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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ROYAL MEEKER^ Commissioner MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW VOLUME IX https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NUMBER 1 JULY, 1919 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Contents. Special articles: Page. What is the American standard of living? by Royal Meeker, United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics................................................................. 1-13 Joint shipping industrial conference, by Benjamin M. Squires................... 14-23 National guilds movement in Great Britain, by G. D. II. Cole.................. 24-32 Prices and cost of living: Retail prices of food in the United States...................................................... 33-51 Retail prices of dry goods in the United States.......................................... 52-56 Trend in retail prices of food in 39 cities, 1913 to May, 1919, by Elma B. Can-.............................................................................................................. 57-60 Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States, 1913 to May, 1919.. 61, 62 Comparison of retail price changes in the United States and foreign coun tries............................................................................................................... 63-65 Prices of meats and breadstuffs during the war and the readjustment period............................................................................................................ 66-74 Cost of living in the United States............................................................... 75-114 Cost of living for a workingman’s family in Argentina.............................. 115,116 Rise in cost of living in New Zealand in 1918............................................ 116,117 Retail food prices in Christiania, Norway, in April, 1919............................. 118 Cooperation and employees’ representation: Cooperation in three countries..................................................................... 119-123 Application of industrial council plan to administrative departments of British Government.................................................................................. 123-126 Collective agreements in Sweden................................................................ 126,127 State-aided cooperative societies in South Africa..................... 128 Vocational education: Enrollment in vocational courses under Federal Vocational Education Act, 1917-18....... . ..................................................................................... 129,130 Plan of cooperation between Federal Board for Vocational Education and navy yards................................................................................................. 130,131 Employment and unemployment: Employment conditions in the United States, March 8 to June 21,1919. 132,133 Employment in selected industries in May, 1919...................................... 134-137 Report of employment exchanges in the United Kingdom, March 7 to April 11, 1919............................................................................................ 138-140 Volume of employment in the United Kingdom in April, 1919........... 140,141 Demobilization and employment in France............................................... 142-145 Wages and hours of labor: Industrial survey conducted by United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. 146 Earnings in manufacturing industries in New York State in March, 1915 to 1919, inclusive...................................................................................... 147,148 Comparison of wage payment methods....................................................... 149-152 Wages and labor conditions in gold mining................................................... 152 Wages paid to certain classes of labor in British Columbia....................... 152,153 The rise in rates of wages in Great Britain during the war....................... 154-158 Wages of masters of vessels in Great Britain.............................................. 158,159 Six-hour day in soap-manufacturing industry in Great Britain................ 159-161 Wages and labor conditions in Argentina................................................... 161-164 Eight-hour day in metal and mining industries in France........................... 164 Minimum wage: Minimum wage in the printing trades in the District of Columbia......... 165-167 nr https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IY C O N T E N T S. Women in industry: Page, Model contract of employment for domestic service in Berlin.................. 168,169 Industrial accidents and hygiene: Occupational diseases in Pennsylvania, by Alice Hamilton, M. D ...__ 170-180 Government regulations to prevent danger of anthrax.............................. 180-184 Wisconsin industrial accident rates, 1915-1917, classified by industry. .. 184,195 Occupational diseases compensable in Connecticut and Wisconsin.......... 186 Workmen’s compensation: What the term “ medical service” in workmen’s compensation laws includes, by Martin C. Frincke, jr.......................................................... 187-205 Provision for second injuries under workmen’s compensation laws, by Carl Hookstadt...... ........................................................................................... 206-211 Reports of Workmen’s compensation commissions in United States and Canada: West Virginia......................................................................................... 211, 212 Nova Scotia............................................................................................ 212 Ontario................................................................................................... 213, 214 Problem of the military cripple in France................................................. 214-219 Social insurance: Report of Pennsylvania Health Insurance Commission............................ 220-226 Cost of health supervision in industrial establishments............................. 227, 228 Labor laws and regulations: Labor legislation in Canada, 1919................................................................ 229, 230 Labor legislation in Porto Rico, 1917.......................................................... 231 Accident compensation laws in Mexico...................................................... 231, 232 Laws for maintenance of industrial activity during demobilization in F r a n c e . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................ 232-234 Proposed codification of German labor laws............................................... 235 New regulation of agricultural labor in Germany...................................... 235-237 Housing: Housing and community problems at National Conference of Social Work. 238-242 Bad housing and ill health, by Hr. James Ford, United States Housing Corporation................................................................................................ 243-248 Housing development as a post-war problem in Canada, by Thomas Adams, housing and town-planning adviser to Canadian Government.. 248-255 Pennsylvania Housing and Town Planning Association Conference........ 255-260 Housing conditions of workers in war industries in Cleveland, Ohio___ 260-262 Garden cities for the suburbs of Paris......................................................... 262 263 Housing conditions in the cities of Norway................................................ 263-266 Labor organizations: Seventh biennial convention ox National Women’s Trade-Union League of America................................................................................................. 267-272 Conciliation and arbitration: Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor, May 16, 1919, to June 15, 1919............................................................................................................ 273-277 Compulsory arbitration in Norway.............................................................. 277 Profit sharing: New profit-sharing plan adopted by British shipbuilding firm................. 278 Immigration: Immigration in April, 1919.......................................................................... 279 280 Book reviews........................................................................................................ 281-284 Publications relating to labor: Official—United States................................................................................. 285-288 Official—foreign countries............................................................................ 289-293 Unofficial....................................................................................................... 293-302 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW vol . IX—no . 1 WASHINGTON ¿uly , 1919 What is the American Standard of Living?1 By R oyal M e e k e r , U n it e d S ta tes C om m issioner of L abor S ta tistic s . R EFERENCE is constantly made, in the press and in public utterances, to the American standard of living, as though it were a standard as definite and well known as the foot, the pound, or the peck measure. The writers and speakers take it for granted that everybody knows what the much-quoted American standard of living is, although they do not specify what is included in it, and when asked for particulars they become vague and ora torical. I t gets us no farther toward an answer to be told that the American workingman is the best fed, best clothed, best housed, and most contented workman in the world. We may accept without argument the statement that, occupation for occupation, the Ameri can workman receives higher money compensation than do European workers, and that his higher money wages actually enable him to purchase more of the necessaries of life than are obtainable by the European workers for their wages. We must have more exact information in order to determine what the American standard of living means. The investigations into cost of living made prior to 1915 do not help us much. The classic cost of living study made by the United States Bureau of Labor in 1901 and published in 1903 as the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, helps us but little toward the desired goal. Except in the case of food, all that this study brings out is the cost of living, not the standard of living. Even for food this 1901 study does not give us exact enough information as to the quantities and kinds of food to enable us to determine whether the families studied were sufficiently nourished. The study made by Dr. Chapin is too limited in scope to give us the American standard of living. I t is also ques tionable if the families studied were truly representative American families. The generalizations made in this paper are based on the results, so far as they have been analyzed, of the country-wide cost of living study which the Bureau of Labor Statistics conducted during 1918 1 An address delivered June 7, 1919, before the Forty-sixth Annual National Conference of Social Work, held at Atlantic City, N. J. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1] 11S8S9 1 2 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. and 1919. The figures given are merely first estimates and are sub ject to revision. The study was planned for the purposes (1) of determining the quantities and cost of all important items of family consumption in all the more important industrial centers in the United States, (2) of applying the accepted dietary standards for determining whether the families studied were obtaining a sufficient number of calories and sufficient variety in their diets to maintain their members in health, (3) of working out, if possible, standards—• similar to the recognized dietary standards—for clothing, housing, fuel, house furnishings, education, amusement, medical care, insurance and perhaps some other items which have been heretofore blanketed andlost under the term “ miscellaneous,” (4) of formulating eventually tentative standard budgets to be used by wage adjustment boards in determining minimum and fair wage awards, (5) of enabling the Bureau of Labor Statistics to compute a cost of living index number that will show variations in total family expenses in the same way as the retail food price index shows variations in the cost of the family food budget. I t is evident at once that the study as outlined by me, with the assistance of domestic science and cost of living experts, presents enormous difficulties. One should not, however, refrain from at tempting an undertaking merely because it is difficult. Everything that is worth doing is difficult. The first great task was to find out what workingmen’s families buy, how much they expend, and how much of each article bought they get for the money paid out. I t is in many respects unfortunate that the study had to be made during 1918-19 when prices were abnormal, resulting in abnormalities in expenditure, and when such stress had to be laid upon the neces sity of investing in Liberty bonds. The distribution of expenditures over the items of the family budget were greatly disturbed by the rapid changes in prices and wages. The loan campaigns resulted in inducing workmen to curtail expenses for clothing, house fur nishings, amusements, and perhaps even fuel, housing and food itself, in order to invest in bonds. The result was unusuallylarge savings reported and abnormally low expenditures for other items where curtailment was possible. Many families not only economized on clothes and house furnishings but actually skimped themselves on food, both because of the high prices and because of the intense Liberty loan drives. More than 300 agents were employed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to secure from housewives statements of their expenditure for an entire year. The information thus secured for the entire year by personal interview was checked in many instances by daily expense accounts, which many housewives were prevailed upon to keep over a period of not less than five weeks. These daily expense [2] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 3 accounts are especially useful in checking up expenditures for food and other articles bought daily or weekly and easily forgotten. Nearly 13,000 family schedules were obtained in 71 large cities and 26 small cities and towns in the different geographical sections of the country for incomes ranging from less than $900 to more than $2,500 per family. These family schedules are now being tabulated. I t can not be said yet whether or not all of the objects for which the cost of living study was undertaken will be attained. The actual expenses for the different items of consumption are now being tabu lated by income groups. Not only do we have the cost but we have the quantity, in most instances, of all important items of the family budget. The quantity bought is absolutely essential for working out standard budgets. Expenditures stated merely in sums of money are useless for the determination of the standard of living or of the quantitative change in the cost of this standard of living. Food. Quantitative standards to measure the sufficiency of the family food budget have been worked out tentatively in dietary studies. We do not eat or wear or burn dollars and cents. If the price of beef goes up we can eat less beef and more of some other proteinrich food, and perhaps keep our money expense for food constant, but if the price of all food increases 100 per cent we can not cut down our consumption of all food one-half so as to keep our food budget expense unchanged. To speak with scientific accuracy man does not live by loaves of bread, pounds of meat, pecks of potatoes, quarts of milk, etc. He lives by the energy stored in food, which energy is measured in heat units called calories. Even this does not tell the whole story of food because it makes a difference from what source we derive our calories. There must be a proper balance between proteins, fats, starches, sugars, cellulose, fruit acids, and mineral salts. The last three classes of foods furnish us no calories at all, but they are just as essential to a healthful diet as are the fats, sugars, and starches which furnish a large quantity of calories. By far the best single measure of the sufficiency of a diet is, however, the calorie. Unless the average active worker consumes and assimi lates from 3,000 to 3,500 calories per day he will inevitably either lose weight or efficiency as a worker or both, and this regardless of the number of dollars he spends for food, or even the number of pounds of bread, beans, and beef he eats. Unfortunately bread, beef, pork, and even eggs and potatoes, vary considerably in the calorie content per pound. I t would be a great step forward if while we are reforming weights and measures we should require by law that the prices of all foodstuffs must be expressed in terms of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [3] 4 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. calories, just as in Great Britain and to some extent in this country coal is sold, not by the ton, but by the British thermal unit. If it is possible to calculate the calorie content of the food for our furnaces it is surely possible to do so for the food for our stomachs. I t is, of course, highly desirable to eliminate from the diet of our steam boilers and engines as much slate, ash, and bowlders as possible; it would seem even more desirable to eliminate from the diet of human beings the things that are sold as bread but are not bread, the bone that is sold for beef, and the gristle that is called pork chops by the butcher. There are no insuperable obstacles in the way of selling bread, beef, pork, eggs, milk, cabbage, onions, corn, sugar, etc., by the 100 or 1,000 calories. I t should be done and it can be done. By the time people become educated to the point where they recognize that the important thing in regard to food is not its price per pound or quart, that often the cheapest food per pound is the most expensive per unit of nourishment, they will no doubt have learned also that man can not live by bread alone or even by calories alone. Fruits and vegetables must be used largely in a proper diet, even though their calorie content is low. A proper balance between proteins, fats, starches, sugars, cellulose tissue, minerals, and acids is necessary for the maintenance of health. Some considerable change in diet is shown since the 1901 study was made. This, of course, was to be expected in view of the greatly increased prices. The present study reveals, however, that the American family does not suffer from overfeeding, as has been so frequently alleged. On the contrary, in most of the communities studied the food purchased represents less than 3,500 calories per equivalent adult male. I t is necessary to buy about 3,500 calories in order to secure 3,000 calories per adult male, which is considered to be the amount required by moderately active workers. Granted that to maintain the average adult worker in health and efficiency it requires approximately 3,000 calories of food energy consumed, which amount can be obtained from about 3,500 calories of food energy purchased at the stores, how are we to use this knowl edge to determine the adequacy of the food budget of a family con sisting of husband, wife, and five children of 16, 13, 10, 5, and 2 years? In order to measure the food requirements of a family we must have a consumption yardstick to measure the number of calories needed by each member of the family. Experiments have demonstrated that food consumption of adults varies approximately with the weight of the consumer. Women, on the average, are about 90 per cent as heavy as men, and therefore a woman is rated in food consumption as equal to 90 per cent of a man. Children of different ages are rated in food consumption as follows in terms of an adult man: [4] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Per cent. Ages above 14 years........................................................................... 11 to 14 years...................................................................................... 7 to 10 years........................................................................................ 4 to 6 years.......................................................................................... 3 years and under.............................................................................. 100 90 75 40 15 These equivalents are quite rough hut enable us to express the food consumption of families of varying composition in terms of a common unit of measure, namely, the equivalent adult man. The food requirements of the family above mentioned would be, according to this scale, equal to that of 5.1 adult men. Allowing 3,500 calories of food purchased per man, this family should use food furnishing not less than 17,850 calories each day of the year. These standards of measurement are but approximate, it is true, and we are dealing with averages. There are very considerable individual deviations from the average. The average man does not exist, but the world is full of living, breathing men who look, act, and eat so much like the hypothetical average man that it requires an expert with microscope, measuring tape, and scales to tell the difference. The family food budgets are now being analyzed. We can say with confidence that it requires to-day an expenditure of from 50 to 60 cents per man per day for food to secure a well-balanced diet sufficient in the number of calories and in variety. This means that American families consisting of husband, wife, and three chil dren below the age of 15 years, living in large and medium-sized cities must spend about $610 per annum for food to keep themselves properly nourished for health and efficiency. This expenditure for food goes with incomes of from $1,800 to $1,850, so we may say that American families on the average are not fully nourished until their yearly income reaches $1,800. These figures do not indicate that our people are to-day suffering from eating too much meat, or even too much of other foods not so expensive. The average income and the modal income both fall well below $1,600. The mode is about $1,350 and the average not greatly higher. Conclu sions must not be too hastily drawn from these figures. They do not mean that our working population is dying of slow starvation; nothing of the sort. But they do indicate that the workers of America are obliged to live on a diet too restricted and monotonous for the maintenance of as high a degree of efficiency and health as ought to be maintained as a reasonable minimum. I am of the opinion that the most efficacious remedy is not higher wages, but rather improved systems for distributing and marketing foodstuffs and the education of housekeepers in the art of keeping house, with emphasis on diets. Housekeeping is not exactly a lost art. I t is one of the arts that has not yet been completely found. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15] 6 M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW. Clothing. No standard has yet been devised for measuring the adequacy of expenditure for articles other than food. The adequacy of clothing, for instance, can not be measured in pounds, calories,or square yards. I t is interesting to note that actual expenditure for clothing, in all income groups combined, for wives and children of different ages con forms quite closely to the scale for food consumption. Unfortunately we have no unit of measure with which to determine whether the clothing bought is adequate or not. The charge so frequently made that the American workingman is extravagant in expenditures for clothing for himself and his family seems hardly borne out by the tacts reported. Expenditures for clothing per adult male during the high-price year 1918 ranged from a minimum of $30 in the lowest income group to about $180 in the highest income group. The aver age clothing expenditure per adult male in the modal income group of $1,350 is probably not more than $90. This does not seem to give much room for extravagance in clothing at the existing prices. Prob ably this sum is sufficient to enable the prudent and economical house wife to keep her family clothed warmly enough, but it does not leave much margin for style. Clothes were first invented, not for protec tion against heat, cold and wet, but for adornment, and it is for the purpose of ornamentation largely that clothes are worn to-day. The bizarre notions of beauty possessed by the designers of clothing are incomprehensible to ordinary mortals, but as long as society accepts these ridiculous and often health-impairing standards of dress, society must stand ready to provide the worker with a wage sufficient to enable him to conform to the accepted fashion. It is repugnant to our sense of right that the working classes should dress in a way to set them apart from the more well-to-do. Pew men and women among the workers in this country are willing to appear in public unless they can dress near enough to the mode or the standard of fashion so as not to attract critical attention. I t is very clear then that the clothing of the worker’s family should not consist merely of material to protect them from the icy blasts of winter, the blazing rays of the sun, and the dews and deluges of heaven, but should possess something of that subtle something called “ style.” Style is expensive. Also, there is no standard of style. There are not even standards of dress fabrics. However, we do not need exact standards to know that $90 per adult male per annum is not too much for clothes in the varied climate of the United States. I t is interesting to note that wives spend less for clothes than husbands until we reach the higher incomes, about $1,800 per year. It is also of interest that when economies are necessary they are made largely at the expense of the wife’s wardrobe. The first baby makes [6] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 7 a cut in the mother’s clothes money and every addition to the family cuts deeper into this item. I t is scarcely fair to say that American wives prefer clothes and upholstered parlor furniture to children. It costs money, pain, and sacrifice to bear and rear children, however, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ study shows with startling vivid ness the extent to which the mother is obliged to sacrifice her house and her personal adornment to her children. Housing. According to the British official census overcrowding begins when there are two or more persons per room. Even if we accept a socially higher standard of more than one person per room then there is little overcrowding in American workingmen’s families. However, while the average number of rooms per family are usually quite sufficient, the average room is not so satisfactory. Unfortunately it was not feasible to make an intensive study of the size and suitability of the rooms occu pied by the families studied. For the typical family of husband, wife and three children under 15 years, there are in the cities for which tabu lations are completed, invariably more than one room per adult male. The rooms per person decline as the size of the family increases. Families having an income of $1,300 also have well over one room per person. The number of rooms per person does not tell us whether housing is satisfactory. For example, the rooms per person are higher among colored families than among white families in Baltimore. No one would maintain, however, that housing conditions are better among the colored people than among the whites. The amount spent for rent varied from $105 per annum for the lowest income group in Fall River, Mass., to $355 per annum for the highest income group in New York City. For the modal income, $1,350, the average rent paid in large cities is probably not far from $200 per annum for the typical family. The study does not give a complete or typical picture of housing conditions among workers’ families. In order to get comparable figures of family income and family expenditures for food, clothing, housing, and other items, no families were scheduled who kept board ers and no families with more than two lodgers were taken. These rulings were absolutely necessary so as to confine the study to normal natural families, but by so limiting the study no information was obtained as to the extent to which families took boarders and the amount of overcrowding resulting from the almost universal practice of taking in lodgers during the housing shortage of the war period. I t is a necessary function of the community to provide suitable houses for the people at reasonable rents. As long as the provision of houses is left to speculators and contractors the workers can not be properly housed. 171 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Fuel and Light. i t is possible to determine from the information on the schedules whether the families studied used enough fuel to keep their houses comfortable, but the information has not yet been tabulated. I t is reasonably certain, however, that the American family does consume abundant fuel so that the living room can be lived in during the winter. Light is probably sufficient also. House Furnishings. As for house furnishings, all that the schedules give is the yearly ex penditure. We know nothing about the stock of household goods pos sessed by the average American working family. I t should not be an impossible task for the domestic science experts to determine the minimum requirements in the way of standard house furnishings for the typical family. A special intensive study could then be made to determine how near our American families come to the minima. Care of Health. Among the expenditures lumped as miscellaneous are some highly important and significant items. Expenditures for sickness and death are the most significant in this group. The amount and kind of medi cal, surgical, dental, and other kinds of treatment in sickness required by the average American family can not be obtained from the family schedules. The amount paid out by each family on account of sick ness is given on the schedules, and the average amounts can be com puted for different income groups and for all groups combined. The average expenditures vary greatly from family to family and from group to group. In Philadelphia those having incomes less than S900 spent on the average during the year $24.15 for health care, while those with incomes of $2,500 and more expended $126.12. In Boston the expenditures for these two income groups were $23.18 and $67.42, respectively. The average for all incomes in all cities would probably be from $45 to $55. Despite the great irregularities in the distribution of these expendi tures for sickness there is a remarkable increase with the increase in amount of income. This indicates that those in the lower income groups are not able to pay for adequate medical and hospital service, for no one would contend that those in the higher income groups are squandering money recklessly on physicians, surgeons, dentists, and the like. The value of these figures is greatly lessened by reason of the fact that so much wholly unregulated, uncontrolled, haphazard, un planned, unintelligent, more or less voluntary, and wholly unrecog https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [8] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 9 nized sickness subsidy prevails throughout the country. I mean that the worker is not able to pay full price for the medical, surgical, hospital, and dental services needed by himself and his family, so the community or the subsidized hospital gives him these indis pensable services free or below cost. The result is indifferent medical and hospital service at a cost impossible to estimate accurately because there is no uniformity of practice and no adecpiate public control. In Massachusetts it is estimated that the workmen’s compensation cases sent to hospitals for treatment pay only about 50 per cent of the actual cost of the treatment. This is handing out sickness subsidies to employers and insurance companies, not to injured workmen. This is the worst form of protective subsidy to industry. The workers who are driven by dire necessity to make use of the free wards in hospitals either learn to hate and distrust all hospitals and medical men because they are not given proper treat ment, or they become partially or wholly hospitalized because they survive the treatment meted out to them and rapidly learn to like the carbolated atmosphere of our hospital almshouses. This system less system of medical sick benefits, bestowed not as the just and recognized due of the worker but as charity handed out by a benevoent community or by private philanthropists, constitutes the worst possible form of sickness pensions that could possibly be devised. Voluntary benevolent sickness subsidies and pensions achieve the minimum of results at high cost. They reach but a minority of those who need medical and hospital care. I do not point out the obvious defects of the existing system of sickness subsidies in order to condemn the system and recommend its abolishment. On the contrary these subsidies are absolutely indispensable, and can not be abolished without very serious consequences, unless something better is devised to replace them. It is useless to talk of paying the workers a wage sufficient to meet all needed sickness expenses. This would make the misfortunes of the sick redound to the profit of the well. The health of the workers never will be adequately cared for until a system of universal sickness or health insurance is substituted for the present system of sickness subsidies. No valid objection can be raised to the public’s paying a part of the expenses of such a system, as the public is responsible, in a large measure, for the unhealth which exists to-day. But the worker should pay a share, for he is responsible in some degree for sickness in his family. Above all he should feel, when he receives medical, surgical, or hospital treatment, that he is receiving services which belong to him of right and are not alms from either the State or private persons. The sickness and physical deficiencies revealed by the selective draft has happily demolished forever the carefully fostered fallacy that https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19] 10 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. the American workman is so well paid, so well nourished, housed and clothed, and so intelligent that he needs nothing in addition to the existing agencies to look after his exuberant good health. The quantitative consumption of health-giving and health-maintaining services in the average American family is certainly very much below what is necessary to attain and maintain reasonably good health. I t is very clear that the medical profession and the hospitals must be more completely and effectively organized and directed forthe purpose of improving the health of the community. Until this is done it is scarcely possible for the average American family to buy the required amount of health service to keep health and efficiency up to a reasonable standard. Insurance. Consideration of the adequacy of health expenses brings us directly to the subject of insurance against the hazards of death, sickness, accident, old age and invalidity, and unemployment. In modern life provision against these hazards is just as necessary as medical service, or, for that matter, food. The amounts spent by American families for life insurance in 1918 ranged from about $10 in the lower income groups to about $65 in the higher income groups. The aver age is probably not far from $40. This amount paid each year in premiums for ordinary life and term life policies would give the aver age family sufficient protection against the hazard of death. Unfor tunately the agents in the field found it impossible to distinguish between so-called “ industrial” insurance and bona fide life insurance. It seems at first blush as if it should be easy to differentiate between them on the basis of cost alone, but the amount of the policies was frequently not obtainable from the housewife, so the cost per $100 could not be ascertained. Very often, it was discovered, payments were accepted by the agents of the burial insurance companies semi annually or even annually, so it was not possible to make the distinc tion on the basis of the terms of payment of the premiums. About all it is possible to deduce from the schedules as to life insurance is that the workers pay enough on the average to secure sufficient pro tection against disastrous poverty resulting immediately from the death of the principal breadwinner of the family. Whether they get this sufficient protection is another matter. As explained above, it was impossible to get the quantity of and kind of life insurance bought at the prevailing market prices. Furthermore, only a part of the workers are insured at all, and those who most need life insurance are least able to buy it. While payments for life and burial insurance by the average American family are as large as can be afforded and should buy https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [101 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 11 enough insurance to protect the family adequately, the case is en tirely different in case of casualty insurance and so-called “ health insurance.” The average expenditures, in Philadelphia, for these two kinds of insurance ranged from nothing in the income groups below $900 to $5.44 in the income groups $1,800 to $2,100. The amount of premiums paid by different families is very irregular. The average amount paid by different income groups and even by all income groups in different cities obeys no statistical law. The aver age for all families in Boston is 95 cents per annum, while for Phila delphia it is $2.74. I t is very evident that no appreciable insurance protection against the hazards of accidental injury or sickness is included in the budget of the American workingman’s family. Yet these injuries occur many times more frequently than death, and their hazards are just as readily calculable as is the hazard of death. I t is not possible for the worker to buy adequate protection against the hazards of injury from accident and sickness even at the exor bitant prices charged by the private companies, because the com panies do not sell the protection needed. The case is even worse with old age, invalidity, and unemployment. Some trade-unions and a few establishments pay small old-age and invalidity benefits. Out-of-work benefits have been paid by a few trade-unions in times of great stress. Unemployment is the one hazard that is purely in dustrial, and it causes more distress and social demoralization than any other hazard affecting the life and health of the workers. Yet nothing has been done about it by industry and next to nothing by society. Except for the feeble, sporadic help given by a few tradeunions, the whole burden falls upon the individual worker. Industry should be made to pay the costs of production. A part of the costs of production under the present organization of industry is unem ployment tempered by underemployment and overemployment. I t -would be a very simple matter to put the money costs of unem ployment upon each industry in which employment is regularly irreg ular. This should be done. As it is now, the worker does not and can not include in his budget protection against unemployment and the onset of old age and invalidity. Some unascertainable part of his trade-union dues, if he pays any, goes for the purchase of an indefinitely inadequate amount of protection against these ills. The percentage spent for insurance in all forms is not large, but its importance is much greater than this percentage indicates. Insur ance makes for stability of family life, by distributing throughout the community shocks that would crush individuals and families. The present cost of insurance is so high that the workers are debarred from purchasing enough of it. The protection offered by private profitseeking insurance companies is not secure and many inevitable con https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tll] 12 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. tingencies are not included in their policies at all. Insurance is a relatively simple matter. I t could be conducted as a community enterprise reaching all the people at half the expense now involved. The moral is obvious. Amusements. The matter of amusements is one of the most serious things in life. Wholesome laughter is as necessary to health and efficiency as good food and suitable raiment. Unlike the other wants considered, amusement is subjective, not objective, and therefore no objective unit of measure is conceivable. It is wholly impossible to guess how much amusement is obtained from a 17-cent moving-picture show. W7e know that large numbers of people must be amused by the movies, else the picture houses would not be packed. We can not say, how ever, that the families which patronize the movies get any more fun out of life than those which stay at home or go to the church festival. You can’t keep people from being amused. They will get fun out of the hardest conditions of life. Tom Sawyer, by using the most approved methods of the trust promoter and the professional adver tiser, elevated fence whitewashing from the lowest form of menial drudgery to the rank of the most popular outdoor sport in his home town, so that for the time swimming and fishing were forgotten. The variety and weirdness of the different forms of amusement are aston ishing. Some people derive much genuine enjoyment from funerals. Others seem to get quite as much fun out of grand opera. I once knew a physician of sound mind who got his recreation and amuse ment from directing a volunteer church choir. Truly, in the realm of amusement “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.” One man will listen to a lecture on the Russian drama and will be upbuildcd and refreshed amazingly; his neighbor will be put to sleep, and another man will be driven toward homicide, by the same lecture. The number of movies, dances, concerts, and the like attended by a worker and his family has no recognizable relation to the quantity of amusement they have imbibed. While all admit that “ All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,” it may well be questioned whether the play furnished by the movies will make Jack brighter or duller. Expenditures for movies increase consistently with increasing income. In Philadelphia only 38 cents per annum was spent for movies by families having incomes under $900, while the families having $2,500 or over spent $37.22. In Boston the range was from 87 cents to $34.39. The average, for all incomes, was $10.18 for Philadelphia and $6.49 for Boston. Other cities show much the same averages and range of expenditures. The total average expenditure for all amusements amounted to $12.40 in Philadelphia and $9.23 in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 12] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 13 Boston. We do not know whether this means that Philadelphia working people found existence more amusing than Boston workers, or whether their lives being more sad they were driven to the movies and the pool parlors for cheer. We may assume, I think, that the sums spent for amusement in the income groups above $1,300 are sufficient for recreational and health needs. Conclusion. From this very brief analysis of the data thus far worked up from the cost of living schedules it is apparent that there is no such thing as the American standard of living in the sense of a very superior standard giving all the necessaries, many of the comforts, and a goodly supply of the luxuries of life. On the contrary, we find that there are as many different standards as there are different incomes and families of different sizes. In the lower income groups the living conditions are hard indeed. The incomes of the lower paid workers must be increased and the cost of food, clothing, and housing must be lowered to enable these families ta meet the higher costs of exist ence. Social legislation is needed to give them better and cheaper food, clothing, houses, medical treatment, and insurance. Even in the higher income groups conditions are not so easy as they are frequently pictured to us. Let us not be fooled by the cry that the American standard of living is the highest in the world. Let us make tlie minimum living standard in America one that will sup port life in decency and health. 122778°—19 -2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [131 Joint Shipping Industrial Conference. B y B e n ja m in M . S q u ir e s . T the request of the United States Shipping Board a Joint Shipping Industrial Conference was held in Washington, June 4, 5, and 6, 1919. The conference was made up of representatives of the Government and employer and employee representatives of longshore, harbor, coastwise, and over seasshipping interests. The purpose of the conference is set forth in the following resolu tions adopted by the Shipping Board May 20, 1919: A Ocean Marine Conference. W h e r e a s , Various agreements and arrangements made during war time between ship owners and operators, the seamen^ and the Shipping Board have either expired or are no longer adequate to meet peace conditions, and W h e r e a s , The successful development of an American merchant marine is largely dependent upon the full cooperation of the vessel owners, operators, and managers, the seamen, and the Government, now, therefore, B e i t resolved, That the Shipping Board call a conference at Washington, D. C., to begin on or about June 4, 1919, between owners, operators, and managers of ocean going coastwise steamships in the United States, the various organizations of seamen and licensed officers, and interested departments of the Shipping Board and other Government departments and agencies, for the purpose of establishing by agreement among the various interested parties suitable agencies for the consideration and adjustment of labor issues and for the promotion of efficiency and industrial harmony in the American merchant marine. Docfo and Harbor Conference. W h e r e a s , The agreement creating the National Adjustment Commission to Which the Shipping Board was a party was effected while this country was at war, and was generally regarded as a war-time agreement, and W h e r e a s , The National Adjustment Commission agreement was limited in its scope to the control of wages and W o rking conditions and was applicable only to mem bers of the International Longshoremen’s Association, and W h e r e a s , I t is highly desirable that parties interested in the loading and unload ing of cargo enter into an agreement for the adjustment of labor issues and for the promotion of the best interests of the industry, now, therefore, B e i t resolved, That the Shipping Board call a conference at Washington, D. C., between owners, operators, and managers of steamships, master stevedores and con tractors for longshore labor, owners and operators of harbor equipment necessary in the process of loading and unloading vessels and cargo, the various organizations of labor involved, and interested departments of the Shipping Board and other Govern ment departments and agencies, for the purpose of establishing by agreement among the various interested parties suitable agencies for the consideration and adjustment 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 15 of labor issues and for the promotion of efficiency and industrial harmony in this industry, and B e i t fu r th e r resolved, That such conference be called at or about the same time as the marine conference already authorized by the Board. As indicated by the above resolutions, industrial relations during the war had been governed by agreements. The Atlantic agreement entered into in August, 1917, between the Shipping Board, the Inter national Seamen’s Union, and steamship lines, and approved by the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Labor, established wage rates and working conditions for seamen. In August, 1917, an agreement was entered into between the United States Shipping Board, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, the International Long shoremen’s Association, and the principal shipping operators on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, with subsequent ratification and adoption in a modified form by operators on the Pacific coast and the Great Lakes. The agreement provided for a National Adjustment Com mission and for local commissions for the adjustment and control of wages, hours, and conditions of labor in the loading and unloading of vessels. Although the jurisdiction of the commission was limited to longshore labor, controversies affecting other classes of marine labor were adjusted by the national commission or by local commis sions on the joint submission of employers and employees. A National Marine Conference held in May, 1918, resulted in an agreement whereby the Shipping Board should settle all marine labor questions arising during the war on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. A war-time period of effectiveness was clearly implied in these agreements, and the purpose of the Joint Shipping Industrial Confer ence was to establish permanent machinery for the adjustment of industrial controversies. The opening session of the conference was given over to general statements of purpose and plan. Two resolutions were introduced, one calling for the appointment of committees to prepare agreements respectively for seamen and licensed officers, the agreements to pro vide for “ the establishment of suitable machinery for the joint con sideration of general labor policies to govern work, employment, and the mutual relations of the interests above mentioned (employers, employees, and the Government); for the arbitration of issues per taining to compensation and working rules; for the adjustment of grievances ; and for the establishment and enforcement of such general standards as will promote the health and efficiency of men employed aboard the vessels of the American merchant marine.” The other resolution, phrased somewhat similarly, called for committees to draft agreements for dock and harbor labor respectively. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [15] 16 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. In discussing the question of the adoption of the resolutions, repre sentatives of ocean marine labor requested that the conference go on record in favor of according preferential treatment in recruiting and employing labor to members of associations of labor. This was an issue, however, that did not concern the longshore interests and it was agreed that the conference should resolve itself into an ocean marine section, a dock section, and a harbor section, further discussion of the resolutions and of the question of union preference being reserved for the sections. Dock Section. The question before the dock section was primarily whether the existing adjustment machinery—the National Adjustment Commis sion and local commissions created under its jurisdiction—should be reconstituted as a permanent agency. In this the dock section had a decided advantage over either the harbor or ocean marine section because the National Adjustment Commission was in the nature of a successful experiment and neither employers nor employees were willing to return to prewar methods of adjusting differences. It appeared, however, that the conference was not fully representative of employing interests in the longshore industry, in that representa tives of foreign lines were not present. Under these circumstances, representatives of American lines felt it unwise to commit themselves definitely to a plan of adjustment. An adjournment was taken until the following day at which time the dock section indorsed the following agreement subject to ratification by the various interests: Tentative Draft of Agreement to Govern Industrial Rela tions in the Longshore Industry. P ream ble. In order that the spirit of mutual responsibility and helpfulness with which employ ers and employees engaged in the loading and unloading of vessels cooperated with the Government in meeting the exigencies of a wartime situation may find permanent expression in an arrangement whereby employers, employees, and the Government may work together in the successful development of our maritime commerce, and through joint participation in matters pertaining to industrial relations, assure that the legitimate rights of all concerned in the industry shall be safeguarded, this agree ment is entered into th is ----- day of June, 1919, by the undersigned representa tives of dock and harbor labor, employers of such labor, and the United States Ship ping Board. A r t ic l e I . — N a tio n a l D ock I n d u s tr ia l C o u n cil. There shall be established by the parties to this agreement a National Dock Industrial Council which shall be responsible for and have jurisdiction over industrial relations so far as they affect loading and unloading operations done under the control or on account of signatory parties or parties which may subsequently join in this agreement. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [16] M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW. A r t ic l e I I .— M em bership— N a tio n a l 17 D ock I n d u s tr ia l C o u n cil. Tiae National Dock Industrial Council shall he composed as follows: One member chosen by the United States Shipping Board and two members chosen by employers and employees, respectively, for each of the following interests: 1. Pacific coastwise. 6. South Atlantic deep-sea. 2. Pacific deep-sea. . 7. Gulf coastwise. 3. North Atlantic coastwise. 8. Gulf deep-sea. 4. North Atlantic deep-sea. 9. Great Lakes. 5. South Atlantic coastwise. Permanent advisory members may be chosen by the Navy Department, the Depart ment of Commerce, and the Department of Labor, and temporary advisory members as occasion requires by the War Department and the United States Railroad Administra tion. Members shall hold office for one year or until their successors arc appointed and shall be allowed to name alternates when personal attendance is impossible or impracticable. A r t ic l e III.—F u n c tio n s — N a tio n a l D ock I n d u s tr ia l C o u n cil. The functions of the National Dock Industrial Council shall be to secure the largest possible measure of joint action between employers, employees, and the Government for the development of maritime commerce and for promoting the legitimate interests of all engaged therein. This shall include the consideration of wages, hours and working conditions in relation to the industry as a whole, the question of regularizing employment, the collection of statistics and information on matters appertaining to the industry, the establishment and enforcement of general standards to insure health, safety and efficiency, the cooperation with councils in other industries in matters of common interest and the representation to the Government of the needs of the industry. The National Dock Industrial Council shall have broad authority to establish suitable rules of procedure and to interpret this agreement. It shall also have authority to establish or approve rules of procedure for its authorized agencies and to limit their jurisdiction. A r t ic l e IV.— M eetings— N a tio n a l D ock In d u s tr ia l C o u n c il. The National Dock Industrial Council shall meet at least twice a year at a time and place to be designated by the council. Special meetings shall be called by the chairman on the request of a majority of the council. The call for such meetings shall be sent out at least two weeks before the date set for the special meeting and shall contain a statement of the matters to be taken up at such meeting. The pro vision for two weeks’ notice, however, may be waived in cases of real emergency. A r t ic l e V .— N a tio n a l D ock A d ju s tm e n t C o m m issio n . A National Dock Adjustment Commission is hereby established, composed of five active members selected from the National Dock Industrial Council as follows: The representatives of the United States Shipping Board and two representatives of employers and employees respectively serving alternately to represent the particular interest affected. The advisory members on the council representing the War De partment, Navy Department, and the United States Railroad Administration, may sit Avith the commission in an advisory capacity on all matters coming before it. It is understood, however, that nothing in this agreement shall preArent the election of identical representation on the commission by different group interests of employers and employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [171 18 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. A r t ic l e VI.—F u n c tio n s — N a tio n a l D ock A d ju s tm e n t C o m m issio n . The functions of the National Dock Adjustment Commission shall be as follows: 1. The adjustment of wages and working conditions of men engaged in the loading and unloading of vessels, including the following cases: (a) Where no local agency exists for such adjustment. (b ) Where the local agency is unable to adjust. (c) On appeal from the decision of the local agency. (d) On the joint request of employers and employees. (e) Where questions involved are of common interest to two or more ports. It is understood, however, that where arrangements now exist or may subsequently be made for the consideration of industrial controversies nothing in this agreement shall operate to disturb such arrangements so long as they are mutually satisfactory to employers and employees. 2. The current negotiation of agreements and their modification to avoid future disputes. 3. Acting under the direction of the National Dock Industrial Council in the exercise of the functions of the council. A r t ic l e VII.—L o c a l dock a d ju s tm e n t c o m m issio n . Wherever necessary or advisable the National Dock Adjustment Commission shall establish local dock adjustment commissions which shall be responsible in the first instance for the arbitration and adjustment of controversies arising in particular ports. The composition of local adjustment commissions shall be similar to that of the National Commission which shall have supervision over all local commissions. A r t ic l e V III.—S p e c ia l com m ittees. Special committees may be appointed by the National Dock Industrial Council or by the National Dock Adjustment Commission for the purpose of investigating and reporting on matters of general interest to the industry or of particular interest to the council or to the commission. A r t ic l e IX .—P e r m a n e n t executive secretary. The National Dock Industrial Council shall select a permanent executive secretary at a salary to be determined by the council, who shall serve also as the executive secretary of the National Dock Adjustment Commission and who shall be charged generally with the administrative functions of the council and the commission. A r t ic l e X.—E xp e n se s. Members of the National Dock Industrial Council, the National Dock Adjustment Commission or local dock adjustment commissions shall serve without salary, but expenses incurred by the council, by the National Commission or local commissions in the discharge of their functions shall be defrayed equally by employer and em ployee parties to this agreement and by the United States Shipping Board in such manner and with such safeguards as the council may determine. A r t ic l e X I.—A m e n d m e n ts . This agreement may be amended upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting employer and employee members of the council. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [18] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. A r t ic l e X II .— O b lig a tio n 19 o f parties. No stoppage or lockout sliail take place until any differences or disputes between the parties shall have been referred to and dealt with according to this agreement or rules which may be established under it. The parties obligate themselves to give effectiveness, so far as possible, to the recommendations of the National Dock Indus trial Council or its agencies, and to take such steps as may be necessary to assure the carrying out of this agreement by individual members of the association signatory thereto. No indemnity, strike pay, assistance or encouragement, directly or indi rectly, shall be afforded by any signatory organization or by any officer or individual member thereof, to any person or persons failing to submit a difference or dispute as provided by this agreement or rules established under it or to any person or persons acting in breach of a decision of the National Dock Industrial Council or its authorized agencies. A r t ic l e X III .— D u r a tio n o f agreem ent a n d w ithdraivals. Tliis agreement shall become effective on the «date first above written and shall continue in effect for one year thereafter. After the expiration of one year, this agreement shall continue except that any party thereto may withdraw 60 days after written notice of such intention to withdraw has been filed with the secretary of the National Dock Industrial Council, but such withdrawal shall not terminate the agreement with respect to the remaining parties as long as such parties comprise employer groups, employee groups, and the Government. I t will be observed that the agreement provides for a National Dock Industrial Council, the functions of which are chiefly legislative and advisory; for a National Dock Adjustment Commission which acts as an administrative agency of the council and as a judicial body on appeal; and for local dock adjustment commissions with original jurisdiction in matters pertaining to each port. Government representation is accorded to the council and commissions and a part of the expense is to be borne by the Government. Harbor Section, Evidences of a prearranged program on the question of preferential treatment appeared in the discussions of the harbor section. Repre sentatives of employees were ready to proceed with the appointment of a committee if employers would first state that union members should have preference in employment. Employers were unwilling to accede to this and objected, moreover, to any form of central authority in the adjudication of local matters. A resolution was proposed by employers recommending the establishment in each port of a local board made up of equal numbers of employers and employees. Rep resentatives of employees asked that the board be made up of equal numbers of representatives of employers and of associations of em ployees. A committee was appointed to draft and submit a resolution. The committee reported the following resolution, which was accepted by the conference: R e s o l v e d That it is the sense of this conference that the adjustment of all matters between employers and employees in the operation of marine harbor equipment is a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [19] 20 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. matter of local concern affecting only the particular port involved and that the adjustment of any differences should be by collective action of the parties in interest and in order that this may be encouraged, be it further R esolved, That this conference recommend that in each port where satisfactory arrangements do not now exist a local board be created consisting of equal numbers of representatives of employers and representatives of employees to settle and adjust all matters in dispute between them and that in case of a deadlock, the local board shall select an impartial umpire in such manner as it may determine. The committee also discussed and recommended for submission to the various harbor interests the following tentative agreement for a National Harbor Industrial Council: Tentative Draft of Agreement to Govern Industrial Relations in the Harbor Marine Industry. P rea m b le. In order that employers and employees engaged in the operation of harbor craft and other harbor marine equipment may cooperate more fully with the Government and with other branches of the marine industry in the successful development of our mari time commerce, and through joint participation in matters pertaining to industrial relations assure that the legitimate rights of all concerned in the industry shall be safeguarded, this agreement is entered into this day of June, 1919, by the under signed representatives of owners and operators of harbor craft and other harbor marine equipment, employers thereof and the United States Shipping Board. ' A r t ic l e I . — N a tio n a l H a rb o r In d u s tr ia l C o u n cil. There shall be established by the parties to this agreement a National Harbor Indus trial Council, which shall consist of equal numbers of employers and employees selected by the signatory parties or parties which may subsequently join this agree ment and of representatives of the Government. A r t ic l e II.—N u m b e r a n d a p p o r tio n m e n t o f m em bers. For each class of harbor marine labor affected, employers and employees shall be entitled to one representative for each of the following districts: North Atlantic, South Atlantic and Gulf, Great Lakes, and Pacific. Advisory members to the council are to be named by each of the following Government departments or agencies: Shipping Board, War Department, Navy Department, Railroad Administration, De partment of Labor, and the Department of Commerce. Members shall hold office for one year or until their successors are appointed, and may select alternates to sit when personal attendance is impossible or impracticable. A r t ic l e III.—F u n c tio n s . The functions of the National Harbor Industrial Council shall be in general to secure the largest possible measure of joint action between employers and employees and the Government for the development of maritime commerce and for promoting the legiti mate interests of all engaged therein. In the exercise of these functions the councils, through special committees or otherwise, may consider and make recommendation, concerning such questions as harbor development and the efficient operation of harbor marine equipment; wages, hours, and working conditions in relation to the industry as a whole; the establishment and enforcement of general standards to insure health, safety, and efficiency; collect statistics and information pertaining to the industry; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [20 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 21 assist in the negotiation of local agreements and the establishment of local machinery of adjustment; cooperate with councils in other industries in matters of common interest and represent the needs of the industry to appropriate Government agencies. The council shall act as an arbitration body in case of failure of local adjustment agencies to effect a settlement of matters in dispute or where such agencies have not been set up and an adjustment can not be reached between the parties or on joint submission of the parties in dispute. A r t ic l e IY.— V o tin g . In the consideration of matters affecting the industry as a whole, all active members of the council shall be entitled to vote; in matters affecting a particular industry or class of labor only representatives of that district or that class of labor, and an equal number of employer representatives of that district, shall be entitled to vote, though other members of the council may participate in the deliberations. Representatives of the Government to the council shall not be entitled to vote except as hereinafter provided. A r t ic l e Y . — M eetings. The National Harbor Industrial Council shall meet at least twice a year at a time and place to be designated by the council. Special meetings of the council or of sections thereof shall be called by the chairman on the request of a majority of the council or of a section of the council whose particular interests represented by the section require consideration. Except in the case of grave emergency the call for such meetings shall be sent out at least two weeks before the date set for the meeting and shall contain a statement of the matters to be taken up at the meeting. A r t ic l e YI.—L o ca l harbor a d ju s tm e n t c o m m issio n . The National Harbor Industrial f.Council shall encourage and assist in the setting up in each important harbor of a harbor adjustment commission composed of an equal number of representatives of owners and operators of harbor craft and other marine equipment and employees thereof. The number of representatives on the local com mission will be determined by the needs of each harbor, and it shall be left to the parties in interest to determine whether an impartial member shall be chosen to act as chairman and give a casting vote. It is understood, however, that where arrange ments now exist for the consideration of industrial controversies nothing in this agree ment shall operate to disturb such arrangements so long as they are mutually satis factory to employers and employees. The adjustment of matters pertaining to each particular harbor shall be adjusted wherever possible by the local harbor adjustment commission. If the local commis sion is unable to bring about an adjustment of the matters in dispute or if a local agency has not been set up and the parties in dispute are unable to agree on a settle ment, the National Harbor Industrial Council, sitting as a whole or a section thereof, composed of representatives of the district or interests affected, shall hear and deter mine the case. If a majority of the active members of the council are unable to agree on a settlement, the advisory Government representatives to the council shall cast the determining vote, the decision in either case to be final and binding on all the parties affected. A r t ic l e YII.—P e r m a n e n t executive secretary. The National Harbor Industrial Council shall select a permanent executive secre tary, at a salary to be determined by the council, who shall be charged generally with the administrative work of the council. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [21 ] 22 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. A r t ic l e V III.—E x p e n se s. Members of the National Harbor Industrial Council and of local harbor adjustment commissions shall serve without salary, but expenses incurred by the council or by the local commissions shall be defrayed equally by employer and employee parties to this agreement in such manner and with such safeguards as the council may deter mine. A r t ic l e IX .—A m e n d m e n ts . This agreement may be amended upon the affirmative vote of the majority of the voting employer and employee members of the council. A r t ic l e X .— O b lig a tio n o f parties. No stoppage or lockout shall take place until any differences or disputes between the parties shall have been referred to and dealt with according to this agreement or rules which may be established under it. The parties obligate themselves to give effectiveness, so far as possible, to the recommendations of the National Harbor Industrial Council or local harbor adjustment commission and to take such steps as may be necessary to assure the carrying out of this agreement by individual members of the associations signatory thereto. No indemnity, strike pay, assistance or encourage ment, directly or indirectly, shall be afforded by any signatory organization or by any officer or individual member thereof to any person or persons failing to submit a difference or dispute as provided by this agreement or rules established under it or to any person or persons acting in breach of a decision of the National Harbor Indus trial Council or local harbor adjustment commissions. A r t ic l e X I .— D u r a tio n o f agreem ent a n d w ithdraw als. This agreement shall become effective on th # d a te first above written and shall continue in effect for one year thereafter. After the expiration of one year, this agreement shall continue except that any party thereto may withdraw 60 days after written notice of such intention to withdraw has been filed with the secretary of the National Harbor Industrial Council, but such withdrawal shall not terminate the agreement with respect to the remaining parties as long as such parties comprise employer and employee groups and the Government. Ocean Marine Section. The ocean marine section of the Shipping Conference deadlocked from the first on the question of preference to union members. Representatives of employees claimed that they understood the main purpose of the conference to be the settlement of controversial issues. A committee was appointed, and after two days’ discussion the following resolution was reported back and adopted by the conference: W h e r e a s , Certain agreements fixing compensation and conditions of labor on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts have expired, and certain demands have been made by organi zations affiliated with the International Seamen’s Union and licensed officers’ organi zations: Now, therefore be it R esolved, That these demands received on or before June 7 be submitted to the American Steamship Association and other shipowners in the Atlantic and Gulf districts for their consideration; and be it further https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 122 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 23 R esolved, That the conference recommends that various shipowners should appoint representatives to confer with representatives of the union and of the Shipping Board, for the purpose of reaching an agreement, and that this committee shall meet on June 23 at New York City, and be it further R esolved, That the conference recommends that this committee should also con sider and make recommendations as to the establishment of local grievance commit tees at Atlantic and Gulf ports, and also the establishment of a central appeal board. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [23] National Guilds Movement in Great Britain. By G. D. H. C ole. HE objects of the national guilds movement in Great Britain, as defined in the constitution of the National Guilds League, are “ the abolition of the wage system, and the establishment by the workers of self-government in industry through a democratic system of national guilds working in conjunction with a democratic State.” The leading ideas of the movement are therefore those of democratic organization and self-government in the industrial sphere. National guildsmen look forward to the time when the various industries and services will be administered each by its guild, or association or ganized for common service, and including the whole necessary per sonnel of the indusüy concerned. This movement is only a few years old; but it has made considerable headway among the manual workers, and to at least an equal extent among many classes of professional and technical workers. By Marxian Industrial Unionists and others of the extreme left wing of labor, it is indeed sometimes denounced as a bourgeois movement of counter-revolutionary tendency. This criticism comes principally from those who refuse to recognize the importance of technical and professional elements in the industrial system, or hold that the existing technicians and professionals are “ adherents of capitalism,” and that it is necessary to make a clean sweep of them in preparation for a new order ushered in by a proletarian dictator ship. National guildsmen differ widely in their outlook on the social and economic question as a whole. Faith in national guilds as a form of economic organization is compatible with “many degrees of reformist or revolutionary opinion. There are all sorts among guildsmen, from the extreme right, which looks to a gradual development of guilds by the consent of the more progressive employers, to the extreme left, which corresponds closely in method and outlook to the Marxian Industrial Unionists. Neither of these attitudes, however, represents the main, or even a considerable, body of guild opinion, which must be sought in views falling between the two extremes. T Origin and Development of National Guilds Movement. I t will be easier to explain the present orientation of the national guilds movement if we begin with a short account of its origin and development. It has only gradually attained to its present scope 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 25 and character, and a number of different and even diverse influences have contributed to its formation. Its earliest manifestation is attributable to Mr. Arthur J. Penty, whose book on The Restoration of the Guild System was published in England in 1906. About the same time, Mr. A. R. Orage, then as now editor of the New Age, contributed to the Fortnightly Review an article on the same subject. Mr. Orage was, and has remained, in close touch with Mr. Penty; but in his hands the guild doctrine soon began to follow a new line of development. In 1908, Mr. S. G. Hobson, a former member of the Fabian Society, who had left that body after an unsuccessful attempt to launch a scheme for independent Socialist political representation, became associated with Mr. Orage on the New Age. Shortly after this, a series of articles written by Mr. Hobson with the collaboration of Mr. Orage, most of which were subsequently reprinted in the book National Guilds: an Enquiry into the Wage-System and the Way Out, began to appear. This series of articles really gave the national guilds movement its definite shape, and made it for the first time a practical and constructive force. The essential feature introduced by Messrs. Hobson and Orage—the feature which gave the national guilds movement its characteristic turn—was the definite association of the idea of industrial self-gov ernment with the existing structure of the British trade-union move ment, and the definite attempt to formulate a proposal for the con version of trade-unions into guilds, that is, of protective organiza tions of wage or salary earners into managing and controlling organi zations, including the whole necessary personnel of industry. This does not mean that the full implications of this association of ideas were at this stage completely thought out, or that the practical steps necessary for the accomplishment of the change were clearly proposed. It means only that the vital idea of national guilds ap peared for the first time, and that the way was thus made clear for further developments. Indeed, at this stage the appeal of the national guilds idea was almost purely intellectual. No propaganda was proceeding outside the columns of the New Age, and the circulation of that journal was almost wholly confined to a section of the “ intelligentsia.” The great bulk of the Socialist and trade-union movements remained unaffected; only in the university Socialist societies and among mid dle-class Socialists and professionals did the idea make any progress. It had its partisans among the younger members of the Fabian So ciety; but the great bulk of that society, and practically all the official leaders of the labor and Socialist movement, were at this time definitely hostile. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [25] 26 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. In the industrial labor movement as a whole, this period was one of great and growing unrest. From 1910 onward to the outbreak of the war unrest grew steadily and many great strikes took place, including the great railway and transport strike of 1911 and the mining strike of 1912. This spirit of unrest led to a ferment of ideas in the labor world. Before 1910 the Socialist Labor Party and the Industrial Workers of Great Britain (offshoots of the American S. L. P. and Do Leonite I. W. W.) had been active in Scotland and some districts of the North of England; but the atmosphere was unfavorable, and they made little progress. From 1911 onward the conditions were far more favorable; but the leadership of the left wing passed rather to movements under the influence of French Syndicalist ideas. The Industrial Syndicalist Education League, led by Mr. Tom Mann, had a considerable transient success, and closely related to it were the various amalgamation committees and other “ rebel” bodies which are the ancestors of the “ rank and file” movements of to-day. In South Wales, the Marxians through the Industrial Democracy League and the Miners’ Unofficial Deform Committee gained ground considerably, while the foundation of the Central Labor College and the Plebs League gave the Marxians a means of propaganda on a national scale. Only at a later period, from 1916 onward, did the big growth of the Marxian Socialist Labor Party begin. At the beginning of 1914 Mr. W. Mellor, since general secretary of the National Guilds League, and the writer began to develop guild ideas by regular articles in the Daily Herald, the object of these articles being to popularize guild propaganda and to bring it into the closest possible relation to the everyday work of the trade-union movement. Toward the end of 1914, despite the outbreak of war, it was felt that the time was ripe for a further development, and a small private conference was held in December at Storrington in Sussex, at which a long statement was drawn up formulating unanimous conclusions on the theory of national guilds and the steps necessary for their attainment. This conference was followed a month or two later by a second conference at Oxford, where it was definitely decided to proceed to the formation of a propagandist organization for spreading the guild idea. A third and considerably larger conference was held in London at Easter, 1915, and at this conference the National Guilds League was definitely founded. Work of the National Guilds League. Since that time the spread of the guild idea has been rapid in the trade-union world, among Socialists, and also among the professional classes. The National Guilds League has directed its principal https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 126] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. propaganda toward the trade-union world; but everywhere its groups include not only trade-unionists but also professional men, teachers, journalists, and even employers. It has never been, and has never sought to be, a large organization. It has concentrated its propa ganda work entirely upon the question of industrial and professional self-government, and its aim has been to enroll persons willing to work for the guild idea with a full understanding of its principles. Its influence has therefore been out of all proportion to its numerical strength; the influence of the National Guilds League has spread far and wide, while its actual membership still remains at a few hundreds. It has the advantage of possessing among its members a considerable proportion of fairly well-known writers, and in consequence it is enabled to spread its influence over a wide field. A few instances will serve to explain the extent and character of this influence. The new secretary of the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain, Mr. Frank II. Hodges, is a guildsman. Before attaining to his present position he moved, at the 1918 miners’ conference, a resolution calling for the redrafting of the mines nationalization bill on guild lines. This was carried, and the miners proceeded to redraft their bill accordingly. Early in 1919 they were called upon to lay their proposals before the coal commission. Their principal witness was Mr. W. Straker, another guildsman, secretary of the Northumber land Miners’ Association, who presented before the commission a scheme for guild control. Mr. It. H. Tawney, another guildsman, is a member of the coal commission, together with Mr. Flodges. Thus, while there are comparatively few actual miner members of the Na tional Guilds League, the policy of the league has to a great extent secured the support of the Miners’ Federation. The case is the same with the railway men. The programs both of the National Union of It ail way men and of the Railway Clerks’ Association are closely in conformity with the proposals of the National Guilds League, both alike aiming at the immediate national ownership of the industry and at the establishment of a system of joint control by the trade-unions and the State. The programs of the post office trade-unions are even more closely allied to national guilds, and in this case also there is a close personal association be tween the two movements. A somewhat different instance is that of the National Union of Teachers, which has just carried a national guilds amendment, moved by Mr. W. W. Hill, an active guildsman, by an overwhelming majority. In yet another sphere, the annual conference of the Independent Labor Party has just redefined its objects so as to bring them into conformity with guild ideas. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [27] 28 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Of course, it must not be imagined that the majority of British workers, manual or professional, are national guildsmen, or have ever heard of national guilds. The success of guild propaganda comes largely from the fact that it is working with the grain, and that circumstances are forcing the industries of Great Britain in the direction of guild organization. The conscious guildsman is still a rarity; but, with or without guildsmen, the guild idea continues to make headway in theory and practice alike. Industrial Self-Government. It is now time to say more about the content and meaning of this idea of which we have so far been describing the external manifes tations. Its central doctrine, as we have seen, is that the various industries and services ought to be democratically administered by those who work in them. It is, in fact, an attempt to apply to the industrial sphere the principles of democracy and self-government which, in theory at least, are accepted as applying in the sphere of political government. Guildsmen begin with an analysis of the existing industrial system from the standpoint of the wage worker. Their initial dogma is one which Mr. Gompers and others have made familiar (though with a different meaning) in the United States. It is that the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce, and that the present wage system, in treating labor as a commodity, is guilty of a violation of human justice and of human needs. Guildsmen point out (in common with Marx and many other writers) that the theory of the wage system is that the worker sells his labor power in return for a wage, and in so doing surrenders all claim not only to the product of his labor, but also to the control of the manner in which his labor is used. It is true that this theory is not fully realized in fact, because the collective intervention of trade-unions in industrial affairs does give the workers, in varying degrees, a con siderable control over the manner in which their labor is used. This control, however, is purely negative; it amounts at most to a veto upon the employers’ proposals for the use of labor, and not to any positive control by the workers over the conditions of their industry. I t therefore necessarily tends to be restrictive rather than directive in its operation. This system, and indeed the whole existing industrial order, rests upon the willingness of the workers, or the compulsion upon the workers, to go on working for a wage. As soon as the workers refuse to work for wages, and are strong enough to implement their refusal, the wage system necessarily collapses. The vulnerable point of the capitalist system is therefore to be found in its dependence upon the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 28 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 29 acquiescence of labor. The “ way out” of the wage system, in the view of the national guilds writers, lies, then, in a refusal by the workers to work for wages. This implies a growth in power and con sciousness on the part of labor, and a transference of the “ control of labor” from the employers to the trade-unions. Guildsmen there fore work for a monopoly of labor and the creation of a blacklegproof trade-union organization, both by a widening of trade-union membership among the manual workers, and by a progressive inclu sion in the trade-unions of the workers concerned in management, technicians, professionals and supervisors. The problem, however, is not merely one of widening trade-union membership. It also involves a reorganization of trade-union structure and policy. Guildsmen desire that trade-unions should direct their policy expressly to the securing of control over industry through the control of labor. They envisage the strategy of tradeunionism as a constant encroachment upon the sphere of control at present occupied by the employer or his representatives. Two instances will serve to indicate the general lines of this policy. In the first place, foremen and other supervisors are at present appointed and paid by the employer, and are often compelled to resign tradeunion membership, or at least active membership, on their appoint ment. Guildsmen desire that foremen and other direct supervisors of labor should be chosen (subject to qualifications for the post) by the workers, and that they should be members of the trade-unions including these workers. Moreover, guildsmen desire that such supervisors should be paid by the union and not by the employer. Indeed, they desire that all workers should be in this position, the union making a collective contract with the employer for the whole of the labor employed, and then paying the various individuals, including the supervisors, out of the sum realized. This might operate either under a time-work, or under a collective piecework, system. Secondly, guildsmen lay great stress upon the development of workshop organization as an integral part of trade-union machinery. They see in the shop steward and the trade-union works committee the germ of an organization capable of assuming control of the pro ductive processes in the workshop. They have therefore devoted considerable attention to the growth of this movement, and have endeavored to bring out the importance of giving to it, as far as possible, a constructive character. At the same time, they have urged the importance of giving to workshop machinery a greater rec ognition and a more assured place in trade-union organization. In particular, they have emphasized the need for using workshop ma12277S0— 193 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [29] 30 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. chinery as a means of fitting the trade-unions for assuming the function of industrial management. Of course, the greatest barrier to development in the lines sug gested above is recognized by guildsmen as lying in the present chaotic and sectional organization of British trade-unionism. They are therefore advocates of union by industry, and of the systematic amalgamation of trade-unions on industrial lines. They recognize that it is impossible for the workers to assume any considerable measure of control while they are divided among a large number of sectional, and often competing or overlapping, unions, so that in any particular establishment the workers employed often belong to as many as a dozen separate societies and sometimes to many more. A real policy of control clearly implies the unification of forces, and guildsmen have therefore been prominent in the movement for amalgamation, and also for the organization of the salaried em ployees in trade-unions and, wherever possible, their fusion in one society with the manual workers. Nationalization of Industry. Some of the measures suggested above are directed primarily to the assumption of control in cases in which industries continue to be privately owned. Guildsmen, however, are opposed to private ownership of industry, and strongly in favor of public ownership. Of course this does not mean that they desire to see industry bureau cratically administered by State departments. They aim at the control of industry by national guilds including the whole personnel of the industry. But they do not desire the ownership of any indus try by the workers employed in it. Their aim is to establish indus trial democracy by placing the administration in the hands of the workers, but at the same time to eliminate profit by placing the own ership in the hands of the public. Thus the workers in a guild will not be working for profit. The prices of their commodities and indi rectly at least the level of their remuneration will be subject to a considerable measure of public control. The guild system is one of industrial partnership between the workers and the public, and is thereby sharply distinguished from the proposals known as “ Syn dicalist.” Immediately, guildsmen press for the nationalization or munici palization of the ownership of every industry or service which can be regarded as ripe for public ownership, and especially of such great public service as mines, railways, and other transport, shipbuilding, and electricity. At the same time, in connection with any such measure of nationalization, they aim at the immediate establishment of a system of joint control, in order that the workers may at once https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [30] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 31 assume the fullest share in the administration that is immediately practicable. For instance, in the case of the mines, guildsmen sug gest as an immediate measure administration by a mining council half of which will represent the mining trade-unions, the other half being appointed by the State from technical experts and, perhaps, from persons chosen to represent consumers. This would not, of course, mean the setting up of a mining guild; but it would, in the opinion of guildsmen, be a long step toward the creation of such a body. Theoretical Aspects of National Guilds Movement. Turning now to some of the more theoretical aspects of the na tional guilds system: As explained at the outset, the government idea of national guilds is that of industrial self-government and democracy. Guildsmen hold that democratic principles are fully as applicable to industry as to politics. Indeed, they feel that political institutions can never be really or fully democratic unless they are combined with democratic institutions in the industrial sphere. Their contention is that true democracy must really be functional democracy, in the sense that a democratic commonwealth can only be based on the democratic organization of all its parts. From the standpoint of the individual citizen this means that he should be self-governing in relation to the various functions which he per forms—self-governing in his economic life as a producer as well as in his life as a member of the State or local authority. The basic argument put forward by national guildsmen is a two fold argument. I t is at once human and economic. On the human side, it urges that human freedom, in the sense of self-government, is an ultimate good; and that any system that does not assure this self-government has to incur the blame of inhumanity. The human argument is that men ought to be self-governing, quite apart from the economic consequences of self-government. The economic argument is rather more complicated. It is that the best way of getting industry efficiently organized is to rely on the good will, and to enlist to the full the cooperation, of the persons employed in it. This general argument, moreover, is strongly rein forced by a reference to the immediate economic situation. Guilds men point out that the control over labor hitherto exercised by the capitalist under the existing system is breaking down; its operation is already subject to considerable limitations, and its progressive limitation is proceeding at an increasing rate. The continuance of capitalist industry and of the wage system is thus becoming con stantly more precarious, more liable to interruptions by labor troubles, and more seriously menaced with absolute stoppage. Guildsmen contend that before the existing system completely breaks down, it https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [31] 32 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. is necessary to begin its replacement by a democratic system, and that this replacement must begin at once if an intervening period of anarchy, following upon a complete breakdown of the wage system, is to be avoided. Above everything else, the guildsman contends that the future of society can be assured only by the adoption of an economic system based on trust of the individual worker and on the enlistment of human cooperation in industry by the progressive establishment of democratic forms and methods of administration. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 132] PRICES AND COST OF LIVING. Retail Prices of Food in the United States. HE retail price of 22 articles of food combined for which weights were secured for the United States was 2 per cent higher on May T 15, 1919, than on April 15, 1919. Of 41 articles for which prices were secured for May 15, 1919, and April 15, 1919, making comparison possible, 26 show an increase in price in May, 1919, as compared with April. The greatest increase, 55 per cent, was in the price of onions. This was due to the new onions haying just come on the market. Eggs increased 8 per cent; lard, 10 per cent; potatoes and prunes, 6 per cent each; cabbage and coffee, 5 per cent each; pork chops and flour, 4 per cent each; round steak, ham, oleomargarine, corn meal and bananas, 3 per cent each; sirloin steak and rib roast, 2 per cent each; chuck roast, hens, evaporated milk, cheese, Crisco, corn flakes, and raisins, 1 per cent each. Nut margarine, Cream of Wheat, and tea increased less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. The following articles showed a decrease in price in May as com pared with April: Butter, 5 per cent; oranges, 3 per cent; bacon, lamb, salmon, fresh milk, navy beans, baked beans, canned corn, and canned tomatoes, 1 per cent each. Plate beef decreased less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. Bread, rice, canned peas, and sugar showed no change in price. Prices are given this month for two articles not previously shown, rolled oats and macaroni. The increase in the cost of 22 food articles, for which weights were secured, on May 15, 1919, as compared with May 15, 1918, was 17 per cent. In this period, onions increased 91 per cent; potatoes, 50 per cent; prunes, 41 per cent; coffee, 35 per cent; butter, 33 per cent; cheese, 26 per cent; eggs, 25 percent; ham, 20 per cent; pork chops, 17 per cent; lard, 18 per cent; sugar, 16 per cent; hens, 15 per cent; flour, 14 per cent; fresh milk, 13 per cent; bacon, 12 per cent; sirloin steak and rib roast, 11 per cent each; round steak, rice, tea, and raisins, 9 per cent; lamb and salmon, 8 per cent each; chuck roast, 7 per cent; plate beef, 3 per cent. Navy beans decreased 33 per cent and com meal 11 per cent. There was no change in the price of bread or corn meal. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 33 U M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. Effort is made by the bureau to secure quotations on similar grades of commodities in the different cities. There are, however, some local customs which must be considered when any comparison is made of the prices in the different cities. The method of cutting sirloin steak in Boston, Mass.; Manchester, N. H.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Providence, R. I.; and Portland, Me., differs from that in other cities. The cut known as “ sirloin” in these five cities would be in other cities known as “ porterhouse.” There is in these cities, owing to the methods of dividing the round from the loin, no cut that corresponds to that of “ sirloin” in other cities. There is also a greater amount of trimming demanded by the retail trade in these cities than in others. This is particularly true of Providence, R. I. These, together with the fact that almost all the cattle sold are corn fed, are the main reasons why the retail prices of meats in these cities are higher than in others. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [34] 85 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. AVERAGE RETA IL PRICES AND P E R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN T H E UNITED STATES MAY 15,1919, COMPARED W ITH MAY 15, 191S, AND A PR . 15, 1919. Per cent of in crease ( + ) or decrease (—) May 15, 1919, co m p ared with— Average retail price. Article. Sirloin s te a k .................................................... Round steak...................................................... Rib roast................................................. Chuck roast...................................................... Plate beef...................................................... Pork chops........................... ....................... Bacon.. 5 ....................................................... H am .................................................. Lam b..................... Hens........................................... Salmon, canned......................................... Milk, fresh................................................ Milk, evaporated (unsweetened).................... B u tter...................................................... Oleomargarine „........................................... N u t m argarine........................................ Cheese...................................................... L ard....................................................... Crisco................................................. Eggs, strictly fresh............................... Bread......................................... F lour............................................... Com meal............................. ........ Rolled oats.................................... Corn flakes................................... Cream of W heat.................... Rice................................................... Maearoni...................................... Beans, n av y ..................................... Potatoes................................................... Onions........................................ Cabbage.............................................. Beans, baked................................ Cora, canned........................ Peas, canned........................................... Tomatoes, canned........................ Sugar, granulated........................ T ea.................................... Coilee................................................ Prunes................................... Raisins.................................... Bananas.............................. Oranges............................ 22 weighted articles combined__ Unit. .. do. do . .do (2) Pound___ ...d o ....... Pound 4_.. May 15, 191S. Anr. 15, 1919. C e n ts . C e n ts . 40.0 38.0 31.8 27.8 21.9 36.7 50.5 45.6 36.8 43.7 40.5 34.6 29.4 22.6 41.4 57.2 52.9 43.0 32.2 15.0 15.0 29.6 13.2 51.0 39.2 35.2 41.9 35.3 33.4 49.3 33.4 32.9 42 4 9.8 7.0 Pound. . . . do do 6.0 14.0 25.0 12.3 17. 8 2.2 5.6 12.1 3.1 6.9 9.1 17.7 19.2 19.0 15.9 19.6 69.7 38.5 21.9 18.3 37.6 55.5 9.1 63.8 30.1 16.5 15.1 May 15, May 15, Apr. 15, 1919. 1918. 1919. C e n ts . 44. 4 41.6 35.2 20.7 22.5 43.0 + 11 + 9 + 11 + 3 + 17 + 12 + 20 + 8 + 15 + 8 + 13 54.6 39.6 43.5 31.9 14.9 15.1 67.9 40.4 35.3 43.2 38. 8 33.9 53.1 9.8 7.5 6.2 8.4 + 3 -1+ 1 1 1 1 + 3 + 26 +25 (?) +14 -11 25.1 13.4 19.0 12.0 + 9 10.7 9.6 + 91 + 1 + I + 8 « + 3 + 1 (*) (») - 1 io li 19.0 15.8 +55 + 5 - i 0) 69.8 40.5 23.2 + 9 +35 + 41 + 9 33.8 51.1 1 1 Decrease of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. 2 13-15 ounce can. s Increase of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. + 3 + 2 + 1 (!) + 17 V/ (*) + 6 + 2 Baked weight. 5 No change in price. * For the six-year period, May 15, 1913, to May 15, 1919, the increase for food as a whole was 91 per cent. Nine articles show an increase of over 100 per cent, namely, lard, 146 per cent; flour, 127 per cent; bacon, 110 per cent; corn meal, 107 per cent; pork chops and potatoes, 106 per cent each; ham and lamb, 104 per cent each; and eggs, 102 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [35] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 36 . Other articles increased each; butter, 89 per cent; per cent; chuck roast, 84 75 per cent; sirloin, 73 per as follows: Sugar and hens, 96 per cent round steak, 87 per cent; plate beef, 86 per cent; rib roast, 77 per cent; bread, cent; and milk, 69 per cent. A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R IC E S A N D P E R C E N T O F I N C R E A S E O R D E C R E A S E I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S M A Y 15 O F E A C H S P E C I F I E D Y E A R C O M P A R E D W I T H M A Y 15, 1913. Per cent of increase (+ ) or de= crease (—) May 15 of each specified year compared, with May 15, 1913. Average retail prices, May 15Article. Unit. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 C ts . C ts . Sirloin steak.................. Pound. . 2 5 .7 Round steak................. ...d o ....... 22.3 19.9 16.1 12.1 25.9 23.3 20.1 17.0 12.5 25.7 23.0 19.9 16.3 12.3 27.8 25.0 21.6 17.5 13.1 32.2 29.6 25.7 21.8 16.6 40.0 38.0 31.8 27.8 21.9 44.4 41.6 35.2 29.7 22.5 Pork chops.................... . ..do....... 20.9 27.0 26.8 19.4 22.2 22.2 26.7 26.8 19.8 22.7 20.9 26.4 25.6 21.7 21.5 22.9 28.4 31.8 23.2 24.1 30.6 41.6 38.8 29.7 29.3 36.7 50.5 45.6 36.8 37.9 43.0 56.7 54.6 39.6 43.5 8.8 8.9 C ts . Milk, fresh..................... Q u art... C ts . (2) Cts. C ts . C ts . + + + + + 1 4 1 6 3 C1) + 3 (i) + 1 + 2 + 8+ + 12 + + 9+ + 9+ + 8+ 25 + 33 + 29 + 35 + 37 + 56 ■+* 73 70 + 87 60 + 77 73 + 84 81 + 86 + 10 + 46 + 76 +106 8/ +110 G) - 5 + 19 + 45 + 70 +104 + 2 + 12 +20 + 53 + 90 +104 + 2 - 3 + 9 + 32 + 71 + 96 + 6 0) - 1 - 2 + 5 + 54 19.8 20.0 25.7 29.6 31.9 8.7 8.8 10.5 13.2 14.9 *+* 1 - 1 C1) + 19 + 50 + 69 15.1 B u tter............................ Pound.. 35.9 32.7 34.7 37.0 46.5 51.0 67.9 - 9 - 3 + 3 + 30 + 42 + 89 40.4 35.3 23.5 24.8 33.8 33.4 42.2 32.9 38.8 - 1 - 4 +27 + 76 + 108 + 146 20.1 27.8 15.8 15.6 15.1 33.9 42.4 53.1 28.1 39.8 26.3 + 1 (*) + 7 + 51 + 61 + 102 E g g s, strictly fresh....... Dozen... 26.3 26.6 Bread.............................. Pound 3. Flour.............................. Pound.. 5.6 6.2 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.1 7.2 4.5 7.0 3.9 3.3 3.3 9.6 8.7 5.4 c4) (5) 9.1 1.6 1.9 7.6 1.6 4.3 Sugar, granulated......... Pound.. Coffee . 5.4 5.0 9.8 6.6 7.0 9.8 + 11 +29 +25 + 71 + 75 + 75 7.5 C ) + 36 + 18 + 164 + 100 + 127 6.2 + 3 + 10 +10 + 80 + 133 + 107 8.4 14.1 25.1 9.1 10.5 12.3 13.4 19.0 9.4 19.1 17.8 12.0 2.5 6.1 2.2 3.3 + 19 (0 5.1 8.6 +56 +281 + 38 + 106 5.6 10.7 9.6 17.5 19.1 19.0 15.8 6.8 8.5 10.0 9.1 10.6 - 7 +26 +57 + 85 + 69 + 96 54.6 54.6 55.7 63. 8 69.8 27.9 29.9 30.2 30.1 40.5 13.7 13.3 15.3 16.5 23.2 12.5 12.6 14.4 15.1 16.5 38.8 54.1 + 1 + All articles combined... 1 N o c h a n g e in pric e . 2 15-16 o u n ce ca n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 B a k e d w e ig h t. package. * 8-ounce [36] 3 + 13 + 56 + 64 + 8 28-ounce p a ck a g e . 91 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 37 R ELA TIV E R E T A IL PRICES OF FOOD IN TH E UNITED STATES ON APR. 15 AND MAY 15 1919, AND MAY 15, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, AND 1918. ’ [The relative price is the per cent th at the average price on the 15th of each month is of the average price for the year 1913.] 1919 Article. May 15— Unit. Apr. 15. May 15. Sirloin steak..................... P ound__ B utter............................. . P ound___ Milk.................................. B read............................... P ound___ Flour................................. .do...... All articles combined...... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 172 182 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 184 188 175 187 178 186 188 101 100 101 101 101 102 105 102 103 104 101 103 101 101 102 109 112 110 109 108 127 133 130 134 136 157 170 161 174 183 197 212 197 223 202 205 210 203 246 204 100 100 99 100 104 106 99 99 98 106 99 98 95 96 101 109 105 118 127 113 146 155 144 176 138 175 187 170 ?08 178 143 186 169 172 154 177 167 172 76 94 99 100 77 85 100 110 76 91 99 128 82 97 99 124 116 122 117 170 123 133 148 174 218 200 182 193 227 207 194 193 101 98 91 97 99 103 112 91 139 109 89 124 119 108 140 156 266 178 352 183 200 233 129 165 182 185 97 98 100 109 151 158 [37] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, 38 AVERAGE R E T A IL PRICES OF THE PR IN C IPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD ON (The prices shown in the tables following are computed from reports sent m onthly to the bureau by retail Baltimore, Md. Atlanta, Ga. Article. Unit. May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. 1919 Apr. May. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ls . C ts . S irlo in s t e a k ................................. R o u n d s t e a k ................................ R ib ro a s t........................................ C h u c k ro a s t.................................. ... i P la te b e ef............................ ..............' 23.3 22.0 18.7 15.7 12.8 24.4 22.4 18.0 15.6 13.1 32.6 30.2 24.6 22.0 18.2 40.9 40.2 32.7 28.1 22.7 46.1 44.7 36.6 31.7 25.7 45.8 41.3 36.5 31.0 24.3 P o r k c h o n s ........................................ B aco n , s lic e d .................................... H a m , s lic e d ....................................... L a m b . . .............................................. H e n s .................... ................................ 18.3 23.3 31.0 18.0 22.6 19.6 23.8 30.0 18.8 21.8 29.0 37.8 42.5 31.3 29.8 38.6 46.2 49.1 38.8 39.8 40.7 50.2 57.2 42.1 46.7 42.1 51.4 58.2 42.7 47.0 S a lm o n , c a n n e d ............................... M ilk , fr e s h ........................................ M ilk , e v a p o ra te d (u n sw ee te n e d ) B u t t e r ................................................. O le o m a rg a rin e ................._•............. 21.3 26.0 29.0 8.7 11.0 13.0 14.3 14.8 38.6 34.9 48.9 54.3 74.7 ..... ..... ..... ..... 37.0 » 34.5 35.0 34.6 42.1 14.3 14.4 26.5 32.1 33.7 31.8 22.4 23.4 38.4 41.0 47.9 28.8 14.0 14.9 73.5 38.0 8.8 N u t m a rg a rin e ................................ C h eese................................................. L a r d ...... ............................................. C risco.................................................. E g g s, s tr ic tly fr e s h ...................... . 5.4 12.7 2.4 B r e a d .............................................. F l o u r ................................................... C orn m e a l.......... ............................... R o lle d o a ts ........................................ C o m fla k e s........................................ C ream of W h e a t . ............................ M acaro n i............................................ R ic e ..................................................... B e a n s , n a v y ..................................... P o ta to e s ............................................. 1.9 5.6 3.2 2.5 8.8 8.6 5.4 4.3 C3 OC 4.5 9.6 10.0 7.3 7.7 5.4 5.5 7.3 13.1 13.1 23.2 23.7 16.5 10.0 12.0 13.1 13.1 18.4 18.1 12.6 12.6 1.9 6.4 2.1 3.0 3.5 O n io n s ................................................ C ab b ag e.............................................. B e a n s , b a k e d ................................... C orn, c a n n e d .................................... P e a s , c a n n e d .................................... T o m a to e s , c a n n e d .......................... S u g a r, g r a n u la te d .......................... T e a ....................................................... Coffee................................................... 9.7 6.7 6.5 35.0 42.7 37.5 33.2 51.4 4.7 6.3 10.5 15.9 18.8 18.3 11.0 9.6 15.1 18.9 18.5 14.5 14.6 9.1 8.5 10.1 10.1 55.0 66.3 72.5 72.8 23.5 28.5 36.5 37.9 14.5 16.6 21.9 24.1 14.3 15.1 16.0 16.3 30.0 31.7 56.4 58.0 P r u n e s ................................................ R a is in s ................................................ B a n a n a s ............................................. O ran g es.............................................. 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is known as “ porterhouse” in most of the cities included in this report, b ut in this city it is called “ sirloin” steak. 215-16-ounce can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [38] 39 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. MAY 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, AND A PR . 15, 1919, FOR 19 CITIES. dealers. As some dealers occasionally fail to report, the num ber of quotations varies from month to m onth.] Birmingham, Ala. May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Boston, Mass 1919 Apr. May. May, May, Mav, Mav, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Buffalo N. Y. 1919 Apr. May. May, May, May, Mav, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. 1919 Apr. May. C ts . C ts . C ts . 29.0 23.5 21.0 17.5 13.0 C ts . C ts . 33.0 30.5 26.5 22.9 18.2 42.1 39.3 32.1 27.5 19.7 44.3 41.5 35.6 31.0 23.9 45.4 137.0 134.7 42.7 34.0 34.3 36.6 24.4 24.7 31.3 17.0 16.8 23.5 C ts . C ts . C ts . 26.8 22.5 19.9 16.8 10.5 C ls . C ts . C ts . 149.2 50.5 34.2 30.2 ‘60.1 57.5 41.6 31.5 C ts . m .5 40.9 29.3 24.8 22.3 19.3 17.5 15.3 11.8 22.8 19.8 17.2 15.6 12.5 30.5 28.2 24.2 21.4 16.3 C ts . 102.7 59.4 42.1 33.1 37.3 35.1 29.9 27.3 21.1 39.4 36.9 32.1 28.4 21.9 20.8 33.1 30.0 21.7 18.0 23.4 34.0 33.0 22.0 19.5 30.6 45.0 42.0 31.0 22.6 34.5 53.8 45.6 35.0 32.8 39.9 62.6 53.7 46.4 38.6 41.2 62.4 55.4 44.5 37.9 23.4 25.4 31.8 23.5 25.6 31.7 40.8 42.5 31.4 32.0 36.0 47.2 46.9 36.9 41.1 42.8 51.0 56.4 41.3 43.7 44.7 52.9 56.7 41.7 45.4 19.8 22.2 31.9 38.0 42.1 22.0 ■21.2 41.5 47.5 47.7 25.7 26.3 39.3 46.3 51.3 18.7 18.0 28.1 33.9 36.1 22.5 22.4 31.0 39.2 43.6 44.5 49.0 53.7 34.7 42.4 28.0 31.0 32.3 8.9 11.0 14.5 15.5 15.4 33.3 47.5 51.0 72.3 40.1 31.3 15.5 15.6 68.4 40.8 24.1 28.1 28.7 8.0 11.0 13.0 14.0 14.5 31.0 44.6 50.6 70.9 39.2 28 7 15.0 14 5 66.2 39 3 34.6 33.3 33.1 42.8 15.6 27.9 33.1 36.4 33.4 32.5 48.7 52.4 60.6 35.9 42.1 40.0 33.8 66.8 25.4 33.4 32.1 31.8 40.0 13.9 26.8 31.2 34.2 31.1 26.0 40.9 43.4 49.4 33 4 40 5 38.9 31 9 53.9 9.5 8.1 6.8 5.6 3.0 2.5 9.5 6.6 5.5 9.7 7.3 5.5 70 12.9 10.3 41.0 15.8 23.8 C ts . 25.0 26.4 32.6 33.0 10.0 12.8 15.5 20.0 20.0 16.8 16.5 37.5 50.8 53.3 76.7 73.9 41.2 43.5 40.0 34.2 33.4 42.9 15.8 27.7 31.8 35.0 33.1 25.0 36.7 38.3 46.3 39.0 42.6 39.4 33.8 48.8 5.3 3.8 2.2 5.6 10.9 10.0 3.7 8.5 7.0 2.5 4.9 5.5 1.9 25.3 25.3 22.0 10.0 12.0 13.1 13.2 18.0 18.4 14.0 13.6 2.3 6.7 2.5 4.1 4.3 10.0 5.2 5.1 9.7 7.4 5.2 9.7 7.7 5.4 10.6 14.7 14.7 8.8 9.4 20.1 20.2 21.8 10.5 9.3 19.5 19.6 21.2 14.0 5.0 11.4 9.2 11.1 71.0 77.3 86.2 31.7 33.1 40.5 14.2 11.0 86.3 42.7 15.0 15.3 22.5 14.7 16.9 17.7 40.6 54.7 24.8 17.6 39.2 56.7 C ts . 8.9 36.0 16.0 32.1 C ts . 23.0 25.0 30.0 22.7 25.8 8.0 34.1 14.3 5.9 3.7 3.6 5.9 3.8 3.5 13.7 13.8 12.7 24.0 1.8 24.8 24.8 20.4 11.0 12.5 13.8 13.8 19.1 17.9 11.7 11.8 2.0 6.1 2.5 3.0 3.7 9.1 9.3 6.5 8.6 5.2 4.9 9.1 6.8 7.8 5.6 9.2 7.6 6.6 6.9 11. 7 18.6 21.4 21.7 16. 4 17.2 23.5 14.6 15.1 15. 8 43. 0 55.9 1.4 5.0 3.0 2.8 6 7 85 13.9 18. 4 17.5 10 9 10 1 13.9 18. 2 17.3 8.5 5.3 40.2 37.7 33.1 28.9 22 0 24 0 20.2 13 0 10 9 3.1 4.7 24.1 16 0 45.8 59.1 5 28-ounce package. 6 No. 2 can. [39] 9.6 10.2 8.8 6.2 5.7 7.2 C ts . 10 1 12 3 13 0 19 1 17. 9 10 9 1.8 6.6 2.1 2.7 12.8 10 7 18.3 22.1 21.6 17.3 17 4 9.5 9.3 10.4 10.5 63.4 64. 8 67 4 66 2 34.0 34.2 45.1 45.5 s Baked weight. 4 8-ounce package. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C ts . 4.8 15 2 9.8 9.0 10.3 51 0 57 6 64 8 28 7 2Q 9 36 5 14 5 17 2 22 2 13.1 14.0 14 8 41 9 57.4 15 9 10.4 66 n 39 5 9.4 3 14 9 42.6 58.6 40 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F T IL E P R I N C I P A L A R T I C L E S O F F O O D O N Chicago, 111. Article. Unit. Cleveland, Ohio. 1919 May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Apr. May. 1919 May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Apr. May. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. C ts . C ls. C ls . C ls . 22.6 19.1 19.1 15.2 11.3 C ls . 24.7 21.5 20.4 10.2 12.2 29.3 25.7 24.4 20.9 16.1 35.6 32.0 30.1 26.5 20.3 39.7 35.7 34.2 29.2 21.4 39.5 36.0 34.1 28.7 21.0 25.2 22.0 20.0 17.2 12.1 Pork chops.................................... L b .. Bacon, sliced................................. L b .. Lb. Lamb............................................. L b .. Hens.......................... ................... L b .. 18.0 31.4 32.5 20.3 21.2 20.8 31.6 31 7 20.9 21.2 27.4 42.7 40 3 31.1 28.5 33.1 53.3 43.3 35.0 33.9 37.9 58.2 54 6 38.3 40.3 38.6 59.7 56 6 38.4 41.2 21.0 22.9 32.5 35.4 43.3 44.3 27.1 27.8 42.7 48.9 55.5 56.3 Sirloin steak .................................. Round steak................................. Rib roast....................................... Chuck roast................................... Plate beef...................................... Salmon, canned............................ Milk, fresh.................................... Milk, evaporated (unsweetened). B u tter........................................... Oleomargarine.............................. C ts . C ls . C ts . C ts . C ls . 26.1 22.9 19.7 17.4 11.7 C ls . 31.5 29.3 25.0 22.7 16.0 37.5 35.7 30.1 27.1 21.0 39.9 37.5 32.2 29.0 22.0 C ls . 41.4 3S.1 32.8 29.7 21.7 2L 0 20.7 30.6 34.9 39,6 38.1 22.9 23.1 31.4 39.8 45.8 45.5 L b .. 27.4 30.0 32.5 32.2 9R 5 Q t.. 8.0 8.0 10.0 11.9 13.0 13.0 S.O 8.0 10.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 (!) 14.0 14.4 16 1 16 9 L b .. 32.5 29.9 43.1 47.5 67.1 62.4 36.8 34.2 47.2 50.8 72.0 67.7 L b .. 36.8 38.9 N ut m argarine............................. Cheese............................................ L ard................... .......................... Crisco.......................................... Eggs, strictly fresh....................... L b .. 33.4 33.8 L b .. 33. 4 34 3 40 5 L b .. 14.7 15.1 26.3 32.2 34.0 37.6 16.5 16.2 29.7 31.9 36.4 41.0 32.9 33.3 Doz. 23.7 23.5 39.2 39.6 46.6 51.2 25.6 25.3 43.7 42.4 51.0 54.8 Bread............................................. Lb.2 6.1 6.1 9.6 10.2 10.0 10.0 5.5 5.6 10.1 10.0 9.7 9.7 I lorn............................................. L b .. 2.8 2.9 8.2 6.4 6.8 7.4 3.2 3.2 9.2 6.7 7.3 7.8 Corn meal...................................... L b .. 2.9 2.8 5.7 7.1 5.8 5.8 2.7 2.9 5.3 7.1 5.9 5.8 Rolled cats.................................. L b .. 6.5 Corn flakes.................................... (3) 12.6 12.5 Cream cf W heat........................... Macaroni...................................... Rico............................................... Beans, navy.................................. Potatoes........................................ (4) L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. 1.3 Onions........................................... L b .. Cabbage......................................... L b .. Beans, baked................................ (5) Corn, canned...................... (5) Peas, canned................................. (5) Tomatoes, canned........................ (6) Sugar, granulated........................ L b .. 4.9 T ea................................................ Coffee............................................. L b .. Prunes.......................................... L b .. Raisins........................................... L b .. Bananas........................................ Doz. Oranges......................................... 23.9 23.9 18.8 10.2 12.6 13.3 13.6 19.6 17.7 11.2 11.3 1.6 5.6 1.8 2.5 2.8 50 9.0 16.4 17.7 17.3 10 8 9.1 16.3 17.8 17.5 16.4 9.9 8.7 9.9 53.7 58.4 12 0 28.9 29.1 35.7 16.1 10.0 69 8 36.9 7.0 4.9 3.7 24.9 1.5 1.9 5.1 7.1 2.0 7.8 4.6 5.0 10.2 15.5 16 7 22 3 94 5 14.7 14.9 16.7 16 6 35.1 35.8 49.9 51.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2Baked weight. [40] 3.2 9.0 10.8 10.8 13.9 14.2 1 115-16 ounce can. 3.1 38-ounce package. ZO. J 55.2 54.0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 42 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW, AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OP THE PRIN CIPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD ON " Article. Milwaukee, Wis. New Orleans, La. 1919 Unit. May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Apr. May. 1919 May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Apr. May. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . Sirloin steak.................................. Round steak................................. Rib roast....................................... Chuck roast................................... Plate beef...................................... 22.0 20.5 18.5 16.5 11.5 29.6 27.4 24.2 22.4 16.0 C ts . C ts . 35.6 34.0 29.1 26.9 20.8 39.3 37.1 32.8 29.7 22.5 40.1 37.7 33.4 30.1 22.4 C ts . 23.3 21.3 18.5 16.3 11.8 22.0 19.0 20.0 15.5 11.1 C ts. 28.7 24.6 21.7 19.1 15.6 34.1 30.9 30.2 24.1 18.9 C ts . 23.5 20.4 21.1 15.4 12.4 37.6 34.2 32.9 26.2 22.2 36.5 33.5 32.7 26.8 21.4 P ork chops.................................... Bacon, sliced................................. Ham, sliced................................... Lam b............................................. Hens.............................................. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. 19.5 26.8 27.3 20.0 22.0 21.0 27.3 27.7 19.2 22.4 28.8 41.8 38.2 32.3 30.8 33.5 49.6 45.6 37.6 35.1 38.3 55.7 53.2 39.7 42.7 40.1 57.1 54.3 39.7 42.9 22.5 29. S 26.0 20.1 21.1 23.9 30.3 26.0 21.4 22.3 30.8 48.1 38.5 30.4 28.7 37.5 50.8 43.4 38.6 35.7 44.3 60.3 50.4 43.8 44.1 43.9 62.0 51.8 43.4 42.4 Salmon, canned............................ Milk, fresh.................................... Milk, evaporated (unsweetened). B u tte r. . ?............ '.....................1. Oleomargarine.............................. L b .. 25.4 27.9 33.0 33.1 26.8 31.1 34. a 36 2 Q t.. 7.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 10.0 9.7 9.6 14.3 16.0 16.5 (2). . 15.8 15.7 14.9 15 0 L b .. 33.5 30.6 44.1 47.9 69.1 64.2 35.0 32.0 45.7 50.9 72.6 68.7 L b .. .39.6 42 4 38.3 40.3 N u t m argarine............................. C h e e s e . ...................................... L ard............................................... Crisco............................................. Eggs, strictly fresh...................... L b .. 33.4 33.2 35 6 36 1 L b .. ,34. 5 31.9 41 Q 31.6 29.8 39.2 40.0 L b .. 15.5 15.9 28.3 32.6 35.8 40.0 14.9 14.8 26.7 32.6 34.3 37.9 L b .. .34 7 33.5 34.0 Doz. 21.3 22.0 37.7 38.4 45.2 49.3 23.6 23.4 36.8 37.1 44.6 45.9 B read............................................. Flour................................. ........... Corn m eal...................................... Rolled oats.................................... Corn flakes.................................... (3) -- 5 . 5 L b .. 3.1 L b .. 3.0 L b .. (4). . Cream of W h eat.......................... (5 ). . Macaroni........................................ L b .. L b .. L b .. Potatoes..."................................... L b .. 1.1 Onions........................................... Cabbage......................................... Beans, baked................................ Corn, canned................................. Peas^ canned................................. L b .. L b .. («).. (»). . («).. Tomatoes, canned........................ («).. Sugar, granulated........................ L b .. 5.3 L b .. Coffee............................................. L b .. P runes........................................... L b .. Raisins.......................................... L b .. Bananas........................................ Oranges......................................... Doz. 5.9 3.1 3.3 8.7 9.0 6.5 9.2 6.6 7.3 9.2 7.7 5.8 7.4 13.9 14.1 9.2 7.0 5.7 5.2 3.8 2.6 24.6 24.9 19.1 TO 7 T2 6 14 6 14 6 20.8 18.1 11.2 11 1 1.6 6.1 1.7 2.7 3.0 1.9 8.6 3.7 5 7 10.0 16.7 18.7 18.1 22 8 16.7 38.6 54.8 9.1 8.7 5.3 9.5 7.2 6.2 9.1 7.5 5.1 9.2 7.6 5.2 14 14 1 24.8 24 7 11 Q 2.3 10.5 10.6 16.5 18.4 17.9 16.2 16.7 4.9 10.2 8.9 10.6 10.6 5.1 56 5 58 4 66 7 66 0 28.3 26.5 35.8 38. .3 16.0 16.0 21.6 15.0 14.9 16.3 37.5 57.9 4.8 3.7 2.8 4.7 T8 9. 16 3 111 6.4 2. Ö 3.7 4.5 6.7 8 ? 5 .3 18 1 17 6 18 6 IQ 0 6.8 2.4 9.9 14J) 14 Q 8.8 10.3 10.3 26 4 15 1 16 2 21 3 14.8 15.3 56.0 60. 1 1 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is known as “ porterhouse” in most of the cities included in this report, but in this city it is called “ sirloin” steak. 215-16-ounce can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [42] 43 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW MAY 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, AND A PR. 15, 1919, FOR 19 CITIES—Continued. New York, N. Y. 1919 May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Pittsburg, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Apr. May. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C t s . C ts . 32.1 32.4 27.5 22.0 19.7 C ts . 26.3 25.7 21.9 16.8 15.1 40.0 40.6 35.1 27.8 25.7 45.3 47.0 41.3 32.0 28.0 45.6 130.0 130.0 136.8 147.4 ’•53.6 1*4.3 46.9 25.6 26.3 33.1 44.3 49.1 49.4 40.9 22.3 22.4 27.6 36.0 41.0 41.2 32.1 17.6 17.8 23.9 31.9 33.7 33.9 28.1 11.8 12.1 15.8 21.7 23.0 22.4 21.8 25.3 29i0 17.6 22.2 23.0 25.6 30.0 17.0 22.0 32.2 40.4 43.4 27.2 30.3 38.2 47.0 48.8 33.6 39.7 43.7 51.7 57.0 34.7 41.7 45.0 52.7 58.1 33.9 42.6 29.2 33.9 37.1 9.0 10.9 13.0 15.5 13.7 3Ì.9 45.7 51.8 72.9 37.5 36 6 15.7 14.2 67.2 39J5 33.5 34.0 33.8 42.7 15.5 27.1 32.6 36.0 32.3 32.6 45.0 48.0 56.9 33.5 43 1 38.7 15.3 32 4 59.6 26.1 9.8 10.0 10.0 9.2 7.1 7.3 6.5 8.0 7.0 4.8 3.1 2.7 4.8 3.1 2.7 2.3 24.1 24.2 20.7 10.2 13.0 14.4 14.3 18.0 17.7 11.7 11.8 2.7 7.2 2.6 3.9 4.1 9.0 35.4 15.7 30.8 6.0 3.2 3.4 6.1 3.2 3.5 2.5 23.9 24.0 19.7 10.0 12.1 13.3 13.2 18.9 17.9 12.7 12.4 2.6 7.5 2.8 4.2 4.3 8.8 7.8 6.9 7.5 12.0 12.0 8.5 4.8 4.4 7.0 11.7 16.0 19.3 18.3 40.3 44.9 55.1 57.8 43.4 44.6 47.2 56.2 59.9 43.1 46.5 23.4 26.6 28.5 9.0 12.0 13.0 14.7 38.0 52.5 58.0 77.9 40.8 29.0 13.0 14.8 73.3 42.3 36.3 36.1 37.0 46.5 15.3 27.6 32.9 34.5 31.2 27.3 41.3 44.4 49.8 36.5 46.8 38.1 31.8 54.7 31.8 40.6 44.6 30.7 31.1 8.9 8.8 4.6 26.9 15.9 36.4 57.6 4.2 9.5 7.1 7.2 11.6 10.5 14.3 18.4 18.4 13.6 8.9 8.7 10.0 57.1 59.1 60.9 27.4 27.2 34.3 14.3 10.0 61.5 36.2 14.9 16.8 22.6 13.4 14.3 15.0 35.5 58.3 24.2 14.9 36.0 55.3 5.3 May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. [43] Apr. May. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . 27.7 24.5 21.3 17.0 12.8 34.3 30.9 26.1 23.5 16.4 C ts . 27.0 23.3 21.8 16.5 11.9 44.5 41.3 34.0 30.7 22.7 48.1 44.0 37.7 32.5 23.4 48.9 44.9 38.4 32.9 23.4 22.0 28.8 29.4 21.2 27.3 23.3 29.1 30.5 22.3 27.6 32.3 42.1 43.6 33.0 35.3 38.5 51.5 50.0 39.5 43.3 43.8 57.0 59.3 41.7 49.9 44.8 59.1 62.0 42.2 48.1 25.2 31.2 32.4 9.2 10.3 12.5 14.0 14.5 33.8 47.1 52.4 73.1 38.8 32 0 14.3 14.8 68.6 40.5 35.9 33.1 33.9 41.5 15.5 27.5 33.4 35.3 33.2 25.2 40.9 43.7 49.4 34.8 41.7 39.4 33.6 54.3 8.6 37.2 15.5 24.1 5.4 3.1 2.7 5.3 10.4 3.2 8.9 3.0 5.8 9.8 10.0 6.7 7.1 7.5 6.1 13.7 25.0 1.6 10.1 12.4 14.0 20.1 18.4 11.9 1.8 6.7 2.3 3.0 8.6 5.5 5.4 10.0 7.6 6.2 88 13.4 25 1 18.0 14.1 11.9 3.2 6.8 10.9 17.1 19.2 18.5 12.6 11.3 17.3 19.1 18.3 15.1 5.5 10.7 9.6 10.7 64.6 72.7 80.3 28.4 29.4 37.7 15.0 10.6 78.0 40.6 14.9 17.4 23.4 14.6 14.1 16.0 41.1 59.3 24.7 15.9 42.5 6 2S-ounce package. 6 No. 2 can. a Baked weight. 48-ounce package. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9.4 7.5 5.3 7.7 12.3 12.3 9.4 7.1 5.6 6.5 11.7 14.2 19.3 18.1 7.7 4.9 40.0 50.0 51.7 38.1 42.4 8.0 11.6 9.4 15.7 19 6 18.1 15.1 14.7 9.1 8.8 10.0 9.9 49.2 54.6 54.1 55.0 26.3 27.3 35.0 36.7 15.7 17.1 23.3 13.9 14.8 15.6 35.7 54.7 8.0 23.0 26.4 30.1 20.4 24.2 C ts . C ts . C ts . 20.8 25.6 30.8 21.4 23.0 C ts . Apr. May. 26.3 25.0 22.3 16.3 14.5 C ts . 1919 1919 May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. 44 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. AVERAGE R E T A IL PRICES OF T H E PR IN C IPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD ON San Francisco, Calif. St. Louis, Mo. Article. 1919 Unit. May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Apr. May. 1919 May, May, May, May, 1913. 1914. 1917. 1918. Apr. May. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . Sirloin steak.................................. Round steak................................. Rib roast....................................... Chuck roast................................... Plate beef...................................... Lb. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b ,. C ts . C ts . C ts . 26.8 24.2 20.2 15.7 13.9 31.2 29.5 24.7 20.5 15.7 37.0 36.1 30.3 25.5 20.9 41.5 41.0 33.8 27.9 22.9 C ts . 23.3 21.1 18.0 13.7 11.0 C ts . 41.3 41.1 33.9 27.7 23.1 20.3 19.0 20.7 14.6 13.3 20.7 19.7 21.7 15.5 15.0 23.2 22.9 22.4 15.9 15.1 33.1 32.9 30.5 24.2 22.4 32.6 31.7 30.8 24.0 22.0 32.3 31.3 30.4 23.1 21.4 Pork chops.................................... Bacon, sliced................................. Ham sliced................................... Lam b............................................. Hens.............................................. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. 19.5 25.3 26.7 19.0 18.5 20.2 25.0 27.5 19.3 19.4 29.0 40.0 37.8 31.4 26.8 33.2 47.9 47.0 37.9 33.0 39.6 54.3 56.2 41.7 41.7 40.4 56.0 59.1 39.9 40.5 24.0 32.8 30.0 16.7 25.2 24.7 33.7 32.0 18.0 24.8 29.3 43.2 40.5 23.2 26.3 39.8 56.5 50.4 33.6 40.6 44.2 61.0 56.1 33.9 51.9 45.5 62.8 58.1 33.4 51.2 Salmon, canned............................ Milk, fresh ..................................... Milk, evaporated (unsweetened). B u tter. .T.................................. . Oleomargarine.............................. Lb 22. 7 29. 4 Q t .. 8.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 (') L b .. 33.3 31.3 46.5 51.0 L b .. 30.6 13.0 14.4 72.3 37.1 23 3 25 8 30. 4 13.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.1 14.6 67.3 33.6 31.4 43.4 47.1 37.7 27 8 14.0 13.0 62.9 36.0 27 7 15.2 13.1 66.3 35.9 N ut margarine............................. Cheese..“ ...................................... L ard.............................................. Crisco............................................. Eggs, strictly fresh....................... L b .. 34.6 34.5 36.5 L b .. 31.7 31.1 40.5 40.6 30.1 31.3 40.0 L b .. 13.7 i i è 25.4 29.3 34.1 38.6 18.3 17.4 28.2 34.0 34.4 L b .. 37.3 33.3 33. 7 34. 6 Doz. 20.0 21.1 37.8 45.7 48.9 24.5 30.0 39.5 43.0 51.7 34.5 41. 2 36.2 .35 5 56.3 Bread............................................. F lour............................................. Corn m eal..................................... Rolled oats.................................... Corn flakes.................................... L b 2. 5.5 L b .. 3.0 L b .. 2.1 L b .. (3) 5.6 9.9 10.20 10.0 10.0 2.9 .7.8 6.2 6.9 7.2 2.6 4.7 6.4 5.0 5.2 6.0 14.0 14.0 Cream of W heat........................... Macaroni........................................ Rice............................................... Beans, n av y .................................. Potatoes. . I................................... (4) L b .. L b .. L b .. L b .. 1.3 24.3 24.1 14.0 9. 2 12. 2 13 2 13 3 19.7 17.7 11.6 11.1 1.7 5.8 2.0 2.9 3.0 Onions........................................... L b .. Cabbage......................................... L b .. Beans, baked................................ (6) Corn, canned................................. 0) Peas, earned................................. (5) Tomatoes, canned........................ (6) Sugar, granulated. ................... L b .. 5.2 T ea................................................. L b .. Coflee............................................. L b .. Prunes...................................... . L b .. Raisins.......................................... L b .. Bananas....................................... Oranges......................................... 115-16 ounce can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 64 8.1 16.1 16.3 16.2 10 0 7. 7 16.0 16.1 16.2 14.0 9.8 S.6 10.4 53.3 67.6 72 4 22.7 27.6 35.7 14.3 10.4 72 3 37.7 14.9 16.6 22.0 14.5 16. 7 16.4 31.2 49.5 24.3 16.3 32.6 45.8 8.8 4.6 4.4 2Baked weight. [44] 5.9 3.3 3.4 5.9 3.4 3.5 9.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.1 6.6 7.1 7.4 6.5 7.6 6.2 6.5 7.8 14.0 14.2 24.7 24.8 1.4 2.2 IQ 0 16 2 10 0 Q Q 5.4 2.2 3.2 3.2 2.3 5.3 4.9 53 10 0 IQ Q IQ 2 18.1 5.6 IQ .3 IQ 2 18 2 14 .3 14 0 8.7 8.6 10.4 10.3 51 3 53 6 56 Q 56 O 30 O 30 2 13 Q 13 7 13.8 13.6 2 8-ounce package. .38 Q 53.0 53.6 45 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. MAY 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, A N D A P R . 15, 1919, F O R 19 C I T I E S —C o n clu d ed . Seattle, Wash. Washington, D. C. 1919 M ay, 1913. M ay, 1914. M ay, 1917. 1919 M ay, 1918. M ay, 1913. A p r. M ay, 1914. M ay, 1917. M ay, 1918. M ay. A p r. M ay. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . 23. 8 21.5 19.6 16. 8 12.9 23.4 21.0 18.8 15.4 12.4 27.6 26.0 24.6 20.6 15.6 39.1 37.5 32.0 28.1 23.2 39.9 37.5 33.3 27.8 23.1 40.5 37.8 33.8 27.4 23.1 27.5 23.6 21.9 17.6 12.1 28.0 24.3 21.6 17.6 13.1 33.7 31.4 27.5 23.8 17.8 49.2 46.6 36.5 31.5 23.1 51.8 48.6 40.9 35.0 24.2 52.0 48.7 41.5 35.5 23.2 24.6 31.7 30.8 20.8 24.5 24.0 33.0 30.0 18.8 24.4 33.6 48.0 40.6 28.0 28.8 40.0 54.8 49.5 38.9 39.6 47.7 61.7 58.3 40.4 46.5 48.6 63.6 58.8 40.3 46.6 21.1 26.5 28.0 20.9 22.4 23.0 24.9 29.6 21.5 24.1 32.6 40.9 42.0 32.5 30.9 43.9 50.3 49.4 43.3 42.0 46.9 53.0 59.6 48.5 47.7 47.8 55.0 58.7 47.7 48.0 8.5 8.6 25.0 10.5 29.0 12.5 8.0 24.3 10.0 29.0 14.0 31.1 43.8 49.4 31.3 12.0 13.7 65.0 40.5 8.0 35.0 31.8 12.0 13.3 66.3 40.8 38.7 35.0 48.3 55.2 33.6 16.0 15.7 76.7 38.4 32.2 14.0 15.7 74.3 39.5 17.6 15.9 31.8 27.9 31.0 33.3 14.3 34.3 27.5 35.5 34.0 25.4 39.1 45.2 36.2 43.6 37.7 35.7 54.8 14.8 25.0 36.8 43.2 34.2 35.6 52.0 23.9 24.7 39.9 43.3 35.8 42.9 35.3 33.3 49.4 35.6 43.5 38.3 34.5 53.3 5 .5 3 .0 3 .0 6 .0 2.9 3.1 9 .9 7.3 5.6 10.5 5.8 7.7 9.8 6.6 6.9 10.4 6.8 7.0 8.0 14.9 5.6 3.7 2.4 5.5 3.7 2.5 9.8 8.8 4.9 9 .2 6.7 6.3 9.9 7.3 5.4 10.0 7.6 5.4 9.6 14.0 C ts . C ts . C ts . 14.5 27.2 1.0 5.9 1.3 5.3 C ts . 9.7 20.3 4.6 12.9 17.6 1.7 14.3 11.1 2.4 27.1 16.3 14.2 10.8 2.6 8.9 3.3 6. 4 8.0 22.7 21.3 20.4 7.2 8.9 22.4 20.6 19.6 9.3 50.0 32.6 9.1 58.3 32.2 18.5 10.8 63.3 39.3 17.5 10.8 62.8 40.0 13.4 13.1 15.2 14.2 19.7 16.7 49.1 58.1 20.2 17.2 50.0 59.6 1 .............. 1............... C ts . 14.0 10.5 20.0 7.1 12.7 19.2 2.3 14.4 13.5 2 .9 24.5 21.0 14.6 13.2 3 .2 8.4 5.6 7.1 12.7 15.9 19.5 19.9 12.8 10.8 15.5 20.1 20.0 9.4 57.6 28.8 8.9 67.1 29.6 17.5 10.2 77.1 37.7 16.2 10.2 79.1 39.4 15.8 13.4 17.6 15.3 23.1 15.6 41.8 59.4 23.3 15.8 43.5 61.2 24.5 2.1 4.9 1.8 4.7 6 N o. 2 can . 4 28-ounce package. 122778°—19- 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C Is . [451 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, 46 AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OE Butte, Mont. Bridgeport, Conn. Article. Charleston, Cincinnati, Columbus, S. C. Ohio. Ohio. Unit. Apr., Mav, Apr., May, Apr., May, Apr., May, Apr., May, 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . C ts . Sirloin steak................................... Round steak................. ................. Rib roast........ ........................... . .. Chuck roast..............................— J Plate beef...................................— L b.. L b .. L b .. L b .. L b.. 52.0 52.1 50.0 49.8 39.8 39.6 33.1 32.7 21.0 20.5 38.3 35.7 31.4 26.3 19.7 39.5 36,. 8 32.3 26.5 19.7 40.7 40.7 34.3 28.7 22.7 40.8 40.3 34.9 28.8 22.2 38.3 37.1 33.1 26.9 23.7 39.0 37.7 33.7 26.7 24.0 40.6 38.8 35. 6 30.6 23.7 Pork chops..... ................................ Bacon, sliced.................................. Ham . sliced...................................i Lam b...................................... ........ Hens........................ ....................... L b.. L b.. L b .. L b .. L b .. 42.2 57.6 60.9 40. 5 43.5 43. S 58.2 61.2 40.1 44.9 40.6 58.6 54.6 35.0 41.0 41.0 63.1 58.7 37.4 42.9 42.4 55.9 53.8 43.2 48.5 44.7 58.1 55.0 40.8 48.8 40.2 52.6 53.9 37.1 45.4 40.7 53.0 54.3 38.0 44.7 39.0 40.3 53.3 54.7 56.2 56.6 43. 3 37.5 40.6 41.7 Salmon, canned............................. Milk, fresh...................................... Milk, evaporated (unsweetened).. B u tter............................................. Oleomargarine. ................... .......... L b .. Q t.. (a) L b .. L b .. 37.6 15.0 15.4 70.9 38.2 35.2 15.0 15.5 67.9 39.4 30.4 20.3 15.1 72.2 41.5 29.2 14.0 14.2 71.4 38.2 28.5 30.0 14.0 13.7 14.5 14.4 64. 8 70.4 40.6 37.7 Cheese............................................. L ard......................................... ...... Crisco........................................... .. Eggs, strictly fresh........................ L b .. L b.. L b.. L b.. Hoz. 35.8 42.8 35.6 33.2 59.4 34.3 43.4 39.0 33.7 62.6 40.8 42.8 30.1 15. 5 15.5 20.3 15.1 15.0 .15.0 71.3 65.4 74.1 45.0 ......... 41.0 42.. 0 50.6 41.5 41.6 43.6 36.4 38.4 34.6 36.3 37.1 33.5 52.0 52.3 49.9 41.0 42.7 38.4 33.7 52.7 35.1 40.6 33.6 32.0 44.4 35.1 42.6 37.5 31.9 47.9 B read.............................................. Lb.3 10.0 F lo u r............................................... id).. 7.1 Corn meal.................................. .... L b.. 6.8 L b .. 13.9 Corn Hakes...................................... ( 4) 10.0 7.5 8.3 9.2 13.8 10.0 7.6 7.6 8.7 14.6 9.9 7.2 6.0 14.9 10.7 7.7 5.0 9.2 14.9 9.8 7.6 5.0 6.7 13.8 Cream of W heat...................... ...... («0 24.1 Rice................................................. L b .. 14.0 L b.. Beans, n av y ______________ ___ L b.. 12.4 Potatoes......... ......................... ...... L b.. 3.2 24.1 29.7 Í3 8 113.2 22.9 12.2 11.7 3.7 1.8 30 0 25.0 12.9 12.0 192 11.6 14 i 4.0 22 25.0 11.9 21.4 13.9 4.1 24.9 13.4 25.2 13.3 17.1 11.0 11.1 3.2 3.4 25.0 12.8 10.5 2.8 25.0 12:8 18.8 10.5 3.2 Onions........................ ............. ...... L b.. 6.7 Cabbage........................................... L b.. 12.3 16:8 Beans, baked................................. (0) Com, canned................................. (a) 21.0 Peas, canned.......................... ........ (6) 20.7 12.3 10.2 16.7 21.5 20.9 5.0 6.2 23.9 19.3 18-5 5.9 8.3 22.9 18.5 17.9 8.7 12.5 7.2 9.4 15. 6 15.3 21.5 21.2 21.3 21.3 5.8 9.4 15.7 17.6 17.1 9.9 10.1 15.3 17.1 17.2 8.3 9.5 16.4 16.0 16.7 11.4 11.3 16.4 15.8 16.1 Tomatoes, canned.......................... (0 Sugar, granulated.......................... L b.. T ea........................................... ...... L b .. Coffee............................................... L b .. 16.0 10.2 64.4 39.3 18.3 12.0 76.3 49.3 17.5 12.0 76.8 50.8 15.9 10.6 75.5 38.9 15.9 10.4 78.4 41.2 14.7 10.3 74.8 36.5 14.7 10.4 75.8 37.6 14.2 10.6 81.4 39.5 13.4 10.6 81.5 40.8 24.5 25.3 16.4 16.2 3S.9 37.7 57. 3 56.6 20.3 16.6 48.9 52.2 21.6 17.3 49.0 53.7 23.2 16.4 40.0 57.2 24.9 15.9 41.8 61.0 21.8 16.6 34.7 52.3 22.7 17.1 35.4 45.4 21.5 15.7 38.2 54.5 22.3 15.7 38.0 52.2 Prunes............................................. Raisins........................................... Bananas.......................................... Oranges...................... .................... L b .. L b.. Doz. Doz. 18.6 10.2 63.3 38.5 C ts . 9.9 7.0 7.4 14.6 10.0 7.5 5.0 C ts . 13.8 C ts . C ts . 42.5 40.8 36.2 31.2 24.6 29.2 14.0 14.6 65.8 40.9 34.9 35.0 40.8 41.2 34. 3 37.7 32.7 32.9 42.8 47.2 9.6 6.8 5.7 14.2 9.8 7.4 5.9 8.2 14.0 ! The steak for which prices are here quoted is known as “sirloin” in most of the cities included in this report, but in this city it is called “rump” steak, 215-16-ounce can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [46] 47 M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW, FOOD FOR 31 CITIES ON APR. 15 AND MAY 15, 1919. Dallas, Tex. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Cts. Apr., 1919. Cts. Jacksonville, Fla. Kansas City, Mo. Houston, Tex. Indianapolis, Ind. May, 1919.- Apr., 1919. May> 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919, Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Fall River, Mass. 40.0 39.7 32.0 28.7 24.8 38.7 38.7 32.5 29.5 26.1 39.8 39.4 29.7 27.9 22.2 41.2 40.6 29.7 28.6 23.1 42.7 39.3 33.2 28.1 22.1 43.0 40.0 34.1 28.1 22.4 40.2 37.8 30.4 25.9 20.8 40.8 38.1 30.8 26.3 21.0 42.2 40.8 35.0 31.8 26.4 1 58.9 48.8 36.2 30.3 1 60.3 50.6 37.6 30.9 41.0 62.1 56.4 46.7 37.7 41.7 62.1 59.0 43.9 37.8 40.1 51.7 53.9 40.5 44.3 41.6 51.8 54.1 39.1 45.8 39.0 65.5 51.7 38.8 43.5 40.5 61.0 50.6 40.0 43.3 40.7 54.5 57.4 44.6 38.0 42.4 54.9 58.4 45.8 39.0 39.7 56.2 55.3 37.2 40.9 42.3 56.7 55.9 38.6 41.0 38.1 58.7 54.1 35.2 40.0 39.3 58.8 56.2 34.3 39.0 31.8 18.0 15.7 68.2 36.5 31.6 18.0 16.0 62.3 35.9 30.2 15.3 15.3 71.3 39.7 29.9 15.0 15.7 68.7 39.5 29.6 18.4 15.5 68.7 39.9 31.4 17.5 15.7 67.0 39.8 26.9 12.5 14.9 68.8 38.9 26.7 12.7 15.4 63.8 41.5 32.8 18.0 15.4 76.4 40.9 31.7 18.0 15.3 71.5 40.6 31.9 15.0 15.3 69.2 37.1 32.9 15.0 15.3 66.6 38.2 36.3 42.4 36.0 33.3 44.5 36.4 42.8 37.3 33.6 44.0 36.7 42.4 35.6 32.7 60.5 36.9 42.7 39.4 33.9 63.5 37.4 40.7 32.1 34.9 44,3 37.5 40.8 35.0 34.1 44.1 34.9 42.5 35.5 33.8 44.0 35.4 41.9 39.8 34.4 48.4 37.6 42.6 34.9 32.6 48.4 35.8 42.2 37.4 33.4 49.1 34.9 42.2 37.6 35.6 45.6 35.4 42.9 40.8 35.9 49.7 10.0 7.3 6.5 10.0 7.4 6.7 9. 7 14.6 10.0 7.4 8.4 10.0 7.9 8.4 9. 5 14.2 8.9 7.4 5.8 8.9 7.8 6.0 7.3 14.2 9.5 7.1 5.2 9. 5 7.6 5.3 8.0 14.5 10.0 7.3 5.1 10.0 7.7 5.4 10.4 14.4 10.0 6.8 6.5 25.5 13.4 13.2 3.6 25.5 12.9 19. 4 12.7 3.8 7.7 7.7 20.3 19.8 20.0 42.2 41.6 35.0 31.8 27.3 14.9 14.2 13.9 ' 24.6 13.0 13.4 4.3 25.3 12.9 21.8 13.3 4.6 13.0 2.9 11.1 9.9 17.8 18.2 17.8 8.8 5.9 18. 2 21.3 20.1 9.4 5.9 18.2 20.4 20.2 9.2 9.6 16.4 17.3 18.3 11.4 9.4 16.7 16.8 17.5 15.8 11.0 83.3 39.3 15.5 11.0 83.3 •42.3 14.9 10. 6 83.2 42 7 14.6 10.6 85.4 44.3 16.1 11. 1 80.5 39.0 16.4 11.1 81.4 40.6 22.7 18.3 29.0 48.9 24.1 18.9 30.4 48.6 22.2 17.7 37.9 55.8 23.0 18. 1 38.6 63.3 19.6 17.8 41.7 57.3 21.5 18.2 42.9 56.1 14.5 25.5 12.6 11.2 2.9 8.4 5.9 18.6 16.9 17.9 6.9 10. 1 18.2 18.3 18.1 12.8 10.8 61.3 34.1 12.6 10.8 64.2 36.9 21.8 16.4 33.0 52.0 23.0 16.3 34.3 52.4 25.6 13.6 12.0 3.5 12.3 11.9 17.3 19.9 19.7 8.0 6.0 18.3 17.7 18.8 15.6 10.6 59.2 38.2 15.1 10.7 57.6 41.2 20.9 16.3 37.7 55.0 21.9 16.6 40. 2 53.5 24.7 11.8 12.2 3.0 9.2 7.6 19.8 19.4 20.0 7.3 13.1 17.2 20.1 19.6 15.1 11.3 81.4 42.0 14.7 11.3 78.4 45.5 22. 1 16.8 36.3 51.6 22.7 16.6 39. 2 49.6 62 8 -0 unee package, s No. 2 can. 3Baked weight. 48-ounce package. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 14.6 26.2 13.7 20.0 11.6 2.9 24.7 11.8 15.3 11.9 3.8 25.2 13.4 22. 2 12.3 3.8 25.4 12.7 10.0 7.0 6.7 10.1 15.0 24.6 13.3 18.5 13.1 3,2 [47] 15.0 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, 48 AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OE THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD Little Rock, Louisville, Manchester, Memphis, Tenn. N.H. Ark. Ky. Article. Minneap olis, Minn. Unit. Apr., May, Apr., May, Apr., May, Apr., May, Apr., May, 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 38.5 39.3 155.3 156.0 42.5 42.3 37.2 38.9 Sirloin steak......................... Lb.. 43.1 41.1 Round steak......................... Lb.. 39.6 39.4 Rib roast............................. Lb.. 35.8 35. 6 Lb.. 29.4 2S.3 Lb.. 24.8 24.0 27.2 32.1 28.5 23.8 38.1 51.0 51.1 39.6 40.5 32.2 34.8 34.7 33.8 33.3 28.8 31.1 31.2 29.1 29.4 24.1 24.5 21.0 34.4 31.2 26.0 19.9 36.7 32.4 26.8 20.4 Pork chops........................... Bacon, sliced........................ Liam, sliced.......................... Lamb................................. Hens.................................. Lb . Lb.. Lb.. Lb.. Lb.. 42.1 59.6 53.1 43.8 36.9 41.6 59.4 55.3 40.9 37.5 38.8 56.2 55. 7 40.0 42.6 40.1 57.6 57.5 40.8 43.7 40.3 52.2 52.7 40.9 44.6 42.3 52.8 52.9 39.4 45.8 39.8 60.0 55.4 42.5 38.5 40.7 60.0 56.2 42.5 39.0 38.1 58.8 56.3 35.3 36.6 40.1 58.8 56.6 33.8 38.4 Salmon, canned..................... Milk, fresh........................... Milk, evaporated (unsweetened).. Butter................................ Oleomargarine...................... Lb.. 30.8 Qt.. 16.0 15.8 m Lb.. 70.8 Lb.. 39.9 32.6 16.0 16.2 67.3 41.0 29.3 15.0 14.7 73.4 39.7 29.3 15.0 14.9 66.3 41.6 31.5 15. 0 16.2 75.2 38.2 31.3 15.0 16.5 73.3 38.8 33.7 18.0 16.0 73.9 41.8 33.7 18.0 16.2 70.6 42.4 36.7 13.0 15.3 66.2 37.3 36.9 12.0 15.5 62.0 39.0 Nut margarine...................... Cheese................................ I.ard.................................. Crisco................................. Eggs, strictly fresh................. Lb.. Lb.. Lb.. Lb.. Doz. 38.1 42.1 37.6 34.5 46.5 35. 6 40.5 34.9 33.5 43.3 35.0 41.4 39.2 34.1 48.4 34.8 40.2 35.5 33.5 59.6 34.0 40.5 39.5 34.8 60.8 39.8 40.8 36.3 33.2 44.8 40.6 41.9 40.2 32.9 48.5 31.9 39.4 35.8 33.4 45.0 31.6 39.6 38.9 33.5 48.2 39.0 43.1 35.0 34.4 42.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.3 9.3 10.0 10.0 9.2 9.2 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.2 7.8 7.4 7.8 6.9 7.2 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.2 7.1 7.1 5.4 5.3 5.7 6.1 6.2 7.4 8. 7 9.3 10. 8 14.8 14. 7 13.4 13.7 15.0 14.8 14.3 14.4 14.2 14.3 Creamof Wheat..................... (5) 25.0 24.9 25.3 25.2 24.9 24.9 24.5 24.5 25.2 25.2 Rice................................... Lb 12.5 12.7 13.2 13.3 13.1 13.2 12.2 12.3 13.6 13.5 20.4 18. 0 20. 2 18.6 23. 4 Lb Beans, navy......................... i_Lb.. 13.2 13.3 12.1 12.0 11.7 11.8 12.9 12.9 9.8 10.0 Potatoes.............................. Lb.. 3.4 3.6 2.5 3.1 2.8 3.7 3.2 3.4 2.6 2.7 Bread................................. Lb.. Flour................................. Lb.3. Corn meal... ........................ Lb.. Lb Corn flakes_....................... 0 ) Onions................................ Lb.. 9.1 11.4 8.0 Cabbage.............................. Lb.. 9.1 9.8 9.2 Beans, baked........................ (6) 18.3 17.5 16.0 Corn, canned........................ (6) 18.2 17.6 17.6 Peas, canned......................... 0 0 18.8 18.5 18.1 11.0 6.7 10.8 7.9 9.5 6.1 10.9 9.7 8.2 12.3 8.1 8.5 6.7 9.8 16.8 19.0 19.1 18.6 18.9 19.1 18.8 18.0 22.1 21.8 18.5 18.3 16.7 16.7 18.8 20.4 20.5 18.0 18.0 16.9 17.6 Tomatoes, canned.................. 00 15.0 Sugar, granulated.................. Lb.. ' 11.1 Tea.................................... Lb.. 85.0 Coffee................................. Lb.. 44.8 Prunes................................ Raisins............................... Bananas.............................. Oranges............................... Lb.. Lb.. Doz. Doz. 19.6 18.0 37.5 56.4 15.4 11.2 86.0 43.9 15.4 10.7 V7. 6 37.8 14.9 10.7 78.9 42.0 20.0 10.6 60.7 41.5 15.1 10.6 60.4 42.6 15.5 10.9 85.3 39.2 15.2 10.9 84.9 41.2 16.3 10.9 63.1 39.4 16.6 10.7 61.1 41.7 21.3 18.5 40.0 57.2 22.3 16.5 37.3 50.9 21.4 17.0 37.9 47.9 21.7 16.6 35.8 55.3 22.4 16.8 37.5 55.5 24.0 17.4 36.5 54.9 25.2 17.2 39.6 53.5 22.6 15.8 40.6 57.8 25.3 16.1 43.9 58.1 i The steak for which prices are here quoted is known as “porterhouse’' in most of the cities included in this report, but in this city it is called “sirloin” steak. 215-16-ounce can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [48] 49 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, FOB 31 CITIES ON APB. 15 AND MAY 15, 1919—Continued. Newark, N. J. Mobile, Ala. New Haven, Conn. Norfolk, Va. Omaha Nebr. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. 37. 9 36.9 32.5 27.9 24. 6 48.2 48.6 39.8 33.1 23. 6 55 6 50.5 39.8 35. 5 56.2 50.8 40.9 35.7 48.0 42.4 38.0 31.9 24.0 48 5 43.2 37.1 31.9 22.0 43.0 40.4 32 6 28.3 20.0 43.6 40.9 32.9 28.3 21.0 38.3 38.3 32. 5 27.9 24.0 48. 1 48.8 - 39.3 33.2 23. 6 45.0 63.0 55.4 37.9 44.0 47.3 61.4 54.6 40.0 44.2 43.0 48.9 55.0 41.8 43.3 44.7 50.4 55.0 41.2 44.4 40.4 56.4 59.3 41.7 44.6 42.3 57,4 60.3 42.1 45.7 40.8 52.8 50.0 • 46.1 47.4 41.7 54.1 49.4 47.0 47.1 38.5 60.0 58.9 40.0 40.3 39.4 59.7 58.1 40.5 39.4 31.0 18.3 15.8 74.1 42.1 31.2 17.5 16.5 71.9 41.8 33.9 15.7 13.9 74.1 39.1 34.2 15.5 14.4 68.1 40.2 33.5 14.4 15. 1 72.3 40.4 33.0 14.8 15.0 68.5 41.3 32.1 22.7 15.2 75.4 43.5 30.5 22.5 15.3 74.1 43.8 32.2 13.5 16. 1 70.6 40.4 31.9 13.5 15.9 65.9 41.4 37.0 41.8 35.4 34.3 47.7 39.1 41.6 38.3 33.1 50.4 34.7 43. 8 35.2 31.1 57.3 34.6 43.9 39.0 31.9 60.2 35.8 41.9 35.7 33.3 58.9 36.2 42.3 39.8 34.1 61.0 39.0 43.3 36.5 34.3 48.7 38.3 42.3 36.8 33.9 53.3 36.2 41.2 37.2 33.9 45.3 35. C 40.8 40. 3 34.9 49.6 9.6 7.4 5.7 9.7 7.6 5.9 10. 7 14.7 9.8 7.3 7.1 9.8 7.8 7.2 8.1 12.5 10.0 7. 1 7.2 10.0 7.6 7.5 8. 8 13.8 9.9 7.2 5.9 9.9 7.8 6.2 10. 1 14.5 10.0 6.8 5.8 10.0 7.2 6.1 8.2 14.9 24.4 13.8 25.7 14.0 12.9 2.7 7.3 25.2 14.1 15.4 12.5 3.0 12.3 14.6 12.5 14.6 14.9 25.7 14. 8 13.6 3.1 7.1 12.7 3.3 8.5 25.3 14.5 21.3 12.5 3.7 11.6 10.8 15.4 20.4 18.6 14.5 11.6 18.2 21.6 21. 1 16.5 11.3 18.5 21.8 21.7 20.0 10.2 15.1 21.8 22.5 15.6 8.9 14. 5 21.5 22.0 15.5 8.2 21.1 17.4 17.9 17.5 8.3 20.6 17.0 17.8 17.1 10.0 56.4 35.1 23.2 10.1 55.8 38.2 25.1 10.2 63.8 38.8 23.9 10.2 61.2 41.5 26.1 10.4 83.9 40.3 22.5 10.4 82.6 41. 8 23.0 10.8 76.8 40.6 22.5 10.9 77.2 44.6 24.4 15.4 40.5 59.8 15.3 39.2 60.6 16.0 35.0 56.9 16.5 36.2 57.3 17.1 39. 1 60.5 16.7 38.9 50.2 17.1 40.0 56.8 18.0 42.5 50.3 23.4 13.7 13.7 4. 1 7.4 12. 6 3.6 7.1 23.4 13. 8 19.9 12.6 3.8 12.8 7.0 18.6 19.3 19.5 15.3 7.0 17.6 19.3 19.6 15.1 11.3 15.2 20. 1 18.6 14.8 10.9 77.1 36.7 21.1 10.9 76.8 37.3 21.7 18.0 29.4 55.0 18.3 31.2 56.8 3Baked weight. 48-ounce package. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13.8 24.6 13.7 20.9 12.9 3.9 13.4 26.3 12.7 19. 5 13.5 4.2 11.3 25.3 12.5 628-ounce package. 6No. 2can. M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, AVERAGE R E T A IL PRICES OF TH E PR IN C IPA L ARTICLES OP FOOD Peoria, 111. Article. Portland, Me. Portland, Oreg. Providence, R. I. Unit. Apr., May, Apr., May, Apr., May, Apr., May, 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. 1919. C e n ts. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts. C e n ts . 39.0 58.9 56.9 39.4 40.2 41. 1 4-3.3 52.4 52.3 54.7 -54.8 39.5 39.2 45.5 46.5 43.4 58.5 54.7 38.7 45.0 44.7 59.3 56.8 37.0 44.0 42.4 52.7 60.0 44.5 45.1 45.2 54.0 62.0 44.4 46.6 30.7 11.9 15.3 68.4 39.9 30.6 11.9 15.6 64.2 41.9 29.3 15.3 15.4 73.6 39.5 29.4 13.6 15.9 72.4 41.6 36.4 14.6 15.0 65.8 38.8 35.2 14.6 15.0 64.7 40.0 34.6 15.5 15.4 73.0 36.8 34.9 15.5 15.6 70.1 37.5 Lb... Lb... Lb... Lb... Doz.. 36.1 42.7 36.0 34.4 44.2 36.1 43.2 39.0 35.0 48.6 35.6 43.7 37.2 34.2 55.9 35.7 43.4 40.6 34.2 60.4 35.4 43.9 35.2 34.6 50.1 35.3 44.2 37.0 34.7 49.6 33.5 42.1 36.0 32.8 59.0 33.8 43.2 39.7 34.1 64.1 Bread...................................... Lb.3.. Flour...................................... Lb... Corn meal............................ .... Lb... Lb... Corn flakes................................ 10.0 7.4 6.2 10.0 8.0 6.1 8.7 14.9 10.0 7.2 6.4 10.0 7.7 6.5 7.5 14.2 9.9 6.3 7.3 9.9 6.5 7.3 8.2 14.6 10.0 7.6 5.9 10.0 8.2 5.8 8.6 13.9 C e n ts . C e n ts. Lb... Lb... Lb... Lb... Lb... 38.5 58.1 56.5 40.3 39.8 Salmon, canned.......................... Milk, fresh................................ Milk, evaporated (unsweetened)...... Butter..................................... Oleomargarine........................... Lb... Q.t... (*)-- Lb... Lb... Nut margarine........................... Cheese..................................... Lard....................................... Crisco...................................... Eggs, strictly fresh...................... Sirloinsteak.............................. Roundsteak............................. Rih roast.................................. Chuck roast............................... Lb... Lb... Lb... Lb... Lb... Pork chops............................... Bacon, sliced............................. Ham, sliced............................... Lamb...................................... Hens....................................... Cream of Wheat......................... Rice........................................ Lb... Lb... Beans, navy.............................. Lb... Potatoes................................... Lb... 38.6 37.6 30.1 26.7 21.3 C e n ts . 38.7 i 64.0 i 63.0 38.4 53.7 54.7 29.6 35.2 36.7 27.2 30.5 30.4 21.3 14.9 26.5 14.2 12.4 2.7 26.8 14.2 15.1 12.1 2.9 14.1 35.2 33.7 31.7 26.6 21.3 14.7 13.7 10.9 2.2 28.3 13.8 17.6 10.6 2.3 11.8 3.0 24.7 13.4 20.6 11.8 3.9 28.2 13.6 11.8 2.9 24.9 13. 9 23. i 12.5 3.4 24.6 13.6 34.9 i 66.7 i 66.8 33.3 54.1 54.7 31.4 43.5 43.9 25.9 37.8 38.0 20.5 24.5 13.3 Onions..................................... Cabbage................................... Beans, baked............................. Corn, canned............................. Peas, canned............................. Lb... Lb... (8)--(«).-. (6 )... 8.0 9.6 20.0 17.2 18.7 12.4 9.9 19.2 16.6 18.8 7.1 5.9 22.3 21.3 20.7 11.8 9.9 19.3 21.2 20.5 4.9 6.4 23.8 21.0 21.6 5.5 8.4 23.8 21.7 21.1 6.6 10.8 16.8 20.0 20.1 10.7 11.1 17.1 20.3 20.1 Tomatoes, canned....................... Sugar, granulated....................... Tea......................................... Coffee...................................... (6)--Lb... Lb... Lb... 16.0 11.0 70.0 37.0 16.3 11.1 70.8 39.0 20.3 10.3 63.8 39.7 19.3 10.3 62.8 42.0 18.7 10.8 61.0 41.0 18.6 10.6 60.5 42.5 15.9 10.5 61.7 43.9 16.4 10.5 61.9 45.3 Prunes..................................... Raisins.................................... Bananas.................................. Oranges................................... Lb... Lb... Doz.. Doz.. 25.3 16.5 10.1 57.4 26.1 16.8 10.2 53.3 20.8 15.1 38.5 64.3 21.8 15.1 37.5 62.9 16.0 15.2 42.1 59.6 17.1 15.5 43.8 58.3 23.9 15.4 43.3 62.2 24.6 15.6 43.8 62.2 1 The steak for which prices are here quoted is known as “ porterhouse” in most of the cities included in this report, hut in this city it is called “ sirloin” steak. 215-16 ounce can. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [50] 51 M O N TH LY LABOE KEVIEW. LOR 31 CITIES ON A PR. 15 AND MAY 15, 1919—Concluded. Richmond, Va. St. Paul, Minn. Rochester, N. Y. Salt hake City, Utah. Scranton, Pa. Springfield, 111. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. Apr., 1919. May, 1919. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . 41.6 39.9 34.0 31.1 23.5 40.3 35.5 3^.2 29.6 20.6 40.6 36.7 34.9 29.2 20.5 36.5 33.9 28.8 25.4 20.5 36.0 33.3 28.1 25.3 20.0 48.2 43.5 38.9 32.7 22.4 . 48.6 44.1 38.6 32.9 22.8 37.3 37.3 30.4 27.2 22.2 40.4 47.3 52.6 41.3 46.0 44.1 48.1 53.5 39.0 45.1 39.0 56.1 54.7 37:2 37.3 39.9 56.4 55.9 36.5 37.5 40.4 58.8 53.8 33.0 37.5 42.8 60.6 55.7 34.4 38.3 43.9 58.6 56.7 45.7 45.1 46.3 60.7 58.8 44.9 46.5 39.1 53-2 51.7 39.7 38.5 40.1 54.4 53.4 39.5 38.0 26.6 15.5 15.8 76.0 40.3 30.7 13.0 15.2 72.2 39.9 30.8 13.5 15.2 67.7 41.1 31.2 12.0 15.0 67.3 38.2 31.5 11.7 15.1 63.2 38.1 32.1 12.5 14.8 69.1 40.0 32.8 12.5 13.4 65.1 40.0 34.2 13.0 14.8 70.5 39.4 34.6 13.0 15.1 68.3 41.3 31.5 14.3 16.5 71.5 40.7 32.1 14.3 16.8 65.6 43.4 36.8 42.3 34.3 34.5 46.2 37.4 43.1 37.8 34.7 51.5 33.3 41.1 33.6 32.2 48.1 33.6 41.1 38.4 32.8 52.4 33.2 38.4 35.6 34.6 45.7 34.0 39.0 38.8 34.9 48.5 40.0 39.1 37.2 37.7 45.8 39.2 40.4 39.3 37.9 46.6 36.8 42.3 35.8 33.7 50.8 35.8 42.2 39.4 34.4 54.2 36.1 42.8 36.3 35.3 43.7 36.6 42.3 39.4 36.1 49.2 10.0 7.2 5.7 10.4 7.7 5.9 10.2 14.5 9.9 7.1 6.4 10.0 7.5 6.3 6.7 13.6 8.8 6.9 5.9 9.0 7.2 6.0 6.8 14.5 10.0 5.8 7.7 10.2 6.2 7.3 8.8 14.7 10.0 7.4 7.9 10.0 7.9 8.4 10.1 14.1 10.0 7.2 6.3 10.0 7.5 6.6 9.7 15.0 44.1 41.8 36.7 32.3 24.8 45.4 42.7 36.9 31.7 25.4 40.4 38.6 33.5 30.7 23.3 41.7 49.2 50.6 43.8 46.4 43.4 51.8 51.8 41.4 46.2 25.8 15.7 15.7 76.6 40.3 14.6 13.6 24.7 13.4 Ì3.8 2.8 25.2 14.4 18.6 13.1 3.3 7.5 11.0 15.2 18.9 21.5 25.2 14.7 14.5 14.5 13.9 2.6 12.3 2.8 26.9 13.5 15.4 12.5 2.9 13.6 9.2 16.9 17.9 17.5 6.8 9.6 16.9 19.9 18.8 10.1 10.5 16.« 20.1 18.9 6.8 9.5 19.7 16.3 17.0 10.4 9.5 19.3 17.2 17.3 16.6 11.1 68.9 46.1 16.8 11.0 68.5 47.4 16.8 10.4 65.3 38.0 17.3 10.3 65.3 40.9 16.7 11.0 80.9 38.6 16.5 11.0 80.0 39.1 18.7 15.4 44.2 55.4 18.2 15.6 43.8 52.5 19.8 14.8 35.0 53.9 22.2 14.9 35.6 56.2 19.8 17.9 37.5 55.8 22.9 19.1 39.2 55.7 Ì2.7 2.1 8.5 10.4 19.8 17.5 16.5 6.7 7.2 17.5 18.0 18.3 16.4 11.1 60.7 38.3 16.3 10.9 62.0 41.5 21.6 15.7 50.0 54.1 23.4 16.3 60.0 56.6 Ü.5 2.6 11.1 9.6 15.0 18.4 21.8 5.9 5.2 15.2 19.9 18.8 17.1 10.9 81.8 38.3 17.9 10.9 83.2 39.8 22.1 16.0 40.9 56.3 22.5 16.4 42.1 53.8 26.3 13.0 10.0 2.3 25.7 13.6 16.9 10.3 2.6 12.5 10.9 15.3 19.6 19.0 4.9 8.3 1918 17.2 16.1 15.9 10.2 60.8 35.5 16.7 10.3 59.8 37.7 21.6 15.0 40.5 55.6 22.4 15.3 40.2 58.3 3 Baked weight. ? 8-ounce package. 8 28-ounce package. « No. 2 can. [51] 14.9 25.4 13.3 21.3 13.9 3.1 24.9 13.3 25.3 13.6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13-8 25.6 12.7 16.3 12.0 2.3 24.6 13.5 18.9 11.8 3.2 38.8 37.6 30.9 27.4 23,0 26.5 13,8 52 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, Retail Prices of Dry Goods in the United States. HE following table gives the average retail prices of 10 articles of dry goods for May 15 and October 15; 1918, and for February T 15 and May 15, 1919. The averages given are based on the retail prices of standard brands only. AVERAGE R ETA IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OF DRY GOODS ON MAY 15 AND OCT. 15, 1918, AND ON FE B . 15 AND MAY 15, 1919, IN 50 CITIES. A tlan ta, Ga. Article. Unit. 1918 1919 B altim ore, Md. 1918 1919 Birmingham, Ala. 1918 1919 May Oct. Feb. May May Oct. F eh May May Oct. Feb. May 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. Calico, 21 to 25 inch..................... Percale.......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch . . . Gingham, dress, 27-mch............. Muslin, bleached......................... Sheeting, bleached, 8-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch....... Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch__ Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.......... Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Each. Yard. Yard. P air.. 8 « $ 1 8 $ 8 8 8 8 8 8 0.200 0.25C 0.235 0.35C 0.215 0.150 0. 210 0.210 0.177 0.150 .299 . 40C Ò.384 0. ¿79 .316 . 406 .361 . 315 .305 .370 .310 .317 .267 .326 .274 .233 .276 .292 .253 .240 .258 .279 .260 .213 .306 .383 .369 .343 . 290 .394 .323 .347 .287 .413 .358 .326 .521 .543 .525 .521 .472 .531 .503 .518 .532 .321 .338 .280 .272 .345 .384 .289 .273 .250 .331 .263 .270 . 73C .788 .744 .724 .798 .890 .809 .793 .639 .698 .672 .640 1.964 2.004 1.935 1.846 2.077 2.268 1.899 1.929 1.584 1.838 1.742 1.716 .306 .377 .337 .293 .300 .392 .298 .346 .287 .349 .355 .293 .P 45 1 inn .750 .925 .990 4.792 5.490 4.987 5.938 5.175 5.900 5.310 5.475 6.560 1 Boston, Mass. Calico, 24 to 25 inch..................... Percale.......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h .. Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Muslin, bleached......................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in c h __ Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch__ Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80......... Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Y ard. Each. Yard. Yard. Pair.. Muslin, bleached.................. Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.......... Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90....... Outing flannel, 27 to 28inch__ Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch... Blankets, cotton, 66by 80....... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Buffalo , N. Y. S S 8 * $ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0.197 0.220 0.190 0.190 0.147 0.190 0.190 0.150 0.193 0.263 0. 218 0.178 .325 .397 .346 .279 .250 .395 .338 .295 .316 .384 .363 .308 .305 .301 . 275 .250 .260 .290 .260 .245 .277 .307 .268 .230 .310 .368 .289 .267 .350 .377 .325 .304 .328 .360 .355 .319 .504 .516 .544 .529 .501 .579 .578 . 583 .309 .378 .302 .291 .290 .357 .280 .275 .328 .346 .288 .289 . 751 .834 .798 .752 .723 .870 .797 .768 .784 .854 .793 .766 1.950 2.164 2.026 1.909 1. 668 2.155 1.990 1. 887 1.925 2.108 1.993 1.860 .391 .368 .311 .312 .235 .338 .320 .289 . 355 .377 .343 .283 1.125 1.000 1.117 .917 . 886 .882 .760 5.650 5.783 4.750 6.124 6.194 6.298 6.950 4.063 B utte, Mont. Calico, 24 to 25 in c h .................... Percale.......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h .. Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Gingham, dress, 32-inch............. B ridgeport, Conn. C harleston, S. C. Chicago, 111. $ 8 $ $ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0.150.0.168 0.174 0.150 0.2200.253 0.159 0.158 0.183 0.246 0.195 0.1S1 .300 .329 .330 .330 . 338 .388 . 356 .316 . 355 .350 .310 .348 .250 .250 .250 .220 . 258 .286 .228 .197 .250 .268 .212 .222 .317 .363 .310 .328 .326 .350 .333 .308 .343 .363 .323 .330 .533 .400 .448 014 .413 .428 .432, Yard. .333 .363 .313 .259 .303 .312 .275 .244 .307 .343 .300 .294 Yard. .725 .839 .808 .836 .670 .831 . 745 .729 .822 .801 .762 .765 Each. 2.0002.2422. 2002.133 1.7962.0162.0321.801 2. 0402.1401.932 1.831 Yard. .250 .349 .317 .314 .318 .368 .294 .280 .349 .364 .353 .288 Yard.l .850 .925 .920 .650 .900 Pair.. 5.160 5.9905.S17 5.800 5.433 5.433 5.304 1 1 [52] 53 M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW, AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OF DRY GOODS ON MAY 15 AND OCT. 15, 1918, AND ON F E B . 15 AND MAY 15, 1919, IN 50 C IT IE S—Continued. Cincinnati, Ohio. Article. 1918 Unit. 1919 Cleveland, Ohio. ♦1918 1919 Columbus, Ohio. 1918 1919 May Oct. Feb. May May Oct. Feb. May May Oct. Feb. May 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. Calico, 24 to 25 inch..................... Percale.......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch.. Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Muslin, bleached......................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 81 b y SO.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch___ Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard Yard. Yard. Each. Yard. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 s 8 8 0.233 0.238 0.194 0.160 0.201 0.233 0.155 0.150 0.196 0.230 0.180 0.176 .283 .319 .295 .290 .320 .387 .315 .339 .336 .383 .348 .343 .253 .270 .254 .230 .267 .307 .227 .250 .250 .307 .285 .212 .290 .314 .298 .275 .300 .352 .297 .329 .350 . 371 .368 .354 .592 .545 .430 .515 ,588 .588 .589 .562 .269 .303 .268 . 256 .338 .358 .253 .290 .309 . 348 .267 .263 .726 .798 .702 .701 .776 .829 .733 .758 .769 .806 .781 .726 1.743 1.999 1.901 1.830 1.965 2.124 1.650 1.777 1.006 2.047 1.919 1.877 .343 .388 .337 .300 .360 .362 .304 .298 .361 .424 .341 .329 .900 1.175 1.125 .650 .875 6.567 6.370 5.980 5.938 5.475 6.542 6.400 6.375 Dallas, Tex. Calico, 24 to 25 inch.................... Percale......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch.. Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Musiin, bleached........................ Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch---- Yard. Yard. Each. Yard. Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80......... Pair.. -1 S $ S $ Calico, 24 to 25 inch..................... Yard. 0.190 0.190 0.170 0. 170 . 363 . 373 .357 . 30.8 Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch .. Yard. .266 .290 .277 .223 Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Yard. .310 .316 .284 .293 .520 .510 .476 . 304 .350 .301 .260 Yard. .727 .835 .863 .795 Each. 1.6902. 0801.8831. 824 Yard. .240 .373 . 303 .297 Yard. 1.057 5. 980 5. 4135 Pair.. Jackonsville, Fla. Calico, 24to 25 inch.................... Percale............................. Gingham, apron, 27 to 28inch.. Gingham, dress, 27-inch......... Muslin, bleached.................. Sheeting, bleached, 9 4.......... Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90....... Outing flannel, 27 to 28inch--Blankets, cotton, 66by 80....... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D etroit, Mich. 8 8 $ 8 $ 8 8 $ $ $ 8 $ 0. 210 0. 202 0.227 0.164 0.198 0.217 0.183 0.186 0.229 0. 238 0.158 .330 .358 .338 .330 . 450 . 490 .467 Ò. 360 .326 .392 .336 .337 .225 . 250 .233 . 197 .300 .342 .250 .250 .268 .287 .257 .241 .310 .325 .330 .320 .350 .360 .389 .332 .275 .326 .332 .317 .540 .510 .489 .538 .549 .527 .638 .717 .671 .282 .291 .263 .254 .361 .370 .309 .287 .345 .366 .291 .291 .672 .756 .704 .658 .939 .953 . 955 . 839 .771 .840 .793 .760 1.6281.925 1.866 1. 656 2. 397 2. 359 2. 377 2. 082 2. 083 2.188 2. 019 1.908 .276 .340 .404 .274 .390 .396 .408 .356 .320 .361 .336 .293 .788 . 788 .979 1.067 1.025 .995 1.025 4.696 5.000 5.238 ....... 6.483 5. 920 5.667 5. 950 5. 958 6.057 Fall River, Mass. Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.......... Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90....... Outing flannel, 27 to 28inch--Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch... Blankets, cotton, 66by 80....... Denver , Colo. H ouston, Tex. Indianapolis, Ind. $ 8 $ 8 8 8 8 0. 203 0.188 0.150 0. 200 0. 257 0.142 0.164 . 350 . 400 .348 .314 .368 .328 .313 .268 .270 .225 .245 .304 .228 .263 .329 .360 .297 .277 .349 .305 .320 . 508 .439 .468 517 .625 .553 .301 .285 .259 .302 .326 .289 .292 .755 .713 .608 .752 .829 .767 .780 1.8831.695 1.577 1.6882.0541.951 1.897 . 360 . 275 .265 .326 .378 .328 .293 .835 .923 .895 .615 .670 .722 5.9885.8935.495 7.4676.125 6. 433 ..... K ansas City, Mo. L ittle Rock, Ark. 8 8 8 $ $ 8- $ 8 8 $ 8 $ Yard. 0.1930.2540.1800.2250.2350.2470.1900.1840.2290. 2010.1690.188 .322 .322 .361 .442 .4 4 5 .436 .438 . 3 7 3 .317 .351 .427 Yard. .320 Yard. .300 .314 .290 .263 .295 .316 .273 .250 .238 .280 .248 .225 .316 .28 5 .325 .291 .370 .326 .3 9 0 .38 6 .36 9 .368 .3 50 Yard. . 343 .495 .468 .432 .588 .562 . 61C .524 .445 .52£ Yard. .338 .348 .307 .330 .319 . 359 .311 .324 .284 .309 .249 .269 Yard. . 74C .831 .775 .850 .791 .894 .818 .828 .700 .806 .788 .729 Each. 2. 0032.035 2 . oor 2.117 1.76C 2.221 1.915 1.9101. 70S1.915 1.759 1.819 Yard. .317 . 351 .330 .288 .311 .401 .370 .351 .291 .336 .270 .281 .650 1.125 .76- 1.000 . 775 . S91 1. 9104.531 5.000 Pair.. 5. 9956.5006.5001..... 6.1086. 4806.000 ! [53] 54 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, AVERAGE R E T A IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OF DRY GOODS ON MAY 15 AND OCT. 15, 1918, AND ON F E B . 15 AND MAY 15, 1919, IN 50 CITIES—Continued. Louisville, I -y- Los Angeles, Calif Article. 1918 Unit. 1919 1918 M anchester, N. H. 1919 1918 1919 May Oct. Feb May May Oct Feb May May Oct. Feb. May 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. Calico, 24to 25Inch............... Percale............................. Gingham, apron, 27 to 28inch .. Gingham, dress, 27-ineh......... Gingham, dress, 32-inch......... Muslin, bleached......................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 8!. by 90.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch___ Flannel, white, wool, 27-ineh. . . Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.......... s % $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 8 $ Yard. 0.2550.2070.1880. Î8C0.241 0.1600.1900.2230. 2790.161 0.215 Yard. 0. 329 .439 .439 .379 .325 .410 .348 .340 .305 .398 .358 .277 Yard. . 2SC . 35C .263 .263 .263 .299 .218 .202 .300 .284 .261 .220 Yard. .297 .401 .371 .361 .322 .403 .401 .325 .353 . 353 .318 .281 .541 . 538 .600 .583 .559 .564 .513 . 492 .408 Yard. Yard. Each. Yard. .339 .360 .317 .275 .292 .341 .263 .286 .334 .355 .275 .283 .741 .812 . 761 .755 .689 .778 .739 .730 .777 .834 .734 .699 1.941 2. 066 1. 968 1. S53 1. 818 1.961 2.061 1.967 2.101 1. 958 1.774 1,688 .351 .397 .392 .361 .377 .403 .374 .377 .283 .388 .275 .277 1.100 1.350 .900 1. 285 5.969 6. 417 6. 494 5.960 6.125 4.926 4. 77Q 5 . 49.fi Memphis, Tenn. Calico, 24 to 25 inch..................... Percale......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch.. Gingham, dress, 27-ineh............. Gingham, dress, 32-inch............. Muslin bleaehecL....................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4......... . Sheets, bleached, 81 bv 90.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch__ Flannel, white, woo], 27-inch.. Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.......... Yard. Yard. Y^ard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Each. Yard. Yard. P air.. Milwaukee, Wis. $ 8 8 $ $ 8 S $ $ $ $ S 0. 235 0.259 0.221 0.184 0.18C 0.209 0.17C 0.153 0.183 0.226 0.156 0.150 .333 .424 .380 .356 .316 .430 .335 .341 .313 .387 .357 .366 .280 .293 .263 .230 .258 .278 .246 .226 .220 .273 .256 .237 .333 .352 .330 .288 .280 .345 .323 .33C .306 .346 . 336 .329 .546 .553 . 563 .549 .542 .510 .606 . 610 . 531 .322 .348 .285 .284 .313 .335 .301 .295 .313 .340 .285 .278 .786 .854 .788 .738 .752 .825 .814 .739 . 750 .812 .741 .698 1.981 2.164 1.978 2.024 2.248 2.133 1.981 1.887 1.998 2.163 1.950 1.896 .288 .360 .331 .290 .320 .331 .313 .329 .328 .408 .319 .313 1.350 .850 .600 .825 .800 1.000 6.033 5.777 5. 921 6.079 6.520 5.904 5.762 5.497 5.732 Mobile, Ala. Calico, 24 to 25 inch..................... Percale................................. Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h .. Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Gingham, dress' 32-inch............. Muslin, bleached.................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch__ Flannel, white, wool, 27-ineh... Blankets, cotton, 66 fey 80....... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Newark, 17. J. New H aven, Conn. 8 8 % $ $ S $ $ $ S •8 0.246 0.190 0.154 0.200 0.280 0.173 0.177 0.190 0.233 0.240 ___ 290 .373 . 362 . 311 . 350 . 430 325 .280 .243 . 193 .260 .270 .230 . 203 .290 293 .358 .295 .301 .328 . 373 .284 .290 .296 333 .531 .500 .477 . 537 . 523 505 .553 . 516 . 533 .341 .275 .258 .293 . 330 .291 331 .806 .698 .595 .776 .849 .761 .771 .773 . 778 .699 .670 2. 071 2.000 1.620 1.877 2.072 1.849 1.916 1.878 1.975 1.763 1.696 .353 .221 .276 .354 .372 .307 .272 .295 .342 .296 .243 .650 1.650 1.450 1.250 1.013 . 925 . 383 6.107 6.740 5.750 4.750 4.958 4.688 4.495 4.796 Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Each. Y"ard. P air.. • Calico, 24 to 25 inch.................... Percale......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 men .. Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Gingham, dress, 32-inch........... Muslin, bleached......................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch . .. Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch. . . Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.......... Minneapolis, Minn. New Orleans, La. \ % % 8 % $ % Norfolk, Va. Y. % 8 8 Î 1 9.250 3.150 3.150 0.265 0.264 0. 210 0. 205 0.159 0.250 0.220 0.250 .375 .320 .350 . 357 .424 .371 .343 .335 .434 .360 .314 .267 .250 .250 .281 .281 .247 .212 .290 .295 .270 .250 .336 .283 .287 .315 .368 .347 .335 .317 .365 .336 .357 .45.9 .520 . 508 .552 .7 7 7 .616 .572 5"V7 . 503 .267 .317 .238 .227 .343 .366 .288 .288 .301 .354 .292 .257 .660 .760 .750 .620 .809 .923 .797 .757 .718 .782 .791 .819 1.667 1. 888 1.898 1 788 2.055 2.189 1.909 1. 878 1.752 2.062 1.916 1.760 .300 .339 .350 .300 .366 .388 .324 .307 .288 .352 .311 .343 1. 022 .911 1.029 1. 000 .875 1. 000 P air.. 7.000 1.540 5.980 5.750 5.686 5.524 6.796 5.183 5.990 Yard. YaTd. Yard. Y’ard. Yard. Yard. Yrard. Each. Yard. 0.200 .400 .288 .313 New Y ork, N [54] OD M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, AVERAGE R E T A IL PRICES OP 10 ARTICLES OF D R Y G O O D S ON MAY 15 AND OCT. 15, 1918, AND ON FE B . 15 AND MAY 15, 1919, IN 50 C ITIES—Continued. O m aha A rtic le . U n it. 1918 1919 P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . P e o r ia , 111. N eb r. 1918 1919 1918 1919 M ay O ct. F e b . M ay M ay O ct. F o b . M ay M ay O ct. F e b . M ay 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ........................ Y a rd . P e r c a le ................................................ Y a rd . G in g h am , a p ro n , 27 to 28 i n c h . . Y a rd . G in g h a m , dress, 27-inch............... Y a rd . M u slin , b le ach er!............................. S h eetin g , b le a c h e d , 9-4 ........... S h eets, b le a c h e d , 81 b y 90............ O u tin g fla n n e l, 27 to 28 i n c h ___ F la n n e l, w h ite , w ool, 27 -in c h . . . B la n k et's, c o tto n , 66 b v 80 ........... Y a rd . Y a rd . E ach. \ a rd . P a i r .. $ 0.237 .389 .287 .367 .60S .292 .362 .732 .776 1.956 2.071 .330 .371 1.163 6.667 $ 0.209 .328 .250 .294 St ?5 $ 0.169 0.162 0.138 .377 .348 .315 .270 .232 .230 .345 .337 .287 .595 .596 .317 .289 .279 .726 .726 . 705 1.853 2.013 1.773 .346 .328 .316 1.125 1.1.50 6.133 6.381 P itts b u rg , P a . P e r c a le ................................................ G in g h am , a p ro n , 27 to 28 i n c h . . G in g h am , d ress, 2 7 -inch ............... M u slin , b le a c h e d ............................. S h eetin g , b le ach ed , 9 -4 ................. S h eets, b le ach ed , 81 b y 90............ O u tin g flan n el, 27 to 28' i n c h . . . . . F la n n e l, w h ite , w ool, 27-inch___ Y a rd Y a rd . Y a rd . Y a rd . Y a rd Y a rd . Y a rd . Each. Y a rd . Y ard S 0. 204 .320 .253 .301 .278 .721 1.821 .278 Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ........................ Y a rd . P e r c a le ................................................ Y a rd . G in g h am , a p ro n , 27 to 28 i n c h . . . Y a rd . G in g h am , dress, 2 7 -inch ............... Y ard. Y ard M u slin , b le a c h e d ............................. Y a rd . S h eetin g , b le ach ed , 9 -4 ................. Y a rd . S h eets, b le ach ed , 81 b y 9 0 ........... E a c h . O u tin g flannel, 27 to 28 i n c h ___ Y a rd B la n k e ts , co tto n , 66 b y 80........... P a i r .. St 0.211 .376 .289 .367 .521 .303 .329 .715 .866 1.780 2.047 .330 .391 1.022 6.125 5.883 5.700 4.836 P o r t l a n d , M e. $ $ $ $ 0. 276 0.209 0.167 0.250 .361 .326 .310 .323 .2.86 .241 .192 .310 .339 .305 .309 .315 .554 .526 .541 .338 .281 .267 .298 .857 .785 .727 .688 2.090 1.788 1.707 1.780 .352 . 324 .302 .238 .800 .760 .785 6.536 5. 750 P r o v id e n c e , R . I. $ St St 0.207 0.213 0.180 . 343 .330 .336 . 223 . 250 .230 .307 .335 .328 .513 .530 .581 .350 .307 .277 .705 .877 .824 2.208 2.126 2.148 .340 .379 .353 S St St 0.398 .310 .390 . 535 .33S . 775 1.976 . 373 1.122 0.330 .270 .330 .513 .279 . 688 1.7S3 .345 1.240 5.417 0.330 .250 .330 .503 .268 . 645 1.658 .330 St 0. 225 .338 .290 .330 « St 0.159 0.207 .307 .304 . 239 .203 .290 .320 .534 .537 .283 .288 .761 . 754 1.856 1.813 .308 .285 .938'1.070 5 . 153'5.472 i P o r t l a n d , O r eg . S $ $ 0. 239 0.142 0.148 .370 . cOO .358 .280 .200 .200 . 366 .340 . 338 .480 . 450 .663 .290 .325 .258 .277 .732 .769 .700 .700 1.693 1.960 1.600 1.889 . 360 .347 .333 . 335 .983 1.100 5.625 6.003 R ic h m o n d , V a . St 0.179 .300 .250 .263 R o c h e ste r, N Y. S 3 8 $ » St $ 1 $ S $ 0.274 0.186 0.190 0.203 0.238 0.188 0.164 0.185 0.198 0.138 0.128 .372 . 32CH .300 .297 .409 .348 .318 .325 .372 .285 . 277 .297 .240 .214 . 263 . 294 .247 .206 .227 .248 .238 .194 .370 .306 . 316 .305 .342 .320 . 290 .246 .337 .309 .276 .522 .562 .501 .523 .474 .495 .471 .457 . 436 .313 .352 . 263 . 257 .320 . 365 .293 .273 . 269 .309 .266 .246 .727 .823 .724 . 676 .851 .844 .787 .742 .688 .775 . 696 .712 1.853 2. 230 2. 078 1.734 2.000 2. 075 1.906 1.849 1.830 2.075 1.934 1.783 .390 .323 .290 .353 .303 .284 .355 .30! . 282 . 590 1.375 .914 .971 . 852 .990 .990 6.018 5.995 6.058 6.237 5.618 5. 678 ........ 5.988 6. 493 5.500 ! $ 0.196 .300 .278 .282 S t. L o u is , M o. S t. P a u l, M in n . S a l t L a k e , U ta h . * Calico, 24 to 25 in c h ........................ P e r c a le ................................................ G in g h am , a p ro n , 27 to 28 in c h . . . G in g h am , d ress, 27 -in c h ............... M u slin , b le a c h e d ............................. S h eetin g , b le a c h e d , 9 -4 ................. S heets, b le a c h e d , 81 b y 90............ O u tin g flan n el, 27 to 28 i n c h ___ B lan k et's, c o tto n , 66 b y 80 ........... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ S $ $ Y a rd . 0.192 0. 250 0.208 0.195 Y a rd . . 350 .430 .370 .320 Y a rd . .250 .290 . 255 .220 Y a rd . .313 .372 .334 .289 . 651 .585 .594 Y a rd . .298 .361 .275 .249 Y a rd . .725 .810 .712 . 6S6 E a c h . 1.871 1.9S7 1.891 1.90C Y a rd . .333 .388 .328 .351 .875 Y a rd .933 P a i r .. 6. 750 6.690 6.500 [55 ] $ 0.156 . 296 .220 .309 .484 .277 .733 1.861 .278 .980 5.542 5.971 5.698 $ $ $ 0.202 0.214 0.157 .330 . 361 .308 . 255 .284 .249 .314 .349 .315 .538 .541 .353 .344 .324 .788 .867 .809 2.147 2. 227 2.128 .316 .359 .316 3 0.183 .335 .250 .331 .304 .757 2.233 .311 $ 0.204 .424 .294 .366 . 656 .329 .826 2.082 .388 1.573 6.306 $ 0.169 .395 .235 .349 .716 .311 .793 2.027 .382 1.350 5. 675 1 0.158 .351 .245 .329 .635 .294 .762 1.971 319 1.258 6.980 56 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OF DRY GOODS ON MAY 15 AND OCT. 15, 1918, AND ON F E B . 15 AND MAY 15, 1919, IN 50 CITIES—Concluded. Article. Unit. San Francisco, Calif. Scranton, P a. Seattle W ash. 1918 1918 1918 1919 1919 1919 Ma}’ Oct. Feb. May May Oct. Feb. May May Oct. Feb. May 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. Calico, 24 to 25 inch..................... Percale......................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h .. Gingham, dress, 27-inch............. Gingham, dress, 32-inch............. Muslin, bleached......................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4.............. Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.......... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in ch___ Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch. . . Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80......... Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Yard. Each. Yard. Yard. P air.. 3 S $ $ S $ $ $ 55 8 $ 7 “ 0 230 0 225 0 1RS 0 187 0.392 0.460 0.400 0.417 .350 .337 .350 .285 .342 .456 .389 .357 .283 .300 .317 .288 .268 .287 .260 .220 .250 .300 .250 .240 .306 .350 .336 .333 .301 .344 .320 .291 .338 .383 .306 .328 . 553 .517 . 493 .545 .550 .500 .328 .336 .210 .286 .324 .352 .284 .282 .353 .344 .300 .253 .838 .854 • SOO .771 .711 .799 .777 .752 . 850 .900 .767 2.090 2.077 1.934 1.905 1.988 2.013 1.954 1.902 2.167 2.319 2.200 1.929 .356 .418 .381 .359 .308 .371 .322 .312 .335 .390 .362 .338 1.200 .750 .750 .688 .790 .980 1.083 .875 .875 5.762 6.379 5.943 5.842 5.993 6.288 5.890 6.050 5.675 Springfield, 111. Article. Unit. 1918 W ashington, D. C. 1919 1918 1919 May 15. Oct. 15. Feb. 15. May 15. May 15. Oct. 15 Feb. 15. May 15. Calico, 24 to 25 inch................ Percale.................................... Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch Gingham, dress, 27-inch........ Gingham, dress, 32-inch........ Muslin, bleached.................... Sheeting, bleached, 9-4......... Sheets, bleached, 81 by 9 0 ... Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch.. Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch. Blankets, cotton, 66 by 8 0 ... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Yard.. $0.207 Yard.. .299 Yard.. .256 Yard .. .319 Yard.. Y ard.. .314 Yard.. .719 E ach.. 1.664 Yard.. .286 Y ard.. Pair. 30.233 .400 .283 .368 .529 .316 .778 1.803 .341 30.168 .314 .250 .321 .571 .266 .698 1.780 .292 5.483 4.000 [56] 30.160 .335 .240 .320 .499 .262 .737 1.967 .284 . 875 4.650 .350 .831 2.081 .400 30.198 .420 .281 .390 .510 .346 .813 2.144 .398 1.195 5.556 30.200 .348 30.338 .244 .243 .353 .381 .559 .534 .268 .278 .801 .740 1.880 1.876 .315 .304 1.380 ............ 6.500 7.500 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 57 Trend in Retail Prices of Food in 39 Cities, 1913 to May, 1819. By E lma B. Carr. HPHE following table shows the average family expenditure for 22 articles of food/ combined, for the years 1913 to 1918, inclusive, and for the first five months of 1919 for each of the 39 cities from which prices have been secured by the Bureau since 1913. These figures are based on the actual retail prices sent to the Bureau each month by retail merchants and on the average family consumption of these articles in each city. To obtain a combined effect of all in creases and decreases, it is necessary to recognize the relative im portance of each of the articles in accordance with the quantities consumed, and for the purpose of showing the movement in retail prices, it is assumed that this relative importance remained the same throughout the whole period, 1913 to May, 1919. By using as a base for each city its average family expenditure in the year 1913, percentages of increase or decrease have been, com puted which show the trend in the weighted cost of these 22 articles of food combined for each successive period as compared with the year 1913. The percentage of increase or decrease is also shown for each year 1914 to 1918, based on the preceding year, and for the months of January to May, 1919, based on the preceding month. January, 1919, is, of course, based on December, 1918. Every effort is made to secure quotations on similar grades of commodities in all cities. There are, however, slight differences. The greatest difference is in the method of cutting sirloin steak in Boston, Mass.; Manchester, N. H.; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Provi dence, R. I. The cut known as “ sirloin” in these four cities would be known in other cities as “ porterhouse.” • There is in these cities, owing to the method of dividing the round from the loin, no cut that corresponds to that of “ sirloin” in other cities. There is also a greater amount of trimming demanded by the trade in these cities than in others. This is particularly true of Providence, R. I. These, together with the fact that the beef sold in these cities is of the best grade, appear to be the main reasons why the retail prices of meats in these cities are higher than in others. The average number of persons in the family varies according to the cities, and these 22 articles represent a varying proportion of the entire food budgets according to locality. Hence, no attempt should be made in this table to compare one city with another. The table is intended to show merely the trend in the retail price of these 22 food articles since 1913 for each individual city. 1 Sirloin steak, round steak, rib roast, chuck roast, plate boiling beef, pork chops, bacon, ham, lard, hens, flour, corn meal, eggs, butter, milk, bread, potatoes, sugar, cheese, rice, coffee, and tea. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [57] 58 M O N TH LY LABOE EEVIEW, COMPARISON OF FAMILY E X PE N D IT U R E S FOR 22 FOOD ARTICLES, COMBINED, IN 39 CITIES, BY YEARS, 1913 TO 1918, AND BY MONTHS, JANUARY TO MAY, 1919. Baltim ore, Md. A tlan ta, Ga. Percentage increase over— Year and month. Expend iture. 1913........................................ 1914......................................... 1915......................................... 1916........................................ 1917......................................... 1918........................................ 1919, January......................... February....................... March............................ A pril........................ . May............................... $361.00 387. 31 355.75 391.59 515.68 611.27 3 683. 04 2 631. 03 2 637. 78 2 650.33 3 663.14 Preced ing 1913 year or month. 2 i1 8 43 69 89 75 77 80 84 2 13 10 32 19 1 i8 1 2 2 B ost on, Mass. 1913......................................... 1914......................................... 1915......................................... 1916......................................... 1917......................................... 1918........................................ 1919, January......................... February....................... March............................ April.............................. May................................ $388.16 394. 94 391. 23 432. 93 552.64 636.38 2 692.87 2 643. 46 2 662. 25 2 680. 46 2 703.09 2 1 12 42 64 79 66 71 75 81 $336.48 344.65 345. 00 382.73 496.81 559.52 2 614.75 . 2 563. 59 2 581. 35 2 602.73 2 613.31 2 3 14 48 66 83 68 73 79 82 Percentage increase over— Expend iture. $335.15 341.99 338. 21 378.10 509.36 016. 99 2 679.48 2 628. 29 2 625. 29 2 647. 42 2662.28 Preced ing 1913 year or month. 2 1 13 52 84 103 87 87 93 98 2 il 12 35 21 (3) 18 (3) 4 2 Percentage increase over— Expend iture. $377.53 401.94 394.33 438.99 574.64 651.53 2 732.08 2 669. 47 2 694.83 2 718.69 2 735.30 Buffalo, IT Y. 2 il 11 28 15 i2 17 3 3 3 Chicago, 111. 1913......................................... 1914......................................... 1915......................................... 1916......................................... 1917......................................... 1918........................................ 19i 9, January......................... February....................... March............................ A pril.............................. May............................... Birmingham, Ala. $318.15 321.27 321.65 365. 07 491.18 562. 96 2 623.35 2 560.76 2 577. 00 2 587.33 2 607.05 1 1 15 54 77 96 76 81 85 91 (4) 11 30 13 (3i i8 3 4 2 $338.26 342. 86 333.38 379. 53 502.37 563.33 2 620. 02 2 573.63 2 594.17 2 623.01 2 628.71 1 11 12 49 67 83 70 76 84 86 6 4 16 52 73 94 77 84 90 95 6 .12 11 31 13 (*) 19 4 3 2 Charleston, S. C. 1 (4) 13 35 15 i 110 3 2 3 $348.60 358.18 347.98 377.60 504.70 615. 25 2 692. 50 2640. 04 2 645. 26 2665.70 2 680. 76 Cincinnati, Ohio. 2 Preced ing 1913 year or month. 3 3 13 (3) 8 45 76 99 84 85 91 95 9 34 22 2 18 1 3 2 Cleveland, Ohio. 1 13 14 32 12 1 17 4 5 1 $354. 01 361.99 2 354.99 (4) 403. 06 14 530. 87 50 67 590.11 2653. 59 85 2 599. 86 69 2 616. 84 74 2 640. 83 81 2652.08 84 2 12 14 32 11 (4) 18 3 4 2 í» Dallas, Tex. 1913........................................ 1914........................................ 1916........................................ 1917......................................... 1918......................................... 1919, January......................... February....................... March............................ A pril.............................. May................................ $395. 41 405.96 402. 20 439. 96 572. 22 650. 54 2 739. 01 2 688.91 2 703.92 2 712.45 2 717.11 3 2 11 45 65 87 74 78 80 81 Denver, Colo. 3 il 9 30 14 2 17 2 1 1 1Decrease. $247.36 249.13 253. 80 276.23 356. 55 412.78 2 461.63 2 419.33 2 439.61 2 456.41 2 459.89 1 3 12 44 67 87 70 78 85 86 D etroit, Mich. 1 2 9 29 16 2 19 5 4 1 $334 OS 345.26337. 87 382.86 510.14 580,73 2 635.69 2 572.61 2 592.00 2 624.70 2643.31 2 Cost of year’s supply at prices charged in specifled month. 3 Decrease of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. 4 Increase of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [582 3 1 14 52 73 90 71. 77 86 92 3 12 13 33 14 1 1 10 3 6 M ONTHLY LABOR 59 R E V IE W , COMPARISON OF FAMILY EXPENDITURES FOR 22 FOOD ARTICLES, COMBINED, IN 39 CITIES, BY YEARS, 1913 TO 1918, AND BY MONTHS, JANUARY TO MAY, 1919—Continued. Indianapolis Ind. F all River, Mass. P e rc e n ta g e in crease o v er— P e rc e n ta g e increase over— Y e a r a n d m o n th . Expend itu r e . ,1375.51 382.16 380.59 421.83 534.83 624.66 4681. 49 F e b ru a ry ............................ 4646.05 4650. 89 M arch .................................. April............................... 4661. 79 M a y ...................................... 4680.17 1914.......................................... 1915................................................. 1916.......................................... 1917.......................................... 1918.......................................... 1919, J a n u a r y ........ ...................... P reced 1913 y eina rg o r 'm onth. 2 1 12 2 C) 11 42 27 17 32 85 66 81 72 73 76 81 1 2 3 K ansas City Mo. 1913___ .. . 1914.......................................... 1915.......................................... 1916.......................................... 1917.......................................... 1918.......................................... 1919, J a n u a r y . . . . ....................... F e b r u a r y ........................... M arch .................................. A p ril.................................... M a y ............................ $340.12 348.57 348.64 389.00 509.99 570. 82 4637.37 4548.23 4597. 52 4623. 87 4636. 51 2 2 (2) 87 61 76 83 87 (l314 ) 12 31 12 9 4 1 Louisville, Ky. 1913................................ . 1914..................................... . 1915..................................... 1910.......................................... 1917.......................................... 1918.......................................... 1919, J a n u a r y .............................. F e b r u a r y ........................... M arch .................................. April............................... M a y ...................................... $363. 85 394.58 357,39 400. 57 546. 06 623.09 4687. 88 4634. 53 4648.31 4671.41 4692.32 (2) 12 10 50 71 89 74 78 85 90 F e b r u a r y ............................ M arch ............................. April............................... M ay ...................................... $327.25 336.68 331.94 376. 63 502. 50 552. 87 4621. 10 4562. 04 4584. 95 4607. 61 4622. 94 3 1 15 54 69 90 72 79 86 90 $345.23 352.19 345, 33 392.85 515. 32 563.69 4629.45 4573.37 4591.32 4614.37 4627. 84 P re c e d 1913 y eing ar or m o n th . 2 (2) 14 49 63 82 66 71 78 82 2 32 14 31 9 1 89 3 4 2 $390.14 396. 82 393. 70 429.92 562.06 649.47 4707.97 4666.99 4677. 28 4694.90 4701.48 2 1 10 44 66 81 71 74 78 80 Expend itu r e . (2) 12 12 36 14 (2) 38 2 4 3 $366.01 375.10 373.37 413.06 531. 63 623. 51 4680.18 4622.32 4632. 87 4656. 66 4672.76 2 2 13 45 70 86 70 73 79 84 m o n th . $377.10 381. 66 377.80 408.31 521. 53 613. 06 4696.00 4634.41 4636.32 4659.87 4669.73 3 13 33 10 1 3 10 4 4 3 $319. 98 328.34 323.73 363.51 473. 72 524. 03 4573.60 4536.43 4587.01 4596.91 4607.15 3 1 14 48 64 79 68 77 87 90 2 81 9 31 16 (2) 36 2 3 1 284.84 288.37 271.46 290.51 355.95 423.44 4470.14 4447.19 4449.85 4459.12 4471.12 [59] 1 3, 8 8 38 63 85 28 IS 37 39 68 69 75 78 (2) 4 1 C1) 1 35 2 1 36 7 23 19 25 49 65 57 58 61 65 0) 35 i 2 3 Memphis, Tenn. 2 11 29 17 si 39 2 4 2 375. 75 368. 09 408. 81 540.33 631. 80 4703. 83 4651. 53 4669.44 4698.49 4712.15 2 2 32 C) 11 47 71 81 77 82 90 93 11 Cl 32 17 37 3 4 2 Newark, N. J. 3 31 12 30 11 31 36 6 5 2 $364. 92 371.21 370. 97 403.28 521.98 610. 03 4673.03 4639.71 4635.95 4645. 87 4651.47 1 D ecrease of less th a n fiv e -te n th s of 1 p e r c e n t. 2 In crea se of less th a n fiv e -te n th s of 1 p e r ce n t. 8 D ecrease. 4 C ost of y e a r’s s u p h ly a t p ric e s c h a rg e d in sp ecified m o n th . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 (2) Los Angeles, Calif, Minneapolis, Minn. 31 P rec e d 1913 y eina rg o r M anchester, N. II. Milwaukee, Wis. 1913......... y ............................ 1914.......................................... 1915.......................................... 1916.......................................... 1917.......................................... 1918.......................................... 1919, J a n u a r y .............................. Expend itu re . P e rc e n ta g e in crease o v er— L ittle Rock, Ark. 3 14 50 68 Jacksonville, Fla. 2 2 11 43 67 82 74 72 75 77 2 C) 9 29 17 31 35 31 2 1 60 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W , COMPARISON OF'FAMILY EXPENDITURES FOR 22 FOOD ARTICLES, COMBINED, IN 39 CITIES, BY YEARS, 1913 TO 1918, AND BY MONTHS, JANUARY TO MAY, 1919—Concluded. New Haven, Conn. Y e a r a n d m o n th . 1913 .................................... 1914.......................................... 1915.......................................... 1916.......................................... 1917.......................................... 1918.......................................... 1919, J a n u a r y ....................... - . . F e b r u a r y ........................... M a rc h ................................. A p r il................................... M a y ..................................... New Orleans, La. P e rc e n ta g e in crease o v er — Expend itu r e . $376.96 384.53 381. 89 433.88 551.08 644.61 3701.09 3649.61 3649.56 s666.60 3684.20 P rec e d 1913 y eing ar or m o n th . 2 1 15 46 71 86 72 . 72 77 82 2 11 14 27 17 11 17 (4) 3 3 F e b r u a r y ........................... M a rc h ................................. A p r il................................... M a y ..................................... $334.52 346. 77 342.15 383.£8 501.51 563.67 3625.54 3570. 30 3594.98 3626.01 3637.25 4 11 12 4 2 15 50 69 87 70 78 87 91 31 12 1 19 4 5 2 P o rtlan d , Oreg. 1913..................................... 1914.......................................... 1915.......................................... 1916.......................................... 1917.......................................... 1918........................................ 1919, J a n u a r y .............................. F e b r u a r y ........................... M a rc h ............................... A p r il........................... M a y ................................... $266,03 266.'00 259.73 276.41 350. 99 418.64 3463.26 3432. 71 3447.56 a451.65 3451.36 («) 12 . 4 32 57 74 63 68 70 70 F e b r u a r y ........................ M a rc h ........................... A p r il............................. M a y ..................................... $326.36 338.55 330.98 371. 54 499.87 565.05 3623.76 3576.16 3596.93 3621.24 3629.48 (4) 12 6 27 19 1 17 3 1 0) 4 1 14 53 73 91 77 83 90 93 F e b r u a r y .......................... M a rc h ............................... April........................ M a y ..................................... $335.98 338. 88 334. 91 377. 51 492.19 570. 06 s655. 88 3605. 80 3605.29 3625.12 3642.51 1 (O 12 46 70 90 75 75 81 86 2 2 12 48 68 91 74 77 84 88 2 (2) 10 32 14 2 19 2 4 2 $352.19 359.06 355. 92 397. 82 515.11 603. 91 3666.89 3629.48 3620. 54 3642. 77 3653.46 2 1 13 46 71 89 79 76 83 86 $380. 85 392.36 385.78 433.79 562.76 658.28 3716.73 3671. 89 3673.74 3092.33 3713.12 3 1 14 48 73 88 76 77 82 2 11 12 29 17 (2) 16 11 4 2 4 12 12 35 13 (4) 18 4 4 1 $261.87 268.19 268. 92 291. 34 369. 39 408. 07 3448.88 8416.81' 3436.13 3441.21 3441.37 3 12 30 17 11 16 (2) 3 3 2 3 11 41 56 71 59 67 68 69 2 (2) 8 27 10 (4) 17 5 1 (2) 1 13 30 16 ( 4) 18 (4) 3 3 $265. 35 265. 85 263. 07 278. 56 358. 02 430. 21 3477.05 »452.12 3456.28 3458.90 3465.71 (2) 11 5 35 62 80 70 72 73 76 P reced 1913 y eina rg o r m o n th . $355.36 360.29 358.53 397.37 520.19 593.95 3666.48 3621.38 3628.69 3640.40 3651.61 1 1 12 46 67 88 75 77 80 83 1 11 11 31 14 12 17 1 2 (2) $350.35 359.16 350.93 391.82 518.40 597. 09 3668.46 3607.35 3615.59 3635.19 3646.93 3 (2i 3 12 12 12 32 15 2 19 1 3 2 48 70 91 73 76 81 85 $346.40 345. 58 348.18 384.83 509.42 610. 74 3683.84 3623. 48 3623. 92 3644.51 3667.98 (') 1 11 47 76 97 80 80 86 93 (4) (2) [ 60 ] 3 4 San Francisco, Calif. $271.48 274. 39 274. 99 286.39 352. 03 423.36 3467.25 3448.10 3448.13 3451. 46 3462.78 1 1 5 30 56 72 65 65 66 70 1 (2) 4 23 20 11 14 (2) 1 3 (2) 11 6 29 20 (2) 15 1 1 1 $354.82 361.40 357.88 396.16 528.39 636.13 3699.23 8650. 07 3655.54 3679. 53 3687.89 2 1 12 49 79 97 83 85 92 94 2 11 11 33 20 (4) 1 Decrease. 3 Cost of year’s supply at price in specified month. 2Increase of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. *Decrease of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 11 32 20 1 19 W ashington, D. C. S eattle, W ash. 11 E xpend itu r e . Richmond, V a . 12 87 P erc e n ta g e in crease o v er— P ittsburg, Pa. S alt Lake City, U tah. Scranton, P a. 1913........................................ 1914........................................ 1915.......................................... 1916........................................ 1917........................................ 1918.......................................... 1919, J a n u a r y ............................. $369.29 376.56 377.38 414.73 546.78 621.97 37O0. 09 3644.05 3654.90 3679.02 3693.14 P rec e d in g 1913 y e a r o r m o n th . Providence, R. I. St. Louis, Mo. 1913................................... 1914........................................ 1915........................................ 1916.................................... 1917........................................ 1918........................................ 1919, J a n u a r y ........................... E xpend itu r e . Philadelphia, P a. Omaha, Nebr. 1913 ......... i o n .............. : ......................... 1915.......................................... 1916.......................................... 1917.......................................... 1918.......................................... 1919, J a n u a r y .............................. New York, N. Y. P e rc e n ta g e increase o v er— 17 1 4 1 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W . 61 Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in the United States, 1913 to May, 1919. HOLESALE prices in the United States showed another decided increase in May, the bureau’s weighted index number stand ing at 206 as compared with 203 for April. Noticeable increases occurred in the three groups of farm products, food, etc., and cloths and clothing, the index numbers for these groups rising from 233 to 238, from 207 to 211, and from 214 to 225, respectively. Smaller increases took place in the lumber and building materials and chem icals and drugs groups. The index numbers for the groups of fuel and lighting, metals and metal products, and house-furnisliing goods remained unchanged, while that for the group of miscellaneous com modities dropped from 216 to 213. Among the important articles whose wholesale prices averaged higher in May than in April were cotton, flaxseed, barley, corn, oats, wheat, hay, hides, hops, hogs, peanuts, cheese, coffee, eggs, wheat flour, fruits, lard, bacon, hams, oleomargarine, rice, leather, silk, cotton and woolen goods, cement, ingot copper, bar silver, glycerin and opium. Eye, cattle, sheep, poultry, tobacco, butter, rye flour, fresh beef, lamb, mutton, veal, vinegar, coke, bar iron, iron ore, acids, lubricating oil, wrapping paper, and malt averaged lower in May than in April, while beans, canned goods, commeal, milk, salt, sugar, tea, coal, gasoline, matches, petroleum, brick, glass, lumber, pig iron, and cottonseed meal were practically un changed in price. In the period from May, 1918, to May, 1919, the index number of farm products increased from 212 to 238, that of food commodities from 178 to 211, and that of fuel and lighting from 172 to 179. Dur ing the same time the index number of lumber and building materials increased from 147 to 163, that of house-furnishing goods from 188 to 231, and that of miscellaneous commodities, including such important articles as cottonseed meal, jute, malt, lubricating oil, newsprint paper, rubber, starch, soap, plug tobacco, and wood pulp, from 197 to 213. On the other hand the index number of cloths and clothing dropped from 234 to 225, that of metals and metal products from 177 to 151, and that of chemicals and drugs from 209 to 168. 12277S°—19-----5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [61] 62 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, I N D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S I N S P E C I F I E D M O N T H S , 1913, T O M A Y , 1919, B Y G R O U P S O F C O M M O D IT IE S . [1913=100.] Lum M etals b e r anc and b u ild m e ta l ing p ro d m a te u c ts . ria ls. F a rm p ro d u c ts. Food, etc. C loths and c lo th in g . Fuel and lig h t ing. 1913. A v erag e fo r y e a r . . . . J a n u a r y ........................ A p r il.......................... J u l y ................................ O c to b e r........................ 100 97 97 101 103 100 99 96 101 102 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99 100 100 100 107 102 98 99 100 100 101 101 98 100 101 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 102 100 100 99 98 101 101 1914. J a n u a r y ........................ A p r il.............................. J u l y ................................ O c to b e r........................ 101 103 104 103 102 95 103 107 99 100 100 98 99 98 90 87 92 91 85 83 98 99 97 96 101 101 101 109 103 103 103 103 98 99 97 95 100 98 00 99 1915. J a n u a r y ........................ A p ril.............................. J u l y ................................ O c to b e r...................... 102 107 108 105 106 105 104 104 96 98 99 103 86 84 84 90 83 91 102 100 94 94 94 93 106 102 107 121 101 101 101 101 98 97 96 99 98 99 101 101 J"li l y .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O c to b e r........................ 108 114 118 136 114 117 121 140 110 119 126 137 102 105 105 128 126 147 145 151 99 102 98 101 140 150 143 135 105 109 111 114 107 111 122 132 110 116 119 133 1917. J a n u a r y ........................ F e b r u a r y ..................... M arch ............................ A p r il.............................. M ay .............................. J u n e ....................... J u ly ............................ A u g u s t.......................... S e p te m b e r................... O c to b e r........................ N o v e m b e r................... D e c e m b e r.................... 147 150 162 180 196 196 198 204 203 207 211 204 150 160 161 182 191 187 180 180 178 183 184 185 161 162 163 169 173 179 187 193 193 194 202 206 170 178 181 178 187 193 183 159 155 142 151 153 183 190 199 208 217 239 257 249 228 182 173 173 106 108 111 114 117 127 132 133 134 134 135 135 144 146 151 155 164 165 185 198 203 242 232 230 128 129 129 151 151 162 165 165 165 165 175 175 137 138 140 144 150 165 160 148 1/53 171 181 184 151 156 155 164 165 166 185 184 182 180 182 181 1918. J a n u a r y ........................ F e b r u a r y ..................... M a rc h ............................ A p ril.............................. M a y ................................ J u n e ............................... J u l y ............................... A u g u s t.......................... S e p te m b e r.................. O c to b e r...................... N o v e m b e r................... D e c e m b e r.................... 205 207 211 217 212 214 221 229 236 223 219 221 188 186 178 179 178 179 185 191 199 199 203 207 209 213 220 230 234 243 249 251 251 253 253 246 169 171 171 170 172 171 178 178 179 179 182 183 173 175 175 176 177 177 183 183 183 186 186 183 136 137 142 145 147 148 152 156 158 157 163 163 216 217 217 214 209 205 202 207 206 204 201 182 188 188 188 188 188 192 192 227 233 233 233 233 178 181 184 193 197 199 192 191 195 197 207 204 185 187 187 198 202 207 204 206 206 220 215 226 233 238 204 193 200 207 211 231 220 214 214 225 181 181 180 179 179 172 167 161 151 151 160 162 164 161 163 179 173 171 167 168 233 233 233 231 231 206 207 218 216 213 202 197 200 203 206 Y e a r a n d m o n th . 1916. J a n u a r y ........ ............... 1919. J a n u a r y ........................ F e b r u a r y ..................... M a rc h .. 1............... A p r il...................... May i...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ' 1Preliminary. £ 62 ] C hem H ougeM is icals fu m ish c e lla and in g n eo u s. d ru g s . goo d s. A ll co m m o d i tie s. 1Q1 191 103 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 63 Comparison of Retail Price Changes in the United States and Foreign Countries. rP H E index numbers of retail prices published by several foreign countries have been brought together with those of this bureau in the subjoined table after having been reduced to a common base, viz, prices for July, 1914, equal 100. This base was selected instead of the average for the year 1913, which is used in other tables of index numbers compiled by the bureau, because of the fact that in some instances satisfactory information for 1913 was not available. For Great Britain, Norway, and Sweden the index numbers are repro duced as published in the original sources, while those for Austria have been rounded off to the nearest whole number from the latest available figures, as published in the British Labor Gazette. All these are shown on the July, 1914, base in the source from which the information is taken. The index numbers here shown for the remaining countries have been obtained by dividing the index for July, 1914, as published, into the index for each month specified in the table. As indicated in the table, some of these index numbers are weighted and some are not, while the number of articles included differs widely. They should not, therefore, be considered as closely comparable one with another. In one or two instances the figures here shown are not absolutely comparable from month to month over the entire period, owing to slight changes in the list of com modities included at successive dates. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [63] 64 M O N TH LY LABOE EEVIEW, I N D E X N U M B E R S O F R E T A I L P R I C E S IN T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S A N D C E R T A I N O T H E R C O U N T R IE S . [J u ly , 1914=100.] F ra n c e : 13 a rtic le s. Y e a r a n d m o n th . U n ite d A u stra lia : A u stria : C an ad a: S ta te s: 22 foodstuffs; 46 foodstuffs; 18 foodstuffs; 29 foodstuffs; C ities o v er 30 to w n s . V ien n a . 60 c itie s. 10,000 p o p u 45 citie s. W e ig h te d . W e ig h te d . W e ig h te d . la tio n (ex ce p t W e ig h te d . P a ris ). W e ig h te d . 1914. J u ly ............................ O c to b e r.................... 100 103 100 99 100 104 100 108 1915. J a n u a r y .................... A n r il.......................... J u ly ............................ O c to b e r..................... 101 97 98 101 107 113 131 133 121 166 179 217 107 105 105 105 1916. J a n u a r y .................... A p r il.......................... J u ly ............................ O c to b e r.................... 105 107 109 119 129 131 130 125 222 112 112 114 125 1917. J a n u a r y .................... F e b r u a r y ................. M arch ........................ A p r il.......................... M ay ............................ J u n e ........................... J u ly ............................ A u g u s t...................... S e p te m b e r............... O c to b e r..................... N o v e m b e r ............... D e c e m b e r................ 125 130 130 142 148 149 143 146 150 154 152 154 125 126 126 127 127 127 126 129 129 129 129 128 1918. J a n u a r y .................... F e b r u a r y ................. M arch ........................ A p r il.......................... M a y ............................ J u n o ........................... J u ly ............................ A u g u s t...................... S e p te m b e r............... O c to b e r..................... N o v e m b e r ............... D e c e m b e r................. 157 158 151 151 155 159 164 168 175 177 179 183 129 130 131 131 132 132 131 128 128 131 133 134 1919. J a n u a r y .................... F e b r u a r y ................. M arch ........................ 181 169 172 140 141 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 272 275 288 312 337 315 138 141 144 145 159 160 157 157 157 InQ 163 165 167 169 170 171 172 181 179 182 182 184 186 181 176 1 Q u a rte r b e g in n in g t h a t m o n th . [64] 1 100 P a r is o n ly . W e ig h te d . 100 1 110 120 i 123 120 118 1 137 132 i 146 135 i 154 139 1 171 147 i 184 183 i 200 184 i 211 191 i 232 218 i 244 206 i 260 238 248 65 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. IN D E X NUMBERS OF R E TA IL PRICES IN T H E UN ITED STATES AND CERTAIN OTHER COUNTRIES—Concluded. Norway: Italy: Netherlands: Great Britain: 7 foodstuffs; 29 articles; New Zealand: 22 foodstuffs 59 foodstuffs; (variable); 40 cities 21 foodstuffs; 40 cities. Year and month. 600 towns. 25 towns. 20 towns (variable). Not Weighted. (variable). Not Weighted. weighted. Weighted. weighted. 1914. July........................ 1915. Tilly October................. 1916. October................. 1917. March.................... 1918. ................... Tirn« 1919. 100 112 100 104 1100 2 107 118 124 1321 140 108 113 120 127 114 123 131 128 145 149 161 168 133 132 132 132 135 142 150 158 187 189 192 194 198 202 204 202 206 197 206 205 144 154 161 164 167 171 172 178 188 165 165 169 170 180 184 188 206 208 207 206 207 208 210 218 216 229 233 229 191 221 247 236 197 199 100 102 267 100 100 3 107 111 113 112 112 « 129 3 113 3 121 3 124 »128 116 118 119 120 6 161 166 3 130 3 134 3 142 3 152 127 126 126 127 128 128 127 127 129» 130 130 132 133 134 134 137 139 139 139 141 141 142 144 150 239 253 Sweden: 21 articles; 44 towns. Weighted. 160 166 170 175 175 175 177 181 187 192 183 197 214 200 212 230 221 241 227 235 247 258 261 268 280 284 310 320 330 253 264 271 279 275 270 276 275 275 339 334 145 230 ......... ..... 1 1 January-July. 2 August-December. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis s Quarter beginning th at month. i November, [65] 6 August. 66 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Prices of Meats and Breadstuff's During the War and the Readjustment Period. npHAT great increases have taken place in the prices of meats and breadstuffs since the beginning of the war in 1914 is a fact recognized by all. The precise extent to which prices have increased, however, is a matter of more or less speculation, owing to the difficulty of obtaining strictly comparable information. As indicative of the extent of price changes in these commodities during the war period and since, there is presented herewith a series of charts and tables showing fluctuations in the prices of four basic food materials—two animal and two vegetable—together with certain of their derived products, in selected markets, since January of 1913. For purpose of comparison, all prices have been reduced to the pound basis. Relative prices for the several articles, based on the average price in 1913 as 100, are also shown in the tables in order that the changes may be more easily compared. From the chart and table for live cattle, fresh beef at wholesale, and round steak at retail it is seen that each of these commodities more than doubled in price in the six years from 1913 to 1919. Live cattle show a relatively higher increase in this period than either fresh beef at wholesale or round steak at retail, as is seen by reference to the last three columns of the table. Fresh beef at wholesale and round steak at retail increased in almost the same ratio during the latter part of the period. In the chart and table for heavy hogs, smoked hams at wholesale, and sliced ham at retail it is shown that hogs and hams at wholesale doubled in price in the period from 1913 to 1919, while sliced ham at retail increased to a less extent. Measured by the price of hogs, the retail price of sliced ham was considerably lower in the early months of 1919 than in the corresponding months of 1913 or 1914. The same fact is observed when the prices of sliced ham are compared with those of smoked hams at wholesale. In all cases the sharp increases that have taken place in the price of meats since the begin ning of 1917 are apparent. The chart and table for wheat, flour, and bread show plainly the effect of the outbreak of war late in the summer of 1914 on the prices of these commodities. The high peak reached in the summer of 1917, before price control became effective, is also quite evident. In the price series for wheat flour, winter straights have been selected instead of patents because of the fact that this quality of flour con forms more closely to the standard prescribed by the United States Food Administration for the period when the ordinary grades of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [66 ] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 67 flour were not allowed to be marketed. The table of relative prices shows that, measured by the average price for 1913, bread at retail increased to a much smaller extent during the period than did wheat or flour at wholesale. The increase in the price differential between wheat and flour since the beginning of the war, and especially since the entry of this country into the war, is clearly seen in the chart. The per pound prices of corn, corn meal at wholesale, and corn meal at retail in three separate localities are shown in the last table and chart. It is seen from these that there was little fluctuation in the prices until near the close of 1916, when increases in the price of wheat were reflected in corn and meal prices. The high peak for corn and meal at wholesale was reached in the second half of 1917, following the peak for wheat and flour prices. Corn meal at retail continued to advance until the spring of 1918, with a widening differential between its price and that of corn. Since April, 1918, prices of corn and meal have declined, the differential at the present time being still somewhat greater than in prewar months. While definite conclusions can not be drawn from the limited information here presented, a study of the four tables and charts reveals few well-defined instances of lag between wholesale and retail prices. For meats, especially, changes in the price of basic materials appear to have been quite promptly reflected in retail prices. For breadstuffs, as might be expected, the response of retail prices to changes in the wholesale price was not so prompt. An examination of the figures leads to the conclusion, also, that so far as these com modities are concerned the ratio of prices of raw materials to those of their manufactured products has varied but little during the period under review. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 167] 68 M O N THLY LA B O R R EV IEW , P R I C E S O F L I V E C A T T L E A T C H IC A G O , F R E S H B E E F A T W H O L E S A L E A T N E W Y O R K , A N D R O U N D S T E A K A T R E T A I L A T N E W Y O R K , J A N U A R Y , 1913, T O M A Y , 1919. A verage p rice p e r p o u n d . Y e a r a n d m o n th . 1913: J a n u a r y ........................... F e b r u a ry ........................... M arch ................................. A p r il........................... M ay ..................................... J u n e .................. J u l y - . . ............................... A u g u s t.............................. S e p te m b e r........................ O c to b e r....................... N o v e m b e r....................... D e c e m b e r....................... 1914: J a n u a r y ................... F e b r u a ry ...................... M a rc h ....................... A p r il............... M ay ..................................... J u n e .............. J u l y - . . .............................. A u g u s t.......................... S e p te m b e r.................. O c to b e r..................... N o v e m b e r............ D e c e m b e r___ 1915: J a n u a r y ........... 1' e b r u a ry ................ M a rc h ....................... A p r il................... M ay ....................... J u n e ......... J u ly .................................... A u g u s t...................... S e p te m b e r........................ O c to b e r............... N o v e m b e r___ D e c e m b e r................... 1916: J a n u a r y ............... F e b r u a r y ........ M a rc h ............................... A p r i l . . . .................. M ay ............... J u n e ................ J u l y . . ................................ A u g u s t.............................. S e n te m b e r....................... O c to b e r............................. N o v e m b e r................. D e c e m b e r......................... 1917: J a n u a r y ........................... F e b r u a ry ........................ M a rc h ............... A p r il................................. M ay ............... J u n e ................. J u ly .................................... A u g u s t.............................. S e p te m b e r....................... O c to b e r............................. N o v e m b e r........................ D e c e m b e r......................... 1918: January..................... 1819; R e la tiv e price (av erag e in 1913=100). C attle , good F re s h beef, R ound C attle , good F re s h beef, R ound to choice n a tiv e sides, s te a k , re to choice n a tiv e sides, s te a k , re steers, w holesale, ta il, steers, w holesale, ta il. Chicago. N ew Y o rk . N ew Y o rk . Chicago. N e w Y o rk . N e w Y o rk . February.................... March........................ AprJ.................................. May........................... June.......................... July........................... August....................... September................. October..................... November.................. December.................. January..................... February................... March........................ A p r il.................................. May........................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C e n ts . 8.36 8.41 8.56 8.50 8.26 8.49 8.72 8.51 8. G7 8.65 8.51 8.45 8.76 8.64 8.66 8.71 8.73 8.80 9.22 9.52 9.73 9.43 9.41 8.62 8.53 8.18 8.23 8.63 8.59 8.96 9.21 9.23 8.95 8.88 8.85 8.49 8.67 8.47 8.97 9.12 9.46 10.26 9.99 9.85 9.80 9.91 10.35 10.29 10.53 11.13 11.87 12.31 12.48 12.55 12.56 13.18 14.99 14.68 14.39 13.24 13.11 13.08 13.23 15.18 16.42 17.18 17.63 17.83 18.41 17.86 18.16 18.36 18.41 18.47 18. 58 18.33^ — C e n ts . 11.44 11.38 12.00 13.00 12.25 12.44 12.85 12.75 13.00 13.00 12.88 12.85 13.19 13.06 12.80 12.75 13.00 13.05 14.06 14.44 14.25 13.56 14.00 13.40 12.94 12.06 11.35 11.13 12.13 12.95 13.69 13.50 13.31 12.69 12. C5 12.13 12.38 12.33 12.88 12.81 13.13 15.00 14.25 14.00 13.88 13.00 13.25 13.25 13.65 14.63 14.84 16.31 16.25 16.75 16.85 17.06 18.19 17.25 16.88 18.50 17.90 17.25 17. 50 21.00 22.00 24.31 21.40 21.63 23.63 20.35 21. C3 22.75 23.00 22.81 ^ 23. 05 22.63 [68 ] C e n ts . 23.10 23.10 23.80 25.10 25.00 25.30 26.10 26.10 25.70 25.50 25.40 25.30 25.10 25.50 25.40 25.50 25.70 25.80 26.90 28.40 27.80 27.10 26.50 25.90 25.50 25.00 24.40 24.60 25.70 26.00 27.10 27.10 27.20 26.90 20.40 25. SO 25.50 25.40 26.30 26.40 27. SO 29.30 28.90 28.80 28. 70 27.70 27.10 26.90 27.50 29.20 29.10 31.50 32.40 32. 50 33.70 35.10 36.80 36.00 33. 50 34.20 35.20 35. CO 35.70 38.40 40. CO 45.20 46.30 46. 70 48.00 45.40 44.80 45. 40 ..-4vA!l 46.90 46.80 47.00 46.90 98.3 98.9 100.6 99.9 97.1 99.8 102.5 100.0 101.9 101.7 400.0 99.3 103.0 101.6 101.8 102.4 102.6 103.4 108.4 111.9 114.4 110.9 110.6 104-8 100.3 96.2 96.7 94.4 101.0 105.3 108.3 108.5 105.2 101.4 104.0 99.8 101.9 99.6 105.4 107.2 111.2 120.6 117.4 115.8 115.2. 110.5 121.7 121.0 123.8 130.8 139.5 144.7 146.7 147. 5 147.6 154.9 176.2 172.6 169.2 155.6 154.1 153.7 155. 5 178.4 193.0 201.9 207.2 209.6 216.4 209.9 213.5 215.8 216.4 217.1 • 218.4 215.5 208.5 91.4 90.9 95.8 103.8 97.8 99.4 102.6 101.8 103.8 103.8 102.9 102.6 105.4 104.3 102.2 101.8 103.8 104.2 112.3 115.3 113.8 108.3 111.8 107.0 103.4 96.3 90.7 88.9 96.9 103.4 109.3 107.8 10C. 3 101.4 101.0 96.9 98.9 98.5 102.9 102.3 104.9 119.8 113.8 111.8 110.9 103.8 105.8 105.8 109.0 116.9 118.5 130.3 129.8 133.8 134.6 130.3 145.3 137.8 134.8 147.8 143.0 137.8 139. 8 167. 7 175.7 194.2 170.9 172.8 188.7 162. 5 172. 8 181.7 183. 7 182.2 184. 2 184.1 180. 8 92.5 92.5 95.4 100.6 100.2 101.4 104.6 104.6 103.0 102.2 101.8 101.4 100.6 102.2 101.8 102.2 103.0 103.4 107.8 113.8 111.4 108.6 ieo. 103.8 102.2 100.2 97.8 98.6 103.0 104.2 10S.6 108.6 109.0 107.8 105.8 103.4 102.2 101.8 105.4 105.8 111.4 117.4 115.8 115.4 115.0 111.0 108.6 107.8 110.2 117.0 116.6 126.2 129.8 130.2 135.0 140.6 147.4 144.2 134.2 137.0 141.0 142.6 143.0 153.8 162.7 181.1 185.5 187.1 192.3 181.9 179.5 181.9 1S9. 5 187.9 187. 5 188.3 187.9 2 1913 JAN 1914 APR JULY OCT JAN APR JULY OCT JAN 1915 1915 APR JULY OCT JAN 1917 APR JULY OCT JAN 1910 APR JU LY OCT JAN 1919 APR. JU LY OCT JAN APR JULY TTTTTrrrTTT TTTI fT 1 1 1 I ryTTTlTTTTTTr TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTT | I ft ROUKDSTEAK:" RETAIL, NS€ YORK. O ' softsa DRESS"EDBEEP: NATIVE SIDES, WHOLESALE, NRN YORK, <H j CATTLEjAsTEENS, GOOD TO CHOICE, CHICAGO, <ft» <9 ” ft® TTTTTTTTTTr 50 - = 40 - - ft / ZJ®“ * *»V V 35 ft I*—I ** X j s*A£J±i£— __J| ■**«,, lT- 25 G*-«ft• * .■*!--- - »e®* ««#>• ®®e 30 fte®* 25 . s / 20 15 40 ft® 30 = 45 &m<K - A^ z w^ ~ 4 (ff%3 / t# ra»^ z z aEcrsm Z 20 =j 400^ M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW, = ftft © 50 15 00 _3 IQ 10 z E J-LUJ, I..I .LULL, -LI.Lli LLLLLU J IL 1 1 1 1 1 1 II ■Ul 1 1 1 I I 1 II. -I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! JU..i I 1 1JLLLLL^iJLXLLLL https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 05 CO 70 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. PRICES OF HEAVY HOGS, SMOKED HAMS AT W HOLESALE, AND SLICED HAM AT R E TAIL, CHICAGO, JANUARY, 1913, TO MAY, 1919. Relative price (average in 1913= 100). Average price per pound. Year and month. July................................... July................................... July................................... June.................................. November........................ April................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Hogs, heavy, Chicago. Hams, smoked, wholesale, Chicago. Ham, sliced, retail, Chicago. C e n ts . C e n ts . C e n ts . 7.47 8. 08 8.87 8.94 8.42 8.63 9.01 8-35 8.43 8.31 7.92 7.87 8.40 8.63 8.67 8.72 8.36 8.20 8. 77 9.04 8.76 7.81 7.59 7.19 6.99 6.76 6.76 7.25 7.55 7.46 7.28 6. 84 7.14 8.12 6.89 6. 66 7.37 8.38 9.68 9. 74 9.93 9.63 9.83 10.34 10.74 9.87 9. 99 10.25 10. 96 12.58 14.79 15.80 16.09 15.71 15.46 17.33 18.33 17.59 17.46 16.85 16.30 16.72 16.83 17.15 17.26 16.62 17.72 19.19 19.73 17.85 17. 81 17.58 17.54 17.64 18. 96 20. 50 20.76 14. 97 16.10 16. 50 16.55 16.88 17.44 17.80 17.88 17.04 16.44 16.16 15.60 15.31 15.25 15. 55 15.75 15.88 17. 69 19.03 19.05 17.19 16. 63 10.33 15.38 15.25 14.25 14.38 15.13 15.85 16 10 14.95 14.47 16.13 16.25 15.56 15.88 16.75 17. 69 18.31 18.45 18.50 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.35 20.31 19.88 19.45 21.13 22.88 24.50 26.55 25.94 23.95 24.13 26. 75 28.60 29.00 30.10 29. 50 29.84 30.28 30.75 30.25 29. 94 30. 25 32.25 32.81 33.61 35.41 36.70 34. 94 33.38 33.81 35.95 37.69 [70] 30.80 29.50 31.30 32.50 32. 50 32.40 32.30 32.20 32.20 32.00 32.30 31.80 32.00 31.00 31.20 31.70 31.70 31.90 33.00 34.60 34.10 33.90 33.10 32.80 33.30 33.00 32.20 31.70 32.30 33.20 32.80 32. 80 32.89 32.80 32.80 33.30 33.00 32.00 32.20 33.70 33.70 34.70 34.90 35.90 35.90 35.90 34. 60 34. 40 33.30 35.40 34.30 38.20 40.30 41.60 41.40 40. 70 43.90 43.90 44.50 42.90 42.80 44. 80 45.00 46.70 48.30 48.80 49.10 50.50 51.70 52.09 52.50 53.40 55. 30 52.10 50.80 54. 60 56.60 Hogs, heavy, Chicago. 89.3 96.0 106.0 100.9 100.6 103.2 107.7 99.8 100.7 99.4 94.7 94.1 100.4 103.2 103.6 104.2 99.9 98.0 104.8 108.0 101.7 93.3 90.7 86.0 83.6 80.8 80.8 86.7 90.3 89.2 87.0 81.8 85.4 97.1 82.4 79.6 88.0 100.1 115.7 110.4 118.7 115.1 117.5 123. 6 128.4 118. 0 119.4 122.5 131. 0 150.4 176. 8 188.8 192.3 187.8 184.8 207.2 219.1 210.3 208.7 201.4 194.9 199.9 201.2 205.0 206.3 198.7 211.8 229.4 235.8 213.4 212.9 210.1 209.7 210. 9 226.6 245.1 248.2 Hams, smoked, wholesale, Chicago. 90.1 96.9 99.3 99.6 101.6 104.9 107.1 107.6 102.5 98.9 97.2 93.9 92.1 91.8 93.6 94.8 95.5 99.6 106.4 114.5 114.0 103.4 100.1 98.3 92.5 91.8 85.7 86.5 91.0 95.4 96.9 90.0 87.1 97.1 97.8 93.6 95.5 100.8 106.4 110.2 111.0 111.3 114.3 114.3 . 114.3 116.4 122.2 119. 6 117.0 127.1 137.7 147.4 159. 7 156.1 144.1 145.2 160.9 172.1 174.5 181. 5 177.5 179.5 182.2 185.0 182.0 180.1 182.0 194.0 197.4 202.2 213.1 220.8 210.2 200.8 203.4 216.3 226.8 Hams, sliced, retail, Chicago. . 96.8 92.7 98.4 102.1 102.1 101.8 101.5 101.2 101.2 100.6 101.5 99.9 100.6 97.4 98.1 99.6 99.6 100.3 103.7 108.7 107.2 106.5 104.0 103.1 104.7 103.7 101.2 99.6 101.5 104.3 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 103.1 104.7 103.7 100.6 101.2 105.9 105.9 109.1 109.7 112.8 112.8 112.8 108.7 108.1 104.7 111.3 107.8 120.1 126.7 130.7 130.1 127.9 138.0 138.0 139.9 134.8 134.5 140.8 141.4 146.8 151.8 153.4 154,3 158.7 162.5 163.4 165.0 167.8 173.8 163.8 159.6 171.6 177.9 60 SS scr 40 tu] 35 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30 25 20 M O N TH LY LABOE EEYIEW, 45 15 10 5 0 -er 72 MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW. PRICES OF W HEAT, W HEAT FLO U R AT W HOLESALE, AND BREAD AT R E TA IL, KANSAS CITY, JANUARY, 1913, TO MAY, 1919. Relative price (average in 1913=100). Average price per pound. W heat flour, Bread, be Wheat, No. 2, W heat flour, Bread, be Year and m onth. Wheat, No. 2, winter straights fore baking, hard winter, winter straights, fore baking, hard winter, wholesale, retail, Kan wholesale, retail, Kan Kansas City. Kansas City. Kansas sas City. Kansas City. City. sas City. C e n ts . January....... February__ March.......... April............ May.............. June............. July.............. August......... September... October....... November... D ecem ber... 1914: January....... February__ March.......... April............ May.............. Ju n e............. July.............. August......... September... October....... November... December... 1915: January....... February__ March.......... April............ May.............. June............. July.............. August......... September... October........ November... Decem ber... 1916: January....... February__ March.......... April............ May.............. June............. July.............. August......... September.... October....... November... D ecem ber... 1917: January....... F ebruary.... March.......... A pril............ May.............. June............. July.............. August......... S eptem ber.. October....... Novem ber... Decem ber... 1918: January....... February__ March.......... April............ May.............. Ju n e............. July.............. August......... Septem ber.. October....... November... December... 1919: January....... February__ March.......... April............ May.............. 1913: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.47 1.47 1.45 1.48 1.48 1.52 1.43 1.41 1.46 1.46 1.44 1.46 1.43 1.45 1.48 1.46 1.49 1.53 1.36 1.45 1.74 1.70 1.79 1.87 2.22 2.55 2.48 2.53 2.52 2.03 2.23 2.10 1.79 1.79 1.74 1.82 2.00 2.04 1.78 1.89 1.85 1.70 1.81 2.32 2.55 2.75 3.10 2.87 3.16 3.00 3.30 4.22 5.08 4.48 4.01 4.41 3.64 3.53 3.53 3.53 3.53 3.53 3.53 3.53 3.53 3.53 3.75 3.60 3.60 3.61 3.60 3.77 3.85 3.80 3.96 4.34 4.35 C e n ts . 1.94 1.95 1.91 1.94 1.99 2.05 1.96 1.95 2.03 1.96 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.91 1.71 2.10 2.53 2.38 2.39 2.55 3.14 3.56 3.46 3.47 3.43 3.03 2.89 2.79 2.51 2.51 2.52 2.61 2.79 2.50 2.50 2.56 2.47 2.33 2.45 3.33 3.61 3.99 4.45 3-98 4.50 4.27 4.75 6.08 7.37 6.55 6.10 6.33 5.48 5.36 5.26 5.11 15.15 15.23 15.26 ’-5.31 15.36 15.36 15.40 15.24 15.18 15.17 15.23 15.20 14.85 i 4.86 4.97 5.73 6.01 C e n ts . 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.30 5.30 5.40 5.40 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.30 5-40 5.30 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.30 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.50 5.50 5.70 5.70 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.40 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.20 6.50 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.80 7.40 7.30 7.60 7.50 8.00 8.10 8.30 8.70 9.00 9.50 9.80 9.60 9.80 9.60 9.40 8.80 8.70 8.90 8.80 8.90 8.90 8.80 8.90 8.80 8.80 8.80 8.80 8.80 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.09 9.35 100.7 100.7 99.2 101.4 101.4 104.1 97.9 96.6 99.9 . 100-0 98.6 100.0 97.9 99.2 101.4 1C0.0 102.1 104.8 93.2 99.3 119.2 116.4 122.6 128.1 152.1 174.6 169.5 173.3 172.6 139.0 152.7 143.8 122.6 122.6 119.2 124.6 137.0 139.7 121.9 129.4 126.7 116.4 124.0 158.9 174.6 288.3 212.3 196.6 216.4 205.5 226.0 289.0 347.9 306.8 274.6 302.0 249.3 241.5 241.5 241.5 241.5 241.5 241.5 241.5 241.5 241.5 256.8 246.6 246.6 247.2 246.6 258.2 263.4 260.3 271.2 297.2 297.9 1 U. S. Food Administration standard flour. [72] 99-0 99.5 97.4 99.0 101.5 104.5 100.0 99.5 103.6 100.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 97.4 87.2 107.1 129.1 121.4 121.9 130.1 160.2 181.6 176.5 177.0 175.0 154.6 147.4 142.3 128.1 128.1 128.6 133.2 142.3 127.6 127.6 130.6 123.0 118.9 125.0 169.9 184.2 203.6 227.0 203.1 229 6 217 9 242.3 310.2 376-0 334.2 311.2 323.0 279.6 273.5 268.4 260.7 262.8 266.8 268-4 270.9 273.5 273.5 275.5 267.3 264.3 263.8 266.8 265.3 247.4 248-0 253.6 292.3 306.6 98.3 98.3 98.3 100.2 100.2 102.1 102.1 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 102.1 100.2 102.1 102-1 102-1 100.2 102.1 102.1 102.1 104.0 104.0 107.7 107.7 119.1 119.1 119.1 122.9 122.9 122.9 122.9 121.0 119.1 119.1 119.1 117.2 122.9 124.8 124.8 124.8 124.8 124.8 128.5 139.8 138.0 143.6 141.7 151.2 153.1 156.9 164.4 170.1 179.5 185.2 181.4 185.2 181.4 177.7 166.3 164.4 168.2 166.3 168.2 168.2 166.3 168.2 166.3 166.3 166.3 166.3 156.3 170.1 170.1 170.1 171.8 176.7 nm JAH 1914 APR JULY OCT JAB APR JULY OCT 1915 JAB APR JULY OCT JAB 1916 APR JULY OCT JAB 1917 1918 APR JULY OCT JAB 1919 APR JULY OCT JAR , APR JULY TTTTTTTTTTT"TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT"1 TTTrrTTTTTTTTTTrwttttttttttrT T T T T T T T T T T TTTTTFrp" EALi r M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. >1913 COER 15 RETAIL, INDIAHAPOLIS• CORN MISALj- WHOLESALE, TEUffi HAUTE. ; CORN? OHTRACT GRADES, CHICAGO. ®«®®®°®®*tt.®«®*» *•••**• ° z *— z JJJJJLLLLLLLJ J J J J J lLLJLLL .U U.JXLUJX \ 1t ,U1„,UXI XU H8.1SJLLLMI t 1I t U 1! JJJXUL:1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Co 74 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, PRICES OF CORN AT CHICAGO, CORN MEAL AT W HOLESALE AT T E R R E HAUTE, AND CORN MEAL AT R E T A IL AT INDIA NAPOLIS, JANUARY, 1913, TO MAY, 1919. Average price per pound. Corn, Year and month. contract grades, cash, Chicago. 1913: January........ February . . . M arch.......... A p ril............ M a y ............. J u ñ e ............. J u ly ............. A ugust......... September .. October....... November .. December. . . 1914: January....... F eb ru ary __ M arch.......... A p ril............ M a y ............. J u n e ............ J u l y ............. August......... September .. October....... November . . December. . . 1915: January....... February . . . M arch........... A p ril............ M ay............. J u ñ e ............. J u ly .............. A ugust......... September .. O ctober....... November . . December. . . 1916: January....... February . . . M arch.......... A pril............ M a y ............. J u ñ e ............ J u ly ............. A ugust......... September .. O ctober....... November .. December. . . 1917: January....... F eb ru ary __ M arch.......... A p ril............ May ............. J u n e ............. J u l y ............. A ugust......... September .. October....... November . . December. . . 1918: January....... February . . . March........... A p ril............ M ay ............. J u n e ............. J u l y ............. A ugust......... September .. October....... November . . December. . . 1919: January....... February __ M arch.......... A p ril........... M a y ............. C e n ts . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0.88 .90 .91 .99 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.32 1.34 1.25 1.29 1.26 1.10 1.11 1.18 1.19 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.44 1.39 1.31 1.25 1.15 1.28 1.35 1.29 1.34 1.37 1.32 1.40 1.41 1.30 1.13 1.10 1.28 1.36 1.36 1.32 1.36 1.33 1.32 1.44 1.53 1.55 1.53 1.75 1.64 1.75 1.81 2.00 2.49 2.92 3.06 3.65 3.43 3.69 3.51 3.67 3.05 3.17 3.12 3.08 2.99 2.92 2.85 2.99 3.03 2.85 2.47 2.41 2.58 2.50 2.31 2.65 2.87 a io Corn meal, wholesale, Terre Haute. Relative price (average in 1913=100). Corn, Corn meal, contract retail, In grades, cash, dianapolis. Chicago. Corn meal, wholesale, Terre Haute. Corn meal, retail, In dianapolis. C e n ts . C e n ts . 1.26 1.28 1.41 1.59 1.60 1.64 1.69 1.82 1.88 1.73 1.64 1.66 1.61 1.64 1.64 1.62 1.65 1.81 1.79 2.00 1.96 1.77 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.70 1.66 1.70 1.71 1.64 1.75 1.70 1.59 1.43 1.40 1.53 1.65 1.71 1.73 1.85 1.77 1.79 1.98 2.09 2.08 2.22 2.51 2.39 2.40 2.53 2.79 3.76 4.13 4.13 4.88 5.56 5.31 5.12 5.07 4.86 4.84 5.45 5.15 5.35 4.59 4.45 4.83 4.45 3.99 3.40 3.05 3.24 3.15 2.84 3.15 3.53 3.81 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.40 2.60 2.60 2.60 2. 50 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.00 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.90 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.20 5.00 5.10 5.30 5.70 5.80 5.90 6.50 6.30 6.30 6.50 6.70 6.90 6.50 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.30 6.20 5.70 5.50 5.40 5.30 5.20 5.20 5.30 [74] 79.3 81.1 82.0 89.2 91.9 96.4 100.0 118.9 120.7 112.6 116.2 113.5 99.1 100.0 106.3 107.2 112.6 113.5 114.4 129.7 125.2 118.0 112.6 103.6 115.3 121.6 116.2 120.7 123.4 118.9 126.1 127.0 117.1 101.8 104.5 115.3 122.5 122.5 118.9 122.5 119.8 118.9 129.7 137.8 139.6 137.8 157.6 147.8 -157.6 163.1 180.2 224.3 263.1 275.7 328.8 309.0 332.4 316.2 330.6 274.8 285.6 281.2 277.5 269.4 263.1 256.8 269.4 273.0 256.8 222.5 217.1 232.4 225.2 208.1 238.7 258.6 284.7 78.8 80.0 88.1 99.4 100.0 102.5 105.6 113.8 117.5 108.1 102.5 103.8 100.6 102.5 102.5 101.3 103.1 113.1 111.9 125.0 122.5 110.6 105.0 103.1 101.3 106.3 103.8 106.3 106.9 102.5 109.4 106.3 99.4 89.4 87.5 95.6 103.1 106.9 108.1 115.6 110.6 111.9 123.8 130.6 130.0 138.8 156.9 149.4 155.6 158.1 174.4 235.0 258.1 258.1 305.0 347.5 331.9 320.0 310.9 303.8 302.5 340.6 321.9 334.4 286.9 278.1 301.9 278.1 249.4 212.5 190.6 202.5 196.9 177.5 196.9 220.6 238.1 101.6 101.6 101.0 97.7 97.7 93.8 101.6 101.6 101.6 97.7 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 105.5 105.5 101.6 105.6 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 101.6 101.6 105.5 113.3 132.3 132.3 132.8 136.7 136.7 136.7 164.1 195.3 199.2 207.0 222.7 226.6 230.5 253.9 246.1 246.1 253.9 201.7 269.5 253.9 238.3 242.2 246.1 246.1 242.2 222.7 214.8 210.9 207.0 203.0 203.1 207.0 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 75 Cost of Living in the United States. the presentation in the May and June numbers of CONTINUING the of data relating to the cost of living in L abor R e v ie w industrial centers, the following table shows the results of the investi gation in 49 localities in the Southern and Western sections of the United States. The period covered by the investigation in these cities varied from the year ending September 30, 1918, to the year ending February 28, 1919. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [75] AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X P E N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FO R T H E PR IN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAM ILIES IN S P E C IF IE D INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS. Cl ASTORIA, OREG. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of Equiva fami lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families Av. sur Deficit. Surplus. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) per nor and fur for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. 22 24 17 6 1 5 4.6 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.8 6.0 2.62 2.87 3.22 3.27 3.74 4.85 $430.18 497.40 522.15 570.46 674.93 919.80 Total...................... 75 4.9 3.15 537.24 Rent. $189.97 $143.46 247.85 1180.51 295.74 2 213,01 308.49 183.91 379.09 211.04 492.30 (3) 286.82 4 191.21 Fuel and light. $59.83 i 69.60 2 72.14 71.39 79.47 (3) $61.36 $184.26 $1,069.06 81.95 312.11 1,384.83 123.72 337.53 1,551.40 122.82 328.16 1,585.24 137,34 536.85 2,018.73 50.15 510.90 2,265.20 4 16 17 15 4 1 $83.75 108.08 182.11 360.42 440.43 464.00 1 6 7 2 2 4 70.96 107.22 1,524.96 57 224.43 18 335.99 $249.00 320.17 146.40 92.75 150.73 ......... +$17. 20 - 8.72 + 86.30 +307.11 +243.38 +464.00 204.54 .............. +121.47 [76] P E R CENT. 6.7 29.3 32.0 22.7 8.0 1.3 40.2 35.9 33.7 36.0 33.4 40.6 17.8 17.9 19.1 19.5 18.8 21.7 13.4 112.0 2 14.1 11.6 10.5 (3) 5.6 1 4.6 2 4.8 4.5 3.9 (3) 5.7 5.9 8.0 7.7 6.8 2.2 17.2 22.5 21.8 20.7 26.6 22.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 72.7 70.8 88.2 66.7 100.0 20.0 27.3 29.2 11.8 33.3 100.0 35.2 18.8 4 12.7 4 4 .7 7.0 22.0 100.0 76.0 24.0 ATLANTA, GA. : W hite fam ilies. 2 12 6 2 2 1 $82.50 65.15 99.61 68.85 145.96 142.65 73.27 -$ 4 3 .8 9 + 18.67 + 22.53 + 77.65 + 70.09 + 96. 62 + 3 5 8 .1 3 44 88.90 24 + 44.57 U n d e r $900.......................... $900 a n d u n d e r $1,200___ $1,200 a n d u n d e r $1,500.. $1,500 a n d u n d e r $1,800.. $1,800 a n d u n d e r $2,100.. $2,100 a n d u n d e r $2,500.. $2,500 a n d o v e r .................. 9 46 48 30 15 8 4 4.0 4.3 5.3 5.2 6.1 6.1 6.3 2.30 2.72 3.37 3.39 4.46 4.93 4.62 $360.90 440.70 525.37 547.07 671.00 750.37 723.14 $125.45 165.01 230.94 294.35 402.28 479.38 551.92 $69.37 105.22 146.17 169.02 159.08 231.24 214.32 $56.05 68.20 80.91 78.26 81.13 93.71 94.33 $41.49 67.74 60.53 101.37 84.65 109.53 165.06 $150.12 192.72 286.30 337. 70 456.36 447.93 569.42 $803.39 1,039.59 1,330.22 1,527.77 1, 854.50 2,112.15 2,321.19 1 22 27 23 10 6 6 12 15 5 3 2 3 $100.00 74.57 95.39 116.25 148.92 176.37 501.93 Total..................... 160 5.1 3.34 525.77 254.45 141.53 76.36 76.52 292.48 1,367.09 92 120.03 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over.............. Clothing. PER CENT, 122778°— 19— 5.6 28.8 30.0 18.8 9.4 5.0 2.5 44.9 42.4 39.5 35.8 36.2 35.5 31.3 15.6 15.9 17.4 19.3 21.7 22.7 23.8 8.6 10.1 11.0 11.1 8.6 10.9 9.2 7.0 6.6 6.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.1 5.2 6.5 4.6 6.6 4.6 5.2 7.1 18.7 18.5 21.5 22.1 24.6 21.2 24.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.1 47.8 56.3 76.7 66.7 75.0 75.0 66.7 26.1 31.3 16.7 20.0 25.0 25.0 22.2 26.1 12.5 6.7 13.3 ................... 100.0 38.5 18.6 10.4 5.6 5.6 21.4 100.0 57.5 27.5 15.0 $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 6 ATLANTA , GA. : Colored fam ilies. 2.67 3.14 3.71 5.60 $369.59 467.95 595.81 690.19 $111.99 173.85 291.74 434.62 $84.50 97.72 105.50 113.25 $55.56 59.91 67.47 95.06 $44.20 46.82 45.02 76.35 $126.62 189.08 287.20 231.54 $792.46 1,035.33 1,392.74 1,641.01 5 $42. 78 49.07 88.36 4 3 6 1 $52.34 35.63 134.17 18.25 Total................... 55 4.5 3.15 466.45 183.96 95.04 60.75 45.98 190.33 1,042.51 28 53.84 14 81.40 6 — 18.25 13 PER CENT. 2 42 8 10.7 9.4 7.6 6.9 7.0 5.8 4.8 5.8 5.6 4.5 3.2 4.7 16.0 18.3 20.6 14.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 61.9 38.5 20.0 14.3 46.2 100.0 30.0 23.8 15.4 42.1 14.1 16 8 20 9 26.5 44.7 17.6 9.1 5.8 4.4 18.3 100.0 50.9 25.5 23.6 46 6 4Ft dim u.imt/1 .. i|)ljOuUdilli militai ©ijOvU. - 100.0 1Not including 2 families in -which rent is combined with fuel and light. 3 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 2 Not including https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis +$10.92 5 + 25.29 2 — 27.94 3 Rent is combined with fuel and light. <Not including 6 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. + 6.69 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. [77J 3.7 4.9 5.1 7.0 10 13 $1,500 and under $1,800.. 20 21 13 1 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. OF QQ BAK ERSFIELD, CALIF. NumIncome group. Average persons in family. fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses cit ( - ) surplus Families Average Families Average per and fur nor for nishings. laneous. family. haying. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 10 20 28 14 2 3 5.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 6.0 4.3 3.29 3.22 3.13 2.96 5.01 3.20 $487.88 489. 72 513.01 563.05 624.13 603.35 $152.64 $172.98 197.57 i 219.18 233.65 2 232.43 294. 96 262.57 180.00 314. 70 337,54 28f, 25 $51.39 1 53. 85 2 60.24 66,13 53.10 51.64 T otal...................... 77 4.6 3.19 519.20 231.06 s 227.26 3 57.98 $55.92 $159.32 $1,080.13 55.30 299.32 1,310.12 83. 88 436.04 1,554.90 111.44 448.21 1, 746.36 197.02 491.00 1,859.95 112,77 1,050.20 2,436.75 81.90 392.16 6 15 18 13 2 2 $78.84 123. 76 189.32 182.81 400.20 409.06 4 5 7 1 1 48.20 1,506.75 56 173.79 18 133.81 $53.82 134.15 189.19 150.00 3 +$25:78 + 59.28 + 74.41 + 159.04 +400.20 +256.64 3 + 95.11 PER CENT. Under 1900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over........... 13.0 26.0 36.4 18.2 2.6 3.9 45.2 37.4 33.0 32.2 33.6 24.8 16.0 1 16.8 ? 14.9 15.0 9.7 11.5 4.8 14.1 2 3.9 3.8 2.9 2.1 5.2 4.2 5.4 6.4 10.6 4.6 14.7 22.8 28.0 25.7 26.4 43,1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. Ò 100.0 60.0 75.0 64.3 92.9 100.0 40.0 25.0 25.0 7.1 66.7 33.3 T otal................... 100.0 34.5 3 15.1 3 3.8 5.4 26.0 100.0 72.7 23.4 10.7 3.9 BIR M ING H A M , ALA.: W hite fam ilies. Under $900.......................... 5900 and under $1,200___ 51,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. Si,800 and upder $2,100.. S2,100 and under $2,500.. S2,500 and over........... 2 10 37 42 31 20 9 4.5 5.1 4.6 5.1 5,4 5,4 5.3 2.36 3.29 2.91 3,43 3.60 3,33 4.12 $438. 64 475.20 475. 81 598.54 675. 85 657.% 907.61 $117.57 150.46 182. 03 246.25 306.37 352. 93 436.37 $88.00 155. 96 161.06 185.12 212. 01 252.74 214,94 $67.38 59.12 65.78 65.97 84.39 84. 07 86.21 $19.95 36.65 73.87 61.33 83.43 160. 90 114,70 $124.82 252.64 263. 95 357.40 375. 02 533. 51 620. 80 $856.34 1,130.03 1,222.50 1,514.62 1,737.07 2,042.11 2,380,64 1 6 30 36 25 17 7 $44. 72 70.97 166.52 188.36 228. 93 300.17 529. 90 3 4 5 4 3 $207.84 73.88 122. 77 81.16 116.80 61.97 Total............... 151 5.1 3.34 600. 34 260.27 192.26 72.88 83.13 367.13 1,576.00 122 219.53 21 111.04 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 1 1 3 1 2 +$22 - 1 9 .7 7 + 127.03 + 146.83 + Ì74.15 +237.63 +398,37 8 +161.92 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900....................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and.under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,590 and over................ PER CENT. Under $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ T otal.................. 1.3 6.6 24.5 27.8 20.5 13.2 6.0 51.2 42.1 38.9 39.5 38.9 32.2 38.1 13.7 13.3 14.9 16.3 17.6 17.3 18.3 10.3 13.8 13.2 12.2 12.2 12.4 9.0 7.9 5.2 5.4 4.4 4.9 4.1 3.6 2.3 3.2 6.0 4.0 4.8 7.9 4.8 14.6 22.4 21.6 23.6 21.6 26.1 26.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 60.0 81.1 85.7 80.6 85.0 77.8 100.0 38.1 16.5 12.2 4.6 5-3 23.3 100.0 80.8 50.0 30.0 10.0 8.1 10.8 11.9 12.9 15.0 2.4 6.5 22.2 13.9 5.3 BIRM ING HAM , ALA.: Colored fam ilies. 9 27 11 4 3 1 4.2 5.1 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 2.63 3.67 3.45 4.56 5.92 6.73 $362.54 487.86 523.11 646.12 846.38 822.39 $102.65 170.65 214.89 275.09 261.19 490.24 T otal................... 55 5.2 3.70 511.55 186.72 $75.89 $53.44 92.97 54.82 122.20 65.48 70.55 133.38 121. GO 52.53 83.60 144.00 101.42 58.25 $38.45 $137.13 $770.00 33.96 186.45 1,026.71 76.44 280.23 1,282.36 62.89 290. 78 1,478.80 100.17 421. 70 1,802.97 135.82 543.52 2,219.57 7 16 6 4 1 2 6 2 $13.00 35.85 38.22 5 3 1 35.00 1 1 $25.57 67.22 65.54 170.55 286.00 45.58 224.05 1,132.74 35 76.05 11 32.05 9 50.76 PER CENT. Under $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ 16.4 49.1 20. 0 7.3 5.5 1.8 47.1 47.5 40.8 43. 7 46.9 37.1 13.3 16.6 16.8 18.6 14.5 22.1 9.9 9.1 9.5 9.0 6.7 6.5 6.9 5.3 5.1 4.8 2.9 3. 8 5.0 3.3 6.0 4.3 5.6 6.1 17.8 18.2 21.9 19.7 23.4 24.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 77.8 59.3 54.5 100.0 33.3 100.0 22.2 22.2 18.2 18.5 27.3 33.3 33.3 T otal................... 100.0 45.2 16.5 9.0 5.1 4.5 19.8 100.0 63.6 20.0 16.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis +$17.00 + 31.87 + 28.80 +170.55 + 83.67 + 45.58 + 41.98 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW, [793 U nder $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under$l,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2 500 and over............ 1 Not including 1 family, in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 2 Not including 2 families, in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 3 Not including 3 families, in which rent is combined with fuel and light. *■ 3 CD AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAM ILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. 00 O BISBEE, AB.IZ. Income group. T otal..................... Total Families Av. Surplus. Deficit. average having surplus yearly neither (+ ) or Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families surplus deficit Average and fur per nor (-) for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rem. Fuel and light. 1 5.0 2.60 $658.58 $42. 72 $8.55 1 $6.00 9 32 25 13 4.4 4.8 5.4 5.0 2. 73 3.06 3. 58 3.96 612.97 654. 85 720. 04 775.28 266. 59 2723 2 336.76 397. 85 218.94 232.96 285. 21 308. 35 95. 33 98.91 98. 90 133. 49 104.36 93.04 72.34 181.13 349. 30 363. 89 508. 09 674. 23 1,647. 49 1,715.98 2,021.34 2,470.35 8 29 22 10 114.87 253.39 302. 53 390, 40 1 3 3 3 107. 46 46.92 121.89 170.02 + 90.16 +225. 24 +251.60 +265.69 80 5.0 3.33 690.13 310.88 259.60 103. 42 101.10 454.26 1,919.40 70 209.90 10 112.39 +222.11 $165.98 $204.00 $85.37 $1,165.20 + $6.00 [80] PER CENT. $900 and tinder $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1*500 and under $1,800.. 1.3 56.5 14. 2 17.5 3.7 0. 7 7.3 100. 0 100.0 11.3 40.0 31. 3 16.3 37. 2 38. 2 35.6 31.4 16„ 2 15. 9 16.7 16.1 13.3 13.6 14.1 12.5 5. 8 5.8 4.9 5. 4 6. 3 5.4 3.6 7. 3 21. 2 21.2 25.1 27. 3 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 88. 9 90. 6 88. 0 76. 9 11. 1 9. 4 12. 0 23.1 T otal..................... 100.0 36.0 16.2 13.5 5.4 5.3 23.7 100.0 87.5 12. 5 $2^100 and under $2j500.. BUTTE, M ONT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 1 7 37 25 23 9 102 T otal..................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.0 4.3 4.8 4.4 4.4 5.3 2.70 3.13 3. 08 3. 00 2.93 3.90 $491.75 601.16 610. 33 613.86 596. 50 788.38 $133.85 $192.00 $106.40 175.55 207.86 106. 26 266.42 1 221.31 1121. 40 292.34 300. 88 122. 60 342. 27 342. 83 125.36 413.10 376. 67 136.19 $7. 85 50.42 95. 88 127. 98 122. 84 135. 49 $90. 65 351. 67 318. 26 412. 21 508. 28 632. 31 $1,022.50 1,492.92 1,634.93 1,875.87 2.038.08 2,482.14 1 21 17 20 8 65. 80 125.93 208. 62 284.65 315.06 1 6 15 8 3 1 $90. 00 139.59 148.18 175.24 82. 22 448.30 1 —$90.00 -110. 25 + 11.40 + 85.79 +236.80 +230. 24 4.6 3.10 622.00 295.28 1.282.78 1122.72 109.34 411.91 1,843.90 67 215.98 34 154.33 1 + 90. 42 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under$l,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800- $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. PER CERT, 100.0 85.7 40.5 32.0 13.0 11.1 2.7 33.3 1.0 1.0 6.9 36.3 24.5 22.5 8.8 48.1 40.3 37.3 32.7 29.3 31.8 13.1 11.8 16.3 15.6 16.8 16.6 18.8 13.9 i 13.5 16.4 16.8 15.2 10.4 7.1 17.4 6.5 6.2 5.5 0.8 3.4 5.9 6.8 6.0 5.5 8.9 23.6 19.5 22.0 24.9 25.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 T otal...................... 100.0 33.7 16.0 >15.3 16.6 5.9 22.3 100.0 65.7 $5.03 $155.96 $887.14 60.78 297. 07 1,256. 69 82.86 337. 80 1.453.33 68. 00 369.96 1.564.51 73.30 464.98 1.853.34 101.14 564. 60 2,096.11 83.35 688. 43 2.549.52 1 4 8 19 17 10 4 $13.08 37.95 81. 03 132.12 199.57 198.32 319. 42 1 5 14 6 4 • 3 1 $80.75 248.66 211. 61 168.74 249. 86 176. 42 273.15 2 1 —$33. 84 -121.28 - 96. 43 + 57.61 + 113.97 + 111.84 +200.91 1,675. 59 63 158.37 34 208. 85 3 + 28.76 17.6 23. 6 23. 2 23.6 25.1 26. 9 27.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 50.0 44. 4 33.3 73.1 81.0 76.9 80.0 50.0 55.6 58.3 23.1 19.0 23.1 20.0 8. 3 3.8 24.6 100.0 63.0 34.0 3.0 $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 100.0 100.0 14.3 56.8 68.0 87.0 100.0 CH AR LESTO N, S. C. 4.5 4.2 4.5 5.3 5.3 5.8 8.2 3.13 3.04 3.24 3. 48 3. 96 5. 40 $407. 59 469. 78 560. 61 580. 80 675. 82 712. 04 970. 53 T otal...................... 100 5.2 3.45 619.00 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $129. 49 $138.00 168.94 192. 00 226. 92 170.59 281. 27 194. 00 321. 56 238.11 372. 07 243. 50 454. 80 252.85 284.02 205.72 $51. 08 68.12 74. 55 70. 50 79.57 102.76 99. 52 78.42 75.84 412. 58 PER CENT. 20 14 6 13 4 15.6 18. 0 17. 4 17. 8 17. 8 15. 6 15. 3 11. 7 5.8 5. 4 5.1 0.6 4. 8 5.7 12. 8 11. 6 4. 3 4. 9 5.0 45.9 37 4 38. 6 37.1 3fi 5 34 0 38.1 9.9 3.9 4. 0 4. 8 3.3 100.0 36. 9 17. 0 12.3 4.7 24 0 2fi 0 12 0 12.4 4.3 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, [ 81 ] 2 9 24 26 21 13 5 3.88 $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 1 Not including 1 family in which rent is combined w ith fuel and light. 00 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. 00 fcO CHARLOTTE, N . C. Income group. Total....................• 1 22 28 16 9 3 2 81 Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families surplus cit ( - ) Average and fur per nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. $167.61 142. 78 222. 71 240.18 336.88 345. 02 574.33 3.0 4.9 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.7 9.0 1.95 3.13 3.75 3.81 3.69 3.91 6.33 $290.07 444.48 565.31 623.04 612,38 598.65 812.74 5.7 3.63 553.07 Rent. Fuel and light. $153. 00 $75.19 1100.63 i 69.54 1143.47 i 84.40 153.93 86.72 2181. 81 2100.34 203. 72 77.27 224.00 68.93 229.67 3143.06 3 81.85 $28. 50 $255.58 $969. 95 48.31 229.88 1,027. 01 67.10 249.92 1,325.72 87.24 386.18 1,577.30 67.44 446.19 1, 728.56 168.19 500.47 1,893.32 127.10 487.99 2,295.08 70.76 308.43 9 15 8 7 3 2 $52. 71 95. 72 129.20 305.04 261.96 315.47 8 9 7 2 65.09 134.65 68.21 143.00 4 1 1,379.61 44 147.64 27 95.41 10 40.9 53.6 50.0 77.8 100.0 100.0 — 2.11 + 8.00 + 34.76 +205.48 +261.96 +315.47 + 48.39 PER CENT. Under $900............ $900 and under $1,200.... $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over......... 1.2 27.2 34.6 19.8 11.1 3.7 2.5 29.9 43.3 42.6 39.5 35.4 31.6 35.4 17.3 13.9 16.8 15.2 19.5 18.2 25.0 15.8 19.7 110.9 9.8 210.3 10.8 9.8 7.8 16.7 i 6.4 5.5 2 5.7 4.1 3.0 3.9 8.9 5.5 25.8 26.4 21.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 T otal..................... 100.0 40.1 16.6 310.3 3 5.9 5.1 22.4 100. 0 54.3 $119.44 $787.64 183.84 1,087.66 287.96 1,286.52 380.29 1,512- 98 412. 63 1.667.34 307. 00 1.884.34 8 10 19 6 12 3 $46.27 56. S4 115. 09 224. 89 265.28 268.82 2 8 2 2 $201.03 123.41 78.38 112.13 58 145.94 14 126.45 2.9 4.7 5.1 26.3 22.4 18.9 24.'5 100.0 36.4 32.1 43. 8 22.2 22. 7 14.3 6.3 33.3 12.3 CORSICANA, TEX. Under $900....................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500., $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 11 18 23 8 12 3 4.3 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.9 8.3 2.94 3.12 3.40 3.54 4.06 4.73 $355.40 508.18 532.61 505.56 628.19 769.66 $127.53 178.46 201. 54 279.57 276.93 408. 04 $98.12 119.83 143.35 217.25 191.17 174. 00 $55.99 63.32 63.90 65.18 70.89 76. 70 $31.17 34.02 57.16 65.13 87.53 148.94 Total...................... 75 5.5 3.44 522.65 213.79 147.83 64.37 57.18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 268.81 1,274.62 2 - $2.90 - 23.27 + 88.26 +140.64 +265.28 +268.82 3 + 89.26 1 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............ Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. PER. CENT, 14.7 24.0 30.7 10.7 16.0 4.0 45.1 46.7 41.4 33.4 37.7 4Ò.8 16.2 Ì6.4 15.7 18.5 16.6 21-7 12.5 11.0 11,1 Ì4.4 11.5 9.2 7.1 5.8 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.1 4.4 4.3 5.2 7.9 15.2 16.9 22.4 25.1 24.7 16.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18.2 44.4 8.7 25.0 9.1 100.0 72.7 55.6 82.6 75.0 100.0 100.0 Total...................... 100.0 41.0 16.8 11.6 5,0 4r5 21.1 100,0 77,3 18,7 4.0 $11.05 $197.10 35.28 248.88 38.78 304.13 53.59 389.48 94.76 390. 49 97.60 563.10 44.75 879.54 $853.49 1,153.35 1,326.89 1,514.04 1,675.39 1,801.70 2,511,30 1 3 26 17 8 1 1 $27. 71 87.12 97.93 145.38 279.63 599.50 249.00 5 12 5 1 $158.04 120.51 131.49 50.00 +$27.71 - 66.11 + 28.95 + 82.46 +243.01 +599.50 +249.00 340.88 1,415.03 57 147.23 23 127.99 + 68.10 62.5 31.6 22.7 11.1 28,8 Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200,.., $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 8.7 CRIPPLE CREEK DISTRICT, COLO. 1 8 38 22 9 1 1 3.0 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.0 7.0 2.76 3.16 3.33 3.12 3.71 2.72 5.00 $369.29 495.36 553.81 580.36 606.71 615.40 888.16 $135.55 151.77 212.03 248.25 303.55 341.35 502.35 $60.00 107.50 104.44 130.58 146.67 60.00 96.00 $80:50 114.57 113.71 111.79 133.21 124.25 100. 50 Total...................... 80 4.4 3.30 563. S6 230.55 115.47 115.01 49.26 PER CENT. Under $9Q0, $900 and under $1,200.,.. $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,iOQ and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ Total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43-3 42.9 41.7 38.3 36.2 34.2 35.4 15.9 13.2 16.0 16.4 18.1 18.9 20.0 7.0 9.3 7.9 8.6 8.8 3.3 3.8 9.4 9.9 8.6 7.4 8.0 6.9 4.0 23.1 21.6 22.9 25.7 23.3 31.3 35.0 100.0 47.5 27.5 11.3 1.3 1.3 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 37.5 68.4 77.3 88.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.8 16.3 8.2 8,1 24,1 100,0 71,3 1.3 10.0 100.0 100.0 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200.,.. $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. 82,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 1 Not including 2 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light, 2 Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 2 Not including o families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. OO OO AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. 00 DALLAS, TEX. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families surplus cit ( - ) Average Families Average and fur per nor for nishings. laneous. family. having— amount. having— amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 2 23 21 15 12 2 4.5 4.7 5.1 4.9 5.9 5.0 2.83 2.80 3.25 3.54 4.11 4.30 $405.27 496.44 551.66 677.98 735.60 742.41 $104.88 139.16 196.98 238.82 359.77 283.54 $130.08 148.46 178. 89 210.40 211.89 258.00 $29. 83 50.27 46.91 51.44 56.54 55.21 $55.39 60.17 67.61 67.37 135.61 129.04 $107 20 196.07 273. 85 322. 81 415.93 493.28 $832 (U 1,090.58 1,315.89 1,568.82 1,915.33 1,961.46 1 9 17 10 7 1 $17 00 61.85 75.12 141.70 152.40 586.00 11 4 4 3 1 50.53 196.32 104.49 264.25 79.45 1 2 + . 04 4- 23.41 4- 66.61 + 22.84 +253.28 T otal..................... 75 5.1 3.32 590.60 213.52 181.95 50.15 77.47 283.93 1,397.62 45 109.34 24 114.05 6 + 29.11 3 PER CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 2.7 30.7 28.0 20.0 16.0 2.7 48.7 45.5 41.9 43.2 38.4 37.8 12.6 12.8 15.0 15.2 18.8 14.5 15.6 13.6 13.6 13.4 11.1 13.2 3.6 4.6 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.8 6.7 5.5 5.1 4.3 7.1 6.6 12.9 18.0 20.8 20.6 21.7 25.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 39.1 81.0 66.7 58.3 50.0 50 0 47. 8 19.0 26 7 25 0 50.0 Total..................... 100.0 42.3 15.3 13.0 3.6 5.5 20.3 100. 0 60.0 32.0 13.0 16.7 8.0 DEN V ER , COLO. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 4 42 63 29 8 3 5 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.8 5.3 6.0 4.8 3.04 2.78 3.05 3.23 3.67 4.97 4.09 $346.01 447.67 501.53 549.39 577.34 864.52 740.15 $118.55 $111.25 166. 27 131.23 210. 59 1165. 50 236.36 2 176. 74 249.58 193. 50 446. 90 184. 00 459. 87 193. 20 $59. 90 68.80 i 73. 53 2 83. 00 77. 53 80.24 110. 06 $41.53 52.39 72. 45 89.19 76. 60 136. 93 134. 54 $216.13 207. 05 286.40 379. 70 456.21 302.55 584.45 $893.36 1,073.40 1,312.19 1,517.38 1,630.75 2,015.15 2,222.28 1 26 44 26 8 3 5 $23.67 61.98 105.12 122.01 262.33 344. 76 494. 65 2 11 18 3 $264.91 169.95 132.05 50.83 Total..................... 154 4.5 3.11 510.57 215.69 3 159.31 s 75.10 72. 81 299.32 1,334.62 113 133. 09 34 144.96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 —$126 54 5 — 6.14 1 + 35.69 + 104.13 -j- 262.33 + 344.76 + 494.65 7 + 65.65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... PER CENT, $900 and under Sl,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 2.6 27.3 40.9 18.8 5.2 1.9 3.2 38.7 41.7 38.2 36.2 35.4 42.9 33.3 13.3 15.5 16.0 15.6 15.3 22.2 20.7 12.5 12.2 1 12.7 2 11.7 11.9 9.1 8.7 6.7 6.4 1 5.6 2 5.5 4.8 4.0 5.0 4.6 4.9 5.5 5.9 4.7 6.8 6.1 24.2 19.3 21.8 25.0 28.0 15.0 26.3 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 61.9 69.8 89.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 26.2 28.6 10.3 25.0 11.9 1.6 100.0 38.3 16.2 3 12.0 3 5.7 5.5 22.4 100.0 73.4 22.1 4.5 $10. 84 $121.49 58.33 183.76 71.29 247. 63 101.26 353.19 134.96 442.46 161.43 462.60 84.69 602.71 $820.80 1,112.64 1,269.43 1,577.16 1,735.71 2,121.23 2,409.08 2 7 21 15 17 3 2 $60.50 84.60 103.53 134.18 186.82 227.52 451.52 3 10 6 6 1 1 1 $56.37 129.54 76.98 109.16 48.55 450.00 183. 00 302.66 1,426.18 67 144.20 28 116.53 D E S M O IN E S, IOWA. 5 22 29 21 18 4 3 3.6 4.6 5.0 5.0 4.7 7.0 8.0 2.54 2.91 3.07 3.44 3.09 4.47 6.00 $374.41 471.90 506.02 572.14 551.72 828.57 754.49 Total...................... 102 4.9 3.23 533.84 $97.68 $153. 80 $62.58 155.10 157.36 86.18 84.12 185. 52 174. 85 275.91 188.32 86.34 261.90 i 232.78 1111.16 389.83 167.00 111.81 593. 84 258.33 115.02 226.76 1184.72 i 90.53 86.87 5 2 7 PER CENT. 4.9 21. 6 28. 4 20 6 17 6 3. 9 2 9 45.6 42.4 39.9 36.3 31. 8 39.1 31.3 11.9 13.9 14.6 17.5 15.1 18.4 24.7 18.7 14.1 13.8 11.9 i 13.4 7.9 10.7 7.6 7.7 6.6 5.5 i 6. 4 5.3 4.8 1.3 5.2 5.6 6.4 7.8 7.6 3.5 14.8 16.5 19.5 22.4 25.5 21.8 25.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.0 31.8 72.4 71.4 94.4 75.0 66.7 25.0 33.3 100.0 37.4 15.9 i 13.0 i 6.4 6.1 21.2 100.0 65.7 27.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 60.0 20.7 28.6 22.7 6.9 — $9.62 - 31.96 + 59.04 + 64.66 +173.74 + 58.14 +240.01 + 62.73 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, [85] $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 6.9 1 Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 2 Not including 2 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light, s Not including 3 families in which rent is combined w ith fuel and light. oo Or AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. DU LUTH , M IN N . Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males 3. 39 2.98 3.46 3.17 3.37 Total.................... 3.20 2.20 Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. $338. 75 467.70 481.59 515.12 563.15 664.64 $116.01 209. 90 202.18 264. 76 328. 77 262.56 $81.50 172.45 194.63 230.39 236.81 270.00 $74.80 85.11 95. 55 95.59 103.15 135.12 112.03 116.15 184.95 240.40 208. 71 95.86 87.71 $76.57 41.89 66.12 $165.78 $853.40 156.27 1,133.32 244. 81 1,284.87 296.52 1,514.40 345. 98 1,694.01 445.78 1,963.04 $39.50 45.46 126.25 164.91 277.73 321.22 [86 ] 1,403.95 72 9.4 19.4 13.8 19.1 19.6 20.4 22.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 45.5 73.7 74.2 92.9 100.0 6.2 19.1 100.0 73.5 268.17 164.55 25 $29.55 54.03 97.97 56.64 77.54 + $4.98 - 3.90 + 67.24 + 107. 74 +252.36 +321.22 72.40 + 102.42 PER CENT. Under $900............ ....... . $900 and under $1,200..'. $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 2.0 11.2 88.8 31.6 14.3 2.0 Total...................... 39.7 41.3 37.5 34.0 33.2 33.9 13.6 18.5 15.7 17.5 19.4 13.4 9.6 15.2 15.1 15.2 14.0 13.8 35.8 17.1 14.9 .6.8 50.0 45.5 26.3 25.8 7.1 9.1 EL PA SO , TEX. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under$l,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 2 4 8 33 21 7 4 6.0 4.3 4.6 5.1 4.9 6.6 5.0 3.24 2.96 2.91 3.35 3.39 4.37 4.03 $618.98 536.19 458.54 583.14 643.39 718.52 747.02 $154.38 $248. 75 166.01 230.75 163.66 221.91 196.05 262.53 266.58 276. 82 380. 93 254.61 494. 83 i 356.67 $59.01 58.18 69.23 85.98 90.43 98.97 i 92.64 $3.20 36.76 27. 77 86.39 93.29 112.31 155.83 $251.32 228. 70 307. 53 384. 86 472.37 564.42 972.53 $1,335.64 1,256.59 1,248.64 1,578.95 1,842.87 2,129.77 2,815.45 2 7 25 16 5 i $43.88 120.15 145.38 151.92 239. 75 900.00 2 2 1 8 5 2 3 $598. 86 292.93 100.00 136.15 189. 70 172.68 329.65 Total...................... 79 5.1 3.42 605.36 240.45 i 263.14 i 84.76 83.48 426.31 1,704.59 56 162.37 23 228.50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $598- Xfí — 124.52 + 92.63 + 77.13 + 70.58 + 121,91 - 22.24 + 48.57 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Under $900..................... $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over.............. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) and fur per nor for nishings. laneous. family. having, amount having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— PEE, CENT, 2.5 5.1 10.1 41.8 26. 6 8.9 5.1 46.3 42.7 36.7 36.9 34.9 33.7 26.5 11.6 13.2 13.1 12.4 14.5 17.9 17.6 18.6 18.4 17.8 16.6 15.0 12.0 i 13.2 4.4 4.6 5.5 5.4 4.9 4.6 i 3.4 0.2 2.9 2.2 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.5 18.8 18.2 24.6 23.1 25.6 26.5 34.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 87.5 75.8 76.2 71.4 25.0 100.0 50.0 12.5 24.2 23.8 28.6 75.0 Total...................... 100.0 35.5 14.1 i 15.6 i 5.0 4.9 25.0 100.0 70.9 29.1 $92.87 $6.35 42.81 275. 35 58.02 356.14 73.15 402.17 81.63 478. 77 52.40 603.25 70.20 1,118.91 $634.42 1,085.51 1,351.09 1,446.99 1,699.30 2,012.85 2, 741.89 1 8 18 14 13 1 $265.20 88.37 107.32 281.80 278.57 162,70 5 9 3 2 $160.50 226.70 106.83 275.00 1 231. 76 + $265.20 7.35 3.87 1 + 213.22 + 204.76 + 162.70 - 231.76 62.87 1,413.41 55 193.33 20 197.25 1 + TTnrlpr $000 $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. EUREKA, CALIF. T otal..................... 1 13 28 17 15 1 1 76 3.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.3 4.0 7.0 4.5 2.65 $333.65 445. 76 2.94 475.13 3.06 504.43 2. 99 560.82 3.77 3.64 » 617.25 700.59 5.40 $87.30 157.48 241.96 238.59 322.20 500.50 593.09 $98.00 115.69 161.47 167.29 187.38 181.20 192.00 $18.25 48.42 58.36 61.34 68.49 58.25 67.10 496.55 248. 58 159.86 58.91 3.20 386.65 PEE CENT. Under $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ T otal.................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.3 17.1 36.8 22.4 19.7 1.3 1.3 100.0 52.6 41.1 35.2 34.9 33.0 30.7 25.6 35.1 13.8 14.5 17.9 16.5 19.0 24.9 21.6 17.6 15.1 10.7 12.0 11.6 11.0 9.0 7.0 11.3 2.9 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.0 2.9 2.4 4.2 1.0 3.9 4.3 5.1 4.8 2.6 2.6 14.6 25.4 26.4 27.8 28.2 30.0 40.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 61.5 64.3 82.4 86.7 100.0 4.4 27.4 100.0 72.4 38.5 32.1 17.6 13.3 3.6 88.00 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 100.0 26.3 1.3 i Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 00 —1 (- AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. 00 00 EVER ETT, W ASH. Income group. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) per nor and fur for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 4.8 4.4 5.1 4.0 3.40 3.24 3.57 3.16 $442.85 493.48 541.07 460.53 $165.64 218.93 279.90 248.53 $129.56 163.52 158.96 263.53 $59.99 58.30 64.29 71.32 $48.06 70.27 64.89 63.57 1 6.0 4.82 772.80 587.40 192.00 93.30 58.20 52 4.6 3.36 499.23 232.42 163.65 61.25 65.10 T88.1 8 29 11 3 $198.83 $1,044.93 247.73 1,252.23 307.08 1,416.20 570.55 l' 678.03 5 23 11 2 $95.52 116.48 208.08 391.10 489.55 2,193.25 1 371.50 276.04 1,297.69 42 157.13 2 5 $139.50 141.94 1 27.00 8 126.96 1 +$24.83 1 + 67.91 +208.08 +251.73 +371.50 2 +107.38 PER CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 15.4 55.8 21.2 5.8 42.4 39.4 38.2 27.4 15.9 17.5 19.8 14.8 12.4 13.1 11.2 15.7 5.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.6 5.6 4.6 3.8 19.0 19. 8 21.7 34.0 62.5 79.3 100.0 66.7 1.9 35.2 26.8 8.8 4.3 2.7 22.3 100.0 T otal..................... 100.0 38.5 17.9 12.6 4.7 5.0 21.3 80.8 25.0 17.2 12.5 3.4 33.3 15.4 3.8 FRED ER IC K SB U R G , VA. $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 11 12 21 7 3 4 2 Total..................... 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.3 5.3 5.5 5.6 6.7 4.8 4.5 2.97 3.15 3.66 3.44 4.96 3.50 3.11 $346.61 401.26 497.59 513.57 647.31 591.84 597.77 S117.22 $94.31 $70.88 154.62 129.88 88.34 216.30 148.86 105.26 300.25 130. 43 107.98 403. 40 1 246.00 1 110.20 401.05 235.00 118.40 416.55 182.00 209.50 $33.50 54.82 77.64 161.64 37.30 84.78 49.53 $110.04 212.98 270.95 373.22 391.92 591.06 447.77 $772.55 1,041.89 1,316.59 1,587.08 1, 787.14 2,022.13 1 , 903.11 7 5 15 5 3 4 2 $50.89 48.03 112.23 89.26 217.16 295.04 894.69 4 6 6 2 $71.50 75.76 96.92 142.20 5.2 3.44 469.62 223.94 * 142.90 1 100.32 72.31 275.07 1,283.58 41 154.81 18 89.25 1 - 17.87 + 52.48 + 23.13 +217.16 +295. 04 +894.69 1 + 79.01 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... Average persons in family. Number of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. PER CENT. Under 8900..................... 8900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over.............. 44.9 3$. 5 37.8 32.4 36.2 29.3 31.4 15.2 14.8 16.4 18.9 22.6 19.8 21.9 12.2 12.5 11.3 8.2 » 14.5 11.6 9.6 9.2 8.5 8.0 6.8 16.5 5.9 11.0 4.3 5.3 5.9 10.2 2.1 4.2 2.6 14.2 20.4 20.6 23.5 21.9 29.2 23.5 63.6 41.7 71.4 71.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 36.4 50.0 28.6 28.6 8.3 35.0 11.7 5.0 6.7 3.3 T otal.................... 100.0 36.6 17.4 1 11.2 1 7.9 5.6 21.4 68.3 30.0 1.7 18.3 20.0 G RAND ISLAND , NEBR. [89] Total............. 77 2.96 2.80 2.74 3.07 3.20 3.64 4.99 $405.27 420.76 494.87 497.22 556.13 632.39 862.62 $99.72 138.89 213.00 286.18 286.74 453.97 538.69 3.05 512.70 245.02 $ 111.00 172.14 169.31 179.82 219.27 236.13 196.25 181.64 $86.09 90.69 99.01 90.93 110.01 149.80 136.07 101. $11.61 45.12 $118.69 194.63 232.68 109.11 349.63 102.04 322.27 124.40 368.92 205.22 598.26 86.86 .66 277.25 $832.38 1,062.22 1,295.73 1,512.89 1,596.47 1,965.60 2,537.11 1,407.25 59 $49.50 78.06 129.34 147.50 394.81 393.30 236.54 2 5 6 1 1 $73.85 171.54 128.92 340.00 125.00 1 424.60 198.36 16 166.78 2 2 PER CENT. Under $900................. $900 and under $1,200. $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over....... Total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5.2 19.5 33.8 14.3 16.9 5.2 5.2 48.7 39.6 38.2 32.9 34.8 32.2 34.0 12.0 13.1 16.4 18.9 18.0 23.1 21.2 13.3 16.2 13.1 11.9 13.7 12.0 7.7 10.3 8.5 7.6 6.0 6.9 7.6 5.4 1.4 4.2 6.7 7.2 6.4 6.3 8.1 14.3 18.3 18.0 23.1 20.2 18.8 23.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 66.7 69.2 90.9 92.3 100.0 75.0 25.0 100.0 36.4 17.4 12.9 7.2 6.3 19.7 100.0 76.6 20.8 50.0 33.3 23.1 9.1 7.7 7.7 -$12.18 - 5.14 + 59. 79 + 103.18 +354.83 +393.30 + 71.26 + 117.34 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW, Under $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over....... 2.6 Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. OO CO AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OP E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM POR TH E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OP ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OP FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. CD O H O U ST O N , TEX .: W hite fam ilies. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies, Total. lent adult males. Families Av. sur Total Deficit. Surplus. having plus (+ ) average neither or defi yearly Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) nor for per and fur nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 3.0 4.3 4.7 4.8 5.3 6.2 5.5 2.90 3.12 3.36 3.17 3.54 4.04 2.97 $384.60 454.33 538.54 555.39 643.07 764.22 629.65 $62.82 $120,00 143.02 155.91 182.36 1 167.17 206.07 236.61 328.39 232.87 321.30 224.40 267.83 311.25 $50.94 53.15 1 59.12 61.60 66.09 81.81 64.54 Total..................... 98 4.9 3.33 557.75 220.14 1 191.30 i 61.13 1063 1 15 35 25 15 5 2 $11.09 $248.08 47.24 190.24 63.60 303.02 82.87 359.15 112.22 439.20 181.49 530.90 703.75 160.33 80.91 340.16 $877.53 1,043,90 1,313.20 1,501.69 182.85 2,104.10 2,137.34 12 25 23 12 4 2 $62.88 116.88 150:41 188.64 233,24 439.67 1,450.64 78 143.74 1 3 9 1 2 1 $22,53 110.85 126.98 121.85 388.24 41.00 1 1 1 -$22.53 + 28.13 + 50,83 +133.51 + 99.15 + 178.39 +439.67 17 143.37 3 + 89.54 PER CENT. Under $900__ , ............... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800,. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over__ ’........ 1.0 15.3 35.7 15.3 5.1 2.0 43.8 43.5 41.0 37.0 35.3 36.3 29.5 7.2 13.7 13.9 15.8 18.0 15.3 12 5 13.7 14.9 112.8 13.7 12.8 10.7 14.6 5.8 5.1 1 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.0 1.3 4.5 4.8 5.5 6.2 8.6 7.5 28 3 18.2 23.1 23.9 24.1 25.2 32.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 71.4 92.0 80.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 25.7 4.0 13.3 20.0 2.9 4.0 6.7 Total..................... 100.0 38.4 15 2 1 13.2 1 4.2 5.6 23 4 100.0 79.6 17.3 3.1 $146.22 $858.53 177.32 1,047.38 311,37 1,290.14 295.85 1,633.46 4 14 7 2 $23.74 45.42 64.86 59.60 1 9 2 $17.20 75.17 94.77 2 6 1 1 27 48.30 12 73.60 10 H O U ST O N , TEX. : Colored fam ilies. $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. 7 29 10 3 3.6 4.7 5.0 6.3 2.74 3.48 3.41 5.13 $383,10 479.80 497.25 699.12 49 4.7 3.46 482.97 $131.27 2$129.83 2$39.40 157.53 51.43 131,83 46,10 205.08 148.90 158.00 49,66 298.67 $31.99 49.48 81.44 132.16 +$11.11 - 1.40 + 26.45 + 39.73 $2^500 and over..... ......... Total..................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 172.12 2136.77 2 48. 71 58.56 207.49 1,105.83 + 8.59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... P E R CENT, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 14.3 59.2 20.4 6.1 44,6 45.8 38.5 42.8 15.3 15.0 15.9 18.3 2 15.0 12.6 11.5 9.7 2 4.6 4.9 3.6 3.0 3.7 4.7 6.3 8.1 17.0 16.9 24.1 18.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.1 48.3 70.0 66.7 14.3 31.0 20.0 28.6 20.7 10.0 33.3 T otal...................... 100.0 43.7 15.6 2 12,3 2 4.4 5.3 18.8 100.0 55.1 24.5 20.4 $24.76 $112.48 45.85 206.41 49.22 268.81 85.85 417.68 106,89 451,36 131.55 354.45 $773.54 1,030.71 1,242.56 1,554,65 1,890.21 2,119,95 5 12 18 3 2 $41.90 106. 75 158.15 137.58 43.36 4 7 5 2 2 $44.50 80.41 66.68 159.40 25.00 2 9 6 2 1 1 +$2.86 +25.65 +86.67 + 13.42 + 7.34 1,183.41 40 120.92 20 72.15 21 +41.90 H UNTSVILLE, ALA. £911 Total...................... 11 28 29 7 5 1 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.3 7.6 6.0 2.84 2.92 3.43 3.77 6.10 3.66 $384.90 495.68 545.10 630.22 758.30 872.90 $122.97 149.43 219.47 230.79 410.82 616.05 $62.07 70.45 91.68 113.40 82.65 52.00 $66.35 62.89 68.28 76.71 82.20 93.00 81 5.0 3.37 530.70 199.84 81.15 68.05 52,48 251.20 PER CENT. Under $900...................... 13.6 34.6 35.8 8.6 6.2 1.2 $1,800 and under $2’l00.. 49.8 48.1 43.9 40.5 40.0 41.2 15.9 14.5 17. 7 14.8 21.7 29.1 8.0 6.8 7.4 7-3 4.4 2.5 8.6 6.1 5.5 4.9 4.3 4.4 3.2 4.4 4.0 5.5 5.7 6.2 14.5 20.0 21.6 26,9 23.9 16.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 45,5 42.9 62.1 42.9 40.0 36.4 25.0 17.2 28.6 40.0 18.2 32.1 20.7 28.6 20.0 100.0 44.8 16.9 6.9 5.8 4.4 21.2 100.0 49.4 24.7 25.9 $2^500 and over..... ......... T otal..................... 100.0 ~ ........... 1 i Not including 2 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500., $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over__ ' ........ 2 Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. CP AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED IN D U STR IA L CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. OF JACKSONVILLE, F L A .: W hite fam ilies. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of Equiva fami lies. Total. lent adult males. Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 3.0 5.7 4.3 5.0 5.1 5.7 5.0 2.05 3.15 2.61 3.23 3.30 3.66 3.00 $369.54 437.88 473.99 550.14 561.45 657.15 619.86 $156.57 $120.00 203.02 144.00 230. 78 165.08 232. 40 186.95 269.02 208.29 455.08 i 234.40 519.00 252.00 $48.30 67.53 72.70 67.46 70.50 i 83.84 83.80 Total..................... 81 4.9 3.12 538.97 260.90 i 189.76 i 70.54 1 $7.19 $148.40 $850.00 34.18 316.89 1,203.50 74.28 290.28 1,307.12 77.25 424. 98 1,539.17 113.19 489.47 1,711.92 71.95 430. 24 1,957.87 30.25 577.09 2,082.00 1 11 23 21 6 1 $36.00 86.26 155.72 266.21 295.03 426.00 2 2 4 3 $210.00 130.91 271.83 253.67 -$128. 00 5 + 38.17 1 + 89.08 + 201.22 + 295.03 + 426.00 409.00 1,555.56 63 196.08 11 230.01 7 + 121.27 83.80 [92] PER CENT. Under $900................. . $900 and under $1,200. $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over....... Total............. 1.2 3.7 22.2 34.6 29.6 7.4 1.2 43.5 36.4 36.3 35.7 32.8 33.6 30.0 18.4 16.9 17.7 15.1 15.7 23.2 24.9 14.1 12.0 12.6 12.1 12.2 i 12.5 12.1 5.7 5.6 5.6 4.4 4.1 i 4.5 4.0 0.8 2.8 5.7 5.0 6.6 3.7 1.5 17.5 26.3 22.2 27.6 28.6 22.0 27.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 61.1 82.1 87.5 100.0 100.0 66.7 11.1 14.3 12.5 27.8 3.6 100.0 34.6 16.8 i 12.3 i 4.6 5.4 26.3 100.0 77.8 13.6 8.6 100.0 JACKSONVILLE, FLA. : Colored fam ilies. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... Total..................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43 4.6 3.02 3.09 3.55 3.18 $349.39 415.72 449.86 458.87 $104.75 203.47 242. 77 351.94 $99.36 122.32 197.95 203.67 $47.78 49.62 53.91 59.84 3.19 415.98 197.72 139.71 50.86 4 2 .6 9 $180.05 199.97 236. 48 208.40 $799.70 1.031.81 1.249.82 1,429.85 203.95 1,050.91 24 $54.38 42.79 63.60 191.66 $82.50 28.57 41.75 67.66 47.74 + $4.78 + 22.51 + 23.45 + 191.66 12 + 2 9 .9 9 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. $2,500 and over............... 1 3 18 28 24 6 1 $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500... $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. Total Families Av. sur Deficit. Surplus. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) per and fur nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— PER CENT, 12277S0—19----- 7 Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ Total. 25.6 44.2 23.3 7.0 43.7 40.3 36.0 38.4 13.1 19.7 19.4 24.6 12.4 11.9 15.8 14.2 4.8 4.3 4.2 100.0 39.6 18.8 13.3 4.8 6.0 2.3 3.9 5.5 4.0 22.5 19.4 18.9 14.6 100.0 100.0 18.2 15.8 36.4 63.2 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 55.8 45.5 21.1 20.0 30.0 16.3 27.9 K A N SA S CITY, K A N S., and K A N SA S CITY, M O. 2.58 3.03 2.91 3.26 3.50 4.23 4.42 $375.65 472.13 514.08 574.59 615.42 704.62 800.05 $99.57 $117.67 141.80 1 150.47 197.12 1 178.10 231. 31 1 224.33 314.16 219.25 372.62 240.38 456.94 234.00 Total...................... 224 4.5 3.12 536.48 211.59 2 189.00 $62.10 L93J 92.18 105.15 106.56 $38.98 54.90 60.95 89.23 76.62 73.30 64.33 $130.68 220.71 273. 37 337.93 394.13 556. 22 839.31 $824.64 1,106.37 1,298.44 1,549.36 1,711.76 2' 052.28 2; 501.19 2 22 59 40 19 2 79.64 68.11 302.98 1,387.95 1 66.56 1 74.60 1 91.15 1 16 27 13 3 $28.06 46.08 112.03 138.85 230.13 270.67 190.30 1 1 7 .5 0 148 128.30 58 111. 03 3 $28.00 123.50 100.59 130.96 + $9.37 8 - 20.92 5 + 42.79 2 + 70.03 2 + 208. 21 1 + 203. 00 + 138.35 18 PER CENT. 20.5 40.6 24.6 9.4 1.8 1.8 45.6 42.7 39.6 37.1 36.0 34.3 32.0 12.1 12.8 15.2 14.9 18.4 18.2 18.3 100.0 38.7 15.2 1.3 14.3 1 13.6 1 13.7 1 14.5 12.8 11.7 9.4 2 13.6 i Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 4.7 5.0 4.7 5.8 4.5 3.6 2.6 15.8 19.9 21.1 21.8 23.0 27.1 33.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 47.8 64.8 72.7 90.5 75.0 75.0 2 5.7 4.9 21.8 100.0 66.1 1 6.0 1 5.7 1 5.9 33.3 34.8 29.7 23.6 25.0 25.9 17.4 5.5 3 .6 + 56.02 LA B O R R EV IEW , 3.0 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.7 5.8 5.8 M O N TH LY $2',500 and over..... ......... 3 46 91 55 21 4 4 $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. 9.5 25.0 8.0 2 Not including 3 families in which rent is combined w ith fuel and light. CO OO AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OP E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. O ^ KNOXVILLE, T E N N . Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Families Av. sur Total Deficit. Surplus. having plus (+ ) average neither or defi yearly Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) for per nor and fur nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 14 21 17 7 11 5 2 5.1 5.6 4.5 6.4 5.8 4. à 7.0 3.09 3.42 3.28 4.80 3.86 3.21 4.66 $430.50 511.14 491.32 639.15 651.07 656.58 670.45 $118. 43 $86.01 99.11 167.88 222.58' 186.86 368.86 159.36 169. 74 344.55 307.87 1 205. 50 144.94 521.00 $53.34 62. 64 75. 70 78.19 76.99 *86. 73 84.11 Total...................... 77 5.4 3.54 537.31 232. 74 1138.90 i 69.19 $38.31 $196.57 $923.16 56.28 210.42 1,107.47 78.66 261.67 1,316.80 123.54 377.86 1,746.96 207. 64 432. 78 1,882.77 120. 24 567.66 2,002.87 185. 45 557.05 2,163.00 2 3 12 3 8 4 2 $17.50 67.71 119.12 192. 89 116.38 428. 26 397.85 11 18 5 3 2 1 $158.64 79.06 228.26 480.71 77.58 550.00 1,374.63 34 167. 24 40 161.41 93. 20 298.41 1 -$122.14 - 58.09 + 16.95 1 - 123.35 1 + 70.53 + 232. 61 + 397.85 3 - 10.01 £94] P E R CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1.500and under $1 ¡,800.. 18.2 27.3 22.1 9.1 14.3 6.5 2.6 46.6 46.2 37.3 36.6 34.6 32 8 31.0 12.8 15.2 16.9 21.1 18.3 15.4 24.1 9.3 8.9 14.2 9.1 9.0 111.2 6. 7 5.8 5.7 5.7 4.5 4.1 1 4.7 3.9 4.2 5.1 6.0 7.1 11.0 6.0 8.6 21.3 19.0 19.9 21.6 23.0 28.3 25.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.3 14.3 70.6 42.9 72.7 80.0 100.0 78.6 85.7 29.4 42.9 18.2 20.0 T otal..................... 100.0 39 1 16 9 1 10. 2 1 5.1 6.8 21. 7 100.0 44.2 51.9 7.1 14.3 9.1 3.9 LITTLE ROCK;, ARK. $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 5 16 13 21 13 3 4.2 4.6 5.2 4.9 5.7 6.7 3.04 3.04 3.31 3.32 3.29 4.45 $463.97 522.60 601.55 632. 76 650.61 731.85 T otal..................... 71 5.1 3.28 597.79 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $158.50 $141.80 211.58 208. 46 244.54 235.68 324.12 278. 47 316.09 341.20 324.04 317.67 $46.09 63. 79 70. 72 79.03 92.92 92.77 $3S. 51 48.50 105.66 89.28 106.46 58.73 $197.92 288.90 363.87 426.50 631. 73 586.17 $1,046.79 1,343.83 1,622.02 1,830.16 2,139.02 2,111.22 3 9 10 17 7 3 $88.68 105.36 114.96 178. 91 268.34 597.15 2 6 3 4 5 47.29 124.83 383.47 228. 69 138.65 1 258.38 74.88 81.37 412.25 1,695.71 49 185.21 20 180.10 2 271.05 1 +$34. 29 + 12.46 .07 + 101.27 + 91.17 + 597.15 + 77.09 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under 8900...................... 8900 and under 81,200__ $1,200 and under 81,500.. $1,500 and under 81,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ PER CENT, 7.0 22.5 18.3 29.6 18.3 4.2 44.3 38.9 37.1 34.6 30.4 34.7 15.1 15.7 15.1 17.7 14.8 15.3 13.5 15.5 14.5 15.2 16.0 15.0 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 3.7 3.6 6.5 4.9 5.0 2.8 21.5 22.4 23.3 29.5 27.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 56.2 76.9 81.0 53.8 100.0 37.5 23.1 19.0 38.5 6.2 T otal...................... 100.0 35.3 16.0 15.2 4.4 4.8 24.3 100.0 69.0 28.2 2.8 $37.45 $152.84 50.10 240.32 57.17 345.13 98.98 459. 49 79.35 524.94 98.96 623.13 254.48 1,083.14 $790.30 1,041.14 1,269.57 1,481.11 1,785.81 1.993.24 2.752.25 4 38 58 31 17 7 1 $52.00 73.18 140.06 198. 63 219.53 267. 74 353.80 2 11 15 9 3 $19.66 126.97 150.47 149. 89 204.36 +$28.11 4 + 26.12 2 + 78.22 + 120.21 + 155.94 +267.74 +353.80 365.65 1,320.82 156 148.91 40 141.38 6 66.7 71.7 77.3 77.5 85.0 $900 and under $1,200.,., $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under 12,100.. $2,100 and Under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 7.7 LO S A N G ELES, CALIF. 6 53 75 40 20 7 1 4.0 4.0 4.7 4.2 5.6 4.6 5.0 2.60 2.83 3.20 3.16 4.33 3.92 2.58 $319.65 405.90 463.38 478.61 654.16 647.41 577.18 T otal..................... 202 4.5 3.21 472.88 $114.79 $131.55 158.68 149,31 181.17 181.34 216.98 184. 72 194.41 285,33 351.72 219.00 618.70 180.00 196.32 177.18 $34.02 36.84 41.37 42.63 47.63 53.02 38.75 41.16 67.63 PER CENT. tinder $ 9 0 0 ................. $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,5o0 and over................ Total..................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3.0 26.2 37.1 19.8 9.9 3.5 .5 100.0 40.4 39.0 36.5 32.3 36.6 32.5 21.0 35.8 14.5 14.3 14.3 14.7 16.0 17.6 22.5 16.6 15.2 14.3 12.5 10.9 11.0 6.5 4.3 3.5 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.7 1.4 4.7 4.8 4,5 6.7 4.4 5,0 9.2 19.3 23.1 27.2 31.0 29.4 31.3 39.4 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.9 13.4 3.1 5.1 27.7 100.0 77.2 33.3 20.8 20.0 22.5 ................................ ............... 7.5 .......... 2.7 ............ .................. 19.8 ................ + 87.00 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, tJnder $900...................... $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 3.0 i Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. CO Cn AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OP E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OP ITEMS OF COST OP LIVING O F FAM ILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. CD 05 M E M P H IS, T E N N .: W hite fam ilies. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) per and fur nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. 1 12 35 28 16 6 5 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.1 4.3 6.2 2. 94 3.21 3.22 3.36 3. 74 3.42 4.88 $324.37 417.95 486. 67 573. 82 653.61 631.45 864.05 Total..................... 103 4.8 3. 43 553.46 Rent. $59.06 $150.00 130.50 182.26 209. 71 172. 79 267.25 227. 61 289. 49 237.06 359.20 236.00 503.09 250.20 250. 00 206.00 Fuel and light. $83.80 57.01 74.13 83. 46 84.97 82.65 108. 80 78. 63 $21. 21 $151.06 30.55 235.31 64.43 293. 44 67.89 384.41 85. 81 469.34 91.04 523. 61 127.42 746.50 68. 93 372.74 $789.50 1,053.57 1,301.16 1,604.44 1,820.28 1,923.95 2 , 600.06 1 8 24 19 12 6 3 $58.68 99.03 93.05 125.22 168.33 291.18 289.33 4 9 9 3 $74. 84 112.13 109.99 59. 96 1 211.80 + 41.07 + 34.97 + 49.62 1 + 115. 00 4-291 IS 1 + 13L24 1,529. 76 73 138.33 26 103. 47 4 2 + 71.92 [96] P E R CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 1.0 11.7 34.0 27.2 15.5 5.8 4.9 41.1 39.7 37.4 35.8 35.9 32.8 33.2 7.5 12.4 16.1 16.7 15.9 18.7 19.3 19.0 17.3 13.3 14.2 13.0 12.3 9.6 10.6 5.4 5. 7 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.2 2.7 2.9 5.0 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.9 19.1 22.3 22. 6 24.0 25. 8 27.2 28. 7 100. 0 100. 0 100 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 66. 7 68. 6 67.9 75.0 100.0 60.0 33. 3 25. 7 32.1 18.8 fi 3 20.0 20.0 Total..................... 100.0 36.2 16.3 13.5 5.1 4.5 24.4 100.0 70.9 25.2 3.9 $28. 77 $142.43 $813.10 41.37 196. 84 1,024.08 48. 61 299. 49 1,279. 67 105.40 483.15 1,641.56 21.04 667. 30 1,893.77 2 8 7 1 $9.23 29.34 113.89 8.44 18 58.83 5 7 M E M P H IS, T E N N .: Colored fam ilies. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 18 20 9 1 1 4.6 5.2 5.3 4.0 7.0 3.19 3.43 4.09 3.90 4.81 $365.34 463.09 536.97 654.26 768.59 $127. 33 168. 66 232.24 265.10 236.94 $98.96 102.11 107.03 84.00 120.00 $50.26 52.02 55.33 49.65 79.90 Total..................... 49 5.0 3.50 450.89 168.52 101. 85 52.50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 38. 97 211.15 1,023.88 7 8 $42.00 29.76 1 66.57 16 37.41 9 4 2 15 -115.31 .17 + 88.58 + 8.44 - 66.57 + 9.39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... Clothing. P E R CENT, 36.7 40.8 18.4 2.0 2.0 44.9 45.2 42.0 39.9 40.6 15.7 16.5 18.1 16.1 12.5 12.2 10.0 8.4 5.1 6.3 6.2 5.1 4.3 3.0 4.2 3.5 4.0 3.8 6.4 1.1 17.5 19.2 23.4 29.4 35.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.1 40.0 77.8 100.0 100.0 44.0 16.5 9.9 5.1 3.8 20.6 100.0 36.7 $9. 25 $167. 62 $766.11 29.03 258. 59 1,070. 49 55. 42 278. 91 1,312.36 70.25 382.93 1,583. 78 99. 61 497.93 1,782.17 -384. 69 379. 23 2,208.10 128. 48 981. 92 2 , 410. 85 3 8 10 8 7 $65.00 67.17 150.52 215. 95 248. 30 2 1,421.97 38 $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. 38.9 40.0 50.0 20.0 22.2 100.0 32.7 30.6 M ERID IAN , M ISS. 4.2 4.4 5.2 5.2 5.0 6.0 4.3 3.10 3.10 3. 32 3.83 3.16 4.54 3.32 $335. 84 455.53 530.95 590.10 629.55 , 634. 93 599. 24 $104.51 150.11 224. 31 296.15 288. 36 542. 50 456. 37 $99. 53 113. 43 151. 46 165.32 185.79 193. 80 170.87 $49. 36 63.79 71.31 79.03 80.92 72.95 73. 97 Total..................... 78 4.9 3.40 535.51 245.49 150.43 71.63 [97] 67. 85 351.07 $14.00 61.07 64.10 129. 67 212. 86 27. 90 80.00 1 2 1 3 460.00 2 4 12 9 3 1 1 174.30 32 92.3$ 8 1 P E R CENT. 7.7 17.9 29. 5 25.6 12. 8 2. 6 3.8 43.8 42.6 40.5 37.3 35.3 28.8 24.9 13.6 14.0 17.1 18.7 16.2 24.6 18.9 13.0 10.6 11.5 10.4 10.4 8. 8 7.1 6.4 6.0 5.4 5.0 4.5 3.3 3.1 1.2 2.7 4.2 4.4 5.6 17.4 5.3 21.9 24.2 21.3 24.2 27.9 17.2 40.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 57.1 43.5 40.0 70.0 66.7 33.3 28.6 52. 2 45.0 30.0 50. 0 33.3 100. 0 37.7 17.3 10. 6 5. 0 4.8 24. 7 100. 0 48. 7 41.0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16.7 14.3 4.3 15.0 50.0 +$27. 83 + 20.94 + 32.00 + 28.03 + 109.95 — 13 95 +280. 00 + 47.03 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. $2,500 and over................ 6 14 23 20 10 2 3 Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. 10. 8 CO -a AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR T H E PRINCIPAL GROUPS OP ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. CD OO MOBILE, A L A .: W hite fam ilies. Income group. 1Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families surplus cit ( - ) Average Families Average and fur per for nor nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 2 16 41 24 19 3 3 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.4 6.0 6.7 2.59 3.08 3.08 3.20 3.78 4.33 4. 93 $35" 50 472. 70 512. 60 618. 72 635. 51 803. 27 819. 32 $145. 34 160.20 238.08 280. 71 339.59 424. 38 648. 26 $108. 00 110. 72 139.23 160. 87 184.14 152. 68 200. 00 $63.16 65.17 71.41 74.26 77. 51 97. 99 110. 77 Total...................... 108 4.8 3.31 565. 62 268.73 149.20 73. 87 $43.10 $131.92 $84Q 62 38. 98 226. 51 1,074.28 58.24 295.25 1 , 314.81 71.86 335. 03 1, 541.44 84.96 409.11 1, 730. 83 83. 50 491. 84 2,053.67 31.03 643. 38 2,452.75 62. 78 326. 05 1,446.24 7 28 18 16 3 3 $10.00 78.46 126.19 208.67 254. 75 165. 00 209. 06 4 10 5 2 $100.99 151.86 139. 42 150. 50 76 171.67 21 139.08 -f- $5 00 5 + 9.08 3 + 19'.. 14 1 + 127.45 1 + 198. 68 + 165.00 +209.06 11 + 93.76 [98] PER CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,50J and under $1,800.. $1,800and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 1.9 14.8 38.0 22.2 17.6 2.8 2.8 42.1 44.0 39.0 40.1 86.7 39.1 33.4 17.1 14.9 18.1 18.2 19/6 20.7 26.4 12.7 10.3 10.6 10.4 10.6 7.4 8.2 7.4 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5 4.8 4.5 5.1 3.6 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.1 1.3 15.5 21.1 22.5 21.7 23.6 23.9 26.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50 0 43. 8 68. 3 75. 0 84. 2 100.0 100.0 25. 0 24. 4 20. 8 10. 5 50 0 31. 3 7. 3 4 2 5.3 Total..................... 100.0 39.1 18.6 10.3 5.1 4.3 22.5 100.0 70.4 19.4 10.2 $115. 91 $761.30 196. 66 1,034.10 239. 88 1, 262.95 286.16 1, 584.43 3 11 7 2 $35.17 73.16 117. 54 135.13 1 12 4 1 $28. 00 42. 43 40. 69 379. 00 2 5 4 +12.92 +10.56 +44.00 -36.25 23 87.10 1$ 59.94 11 + 17.78 ________ M OBILE, ALA. : Colored fam ilies. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 6 28 15 3 4.5 4.3 4.7 5.3 2.57 3.20 3. 42 3. 61 $367. 63 468. 31 561.16 699.19 $120.80 174. 86 239.15 301. 42 $82. 67 92. 04 106. 45 143.75 $52. 02 66.27 77.98 99.33 $22.28 35.96 38.34 54.58 Total...................... 52 4. 5 3. 21 496. 80 194. 47 98.10 69. 91 36.14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 204.98 1,100.39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900.............. ...... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ PER CENT. Under 15900..................... $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500. 81,500 and under $1,800 #1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ 11.5 53.8 28.8 5.8 Total.................... 100.0 48.3 45.3 44.4 44.1 15.9 15.9 18.9 19.0 10.9 8.9 8.4 9.1 45.1 j 17.7 8.9 6.3 2.9 3.5 3.0 3.4 15. 2 19. 0 19.0 18.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 39.3 46.7 66.7 16.7 42.9 26.7 33.3 33.3 17.9 26.7 6.4 3.3 18.6 1 0 0.0 44.2 34.6 21.2 $51. 87 $146.73 51.29 220.20 67.35 272.29 104.14 327. 91 85.56 358.35 101.92 423.65 37.80 662.67 $852.40 1,149.99 1,253.46 1,428.97 1,659.29 1,801. 55 2,161.85 2 15 16 18 6 3 $118.25 135. 83 220. 38 285.38 398.02 472.53 2 2 4 $20.50 123.10 30.43 2 206.50 1,456.36 60 245.71 10 82.19 6 .8 6.4 6.2 NEW BER N , N . C. 3 5 22 16 20 6 3 5. 0 4.8 4.5 5.1 5.7 5.7 6.7 2. 69 2.83 3.01 3.01 3.80 4. 06 3.86 $366. 28 440.28 456.09 475. 20 573.53 645. 57 823. 63 $141.43 208. 49 248. 06 300. 88 257. 60 355.02 385.78 $84.67 145.75 133.34 144. 85 190.10 179. 75 148. 60 $61.43 83. 98 76. 33 75.99 94.15 95.65 103.37 75 5.2 3.31 516.70 295.70 154.13 83.55 79.95 326.33 1 1 3 —$20. 50 - 1.94 + 87.08 +220. 38 +236.19 +398.02 +472.53 5 +185. 61 PER CENT. $900 and under $1,200.... $1,200 and under $1,500.. 81,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4. Ò 6.7 29.3 21.3 26.7 8.0 4.0 43.0 38.3 36.4 33.3 34.6 35. 8 38.1 16.6 18.1 19.8 21.1 21.6 19.7 17.8 9.9 12.7 10.6 10.1 11.5 10.0 6.9 7.2 7.3 6.1 5.3 5.7 5.3 4.8 6.1 4.5 5.4 7.3 5.2 5.7 1.7 17.2 19.1 21.7 22.9 21.6 23.5 30.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.0 68.2 100.0 90. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.5 20.3 10.6 5.7 5.5 22.4 100.0 80.0 66.7 40.0 18.2 33.3 20.0 13.6 10.0 13.3 6.7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 100 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR THE PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. NEW O RLEANS, LA.: W hite fam ilies. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families A v. sur Deficit. Surplus. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) and fur per nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. 3 56 42 37 4 4 1 5.3 4.8 5.1 6.0 5.5 9.0 6.0 3. 43 $396. 89 3. 08 480.88 3. 42 538.76 3.85 607. 07 674.33 3.27 6. 34 1,035. 67 4.41 872.55 Total...................... 147 5.3 3. 48 550. 49 Rent. Fuel and light. $101.18 139.92 189.63 238.98 285. 23 484.56 383.75 $110. 33 136.94 158.19 171.02 212. 72 181.13 156. 00 $42. 84 53.92 60.92 70. 91 73.83 75. 99 96.50 193.25 154. 44 61.40 $46. 84 $175.02 $873.11 36. 38 205. 78 1,053. 82 46.42 280. 63 1,274. 55 71. 49 358. 05 1,517.51 71.98 462. 04 1,780.13 41.39 449. 60 2,268. 34 145.60 680.60 2 , 335.00 50.15 281. 70 1,291. 44 1 32 31 33 3 4 1 $37.00 44.84 95.19 105. 87 189.83 93.90 313.00 1 17 10 3 1 $166. 69 68. 57 124. 69 53. 08 87. 00 1 7 1 1 —$43. 23 + 4.81 + 40.57 + 90.12 + 120.62 -f 93. 90 +313.00 105 87.38 32 88.30 10 + 43.19 [100 ] P E R CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 2.0 38.1 28.6 25.2 2.7 2.7 0.7 45.5 45.6 42.3 40.0 37.9 45.7 37.4 11.6 13.3 14.9 15.7 16.0 21.4 16.4 12.6 13.0 12.4 11.3 11.9 8.0 6.7 4.9 5.1 4.8 4. 7 4.1 3.4 4.1 5.4 3.5 3.6 4.7 4.0 1.8 6.2 20.0 19. 5 22.0 23.6 26.0 19.8 29.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 33.3 57.1 73. 8 89. 2 75. 0 100. 0 100. 0 33 3 30 4 23. 8 8.1 25.0 33 3 12 5 2 4 2.7 Total...................... 100.0 42.6 15.0 12.0 4.8 3.9 21.8 100.0 71.4 21.8 6.8 NEW O RLEANS, L A .: Colored fam ilies. $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. 31,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 40 51 7 4 4. 5 5.4 6.6 6.8 2.97 3.59 4.64 4.76 $401. 01 452.30 527.5? 682. 61 102 5.2 3. 47 440. 38 $87. 96 $102. 86 151. 31 113. 20 239. 22 130. 61 310.92 142.13 138. 76 111. 47 $42. 32 47.76 60. 00 56.89 $29.73 41.98 53.76 46.04 46. 82 38.14 $129. 23 $793.11 209.26 1,015.81 318. 28 1,329.39 321. 04 1,559.61 189.74 971.32 24 27 3 2 $25.32 41.32 37.83 99. 20 7 11 1 1 $50.94 65.75 50.00 16.60 9 13 3 1 56 36. 34 20 57.32 26 +$6. 28 + 7.69 + 9.07 +45. 45 + 8.71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ Clothing. PEE. C E N T . $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. 39.2 50.0 6.9 3.9 50.6 4^.5 39.7 43.8 11.1 14.9 18.0 19.9 13.0 11.1 9.8 9.1 5.3 4.7 4. 5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.0 16.3 20.6 23.9 20.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.0 52.9 42.9 50.0 17.5 21.6 14.3 25.0 22.5 25.5 42.9 25.0 100.0 46.0 14.3 11.5 4.8 3.9 19.5 100.0 54.9 19.6 25.5 $35. 85 $180.75 105. 78 225.18 105.85 296.26 113.87 317. 55 116. 82 441. 81 157.67 572.17 $997.06 1,348.84 1,485.49 1,766.01 2,017.14 2,196.06 2 11 23 21 16 10 $196.50 93.30 170. 87 247.83 373.44 479.62 1 4 2 3 2 ' $32.00 148.68 101. 46 43.13 33.00 112.31 1,684.92 83 256.93 12 85.42 NO RFO LK, VA. $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 4 17 25 25 19 10 5.0 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.8 3.13 3.00 3.17 3.51 3.41 4.18 $421.73 513. 85 513. 84 637.52 645. 41 725.10 100 5.1 3.37 587.20 $138.67 $134. 63 261.74 163.22 298.83 190. 85 396.85 204. 81 465.16 244. 45 434.14 194.98 355.76 197.99 $85. 45 79.07 79.85 95.41 103.50 112.01 91.54 340.13 Pi O 1 2 +$90.25 + 25.39 + 149.09 1 + 203.00 1 +311.00 + 479. 62 5 + 203.00 P E R CENT. 1-3 K tr* kJ fi > CD r-ì W W LSI $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,SOO.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.0 17.0 25.0 25.0 19.0 10.0 42.3 38.1 34.6 36.1 32.0 33.0 13.9 19.4 20.1 22.5 23.1 19.8 13.5 12.1 12.8 11.6 12.1 8.9 8.6 5.9 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 3.6 7.8 7.1 6.4 5.8 7.2 18.1 16.7 19.9 18.0 21.9 26.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 64.7 92.0 84.0 84.2 100. 0 25.0 23.5 8.0 12.0 10.5 100.0 34.9 21.1 11.8 5.4 6.7 20.2 100.0 83.0 12.0 25.0 .............. 11.8 .............. <j H <j ^3 4.0 5.3 5.0 I-* O V-1 102 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X P E N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FO R T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAM ILIES IN S P EC IFIED IND U STR IA L CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. OKLAHOM A CITY, OKLA. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Income group. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average surplus cit ( - ) Families Average per and fur nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount, having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 2 13 34 26 15 9 1 4.0 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.1 6.0 5.0 2.40 2.54 3.12 3.00 2.33 3.89 3.21 $401.01 484.54 499.39 535.51 510.53 658.85 781.37 $172.88 $153.50 170.94 1180.68 210.34 200.42 263.74 292.26 245.92 1311.76 359.78 302.39 500.95 240.00 $43.93 149.69 51.48 60.81 i 65.49 72.50 80.80 $124.78 85.06 73.13 100.09 102.72 155.72 27.08 Total...................... 100 4.7 2.95 523.73 240.05 2 242.14 2 56.66 94.13 $151.04 $1,047.13 246.48 1,216. 14 265.32 1,300.07 412.71 1,*-665.13 568.47 1,800.29 393.23 1,942.47 742.15 2,372.35 360.66 5 24 13 11 9 1 $56.78 126.70 164.46 283.47 329.12 321.31 7 7 13 4 180.18 131.35 274.24 209.53 1 — 75.18 3 + 62.39 54.89 + 152.00 + 329.12 4- 321.31 1,522.63 63 188.32 33 209.23 4 + 49.60 [1021 P E R CENT. Under $ 9 0 0 ,................. $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ T otal..................... 2.0 1.0 38.3 39.8 38.4 32.2 28.4 33.9 32.9 21.1 100 .0 34.4 15.8 13.0 34.0 26.0 15.0 9.0 16.5 14.1 16.2 15.8 13.7 18.5 14.7 i 14.7 15.4 17.6 i 17.6 15.6 10.1 4.2 i 4.0 4.0 3.7 1 3.7 3.7 3.4 11.9 7.0 5.6 6.0 5.7 8.0 1.1 14.4 20.3 20.4 24.8 31.6 20.2 31.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 38.5 70.6 50.0 73.3 100.0 100.0 2 16.3 3.8 6.2 23.7 100.0 63.0 $221.21 $1,101.20 279.26 1,348.35 290.97 1,524.52 397.08 1,747.92 502.63 2,244.87 533.38 2,431.92 4 25 19 12 4 4 $62.64 71.45 142. 45 248.18 207.60 348.48 2 19 4 3 1 $178.41 111.50 66.95 27.56 202.00 2 2 1 -$13.28 - 7.22 + 101.62 + 193.03 + 125.68 +348.48 68 146.26 29 104.41 5 + 67.82 100.0 53.8 20.6 50.0 26.7 7.7 8.8 33.0 4.0 OMAHA, NEBR . Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............. 8 46 24 15 5 4 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.2 5.4 6.8 2.68 2.77 3.13 3.71 4.17 5.09 $428.10 516.59 572.74 615.25 753.80 795.27 $138.87 $166.50 $87.13 183.28 1192.41 1107.32 242.71 227.17 109.53 263.25 294.48 127.28 474,53 267.43 130.82 468.02 336.50 138.79 $59.39 69.89 81.40 50.58 115.67 159.97 T otal..................... 102 4.8 3.15 559.93 230.98 i 223.19 i 111.62 74.71 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 315.70 1,515.62 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... PER CENT. Under $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ 7.8 45.1 23.5 14.7 4.9 3.9 38.9 38.3 37.6 35.2 33.6 32.7 12.6 13.6 15.9 15.1 21.1 19.2 15.1 114.3 14.9 16.8 11.9 13.8 7.9 17.9 7.2 7.3 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.3 2.9 5.2 6.6 20.1 20 7 19.1 22.7 22.4 21.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 54.3 79.2 80.0 80.0 100.0 25-0 41.3 16.7 20.0 20.0 25.0 4.3 4.2 Total. . . . . . . . — 100.0 36.9 15.2 114.7 17.4 4.9 20.8 100.0 66.7 28.4 4.9 $203.80 $1,098.45 295.56 1,286.89 380.74 1,512.66. 520.30 1.733.37 624.05 2.131.19 632.82 2,320.23 14 30 34 P O R T L A N D , OREG. [103] 38 48 27 14 5 Total...................... 152 4.1 4.7 4.8 4.6 5.6 6.0 2.93 2.99 3.28 3.10 3.93 4.58 $437.05 497.09 519.92 513.31 664.77 739. 63 4.8 3.23 522.70 $166.07 191.49 251.08 255.78 391.56 448.63 1$180.56 2 168.10 s 176.83 1224.88 260.56 316.74 ! $60.87 2 71.47 3 73.99 1 78.96 85.76 92.75 $50.41 62.93 105.84 140.50 104.49 89.66 245.27 4196.68 474.32 93.32 391.66 4 $88.23 146.08 220.94 386.45 315.34 511.15 1,524.45 112 232.78 20 10 6 7 13 7 4 1 1 1 $122.70 237.86 163.87 330.36 209.99 540.70 +$24.95 + 71.91 + 112.12 +200.61 + 165.25 +300.78 38 216.44 2 + 117.41 P E R CENT. Under $900..................... $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over.............. 13.2 25.0 31.6 17.8 9.2 3.3 39 8 38.6 34.4 29.6 31.2 31.9 15.1 14.9 16.6 14.8 18.4 19.3 1 16.7 2 13.0 3 11.7 1 12.8 12.2 13.7 2 5.5 34.9 1 4..5 4.0 4.0 T otal..................... 100.0 34.3 16.1 412.8 4 4.9 1 Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 2 Not including 2 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15.6 4.6 4.9 7.0 8.1 4.9 3.9 18.6 23.0 25.2 30.0 29.3 27.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.0 78.9 70.8 74.1 71.4 80.0 30.0 18.4 27.1 25.9 ................ 28.6 20.0 2.6 2.1 6.1 25.7 100.0 73.7 25.0 1.3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 20 $900 and under $1.200__ $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and aver............ ,. «Not including 3 families in which rent is combined w ith fuel and light. * Not including 7 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. O CO 104 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FO R T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED IND U STR IA L CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. PUEBLO , COLO. Income group. Total.................... Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Fuel Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) and per and fur nor for light. . nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. 8 25 20 20 5 1 4.6 4.9 4.3 4.3 5.8 5.0 2.71 3.08 2.90 3.03 3.75 4.70 $479.00 514.47 551.16 545.13 644.16 728.51 79 4.6 3.05 538.85 Clothing. Rent. $159.65 $118.00 $78.93 206.34 178.72 86.63 222.14 199.75 88.27 301. 28 1248.00 i 104. 72 247.44 259. 20 97.49 180.00 457.25 87.96 235.42 i 199.94 191.38 $39.28 84.93 135.61 128.13 145. 40 92.50 108.00 $184.35 $1,059.21 286.03 1,357.12 349.08 1 , 546.01 394.39 1, 730.56 515.53 1,909. 21 334. 70 1 , 880.92 334.27 5 13 15 19 5 1 $ÌÒ4.36 82.09 170. 22 225.01 339. 52 634. 88 3 12 5 1 $69.85 94.92 51.61 46. 70 + 139.03 — 2.87 + 114.77 +211.43 +339.52 + 634.88 1,510.89 58 185.35 21 78.73 + 115.15 [104] P E R CENT. Under $900................. $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2’l00.. $2,100 and under $2*500. $2,500 and over__ .*___ 10.1 31.6 25.3 25.3 6.3 1.3 45.2 37.9 35.7 31.5 33.7 38.7 15.1 15.2 14.4 17.4 13.0 24.3 11.1 13.2 12.9 1 14.3 13.6 9.6 7.5 6.4 5.7 i 6.0 5.1 4.7 3.7 6.3 8.8 7.4 7.6 4.9 17.4 21.1 22.6 22. 8 27. 0 17. 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 62.5 52.0 75.0 95.0 100. 0 100.0 37. 5 48.0 25.0 5.0 Total...................... 100.0 35.7 15.6 113.3 i 6.1 7.1 22.1 100. 0 73.4 26.6 $27.12 $126.13 $772.16 53.45 189.36 1,037.87 67.11 310. 06 1,310.32 55.99 337. 96 1,568. 79 92.43 406. 02 1,784.56 72.57 454. 87 2,105.12 173.97 510. 06 2,374.50 2 19 32 19 14 4 3 $36.98 82.74 92.34 117. 31 226.20 326.40 410.00 1 20 15 5 4 1 $32.33 96.53 133.63 145.09 146.75 115.00 +$13.88 10 - 7.32 3 + 19.01 1 + 60.14 + 143.32 + 238.12 +410. 00 93 134.75 46 117. 28 14 R IC H M O N D , VA. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 3 49 50 25 18 5 3 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.8 6.2 8.0 3.41 3.35 3.34 3.92 4. 05 4.64 6.57 $376.48 483.07 514. 98 655.87 707. 20 784.00 939. 70 $83.17 145.80 201. 92 273.38 293.20 406. 98 450.60 $109.33 102. 85 142.10 164. 01 184. 82 269. 20 195. 67 $49.92 63.34 74.14 81.58 100.90 117.50 104.51 Total...................... 153 5.2 3.63 564. 80 215. 61 142. 70 76.58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 65.39 292.30 1,357.38 + 46.65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200.... $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over.............. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. P E R CENT, $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and imder $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and imder $2,500.. 2.0 32.0 32.7 16.3 11.8 3.3 2.0 48.8 46.5 39.3 41.8 39.6 37.2 39.6 10.8 14.0 15.4 17.4 16.4 19.3 19.0 14.2 9.9 10.8 10.5 10.4 12.8 8.2 6.5 6.1 5.7 5.2 5.7 5.6 4.4 3.5 5.2 5.1 3.6 5.2 3.4 7.3 16.3 18.2 23.7 21.5 22.8 21.6 21.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 38.8 64.0 76.0 77.8 80.0 100.0 33.3 40.8 30.0 20.0 22.2 20.0 20.4 6.0 4.0 100.0 41.6 15.9 10.5 5.6 4.8 21.5 100.0 60.8 30.1 9.2 RO AN O K E, VA. 3 8 12 17 21 9 12 4.7 4.8 4.5 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.3 3.15 3. 85 3.07 3.51 3. 77 3.88 3.89 $381.02 447.48 454. 69 564. 27 637. 80 703.50 635. 82 $112.78 $152.87 204.06 124. 85 279. 02 i 182.23 267. 53 i 236.21 334. 81 347.66 375.57 293.23 460.93 268.73 $76.95 68.40 i 79.13 i 90. 95 94.22 106.09 96.76 $29.90 48.33 127.97 94.84 114.30 76.44 214.02 Total...................... 82 5.4 3.63 574. 72 314.75 2 228.83 2 89.98 113.18 9 12 8 9 3 236. 84 1 -$135.10 - 53.85 3 + 173.25 1 + 2.73 + 95.09 1 + 174.04 - 399.66 411.32 1,730.10 43 314.14 33 248.23 6 1 3 1 1 5 8 7 9 $430.30 176.75 262. 76 200. 72 217. 76 $25.00 151. 00 23.10 239. 05 329.73 174.04 611.82 $236.01 $989.53 221.82 1,114.93 367. 78 1,488. 21 373. 29 1,618.92 418. 29 1,847.08 518.31 2,073.14 586.47 2,262.73 P E R CENT. 11.4 18.3 18.7 16.5 18.1 18.1 20.4 15.4 11.2 i 12.1 i 14.3 13.4 14.1 11.9 7.8 6.1 15.3 15.5 5.1 5.1 4.3 3.0 4.3 8.6 5.9 6.2 3.7 9.5 23.9 19.9 24.7 23.1 22.6 25.0 25.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.3 37.5 8.3 52.9 57.1 88.9 75.0 33.3 62.5 66.7 41.2 42.9 14.6 38.5 40.1 30.6 34.9 34.5 33.9 28.1 100.0 33.2 18.2 2 13.1 2 5.2 6.5 23.8 100.0 52.4 40.2 Under $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ 3.7 9.8 14.6 20.7 25.6 Total.................... 11.0 i Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25.0 33.3 25.0 5.9 + 64.84 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and imder $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ * 11.1 7.3 s Not including 2 families in which rent is combined w ith fuel and light. O Cn 106 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. SACRAM ENTO, CALIF. Income group. 11 39 37 12 5 8 107 4.2 4.3 4.8 5.0 5.6 4.7 4.6 2.61 3.03 3.30 3.58 4.44 3.74 3.23 Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families surplus cit ( - ) Average and fur per nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. $379.59 453.81 504.79 544.09 661.88 647.22 489.08 $157.06 219. 45 255. 99 288.39 374.25 404.57 245.83 $206.29 201.05 216.54 225.46 250.80 310.00 215.06 $66.10 73.59 76.21 75.05 76.95 87.38 74.43 $39.09 69.98 90.51 90.03 112.40 150.07 80.38 $208.38 $1,056.52 281.30 1,299.17 381.60 1,525.65 576.25 1,799.26 392.14 I) 868.41 558.53 2,157.77 354.52 1,459.30 7 26 31 10 4 3 81 $70.56 127.47 174.94 160.62 534.06 751.03 187.98 4 11 6 2 1 $61.14 126.77 95.23 40.93 123.00 24 100.64 2 2 +$22.67 + 49.22 +131.13 + 127.03 +402.62 +751.03 + 119.73 P E R CENT. Under $900.......... $900 and under $1,200__ 10.3 $1,200 and under $1,500.. 36.4 $1,500 and under $l,80u.. 34,6 $1,800 and under $2.100.. 11.2 $2,100 and under $2.500.. 4,7 $2,500 and Over............... 2.8 Total............. ....... 100.0 35.9 34.9 33.1 30.2 35.4 30.0 33.5 14.9 16.9 16.8 16.0 2 0 .0 18.7 16.8 19.5 15.5 14.2 12.5 13.4 14.4 14.7 6.3 5.7 5.0 4.2 4.1 4.0 5.1 3.7 5.4 5.9 5.0 6.0 7.0 5.5 19.7 21.7 25.0 32.0 21.0 25.9 24.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 63.6 66.7 83.8 83.3 80.0 100.0 75.7 36. 4 28.2 16.2 16.7 20.0 5.1 22.4 1.9 ST. LO UIS, M O ., and EAST ST. LO UIS, ILL.: W hite fam ilies. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... Total...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 57 87 37 28 8 5 227 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.9 6-0 7.2 4.6 2.99 3.04 2.94 3.29 3.54 4.44 5.19 3.20 $398. 30 456.92 496. 99 539. 46 583.87 765.28 848.54 519.59 $93.05 $130.20 147. 74 1151.06 175. 77 178,61 244.98 190.64 257. 36 220. 39 396.38 208.88 468. 46 247.80 202.48 1180.46 $44.71 155.60 64.10 71.53 78,02 88.39 105.87 166.29 $36.98 51.52 61.75 103. 38 103. 79 111.03 208. 57 75.58 $176.04 $879.28 219.97 1,083.07 274.10 1,251.31 338.13 1,488.11 418.42 1,661.85 521. 40 2,091.35 677.93 2,557.17 304.20 1,348.48 1 33 62 32 26 6 4 164 $43.65 74.52 115.90 154.68 285. 70 238.12 258.30 149.56 3 18 15 5 2 1 $97.83 127.20 94.93 136.38 82.15 168. 51 44 114.13 1 6 10 1 1 19 —$49.97 + 2.98 + 66.23 + 115.33 + 259.42 + 157.53 + 206.64 + 85.93 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900............... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over.......... Total.................. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. PER CENT. $900 and under 11,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 2.2 25.1 38.3 16.3 12.3 3.5 2.2 45.3 42.2 39.7 36.3 35.1 36.6 33.2 10.6 13.6 14.0 16.5 15.5 19.0 18.3 14.8 i 14.0 14.3 12.8 13.3 10.0 9-7 5.1 15.1 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.8 4.9 6.9 6.2 5.3 8.2 20.0 20.3 21.9 22.7 25.2 24.9 26.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 57.9 71.3 86.5 92.9 75.0 80.0 60.0 31.6 17.2 13.5 7.1 12.5 20.0 10.5 11.5 100.0 38.5 15.0 113.4 i 4.9 5.6 22.6 100.0 72.2 19.4 8.4 ST. LOUIS, M O. i Total...................... 79 5.6 [107] 2.61 3.48 3.72 4.36 4.56 6.79 5.95 $370.08 477.89 505.53 570. 51 784.60 1,008.54 1,027.16 $86.35 142.23 202. 74 238.87 266.30 425.18 496. 70 $88.80 145. 74 172.49 169.24 298.63 180.00 220.00 $44.65 56.19 65.59 69.06 85.50 68. 40 69.60 $10.42 54.98 70.89 94.20 78.33 47.40 152.08 $155. 75 213.09 276.94 388.64 438.03 419. 74 575.00 $756.05 1,090.12 1,294.17 1,530.53 1,951.38 2,149.25 2 , 540.46 2 17 15 3 1 1 1 $134.26 34.95 88.52 1J2.21 21.50 78.00 183.00 1 14 6 1 1 $0.78 45.49 33.99 13.90 49.60 3.70 513.83 178. 75 157. 76 60.47 61.31 256.29 1,228.40 40 70.24 23 39.35 2 +$53. 55 8 - 1.09 4 + 44.95 1 + 64. 55 - 14.05 1 + 39.00 + 183.00 16 PER CENT. 6. 3 49. 4 21 fi 6.3 25 2 fi 1.3 48.9 43.8 39.1 37.3 40.2 46.9 40.4 11.4 13.0 15.7 15.6 13.6 19.8 19.6 11.7 13.4 13.3 11.1 15.3 8. 4 8.7 5.9 5.2 5.1 4.5 4.4 3.2 2.7 1.4 5.0 5.5 6.2 4.0 2.2 6.0 20.6 19.5 21.4 25.4 22.4 19.5 22.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.0 43.6 60.0 60.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 20.0 35.9 24.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 41.8 14.6 12.8 4.9 5.0 20.9 100.0 50.6 29.1 40.0 20.5 16.0 20.0 + 24.11 50.0 20.3 i Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 107 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 39 25 5 2 2 Colored fam ilies. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. $2*500 and over..... . ........ 3.4 5.3 6.0 6.0 8.5 9.0 7.0 Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. 12.5 20.0 108 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FO R T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) and fur per nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 18 23 28 24 9 1 4.7 5.0 4.9 5.7 5.9 8.0 2.97 3.01 3.24 3.94 4.18 5.65 $462.27 453.49 501.09 624.98 637.82 778.50 $169.20 217.30 259.09 314.96 369.95 721.30 $157.81 189.90 236.43 250.58 235.44 360.00 $76.71 84.56 91.75 101.12 105.87 134.00 $68.29 82.69 105.68 114.66 136.46 82.25 Total...................... 103 5.2 3.41 527.18 261.24 216.71 91.34 98.57 $225.50 $1,159.78 305.65 1,333.58 361.91 1,555.94 382.42 1,788.72 541.11 2,026.64 851.35 2,927.40 7 12 21 18 8 1 $54.37 111.80 154.07 192.74 239.47 65.60 11 9 7 5 1 $93.41 144.12 42.31 101. 73 61.40 1,545.74 67 155.35 33 96.69 350.70 1 -$35.94 + 1.94 + 104.98 + 123.36 +206. 04 + 65.60 3 + 70.07 2 Liosa PER CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2.100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 17.5 22.3 27.2 23.3 8.7 1.0 39.9 34.0 32.2 34.9 31.5 26.6 14.6 16.3 16.7 17.6 18.3 24.6 13.6 14.2 15.2 14.0 11.6 12.3 6.6 6.3 5.9 5.7 5.2 4.6 5.9 6.2 6.8 6.4 6.7 2.8 19.4 22.9 23.3 21.4 26.7 29.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 38.9 52.2 75.0 75.0 88.9 100.0 61.1 39.1 25.0 20.8 x 11.1 Total...................... 100.0 34.1 16.9 14.0 5.9 6.4 22.7 100.0 65.0 32.0 8.7 4.2 2.9 SA N FRANCISCO and OAKLAND, CALIF. Under $900.......... , .......... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 2 38 114 86 44 15 2 4.0 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.1 4.5 8.5 3.30 2.71 2.99 3.27 3.00 3.22 6.56 $371.08 470.94 513.97 586.89 567.23 675.25 1,192.13 $133.92 $132.00 177.19 171.60 204.01 205.27 275.11 1 220.07 280.09 242.17 313.31 252.81 634.93 385.00 $42.30 51.69 56.67 1 61.40 68.38 66.59 126.18 $26.65 50.36 47.99 69.36 85.45 69.54 69.93 $154.58 228.66 264. 43 353.72 439.98 506.05 597.53 $860.52 1,150.43 1,292.34 1,565.95 1,683.30 1,883.55 3,005.69 15 78 61 40 13 2 $66.01 126.51 167.73 267.06 442.02 190. 77 Total...................... 301 4.5 3.07 548.75 239.90 i 213.70 i 59.96 60.95 324.61 1,447.73 209 181.34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 20 34 23 3 2 $159.50 162.80 97.28 199.21 80.21 132.96 1 3 2 2 1 —$79. 75 - 59.63 + 57.55 + 65.69 +237.31 +365.35 +190.77 83 142.31 9 + 86.67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... PEE. CENT. 12277S0— 19----- 8 50.0 7.9 1.8 2.3 2.3 50.0 52.6 29.8 26.7 6.8 13.3 Under S900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ 0.7 12.6 37.9 28.6 14.6 5.0 .7 43.1 40.9 39.8 37.5 33.7 35.8 39.7 15.6 15.4 15.8 17.6 16.6 16.6 21.1 15.3 14.9 15.9 i 14.0 14.4 13.4 12.8 4.9 4.5 4.4 1 3.9 4.1 3.5 4.2 3.1 4.4 3.7 4.4 5.1 3.7 2.3 18.0 19.9 20.5 22.6 26.1 26.9 19.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.5 68.4 70.9 90.9 86.7 100.0 Total.................. . 100.0 37.9 16.6 i 14.8 14.1 4.2 22.4 100.0 69.4 $806.00 1 005.50 1,221.39 1.447.19 1,764.26 2 117.40 2,258.53 1 8 17 20 16 4 3 $100. 50 100. 50 135.65 233.30 188.81 252. 58 338.47 1 1 3 $25.00 150. 00 197.00 3 2 +$•50.25 + 100.50 + 108.62 + 196.35 + 127.89 1,466.96 69 187.29 5 153.20 6 + 151.97 27.6 ................ 3.0 SAVANNAH, G A .: W hite fam ilies. 3. 5 2.88 $364.80 4.4 4.8 5.8 2.88 3.08 3.68 426.95 484.96 599.97 $2,500 and over............... 3 6.3 4.07 791. 79 534.69 Total...................... 80 4.9 3.19 503. 50 276.40 [109] $77.40 fio 38 76.77 79.20 95.26 $14.83 45.90 63.72 89.39 70.01 185.00 99.23 175.55 $104.73 109. 47 257.97 324. 64 441.65 001 Qfi 472.28 188. 72 82.95 74.59 340. 82 $101. 75 $142. 50 148 72 147. 20 169.05 226.94 274. 92 194.09 343.18 214.19 1 +338.47 PEE CENT. 50.0 Under $900................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500 $1,500 and under $1,800 $1,800 and under $2,100 $2,100 and under $2,500 $2,500 and over............ 2.5 10.0 26.3 28.8 23.8 5.0 3.8 45.3 39.7 35.0 33.5 34.0 29.1 35.1 12.6 14.8 18.6 19.0 19.5 17.8 23.7 17.7 14.6 13.8 13.4 12.1 11.8 8.2 9.6 6. 5 6.3 5.5 5.4 4.9 4.4 1.8 4.6 5.2 6.2 4.0 3.8 7.8 13.0 19.8 21.1 22.4 25.0 32.7 20.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 100.0 81.0 87.0 84.2 100.0 100.0 4.8 4.3 15.8 14.3 8.7 Total.................... 100.0 34.3 18.8 12.9 5.7 5.1 23.2 100.0 86.3 6.3 7.5 1Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 109 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOE KEVIEW. 2 21 23 19 $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. 110 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OP E X PE N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FO R T H E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OP ITEMS OP COST OP LIVING OP FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES-AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. SAVANNAH , GA.: Colored fam ilies. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Families Av. sur Total Surplus. Deficit. having plus ( - ) average neither or defi yearly Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit (+ ) for nor and fur per nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expensas per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 4 24 15 4 3 3.5 4.4 4.3 4.8 5.3 2.85 2. 90 3. 04 3.73 3. 60 $371. 29 418. 39 495. 70 540. 64 576. 75 $113. 71 173. 03 244. 77 377. 46 395. 71 $90. 50 91.08 114. 30 161. 00 164. 00 $48.69 76.08 73.32 66.56 75.80 $21.35 44.06 87. 81 103.02 153.53 $110. 52 242. 06 285.49 271. 38 525.95 $756.05 1,044.69 1,301.38 1,520.06 1,891. 74 1 9 10 3 3 $8.00 104. 51 77. 44 152. 00 102. 06 1 6 1 $35. 00 44. 77 86.00 2 9 4 1 - $6.75 + 28.00 + 45. 89 +114. 00 +102.06 Total...................... 50 4.4 3.05 457.09 219.52 107.97 72.28 66.65 263.94 1,187. 46 26 95. 58 8 48.71 16 + 41.91 [ 110] PER CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $l'800.. $1,800 and under $2'l00.. $2,100 and unde* $2'o00.. $2,500 and over................ 8.0 48.0 30.0 8.0 6. 0 49.1 40.0 38.1 35.6 30.5 15.0 16.6 18.8 24.8 20.9 12.0 8.7 8.8 10.6 8.7 T otal..................... 100.0 38.5 18.5 9.1 4.4 4.0 2. 8 4. 2 6.7 6.8 8.1 14. 6 23. 2 21.9 17.9 27.8 inn n 100.0 100.0 ioo. 0 100.0 25 0 37. 5 66.7 75.0 180.0 25 O 25. 0 6.7 5Q. 0 37.5 26.7 25.0 6.1 5.6 22.2 100.0 52.0 16.0 32.0 $234. 66 302. 83 360. 63 467. 08 679.13 728. 97 $1,133. 67 1 , 354.93 1,526. 86 1,775. 68 2,045.16 2,296.22 8 37 57 31 7 5 $50.15 115.33 176. 72 207. 88 348.82 489.02 3 22 16 7 3 $180. 28 175. 93 144.25 244. 51 235.16 382. 04 1,546.37 145 179. 81 51 179.14 6.4 7.3 SEATTLE, W ASH. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1.500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ 11 60 73 38 10 5 4. 2 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.9 5.8 2.78 2.98 2. 81 2.91 3. 31 3. 67 $435. 82 498. 27 512. 54 564. 30 555. 80 629. 47 T otal..................... 197 4.4 2.92 518. 45 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $169. 67 198. 08 250. 37 294. 69 275.29 459.29 1$'62.05 1 $56.00 2 211. 27 2 76. 28 3 238.25 s 83. 36 2275. 08 2 96. 41 * 279.16 * 99. 20 i 293. 05 1 104.70 245. 06 6 235. 70 6 83. 31 $70.14 67.05 78.71 81.19 150. 48 110. 25 79.60 1 1 $12 70 + 6.61 + 108.37 + 124.54 + 173.63 +489.02 + 85.97 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW, Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ PER CENT, Under $900..................... $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over.............. 5.6 30.5 37.1 19.3 5.1 2.5 38.4 36.6 33.6 31.8 27.2 27.4 15.0 14.6 16.4 16.6 13.5 1 14.5 2 15.8 3 15.7 2 15.6 <13.0 20.0 T otal.................... 100.0 33.5 15.8 6.2 4.9 5.2 4.6 7.4 4.8 20.7 22.4 23.6 26.3 33.2 31.7 72.7 61.7 78.1 81.6 70.0 100.0 27.3 36.7 21.9 18.4 30.0 i 12.0 1 5.0 2 5.7 3 5.5 2 5.5 <4.6 1 4.3 6 15.4 6 5.4 5.1 24.7 73.6 25.8 1.7 e.5 SPO K A N E, W ASH. [lili T otal. 14 42 28 11 6 5.0 3.4 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.5 3.20 2. 73 3.07 3.14 3.35 .3.28 $386. 85 454.98 487.82 507. 52 592.66 556. 37 $140. 65 $125. 50 179. 90 139. 68 208. 72 <160.15 242. 22 164. 64 285.61 165. 47 348.26 169. 33 $74.78 81.32 <83.86 90.82 99. 60 106. 58 103 4.3 3.09 501.94 228.93 <158.99 <88. 32 2 $909.63 1,328.10 1,321. 21 1,558. 89 1,643.53 2,131. 85 1 4 28 21 11 5 $50.00 60.63 117.77 203. 01 305.16 331.17 1 10 12 7 $272. 00 349.77 121. 89 232.58 1 640. 00 -$111.00 — 232.51 2 + 43.69 4- 94.11 + 305.16 + 169.31 396. 63 1,460. 41 70 183. 80 31 241. 95 2 4- 52.09 $35. 83 $146.03 54.84 417.38 83.82 294. 52 83.26 470. 45 107.43 392.75 142.20 809.10 84.72 PER CENT. Under $900..................... $900 and under $1,200... $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over.............. T otal. 1.9 IS. 6 40.8 27.2 10.7 5.8 42.5 34.3 36.9 32.6 36.1 26.1 15.5 13.5 15.8 15.5 17.4 16.3 100.0 34.4 15.7 10.6 10.1 7.9 i 6. 4 5.8 6.1 5.0 3.9 4.1 6.3 5.3 6.5 6.7 < 10.1 <6.0 5.8 13.8 10.5 < 12.2 1 N ot including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 2 Not including 3 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light, 8.2 6.1 16.1 31.4 22.3 30.2 23.9 38.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 28.6 66.7 75.0 100.0 83.3 50.0 71.4 28.6 25.0 27.2 100.0 68.0 30.1 4.8 16.7 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Under $900..................... $900 and under $1,200.. $1,200 and under $1,500. $1,500 and under $1,800. $1,800 and under $2,100. $2,100 and under $2,500. $2,500 and over.............. 1.9 <Not including 2 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light, s Not including 15 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. s Not including 5 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. Ill https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 112 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OF E X P E N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAM ILIES IN SPEC IFIED IN D U STR IA L CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Continued. TR IN ID A D , COLO. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of fami Equiva lies. Total. lent adult males. Total Families Av. sur Surplus. Deficit. average having plus (+ ) yearly neither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) per and fur nor for nishings. laneous. family. having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. Average yearly expenses per family for— Food. Clothing. Rent. Fuel and light. 4.5 5.1 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.5 6.3 2.76 2,99 2. 98 3. 70 2.86 3.75 4.76 $376. 78 478. 72 498.55 579. 08 607. 67 739. 84 928. 76 $146. 31 $126.00 187.27 143.32 208. 25 1177. 56 278. 21 191.95 264. 68 2 211.50 431.41 208. 09 411. 88 194. 00 $51.10 72.69 i 70. 59 75.80 2 88. 74 81.29 95. 89 Total..................... 78 5.0 3.25 679. 30 269. 33 3 183. 27 3 75.67 T Z l Tl 2 9 25 21 6 11 4 $37.28 $235. 54 $972.99 36.56 201. 04 1,119.6Ò 65. 77 257.05 1,275.99 72. 42 367. 93 1,565.40 94.40 459. 58 1,733.54 153. 24 475. 73 2,089.60 144.55 669. 35 2,444.42 82.04 347.45 5 20 12 5 8 3 $61.22 110.67 199. 95 224.09 324.04 386.21 2 4 5 9 1 3 1 $125 22 135. 84 143.14 121.54 205. 38 169.01 320.00 1,537.95 53 184.72 25 145.43 $125 22 - 26.36 + 59.91 + 62.17 + 152.51 + 189.57 + 209.66 + 78.90 PER CENT. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... Total..................... 2.6 11.5 32.1 26.9 7.7 14.1 5.1 38.7 42.8 39.1 37.0 35.1 35.4 38.0 15.0 16.7 16.3 17.8 15.3 20.6 16.8 12.9 12.8 113.9 12.3 2 12.0 10.0 7.9 5.3 6.5 1 5. 5 4.8 2 5.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.3 5.2 4.6 5.4 7.3 5.9 24.2 18.0 20.1 23.5 26.5 22.8 27.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 55.6 80.0 57.1 83.3 72.7 75.0 100.0 44.4 20.0 42.9 16.7 27.3 25.0 100.0 37.7 17.5 311.9 3 4. 9 5.3 22.6 100.0 67.9 32.1 VIRGINIA, M INN . Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... 1 1 18 25 17 8 1 6.0 5.0 4.6 5.4 5.7 5.5 10.0 3. 95 2.19 3.14 3.36 3.68 3.98 5.82 $420.64 280. 24 503. 76 556. 84 675. 90 651. 91 979.15 $122. 29 $84. 00 153.04 150.00 241.18 168.21 279. 01 1195. 79 297. 39 195. 53 394.13 181. 00 627. 20 102. 00 $106. 36 57. 42 83.37 i 90.91 109.47 115. 48 105.04 $27.68 $118. 78 $879.75 52. 68 250. 50 943.88 76. 66 214. 48 1,287.67 114. 52 282. 59 1,515.13 92. 57 381. 40 1,752.26 145.42 626. 30 2,114.23 51.35 335. 96 2,200. 70 1 1 14 20 15 7 1 $20.00 40.52 116. 90 163.16 220. 45 265. 49 334.19 4 5 2 1 $156.90 121.59 269. 89 358.00 + 40.52 + 56.05 + 106.21 + 162. 77 + 187.55 +334.19 Total..................... 71 5.4 3.48 582. 74 287. 71 1183. 36 i 96.23 100.17 59 177. 28 12 177.77 +117.27 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 325. 70 1,574.41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Under $900...................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over............... w m m PER CENT. $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. 1.4 1.4 25.4 35.2 23.9 11.3 1.4 47.8 29.7 39.1 36.8 38.6 30.8 44.5 13.9 16.2 IS. 7 18.4 17.0 18.6 28.5 9.5 15.9 13.1 i 12.9 11.2 8.6 4.6 12.1 6. 1 6.5 16.0 6.2 5.5 4.8 3.1 5.6 6.0 7.6 5.3 6.9 2.3 13.5 26.5 16.7 18.7 21.8 29.6 15.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 77.8 80.0 88.2 87.5 100.0 22.2 20.0 11.8 12.5 100.0 37.0 18.3 i 11.6 16.1 6.4 20.7 100.0 83.1 16.9 $8.05 $133.16 $897.51 74.44 254. 80 1,143.48 78. 41 265. 55 1,318.91 61.79 394. 89 1,554.12 112. 89 432. 62 1,749.01 97. 38 459.13 2,020.28 46.18 563.62 2 , 327. 83 3 17 11 8 3 2 $58.70 136. 02 238. 77 295. 57 306.17 229. 00 7 11 4 3 $147.48 175. 40 204. 34 187.70 1,464.65 44 201.27 25 173.69 WICHITA, H ANS. $2*500 and over................ 1 11 29 17 12 3 2 5.0 4.1 4.9 4.7 4.9 7. 3 7.0 3.20 3.00 3.06 3.43 3.14 5. 31 6.09 $455.55 464.59 494.16 552.13 590. 77 677. 34 953. 88 Total...................... 75 4.9 3.32 537.49 $900 and under $1,200— $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $117.45 $120.00 15S. 98 146.61 214.12 203. 31 242. 60 238. 48 270.14 257. 85 433. 58 279. 67 494.33 199. 00 236.42 213. 52 $63.30 44.05 63.36 64. 22 84. 74 73.17 70. 83 64. 74 78. 54 333.95 1 1 —$77. 84 1 + 13.21 2 + 106.42 1 + 150.12 + 306.17 +229.00 6 gO H K Kl + 60.18 PER CENT. 1.3 14.7 38.7 22.7 16.0 4.0 2.7 50.8 40.6 37.5 35.5 33. 8 33.5 41.0 13.1 13.9 16.2 15.6 15.4 21.5 21.2 13.4 12.8 15.4 15.3 14.7 13.8 8.5 7.1 3.9 4.8 4.1 4.8 3.6 3.0 0.9 6.5 5.9 4.0 6.5 4.8 2.0 14.8 22.3 20.1 25.4 24.7 22.7 24.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.3 58.6 64.7 66.7 100.0 100.0 63.6 37.9 23.5 25.0 100.0 9.1 3.4 11.8 8.3 Total...................... 100.0 36.7 16.1 14.6 4.4 5.4 22.8 100.0 58.7 33.3 8.0 Under $900....................... $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis K $ 1 Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 2 Not including 2 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. 3 Not including 3 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. CO 114 AVERAGE AMOUNT AND P E R CENT OP E X P E N D IT U R E P E R ANNUM FOR TH E PRIN CIPA L GROUPS OF ITEMS OF COST OF LIVING OF FAMILIES IN SPEC IFIED INDUSTRIAL CENTERS, BY CITIES AND BY INCOME GROUPS—Concluded. W IN STO N-SALEM , N. C. Income group. Average persons in family. Num ber of Equiva fami lies. Total. lent adult males. Clothing, Rent. Fuel and light. 2 20 20 23 8 8 1 4. 5 4. 8 5.7 5.1 6.4 6.1 7.0 2.32 2.95 3.53 3. 50 4.34 4.17 5.41 $388.98 453.04 502. 76 572. 09 639. 60 691.41 659.64 $78.89 $92. 50 167.28 1133. 96 189.30 159. 53 285.39 1 175. 58 378.64 193. 48 436. 09 223.38 413.30 176. 80 $53. 60 1 73. 50 73. 91 1 80.51 100. 69 94.16 72.03 $11.52 61.91 87.88 111.15 148.76 144. 83 191. 21 82 5.4 3.51 540. 97 253.47 2 166.19 2 79. 80 98.97 ÜPIT7 Total................ Food. $105.15 $730. 63 222.94 1,109.03 240. 35 1,253.73 305.34 1,524.33 420.30 1,881.46 486.15 2,076.01 311. 04 1,824.02 1 7 17 19 5 7 1 $5.46 56. 57 94. 50 148.36 136. 70 227.94 691. 25 12 2 4 3 1 $129.30 133. 00 148.34 107.96 242.40 1,430.00 57 136. 79 22 135.33 293.43 1 1 1 + $2.73 - 57.78 + 67.03 + 96. 76 -1- 44.95 +169.15 +691.25 3 + 58.78 P E R CENT. Under $900 3.9 1.6 5.6 7.0 7.3 7.9 7.0 10.5 14.4 20.1 19.2 20.0 22.3 23. 4 17.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.0 35.0 85.0 82.6 62.5 87.5 100.0 60.0 10.0 17.4 37.5 12.5 2 5.6 6.9 20.5 100.0 69.5 26.8 2. 4 24. 4 24. 4 28 0 9. 8 9. 8 12 53.2 40. 8 40.1 37 5 34.0 33.3 36.2 10.8 15.1 15.1 18. 7 20.1 21. 0 22.7 12.7 l 12.1 12.7 111.5 10.3 10. 8 9.7 7.3 1 6. 6 5.9 1 5.3 5.4 100.0 37.8 17.7 2 11.6 i Not including 1 family in which rent is combined with fuel and light. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 50.0 5.0 5.0 3.7 2 Not including 2 families in which rent is combined with fuel and light. M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. $900 and under $1,200__ $1,200 and under $1,500.. $1,500 and under $1,800.. $1,800 and under $2,100.. $2,100 and under $2,500.. $2,500 and over................ Families Av. sur Total Deficit. Surplus. having plus ( + ) average yearlyneither or defi Furniture Miscel expenses Families Average Families Average surplus cit ( - ) for per nor and fur having. amount. having. amount. deficit. group. nishings. laneous. family. Average yearly expenses per family for— 115 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Cost of Living for a Workingman’s Family in Argentina. HE National Labor Department at Buenos Aires, Argentina, has prepared a table showing the minimum monthly expendi T ture that is required for a workingman and his family consisting of wife and two small children, the prices being based on the average costs ruling in 1918. This table has been transmitted to this bureau through the State Department, under date of June 5, 1919. It is noted that the circumstances and needs of such families vary consid erably, but the prices and expense list given are believed to apply in most respects to the circumstances of the great majority of married workingmen with the number of children mentioned. The report states that the figures are based on articles of food of inferior rather than first or second class quality. M ONTHLY COST OF LIVING OF A W ORKINGMAN’S FAMILY IN ARG ENTINA , 1918. Item. Milk " ...................................................... Children’s clothing...................................... Expendi ture. $12. 74 2.12 10. 62 4. 25 2.12 2.12 1.27 1. 27 Item. Expendi ture. Bedclothes and other sundry expenses. Footwear................................................... Headgear................................................... R ent.......................................................... Incidentals................................................ Total per m onth. $1.27 2.12 .42 9.34 4. 25 53. 91 The expenditures given in the table have been analyzed as follows: Market purchases: Meat, 66 pounds............................................................................................... $7. 64 Vegetables........................................................................................................ 5. 10 Total.............................................................................................................. 12- 74 Groceries: Sugar, 11 pounds.............................................................................................. 1- 36 Olive oil, 5.5 pounds........................................................................................ 2.12 Coffee, 2.2 pounds................................................................................................... 51 Beans, 16.5 pounds........................................................................................... 1-62 Fat, 2.2 pounds........................................................................................................42 Kerosene, 1 t in ................................................................................................ 2.12 Soap, 4.4 pounds............................................................................................ . • 42 Vegetables, dried, 6.6 pounds.................................................................................64 Other requirements, such as salt, pepper, cheese, vinegar, matches, e tc ... 2. 00 Total.............................................................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tH 5 ] 61 116 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Man’s clothing (per year): Undershirts, 2 .................................................................................................. 1. 70 Shirts, 2 ............................................................................................................ 1 . 7 0 Drawers, 2 pairs............................................................................................... 1. 70 Socks, 6 pairs.................................................................................................... 2. 12 Ties, 2 ...................................................................................................................... 42 Collars, 4 .......................... 85 Suit, 1 ................................................................................................................ 16.98 Total.............................................................................................................. 25.47 Average per month....................................................................................... 2. 12 Woman’s clothing (per year): House dress, 1.................................................. ............................................... Chemises, 2....................................................................................................... Outdoor dresses, 2............................................................................................ Miscellaneous................................................................................................... 1. 27 2.55 6. 37 5. 10 Total.............................................................................................................. 15.20 Average per month...................................................................................... 1. 27 Children’s clothing (per year): Suits, 4 ............................................................................................................. Hats, etc........................................................................................................... 6. 80 8.49 Total.............................................................................................................. 15.29 Average per month....................................................................................... 1. 27 General expenses: Car fares............................................................................................................ 1. 70 Education.................................................................................................................85 Medicines and doctor’s hills................................................................................... 85 Miscellaneous...........................................................................................................85 Total.............................................................................................................. 4. 25 Rise in Cost of Living in New Zealand in 1918. American consul general at Auckland, New Zealand, has transmitted through the State Department, under date of February 27, 1919, a table showing the wholesale prices of certain commodities at the end of 1918 as compared with the end of 1917. In this connection it is remarked that the increase in the cost of living is more pronounced when it is noted that the value of the pound sterling ($4.87) decreased from $3.55 in 1917 to $3.23 in 1918, so that 20s. ($4.87) would buy in 1918 no more than 13s. 3.5d. ($3.23) would buy in 1914, “ which very greatly affected the workmen’s budgets.” The following is the table, the percentage of increase not being included in the original table: he T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 116] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 117 W H O L ESA L E PRICES OF CERTAIN COMMODITIES IN NEW ZEALAND AT T H E END OE 1918 AS COMPARED W ITH TH E END OE 1917. Unit. Commodity. 60-pound case. Bushel. . . . __ Long ton......... ....... do.............. .......do.............. Gallon............. Short to n ........ Bushel............ Long ton......... Salt ’ ....... do.............. ....................................................... ....... do.............. 1 Decrease. 