43
274
6
979
63

48
60
153
43
32
13
38
27
194
350
38
43
269
6
971
56

48
73
155
42
30
14
39
30
191
336
35
41
260
5
905
47

48
83
154
41
29
15
38
31
180
326
36
42
248
5
877
47

544
827
1, 664
452
345
164
419
284
1,800
3,695
399
487
2,809
64
9,341
595

402
886
1,427
409
294
247
344
133
1,791
3,330
315
440
2, 575
112
7,139
345

351
151
132
40
28
150
250
60

334
134
131
41
28
135
175
56

301
108
128
38
27
122
115
51

268
85
126
35
22
105
90
46

282
90
129
37
26
113
90
48

289
95
131
36
27
116
111
50

300
97
134
37
32
136
187
55

318
105
136
40
37
147
293
58

319
103
136
40
40
129
303
60

324
104
134
42
44
108
314
62

315
93
133
42
47
86
282
64

310
83
130
46
51
77
265
65

3,471
958
1, 531
498
484
1,019
2, 400
706

2,402
224
1,163
476
539
177
2,381
671

17
79
6

14
74
6

12
65
4

8
56
3

11
62
4

12
72
4

15
76
5

20
78
5

21
77
7

23
77
7

23
80
8

23
82
8

213
860
77

186
881
96

1 Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, IT. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. S. Department of Com­
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables P-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table P-2.
J Revised.
3 Preliminary.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
4 Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
• Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,933 21,684
957 10, 973
853 9,849
88
934
16
190
465 5,152
180 2,117
131 1,371

21, 610
12, 600
11, 525
900
175
3,777
1,062
1,288

’ Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
s Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
» Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
i» Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro­
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
u Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
13 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play­
grounds, and memorials.

REVIEW, JULY 1952

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

121

T able F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed

New Construction, by Type of Construction x*
Value (in thousands)
Type of construction

1952
Apr.

Total new construction
Airfields8_____________
Building______________
Residential.................
N onresidential______
Educational4______
Hospital and institutional_________
Administrative and
general *_____ Other nonresidential
building_______
Airfield buildings 8..
Industrial7______
Troop housing___
Warehouses_____
M iscellaneous8__
Conservation and development________
Reclamation______ _
River, harbor, and
flood control_______
Highways____________
Electrification _______
All other 8......... ..............

Mar.

1951

Feb.*

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

1951

1950

Total

Total

$358, 525 $265,187 $202,100 $260,887 $208, 507 $190, 610 $189, 052 $264, 088 $281,797 $337,685 $639,451 $674, 596 $327,655 $4, 201, 939 $2,805, 214
3,833
6,949
3,371
144, 461 144, 054 104,876
530
178
280
143, 931 143,876 104, 596
5,896
3,318
6,508

9,315
3,340
97,126 115, 631
310
306
96,816 115,325
3,384
7, 703

10,170
72, 316
112
72, 204
9,825

9, 096 14, 532 15, 535 48, 427 91,849 39,349 17, 716
278, 630
58,183
72, 644 109, 958 151, 381 165,801 339,054 509,105 133, 933 2,179, 280 1,369, 617
19
244
64
611
748
1,939
3,008
8, 966
15’ 445
72,663 109,714 151,317 165,190 338,306 507,166 130, 925 2,170,314 1,354,172
12, 229
8,038
9, 723
6, 909
2,225
1,726
1, 653
60, 570
3,123

23, 270

10, 902

10, 629

5, 745

10,653

10,867

14, 601

29,634

23,825

15,843

53,838

23, 438

35, 759

305,787

615

3, 266

1, 717

2, 236

1,570

1,265

1,812

15, 673

2,807

1,116

7,675

2,034

3, 039

57,146

58, 794

114,150 126, 390
5,310
6,461
31,161 43, 645
36, 534 28,492
28, 256 29,765
12,889 18, 027

85, 742
2, 041
6, 764
23, 962
32,427
20, 548

85, 451
905
11, 703
25,020
28,133
19, 690

95,399
1,787
32, 274
47, 293
6, 734
7, 311

50, 247
309
27, 973
656
12, 547
8, 762

44, 021
3, 903
10,890
1,201
4,850
23,177

54, 684 116, 647 141,322 274, 568 479,968
11,013 15, 685 13,137 21, 251
9, 942
22,033 47, 006 71, 731 81, 244 347, 357
3, 055
5,633
9, 498 86, 600 40,105
3,156
3, 229
7,880 18, 908
8, 344
15,427 45,094 39,076 66, 565 74, 220

90, 474 1, 746,811
5,900
91, 911
21,179
892, 384
11, 969
225, 909
7,483
75,824
43, 943
460,783

896,169
32,450
745,037
2, 589
45, 437
70, 656

396,086

50, 433
34, 637

15, 246
5, 461

24,382
5,470

26, 389
527

13,852
2,423

28, 449
2,017

19, 429
6,244

47,493
6,409

9,816
1,953

9, 551
5,204

28,087
7,677

39,638
3,603

99,132
8,422

396,841
86,928

321, 458
8i; 768

15, 796
101, 566
49,681
8, 551

9,785
79, 605
12, 738
6,595

18, 912
60, 971
2, 960
5,540

25,862
66, 430
49, 523
12,104

11, 429
53, 373
6, 464
15,847

26, 432
69, 554
2,711
7,410

13,185
65,375
3, 614
18,894

41, 084
68,419
5, 671
18, 015

7,863
91, 588
2, 730
10, 747

4,347
77, 090
13,932
22,884

20, 410
98, 564
24,889
57, 008

36,035
62, 755
9, 519
14, 230

90, 710
58, 289
8,382
10, 203

309, 913
850, 946
281, 251
214, 991

239, 690
836j 015
156,981
62, 960

1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts contrib­
uted by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work is
done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using a
separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
2 Includes major additions and alterations.
8 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

• Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses.
8 Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in­
cluded under “ Troop housing.”
7 Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in­
cluding those which are privately operated.
8 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
8 Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
•Revised.

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

122

MONTHLY LABOR

T able F -3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
Number of new dwelling units—House­
keeping only

Valuation (In thousands)
N ew residential building

Privately financed

Housekeeping

Period
Total all
classes 2

Privately financed dwelling units
Total

1-family 2-fam­
ily»

M ulti­
family <

Publicly Nonfinanced housedwell­
keeping
ing »
units

New nonre,sidential
building

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Total

1-fam- 2-fam­

184,892
430,195
502,312
516,179
575, 286
796,143
533,926

138,908
358,151
393, 606
392, 532
413, 543
623, 330
434,877

ily

ily *

Pub­
licly fi­
Multi- nanced
fam­
ily 1

$2, 707, 573
4, 743,414
5, 563,348
, 972, 784
7,396,274
10,408, 292
8,787,605

$598,570
2,114,833
2,885, 374
3,422, 927
3, 724, 924
5,803,912
4,375,366

$478,658
1,830, 260
2,361,752
2, 745, 219
2,845,399
4,845,104
3,814,768

$42,629
103, 042
151,036
181,493
132,365
179, 214
170,392

1951: A p r il....................
M ay___________
June___________
J u ly ......................
August..................
September______
October________
November______
December.............