1917 1918 $2.43 1.82 1.70 374.72 218.99 81.16 2.92 63.46 1.13 116.80 68.33 34.06 72.98 107.66 $6.08 1.62 2.12 364.99 301.72 81.51 2.67 63.26 1.62 170.32 77.86 51.09 73.00 110.10 Per cent of increase. 150.2 i 11.0 24.7 i 2.6 37.8 .4 18.6 i .3 43.4 45.8 13.9 50.0 (2) 2.3 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. I t should be stated that the 1918 price for apples was the price in November, which is the off season, and that the 1917-18 crop in I general was poor. During the Christmas holidays apples retailed at 30 cents per pound; they were sold at wholesale for $2.19 per case at the end of February, 1919. The following table gives the average cost of food commodities in October and November, 1918, as com pared with July, 1914, as published by the New Zealand Government. The percentages of increase do not appear in the original table. AVERAGE COST OE FOOD COMMODITIES IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER, 1918, AS COMPARED W ITH JULY, 1914. Unit. Commodity. 7 2-lb. loaves. 3 lbs----lb........... J i b ....... l b ....... 3 lb s---2 lb s___ J i b ....... 14 lb s ... ................................................................. 7 p ints.. 3 lb s---\ l b ....... lb .......... 3 lb s---2 lb s---lb .......... 2 lbs___ 3 lb s___ 2 lbs___ i Milk https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [117] July, 1914. $0.535 .09 .04 .045 .19 .105 .12 .23 .055 .20 .295 .87 .045 .23 .42 .235 .105 .185 .345 .19 .26 Per cent of increase, October, Novem Novem ber, 1918. ber, 1918, 1918. over July, 1914. $0,755 $0.755 41.1 .14 .09 .065 .235 .135 .185 .305 .08 .46 .37 1.195 .005 .35 .545 .315 .155 .22 .50 .28 .345 .145 .09 .005 .23 .14 .185 .31 .08 .52 .37 1.195 .065 .36 .55 .315 .155 .22 .50 .275 .345 61.1 125.0 44.4 21.1 33.3 54.2 34.8 45.5 160.0 25.4 37.4 44.4 56.5 31.0 34.0 47.6 18.9 44.9 44.7 32.7 118 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Retail Food Prices in Christiania, Norway, in ! April, 1919. VIDENCE of the high prices for staple food commodities prevailing in Christiania, Norway, is presented in a brief report submitted E by the United States trade commissioner at that place. The follow ing list gives the prices for April 10, 1919. All quantities and prices have been converted to the American standards of weight and value to facilitate comparison with prices in the United States. RETA IL PRICES OF STAPLE Article. FOOD COMMODITIES IN A P R IL 10, 1919. Unit. Flour: Rolled oats (bulk) — ....... d o ............. Meat: Mutton, Iceland (front ....... do.............. and ribs). Mutton, Iceland (rear ....... do.............. quarter). P o rk............................ Corned beef, Ameri- 6-pound can... can. Corned beef (b u lk )... P ound............ Miscellaneous: Margarine (highest quality). Cheese (goat and other high grades). Royal B aking Powder. Do......................... Starch.......................... Condensed milk (unsweetened)............... C o n d e n s e d m ilk (sweetened)............. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Price. $0.11 .10 .06 .09 .38 .41 .56 .51 .30 3.22 .59 .15 ....... do.............. .39 ....... do----- . . . . .57 2-oz. package.. 4-oz. package.. .20 .35 .40 .24 .28 CHRISTIANIA, Article. Miscellaneous—Coneld. Sugar, granulated__ Sugar, lum p.............. Sirup, extra light___ Sirup, light........ ...... Canned goods: Cherries...................... Cranberries................ Plums........................ Peaches...................... Grapes....................... Apples....................... Apricots..................... Pears.......................... Blackberries.............. Pineapple.................. Tomatoes................... Green peas................ Sauerkraut................ Com........................... Lima beans............... Pum pkin................... Squash....................... Carrots....................... Dried fruits: Prunes....................... Apricots..................... Raisins....................... Apples....................... [118] NORWAY, Unit. Price. P ound............ .......do.............. .......do.............. SO. 14 .17 .17 .13 llb.15oz.pkg. llb .6 o z . pkg.. lib . 14 oz. pkg. .......d o ............ 21b. 1 oz. pkg.. .......do.............. lib . 4 oz.pkg.. .......do.............. 10 oz. pkg....... .......do.............. 21b.6 oz.pkg.. l i b . 4 oz.pkg.. .......do.............. .......do.............. .......do.............. 21b. 1 oz.pkg.. .......do.............. lib . 4 os. pk g .. 1.21 Pound............. .......do.............. .......do.............. .......do.............. .45 . 56 .44 .46 .....do.......... 1.08 1.00 .94 .94 .80 .67 .54 .46 .46 1.21 .SI .48 .45 .45 .40 .27 COOPERATION AND EMPLOYEES’ REPRE SENTATION. Cooperation in Three Countries. T the National Conference of Social Work, held in Atlantic City, June 1-8, it had been the intention of the committee on indus trial and economic problems to have five papers on cooperation pre sented, three dealing with the situation in the United States and two with phases of cooperation in England and Russia. Unfortunately, Dr. DuBois, who was to have spoken on cooperative industry among Negroes, and Mr. Dalton T. Clarke, president of the National Coopera tive Wholesale, who was to have discussed cooperation in the United States, were unable to be present, and their papers were not read. Mrs. Eleanor Barton, of the Woman’s Cooperative Guild, England, before taking up her announced subject, “ Women in the cooperative movement in England,” spoke briefly on the remarkable growth of the cooperative movement in England. She stated that beginning with distributive cooperation, the benefits were found k> be so pro nounced that production was undertaken, along which line rapid advances are being made. The establishment of cooperative banks was a natural development from the big business of the coopera tive wholesale societies, but it was hastened by a real dread of the growing concentration of capital into a few hands. Within the last two years there has been an amalgamation of banks in England, which, undertaken as a war measure, presents rather alarming pos sibilities because the control of credit is thus placed in the hands of a very small group. While this power may never be used for harm, the cooperators feel safer to make themselves reasonably in dependent of it. The Woman’s Cooperative Guild is an organization for applying cooperative methods to social and educational as well as to economic problems. Individually these cooperators are members of coopera tive societies, but as guild members their activities relate to ques tions which concern the home and women—which, as Mrs. Barton pointed out, cover most fields of human enterprise. They have de voted much attention to education, their general attitude being that full training should be given every child, and that each child should have a right to choose any occupation for which it is suited, regardless https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [119] 119 120 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. of whether this is generally looked upon as a boy’s or a girl’s pursuit. Hence they have fought the conventional program, by which for the first few years boys and girls are given the same training, after which the boys are given real manual and later vocational and technical training, while the girls are put into sewing and cooking classes regardless of their tastes or wishes. On the same principle the guild has demanded absolute sex equality in the cooperative move ment, although complete success does not seem as yet to have been reached along this line. As members of the cooperative societies, the right of women to vote is fully admitted, but they have not yet secured fair representation on the boards of directors nor on the staffs of their cooperative papers. On this point progress was re ported, and the guild looks forward confidently to full sucecss. The guild stands for fair wages, and years ago established a m i n i m um wage for all cooperative employees, which was higher than the minima later established by the various trade boards set up before the war. A recent development has been the decision to take part in politics, and as a result of this the guild is seeking to work out a combination between the trade-unions and the cooperative societies. At present the plan is not to unite the two organizations, but simply to work together where they can help each other and especially to avoid hindering each other in political matters. For example, although the political programs of the two organizations differ somewhat, they do not propose to run opposing candidates, but to agree upon which one shall be represented in a given district, and to unite in support ing the nominee agreed upon. Mrs. Barton emphasized the fact that the Woman’s Cooperative Guild values cooperation as much for its social and international as for its economic effects. Through nation-wide cooperation it is hoped to put an end to the competitive system which is responsible for sweated industry and most other ills of our present industrial order, and through international cooperation it is hoped to do away with the economic rivalries which are the underlying causes of most modern wars. Cooperation in the United States. Mr. James P. Warbasse, president of the Cooperative League of America, spoke briefly on the progress of cooperation in the United States. This has been very marked within the last two or three years. Usually the first step has been the formation of a retail dis tributive society, which, as it succeeds, becomes interested in what other societies of the same kind are doing, and a federation of retail societies is likely to result. Then the demand for goods naturally leads to the formation of a wholesale cooperative society, which in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1201 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 121 its turn is likely to federate with others, and to join in a demand for cooperative production. Cooperative credit agencies generally come last. This order is by no means invariable. Local circum stances may lead to the starting of a cooperative creamery or shingle mill or laundry or other enterprise, from which the cooperators work on to the other forms and to the federations. So far, the practice in the United States has been for cooperative enterprises to return to their members in the form of a dividend the profits made; in Europe these profits, or some part of them, are often retained and used for some enterprise promoting the general good. Reference was made to the rapid growth of the cooperative move ment in the United States, which growth makes it difficult to keep the data concerning it up to date. A few months ago, there were known to be about 2,000 cooperative societies of one kind or an other; the latest reports show nearly 3,000. They are scattered throughout the Union, and many of them are united in State or interstate federations. There is a strong group in the Northwest, and another in Illinois, while others are scattered through the cen tral and eastern States. Different racial groups have their own cooperatives, featuring special lines of work. One interesting ex ample is an attempt by Finnish cooperators of New York City to cope with the housing problem. They have bought ground and put up houses in which apartments may be secured by members of the society for from $22 to $27 a month which normally in New York would rent at from $35 to $60. The Cooperative League of America is an organization for unify ing the cooperative societies, and providing a center for common activities. Its first convention was held last September. The cooperative movement is reaching out beyond national to international cooperation. There is already an international alli ance composed of 24 national bodies. Its last conference was held at Glasgow in 1913. During the war this international body has maintained its being, refusing to be severed by the hostilities which tore asunder most other bodies. I t has not been possible to hold conferences, but its monthly bulletin has been issued regularly, and what is far more, has been distributed, the censor allowing it to pass freely. Now that the war is over, the Russian and English cooperatives are working out plans of international trade, and they cherish visions of cooperatively owned vessels carrying the coopera tively produced raw materials of Russia to England and returning laden with the cooperatively manufactured English products which Russia needs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1211 122 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. Cooperation in Russia. Mr. A. J. Zelenko, managing director of the American committee of the Russian Cooperative Unions, dwelt on the effectiveness of the Russian cooperative movement as a means for realizing social ideals. The individual, he pointed out, must necessarily be concerned chiefly with the present; the State is necessarily hampered by the past, since it inherits the burden of former mistakes, which its energy must be directed to rectifying. But financial interests are concerned with the future, and the cooperative movement, dealing largely with finance, shares this forward looking attitude. Again, the realization of any social ideal involves the use of money, which, in the United States, must be secured either from the public-spirited individual or from the State. In Russia securing the money gives no concern, because the people already have it in the form of cooperative funds. There are three kinds of cooperative societies in Russia. First, there are consumers’ unions of the kind we are familiar with in this country, which conduct stores, distributing the profits among the members at the end of each year. Always, however, some part of the profits is set aside, either for reserve capital, or for the further ance of some social enterprise the society wishes to undertake. Such cooperative societies have 12,000,000 members, and as only heads of families are allowed to become members, they probably represent a population of 60,000,000. Next come the credit societies, which conduct banks for the savings of the poor, loaning their funds to the consumers’ societies when the latter wish credit. These societies have about 4,000,000 members. Third, there are the producers’ unions, in which the producers are organized to market their products, and these have about 4,000,000 members. I t is estimated th at about two-thirds of the Russian population is represented in these various societies. The cooperative societies of Russia are a tremendous social as well as economic force. Beginning with one society in 1865, by 1917 Russia had nearly 40,000 societies of varying strength. Production, distribution, credit, transportation, education, amusement—there is hardly a feature of industrial or social life with which they are not busied. Each local society is composed of shareholders, heads of families, who pay an initial fee, and assume responsibility for an amount considerably larger. By way of showing the extent to which these societies entered into the everyday life of the people, Mr. Zelenko spoke of a trip he had made in Siberia a year ago. Arriving hot and dusty a t a small town a hundred miles from the nearest railroad station, he was taken to the cooperative store to get something to drink. (In paren https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ta l M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 123 thesis he explained that the cooperative societies never sell or handle alcoholic drinks.) The store was well stocked with goods received from cooperative societies scattered over Russia, from the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean and from the Prussian border to Vladivostok. From the store they adjourned to a cooperative tea house, where there were rooms for reading, games, etc., as well as for social discus sion while drinking tea. Later, they went to a cooperative theater, where some new films he had brought with him from the cooperative film producing companies were displayed, the light being furnished by the cooperative electrical company of the village. The residents were greatly exercised because some books ordered from the coopera tive printing presses in Moscow had not been received, and Mr. Zelenko was compelled to admit that the war between the different Russian parties had interfered sadly with transportation from Moscow ; however, he called their attention to the fact th at they were still receiving regularly their cooperative papers, and expressed the hope of the cooperatives as a whole that normal conditions might soon be restored. The cooperative societies in Russia hold themselves strictly aloof from politics, and have carried on their activities with remarkably little interruption, all things considered, from the war. In 1918, in spite of the hindrances connected with the blockade and the disturbed state of the country generally, their total turnover was 8,000,000,000 rubles, or about $1,600,000,000. In that year they operated over 500 industrial plants, and had a total of over 50,000 employees. The importance of the cooperative societies as a means of restoring normal conditions in Russia, and of reestablishing trade relations with the outside world, can hardly be overestimated. Application of Industrial Council Plan to Admin istrative Departments of British Government. DRAFT scheme for the application of the Whitley industrial council plan to all departments of the British Government having industrial establishments was approved by the War Cabinet, and a brief summary of its provisions was given in the M o n t h l y L abo r R e v ie w for May, 1919 (pp. 114-116). A similar scheme was drafted by a subcommittee of the interdepartmental committee to which the matter was referred, by which the Whitley proposals are to be applied also to the administrative departments of the civil service. The report1 of this subcommittee, dated March 7, 1919, was also i RubeonrmiUee of the interdepartm ental committee on the application of the W hitley report to Govern ment establishments. Report. London. 1919. Cmd. 9. Price, 2d net. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [123] 124 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. approved by the War Cabinet, and was considered on April 8 at a conference of representatives of associations covering practically the whole of the administrative, clerical, manipulative, and manual civil services and officials of the Government departments concerned. A resolution was adopted at this conference accepting that portion of the report (in par. 45) which proposes to set up a national joint committee to consider a Whitley scheme for the clerical and ad ministrative branches of the civil service, and remitting the whole report (and any other reports dealing with the matter) to such joint committee, which, it was stipulated, should consist of 30 members representing in equal numbers the Government departments and the civil service associations. This committee was subsequently ap pointed. The report of the subcommittee to which reference is here made points out the differences between private and public employment which “ must necessarily modify the application to Government departments of proposals intended and designed for private industry.” These differences are— 1. The fact that the State is the ultimate employer of Government servants through the heads of departments, who consequently have not the freedom of decision in regard to wages and conditions enjoyed by the private employer. 2. The absence of the check imposed by considerations of profit and losses and its replacement by Treasury control which, so far as questions of remuneration are con cerned, is now subject to an appeal to the conciliation and arbitration board for Govern ment employees. 3. The fact that an employee in a Government office is not merely a private individ ual in public employment but is in a very real sense a servant of the public and as such has assumed obligations which, to some extent, necessarily limit his ordinary rights as a private citizen. Emphasis is laid on the fact that since public departments should be administered for the benefit of the public, the minister in charge being responsible to Parliament for its being so administered, “ the control of the minister must remain unimpaired” and “ he must continue as in the past to exercise his powers unfettered by any restrictions other than those incidental to ultimate parliamentary control.” For this reason the committee suggests that joint bodies for the administrative departments should be consultative and should have no executive powers. Conclusions and Recommendations of the Committee. The following summary of the conclusions and recommendations of the subcommittee are quoted from the report: 1. Tbe main objects of establishing joint bodies for the administrative departments are to secure greater cooperation between the State, as employer, and the general body of civil servants so as to promote increased efficiency in the public service and the well-being of those employed, to provide machinery for the ventilation of grievances, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [124] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 125 and,to enable all grades and classes to contribute their views and experience on many technical and difficult problems. 2. In view of the essential differences between public and private employment and the need for maintaining ministerial responsibility and parliamentary control, the joint bodies must be consultative and must not be invested with any executive func tions. 3. The scheme must be sufficiently elastic to embrace the various kinds of depart ments and to cover all grades and classes of civil servants engaged on administrative, clerical, routine and manipulative duties, but it is not necessary to follow the precedent of industrial councils and to set up one set of bodies, organized on a trade basis, to deal with questions of collective bargaining and another set of bodies, organized on an industrial basis, to deal with other questions. 4. As the Treasury will be brought into close touch with the actual views and outlook of representative employees, and will be in a position to contribute valuable experience and knowledge of civil service conditions and practices, it is desirable that Treasury representation should be secured on the more important joint bodies. 5. Subject to certain modifications rendered necessary by the considerations indicated in (3) above, we recommend the adoption for the civil service of the recom mendations of the Whitley report and the establishment of the following kinds of joint bodies: (a) A national council for the whole of the administrative departments. (b ) One or more departmental joint committees for each department. (c) District or local office joint committees in suitable cases. (d) Sectional committees of the departmental committee. 6. The membership of each side of a joint body need not be equal, and the authori ties nominating the respective sides of the joint bodies may vary some of their repre sentatives according to the subject matters under discussion. As a rule associations should be represented by civil servants, but there is no objection to an association restricted to civil servants being represented by an official who is not a civil servant. The joint bodies should have written constitutions and careful attention should be paid to the nature of the publicity given to their proceedings. Only statements issued under the authority of a joint body should be published, but these should be as full and informative as possible. The expenses of joint bodies should be defrayed in the manner indicated * * *. 7. The aggregate membership of the national council should not exceed 50; the official representatives should be chosen by Government, a substantial majority being permanent heads of departments, or officials of high rank nominated by them; the Treasury and the Ministry of Labor should have permanent representation on this council; the staff representatives should be nominated by staff associations or groups of associations, every effort being made to secure that the staff side is broadly representative of the civil service as a whole. 8. The national council will be a consultative and advisory body and will be concerned with broad and important questions affecting the civil service as a whole, such as organization, recruitment, conditions of service, etc. Questions of remunera tion affecting a class common to the service will only be discussed at this council, and will be referred to subcommittees consisting of members of the class concerned and selected members of the employer’s side of the council nominated by the Treasury. In paragraph 27 we suggest a basis for the constitution of the national council founded on the recommendations contained in paragraph 16 of the WTiitley report. 9. The employer’s side of departmental committees will be appointed by the minister or head of the department from among the higher departmental officials; the staff representatives should be nominated By staff associations, care being taken to cover the whole field, and the distribution of places should be settled by nego122778°—19-0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1251 126 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. tiation and should not merely depend on the membership strength of the associations concerned. 10. The departmental committee will be mainly concerned with matters affecting -the department in which it is formed, and in all cases it will submit any conclusions reached to the head of the department for consideration. It may be desirable, par ticularly in the larger departments, to set up separate committees to discuss the pay and special conditions of service of the higher grades of supervising and controlling officers. 11. In the larger departments there may be branches, separate and distinct from the rest of the department in function, organization and personnel and in which the staff is represented by different associations. In such cases it may be convenient to set up separate departmental, district, and office committees. 12. District or local office joint committees may have to be formed in the case of departments whose work is distributed throughout the country, and distinct sections of departments staffed by grades recruited for and peculiar to those sections may call for sectional committees of the departmental committees. 13. Broad questions of administration and policy should be wholly excluded from the purview of civil service joint bodies and only the general aspects of questions of promotion, superannuation, and discipline should be considered, discussion or criticism of individual cases being excluded. In paragraph 8 of the recommendations of the subcommittee reference is made to paragraph 27 of the report. This paragraph contains the following sketch of the functions of the national council: 1. Provision of the best means for utilizing the ideas and experience of the staff. 2. Means for securing to the staff a greater share in and responsibility for the deter mination and observance of the conditions under which their duties are carried out. 3. Consideration of the general principles governing conditions of service, e. g., recruitment, hours, promotion, salary, and superannuation. 4. The encouragement of further education of civil servants and their training in higher administration and business organization. 5. Improvement of office machinery and organization and the provision of oppor tunities for the full consideration of suggestions by the staff on this subject. 6. Proposed legislation so far as it has a bearing upon the position of the civil service. Collective Agreements in Sweden. HE widespread extent of collective agreements in Sweden and the familiarity therewith of workers and employers working thereunder is clearly brought out in a recent report by the labor office of that country.1 At the beginning of the year 1918 there were 265,517 workers under collective agreements. During the year 1917 there had been con cluded 518 agreements covering 78,057 workers. Most of the agree ments, 508 as against 10, were concluded between employers and organized workers. The majority of the agreements, i. e., 314, affect ing 35,874 workers, were between workers and individual employers. There were four national agreements, affecting 29,211 employees. 1 Sweden. Socialstyrelsen. Kollektivavtal i Sverige Är 1917. Stockholm, 1919. vi, 46 pp. (Sveriges Officiella Statistik, Socialstatistik.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [126] 127 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW, Time rates of wages were applicable to 10,214 workers and piece rates or time rates and piece rates combined covered the remaining 67,843 workers. Agreements affecting 66,674 workers prescribed the hours of labor. The hours fixed were as follows: W E EK L Y HOURS OF LABOR F IX ED BY COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS AFFECTING 66,674 W ORKERS. Workers affected. Hours per week. Number. Percent. Over 60 hours.............................................. 713 3,255 1,632 6,709 44,269 966 4,272 2,931 1,927 1.1 4.8 2.6 10.0 66.4 1.4 6.5 4.4 2.8 T otal...................................................... 66,674 100.0 48 hours and less......................................... 49 to 53 hours............................................... 55 to 56 hours............................................... In 344 agreements affecting 57,745 employees, provisions were included relative to insurance against accident. A smaller number of agreements and a smaller number of workers were affected by pro visions for sickness relief, namely, 243 agreements covering 55,413 workers. The various agreements concluded between employers and workers in 1917 were distributed among the different industries as follows: NUM BER OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS AND OF PERSONS AFFECTED, IN 1917, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS. Persons affected. Number of agree ments. Industry groups. Total........................................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [127] Em ployers. Workers. 71 18 106 32 50 41 28 19 62 27 25 28 2 9 269 32 344 57 194 291 487 19 270 29 63 201 8 302 32,922 2,022 13,658 5,978 2,362 3,328 l ' 748 3,621 3,275 3,145 789 4,271 '275 663 518 2,566 78, 057 128 M O N TH LY LABOE KEVIEW. State-Aided Cooperative Societies Africa. in South HE following statement obtained from the Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa, at Pretoria, by a United States trade T commissioner and forwarded to this bureau by the Department of Commerce, indicates the number of cooperative societies in the Union of South Africa, the membership of these societies, and the extent to which that bank has granted loans. The. statement gives the figures as of January 1, 1914, and December 31, 1918, for the Transvaal and Orange Free State; as of January 1, 1917, and December 31, 1918, for Natal; and as of December 31, 1918, only, for Cape Colony. It is explained that not until 1916 was the bank empowered to assist cooperative societies with unlimited liabilities in the Natal and Cape Provinces, and that prior to the formation of the Union, the Natal Government did not assist agricultural cooperation, while in the Cape Colony a general cooperative movement was embarked upon in 1905. Under the act of 1905, it is stated, loans not to exceed £150,000 ($729,975) were authorized. Tire report adds that “ the hopes entertained of these various cooperative societies have on the whole been disappointed.” The following are the figures supplied by the bank: STATEMENT OF LOANS GRANTED COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES AT SPEC IFIED DATES BY LAND AND AGRICULTURAL BANK OF SOUTH AFRICA. Transvaal. Item. Number of societies.. Total m embership... Jan. 1, 1914. Dee. 31, 1918. Orange Free State. J a n .1, 1914. Dec. 31, 1918. Natal. J a n .1, 1917. Dee. 31, 1918. Cape Colony, Dec. 31, 1918. 15 16 1 2 15 7 1 6,720 8,434 359 40 1,246 124 17 $1,340,720.75 $2,319,373.90 $97,330.00 $1,015,151.90 $38,932.00 $118,255. 95 $12,106.25 Amount owing in re spect of loans (in cluding interest)... 1,238,621.58 1,668,654.72 97,330.00 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [128] 580,510.19 20,230.04 79,703.54 12,205.18 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. Enrollment in Vocational Courses Under Federal Vocational Education Act, 1917-18. HE Vocational Summary, published by the Federal Board for Vocational Education, contains in the May, 1919, issue a report of the total enrollment in vocational courses for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918, which is the first year of the operation of the Federal Vocational Education Act. This report is accompanied by several diagrams showing the enrollments, by States, in vocational agricultural courses per 100,000 of rural population in 1910, and in home economic and vocational trade or industrial courses per 100,000 urban population in 1910. Two other diagrams show, respectively, the number of students reported enrolled in vocational courses by sex and by type of course, and the regional distribution of these enrollments. I t appears from this report that per 100,000 rural population Utah reported the largest enrollment (352) of pupils in agricultural courses, Massachusetts the second largest (210), and Connecticut the third largest (188); and that Michigan reported the largest actual enrollment of pupils in agricultural courses (1,874), and an enrollment per 100,000 rural population of 112. It further appears that per 100,000 urban population, Arizona re ported the largest enrollment in home economics courses (341), but it is explained that as Arizona’s total urban population in 1910 was less than 100,000, the actual enrollment in home economics courses (216) was considerably less than the proportional number per 100,000. Vermont, also with a small enrollment of pupils in home economics courses (446), reported a large enrollment per 100,000 urban popula tion (264). New Jersey’s enrollment of 3,680 home economics pupils gives the third largest enrollment in such courses per 100,000 urban population (245). Massachusetts reported the largest actual enrollment of home economics pupils (7,589) and the fourth largest enrollment per 100,000 urban population (243). The report shows that there were much larger enrollments, actual and proportional, in trade or industrial courses than in agricultural or home economics courses. Nevada’s large enrollment in trade and industrial courses per 100,000 urban population (1,788) relates to a very small urban population (13,367), the actual enrollment in such T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [129] 129 130 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. courses being only 239. Pennsylvania reported 50,107 pupils and an enrollment per 100,000 urban population of 1,082. Connecticut reported 5,934 pupils and an enrollment per 100,000 of 593. Referring to sex classification, the report states that for agricul tural and trade or industrial all-day and evening courses, enrollments generally were predominantly male; and that for home economics only 29 males were reported in a total of 30,693 pupils. Of the 53,005 pupils enrolled in part-time courses 32,605 were male and 20,400 were female. The following table shows the number and distribution of enroll ments by courses: NUMBER ENROLLED IN VOCATIONAL COURSES IN EACH GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION, BY T Y PE OF COURSE. Type, of course. North East South Atlantic. Atlantic. Central. West Central. Pacific. Total. Agricultural................................................... Trade and industrial.................................... Home economics.......................................... Teacher training............ .............................. 3,649 81,911 19,456 1,014 4,648 2,802 2,023 1,597 4,681 24,911 7,553 2,082 1,187 2,568 911 1,316 1,288 5,739 853 580 15,453 117,931 30,799 6,589 T otal.................................................... 106,030 11,070 39,227 5,985 8,460 170,772 Plan of Cooperation Between Federal Board for Vocational Education and Navy Yards.1 A PLAN has been developed by the Federal Board for Vocational Education, with the cooperation of the commandant of the navy yard and the commanding officer of the naval hospital at Norfolk, Va., for the establishment of a curative workshop and subsequent vocational apprenticeship system which may be used as a standard for all navy yards. Certain features of the plan may be modified to meet special conditions at any particular station, but commandants of navy yards are urged, as far as possible, to follow this plan in its provisions for the treatment and training of disabled sailors and marines. The general features of the plan, as outlined by the board, are as follows: Ambulant, convalescent patients may be given therapeutic training through appro priate operations and exercises in the shops of the navy yard, but under conditions which duplicate actual productive shop conditions. A surgeon from the medical staff of the hospital has been placed in charge of the therapeutic work, and one ward of the hospital has been set aside for patients who desire such training. The Federal board’s representative advises with the men and with the surgeon in charge. These two men decide upon appropriate work; that is to say, the surgeon writes a prescrip tion, the vocational adviser decides upon the appropriate exercises, which are then 1 D ata taken from Vocational Summary for May, 1919, Federal Board for Vocational Education, Washington. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [130] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 131 approved by the surgeon. In the office of the yard is another representative of the board, a coordinator, who receives the prescription and arranges for training under a competent mechanic who has also been trained as an instructor by the Federal board. During this period of therapeutic training the men are under the continuous observa tion of the surgeon in charge of this work. Arrangements have been concluded to the satisfaction of the naval authorities whereby men having completed their period of hospital training and therapeutic training may continue to receive vocational training in a wide variety of navy yard occupations. Neither in the therapeutic phase nor in the vocational phase is it assumed that men will necessarily eventually become employees of the navy yard. The work is carried on at the expense of the Federal board, with the cooperation of the navy yard authorities. Mechanics in those trades which seem suitable for disabled men are specially trained by the board to act as instructors. With the approval of the navy yard officials these instructors may be taken from their usual employ ment in the yard as the need for instruction demands, returning to productive work in the shops when there is no longer the necessity for instruction to be given. The advantages of the plan are summarized in this way: (a) The primary aim is training adapted to the therapeutic needs of individuals. Production is a secondary aim. (b) Its flexibility permits any and all kinds of work which the man should have to fit his particular case. (c) I t throws no additional burden of work, management, or organization upon the navy yard officials. (d) I t does not add to the navy yard expense or pay roll. (e) I t has the approval and hearty cooperation of representatives of the navy yard officials and representatives of the employees’ organizations. (f) Its purpose, organization, and methods of operation are such that no surplus of navy yard workmen will be created. (g) I t requires no modification of existing civil-service regulations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [131] EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Employment Conditions in the United States March 8 to June 21, 1919. N the March number of the summaries were given showing the fluctuations in employment in important cities Ithroughout the country over approximately a three-month period. L a b o r R e v ie w These tables were compiled from weekly telegraphic reports, the information for which is secured by the United States Employment Service of the Department of Labor and published by the Industrial Conditions Section of the War Trade Board. The same source has been used in the following table showing employment conditions in certain selected cities over a period of practically four months. During the three-month period previously noted the number of cities reporting was approximately the same, making possible a com parison of the relative shortage or surplus in the labor market. Following the closing of many of the employment offices early in March, however, the number of cities reporting on employment conditions fell, on March 15, from 122 to 66. This number was further reduced on April 12 to 58, but the Employment Service has been able to make arrangements for obtaining returns, so that since that time there has been a steady increase in the number of cities reporting. Because of the variation, therefore, in the number of cities from which reports were received the table showing the con ditions of employment in important cities in the United States is omitted. The table following shows the changes in labor conditions in certain selected cities, chosen because they are large industrial centers and therefore can be assumed to reflect fairly accurately conditions throughout the country. While the amount of unemployment increased for short periods in several cases, in nearly every instance there has been a fairly decided general decline in the oversupply of labor. 132 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [132] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. selected 133 c it i e s r e p o r t i n g l a b o r s u r p l u s o r s h o r t a g e e a c h w e e k , m a r . 8 TO JU NE 21,1919.1 New England. Middle Atlantic. South Atlantic. East Central. West Central. Moun tain. Pacific. Week ending— & O Mar. 8: Surplus.. Shortage. Mar. 15: Surplus.., Shortage. Mar. 22: Surplus.., Shortage. Mar. 29: Surplus... Shortage. Apr. 5: Surplus... Shortage., Apr. 12: Surplus... Shortage., Apr. 19: Surplus... Shortage.. Apr. 26: Surplus... Shortage.. May 3: Surplus... Shortage.. May 10: Surplus... Shortage.. May 17: Surplus... Shortage.. May 24: Surplus... ShortageMay 31: Surplus... Shortage.. June 7: Surplus... Shortage.. June 14: Surplus... Shortage.. June 21: Surplus... Shortage.. 5,585 8,000 & 1.500 4,900 60,000 2,200 7.000 12,000 5.000 19.000 2 1,700 (3) ,200 9,000 5,685 8,000 5.000 19.000 2 1,500 " ( 3 ) 1.500 9.000 60,000 2,200 7.500 10,000 12.300 10,000 5,385 8,000 4.800 17.000 1.500 9.000 60,000 2,200 7.500 10,000 12.300 10,000 2 1,000 (0 (0 8,000 4.500 (9 8,000 0) "ijèòo 1,200 9.000 (9 2.500 8 8,000 12.300 12,000 (9 (9 2.400 3 8,000 12.300 7.000 (9 <9 12,000 (9 (9 2.400 (9 (9 4,000 6,000 (3) (3) 3 8 (9 (9 (9 (9 2.500 (9 (9 (9 (9 4.500 (3) (3) 8 3 4.000 (3) 3.500 2.000 (9 "Ì,65Ó 5.000 (9 (9 Ì,8ÒÒ (9 (9 0) 0) 8,000 3.500 (9 (9 i ’àòó 3 8 8 8,000 3.500 8 8 0) 6,000 3.500 4.000 3.000 (9 (9 (0 (0 4.000 3.000 20.000 0) (0 4.000 3.000 20,000 5.000 4.000 3.000 (4 (4 8,500 2,500 3.000 19.000 9.000 2.000 2.800 17,500 (9 R 800 i j 200 (9 ì ;òóó <9 ì ; òòó i ’ÒòÒ ì ; òóò “ 800 i'òòo 12,000 2,000 2.000 15.000 13.000 (9 2,200 5.000 12,500 1,900 3.000 (9 (9 (9 3.000 (9 1,200 16,000 30.000 1.500 (9 (9 2.000 1,000 10,000 30.000 1.500 (9 (9 1,800 (9 1,250 9.000 (9 (9 (9 1,000 1,250 (9 (9 1,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 3.000 ì (9 8 8 (9 (9 (4) (4) (9 (9 (4) (4) (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 1,300 6.000 (9 1,000 4.000 1.500 6 700 1,200 16.000 30.000 1,600 ì ; óóó 15,000 (9 (9 (9 (9 ; òòo (9 (9 (9 (9 500 1 Owing to the closing in March of employment offices in many locations a num ber of cities did not report during the readjustm ent period. 2 Miners. s No estimate. * Not reported. 6 Farm laborers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [133] 134 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Employment in Selected Industries in May, 1919. HE Bureau of Labor Statistics received and tabulated reports T concerning the volume of employment in May, 1919, from rep resentative manufacturing establishments in 13 industries. The figures for May of this year, when compared with those from identical establishments for May, 1918, show increases in the number of people employed in 4 industries and decreases in 9. Automobile manufacturing shows the largest increase, 15.8 per cent. Iron and steel, woolen, and men’s ready-made clothing show percentage decreases of 18.3, 17.7, and 15.5, respectively. Six of the industries show an increase in the total amount of the pay roll for May, 1919, as compared with May, 1918. The largest increase, 31.4 per cent, appears in automobile manufacturing, while silk shows an increase of 23.7 percent. Decreases of 17.4 and 12.8 per cent are showm in iron and steel and woolen, respectively. COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS IN MAY, 1918, AND MAY, 1919. Industry. Automobile m anufacturing... Boots and shoes....................... Car building and repairing... Cigar manufacturing............... Men’s ready-made clothing... Cotton finishing....................... Cotton manufacturing........ . Hosiery and underwear.......... Iron and steel.......................... Leather manufacturing.......... Paper making.......................... Silk........................................... W oolen..................................... Estab lish ments report ing for May, both years. 42 68 42 56 31 16 51 56 114 32 51 37 50 Number on pay roll in May— Period of pay roll. 1918 1 w eek.. 92,136 .. .do....... 55,222 1 month. 50,669 1 w eek.. 17,492 ...d o ....... 23,207 ...d o ....... 14,019 ...d o ....... 46,306 ...d o ....... 29,895 | month. 215,376 1 week.. 13,783 ...d o ....... 28,093 2 weeks. 16,433 1 w eek.. 46,880 1919 106,725 53,925 44,023 16,912 19,617 12,816 47,607 25,870 175,970 14,311 24,603 16,877 38,574 Per cent of in crease (+ ) or de crease (-)• Amount of pay roll in May—' 1918 1919 +15.8 82,433,548 83,197,207 - 2.3 961,501 1,102,654 -13.1 2,419,980 2,402,469 - 3.3 237,835 274,713 -1 5 .5 445,637 436,684 - 8.6 251,344 248,545 + 2.8 674,735 745,108 -1 3 .5 413,683 383,465 -1 8 .3 12,851,528 10,614,879 + 3.8 276,229 320,681 -12.4 530,531 505,016 + 2.7 495,920 613,227 -17.7 849,219 740,528 Per cent of increase (+ ) or de crease (-). +31.4 + 14.7 - .7 +15.5 - 2.0 - 1.1 +10.4 - 7.3 -17.4 + 16.1 - 4.8 +23.7 -12.8 The following table shows the number of persons actually working on the last full day of the reported pay period in May, 1918, and May, 1919. The number of establishments reporting on this question is small, and this fact should be taken into consideration when studying these figures. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [134] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 135 COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS ON THE LAST FU LL D AY’S OPER A TIO N IN MAY, 1918, AND MAY, 1919. Establish ments reporting for May, both years. Industry. Silk................................: ................................ £1 21 89 17 6 11 33 19 92 17 15 22 41 Number actually work ing on last full day of reported pay pe Per cent of increase riod in May— (+ ) or de crease (—). 1919 1918 Period of pay roll. 1 week___ . . .do......... £ m onth... 1 week___ .. .do.......... ...d o .......... . ..d o ......... . . .do......... i m onth... 1 week___ . . .do......... 2 weeks. . . 1 week___ 59; 978 12,068 43,469 3,457 10,577 9,144 21,611 12,305 173,022 9,927 9,398 12,039 39,325 78,718 10,340 38,493 3,952 9,802 8,773 22,198 11,360 135,628 10,355 7,571 12,635 31,563 +31.2 -14.3 -11.4 + 14.3 - 7.3 - 4.1 + 2.7 - 7.7 -21.6 + 4.3 -19.4 + 5.0 -19.7 In comparing the reports of the same industries for May, 1919, with those for April, 1919, 9 show an increase in the number of per sons on the pay roll and 4 a decrease. The largest increases, 12.7 and 12.2 per cent, are shown in woolen and cotton manufacturing, respectively, while the largest decreases, 5.8 and 4.6 per cent, appear in paper making and iron and steel. Ten of the 13 industries reporting show increases and 3 decreases in the total amount of the pay roll in May, 1919, when compared with April, 1919. The largest increases are 18.3 per cent in cotton manufacturing; 16.5 per cent in woolen; and 14.6 per cent in cotton finishing. Iron and steel and paper making show percentage de creases of 8.4 and 5.5, respectively. COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN ID EN T IC A L ESTABLISHM EN TS IN A P R IL AND MAY, 1919. Industry. Automobile manufacturing... Car building and repairing... Cigar m anufacturing.............. Men’s ready-made clothing... Cotton finishing...................... Hosiery and underwear......... Leather m anufacturing.......... Silk....... -.................................. Woolen.................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Estab lish ments report ing for April and May. 39 68 40 57 42 16 47 55 115 29 51 37 50 Number on pay roll in— Period of pay roll. 1 week.. .. .do...... J-month. 1 week.. ...d o ...... ...d o . ... .. .do...... j month. 1 week.. . . .do...... 2 weeks. 1 w eek.. April, 1919. May, 1919. 96,355 53,140 43,001 17,133 20,903 11,809 39,371 23,695 186,525 13,739 26,111 16,554 34,224 100,676 53,925 42,689 17,004 21,231 12,816 44,173 24,350 178,022 14,088 24,603 16,877 38,574 [135] Per cent of in crease (+ ) or de crease (-). Amount of pay roll in— April, 1919. May, 1919. + 4.5 82,829,255 83,015,604 + 1.5 1,053,007 1,102,654 - .7 2,351,900 2,322,872 277,026 261,339 - .8 468,151 450,389 + 1.6 216,971 248,545 + 8.5 686,722 580,254 + 12.2 363,144 324,416 + 2.8 - 4.6 11,734,362 10,744,379 315,921 301,608 + 2.5 534,587 505,016 - 5.8 613,227 575,108 + 2.0 740,528 635,395 +12.7 Per cent of in crease (+ ) or de crease (-). + 6.6 + 4.7 - 1.2 + 6.0 + 3.9 + 14.6 + 18.3 + 11.9 — 8.4 + 4.7 — 5.5 + 6.6 + 16.5 ’MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 136 A comparatively small number of establishments reported as to the number of persons working on the last full day of the reported pay periods. The following table gives in comparable form the figures for April and May, 1919: COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS ON TH E LAST FU LL DAY’S OPERATION IN A P R IL AND MAY, 1919. Establish ments re porting for April and May. Industry. Automobile manufacturing.......................... Boots and shoes............................................. Car building and repairing........................... Cigar manufacturing............................. ....... Men’s ready-made clothing.......................... Cotton finishing............................................. Cotton m anufacturing................................... Hosiery and underwear................................ Iron and steel................................................. Leather manufacturing................................. Paper making............................... ................ Silk............................................................. Woolen........................................................ 24 29 39 19 7 13 27 18 95 16 18 24 46 Period of pay roll. N u m b er a c tu a lly working on last full day of reported pay period in— Per cent of increase" (+ ) or de crease (—). April, 1919. May, 1919. 1 week___ ...d o .......... J m onth... 1 week__ ...d o .......... . ..d o .......... . ..d o .......... .. .do.......... i m onth... 1 week__ ...d o .......... 2 w eeks... 1 week__ 74,073 13,832 37,884 4,321 9,661 8,667 17,978 9,707 147,859 10,319 10,162 13,235 28,855 78,307 13,151 38,599 4,314 9,820 9,598 18,452 9,856 137,629 10,679 10,161 13,508 32,907 + 5.7 - 4.9 + 1.9 — .2 + 1.6 + 10.7 + 2.6 + 1.5 - 6.9 + 3.5 (9 + 2.1 +14.0 1 Decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Changes in Wage Rates. During the period April 15 to May 15, 1919, there were establish ments in 8 of the 13 industries which reported increases in wage rates, and in 2, boots and shoes and iron and steel, decreases. , Of the establishments reporting, many did not answer the inquiry rela tive to this item, but in such cases it is not likely that changes were made. Automobile manufacturing.—An average increase of 14 per cent was granted to 92 per cent of the employees in one establishment. The whole force in one plant received an increase of 10 per cent, and 50 per cent of the force in another plant were given a 5 per cent in crease. One firm reported increases of $3.07 per week to one man, 5 cents per hour to about 3 per cent of the force, and 2\ cents per hour to approximately 5 per cent of the employees. The average hourly rate in one establishment was increased 0.039 cent. One con cern reported an increase but failed to give any further information. I Boots and shoes.—One establishment granted an increase of 5 per cent to 34 per cent of the force. All of the employees in one ¡haut w~ere decreased 2 per cent. Cigar manufacturing.—An increase of 12 J per cent to all productive workers was given in one factory. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [136] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 137 Men’s ready-made clothing.—An increase of 15 per cent was granted by one establishment and an increase was reported by another estab lishment, but both failed to give any further information. Cotton finishing.—An increase of 2 per cent was reported by one establishment, but no data were given as to the number of employees receiving the increase. Hosiery and underwear.—One establishment granted a general in crease of 221 per cent. A slight increase, which covered only a small portion of the pieceworkers, was reported by another establishment. Iron and steel.—A number of decreases were reported in iron and steel, many of which were in accordance with the rules of the Amal gamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. The entire force in two plants was decreased 25 per cent. The rolling mill piecework rates in one plant were reduced 18 per cent. About one-third of the employees in one plant and 15 per cent of the force in another plant were decreased 171 per cent. The 65 per cent bonus, affecting all of the employees in one mill with the exception of the bar mill piece workers, was reduced to 40 per cent. A decrease of approximately 14 per cent, affecting about 50 per cent of the employees, was reported by one plant. About 45 per cent of the employees in one plant received a decrease of about 12 per cent; and a reduction in rates, averaging 11 per cent and affecting 40 per cent of the men, was made by another plant; while a third plant reported a decrease of about 11 per cent, affecting approximately 50 per cent of the employees. A 10 per cent decrease, which affected three-eighths of the employees, was made by one concern, and about 1 per cent of the force in one plant were decreased approximately 9 per cent. Three plants reported percentage decreases of 6, 5, and 3, affecting one-third of the employees, 10 per cent of the force, and about 50 per cent of the employees, respectively. Payer making.—All of the employees in one mill received an increase of 10 per cent. Silk.—Two plants granted a 10 per cent increase, affecting the entire force in one and the weavers in the second. The second plant also granted a 5 per cent increase to warpers, packers and other day workers. Eighty per cent of the employees in one establishment received an increase of 5 per cent. All of the employees in three mills received an increase of 4 per cent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [137] 138 MONTHLY LABOE BEVIEW, Report of Employment Exchanges in the United Kingdom, March 7 to April 11, 1919. S reported by the British Labor Gazette for May, 1919, the total A number of workpeople remaining on the registers of the 412 British employment offices on April 11, 1919, was 1,166,913, as compared with 1,009,562 on March 7, 1919. These figures include workers in professional, commercial, and clerical as well as industrial occupations, but exclude casual occupations. The operations of the employment exchanges for the five weeks are summarized as follows: OPERATIONS OF B R IT ISH EM PLOYM ENT EXCHANGES DURING FIV E W EEKS EN D IN G APR. 11, 1919. Item.. Men. W omen. On registers Mar. 7, 1919............................................... Number of individuals registered during period......... 418,174 450,997 519,827 281,616 35,023 37,380 36,538 35,574 1,009,562 805,567 Total....................................................................... 869,171 801,443 72,403 72,112 1,815,12) Reregistrations during period........................................ On registers Apr. 11, 1919............................................... Vacancies notified during period................................... Vacancies filled during period..................................... Applicants placed in other districts............................. 4,638 571,849 106,926 74,118 • 7,667 10,952 524,313 93,515 51,956 4,593 724 33,176 15,639 11,504 1,419 794 37,575 17,255 11,029 1,544 17,108 1,166,913 233,335 148,607 15,223 Boys. Girls. Total. The average daily number of registrations, of vacancies notified, and of vacancies filled, during the month was 27,423, 7,778, and 4,954, respectively. AVERAGE DAILY REGISTRATIONS AND VACANCIES N O T IFIED AND F IL L E D , BY SEX OF APPLICANTS, DURING FIV E W EEK S ENDING APR. 11, 1919. Average daily registrations. Sex. of applicants. Men............................. W omen....................... Bovs......................... Girls............................. Average daily vacan cies notified. Average daily vacan cies filled. Increase (+ ) or Increase (+ ) or Increase (+ ) or decrease (—)as decrease (—)as decrease (—) as Five Five Five compared compared weeks compared w ith a— weeks weeks with a— with a— ending ending ending Apr. Apr. Apr. 11,1919. Month Year 11,1919. Month. Year 11,1919. Month Year ago. ago. ago. ago. ago. ago. 15,188 9,753 1.270 1,212 +1,871 + 999 71 + 77 +11,150 + 5,245 H" 39o + 430 3,564 3,117 522 575 Total....................... 27,423 +2,867 + 17,220 7,778 . +207 + + 57 + 42 + - 2 + 339 66 146 2,471 1,732 383 368 + 87 +182 + 32 + 20 +130 - 32 - 6 + 43 +304 +1,408 4,954 +321 H~135 Compared with the jirevious month, the daily average of registra tions, vacancies notified, and vacancies filled, showed percentage increases of 11.7, 4.1 and 6.9, respectively. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [138] M O N T H L Y -LA B O R 139 R EV IEW , The table following shows, by occupational groups, the number of individuals registered, the vacancies notified, and the vacancies filled, indicating the extent of unemployment in Great Britain during the five weeks ending April 11, 1919 : INDIVIDUALS REG ISTERED , VACANCIES N O TIFIED , AND VACANCIES FIL L ED DURING F IV E W EEK S ENDING A PR . 11, 1919.1 Adults. Occupation groups. Individuals registered during period. Men. Wo men. Vacancies notified during period. Juveniles. Vacancies filled dur ing period. Vacancies notified during period. Vacancies filled dur ing period. Wo Men. Wo Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Men. men. men. A . I n s u r e d tra d e s . 149 798 179 17,282 555 24,382 Building................................................ 46,197 2 7 7,277 5 4 8.472 95 245 738 '966 in 628 Sawmilling............................................ 4,374 22 305 ShiDbuilding......................................... 15, 413 23 5,104 85 7,257 Engineering........................................... 79, 709 11,088 19,179 2,479 14,541 2,132 3,193 31 174 Construction of vehicles....................... 2,661 299 1,432 37 788 794 1,344 459 460 271 215 Cabinet making, etc.......... .................. 1,855 783 645 Miscellaneous m etal trades.................. 12,367 4,842 2. 791 1,118 2,070 161 203 823 257 300 120 Precious metals, e tc............................. 1,545 35 40 631 645 61 262 826 Bricks and cem ent............................... 240 120 839 260 725 971 Chemicals, etc....................................... 1,911 24 281 463 259 400 901 1,203 Rubber and waterproof goods............ 78 786 357 721 342 1.054 1,883 322 470 213 398 167 Leather, excluding boots and shoes.. 1,706 lj 774 15 597 4 66 166 3 256 760 2,674 145 19 78 153 428 619 141 305 18 15 234 101 122 20 72 82 172 105 15 38 2 558 12 55 430 148 10 212 106 80 129 Total, insured trades................. 178,991 25,707 67,744 6,322 49,026 5,061 6,211 2,490 4,880 1,795 B. U n in s u r e d tr a d e s . Wood, furniture, fittings, etc.............. Domestic.................................. .............. Commercial and clerical...................... Conveyance of men, goods, etc........... Agriculture............................................ Mining and quarrving......................... Brashes and brooms............................ Pottery and glass................................. Paper, prints, books, and stationery . . Textile................................................... Dress...................................................... Boots and sh o es.................................. Food, tobacco, drink, and lodging__ General lab orers.................................... 371 15,903 26,881 66,385 7,083 11,946 226 1,597 5,968 31, 799 3,197 3,688 5,898 67,513 9,141 Government, defense, and professional 11,944 All others.............................................. 2,466 366 67,315 18,808 5,972 1,833 475 459 1,723 5,839 76,188 17,544 805 12,928 27,903 13,905 3,016 830 180 70 4,139 52,433 3,615 5,115 734 8,110 4,843 1,033 2,326 18 32 114 337 454 408 1,120 1-, 553 6,540 1,120 10,837 884 644 858 4,186 8,595 1,462 552 1,341 1,002 ' 732 628 354 44 77 39 25 57 46 2,282 23,590 609 2,048 935 4,779 765 1,348 2,939 4,529 1,006 1,550 576 3,928 1,594 2,641 1,062 5,519 541 296 161 1,706 77 55 4 36 1,203 37 3 3 18 69 70 9 7 54 82 111 202 359 119 179 260 731 257 555 187 346 1,224 4,818 285 839 216 647 128 1,810 346 5,567 58 1,070 587 374 200 158 136 99 444 3,156 342 1,098 262 876 8:0 879 734 6, 836 1,304 1,085 723 303 892 330 165 537 676 369 416 229 371 187 34 22 453 141 11 25 Total, uninsured trades............. 272,006 255,909 39,182 87,193 25,092 46,895 9,428 14,765 6,624 9,234 Grand total—all above tra d e s.. 450,997 281,616 106,926 93,515 74,118 51,956 15,639 17,255 11,504 11.029 ! i Persona are now registered at employment exchanges according to their normal occupation, or, where there is no normal occupation, according to the work for which they are suitable. This has resulted in a considerable reclassification, especially as regards those who were drawn into special industries during the war. In the insured trades 204,698 adults registered for work during the period—178,991 men and 25,707 women. There were 82,767 vacan cies reported—67,744 men, 6,322 women, 6,211 boys, and 2,490 girls. The number of positions filled was 60,762—49,026 men, 5,061 women, 4,880 boys, and 1,795 girls. The occupational groups in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E139] 140 M ON THLY LA B O R R EV IEW . which there were the largest number of positions filled by adults were: Building, 17.431, and engineering, 10,673. In the uninsured trades there were 527,915 adults registered—272,006 men and 255,909 women. The number of vacancies reported was 150,568—39,182 men, 87,193 women, 9,428 boys, and 14,765 girls. The total number of positions filled was 87,845—25,092 men, 46,895 women, 6,624 boys, and 9,234 girls. The occupational group in the uninsured trade in which there were the largest number of positions filled by adults was: Domestic, 25,872. The total number of positions filled by adults in both the insured and uninsured trades during the five weeks ending April 11, 1919, as compared with the preceding month, shows an increase of 33.5 per cent. The increase in the number of positions filled by men was 29.5 percent; by women, 39.7 percent. The largest number of adults found employment in the domestic trades. Volume of Employment in the United Kingdom in April, 1919. UIE following figures as to the condition of employment in Great Britain and Ireland in April, 1919, as compared with March, 1919, and April, 1918, have been compiled from figures appearing in t h e British Labor Gazette for May, 1919. Similar information for January was published in t h e April L a b o r R e v i e w . In comparing April, 1919, with March, 1919, relative to the number of employees, respective increases of 8.9, 7.9, 5.7, and 5 per cent are shown in cement, brick, printing, and corset, trades. The largest decreases—4.3 and 3 per cent—appear in seamen and in the linen trade. The aggregate earnings of employees in April, 1919, as compared with March, 1919, show increases of 15.4, 12.4, and 10.9 per cent in brick, cement, and the carpet trades, respectively. A decrease of 8.7 per cent is shown in the linen trade. In April, 1919, as compared with April, 1918, as to the number of persons employed, the cement trade shows an increase of 36.7 per cent; dock and riverside labor, an increase of 26.8 per cent; and the printing trade, an increase of 22.9 per cent. The largest decreases—10.2 and 10.1 per cent—appear in the linen trade and building and construction. Comparing April, 1919, with April, 1918, on the question of earnings of employees, more important changes are shown. All except one are increases. Increases of 58.6 and 58.2 per cent are shown in the cement trade and printing, respectively. Seventeen trades show in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1140] M O N TH LY 141 L A B O R R EV IEW , creases ranging from 16.1 to 41.3 per cent, while the lace trade shows an increase of 5.9 per cent. The linen trade shows a decrease of 7.2 per cent. VOLUME OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE UN ITED KINGDOM (GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELA N D ) IN A P R IL , 1919, AS COMPARED W ITH MARCH, 1919, AND A PR IL , 1918. [Compiled from figures in the Labour Gazette, London, May, 1919.] Per cent of increase (+ ) or decrease (—) in April, 1919, as compared with— Industries, and basis of comparison. Coal mining: Average number of days worked................................ Iron mining: Average number of days worked................................ Quarrying: Average number of days worked................................ Pig iron: Number of furnaces in blast.............................................. Iron and steel works: Number of employees............. Number of shifts worked........ Tinplate, steel, and galvanized sheet trades: Number of mills in operation................................. Cotton trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Woolen trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Worsted trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Hosiery trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Jute trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Linen trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Silk trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Carpet trade: . Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Lace trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Bleaching, printing, dyeing, and finishing: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Boot and shoe trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Leather trades: Number of em ployees 2....................................... Tailoring trades: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Shirt and collar trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Other clothing trades: Dressmaking and millinery— Number of employees...... 12277S0—19- April, 1918. — 1.1 — 2.4 C1) — 2.5 +17.9 — 1.2 + .7 - 9.4 + .5 .7 - 2.7 - 4.6 + 5.8 +38.3 + 3.9 (i) + •4 +41.0 + 2.1 + 4.1 + 1.5 +33.3 + 1.8 + 3.8 +35.8 + 1-4 + 5.2 +16.3 - .8 - 1.9 - 2.9 +21.4 - 3.0 - 8.7 -10.2 - 7.2 + 2.1 + 1.8 +23.2 + 2.4 +10.9 + 7.9 +39.3 + 2.9 + 6.0 - 5.0 + 5.9 + 1.2 + 1.2 - 2.5 +18.4 + 3.7 + 6.9 + 6.3 +27.2 + - -2 .1 + 4.0 + 9.7 - 1.9 +18.5 + 2.2 + 2.9 + 1.6 +20.0 +' 4.0 + 9.6 Industries, and basis of comparison. March, April, 1918. 1919. Other clothing trades—Con. Wholesale mantle, costume, blouses,etc.— Number of employees— London....................... Manchester................. Glasgow....................... Corset trade: Number of employees.................................. Building and construction of works: Number of employees2. . Woodworking and furnishing trades: Number of employees2.. Brick trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Cement trade: Number of employees............. Earnings of employees............ Paper, printing, and bookbinding trades: Paper trades— Number of employees reported by tradeunions2........................... Number cf employees reported by employers. Earnings of employees reported by employers— Printing trades— Number of employees reported by tradeunions2........................... Number of employees reported by employers. Earnings of employees reported by employers. Bookbinding trades— Number of employees reported by tradeunions2........................... Number of employees reported by employers. Earnings of employees reported by employers.. Pottery trade: Number of employees............. -10 + 2.5 + 1.1 + 1-7 - 1.4 - 3.5 - .9 + 5.0 + 1.1 + -1 -10.1 + .4 + 7.9 +15.4 (3) +16.5 +41.3 + 8.9 +12.4 +36.7 +58.6 (3) (3) - 2.0 - 2.5 - .9 +16.9 + .7 - 2.0 + 5.7 +22.9 + 8.7 +58.2 — .7 — 3.4 + 3.9 +10.0 + 3.9 +32.5 + 1.7 +10.0 + 1.6 +27.2 + 4.5 - .1 + 2.4 +16.1 + 4.5 Earnings of employees............ + • 5 Dock and riverside labor: Num+ 4.5 Seamen: Number of employees.. - 4.3 +19.2 +39.7 Glass trades: Earnings of employees............ Food preparation trades: 2 Based on unemployment returns. i No change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis March, 1919. Per cent of increase (+ ) or decrease (—) iri April, 1919, as compared with— [141] 3 No report. +26. 8 + 4.8 142 M O N THLY LA B O R R EV IEW . Demobilization and Employment in France.1 LTHOUGH during tlie war publicists, among both workers and employers, and public authorities gave some attention to the problem of reconstructing industry and employment after the war, it does not appear that any study was carried very far, or that any definite measure was taken. On November 13, 1917, the Minister of Labor asked a mixed com mission in each Department “ to consider methods of demobilization most favorable to the resumption of economic life/’ The reports of these commissions appeared a few days before the armistice was signed.2 Five of them favored a thorough investigation of the coun try ’s needs and resources in labor, equipment, and raw materials, and a systematic demobilization based on strictly economic principles. The rest declared for a simple demobilization either by army classes— i. e., according to the age of the men, as in mobilizing—or by pro fessional and trade categories. In the first six months of 1918 there were at least three plans pro posed to secure definite and complete information as a basis for plan ning for the industrial period after the war. The National Assembly at one time and the Ministry of Commerce at another proposed an in dustrial census, an inventory of economic needs and resources. Likewise the Ministry of Munitions designed a questionnaire to elicit full information as to personnel, equipment, and stock in war indus tries. But for different reasons all these measures failed to produce satisfactory results. The Ministry of War decided that information as to the civil status, domicile, occupation, etc., should be obtained from every soldier; but, as the distribution of questionnaires for this purpose did not start until November 15, 1918, after the armistice, it is doubtful whether the results can be classified in time to be of much service.3 Demobilization. Immediately the armistice was signed, the Government faced the great economic problem of replacing several million men in normal productive life. The difficulties were increased by the return of prisoners and the necessity of converting to normal purposes the personnel of munitions factories. Should demobilization be by army classes or by professional and trade categories? Partisans of the 1 La Démobilisation et le Marché du Travail, Bulletin No. 21, Jan. 31,1919, of the Association Française pour la L utte contre le Chômage et pour l’Organisation du Marché du Travail. 2 Travaux des Commissions mixtes départementales pour le maintien du travail national. Vol. V, 1918. 3 In England a similar investigation was started in March, 1916, and continuously kept up to date. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1142] M ON THLY LA B O R R EV IEW . 143 army class method claimed that the former was the only absolutely fair way; supporters of the trade category plan maintained that the only one that promised success was a systematic demobilization according to the professional or trade capacity of each man. By December the Government had committed itself to the army class system—that is, to demobilize practically as it had mobilized. In some respects, nevertheless, the system proved too rigid, and many suggestions were made, two of which were apparently adopted. One was to advance a soldier one class for each of his children—for instance, a soldier of the class of 1912, having one child, would be demobilized with the class ahead of his; the other, following England’s example, was to discharge before their class certain business men,1 who by reopening and rebuilding their business could furnish work to other demobilized or unemployed men. Employment. By Government decree of November 26 the Ministry of Munitions became the Ministry of Industrial Reconstitution. 2 The minister outlined plans for avoiding unemployment, such as facilitating the return of war workers whose homes were in previously invaded regions; transferring men mobilized in war factories to the Service of Public Works; granting unlimited leave to farmers working in powder mills; discharging foreign workmen, enemy prisoners, and wives of demobilized soldiers, working in munitions factories. Pie declared his intention of opening all his resources to labor, of prolonging war work, of obtaining orders from other branches of Government for new articles to be made in war factories, of furnishing raw material to manufacturers not executing war work, and of cooperating with employment bureaus. The conversion of war factories to peace purposes, although designed to absorb a large part of idle labor or to prevent labor from becoming idle, at first aggravated the crisis of unemployment. Although overtime and night work were stopped and the hours of work cut down, dismissals from employment had commenced by December 1. Women were affected the most, large numbers being discharged. The Ministry of Industrial Reconstitution encouraged employers to retain women workers, even on five-hour days, five and a half days a week, with corresponding reduction in pay. This was done in Government establishments. To encourage the women to quit voluntarily the Government offered a fixed sum, calculated on the length of service, to those who left positions in Government factories before a certain date, set at 1 Called “ pivotalm en” in England. 2 See Monthly L abor R eview for February,, 1919 (p. 257). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [143] 144 M O N TH LY LAB O R R EV IEW . December 15 and subsequently extended to January 5, 1919. Pri vate concerns were urged to follow this example. While the measure induced many women to quit, it drew a vigorous protest from some elements of organized labor, notably, the Federation of Metal Workers. When at the beginning of 1919 numbers of men also were out of work, protest meetings of unemployed became common, and con ferences were held between the labor delegates and Government officials. On January 18 the Minister of Industrial Reconstitution made an agreement with these delegates that all men and women quitting work in war factories, provided they had entered service at least one month before the armistice, should receive a discharge bonus equal to 20 days’ pay, two-thirds payable at once by the Government, and the rest by the employer. In addition, unemployed persons were to receive for a certain period allowances for dependents. With a view to extending the provisions of the Labor Code relative to labor contracts,1 a special law was passed specifying that “ every management, office, or enterprise, public or private, must guarantee its mobilized personnel, when possible, the employment held at the time of mobilization.” I t also provides that the discharged soldier, if still able and capable, must be reinstated at current wages, and if incapable of performing the work of his original position, or in case that position no longer exists, he must be given an analogous or equivalent one; labor contracts will be resumed and will extend through the time unexpired at the time of mobilization; the dis charged soldier may, within one month after demobilization, refuse to continue a prewar labor contract; the employer may not annul such a contract by showing another contract with a man replacing the soldier, the older contract, suspended by the fact of mobilization, always taking precedence. The law provides that seniority shall not be affected by absence from work by reason of mobilization. The soldiers’ automatic return to their old jobs, however, seems not to have worked out successfully, due probably to the complete disappearance of so many enterprises and the inability of others to resume operations on a prewar scale. Moreover, the “ when pos sible” phrase offered a loophole, and there was nothing to prevent rehiring a man and then, a few days later, the law having been com plied with, discharging him. The resumption of work on public works throughout the country was not sufficient to solve the whole unemployment problem. On the other hand, private business was timid. Manufacturers protested against the competition of Government factories which were kept going and the orders given to new firms—-“ war babies”—that had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Le Code du Travail, arts. 20—25. [144] M O N THLY LA B O R R EV IEW . 145 sprung up, which, never having produced anything except through Government aid, were now flooding the market with overproduction. The public employment offices, prepared by the experience of three very busy years and aided by the labor inspectors, labor unions and employers’ organizations, together with the unemployment benefit funds, did the most to meet the situation. In January the Ministry of Labor increased the rates of unemploy ment benefits and encouraged all Departments and communes, which had not already done so, to establish local employment offices to handle unemployment funds and secure positions for those out of work. The Government aided in defraying the expenses of such offices as follows: Twenty per cent for bureaus securing positions for 20 to 50 persons per month. Twenty-five per cent for bureaus securing positions for 51 to 100 persons per month. Thirty per cent for bureaus securing positions for 101 to 200 persons per month. Thirty-five per cent for bureaus securing positions for 201 to 500 persons per month. Forty per cent for bureaus securing positions for more than 500 persons per month. While the country is regaining its economic balance, the Govern ment will continue the allowances and benefits for the families of discharged soldiers which it instituted some time ago. All hopes of regulating the labor market are centered in the public employment bureaus. The Minister of Labor thinks 1 that it is in magnitude only that the present unemployment problems differ from those which the employment offices have had to solve and that former methods should be applied in the present crisis. The task of France is “ to organize the labor market so as to help as soon as possible the men, who must not become loafers after hav ing been the liberators of civilization.” 2 1 Circular of Nov. 18,1918. 2 Sous-Secrétaire d ’E ta t à l’administration militaire, in the Chamber of Deputies Nov. 22,1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [145] WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR. Industrial Survey Conducted by United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Early in 1919, at the request of the War Industries Board; the Bureau of Labor Statistics began an industrial survey to obtain a definite and reliable body of information concerning the actual wages and hours of labor and other conditions of employment in the more important industries of the country distributed throughout 41 States and the District of Columbia, the selection being based largely upon the number of wage earners. The information was gathered by agents of the bureau, who visited establishments and copied the data directly from the pay rolls. The industries covered include the following: Automobile. Brick and tile. Cars. Chemicals. Cigar. Clothing, men’s. Clothing, women’s. Coal, anthracite. Coal, bituminous. Confectionery. Electrical apparatus. Foundry. Furniture. Glass. Hosiery and knit goods. Hotels and restaurants. Iron and steel. Leather. Lumber. Machine shop: Engine, etc. Machine tool. Mill work. Overall. Paper and wood pulp. Paper box. Rubber. Silk. Typewriter. The preliminary report of the results of this survey has been sent to the printer. I t represents the basic facts concerning the hours worked and the earnings received by the employees in different occupations. -In later reports, each covering a single industry, the additional information collected in the schedules will be more sys tematically and extensively worked over, and such conclusions as may be drawn from them concerning piece work and time work, male and female employees, day and night work, the amount of overtime and the pay for it, and other similar questions will bo pointed out. Vo such extensive, and at the same time reliable, body of informa tion bearing upon the economic well-being of the wage earners of the United States has before been presented in a single report. 146 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [146] M O NTHLY 147 L A B O R R EV IEW , Earnings in Manufacturing Industries in New York State in March, 1915 to 1919, Inclusive. bureau of statistics and information of the New York State THEIndustrial Commission has recently published very compre hensive data regarding the average weekly earnings of labor in the factories of the State for March of each year, 1915 to 1919, inclusive, and also comparative index numbers of average weekly earnings and of retail prices of food in the United States at the same date.1 The figures are reproduced in the following tables, the first table showing the average weekly earnings in specified industries for the State as a whole, with a separate statement of average weekly earnings in factories in New York City and in factories outside of New York City. In the second table are shown index numbers of average weekly earnings in New York State factories and of retail prices of food in the United States, June, 1914, being taken as the base, or 100. AVERAGE W E EK L Y EARNINGS IN MARCH, 1915 STA TE .2 to 1919, IN FACTORIES OF NEW Y ORK Average weekly earnings in March— Industry. 1915 Cooking,"heating, and ventilating ap paratus___ Pianos, organs, and other musical instrum ents... Printing and book m aking..................................... i The Labor Market Bulletin, March, 1919. Albany. $13.10 16.98 12.54 11.34 13.19 14.57 14.26 14.09 15.37 14.52 13.15 14.65 14.36 13.89 18.00 14.24 18.75 14.06 12.38 12.39 13.08 13.21 10.65 11.73 10.59 11.34 12.38 11.66 11.29 9.59 13.56 13.12 14.85 12.96 14.22 13.30 14.61 10.69 12.07 16.22 1916 $13.76 15.75 13.26 12.01 13.72 16.00 15.85 14.09 18.93 16.29 13.28 16.35 15.29 15.80 17.08 16.47 22.19 15.16 13.12 13.21 13.21 14.93 11.10 12.89 12.03 13.66 13.72 11.97 12.10 10.49 14.04 „ 13.89 14.68 13.81 14.40 14.64 15.71 11.11 12.38 17.33 1917 1918 $16.49 18.96 16.41 13.49 16.19 18.07 18.11 16.79 23.53 19.39 14.94 17.22 18.18 17.43 19.54 18.74 20.97 16.04 14.80 14.48 14.86 16.78 12.80 14.88 14.93 17.27 15.48 13. 47 14.42 12.44 16.19 15.61 15.28 16.39 16.68 15.74 16.47 12.12 13.16 18.04 $18.79 20.25 19.65 16.85 18.13 21.74 19.68 19.23 27.95 21.25 17.93 21.73 22.47 21.05 23.01 23.57 24.37 18.15 16.77 16.48 17.51 17.26 15.58 17.13 17.07 21.87 17.63 15.81 16.34 14.58 18.60 17.13 17.72 19.61 18.46 19.69 18.67 13.64 14.74 20.46 1919 $24.45 25.03 25.96 21.58 24.63 25.43 24.71 22.53 33.52 30.96 21.36 21.74 26.57 24.52 25.74 26.96 31.76 21.58 19.52 20.24 20.21 18.92 18.69 20.75 20.09 28.09 21.46 18. 61 19.52 17.53 21.82 19.56 20.85 23.43 21.89 24.09 23.03 16.91 17.95 25.23 a Includes all employees in both office and shop. I t is commonly the case that office salaries are higher th an the average weekly earnings of shop employees. However, the office employees form such a sm all' percentage of the total num ber of workers th a t their effect, in the computation of the average wage, is negligible. 3 Factories manufacturing airplane engines only are classified with “ m achinery.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [147] 148 M O N TH LY LA B O R R EV IEW , AVERAGE W E EK L Y EARNINGS IN MARCH, 1915 to 1919, IN FACTORIES OF NEW YORK STATE—Concluded. Average weekly earnings in March— 1916 1915 1917 1918 1919 Textiles............................................................................ Silk and silk goods................................................... Wool manufactures.................................................. Cotton goods........................................................... . Cotton and woolen hosiery and k nit goods........... Other textiles an d allied products......................... Clothing, millinery, laundering, e tc............................. Men’s clothing.......................................................... Men’s shirts and furnishings................................... Women’s clothing.................................................... Women’s underwear and furnishings.................... Women’s headwear.................................................. Miscellaneous sewing..................... ......................... Laundering, eclaning, dyeing, etc.......................... Food, liquors, and tobacco............................................ Flour, feed, and other cereal products.................. F ruit and vegetable canning and preserving........ Groceries not elsewhere classified........................... Slaughtering, m eat packing, and dairy products. Bread and other bakery products........................... Confectionery and ice cream ................................... Beverages.................................................................. Cigars and other tobacco products......................... W ater, light, and power...................................... ......... 9.69 9.47 10.26 9.96 9.19 9.81 11.11 11.12 8.69 16.32 9.36 12.40 8.68 9.15 11.77 15.04 10.06 12.88 13.72 11.58 9.74 18.80 8.53 15.20 Total, all factories in State................................... Per cent of increase over 1915, all factories in 12.65 13.96 15.79 18.71 22.20 Factories in New York C ity................................ Factories outside New York C ity ..................... 12.99 12.43 10.36 14.20 13.82 24.82 15.68 15.85 47.90 17.91 19.14 75.49 22.48 22.03 10.58 10.34 11.12 10.64 9.98 11.04 12.48 12. 65 9.91 17.25 10.07 13.46 9.14 9.45 12.70 15.56 11.49 14.29 15.13 12.31 9.82 19.24 9.58 17.11 12.13 11.37 12.77 12.80 11.38 12.80 14.02 14.60 11.27 19.44 11.26 15.91 9.35 10.56 14.16 17.33 12.50 16.00 16.08 13.44 10.85 20.01 11.54 18.28 14.60 12.83 15.67 15.34 14.07 15.64 16.01 16.60 12.50 22.37 12.72 19.99 9.98 12.31 15.87 20.42 15.05 18.21 19.57 15.02 11.23 22.04 13.12 20.41 15.86 15.05 17.46 14.56 14.27 17.83 19.02 19.22 12.78 28.15 15.45 22.97 13.15 15.20 19.90 23.87 17.88 22.76 25.14 19.91 14.90 26.35 15.68 26.30 COMPARATIVE IN D E X NUMBERS OF AVERAGE W E EK L Y EARNINGS IN N EW YORKSTATE FACTORIES AND OF R E T A IL FOOD PRICES IN T H E U N ITED STATES. [The figures are indexes, with June, 1914, as 100. Those for prices are derived from the relative prices pub lished by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.] Month. 1914 1915 1916 Aver age weekly Retail earn- food ings, prices, New United York States. fac tories. Aver age weekly Retail earn food ings, prices, New United York States. fac tories. Aver age weekly Retail earn- food ings, prices, New United York States. fac tories. January............ February.......... March. .......... April................. May.................. Ju n e.................. Ju ly .................. A ugust............. September....... October............ November........ December......... 100 99 99 98 97 97 99 Average for year........ 98 1917 1918 Aver Aver Aver age age age weekly Retail weekly Retail weekly Retail earn food earn- food earn food ings, prices, ings, prices, ings, prices, New United New United New United York States. York States. York States. fac fac fac tories. tories. tories. 100 103 108 108 106 106 106 98 98 100 99 100 101 100 102 101 105 106 106 104 102 99 100 101 101 101 101 102 104 105 106 107 108 110 111 112 113 111 114 117 118 119 122 108 107 108 110 110 113 112 114 119 122 .127 127 120 121 124 122 127 128 127 129 134 136 139 139 129 134 134 140 153 154 147 151 155 159 157 159 1 132 139 147 152 157 161 164 167 176 176 2 170 183 105 101 102 114 115 129 147 ICO 1 Drop due to Fuel Adm inistrator’s closing order. 2 Drop due to closing of factories on Nov. 11 (Armistice day). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [148] 1919 102 103 150 150 160 164 169 173 180 183 185 189 181 174 175 170 .......... 187 174 177 M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW. 149 Comparison of Wage Payment Methods. HE methods of wage payment as related to production and their effect upon the worker is discussed in a recent issue of Indus T trial Management.1 The different methods considered by the author are: Hourly rate, yearly salary, premium, task and bonus, piece work, and profit sharing. It is stated that the hourly rate is the most pernicious of all and the least productive of friendly feelings between employer and employee. I t is also by far the most used. It implies, if it does not prove, that the employer confesses that he does not know how much work a man ought to do, but prefers to take a chance rather than to set a definite task or to agree to a definite price. In other words, he bets that his employees know less about it than he does. A yearly salary is justifiable only when the employee is engaged in originating something—-ideas, usually. A man who is really on the job 24 hours a day deserves a salary. Any man who would work at the same job without a salary if he could, deserves a salary. In fact, in any case where the worker has his heart in his work he should have a salary. It is, however, a most unbusinesslike thing to accept a salary, for the recipient throws away one of the greatest incentives to his growth when he accepts it. When a man is working at piece rates his income automatically increases as he grows more expert and capable, whether it is feeding punch presses or selling them; but when he accepts a salary he places himself where his employer can only guess his value by reason of the offers which he gets to go elsewhere. He no longer has a gauge by which to discover whether he is growing or shrinking, and he becomes the victim of opinion—opinion as formed by impressions which the employer receives from fellow workers and others who come in contact with both. The premium system confesses immediately to a doubt as to what a workman can or should do. I t virtually says to the man, “ You know that I am human and that I would not let you earn over $5 a day at piece rates, but here is a scheme by which I will only take away from you one-half of what you earn in excess of your daily rate.” After a while workmen come to see it in this light; therefore its use is not broadspread. The task and bonus system recognizes the fact that we have talked hourly rates so long that everybody makes comparisons by that method. Therefore it pays men by the hour, but if they do more than a given “ stint” it pays them an extra bonus which may or may not be in 1 “ The principles of employing labor,” by E. H. Fish, in Industrial Management for May, 1919, pp. 373377. GEast Thirty-ninth Street, New York, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [149] 150 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. proportion to production. As a half-way measure toward the right thing both premium and task and bonus systems have great merit. Piecework has been abused so much and in such a spirit of open meanness, that while it has all the virtues that we can require, it is very hard to reestablish in many places which need it. Its two faults are, or have been, the setting of rates while in complete igno rance of how much work could be done in a day or a year, and the cut ting of rates when this ignorance proved costly. Really the first was the only fault, the second came through self-preservation. A piece rate based on past performance under an hourly rate has no scientific value. That method of setting rates has made the stop watch something despised by workmen and a laughing stock for the few who have endeavored to get at a true rate. Almost every repetitive job in a manufacturing establishment can be divided into the actual work done, which it is easy to calculate from the .drawing, and the time spent and wasted in looking for the tools, rigging, etc., with which to do it, and in making necessary adjustments. When ever piecework rates are set and the workmen really believe that the firm will maintain them, no matter how much the workmen may earn, there is an immediate demand for tools and equipment which will allow them to make big money. It will surprise almost any shop superintendent to take any single job in his shop and discover how .large a proportion of the time of his so-called producer is spent in hunting for things which should be at his elbow. One shop which has a most excellent name for efficiency discovered that its 20'gangs of erectors had only one tap wrench of a size which all needed. At least one man was spending all his time hunting for or waiting for that wrench. Small tools disappear as mysteriously as gold coin when a shortage is imagined, and for the same reason. Everyone wants to be sure that he has something with which to work so he takes what he can get and hides it. Successful use of piece rates can be expected only when the rates are set after definite experiment has shown how long it actually takes to do the operation under consideration, the wasted time being reduced to a reasonable and computable limit, and when assurance is given and lived up to that the rate, once set, will be maintained, no mat ter if the workman in question makes more than his boss. It is, however, an admission of ignorance or incompetence on the part of the management to be in such a position that routine work can not be put on a satisfactory piece-rate basis. It has been neces sary in almost every place where scientific piece rates have been installed to take away from the foreman the function of leadership, and reduce him to the standing of a disciplinarian. The great https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [150] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 151 majority of present-day foremen do not know how to originate ways of doing work adaptable to the machinery and tools available for the job. They can only do what they did in ££the old shop.” It has been found necessary to institute a planning department, for which old foremen have seldom been found suited. In fact, it seems as though the problem of what to do with the foremen who are obstruct ing production in our shops to-day is going to be one of the great problems which must be solved before the simple and rational straight piece rate is a complete success. Another possibility in the distribution of financial rewards is profit sharing. There is very little of this done. There are numerous plants which hand their employees a check or pay envelope at the end of the year which is marked ££Share of profits,” but it does not mean anything to the recipient except that a part of his rightful wage has been held up. He can not see his part in it, and neither can his employer, for he has no part in it. In order for profit sharing to be true to name the recipient must be able to see from time to time that he has or has not added to the profits which he will share. More than that, he must have such tenure that he can be assured of some income from the profits which he helps to make and which are turned into surplus or building and equipment, If he leaves the company he should have something in the nature of stock which has a market value, and which he can take or sell. Most firms which sell stock to employees sell something which it is agreed shall be turned back at a price less than what its market value is hoped to he. The only true profit sharing consists in sale of stock to employees on easy terms without any brokerage charge. The sale should be outright with no strings. The man should be as truly a stockholder as any other man. He should almost be compelled to attend stock holders’ meetings to be sure that he understands the financial state ments which are made. When he leaves the employ of the company he should not be compelled to surrender his stock, nor should the company be bound to buy it. He should, however, be obliged to offer it to the company at the market price if he wishes to sell at all, and the company should be willing to buy in its own stock even though no agreement exists. No scheme of this kind should be started which, on its face, indi cates that employees can never control enough of the stock to become a factor in the control. In fact, it is doubtful if any great enthusiasm can be expected unless the possibility of becoming a strong and recog nized minority is not present. Why own stock in the concern for which one works, if ownership means nothing but dividends ? Why not leave the money in a savings bank ? https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [151] 152 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Any concern which doubts the ability of anyone except the present owners to carry on the business successfully should not try profit sharing, for the only kind that it will consider will not be accepted by most of its employees. Wages and Labor Conditions in Gold Mining. TN the April, 1919, issue of the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w (pages 177, "*■ 178), there appeared a table showing wages in various occupations in gold mining. The source of the information, as noted in the article in question, was a report on the gold situation by the Depart ment of the Interior. The immediate authority for the table was stated to be the engineer of the California Metal Producers’ Association. Among the companies whose wage rates were quoted was the Phelps-Dodge Corporation, of Bisbee, Ariz. That corporation now informs this bureau that some of the rates quoted as applicable within that corporation were incorrect. The bureau, therefore, takes this opportunity to give the corrected figures for the Phelps-Dodge Corporation. WAGE RATES PAID BY PHELPS-DODGE CORPORATION, BISBEE, ARIZ. Date and occupation. September, 1913: Machine men....................................................... Muckers..................................................... September, 1914: Machine m en................................................... Muckers........................................................ September, 1915: Machine men............................................ Muckers.............................................. September, 1916: Machine men................................................ Muckers.............................................. September, 1917: Machine men................................................... Muckers................................................. September, 1918: Machine men................................................ JMuckers........................................................ Quoted rate per day. Corrected rate per day. $4.00 3.75 4.00 4.10 O. 00 5.32 5.07 5.60 5.35 5.50 5.25 Wages Paid to Certain Classes of Labor in British Columbia. nPH E annual report of the British Columbia (Canada) Department “““ of Labor for the year ending December 31, 1918,1gives tables of wage rates of many groups of industries in the Province, the figures being corrected to July 31, 1918. The tabulations are based on 1 British Columbia. Department of Labor. Annual report for the year ending Dec. 31,1918 1919. 76 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [152] Victoria, 153 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. returns from more than 1,000 firms. There is a summary table from which the following compilation is made, the figures covering the week of employment of the greatest number of wage earners : NUM BER OF WAGE EARN ERS RECEIVING EACH SPEC IFIED W E E K L Y WAGE RATE. Females. Males. AVage group. 18 years Under 18 18 years Under 18 and over. years. and over. years. $7 to $8.99.. .. ......................................................................... $9 to $11 99 ..................................................................................... $12 to $15 99 ................................................................ $16 to $19 99........................................................................................ $20 to $24 99 ..................................................................................... $25 to $29.99........................................................................................ $30 to $49.99........................................................................................ 38 59 172 2,124 5,176 11,657 8,677 16,492 '825 157 197 246 263 150 104 52 15 2 48 128 416 326 86 67 11 8 82 123 118 45 T otal......................................................................................... 45, 220 1,186 1,090 374 2 2 1 1 Of 40,952 men recorded, the group working from 48 to 54 hours per week, July 31, 1918, had the largest proportion, the number being 9,752, or 23.8 per cent. Approximately 44 per cent were working 48 or less hours per week. The report notes briefly the work of the free employment bureau at Vancouver, the strikes that occurred during 1918, and the report of the Minimum Wage Board giving the text of the first three decrees entered by the board, affecting the wages of females over 18 years of age, of those under 18 years, and of apprentices in the mercantile industry. These decrees were noted in the June, 1919, M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w (pp. 207 and 208). Rates of wages paid to females in the mercantile, laundry, and cleaning and dyeing industries are given, based on returns from 174, 17, and 13 employers, respectively. The following table is a summary of these returns: W E E K L Y RATES OF WAGES PAID TO FEM ALES IN T H E M ERCANTILE, LAUNDRY AND CLEANING AND DYEING IN D U STR IES IN BR IT ISH COLUMBIA IN 1918. Number receiving wage rates of— Number of em ployees. Industry. Under $8. $8 and under $ 11. $11 and under $15. Over $15. Mercantile......................................................................... L aundry........................................................................... 2,043 476 29 290 27 790 237 2 586 172 13 377 40 14 T otal....................................................................... Per cent.................................................................. 2,548 317 12.4 1,029 40.4 771 30.3 431 16.9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [153] 100. 0 154 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The Rise in Rates of Wages in Great Britain During the War. N article in the British Labor Gazette for May, 1919, (pp. 172A 174) outlines the general wage conditions at the beginning of the war and gives the amounts of the advances in wages in the different trades from the close of 1914 to the end of April, 1919. While there had been a general rise in wages in England for the three years previous to the war, there had also been a tendency toward reduction in the first part of 1914. By the end of that year, however, the rise in the cost of food and the increased demand for labor had checked this tendency so that in the early part of 1915 both war bonuses and wage increases were granted to railway and shipyard employees and to large numbers in the engineering trades. These increases spread to other trades and by the middle of 1916 practically all the important industries had granted them. These original increases have been generally augmented following the con tinued rise in the cost of living though there has been considerable variation in the amounts. In general, the munition, transport, and other essential industries, such as coal mining, have been the first ones each time to give the additional wages—shortage of labor being an important factor in the granting of increases. Building Trades .1 Local conditions have affected the wage increases in the building trades, so there has been considerable variation in the amounts, but in the large towns the total increases range between 7§d. and 10§d. (15 and 21 cents) an hour. A table covering cities with populations of more than 100,000 gives the per cent of increases in these trades as ranging between 88 and 129 per cent, the lowest being for brick layers and the highest for builders7laborers. These figures, combined on the basis of the number of men employed in the different occupa tions, give an average increase of 8|-d. (17| cents) an hour, which is nearly 110 per cent of prewar wages. In some cases the hours of work have been reduced to 47 or 44 per week, with a corresponding increase in hourly rates in order to maintain the weekly wages at the same level. Taking into account, therefore, all the reductions in normal weekly hours during the war, the advance in wages in these trades for a full normal week is about 100 per cent. ‘ Cf. article in the Monthly L abor R eview for June, 1919, pp. 177-180. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [154] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW . 155 Mining. In coal mining the increases up to 1917 were mainly on a per centage basis, the wages ranging in the summer of that year, in differ ent areas, from 28 to 47 per cent higher than those paid in August, 1914. In September, 1917, however, the controller of mines ordered additional flat-rate increases which have twice been raised, so that at the present time miners are receiving a bonus of 5s. ($1,22) a day. Special arrangements for certain classes of workers in different localities have resulted in raising these averages and in some places the standard rates have been raised. As there is wide variation in the standard rates it was difficult to determine the average increase, but it is believed that wages are probably from 110 to 120 per cent greater than the prewar average for all classes of workers at coal mines. Wages, including bonuses, have more than doubled in iron mines and open works. Metal, Engineering, and Shipbuilding Trades. In iron and steel manufacture percentage additions to the standard rates have been made and cost of living bonuses awarded. These advances in rates range for different occupations from 51 to 150 per cent, with bonuses of from 2s. lOd. (69 cents) to 3s. 9d. (91 cents) per shift. Iron and steel millmen and iron puddlers in the principal districts have had their wages increased from 113 to 117J per cent. In the engineering and shipbuilding trades a general minimum war wage advance of 28s. 6d. ($6.93) per week over prewar rates has been granted for men employed at time rates and of 10 per cent on prewar rates, plus 21s. 6d. ($5.23), for men working at piece rates. A bonus of 12J per cent on earnings for time workers and 7 | per cent for pieceworkers was given to men over 21 years of age engaged on muni tions work and has been extended generally to private work. Other advances, ranging from 10 to 35 per cent, have been given to special workers engaged in shipbuilding and repair work. The following table shows the average amount of increase (inclusive of the 12 J per cent bonus) granted from August 4, 1914, to April 30, 1919, on the district time rates for men in certain representative occu pations in a number of the principal engineering and shipbuilding centers, and the percentage increases over prewar rates: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [155] 156 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. AVERAGE AMOUNT OF INCREASE AND RATE OP INCREASE P E R W E EK IN PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN THE ENG IN EER IN G AND SHIPBUILDING TRADES DURING THE WAR PERIOD . Average (unweighted) increase in weekly time rates (includ ing the bonus of 12J per cent) in the principal centers, from Aug. 4, 1914, to end of April, 1919. Occupation. Percentage increase Amount of increase over prewar per week. rates per week. Engineering: Fitters and turners..................................................................... Ironmolders.......................................................... Laborers.......................................................... Shipbuilding: Flaters........................................................................ R iveters....................................................... Shipwrights......................................................... Laborers................................................................... 