777,318
813,218
986, 643
703, 258
764,711
829,893
652, 458
534,974
426, 520

420,085
457, 664
388,187
342, 532
385,139
435, 460
344, 289
264,081
210,328

374,674
393,080
335, 958
292,861
333,986
379, 283
306,132
235,456
178, 004

19,005
14,466
15, 587
13,816
15,389
18,170
14,374
10,324
9,572

26,406
50,118
36, 642
35,855
35, 764
38,007
23, 783
18,301
22, 752

33,305
7,027
298, 421
30, 000
15,838
15,333
9,788
21,192
10, 669

3,346
1,477
1,454
3,685
4,100
7,684
4,880
2,369
1, 014

234,024
239,332
202, 036
224, 381
258,318
276, 757
198,342
180,742
145, 054

, 558
107,718
96,545
102,660
101,316
94,659
95,159
66,590
59, 455

60,494
64,626
47,057
41,657
47,182
50, 449
42.170
32, 681
26, 805

42,816
43, 957
37, 860
33, 291
38,036
40,328
35, 575
27,781
21, 238

2,857
2,514
2, 629
2, 396
2,669
2, 995
2,477
1,766
1,700

4,821
8,155
, 568
5,970
,477
7,126
4, 118
3,134
3, 867

3, 343
836
35,007
3,275
1,706
1,752
1,017
2,308
1,234

1952: January...
February.
March 7. .
A p r il8__

508, 470
595,214
778, 897
829, 974

266, 719
345,009
407, 925
463. 719

234,184
300, 701
352, 857
408, 519

12,206
17,263
18, 794
19, 929

20,329
27,045
36, 274
35, 271

25,731
25,181
76, 903
70, 505

1,247
1,607
4, 570
3,307

145, 675
146,739
198, 888
199, 917

69,098
76,678
90, 611
02, 526

34,374
43,191
49, 942
56,099

28, 376
34,978
40,136
45,838

2,386
3,017
3, 469
3,486

6,337

3, 612
5,196

3,185
2,975
9.588
8.589

1942..
1946..
1947..
1948..
1949..
1950..
1951 ».

6

$77,283 $296,933 $22,910 $1,510,688 $278,472
181,531 355, 587 43,369 1, 458, 602 771,023
372, 586
42,249 29,831 1, 713, 489 892,404
496, 215 139,334 38,034 2,367, 940 1,004, 549
747,160 285,627 39, 785 2,408,445 937,493
779, 594 301, 961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1,090,142
390,206 575,726 37,467 2,709,302 1,089,744

i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
In some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion, Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

86

15, 747 30, 237
24,326 47, 718
33, 423 75. 283
36,306 87, 341
26, 431 135,312
33, 302 139, 511
29, 743 69,306

6
6

6,775

95,946
98,310
5,833
15,114
32,194
34,363
65,896

Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
» Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
* Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
* Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
Totals for 1951 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for
January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a subse­
quent issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
Revised.
•Preliminary.

8
8

7

123

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

REVIEW, JULY 1952

T able F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by

Geographic Division2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi­
dential building

1951

1952
Mar.8

Apr.4

Feb.

Jan.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Aug.

Sept.

July

Apr.

M ay

June

1951 *

1950

Total

Total

All types ___ ... _____ $199,917 $198,888 $146, 739 $145,675 $145.054 $180, 742 $198, 342 $276, 757 $258,318 $224,381 $202, 036 $239,332 $234, 024 $2, 709, 302 $3,127, 700
195,407
, 881 16, 920 29, 751
193, 386
7, 566 14, 651 12, 297 14, 405 30,839 16, 471
13, 812 19, 440
7, 522 10, 847
New England_____
403, 876
516, 583
27, 873 41,738 26, 096 25,311 28,021 30, 414 31,585 33,360 46,158 25, 785 24, 580 33, 578 26, 901
Middle A tla n tic..52,623
727,850
70,
433
675,
555
56,067
64,
015
54,828
66,075
70,
940
32,
254
61,
360
34,
879
28,136
45,
387
40,238
East North Central.
, 682
201, 605
262, 737
9,537 17, 711 31, 787 16, 628 18, 084 14, 894 16, 272
9, 732
, 946
West North Central. 20,367 10,941 10,136
289,
919
17,
940
375,
803
20,368
,
886
16,
582
25,
040
42,
089
23,
606
17,160
15,
534
South Atlantic.
. 20, 589 22,784 21, 615 17, 060
93, 987
144, 084
5,662
9,651 17,617
4,999
5,198
7,775
5, 436
6,735
2,506
5, 470
5,040
,455
, 556
East South Central.
281,140
388, 201
, 266 19, 743
West South Central. 25,117 17, 503 15, 736 18,142 12, 635 15, 246 20, 678 21, 605 27, 025 23, 019 26, 943
100, 746
112, 265
5, 283 14, 554
9,238
6,957
, 282 12, 677
5,279
4,125
5,639
5, 231
5,477
, 411
M ountain ________
414, 772
459,155
36,255 31,378 20, 074 24, 073 32,361 21, 625 25,399 43,173 32,172 51, 772 27, 462 41, 889 32, 213
Pacific____________
472,124
296, 803
27,659 22, 517 17,391 23,222 17, 766 58,069 39, 906 34, 229 45,151 43, 267 43,123 42, 921 37, 655
Industrial buildings6__
1, 497
31, 650
3,003
4, 877
13, 999
2,667
859
4, 600
1,843
4, 362
617
1,570
2,299
5, 939
New England_____
97,035
11,
546
8,133
55, 679
,
722
,
634
9,380
,
528
6,032
2, 074
1,537
4,427
3, 940
Middle Atlantic
201, 884
110, 829
6,683
7,665
4, 731
9,236 36, 426 12, 981 12, 049 22,165 15, 333 19,177 15,159 14, 970
5, 859
East North Central.
2,349
1,961
25,306
1,169
1,526
1,252
23, 369
3,887
3, 980
1,332
1,300
1,484
1,156
643
1,131
West North Central.
21,164
1,016
2,229
, 682
17, 019
1,853
1,008
2,865
2,950
939
499
1,530
3,108
1,728
1, 570
South A tlan tic... 982
1,
209
13,194
13,355
1,129
1,048
887
3,
316
1,590
354
340
662
117
248
East South Central.
2,631
18,328
3, 246
949
2,482
522
17, 800
1,048
1, 475
975
4,420
1, 541
1,586
1,185
536
West South Central.
308
550
6,103
965
5, 469
214
304
1, 044
382
749
246
132
279
293
216
M ountain________
5,655
6,135
4,567
57,460
39, 284
, 578
4, 421
3,735
2,654
4, 830
3,031
3,021
3,914
2,907
4,080
Pacific
47,144
739,788
62,
308
52,
846
55,
727
1,122,
583
61,124
41,
278
57,280
34,434
43,
594
91,
442
33,184
Commercial buildings 7. 53, 924 54,976
36, 506
1,693
2,042
2, 231
53, 675
1, 984
7,071
2,535
5, 947
1,983
1,174
1,315
2,256
2,751
1, 227
N ew E n g la n d .____
111,
644
9,004
9,448
212,
645
6,631
8,049
10,
734
5,
266
12,
609
6,625
8,834
8,409 16,120
5, 398
5,203
Middle Atlantic . 155, 535
9,375 16, 487
, 689
201, 314
, 822 13, 344 11, 324 15, 708
3,853
, 476
, 953
, 797
10, 904
8,133
East North Central
2,934
43, 206
2,932
6,635
94,104
4,116
2,424
2,946
4, 977
3, 776
1, 724
1, 537
1,458
4,867
3, 715
West North Central.
99,315
9,346 17, 484
5,083
139, 990
5, 999
7,244
5, 468
5, 098
4, 853
5,957
6,714
8,457
6,369
5, 045
South A tlantic...
36,
535
1,801
12,315
46, 076
1,
054
2,244
1,797
2,073
2,163
744
1, 738
3, 078
1, 948
3,528
1,146
East South Central.
7,778
93,132
5,499 10, 946
5,640
175,129
7,341
, 418
4,132
4,707
4, 823
4,995
7, 516
6,560
West South Central.
2,674
2,143
26,185
47, 481
1,854
1,300
1,034
4,675
4,398
2,384
1,092
2,807
1,835
1,480
1,500
M ountain_________
137, 730
7, 722 18, 928
, 455
152,169
9, 661 13, 990
, 206 12, 048
5,598 13, 539
8,674
7,183
6,114
6,300
Pacific
1,085,133
104,
474
77,323
99,126
1,
200,
078
86,240
71, 989
110, 265 111,538
Community buildings 8 77, 554 96, 367 71, 769 64,084 51, 994 54, 461
104,053
6,130
, 872 22, 790
107, 541
4, 870
8,083 18,528
6,683
4,799
, 783
8,277 14, 330
2, 481
3,406
New England_____
148,
877
6,907
169,
036
9,
957
11,
460
,
660
8,299
5,
532
9,311
10,375
10, 046 18,950 17,030 13,121 18, 710
Middle Atlantic . .
250, 645
275, 029
5,046 14, 273 22, 567 29, 619 20,141 14, 919 21, 840 23, 667 21, 547
17,036 18, 843 19,032 12, 447
East North Central
9,754 17, 829
, 610
7,050
9,257 11, 561
105, 603
9,307
,333
5,383
2,949
6,137
4,569
5,857
West North Central. 11, 825
131,093
8,939
7,873 17,564 13,126
179, 635
9,225
7,009 13, 588
5,209
6,294
, 559
5,708 13, 081
7,608
South Atlantic
1,475
35,412
3,245
4, 928
62, 529
1,718
1, 966
1, 899
1, 713
2,639
838
1,831
2,057
2, 224
4, 528
East South Central
123, 521
7,004
8,950
146, 688
, 280 10, 030
, 549 14, 687 12, 899
5,310
4,387
9,989
8,681
7, 321
, 658
West South Central.
50,
767
4,625
8,946
1,
673
43, 296
1,683
2,360
9,735
5,
111
1,082
1,331
2,038
1,636
2, 005
1,140
M o u n ta in _______
138,155
5, 992 13, 236 11,641 22, 481
9,082 15, 651 13, 535
170, 721
5,368
6,595
11, 534 14,053
5, 645 10, 239
Pacific
2,962
106,171
4,108
134,
894
5,608
9,613
10,
876
16,062
6,063
5,
856
11,
593
4,725
4,045
3,696
Public buildings 8 ____ 11,889
4,354
2, 584
23
114
842
889
265
781
339
New E n g la n d .____
16,236
226
159
1,410
40,178
11,076
325
213
48
38
427
19
107
Middle Atlantic___
524
25,332
5,338
130
3,714
109
9, 613
897
375
1,522
7,934
937
450
256
East North Central.
2,084
4, 898
244
132
777
163
554
345
31
West North Central
392
1,748
15,398
15,008
565
40
47
1,580
195
172
52
2,093
246
2,351
South A tlantic.. . .
270
9,279
57
37
East South Central.
15,899
305
, 268
64
2,016
653
685
18
305
3,948
714
131
60
W est South Central
614
1,165
4,090
3, 240
1,240
326
18
716
927
90
M ountain_____ __
22, 508
1,941
766
1,171
41,928
1,739
3,109
3,553
359
604
148
8,649
2,473
422
185
P a cific----------------Public works and utility
115,708
106,164
6,341 12,878 11,368 10, 629
9,713
9,458
8,809
7,507
8,518
8,163 12, 753 11,674
5, 779
buildings10 _______
2,476
380
, 800
6,478
624
42
1, 814
361
106
149
205
275
1,008
28
New E ngland... . _
679
1,024
11,160
1, 570
1,354
348
1,633
335
16,868
647
1,162
268
644
187
753
Middle Atlantic___
1,095
35,028
26,
585
1,861
7,
683
3,
580
3,960
3,
722
3,309
1,
424
707
3,
903
3,188
,
020
816
East North Central
1,534
307
9,672
9,314
758
806
889
1,825
534
169
134
47S
238
W est North Central
674
917
650
9, 629
7, 658
324
175
127
3,555
389
247
689
1,673
3, 517
South Atlantic____
549
26
1,988
3,316
92
331
25C
C
368
161
(
240
East South Central.
829
421
11,058
762
13,646
842
1, 727
560
512
845
2,862
472
272
728
763
West South Central.
2.
094
2,702
18
370
126
24C
24C
1,085
44C
7C
30
C
4
Mountain ______
2,749
3,798
26, 279
19, 597
1,094
1,348
455
1,151
426
, 553
664
2, 769
1, 462
2, 373
2, 087
Pacific
__
15,996
190,378
207,
247
19,
314
8,433 13,364 20,148 25, 507 19,478 17, 796 15, 590
, 286
8,387
All other buildings n ._ . 20, 373 14, 524
757
10,044
9,109
941
705
750
717
1,086
1,037
1,305
506
332
209
1, 429
223
New E n g la n d ____
1,565
18,924
22,177
1,732
1.781
2,174
1,961
, 201
1,485
914
1, 955
762
2,206
842
Middle Atlantic
59, 426
6,982
5, 798
52, 285
5,657
7,054
8,166
5,940
7,203
2, 54C
1, 817
4,126
1,680
1,963
, 476
East North Central
1,814
1,592
18, 727
25, 451
1,538
2,492
2,238
1,905
2,852
1,113
441
62i
981
2,143
1,017
West North Central.
16, 493
1,007
935
1,195
13,320
1,857
1, 574
881
1,298
732
1,144
63(
1,186
1,243
1,398
South Atlantic. __
298
6,588
9, 629
396
439
315
523
922
363
308
1, 776
379
271
476
440
East South Central.
19, 202
1, 500
26.670
2,428
986
3,347
1,488
2,532
958
1, 318
657
1,334
1,821
1, 749
West South Central.
1,151
11,
507
853
10,077
1,128
1,068
92i
1,151
1,313
1,702
565
31(
802
2,131
\Tnun tain
1,019
32,640
2,140
35, 456
2,128
2,316
2,677
2,074
3,140
5,735
2,891
2,252
1, 276
2, 899
3, 513
Pacific____________