37s. lid . ($9.23) 38s. 2d. ($9.29) 35s. 5d. ($8.62) 98 92 156 37s. 37s. 37s. 35s. 93 98 91 154 4d. Od. 7d. 2d. ($9.08) ($9.00) ($9.14) ($8.56) Hours have been reduced from 53 or 54 to 47 without reduction in weekly time rates. Minimum rates for women and girls in these trades have been in creased to 38s. ($9.25) per week for those not doing men’s work, while higher rates are paid to women engaged on men’s work or on special work. In most of the other metal trades increases have been granted ap proximating those in the engineering and shipbuilding trades, while in the principal districts manufacturing gold, silver, and electroplate articles an advance of 75 per cent has been given. In the tin-plate industry in South Wales bonuses varying from 50 per cent for the highest paid workers to 115 per cent for those receiving the* lowest rates have been paid. Advances for women and girls in these trades vary greatly. In the electroplate industry there was an advance of 75 per cent, while in some other trades the minimum hourly rate was raised. The average increase on prewar wages in the metal engineering and shipbuilding trades is estimated to he between 100 and 120 per cent. Textile Trades. In the cotton trade increases granted to the end of April, 1919, amount to 105 per cent of the prewar rates, while certain classes, as strippers, grinders, and spinners, received additional allowances. In Yorkshire in the woolen and worsted trade the percentage increases vary considerably. Time workers in the spinning and weaving sec tions and pieceworkers in the worsted spinning section received an increase of 107 per cent with a maximum weekly wage of 32s. Id. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1561 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 157 ($7.81). In other branches of the industry the increases vary from 64J per cent to 125^ per cent and flat-rate increases of 31s. Id. ($7.56) for men and 20s. 4d. ($4.95) for women were given in the woolcombing industry in one locality. A reduction in hours from 55J to 48 was followed by a general advance in hourly rates and piece rates in order to maintain the same weekly earnings. In the textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing industries sliding-scale agreements between employers’ and workmen’s organi zations have resulted in adjustments according to cost of living changes, which have averaged practically the same increases in these trades as those given in the woolen and worsted trades. In other branches of textile manufacturing both flat-rate and percentage advances have been made. It is estimated that for the textile trades as a whole the general rise in rates of wages has been 100 to 110 per cent though this is somewhat offset by the fact that in the cotton, linen, and jute industries short-time and unemployment have reduced actual earnings. Clothing Trades. In the boot and shoe manufacturing industry rates have been raised from 87 to 93 per cent for skilled men and a minimum of 30s. ($7.30) established for women. Advances in other clothing trades have varied in different localities, but general statistics are not available. Transport Trades. Flat-rate wage advances for railway employees in the traffic sections have amounted to 33s. ($8.03) per week for men and half of that for boys, while in the shops advances have been the same as for the engineering trades. Dock laborers have received advances amounting to from 6s. to 8s. ($1.46 to $1.95) a day, while seamen’s wages have been raised about 100 per cent with an additional war bonus of £3 ($14.60) per month for those on monthly articles or trading within the war zone. This bonus has been extended for the period covered by the wages act. A shorter week, of 44 hours for dock laborers and 48 hours in transportation enterprises, has been adopted without a reduction in wages. Agriculture. Minimum rates of wages for farm laborers have been fixed at from 30s. to 38s. ($7.30 to $9.25) a week (increased May 19, 1919, by 6s. 6d. ($1.58) for all except one district) including the value of certain allowances, such as milk, house, board, and lodging. For 12277S0—19---- 11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [157] 158 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. stockmen and special classes higher minimum rates have been fixed. Increases in rates for all classes vary from 83 to 103 per cent with an average of 88 per cent exclusive of the recent general raise. Other Trades. Increases in wages granted in the principal industrial centers in the printing and bookbinding trades are from 29s. to 35s. (87.06 to 88.52) per week; furniture manufacture, 8d. to lOd. (16.2 to 20.3 cents) per hour; pottery (North Staffordshire), 71 per cent; glassbottle manufacture, 64 per cent; chemical manufacture, 28s. 6d. (86.93) per week, plus 12J per cent on earnings; baking and con fectionery, 27s. to 33s. (86.57 to $8.03) per week, and gas and elec tricity, 28s. 6d. (86.93) per week, plus 124 per cent on earnings. Summary. It is evident from the instances cited that the amounts of bonuses and increases in rates of wages show a wide variation both in the amounts of the money totals and the percentage increases, the latter ranging from 60 to over 150 per cent. Flat-rate increases have resulted generally in a higher percentage increase for the unskilled workers, while the money equivalent is generally higher for skilled men when the percentage increase has been given. While it was impossible to fix an accurate average for all classes, it is considered that for manual workers generally wages have more than doubled and the general average increase is considered to lie between 100 and 120 per cent aside from advances of hourly and piece rates, which have been largely offset by reductions in the weekly hours of labor. Wages of Masters of Vessels in Great Britain. HE American consul general at London, under date of April 28, 1919, reports the following scale of minimum rates of pay for masters, to be paid by managers of vessels belonging to or in posses sion of the British Ministry of Shipping: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [158] 159 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. MINIMUM WAGES OP MASTERS OF VESSELS IN GREAT BRITAIN. Cargo liners and general trade vessels on m onthly articles: Per month. Tonnage (gross tons). 1,000 to 2,000.................................................. 2,001 to 3^000 ................................................ 3-001 to ö'OGO ................... 5,001 to 7,000 ........................................ 7’001 to 000 ............................................... 9,001 to 12,000................................................ Over 12,000................. ................................... First year. After 1 year. After 2 years. After 3 years. * After 5 years. $165. 46 175.19 184. 93 194. 66 204.39 218. 99 243. 33 $175.19 184. 93 194. 66 204.39 214.13 228. 73 253.06 $184.93 194.66 $194. 66 204.39 $204.39 218.99 214.13 223. 86 238. 46 262. 79 223. 86 233. 59 248.19 272.52 233.59 243.33 257.92 282. 26 After 6 years. 0) Coasting cargo steamers on weekly articles: Per week. 201 to 500. . .. . ................................. 501 to 1,000 ...................................... 1,001 to'2,000 . 2'001 to 3'000.................................................. $41. 37 46.23 46.23 48.67 $43.80 (2) 48.67 51.10 $46.23 48.67 51.10 53.53 $48. 67 51.10 53.53 55. 96 $51.10 53. ,53 58.40 O 1 At manager’s discretion after 6 years. 2 The report does not state whether or not the rate for the first year applies also to the second year. In explanation of the table, the consul general furnishes the fol lowing notes: N o t e 1.— A master’s pay under the new scale will be determined as regards service by the period he has held his present post in the same employment as at December 21, 1918. N o t e 2.—Masters will be entitled to back pay at the rate established by Note 1 for any period of service on articles or continuous employment with the same managers, irrespective of articles, from October 6,1917, or from the date of appointment as master if subsequent thereto. N o t e 3.— Special war-risk bonus of $14.60 per month or $2.43 per week, payable from October 7, 1918, is not included in the above rates, and is payable to masters in addition thereto. N o t e 4.—Masters serving in oil tank vessels will receive in addition 12J per cent. ------- ------- ---- Six-Hour Day in Soap-Manufacturing Industry in Great Britain. N account of the plan proposed by an English soap manufacturer A to reduce the working day to six hours and to pay the workers the same wages as they now receive for 8 or 10 hours’ work was given in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for April (pp. 168-173) in a review of Lord Leverhulme’s book on The Six-Hour Day and other indus trial questions, by Prof. Wm. F. Ogburn, formerly of the University of Washington. The proposal to inaugurate the six-hour working day in the soap manufacturing industry of England was further outlined by Lord Leverhulme at a general meeting of Lever Bros., https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1591 160 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. of which he is president, held on March 27, 1919, in the following words: 1 Now, I come to mention some new developments. The first in importance is the proposed adoption of a six-hour working day. We had intended to do this 12 months ago, but the cutting down of our raw material supplies rendered it impossible. But we have now worked out our scheme, and I may tell you that all the trade unions con sulted are most anxious to make the scheme workable and satisfactory, and that the Government, as far as the state of the law will permit, are equally anxious. It is anticipated that the consent of the Home Office will be given to the draft proposals which have now been submitted to them. The general features of the scheme are, first, with regard to day workers and pieceworkers, that we shall work in two shifts— six hours each shift. The morning shift will commence at 7 o’clock, and, after a break of a quarter of an hour from 8.45 for some light refreshment, they will continue to wrork until 1.15 p. m. At 1.15 the morning-shift work for the day will be over. They will not return to their work until 7 o’clock the next morning. This makes a total of six working hours per day, with 15 minutes break for a meal, for six days in the week, Monday to Saturday included. When we come to consider the afternoon shift, there is a strong feeling and desire to retain the Saturday afternoon half holiday; and to meet this wish the afternoon shift will only work five afternoons, the average being seven hours 12 minutes each afternoon, instead of six afternoons of six hours. There fore, the afternoon shift will commence at a quarter past 1 (there will be a break of half an hour for refreshment from 4.45 to 5.15 p. m.) and will stop at 9 p. m., but on Friday work will stop a quarter of an hour earlier at 8.45, so that the weekly average is 36 hours. With regard to the shift workers—that is, continuous workers—to divide the 24 hours into four shifts of six hours each instead of three shifts of eight hours each, which is our present working day, would create a difficulty with the night shift. Home life must be considered, and home life requires that a mam on the night shift should leave home somewhere about 9.30 or 9.45, so that the household can be closed and all go peacefully to bed at 10 o’clock; and he should not return until 6.15 or 6.30 in the morning, when the household would be up. To insure this will mean a little irregularity in the working. It means that on the night shift a man will work eight hours as at present, starting at 10 p. m. and finishing at 6 a. m.; but this will be balanced by the days when he is only working 5 hours and 20 minutes, and this in a month will give exactly six hours a day, so that one week out of the four a man will be working eight hours at night and the other three weeks he will be working only 5 hours and 20 minutes a day. Of course, the shifts will be changed weekly. Now, with regard to the light meals. We propose to provide these at the firm’s expense, free to the workers. We feel that it will save enormously in timekeeping and actual running, and will simplify the catering. The light refreshments will be tea, coffee, cocoa, bread and butter, and sandwiches, entirely free, at counters adjacent to where the men are working. Neither men, boys, nor girls will require to walk further than is represented by getting out of a railway train and going to the refresh ment room. I have tested what you can take at a refreshment room in a quarter of an hour, and I find if I tried I could eat more than is good for me. So that there is ample time for refreshment. The rate of wages will be exactly the same for a 36-hour week as for a 48-hour week. This is obviously essential, but-it is equally certain that the staff can accomplish the work without adding any expense to the company by so organizing the carrying on of the work that no increased expenditure will fall on the company. The staff freely recognized in all our discussions that to add to the cost of making soap would be to handicap us not only with firms in the United Kingdom, but 1 Excerpt from Report on British trade and commerce, by Robert P. Skinner, American consul general at London, furnished this bureau by the State Department. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [160] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 161 with firms all over the world whom we meet in competition in the export markets, so that the determination of all of us is that the same wages will be paid and increased leisure obtained without adding to the cost of the article or making prohibitive the expense on the business. As to payment of wages, we want to introduce a different method. Instead of our men crowding around the wage office and waiting their turn, each man should have a little private banking account in a bank near his own house— not the firm’s bank, but one of his own selection. We would advise our bank to credit each man from the pay sheet with the amount of money he is entitled to receive for his wages. Under this system a man will draw out of his bank what he wants for his household expenses, and what he does not need will rest in the bank. The amount left as deposit with the bank will be supplemented by an addition from the firm—we are favorably considering this—and this will give a man 5 per cent on his money left in the bank; so that, instead of the money lying at home earning no interest, by adopt ing this system it will earn interest. Further than that, the tendency will be always to leave a little more each week in the bank; and I feel confident that if we can get this system universally adopted it will not only raise the workingman’s position, but add to his dignity, because, instead of crowding around a little pay office, he will be led to become a saver, having money to invest in the business he is engaged in or other businesses. Wages and Labor Conditions in Argentina. Shipyards . 1 T the end of 1918 the Department of Labor completed an investi gation of wages and hours of labor in the shipyards of Buenos Aires. I t was found that this industry had largely increased as a result of the war. The work was mainly in the repair of old ships; but notwithstanding the difficulties presented it has been possible to construct new ships of 1,000 tons burden. This prosperity has been reflected in an increase in wages. The average daily wages in 12 shipyards, not including extra earnings for overtime, holiday, night, and Sunday work for 2,022 persons employed was $6.22 Argentina money.2 In all but one yard eight hours constituted, a day’s work. In the yard excepted work was paid for by the hour, and a day’s work was fixed at nine hours. Sunday work and overtime was paid at the rate of double time. The report states that the increase in wages since the war began is equal to 70 per cent. The usual working hours are from 7 to 11 a. m. and 1 to 5 p. m. There has been no unemployment reported in this branch of industry. The Federation of Naval Construction Workers, organized April 20, 1917, consists of six unions, as follows: Boiler makers, scrapers, naval metal workers, painters and shipyard laborers, calkers, and carpenters and sailmakers. 1 Cronica Mensual del Departamento Nacional del Trabajo, Buenos Aires, January, 1919. 2 All money values herein quoted are in Argentina money; the report does not state whether nacional (currency) or oro (gold). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [161] 162 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The average daily wages of skilled and ordinary laborers in these various branches are reported as follows: AVERAGE WAGES OF SHIPYARD EM PLOYEES, BUENOS AIRES, 1918. Average daily wage of— Occupation. F itters........................ Masons........................ Sawyers...................... Calkers........................ Boiler makers 2.......... Carpenters.................. Coppersmiths............ Forgers....................... Holders...................... Average daily wage of— Occupation. Partly Ordi ApSkilled skilled nary pren labor. labor. labor. tices. $7.12 5.89 8.00 9.00 7.78 8.09 8.36 7.57 7.23 i Helpers. $6.25 $5.50 5.00 4.50 M.50 6.48 5.64 5.15 4.83 6.00 4. 97 6.50 5.78 5.87 4. 86 2 Helpers, $5.23. $1.50 3.00 1.00 2.50 2.30 (3> Partly Ordi Ap Skilled skilled nary pren labor. labor. labor. tices. Blacksmiths............... $5.93 6. 08 6.00 Machinists.................. <8.15 Painters...................... 6.01 Plum bers................... 8.00 Autogenous welders.. 11.00 Turners, wood........... 8.00 6.40 3 Helpers, $5.30. $5.57 6.50 $4. 88 i 3.00 i 5.50 i 5.50 7.00 * Helpers, $2.00 1.90 $5.75. The average wages of supervisors vary from $17.67 per day for boiler makers and $12.75 for machinists to $7 for painters. Among the 2,022 employees for whom the average wages have been deter mined there were 615 persons classed as ordinary laborers and 72 as apprentices. Sailmakers earned $5.94 per day, pattern makers $7.83, and common shipyard laborers $5.38. In 15 other classes of establishments in Buenos Aires the number of employees increased from 50,094 in 1917 to 53,724 in February, 1918, while the number of persons employed on tramways decreased from 5,521 to 5,437 during this period.1 Wages of Municipal Employees. The budget for the Federal capital provides:2 “ All municipal employees, whether males or females, over 17 years of age, who receive no other remuneration, rent or food, and have no other paid occupation, shall be paid from January 1 , 1919, a minimum wage of $4 per day or $100 per month. ” Further data relative to wages in 1917 collected by the department show that the average wTages of all employees (53,546) in the various industries in Buenos Aires were as follows: Men (32,583), $3.70 per day; men (9,809), $101.56 per month; women (7,638), $2.26 per day; women (3,516), $70.44 per month; and the average hours worked per day 8 hours and 46 minutes.3 1 Cronica Mensual del DepartamentQ National del Trabajo, Buenos Aires, December, 1918. 2 Idem, January, 1919. 3 Idem, February, 1919. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [162] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 183 Employment of Minors.1 The employment of minors under 16 years of age was greater in 1918 than in any other period since the regulating of such employ ment became effective. There were 5,586 minors under 16 employed in 1914; 4,093 in 1915; 5,215 in 1916; 6,625 in 1917; and 9,767 in 1918. The report says the increase shown may he due to an improved inspection service, a greater degree of employment of minors, and the premature closing of the schools in 1918 as a result of the epidemic of influenza. The employment of minors reached its maximum during the months in which the schools were closed. In November, 1918, 1,263 minors obtained permits to work; and in December, 1,931 per mits v/ere issued. During the other months the number varied from 515 in June to 818 in January. Strikes and Labor Disputes .1 The effects of the maritime strike became so serious that the executive department issued a decree on February 22, 1919, which authorized the Minister of Public Works and the Minister of Marine to supply through the general office of hydraulic works and the pre fecture of ports, to all interested parties who may demand them, laborers necessary to man coastwise ships, launches, and tugboats, and laborers for ballasting and handling cargoes. Wages, salaries, hours, and extra remunerations for all classes of laborers so furnished are to be the same as is paid like labor by the hydraulic department and the port administration. All efforts of the national department of labor to have the dispute submitted to arbitration have been fruitless. This strike followed a demand for an increase of wages; an eighthour day, both at sea and in port; better hygienic conditions; extra pay for overtime and all recognized holidays; monthly pay days between the first and tenth of the month, and, in port, payment at least 48 hours before the vessel’s departure, of wages due at the time; and that no member of the crew shall be required to do any work other than that for which he was specifically employed.2 Industrial Accidents . 3 During the year 1918 there was deposited in the national accident fund $807,024.88 as compensation for industrial accidents, excluding temporary accident compensation paid directly to the injured employee. Of this total, $20,068.94 was for 7 cases of total permanent incapacity, $371,516.55 for 541 cases of partial permanent inca pacity, and $415,439.39 for accidents resulting in the death of 123 employees. 1 Cronica Mensual del Departamento Nacional del Trabajo, Buenos Aires, February, 1919. 2 Idem, December, 1919. 3 Idem, February, 1919. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [163] 164 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. The average compensation in cases of death was $3,377, for total permanent incapacity $2,867, and for partial permanent incapacity $ 686 . The amounts deposited with the fund for the three years of the operation of the law, 1916, 1917, and 1918, were $282,771, $416,339, and $807,024, respectively; and the total number of accidents re ported in the respective years were 103, 246 and 671. -------------------- Eight-hour day in Metal and Mining Industries in France.1 i R EPRESENTATIVES of the metallurgical, mining, mechanical construction, electrical and manufacturing employers’ union, and of the F ederation of Metal W orkers of F ranee have agreed upon the following articles : There shall be an eight-hour day in all of these indus tries. The employees will adapt themselves to the modem develop ment in machinery and to reasonable methods of work in order that production may early resume its former status and attain the propor tions necessary to the general welfare. The employers recognize that in order to maintain and develop production it is expedient to establish piece rates, premiums, and bonuses, and they agree to guarantee a wage based upon production under normal conditions; and if, by reason of the activity and efforts of the employees, pro duction exceeds this base, the employees are assured that their in tensified production shall not be considered as a reason for a reduc tion of wages. The reduction of the hours of labor to eight per day shall not work a decrease in wages. Employees working by the hour shall have compensating increase of hour rates, but changes in piece rates shall be demanded only when such rates, without change in equipment, do not afford, with normal effort, an opportunity to earn the usual wages. Foreign workmen having equal occupational skill as French workmen may be employed when industrial condi tions demand it and shall receive equal wages and remunerations. The provision regarding the eight-hour day becomes effective June 1, 1919, in mechanical construction, metallurgy, naval, electrical, and manufacturing establishments. In establishments where opera tion is continuous, however, and in which special difficulties are en countered in increasing the personnel and in changing machinery, the eight-hour day shall not be established until six months after the signing of the peace treaty. In order to meet these conditions the two organizations agree to make in common the necessary investiga tions relative to improvement in machinery, recruiting of labor, and needed changes in methods and operations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 La République Française, Paris, Apr. 19,1919. 1164] MINIMUM WAGE. Minimum Wage in the Printing Trades in the District of Columbia. N the May, issue of the (pp. IWage 219), an account was given of the formation of the Minimum Board of the District of Columbia, its creation of a conference 1919, M o n t h l y L abo r R e v ie w 216- to consider wages for women in the printing trades, and the recom mendation of this conference that $15.50 per week should be accepted as the minimum for women experienced in the work, with lower rates for learners. As required by law, the Minimum Wage Board an nounced a public hearing upon this recommendation, at which any one wishing to protest would have full opportunity. The hearing was held June 13, 1919, and on the whole, very little opposition to the rate was manifested. Several employers urged, however, that temporary exceptions ought to be made in the case of firms working on contracts which had been figured on the basis of the wages hitherto prevailing. “ One company was cited as very likely to lose $20,000 on its contract, which has two years yet to run, to print a magazine for a well-known national society.” The members of the board were unwilling to make exceptions, be cause of the confusion which would be thus created, and the conse quent difficulty of enforcing the law. They suggested that the holders of such contracts would undoubtedly consent to a modifica tion of terms in view of the different situation brought about by the wage award. After full discussion the recommendations of the conference were confirmed without making any exceptions, in the following order, dated June 13, 1919:1 T o ivhom i t m a y concern: T a k e N o t ic e .—That pursuant to and by virtue of the authority vested in it by act of Congress (Public, No. 215, 65th Cong.) and after public hearing duly held in Washington, D. C., on Friday, June 13, 1919, The Minimum Wage Board of the District of Columbia does hereby order that— 1. No person, firm, association, or corporation shall employ an experienced female, irrespective of age, in the printing, publishing, or allied industries at a weekly wage of less than $15.50, any lesser wage being hereby declared inadequate to supply the necessary cost of living to female workers in such industries and to maintain them in health and to protect their morals. 1M. W. B. Order No. 2, Printing, publishing, and allied industries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [165] 165 166 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 2. The term “ experienced female,” as used in this order, means one who has been employed in these industries one year or more. 3. The weekly wage for learners may be less than the wage for experienced workers provided that: (a) Learners shall he paid a weekly wage of not less than $8 for the first three months of employment, of not less than $9 for the second three months of employment, of not less than $11 for the third three months of employment, of not less than $12 for the following three months of employment, and thereafter shall be considered experi enced workers, and shall be paid not less than the minimum wage prescribed for experienced workers. (b ) All learners shall be registered with the board not later than three days from the date their employment begins and it shall be the duty of the employer to require a certificate of such registration and the learner shall apply in person to the board for such certificate. Pending the receipt of this certificate the learner shall be paid not less than the minimum rate for the wage group in which she belongs. 4. The total number of female learners in any establishment shall not exceed one to every four experienced females employed, provided that in establishments where less than four females are employed one learner’s certificate of Registration shall be valid. It is further provided that if, after making reasonable efforts, an employer is unable to secure all the experienced workers needed, he may, after first notifying the Minimum Wage Board, employ such inexperienced females as may be necessary, provided that within two days thereafter he file with the board a written statement showing the efforts made by him to obtain experienced workers, the reasons for his inability to do so and a record giving the name, residence, length of experience in this kind of work and wage of each inexperienced female so employed. 5. All females now employed in the printing, publishing, and allied industries shall be rated and paid in accordance with their period of employment at not less than the rates specified for such period in section 3a. 6. A license may be issued by the board to a woman whose earning capacity has been impaired by age or otherwise authorizing her employment at a rate less than the minimum, such special rate to be fixed by the board. 7. The board shall have jurisdiction over all questions arising as to the adminis tration and interpretation of this order. 8. The term “ printing, publishing, and allied industries” shall include printing, publishing, bookbinding, engraving, lithographing, multigraphing, duplicating, addressographing, and similar processes connected with these industries. This order shall become effective 60 days from date hereof, to wit, August 13, 1919. In accordance with sections 12 and 18 of the District of Columbia minimum wage law (Public, No. 215, 65th Cong.) after this order becomes effective it shall be unlawful for any employer affected hereby to fail to observe and comply herewith, and any person who violates this order shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100, or by imprisonment for not less than 10 days nor more than three months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Minimum Wage B oard op the D istrict op Columbia. N otice.— Your attention is respectfully called to section 12, Public, No. 215, Sixtyfifth Congress, which provides that every employer affected by this order shall keep a copy posted in a conspicuous place in each room in his establishment in which female workers are employed. To facilitate the enforcement of the law, the Minimum Wage Board prescribes the keeping of certain records, as set forth in the following order, dated June 13, 1919:1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1M. W. B. Order No. 1, employer’s record. [166] 167 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. T o w h o m i t m a y concern: T a k e N o t ic e .—That pursuant to the authority in it vested by act of Congress (Public, No. 215, 65th Cong.) and in accordance with the determination by it to-day duly made and rendered, The Minimum Wage Board of the District of Columbia does hereby order that— Every person, firm, association, or corporation who employs women or minors within the District of Columbia shall keep a record containing the following infor mation concerning each such employee: 1. Name (in full, with designation Miss or Mrs.). 2. Address. 3. Age: Adult or minor (if minor, give exact age). 4. Date at which employed. 5. Wage at which first employed. 6. Hours worked per day and per week. 7. Length of experience in present kind of work. This order shall become effective August 1, 1919. In accordance with sections 12 and 18 of the District of Columbia minimum wage law (Public, No. 215, 65th Cong.) after this order becomes effective, it shall be unlawful for any employer affected hereby to fail to observe and comply herewith, and any person who violates this order shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100, or by imprisonment for not less than 10 days nor more than 3 months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. M in im u m W a g e B o a r d op t h e D is t r ic t of C o l u m b ia . N o t ic e .—The term “ woman” includes only a woman of 18 years of age or over; the term “ m in o rm e a n s a person of either sex under the age of 18 years (sec. 1, Public, No. 215, 65th Cong.). At present a conference appointed by the Minimum Wage Board is working upon the question of a minimum wage for women in retail stores. Its report, with recommendations, is expected within a few weeks. Apart from this, the board is carrying on an investi gation into wages in hotels and restaurants, with a view to appoint ing a committee to determine a minimum wage for such work should prevailing rates be found low. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [167] WOMEN IN INDUSTRY. Model Contract of Employment for Domestic Service in Berlin. NE of the first legislative acts of the new Government in Germany O was the abrogation of the existing oppressive laws regulating domestic service. The abolition of these special laws has made it necessary to find something to fill the gap. In Berlin, in connection with the municipal employment exchange, a board (Euratorium) has been established, consisting of representatives of housewives’ and domestic servants’ associations. This board has drawn up a model form of domestic service contract to be signed by both parties before an engagement is concluded.1 The following are the chief points in the model: It states exactly the kind of work to be done, the number of per sons in the household, the number of rooms, and the number of floors in the house, and provides that remuneration will include lodging, adequate board, and a monthly wage of ----- - marks, to be paid on the last day of each month. (For a beginner a minimum wage of 15 marks ($3.57) per month plus 5 marks ($1.19) high-cost-of-living bonus is proposed. The domestic servant must be registered with the proper local sick fund and the legal deductions must be made from the pay for invalidity and sickness insurance.) The contract specifies in detail whether washing, carpet beating, coal carrying, window washing, floor polishing, etc., is to be done. Information as to the servant’s household experience and education and training is asked. The door of the room assigned to the servant must be provided with a lock and key, and the room must have a bed for his or her exclusive use, a window opening into the outer air, a wardrobe, washing appliances, and a towel. There must also be means for heating the room. Where heat can not be provided during the present period of transition, another heated room must be available for the servant during his or her spare time. Where there is a bathroom in the house, the servants must be per mitted to use it or else they must be granted time and money to have one bath per week outside. i Soziale Praxis und Archiv für Volkswohlfahrt, vol. 28, No. 20. Berlin, Feb. 13, 1919, pp. 330 ff. 168 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 168] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 169 The daily period during which, the servant must be at call shall be as a rule 13 hours, of which 2 hours shall be free for meals and other purposes. After 7 p. m. the servant shall only be liable to perform current work such as getting supper, preparing bedrooms, opening the door, etc. Washing, ironing, scouring, etc., are not to be under taken after that time. Any work done after 8 p. ni. on account of visitors or parties must be paid for extra, the overtime rate to be 50 pfennigs (11.9 cents) an hour for work done up to 10 p. m., and 75 pfennigs (17.9 cents) per hour for work done after 10 p. m. In case of sudden cases of illness of a noninfectious nature in the household the servant must be ready to perform work outside of the regular working hours. The servant may, however, decline to care for and attend a person afflicted with an infectious disease and to clean the utensils required for his care. The servant shall be given leave every other Sunday after 3 p. m., and each week one free afternoon of at least 4 hours after 4 p. m. shall be allowed. The servant shall not leave the house without notifying the em ployer. Girls under 18 years of age must return on week days not later than 10 p. m. and Sundays on which they have leave at a time to be agreed on. For adults, the hours of return on week days is left to agreement with the employer. No deductions shall be made for household utensils accidentally broken. After one year’s service the servant shall be entitled to at least one week’s leave with full pay and suitable allowance for board. This leave is to increase by one week for every two years’ additional service up to a maximum of three weeks. Two weeks’ notice shall be given on leaving the service or on discharge. Instead of the service pass book hitherto prescribed testimonials are to be produced by the servant if required to do so. These shall be returned when the servant begins work. If disputes arise while the contract is in force, they are to be settled by an arbitration board consisting of an equal number of representa tives of housewives and servants. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1691 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE. Occupational Diseases in Pennsylvania.1 By A l ic e H a m il t o n , M. D. ENNSYLVANIA is probably the most important industrial State in the Union. Certainly to the student of occupational diseases it P is much the most important, for no other State has so wide a variety of those industrial processes which carry with them danger to the workers either because of poison in the form of fumes, liquids, or dusts, or because of mechanically irritating dusts which injure the throat and lungs. I t would be impossible to describe in detail all the dangerous trades of Pennsylvania, impossible to more than mention those which are not classed as dangerous but which are known to have a sickness rate higher than the average for industry. Lead poisoning usually comes first in order, since it is considered by far the most important of the industrial poisons. Lead Poisoning. A great deal of lead work is done in Pennsylvania. In the Pitts burg region much molten lead is used in making machine parts and castings, plumbers’goods, in tempering steel, and in manufacturing lead pipe, sheet lead, and wire; lead compounds are used in enameling sanitary ware and in grinding paint; white lead is corroded and oxides are roasted. The Philadelphia region has large white-lead works and oxide roasters, and paint factories. Lead oxides are used in large quantities in the manufacture of storage batteries in Philadelphia, and the shipyards use great quantities of white lead and red lead paint. In several parts of the State tile works use a lead glaze, and there are many brass foundries and factories in which lead poisoning occurs because of the presence of lead as an impurity in the brass. There are also factories in which molten lead is used— type metal, solder, babbitt. Rubber works use lead salts in com pounding, and small refineries work up lead scrap, dross, and lead refuse of all kinds. No figures are available in Pennsylvania, or for that matter in any State, to show how much lead poisoning occurs in any of these industries. Studies made for the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics 1F rom the report of the Health Insurance Commission of the General Assembly of th e Common wealth ot Pennsylvania, January, 1919. 317 typewritten pages. 170 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1701 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 171 have provided us with information concerning the chief lead indus tries throughout the country, and at the time the studies were made the Pennsylvania plants did not differ in any important respect from those in the other States included in the investigations, nor was there any reason to suppose that there was less lead poisoning in them than in those of other States. The publications of the bureau show that in 1910-11 the white-lead industry had a rate of about 18 per cent yearly of lead poisoning. In enameling sanitary ware the yearly rate in 1911 was 21.4 per cent, and in glazing tiles the rate during the same year was 13.9 per cent. In the smelting and refining of lead there was a little over 22 per cent of lead poisoning in 1912. Making storage batteries caused lead poisoning in almost 18 per cent of all those employed in 1913. Since these figures were compiled certain of the lead industries in Pennsylvania, notably the making of white lead and of lead oxides and the making of storage batteries, have improved greatly and now undoubtedly have a much lower rate of poisoning. Not so much improvement has taken place in other lead trades; indeed it is doubtful whether there is much less plumbism in the smaller refineries and in the establishments using solder and casting lead than there was before general attention was called to this kind of danger to workmen. The notoriously dangerous lead trades have been made much safer, the less dangerous ones have hardly changed at all, and hospital records that used to carry many cases from white-lead works and storage-battery works get the greater number of their cases from among solderers, lead burners, type founders, and makers of tin cans. Printers and painters are too numerous for any complete investi gation concerning their rate of lead poisoning. Both are notoriously unhealthy lead trades, the latter much more so than the former. The printing trade has always had more than its share of ill health, but it is impossible to be sure just how much is due to the presence of lead and how much to the fact that it is an indoor trade involving little muscular effort and much nervous strain. In the course of an investigation made for the Bureau of Labor Statistics it was found that out of 200 working printers,, 100 in Chicago and 100 in Boston had 18 or 19 per cent lead poisoning. It is not clearly defined lead poisoning, however, that causes most of the ill health among printers, rather the lead acts in lowering the resistance to tuberculosis and in encouraging the progress of the so-called “ old age” or degenerative diseases, Bright’s, heart disease, and general arteriosclerosis. Of late years the printers have succeeded in lowering their tuberculosis rate and in adding to the average duration of life, but an increasingly large number are now suffering from old-age diseases during the middle years of life. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [171]' 172 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The most severe and crippling forms of lead poisoning are found among painters, for this is a skilled industry and men do not drop it easily even if they know it is ruining their health. The examination of 100 painters in Chicago in 1913 showed that not fewer than 59 of them were suffering from some form of plumbism. If the same pro portion holds good among the 14,000 journeymen painters in the State of Pennsylvania, there must be some 8,000 whose health is somewhat impaired as a result of their work. Lead-poisoned painters often have very serious forms of plumbism. Among 100 lead-poisoned painters in Chicago' there were 42 cases of palsy, 9 cases of brain disease, 11 cases of impaired sight, and 11 of general hardening of the arteries. Painters are exposed to other injurious substances besides lead, to the benzine or naphtha in quick-drying paints, to benzol in coal-tar paints, to turpentine, wood alcohol, carbon tetra chloride and to carbon monoxide gas which rises from the charcoal stoves placed in new buildings to dry out the walls. Painting in factories may be either much less dangerous than house and ship painting or rather more so. Instances of the safe branches are the painting of machinery and vehicles with leadless paints by dipping them into vats of paint. Instances of the dangerous forms are the painting and sandpapering of wheels and bodies of automobiles and carriages where a paint rich in lead is used. The most dangerous work for the journeyman painters is interior deco rating of houses, requiring many coats of white lead paint which must be sanded down, and ship painting where great quantities of white and red lead paints are used. Ship painting employs a large number of painters in Pennsylvania. From records of hospitals in Philadelphia and Pittsburg the following industries were shown to have caused lead poisoning severe enough to require hospital treatment. The well-known lead indus tries are not included here. Grinding lead enamel for sanitary ware. Sanitary ware enameling. Lead tempering. Lead casting. Sweeping up scrap and dross from lead casting. Unloading lead bullion from cars. Plumbing trade. Making lead stoppers and perforated filters for wasbstands. Pouring brass. Polishing brass. Making tinware. Soldering tincans. Chipping off old red lead paint. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [172] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 173 Carbon Monoxide. Carbon monoxide is probably the closest rival of lead as an occu pational poison. Carbon monoxide poisoning is yearly on the increase as the use of producer gas for heat and power increases and as the automobile industry increases. All incomplete combustion of gas is accompanied by the production of carbon monoxide, but the gas is found more especially in the steel foundries, in smelters, brick kilns, enameling furnaces, bakeries, laundries, and in coke by-products works. In testing automobiles many cases of carbon monoxide poisoning have occurred through the escape of exhaust gases, which are composed largely of this compound. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning is far from rare in the great steel mills of the Pittsburg region. It causes dizziness, weakness, confusion, or rapid loss of consciousness, which may end in death in a very short time. If the man recovers from an attack there may be a more or less permanent loss of memory and mental powers, or pneumonia may develop, which is very likely to be fatal. Cases of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning is found among steel workers and also among pressers in tailor shops and among tailors who work in the same room with them, among printers working in shops where gas is used to keep lead melted and there are no pipes to carry off the fumes, among bakers who are exposed to gas fumes, and among solderers of cans who use the heat of naked gas jets. This chronic poisoning causes an increasing anemia, with all its consequences, loss of nutrition, loss of strength, nervousness, indigestion, and a tendency to infectious disease, especially tuberculosis. Brass. The metallic poisons which are used in Pennsylvania industries are brass (an alloy of copper and zinc), mercury, arsenic, and antimony. Brass poisoning as often described is really lead poisoning, for brass polishers and buffers do not become poisoned by the solid brass; if they are poisoned it is from the lead so often present in the alloy. Keal brass poisoning is met with in brass founding or pouring, when the thick white fumes given off are allowed to escape and contaminate the air of the room. The sublimed zinc oxide is the element in these fumes that gives trouble, not any form of copper, and zinc smelters suffer from the same kind of symptoms as do zinc welders. Brass founders’ ague, as it is called, is not considered a serious affection by either physicians or the workmen themselves. I t resembles a short attack of chills and fever, but clears up rapidly. Nevertheless, brass workers do not have as good health as the average of men employed in manual work. Probably this is the result of exposure not only 122778°— 19----- 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [173] 174 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. to brass but to lead and sometimes arsenic, to heat, abrupt changes of temperature, heavy work, and to carbon monoxide from the furnaces. Mercury. Mercury is used chiefly in the making of felt hats, a fairly large industry in this State. The rabbit fur used for felting is treated with nitrate of mercury and all who handle it after this preliminary “ carrotting” are liable to mercurial poisoning. The felt hat industry is notoriously unhealthful all over the civilized world. In addition to the presence of so powerful a poison as mercury there is the irritating effect on the lungs of the particles of fur in the air, the atmosphere of steam in certain departments, and the wood alcohol used in shellacking the felt. This industry has more cases of industrial wood alcohol poisoning than has any other trade. Arsenic. Arsenic is present as an impurity in much iron, zinc, and lead ore and also in much of the muriatic and sulphuric acid used in industry. When such an acid is brought in contact with such a metal, arsenic in the form of arseniureted hydrogen is given off and poisons the work man. Lead burners become poisoned by the hydrogen which they use for their oxyhydrogen flame and which they make from muriatic acid and zinc and makers of toy balloons by the hydrogen used to fill the balloons. Such cases are seldom rightly diagnosed, for there is nothing in the industry to suggest arsenic to the physician. The making of arsenical insecticides is not carried on in Pennsylvania. Various Industrial Gases. Gaseous poisons less important than carbon monoxide are sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, ammonia, and ether. Sulphur dioxide is believed by many practical men to be devoid of real danger, yet it was one of the poisons that Germans selected for experiment when they inaugurated gas warfare. I t is given off chiefly in the making of sulphuric acid and in the making of carbolic acid, both of them carried on in this State. Chlorine is given off during the early stages of nitric acid manufacture. It is the gas that was used almost exclusively during the first year of gas warfare. Ammonia gas may cause so much irritation of the respiratory tract as to set up a fatal pneumonia. It is used in refrigerating plants and in the making of artificial ice, and to a less extent in making ammonium nitrate for the explosive industry. Nitrogen oxides are a danger wherever nitric acid is made or used. The manufacture of nitric acid has increased enormously since the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [174] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. i | ; j i 175 war and so has its use in the making of explosives, all of which are nitrated products. There is nothing in the making or use of nitric acid that requires the escape of nitrous fumes. On the contrary, every effort should be made to prevent their escape in the interests of economy as well as to protect the workmen. Of recent years the handling of this dangerous acid has greatly improved and there is much less “ fume poisoning” in nitric acid works and in the making of picric acid, nitro-cotton, trinitrotoluol, and celluloid than there was three years ago. Nevertheless it is impossible to prevent altogether the leaking of pipes or vats, for strong nitric acid is very corrosive, and there is still some poisoning from this gas among workers in Pennsylvania acid plants and in explosives manufacture. Coal Tar Products. Since the beginning of the war, when supplies from Germany were shut off, there has been a great increase in Pennsylvania of industries involving exposure to coal tar products. Formerly a certain amount of benzol was imported from Germany but it was costly and did not find extensive use. The petroleum derivatives, naphtha and benzine, were cheaper and more abundant and they were used largely in rubber manufacture, in making quick-drying paints, paint removers, varnishes, shellacs, and so on. Benzol is said to be a better solvent than naph tha, but it was too expensive. Since the war benzol has been manu factured on a large scale in this country and some of the largest plants are in Pennsylvania. This benzol is used not only for its solvent properties but as a starting point for the manufacture of anilin. The latter is then used to make anilin dyes and also in compounding rubber, making type roller cleaners, shoe polishes, and one of the high explosives, tetryl. Closely related to benzol is toluol, extracted from illuminating gas and latterly used in large quantities to make the charge for highexplosive shells—trinitrotoluol, commonly called TNT. Pennsyl vania has not only important plants for the nitration of toluol and the purification of crude TNT, but also at least one large shell-loading plant where the TNT is made into charges and loaded into shells, and also one in which detonators are made from TNT and tetrjd. Benzol and toluol and their derivatives are all poisons to the blood and to the nervous system, being absorbed largely through the skin. Benzol is the one most rapidly poisonous, a short exposure to heavy fumes being frequently fatal. Anilin is volatile and has a rapid effect but is not so serious a poison as TNT, which is more slowly absorbed, and for that very reason has a more profound effect, because it does not give prompt warning of danger as does anilin. Tetryl is, so far as is known, only slightly poisonous, producing an https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [175] 176 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. eruption on the skin which is distressing but not dangerous. Toluol is like benzol in its effects. The extraction of benzol from coal tar in Pennsylvania has been followed by several fatal cases of benzol poisoning. The substitution of benzol for naphtha and benzine means that work in rubber manufacture, in making and using shellacs and var nishes, using varnish removers and paint removers, using rubber cement for sealing cans, and dry cleaning and dyeing, are probably more dangerous occupations now than they used to be. Benzol is also used in another new industry, the manufacture of carbolic acid. Chronic benzol poisoning is not as yet very eas}r to recognize, but investigations now being made on the blood of benzol workers will probably make it easier to discover whether the ill health, the anemia, loss of strength, nervous symptoms, and sometimes gastric symptoms, found among those who work with benzol, are caused by the benzol or by other factors. Disease Caused by Physical Agents. There is a fairly full list of occupational poisons used in Pennsyl vania, but though they cause a good deal of industrial sickness they are not by any means so important as are certain other disease-pro ducing factors in the industry in this State. One of the most im portant, if not the most important industry in Pennsylvania, is the manufacture of steel. No thorough study has ever been made of the occupational diseases of Pennsylvania steel workers, but we know that there are many things about the making of steel which are harmful to health. Steel workers are exposed to poisoning not only by carbon monoxide but sometimes also by lead, arsenic, sulphureted hydrogen, and the cyanides. They must use great physical strength, and if the strain is too great for the heart there may be an acute dilatation which may be slow in recovery or may be permanent. Steel workers are also exposed to metallic dust and to sand, to great heat, to sudden changes of temperature, resulting in rheumatism, lumbago, or bronchitis; and to light of such character and intensity as to injure the eyes if they are not protected. To all these injurious features must be added the fatigue of the long workday and the seven-day week. Textile Industry. Another very important industry in Pennsylvania is the textile, which is regarded as unhealthful in all civilized countries. The bad features in the textiles trades are, first, the light fluffy dust of cotton, or wool, more rarely flax; the fatigue caused by the noise, jarring, and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1176] 177 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. monotonous work which yet demands constant attention; the heat and humidity. These, together with a rather low wage scale, are all factors that go to bring about an abnormally high rate of tuberculosis in the textile trades. The more immature the workers, the more tuberculosis, and the more fatiguing the work, the more tuberculosis. Many girls between the ages of 16 and 24 are employed in the mills in and around Philadelphia and it is just in this age group that the incidence of industrial tuberculosis is heaviest. Coal Mining. Another important industry in Pennsylvania is coal mining. Coal miners have a high accident rate and that fact affects their sickness rate. Accidents usually kill off or incapacitate men in the earlier age groups, the very groups in which tuberculosis is usually most preva lent. It is well known that coal miners do not have as much pul monary tuberculosis as does the population at large and because of this fact is a general impression that the coal mining industry is unusually healthful. Coal miners more than make up for their low tuberculosis rate by their high rate of deaths from other respiratory diseases. This is shown by a recent analysis made of the mortality of the two coal-mining cities of Scranton and Wilkes-Barre compared with the mortality for the whole State of Pennsylvania. The reason for the excessively high death rate from nontuberculous respiratory diseases is usually given as follows: Coal dust is not very irritating and does not cause the sort of injury to the lung tissue which is caused by steel or stone dust and which prepares the way for a tuberculous inflammation. The effect of coal dust is to cause a very slow hardening of the lung, which may produce no symptoms or may cause asthma. If, however, the miner contracts pneumonia, the hardened state of his lungs diminishes very much his chance of recovery. COMPARATIVE MORTALITY IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1911 TO 1915. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [Rate per 100,000 population.] Scranton. Cause of death. 79.9 16.0 261.2 153.5 11771 Wilkes- Remain der of Barre. State. 74.9 19.4 212.5 179.7 110.5 16.4 184.2 98.9 178 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Anthrax. Pennsylvania, having an important port of entry at Philadel phia, has had a comparatively large number of cases of that rather unusual industrial disease, anthrax or malignant pustule. Anthrax is caused by a very resistant bacillus which sets up a fatal disease in cattle. I t is especially in hides that are shipped to this country from abroad that this infection is found. Even careful disinfection before shipping is not always enough to kill the germ of anthrax, which may retain its vitality and weeks later infect the man who unloads the hides or sorts them or carries them through the processes of washing and tanning. Between January 1, 1913, and January 1, 1916, there were 49 cases of anthrax in Pennsylvania, eight of them women. Seven of the 27 cases reported during the first half of this period are known to have been fatal. Out of 132 deaths from anthrax reported throughout the registration area of the United States in a period of five years, 1910-1915, 13 occurred in Pennsylvania. The women who contracted anthrax were sorting hair and twisting hair or were working in tanneries; the men had occupations of great variety. They were hide and skin workers, wool and hair workers, longshoremen unloading hides, laborers in tanneries, and there was one representative of each of the following occupations: Inspecting raw stock, sorting raw hides, fixing a haircloth loom, handling dirty rags for shoddy, handling hoofs in a glue factory, examining haircloth, making brushes, working in a livery stable. In addition there were two babies, one the child of a tanner, the other the child of a coal miner, apparently infected from some unknown source. Conclusions. There is no compensation for occupational disease in Pennsylvania. In this respect some States are more fortunate, but it would be a greatmistake to think that the passage of the law providing compensation for occupational diseases would do away with the poverty th at is really attributable to sickness set up by or increased by the workers’ occupation. I t is true that we are learning each year more about the action of various poisons on the human body and also about such indirect factors in the cause of disease as fatigue, heat, and humidity. Nevertheless we can connect occupational disease only in a small number of cases with that degree of positiveness that would be required under the law. I t is only when the disease is caused by a poison whose symptoms are unmistakable or by acute infection with a germ that can be identified, or when it is caused by some physical agent, such as excessive heat or the pressure of air in a caisson, that we can actually prove the occupation to be responsible. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [178] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 179 Nobody has any difficulty in deciding that lead colic or lead con vulsions in a white-lead worker should be charged up to his occupa tion, but it is a very different thing to prove that a general hardening of the arteries, with Bright’s disease and perhaps softening of the brain, in a lead caster who has never had lead colic, is caused by his occupation. Always there is far more doubt about the occupational actor when the poisoning is chronic than when it is acute, and yet industrial poisoning is typically chronic, exceptionally acute. There have been some very startling cases of acute benzol poisoning in Pennsylvania that attracted attention, were investigated by the State authorities, and were made the ground for orders tending to prevent such accidents in the future. But for every case of that kind there are probably twenty or more of slow, chronic poisoning with benzol in rubber works, in canneries, in straw hat manufacture, when rosin in benzol is used for sealing cans, and in cleaning and drying. In the great rolling mills around Pittsburg, every now and then a foundryman is overcome with the fumes of carbon monoxide, rendered un conscious, perhaps, and on recovery of his senses he is confused and mentally unsound for some time, or he contracts pneumonia within a short time. Such a case is undoubtedly occupational, and nobody thinks of questioning it. But for every case of so-called “ gassing” in the mills there are probably a hundred cases of anemia and mal nutrition and neurasthenic troubles among pressers in tailor shops, bakers, metal casters, linotypists, and electrotypers, all of whom work day after day in air slightly contaminated by the fumes of carbon monoxide from naked gas burners. So, also, a case of anthrax in a tannery worker, which develops into fatal blood poisoning, is recog nized as occupational, but tuberculosis developing slowly in a sand blaster of sanitary ware is not so recognized. Many other instances could be cited to show that while acute industrial poisoning can be readily recognized, chronic poisoning constitutes a much harder problem, but even more difficult is the problem when we try to trace the connection between occupation and disease in those trades where dust is the danger, dust that is not poisonous or perhaps only slightly so. Felt hat makers have a high tuberculosis rate, and the injurious effect of the fine particles of fur in the air they breathe is doubtless increased by the presence of the mercurial salt with which the fur has been treated, but if a hat maker shows no symptom of mercurial poisoning, only of con sumption, it is not easy to prove that he contracted the disease in the course of his work. The same difficulty is seen in occupations where metallic lead dust is present. We know that lead poisoning and tuberculosis go hand in hand, and that a lead trade in which men remain for many years always has a high tuberculosis rate, but if a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U 79] 180 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. consumptive printer does not give a history of lead colic, how are we to prove that his occupation has brought on his disease. The dusty trades, undoubtedly responsible for more disease than any other class of occupations, because they employ so many more people than do the notoriously dangerous trades, are not adequately covered in any State by the laws designed to prevent disease or to compensate workmen suffering from disease contracted in the line of his work, for the reason that it is extremely difficult to prove the responsibility of the occupation. The dust that causes the harm is not the coarse, heavy dust that is easily seen and that the factory inspector can insist on having done away with. Such dust can not reach the lungs and injure them. I t is the fine, almost invisible particles that do the real harm, because they pass in with the breath and are carried down to the lungs. The commonest form of injury caused by dust is a slowly developing fibrous change in the lungs, which may become the seat of tuberculosis if anything happens to lower the worker’s vitality, or which may prevent his recovery if he contracts pneumonia. Obviously, no matter how positive we may feel that such results can follow long exposure to fine atmos pheric dust, we shall always find it difficult to prove that any individual case of consumption or of death from pneumonia was caused by a dusty occupation. This means that no law, no matter how wide its application, will ever cover all cases of occupational disease. Government Regulations to Prevent Danger of Anthrax. NE of the chief dangers to workmen in the handling of hides, skins, hair, wool, etc., is anthrax infection which may result O from contact with any one of these animal by-products. Anthrax has been recognized as an occupational disease which in recent years has claimed a goodly number of victims in this country. To be inoculated with the anthrax infection does not necessarily mean death, but the consequences of such inoculation are so serious that protective measures have come to be regarded as highly desirable. To this end a study was made by a special departmental committee in England to determine the extent of the anthrax menace and to devise some effective method of disinfection that would render the hides and other animal by-products free from the deadly spores. The committee recommended a method of disinfection which was noted in the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for August, 1918 (pp. 205-208). In our own country the Department of Agriculture and the Treas ury Department have given attention to the matter, and on October https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ISO] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 181 15, 1917, issued a joint order (No. 2), effective January 1, 1918, giving regulations governing the sanitary handling and control of hides, sheepskins, goatskins and parts thereof, hair, wool, and other animal by-products offered for entry into the United States. Regula tions I, II, and V, relating to hides and skins, and wool and hair, are as follows: Regulation I. Rides and skins. S e c t io n 1. All hides of neat cattle, calfskins, buffalo hides, sheepskins, goatskins, and deerskins offered for entry into the United States (except abattoir and hard, sun-dried hides and skins as hereinafter provided for), may be imported from any country maintaining an efficient veterinary inspection system, when accompanied by a certificate signed by an official veterinary inspector of such country, or, in the absence of such official veterinary inspector, by a United States consular officer, stating that anthrax is not prevalent and that neither foot-and-mouth disease nor rinderpest exists in the locality in which the hides or skins originated. Those articles may also be imported from any country which does not maintain an official veterinary inspection system when accompanied by a United States consular certificate stating that anthrax is not prevalent, and that neither foot-and-mouth disease nor rinderpest exists in the locality in which the hides or skins originated. In lieu of a certificate showing the nonprevalence of anthrax and the nonexistence of foot-and-mouth dis ease and rinderpest, a certificate signed by one of the aforementioned officials stating that the hides of skins have been disinfected under his supervision by any of the methods approved or which may hereafter be approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, will be accepted. S e c . 2. All hides or skins offered for entry into the United States (except abattoir and hard, sun-dried hides and skins as hereinafter provided for) which are not accom panied by any of the certificates prescribed in section 1 of this regulation, or which are accompanied by certificates which do not comply with the requirements or pur poses of these regulations, may be imported from any country upon the conditions that they will be consigned from port of entry to an establishment having proper facilities for their sanitary control and disinfection; that they will move from port of entry to the establishment in cars or approved containers, sealed either with cus toms seals or seals of the Department of Agriculture; that they will be handled at port of entry and en route to such establishment in accordance with, the provisions of these regulations, and that they will be disinfected by one of the methods ap proved, or which may hereafter be approved, by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Seals of the Department of Agriculture shall be affixed to said cars and containers only by inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry, or by customs officers, and may be broken only by inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry, by customs officers, or by other persons authorized so to do by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Customs seals shall in no case be broken except by customs officers. Regulation II. Hard, sun-dried hides and skins, and abattoir hides and skins. S e c t io n 1. Hard, sun-dried hides and skins may be imported without disinfection if certified as required in section 1 of Regulation I to be from a locality where anthrax is not prevalent, if the bales or hides are distinctly marked for identification, each shipment showing invoice number, names and addresses of consignee and consignor, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1811 182 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. as such hard, sun-dried hides and skins so certified showing freedom from anthrax can he considered as having heen disinfected by the process of curing and need not be submitted to any further treatment. Hard, sun-dried hides or skins may be im ported without being certified to be from a locality where anthrax is not prevalent, upon the conditions prescribed in section 2, Regulation I, for the importation of uncertified hides and skins. S e c . 2. Abattoir hides and skins taken from animals slaughtered in Sweden, Nor way, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela when accompanied by a certificate of an official veterinarian of the country where such animals were slaughtered, showing that such hides or skins were taken from animals free from disease at the time of slaughter, may be imported into the United States without disinfection. Abattoir hides and. skins from the countries specified which are uncertified, and abattoir hides and skins from countries other than those specified, may be imported subject to the requirements of Regulation I. Regulation Y, Wool and Hair. S e c t io n 1 . Raw wool or hair clipped from healthy live animals, scoured wool and hair, and noils of wool and hair which have been properly scoured may be imported without disinfection or certification. S e c . 2. Picked or pulled wool or hair, when accompanied by an affidavit of the exporter designating the bales or packages thereof by their markings, indicating the consignor, consignee, and number of the invoice, and stating that all the wool or hair contained in the bales or packages came from animals free from anthrax, may be imported upon the conditions that the consignee or owner of the wool or hair, or his agent, files a satisfactory bond or agreement assuring proper facilities of disinfection at the establishment to which the shipment is consigned and that such wool or hair will be disinfected by proper exposure to a temperature of not less than 165° F. prior to any transfer or reshipment from such establishment. If such wool or hair is unac companied by the above-mentioned affidavit it may be imported upon condition that the consignee or owner thereof or his agent files a satisfactory bond or agreement assuring proper facilities for disinfection at the establishment to which the shipment is consigned and that all of such wool or hair will be disinfected by proper exposure to a temperature of not less than 200° F. for at least 15 minutes prior to any transfer or reshipment from such establishment. S e c . 3. Importation of abattoir pulled wool will be permitted without restrictions from any country maintaining an efficient veterinary inspection system, when accom panied by a certificate signed by an official veterinary inspector of such country, or, in the absence of such official veterinary inspector, by a certificate of a United States consular officer of the locality from which shipped to the effect that said wool was procured from sheep slaughtered therein and passed under Government inspection, and that in the process of wet pulling and drying it has been subjected to a tempera ture of not less than 165° F. Such certificate shall indicate the number of bales, marks, names, and addresses of consignor and consignee, locality of origin, date of shipment, invoice number, and transporting vessel, and shall also show that the con signment consists of abattoir pulled wool which, in the process of wet pulling and drying, has been subjected to a temperature of 165° F. S e c . 4. Wool or hair not otherwise provided for in these regulations, or not com plying with the provisions thereof, may be imported upon the conditions that such articles be shipped from port of entry to destination in cars or satisfactory containers, sealed in the manner prescribed in section 2 of Regulation I; that the destination be https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [1 8 2 J M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 183 a factory or establishment having satisfactory facilities for disinfecting the same, and that they will there be disinfected by proper exposure to a temperature of not less than 200° F. for at least 15 minutes, or in such manner as may be directed by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, prior to any transfer or reshipment there from. Such wool or hair may be stored in bond at the port of entry, subject to ship ment and disinfection, as herein provided, on being released from bond. The con signee, owner, or his agent will be required to fde a satisfactory bond or agreement to fulfdl all requirements as to shipment and disinfection. Under Regulation X the articles required to be disinfected shall be subjected to disinfection by methods found satisfactory and approved from time to time by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture. Such methods were prescribed in Order No. 256, issued by the bureau on December 14, 1917, effective January 1, 1918. So much of this order as refers to the disinfection of hides and skins is quoted in full: 7. Disinfection of Hides and Skins prior to Shipment. Hides and skins disinfected prior to shipment as provided by Regulation I, section 1 of said joint order No. 2, must be disinfected by one of the following methods: (a) By immersion for not less than 24 hours in a 1 to 1,000 bichlorid of mercury solution. (b) By immersion for not less than 20 hours in a solution containing 2 per cent absolute hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chlorid) and 10 per cent sodium chlorid. (c) By immersion for not less than 40 hours in a solution containing 1 per cent absolute hydrochlorid acid (hydrogen chlorid) and 10 per cent sodium chlorid. (d) By immersion for not less than 24 hours in a solution containing 1 per cent formic acid and mercuric chlorid in the proportion of 1 part to 2,500 parts of the solu tion. Hides or skins treated by this process shall be held for two weeks following the treatment before neutralization. (e) _By dehairing and pickling in a solution of salt containing a definite percentage of mineral acid and packing in barrels or casks while still wet with such solution, provided the hides or skins are not neutralized within 30 days after being so packed. II. Disinfection of Hides and Skins After Arrival in the United States. Hides and skins required by regulation I, section 2, and regulation II of said Joint Order No. 2 to be disinfected on arrival at a United States port of entry shall be moved to an approved warehouse at such port or in sealed cars or containers to an establish ment having proper facilities for their sanitary control and disinfection. They shall be stored and handled prior to disinfection in compartments set aside for that purpose, and all hides and skins stored or handled in such compartments shall be treated in accordance with the following rules: 1. All dust, litter, or waste arising from sorting, cutting, handling, or moving said hides or skins prior to soaking shall be burned or disinfected by exposure to a tempera ture of not less than 100° C. (212° F.) moist heat for not less than 15 minutes. 2. The hides and skins shall be subjected to disinfection by one of the following methods: (a) By immersion for not less than 20 hours in a solution containing 2 per cent abso lute hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chlorid) and 10 per cent sodium chlorid. (b) By immersion for not less than 40 hours in a solution containing 1 per cent absolute hydrochloric acid (hyrogen chlorid) and 10 per cent sodium chlorid. (c) By immersion for not less than 24 hours in a solution containing 1 per cent formic acid and mercuric chlorid in the proportion of 1 part to 2,500 parts of the solution. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [183] 184 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Hides or skins treated by this process shall be held for two weeks following the treat ment before neutralization. (d) By immersion for not less than 48 hours in a 1 to 1,000 bichlorid of mercury solution. . (e) By immersion for not less than 0 days in a 1 to 5,000 bichlorid of mercury solu tion, plus not less than 5 days in lime of the usual strength for dehairing. Or, in lieu of disinfection by one of the foregoing mentioned processes, the effluent shall be subjected to treatment by one of the following methods: (/) Heat the effluent from soak vats, mill drums, breaking machines or other similar equipment to a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.) and maintain at that tempera ture for at least one minute. . (i/) Treat the effluent from soak vats, mill drums, breaking machines, and other similar equipment with chlorin in such manner and in such amount (not less than 250 parts per million) as to secure efficient disinfection. . (ty Subject the effluent from soak vats, mill drums, breaking machines, and other similar equipment to filtration, the effluent from the filters to be treated with chlorin m sufficient amount and in such manner as to secure efficient disinfection: P rovided, how ever, That in this method of treatment the sludge which collects on the filters shall be subjected to disinfection by heating at a temperature of not less than 100° C. (212° F.) for not less than 15 minutes. . (0 Treat the effluent from soak vats, mill drums, breaking machines, and other similar equipment with 50 parts of chlorin per million parts of effluent and heat at not less than 80° C. (176° F.) for not less than 30 minutes. (j) I11 the case of sheepskins and goatskins, until further notice, by immersion for not less than 12 hours in a solution of milk of lime containing the equivalent of 5 per cent of calcium oxxd (CaO). Wisconsin Industrial Accident Rates, 1915-1917, Classified by Industry. "FN the October, 1918, issue o f the M o n t h l y L a b o r K e v i e w there were published data showing frequency and severity rates of in dustrial accidents in Wisconsin for the three-year period, 1915-1917, classified by cause of accident and nature of disability. These rates were based upon the estimated number of employees under the work men’s compensation act. The State industrial commission has re cently issued another table showing frequency and severity rates for these same accidents per $100,000 of pay roll, classified by industry and nature of disability. The following table is a summary of the one issued by the Wisconsin commission. The original table con tains 200 industrial classifications and also shows the pay-roll exposuie and the number of days lost for each industry. The severity rating schedule formulated by the committee on statistics and com pensation insurance cost of the International Association of Indus trial Accident Boards and Commissions was used in computing the time lost for fatal and permanent disability accidents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [184] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 185 WISCONSIN ACCIDENT RATES P E R $100,000 PAY ROLL FOR TH R E E-Y EA R PER IO D , 1915 TO 1917, CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRY. Number of compensable accidents. Industry. Tempo Perma rary dis nent dis ability ability. (over 1 week). Death. 22 6 11 6 46 10 112 8 Total. Rates per $100,000 pay roll. Fre quency. 70 361 1,158 404 530 10,591 1,649 7,935 L058 373 310 2,607 419 2,573 '188 59 15 4,773 2 , 0G5 '486 3,306 8.9 16.3 15.0 7.8 7.8 227 59 23 139 333 1,099 353 488 9,830 1,508 7' 268 '960 347 281 2,498 402 2,427 165 54 13 4,453 l ' 979 458 3,157 497 i 2,410 38,073 40,980 6.9 33 26 40 36 715 131 90 23 24 142 16 117 3 5 27 1 1 3 1 29 22 2 1 93 27 Severity (days lost). 1,560 3'730 4,380 l ' 200 '720 620 2,180 '500 980 930 1,450 130 905 340 6.0 12.6 4.4 7.8 5.5 11.6 2.1 7.4 2.4 2.7 7.2 1,000 3' 100 2 ,400 12.0 1.6 4.1 6.8 220 550 1,350 995 1 Includes 22 permanent total disability cases. One important fact brought out in the above table is the relatively high rates for agriculture, ranking sixth both as regards frequency and severity. Under the circumstances the almost universal exclu sion of agricultural labor on the ground of the nonhazardous char acter of the work would hardly seem to be justifiable. The industrial commission also issued a table showing the healing period of permanent injuries sustained during the year ending June 30, 1918. A summary of this table follows: nE A L IN G PER IO D OF PERM ANENT IN JU R IE S RESULTING IN DISMEMBERMENT OR TOTAL LOSS OF VISION, IN WISCONSIN, JU LY 1, 1917, TO JU NE 30, 1918. Nature of injury. Loss of— Eye (sight)............................... Oases with All healing cases. period re ported. 22 2 37 Two or more toes..................... 9 9 53 410 164 17 4 15 13 15 Total...................................... 770 T hum b..................................... One finger................................. Two or more fingers................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20 2 1 Aver age healing period re ported 1-30. (days). 5 49 375 143 7 55 82 75 98 64 45 34 52 300 15 13 14 59 42 63 27 671 [185] 8 6 1 24 223 42 6 Days lost. 31-60. 61-90. 91-120. 121-160. Over 160. 7 8 2 16 113 64 6 5 4 5 7 319 228 3 5 2 1 4 27 17 2 2 2 1 66 3 1 1 2 9 9 1 26 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 1 7 4 5 1 i 13 19 i 186 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. Occupational Diseases Compensable in Connecti cut and Wisconsin. HE States of Connecticut and Wisconsin have amended the scope of their workmen’s compensation laws this year to include occupational diseases. The Wisconsin law, which is patterned after the British act, enumerates 20 specific occupational diseases. These include lead poisoning, anthrax, mercury poisoning, phosphorus poisoning, arsenic poisoning, ankylostomiasis, nystagmus, glanders, compressed air illness, several miners’ diseases, and a number of diseases due to poisonous dusts, gases, and fumes. The Connecticut law includes all industrial diseases which are due to “ causes peculiar to the occupation and which are not of a con tagious, communicable, or mental nature.” Another section of the law states also that “ If an injury arises out of and in the course of the employment it shall be no bar to a claim for compensation that it can not be traced to a definite occurrence which may be located in point of time and place.” Under the original Connecticut act the compensation commissioners had awarded compensation for occu pational diseases, but had been overruled by the courts. The compensation laws of California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massa chusetts, Wisconsin, and the United States Government now include occupational diseases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [186] WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION. What the Term “ Medical Service” in Work men’s Compensation Laws Includes. By Martin C. F rincke, Jr. SIDE from compensation for disability or death, most States that now have workmen’s compensation laws make addi tional provisions for the furnishing, free of charge to the injured employee, of medical, surgical, and hospital service. At common law an employer was not liable as such to an injured employee for medical services incurred by the latter in effecting a cure of his dis ability. Therefore, the courts and commissions in construing the meaning of the provisions for furnishing medical aid are bound by the express provisions of the statutes, interpreted in the light of the intention of the legislatures and the underlying principles upon which the compensation laws are founded. The compensation laws of some States make quite explicit and detailed provisions as to just what service is to be included within the terms of the law, while others leave much to the discretion of the administrative bodies, merely requiring that such service shall be rendered as may be 1‘reasonable or necessary.” Questions as to the inclusiveness of the terms employed in the statutes have arisen, both in States making explicit provisions and in those making only general provisions. I t is the purpose of this article to show, as nearly as possible, what service may be had as “medical service” under the expressed provisions of the statutes, and under those provisions as interpreted by the courts and administrative bodies. The courts and compensation commissions have generally, in construing the provisions of workmen’s compensation laws, tended toward liberality, and, so far as medical provisions are concerned, have been guided by the real purpose of these provisions, expressed in a Connecticut case 1 as being ‘‘to restore the injured employee to a place in our indus trial life as soon as possible by the use of all medical, surgical, and hospital service which ordinary usages of the modern science of medi cine and surgery furnish. Humanity and economic necessity in 1 Olmstead v . Lamphier, 104 Atlantic 489, reviewed in the forthcoming Bulletin No. 258 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Decisions of Courts and Opinions Affecting Labor, 1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1187] 187 188 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. this instance are in harmony in working for the accomplishment of the individual and public welfare.” Before passing to the interpretation of the courts and commissions as to the inclusiveness of the “ medical aid” terms, a brief review of these provisions of the laws is presented, preceded by a discussion of the amount and the period of such service as controlled by these laws. Amount and Period of Service. On January 1, 1919, there were 42 workmen’s compensation laws in effect in the United States. With the exception of Wyoming, all of these laws make provision, to a greater or less degree, for the furnishing of medical, surgical, and hospital service to injured employees free of charge to them. Arizona and New Hampshire, and by inference Alaska, make provision only for the supplying of medical service in the last sickness to an injured employee whose injuries result in death. With regard to the provisions as to the period of service and the amount to be expended for such service, the laws providing for medi cal service may be roughly divided into three classes: First, those which make no provision for medical aid, except in the last sickness in fatal cases; second, those which make no restrictions except “ reasonableness and necessity;” third, those which provide time and money limitations. The States included in the first class have already been mentioned above. Included in the second class are the United States, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Porto Eico, and Wash ington. In Washington, however, the employees contribute onehalf the cost of the service. In the Philippine Islands there is a law closely resembling compensation laws which would come under this class. The third class is by far the largest, and the laws falling in it may be conveniently divided into three subdivisions: First, those which make restrictions as to the amount of money to be expended for medical service, but not as to the period of the service; second, those limiting the period of service, but not the amount to be expended for such service; and third, those which make restrictions both as to the period and the amount. Seven jurisdictions whose laws make limitations ranging from $150 to $300, come in the first subdivision. The second subdivision includes 10 States placing limitations upon the period of medical service ranging from 2 weeks to 90 days. The third subdivision includes 15 States. The following table shows clearly and quickly the classification of the States from the point of view of money value and period of service provided for: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 188] 189 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. CLASSIFICATION OF STATES SHOWING PROVISIONS MADE FOR THE SUPPLYING OF MEDICAL AID, BY TIME AND MONEY LIMITATIONS. No medi cal aid provided. Unlim ited as to time or money. Alaskal ArizJ N. I I ! Wyo. U. S. Calif. Conn. Idaho. P. I. P. R . W ash! Limited as to money only. State. Amount. #150 Hawaii . 150 L a......... 150 Md........ 200 Ohio2. . . 250 Oreg___ 200 U tah__ W. V a .. #150-300- Limited as to time only. Period. State. In d ........ Mass.2... Mich__ Nev.2. .. N. Y A .. Okla__ R . I ....... Tex.6__ V a......... Wis....... 30 days. 2 weeks. 3 weeks. 90 days. 60 days. 15 days. 4 weeks. 2 weeks. 30 days. 90 days. Limited as to both time and money. Period. State. Colo....... D el........ Ill.......... Iowa__ Kans— Ky-3. . . . Me.5....... Minn! .. Mont__ Nebr.8... N. J ....... N.Mex.3 Pa.5....... S. D a k .. V t......... Amount. 30 days............ 14 days............ 8weeks........... 2 weeks........... 50 days............ 90 days............ 2 weeks........... 90 days............ 2 weeks........... 21 days............ 2 weeks........... 3 weeks........... 14 days............ 4 weeks........... 14 days............ #100 25 200 100 150 100 30 100 50 200 50 50 25 100 100 1 Medical fees for last sickness allowed in fatal cases. 2 Board or commission may extend period; and in Ohio the amount. 3 Increased for hernia operation: Kentucky to #200; New Mexico, #50 additional. * During disability until payment of compensation (employees pay half). e increase allowed for a major operation; Maine fixed by board; Pennsylvania, #25 additional, e Time m ay be extended 2 weeks in hospital cases on recommendation of physician. i Court m ay increase to #200. « Time extened for major surgical operation and dismemberment cases. Extension of Service. In some States, as noted in the preceding table, the extent of the medical service provided for under the compensation law may, in cer tain instances, be increased. It is recognized that particularly serious or exceptional cases require the expenditure of greater sums of money and longer periods of treatment in order to effect a cure of the injury or decrease the extent of the disability than do less serious cases. Thus, in Massachusetts the two-week period, and in Ohio the $200 limit may, in the discretion of the commission, he increased or extended “ in unusual cases.” So far as can be determined, there has been no court decision or commission ruling expressly defining the meaning of this phrase. However, Dr. F. D. Donaghue, medical advisor of the Massachusetts Industrial Accident Board, in analyzing the inter pretations of that board said: “ In a general wray, the board has interpreted this section to mean: In unusually serious cases that require treatment in a hospital; in unusually serious cases where the compensation was not sufficient to care for the injured workman and for his family or his dependents if he had them; and in a third group of cases, in cases where special or unusual treatment might materially reduce the period of disability and materially minimize the consequences of the injury.”1 The law of West Virginia expressly provides that the limitation of $150 may be extended to $300 when by Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, May 23,1918, p. 694. 13 122778°—19 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [189] 190 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. doing so the disability may be decreased, and in New York the industrial commission is permitted to extend the period during which medical service must he furnished in cases where the nature of the injury or the process of recovery requires it. With the same purpose in view, the commission of Nevada is given discretionary power to extend the 90-day period to one year. Texas makes a similar pro vision in hospital cases, two extensions of one week each being authorized where convincing evidence of the necessity therefor is presented by the attending physician, and in Minnesota the court is given discretionary power to increase the amount from SI00 to S200 upon the necessity being shown. Extensions of the medical service in cases where the injured work man is required to undergo a “ major surgical operation” are also allowed in Maine, where the $30 limit may be increased to any amount considered reasonable by the commission; in Nebraska, where the time limit of 21 days may be extended in the discretion of the commission; and in Pennsylvania, where the $25 limit may be extended to $50. In Kentucky the limit of $100 may be increased to $200, and in New Mexico the $50 limit may be increased to $100 in cases where it is necessary to operate for the cure of hernia. Tire question arises, however: What is a “ major operation” within the meaning of the workmen's compensation acts? This question has been quite definitely decided for Pennsylvania by the workmen’s compensation board of that State, which defined a “ major opera tion” as follows: 1. A major operation is a surgical procedure which entails immediate serious con sequences to the patient. 2. It is a surgical procedure which requires skill and training to perform. 3. All operative procedure other than finger and toe amputations, cleaning and draining wounds, evacuating pus by incision, the manipulation and reduction of uncomplicated dislocations, the treatment of uncomplicated fractured ribs, the removal of superficial foreign bodies, should be regarded as major operations.1 Concerning this definition Dr. W. L. Estes, chairman of the com mittee on workmen’s compensation of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, said: “ This is an explanation. The term major operation would include the setting of fractures of long bones and reducing subluxations, providing accuracy and efficiency of reduc tion and retention be demonstrated by X-ray taken before and after surgical treatment.” An operation for the cure of hernia is known as a “ radical opera tion” and falls within the scope of this definition. 1 Monthly Bulletin, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, February, 1917, p. 49. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [190] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 191 Commencement of the Medical Period. The States that impose limitations upon the period of medical service do not all clearly indicate nor do the courts agree when the period is to commence. Of 25 State laws which fix the period during which medical service must be furnished, six 1provide that the period shall begin with the date of disability, and 162 that it shall begin with the date of injury. In 3 States (Illinois, Kansas, and South Dakota) no time for the commencement of the medical aid period is indi cated in the law. In those jurisdictions where the statute fixes the date of disability as the beginning of the period, little room for dispute arises. In Pennsylvania, one of these States, where the period is limited to 14 days, the question arose 3 as to whether the employer was liable for medical attention and if so between what dates. On January 20, 1916, a workman ran a splinter into his finger, but, pulling it out, continued with his work. The wound became infected, and on February 4, 1916, the man became disabled and reported for and received medical attention. I t was held by the commission that the employer's obligation to furnish medical attendance began on February 4, 1916, the date of disability, and continued for 14 days. This question was considered by Nebraska, another of these States, in two cases which came before the State supreme court. In the first case4 it was held that, where an accident which at first appeared to be trivial later resulted in a diseased condition, destroying the sight of an eye, the “ injury,” within the meaning of the statute, occurred when the diseased condition culminated, there being no apparent “ violence to the physical structure of the body” at the time the accident occurred. In the second case5 an employee was disabled by an injury. He received medical attention for three weeks and then returned to work, but was later compelled to stop and seek addi tional medical treatment because blood poisoning had set in. In this case the injury was apparent at the time of the accident, and it was held that recovery could not be had for the treatment of the blood poisoning, since the treatment was not rendered “ during the first 21 days after the disability began.” The greatest number of conflicts of construction arise in those States where the period of medical service is fixed to commence at the date of the injury. In Indiana, for instance, where the law provides 1 Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Delaware. 2 Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia. 8 Bechtel v . Bodenstein & Kummerle (Inc.), Pennsylvania Workmen’s Compensation Decisions, 1916, p. 19. * Johnson v. Union Stockyards Co., 99 Nebr. 328, 156 N. W. 511. s Epsten v . Hancock-Epsten Co., 163 N. W. 767. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [191] 192 M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW. that medical service shall be,furnished “ during the 30 days after an injury,” the appellate court of the State held 1 that the industrial board had no authority to order that an attending physician be fur nished the employee at the expense of the employer after the expira tion of the 30 days. In construing these provisions of the compensa tion laws the courts tend toward liberality. Thus, the same court held in another case 2 that, where an employer sent an injured em ployee to a hospital, directing the physician to “ do the best you can for him,” this was sufficient to warrant the inference that the physi cian was authorized to continue his treatment beyond the limited period at the expense of the employer. And again it was held by this court that, under a correct construction of the law, medical service might be required to be rendered beyond the 30-day period in the case of an emergency. In this case 3 the employee had injured his foot and was sent by his employer to a hospital, where his foot was amputated. The wound did not heal and gangrene set in, neces sitating another amputation. The 30-day period was about to expire, and the second amputation could not be performed until a day or two after the expiration, of that period. The court regarded this as an emergency and required the employer to pay for medical services beyond the 30-day period. In Maine the law requires that the medical service shall be rendered during the first two weeks after the injury. The industrial commission of that State, in its administra tion of the law, made a rule requiring the employer to provide medical service for two weeks after the employee’s disability occurred. The Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, in a case4 disputing an award by the industrial commission based upon this rule, held that the rule was inconsistent with the law and that the period during which medical service must be furnished commenced with the date of the injury. The Michigan law states that medical service shall be furnished “ during the first three weeks after the injury.” In interpreting this clause the industrial accident board held 5 that the words “ accident” and “ injury” must be distinguished, and that where an accident occurs, later resulting in an injury, the period of medical service shall commence at the time the injury manifests itself. The supreme court of the State overruled this opinion, however, in two subsequent cases,6 holding that the accident and the injury are concurrent in time and that an employer can not be held liable for such, service beyond the 3-week period from the date of the accident even where he 1 Born & Co. v . Durr, 116 N. E. 428. 2 In re Myers, 116 N. E. 314. 3 In re Henderson, 116 N. E. 315. * In re McKenna, 103 A tlantic 69. 3 In re Hart, Michigan Workmen’s Compensation Cases, 1916, p. 338. 3 Cook v. Holland Furnace Co., 166 N. W. 1013 and McMullin v. Gavette Construction Co., 166 N. W. 1019. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis il9 2 1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 193 has failed to furnish proper medical service during the said period. In Wisconsin, where the law provides that the employer must render medical service “ for 90 days immediately following the accident” an award 1 was refused for such service where the injured employee re ceived treatment about five months subsequent to the injury. As already stated, in Illinois, Kansas, and South Dakota, the time for the commencement of the period of service is not specifically mentioned in the law. In construing this provision of the South Dakota statute, which was in this respect patterned after the Illinois law, and may therefore serve as a construction of that law also, the attorney general of South Dakota in reply to an inquiry of the industrial commission said: Under the language of our statute, however, it is my opinion that the question of whether the injury is the proximate cause, or merely a remote cause, of the subse quent necessity for medical, surgical, or hospital services is wholly a question of fact to be determined from the evidence in each particular case, and that if the evidence shows that the injury was the proximate cause of the necessity for such services, the same may be performed within any four-week period within a reasonable time after the injury, and the employer is liable to the employee for compensation therefor.2 This same construction was adopted by the Supreme Court of Illinois in a case 3 where an employee was injured in the eye and fifteen months later a cataract caused complete blindness; the court held that the employee must submit to an operation and the employer must pay all the surgical and hospital expenses. Kind of Medical Service. The medical aid provisions of the workmen’s compensation laws of some States are more inclusive and explicit than those of others. Some laws simply require, in general terms, that the employer shall supply the injured employee with such medical, surgical, and hos pital aid as may be reasonable and necessary, while in others the attempt is made to enumerate the various kinds of service that the employer must provide to the injured employee. Both these classes of laws have been found by the courts and commissions to be inade quate in expressing exactly what service might be included within them. In order to understand the interpretations of these laws better, it may be advisable to survey and analyze briefly the medical service provisions of these statutes. The following table shows the various specific provisions found in the laws of the different jurisdictions, classified by kind of service: 1 Fifth Annual Report on Workmen’s Compensation, 1915-16, Wisconsin, p. 20. 2 First Annual Report of the South Dakota Industrial Commission, 1918, p. 25. 3 Joliet Motor Co. v. Industrial Board, 117 N. E. 423. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [193] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 194 CLASSIFICATION OF STATES BY KIND OF SERVICE FOR WHICH PROVISION IS MADE. Medical, surgical, and hos pital service. Calif. Colo. Conn. Del. Hawaii. Idaho. 111. Ind. Iowa. Kans. Ky. La. Me. Mass. Md. Mich. Minn. Mont. Nebr. Nev. N. J. N. Mex. N. Y. Ohio. Okla. Oreg. Pa. p . i. P. R. R. I. S. Dak. Tex. Utah. Vt. Va. Wash. W. Va. Wis. u. s. Medical and Attend surgical ing phy supplies. sician. Calif. Colo. Artificial Crutches. Medicines. members. Trans Apparatus. portation. Calif. Calif. Calif. Colo. Calif. Colo. Idaho. Idaho. Idaho. Idaho. Kans. Kans. Kans. Ky. Calif. Conn. Hawaii. Ind. Iowa. Kans. Ky. Nursing. Ind. Kans. Ky. Md. Minn. Nev. Nev. N. Y. Ohio. Okla. Pa. La. Me. Mass. Md. Mich. Minn. Mont. Nebr. Nev. N. J. N. Mex. N. Y. Ohio. Okla Nev. Md. Md. Minn. Minn. Nev. Nev. N. Y. N. Y. Okla. Okla. Pa. Utah. Oreg. P. I. P. R. v t. Va. Nev. Tex. Utah. Va. Wash. Wis. Wis. u. s. Wis. Wis. Wis. U. S. * In the following sections are considered the interpretations and rulings of the various courts and administrative bodies as to the inclusiveness of the terms used in the different laws. Hospital Service. All the States providing medical aid expressly include hospital service within the terms of the laws, and when the nature of the case requires it such service can always be had. The following cases are illustrative: The appellate division of the Supreme Court of New York held th a t1 where the servant was injured and taken to a hospital, and the master offered upon his complaint to take him to another hospital, but the servant refused and went to still another hospital, the master could not be charged with failing to provide proper medical and hospital care. In Louisiana, an employee was injured by having her hair caught in some machinery and her scalp torn off. In an action for damages i Junk https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis v. Terry & Tench C o . , 163 N. Y. S. 836,176 App. Div. 855. [194] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 195 she alleged that her employer had not furnished her with the medical aid required by the statute, but the court held 1 that inasmuch as the employer had removed her from the Charity Hospital to the Touro Infirmary and had her cared for there for 25 days, sufficient medical and hospital aid had been rendered. Where a man who had broken his arm was sent from a remote locality where the accident had occurred to the nearest town which had no hospital and was there lodged, boarded, and nursed by a boarding-house keeper, it was held2 by the California commission that the services of the boarding-house keeper could be properly charged as hospital services. In another case which came before the Cali fornia commission a man was injured and, instead of being sent to a hospital where he could get the nursing needed, he was placed in an unsanitary and unclean room in a hotel and no nursing service was provided. Gangrene set in and the patient nearly died. I t was held 3 that such service as was rendered was “ wholly inadequate and too long endured.” I t seems to be the general rule that a patient may be treated in a private ward in a hospital (1) if the nature of his injuries require it and (2) if his mode of living is such that if he were paying the bills himself he would have a private ward. In discussing the reason ableness of supplying private ward service the Connecticut commis sion said: 4 The subjects of inquiry embrace the circumstances and mode of life of the claimant, the personality of the injured man, and also the character of his injuries. One who is used to luxuries and whose nature is delicately attuned, and who would if he paid the bills himself, go into a private ward, may require different treatment from one differently circumstanced and with different habits of life. In this case it was decided that in view of the fact that the injured employee was a workingman whose mode of life was plain and simple the requirements of the statute were sufficiently complied with in placing him. in a public ward. On the other hand, it was held5 by the same commission to be “ unquestionably necessary” to put in a private ward an injured laundry worker who had had her hand caught and partially cooked in a mangle, so that her fingers and a part of her thumb had to be amputated. And again 6 this commission decided that it was reason1 Boyer v . Crescent Paper Box Factory, 78 Southern 596. 2Byrne v . Inyo Development Co., California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, 1919, vol. 5, p. 224. 3Campbell & Latva v . W hite Lumber Co., California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, 1916, vol. 3, p. 33. * Kelly v . W hitaker, Connecticut Compensation Commission Decisions, Vol. II, p. 363. s Jolly v . Howe, Connecticut Compensation Commission Decisions, Vol. II, p. 112. o Duirene v. Risdon Tool & Machine Co., Connecticut Compensation Commission Decisions, Vol. I, p . 411. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [195] 196 M O N TH LY LA B O R R EV IEW . able and proper that an injured machinist who was to be operated upon for the cure of hernia should be placed in a semiprivate ward. In discussing this question the Ohio commission recognized the fact that a hospital would sometimes place an injured man in a private ward and although it did not express any objections it called atten tion to the fact that the amount that can be recovered for such service is limited by the Ohio statute.1 The commission declared, however, that it was “ very necessary that these patients (industrial) be treated as private patients and not as charity patients.’1 Nursing Service. The laws of 10 States2 specifically require the employer to furnish nursing service. In addition to these Connecticut and Wisconsin have by construction also included such service. It may be stated as a general rule that nursing service may be included in the terms “ medical and surgical service” and is usually understood to be a part of hospital service. Nursing by nonprofessional nurses and members of the injured man’s family may in some cases be included, the usual requirements being, in the case of a nonprofessional nurse, that no better service was available or that the nurse has given up other employment for the purpose, and in the case of a member of the family, that the nurse be a professional. These rules are, however, subject to exception. In California, nursing service can not be included in the charges for ‘‘medical service” if the nursing was done by a member of the injured employee’s family unless such person is a professional nurse;3 exception was made, however, in the case of a son who had given up lucrative employment in order to nurse his father.4 It was also decided that a sister who nursed her injured brother who boarded with her could not be considered as a nurse within the meaning of the statute, especially as the case was a nonhospital case.5 Again, a mother who nursed her injured son without the express direction of the physician was not permitted to charge for her services.6 On the other hand, a woman who kept a boarding house and wdio gave up her work to nurse an injured man was regarded as giving charge able medical service,7 as was also a landlord of a hotel who nursed a baker who had been burned.8 1 Bulletin of the Industrial Commission of Ohio, October, 1914, p. 34. 2 California, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Utah. 3 Wyman v. Huff, California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, 1914, vol. 1, p. 20. 4 Kelly v . Manley, California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, 1915, vol. 2, p. 355. 3 Jolley v. O’Shea, California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, 1915, vol. 2, p. 546. 6 Forbes v. County of Humbolt, California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions. 1915, vol. 2, p. 882. 2 Dexter v . People’s Cloak and Shit Co., California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, 1915 vol. 2, p. 542. 8 Woolf & Thompson v . Joy, California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, 1915, vol. 2, p.948. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [196] M O N TH LY LABOK REVIEW. 197 Under the construction placed upon the statute by the Ohio com mission, nursing performed by members of the injured man’s family is not chargeable medical service although nursing service may be had and charged for where in the opinion of the attending physician such service is needed, and in such case the nurse need not be a pro fessional.1 The Connecticut commission, however, has not set up any such rule but has merely considered the reasonableness and necessity of such service, and accordingly has allowed an award for services rendered by a boarding-house keeper,2 and also in another case, for services rendered by the injured man’s wife. An award was also granted by this commission for nursing services rendered by an injured boy’s sister who was a professional nurse and gave up profitable employ ment in order to treat him.3 A very careful and complete discussion of the subject of nursing service was made by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin in a leading case4 where the injured employee was nursed by a relative and the award made for her services was disputed. I t was said by the court that— It has become so common for a physician or surgeon to have a nurse as his assistant, in cases requiring attention at shorter intervals than he can well he present, that the major service can well be regarded as including the minor attention, in all cases where the nurse is employed by the physician or surgeon, or by his direction, and the services are an incident of the treatment; and that would obtain whether the medical attendant was engaged by the employer or the employee. The only provision in the law of Wisconsin at that time (October, 1913) was that when nursing service was necessary the compensation was to be 100 per cent of the wage instead of 65 per cent. In the case in question, the service was voluntary and, in refusing to allow an award for nursing service, the court said: Good administration would require, it seems, that the necessity for the services of a nurse should be certified to by the attending physician or surgeon, as a prerequisite to its allowance either as an incident to the medical or surgical treatment or greater allowance for disability indemnity. This decision was referred to by the district court of Itasca County, Minnesota, where an award for the nursing services of the wife of the injured man was refused.5 The United States Employees’ Compensation Commission has al lowed an award for nursing services rendered by a mother who gave up employment to act as a nurse.6 And in Utah, nursing services 1 B u lle tin of th e I n d u s tr ia l C om m ission of O hio, O c to b e r, 1914, p . 36. 2 S a d d le m ire v. A m e ric a n B rid g e Co., C o n n e c tic u t C o m p e n sa tio n C om m issio n D ecisio n s, vol. 2, p . 666. 3 S w a n v. N . Y ., N . H. & H. R . R . Co., C o n n e c tic u t C o m p e n sa tio n C om m issio n D ecisio n s, v o l. 2, p . 451. * C ity of M ilw au k e e v. M iller, 144 N . W ., 188. e Danielson v. P e te rs o n , B u lle tin N o . 14, D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr ie s , 1917, p . 34. s S eco n d A n n u a l R e p o rt, U n ite d S ta te s E m p lo y e e s ’ C o m p e n sa tio n C om m issio n , p . 229. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11971 198 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. rendered to a man by his wife were regarded as reasonably chargeable as medical services by the commission which allowed an award.1 Dental Work. None of the compensation jurisdictions specifically state in their laws that dental services must be furnished to injured employees. Such service has been held by some commissions to be included, as a matter of course, in the general medical, surgical, and hospital pro visions. A case arose in California where a workman had been injured in the jaw and mouth so that he lost several incisor teeth. The employer provided all the required surgical service but did not provide any dental service and the insurance carrier contested an award requiring such service to be rendered. The commission granted the award saying: “ This injured man was entitled by law to dental surgery with the view of repairing, as far as may be, damage done by injury.”2 Although this commission included dental work within the term “medical and surgical aid” it refused to allow an award for the repair of a plate of false teeth which was damaged in an accident. I t was here held that: “ Repair of damage to false teeth is not medical or surgical treatment required to be furnished by the employer, though the furnishing of false teeth where such is rendered necessary by an injury is so required.”3 There was a strong dissenting opinion as to this conclusion by Commissioner French. The Ohio commission in construing the statute of that State has decided that dental work may be included within the provisions of the compensation law where such work is made necessary as a direct result of an accident.4 Dental work has also been included within the terms medical and surgical treatment by the Massachusetts com mission,5 and the commission of Minnesota has allowed bills for fees for such service.6 The Pennsylvania commission has held that: “ An employee who receives an injury in the course of his employment which requires the services of a dentist is entitled to such services at the expense of his employer.”7 The attorney general of Iowa rendered the opinion that although the law would not permit the allowance of any disability payments for injury to teeth the treatment might properly be allowed under the 1 F o w le r v . U ta h F ir e C lay Co., U ta h C om m ission D ecisions. 2 G a rd n e r v . S ie rra N e v a d a W ood & L u m b e r Co., C alifornia I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m issio n D ecisio n s, 1916, v o l. 3, p . 259. 3 D e W i tt v . C alifornia H ig h w a y C om m ission, C alifornia In d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m ission D ecisio n s, 1918, v o l. 5, p . 140. 4 B u lle tin of th e I n d u s tr ia l C om m ission of O hio, O cto b er, 1914, p . 35. 5 M cG ue v. G eorge L a w le y & S on, M a s sa c h u s e tts In d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t B o a rd D ecisions. 6 B u lle tin N o. 11, M in n e so ta D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r a n d In d u s trie s , A u g u st, 1915, p . 25. 7 R u d d ic k v . J o n e s & L a u g h lin S te e l Co., P e n n s y lv a n ia C o m p e n sa tio n B o a rd , 1916, p . 18. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [198] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 199 head of medical and surgical treatment.1 In West Virginia it has been held, however, that the act does not permit the allowance of awards for dental work.2 Artificial Members. California, Nevada, and Wisconsin are the only States that make specific provision in their laws for the supplying of artificial limbs to injured workmen as a part of the medical service to be furnished by the employer. Some of the other States, however, have construed the medical and surgical aid provisions to include such services, par ticularly in cases where the artificial limb will help to restore the earn ing capacity of the injured workman. There are several factors which have been taken into consideration in determining whether artificial members or other appliances are properly to be included as medical service. In the first place the provisions and purpose of the statute should be considered. Under most State laws a certain definite amount of compensation is awarded for the. loss of a member irrespective of the injured worker’s loss of earning capacity or future disability. In such States artificial limbs would be less likely to be construed as ‘‘medical service,” unless such appliances were specifically mentioned in the law or unless the medical treatment required were such as “ to cure and relieve from the effect of the injury.” On the other hand, under the Federal act the amount of compensation for permanent partial disabilities is dependent solely upon the subsequent loss of earning power. Any expenditure, there fore, which would restore the injured worker’s earning capacity would be good policy, and this is the position taken by the United States Employees’ Compensation Commission. A second factor to be considered is whether the artificial member or appliance is an integral and nonremovable part of the person or body, such as a tooth, or whether it is detachable, such as a crutch or an artificial hand. Some commissions have held that the former should be included as medical service, while the latter should not. A third point, already touched upon, is whether the artificial mem ber serves a useful or industrial purpose, such as an artificial leg, or whether it is merely ornamental, such as a glass eye. Artificial members are more likely to be furnished in the former case than in the latter. Another question in this connection is whether an injury to or loss of an artificial limb should be compensated for. I t was held by the United States commission that where a man having an artificial leg was employed and the leg was broken, that he had sustained 1 Io w a W o rk m e n ’s C o m p e n sa tio n —L e g al O p in io n s b y H . E . S a m p so n (1916), p . 38. 2 H o w ie v. C h arlesto n E le c tric Co., N o v . 19, 1914, C om m ission D ecisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [199] 200 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. no injury within the act and was not entitled to an award.1 In another case where a fire fighter was struck in his glass eye and it was broken, it was held that, as there was no compensable injury, and as the original eye was not lost while in the Government service, no award could be had for a new glass eye.2 But where a Govern ment employee sustained an injury which resulted in the shortening of his leg and necessitated the use of a leg extension, any subsequent injury to such extension might be compensated for where the failure to do so would result in a loss of earning capacity.3 The Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut, in upholding an award of $115 for an artificial leg, said in part: 4 Our act contemplates the furnishing of all medical and surgical aid that is reason able and necessary. The purpose of this provision is to restore the injured employee to a place in our industrial life as soon as possible by the use of all medical and surgical and hospital service which the ordinary usages of the modern science of medicine and surgery furnish. After commenting on the fact that it is commonly conceded that sur gical aid includes the furnishing of splints, bandages, apparatus, and crutches, the court continued: There is no difference between supplying these and the artificial limb. That per tains to surgery and is used in surgery. The only difference between the crutch and an artificial limb is that the latter costs more than the former. This decision was followed by the commission in a subsequent case,5 where an award of $114 was allowed for an artificial leg. Both these decisions overrule and reverse a prior decision 6 of the com mission. Specialists, Assistants, X-Ray, etc. When a law requires that all the treatment must be given an injured employee as may be “ reasonably required,” can it be said that specialists, advisers, and assistants could be included thereunder? The Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors has held 7 that the services of an assistant physician in an operation for the cure of hernia could be properly charged for as a part of the medical service. In Cali fornia it was held 8 that the services of a surgeon specialist called by the employer’s doctor at the request of the employee’s family could 1 N a th a n K le in , U n ite d S ta te s E m p lo y e e s ’ C o m p e n sa tio n C om m issio n , seco n d a n n u a l re p o r t, p . 232 (J a n . 30,1918). 2 C. W . H o n o ld , U n ite d S ta te s E m p lo y e e s ’ C o m p e n sa tio n C om m issio n , seco n d a n n u a l re p o rt, p . 232 (F e b . 8, 1918). 3 A . N . B ab c o ck , U n ite d S ta te s E m p lo y e e s ’ C o m p e n sa tio n C om m issio n , seco n d a n n u a l re p o rt, p . 234 (A u g . 30,1918). 4 O lm ste ad v. L a m p h ie r, 104 A tla n tic 488. e S ad d le m ire v. A m e ric a n B rid g e Co., C o n n e c tic u t C o m p e n sa tio n D ecisio n s, vol. 2, p. 666. « P e d ro n i v. B la k eslee & S ons, C o n n e c tic u t C o m p e n sa tio n D ecisio n s, v o l. 1, p . 670. 7 M ahoney v. G am b le-D e sm o n d Co., 90 C onn. 255, 96 A tla n tic 1025. 3 S w ain v. P acific T e lep h o n e & T e le g ra p h Co., C alifornia I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m issio n D ecisions, 1915, vol. 2, p . 402. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 200] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 201 reasonably be included. The commission of this State also hold 1 in another case that where the treatment the employee was receiving did not improve his condition, the injured man could call in a spe cialist in the kind of injury he had received and have his services charged against the employer. In a case considered by the California commission the employer was required to pay for treatment which an employee was required to go to San Francisco to obtain where it appeared that the treatment which he received in the place where he was injured was inadequate, the injury having been sustained in a small town and the treatment supplied having been all that was there available. The commission said :2 The compensation act contemplates that adequate treatment be provided by the employer. The most important treatment at the time of the injury is to ascertain the nature and extent of the injury, and where a fracture is involved this seldom can be done without adequate appliances, such as facilities for taking X-ray photographs, and an employee is justified in going at once to where a correct diagnosis of his case can be made. The rules of the Ohio commission make express provision for the allowance of X-ray service within the terms of the compensation act.3 Transportation. It often happens that an accident occurs in a place where there is no hospital or medical or surgical aid available and it becomes necessary to transport the injured workman to the nearest place where proper treatment may be had. Nevada, Oregon, the Philippine Islands, Washington, and the United States have, by express provisions in their acts, included such service as a part of the medical treatment. The other jurisdictions have, as yet, taken no legislative action, although some have included such service by construction. A Connecticut commissioner in allowing an award for transporta tion said: 4 I have allowed an award for transportation from the home of the claimant to the physician employed by the respondent. It is the duty of the respondent to furnish surgical aid at the place of the claimant and not somewhere else. If, as a reasonable method of discharging this duty, the respondent employs a physician at a place con venient to the claimant and has the claimant see the physician at his office, the trans portation comes fairly under the head of “ surgical aid ” as used in the act. In reply to an inquiry, the Industrial Accident Board of Texas ren dered the opinion that if an injury occurred in a rural district and it becomes necessary to transport the injured man to a hospital, railroad 1 G ra n t v. C ity a n d C o u n ty of S an F ra n c isc o , C alifornia In d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m issio n D ecisions, 1916, v o l. 3, p . 376. 2 M iller v. A e tn a S p rin g s Co., C alifornia I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C om m issio n D ecisio n s, 1915, vol. 2, p . 534. 3 B u lle tin of th e O hio In d u s tr ia l C om m ission, O cto b er, 1914, p. 33. 4 S w a n so n v. S arg en t & Co., C o n n e c tic u t C o m p e n sa tio n C om m ission D ecisio n s, v o l. 1, p . 433. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 201 ] 202 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. fare might be included as an item of the expense incurred for medical aid. The California commission has regarded transportation as a part of the medical aid service without question when the transportation is reasonable and necessary in any particular case. It has, however, refused to allow awards for such service in two cases. One 1 was where the injured man, who made a trip for which he asked an award, intended to make the trip regardless of the taking of the treatment which he received at the destination, and the other 2 was where a man who had lost his eyesight made a useless and unneces sary trip to consult a specialist concerning the possible saving of his eyesight. Cure and Relief from Effects of Injury. The inclusiveness of a particular medical provision is dependent also upon the expressed purpose of this provision. Thus the phrase in the California act which states that such medical, surgical, and hospital treatment as may be reasonably required “ to cure and relieve from the effects of the injury” has the effect of increasing the scope of the medical service. In a case 3 which came before the California commission the employee was so badly injured as to require not only surgical treatment but other service as well. The insurer provided only the surgical service but provided that beyond the 90-day period required at that time. The commission held that all necessary treat ment to effect a cure must be given, and that giving one kind of treat ment beyond the limited period did not excuse the failure to give the other kind of treatment. The purpose of these provisions, as already stated, is to overcome the disability resulting from the injury. With this in mind the same commission held4 that where an injured workman had received medical treatment up to the point where further medical service would not effect a cure or produce further improvement, the injured man was not entitled to further treatment at the employer’s expense. However, where an employee is treated by the employer’s phy sician, who discharges the injured man as cured when, in fact, the disability has not been overcome, it was held 5 that the employer was liable for such further necessary treatment as the employee obtained elsewhere. 1 J a m e s v. F o re m a n , C alifornia I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C om m issio n D ecisio n s, v o l. 3, p . 246. 2 G a la n te v. M a m m o th C o p p er M in in g Co., C alifornia In d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m issio n D ecisio n s, v o l. 2, p . 723. 3 G a rd n e r v. S ie rra W o o d & L u m b e r Co., C alifornia I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m issio n D ecisio n s, v o l. 3, p . 259. 4 E m p lo y e rs ’ L ia b ility A ssu ra n c e C o rp o ra tio n v. E lm o re , C alifornia I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m issio n D ecisions, v o l. 4, p . 359. 6 D o u glas v. J . & J . D ru g C o., C alifornia I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C om m issio n D ecisio n s, 1915, v o l. 2, p . 181. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 202] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 203 Qualifications of Persons Rendering Medical Service. Questions have arisen in various States as to what kind of medical service is contemplated by the medical provisions of the compensa tion laws from the point of view of the qualifications of the person rendering such medical service. In the following sections the atti tude taken by the various commissions on this subject will he pre sented. Osteopaths. Is treatment by an osteopath medical and surgical treatment within the meaning of the compensation statutes? In California an award was made for a bill for medical services rendered by an osteopath without raising the question as to the propriety of such service.1 The Iowa Industrial Commission decided, however, that “ an osteo path does not furnish medical or surgical service within the meaning of the Iowa compensation act, and an employer is not required to pay for treatment of that character, it being service other than that required by law.” The Connecticut commission made a similar ruling on this subject.2 Bonesetters. Connecticut and Ohio are the only States, so far as could be deter mined, where the question of whether or not an award should be allowed for the services of “ bonesetters” was ever considered. In the Connecticut case 3 an award was granted for such services, but here the parties agreed to such service, and this case can not, therefore, serve as a definite guide as to what action would be taken by the commission in case a dispute arose; but in the Ohio case 4 “ the opin ion of the commissioner construes section 42 [of the compensation act] to mean that money shall not be paid out of the State insurance fund on account of medical and surgical services rendered by persons who have not been regularly admitted to the practice of medicine.” This definition would, in most cases, also exclude osteopaths, chiropractors, and Christian Science practitioners. Chiropractors. The services of chiropractors have been held, in two instances, not to be included in the medical service contemplated by the compensa tion acts. I t was held by the Connecticut commission that where an employer provided an injured employee with no medical service other than that of a chiropractor, the employer had failed in his duty 1 Leadbettor v. Industrial Accident Commission, 177 Pae. 449. 2 Spain v . Metropolitan Furniture Co., Connecticut Compensation Commission Decisions, July, 1917. 2 Hodge v. Hoffman, Connecticut Compensation Commission Decisions, vol. 1, p. 322. 4 Howat v. Youngstown Iron & Steel Co., Bulletin of the Ohio Industrial Commission, vol. 1, No. 7, p. 155. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [203] 204 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. to provide medical aid, the commission saying, in part, that although it was “ not without the limits of possibility that some persons or group of persons” might “ discover a new and better method than that generally practiced and taught” for the cure of human ailments, such a contingency was “ highly improbable.” 1 The commission of Wisconsin refused to allow a bill for $55 for the services of a chiropractor, holding that although such treatment might be beneficial it could not properly be included in or regarded as “ medical and surgical treatment.” 2 An award was also refused by the United States Employees’ Compensation Commission for services rendered by a chiropractor, on the ground that such a person was “ not a licensed physician” within the meaning of the statute.3 Christian Science Practitioners. At the present time no State in its compensation law recognizes the service of a Christian Science practitioner as “ medical service,” although a bill has recently been presented in the senate of the Wisconsin Legislature proposing to amend the compensation law of that State so as to permit such services to be included. In two cases in California it has been held that such services do not constitute “ medical treatment.” One 4 was “ where an employee sustained a muscular strain and consulted a healer who made no diagnosis and used no drugs or mechanical appliances in healing, but who healed by prayer and the laying on of hands and who was not licensed by the State Medical Board to practice medicine.” The other case 5 was one where the ailments of the injured employee indicated the necessity of surgical treatment; for two months however she relied largely upon treatment by a Christian Science practitioner. Here the commission said: “ Whatever may be said in favor of treat ment at the hands of Christian Science practitioners regarding other ailments resulting in or occasioned by industrial accidents, this commission can not hold that such treatment is such as, 'm ay reasonably be required to cure and relieve,’ where surgical treatment is indicated by the symptoms.” Chinese Herb Doctors. As already noted, in Connecticut the commission allowed an award for the services of a bonesetter where both employer and employee acquiesced in such treatment. The California com1 Reed v . Orient Music Co., Connecticut Compensation Commission Decisions, vol. 1, p. 37. 2 Jones v . Severhill, Wisconsin Commission Decisions, reported by the Weekly Underwriter. 3 J. G. Hauston, United States Employees’ Compensation Commission, second annual report, p. 229. 4 Miller v . Boos Brothers Cafeteria, California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, vol. 4, 1917, p. 388. s Ash v. Barker, California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, vol. 2, p. 40. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [204] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 205 mission, however, refused to take such a view with regard to Chinese herb doctors. Thus, in a case where the employer refused or failed to supply medical treatment and the employee went to a Chinese herb doctor and so notified his employer and the employer raised no objection, it was held that “ treatment by a Chinese herb practitioner, not a duly licensed physician or sur geon, is not medical and surgical treatment within the meaning of that term as used in the workmen’s compensation act, and an injured employee is not entitled to reimbursement for the expense of such treatment.” 1 i Knock v. Reliance Gas Regulator, etc., Co., California Industrial Accident Commission Decisions, vol. 4, p. 181. 122778°— 19----- 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [205] Provision for Second Injuries Under Workmen’s Compensation Laws. By Carl H ookstadt. consequence of workmen’s compensation laws, possibly ONEunforeseen at the time of their enactment, is the adverse effect of such laws upon the employment of physically defective workers. When a one-eyed workman loses the second eye in an industrial accident he will be totally disabled for life. If the employer is re quired, under the law, to pay compensation for permanent total disability in such cases he will feel considerable apprehension about employing such men. On the other hand, if the employee is to receive compensation for the loss of one eye only, regardless of the resulting disability and loss of earning capacity, he will be inade quately compensated and the purpose of the compensation act will be partially defeated. Industrial discrimination against crippled workers, accentuated by the return of disabled soldiers, presents a serious and complex prob lem. Many factors contribute to this discrimination, one of which is the fear that the employment of crippled workers will greatly increase the cost of accident compensation. A few of the States have enacted remedial legislation on the subject, but most of the States have thus far done nothing to meet this problem. The statu tory provisions relative to second injuries, as interpreted by the courts and commissions in the 44 States having workmen’s compensa tion laws at the present time, are as follows: In 13 States 1compensation is granted only for the disability caused by that particular injury without reference to previous injuries. In these States the factor of increased compensation costs as a con tributory cause of discrimination has of course been eliminated, but, on the other hand, the employee receives grossly inadequate compen sation. In this connection the experience of the Montana Industrial Accident Board is illuminating. The Montana law makes no specific provision covering second injuries. The board, however, held that an employer should not be penalized for his generosity in hiring a crippled workman. One of • the principal employers of the State, having a hundred or more crippled workers on his payroll, requested a ruling as to the extent of his liability in case of a subsequent accident to any of these crippled men, stating that if he was to be liable for 1 California, Colorado, Delaware, Indiana, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Penn sylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. 206 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2061 M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW, 207 the total disability he would immediately discharge them. The board promptly ruled that the employer would be liable only for the subsequent injury without reference to the resulting disability. It is stated that as a result of this ruling over 400 cripples in the State retained their positions as watchmen, doorkeepers, etc., whereas if the board had held the employer liable for the entire disability these crippled men would all have been discharged and would of necessity in the majority of instances have become a charge upon society. The board does not defend its interpretation of the law but pleads necessity and expediency and its desire to protect the cripple. Similar to Montana’s experience has been that of California. The California act at one time provided for full compensation, or life pension, in case of a worker who loses the sight of his second eye. The com mission took into consideration the social need and unfortunate condition of such a man and deemed it wise to give him a life pension. However, the act was amended at the request of the disabled men themselves, who stated that they found it difficult to obtain em ployment. In 14 States 1 compensation is granted for the entire disability caused by the combined injuries. In case of the loss of a second eye, therefore, compensation would be awarded for permanent total dis ability. This places a heavy burden upon the employer, who under the circumstances feels himself justified in refusing to employ crippled men. New York early met the problem by relieving the employer of the extra liability. An amendment to the New York law, enacted in 1916, provides that in case of a second major disability the employer shall be held liable only for the second injury, but the injured em ployee shall be compensated for the disability resulting from the combined injuries. The additional compensation is paid out of a special fund. This fund is created by requiring the employer to contribute $100 for each fatal accident in which there are no persons entitled to compensation. The States of Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, and Utah have recently followed the example set by New York and enacted similar provisions. This plan of taking care of the extra compensation liability through a special fund insures substantial justice to both employer and employee and removes one potent factor of discrimination. In six States 2 compensation for second injuries is determined by subtracting the disability caused bythe prior injury from the whole disability caused by the subsequent injury. The Virginia law also has this provision, limited, however, to cases in which both injuries occur 1 Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, N orth Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Washington, and West Virginia. 2 Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, South Dakota, and Wyoming. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [207] 208 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. within the same employment; in other cases the employer is liable only for the disability caused by the second injury. Eleven States 1 make no specific provision regarding second in juries. It is probable that in some of these States the administrative commissions* or courts have ruled upon the question in cases coming before them for adjudication, but no report of any of these rulings has come to the attention of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Three States 2grant a greater award for the loss of a second member than for the loss of a first. The objection to this plan is that it does not solve the problem of discrimination. On the contrary, increased compensation benefits for second injuries increase the probability of discrimination against crippled men. Connecticut attempted to meet this problem by permitting phys ically defective employees to enter into an employment contract whereby they might waive their right to compensation for injuries due directly to their physical defect. Ohio also recognizes this waiver principle, but only in case of blind employees. Undoubtedly under this scheme many defective workmen are given employment which would be denied them if the employer were to assume the liability resulting from a second injury. Such a plan, however, leaves the handicapped workman unprotected in case of a subse quent accident. As far as he is concerned, the compensation law is to a great extent a dead letter, and in case of injury he will be thrown upon public charity or the generosity of his employer. Some scheme should be adopted which would relieve the employer of the extrahazardous risk involved and at the same tune compensate the crippled workman in proportion to his loss of earning capacity. The special-fund plan already in operation in several States answers this dual purpose. This plan, limited, however, to disabled soldiers and sailors, has been adopted in France and recommended for adoption in England by a committee of the British Home Office.3 Under the French law, enacted November 25, 1916,4 if a soldier or sailor suffering from a serious disability, due to war service, meets with an industrial acci dent causing death or permanent disability, part of the compensation will be paid from the State fund. The court is required to ascertain (1) whether the accident is exclusively due to the war disability, and if not, (2) whether the permanent reduction in earning capacity resulting from the accident has been increased by the war disability, 1 Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Porto Rico, Tennessee, and Vermont. 2 Colorado, Iowa, and Wisconsin. 3 For a summary of the British report, see Monthly L abor R e v i e w for June, 1919, pp. 70 to 73. * S e e p . 218 o f t h i s is s u e o f t h e M o n t h l y L a b o r . R e v i e w . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 208 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 209 and if so, in what proportion. In the first case the employer is relieved altogether and in the second case he is relieved of a propor tion of the compensation payable. This proportion of the compen sation is paid out of a special fund created for this purpose and maintained by contributions from employers in the same manner as under the general compensation act. Another method aiming at the prevention of industrial discrimina tion against, cripples is to prohibit insurance companies from charg ing employers higher premiums in case they employ disabled men. Minnesota recently enacted a law embodying such a provision. The weakness of this scheme is that it does not cover self-insured em ployers, who, because of the direct relationship between accidents and compensation costs, would be more inclined to practice discrim ination than insured employers. The British committee rejected the plan for this reason. Provisions for Military Cripples Sustaining Industrial Accidents. The various schemes enumerated above are concerned chiefly with industrial cripples and are applicable only to States having compensa tion laws and then only to the employments covered by these laws. But seven States 1 and the District of Columbia have no workmen’s compensation laws. Furthermore only one or two State laws cover agriculture and domestic service and one-third do not include the professions, trade, and other nonhazardous employments. Our sol diers and sailors, however, are drawn from every State in the Union and from every walk of life, and this fact must be taken into account in the formulation of an adequate and just compensation system. Two plans for the prevention of discrimination against the employ ment of military cripples have been suggested. The first plan pro vides for a division of costs between the Federal Government and the States, the latter bearing the cost of compensation for that part of the disability due strictly to the occupational injury, and the United States the cost of any disability due to a previous injury sustained in the military or naval service. The second plan provides for the payment by the Federal Government of the entire cost of compensation—not only for the injuries sustained in the line of duty in the military service but for the injuries subsequently sustained in civil life. The former plan seems to be the more equitable of the two. It was thoroughly discussed at conferences called in 1918 by the War Bisk Insurance Bureau and by the Federal Board for Vocational Educai North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [209] 210 M O N TH LY LABOE BEVIEW . tion. A committee appointed, as a result of the war-risk conference, after an intensive study of the subject disapproved the plan for division of costs as being impracticable. Despite the equity of the plan it involved insuperable administrative difficulties and further more was dependent upon amendatory State legislation before it could be put into operation. Some of the difficulties and complica tions involved in this plan are: Absence of compensation laws in several States; many employments not covered even in the com pensation States; variations in the compensation benefits under the several State laws; variations in the provisions for second injuries; difficulties in determining the respective percentages of disability caused by the first and second injuries; and necessity of amendatory State legislation. The committee recommended, therefore, as the most practicable method of dealing with the problem, that the War-Risk Insurance Act be amended to provide that any person handicapped by an injury or disease contracted in the military or naval service shall, in case of a subsequent injury in civil employment, be compensated therefor in full by the Federal Government. The weakness of this plan is that payment for injuries by the United States in such cases would not relieve the employer from liability under the State compensation and liability laws. Even if the Federal Government did meet the extra or entire liability the injured employee would still be entitled to receive compensation benefits under a State compensation act and to sue for damages under a State liability act. Apparently the only way in which to relieve the employer of the extra liability without waiting for amendments to State laws is to provide some plan whereby the employers or State funds or the compensation commissions are reimbursed by the United States Government. I t would not be necessary, however, to include all compensable injuries in such a plan. Its purpose wmuld be to prevent discrimination due to the fear of greatly increased compensation costs. This increased cost is chiefly due to fatal and permanent disability injuries. Therefore relieve the employer of the costs due to such injuries and the incentive for discrimination will disappear. The employer would still be liable for compensation for temporary disabilities and for medical service. The chief reason for not including temporary disabilities is to curtail administrative difficulties and expenses. If the employer is relieved of liability for major disabilities such a plan will have accomplished its purpose. Under the French plan, also, State compensation benefits are limited to injuries resulting in death or permanent disability. It would probably be desirable to compensate for all fatal and permanent disability injuries irrespective of the cause of the accident. It may seem unreasonable for the Federal Government to reimburse an employer for an injury which was in no way connected with the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 210] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 211 workman’s prior disability. For example, a one-armed ex-soldier may have been killed, with other employees, by a boiler explosion. On the other hand, if an inquiry into the cause of every accident is to be made in order to determine to what extent the previous disability was a contributory factor it will result in very great administrative difficulties, the cost of which may more than outweigh the amount saved. In France, in order to protect the fund from unwarranted claims of employers and insurance carriers, it has been found neces sary to appoint an expert to investigate wffether the accident was exclusively due to a preexisting disability and to what extent the final disability was due to the second accident. It might be added that the total number of such second injuries in proportion to the total number of all injuries would be infinitesimally small. A computation recently made by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 1 would seem to show that of all the employees under the compensation act in the State of Wisconsin who had lost a hand, arm, foot, leg, or eye, only one would sustain a second major permanent disability in any given year. Application of the Wiscon sin rate to the 41 State compensation laws in effect January 1, 1919, would give a grand total of 39 second major permanent disabilities for all industries covered by the compensation acts of these States. The increased cost of second injuries would therefore be negligible. Assuming that all second major permanent disabilities would result in permanent total disability, the increased compensation cost of such accidents would in a,ll probability not exceed three-tenths of 1 per cent of the total compensation costs for all accidents under the compensation act. Reports of Workmen’s Compensation Commis sions in United States and Canada. * West Virginia .2 the year ending June 30, 1918, 3,076 employers having DURING 180,834 employees, full-tim ebasis, paid premiums into the West Virginia State compensation insurance fund. During the same year there were reported to the State fund 23,557 personal injuries, of which 531 were fatal, 10 permanent total, 296 permanent partial, and 22,720 temporary disability. In addition 25 employers having 11,727 employees, full-time basis, carried their own risk. These self-insured employers reported 2,061 accidents, of which 1,971 were i “ Probability of an industrial cripple sustaining a second injury,” in M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for March, 1919, pp. 79 to 84. 2 Condensed Statement of the W est Virginia State Compensation Commissioner as of June 30,1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1211] 212 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. temporary disabilities, 39 permanent partial disabilities, 3 permanent total disabilities, and 48 fatal. The estimated cost of accidents, present value basis, during the year to the State fund aggregated $2,232,138.62, being $1.20 per hundred dollars of wages, and 85 per cent of the premium income, distributed as follows: Medical expense.................................................................... $168,293.40 Funeral expense.................................................................... 33, 878. 83 Temporary disabilities.....................................................j .. 376, 572. 38 Permanent partial injuries.................................................... 276,102. 0 1 Permanent total injuries....................................................... 6 8 , 992. 0 0 Fatal injuries.......................................................................... 1,308,300.00 Nova Scotia .1 rn H E amount of compensation, actual and estimated, under the -L Nova Scotia compensation act for the year 1918 was $953,917.17. There were reported 7,665 accidents, of which 181 were fatal, 4,382 resulted in temporary disability, and 167 in permanent disability. The large number of fatal accidents (27 per cent increase over 1917) was due to two bad disasters. A coal-mine explosion at Stellarton resulted in 88 deaths and a lumber-camp fire was responsible for 17 deaths. The report also contains an analysis of the accidents occurring in 1917. The following table shows the number of temporary-disability accidents, classified by nature of injuries: N u m b e r o f tem p o ra ry-d isa b ility accidents i n 1917, classified by n a tu re o f in ju ry.. Bruises, contusions, and abrasions.................................................... i 283 Cuts and lacerations.......................................................................... 1 026 Fractures.................... 333 Crushes............................................................................................... 537 612 Sprains, strains, twistings, and wrenchings..................................... Burns and scalds...................................................... 237 Punctures........................................................................................... 94 Eye injuries........................................................................................... gg Hernias.................................................. .....................'...................... 27 Internal injuries..................................................................................... 32 Concussions (brain, spine, etc.)............................................................ 10 Dislocations........................................................................................ g0 All other injuries................................................................................... 13 Industrial diseases............................................................................. • 1 Total..................................................................................... 2 4, 504 1 Report of W orkmen’s Compensation Board for the year 1918. Halifax, 1919. 33 pp. * Seventy-four of these cases developed sepsis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [212] 21 » M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. Ontario .1 HE total number of accidents reported to the Ontario Workmen’s Compensation Board during the year 1918 was 47,848. The T total number of accidents in which compensation for medical aid was paid was 40,930, of which 382 were fatal, 2,549 were permanent, 25,446 were temporary, and 12,553 were cases requiring medical aid only. The total amount of compensation awarded during the year was $3,514,648.47. In addition, $369,346.37 was paid for medical aid, not including, however, those industries (Schedule I) in which medical service is furnished by the employer without intervention of the board. The report also contains a detailed analysis of the accident data under Schedule I for the year 1917. For this class of industries there were reported 25,265 accidents, distributed as follows: Death, 233j: permanent disability, 2,297; temporary disability (compensable),, 18,468; temporary disability (medical aid only), 4,267. Of the 18,468 temporary-disability accidents, in 6,964, or 37.7 per cent, of the cases, the disability terminated in from one to two weeks, after the accident; in 4,416, or 23.9 per cent, of the cases, the dis ability terminated in from two to three weeks; in 2,356, or 12.8 per cent, of the cases, in from three to four weeks; in 16 cases the dis ability exceeded one year. The number of cases in which the seriousness of the accident was due to blood poisoning was 1,293. This was 6.2 per cent of the total cases. The number of temporary-disability accidents, classified by nature of injury, is shown in the following table: T em p o ra ry-d isa b ility accidents i n 1917, classified by n a tu re o f in ju r y . Bruises, contusions, and abrasions.................................................... Cuts and lacerations and punctures................................................. Fractures........................................................ - ................................. Crushes.............................................................................................. Sprains, strains, twistings, and wrenchings..................................... Burns and scalds................................................................................ Eye injuries........................................................................................ Hernias............................................................................................... Internal injuries................................................................................. Concussions (brain, spine,etc.)........................................................ Dislocations........................................................................................ All other injuries............................................................................... Industrial diseases (schedule 3)........................................................ 1Report of the Ontario Workmen’s Compensation Board for the year 1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [213] 3, 924 6, 610 b 883 2,341 1, 236 1,348 740 32 11 35 137 154 17 t 214 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The following tabular statement shows the accident frequency rate per 100 full-time workers for each of the three years 1915, 1916, and 1917, medical-aid cases being excluded: Accident frequency rate (per 100 full-time workers). Year. 1915............................ 1916............................ 1917............................ Tempo Perma rary dis nent dis ability. ability. 3.63 4.99 5.78 0.58 .79 .72 Death. Total. 0.12 .10 4.32 5.88 6.57 .07 Thus, accidents have been increasing, 1916 showing an increase of 36.1 per cent over 1915, and 1917 an increase of 11.7 over 1916. The death rate, however, has shown a steady decline and the fre quency of permanent disabilities for 1917 is less than the correspond ing frequency for 1916. The coming into effect of the medical aid provisions on July 1, 1917, added to the number of accidents to be paid for, and even apart from this there are no doubt fewer compen sable accidents for which compensation is not claimed than in the early history of the act. Problem of the Military Cripple in France. to objections offered by employers to the employment OWING or reemployment of wounded soldiers, or in anticipation of such action, two important problems were early presented to the French National Assembly and Labor Office for solution: (1) The reeducation and réadaptation of military cripples, and (2) the in dustrial status of such cripples. Among the many objections made by employers were (1) that the reduced physical ability, through wounds or loss of parts, rendered these workmen undesirable for certain classes of labor because of diminished productive efficiency, and (2) that in the employment of a person already partially incapacitated, the employer or insurance carrier would assume extraordinary accident risks. The unwillingness of insurance funds to assume risks of this char acter, the objections of certain labor unions, and beneficial, mutual, and cooperative associations to receiving invalided and crippled soldiers as members, led to the adoption of certain remedial legisla tive measures. The importance of providing for the reemployment of these wounded soldiers is brought out in a report made public on December https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12141 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 215 26, 1918,1 by the under secretary of war, who stated that besides the 76.000 pensioned and definitely retired there were 113,000 of class 1, 374.000 of class 2, and 131,000 of class 3. These figures are exclusive of colonial troops of French birth, Africans and Asiatics, and the 8,300 officers and 438,000 troops reported as being prisoners. Class 1 includes those permanently incapacitated for future mili tary service and whose incapacity is due to events of the war or an injury arising out of similar compulsory service or to military fatigues or dangers; class 2 includes those similarly incapacitated, but whose incapacity is not due to such service, fatigue, or dangers; and class 3 includes those temporarily furloughed or those whose injuries, by their nature, are considered susceptible of a complete cure and do not of themselves render the persons incapable of future service. Furloughs of this class are valid for one year, while the first two classes are entitled to a permanent pension.2 If this vast army of wounded and crippled men are to remain unemployed the economic loss will be incalculable. It is but reason able to assume that, since their pensions are based solely on the degree of incapacity and are insufficient for maintenance, many of those not absolutely precluded by the severity of their injuries from performing industrial labor will seek employment. Such employment is a reciprocal necessity. Industry needs these workers, and they demand employment. Establishment of Special Labor Exchanges. As an expedient a ministerial circular, dated February 10, 1916,3 directs that existing labor, exchanges put forth extra efforts in secur ing remunerative positions for invalided soldiers. In regard to the establishment of special labor exchanges the circular says: The great danger in the proposed new organization of this kind Would be the tendency to produce abnormal wage conditions and possibly to invite conflicts between normal and crippled Workmen because of the lower wages paid the latter class. I t is also feared that such a course might concentrate the cripples in certain localities in specific occupations or establishments and thus introduce an element of discord between competing establishments, some of which by employing a larger proportion of normal workmen would be placed at a disadvantage as compared with others employ ing principally crippled workers at Wages below the normal. Ill view of the actual or probable discrimination by labor unions, mutual associations, and similar societies, and the propaganda for the establishment of such bodies exclusively for cripples, “ existing bodies are urgently requested to accept such persons as members. 1La Republique Française, Dec. 27 and 28,1918. 2Law of April 11, 1831, as amended July 23, 1887. La Droit Pendant la Guerre. Guide Juridique et Practique. 1916. p. 116. 3Dalloz. Guerre de 1914, Vol. IX, p. 201. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [215] 216 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The organization of separate unions should be looked upon with disfavor, but should impossible conditions preclude the affiliation of the persons partially incapacitated with organizations now existing, and separate organizations become a necessity, their members should be permitted to work with normal workmen and under conditions as nearly normal as possible.” Apparently the circulars failed, to some extent at least, to have the desired effect. A Government order was published February 29, 1916,1 creating in Paris a national labor exchange bureau exclusively for the benefit of crippled and invalided soldiers. This bureau was charged with the duties usually devolving on labor exchanges and in addition “ to investigate methods for the better utilization of those whose capacity for labor has been largely dimin ished by reason of injuries.” The establishment of this exchange caused a great influx of the wounded and incapacitated in Paris, and the order was soon 2 sup plemented by one establishing a subsidiary exchange in each dis trict. It was hoped by this to effect a decentralization, and that through the operation of these local exchanges employment for incapacitated workmen could be obtained in their home districts or in neighboring Departments in which there was a demand for labor. Exchanges were directed to maintain a close and const apt communi cation with one another. The order was suspended five days later. Preferential Employment of Military Cripples. Civil service.—As early as April, 1916,3 the Government adopted the policy of reserving for the injured and invalided since August 1, 1914, a certain portion of positions in the civil service as vacancies occurred, subject, however, to civil-service regulations as to examina tion, educational qualifications, and physical ability to perform the labor required. These reservations were amplified by a law of April 17, 1916,4 and made applicable to invalided class 1. Reservations were made in favor of all such persons, whatever their military grade or length of service, preference being given to heads of families, and the maximum age limit was removed. The law applies to grades of employment not requiring full physical ability. These positions are to be filled by others only when the number of applicants of this class is insufficient. A ministerial circular of later date 5 states th at it is undesirable to limit the employment of these persons to these civil-service posi1 Dalloz. Guerre de 1914, Vol. X, p. 72. 2Idem, Vol. X, p. 234. 3Idem, Vol. XI, p. 93. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis <Idem, Vol. X I, p. 112. 6 Idem , Vol. XIV, p. 191. [ 216] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 217 tions, and a more extended range of employment is provided for in many auxiliary positions. One-half of all clerical vacancies are reserved for these applicants, but one-fifth of these are further reserved for persons having per formed definite military or naval services. Industrial enterprises.—All industrial enterprises holding a con cession, monopoly, or in receipt of a subsidy granted by the State, Department, or commune are required to reserve to the same class of applicants a certain proportion of positions. All persons employed at the date of their mobilization in any position in the reserved classes of employment shall be reinstated in their former positions or other positions, reserved or not, provided their physical ability permits. This law is to remain in force five years after the date of cessation of hostilities. The fact that an applicant is in receipt of a pension shall not be considered in fixing the salary.1 An employee under authority shall, in so far as it is possible, be employed in the same class of work as that performed by him before the war and be paid a wage correspond ing to his capacity and the character of work to which he is assigned and not less than that paid like employees. Medical examination is required to determine the physical ability and the exact status in case of industrial accident. Other reserved employment.—In addition to the positions reserved in the civil service and subsidized enterprises, similar provisions have been made by the city of Paris and the Department of the Seine; the electric light company and the Industrial Association of Paris; several transportation companies; other public utilities; several gov ernmental bureaus; and tramways and railroads. Reeducation and Vocational Training. On January 2, 1918,2 a law was enacted establishing a “ National Bureau for Crippled and Invalided” under the supervision of the Minister of Labor. Its purpose is to provide for the occupational reeducation and réadaptation of crippled and invalided soldiers and marines. In an effort to encourage and facilitate this work the bureau is to ally itself closely with all public administrative departments. A fund is appropriated by the State, which may be augmented by other subsidies. Should the bureau be discontinued its funds are to be-distributed and its duties transferred to other public bureaus. The law provides that during the period of a soldier’s vocational training his family shall be paid by the Government an allowance equal to that formerly paid him while in the service, or if in receipt 1Dalloz. Guerre de 1914, Vol. XIV, p. 191. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Le Bulletin Legislatif. Dalloz. No. 1, p. 3. [217] 218 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. of a pension it, or an increased allowance, shall be continued. In addition to the national bureau, others may be established in the various Departments. So far the character of legislation considered in this article has been based almost, if not entirely, upon the necessity of main taining a just industrial status for maimed and partially inca pacitated war victims and in assisting them to secure positions pro viding them with the material necessities of life. Legislation Preventing Discrimination. Legislative action, however, has been taken tending to relieve the employer of extra burdens assumed by him in the employment of those who presumably, by reason of preexisting injuries, lesions, and incapacities, inherently increase accident risks in regard to them selves and who also become a potential element of risk to those working in their immediate vicinity or even in the same establish ment. Industrial and other enterprises, whether subject to the acci dent compensation laws or to proceedings under the civil law in the recovery for injuries due to accidents in the course of employ ment, hesitated in assuming these “ extraordinary” risks. Recognizing the importance of this problem, both from a humani tarian and an economic standpoint, the French National Assembly on November 25, 1916,1 passed a law providing that the burden of com pensation for industrial accident to any person having previously served in the army or navy or in any similar service during the present war, whose physical capacity for labor has been diminished by reason of wounds received or sickness contracted or aggravated by exposure or fatigue in such compulsory service, and who is subsequently injured by reason of an accident due to employment in any of the occupations specified in the industrial compensation laws in effect, shall be determined as follows: The order of the juridical body, oper ating under the compensation law, in determining the amount of com pensation payable on account of the death or permanent reduction of capacity to perform labor by reason of industrial accidents shall ex plicitly indicate: (1) If the accident under consideration was due exclu sively to the preexisting incapacity resulting from military o r sim i l a r service, or (2) if the resulting permanent incapacity has been aggra vated by the fact of the preexisting incapacity, and if so in what proportion. In the first case the employer, by virtue of the order or judgment of the court, shall be entirely relieved from the payment of compensa tion due the victim. In the second case he shall be relieved from the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1Dalloz. Guerre de 1914, Vol. xv, p. 41. 1218 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 219 payment of that portion corresponding to the proportion of incapacity due to preexisting disability. The general compensation law as amended applies to all workmen and salaried employees in the building trades, factories, workshops, shipyards, transportation by land and water, public warehouses, mining and quarrying, the manufacture and handling of explosives, agricultural and other work in which mechanical power is used, and mercantile establishments. It also applies to State, Departmental, and communal establishments engaged in any of the industries enu merated above,1 and by law of July 15, 1914, is extended to forestry.2 Separate compensation fu n d .—Provision is made for the establish ment of a separate fund for the payment of compensation in cases of second injuries adjudged to be due or partially due to the primary incapacity. Guaranty fund.—A reserve fund is provided for, which shall be paid into the national old-age retirement fund. It is maintained by means of a surtax, as in the general compensation law, on industrial and commercial establishments subject to the accident compensation law.3 The law is enacted so as to cover “ every person suffering from serious or permanent incapacity” due to service or exposure. A decree dated January 2, 1917,4 designated the solicitor of the comptroller of private insurance as the representative of this fund in all courts having competent jurisdiction and authorized him to per form all necessary legal acts. 124th Annual Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1909, vol. 1, p. 685. 2Bulletin du Ministère du Travail, 1914, p. 569. 8See 24th Annual Report of the U. .§. Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1909, vol. 1, p. 693. * Dalloz. Guerre de 1914, Vol. XVI, p. 7. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [219] SOCIAL INSURANCE. Report of Pennsylvania Health Insurance Com mission. HE Health Insurance Commission of Pennsylvania, appointed under act of July 25, 1917, has made its report.1 The com T mission was directed to investigate (1) the extent, loss, and causes of sickness and accidents of employees and their families not covered by the workmen’s compensation act; (2) the adequacy of the present methods of treatment and care of such sickness or injury; (3) the adequacy of the present methods of meeting the losses caused by sickness or injury, either through insurance or otherwise; '(d) the influence of working conditions on the health of employees; and (5) methods of sickness prevention—all with a view to recommending ways and means for the improvement of the health of employees and for their protection against sickness and accident. Because of its limited appropriation ($5,000) the commission was not able to make a comprehensive investigation of its own. Nor did it find time thoroughly to examine the sickness-insurance systems in force in foreign countries or to consider the numerous modifications of these systems which have been proposed in this country. Its efforts were devoted chiefly to collating facts already gathered by public and private agencies. The report presents much valuable data on sickness and its consequences in Pennsylvania, and includes the results of several intensive sickness and industrial surveys made by private organizations. Although the commission found the problem of sickness among wage workers a serious one, no definite health-insurance measures were recommended at this time. Instead, it was recommended that a new commission be appointed to continue the investigation and particularly to study the proposed and existing systems of health insurance in this and other countries with a view to formulating remedial legislation. The commission, however, believed that “ the best way to close this sickness high road to poverty and dependency is to make available immediate and adequate medical care for sick ness cases and to prevent the financial burden of sickness from falling entirely on the person least able to bear it—the sick wage worker. In 1Report of the H ealth Insurance Commission of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth Pennsylvania, January, 1919. 317 typew ritten pages. 220 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 220] of M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 221 some way this burden should be distributed among all wage workers, or shared by industry and by the community as a whole.” How this distribution should be accomplished, whether by an extension of existing voluntary insurance agencies or by a system based on some modification of the British or other European plans, the commission was not at present prepared to say. Excerpt of Findings of the Commission. The investigations of the commission covered the following sub jects: Nature and extent of sickness in Pennsylvania; losses on account of sickness sustained by employees, by employers, and by the State; adequacy of present methods of care as regards medical, hospital, and health-insurance facilities; influence of working con ditions on health, including a comprehensive study of occupational diseases; and a study of sickness prevention. Extent of Sickness Among Employees. There are constantly more than 385,000 employees in the State of Pennsylvania suffering from illness. Of these approximately 140,000 are cases of severe sickness, and 245,000 are cases of less serious illness. The average loss of working time among employees in the State is at least six days each year because of sickness. Pennsyl vania stood highest of any State in the Union in the percentage of men rejected for physical reasons in the draft of April, 1917. Of her young men between 21 and 31 years of age, 46.67 per cent were re jected. The average for the country as a whole was 29.11 per cent. Death rates in Pennsylvania are higher than those for the registra tion area of the country as a whole. The infant death rate—“ that most sensitive index to sanitary conditions”—is highly excessive in many parts of the State. I t was higher in 1917 in Philadelphia than in New York, Brooklyn, Boston, or Chicago. Pittsburg ranked second among cities of its size, having an infant death rate of 116 per 1,000. The State as a whole had an infant death rate in 1916 of 114 per 1,000, while that for the whole registration area was 101. Losses Due to Sickness of Employees. Losses to employees.—The losses to employees consist of (a) loss of wages, (b) cost of care, and (c) reduced earning power and standards of living. At the nominal rate of $2 a day the wage loss to employees of Pennsylvania every year because of illness is at least $33,000,000. The amount spent for needed medical care varies directly with the income of the family. As the family income increases, the amount spent on medical care increases. The average cost of medical care for every employee’s family is between $30 and $50 a year. In a 122778°—19-----15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [221] 222 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. study made by the Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia this average was found to be $47. Medical charity given in many instances can not be considered as in any way an ultimate solution of the illness problem in a country claiming democratic ideals. Because most wage earners can not afford to lose time when ill, many develop chronic illness and thus greatly reduce their future earning capacity. This reacts upon society by a direct loss of productive power and prevents the growth of a vigorous citizenship by making it impossible to maintain family standards which permit proper nourishment, care, and opportunity for the children. Losses to employers.—The losses to employers consist of (a) de crease in production due to the absence of sick wage earners or to the lessened efficiency of half-sick workers, and (b) cost of labor turnover. Employees in the State lose at least 16,800,000 days’ work annually because of sickness, and large numbers of actually sick men and women are at work every day. These facts, while not an exact measure of the loss to industry, give an indication of the extent to which production suffers. During the influenza epidemic anthracite coal production dropped behind 500,000 tons in a few days. There is constant limitation of production because of constant illness, not spectacular and therefore not seriously considered. Four large industrial establishments state that it costs on an average $30 to $50 to hire and train a new workman. The greater the labor turnover the greater the cost of production; the greater the amount of sickness, the greater the labor turnover. Progressive employers are engaging industrial physicians and nurses, opening dispensaries, and establishing sick benefit funds for practical reasons. I t pays to see to it that sick workmen receive care. Losses to the community.—The losses to the community consist of (a) money loss, and (&) social loss. The State spends over $6,000,000 every year directly for the treatment of sickness. In addition, $4,000,000 is spent for the maintenance of institutions for the care of defectives, a large part of which expenditure is undoubtedly made necessary by the neglect of sickness and its consequences. Besides the 10 State hospitals for miners, 175 other hospitals reported to the State board of charities in 1916 that 57 per cent of their in-patients had been treated free and 40 per cent of their hospital days had been free days. Illness is not less a burden upon private funds. Aside from the multitude of dispensaries, hospitals, convalescent homes, visiting nurse societies, and other charitable and semicharitable agencies especially for the care of the sick, organized relief societies invariably report illness to be the most frequent disability in the families coming to them for aid. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 222 ] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 223 The loss from illness to the community is not only in money and in reduced efficiency of the employees themselves, but involves the citizenship of the future. Growing children, forced to endure a period of undernourishment because of straitened family resources when the breadwinner is ill; mothers who receive no care during preg nancy, working until the last minute before confinement and as soon thereafter as they can stand on their feet; babies who are not given a fair start in life—all these mean not only a present problem, but a serious and unjust handicap for the generations to come. There is no more important problem to-day than safeguarding the health of the wage-earning woman; not only for her own sake, but for the sake of her children whose task it will be to make real the ideals for which our men have been laying down their lives. Present Prophylactic Methods. Facilities for medical care among wage earners are not satisfactory, whether considered from the standpoint of extent, cost, or proportion of persons receiving care in time of sickness. Hospital accommoda tions in the State average little more than one-half the standard minimum of five beds per 1,000 of population. Even if good medical care were available and adequate most employees could not afford to pay for it. Fees are not large, but wages have not kept pace with the soaring cost of living, save in a few groups. Most employees are unable to save for emergencies. The result is that many of them fail to receive medical care of any sort, and that many more do not receive care until the illness has passed the stage when it-could be quickly remedied. Approximately one-fourth of those actually disabled by illness never receive medical care, and a larger percentage of those ill but still trying to work are without attention. The startling number of long chronic illnesses found among the 12,000 people in one Phila delphia survey (53.5 per cent lasting more than one year), together with the low proportion of those ill who are receiving treatment, makes obvious the fact that neglected sick men often become chron ically disabled, and that half-sick men are struggling to keep at work because they can not afford to be ill. Insurance protection against sickness is found among approxi mately 30 per cent of employees, but seemingly least often among those who need it most. Illness is a thing of chance and most em ployees take the chance of escaping it. When sickness does come they are stranded, after savings and credit have been exhausted. The lower the wage group the less likely the insurance protection. Nor does the existing insurance in most cases meet the real need. It seldom provides good medical care and cash benefits and is limited by many restrictive rules. From one-half to three-fourths of existing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [223] 224 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. sickness insurance is carried through the sick benefit funds of lodges or fraternal societies. In most of these organizations sickness insur ance is subordinate to life insurance. As a rule, no medical benefits are given and the cash benefit is but $5 a week for 13 weeks in any single year, payable only after a man has been ill for more than two weeks. Trade-union funds rarely afford better protection, while commercial health insurance is costly and subject to many restrictions. Establishment funds usually afford better protection, but are rela tively few in number and exist only among the most progressive em ployers, in whose establishments health hazards are usually reduced to the minimum. Influence of Working Conditions on Health. Industry is clearly responsible for a large proportion of the illness among employees. Investigations of the industries of Pennsylvania have shown that no other State has so wide a variety of those indus trial processes which carry with them danger to the workers either because of poison in the form of fumes, liquids, or dusts, or because of mechanically irritating dusts which injure the throat and lungs. Seventy-nine per cent of all the deaths of persons of working age in 1916 were from diseases whose connection with important Pennsyl vania industries has been established. Death rates among persons of working age in Pennsylvania from degenerative diseases due in large measure to certain kinds of occupations are steadily increasing. A special report on the occupational disease hazards in the State, printed elsewherS in this issue of the L a b o r R e v i e w , (pp. 170 to 180), was made by Dr. Alice Hamilton. Sickness Prevention. Fully one-half of existing sickness could be eliminated if proper preventive measures were taken. At present from 70 to 75 per cent of the school children in Pennsylvania are physically defective and for the most part the defects are correctible if treated in time. A large number of communities in the State have no active health work, much less an adequate appropriation for health activities. Nothing so stimulates preventive effort as definite responsibility for the losses entailed. Preventive measures proved inadequate to meet the problem of industrial accidents until stimulated by the enactment of workmen’s compensation laws. Conclusions, The responsibility for illness rests upon three groups: The com munity, industry, and the individuals. At present these three groups are meeting the losses from illness in wholly unequal shares; the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [224] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 225 burden on the individual is often disastrous and out of proportion to his individual responsibility. Some means of a just distribution of this burden should be found. There is in Pennsylvania to-day urgent need for a program of health measures which will (a) provide for the efficient care of employees and their families when actually ill, and (b) provide preventive measures which will, in so far as it is possible, prevent illness and increase the opportunity for health and vigor in the citizenship of the State. Special Investigations and Surveys. The following special investigations and surveys, the results of which were incorporated in the commission’s report, were made for or by the commission. (1) Kensington sickness survey.—A sickness survey was made by the students of the Pennsylvania School of Social Service in Phila delphia, in May and June, 1918. This was a house-to-house canvass of 743 families, consisting of 3,198 persons, in a census enumeration district in Kensington (Philadelphia), carefully selected to insure its representative character. The primary purpose was to get the illness history of these families for the year ending April 1 , 1918, but the cases of sickness existing at the time of the survey were also noticed. (2) Sickness and dependency.—A study of 1,500 families, in which illness was a problem, under the care of the charity organization societies of 10 cities in the State during 1917. This study was made by the societies and tabulated by the commission and by the students of the Carnegie Institute of Technology. (3) Sickness history of working girls.—A study of 502 members of Y. W. C. A. industrial clubs in 17 cities of the State. This covered the illness histories of these working girls for the period June, 1917, to June, 1918. Wage figures and occupations for 1914, before the war, were obtained for comparative purposes. This study was made by the association secretaries and tabulated by the commission. (4) Sickness history of wage earners’families.—-A study of 500 fam ilies given nursing service in July, 1918, by the Philadelphia Visiting Nurse Society. The families were not limited to a particular group, but were chosen consecutively. The illness at the time of the visit was disregarded, but the sickness history of the preceding year was obtained. This study was made by the nurses of the society and tabulated by the commission. (5) Sickness history of wage earners.—A study of the fatal illnesses of the fathers of families now under the care of the mothers’ assistance fund in Lancaster and Lackawanna Counties. This study was made by the agents of the fund and tabulated in the office of the State supervisor, Harrisburg. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [225] 226 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW - (6) Philadelphia sickness survey.—A sickness survey of Philadelphia and vicinity was made in 1917 by nurses from the city bureau of health, under the direction of the chief of the bureau of vital statistics. The study included 12,019 individuals in 2,655 different families, and cov ered all sickness existing at the time of the survey, and duration to date. The investigation was painstakingly made and in view of the precautions taken it is assumed that the sickness rate is reasonably accurate, although the time of the year, August and September, was one in which sickness is at a minimum. (7) Western Pennsylvania sickness survey.—A study of sickness con ditions in the principal cities of central and western Pennsylvania, including Pittsburg, was carried on in 1917 among industrial policy holders of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. The enumerators were the regular agents of the company, who gathered the survey facts in the course of their door-to-door collections. The study was made in March, a time of the year when physical disability on account of disease is probably at its maximum, and covered 328,051 persons, a much larger number than was reached by the Philadelphia survey, but only serious cases of sickness existing at the time of the survey were noted. (8) Health hazards in industry.—A study of occupational diseases in Pennsylvania prepared in November, 1918, especially for the com mission, by Dr. Alice Hamilton, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Also a study of 100 factories in the Pittsburg district made during the summer and fall of 1918 by the women in industry division of the council of national defense of Allegheny County. (9) Existing insurance facilities.—A special study of the sick benefit funds of the Pennsylvania Railroad and several large industrial es tablishments in Pennsylvania, made by the commission in coopera tion with the Ohio Health and Old Age Insurance Commission. Also a brief study of existing commercial insurance companies and tradeunion and fraternal sick benefit funds in Pennsylvania, made by the commission. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 226] M O N T H L Y LABOE EE VIEW . 227 Cost of Health Supervision in Industrial Estab lishments. HE following table summarizes the experience of 99 industrial T establishments in the United States as regards the cost of health supervision in 1916 d COST OF H E A LT H SU PER V ISIO N IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES IN 1916. Industry. Metal trades............................................. Smelting and refining............................. Transportation........................................ Chemicals................................................ Food......................................................... Textiles............................... .................... P aint.................................................. Publishing............................................. Number Total average of estab number of Total cases lishments employees of all kinds. repre supervised. sented. 47 7 294,646 49;317 1,2~0 24,921 35,795 10,572 13,650 27,462 8,939 4,023 3,026 3,358 2,454 2,500 1 ' 7 5 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 Miscellaneous.........5 ............................. 3 Total.............................................. 99 1,988,991 358,574 2,832 49,046 81,591 78,744 2,611 234,069 67,380 10,255 9,440 6,742 2,842 62,126 131,898 11,019 495,544 3,165,114 11,000 Average an nual cost Total medi of medical cal surgical and surgical and supervision cost. per em ployee. 3,473: 4,637 35,590 130,000 6,126 $1.84 2. 78 5. 46 3. 72 1.95 3.29 2.92 2. 77 2.70 7. 37 2. 02 1.03 1.89 1 14. 24 1 11. 82 2.35 1,238,485 22.50 $541,771 137,047 6,932 92,601 69,633 34; 797 39,875 76,089 24,177 29;635 6,102 1Cost includes treatm ent for sickness of employees and their families when requested. 2The average annual cost per employee, excluding plants for which the cost includes sickness treatm ent of employees and their families at home, was $2.21. The purpose of this compilation was to inform employers of the actual cost of health supervision of employees in different industries. To this end the data were secured from plants engaged in many in dustries, in light, medium, and heavy work, in comparatively safe as well as hazardous operations, and in shops of various sizes and char acter, located in various parts of the United States. Some are situ ated in cities where hospitals and specialists are available, some in small places where such service can be secured only with difficulty. While the average cost per person, as indicated in the summary, is $2.50, it is not representative, as the total cost on which the average is based includes that of four plants which render unusual service, giving both medical and surgical attention to their employees at the plant and in their homes as well, besides assuming the medical care of employees’ families. Omitting these four plants from considera tion, the average cost for the 479,634 employees in the other 95 plants was $2.21. 1“ Cost of health supervision in industry,” by Magnus W. Alexander, in Modern Hospital for May, 1919, pp. 376,377. Chicago. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [227] 228 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. Where the average cost appears to be unusually high or low, the reason is in many cases indicated in the table itself. The size and character of the medical staff is usually the determining factor. In some cases, the cost is influenced greatly by the number of injuries treated in private or public hospitals, in others by the amount of care given to all injuries, serious or slight, or by extension of the service to include physical examination of all employees, treatment of sickness of employees a t the plant and at home, and even by medical care of employees' families, or by a combination of these features. The cost is also influenced, of course, by the kind of work done in particular plants and by the character of the industry. Shops doing very light work, with little hazard exposure, naturally have fewer and less serious accidents than those doing heavy work, particularly where many men work in elevated positions, as in the power and light industry. The cost in plants manufacturing chemicals and paints reflects the great care exercised to safeguard the health of workers in those industries. A total of 3,165,114 cases was reported, an average of more than six cases per person employed, at an average cost of 39 cents per case. The number of cases reported, however, does not include all of the service rendered. In many plants, no record is kept of slight injuries, of injuries redressed, of medical cases treated, of home visits made, or of physical examinations. In others, even the most trivial cases are counted. Furthermore, as “ cases” are so varied in gravity and in the time required for treatment, any comparisons of costs per case are not of much value. The “ total medical and surgical cost” includes salaries of physi cians and nurses, cost of outside medical and surgical service and cost of medical and surgical supplies, whether or not paid for by insurance companies as a part of the insurance contract; it excludes compensation for injuries, overhead expenses, and wages paid to employees while off duty to have their injuries treated. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [228 ] LABOR LAWS AND REGULATIONS. Labor Legislation in Canada, 1919. HE April number of the Canadian Labor Gazette reproduces a T portion of the recent labor legislation of the Provinces from which the following digests are made. Industrial Conditions Act of Manitoba. Of special interest is the Industrial Conditions Act of Manitoba, assented to March 14, 1919, and put in operation on the 29th of the same month. The act goes beyond the well-known Industrial Disputes Investigation Act for the Dominion in its provision for the adjustment of industrial disputes, creating a joint council, subject to statutory control. This council is a provincial agency, and consists of two representatives of employers, two of employees, and one of the public, who shall be the chairman. Appointments are to be made by the lieutenant governor in council on nomination by organizations of employers and employees, as far as representatives of the respective groups are concerned. Appointees are to hold office during the pleasure of the lieutenant governor, and shall receive such remuner ation as he may decide. The council is to maintain an office, but may hold its meetings at any place which it may deem advisable. It is the duty of the council, either on complaint or on its own motion, to investigate existing or threatened industrial disputes and to make a public report thereon; but no decision shall be published until after a duly advertised public hearing at which the parties interested and the public shall be free to appear. The council may also investigate from time to time the cost of living, and may publish monthly reports thereon. If any necessary commodity or service appears to cost more than is fair and reasonable a special investiga tion and report may be made; also where there is reason to believe that unfair profits are being made by any employer or group of employers by the maintenance of an unduly low rate of wages. Housing, sanitation, educational and recreational opportunities, labor supply, the shifting of employment, and apprenticeship are among the subjects named as within the purview of the council. It is also charged to encourage the organization of workers and have regard to their interests in general. Breaches of contract, oppressive or discriminatory acts of employers, and violations of labor laws are other subjects upon which it may act. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2291 229 230 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The council has the powers, rights, and privileges of a court, in cluding the compulsory attendance of witnesses and punishing con tempts. Minimum Wages Acts of Quebec and Saskatchewan. Quebec and Saskatchewan follow Manitoba in the establishment of boards for the fixing of wages of female employees. Alberta also has a limited statutory determination of wage rates in factories, shops, and offices. The Quebec board or commission consists of the deputy minister of labor or other representative of the minister of public works and labor, and two appointed members, one of whom may be a woman. Appointments are made by the lieutenant governor and may termi nate at his pleasure. No compensation is provided for service, but a secretary may be employed and necessary expenses met. The commission may investigate the conditions of employment of women in industrial establishments, with power to examine books and pay rolls and hear witnesses. Conferences in which employers and em ployees are equally represented, together with disinterested persons, and a member of the commission, who shall preside, may be called to fix a minimum in any industry in which it appears that the wages are inadequate. If the commission approves, the wage becomes effective after 60 days from its publication unless delayed by order of the commission. Special rates may be fixed for substandard workers and for girls under 18 years of age. The payment of wages less than the minimum gives grounds for suits for balances as well as fines. The law was assented to March 17, 1919, to come into effect the same day. The board in Saskatchewan consists of five persons, two of whom shall be women, appointed by the lieutenant governor in council for such terms and at such compensation as he may determine. Its powers extend to wages and hours of labor for females employed in shops and factories in any city of the Province, or to such area out side a city as it may determine. Its investigative powers are the same as for the Quebec commission, and it may also punish for con tempt. The bureau of labor is directed to cooperate with the board in securing desired information. Orders are made by the board without a conference, and go into effect 30 days after publication. The provisions for learners and substandard workers and for the recovery of unpaid balances are the same as in Quebec, with an added provision for the protection of employees giving testimony before the board. The law was assented to on February 5, 1919, to come into effect May 1, 1919. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T230] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW, 231 Labor Legislation in Porto Rico, 1917.1 appendix to Volume II of the Laws of Porto Rico, 1917, conA N. tains the acts and resolutions of the first session of the ninth legislature. One of these acts, No. 91, promulgated on March 31, 1919, relates to the payment of wages. It provides that wages must be paid in United States money, and that any stipulation for payment other than in such money is void. When wages are paid in advance discounts may be made. Contracts naming a place or prescribing the manner in which wages are to be expended, or requiring the em ployee to live on the employer’s property, are null. Employees may not be discharged for having spent their wages in any determined place or manner, or with any determined person. Wages are pay able weekly. Employees quitting or discharged during the week are to be paid the following Saturday. In actions for recovery of wages, the defendant may not file any counterclaim or set-off for mer chandise furnished. Judicial action for the collection of bills for merchandise delivered to employees by employers “ on account or for the amount of their wages” and “ deductions for any reason” other than advances in legal tender are prohibited. Act No. 92, also promulgated on March 31, 1919, relates to the protection of new industries, and defines such industries as “ those which on a small or large scale are absolutely new because none other manufacturing products of the same class, whether or not the raw material is produced in Porto Rico, such as cement, cotton fabrics, wool, silk, hemp, sisal, sansevaeria, rope, majigua, oils, paper, china, crystal, glass and other similar factories, including container and package factories not existing in Porto Rico, has been established or exists in Porto Rico.” The act provides that “ such industries, factories or mills shall be exempt from all taxes for a period not exceeding ten years, as the public service commission may determine.” Accident Compensation Laws in Mexico.2 EVEN States of Mexico have enacted laws concerning accidents to laborers, namely: Nuevo León, Sonora, Vera Cruz, Zacatecas, S Hidalgo, Chiapas, and Yucatan. The law of Nuevo León dates from November 2, 1906, of Hidalgo from 1915, of Zacatecas from 1916, of Yucatan from 1917, and those of Sonora, Vera Cruz, and Chiapas from 1918. Among other benefits, the law of Nuevo León establishes i P o r to R ico. A c ts a n d re s o lu tio n s of t h e firs t session o f th e n i n t h le g islatu re. A p p e n d ix to V ol. I I of th e L a w s of P o r to R ic o , 1917. [iSan J u a n ], 1919. 38 p p . 2 R e p r in te d fro m B u lle tin of t h e P a n A m e ric a n U n io n , M arch, 1919, p . 347. W a sh in g to n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [231] 232 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. the following: For death, the payment of the entire wage for 2 years, 18 months, 1 year, or 10 months, according to the amount of debt left by the deceased; for total incapacity, the payment of the entire wage for 2 years; for partial incapacity, either temporal or per manent, the payment of from 20 to 40 per cent of the wage for 2 years, 1 year, or 6 months. The law of the State of Hidalgo estab lishes in case of death the payment to the heirs of 50 per cent of the salary or wage for 3, 2, or 1 year, according to the debts the deceased may have contracted; in case of perpetual incapacity a sum equal to the salary or wage for 1 year and work of which the injured man is capable must be supplied. According to the law of Vera Cruz in case of death the sum of 1 or 2 years’ wage must be paid to the heirs; in case of permanent incapacity an amount equal to the wage for 4 years or a life pension equal to half the wage earned by the laborer at the time of the accident must be supplied; in case of partial incapacity a sum equal to 2 years’ wage or a life pension equal to a quarter of his wage is obligatory. The ruling in Yucatan is that in the first and second cases cited payment shall be made of a sum equal to the salary of 2 years; and in the third event labor must be provided for which the victim is capable or his full wage of 1 year be paid. The law of Chiapas concedes to laborers and their employers the right of agreeing upon the amount of the indemnities and the terms of payment. In Sonora the general manner of the payment of indemnities in case of deaths or total or partial incapacity is estab lished as well as the penalty for minor accidents, such as the loss of a finger, in cases where the injury was the direct result of the work in which the victim was engaged or was caused by lack of proper pre cautions and safeguards on the part of the employer. Laws for Maintenance of Industrial Activity During Demobilization in France. AWS and official documents relative to the maintenance of industrial activity during demobilization is the title of a col L lection of laws, decrees, and other measures taken by the French Government between November, 1918, and January 26, 1919, rela tive to discharge of employees in the service of the Government, and to securing employment for the demobilized.1 These measures are presented under the following heads: (1) Con tracts of labor (valid after the war) ; (2) securing labor for male persons after their discharge; (3) census of unemployment, and qualification i T ra n c e . M in istè re d u T ra v a il e t d e l à P ré v o y a n c e S ociale. D ire c tio n d u T ra v a il. A c te s e t D o c u m e n ts O fficiels. M esures te n d a n t à m a in te n ir l ’a c tiv ité n a tio n a le p e n d a n t la d em o b ilisa tio n . P a ris , 1919. 72 p p . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [232] M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. 233 of persons about to be discharged; (4) female labor; and (5) municipal and Departmental unemployment funds. The length and number of these measures preclude anything but the briefest review here. The law of November 22, 1918, guaranteeing the validity of labor contracts after the war, provides that “ contracts for labor for a deter mined period are valid for that portion of the time contracted for and remaining at the time of mobilization/’ and that “ all contracts, whatever may be the term agreed upon, made during the war, in which a mobilized person was replaced, expire at the time the former employee is reinstated. In reinstatements preference is given to the oldest contract.” The act is applicable to men mobilized for naval or army service and to communal and Departmental officials and employees in public establishments. In a circular of November 13, 1918, measures are recommended for the prevention of a too rapid demobilization of workers in fac tories under Government control, and for the early release of farm labor. Other circulars provide for the release of persons working in such factories, upon proof that work is assured them in other estab lishments, and advising the immediate discharge of all persons over 65 years of age temporarily employed. The Government advises the establishment of commune funds for the purpose of giving aid to the unemployed during the necessary delay in securing employment, and agrees to share the expense so incurred to the extent of 33 per cent. This rate was subsequently increased so that from January 15 to November 15, 1919, the State will bear 75 per cent of the expense. As to the women employed in industrial war work, administrative officers were directed to proceed as slowly as possible in all cases of discharge, and in dismissing workers to give preference in retaining in employment to (1) those who have dependent families, and especially to widows whose former residence was in the occupied districts and who have dependent children under 16 years of age, wounded mem bers of the family, and dependent ascendants, and in case of there being an equality as to dependents preference is to be given to widows and orphans of soldiers, and (2) by seniority of service. Each female employee in the administrative service is granted at the time of her discharge a bonus equal to 25 days’ or a month’s pay according to whether employed by the day or month, provided she had been in the service 6 months on November 11, 1918. Female employees who had been in the service less than 6 months but 3 months or more are granted one-half this bonus. Those who had served more than 6 months are entitled to 2 days’ extra bonus for each 3 months’ service over 6. The bonuses are payable at the time https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [233] 234 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. of discharge, provided the employee agrees not to enter any other public service. Those who fail to make this agreement are not paid the bonuses until the expiration of the period to which they corre spond, and then only for that portion of the period during which they were unemployed. In State industrial establishments the bonus is equal to 30 days’ wages to those employed at least 3 months before the armistice was signed, increased by 1 day’s work for each 4 months of service in excess of 3. In factories engaged in the manufacture of munitions of war a dis charge bonus and traveling expenses for herself and her children to the place she elects is granted to each female employee resigning from the service before December 5, 1918, later extended to Decem ber 15, 1918, and in meritorious cases to January 15, 1919. Circulars dated November 25 and 26 declare that, owing to the impossibility of securing employment in other factories and shops, and to the desire to reduce the manufacture of materials in State establishments pre paring explosives, it has been decided to reduce the hours of work to five per day with a corresponding decrease in wages, and a readjust ment of cost-of-living bonuses. The taking on of new employees in the office of the Secretary of War was abandoned December 17, 1918, and in case additional labor becomes necessary, it is to be recruited from persons discharged from establishments engaged in the manu facture of explosives. A circular issued by the Minister of Reconstitution, dated Decem ber 28, 1918, provides that when certain industrial establishments allow discharge bonuses the State will reimburse the establishment, within certain limits, as follows: The State will pay one-third of such bonuses paid to the first one-third of the employees discharged, onehalf of the bonuses paid to the second third discharged, and two-thirds of the bonuses paid to the last third discharged. A subsequent cir cular, in noting that some émployers were discharging employees without granting any discharge bonus, directs that the State assume the charge of paying in such cases an indemnity amounting to 140 francs ($27.02) to all persons over 18 years of age. This provision was somewhat modified by a later order providing that in all cases where an establishment in the Paris district allows a bonus of 200 francs ($38.60) the State will assume the payment of one-half the amount, and also extending the bonus to persons under 18 years of age who may be considered heads of families, or who have depen dent brothers or sisters, or certain other dependents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [234] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 235 Proposed Codification of German Labor Laws. A CCOKDING to the Soziale Praxis1 Herr Landsberg, the German minister of justice, on March 1, 1919, announced to the National Assembly the intention of the Government of preparing a German labor code. In making this announcement the minister said: Some time ago the cabinet resolved to have the ministries interested prepare a labor code. I t is intended that this code shall fulfill all those demands on which the workers of all trade-union movements have come to an agreement. The code will be governed by a social and liberal spirit, and shall demonstrate that German democracy will be active not only politically but also socially. The code shall in the first place create a right of combination (K o a litio n s r e c h t). Hitherto Germany has not possessed the right of combination, at least not positively. From now on this most valuable right of the worker shall not be contained in a negative sentence. The code shall, moreover, do away with the legal incompetence of trade unions. I t does not seem right that trade unions which have a membership of millions and own property worth millions are not able to bring suit in the courts. The proposed codification will also improve the law on conciliation and arbitration, and develop a system of shop councils (B etrieb s räte) which shall exercise considerable influence on the process of production, but only on that and not on the financial management of the establishments. These shop councils shall become the constitutional organs of the worker. In preparing this labor code the Federal Government will of course consult workers of all trade-union move ments as well as employers, and it expresses the hope that the German workmen will bring good will and zest to the collaboration, so that the proposed code may become the Magna Charta of German labor. New Regulation of Agricultural Labor in Germany. P to November, 1918, the labor contract of German agricultural U workers was governed by the various State laws regulating domesticservice. In November 1918, the Provisional Government abrogated all these oppressive laws without enacting substitutes for them. Thus, for the time being, the employment of agricultural labor was subject only to the antiquated regulations of the Civil Code (arts. 611 to 630.) In order to remedy this situation the largest agricultural employers’ and workers’ organizations on January 24, 1919, agreed upon a provisional agricultural labor ordinance, which was given legal character by a decree issued by the people’s commissioners and by the minister of labor.2 The most important provisions of this lengthy ordinance are the following: In establishments directly or indirectly connected with agriculture or forestry, in which a collective agreement is not in force, labor 1Soziale Praxis und Archiv für Volkswohlfahrt, vol. 28, No. 23. Berlin, Mar. 6, 1919. 2 Soziale Praxis und Archiv für Volkswohlfahrt, vol. 28, No. 19, pp. 309 if, Berlin, Feb. 6,1919, and Köl nische Zeitung, Cologne, Feb. 1, 1919, morning edition. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [235] 236 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. contracts for a period exceeding six months must be concluded in writing if any of the remuneration agreed upon is to be given in kind. The maximum daily hours of labor are to average 8 for four months, 10 for four months, and 11 for the remaining four months. Overtime must be specially paid for. The time spent in going to and coming from work is to be included in the working hours, but neither rest periods nor the time occupied in feeding teams of draft animals. During the six summer months a daily rest period of at least two hours must be granted. That part of the wages which is payable in cash must as a rule be paid weekly. Unless a different local custom prevails, wages payable in kind must be delivered quarterly in goods of medium quality or the worker must be compensated for them in cash at the official market value. The labor contract must state the cash value of the right of the worker to housing, the use of land and of other grants in kind. Disputes relating to remuneration are to be decided by an arbitration board. In case of unlawful termination of the labor contract the employer may not retain wages in excess of 45 times the customary local daily wage. Labor contracts for a year are to be calculated for the various seasons on a wage scale by which the winter wage is not strikingly disproportionate to the work done in that season and the wages paid for the whole year. Remuneration for each hour of overtime must amount to at least one-tenth of the customary local daily wage plus 50 per cent bonus. The time spent in feeding and looking after animals is to be paid for as overtime in the case of workers for whom such work is not included in the general stipulations of their labor contract. Urgent work on Sundays or holidays is to be paid at double the customary local daily rate of wages. In establishments in which a workers’ committee exists, working regulations must, after consultation with the committee, be issued and posted in a conspicuous place. These regulations shall fix the hours of labor, possible fines, and the use of such fines for the benefit of the workers. Women workers who have a household to look after must be released from work at least one hour before dinner time. On the day pre ceding Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost they are to be excused from work. Women with large houses to look after, and especially those who board lodgers, are, save in cases of emergency, to be com pelled to work only so far as their household duties allow. The workers are to be supplied with housing accommodations cor responding to moral and hygienic requirements and to the size of the families housed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [236] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 237 Assault, gross insults, immoral demands, refusal or gross neglect of service, unpunctual payment of wages, and continued bad board or unhygienic housing shall be considered valid reasons for the immediate termination of the labor contract. Participation in political or tradeunion activities shall not be considered a reason for discharge. In case the labor contract of a worker with a household is terminated prematurely without his fault he shall for three further weeks be en titled to the free use of the housing accommodations granted to him. If the worker was at fault he is entitled to only two weeks’ use of the housing accommodations and shall pay rent for them. In case of premature termination of the labor contract the worker is to be given a share of the crop on the land granted to him by the employer equivalent to the work done by him on the land and based on its average yield. Disputes over premature termination of the labor contract shall be decided by an arbitration board. Pensions of any kind, especially pensions for soldiers disabled in the war or survivors’ pensions, are not to be deducted from the wages of workers. Whether disabled workers are receiving a wage cor responding to their earning capacity is to be decided by the arbitra tion board. The worker is to enjoy the benefit of any statutory labor conditions more favorable to him than those provided in his eontract. The decree of December 23, 1918, relating to collective agreements, arbitration boards, and workers’ committees shall also be applicable to agricultural workers coming under the present ordinance. The above provisional ordinance is to be legally valid until the issue of final labor regulations for agricultural workers by the National Assembly. 122778°— 19— — 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [237] HOUSING. Housing and Community Problems at National Conference of Social Work. HE fact that housing was upon the program of only two of the ten sections meeting at the Forty-sixth Annual Conference of Social Work convened at Atlantic City, N. J., June 1-8, by no means adequately registers the interest of the convention in the problems of housing. There was a general understanding of the acuteness of the actual shortage in houses, coupled with a widespread belief that there was danger of a setback in the quality of housing by reason of this quantity shortage. Community Problems. The larger emphasis of the conference was, however, upon matters of community interest, particularly the extension of the war-time community service into the period of reconstruction and afterward. Some very interesting experiments showing the need and value of community recreation have been undertaken during the war. The beneficial effect of the work upon war morale, its influence upon health and general happiness, were strikingly brought out in various talks and discussions. Mr. L. A. Halbert, of Community Service, Inc., and others, who touched upon the subject, emphasized the desirability of continuing the work as a peace-time instrument of social reform. The uplifting effect of good standards of health, housing, and recrea tion was strongly dwelt upon by Mrs. Eva White of the United States Department of Labor. In describing the details of community service organization in Chester, Pa., Mr. Charles F. Weller, executive secretary of that organization, termed its effort as one of “social salvage/’ and continued: “Community service is uncovering rich hidden streams of human power; discovering and coordinating great groups of worth-while people who have previously been unregarded and unenlisted; organizing into joyous helpful community relation ships large numbers of men and women whom their neighbors are surprised but glad to recognize as richly individual, public-spirited, worthy comrades.” Mr. Gibney, director of community recreation centers, Board of Education, New York City, told how the school system of New York City is reaching the neighborhood through local community organiza238 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [238] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 239 tions. The method is as informal as possible; responsibility is given to the locality, but the uniformity is maintained through the grant ing of a prescribed form of charter by the Board of Education to each local group desiring to organize. One of the principal difficulties connected with operating the local community organization is one of parliamentary tactics, so to speak, connected with securing a pro portionate voice of the minority in the conduct of the meetings. Mr. John Collier, associate secretary National Committee for Con structive Immigration Legislation and director of Training School for Community Workers, New York City, analyzed the philosophy and purpose of the community councils which have developed in New York City. He termed them extragovernmental bodies in which the members of a locality meet to discuss economic and political prob lems of immediate concern to them. While these councils partake very much of the character of the New England town meeting, they differ in the respect that each is autonomous. They combine sociabil ity and familiarity of the members one with another as did the New England town meeting, but in their demonstration they require greater technical and objective knowledge than did the informal New England town meeting. The community councils are distinctly middle-class institutions and have captured the support of the labor ing men as a whole. In their discussions they are tackling economic problems primarily—the cost of living, rent profiteering, and the like. The community councils come together in a sort of a community parliament in the municipal building and discuss problems of common interest to them. The councils are supported by dues and enter tainments of various sorts, and require an annual income of $50,000 for overhead expenses arising from voluntary gifts. This latter expense, it is hoped, will be later on absorbed by the borough governments, contributing pro rata. The question of maintaining and supporting the various types of recreational community activities was one which probably raised more discussion than any other. Can this work be done without subsidies, philanthropies, or government aid? Mr. James Ford, of the United States Housing Corporation (Department of Labor), and professor of social ethics at Harvard University, contributed the principal address to the discussion of this point. He showed how education and recreation should be and as a matter of fact have been combined in self-governing and self-supporting community houses. He instanced the cooperative methods in Europe as doing this very thing, and at various points in this country this is also the case—e. g., the labor schools in New York City, Boston, and other places. He emphasized the value of the cooperative movement in the provision of educational and recreational facilities, as implying https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [239] 240 M O N TH LY LABOE KEVIEW. equal distribution of responsibility and as being more responsive to the various needs of the members, giving greater opportunities for choice of the form of amusement or education. The cooperative method gives valuable experience in operating business enterprises, amounting as it does to the exercise of considerable judgment. Housing. The housing experience during the war, as outlined by Mr. John Ihlder, secretary of the Pennsylvania Housing and Town Planning Association, pointed to the danger arising from bringing into use unfit, insanitary dwellings to meet the shortage in accommodations. On the other hand, there stood out the fact that the housing'shortage was beginning to affect comparatively well-to-do persons. As a result of this, the country is being roused from its conservatism and lack of knowledge of the housing problem. This arousing of interest in the problem is a hopeful sign that the anticipated increase in sickness and other social problems from the use of insanitary dwellings may not take place. Thus the housing problem has ceased to be a class problem peculiar to the workingman, and has become a universal one. The indications of interest in housing on the part of other classes are rent strikes and suggestions as to the control of speculation and land values and as to forms of taxation. Some cities, in fact, are beginning to propose municipal ownership. Future developments in housing require that there be kept in mind two important phases: Intelligent management and mainte nance of minimum standards. Maintenance of minimum standards or the provision of good houses means to the tenant a relatively better house for his money and to the owner reduced charges for upkeep and the like. Mr. Lawrence Veiller contributed a special paper to the discussion of minimum standards. He outlined briefly the standards set up by the Federal Government and recounted the past struggle to get recognition for the fixing of housing standards by law. He particu larly scored the architects for their failure to recognize the meaning and purposes of standards, insisting that they were still in the days of winding stairways and oblivious to the need of erecting houses into which standard furniture will fit and in which household equipment can be used to the best advantage. Thus far, the women, he pointed out, have not taken a hand in the matter. Discussions of the above papers threw light on what was occurring in England, particularly the part which women were playing in secur ing the raising of housing standards in that country. The chief difficulty there, it was pointed out, was that the women had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [240] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 241 not become articulate in such matters. This brought the asser tion that workingmen in this country, either in their organized or unorganized capacity, were not taking nor had they taken any par ticular interest in the housing problem. I t was also asserted by another speaker that people in the better apartment houses were less careful in insisting on rooms in apartment houses being properly lighted and ventilated than were the poorer classes of tenants who sought rooms in tenements of the lower grade. The speaker felt that there was need for educating all women in respect to housing, not merely those at the bottom of the ladder but also those at the top. In treating the subject of how to manage industrial villages, Mr. F. C. Feld, rental manager of Yorkship Village, the Emergency Fleet Corporation town near Camden, N. J., distinguished between the village belonging to a company or industrial establishment and one not connected with such an enterprise. In the latter case the element of competition enters in. This frequently tends to lower the standard of living, as tenants invariably move into the cheaper though less sanitary dwellings. In this case also the question of recreation is not one of importance. On the other hand, the company town, being isolated, must take into consideration matters of recreation. This is true even in the case of Yorkship Village, which, although a portion of Camden because of its location between two branches of Newton Creek, is to a certain extent a separate community. I t is expected to organize the com munity center work with a large degree of cooperation on the part of the tenants. The successful operation of the community depends primarily upon continued occupancy of the houses, and secondarily upon maintenance. Perhaps the two features are of equal importance. The speaker was of the opinion that particular care should be exer cised in the selection of tenants and in weeding out the undesirables after effort has been made to secure their cooperation in proper living. The evils of improper maintenance arise principally from the fact that discontented tenants fall into habits of carelessness and lose interest in the upkeep of their houses. It is recommended that rents should be collected at the home rather than by payments at the office. This gives opportunity for cultivation of the confidence of the family and also, without seeming to interfere with the rights of the tenant, for making suggestions toward the maintenance of proper living conditions. Special periodic inspections are thus obviated and also the undesirable feeling on the part of the tenant of being inspected. I t is highly undesirable to deduct the rent from wages, as it tends to make the tenant dependent and to destroy his sense of responsibility. It is also believed that https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [241] 242 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. women should be employed as rent collectors, as being most liable to secure the goodwill of the housewives with whom they must deal. The success of women rent collectors is clearly brought out in the experience of the Octavia Hill Association of Philadelphia. Before the section on health, Dr. James Ford, of the United States Housing Corporation, contributed a paper in which he discussed the structural arrangement of the house as contributing to ill health, treating such matters as light, ventilation, excessive crowding and personal contact, imperfect equipment, general situation of the house, the effect of uncongenial environment upon the individual and his consequent inability to resist the invasion of disease. This paper is printed in full, immediately following this article. Mr. Thomas Adams, housing and town-planning adviser to the Canadian Government, outlined the reconstruction housing program of the Canadian Government. His address appears on pages 248 to 255 of this issue of the L a b o r R e v ie w . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [242] Bad Housing and 111 Health.1 By D r . J a m e s F o r d , U n it e d S t a t e s H o u sin g C o r p o r a t io n . WRING the two years of our participation in the war attention has been called more than ever before to the subject of housing. This was due primarily to the fact that during the war there were not houses enough in our industrial centers to accommodate the indus trial workers brought in to manufacture munitions, build ships, or engage in other essential industries. This shortage was met only in part by the relatively meager appropriations of the Federal Gov ernment to provide housing for war needs. Houses were built by the Government in very few cities, and private capital did not engage largely in the construction of dwelling houses because of the diffi culty of securing credit, labor, and materials. A shortage of dwellings is, therefore, practically universal throughout the United States. New building to meet this shortage should be guided by high stand ards of planning, construction, sanitation, and equipment so that we will not repeat the mistakes which have been made in the older buildings erected for the use of the industrial classes prior to the war. Not only is the quantity of houses important but quality also matters. Not only must we have houses, but we must have good houses. There is increasing recognition <3n the part of employers of labor that poor housing leads either to a heavy labor turnover (for labor will not come to a plant, or at least will not stay, unless decent living conditions can be provided) or to poor health, and thereby to inefficiency. The public at large is also beginning to recognize the close association of bad housing and the growing discontent. Pro hibition of the liquor traffic, by removing the poor man’s only means of forgetting his misery, is going to increase the volume of such dis content. I t is, therefore, urgent that we recognize the correlation of bad housing and ill health and adopt policies which will remove the sources of ill health and of injustice—or to put it positively, adopt policies which will provide wholesome houses for all. Any ill, to be fought effectively, must be understood. When, for example, malaria was believed to be produced by night air and win dows of sleeping rooms were kept tightly closed, not only was malaria not stopped, but other ills were induced. When, however, it was discovered that malaria was borne to its victims by the mosquito, which bred in stagnant pools, windows could be kept open, if properly 1Address delivered before the National Conference of Social Work, Atlantic City, N. J., Saturday, June 7,1919. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [243] 243 244 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. screened, and malaria could be fought at its source by draining stagnant water or pouring oil on the surface. To remove the forms of ill health which are produced by housing conditions we must, therefore, discover the specific cause of each house disease and remove that cause. This is not easy because many of the suggested correlations are still under dispute. But pending final agreement on the part of specialists we must act, as in all other matters of human policy, upon tentative conclusions which may be accepted as reasonable. Our problem may first be considered with reference to the type of houses which have been or may be constructed. Men may live in detached, semidetached, or row houses, or they may live in flats—detached, semidetached, or in rows—or in block dwellings, tenements, apartments, hotels, or lodging houses. Of these types mentioned unquestionably the worst, under usual conditions, are the multiple dwellings, and although these, if properly planned within, and properly placed on the lot, can be rendered tolerably wholesome, they inevitably contain at best features which render them far from ideal as places of permanent residence. Let us take, for example, the prevailing type of multiple dwelling as found in our American cities. This is a structure four, five, or six stories high, or perhaps higher, built largely of wood, but with brick exterior, three or four rooms deep, sharing party walls with similar buildings to right and left, sharing with its neighbors a narrow court or shaft at the sides and at the rear an ugly yard (with board fences) filled with clothes lines and drying clothes, outbuildings, and prob ably ash, garbage, and refuse cans, and in the front sharing with its neighbors an ugly, monotonous, treeless, dusty-paved street. The picture above given, which describes the urban home of the middle classes, does not describe the homes of our wage earners who con stitute the major part of our urban population, for to it must be added the inevitable dark hallway, the common toilet, often located in hall, cellar, or yard, the disrepair, and the stench from unclean cellars, halls, and yards, from cooking and washing, from unsanitary plumbing, and from years of careless usage. Disadvantages of Multiple Dwellings. Such dwellings as have just been described may contribute to ill health on the part of their occupants (even though these tene ments or apartments are newly constructed) in the following way: 1. Through improper location by building on wet and imperfectly drained land; the buildings, especially the lower stories, may be damp and dampness tends to lower resistance to disease. Or by placing the building in a highly exposed position, proper heating in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2441 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 245 winter season may be impossible for many rooms and such exposure may reduce resistance. 2. Through the characteristic use of wood for interior if not exterior construction tenants are exposed to a continuous fire risk. Few tenements or apartment houses have more than one fireproof means of egress, if any is provided, so each family is continuously exposed to fire by the carelessness of all the other families in the building. A tenement house fire may mean not only the possibility of death from burning, but also the greater probability of suffocation or accident; but perhaps the form of ill health which is most lasting in its effects is occasioned by fright, which may cause sleeplessness or even permanent nervous impairment. 3. Through defective structure or bad repair there may be con tinuous danger to life and limb from accident. Winding stairs take their annual toll in broken limbs; rotten flooring, insecure railings of stairs and piazzas, or fire escapes insecurely attached are the cause of many of the diseases technically classified as traumatic. 4. Through defective orientation, with reference both to the points of the compass and to neighboring buildings, tenants may be deprived of sunshine and even of adequate light. Many of our cities have planned, and continue to plan, streets running due east and west. If the apartments are built up to their side lot lines approximately half of their rooms are sunless. The absence of sunshine generally means dampness, cheerlessness, and for those thousands of fiats which have no sunlighted room a reduced resistance and an increased exposure to disease, for sunshine is an effective germicide as well as a promoter of improved metabolism. The sunless room or apartment facing the north or facing a narrow court or yard shadowed by neighboring buildings is a favorable medium for the transmission of certain respiratory diseases. 5. Through excessive height, for high buildings may contribute to ill health, not only through increasing the fire risk and shutting out sunshine as above mentioned, but also through stair climbing, which is a hardship to the aged and a limitation to the play activities of the very young, and often a source of pain, if not positive danger, to women who are about to become mothers. Tenement houses have no elevators, and hence those families living above the second floor, to avoid stair climbing, will do without out-of-door exercise, which is essential to their health. 6. Through the crowding of many families in the same building, sharing the same halls and perhaps the same toilets, the chances of exposure to certain infectious and contagious diseases are increased. The common stair railing, touched by all who go in or out, is a fomes by which common colds or other diseases of the respiratory system https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [245] 246 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. may be transmitted via the hands of the infected person to the hands of the new victim. The unwashed hand may soon be carried to the mouth and the infection accomplished. Though this mode of transmission is perhaps less serious than the common hand towel or drinking glass, it is not negligible, especially where halls are dark, for the railing is more used in such halls and sunlight does not exercise its germicidal action. 7. Through crowding of population within the tenement, block, or district, for, whether among rich or poor, density of population further adds to ill health by the nervous wear and tear which it entails. It is difficult to secure relief from the noises made by jmur neighbor, who insists upon moving around his furniture late at night, or walks the floor with his crying baby, dr plays his pianola, Yictrola, or cornet during the hours when you wish to concentrate upon your work or to sleep. Moreover, where there is large population there must be considerable traffic of persons returning home or delivering goods or making visits, and such traffic means noise, which in turn means nervous fatigue and sleeplessness. As sleep is essential to the repair of the body after the fatigue and wear and tear of the day’s activities, the sleeplessness entailed by crowded living must be considered one of the most serious of the sources of reduced resistance or ill health on the part of the tenement dweller. 8. Through crowding of rooms. Crowding may be caused by short age of housing, poverty, or ignorant racial habit. It almost inevi tably means increased opportunities for communication of disease, either by direct contact, fomites, or droplet infection. Where there is crowding of lodgers in the same apartment with the family there are reduced opportunities for privacy and perhaps for the accepted decencies of life, which may be an occasion in conjunction with other causes for immorality with its train of sexual diseases, or for exces sive sexual stimulation, especially on the part of the adolescent, result ing in perversions or neuresthenic tendencies. 9. Through inadequate plumbing or the uses of undesirable or de fective fixtures which may mean reduced cleanliness and in various ways increased opportunity for transmission of diseases. Lack of water supply within an apartment makes personal cleanliness and house cleaning difficult. Broken or imperfectly trapped fixtures mean that the occupants must continually breathe sewer gas. Though sewer gas has been determined to be free of bacteria, its presence in an apartment leads to discomfort, reduced appetite, and imperfect nutrition, and in extreme cases to nausea. Where fixtures must be shared by several families there is danger of transmission of venereal diseases and of body parasites. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [246] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 247 10. Through poor ventilation. The habitual use of windowless rooms, of rooms on narrow closed courts, or even of rooms having only one window, where for reasons of privacy the door must be kept closed, means at least discomfort from hot, humid, stale air, and probably reduced resistance to disease. 11. Through poor lighting. Dark rooms cause ill health in a va riety of ways. In the first place a room which is dark is likely to be dirty, because the dirt can not be seen. Such dirt may contain disease germs, and may contaminate hands or throat and lungs. Families living and working in imperfectly lighted rooms are likely also to suffer from eye strain. When members of the family do housework, sew, or read in such rooms for long periods there may result permanent impairment of the vision, of which chronic head aches are the usual symptom. Careful experiments by the Boston Board of Health have demonstrated that the germs of tuberculosis can retain their virulence in such rooms for a period of more than two months. As one-tenth of the deaths in America are from tuber culosis and as there are at least three living cases in our population for each death, and as also the tenement-house population changes residence frequently the chances of transmission of this disease from one family to another should not be considered negligible, though other methods of transmission of this disease are more common. If, as is frequently the case, all of the rooms of a tenement are gloomy, the resistance of those members of the family who are forced to pass their days in the home is almost certain to be reduced, for human beings, like plants, need sunshine for vigorous growth. Experiments seem to indicate that living in gloomy quarters, especially where ac companied by lack of exercise, results in a reduction of the phago cytic power of the blood, that is, the power to destroy germ organisms^ and an anemic condition may also result . 12. Through improper equipment. Defective or imperfect equip ment may injure health in a variety of ways. A sink which is set too low means back strain for the housekeeper. A leaky stove may endanger the lives of the tenants from carbon monoxide. Defective gas fixtures may cause poisoning, and defective electric wiring may cause danger to life from fire. Careless insertion of plumbing or heating fixtures may make it possible for vermin and insect pests, which are disease carriers, to pass from the"apartments of careless tenants to those of careful housekeepers. Lack of screens or defective screening may expose to mosquitoes, which are bearers of malaria, or to flies, which may be carriers of typhoid fever in cities where modern plumbing is not universal or of the intestinal infections of infants. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [247] 248 MONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW. 13. Finally, the proximity of the tenement to the factory may mean poisoning of the air by chemical gases, mineral dust, or soot, causing throat irritation and reduced resistance to respiratory dis eases, as well as increased work for the overburdened housewife in keeping her curtains clean and her home free from dust. The effects of the discomfort of an uncongenial environment are cumulative and produce irritability, anemia, and lassitude, or what is popularly called “ slum disease/’ Some of the undesirable features in house construction which have been mentioned are actually reducing resistance or causing disease to the vast majority of the persons now living in multiple dwell ings, and are inherent in that type of dwelling. In comparison with the multiple dwelling the detached house is far more conducive to high resistance and good health. With a little attention to planning it can be made structurally safe and every room can be well lighted, well ventilated and equipped for the comfort and con venience of its occupants. For families with children it is the ideal place of residence as it makes possible not only good health, but opportunities for protection from undesirable associates. I t also makes possible supervised play activities, and through the household garden offers the children opportunity for familiarity with plants and flowers—an essential part of every child’s education. Housing Development as a Post-War Problem in Canada.1 By T homas A da m s, H o u s in g and G T ow n -P overnm ent l a n n in g A d v is e r to C a n a d ia n . N Canada no attempt was made to carry out any Government housing during the war. That was Canada’s misfortune in one Irespect, since it prevented using the energy ‘and restlessness that comes during the periods of war as a means of creating some bold experiment in model housing. On the other hand, it is our good fortune that our present position is not prejudiced by the carrying out of any extravagant and hurried scheme during the war,'meaning by extravagant, of course, the neces sary extravagance created by war conditions. Since the war ceased Canada has commenced to deal with housing as a national affair and as a problem of reconstruction. In my opinion the Canadian policy in this matter is based on the soundest principles that can be applied under a federal constitution in a 1 A d d ress d e liv e re d before th e N a tio n a l C onference of Social W o rk , A tla n tic C ity , N . J ., S a tu rd a y , J u n e 7,1919. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [248] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. 249 democratic country. Of course, it is not in any sense final. It is a beginning, and I am certain that if proper administration is applied it will be a beginning of very great things. In the inauguration of an entirely new policy, involving almost revolutionary changes in sentiment and practice, it is better to begin cautiously and with moderate expectations, only making sure that the principles are sound and that whatever is done is a contribution toward the complete administrative whole it is sought to attain. It is desirable also to use public enterprise as a stimulus and aid to good private enterprise and not as an alternative to anything but bad private enterprise. The Canadian National Housing Project. The armistice was signed on November 11. Immediately after ward representatives of the Federal and Provincial Governments of Canada met, and, among other subjects, discussed the desirability of creating better housing conditions. I t was observed that there had been a practical cessation of building operations during the war and a scarcity of housing accommodations. The Privy Council reported on the matter on December 2, and on the following day, December 3, an order in council was issued granting a loan of $25,000,000. On December 12, a committee of five members of the cabinet was ap pointed to administer the loan. Prior to the taking of this action by the Dominion Government, the Provincial Government of Ontario had decided to appropriate $2,000,000 for housing in Ontario as an addition to any Federal loan that might be given. The Federal loan of $25,000,000 will be distributed among the nine .Provinces of Canada pro rata to the population. I t is hoped that each Province will add a contribution of its own so as to make the available total much larger. The money will be lent to the Provinces at 5 per cent and will be repayable by them, in most cases, in six equal monthly installments of principal and interest. Administrative Machinery. The Federal Government, the Provincial Governments and the municipalities, are all involved in the machinery that has to be set up to carry out housing schemes. Under the constitution of Canada the duty of providing houses and controlling land development is a Provincial and municipal and not a Federal matter. Many have urged that the Federal Govern ment should itself carry out housing schemes, but this would inter fere with the autonomy of both the Provinces and the municipalities. For the sake of the future development of Government housing and its successful administration, it is essential to pay full regard to this https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [249] 250 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. ract. In the working out of the administrative machinery great care has been taken to avoid anything that would have the appearance of interfering with the local government. At the same time it is obviously essential that the Federal Government should take some responsibility with regard to the way in which its money is to be used. It certainly should give some leadership and guidance on the subject and afford an opportunity for coordinating the work of the various Provinces. Before securing the loan, each Province has to submit a general provincial scheme of housing for the approval of the Federal Govern ment. Some kind of Federal organization is necessary to examine these schemes, to report on them, and subsequently to exercise some oversight to see that they are carried out. All this must be done with great care and tact as a means of assisting the Provincial Governments, rather than as a means of criticizing anything they do. Once each provincial scheme is approved by the Federal Govern ment, the jurisdiction in respect of all local schemes will rest with the provincial authorities. In the same way it is expected that as a rule the provincial authorities will show a similar confidence in the municipalities and that once the municipal scheme of housing is settled the municipality will be left comparatively free to administer it and to obtain such loans as it requires to be spent in conformity with the scheme. To put it briefly, the machinery represents com plete cooperation between the Federal, Provincial, and municipal governments with the responsibility divided as follows: Federal.—Responsibility for approval of general schemes of each Province dealing with the standards and conditions to be imposed by the Province in making loans to municipalities; carrying out of advisory work in connection with provincial legislation, forms of scheme, and preparation of plans and specifications, and reporting on questions relating to standardization, comparative data collected from different Provinces and the like. Provincial.—Responsibility to repay loan of Federal Government and to administer the general scheme it has prepared and to secure from each municipality borrowing money a general municipal scheme for its own area. Municipal.—Responsibility for repaying loan to the Province and supervising and carrying out all housing schemes in accordance with its principles and standards included in the municipal scheme which is part of, or connected with, the general provincial scheme. The result of the procedure is that the real work and the real responsibility rests with the municipality, although in many cases commissions appointed in municipalities have to, or in some cases may be, appointed. At any rate the responsibility is local. It is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis £250] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW 251 near to the neople. Close observation of the working out of details will be best attained by this means. It is likely that the municipal ities will be slow to accept the responsibility. This has proved to be a stumbling block to housing progress in most countries where national housing has been carried out. It is also probable that some people will fear that the municipal administrations are not com petent to undertake such additional responsibilities. Undoubtedly there are defects in the municipal councils and forms of government and good reasons can always be found for withholding the giving of any added duties or powers to municipal administrators, but the statement may be hazarded that the longer we continue to do that the longer we shall have to wait to get local bodies in whom we can have confidence. My own opinion is that we should pile up responsibility on the municipal authority for all matters of local administration; that we should not attempt to supersede them more than is necessary for purposes of coordination and general progress and that even if this does produce mistakes these mistakes will, on the whole, be less than if we attempted to centralize the machinery of the Government too much and to create new forms of bureaucracy. The actual progress made up to the present is that a Federal office has been opened in which there are town planners, engineers, and architects engaged in collecting data, preparing reports on dif ferent aspects of housing and town planning; preparing model plans for distribution to the Provinces and municipalities; acting as a clearing house for information on all phases of the housing question; inquiring into questions of shortage of houses, etc. This office is in direct communication with the administrative departments of each of the Provinces. The order in council setting out the Dominion scheme was not completed and issued until each Province had an opportunity of raising objections, the result being that the Federal scheme was practically agreed to by all the Provinces before it was made public. Since the Federal scheme was issued, on February 20, the Provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and British Columbia have passed acts of Parlia ment to take advantage of the loan and to outline the procedure necessary for that purpose, leaving only two Provinces which have so far not joined in the Government scheme for reasons that are local and not because they object to the scheme in any principle. In four out of these seven Provinces general schemes of housing have been prepared, and in the other three schemes are in course of preparation. In Quebec and Ontario directors of housing have been appointed, and steps to create special officials are also being taken in the other Provinces. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [251] 252 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. It is not possible to enter into many details regarding the progress made, but a quotation from the latest report of the director of hous ing of the Province of Ontario may suffice: The following 47 municipalities have passed the necessary by-laws bringing them under the provisions of the Ontario Housing Act, 1919. C ities. —Windsor, Fort William, Galt, St. Catharines, Sault Ste. Marie, Ottawa, Sarnia, Woodstock, London, Guelph, Niagara Falls, Brantford. T o w n s . —Sudbury, Sandwuck, Hespeler, Intersoll, Oshawa, Ford City, Cochrane, Trenton, Sturgeon Falls, Leamington, Palmerston, Perth, Whitby, Listowel, Bridgeburg, Thorold, Mimico, Walkerville, Midland, Arthur, Port Coiborne. V illa g es a n d to w n s h ip s .—Port Dalhousie, Madoc, Port Credit, New Toronto, Nimitra, Point Edward, Richmond Hill, Fergus, Port McNicoll, Milverton, Neebing, Brant ford, West Oxford, Gloucester. About 500 plans have been approved by the director of the Bureau of Municipal Affairs, and in a considerable number of the above-mentioned municipalities houses are under construction. The director estimates that the loans required by these municipalities wall aggre gate nearly $10,000,000. About 20 municipalities are considering plans for acquiring land and erecting houses on a large scale. Some of them have already purchased land. The largest city in the Province (Toronto) is not included in the above list. I t is preparing a scheme of its own under special powers and purposes to carry it out by means of municipal bonds raised for the purpose.1 The progress already made within the short period of time from December, 1918, to the present shows that the process of joint cooperation of the three sets of Government has not led to any serious delay in administration. Standards and General Principles of Schemes. In the order in council of February 20 the standards and prin ciples of the Federal scheme were set forth. The general objects were stated to be as follows: To promote the erection of dwelling houses of modern character to relieve con gestion of population in cities and towns. To put within the reach of all workingmen, particularly returned soldiers, the opportunity of acquiring their own homes at actual cost of the building and land acquired at a fair value, thus eliminating the profits of the speculator. To contribute to the general health and well-being of the community by encour aging suitable town planning and housing schemes. Four conditions were attached to the proposed loan, namely: 1. The general housing scheme had to be approved as already stated. It was required that the general scheme should include a i For further information concerning Toronto, see Report of the Ontario Housing Committee, Toronto, 1919. 187 pp. A summary of this report appears in the June num ber of the Monthly L abor R eview , pp. 294 to 297. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [252] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, 253 schedule of minimum standards for purposes of health, comfort, and convenience. 2. Loans were restricted to $3,500 for frame or veneered dwelling and $4,500 for dwellings of more durable construction as specified. 3. Money could be loaned only to the Provinces and municipalities, to housing societies or companies with dividends limited to 6 per cent, and to owners of lots for erecting houses for their own occupancy. 4. The period fixed was 20 years for local improvements, such as pavements and frame or veneered buildings, and 30 years for land and more permanent buildings. Due regard is paid to the life of improvements with a view to encouraging more permanent con struction. Thus, a loan of $3,000 for a frame dwelling for 20 years would cost about the same per month as a loan for a better house costing $4,000 for 30 years. Aside from the above four conditions a number of recommenda tions with regard to standards are attached to the Government project. Some of the Provinces are adopting these recommendations merely as suggestions to be made by them to the municipalities. Others are adopting them and making them compulsory, and others are going further in some respects and not so far in others. Recommendations of Federal Government as to Standards. The standards set forth are very general and do not enter into much detail. The object was to secure the things which are essential and which are usually overlooked in municipal by-laws. The Gov ernment recommends that land be acquired by a speedy method at the lowest cost; that sites be properly planned and that local im provements, sewers, and water supply be provided in advance of the building of houses; that one-tenth of all areas for housing schemes be reserved for open spaces; that not more than one-tenth and in no case more than one-eighth of the gross cost per dwelling be spent on land; that certain standards be applied to the sizes of rooms, dis tances between buildings, and sanitary conditions. For instance, every house should have a bathroom. Proportion of Cost of Land to Cost of House. With regard to the suggestion that the cost of land should be fixed in proportion to the cost of the dwelling, the reference is to the land in an unimproved condition, and if pavements, sewers, and water mains are constructed, it would mean that the proportion of the site of the dwelling might be a fourth or a fifth instead of an eighth or a tenth. So far as the bare land is concerned, as already noted, no work man’s house should be erected on land which, in an unimproved con 1227780—-19---- 17 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [253] 254 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. dition, costs more than one-eighth or a tenth of the complete dwell ing. One of the curious facts is that the Provinces where land is most plentiful, in relation to population, are finding it most difficult to comply with this suggestion. In one of the old towns of Ontario land is being obtained for building houses at $20 a lot, which will rep resent about one one-hundred-and-fiftieth of the completed building. The effect of this will be that the purchaser will he able to spend an extra $200 on his house above what he could have done on land cost ing the ordinary price in a small town. This $200 will go to supply those improved sanitary facilities which are usually left out through lack of means caused by too much money having been spent on the site. Canadian Scheme Suitable for United States Conditions. The Canadian scheme is one that may well be followed in the United States. There should be in the United States Government an office of housing and town planning, a coordinating and advisory bureau. The war has been won by organization, as well as by the valor of our men. If it had gone on a few months longer, you would have wasted more than you now need to spend in solving your hous ing problem. The Federal Government should offer a sum of money which will be equivalent to the Canadian appropriation—that is, about $300,000,000—to assist the States to carry out housing and town planning schemes. This money should be lent at 4 per cent, to be equivalent to our 5 per cent. I t should be lent to the State Governments, after consulting with them, and after settlement with them of the principles that would govern the spending of the money on housmg schemes. Each State would prepare its own housing scheme, and one main condition of any Federal scheme should be that such a State scheme be prepared and approved before any loan is granted. Under State control, the municipalities or housing com missions would work out the problem locally and would build houses where needed. To make housing improvement more effective, however, it will be necessary to have better and more general town planning legisla tion in the States and to unite the administration of housing and town planning together in a State department. It seems difficult to believe that the American people, with all their resourcefulness, their love of freedom and humanity, and their unequaled opportunities will let their program of reconstruction continue to have the defect that it does not deal adequately with the most pressing social problem of our time. Everyone realizes what the housing problem is to-day in the big cities. In New York and Montreal it is getting beyond control—by any means within our https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [254] M O N TH LY LABOE EEVIEW . 255 power. Let us ask ourselves what the problem will he 20 years hence, when the slum population has multiplied more rapidly than other classes of population, when the slum areas have grown propor tionately greater than the healthful areas, and when the great cities are spread over double their present territory. There is hardly another social question to which it is more important that we should apply our energies, and there are few other social problems that can be effectively dealt with, without at the same time dealing with the problem of improving housing conditions. Pennsylvania Housing and Town Planning Asso ciation Conference. HREE points of interest in housing in Pennsylvania formed the themes of discussion before the annual conference of the T Pennsylvania Housing and Town Planning Association which con vened at Philadelphia on June 9 and 10. The matters under dis cussion were: (1) The Government villages and housing develop ments in and surrounding Philadelphia and the disposition of such Government projects; (2) questions affecting the financing of the wage earners’ houses; and (3) aspects of the housing situation in the State of Pennsylvania. The descriptions of the Government villages and developments surrounding Philadelphia were supplemented by visits of the dele gates to Yorkship Village near Camden, the Oregon Avenue project in South Philadelphia, and to Sun Ship Village and Buckman Village near Chester. The Government housing projects were looked upon as the be ginning of a new régime in the relation of capital and the worker, as the beginning of higher ideals in the provision of houses and in community development, and as forecasting the importance of the architect and town planner in the progress of industrial housing. In spite of the fact that abnormal war-time prices exaggerated the cost of producing workmens’ homes, it was felt that in ordinary times it would cost no more to make beautiful houses than ugly ones. As yet the war-time housing projects have not demonstrated their success from the point of view of maintenance. While models from an architectural and town-planning point of view, it was gen erally agreed that those questions relating to community develop ment, to house management, to rental and the like were still matters on which no light was thrown by Government expe rience. Yorkship Village, for instance, is still very incomplete, there https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [255] 256 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. being few or no streets paved, few sidewalks, and yards and open spaces unfinished. Very few tenants are as yet in the houses. Yorkship Village is operated by the Fairview Realty Co., the small capital stock of which is furnished by the New York Shipbuilding Co., whose employees will be the principal beneficiaries of the village. The capital and cost of the village have been furnished almost wholly by the Emergency Fleet Corporation, which by the rigorous terms of its loan practically controls the operations of the realty company. The realty company must limit its dividends to 6 per cent. The public improvements of Yorkship Village, its utilities, its schools, and its police are part of the municipal administration of the city of Camden, N. J. While this is true, the city as laid out is essentially a unit by itself and approaches very closely to the ideals and principles of the garden suburb of England. It is not a garden city, that is, an independent municipal unit with its own distinct industries and social and economic life. The Oregon Avenue development in South Philadelphia, described by the engineer of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, meets the needs of the navy yard employees in that district. This was built on filled-in land within the city of Philadelphia where there were no modern improvements of any kind whatever. For the site the Government paid nearly $13,000 per acre or about 29 cents per square foot. In laying out the site, provision was made for four parks, one of which is now set aside for the school area. Some 656 dwellings and 14 stores are provided. The houses are built in rows, 6 to 12 dwellings in a row. Each has a cellar with hot-air furnace and all modern and sanitary improvements in kitchen and bathroom. One speaker pointed out that these houses were more attractive than those of most wage earners and that the devel opment as a whole provided practically the amenities of a garden city. At the same time it was felt that the bedroom provided in each house was of the minimum size and it was noted that only one bedroom was provided in each dwelling. Also the storeroom in the roof of the house, large enough to be a separate room, but without a window, may in time, it is feared, be used as a bedroom. While Yorkship Village was distinctly along the lines of the Eng lish garden city, the village of Buckman, built by the Chester Emer gency Housing Corporation, the capital of which is supplied by the Chester Shipbuilding Co., and the money for the building of which was almost wholly furnished by the Emergency Fleet Corporation, is more in the nature of an American-planned village. Buckman Vdlage is now 80 per cent occupied, provision being made for about 500 families. Dwellings range from 4 to 6 rooms with a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [256] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 257 bath and with furnace heat. The rent ranges from $6.75 per week for four-room to $9 per week for six-room houses. The men wbo o c c u p y these houses are skilled shipyard and other workers. Of 5,000 skilled shipyard employees, 2,400 average $35 a week in their earnings. The remaining 2,600 earn over $35 a week. Unskilled workers, who are not housed in the community, earn 40 to 58 cents an hour. The gross number of families per acre, i. e., including area built upon and open spaces, is 12, and the net number, i. e., per built-up block, is 20 families. The cost of the village will be approximately $3,107,000. While the village is built primarily for the shipyard workers of the Chester Shipbuilding Corporation, it is occupied by workers of neighboring industries, the population of the two groups being about equal. This fact of occupancy by employees other than those of the company controlling the village will, it was observed, prevent the community from becoming a distinctively company town. There have been protests against the rents, tenants’ meetings having been held. In spite of such protests, however, it has been decided not to reduce rents for the present. I t is not clear as yet what will be the future policy of the controlling company in the management of the village. Disposition of Government Housing Projects. Mr. Joseph I). Leland, 3d, former vice president of the United States Housing Corporation (Department of Labor), wdio discussed the matter of the disposition of the Government war housing devel opments, pointed out the lack of unity which had characterized the Federal housing policy during the wrar and suggested as a preliminary step the bringing together, under one administration, of the projects of the Department of Labor and the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and then to dispose of these under a single policy through some cabinet officer. He urged that the Government should “ get out of the housing business at once.” In disposing of the various pro jects, each locality should be taken by itself and a committee of five persons appointed in the community representing: (1) Local indus try; (2) national board of real estate; (3) labor; (4) the community (consisting of two representatives). In some cases it might be well to try the cooperative form of control and management. In other instances it might be w7ell to sell the houses to the individual on easy terms, say, 10 years at 5 per cent interest. Most of the speakers in discussing the disposition of the Govern ment housing projects assumed that it would be necessary for the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [257] 258 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Government to assume a considerable loss on its bousing projects and charge it to the legitimate cost of the war. Whether the Gov ernment stands to lose on its housing projects depends upon two con siderations: (1) Whether the houses in question are temporary or permanent; (2) into whose hands the houses are to go. As regards the first point there is scarcely any question but that the Govern ment must lose practically all the money it has put into temporary housing. In the case of permanent projects, by retaining title and administration and renting the property there is no reason why the Government may not ultimately regain its principal capital invest ment, and secure current maintenance expenses from rentals charged. If, however, the Government were to dispose of its property to private individuals or companies immediately, it would have to do so at a cost that should enable those companies or individuals to begin immediately to realize a profit on their investment. Those individ uals or companies would buy these projects with a view to the possibility of profit contained in them, whereas the Government would retain them merely with a view to securing maintenance charges and sufficient to regain its principal and perhaps an addi tional sum for a certain amount of interest. The private dealer or company has in mind the taking of as many future profits as possible out of his investment, while the Government as a continuing holder would have no such point of view. I t could take only one return and secure that gradually over a long term of years. To recapitu late: That present rents will not pay interest and maintenance charges is admitted. Future returns will, however, tend to make up the present deficiency. Thus the immediate losses will be pro rated over a long period of years—the life of permanently built and well maintained houses—and greater opportunity will be given to make up present deficiencies. Financing the Wage Earners’ Houses. The question of how to finance the wage earners’ houses was dis cussed by various speakers. Mr. K. Y. Haymaker, of the Informa tion and Education Service of the Department of Labor, discussed the methods and possibilities of the building and loan association and the proposal for a Federal home loan bank. Mr. H. F. Blunt, real estate manager for the company housing scheme of the New Jersey Zinc Co., Palmerton, Pa., described the plan of selling in practice by that company. Representatives of the operative builders, also, as well as a proponent of copartnership housing, were heard. While the methods of operative builders and of the building and loan associa tions had their place, thus far very few of them were reaching the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [258] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 259 low-paid wage earner or helping him in owning a home. I t was generally agreed that the laborer was more and more becoming a renter of houses put up by speculative builders. The building and loan associations reach the middle class and higher-paid employees, as do also the operative builders. Company housing likewise reaches mainly the skilled and better-paid workers. Copartnership housing or cooperative methods have not yet been practiced in this country, but at the same time they offer to the wage earner the advantages of home ownership coupled with the freedom of movement of the renter. Under the cooperative plan the wage earner who desires a home becomes a stockholder in a limited dividend corporation and a tenant of the houses which this corporation builds. Housing Problems in Pennsylvania. The principal housing problem now affecting Pennsylvania consists in the securing of minimum standards in housing construction ill cities below the first and second class in the State. Philadelphia and Pittsburg, as independent municipalities of the first and second class, have authority to formulate their own housing codes. A zoning commission, whose secretary, Mr. William C. Stanton, spoke, is at work in Philadelphia and will present an ordinance to the council providing for the division of the'city into sections governed by rigid building restrictions. The height of buildings will be governed by rules applicable to each zone, of which there will be five. Buildings within the various zones will range from a maxi mum of 40 feet in the first zone to 150 feet in the fifth zone. From the point of view of use four zones will be established: (1) Residen tial; (2) commercial; (3) industrial; (4) unrestricted. All public garages will be excluded from residential districts. New York’s experience in zoning was discussed by Mr. Lawson Purdy, a member of the New York districting commission, and Pittsburg’s graded tax law was outlined by Mr. Wm. N. McNair. This law provides for the reduction of taxes on improvements equal to 10 per cent every third year, until they reach a maximum of 50 per cent of the present assessment, and for the gradual increase of the taxes on land. While one speaker insisted that in Philadelphia such a tax would bring into use various estates held by parties who, having other sources of income, did not find it necessary to dispose of them, still another speaker was of the opinion that such a system of taxation was undesirable because it would bring into use pieces of ground within the crowded centers of the city held unused and therefore tend to fill up with buildings areas in the city which now furnish open breathing spaces. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [259] 260 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The need of a State housing law was set forth by John Molitor, chief of the Pennsylvania bureau of health and housing. The speaker emphasized the fact that in order to hold labor in the period of recon struction it would be necessary to improve housing standards. He pointed out how employers who had safe and sanitary houses for their workmen were able to retain these employees during the period of the war when the great shifting to and fro of labor began under the pres sure of mounting wages. It will be necessary for the State of Penn sylvania to assist in this work of improved housing, to establish a central bureau and a State model housing law which will serve to create and maintain housing standards and to unify all efforts in that direction. Mr. John Ihlder, secretary of the Housing and Town Planning Association of the State, briefly reviewed the efforts of the association in trying to secure a State-wide housing law from the legislature. Ap parently the association, in acting upon the republican theory of government and approaching the duly authorized representatives of the people for securing a housing law, had made a mistake, in that its effort had proved a complete failure. He suggested that it was time to apply the democratic theory of government and organization by beginning at the bottom among the people and securing an under standing of the needs of housing and thus bringing ultimate pressure to bear upon the people’s representatives. Pie also pointed out the seriousness of the defeat for a model housing law in Pennsylvania at this time because of the prospect of a building boom which may give rise to low standard housing and insanitary building. The demo cratic method of education and pressure from below must now be pressed with particular vigor if quality in housing is to be retained. Housing Conditions of Workers in War Indus tries in Cleveland, Ohio. ACTING in cooperation with the Homes Registration Service of the United States Housing Corporation, the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, through a committee on housing and sani tation, made a first-hand field survey of housing conditions in Cleveland, particularly as respects workers in the war industries. The investigation was begun in June, 1918, and the report issued in October, 19IS.1 The report is based upon schedules representing i An investigation of housing conditions of war workers in Cleveland, made by the committee on housing and sanitation of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and by the United States Homes Registra tion Service. Financed by the m ayor’s advisory war committee. 46 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 260 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 261 80,000 persons, or approximately 10 per cent of the population. These schedules were procured from three sources—a house-to-house investigation, a lodging-house investigation, and from schedules distributed to employers and employees in factories. The summary and conclusions of the committee are brief and are reproduced below: We believe that this investigation has established the following outstanding facts: First. The type of industrial housing in Cleveland is not as high as the standard set by the Government for industrial war workers and not as high as we had heretofore believed the Cleveland standard to be. The standard of property maintenance, both as to repair and cleanliness, is not good, and sanitary equipment is inadequate and much of it is of antiquated type. There is unnecessary lot overcrowding, the medium percentage of lot occupied being 77 per cent, and the result is high fire hazard. Second. There is a rapidly increasing tendency on the part of our industrial workers to live in tenements, 27.1 per cent, or more than one-fourth of them, living in tene ments or under tenement conditions. There is also distinct room overcrowding, 50 per cent of the families having less than one room per person. Tenement conditions and overcrowding are two housing evils that a city which has every possibility of expansion both in territory and transportation facilities might and should avoid. Third. Rents are not high in terms of percentage of earnings spent in rent, but high in terms of value received as so many of the houses and suites within the range of price that workmen can afford are old and in a poor state of repair and sanitation. Fourth. Home owning among industrial workers is on the decrease, 35 per cent of the families in Cleveland owning their homes in 1910 and 13.8 per cent of the wage earners owning their homes in 1918. Fifth. The Negro industrial worker is not overcrowding more than the whites. He is, however, paying a much higher rent and is getting in return much poorer accommodations. Sixth. Thirty-four and one-tenth per cent of the wage earners are lodgers. Thirtyfive and three-tenths per cent of the lodgers are married. The number of workers who are lodgers is increasing much more rapidly than the number of Workers who are members of families. The lodgers have been at present places of employment a much less time than have the members of families, showing that labor turnover is greater among the lodgers. Wage rates are the same for members of families and lodgers, but weekly earnings for members of families show that they work about one-half day per week more and about two days a month more than do lodgers, thus showing that there is more absenteeism among lodgers. An alarming lodger problem, a problem that affects the family by destroying the family unit, that complicates the social order by failure to establish homes, that lowers sanitary standards by overcrowding, and that decreases industrial production by contributing to absenteeism and turnover, is de veloping. Seventh. There is an acute housing shortage, both in houses that the worker can afford to rent or purchase, and in rooms and suites that are available to provide even temporary quarters for the ever-increasing industrial army that is pouring into our city. We need houses for at least 12,000 families, and we need improved, modern lodging houses to take the place of the 14 miserable, insanitary, overcrowded lodg ing houses that now house about 2,000 casual workers and transients in the down town districts and for the many more of the foreign-speaking workers in the so-called foreign lodging houses and bunk houses. We are forced to the conclusion that the housing problem can not be solved by private building enterprises under existing financial conditions, that the securing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [261] 262 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. of adequate housing for Workmen is one of the fundamental problems upon which should be exerted all the social and economic forces of the community. If work men are to come to our city to man our industries, it is apparent that they must be housed by other means than those to which we have hitherto resorted. Either the community or the Government must come to the rescue and provide houses that are within the range of price that the worker can rent or purchase, or through some control of resources make it possible to provide comfortable living accommodations for himself and family. Garden Cities for the Suburbs of Paris. HE problem of garden cities—which is still a new one for France—« is discussed in detail in a recent publication1 by the Public Office T of Low-cost Dwellings of the Department of the Seine. The first part of this volume is devoted to a report by Henri Sellier on plans for the construction of garden cities under the regulations of the law of 1912 creating the Public Office of Low-cost Dwellings and appro priating 10,000,000 francs ($1,930,000) for the purpose of acquiring land to serve as sites for such villages in the suburbs of Paris. The report is based largely upon the preliminary views of a number of architects wffio have been appointed by the office to examine and report upon the problem of garden cities for the Department of the Seine. While it is expected that the work of these architects will carry the impress of their own personalities, it is recognized as a funda mental necessity that certain^ general principles will have to be adopted at the outset to which all specific plans must conform in order to give consistency to the whole. The general principles to which the office is committed are summed up under the following three statements of purpose and method: (1) To build on land acquired in the suburbs, villages which will be unquestionably esthetic and hygienic, and which will afford the maxi mum of comfort for their inhabitants with a minimum investment; (2) to apply rules which will guarantee to the community all unearned increment, eliminate all kinds of individual speculation, and safe guard the esthetic and hygienic principles which are the basis of these plans; (3) to limit, as far as consistent with economic neces sities and social needs, the erection of multiple dwellings of small capacity, building by preference one-family houses, detached or grouped, according to the different types of local architecture. The preliminary plans submitted by the architects have taken into consideration topography, the normal direction of traffic, and districti L ’Office des habitations à bon marché du Département de la Seine. La constitution de l’Office des habitations à bon marché du Département de la Seine; son action et ses travaux du 10 juillet 1916 au 31 décembre 1918. Paris, 1919. 195 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [262 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 263 mg, as well as the different classes of people who will constitute the inhabitants of these future suburbs. The report reviews various methods under consideration for regu lating the ownership of property in these garden cities, but does not commit itself to definite decision in favor of any of them, stating that choice will be made from these various plans at a later time. It says, however, that “ a matter of prime necessity in planning the garden cities is that of securing them from all possible speculation, and one of the first problems which the office will have to determine is how it will be possible to do this. Whether the houses will ulti mately be constructed by the office itself, by cooperative building societies, or by the individual owners, the building will have to be strictly according to rules, and the architects charged with the making of the plans should most rigorously control construction and supervise the application of the rules imposed by the office.” Preference is expressed in general for one-family houses arranged in groups (terrace or row houses), rather than for detached houses or apartment houses. It is, however, foreseen that a limited number of detached houses will probably be built for the more prosperous class of inhabitants. In the matter of the grouping of houses, the convenience of various types of inhabitants, such as clerical and manual workers, families with and without children, is given prime consideration. Provision is made for playgrounds, access to schools, and general recreation. Housing Conditions in the Cities of Norway. QUITE definite picture of present housing conditions in the prin A cipal cities of Norway may be visualized from a recent report of the Statistical Office of the Kingdom.1 The material was collected in January, 1917, except for Christiania and Bergen, where the data apply as of February, 1916. The number of dwellings canvassed in Christiania—a dwelling meaning a unit occupied by a family—was 54,702; in Bergen, 20,530; Stavanger, 10,125; Skien, 3,546; Porsgrund, 1,179; Eis0r, 796; Gj0vik,833; Fredriksstad,3,480; Aalesund, 3,233; Notodden, 1,167. One and two family houses predominate in the smaller cities. Christiania, the capital, on the other hand, is a city of multiple dwellings, where 62 per cent of the houses contain 4 or more dwellings or apartments to the house, and where over three-fifths of the houses are three or more stories high. Very few houses in the other princii Statistiske Centralbyraa. Beboelses-statistik for enkelte norske byer for 1917 (1916). (Statistique d ’habitation pour quelques Hiles norvégiennes en 1917 (1916). Christiania, 1918. 3 p. 1. 65 pp. (Norges officielle statistik, VI: 131.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [263] 264 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. pal cities contain over six dwellings to the building. The largest per centage of single-family houses in any city is 66 per cent. The sea ports of Bergen and Stavanger contain, respectively, 19 and 28 per cent of single dwellings. The average number of persons per dwelling in Christiania is 4.49; in Bergen, 4.31; in Stavanger, 4.29; inSkien, 4.49; in Porsgrund, 4.11; in Bisor, 3.72; Gj0vik, 4.58; Fredriksstad, 4.16. The average number of persons per dwelling appears to range, therefore, from 4.1 to 4.5. The average number of persons per room was as follows : Gjpvik, 1.30; Bergen, 1.29; Christiania, 1.27; Stavanger, 1.27; Skien, 1.19; Porsgrund, 1.01; Bis0r, 0.91. On the assumption that two or more dwellers per room constitute overcrowding, it appears that over one-fifth of the dwellings in Christiania were overcrowded, and that considerably over one-third of the persons in the dwellings in that city were living under condi tions of overcrowding. The details for Christiania and other cities are contained in the table following, whicli applies only to dwellings of one to three rooms, including kitchen. N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F D W E L L IN G S A N D P E R S O N S O C C U P Y IN G D W E L L I N G S H A V IN G A N A V E R A G E O F T W O O R M O R E P E R S O N S P E R R O O M . D w ellings. O ccu p an ts. C ities. N u m b e r. C h ris tia n ia ................................................................. B erg e n ................................. S ta v a n g e r.............................................. S k ie n ............................... P o r s g r u n d ..................................... R is ^ r ............................ G j^ v ik ............................................ N o to d d e n ...................................... 8 743 3' 41-4 1, G20 3S3 64 34 148 303 P e rc e n t. N u m b e r. 21.14 20.37 20.53 13.81 7.87 6.44 23.02 26.00 61,958 23,498 10,167 2,895 P e r ce n t. 3L 27 Id. 2d 1,020 Instances of excessive crowding are noticed, in that 5.82 per cent of the dwellings in Christiania contain over three persons per room; 6.13 per cent in Bergen, and 6.88 per cent in Stavanger. The cor responding percentages for those cities as respects the number of persons affected—that is, those living in rooms where the number per room is over three persons—are 11.47, 11.47, and 11.88. As to ownership of dwellings, no information is available for Christiania and Bergen, the two largest cities. For the smaller cities it appears that the highest percentage of ownership is 56 per cent, namely, in Bis0r. In other cities the percentage of owned houses is as follows: Stavanger, 36 per cent; Skien, 44 per cent; Porsgrund, 53 per cent; Gj0vik, 20 per cent. The investigation disclosed 285 cellar and attic dwellings in Chris tiania occupied by 975 persons; 621 in Bergen, occupied by 2,074 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2 6 4 ] 265 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. dwellers; and 375 in Stavanger with 1,351 occupants. These do not form a large percentage of the total number of dwellings covered except in Bergen, where the percentage of such dwellings was 3 per cent, and in Stavanger, where it was almost 4 per cent. Cellar and attic dwellings were rarely encountered in other cities. There were practically no dwellings vacant in the three largest cities, Christiania, Bergen, and Stavanger. Those that were reported as unoccupied at the time of the census were so by reason of under going repairs and were merely temporarily awaiting occupancy. The largest percentage (6.57) of unoccupied dwellings was in the small town of Rispr. The rents are the highest in Christiania, Bergen, and Stavanger. The yearly rentals in some of the cities for indicated accommodations are as follows: A C C O M M O D A T IO N S A N D R E N T A L C H A R G E S P E R A N N U M I N C E R T A I N C I T I E S I N SW EDEN. C hris tia n ia . A c c o m m o d a tio n s . 1 ro o m w ith o u t k itc h e n ..................................... 1 ro o m w ith k it c h e n ............................................ 2 ro o m s w ith k itc h e n s h a r e d ........................... 2 ro o m s a n d k itc h e n ............................................ 3 ro o m s a n d k it c h e n ............................................ 4 ro o m s a n d k it c h e n ............................................ 5 ro o m s a n d k itch en ............................................. 6 ro o m s a n d k itc h e n ............................................ 7 ro o m s a n d k it c h e n ............................................ B erg en . S ta v a n ger. $29.48 36.45 46. 36 62.71 74. 77 114.17 161.34 227. 00 319. 72 376. 27 $26. 80 32.16 34.57 53. 87 59.50 92.19 119. 53 157.58 175. 81 205.29 S 3 5 .ll 39. 40 57. 35 67.00 91.92 134. 80 201. 27 283. 01 369. 04 457. 74 P o rsg ru n d . S k icn . $28.14 29.75 38.32 45.56 58. 98 88.17 117. 92 152. 76 196.18 233.70 $38. 86 28.94 33. 50 47. 97 53.60 78. 26 110. 42 150. 35 212. 79 172. 86 G j^v ik . $18.76 33.23 48.24 51.99 77.72 103.45 144.18 164.02 225.12 Between the years 1910 and 1917 rents of small dwellings in Christiania increased 40 per cent. Increases have been less in the other cities. Rent increases on the whole have been relatively greater in the case of larger dwellings. For the various cities the percentage increases between 1907 and 1917 have been as follows: PER C E N T O F IN C R E A S E I N https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis R E N T S O P D W E L L I N G S , 1917 O V E R 1907, I N C E R T A I N C IT IE S IN S W E D E N . P e r c e n t of in c rease. C ity . S m all d w ellin g s. 40 30 30 to 35 30 40 to 45 20 to 30 [265] L arge d w ellin g s. 45 40 to 45 to 25 to 50 to 30 to 50 50 30 60 50 266 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. With the exception of a single community there is a general shortage of housing in the cities of Norway, a shortage which is very acute in the cities of Christiania, Bergen, and Stavanger. In several of the towns not included in the survey in question there is reported a considerable dearth of housing. This lack of housing accommoda tion, the mvestigators report, reveals its effects principally in over crowding, although overcrowding is undoubtedly the result of other economic forces. For overcrowding exists in normal times, a factor to be considered in all efforts to improve housing conditions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 266] LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. Seventh Biennial Convention of National Wom en's Trade-Union League of America. HE Seventh Biennial Convention of the National Women’s Trade-Union League of America was held in Philadelphia, Pa., T June 2-7, 1919. About 125 delegates were in attendance, repre senting commercial telegraphers, boot and shoe workers, garment workers, culinary workers, Federal employees, telephone operators, waitresses, postal employees, grocery and provision clerks, typographi cal unions, bindery women, cloak and skirt finishers, waist and dress makers, car workers, coach cleaners, woolen and carpet yarn weavers, office employees, librarians, white goods workers, glove workers, ladies’ auxiliary of the switchmen’s union, high-school teachers, railroad telegraphers, meat cutters and butchers, neckwear workers, textile workers, American Federation of Teachers, elevator construc tors, lace operators, waist makers, and street railway employees. Representatives from the various local leagues were present, as well as fraternal delegates from the Cooperative League of America, the National Consumers’ League, the Commission on Church and Social Service, the Women’s Union, the American Association for Labor Legislation, and other organizations. Mrs. Raymond Robins, the president of the league, stated the pur poses of the convention to be as follows: . To organize all working women into trade unions. 2. To make possible for women an equality with men in industrial and professional opportunity. 3. To make equal pay for equal work a fact, and not simply a theory. 4. To translate the Nation’s war-work standards for women into legislative action, so as to assure for women in peace times the same protection industrially that was given them during the war. 1 The following recommendations were made by President Robins: The appointment of a committee on international relations. The calling of an international conference of working women by the National Women’s Trade-Union League of America, the British Women’s Trade-Union League, the National Federation of Women Workers of Great Britain, and the women tradeunionists of France, to be held in Washington, D. C., in October, 1919. The continuance, on a permanent basis, of the Woman in Industry Service of the United States Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [267] 267 268 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. The appointment of a permanent committee to devise methods for a closer coopera tion between the National Women’s Trade Union League and the cooperative move ment in America and to help in formulating plans for the furtherance of that move ment. The appointment of a Federal commission to study seasonal occupations. The continuance of the Federal Employment Service of the Department of Labor. The appointment of a committee by the National Women’s Trade-Union League to study and work out plans to meet the needs of the colored working woman. The establishment of an educational department for the purpose of further develop ing the School for Active Workers in the Labor Movement; the promotion of educa tional councils consisting of delegates from central labor bodies and local women’s trade-union leagues and committees; the provision, for women, of equal opportunity with men in trade and technical training in schools and colleges. The appointment of a secretary for the development of interstate conferences of woman trade-unionists. The provision for the appointment of special field representatives of the National Women’s Trade-Union League. Mrs. William Hubert, representing tbe Women’s Land Army, gave a brief talk on the work of that organization during and since the war. She said that during the war 15,000 women joined this army in order to fill the places of farm workers who had left to go into the service or into industries. Many of the women enjoyed the outdoor work and will continue in it, and many others will forsake the shops and factories to go on the land. Agricultural work was regarded by her as particularly suitable for women' employed in the seasonal trades, as it adds to their income and also improves their health. She stated that 273,000 women own farms in the United States, and that many of the Land Army hope to become farm owners. A mass meeting was held on the evening of June 2 at which Mr. James H. Maurer, president of the Pennsylvania Federation of Labor, was one of the principal speakers. He spoke of the fight for labor legislation in Pennsylvania, stating that it takes years and years of struggle to get labor laws, and that after they are obtained it is diffi cult to keep such legislation from “ becoming mutilated by amend ments.” The speaker considered it imperative that labor should “ psychologize the people,” and advocated a daily labor paper with an open forum. Miss Mary MacArthur, the English labor leader, secretary of the British Women’s Trade-Union League, told of the labor unrest that is sweeping her country from one end to the other. The employing classes, she said, are ready to go a very long way to get the coopera tion of labor. Some think that such cooperation might be obtained through welfare methods. She said that in England, however, there is no more unpopular word than “ welfare.” “ Reconstruction is too mild a word for us. We are talking of rebuilding from the very foundations of society.” In discussing the aspiration for industrial democracy, Miss MacArthur said that “ the worker desires self https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ 268 ] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 269 control of the interest in the industry of which he is a part. He wants to be a man with a man’s interest.” She added that “ the women are standing side by side with the men.” The conditions under which woman munition workers were first employed in England she characterized as “ infamous,” and described how some employers of munition workers had deducted wages for the time lost during an airplane raid. We can have a tremendous revolution in England without the shedding of a single drop of blood. I think it is possible to bring about these changes in a consti tutional way. I believe our Labor Party and the ideals behind it are bound to succeed. Miss Rose Schneiderman, president of the New York Women’s Trade-Union League and a member of the commission sent to the Paris Peace Conference by the National Women’s Trade-Union League, told of the growth of the women’s trade-union movement in Franco. There are 20,000 organized women in the metal trades alone. Of 140,000 teachers 120,000 are organized. She also spoke of the stimulating effect the league’s commission had had upon the French working women and of their desire to get together. She declared that it was “ up to the workers to stop begging and organize politically,” and emphasized the need of the educational movement among them. Miss Mary McDowell, of the Chicago Women’s Trade-Union League, spoke of the munition plants in Bourges, France, and said she had been struck by the new values women were setting on themselves and on their work. A brief statement was made by Miss Mildred Rankin in regard to southern women’s attitude toward unionism. According to her, there are in Norfolk, Va., a very few groups of trade-union men who appreciate the necessity of organizing woman workers. The woman workers have just begun to go into unions. These unionists are chiefly railway clerks, teachers, and telephone operators. Few of these women take an active part in the union. They do not care to go out at night and their parents object to it; Sunday meetings are next to impossible. The organization of colored women is another problem. She stated that to the best of her knowledge there are no organized colored factory workers, but in Norfolk and Portsmouth there are colored day workers organized by localities and not by trades. Report of Special Commission to Peace Conference. The report of the National Women’s Trade-Union League’s special commission to the Peace Conference in Paris was read at the after noon session, June 3. The members of this commission were Miss -1S 122778°— 19 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2G9] 270 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Mary Anderson, assistant director of the Woman in Industry Service, and Miss Rose Sclmeiderman, president of the New York Women’s Trade-Union League. A part of the report of this commission is given below: The report of the [International] labor commiesion provides for only one representa tive of labor as a delegate to the Washington conference from each of the countries to be represented, and it can not be hoped that such a representative from the United States could be a woman, but, as the Government of each country participating has the right to two representatives of the four delegates, it is quite reasonable to expect that one of such two representatives should be a woman. * * * We have the President’s word that when the time comes for making the appointments in question he will give earnest and thoughtful consideration to our request. We are glad to be able to add that similar action has been taken by the French working women and the working women of the United Kingdom. We recommend that the National Women’s Trade-Union League urge the creation of a women’s department in the permanent labor office to be established at the seat of the League of Nations, and that such women’s department have a woman chief. We recommend that the National Women’s Trade-Union League appoint women experts to prepare practical and detailed information concerning those questions on the Washington Conference agenda which directly affect the well-being of women industrially, such as maternity benefits, night work for women, child labor, or em ployment of women in unhealthy industries, such information to be presented to the preliminary international organizing committee of seven. We further recommend that one of such women experts be commissioned to proceed as soon as practicable to where this committee of seven is to hold its sittings, there to work in cooperation with the women representatives of other nations in safeguarding the interests of women workers in all international laws and regulations which may be proposed. « In view of the importance of this first international labor conference provided for in the report of the labor commission, we feel that a great impetus would be given to the consideration of the questions concerning women by the holding of an inter national conference of working women in Washington a week or so in advance of the labor conference. We therefore recommend that such a conference be called in cooperation with the working women of France and Great Britain, and can not place too much emphasis on the important and valuable results likely to accrue from the holding of such a conference at the time suggested. Miss Margaret Bondfield, president of the National Federation of M omen Workers of Great Britain, the woman member of the par liamentary committee of the British Trade-Union Congress, and fraternal delegate to represent that Congress in the American Fed eration of Labor Convention, 1919, talked on English labor con ditions. A part of her discussion dealt with domestic workers. She told how these workers were being encouraged to go back into their former occupation with the idea of “ turning domestic service upside down,” making it a regularized industry, and converting the domestic servant into a self-respecting worker and not a slave. She said they were very hopeful in England of placing this kind of work on a new basis. Effort is being made to secure a regular workday, with proper breaks; Sunday off; time off during the week; and a minimum wage. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [270] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 271 Meetings of mistresses who welcome the idea are also being held. Miss Bondfield declared that “ unionism is so rampant that even the college bed makers have been organized.” She said some of these college bed makers are 60 years old. In Miss Bondfield’s opinion there is a finer and nobler conception of the purpose of trade-unionism at present than there was before the war. More and more matters are being referred to the rank and file instead of to central committees. In this connection Miss Bondfield cited the important part that woman shop stewards are playing in handling grievances, and spoke of the cooperation between men and women in trade-unions. The opening address of the morning session of June 4 was given by Mr. L. V. Lampson, representing the American Federation of Teachers. Mr. Lampson said, in conclusion, “ The union movement among the teachers of the Nation is going to spread to the propor tions of a tidal wave. Those proportions have not been reached, but I believe in the next year they will be reached. In 1916 we had 8 locals; at the end of last year we had 34; to-day we have 90; and we are organizing teachers at the rate of nearly one local every other day. The movement is becoming nation wide, and repre sents a protective and a business and an educational organization of the teachers of the country.” Miss May Matthews, of Boston, told the story of the strike of 4,000 New England telephone operators, 3,700 of whom secured an increase of $3 a week. Back pay from January 1, 1919, was obtained. Senior ity rights and the right to bargain collectively were again secured. At the afternoon session of June 5 Miss Mary MacArthur spoke of the work done during the war by the British Women’s Trade-Union League and the National Federation of Women Workers. She said: In England we no longer talk about equal pay for equal output or equal pay for equal work. We found that the employers could drive a coach and four through these formulas. It was found that the work was never regarded as equal by the man who was to pay the wages. No longer shall we say “ Equal pay for equal work.” We say, “ The same rate for the same job without regard to sex.” * * * The great block of the men were willing to help the women to organize. We owe a debt of gratitude to them. Their objection was to cheap labor, not to women’s labor. The existence of a large army of underpaid labor is a constant menace to the general standard of men’s wages. * * * Whether or not we can maintain the standard of wages is going to depend upon the maintenance of organization. At different sessions Mrs. Eleanor Barton, representing the Wo men’s Guild of Sheffield, England, and Mrs. Agnes D. Warbasse, fraternal delegate from the Cooperative League of America, dealt with the cooperative movement in their respective countries. Both speakers regarded trade-unionism and the cooperative movement as the solution of the economic problems of to-day. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [271] 272 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Convention resolutions of special interest that were adopted are those favoring a 44-hour week, an international league of workers, State compulsory health insurance, the standardization of domestic work, and the organization of domestic workers. The recommendation of Mrs. Raymond Robins for the appointment of a Federal commission to study seasonal occupations was amended to read “ the appointment by the Department of Labor of a commis sion, representing both employer and employee, to study seasonal occupations in nation-wide distribution and to make definite recom mendations within a given period for the control of seasonal employ ment.” The later sessions were devoted in part to business matters of the league, including the nomination and election of the national presi dent, vice president, and secretary-treasurer, the members of the executive board, and delegates to the annual meeting of the American Federation of Labor and the Canadian Trades and Labor Congress. Mrs. Raymond Robins, of Chicago, is again to serve as president, and Miss Emma Steghagen, of Chicago, as secretary-treasurer. The new vice president is Miss Rose Schneiderman, of New York. The next biennial convention will be held in Chicago the first week in June, 1921. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor, May 16, 1919, to June 15, 1919. NDER the organic act of the department, which gives the Secre tary of Labor the authority to mediate in labor disputes through U the appointment, in his discretion, of commissioners of conciliation, the Secretary exercised his good offices between May 16, 1919, and June 15, 1919, in 105 labor disputes. The companies involved, the number of employees affected, and the results secured, so far as information is available, were as follows: STATEMENT SHOWING TH E NUM BER OF LABOR DISPU TES HANDLED BY THE DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR THROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, MAY 16 TO JU NE 15, 1919. Workmen affected. Result. Name. Di Indi rectly. rectly. Controversy, shoe workers, Bradley-Metcalfo Shoe Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Lockout, firemen, Central Power Co., Newark, Ohio. Strike, ore and chemical workers and refinery workers, Mineral Refining & Chemical Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Strike, polishers, electrical workers, and ma chinists, Hamilton-Beach Manufacturing Co., Racine, Wis. Strike, building trades employed by contractors, Sharon, Pa. Strike, carpenters employed by individual con tractors, New Castle, Pa. Strike, shoe workers, Salem and vicinity, Mass.. Lockout, union employees, Dodson Saddlery Co., Dallas, Tex. Strike, pulp and paper workers, International Paper Co., Fort Edward, N. Y. Strike, pulp and paper workers, Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., International Falls, Minn., and Fort Francis Pulp & Paper Co., Fort Francis, Canada. Strike, inside wire workers, Los Angeles, Calif.: F. E. Newberry Electric Co., San Pedro---Electric Co.. Greene Electric Co., Brownell & Gleum, A. B. Smiley. Thos. Foikes & Sons, Electric Lighting & Supply Co., Southern California Electric Co., Renard & Starry, Golden State Elec tric Co. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Adjusted. 1 15 250 450 300 50 A ttitude of management is antagonistic toward unionism. Company refused to reemploy men discharged on May 12, claiming it has secured other men in their places. 10 Adjusted. 470 Pending. ' 700 Adjusted. Do. 300 5,000 1,500 Do. Company has not agreed to meet views of men and it is understood the inter national union does not approve of the controversy. Some of the men have obtained work elsewhere, and the commissioner will endeavor to got the balance reemployed by the company. Pending. 675 1,000 Adjusted. 58 100 1688 5,000 25 Do. Unable to adjust. [273] 273 274 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. STATEMENT- SHOWING T H E NUM BER OP LABOR D ISPU TES H ANDLED BY TH E D EPA RTM EN T OF LABOR TH ROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, MAY 16 TO JU N E 15, 1919—Continued. Workmen affected. Name. Result. Di Indi rectly. rectly. Controversy, Retail Shoe Salesmen’s Association 300 v . Retail Shoe Dealers’ Association, Los Angeles, Calif. Controversy, waiters, Chinese restaurants, 40 Cleveland, Ohio. Strike, millmen, Burge Manufacturing Co., 27 Houston, Tex. Lockout, electricians, Public Utilities Service 5 Corp. of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Okla. Strike, all crafts, Wiliys-Overland Co., Toledo, 12,000 Ohio. Strike, building trades, Lawrence, Mass............. 600 Strike, molders, T. L. Smith Co., Milwaukee, 29 Wis. Strike, painters, decorators, and paperhangers, 350 Dayton, Ohio. Controversy, carpenters, Dayton, Ohio.............. 750 Lockout, all crafts, Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, 650 Strike, laborers, Ed ward A. Wehr, Tyrone, P a.. 10 Controversy, bricklayers, Johnstown, P a ........... 200 Threatened strike, Indiana Coke & Gas Co., Terre Haute, Ind. Strike, street car employees, Pittsburgh, P a ... Threatened strike, electrical workers, Cleveland, Ohio. Controversy, carpenters, Cleveland, O hio... . Strike, boilermakers, McDermott Boiler Works, Allentown, Pa. Strike, boilermakers, Allentown Boiler Works, Allentown, Pa. Threatened strike, Atlantic refinery, Brunswick, 1,400 Strike, phosphate miners, 14 mines, Mulberry, 3,000 Controversy, bakers, Brightstein & Brown, Richmond, Va. Controversy, Northwestern Barbed Wire Co., Sterling, 111. Controversy, yardmen, scalemen, and laborers, Cleveland Union Stockyards Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Threatened strike, electrical workers, Municipal lig h t & Power Plant, Riverside, Calif. Controversy, boilermakers, Quartermasters’ Construction Division, Greenwich Point, Philadelphia, Pa. Strike, plasterers on construction of Treasury Annex, Washington, D. C. Controversy, Crescent Forge & Shovel Co. and Havana Metal Wheel Co., Havana, 111. Lockout, machinists and helpers, rubber gar ment and rubber tire workers, Gillett Rub ber Co., Eau Claire, Wis. Strike, building trades, Sioux City, Iow a........... 5 Lockout, Moline Malleable Iron Works, St. Charles, 111. Strike, Century Rubber Works, Chicago, 111__ Strike, machinists, Dundore Machine Co., Reading, Pa. Strike, dock laborers, Crosby Transfer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Controversy, shoe fitters, Nunn, Busch & Wel don Shoe Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Strike, molders, Elizabeth, N. J .......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 14 Pending. Do. Adjusted. 120 1,500 232 200 Do. Pending. Adjusted. Men employed elsewhere. Adjusted. Do. Unable to adjust. 240 86 Employer willing to pay established wage for similar work in the district. Men would consider nothing less than 40 cents per hour, which did not ap pear to be justified by a comparison of wages paid at Tyrone. Matter had practically settled itself before commissioner’s arrival, and the wages asked were generally being paid. No mediation necessary. Unable to adjust. 3,000 1,000 Adjusted. Do. 7,000 5 Do Unable to adjust. 2 Do. Pending. Do. 3 Adjusted. 240 Do. C 70 12 20 9 Do. Pending. Adjusted. . Pending. 150 Adjusted. 445 Pending. Adjusted prior to commissioner’s ar rival. Pending. 180 30 145 20 40 Adjusted. 14 Unable to adjust. 35 64 2 90 250 [274] Adjusted. Do. 100 Unable to adjust. M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW, 275 STATEMENT SHOWING TH E NUM BER OF LABOR D ISPU TES HANDLED BY TH E DEPA RTM EN T OF LABOR TH ROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, MAY 16 TO JU N E 15, 1919—Continued. Workmen affected. Name. Result. Di Indi rectly. rectly. Controversy, Nortac Manufacturing Co., Nortac,M ass. Strike, textile workers, Lawrence, Mass............. 15,000 Strike, electrical fixture workers, Cleveland, 75 Ohio. Controversy, carpenters employed by contrac 750 tors, Reading, Pa. Strike, painters and paperhangers, Reading, Pa. Strike,electricians, Reading, P a .......................... Strike, Alt H at Co., Reading, P a ........................ Strike, bricklayers, Reading, P a.......................... Controversy, Choctaw Lumber Co., Broken Bow, Okla. Strike, metal polishers and buffers, Rome Man ufacturing Co., Rome, N. Y. Controversy, furnace men, crane operators, and 31 laborers, Cleveland Furnace Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Strike, H unt, Helm, Ferris & Co., Harvard, 111. 225 Strike, stationary engineers in hotels, Atlantic 108 City, N. J. Strike, shoe workers, Thos. G. Plant factory, 1,600 Boston. Mass. Strike, silk workers, Eagle Co., Treverton, 2,800 Kulpmont, and Shamokin, Pa. Controversy, plumbers, F ort Wayne, Ind.......... 100 Controversy, machinists, toolmakers, and oth 6 ers, Rutenber Motor Co., Marion, Ind. Threatened strike, bricklayers and others, Cos12 den refineries, Tulsa, Okla. Strike, American Hide & Leather Co. and 700 Badger State Tannery, Sheboygan, Wis. Strike, bakers, Lonerigan Bakery, York, P a __ 8 Strike, pulp and paper makers, Stevens Point 54 Pulp & Paper Mills, Stevens Point, Wis. Strike, Liberty Laundry, F o rt W orth, Tex....... 18 Strike, bookbinders, pressmen, and assistants, 200 Commercial print shops, Louisville, R y. Strike, car builders, blacksmiths, machinists, 490 and foundrymen, American Car & Foundry Co. (car department), Chicago, 111. Threatened strike, flour mill workers, New Ulm Roller Mill Co., New Ulm, Minn. Strike, ironworkers, concrete laborers, and hoist ing engineers, Jersey City, N. J. Strike, bricklayers and stone masons, Cleveland, Ohio. Strike, stockyard handlers, Wiehita, Kans......... Threatened strike, bakery employees, Bromm Baking Co., Richmond, Ya. Controversy, carpenters, Bucyrus, Ohio............. Controversy, Texas Producing Department, Electra, Tex. Strike, piano workers, Cable Piano Co., St. Charles, 111. Lockout, paper makers, Rock Falls Box Board Co., Rock Falls, 111. Threatened strike, machinists, Schroeder Head light & Generator Co., Evansville, Ind. Strike, flour mill workers, Marshall Milling Co., Marshall, Minn. Strike, bakers, Seattle, W ash............................... Strike, Haskell & Barker Co., Michigan City, In d . Threatened strike, Seattle Gas Co., Seattle, Wash. Strike, electrical workers and crane operators, Mesta Machine Co., Homestead, Pa. Controversy, P. Burns Saddlery Co. and Hotze & Sons Saddlery Co., St. Louis, Mo. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 700 75 20,000 Adjusted. Do. Do. Pending. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 1,000 Do. 320 Do. 25 2,000 Adjusted. Unable to adjust. Pending. Do. Do. ’’’¿¿o’ Unable to adjust. 1,200 Adjusted. Pending. Adjusted. Do. Pending. All suggestions and offers of commis sioner were rejected. Pending. 16 2,000 Company insists it is not involved in controversy with its employees. W ill not recognize union, or treat with a committee, and insists that no de mands have been made by any of its employees. Refused to take up m at ter with commissioner. Adjusted. Do. 1,400 25 Pending. Do. 34 500 Do. Do. 240 40 Do. 145 20 Do. 33 150 Do. 70 20 2,800 12 Do. Adjusted. Pending. 120 Do. 2,000 D o. Da [275] 276 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. S T A T E M E N T S H O W IN G T H E N U M B E R O F L A B O R D I S P U T E S H A N D L E D B Y T H E D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R T H R O U G H I T S C O M M IS S IO N E R S O F C O N C IL IA T I O N , M A Y 16 T O J U N E 15, 1916—C o n clu d ed . W o rk m e n affected. N a m e. R e s u lt. D ire c tly . T h re a te n e d s trik e , s h irt m a k e rs, S im o n M iller, P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . C o n tro v e rsy , boss b u tc h e rs , K a n s a s C ity , M o . . . C o n tro v e rsy , m in in g d is tric t, C ouer D ’A lene, Id a h o . C o n tro v e rsy , e le c tric a l w o rk e rs, W a te r U sers A sso c ia tio n , P h o e n ix , A riz. C o n tro v e rsy , M ississippi P e a rl B u tto n Co. a n d B u r lin g to n W illo w W a r e s h o p s, B u rlin g to n , Io w a . T h r e a te n e d s trik e , lu m b e r w o rk ers, T a tu m L u m b e r Co., B o n h o m ie , M iss. C o n tro v e rsy , m a c h in ists , R o ck fo rd , 111.................. C o n tro v e rsy , p a tte r n m a k e rs, A m e ric a n R a d i a to r C o., B u ffa lo , N . Y . T h r e a te n e d s trik e , b u tte r in e w o rk e rs, J . F . J e lk e C o., C hicago, 111. C o n tro v e rsy , H y d e -W in d la ss Co., B a th , M e ___ S trik e s, m a c h in ists a n d sp ec ia lists (to o l d e p a r t m e n t), A m e ric a n C ar & F o u n d r y Co., C hicago, I n d i re c tly . P e n d in g . D o. D o. D o. D o. 60 300 A d ju s te d . 18 .......... P e n d in g . A d ju s te d . 480 100 850 135 P e n d in g . Do. Do. 111. C o n tro v e rsy , b u ild in g tra d e s , S y racu se, N . Y . . . C o n tro v e rsy , le a th e r w o rk e rs, B e n ja m in N . M oore & Sons C o., P e a b o d y , M ass. T h r e a te n e d s trik e , flo u r m ill w o rk e rs, E a g le R o lle r M ill C o., N ew U lm , M in n . S tr ik e , c a rp e n te rs , p a in te rs , s h ee t m e ta l w o rk ers, p lu m b e rs , c em en t fin ish ers, a n d s tr u c tu r a l ir o n w o rk e rs, P it ts b u r g , P a . C o n tro v e rs y , ta ilo rs , Q u a rte rm a s te r’s D e p a r t m e n t of S c h u y lk ill A rsen a l, P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . L o c k o u t, M ead & J o h n so n Co., E v a n s v ille , I n d . S trik e , R a c in e , W is ....................................................... C o n tro v e rsy , la u n d r y w o rk e rs, N a sh v ille , T e n n . 150 175 4,200 Do. A d ju s te d . 