12

8

8
6

22

20

6

1.010

10,100

11

8,100

6

8

20

8,200

8

1

2,212

8

6

8

10

6

6

6,120 8
10

6

12

0

0
120

12

6

6

10

102

8

8

6
1,100

8

8

0

200

86
1,122
0
0
0 1,000

0
0

0

8
0
8

2,666

0

0

100
0

0

0
12
122

0
102
12
0
0

8

1,002

1

6

112

8

66

11

1,002
1,212

68

6

8

2,002

2

6

8

1,110

2,100

i Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
>For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
» Totals for 1951 include revisions which do not appear in data shown for
January through December. Revised monthly data will appear in a subse­
quent issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
< Preliminary.
* Revised.
, .
,
• Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

11ncludes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, andjother buildings
not elsewhere classified.

8
8

11

124

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by

Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units

Privately financed

Period
Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

1925___________________________
937,000
93,000
1933 3__________________________
19414__________________________
706,100
1944 8__________________________
141,300
1946__________________ _________ 670, 500
1947___________________________
849,000
931,600
1948___________________________
1949___________________________ 1,025,100
1950 «_____ ____________________ 1,396,000
1951___________________________ 1,091,300

752,000
45,000
434,300
96, 200
403, 700
479,800
524,900
588,800
827,800
595,300

1950: First quarter.____ _________
January________________
F e b r u a r y ..______ ____
March____ ____ _________
Second quarter____________
April___________________
M ay______________ _____
June___________________
Third quarter________ ____
July------------ ------ ----------A u g u s t________________
September___________ . .
Fourth quarter__________
October___ ___________
November____ __________
December...........................

278,900
78, 700
82,900
117,300
426,800
133, 400
149,100
144,300
406, 900
144,400
141,900
, 600
283,400
102, 500
87,300
93, 600

167, 800
48,200
51,000
, 600
247, 000
78, 800
85, 500
82, 700
238,200
84,200
83, 600
70,400
174, 800
59,400
53,100
62,300

1951: First quarter.......... ................ .
January________________
February_________ _____
M a r c h .................................
Second quarter...................... .
April______
____ _____
M ay.......................................
J u n e ____________ ______
Third quarter___________ _
July-------- --------- -----------August_________________
Septem ber_____________
Fourth quarter. _______
October___________ _____
N o v e m b e r ..___________
December______________

260,300
85,900
80, 600
93, 800
329, 700
96, 200
, 000
132, 500
276,000
90,500
89,100
96,400
225,300
90, 000
74, 500
60,800

147,800
49,600
47, 000
51,200
192,000
51,900
55, 400
84,700
141, 200
45, 900
45, 900
49,400
114,300
44,400
38, 500
31,400

112, 500
36,300
33,600
42,600
137,700
44,300
45, 600
47,800
134,800
44, 600
43, 200
47,000

36,100
42, 800

28, 800
34. 900

120

101

1952: First quarter______________ 240,600
J a n u a ry ___
. _ _
64,900
February 8___
____
77. 700
March .
__________
98, 000
Second quarter..
_______
A p ril18____
___ 1 108,000

1

68

0
0

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

185,000
937,000
48,000
93,000
619, 500
271,300
45,600
138, 700
662, 500
266,800
845,600
369, 200
913, 500
406, 700
436,300
988,800
568,200 1,352, 200
496,000 ,020,100

752,000
45,000
369, 500
93,200
395, 700
476,400
510,000
556,600
785,600
531,300

185,000
43,000
250,000
45, 500
266,800
369,200
403, 500
432,200
566,600
488,800

111,100

165, 600
47, 300
50,800
67, 500
241, 200
77, 000
82, 200
82,000
225,200
79, 500
79, 600

1

30, 500
31,900
48, 700
179, 800
54,600
63, 600
61,600
168, 700
60,200
58,300
50, 200
108, 600
43,100
34,200
31,300

276,100
77, 800
82,300
116,000
420,400
131,300
145, 700
143,400
393, 600
139, 700
137,800
116,100
262,100
100,800
82, 700
78,600

153,600
57, 700
48, 500
47,400

110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179, 200
54,300
63,500
61,400
168,400
60,200
58,200
50,000
108, 500
43,100
34,200
31,200

248, 900
82,200
76, 500
90, 200
280,200
92,300
97, 600
90,300
270, 400
86,800
88,300
95,300
, 600
, 900
72,200
59,500

137,200
46,400
43,200
47, 600
148, 500
48,300
52,300
47,900
135, 700
42,300
45,100
48,300
109,900
43, 400
36,200
30,300

111,700
35,800
33,300
42, 600
131, 700
44,000
45, 300
42,400
134, 700
44, 500
43, 200
47,000
110,700
45, 500
36,000
29,200

32, 900
39, 700

28, 600
34, 600
(8)

111,000 220
45,600
88
36,000
29,400

221,000

0

61, 500
74,300
85, 200

0

98,800

The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to noni'arm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as
shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
■enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

66,100

0

(9)

0

Publicly financed
Total
non­
farm

0
0

Urban

0
0

86,600
3,100

64,800
3,000

3,400
18,100
36,300
43,800
71,200

3,400
14,900
32,200
42, 200
64,000

2,800
900
600
1,300
6,400

2,200
900
200
1,100

8,000 8,000

2,100

5,800
1,800
3,300
700
13,000
4, 700
4,000
4,300

3,400
900
13,300
4, 700
4,100
4,500
21,300
1,700
4,600
15,000

1, 700
4,600
14,900

11,400
3, 700
4.100
3,600
49, 500
3,900
3,400
42,200
5,600
3, 700
800

10,600
3,200
3, 800
3,600
43,500
3, 600
3,100
36,800
5, 500
3,600
800

21,200

19, 600
3.400
3. 500
12,800

3, 200
3,100
(9)

9,200

(9)

Total

Privately
financed

Publicly
financed

0 $4,475,000
0 285,446
2,825,895
100 495,054
0 3, 769, 767
0 5,642,798

3,200 7, 203,119
4,100 7, 702, 971
1,600 11,788, 595
7,200 9,800,538

$4,475,000
285,446
2,530, 765
483, 231
3, 713, 776
5,617,425
7,028,980
7,374, 269
11, 418,371
9,186,123

$295,130
11,823
55,991
25,373
174,139
328, 702
370,224
614, 415

2,162,425
589, 997
637, 753
934, 675
3, 564,856
1,093, 726
1,232, 976
1,238,154
3, 564,953
1,253,340
1,266,198
1,045,415
2,496,361
915,895
762, 625
817,841

2,138, 565
581,497
632, 690
924,378
3, 511,204
1, 075, 644
1,204,978
1, 230, 582
3,446, 722
1,210,745
1,230,238
1, 005, 739
2, 321, 880
902,190
724, 876
694, 814

23, 800
, 500
5,063
10,297
53, 652
18,082
27,998
7, 572
118,231
42,595
35,960
39,676
174,481
13, 705
37, 749
123,027

2,293,974
755,600
716,629
821, 745
2,964,456
866,298
922, 661
1,175,497
2,527,033
827,173
804,317
895.543
2,015,075
806,955
672,078
536,042

2,191,489
721,014
681, 607
788,868
2, 549,238
828, 339
895,309
825, 590
2,472,196
791, 783
795, 624
884,789
1, 973,200
796,682
650,660
525,858

102,485
34, 586
35, 022
32, 877
415,218
37,959
27,352
349, 907
54,837
35,390
8,693
10,754
41, 875
10, 273
21,418
10,184

2,124, 546
566, 625
682, 895
875.026

1,966,623
538, 612
654, 631
773,380

157,923
28,013
28, 264
101, 646

957, 267

880, 512

76, 755

21,800

600

0
200
400

600
300

100
200
0100
200
100
0
0100
300

800
500
300

60,000

300
300
5,400

1,100 1,100
4,400
1,100 1,000
2,300
2,300
1,100
1,300
4,700

Rural
non­
farm

Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) 3

100
100
0
0300
100
0
200
200
0
0
300

3

0
0

8

Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc­
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
Depression, low year.
Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
1 Last full year under wartime control.
Housing peak year.
Less than 50 units.
Revised.
* N ot available.
Preliminary.

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4
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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19B2