100 Do. P e n d in g . D o. D o. D o. D o. The following cases, noted as pending in the June statement, have been disposed of: Strike, Cleveland National Machine Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Controversy, Drummond Packing Co., Eau Claire, Wis. Strike, building trades, Youngstown, Ohio. Threatened strike, Keystone Steel & Wire Co., Peoria, 111. Controversy, Kingston Shipbuilding Co., Kingston, N. Y. Strike, Dells Paper & Pulp Co., Eau Claire, Wis. Controversy, McGuire-Cummings Manufacturing Co., Paris, 111. Strike, bakers, Chicago, 111. Threatened strike, iron and bridge shop employees, St. Louis and vicinity, Mo. Controversy, laundry trade, Fargo, N. Dak. Controversy, Hy-Grade Lamp Co., Salem, Mass. Controversy, Dubuque Boat & Boiler Works, Dubuque, Iowa. Threatened strike, employees in highway department, Scranton, Pa. Threatened strike, Bell Telephone Co., Jacksonville, Fla. Controversy, American Hide & Leather Co., Chicago, 111. Controversy, American Steel & Wire Co., Waukegan, 111. Strike, Rath Packing Co., Waterloo, Iowa. Strike, Porto Rico Leaf Tobacco Co., Comerio, P. R. Controversy, Constantin & Co., Tulsa, Okla. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [276] MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, 277 Controversy, Illinois Milk Dealers, Chicago, 111. Strike, bakery drivers, Chicago, 111. Strike, Mathews Bros. Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Strike, cigar makers, Trenton, N. J. Strike, hod carriers, Dayton, Ohio. Compulsory Arbitration in Norway. 3 noted in the Monthly R eview for September, 1916 (pp. 78, 79), Norway has recognized the principle of compulsory arbitration in the settlement of industrial disputes. The law in question, enacted June 9, 1916, and applicable to the war period in Europe, was reen acted April 4, 1919, to continue until April 1, 1920. The compulsory investigation of labor disputes, incorporation or registration of associations of employees or employers, and the legal recognition of the collective agreement had already been secured by the arbitration act of August 6, 1915 (M o n t h l y R e v ie w , Novem ber, 1915, pp. 81-85). Under the new law an award of the court of arbitration has the binding effect of a judicial decision. Pend ing reference to arbitration, conditions of work, hours, and wages continue unchanged except in so far as the parties themselves may agree otherwise. It is illegal to strike in order to determine the application or intent of an award. No award is to continue in force longer than two years unless both parties stipulate otherwise. The former act on compulsory arbitration fixed the term at three years. For infractions of the award fines ranging from 5 crowns (SI.34) up to as high as 25,000 crowns ($6,700) are assessed against an employer or workman who takes part in or assists in unlawful labor - disputes; also against the members of the administration of a tradeunion or of an employers’ association who take part in or assist in unlawful disputes. The court of arbitration consists of a chairman and four additional members. The chairman and two members are appointed by the Crown. The National Federation of Trade-Unions and the Norwegian Employers’ Association each appoint one member and an alternate. Under the former law the Crown appointed the chairman only, while the four members were appointed by the associations representing, respectively, the workmen and the employers. If the parties in interest fail to appoint their representatives the Crown may act. The usual court processes are observed by the arbitration body, witnesses are summoned, and documents called for in the usual manner. If requested by either party, the proceedings may be behind closed doors. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [277] PROFIT SHARING. New Profit-Sharing Plan Adopted by British Shipbuilding Firm.1 discussion has been caused by the announce CONSIDERABLE ment that Messrs. William Gray & Co. (Ltd.), a large ship building firm of West Hartlepool (England), has adopted a system of copartnership with its workers. The plan is to set aside 20 per cent of the total profits of the firm for division among the workers, the amount to which each employee is entitled to be based upon the earnings, exclusive of overtime, to be dependent upon his having attained the age of 21 years, having been in the employment of the company for not less than 12 months and, most important from the point of view of the firm, having lost, through his own fault, not more than 12 days’ time in the year the profits of which are being divided. There are provisions for determining what is really lost time, so that no worker may be penalized for circumstances for which he could not be held responsible. About nine years ago, Messrs. Furness Wilthy & Co. adopted in their yards at West Hartlepool a scheme whereby the workers were made shareholding partners and guaranteed a dividend of 4 per cent. Deductions were made from the workmen’s pay in order to purchase shares in the company for them. This ambitious plan failed because of opposition from the labor unions based upon the irregularity of work, which had reduced earnings and made the lower-paid opera tives desirous of keeping all their wages instead of contributing their proportion to the copartnership funds, upon the fact that the workers could not go to other yards without losing their dividends, and upon the belief that partnership would tie their hands as tradeunionists in disputes with their employers. Sir William Gray has provided a system of profit sharing without making the workers shareholders in the firms, and so without reduc ing their current earnings. The provision with regard to strikes states that time lost by reason of a general or district strike, whether authorized by trade-unions or not, will not be considered time willfully lost, while there is no reference in the scheme to strikes in breach of an agreement with employers generally. I t would seem therefore that men may strike in defiance of their own unions, and in breach of an agreement, and still qualify for a share in the profits which the firm may be able to make in spite of their action. Whether these inducements will be sufficiently powerful to secure continuous and energetic labor in the yards and whether they will be acceptable to trade-unions remains to be seen. 1 Excerpt from Report on British Trade and Commerce, by Consul General Robert P. Skinner, London furnished by the State Department under date of May 24, 1919. 278 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2781 IMMIGRATION, Immigration in April, 1919. The following tables, prepared by tbe Bureau of Immigration of the Department of Labor, show the total number of immigrant aliens admitted into the United States in each month from January, 1913, to April, 1919, and the numbers admitted in each fiscal year, 1915 to 1918, and in April, 1919, by nationality. The total departures of emigrant aliens in April, 1919, numbered 17,203. IMMIGRANT A LIENS ADM ITTED INTO T H E UN ITED STATES IN SPEC IFIED MONTHS JANUARY, 1913, TO A P R IL , 1919. 1919 Month. 1913 46,441 59,156 96', 958 136,371 137, 262 176; 261 138', 244 126', 180 136,247 134,440 104,671 95,387 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1914 44,708 46,873 92,621 119,885 107,796 71,728 60,377 37,706 29,143 30,416 26,298 20,944 1915 1916 15,481 13,873 19', 263 24; 532 26,069 22', 598 21,504 21,949 24; 513 25,450 24,545 18,901 17,293 24,710 27,586 30,560 31,021 30;764 25,035 29,975 36,398 37,056 34,437 30,902 1917 24,745 19,238 15,512 20,523 10,487 11,095 9,367 10,047 9,228 9,284 6,446 6,987 Number. Per cent increase over preceding month. 9,852 10,586 14,105 16,860 i 8.3 7.5 33.2 19.5 1918 6,356 7,388 6,510 9,541 15,217 14,247 7,780 7,862 9,997 11,771 8,499 10,748 i Decrease. [2791 279 280 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW Classified by nationality, the number of immigrant aliens admitted into the United States during specified periods and in April, 1919, was as follows: IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADM ITTED INTO T H E UNITED STATES DURING SPEC IFIED PER IO D S AND IN A PR IL, 1919, BY NATIONALITY. Year ending June 30Nationality. 1915 1916 1917 1918 African (black)............................... . Arm enian................................. Bohemian and Moravian................................ Bulgarian, Serbian, Montenegrin............................... Chinese..................................... Croatian and Slovenian.................................. . Cuban.................................... Dalmatian, Bosnian, Herzegovinian. . . . Dutch and Flem ish.............................. East Indian........................................ English................................................ Finnish......................................... French................................. German...................................................... Greek........................... Hebrew......................... Irish........................... Italian (north).................................... Italian (south)................................ Japanese......................... Korean............................................... Lithuanian............................................. Magyar.................................. Mexican.................................... Pacific Islander........................................ Polish............................. Portuguese.......................................... Roumanian....................................... Russian................................. Ruthenian (Russniak)............................. Scandinavian..................................... Scotch....................................... Slovak.................................... Spanish................................. Spanish-American.............. S yrian............................... Turkish............................ Welsh............................ West Indian (except Cuban).................... Other peoples................................................ 5,660 932 1,651 3,506 2,469 1,912 3,402 305 6,675 82 38,662 3,472 12,636 20, 729 15,187 26,497 23,503 10,660 46,557 8,609 146 2,638 3,604 10,993 6 9,065 4,376 1,200 4,459 2,933 24,263 14,310 2,069 5,705 1,667 1,767 273 1,390 823 1,877 4,576 964 642 3,146 2,239 791 3,442 114 6,433 80 36,168 5,649 19,518 11,555 26,792 15,108 20,636 4,905 33,909 8,711 154 599 981 17,198 5 4,502 12,208 953 4,858 1,365 19,172 13,515 577 9,259 1,881 676 216 983 948 .3,388 7,971 1,221 '327 1,134 1, 843 305 3,428 94 5,393 69 32,246 5,900 24,405 9,682 25,919 17.342 17,462 3,796 35,154 8,925 194 479 434 16,438 10 3,109 10,194 522 3,711 i; 211 19,596 13,350 244 15,019 2,587 976 454793' 1,369 2,097 5,706 221 74 150 1,576 33 1,179 15 2,200 61 12,980 1.867 6,840 1,992 2,002 3,672 4,657 1,074 5; 234 10,168 149 135 32 17,602 17 668 2,319 155 1,513 49 8,741 5,204 35 7,909 2,231 210 Total..................................................................... 326,700 298,826 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [280] 295,403 April, 1919. 521 12 20 13 74 1 155 291 3 3,890 102 1,649 '254 116 317 1,075 130 217 507 2 21 14 3,126 101 456 3 184 9 1,146 1,483 2 388 279 17 278 732 314 111 153 18 110,618 16,860 BOOK REVIEWS. Commons , J ohn I n c ., 1919. II. In d u s tr ia l goodw ill. 213 p p . N ew Y o r k , M cG raw -JIill B o o k C o m p a n y , Beginning with an explanation of the “ commodity” theory of labor (that labor can be bought and sold and that demand and supply determine wages, a law that can not be overcome), and of the “ machinery ” theory (that not labor, but the product of labor, is bought and sold), the author declares that both of these theories are incomplete and that the law of supply and. demand may be modified by industrial good will, which is “ the spirit of brotherhood, the solidarity of free personalities.” “ It is knowledge of alternatives and freedom to choose them without penalty or sacrifice. ” The goodwill of a firm is a competitive advantage in keeping desirable customers or workers away from rivals. Group insurance is advocated. By group insurance may be provided not only life insurance but the old-age pension and invalidity benefits. Group insurance is believed to be followed by reduction in the number of strikes, reduction in labor turnover, and reduction in the power of organized labor to attract employees away from their allegiance to their employer. In the author’s opinion, the objection that group insurance promotes the laborer’s welfare at the cost of his liberty can be met by making group insurance compulsory on all employers. Health insurance is also favored. This kind of insurance, the prime object of which is the prevention of illness, is also a factor in industrial good will. The author believes in compulsory health insurance, and in the establishment by the State of certain minimum standards. Cash benefits should be eliminated from the scheme, and should be left entirely to voluntary schemes. “ If cash benefits are required by law, then the thought and energies of employers, employees, and State officials are diverted away from the prime object of health insurance, which is sickness prevention with its medical and hospital care and early diagnosis. If cash benefits are required by law, then innumerable disputes arise as to the amount of benefits; the dangerous menace of malingering is forced into the problem; suspicion and invidious investigations of individuals are fomented by law. But with cash benefits eliminated from the require ments of the law, all of the funds and all of the energies of all parties, so far as legisla tion is concerned, are directed to the single purpose of adequate care for sickness, adequate hospital and medical equipment, and adequate measures of prevention.” Admission of labor into the councils and authority of the company through the recognition of “ shop committees” representing the workers is another way of obtain ing industrial good will. This is a great forward step, inasmuch as the shop conditions, in the opinion of the author, are very important, because “ it is the shop after all that constitutes the real unit of organization. ” He believes that “ American industry needs schools for apprentices. These schools must be in the shops and the apprentices must get a living wage while learning.” Through an examination of these various related problems in industry the author develops his theory of industrial good will as the soul of the economic peace toward which constructive thought and action are moving more or less gropingly but hope fully. And his concept of this good will finds its fullest expression in the chapter on personality. It is in personality that the author is forced to anchor all reasonable hopes for the normal life and development of this industrial good 'will which is to solve https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [281] 281 282 M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW. labor problems and to still labor unrest. He believes in the education of the workers, the protection of the workers, and the joint control of work by the workers. He also believes in the modern corporation, and says “ The modern corporation has more chances for personality than ever were known before in industry. And it succeeds for that reason. If it has no monopoly it succeeds because it has a soil. Good will is the soul and good will is a multiple of all the different personalities that keep the business agoing.” The modern corporation specializes in personality, and the result of this specialization is the personnel department. The reason why this personnel department is attaining this high recognition is because the labor problem has ceased to be a problem merely of the demand and supply of labor. The personnel depart ment is not the employment department. It is not the department, of hiring and firing. It is the department that deals with every human relation within and without the establishment. It is the department of industrial good will. ” In the chapter on“ The world,” he says, “ We and all the nations perceive, as never before, that the next stage in industrial progress is not that economic revolution which Karl Marx pre dicted, it is not even development in machinery and tools, but it is the increased production and increased wealth of the world which are now dependent upon the health, intelligence, good will of labor. That nation which is foremost in giving heed to the health and housing, the vocational education, security, and wages of its working people will be the nation which will survive even in time of peace.” S l i g h t e r , S u m n e r H. 1919. 4 60,18 p p . T he tu rn o v er o ffa c to r y labor. 'New Y o r k , D . A p p le to n & Co., This book provides the first comprehensive and systematic treatment of the subject of labor turnover so far published in the United States. The author makes the turn over of labor his central theme, but treats the subject very broadly and presents a systematic discussion of method and practice in handling men. The work, in other words, is a study of employment management as well as of labor turnover, the author’s central thesis being “ the neglected truism that a definite plan and specific responsi bility for creating and executing the plan are as necessary in dealing with labor as in controlling manufacturing operations.” The study of turnover “ embraces the study of the causes and effects of every termination of employment and the means of pre venting such terminations of employment as are socially undesirable.” The data on which the work is based were collected for the most part prior to 1916, and the book is therefore primarily a study of establishment labor stability in normal peace times. The illustrative material has been largely restricted to pre-war years, and it is discussed and interpreted from the standpoint of the relatively undisturbed pre-war period. The four main sections of the book are devoted to a general analysis of turnover, its cost, its causes, and the methods of reducing it. In the section devoted to analysis Mr. Slitcher considers the volume or rate of turnover, the effect upon the turnover rate of such factors as time, locality, and occupation, and the relative numerical importance among employees leaving, of resignations, lay-offs, discharges, etc. The statistical analysis which makes up the bulk of Part I is based primarily upon figures collected by the author for the United States Commission on Industrial Rela tions. These figures were secured from 105 factories and mines in all the important industries and in practically all parts of the country. Sixty-seven of the establish ment reports were for 1914, 20 for 1913, 8 for 1912, and the others for various 12-month periods in the years 1909 and 1912 to 1915. The author defines labor turnover as “ all terminations of employment in the force regardless of cause.” He goes on to say that ‘ ‘ every worker who leaves the employ of a given establishment for whatever reason constitutes a part of the turnover of that establishment.” Consistently with this in terpretation he expresses the rate of turnover as “ the percentage of the number of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [282] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 283 terminations of employment to the average force on the pay roll during a given period. ’’ This formula is slightly modified, however, in presenting the returns from the 105 concerns which form th e hack-bone of his statistical analysis. The difficulty of obtain ing figures showing the average working force made it necessary to resort instead to the average between the “ maximum and minimum number of employees on the pay roll at any time during the year.” This average Mr. Slichter uses as a base in calcu lating the turnover. The turnover rate varies, of course, with time and place. It is the opinion of the author of the book that the average turnover, in a normally prosperous year, is about 100 per cent. Among his 105 establishments he finds that 5 had a turnover of less than 20 per cent, 29 between 20 and 60 per cent, 30 between 60 and 100 per cent, 30 between 100 and 200 per cent, and 11, 200 per cent or over. The aggregate averages of minimum and maximum forces of the 105 plants amounted to 226,038, and the grand total of separations from them 225,942. The effect of prosperity is reflected in relatively low stability; that is to say, high turnover; industrial depression shows itself in relatively high stability, the turnover frequently being almost uniformly higher in prosperous years like 1913 and 1916 than in years of depression, such as 1914 and 1915. The figures presented by occupations indicate a considerably higher turnover rate, in industry generally, among semiskilled and unskilled than among skilled laborers. As to the immediate circumstances under which employees leave, which this writer includes among causes of turnover, it appears that of more than 28,000 terminations, 78 per cent were due to resignations, 12 per cent to discharges, 1 0 per cent to lay-offs, and less than 1 per cent to “ miscellaneous reasons.” The subj ect of the cost of turnover is examined from the point of view of the em ployer on the one hand and of the workman on the other. Fragmentary estimates of money costs to the employer are compiled by the author. They range from Magnus W. Alexander’s estimate of $8.50 for laborers to a street railway official’s estimate of $370.43 for street railway trainmen. The following items are presented of loss to the workmen: (1 ) Loss of earnings during unemployment; (2 ) expense of obtaining a new job; (3) deficiency in earnings while learning new job; (4) increased exposure to accident while learning new job; (5) possible cost of moving involved; (6 ) impair ment of developed skill by interruption of employment; and (7) demoralization from idleness. In a chapter devoted to a “ survey of the causes of turnover” the multitude of con ditions resulting in termination of employment are classified in eight principal groups, as follows: 1 . Reduction in the quantity of work. 2 . Causes pertaining to the job. 3. Causes pertaining to the methods of handling men. 4. Causes pertaining to fellow workmen. 5. Causes pertaining to the worker himself. 6 . More attractive opportunities elsewhere. 7. Causes pertaining to the attractiveness of the community as a place of residence. 8 . Changes due to the family of the worker. An important distinction is made between separations due to better opportunities elsewhere and resignations due to dissatisfaction and figures are presented which show that “ where conditions are attractive not only do fewer men resign, but those who do, resign not because of dissatisfaction but because of still more favorable opportunities elsewhere.” “ Unadaptability,” “shiftlessness,” and “ positive mis conduct” appear to cause the greater number of discharges, so far as may be judged from the fragmentary statistical evidence available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1283] 284 M O N TH LY LABOE BEVIEW . Nearly half of the volume is taken up by the section devoted to methods of reducing turnover. The first part of this section describes in detail the achievements in turnover reduction of a number of selected establishments and explains the methods severally used by them in effecting this reduction. The most important features of a job to a workman are, it is stated, the wages, its steadiness, its physical and nervous demands upon him, and the hours. These, then, are what the author describes as “ the fundamental prerequisites for the reduction of turnover.” That the author considers the character and practical administration of the establishment’s employment machinery to be important factors in turnover reduction is sufficiently indicated by the fact that he follows up the discussion of these prerequisites by detailed chapters on procedure in hiring, breaking in the new worker, and the han dling of men. A comprehensive discussion of the functions of the establishment “ supervisor of labor” and of the relation of such a supervisor to the conflict between capital and labor completes the volume. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [284] PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. Official—United States. California .— In d u s tr ia l A ccid en t C o m m issio n . 1919. V o l. 3, N o . 4- 15 p p - S a fe ty N ew s. S a n F rancisco, A p r il, Illu s tr a te d . Principally devoted to an article giving safety recommendations relating to the removal of dust, gases and fumes in factories. Colorado .— In d u s tr ia l C o m m issio n . D enver, 1919. S e co n d report. Dec. 1, 1917, to D ec. 1, 1918. 128 p p . Contains a brief statistical statement of workmen’s compensation experience; is largely devoted to a record of appealed cases and decisions of the commission. Premi ums to the amount of $375,429.56 were paid into the State compensation insurance fund, aM compensation and medical services were paid to the amount of $51,391.68. The fund showed a balance of $566,050.86 on December 31, 1918, with liabilities amounting to $431,265.77, leaving a net surplus of $134,785.09. There was a 92 per cent increase in the premium income over the preceding year; and a 130 per cent increase in the net surplus. ----- S ta te in sp ecto r o f coal m in e s. S i x t h a n n u a l report, 1918. D en ver, 1919. 104 p p . Reports a coal production in 1918 of 12,658,055 tons from 249 mines. The total number of men employed in and about the mines was 14,374, of which number 7,517 were miners, 3,833 other underground employees, and 3,024 surface employees. There were 566 men employed at coke ovens. There were 71 fatalities, a reduction of 117 when compared with 1917, when 121 were killed as the result of one explosion. Of the killed, 69 were underground and 2 surface employees. There was one fatality to every 177,578 tons of coal produced, representing a fatality rate of 4.9 per 1,000 men employed. There were 1,227 nonfatal accidents, a decrease of 236 compared with 1917. The accident rate was 85.5 per 1,000 men employed, and 10,275.5 tons of coal were produced for each nonfatal accident. Connecticut .— B o a rd o f com m issio n ers f o r the p r o m o tio n o f u n ifo r m ity o f leg isla tio n i n the U n ited S ta te s . R e p o r t. H a rtfo rd , 1919. ■ ----- D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r a n d F a cto ry In s p e c tio n . earners i n the S ta te . H a rtfo rd , 1918. 144 PP- 8 pp. R e p o r t o n the c o n d itio n s o f wage A discussion of conditions prevailing among industrial workers in the State during the years 1917-18. Deals with such subjects as the increased employment of women during the war period, effects of the influenza epidemic, safety precautions, welfare work, Americanization, housing, young mothers in industry, lunch rooms in factories, etc. The report concludes with 1 2 recommendations, covering the re quirements of certain standards of sanitation, safety, and health in factories, the establishment of prevocational and vocational courses in grade and grammar schools, the extension of physical culture exercises to all schools for both boys and girls, and the passage of a law preventing the employment of young mothers in both textile and metal industries. F lorida . — S ta te L a b o r In sp e cto r. F o u r th a n d f i f t h a n n u a l reports. [1917-18.] T a lla hassee, 1919. I llinois 66 p p . (Chicago ). — D e p a rtm e n t o f P u b lic W elfare. B u re a u o f S u r v e y s . The I ta lia n i n Chicago. A s tu d y , by F r a n k O rm a n B eck. Chicago, F eb ru a ry, 1919. 32 p p . B u ll e ti n . V ol. 11, N o . 3. D e p a rtm e n t S e r ia l N o . 8. 122778°— 19-----19 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [285] 285 286 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. M assach usetts .— Teachers' R e tire m e n t B o a rd . in g Dec. 81, 1918. B o s to n , 1919. 17 p p . F if t h a n n u a l report f o r the year end P u b lic D o c u m e n t N o . 109. Notes that the enrollments in 1918 were 1,902 compulsory and 80 voluntary, the compulsory enrollments being 243 more than in any previous year in that class. The total membership in active service at December 31, 1918, was 10,839; 65 retired on allowances during the year; and 338 represented the number on the retired list at the end of the year. A total of $113,843.14 was paid in the form of annuities and pensions, the latter amounting to $111,058.04. The number of. deaths was 83, almost double those of any previous year. The influenza epidemic is given as the reason for the unusually high death rate among teachers. A total of $12,839.28 has been paid on account of deaths since the establishment of the fund, July 1 , 1914. Misso u r i (S t . L o u is ).— City P la n C o m m is sio n . 1918. S t . L o u is a fter the w ar. S t. L o u is , 31 p p . This pamphlet gives, besides other matter, a plan of specific public works needed in St. Louis, including river front improvements, waterworks extension, public buildings and public group plan, park and playground system, public sewers, street openings, housing, and other matters, and recommends the passage of necessary laws which would permit the accomplishment of the work outlined. There is an intro duction by Winston Churchill. N ew Y ork .— In d u s tr ia l C o m m issio n . P roceedings o f the T h ir d In d u s tr ia l S a fe ty Congress o f N e w Y o r k S ta te held a t S y ra c u se, D ecem ber 2 -5 , 1918. A lb a n y , 1919. 225 p p . Oh — F ood A d m in is tr a tio n . A b rie f h isto ry o f j h e a c tiv ities o f the U n ited S ta te s F o o d A d m in is tr a tio n i n O hio. C o lu m b u s, 1919. 91 p p . io Outlines the various measures which were taken to encourage food production and food conservation during the period of the war. A section on farm labor gives a record of placements and notes the achievements accomplished in food production with the assistance of boy labor. P orto R ico . L a w s, sta tu te s, etc. A c ts a n d re so lu tio n s o f the f ir s t session o f the n in th leg isla tu re o f P o rto R ic o . [S a n J u a n ], 1919. 88 p p . ( A p p e n d ix to V ol. I I o f L a w s o f P o rto R ic o , 1917.) This pamphlet contains “ certified transcripts of the originals of certain laws and resolutions promulgated and published in virtue of a decision of the Supreme Court of Poito Rico, dated the 1 1 th of March, 1919.” A more extended reference appears on p. 231 of this issue of the R e v ie w . U ta h . I n d u s tr ia l C o m m issio n . R e p o r t. J u ly 1, 1917 to J u n e SO, 1918 in c lu d in g f o u r t h b ie n n ia l rep o rt o f the bureau o f im m ig r a tio n , labor a n d sta tistics, 1917-18 S a l t L a k e [1919]. 237 p p . W a sh ingto n .— B u r e a u of L abor. Labor lalvs. 128 p p . W est V ir g in ia .— S ta te c o m p en sa tio n co m m issio n er. 30, 1918. C harleston [1918]. E d itio n 1919. O ly m p ia , 1919. C ondensed sta tem en t as o f J u n e 15 p p . T his report is noted on pages 211 and 212 of th is issu e of th e R e v ie w . U nited S tates . Congress. S en a te. C om m ittee o n E d u c a tio n a n d L a b o r. M in im u m wages. H e a rin g before su b co m m ittee o f the com m ittee o n ed u ca tio n a n d labor o n H . R . 152, a b ill to f i x the c o m p en sa tio n o f certain em ployees o f the U n ited S ta te s. 2 p a rts. W a sh in g to n , 1919. 129 p p . C o u n c il o f N a tio n a l D efense. _ G eneral m edical board, co m m ittee o n n u r s in g ; co m m ittee o n hyg iene a n d s a n ita tio n , su b c o m m ittee o n p u b lic health n u r s in g ; co m m ittee o n labor, sectio n o n w e lfa re ; co m m ittee o n hom e n u r s in q . R e p o r ts W a sh in g to n , A p r i l, 1, 1919. 31 p p . D epartm .ent o f the In te r io r . B u re a u o f E d u c a tio n . A g r ic u ltu r a l education, 1 9 16-1918, by C. I I . L a n e . B u lle tin , 1918, N o . 44. W a sh in g to n , 1919. 40 p p . ----- .------------ R ecen t in g to n , 1919. progress i n N egro education, by Thom,as Jesse J o n es. 16 p p . B u ll e ti n N o . 27. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2861 W ash M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 287 U n it e d S t a t e s . —D e p a r tm e n t o f the In te r io r . B u r e a u o f E d u c a tio n . T he U nited S ta te s S ch o o l G arden A r m y , by J . H . F ra n c is, director. W a sh in g to n , 1919. 6 p p . B u ll e ti n N o . 26. i The work of this organization is an expansion of that undertaken by the Bureau of Education in 1914, which consisted in enlisting boys and girls between the ages of 9 or 10 and 14 or 15 in systematic garden work for food production on such plats of ground as could be had for this purpose near their homes, on back yards, side yards, and vacant lots, and then providing teacher-directors for them at the rate of one teacher-director for each group of from 100 to 150 garden workers. In March, 1918, $50,000 was appropriated from the National Security and Defense fund to promote school and school-supervised home gardening among the school children of America residing in cities, towns, and villages. The present plan was adopted shortly after wards, and suggestions on plans of organization were sent out to school superintend ents and garden teachers and supervisors. A partial report made in July, 1918, showed, among other results, that 1,500,000 boys and girls were enlisted in the United States School Garden Army; that 20,000 acres of unproductive home and vacant lots had been converted into productive land; that 50,000 teachers had received valuable instruction in gardening through the garden leaflets distributed through the office of the School Garden Army; and that boards of education and other civic organizations had been influenced to give financial and moral support to the school and home garden movement and to pay extra salaries for supervision and teaching. Under this organization the School Garden Army is working during the present season. •------------B u re a u o f M in es. I l li n o i s m in in g sta tu tes a n n o ta ted , by J . W . T h o m p so n . I n c lu d in g a ll I l li n o i s m i n in g law s. L a w S e r ia l 15. — W a sh in g to n , 1919. 594 PP- B u ll e ti n 169, D e p a rtm e n t o f L a b o r. C h ild ren 's B u re a u . M in im u m standards f o r child w elfare. S u b m itte d by the W a sh in g to n C h ild W elfare Conference, M a y 5 -8 , 1919. W ash in g to n , 1919. 16 p p . Contains the text of the minimum standards for children entering employment, the minimum standards for public protection of the health of mothers and children, and the minimum standards for the protection of children in need of special care, submitted by the conference. The former were printed in the June issue of the M onthly L abor R ev iew , pp. 219 and 220. —— ---- - S u g g e stio n s f o r o w n -y o u r-o w n -h o m e —— ----- W a sh in g to n , 1919. In fo r m a tio n a n d E d u c a tio n Service. ca m p a ig n s. W a sh in g to n , 1919. 46 p p . IS T r a in in g S ervice. E ffic ie n t tr a in in g i n a large p la n t. p p . T r a in in g b u lle tin N o . 11. ---------— —— 1lo w tra in in g d ep a rtm en ts have bettered p ro d u c tio n . A s y m p o s iu m o f experiences i n 17 A m e ric a n fa c to r y tr a in in g d e p a rtm en ts, together w ith va lu a b le su g g estio n s as to how to carry o n in s tr u c tio n . W a sh in g to n , 1919. 24 p p . T r a in in g b u lle tin N o . 12. ---------— —•—- I n d u s tr ia l tra in in g i n representative in d u stries. A su rvey o f practical v a lu e to the m a n w ho w a n ts to k n o w how tr a in in g d ep a rtm en ts operate. W a sh in g to n , 1919. 15 p p . T r a in in g b u lle tin N o . 13. ------ ——- W o rk in g C o n d itio n s Service. H o w to give illu stra te d lectures o n accident pre v e n tio n to w o rk m e n . W a sh in g to n , 1919. W a sh in g to n , 1919. 13 p p . From this pamphlet it appears that the most effective way to promote accident prevention is through the use of short talks about 30 or 40 minutes long, illustrated with slides and moving pictures showing the results of accidents rather than how to avoid them; that these lectures and pictures, where there is a large percentage of foreigners, should be held at the noon hour in the dining room of the men, or, in the case of evening meetings, at 7.30 or 8 o’clock. It is suggested that the evening meet ing should be held in some central location and should be made a family affair. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [287] 288 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. U nited States.— D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r. W o rk in g C o n d itio n s S e rv ic e. in to derm atic effect a n d in fe c tive character o f a lu b rica tin g co m p o u n d . 1919. 8 p p . In v e stig a tio n W a sh in g to n , This investigation, made to determine the cause of an epidemic of furunculosis among the employees of a steel plant, showed that while the lubricant, which con sists of almost equal parts of pale paraffin oil and petrolatum, does not afford a favor able nutrient medium for bacterial growth, it still is not germicidal, so that after becoming contaminated by being handled by an employee having a pus infection present upon his hands or arms, it may, through the interchange of “ waste” and wiping rags, easily carry infection. It is recommended, among other things, that the interchange of wiping rags be advised against and that instruction in personal hygiene be given the men. ——• ——■----- P re lim in a ry ' trades. report o f co m m ittee o n m o r ta lity f r o m tuberculosis i n d u sty W a sh in g to n , 1919. 27 p p . This report was submitted to the executive committee of the National Tubercu losis Association at its meeting in Pittsburg, December 5, 1918. ------------- —-—• T rea tm en t o f in d u s tr ia l p ro b lem s by con stru ctive m ethods. 1919. 15 pp. W a sh in g to n , This pamphlet is a description of the organization of the Working Conditions Service of the Department of Labor—a service created to supply industries with information which will assist them in developing a stable, efficient working force through the adoption of proved methods of industrial health and safety, and of principles that promote good relationship between employers and employed. There are three divisions in the Working Conditions Service: (1 ) Industrial hygiene and medicine, (2) safety engineering, and (3) labor administration. ----- F ederal B o a rd f o r V o ca tio n a l E d u c a tio n . E v e n in g a n d p a rt-tim e schools i n the textile in d u s tr y o f the so u th e rn S ta te s. B u ll e ti n N o . 30, W a sh in g to n , 1919. 106 p p . Trade a n d in d u s tr ia l series N o . 5. This report is based upon the results of an investigation made in 13 Southern States to determine the needs and possibilities of training for the textile industry. It ex plains the application of the Federal vocational education law to the textile industry and the possible types of instruction under the law, outlines short-unit courses in evening and part-time classes for textile workers, and presents an analysis of textile occupations as a basis of recommending courses of instruction. •—■ --------- H o m e econom ics ed u cation. O rg a n iza tio n a n d a d m in istra tio n . W a sh in g to n , F eb ru a ry, 1919. 64 p p . B u ll e ti n N o . 28. H o m e econom ics series N o . 2. ■ --------—- O p p o r tu n itie s f o r e m p lo y m e n t i n the jew e lry trade: D e sig n in g , m o d e lin g , e n g ra v in g , sto n e c u ttin g , m e ltin g a n d r o llin g , p ressin g a n d sta m p in g , die m a k in g . W a sh in g to n , M arch, 1919. 8 p p . O p p o r tu n ity m o n o g ra p h , V ocational rehabilita tio n series N o . 32. ----- —— 1919. P h o to g ra p h y, p h o to -en g ra vin g a n d three-color w ork. W a sh in g to n , M arch, 7 p p . O p p o r tu n ity m o n o g ra p h , V o cational re h a b ilita tio n series N o . 31. —--------- Technical a g ricu ltu re as a vocation. W a sh in g to n , M arch, 1919. O p p o r tu n ity m o n o g ra p h , V o cational reh a b ilita tio n series N o . 33. —— ----1919. —— 20 p p . The practice o f o p to m etry a n d the tr a in in g i t requires. W a sh in g to n , A p r il, 7 p p . O p p o r tu n ity m o n o g ra p h , V ocational re h a b ilita tio n series N o . 34. S h ip p in g B o a rd . W orld s h ip p in g data. R e p o r t o n E u r o p e a n m iss io n , by E d w a rd N . H u r le y , ch a irm a n . W ashington, M arch 1, 1919. 32 p p . Presents statistics showing the losses of tonnage and the output of shipyards during the war, the present situation of the merchant marine of the leading countries, and an estimate of the prospects of these countries for developing their shipping. Sec tions are devoted to a discussion of the labor situation, the future of American seamen, shipbuilding costs, and operating costs. [2S8] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 289 Official—Foreign Countries. A r g en tin a .— D ep a rta m e n to N a c io n a l del B u e n o s A ires, 1919. T rabajo. B o le tín No. 4-1, A p r i l, 1919. 129 p p . This bulletin is the third study of the development of labor organization in Argen tina, the first two studies having appeared in the previous two numbers of this series. The study has been prepared by an inspector under the supervision of the department of labor. The author says “ the first organization was formed in 1890 ” and that at the present date “ there are two great confederations, with 23 syndicates in the federal capital and 41 in other portions of the Republic, and a membership of 63,149.” The second chapter of the present bulletin is a history of labor disputes between November 30, 1916, and the present date. Chapter III is devoted to measures, declarations, and demands emanating from recent conventions of the federations. A u stralia .— D e p a rtm e n t o f the T reasury. the 12 m o n th s ended 30th J u n e , 1918. 12699. P rice, 6d. I n v a lid a n d old-age p e n sio n s. M elbourne, 1918. 10 p p . S ta te m e n t f o r N o . 115. —F . At June 30,1918, there were 95,387 old-age pensions and 29,912 invalid pensions cur rent, an increase over tlie preceding year of 1,715 and 3,131, respectively. The total liability for the year is given as £2,993,354 ($14,567,157.24) for old-age pensions, and £954,304 ($4,644,120.42) for invalid pensions. It is stated that 85.43 per cent of the old-age pensioners and 93.16 per cent of the invalid pensioners were receiving the maximum of £32 1 0 s ($158.16) per annum. On June 30, 1918, there were 193 old-age pensioners and 61 invalid pensioners to each 1 0 , 0 0 0 of population. •—--------- M a tern ity allow ances. S ta te m e n t shouting n u m b e r o f cla im s g ra nted a n d rejected, e xp en d itu re, a n d cost o f a d m in istra tio n d u rin g the 12 m o n th s ended 30th J u n e , 1918. M elbourne, 1918. 3 p p . C. 12696. Shows a total of 126,885 claims paid and 404 rejected. The amount of benefits paid was £634,425 ($3,087,429.26). The number of claims paid was a decrease of 5,522 from the preceding year, and the amount of benefits paid was $134,364.07 less than in 1916-17. —---- —— W ar p e n sio n s. S ta te m e n t f o r the 12 m o n th s ended 30th J u n e , 1918. M elbourne, 1919. 8 pp. C. 2251. Shows a total of 110,174 war pensioners at June 30, 1918, of which number 40,702, or 36.9 per cent, were incapacitated members of the forces, and 69,472, or 63.1 per cent, dependents of incapacitated or of deceased members of the forces. The average fort nightly rate of pensions is given as £1 16s 5.Id ($8 .8 6 ) for members of the forces, and £1 Is 3.32d ($5.18) for dependents. The total expenditure for war pensions in the year ending June 30, 1918, was £2,772,077 ($13,490,312.72). The cost of administra tion is given as £61,146 ($297,567.01), or £1 11s 9d ($7.73) for each £100 ($486.65) of pensions paid. B elgium .— M in istè re de V In d u strie , d u T ra va il et d u R a v ita ille m e n t. Office d u T ra va ilS ta tis tiq u e des accidents d u tra v a il élaborée p a r l ’Office d u T r a v a il d ’a p rès les docu m e n ts fo u r n i s en e xé cu tio n de la lo i d u 24 décembre 1903 su r la rê p a ra tio n des do m m ages r é s u lta n t des accidents d u tra va il. A n n é e 1907. B ru ssels, 1919. 417 p p . Statistics of labor accidents for 1907. Gives tables by industries of accidents causing a temporary incapacity of at least 29 days; accidents causing permanent incapacity; accidents resulting in death; accidents by age of the victims; and other related infor mation. Ca n a d a .— C o m m issio n o f C o n servation. O ttaw a, J a n u a ry 18, 19, 1916. J a n u a ry 16, 17, 1917. 344 PP27, 28, 1917. 282 p p . O ttaiva, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis R ep o rts. S e v e n th a n n u a l m e etin g held at E ig h th a n n u a l m e etin g held a t O ttaw a, N i n th a n n u a l m e etin g held a t O ttaw a, N ovem ber 1916-18. 3 vo ls. Illu s tr a te d . 283 p p . [289] 290 M O N TH LY LABOE EE VIEW . Ca n a d a (A lberta ). — W o rk m e n 's C o m p e n sa tio n B o a rd . F ir s t A n n u a l R e p o r t, 1918. 19 p p . A summary of this report will be published in the August issue of the M onthly L abor R e v ie w . ------ (B ritish Columbia ). —D e p a rtm e n t o f L ab o r. e n d in g D ecem ber 31, 1918. V ictoria, 1919. Annual report f o r the year 76 p p . Data as to wages taken from this report appear on pages 152 and 153-of this issue of the R e v ie w . ------ (N ova S cotia). — W o rk m e n 's co m p en sa tio n board. R e p o r t f o r 1918. H a lifa x , 1919. 33 p p . This report is noted on page 212 of th is issue of the M onthly L abor R e v ie w . ------ (O ntario ). — W o rk m e n ’s C o m p e n sa tio n B o a rd . R e p o r t f o r 1918. T o ro n to , 1919. 72 p p . This report is noted on pages 213 and 214 of this issue of the R e v ie w . F r an c e .— M in is tè re de la G uerre. B u ll e ti n Officiel. Tables C hronologique et A lp h a b étiq u e des R ecu eils des D o c u m e n ts In s é r é s a u B u ll e ti n Officiel, et spécialem ent a p p lica b les p e n d a n t la du rée des h o stilité s. P a r is [1918}. 329 p p . This volume consists of alphabetical and chronological indexes of documents pub lished in the Official Bulletin, volumes 1 to 6 and supplement, inclusive. ----- M in istère d u T r a v a il et de la P révoyance S o ciale. A ctes et d o cu m en ts Officiels. M esures ten d a n t à m a in te n ir l'a ctivité n a tio n a le p e n d a n t la d em o b ilisa tio n . 1919. 72 p p . This report is noted on pages 232 to 234 of this issue of the R e v ie w . — N o tice à V Usage des A ssu rés de la lo i des R etra ites ouvrières et T ro isièm e e d itio n . P a ris, 1917. P a ris, P a ysa n n es. 60 p p . Handbook of information relative to obligatory insurance. ----- (D épartem ent de la S e in e ).— L 'O ffice des H a b ita tio n s a B o n M arché L a C o n s titu tio n ; s o n a ction et.ses tra v a u x d u 10 j u i l l e t 1916 a u 31 décembre 1918. P a ris 1919. 195 p p . Illu s tr a te d . Text of the constitution and laws governing the office of low-cost dwellings of the Department of the Seine and an account of the work of this office from July 10, 1916, to December 31, 1918. The first part of the volume, which is devoted to a report by Henri Sellier on plans for garden cities, is summarized on pages 262 and 263 of this issue of the M onthly L abor R e v ie w . G reat B r ita in .— A g r ic u ltu r a l W ages B oard. R e p o r t o f the co m m ittee a p p o in te d by the A g r ic u ltu r a l W ages B o a rd to in q u ir e in to the fin a n c ia l re su lts o f the o c cu p a tio n o f a g ric u ltu ra l la n d a n d the cost o f liv in g o f ru r a l w orkers. L o n d o n , 1919. 73 p p C m d. 76. ’ ----- H o m e Office. F e n c in g a n d safety p re ca u tio n s f o r tra n sm issio n m achinery i n fa cto rie s. L o n d o n , 1919. 16 p p . Illu s tr a te d . S a fe ty p a m p h le t N o . 1. ----- L a w s , sta tu tes, etc. M a n u a ls o f em ergency legisla tio n . W ar m a teria l s u p p lie s m a n u a l [3d ed itio n ], revised to D ecem ber 31, 1918. L o n d o n , 1918. 576 p p . P rice 5s. n e t. ----- L o ca l G o v ern m e n t B o a rd . C o m m ittee o n B u ild in g B ye la w s. B u il d i n g byelaw s. M in u te s o f evidence, w ith in d ex . L o n d o n , 1918. 335 p p . C m d. 9214. P rice. 3s. n e t. ------------ H o u s in g . 4 pp. C m d. 8 9. F in a n c ia l assistance to p u b lic u t il i ty societies. P rice, I d . n et. L o n d o n , 1919. ----------- H o u s in g . ities. S chem es s u b m itte d to the L o c a l G o vern m en t B o a rd by local a u thor L o n d o n , 1919. 20 p p . C m d. 115. P rice, 2d. n e t. This presents in tabular form the details of the housing schemes submitted for the approval of the Local Government Board. It is estimated that the 658 schemes submitted provide for considerably over 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 houses. 1919. H o u s in g by p u b lic u t il i ty societies. 16 p p . P rice, I d . net. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [290] The G o vern m e n t p ro p o sa ls. London, 291 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Great B ritain.— L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t B o a rd . H o u s in g , to w n p la n n in g , etc., b ill; f i n a n cia l assistance to p u b lic u t il i ty societies a n d h o u sin g tru sts: I . D r a ft r e g u la tio n s f o r p u b lic u t il i ty societies. I I . D r a ft re g u la tio n s f o r h o u sin g tru sts. I I I . D r a ft m odel ru les f o r p u b lic u t il i ty societies. L o n d o n , 1919. 12 p p . C m d. 128. P rice, l a . n e t. — -------- M a n u a l 74 p p . o n the p re p a ra tio n o f S ta te -a id ed h o u sin g schemes. P rice, 2 s. 6 d .n e t. Illu s tr a te d . L o n d o n , 1919. ------------ M e m o ra n d u m o n the p ro v isio n s o f the m in is tr y o f health b ill, 1919, as to the w o rk o f the m edical research co m m ittee. ( C lause 8 (1), p ro v iso (i ). L o n d o n , 1919. 6 p p . C m d. 69. P rice, I d . n et. ----- M in is tr y o f R ec o n stru c tio n . H o u s in g ( F in a n c ia l A ssista n c e ) C om m ittee. rep o rt. L o n d o n , 1919. 19 p p . Cd. 9288. P rice, 3d. n et. F in a l This committee published an interim report which outlined the advantages of housing under the direction of public utility societies and the propriety of granting them State subsidies and loans on favorable terms. (See M onthly L a bor R e v ie w , June, 1919, p. 361.) The committee now presents its recommendation as respects other housing agencies. It is proposed to grant subsidies to special housing, and charitable trusts. Such organizations as the cooperative societies, both building and otherwise, are given a preferential position as respects loans for housing, but are not so liberally treated as the public utility societies and trusts. Amendments are suggested to the small dwellings acquisition act, 1899, increasing the limits of loan value on account of increasing costs and prices of building materials, and empowering local authorities to make advances to persons or bodies not otherwise within the limits of the act named. Municipal housing banks are recommended for the larger municipalities to attract the savings of the working classes and to provide funds for housing. The setting up of a State housing bank is considered unnecessary. It is not considered practicable to offer subsidies to private builders, but at the same time small builders may be assisted by local authorities and may agree to purchase houses erected by such builders under approved scheme. I t is the opinion of the committee that on the whole the building of working-class houses by private enterprise is unlikely unless subsidies are forthcoming. Among those to whom it is considered impracticable to offer subsidies are: (1 ) Land owners building for the equipment of their farms and estates; (2 ) employers building to house their employees; (3) cooperative societies not falling within the definition of public utility societies; (4) companies and bodies formed for the purpose of build ing improved dwellings for the working classes. It is, however, open to any of these bodies to organize in the form of public utility societies. If landowners or employers insist upon the houses belonging to them, and being “ tied houses,” then we think they must bear the full cost, and must regard the houses as part of their “ machinery of production.” * * * We do not propose to recom mend that subsidies should be given to ordinary investors in house property. ------------- R ec o n stru c tio n p ro b lem s 17. A r t a n d in d u s tr y . L o n d o n , 1919. 20 p p . P rice, 2 d. n et. ----- ------ R e c o n stru c tio n p roblem s 18. In d u s tr ia l L o n d o n , 1919. 16 p p . P rice, 2d. n et. •-----16 R e c o n stru c tio n p ro b lem s 19. p p . P rice, 2d. n et. ----- ------ R ec o n stru c tio n P rice, 2d. n et. p roblem s 20. councils: T he W h itle y scheme. S ta te re g u la tio n o f w ages. London, Land 1919. settlem en t. London, 16 1919 pp. ------------ - R ec o n stru c tio n p ro b lem s 21. 1919. 20 p p . P rice, 2d. net. The classics i n B r itis h ed u cation. London, ----- ——- R ec o n stru c tio n D o m estic 16 p p . p ro b lem s 22. service. London, 1919. P rice, 2d. n et. ----- •—— R ec o n stru c tio n p ro b lem s 23. P u b lic health. I . —-A survey. 32 p p . I I .- — The p re se n t p ro b le m a n d the m in is tr y o f h e a lth . 16 p p . L o n d o n , 1919. P rice, 2d. m e t each. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2911 292 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. G r e a t B r i t a i n . —[P a rlia m en t.] H ouse o f C o m m o n s. S ta n d in g C om m ittee A o n the M in is tr y o f H ea lth B il l . R e p o r t, w ith the proceedings o f the com m ittee. L o n d o n , 1919. 21 p p . P rice, 3d. n et. ----- T reasury. E stim a te s f o r c iv il services f o r the year en d in g 31 M arch, 1920. classified services. L o n d o n , 1919. 55 p p . P rice, 6d. net. ----- W ar C abinet C o m m ittee on W o m en 341 p p . Cm d. 135. P rice, I s . 6d. net. in In d u s tr y . R e p o r t. London. U n 1919. Gives review of history of women in industry, discusses the scale of pay hitherto prevailing, and advises a minimum subsistence wage based on cost of support of a single woman with no dependents. Above this minimum wages should be fixed on the general principle that the employer should give equal pay for equal value as between the sexes. Contains also a minority report, strongly urging an occupational rate to be paid the worker, regardless of sex, and a brief discussion of the health of women industrially employed. ----- ( I r e l a n d ). —D e p a rtm e n t o f A g ric u ltu re a n d T echnical I n s tr u c tio n . E ig h te en th a n n u a l general report, 1917-18. D u b lin , 1919. 250 p p . C m d. 106. P ric e . I s . n et. The reports on technical instruction include technical schools and classes, central institutions, the training of teachers, and scholarships. J a p a n .-— B u re a u de la S ta tis tiq u e Générale. M o u v e m e n t de la p o p u la tio n de l'E m p ir e d u J a p o n p e n d a n t V a n I V de T a ish o —1915. T o k io , 1918. 347 p p . Statistics of births, deaths, marraiges, and divorces in Japan during 1915. N e w Z e a l a n d .— G o v ern m e n t S ta tis tic ia n . S ta tis tic s f o r the year 1917. I n f o u r v o lu m es. V o lu m e I I I : P r o d u c tio n , fin a n c e , p o sta l a n d telegraph. W e llin g to n , 1918. 232 p p . Contains statements regarding Government railways’ superannuation fund ; Teach ers’ superannuation fund; Public service superannuation fund; Government life insur ance department; also regarding land settled under various specially arranged condi tions, operations of friendly societies, and other data of interest to labor. N o r w a y .— S ta tis tis k e C entralbyraa. B eb o elses-statistik f o r enkelte norslce byer f o r 1917 (1916). (S ta tis tiq u e d 'h a b ita tio n p o u r q uelques v ille s norvég ien n es e n 1917 (1916).) C h ristia n ia , 1918. 65 p p . (N orges officielle sta tis tik , V I: 131). For a summaiy of this report see pages 263 to 266 of this number of t h e L a b o r R e v ie w . SwEden .—S o d a Is tyrelsen. b ru k âr 1917. s ta tis tik .) A rb e ta r tillg â n g , a rb etstid och arbetslon in o m sveriges jordS to c k h o lm , 1919. 51 p p . S veriges O jficiella S ta tis tik , S o c ia l- Sets forth conditions of labor, wages, and hours in agriculture in Sweden during the year 1917. Since 1911 the hours of labor have declined only very slightly, i. e., 10.5 per day to 10.1 in 1917. These are net hours in summer and do not include rest periods. Hours are shorter in the winter time. The net annual earnings with account being taken of board and lodging, of farmers’ hands was 1,146 crowns ($307.13) in 1917, as against 906 crowns ($242.81) in 1916. Female domestics earned 818 crowns ($219.22) in 1917, as compared with 6o5 crowns ($175.54) in 1916. Among the workmen em ployed by the day in summer the average wages were 5 crowns ($1.34), and in winter 4.02 crowns ($1.08), or, with food, 3.43 crowns ($0.92) in summer, and 2.63 crowns ($0. / 0 j in winter. Women thus employed, a great number of whom work as assistants in the culture of beets and potatoes and in the harvesting of hay and wheat, receive an average of 2.60 crowns ($0.70) a day in summer, or about 1.74 crowns ($0.47) with food; or sometimes as much as 2.95 crowns ($0.79), or 1.93 crowns ($0.52) with food. ------------ Kollektivatal i Sverige âr 1917. O jficiella S ta tis tik , S o c ia ls ta tis tik .) Stockholm, 1919. This report on collective agreements in Sweden is noted this issue of the R e v i e w . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2 9 2 ] vi, on 46 pp. Sveriges pages 126 a n d 127 of M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. Sw 293 . —S o c ia lsty re lsen . S ta te n s fo r lik n in g s m a n s f o r m e d lin g i arbetstvister verhsam het dr 1917. S to c k - h o lm , 1919. 121 p p . ed en Report of operations under the Swedish conciliation act of December 31, 1906, as amended October 18,1912. The number of disputes settled by mediation and concilia tion in 1917 was 172 as against an average of 73 for the preceding years, 1907 to 1916. Only 115 were completely disposed of at the end of the year. The negotiations affected 1,291 employers and 41,837 workers. Over three-fourths of the disputes disposed of during the year meant stoppage of works. Over four-fifths of the negotiations were effective. Unofficial. A m a r , J u l e s . The p h y sio lo g y o f in d u s tr ia l o rg a n iza tio n a n d the re e m p lo ym e n t o f the disabled. T ra n sla ted by B ern a rd M ia ll. E d ite d w ith n o tes a n d a n in tr o d u c tio n by A . F . S ta n le y K e n t. L o n d o n , The L ib ra r y P ress { L td .), 1918. 371 p p . I l l u s trated. The purpose of this book is, as the author states in his preface, “ To assist in the work of organizing labor according to rational laws; to assign to each man his true function in the social machine; to enable the hale man and the war-cripple to col laborate in the economic tasks of to-morrow; to formulate concisely the doctrine of the maximum utilization of the physical and psychical energies, without losing sight of the moral factor.” The book is addressed to the general public and deals with ordinary avocations. Starting with the history and doctrines concerning human labor, the author considers The organic functions of man, Human psycho-physi ology, Work and fatigue, The factors of labor, The art of labor, Apprenticeship, and The reeducation of war cripples—functional and vocational. A m e r ic a n A c a d e m y o f P o l it ic a l a n d S o c ia l S c i e n c e . T he A n n a ls . V o lu m e 83, w hole N o . 172. I n te r n a tio n a l econom ics. P h ila d e lp h ia , T h irty -six th S tre et and W oo d la n d A v e n u e , M a y, 1919. 327 p p . One section is devoted to International labor and includes articles on The inter national labor question, by W. Jett Lauck, and Hours of labor in foreign countries, by Leifur Magnusson, of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. An article on Economic internationalism by E. M. Patterson concludes with a consideration of the industrial unrest, as a result of which the author thinks “ the workers are to be given a larger share than before in the operation and control of their industries,” and that “ any extension of the idea of industrial instead of geographical representation in legislative bodies will make for internationalism.” A r m y E d u c a t io n a l C o m m is s io n . D e p a rtm e n t o f c itize n sh ip . B u r e a u o f econom ic rela tio n s. L a b o r p ro b lem s a n d labor leg isla tio n . N ew Y o rk, T he C heltenham P ress, 1919. 138 p p . The object of the pamphlets published by this commission is to present funda mental principles and to stimulate intelligent study of the problems of citizenship by the members of the American expeditionary forcdS, the Army Educational Com mission now being in charge of continuing the educational work of the American expeditionary forces which had formerly been carried on by the Y . M. C. A. These pamphlets present the point of view of eminent publicists and leaders of public opinion of various groups without committing the commission to any particular views on subjects of possible controversy. The present pamphlet deals with the subjects of Employment, Wages, Hours, Safety, Health, Self-government in industry, Social insurance, and Enforcement of laws. B e s t , H a r r y . The b lin d . T h eir c o n d itio n a n d the w ork being done f o r them i n the U nited S ta te s. N ew Y ork, M a c m illa n , 1919. 763 p p . The author’s object is to consider the blind, as respects the United States, “ from the point of view of the social economist.” As most of the 60,000 blind persons in the United States are adults, the subject of chief concern is not the education of blind https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [293] 294 M O N T H L Y LABOE REVIEW. children, for that is already well provided for, but the retraining of those adults, who, losing their sight in later life, are thus incapacitated for earning a livelihood in their accustomed manner, and must learn a new trade or be dependent upon relatives or charity. The solution of the problem of provision for the adult blind, according to the author, lies largely along the lines adopted by the Federal Government in its Federal Board for Vocational Education, and it may be hoped that in the near future “ provision will be made along similar lines for the treatment of persons blinded in industry or in other walks of common life.” C a b o t , R ic h a r d C. S o c ia l w ork. E ssa y s o n the m e etin g -g ro u n d o f doctor a n d social w orker. B o sto n , H o u g h to n M ifflin Co., 1919. 188 p p . In two parts, the first being devoted to Medical-social diagnosis, and the second to Social treatment. Chapters of special interest deal with The social worker’s investi gation of fatigue, rest, and industrial disease, and The motive of social work. C a n a d ia n N a t io n a l R e c o n s t r u c t io n G r o u p s . T he p ro b lem s o f n a tio n a l recon stru c tio n . A su m m a ry by the S ta n d in g C o m m ittee o n P la n s a n d P ro p a g a n d a . M o n trea l, October, 1918. 71 p p . P rice, 85 cents. The organization of these groups was begun a year ago for the purpose of studying the problems which have developed by reason of the war, in connection with the returned soldier, unemployment, the relations of capital and labor, industrial and agricultural development, and general social well-being, the plan being to create throughout the Dominion numerous small groups of from 10 to 15 persons, representing different phases of national activity and opinion, for the purpose of studying the problems and of making suggestions for their solution. This volume is made up of the collected opinions and suggestions of many writers in abbreviated form, arranged by the standing Committee on Plans and Propaganda, for the purpose of giving the groups some concrete material to work upon. Subjects covered are The problems of reconstruction; Demobilization, military and civil; Employment; Trade and indus try; The employer; Labor; The political and industrial status of women; Industrial councils; Scientific management; Soldiers and vocational training; Education; Scientific and industrial research; Land and agriculture; Health and housing; The State in its relation to industry; Taxation and finance; Aliens and naturalization; Constitutional problems. C l e v e l a n d .— C ham ber o f Commerce. C om m ittee o n h o u sin g a n d s a n ita tio n . A n in v e s tig a tio n o f h o u sin g c o n d itio n s o f w a r w orkers i n C leveland. F in a n c e d by the m a y o r ’s a d visory w ar co m m ittee. [1918.~\ 46 p p . This report is summarized on pages 260 to 262 of this issue of the M o n t h l y L abor R e v ie w . Co h e n , J u l iu s H e n r y . 1919. 110 p p . An American labor policy. New York, MacMillan Co Thj.s little volume contains a succinct and impartial presentation of the best modern thought upon the industrial situation which America is facing and will have to face in the immediate future. The^uthor in his introduction states his conviction “ that the present state of industrial organization can not last, that it ought not to last; moreover, that it will not be permitted to last. Some change must come about. How shall it come about? What is the next step? How extensive is the change to be? ’ Admitting the leanings of his training as a lawyer, he then examines differ ent phases of the industrial situation, giving special attention to the subjects of The philosophy of violence; The necessity for leadership and organization in industry; Morale in industry; Hiring and firing; and Individual and collective bargaining. He concludes with a consideration of “ What is the next step?” He sums up Ms idea of an American labor policy in a platform upon which he believes that “ That branch of organized labor which does not believe in the overthrow of society, but believes in the steady and orderly improvement of the conditions of labor, can join hands with organized capital. The platform contains these planks: [294] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 295 1. Agreements voluntarily come to between organizations of employers and organ izations of workpeople shall be validated by law and shall receive support in their enforcement from all the legal agencies of Government. 2. Machinery shall be set up by which either party may secure redress in the enforcement of such agreements. 3. Free opportunity shall be accorded organized labor and organized capital to come to such agreements, and they shall be encouraged in the process by the knowl edge that such agreements, when made, will be legally enforceable, and if not made the arbitrary part will be rigorously dealt with by the community. 4. Those who break their contracts will be as those who break their treaties—the enemies of organized society, to be dealt with through the combined power of the Nation. 5. Thus only can we destroy arbitrary power anywhere capable “ separately, secretly, and of its single choice” to disturb the industrial peace. Thus shall we afford, opportunity for the gradual ending of industrial clashes. C o l v in , F r e d H. L a b o r tu rn o ver, lo ya lty, a n d o u tp u t. A co nsideration o f the trend o f the tim es as sh o w n by the re su lts o f w a r a c tiv ities i n the m achine sh o p s a n d elseivhere. F ir s t e d itio n . N e w Y o rk, M c G ra w -H ill B o o k Co. ( I n c .) , 1919. 152 p p . This book endeavors to point out some of the methods by which men and women may be induced to take an interest in their work, these being based to a considerable extent upon the experience of Robert B. Wolf in his handling of paper and pulp mills under various conditions. It also takes up some of the broader problems of shop government and the relation between the employer and his employees which are being presented. Special chapters deal with Lack of interest and labor turnover; Forgetting the human element; Securing 'interest by instruction; Nonfinancial in centives; The employment manager; and Collective bargaining. C o m s t o c k , L. K. P ro p o sed system o f wage a d ju stm e n ts . [N eiv Y o rk, 1918]. 32 p p . 6 charts. A paper read before the southeastern section of the National Electric Light Asso ciation, Atlanta, Ga., June 19, 1918. The author discusses the fundamental impor tance of a fair method of fixing wages, and especially of adjusting them to variations in the cost of living. Such a system, he thinks, can be attained by fixing a basic wage, and varying this periodically in accordance with changes in the index price of wholesale commodities. The method of fixing a basic wage he considers rather unimportant; the main point is to start somewhere. Prevailing rates of wages in as many different localities as desired might be taken, or a base might be obtained by the method used by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics to obtain a base for its index number, which is secured by averaging prices for the period 1909-1909. Whatever the base selected, three-fourths of it should be regarded as spent for food, clothing, and other things included among the commodities on which index figures are based; therefore, at each periodic revision, three-fourths of the basic wage should be increased or diminished by the percentage of change in the index figure since the last adjustment, the other fourth remaining unchanged. The advantages of this method, the author points out, are that it would do away with a large number of labor disputes, taking the question of wages out of the field of controversy; that it is' simple and easily understood and that its justice must appeal to employer and employee alike; that it requires no legislation and no elabo rate machinery to set it in motion; and that it protects the weaker workers, while preventing the strongly organized from taking undue advantage of their strength. The pamphlet contains a table giving index figures from 1890 to 1917, adjusted to a common base for comparison, four charts showing the course of commodity prices from 1890 to 1917, one chart showing the course of commodity prices from 1890 to 1916 according to the figures of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and a sixth showing both the actual course of wages of the New York Electrical Workers’ Union from 1900 to 1917, and what would have been their course had the plan described in the text been adopted. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [295] 296 M O N T H L Y LABOR REVIEW. An all-American basis for industry. 1109 Finance Building, Philadelphia, 1919. 16 pp. A reprint of a series of four articles appearing in the Philadelphia Public Ledger of April 14, 15, 16, and 17, 1919, printed in pamphlet form “in the hope that they may be of some value in the further discussion of a national industrial program.’' “ Democracy in industry can only be reached through collective action and collec tive responsibility. Increased production, brought about by science and team work, justifies high wages and short hours. A steady job for every worker spells economy and efficiency.” F arbman , Michael S. Russia and the struggle for peace. London, George Allen and Unwin (Ltd.), 1918. 188 pp. Part II of this volume, which is in five parts, is devoted to the disorganization of industry and contains chapters on The economic isolation of Russia; The exhaustion of Russia; The mobilization of industry; The revolution and the exhaustion of indus try; The disorganization of agriculture; and Speculation and profiteering. F riedman, E lisha M. Labor and reconstruction in Europe. New York E P Dutton & Co., 1919. 216 pp. ’ As a guide to the United States in matters of reconstruction the author presents, largely through quotations from foreign sources, the reconstruction programs of European countries. The commissions appointed in the different countries to pro mote reconstruction measures are noted and the general problems of reconstruction in foreign countries outlined. Chapters III and IV deal in detail with various aspects of the labor problem in Germany and England respectively, including the programs of the labor and socialist parties, and the work of the Whitley councils. There is presented a list of commissions and committees set up in the various minis tries dealing with demobilization, trade, employment, education, and other perti nent subjects, together with a summary of their duties. The volume includes a list of American, British, and French publications on reconstruction. I nternational Harvester C ompany. Annual report. December 31 1918 Chicaao 1919. 24 pp. ’ y ’ Sections are devoted to the industrial accident fund, pension fund, employees’ savings plan, and to the employees’ benefit association. I oteyko, J osefa. The science of labor and its organization. New York E P Dutton and Co., 1919. 199 pp. ’ A collection of a series of essays published in 1916 and 1917 in the Revue Philoso phique, the Revue Scientifique, and the Revue Générale des Sciences, revised, to which have been added the substances of some of the author’s lectures on Fatigue, delivered at the Collège de France. The leading idea running through the collec tion is the necessity for throwing light on certain points in industrial psycho-phy siology. The book is divided into a consideration of four problems: The human motor the question of apprenticeship, the manner of the economic working of the body, and the limits of industrial fatigue; Taylor’s system; Aptitude for work of the right hand and of the left hand; and the Belgian methods of technical education. J ournal of I ndustrial Hygiene . Vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 2. New York, The Mac millan Co., May, 1919. HO pp. ’ The first and second numbers of what promises to be a valuable addition to the cuirent literature of industrial hygiene. The editors of the magazine are Dr. David L. Edsall, representing the United States, and Dr. A. F. Stanley Kent, representing Great Britain. The Journal presents a scientific treatment of selected subjects in special articles, followed by book reviews and a department devoted to abstracts of the literature of industrial hygiene, domestic and foreign. The articles in the first issue are on Industrial medicine and surgery—a résumé of its development and scope, by Harry E. Mock; Lead poisoning in American industry, by Alice Hamilton; The Cooke, Morris L lewellyn . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [29GJ M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 297 problem of fatigue, by Reynold A. Spaeth; and Telephone operating: A study of its medical aspects with statistics of sickness disability reports, by Anna G. Richardson. Those in the second issue are on Use of Army gas masks in industries, by A. C. Fieldner and B. B. Folger; Human health and the American engineer, by George Chandler Whipple; Chip fractures of terminal phalanges, by William R. Hurley; Inorganic poisons, other than lead, in American industries, by Alice Hamilton; and Medical inspection of factory employees, by Maynard A. Austin. K ellogg, P a u l U . a n d G l e a s o n , A r t h u r . B r itis h labor a n d the w ar. R eco n stru cto rs f o r a new w orld. N e w Y o r k , B o n i a n d L iv erig h t, 1919. 504 PP- Characterizing the British labor movement as the “ expression at a hundred points of great tidal impulses at work in the common life,” the authors of this volume have pointed out international, political, and industrial features of it which they feel will fundamentally influence future social adjustments. The course of British labor is traced in all its deviations and developments during the Avar period. Among the 14 appendixes, which consist of reprints of official and unofficial docu ments concerning labor, is a statement of labor’s war aims adopted by British organi zations in December, 1917, Avhich has since become an international program for labor groups. The British Labor Party’s report on “ Labor and the neAV social order” appears in appendix IV. From a contemplation of the whole subject, hoAA'ever, the authors express the opinion that “ The spokesmen and programs of British labor do not voice class hatred. It shares with the government and Avith enlightened employers in creating constitu tionalism in industry: A new spirit and a new machinery * * * A community of spirit holds British labor together. Back of its machinery of action there is a profound belief * * * in the worth of the individual. And this belief leads to a desire for founding a society Avhere the common man will be at home.” K n o e p p e l , C. E. The race between the high cost o f liv in g a n d the cost o f liv in g h,gh. A p erso n a l ta lk to w orkers. N e w Y o r k , C. E . K n o e p p e l & Co. ( I n c .) , 6 E a s t T h irty n in th S tre et, 1919. 5 p p . K n o e p p e l , C. E., a n d B e r n d t , I r v in g A. E co n o m ic p ro d u c tio n p l u s in d u s tr ia l democ racy: T h e answ er to o u r in d u s tr ia l p ro b le m s. N e w Y o rk, C. E . K n o e p p e l & Co. ( I n c .) , 6 E a s t T h ir ty -n in th Street, 1919. 35 p p . Two papers, one on Organizing industries for economic production, by C. E. Knoep pel, and one on Industrial relations, by Irving A. Berndt, read before the National Conference of the Society of Industrial Engineers on "Industrial reconstruction problems,” held in New York City, March 18-21, 1919. They are concerned largely with the purchasing poAver of money, the authors believing that greater production and higher Avages are to form the solution to the present problem of high prices and that there is no possibility of overproduction. In the first paper, the author says: ‘ ‘Pro duction creates buying power. Products are wealth. There is no limit to human desires. The only limit on ability to acquire wealth is the ability to produce it. We have only more riches by producing more goods or buying power. The quicker capital and labor get together and make goods, labor giving full equivalency and capital the highest possible wages, the quicker Avill be the end of the condition which makes for high prices and industrial unrest.” L a b o r U n r e s t . The debate i n the House o f Lords, February and March, 1919. London, W . H . Smith & Son, 1919. 84 p p . * It is stated that the object of the reprinting of these debates and speeches in a con densed form is to remove, or at least to modify, the distrust both of the future and of the men given the task of shaping that future which is said to exist among the people. The foreword states that ‘ ‘never before, perhaps, in British industrial history have the relations betAveen employers and employed assumed a character more challenging to national progress and social stability.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [2971 298 M O N T H L Y LABOE EE VIEW . L abor Y ear B ook , 1919. Iss u e d u n d er the auspices o f the P a rlia m e n ta ry C o m m ittee o f the Trades U n io n Congress, the E xe c u tiv e C om m ittee o f the L a b o r P a r ty , the L abor Research D e p a rtm e n t, 33, E ccleston S q u a re , NIL 1., L o n d o n . 463 p p . P rices: C loth, 5s. n et; p a p er, 3s. 6d. n e t; postage, 6d. This edition of the Yearbook deals mainly with war and post-war problems relating to labor. During the past year the attitude of labor has become more clearly defined, both toward the sort of World peace that is wanted, and toward the numerous prob lems that will have to be faced immediately on the conclusion of peace, so that the Yearbook is now able to give abetter idea of the exact position of labor as compared with the other parties and interests in the nation than has been possible earlier. Re garding matters concerned with labor, but not connected with the issues of war or reconstruction, an introductory note refers readers to the 1916 edition of the Yearbook, which is practically unchanged, owing to the practical cessation of statistics. The data in this book are presented under the following nine general heads: The labor movement; Finance and pensions; Munitions; Military service and the defense of the realm; The state in industry; After the war; Education; Statistics; and Directories. L assalle , C ommandant . D r o its des m o b ilises et de leurs fa m ille s . M a n u e l p ra tiq u e re n ferm a n t les d isp o sitio n s m ilita ire s & civiles q u i les concernent p e n d a n t la m o b ili s a tio n et p o u r V après-guerre. P a ris, Im p r im e r ie -L ib ra irie M ilita ire U niverselle, L . F o u rn ie r , 1919. 256 p p . A manual containing military and civil regulations concerning the rights of mobilized men and their families during the period of mobilization and during the period follow ing the war. M cMu r t r ie , D ouglas C. E xp erien ce i n the reeducation o f disabled soldiers i n G reat B r ita in . [N ew Y o rk, 1919.} 40 p p . —— H o m e teaching f o r s h u t-in c rip p le d children. N e w Y o rk, A . R . E ll i o tt P u b lis h in g Co., 1919. 7 p p . R e p r in te d f r o m the N e w Y o r k M edical J o u r n a l f o r A p r i l 1 9 ,1 9 1 9 . ----- L ’œ u vre d ’u n e école A m é rica in e de rééducation des m u tilé s. P a ris, Im p r im e r ie C h a ir, 1919. 14 p p . Illu s tr a te d . E x tr a it de la R e v u e In tera lliée p o u r l ’étude des q u e stio n s in téressa n t les m u tilé s de la guerre ( J a n v ie r , 1919). An account of the founding and work of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men in New York City, reprinted from the Interallied Review for the study of questions relating to wounded soldiers, January, 1919. —-— The rela tio n o f e a rn in g p ow er to aw ard o f co m p en sa tio n f o r d isa b ility in cu rred i n m ilita r y or n a v a l service. A m e m o r a n d u m o n the p e n sio n s practice o f other n a tio n s . P re p a re d a t the request o f the B u r e a u o f W ar R is k In su r a n c e by the R e d Cross I n s titu te f o r C rip p led a n d D isa b le d M en. N e w Y o r k [R ed Cross I n s titu te f o r C rip p led a n d D isa b led M en}, 1919. 14 p p . * Manchester Statistical , S ociety . chester (E n g la n d ) [1918}. T ra n sa ctio n s, session 1917-18, a n d in d ex. M an 170 p p . Papers of interest to labor are substituted labor of women, 1914-1917, by Mrs. Annot Robinson, and Capital: Its rights and responsibilities, by Sir Hugh Bell. M odern M ed ic in e . The a p p lic a tio n o f m edicine a n d a p p lie d sciences to in d u s tr ia l efficiency a n d n a tio n a l health. V ol. 1, N o . 1. Chicago, The M odern H o s p ita l P u b lish in g Co. (In c .), M ay, 1919. 152 p p . Significant of the increasing general interest in the subject of industrial medicine and hygiene is the appearance of the first number of this journal which is sufficiently popu lar in its methods to appeal to a larger class of readers than would be reached by a purely technical publication. An introductory statement regarding its purpose and scope says: The new age in medicine—what is it? The answer is that we must think of medicine to-day as including everything that will make people fit for service. To be fit for service is to be fit to do our individual part ; to be fit as a factor physically, mentally, and spiritually in a great nation’s progress. It means to be fit for life. In all the history, of the world no such tremendous responsibility was ever before put upon a profession. Are the doctors prepared? Do they hear the call? Are they ready for action? https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [29S] M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. 299 Articles of special interest are concerned with industrial clinics in women’s garment trades; Prevention of tuberculosis in industry; Better housing—what it asks of the physician; and The physician’s obligation to the public health. A department devoted to Medicine and industry is edited by Otto P. Geier, who says: “ The profes sion must realize that the mobilization of man power for industrial and commercial life actually lies with itself; that we have had relatively too much science and research with too little organized application of our science to the great mass of the people upon whose health and productivity finally depends the wealth of the Nation. * * * For tunately for industry, more fortunately for the industrial worker, happily for society and the profession, industrial medicine has taken a strong grip on the imaginations of all socially minded men. Social workers, economists, and constructive thinking minds see in this new specialty the answer to some vexing medico-social problems. It is because Modern Medicine promises to be an open forum for the frank discussion of the economic and social values in medicine that it deserves the encouragement of all forward-looking physicians.” My e r s , W illiam Starr . versity P ress, 1919. S o c ia lism a n d A m e ric a n ideals. 89 p p . P rin c e to n , P rin c e to n U n i A collection of essays which appeared in the form of articles contributed to the New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin. N ational A ssociation op C orporation S chools . C om m ittee o n C o n tin u a tio n S ch o o ls. R e p o r t, seventh a n n u a l co n ve n tio n , Chicago, I I I ., J u n e 8, 4, 5, 6, 1919. Chicago, 1919. 20 p p . The report refers to various decisions by the Federal Board for Vocational Educa tion, defining the provisions of the Smith-Hughes law and their practical application, under which corporation schools, may participate in the distribution of the Federal appropriations through the establishment of part-time schools. The report then considers in detail the definition of part-time schools and gives the following three types of schools or classes which come under the definition of “ part tim e” : 1. Schools or classes for those who have entered employment giving instruction in the trade or industrial pursuit in which they are employed. (Trade extension parttime schools or classes.) 2. Schools or classes for those who have entered employment and who wish to fit themselves for a trade or industrial pursuit other than that in which they are employed. (Trade preparatory part-time schools or classes.) 3. Schools or classes giving subjects to enlarge civic and vocational intelligence, i. e., to extend general education or to help in the choice of a vocation. (General continuation part-time schools or classes.) In an appendix a letter of the chairman, thanking the Federal Board for Vocational Education for a definition of part-time schools, is quoted at length, the writer laying emphasis upon the necessity for “ civic-intelligence training.” He says: In all of our vocational and technical educational endeavors this prescribed formula for civie-intelligence training has been more ornamental than useful and so narrow that little permanent good has been effected as far as guidance in solving the problems of the student’s daily life is concerned after leaving school. In my daily work and contact for nearly a generation with high school and college graduates I have found this insufficiency of education due to the absence of the one or the other of the three principal coordinates of efficient vocational education: Lack of technical knowdedge, arrested development of native intelligence, subnormal ethical and civic conscious ness. During my long life I have always found the honest and skillful product of industry the resultant of the three coordinate factors and guiding principles: Mechani cal skill, versatile intelligence, civic consciousness. In other words, the purely ego tistic desires of the industrial worker must originate from and have as their basis some ethical conceptions of life and of moral and civic responsibility if our standard of civilization and of orderly government is to be maintained. N ational Child L abor C ommittee . N o . 1. The A m e ric a n C hild, M ay, 1919. 105 E a s t 2 2 d S treet, N e w Y o r k . 72 p p . V o lu m e 1, This quarterly publication formerly appeared as The Child Labor Bulletin. Begin ning with the May, 1919, number the name has been changed to The American Child. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [299] 300 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. This name was chosen because it “ seemed best to convey the present purpose of the editors—to give its readers a journal of all-round information and discussion on every subject concerning the welfare of American children of school age.” Among the subjects treated in this number, of special interest in connection with labor problems, are the relation of social insurance to child welfare, health supervision of working children, legislative prohibitions of child labor, and why, when, and how children leave school. N ational I ndu stria l Co n ference B o a r d . J u ly , 1914, to M arch , 1919. search rep o rt N o . 17. W a r-tim e changes i n the cost o f l iv in g , B o sto n , 15 B ea co n S tre et, M ay, 1919. 31 p p . R e This is the third report issued by the National Industrial Conference Board on war time changes in the cost of living, the other two being Research reports Nos. 9 and 14, which were noted, respectively, in the M onthly L abor R ev iew for November, 1918 (pp. 328, 329), and May, 1919 (pp. 318, 319). This report shows the changes in March, 1919, as compared with July, 1914. The table following gives for each budget item the increase in the cost of living during the period noted and the increase in cost as related to the total budget. For purposes of comparison similar figures from the two preceding reports are included. P E R CENT OF INCREASE IN THE COST OF L IV IN G , JU LY , 1914, TO MARCH, 1919, AS R E PO R T ED BY NATIONAL IN D U STR IA L CONFERENCE BOARD. Relative importance in family budget. Item. Food...................................... Shelter......................... Clothing....................... Fuel and light................... Sundries.................................. Total............................ 43.1 17.7 13.2 5.6 20.4 Per cent of increase in cost over 1914 a t— June, 1918. Novem ber, 1918. 62 15 77 45 ■50 100.0 March, 1919. 83 75 93 55 55 81 57 55 20 22 Per cent of increase over 1914, as related to total budget, at— June, 1918. 168 N . March, 1919. 26.7 2.7 35. 8 3.5 12.3 3.1 32. 3 3. 9 10. 7 3 2 52.3 65.9 61.3 10.2 2.5 10.2 11.2 Safe practices, N o . 23. Gas and electric welding. Michigan Avenue [1919]. 16 pp. Illustrated. Price, 10 cents. N ational S afety Council . cago, Novem ber, 1918. 11.2 Chi O dencrantz , L o uise C. Y o rk C ity. I ta li a n vjom en i n in d u s tr y . A stu d y o f c o n d itio n s i n N ew R u s s e ll S a g e F o u n d a tio n , N ew Y o rk, 1919. 345 p p . A study of 1,095 wage-earning Italian women in New York, carried on from Decem ber, 1911 to June, 1913, including also a survey of the living conditions of 544 families, and a study of the weekly budgets of 147 women not living at home. The work done, the wages and earnings of the women selected for study, the conditions under which they worked and lived, their opportunities for training, and their attitude toward the work of women are dealt with in considerable detail. Ox o n . R eco n stru cto rs a n d reco n stru ctio n . A p lea f o r c o m m o n sense. B la c kw ell, 1919. 63 p p . P rice, I s . n et. O xford , B . I I . The first part of this pamphlet is devoted largely to a discussion of theories and writers on industrial and social subjects, and the second part considers the scope of an industrial Parliament, peace by negotiation, and other plans concerned with industrial reconstruction. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [300] 301 M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW. R e d Cross I nstitute for Crippled a n d D isa bled M e n . P u b lic a tio n s. Series II, N o . 7. O p p o r tu n itie s f o r hand ica p p ed m e n i n the brush In d u stry , by Charles I f . P a u li. P rep a red by the bureau o f vo ca tio n a l guidance, d iv is io n o f ed u cation, H arva rd U n iv ersity , i n coo p eration w ith the R e d Cross I n s titu te f o r C rip p led a n d D isa b led M en. N e w Y o r k , S l l F o u r th A v e n u e , M ay 1, 1919. 56 p p . R e i d , L eonard J. The great a lternative: S a n e r p o litics or r e v o lu tio n . L o n g m a n s , G reen a n d C o., 1918. 186 p p . London, The author has endeavored in this book to write “ as a man-in-the-street for menin-the-street, and not as an expert for experts, to indicate broad lines of solution for certain great problems in the spirit of the New Liberalism—that is of practical and far-seeing, if sweeping, reform,” and in so doing, “ never to lose sight of the bedrock facts of the general situation.” What he means by “ new liberalism” is explained to be a balancing force of moderate, but sturdily progressive, opinion. To call attention to the necessity for building up this balancing force is, he says, the first object of his book, his belief being that so far the controversy on after-war reconstruc tion has been practically the monopoly of specialized experts, the result being either that the discussion is too often confined to economic or philosophic theory, without real appreciation of human and mundane facts of daily life; or that problems which are essentially interdependent are dealt with as if they were in water-tight com partments. “ We are,” he says, “ taught to study one tree from its roots to its top branches and then to flit on to another, thereby failing all the time to see the wood as a whole. My object in these pages is to glance at a few of the biggest trees, without ever losing sight of the view of the wood as a whole.” Chapters deal with A new liberalism or—chaos; The premises of ordered progress; Toward the better distribu tion of wealth; Individual liberty and the relations of the State to industry; Indus trial self-government; Profit sharing and increasing production; Cleaner politics and independent press; Land and housing; Trade policy; Education and health; Lux E Tenebris. An appendix treats of the Whitley report. R e is s , R ichard . The H o m e I W a n t. L o n d o n , H odder a n d S to u g h to n , x i, 175 p p . A summary of information concerning the housing question, legislation, architecture and town planning, and social problems of housing. S afety I nstitute of A m erica . S a fe ty . B u lle tin , M ay, 1919. W est T w e n ty -fo u rth S tre e t, 1919. p p . 8 7 -1 1 2 . Illu s tr a te d . N ew Y o r k , 14-18 Articles of special interest in this bulletin are entitled “ A warning to locomotive crane operators,?3 by Chester C. Rausch, and “ Suitable work garments for women in industry,” by Adelaide Wood Guthrie. S toddard , W illiam L eavitt . The shop committee. A handbook for employer and employee. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1919. 105 pp. The writer, who has had much experience in this particular field as an adminis trator for the National War Labor Board, reviews briefly the British experience, dealing particularly with the Whitley report, and also the Colorado plan which is the earliest notable example in this country of the development of a shop committee system. The National War Labor Board plan is given in detail together with accounts of the way in which it has worked out in various plants which have instituted it under the supervision of members of the board. A copy of the report on works committees, supplementary to the Whitley report, and a partial list of plants in this country in which shop committees have been organized are appended. U n w in , R aymond E d . T he n a tio n ’s n ew houses; p ictu res a n d p la n s . F orew ord by the p resid en t o f the L o c a l G overn m en t B oard. L o n d o n , “ T he D a ily N e w s ,” [1919]. 31 p p . Illu s tr a te d . P rice, 6 d ., n et. The plans in this booklet are taken from the report of the committee to consider questions of building construction for workingmen’s houses (Cd. 9191). 122778°—19-----20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [301] 302 M O N T H L Y LABOB EEVIEW . W h itaker ’s A lmanack , 1919. 1919. F ifty -fir s t a n n u a l issu e. P rice, 6s. net. 1005 p p . L o n d o n , 12, Warwick. L a n e, Contains sections on Labor under war conditions, Women’s work in the war, and After-war problems—the task of reconstruction, and other data relating to labor. W in g , G eorge Cla ry . edition] . 15 pp. Applied profit sharing. 1919. 392 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pp. 1919. [Second A new municipal program. New York, D. Appleton National municipal league series. W oodruff , Clinton R o g ers . and Co., Cleveland, Ohio, [302] SER IES OF BULLETINS PUBLISH ED BY THE BU R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. [T h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e a n n u a l a n d s p e c i a l r e p o r t s a n d o f t h e b i m o n t h l y b u l l e t i n w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d in J u l y , 1912, a n d s i n c e t h a t t i m e a b u l l e t i n h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d a t ir r e g u la r in t e r v a l s . E a c h n u m b e r c o n t a i n s m a t t e r d e v o t e d t o o n e o f a s e r ie s o f g e n e r a l s u b j e c t s . T h e s e b u l l e t i n s a r e n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y b e g i n n in g w i t h N o . 101, a n d u p t o N o . 236 t h e y a ls o c a r r y c o n s e c u t i v e n u m b e r s u n d e r e a c h s e r ie s . B e g i n n in g w i t h N o . 237 t h e s e r ia l n u m b e r in g h a s b e e n d i s c o n t i n u e d . A l i s t o f t h e s e r ie s is g iv e n b e lo w . U n d e r e a c h is g r o u p e d a ll t h e b u l l e t i n s w h ic h c o n t a i n m a t e r i a l r e l a t i n g t o t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r o f t h a t s e r ie s . A l i s t o f t h e r e p o r t s a n d b u l l e t i n s o f t h e b u r e a u i s s u e d p r i o r t o J u ly 1, 1912, w i l l b e f u r n i s h e d o n a p p l i c a t i o n .] Wholesale Prices. Bui. 114. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1912. Bui. 149. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913. Bui. 173. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. Bui. 181. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1914. Bui. 200. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1915. Bui. 226. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1916. Retail Prices and Cost of Living. Bui. 105. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part I. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II— General tables. Bui. 106. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912 : Part 1. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part II— General tables. Bui. 108. Retail prices, 1890 to August. 1912. Bui. 110. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1912. Bui. 113. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1912. Bui. 115. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913. Bui. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. Bui. 125. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913. But. 130. WTheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. Bui. 132. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1913. Bui. 136. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1913. Bui. 138. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. Bui. 140. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1913. Bui. 156. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1914. Bui. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. Bui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. Bui. 184. Retail prices, 1907 to June, 1915. Bui. 197 Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1915. Bui. 228. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1916. Wages and Hours of Labor. Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries in the District of Columbia. Bui. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. Bui. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. Bui. 128. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1890 to 1912. Bui. 129. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture indus tries, 1890 to 1912. Bui. 131. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1907 to 1912. Bui. 134. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and knit goods industries, 1890 to 1912. Bui. 135. Wages and hours of labor in the cigar and clothing industries, 1911 and 1912. Bui. 137. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1890 to 1912. Bui. 143, Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1913. Bui. 146. Wages and regularity of employment in the dress and waist industry of New York City. Bui. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry, Bui. 150. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1913. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [I] Wages and Hours of Labor—Concluded. Bul. 151. Wages and hours of labor In the iron and steel industry in the United States, 1907 to 1912. B u l . 153. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture indus tries, 1907 to 1913. B u l . 1 5 4 . Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and under wear industries, 1907 to 1913. B u l . 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and garment factories. B u l . 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. Bul. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913. Bul. 168. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry in the United States, 1907 to 1913. Bul. 171. Unionscale of wages and hours of labor, May 1, 1914. Bul. 177. Wagesandhours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1907 to 1914. Bul. 178. Wagesandhours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1914. Bul. 187. Wagesandhours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1914. Bul. 190. Wagesandhours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914. Bul. 194. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 1, 1915. Bul. 204. Street railway employment in the United States. Bul. 214. Unionscale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1916. Bul. 218. Wagesandhours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1915. Bul. 225. Wagesandhours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture indus tries, 1915. Bul. 232. Wagesandhours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1916. Bul. 238. Wagesandhours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1916. Bul. 239. Wages and hours of labor in cotton goods manufacturing and finishing, 1916. Bul. 245. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1917. Bul. 252. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. [In press.] Bul. 259. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1918. [In press.] Bul. 260. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1918. [In press.] Bul. 261. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1918. [In press.] Bul. 262. Wages and hours of labor in cotton goods manufacturing and finishing, 1918. [In press.] Bul. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States^ 1919. Pre liminary report. [In, press.] Employment and Unemployment. Bul. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. Bul. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. Bul. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. Bul. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. Bul. 192. Proceedings of the American Association of Public Employment Offices. Bul. 195. Unemployment in the United States. Bul. 196. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, January, 1916. Bul. 202. Proceedings of the conference of the Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass., held May 10, 1916. Bul. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. Bul. 220. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Public Employment Offices, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21, 1916. Bul. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. Bul. 227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3, 1917. Bul. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. Bul. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. Bul. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11, 1918. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [II] Women in Industry. Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries in the District or Columbia. Bui. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. Bui. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. Bui. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. Bui. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. Bui. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and garment factories. Bui. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. Bui. 175. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States. Bui. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. Bui. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. Bui. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. Bui. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. Bui. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. Bui. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. Bui. 253. Women in the lead industry. Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto). Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. 102. British National Insurance Act, 1911. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. 126. Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreigncountri 155. Compensation for accidents to employees ofthe United States. 185. Compensation legislation of 1914 and 1915. 203. Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreigncountri 210. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the International Associa of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the Inter national Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employment of women and children. 240. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries. 248. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. 264. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [In press.] Industrial Accidents and Hygiene. Bui. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories. Bui. 120. Hygiene of the painters’ trade. Bui. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. Bui. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. Bui. 157. Industrial accident statistics. Bui. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. Bui. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. Bui. 188. Report of British departmental committee on danger in the use of lead in the painting of buildings. Bui. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commis sions. [Limited edition.] Bui. 205. Anthrax as an occupational disease. Bui. 207. Causes of death by occupation. Bui. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. Bui. 216. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. Bui. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. Bui. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. Bui. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. Bui. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades. Bui. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917. Bui. 236. Effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. Bui. 251. Preventable death in the cotton manufacturing industry. [In press.] Bui. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. (Revised.) [In press.] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [ in ] Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts). Bui. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. Bui. 133 Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its in quiry into industrial agreements. Bui. 139. Michigan copper district strike. Bui. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. Bui. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City. Bui. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. Bui. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. Bui. 233. Operation of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada. Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor). Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. 111. 112. 148. 152. 166. 169. 186. 189. 211. 213. 224. 229. 244. 246. 257. 258. Labor legislation of 1912. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1912. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1913. Labor legislation of 1914. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1914. Labor legislation of 1915. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1915. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. Labor legislation of 1916. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1916. Wage-payment legislation in the United States. Labor legislation of 1917. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1917. Labor legislation of 1918. [In press.] Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1918. [In press.] Foreign Labor Laws. Bui. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. Vocational Education. Bui. 145. New York City. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. 147. 159. 162. 199. Labor as A ffo Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. 170. 219. 221. 222. 223. 230. 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Muni tion Workers Committee.. Bui. 255. Joint standing industrial councils in Great Britain. [In press.] Miscellaneous !Series. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. 117. 118. 123. 158. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. 159. 167. 170. 174. Bui. Bui. Bui. Bui. 208. 222. 242. 250. Bui. 254. Bui. 263. Prohibition of night work of young persons. Ten-hour maximum working day for women and young persons. Employers’ welfare work. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. Foreign food prices as affected by the war. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1, 1915. Profit sharing in the United States. Welfare work in British munition factories. Food situation in Central Europe, 1917. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [In press.] Housing by employers in. the United States. [In press.] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis