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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Volume 131, Number 1 January 2008 State labor legislation enacted in 2007 3 Laws concerning the minimum wage, equal employment opportunity, time off, and drug and alcohol testing were among the most active areas of legislation John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr., and James L. Perine Changes in State unemployment insurance legislation, 2007 32 State enactments include provisions that relate to confidentiality and disclosure of unemployment compensation information and other changes to UI laws Loryn Lancaster Older workers: increasing their labor force participation and hours of work 41 Older workers have increased their labor force participation and full-time employment, changing long-run trends among men and women Murray Gendell Departments Labor month in review 2 Précis 55 Book reviews 56 Current labor statistics 58 Editor-in-Chief: Michael D. Levi Executive Editor: William Parks II Managing Editor: Leslie Brown Joyner Editor: Brian I. Baker Book Review Editor: James Titkemeyer Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters Contributing Editor: Lawrence H. Leith Contributor: William J. Wiatrowski Labor Month In Review The January Review January is the month when we typically publish updates on changes in State labor and unemployment insurance legislation, and our first issue for 2008 is no exception. John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr., and James L. Perine from the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment Standards Administration (ESA) provide a detailed and comprehensive overview of State labor legislation in 2007. Developments in more than 30 categories of labor-related legislation at the State level are routinely tracked by ESA, including those in such topical areas as agriculture, child labor, immigrant protections, prevailing and minimum wages, and worker privacy. The authors note that there was a larger volume of legislation in 2007 than in the previous year, and that 46 States enacted laws of consequence in one or more of the 30 categories. Loryn Lancaster of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration reviews developments in unemployment insurance (UI) legislation among the various States in 2007. She pays particular emphasis to how some States last year enacted legislative changes or modified existing rules in response to the issuance in late 2006 of a Departmental rule governing the confidentiality and disclosure of State unemployment compensation information. She also describes new UI provisions designed to address fraud and nonfraud benefit overpayments, in addition to other legislative developments. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Also in this issue is a look at recent trends in workforce participation by older workers. Murray Gendell of Georgetown University examines labor force participation rates and patterns of employment for workers in various age cohorts starting at age 50. He finds that there have been noteworthy changes in recent years in historical patterns of workforce activity for both men and women in these age groups, and illuminates some of the changes in retirement and pension planning behavior that are influencing these trends. BLS budget As announced in this space last month, the availability of this publication in a print edition has temporarily been curtailed due to budget constraints. More information about the impacts of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Fiscal Year 2008 budget may be found at http:// www.bls.gov/bls/budgetimpact.htm CWC Online and The Editor’s Desk There are precedents for periodicals such as the MLR being published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics only in an online format. Compensation and Working Conditions Online (known more commonly as CWC Online) has just marked its fifth anniversary of monthly publication. Over this span, it has published about 100 pieces, including articles and table and chart presentations, on many aspects of occupational pay, employee benefits, workplace injuries and illnesses, major work stoppages, and other subjects relating to the general world of employee compensation and workplace safety. The current edition of CWC Online may be found at http://www.bls.gov/ opub/cwc/cm20080122ar01p1.htm As regular MLR readers may be aware, the Bureau also posts each business day an online feature called Monthly Labor Review: The Editor’s Desk (or “TED,” as it is commonly known.) The goal of TED is to publish timely information from around BLS in a concise, easy-to-digest format, usually in the form of a chart and a few paragraphs of text. Items selected for TED typically highlight intriguing data or trends published in fuller Bureau reports and analyses, to which links are provided. Print-edition compilations of the “best” of TED are available from BLS. (You can contact us at ted@bls.gov.) The Editor’s Desk will be reaching an anniversary of its own later this year (its 10th birthday, in fact). Cell phone expenditures Data from the BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey show that spending by consumers on cellular telephones has risen rapidly in recent years. While that will not be a surprise, given the now-ubiquitous presence of these little devices throughout society, the fact that cell phone expenditures are now about equal to those of landline phone services has caught many people’s attention. A brief analysis of this phenomenon posted on the Bureau’s Web site—at http://www.bls.gov/cex/ cellphones.htm—received quite a bit of media attention. State Labor Laws, 2007 State labor legislation enacted in 2007 Laws concerning the minimum wage, prevailing wages, equal employment opportunity, wages paid, time off, drug and alcohol testing, child labor, and worker privacy were among the most active areas with new or amended legislation enacted during the year John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr., and James L. Perine John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr., is the State Standards Team leader in the Office of Performance, Budget, and Departmental Liaison, Wage and Hour Division, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; James L. Perine is a compliance specialist on the State Standards Team in the same Office. E-mail: fitzpatrickjr. john@dol.gov or perine. james@dol.gov T he Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor is responsible for tracking various categories of labor legislation and reporting on any amendments or new laws falling under those categories and enacted by States. More than 30 categories are tracked during this yearly process. Among the categories tracked are agriculture, child labor, State departments of labor, the discharge of employees, drug and alcohol testing, equal employment opportunity, employment agencies, employer leasing, family issues, genetic testing, handicapped workers, hours worked, human trafficking, immigrant protections, inmate labor, living wages, the minimum wage, offsite work, overtime, plant closings, prevailing wages, the right to work, time off, unfair labor practices, wages paid, whistleblower protections, worker privacy, and workplace security. Not every piece of enacted legislation that comes within the purview of one of these categories is addressed in this article. Among the laws that are not addressed are those which (1) amend existing State law, but are strictly technical in nature, (2) affect only a limited number of individuals, (3) require the initiation, completion, or distribution of a study of an issue, or (4) deal with funding matters related to an issue. Also not covered are areas of labor legislation that concentrate on issues relating to occupational safety and health, employment and training, labor relations, employee background checks (except for those dealing with potential national security issues), economic security, and local-area living wage ordinances. A larger volume of State labor legislation was enacted during 2007 than during the previous year. The increase was due in part to the fact that, unlike the situation in 2006, all 50 State legislatures and the District of Columbia met in regularly scheduled sessions in 2007. The labor legislation that was enacted or amended by the States and the District last year addressed a variety of issues in 26 employment standards areas and included many important measures. Most State legislation in 2007 occurred in eight categories: child labor, drug and alcohol testing, equal employment opportunity, the minimum wage, prevailing wages, time off, wages paid, and worker privacy. Forty-six of the 50 States and Puerto Rico enacted labor legislation of consequence in one or more of the 30 categories tracked. The legislatures of Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 State Labor Laws, 2007 Illinois, Hawaii, Maine, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, and Virginia enacted above-average numbers of labor-related pieces of legislation in the categories tracked. At the time this article was sent off for publication, only Arkansas, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia had not enacted labor legislation within any of the 30 categories tracked. For the second year in a row, minimum-wage legislation was the “hot-button” issue. The substantial level of activity in State minimum-wage legislation was due in part to an increase in the Federal minimum wage. Effective July 24, 2007, the Federal minimum wage for covered nonexempt employees was raised to $5.85 per hour. The minimum wage increases to $6.55 per hour effective July 24, 2008, and $7.25 per hour effective July 24, 2009. The Federal increase resulted in increases in a number of State minimum-wage rates, because several States previously had enacted legislation that required them to maintain a minimum wage at least equal to, or even greater than, the Federal minimum wage. More than 40 States now have such minimum-wage requirements. A few States have minimum-wage rates that are less than the Federal minimum wage. Finally, 5 States—Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee—have not yet established a minimum-wage requirement, although Tennessee does enforce a promised-wage law.1 The remainder of this article comprises two sections. The first provides a brief overview of several of the most active legislative categories tracked and discusses some, but not nearly all, of the pieces of legislation that resulted in laws which were amended or enacted by the individual State legislatures during 2007. The second section consists of a more comprehensive description of each State’s laborrelated legislative activities, again subdivided by legislative category, that resulted in laws amended or enacted by the individual State legislatures during the course of the past year. Child labor. California extended the expiration date of an exemption for 16- and 17-year-old minors employed in one particular county to work up to 60 hours per week during peak harvest season when school is not is session. Illinois amended the State hazardous orders so that they now prohibit persons under the age of 16 from working in occupations handling human blood, body fluids, or body tissues. Massachusetts amended the hours of work permitted for Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 16-year-old minors in some occupations and now requires an adult to be present on the jobsite if a minor is employed after 8:00 p.m. New Hampshire employers may employ 16and 17-year-old youths who are still in school, as long as the employer maintains a file copy of a signed written document from a parent or guardian of the child in question that permits the youth’s employment. The requirements for work permits for minors in various occupations and the hours of work permitted for performers less than 18 years of age in New Mexico were modified. The child labor code does not now apply to minors in Texas who are engaged in the direct sale of newspapers to the general public. Virginia increased the fines assessed against employers who incur the death of a child in their employ. In addition, minors under 18 years of age may not be employed in any capacity in the manufacturing of paint or of goods with alcoholic content. Minors in the State of Washington who are under 14 years of age may not work without the written permission of a judge of the superior court of the county wherein the child resides. Drug and alcohol testing. Drivers in Arkansas who are covered by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Act must submit to drug and alcohol testing, and the appropriate database must be checked by employers to determine applicants’ eligibility for employment. Florida licensees of slot machine gaming must implement drug and alcohol programs for employees. Hawaii employers whose employees test positive in an onsite screening test must have their employees report to a licensed laboratory within 4 hours of having completed the test. Employers in Maine may no longer require, request, or suggest that an employee or applicant sign consent forms absolving employers from, among other things, potential liabilities due to the imposition of substance abuse testing. In North Carolina, operators who have commercial driver’s licenses and who have tested positive in a substance abuse test must be disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle until the employer obtains a receipt of proof of successful completion by the employee of assessment and treatment. Motor carriers for hire in Tennessee who provide passenger transportation in vehicles designed to transport eight or more passengers must conduct a mandatory drug-testing program. Equal employment opportunity. Colorado added the two categories of religion and sexual orientation to its list of grounds upon which employers may not discriminate. Now employers may not refuse to hire, discharge, promote or demote, harass during the course of employment, or discriminate in matters of compensation against any otherwise qualified person on the basis of his or her religion or sexual orientation. In Illinois, it is now considered a civil rights violation for a public employer to refuse to temporarily transfer a pregnant peace office or firefighter to a less strenuous or hazardous position for the duration of the pregnancy if so requested by the employee under the advice of a physician and if the request can be reasonably accommodated. In addition, the State Civil Rights Act now includes gender among those characteristics that cannot be used by any unit of State, county, or local government to exclude a person from participation in, deny a person any benefits from, or subject a person to discrimination under any program or activity. Iowa added sexual orientation and gender identity to the group of factors that are prohibited from being used by persons to discriminate in the area of employment activities. North Dakota amended the definition of “discriminatory practice” in the State Century Code. Oregon amended its State laws so that they now encourage the fullest utilization of the available workforce. The State removed arbitrary standards of race, sexual orientation, disability, and marital status that were acting as a barrier to employment. Minimum wage. Nearly 190 pieces of legislation pertaining to the minimum wage were introduced in 46 States. Changes in the State minimum wage laws were brought about either on account of newly enacted or amended legislation that occurred during the year, because changes were required as a result of legislation which had been enacted in previous years and that called for specific actions to occur in subsequent years, or because of ballot issues that had been approved by public vote. Arizona statutes regarding employer liability for nonpayment of the minimum wage were amended, while Arkansas amended the minimum-wage allowance for gratuities and also refined the definition of an employee. Idaho now requires that the State minimum wage conform to and track with the Federal minimum wage. The Illinois minimum wage was increased to $7.50 per hour, with additional increases scheduled for July 1, 2008, 2009, and 2010. Employers in Indiana who employ two or more employees during a workweek shall pay the employees wages not less than the Federal minimum wage. Iowa increased the State minimum wage to $6.20 per hour in April, while Kentucky increased its State minimum wage to $5.85 per hour in June 2007, to be followed by increases to $6.55 per hour in July 2008 and $7.25 in July 2009. Maine amended the coverage portion of the State minimum-wage law by extending coverage to (1) individuals employed in domestic service in or about a private home and engaged directly by the resident or owner of the home or (2) individuals in the family or residence of the homeowner. Montana now requires the State minimum wage to exclude the value of tips received by an employee. In addition, the minimumwage requirement in Montana will now be subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment. Among other changes in the Nevada minimum-wage law, tips or gratuities received by employees shall neither be credited as being any part of, nor be offset against, the wage rates required by the State law. The New Hampshire minimum wage was increased to $6.50 per hour, with an additional increase scheduled for September 2008. The minimum wage in New Mexico increased to $6.50 per hour on January 1, 2008, and will be increased further to $7.25 per hour on January 1, 2009. In addition, New Mexico enacted legislation that prohibits any city, town, county, home rule municipality, or other political subdivision from adopting or continuing in effect any law or ordinance that mandates a minimum wage higher than that set forth in the State Minimum Wage Act. The New Mexico legislation is effective for a period of 2 years from January 1, 2008. The North Dakota and South Dakota minimum-wage rates were increased to $5.85 per hour, the same as the newly increased Federal minimum wage, and will match the next two Federal minimum-wage rate increases set for 2008 and 2009. Vermont employers in the hotel, motel, tourist place, and restaurant industry must pay a service or tipped employee at a basic hourly wage of not less than $3.65 per hour, and this basic rate shall be increased at the same percentage as the minimum-wage rate. The definition of a service or tipped employee in the State was redefined to mean an employee in any of the aforesaid industries who customarily and regularly receives more than $120 per month in tips for direct and personal services performed. Virginia redefined the definition of an employee to clarify who is excluded from being considered an employee. Prevailing wage. Hawaii revised the definition of a public work to include work performed under a construction contract between private persons if more than 50 percent of the assignable square feet of a project is leased or assigned for use by the State, any county in the State, or any agency of the State or any county, whether or not the property is privately owned. The Illinois Prevailing Wage Act was amended to clarify the fact that the Act applies to the wages of laborers, mechanics, and other workers employed in any public works, by any public body, and to anyone unMonthly Labor Review • January 2008 State Labor Laws, 2007 der contract for public works. In Illinois, no employee may use, possess, distribute, deliver, or be under the influence of a drug or alcohol while performing work on a public works project. Before employers in the State begin work on public works projects, they must have in place a written program that meets or exceeds State requirements and that must be filed with the public body engaged in the public works and made available to the general public for the prevention of substance abuse among their employees. Legislation in New Jersey has strengthened the prohibition against any contractor or subcontractor who has been debarred from public work due to violations of the prevailing-wage law from using a firm, corporation, or partnership in which the contractor has an interest. Construction employers in New Jersey, and their representatives who fail to properly classify an individual as an employee for purposes of the State Prevailing Wage Act and other State statutes, who fail to pay wages, benefits, taxes, or other contributions required by those acts shall be guilty of a disorderly person’s offense and shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than $100 or more than $1,000, or be imprisoned for not less than 10 days or more than 90 days, or both. Each week, any day of which employees are misclassified, constitutes a separate offense. The size of the contract may affect the size of the fine and the length of imprisonment. Texas no longer requires that the prevailing-wage rate determined by a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Labor be no more than 3 years of age. Wyoming increased the State prevailing-wage threshold to encompass $100,000 contracts for the entire State, with the exception of any area defined as a metropolitan statistical area as delineated under specific U.S. codes. Time off. Arizona employers who have 50 or more employees for each working day in each of 20 or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year are required to allow an employee who is a victim of a crime to leave work in order to obtain or attempt to obtain an order of protection, an injunction against harassment, or any other injunctive relief to help ensure the health, safety, or welfare of the victim or the victim’s child. California enacted legislation that requires qualified employers to allow a qualified employee who is the spouse of a qualified member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Guard, or the Reserves to take up to 10 days of unpaid leave while the qualified member is home on leave. In an amendment, Hawaii State law now stipulates that the employee is the only one entitled to make a decision to take family leave as unpaid leave or to substitute the unpaid leave with accrued vacation, personal, or paid Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 family leave time. Employees in Illinois who are subject to the Employee Blood Donation Leave Act may be entitled to blood donation leave with pay. Employees in Montana who terminate their employment for a reason not reflecting discredit upon them are entitled, upon the date of termination, to cash compensation for unused vacation leave, assuming that they have worked the qualifying length of time. Nebraska employers who employ between 15 and 50 employees are required to provide up to 15 days of unpaid family military leave to an employee during the time Federal or State deployment orders are in effect. Employers who have more than 50 employees shall provide 30 days of leave. Employees in Nevada who are summoned for jury duty may not be required by their employers to use sick leave or vacation time for their jury service. Employers in New York must grant a leave of absence of 3 hours in any 12-month period to an employee who seeks to donate blood. In Vermont, duly qualified members of the “Reserve components of the Armed Forces,” of the Ready Reserve, or of an organized unit of the National Guard shall, upon request, be entitled to leaves of absence for a total of 15 days in any calendar year for the purpose of engaging in military drill, training, or other temporary duty under military authority. Virginia employers shall allow any employee who is a victim of a crime to leave work to be present at all criminal proceedings relating to the crime against the employee. Wages paid. If an employer in Colorado disputes the amount of wages or compensation claimed by an employee who has been terminated under the State Revised Statutes, and if, within 14 days after the employee’s demand, the employer makes a legal tender of the amount that the employer, in good faith, believes is due, the employer shall not be liable for any penalty, unless, in a legal action, the employee recovers a greater amount than the amount tendered. Employees in Illinois may file a complaint with the State Department of Labor alleging violations of the State Wage Payment and Collection Act within 1 year after the wages, final compensation, or wage supplements were due. Iowa employers who fail to send an employee’s wages for direct deposit on or by the regular payday are liable for the amount of any overdraft charges if the overdraft is created on the employee’s account because of the employer’s failure to send the wages by the regular payday. Kansas employers are now permitted to designate the method of payment by which employees receive wages, provided that all wages are paid by one of four specific methods. Nebraska amended its State Wage Payment and Collection Act so that whenever an employer separates an employee from the payroll, the unpaid wages constituting commissions shall become due on the next regular payday following the employer’s receipt of payment for the goods or services from the customer who generated the commission. New Hampshire expanded the list of reasons for which employers are authorized to withhold wages. In addition, employers in the State are now authorized to pay employees via payroll card. It is now an unlawful practice for a temporary help service firm in New Jersey to willfully withhold or divert wages for any purpose not expressly permitted by statute. Deductions from employees’ wages by an employer in Oregon, as required and authorized by law or agreement, shall be paid to the appropriate recipients within the time required by the law or agreement. If such a time requirement is not specified, payment must be made within 7 days after the date the wages from which the deductions are made are due. If a business relationship between an employer in Utah and a sales representative terminates, the employer shall pay the sales representative all commissions due within 30 days after the day on which the termination is effective, and within 14 days after the day on which a commission becomes due if said commission is due after the day on which the termination is effective. Worker privacy. Arizona added the position of code enforcement officer to the list of public employees, and others, who may request that the general public be prohibited from accessing the unique identifier and the recording date contained in indexes of recorded instruments maintained by the county recorder. Florida statutes were amended to exempt certain personal identifying information from the public records requirements. Now exempt is personal identifying information that is contained in records documenting an act of domestic violence and that is submitted to an agency by an agency employee. Indiana expanded Alabama Other legislation. Active and contributing members of a city or municipal retirement system who participate in the State Employee Retirement System and who have rendered prior service as a full-time firefighter with a nonparticipating city employer which has been annexed into a city or municipality that participates in the retirement system may purchase credit, including credit for hazardous duty service in the retirement system, for prior service if the member pays to the secretary-treasurer of the retirement system, prior to the date of the member’s retirement, a sum the categories of public records that may not be disclosed by a public agency unless access to the records is specifically required by a State or Federal statute or is ordered by a court under the rules of discovery. Except when data are to be released to certain Federal, State, and local government entities, Nebraska employers shall not publicly post or display, in any manner, more than the last four digits of an employee’s Social Security number, or otherwise make more than the last four digits available to the general public or to an employee’s coworkers. Nevada amended the exemptions from State law that authorize the release of the home address of a peace officer by a law enforcement agency. New York employers shall make reasonable efforts to provide a room or other location, in close proximity to the work area, where an employee can express milk in privacy. Confidential employment information secured by the Oregon Employment Department may be provided to the State Department of Transportation to assist that department in carrying out its duties relating to the collection of delinquent and liquidated debts, including taxes, due under the State Revised Statutes and the State Vehicle Code. In Tennessee, the residential address, as well as the personal telephone and cell phone numbers, of any State, county, municipal, or other public law enforcement officer shall now be treated as confidential and not open for inspection by members of the public. It is now unlawful in Virginia for any person to publish the name or photograph of a law enforcement officer, along with identifying information, with the intent to utilize that information to coerce, intimidate, or harass the officer. It is now unlawful in Washington State for any person, firm, or corporation to require, either directly or indirectly, that any employee or prospective employee take or be subject to any lie detector or similar tests as a condition of either employment or continued employment. equal to the full actuarial determined cost for each year of service purchased, as determined by the actuary for the system. The local government entity that currently employs the member shall furnish the retirement system with documentation of the prior service being claimed by the member, as requested by the retirement system. Arizona Immigrant protection. Legislation was enacted that prohibits employers from intentionally or knowingly employing an unauthorized alien. The same legislation established penalties, be- ginning January 1, 2008, for employers in violation. Under the legislation, all employers are required to use the Basic Employment Verification Pilot Program, which has existed since November 1997, is jointly operated by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (under the Department of Homeland Security) and the Social Security Administration, and is used to verify the authorization of all newly hired employees. Currently, an employer’s participation in the project is voluntary, and participating employers may be accessed via the Internet. For a first violation of this new State law, during a 3-year period in which an employer knowingly employs an unauthorized Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 State Labor Laws, 2007 alien, the court may order the appropriate licensing agencies to suspend all licenses held by the employer, unless the employer files a sworn affidavit with the county attorney within 3 business days. The affidavit must state that the employer has terminated the employment of all unauthorized aliens and that the employer will not intentionally or knowingly employ an unauthorized alien. Suspended licenses will remain suspended until the employer files the signed affidavit with the county attorney. For a first intentional violation, the court will order the suspension of all of the employer’s licenses for a minimum of 10 days. A second knowing or intentional violation of the new State law will result in the court ordering the permanent revocation of all of the employer’s licenses that are held at the employer’s place of business. Minimum wage. The State Revised Statutes concerning employer liability for nonpayment of the minimum wage were amended. In any action or proceeding occurring on or after January 1, 2007, an employer or other entity is not liable if either fails to pay the minimum wage, as long as the party in question proves that the act or omission was in good faith and that it conformed with and relied on a State administrative regulation, order, ruling, approval, interpretation, administrative practice, or enforcement policy issued by the State Industrial Commission. Time off. The State Revised Statutes regarding victims’ rights were amended. Employers who have 50 or more employees for each working day in each of 20 or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, along with agents of such employers, are required to allow an employee who is a victim of a crime to leave work. The allowance to leave work is in order to provide the employee with time to obtain, or attempt to obtain, an order of protection, an injunction against harassment, or any other injunctive relief to help ensure the health, safety, or welfare of the victim or victim’s child. Worker privacy. The employment position of a State code enforcement officer was added to the list of public employees, and others, who may request that the general public be prohibited from accessing the unique identifier and the recording date contained in indexes of recorded instruments maintained by the county recorder. The officer (or others) may request the recorder to prohibit access to the officer’s residential address and telephone number contained in instruments or writings recorded by the county recorder and made available on the Internet. The officer also may request that the general public be prohibited from accessing records maintained by any of the following county employees: assessor, treasurer, peace officer, judge, justice, commissioner, public Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 defender, and prosecutor. The officer must file an affidavit containing specific information in order to request the prohibition on the release of information. Arkansas Drug and alcohol testing. Any person employed by a State employer in a safety-sensitive transportation job, or who has submitted an application for employment with an employer in the State in a safety-sensitive transportation job, for which drug and alcohol tests are required under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and who holds a commercial driver’s license shall submit to drug and alcohol testing. The employer must report to the State Office of Driver Services the results of the alcohol screening test, or the refusal to provide a specimen for the screening test, within 3 business days. The State Office of Driver Services shall maintain the information received, which is considered confidential, in a database, to be known as the Commercial Driver Alcohol and Drug Testing Database, for at least 3 years. An employer can request information from the database for each employee who is subject to drug and alcohol testing. The penalty for an employer who knowingly fails to check the database as required is $1,000, effective July 1, 2008. The penalty for knowingly hiring an employee with a record of a positive alcohol or drug test in the database is $5,000. The penalty for an employer who knowingly fails to report an occurrence regarding a drug test is $500. Such penalties do not apply to the State or to an agency or political subdivision of the State. Immigrant protections. No State agency may enter into or renew a public contract for services with a contractor who knows that the contractor or one of its subcontractors employs or contracts with an illegal immigrant to perform work under the contract. Before executing a public contract, each prospective contractor shall certify, in a manner that does not violate Federal law in existence on January 1, 2007, that the contractor is neither employing nor contracting with an illegal immigrant at the time of the certification. If a contractor violates this provision, the State shall require the contractor to remedy the violation within 60 days. If the contractor fails to remedy the violation within 60 days, the State shall terminate the contract for breach of contract. The contractor shall be liable to the State for actual damages if the contract is terminated under such circumstances. Subcontractors are required to submit certification on their employees within 30 days after execution of the contract. Minimum wage. The State law concerning the minimum-wage allowance for gratuities was amended. Every employer of an employee engaged in any occupation in which gratuities have been customarily and usually constituted and have been recognized as a part of remuneration for hiring purposes shall now be entitled to an allowance for gratuities as a part of the hourly wage rate in the amount of no less than $3.62 per hour. This entitlement is based upon the proviso that the employee actually received that amount in gratuities and that the application of the foregoing gratuity allowances results in payment of wages other than gratuities to tipped employees, including full-time students, of not less than $2.63 per hour. Overtime. The State definition of an employee, as covered by minimum-wage and overtime law, was amended. The definition no longer includes (1) an employee employed in connection with the publication of a weekly, semimonthly, or daily newspaper with a circulation under 4,000; (2) one employed on a casual basis in domestic service to provide babysitting services or companionship services for those who are no longer able to care for themselves due to age or infirmity; (3) one engaged in the delivery of newspapers to retail subscribers; or (4) a homeworker engaged in making wreaths composed principally of natural holly, pine, cedar, or other evergreens and harvesting natural holly, pine, cedar, and other evergreens used in making such wreaths. In another enactment, the director of the State Department of Labor may now authorize employment in excess of the standard 40 hours per week or may authorize the calculation of overtime on a basis other than the regular rate of pay required by the law (time and one-half for hours exceeding 40 hours per week) for employment that (1) necessitates irregular hours of work; (2) is performed at a piecework rate; (3) pays on a commission basis in a retail or service establishment; (4) is performed in a hospital or enterprise engaged in the care of the sick, the aged, or the mentally ill by an independently owned and controlled local enterprise in the wholesale or bulk distribution of petroleum products; or (5) is performed under a collective bargaining agreement. Worker privacy. The commercial driver’s license record in effect on January 1, 2007, and released by the State Office of Driver Services to the employer or prospective employer of a commercial driver shall be a complete record that includes any convictions, disqualifications, and other licensing actions for violations required to be retained on a commercial driver’s license record. If a driver operates a motor vehicle and is convicted of being intoxicated by drugs or alcohol or for refusing to submit to chemical testing, the driver shall be disqualified from operating a commercial motor vehicle for 1 year or 3 years, depending upon the type of cargo. For a second conviction, disqualification is for life (but the driver may be reinstated after 10 years if the he or she has been subject to rehabilitation). The penalties imposed for leaving the scene of an accident are the same as those listed for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of drugs or alcohol or for refusing to submit to chemical testing. California Child labor. Legislation was enacted that extended the authority of the State labor commissioner to allow an exemption for minors 16 or 17 years of age who reside in Lake County to work up to 60 hours per week during peak harvest season. The legislation, which is effective from January 1, 2008, to January 1, 2012, requires that work hours be extended only when school is not in session and only upon written approval of the Lake County Board of Education. The commissioner may require inspections of agricultural packing plants prior to issuing the exemption. In addition, the legislation removed the requirement that the minor be enrolled in school in Lake County for the exemption to apply. Finally, Lake County is now required to issue an annual report on working conditions of minors employed in the agricultural packing industry in the past year, notwithstanding provisions of the law that expired on January 1, 2008, making agency reports permissive. Overtime. An employee in the computer software field shall be exempt from the requirement that an overtime rate of compensation be paid if (1) the employee is engaged primarily in work that is intellectual or creative and requires the exercise of discretion and independent judgment; (2) the employee’s work involves the application of systems analysis techniques and procedures, including consulting with users to determine hardware, software, or system functional specifications; (3) the employee is highly skilled and is proficient in the theoretical and practical application of highly specialized information to computer systems analysis, programming, and software engineering; and (4) the employee’s hourly rate of pay is not less than $36.00 or the annualized full-time salary equivalent of that rate ($75,000). This pay rate shall be adjusted in accordance with the State Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers on October 1 of each year, to be effective January 1 of the next year. The exemption does not apply if (1) the employee is a trainee or in an entry-level position or has not attained the level of skill and expertise necessary to work independently and without close supervision; (2) the employee is engaged in the operation of computers or in the manufacture, repair, or maintenance of computer hardware and related equipment; (3) the employee is an engineer, drafter, machinist, or other professional whose work is highly dependent upon, or facilitated by, the use of computers and computer software programs, and the employee is not in a computer systems analysis or programming occupation; or (4) the employee is a writer engaged in writing materials such as box labels, product descriptions, documentation, promotional material, setup and installation instructions, and other, similar written information. vided at the facility. Violators of the amended legislation shall be subject to a civil penalty of up to $25,000. Employees who have been discriminated against shall be entitled to reinstatement, to reimbursement for lost wages and work benefits caused by the acts of the employer, or to any remedy deemed warranted by the court. A health-care worker who has been discriminated against and who prevails in court will be entitled to reimbursement for lost income and for any legal costs associated with pursuing the case or to any remedy deemed warranted by the court. Time off. Legislation was enacted that requires qualified employers to allow a qualified employee who is the spouse of a qualified member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Guard, or the Reserves to take up to 10 days of unpaid leave while the qualified member is home on leave. A qualified employer is defined as any individual, corporation, company, firm, State, city, county, municipal corporation, district, public authority, or any other governmental subdivision that employs 25 or more employees. A qualified employee is defined as (1) a spouse of the qualified member, (2) an employee who performs service for hire for an employer for an average of 20 or more hours per week, but is not an independent contractor, (3) an employee who, within 2 days of receiving official notice that the qualified member will be on leave from deployment, provides the employer with notice of his or her intention to take the leave provided for; and (4) an employee who submits written documentation to the employer certifying that the qualified member will be on leave from deployment during the time the leave provided for is requested. A qualified member is defined as a person who is (1) a member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, during a period of military conflict, has been deployed to an area designated as a combat theater or combat zone by the President of the United States, (2) a member of the National Guard who has been deployed during a period of military conflict, or (3) a member of the Reserves who has been deployed during a period of military conflict. Colorado Whistleblower. Legislation was enacted that amended the new category of medical professionals to whom whistleblower protections were extended. Health facilities are prohibited from discriminating or retaliating against any of their patients, employees, medical staff, or other health care workers because that person (1) presented a grievance, complaint, or report to an entity or agency responsible for accrediting or evaluating the facility or any other governmental entity; or (2) initiated, participated, or cooperated in an investigation or administrative proceeding related to the quality of care, services, or conditions pro- Equal employment opportunity. The category of employment nondiscriminatory protections in the State was expanded to cover two additional protection subcategories. Under State law, it shall be a discriminatory or unfair employment practice for an employer to refuse to hire, to discharge, to promote or demote, to harass during the course of employment, or to discriminate in matters of compensation against any otherwise qualified person because of disability, race, creed, color, sex, age, national origin, or ancestry. Sexual orientation and religion were added to the list of subcategories covered. In addition, employment agencies are prohibited from refusing, because of sexual orientation or religion, to list and properly classify an individual for employment, or to refer an individual for employment, in a known available job for which such individual is otherwise qualified. Finally, it shall also be a discriminatory or unfair employment practice for employers, labor organizations, joint apprenticeship committees, or vocational schools to act against any qualified person in pursuit of apprenticeship programs, or to discriminate against such person, in the terms, conditions, or privileges of such programs because of sexual orientation or religion (as well as against qualified persons in the other subcategories listed). Immigrant protections. No State agency or political subdivision shall enter into or renew a public contract for services with a contractor or subcontractor who knowingly employs or contracts with an illegal alien to perform work under the contract. Prior to executing a public contract for services, each prospective contractor shall certify that, at the time of the certification, it does not knowingly employ or contract with an illegal alien and that it has participated, or attempted to participate, in the basic pilot program that confirms the employment eligibility of all employees who are newly hired for employment in the United States. If the contractor is not accepted into the basic pilot program prior to entering into a public contract for services, the contractor shall apply to participate in the program every 3 months Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 State Labor Laws, 2007 until the contractor is accepted or the public contract for services has been completed, whichever is earlier. This provision shall be neither required nor effective in a public contract for services if the basic pilot program is discontinued. Minimum wage. The State minimum wage was increased to $6.85 on January 1, 2007. No more than $3.02 per hour in tip income may be used to offset the minimum wage of employees who regularly receive tips. A tipped employee is defined as an employee who is engaged in an occupation in which he or she customarily and regularly receives more than $30.00 a month in tips. Wages paid. Employers are required to pay terminated employees in a timely manner. If the employer disputes the amount of wages or compensation claimed by an employee under the State Revised Statutes, and if, within 14 days after the employee’s demand, the employer makes a legal tender of the amount that the employer in good faith believes is due, the employer shall not be liable for any penalty unless, in a legal action, the employee recovers a greater amount than the amount tendered. If, within 14 days of receipt of a demand for payment, the employer fails to mail an employee’s earned, vested, and determinable wages or compensation to the place specified in the demand, then the employer is liable for the wages or compensation, together with a penalty in the sum of the following amounts: (1) 125 percent of the amount of such wages or compensation, up to and including $7,500; and (2) 50 percent of the amount of such wages or compensation that exceeds $7,500. If the employee can show that the employer’s failure to pay was willful, these penalties increase by 50 percent. Evidence of a judgment against the employer within the last 5 years for failure to pay wages or compensation shall be admissible as evidence of willful conduct. Where an action taken by the employee fails to recover a greater sum than the amount tendered by the employer, the court may, when certain conditions are met, award the employer reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees incurred in such action. Whistleblower. Patient safety is of paramount importance in the delivery of health care. Patients are safest when a health-care worker has the right to speak out on the patient’s behalf without fear of reprisal or retaliation. Healthcare workers have the right to report patient safety concerns and to advocate for a patient’s well-being without the risk of disciplinary action or loss of employment. Many health-care professions are under existing legal, licensing, or ethical obligations to report unsafe practices, and it is a violation of public policy for practitioners in those professions to be fired 10 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 or penalized for fulfilling those obligations. A new section of an existing statute protects the health-care worker who makes a goodfaith report or disclosure without malice or consideration of personal benefit. The healthcare worker is not granted immunity for his or her own acts of medical negligence or for unprofessional conduct. Also, the health-care worker must be sure to follow the procedures that exist within his or her organization prior to pursuing any further reporting or disclosure activity. Worker privacy. The State Revised Statutes were amended to remove the names of the county employees and officials from the two published reports that originally listed the name, job title, and gross monthly salary of each employee. The first report was published in August for the period prior to June of the same year, and the second report shall be published in February and shall list each employee’s salary for the previous calendar year. Each publication with information on employees’ salaries shall be accompanied by information on the countywide average percentage of salary that is paid in fringe benefits, including, but not limited to, insurance, medical care, retirement plans, housing, transportation, or other subsidized employee expenses. Connecticut Human trafficking. The State established a State Trafficking in Persons Council. The council’s responsibilities are to (1) hold meetings to provide updates and progress reports, (2) identify criteria for providing services to adult victims of trafficking, (3) identify criteria for providing services to children of trafficking victims, and (4) consult with governmental and nongovernmental organizations in developing recommendations to strengthen State and local efforts to prevent trafficking, protect and assist victims of trafficking, and prosecute traffickers. Trafficking is defined as all acts involved in the recruitment, abduction, transport, harboring, transfer, sale, or receipt of persons, within national or across international borders, through force, coercion, fraud, or deception, to place persons in situations of slavery or slaverylike conditions, forced labor, or forced services, such as forced prostitution or sexual services, domestic servitude, bonded slavery labor, or other debt-related bondage. Delaware Drug and alcohol testing. Any State Department of Education employee working in the prison education program and whose permanent work assignment location resides within or on the campus of a State Department of Correction Level 5 or Level 4 facility must submit to the same random drug-testing pro- cedure required of State Department of Correction employees. Human trafficking. The State Code was amended through the addition of a new section on human trafficking recognizing the aspects of the crime of human trafficking, defining prohibited activities, and making it more likely that the crime will be charged. A person is guilty of involuntary servitude when the person knowingly subjects, or attempts to subject, another person to forced labor or services by (1) causing or threatening to cause physical harm (a Class B felony), (2) physically restraining or threatening to physically restrain the other person (a Class B felony), (3) abusing or threatening to abuse the law or legal process (a Class C felony), (4) knowingly destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating, or possessing any actual or purported passport or other immigration document, or other actual or purported government document, of the other person (a Class E felony), (5) using blackmail, or using or threatening to cause financial harm or financial control, over the other person (a Class F felony). A person is guilty of trafficking of persons for forced labor or services (a Class B felony) when a person knowingly (1) recruits, entices, harbors, provides, transports, or obtains, by any means, another person, intending or knowing that the person will be subjected to forced labor or services, or (2) profits, in a financial manner or by receiving anything of value, from participation in a venture that has engaged in an act that is a violation of the State Code. A person is guilty of sexual servitude of a minor when the person knowingly (1) recruits, entices, harbors, transports, provides, or obtains by any means, a minor under 18 years of age, knowing that the minor will engage in commercial sexual activity, a sexually explicit performance, or the production of pornography, or (2) causes a minor to engage in commercial sexual activity or a sexually explicit performance. Sexual servitude of a minor between the ages of 14 and 18 is a Class C felony, while sexual servitude of a minor under 14 years of age is a Class B felony. Florida Drug and alcohol testing. The State Division of Pari-mutuel Wagering has adopted and implemented certain rules and procedures that apply to licensees of slot machine gaming. One of those rules is that the licensees must implement a drug-testing program for employees that includes, but is not limited to, requiring each employee to sign an agreement that he or she understands that the slot machine facility is a drug-free workplace. The division may impose a civil fine of up to $5,000 for each violation of the rules and procedures in place under the State statute affecting gaming. Minimum wage. As a result of previously enacted legislation, the State minimum wage was increased to $6.79 per hour, effective January 1, 2008. Worker privacy. The State statutes were amended to provide an exemption from the public records requirements for certain records and time sheets provided to a government agency. Personal identifying information that is contained in records documenting an act of domestic violence and that is submitted to an agency by an agency employee is confidential and exempt from public disclosure. This exemption applies to records submitted to an agency that document an act of domestic violence and that are submitted in order to obtain leave. The release of such information could expose the victim of domestic violence to public humiliation and shame and could allow persons to determine the schedule and location of the employee who is the victim of domestic violence. The information is exempt from release for 1 year after the leave has been taken by the victim. Workplace violence. An employer who has 50 or more employees must permit an employee who has been employed by the employer for 3 or more months to request and take up to 3 working days of leave in any 12-month period if the employee or a family or household member of the employee is the victim of domestic violence. At the discretion of the employer, the leave may be taken with or without pay. The employee may use the leave to (1) seek an injunction for protection against domestic violence or an injunction for protection in cases of repeat violence, dating violence, or sexual violence, (2) obtain medical care or medical health counseling, or both, for the employee or a family or household member in order to address physical or psychological injuries resulting from an act of domestic violence, (3) obtain services from a victim-services organization, (4) make the employee’s home secure from the perpetrator of the domestic violence or seek new housing to escape the perpetrator, or (5) seek legal assistance in addressing issues arising from the act of domestic violence, or attend and prepare for court-related proceedings arising from the act of domestic violence. Georgia Immigrant protections. The portion of the State Annotated Official Code relating to income taxes was amended. On or after January 1, 2008, no payment, compensation, or other remuneration, including, but not limited to, wages, salaries, bonuses, benefits, in-kind exchanges, expenses, or any other economic benefit, paid for labor services to an individual and totaling $600 or more in a taxable year may be claimed or allowed as a deductible business expense for State income taxes for the employment of certain employees. The deduction for a business expense may be claimed only if such individual is an authorized employee, defined as any individual whose hiring for employment or continuing employment in the United States does not violate 8 U.S.C., Section 1324a, having to do with the unlawful employment of aliens. Inmate labor. Employers participating in prison inmate work programs under the State Code shall be prohibited from providing anything of value to the State Board of Corrections, the State Department of Corrections, the State Correctional Industries Administration, or any officer or employee thereof, other than the payments authorized by the State Code section pertaining to the inmate work programs. Hawaii Drug and alcohol testing. The State Revised Statutes were amended by modifying the definitions of two key terms. A substance abuse onsite screening test is now defined as a portable substance abuse test that meets the requirements of the United States Food and Drug Administration for commercial distribution or is manufactured by a facility that is minimally certified as meeting the standards established by the International Organization for Standardization and that may be used by an employer in the workplace. A substance abuse test is any testing procedure designed to take and analyze body fluids or other materials from the body for the purpose of measuring the amount of drugs, alcohol, or the metabolites of drugs in the sample test. Every employer shall administer the test according to the package insert that accompanies the test. Employers shall have the employee or prospective employee report, within 4 hours after testing positive, to a laboratory licensed by State regulation, and the employers are required to bear the cost of the laboratory testing. Employers are empowered to take punitive action against any employee who fails to show up for the laboratory test. All information concerning the substance abuse onsite screening test shall be strictly confidential. Under certain circumstances, employers are prohibited from discharging, suspending, or discriminating against any employee who tests positive for the presence of drugs, alcohol, or the metabolites of drugs. Plant closing. Any employer of an establishment covered by State statute shall provide, to each employee and the State director of labor and industrial relations, written notification of a closing, divestiture, partial closing, or relocation of the business establishment at least 60 days prior to its occurrence. Failure by the employer to perform such action shall result in the employer being liable to each affected employee for an amount equal to backpay and benefits for the period of violation, but not to exceed 60 days. This liability may be reduced by (1) the amount of any wages paid by the employer during the notification period and (2) any voluntary and unconditional payment not required by a legal obligation. An employer of a covered establishment that is actively seeking a buyer for a sale, transfer, or merger is not required to provide said notice until the employer has entered into a binding agreement for the sale, transfer, or merger of the covered establishment that results in a divestiture. An employer who fails to provide such notice shall be subject to a civil fine not to exceed $500 for each day of the violation. Prevailing wage. The State Revised Statutes regarding public works were amended. The issuance of special-purpose revenue bonds for a public work project not directly caused by a governmental contracting agency shall be reported promptly by the director of the State Department of Budget Finance to the director of the State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations. When the State Department of Budget and Finance enters into an agreement with a party to finance or refinance a project with the proceeds of special-purpose revenue bonds, and such party has entered into a collective bargaining agreement with a bona fide labor union governing the party’s workforce, the terms of that collective bargaining agreement and associated provisions shall be deemed the prevailing wages and terms. Those terms shall serve as the basis of compliance for work on the project for the party’s workforce, provided that the enforcement powers of the director of the State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, including the power to collect and maintain certified copies of all payrolls, are not adversely affected. The State requirements for public works private construction contracts under the State Revised Statutes were amended. The definition of a public work now shall also include a construction contract between private persons if more than 50 percent of the assignable square feet of a project is leased or assigned for use by the State, by any county, or by any agency of the State or any county, whether or not the property is privately owned and (1) the lease or other agreement is entered into prior to the contract’s becoming effective or (2) construction work is performed according to a plan, specification, or criteria established by the State, by any county, or by any agency of the State or any county. The construction project owner shall submit weekly certified payrolls to the governmental leasing agency or the governmental agency that has accepted the construction project for its use, either of Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 11 State Labor Laws, 2007 which shall be the governmental contracting agency for the construction project. Because of an amendment to the State Revised Statutes, a civil action to recover unpaid wages or overtime compensation may be filed in any court of competent jurisdiction by any one or more laborers or mechanics for, and on behalf of, the worker(s) and others similarly situated. The employees may file an action for injunctive and other relief against an employer that fails to pay the prevailing wage to its employees as required by this statute and pursuant to the Federal Labor Management Cooperation Act. Time off. Under current State law, employees are entitled to 4 weeks of family leave, which shall consist of unpaid leave, paid leave, or a combination of paid leave and unpaid leave. The law originally permitted either the employer or the employee to decide which type of leave to apply to a period of family leave. As now amended, State law leaves the employee as the only one entitled to make the decision to take family leave as unpaid leave or to substitute the unpaid leave with accrued vacation, personal, or paid family leave time. There is, however, a stipulation: the employee shall not use more than 10 paid leave days per year for the purpose of family leave, unless an express provision of a valid collective bargaining agreement authorizes the use of more than 10 days of sick leave for such purpose. Worker privacy. The State Uniform Information Practices Act was amended to specify that each State agency shall make available, for public inspection and duplication during regular business hours, information regarding (1) the name, address, and occupation of any person borrowing funds from a State or county loan program and (2) the amount, purpose, and current status of the loan. Certified payroll records on public works contracts shall not include Social Security numbers and home addresses. Information on contract hires and consultants hired by agencies shall contain the amount of compensation and the duration and objectives of the contract, but not the Social Security numbers or home addresses of the workers or consultants. Idaho Minimum wage. The portion of the State Code concerning the minimum wage was amended. The amount of the minimum wage shall now conform to, and track with, the Federal minimum wage. In determining the wages of a tipped employee, the amount of direct wages paid by an employer to the employee shall be deemed to be increased on account of tips actually received by the employee—provided, however, that the direct wages paid to the employee by the employer shall not be in 12 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 an amount less than $3.35 per hour. If the tips actually received by the employee, combined with the direct wages paid by the employer, do not at least equal the minimum wage, the employer must make up the difference. Illinois Child labor. The Hazardous Occupations section of the State Child Labor Law was amended to include a section which states that no minor under 16 years of age shall be employed, permitted, or allowed to work in occupations that involve the handling or storage of human blood, human blood products, human body fluids, or human body tissues. Equal employment opportunity. As the result of an amendment to the State Human Rights Act, it will now be considered a civil rights violation for a public employer to refuse to temporarily transfer a pregnant peace officer or firefighter to a less strenuous or hazardous position for the duration of the pregnancy. The request must be at the behest of the peace officer or firefighter acting under the advice of her physician, and the employer must be able to reasonably accommodate the request or transfer. The State Human Rights Act also was amended to secure the right of freedom from sexual harassment in employment in institutions of elementary and secondary education, in addition to those of higher education. It is now a civil rights violation for any elementary, secondary, or higher education representative to commit or engage in sexual harassment in elementary, secondary, or higher education. It is also a civil rights violation to retaliate against a person because the person has opposed that which he or she reasonably and in good faith believes to be unlawful discrimination or sexual harassment in elementary, secondary, or higher education. The State Civil Rights Act of 2003 now includes gender among those issues which cannot be used by any of unit of State, county, or local government to exclude a person from participation in, deny a person any benefits of, or subject a person to discrimination under any program or activity. A charge filed with the State Equal Employment Opportunity Commission within 180 days after the date of an alleged civil rights violation shall be deemed filed with the State Department of Human Rights on the date it was filed with the State Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The director of the commission will make a determination regarding substantial evidence, and if it is ruled that there is insufficient evidence, then the director shall give the complainant notice of his or her right to seek review before the commission or commence a civil action in the appropriate circuit court. If the complainant chooses to file a request for review with the commission, the complainant may not later commence a civil action in a circuit court. If the complainant chooses to commence a civil action in a circuit court, the complainant must do so within 90 days after receipt of the director’s notice. If the director determines that there is substantial evidence, the complainant and respondent will be notified of the determination. If the complainant chooses to have the department file a complaint with the commission on the complainant’s behalf, then, within 14 days after receipt of the director’s notice, the complainant must request, in writing, that the department file the complaint. If the complainant fails to request, in writing and in a timely manner, that the department file the complaint, the complainant may commence a civil action only in the appropriate circuit court. If the complainant chooses to commence a civil action in a circuit court, the complainant must do so in the circuit court in the county wherein the civil rights violation was allegedly committed. If the department has not issued its report within 365 days after the charge is filed, the complainant shall have 90 days to either file his or her own complaint with the commission or commence a civil action. All applicants for a position in either the fire or police department of a municipality in the State shall be under 35 years of age and shall be subject to an examination that shall be public, competitive, and open to all applicants. Reasonable limitations as to residence, health, habits, and moral character shall apply. The age limitation does not apply to any person previously employed as a police officer or firefighter in a regularly constituted police or fire department of any municipality, regardless of whether the municipality is located in the State or in another state. Applicants who are 20 years of age and who have successfully completed 2 years of law enforcement studies at an accredited college or university may be considered for appointment to active duty with the police department, but shall not have the power of arrest or be permitted to carry firearms until they have reached 21 years of age. Applicants who are 18 years of age and who have successfully completed 2 years of study in fire techniques, amounting to a total of four high school credits, within the cadet program of a municipality may be considered for appointment to active duty with the fire department of any municipality in the State. Independent contractor. The State Employee Classification Act was amended to address the practice of misclassifying employees as independent contractors within the State. The State Department of Labor shall post a summary of the requirements in English, Spanish, and Polish on its official Web site and on bulletin boards in each of its offices. The department shall have the power to conduct investi- gations in connection with the administration and enforcement of the law on the issue of employee classification, with the right to inspect documents related to the determination of whether an individual is an employee. Employers may be fined up to $1,500 for each violation of the Act uncovered during a first audit. Employers found in violation during subsequent audits conducted within 5 years of an earlier violation may be fined up to $2,500 for each violation and shall not be awarded any State contract until 4 years have elapsed from the date of the last violation. For willful violations, the civil money penalties assessed may be double the amount of the usual assessment. Employers found to have committed first-time willful violations are guilty of a Class C misdemeanor. Employers found guilty of subsequent willful violations committed within 5 years of the previous violation have committed a Class 4 felony. The State Department of Labor, the State Department of Employment Security, the State Department of Revenue, and the State Workers’ Compensation Commission shall cooperate by sharing information concerning any suspected misclassification by an employer or other entity of one or more of its employees as independent contractors. These offices and the Office of the State Comptroller shall be obliged to check such employer or other entity’s compliance with the State Employee Classification Act, which takes effect January 1, 2008. Minimum wage. The State minimum wage was increased to $7.50 per hour on July 1, 2007. Further increases are scheduled. The minimum wage is scheduled to increase to $7.75 per hour on July 1, 2008, $8.00 per hour on July 1, 2009, and $8.25 per hour on July 1, 2010. During the first 90 consecutive calendar days after an employee who is 18 years of age or older and whose wages are based upon the rates described in the preceding paragraph and have not been reduced from those rates is initially employed by an employer, the employer may pay the employee a wage that is not more than 50 cents less than the applicable minimum wage described in the preceding paragraph. In addition, an employer may pay a day or temporary laborer who is 18 years of age or older at a rate that is not more than 50 cents less per hour than the applicable minimum wage if the employment is occasional or irregular and requires no more than 90 days to complete. Also, there shall be no discrimination between employees on the basis of sex or mental or physical handicap. For those occupations involving gratuities, each employer is allowed a tip credit not to exceed 40 percent of the applicable minimum wage. Finally, no camp counselor who resides on the premises of a seasonal camp of an organized not-for-profit corporation shall be subject to the adult minimum wage if he or she (1) works 40 or more hours per week and receives a total weekly salary of not less than the adult minimum wage for a 40-hour week, (2) is paid a stipend on a one-time or periodic basis, or (3) is a minor working with parental consent that has been received in writing prior to the commencement of such employment. If the employment is for less than 40 hours per week, then the counselor shall be paid the minimum hourly wage for each hour worked. Prevailing wage. The State Prevailing Wage Act was amended to clarify the fact that the Act applies to the wages of laborers, mechanics, and other workers employed in any public works, by any public body, and to anyone under contract for public works. This application of the Act includes and applies to any maintenance, repair, assembly, or disassembly work performed on equipment, whether owned, leased, or rented. No employee may use, possess, distribute, deliver, or be under the influence of a drug or alcohol while performing work on a public works project. An employee is considered to be under the influence of alcohol if an analysis of the alcohol concentration in the employee’s blood or breath indicates that the concentration is at or above 0.02 percent at the time of the alleged violation. Before an employer begins work on a public works project, the employer shall have in place a written program that meets or exceeds the requirements of the State Substance Abuse Prevention on Public Works Projects Act. The program must be filed with the public body engaged in the public works and must be made available to the general public in order to discourage substance abuse among the employer’s employees. All testing must be performed by a laboratory that is certified for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The employer’s program must include, at a minimum, (1) a requirement of a nine-panel urine drug test plus a test for alcohol; (2) a requirement that employees submit to prehire, random, reasonable-suspicion, and postaccident drug and alcohol testing (however, prehire testing of an employee is not required if the employee has been participating in a random-testing program during the 90 days preceding the work commencement date); (3) a procedure for notifying an employee who tests positive for the presence of a drug in his or her system or who refuses to submit to testing; and (4) reasonable-suspicion testing. An employee who is barred or removed from work for having tested positive for the presence of a drug or for refusing to take appropriate drug tests may return to work after testing negative in subsequent tests or successfully completing a rehabilitation program. The employee shall be reinstated to his or her former employment status if work for which the employee is qualified exists. Time off. Upon approval from the employee’s agency, an employee may use (1) up to 30 days of organ donation leave in any 12-month period to serve as a bone marrow or organ donor, (2) up to 1 hour or more to donate blood every 56 days, and (3) up to 2 hours or more to donate blood platelets. Leave for platelet donation may not be granted more than 24 times in a 12-month period. An employee may not be required to use accumulated sick or vacation leave time before being eligible for organ donor leave and must present medical documentation before leave can be approved. Upon request, an employee subject to the State Employee Blood Donation Leave Act may be entitled to blood donation leave with pay. An employee may use up to 1 hour, or more if authorized by the employer or a collective bargaining agreement, to donate blood every 56 days in accordance with appropriate medical standards established by the American Red Cross, America’s Blood Centers, the American Association of Blood Banks, or any other nationally recognized standard. Wages paid. An employee may file a complaint with the State Department of Labor alleging violations of the State Wage Payment and Collection Act within 1 year after the wages, final compensation, or wage supplements were due. Any employer or agency thereof who willfully refuses to pay is guilty of a Class C misdemeanor upon conviction, and each day during which any violation of the Act continues shall constitute a separate and distinct offense. Any employer whom the State director of labor has demanded, or whom a court has ordered to pay wages due an employee and who fails to do so within 15 days after such demand or order is entered shall be liable to pay a penalty of 1 percent of the wages due per calendar day to the employee for each day of delay in paying such wages, up to an amount equal to twice the sum of unpaid wages due the employee. Such employer shall also be liable to the State Department of Labor for 20 percent of such unpaid wages. Any employer who knowingly discharges or in any other manner knowingly discriminates against any employee because that employee has made a complaint to his employer or the State Director of Labor is guilty of a Class C misdemeanor upon conviction. Workplace violence. A person commits an aggravated assault when, in committing an assault, he or she knows the individual assaulted to be a caseworker, an investigator, or another person employed by the State Department of Healthcare and Family Services Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 13 State Labor Laws, 2007 or the County Department of Public Aid and is upon the grounds of a public-aid office or grounds adjacent thereto or is in any part of a building used for public-aid purposes. If the caseworker, investigator, or other person employed and engaged in the business of the agency is violated upon the grounds of a home of a public-aid applicant or recipient, or of any other person being interviewed or investigated in connection with the employee’s discharge of his or her duties, an assault is also committed. In addition, an assault is committed if the assailant knowingly accosts a utility worker while the utility worker is engaged in the execution of his or her duties or is prevented from performing those duties or if the attack is in retaliation for the utility worker’s performing the said duties. This latter category also includes independent contractors working on behalf of a public utility or telecommunications entity. Indiana Minimum wage. The State minimum-wage law was amended so that, effective June 30, 2007, employers in the State who employ two or more employees during a workweek were required to pay wages to the employees of not less than the minimum wage required under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended. This wage requirement does not apply to tipped employees, in relation to which the employer may claim an allowed tip credit where appropriate. In addition, the employer is not required to pay the State minimum wage for the first 90 days of employment to employees who have not yet reached 20 years of age, as long as the rate paid complies with the rate required for such employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Time off. A new section was added to the State Code to highlight the work of the State wing of the Civil Air Patrol. No member of the Civil Air Patrol participating in an emergency service operation may be disciplined for absence from work by any public or private employer if the member has notified his or her immediate supervisor in writing that the person is a member of the Civil Air Patrol. No action may be taken against the person if he or she already has reported to work on the day of the emergency service operation and secures authorization from the supervisor to leave the duty station. The commander or any other officer in charge of the Civil Air Patrol also must present a written statement to the member’s immediate supervisor indicating that the member was engaged in an emergency service operation at the time of his or her absence from work. A public employer in the State is in violation of this legislation if the employer disciplines an employee for missing work because of the employee’s participation 14 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 in an emergency service operation. A public employee may bring a civil action against the employer in the county of employment in order to seek back wages, reinstatement to a former position, fringe benefits wrongly denied or withdrawn, or seniority rights wrongly denied or withdrawn. The State Code pertaining to military service was amended. The code now contains an exemption from service on any jury in any court in the State for individuals who serve on active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States or the State National Guard. In addition, military family leave of 10 days is applicable to employers who employ at least 50 employees for each working day during each of at least 20 calendar workweeks. To be eligible, employees must have been employed by the employer for at least 12 months and have worked at least 1,500 hours during the 12-month period immediately preceding the day the leave begins. A covered employee must be the spouse, parent, grandparent, or sibling of a person who is ordered to active duty. The employee is entitled to unpaid leave, or the employee may opt to use earned paid vacation leave, personal leave, or other leave; alternatively, the employer may require that some such paid leave be utilized. Wages paid. Every person, firm, corporation, or association doing business in the State shall pay each employee at least semimonthly, or biweekly if requested, the amount due the employee. The payment shall be made in lawful currency of the United States, by negotiable check, draft, or money order, or by electronic transfer to a financial institution designated by the employee. Payment shall be made for all wages earned up to a date not more than 10 business days prior to the date of payment. Payments may be made at shorter intervals. If an employee voluntarily leaves employment, either permanently or temporarily, the employer shall not be required to pay the employee an amount due until the next usual and regular day for payment of wages as established by the employer. If an employee leaves employment voluntarily and without the employer’s knowing the employee’s whereabouts or address, the employer is not subject to pay until 10 business days have elapsed after the employee has made a demand for the wages due and has furnished the employer with an address to where the wages may be sent or forwarded. A business day is any day other than Saturday, Sunday, or a legal holiday. Worker privacy. The categories of public records that may not be disclosed by a public agency unless access to the records is specifically required by a State or Federal statute or is ordered by a court under the rules of discovery have been expanded. The excluded categories now comprise the name, amount of compen- sation, job title, business address, business telephone number, job description, education and training background, previous work experience, and dates of first employment of a law enforcement officer who is operating in an undercover capacity. Iowa Drug and alcohol testing. The State amended its policy for the employer practice of unannounced drug and alcohol testing. Employers may conduct unannounced drug or alcohol tests on employees selected from three pools. The first pool consists of the entire employee population at a particular worksite of the employer, except for employees not subject to testing pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement, those who are not scheduled to be at work at the time the testing is to be conducted because of their status (for example, those on annual or sick leave and those in training), and those who have been excused from work pursuant to the employer’s work policy prior to the time the testing is announced to the employees. The second pool consists of the entire full-time active employee population at a particular worksite, minus those exempt because of a collective bargaining agreement, those not scheduled to be at work at the time testing is conducted because of their status, and those who have been excused from work pursuant to the employer’s work policy. The final pool consists of all employees at a particular worksite who are in a pool of employees in a safetysensitive position and who are scheduled to be at work at the time testing is conducted, other than employees not subject to testing pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement or employees who are not scheduled to be at work at the time testing is to be conducted or who have been excused from work pursuant to the employer’s work policy prior to the time the testing is announced to the employees. Equal employment opportunity. The categories of sexual orientation and gender identity were added to other discriminatory categories listed in the State Code. Employers now may not refuse to hire, accept, register, classify, or refer for employment any applicant for employment or any employee on the basis of the person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. Nor may employers discharge any employee or otherwise discriminate in employment against any applicant for employment or any employee on the same basis. Minimum wage. Effective April 1, 2007, the State minimum wage was increased to $6.20 per hour. A further increase to $7.25 will become effective on January 1, 2008. Employers may, but are not required to, pay employees the applicable State minimum wage until the employee has completed 90 calendar days of employment with the employer. Employers, however, are required to pay those same employees an hourly wage of at least $5.30 as of April 1, 2007, and a rate of at least $6.35 as of January 1, 2008. Wages paid. If an employer fails to send an employee’s wages for direct deposit on or by the regular payday, the employer is liable for the amount of any overdraft charge if the overdraft is created on the employee’s account because of the employer’s failure to send the wages on or by the regular payday. The overdraft charges may be a basis for a monetary claim and for damages under the State Code. Kansas Equal employment opportunity. The governor signed an executive order dedicated to the principles of freedom and equality among all of the State’s citizens and declared that all State entities shall make certain that the following programs are in place: (1) a diversity management program that includes outreach recruitment and hiring, support, mentoring, development, rewards, and recognitions for achievement, as well as a means of monitoring the effectiveness of the program; (2) a strong program, including training and a prompt and confidential method for expressing complaints, prohibiting discrimination and harassment on account of race, color, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, ancestry, age, military or veteran status, or disability status, and (3) a program of awareness regarding legal protections for persons with disabilities, in order to allow qualified applicants to apply for employment and to allow employees with disabilities to perform the essential functions of jobs and enjoy the privileges and benefits of employment. Wages paid. Employers in the State are now permitted to designate the method by which employees receive wages, provided that all wages are paid by at least one of the following methods: (1) in lawful money of the United States; (2) by check or draft negotiable in the community wherein the place of employment is located; (3) by the transfer or deposit of electronic funds to an automated clearinghouse member financial institution account designated by the employee; (4) by payroll card. Employers that elect to pay wages by one of these methods shall offer an alternative form or payment method as a default option for employees who fail to designate a financial institution account for the transfer or deposit of electronic funds. In addition, employers that elect to use one of the methods listed shall allow employees at least one means of access to their funds per pay period at no cost to the employee for an amount up to and in- cluding the total amount of the employee’s net wages, as stated on the employee’s earnings statement. Finally, employers may not charge an employee initiation, loading, or other participation fees to receive wages payable in an electronic fund transfer to a payroll account, except for the cost required to replace a lost, stolen, or damaged payroll card. Kentucky Minimum wage. The State minimum wage was increased to $5.85 per hour in June and is scheduled for two subsequent increases: to $6.55 per hour on July 1, 2008, and to $7.25 per hour on July 1, 2009. If the Federal minimum wage is increased in excess of the minimum hourly rate required by State law, the State minimum wage shall be increased, on the same date, to the same amount as the required Federal hourly rate. Louisiana Whistleblower. Persons who violate State law relating to freedom from reprisal against public employees for the disclosure of improper acts shall be subject to the fines and penalties provided by State law. If, as a result of a public hearing, there is a finding of probable cause to believe that a person has violated such a criminal law of the State, the finding shall be forwarded for appropriate action to the district attorney of the parish in which the violation occurred. Each agency head shall ensure that a notice containing an explanation, in plain language, of the rights of employees under State law is posted and maintained at some convenient and conspicuous location in each building in which more than 10 public employees are employed. Maine Discharge. Public employers may deduct any service fees owed by an employee to a collective bargaining agent from the employee’s pay, without signed authorization from the employee, and remit those fees to the bargaining agent as long as the fee obligation arises from a lawfully executed and implemented collective bargaining agreement. In the event that a fee payor owes any arrears on its fee obligations, the deductions authorized by statute may include an installment on a payment plan to reimburse all arrears, but in each pay period may not exceed 10 percent of the gross pay owed. Public employees have a right to join or refrain from joining labor organizations. Thus, public employers may not require an employee to become a member of a union, an employee organization, or a bargaining agent. Nor may such employers terminate or discipline an employee for not paying union dues or fees of any type. Drug and alcohol testing. The State Employment Practices Law regarding testing for substance abuse among temporary workers was amended. The use of consent forms is prohibited. An employer may not require, request, or suggest that any employee or applicant for employment sign or agree to any form or agreement that attempts to (1) absolve the employer from any liability that may arise out of the imposition of the substance abuse test or (2) waive an employee’s or applicant’s rights, or eliminate or diminish an employer’s obligation, under the State Revised Statutes Annotated, except as provided by State statute. An employment agency, as defined by State statute, may request a written waiver for a temporary placement from an individual already in its employ or on a roster of eligibility, as long as the client company has an approved substance abuse testing policy and the individual has not been assigned work at the client company in the 30 days previous to the request. The test must otherwise comply with both State standards and the employment agency’s approved policy regarding applicant testing. The agency may not take adverse action against the individual for refusal to sign a waiver. Family issues. The State expanded the reasons for which employees may utilize family medical leave. In addition to being permitted to take family medical leave for the birth of their own or their spouse’s children, employees may now take leave for the birth of their domestic partners’ children or for the placement of children 16 years of age or younger with their domestic partners in connection with the adoption of the children by the employees or their domestic partners. A domestic partner is defined as an employee’s partner who (1) is a mentally competent adult; (2) has been legally domiciled with the employee for at least 12 months; (3) is not legally married to, or legally separated from, another individual; (4) is the sole partner of the employee and expects to remain so; and (5) is jointly responsible with the employee for each other’s common welfare, as evidenced by a joint living arrangement, joint financial arrangements, or joint ownership of real or personal property. The State Revised Statutes regarding family military leave were amended. Subject to State requirements, an employer who now employs 15 or more employees shall provide each eligible employee up to 15 days of family military leave per deployment if requested by the employee. Such family military leave authorized under the statute may be taken only within one or more of the following timeframes: (1) the 15 days immediately prior to deployment, (2) deployment if the military member is granted leave, and (3) the 15 days immediately following deployment. Family military leave granted under the statute may Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 15 State Labor Laws, 2007 consist of unpaid leave. In addition, the employee is entitled to military leave upon the death or incurrence of a serious health condition of the employee’s spouse, domestic partner, parent, or child if the spouse, domestic partner, parent, or child, as a member of the State military forces or the U.S. Armed Forces, including the National Guard and Reserves, dies or incurs the serious health condition while on active duty. Finally, the definition of an employer, as amended, now no longer includes an independent contractor. The State’s Family Medical Leave Law was amended to provide for intermittent leave, as is provided under the Federal Family and Medical Leave Act. The 10 weeks of family medical leave that qualified employees are entitled to in any 2 years no longer has to be used consecutively. Family medical leave on an intermittent or reduced schedule may be taken, subject to some limitations, such as an agreement reached by the employer and the employee and medical necessity. Minimum wage. Because of previously passed legislation, the State minimum wage was increased to $7.00 per hour on October 1. The coverage portion of the State Minimum Wage Act, as it pertains to domestic workers, was amended. Coverage now extends to an individual employed in domestic service in or about a private home and engaged directly by the resident or owner of the home or the family of the resident or homeowner. A service employee is now defined to mean any employee engaged in an occupation in which the employee customarily and regularly receives more than $30.00 a month in tips. Among such employees are waiters, waitresses, bellhops, counter personnel, and bartenders who serve customers. The tips received by a service employee become the property of the employee and may not be shared with the employer. Service employees may volunteer to pool their tips to be split evenly among themselves and other service employees or may volunteer to share a part of their tips with other employees who do not generally receive tips directly from the customers. Tips that are automatically included in the customer’s bill or that are charged to a credit card must be given to the service employee, except that if the employer must pay the credit card company a percentage on each sale, the employer may deduct from the employee’s tip a proportion of the credit card charge that is the same proportion that the tip is to the total bill. A tip that is charged to a credit card must be paid by the employer to the employee by the next regular payday and may not be held while the employer is awaiting reimbursement from a credit card company. Overtime. The State labor laws regarding automobile dealerships were amended. An auto16 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 mobile salesperson is defined as a person who is engaged primarily in selling automobiles or trucks as an employee of an establishment engaged primarily in the business of selling those vehicles to the ultimate purchaser. The term “automobile salesperson” now includes a person who is engaged primarily in assisting in the financing and providing of insurance products to the ultimate purchaser. An automobile service writer has been newly defined as a person employed for the purpose of, and engaged primarily in, receiving, analyzing, and referencing requests for service, repair, or analysis of motor vehicles as an employee of an establishment engaged primarily in the business of selling automobiles or trucks to the ultimate purchaser, except that the term “automobile service writer” does not include an employee who is paid on an hourly basis. Plant closing. Employers or persons proposing to terminate or to relocate an establishment covered by State statute outside the State shall notify employees and municipal officers of the municipality in which the plant is located, in writing, not less than 60 days prior to the termination or relocation. Persons breaching this requirement commit a civil violation for which a fine of not more than $500 may be adjudged, except that a fine is not adjudged if the relocation is necessitated by a physical calamity or if the failure to give notice is due to unforeseen circumstances. Persons violating sections of the State statutes regarding plant closings, with the exception of the circumstances just discussed, commit a civil violation for which a fine of not more than $1,000 per violation may be adjudged. Each employee affected constitutes a separate violation. Maryland Human trafficking. The State statutes dealing with human trafficking and servitude were amended to include extortion. A person may not obtain, attempt to obtain, or conspire to obtain money, property, labor, services, or anything of value from another person with the person’s consent if the consent is induced by the wrongful use of actual or threatened (1) force or violence; (2) economic injury; or (3) destruction, concealment, removal, confiscation, or possession of any immigration or government identification document with intent to harm the immigration status of either the person in question or another person. If the value of the property, labor, or services is $500 or more, then the person who violates this section of the statutes is guilty of the felony of extortion and, upon conviction, is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or a fine of $5,000, or both. If the value of the property, labor, or services is less than $500, then the person who violates this section of the statutes is guilty of the misdemeanor of extortion and, upon conviction, is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 18 months, or a fine not exceeding $500, or both. A person seeking to extort money, property, labor, services, or anything of value from someone may not falsely accuse, or threaten to falsely accuse, that person or another person of a crime or of anything that, if the accusation were true, would tend to bring either of the latter individuals in contempt or disrepute. A person who violates this section of the statutes is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or a fine not exceeding $10,000, or both. Parents, guardians, or persons who have permanent or temporary care, custody, or responsibility for the supervision of another may not consent to the taking or detention of the other for prostitution. Persons found guilty of such actions are guilty of human trafficking and, upon conviction, are subject to imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or a fine of $5,000, or both. If the victim of the trafficking is a minor, the person who is convicted is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 25 years, or a fine of $15,000, or both. Living wage. The State enacted a new law requiring that a living wage be applied to all employees working on State procurement contracts. The law requires contractors or subcontractors that employ more than 10 employees and that have a contract for $100,000 or more to comply with the requirements of the State Living Wage Law. The law does not apply to employers who employ 10 or fewer employees and who have a State contract for services valued at less than $500,000. The law does apply to employees of covered employers for the duration of the contract if at least onehalf of the employees’ time during any workweek relates to a State contract for services or a subcontract for services under a State contract. The employees must be paid at least $11.30 per hour if the State contract services are valued at 50 percent or more of the total value of the contract and are performed in Montgomery, Prince Georges, Anne Arundel, Howard, or Baltimore counties or in Baltimore city. If the employees are performing the work in the State, but outside of these locales, the employees must be paid at least $8.50 per hour. The commissioner of the State Department of Labor is required to assess the appropriateness of the measures used to adjust the wage rates every 3 years. Offsite work. The State Department of Transportation has implemented the Telework Partnership with Employers Initiative by collaborating with several State agencies to allow employees to work outside the traditional environment, either at home or in a satellite office. Telework affords employees flexible work arrangements and reduced commuting costs, with an eye toward providing for a better work-family balance, reduced stress, improved job satisfaction, and reduced travel time and expense. On or before December 31, 2007, the State Department of Transportation shall evaluate the State Department’s Telework Partnership with Employers Initiative and issue a report of its findings and recommendations regarding the initiative to the governor. Massachusetts Child labor. A person shall not employ a child or permit a child to work in, about, or in connection with any establishment or occupation before 6:00 a.m. or after 10:00 p.m., except as an operator in a regular-service telephone exchange or a telegraph office until, but not after, 11:00 p.m. A child 16 years of age or older may be employed until, but not after, 11:30 p.m. on any night other than a night preceding a regularly scheduled schoolday. In addition, a child 16 years of age or older may be employed in a restaurant or racetrack until, but not after, 12 midnight on any night other than a night preceding a regularly scheduled schoolday. An establishment that stops serving clients or customers at 10:00 p.m. may employ a child until, but not after, 10:15 p.m. A child employed after 8:00 p.m. must be under the direct and immediate supervision of an adult acting in a supervisory capacity who is situated in the workplace and is reasonably accessible to the child. This stipulation does not apply to a child employed at a kiosk, cart, or stand located within the common areas of an enclosed shopping mall that employs security personnel every night from 8:00 p.m. until the mall is closed to the public. Whoever employs or permits any minor to work contrary to the preceding legislative requirements shall be punished by a fine of not less than $500 or more than $5,000, or by imprisonment of not more than 1 month, or both. As an alternative to initiating criminal proceedings to enforce any violation of the statute, the State attorney general may issue a written warning or citation and may impose a separate civil money penalty of not more than $250 for the first violation, not more than $500 for the second violation, and not more than $2,500 for the third and each subsequent violation. If said person employing such a minor has been notified in writing by any authorized inspector or supervisor, the violations shall be considered to constitute a separate offense for every day during which the employment continues. If a minor 16 years of age or older fails to meet the requirements for completion of the sixth grade, a person shall not employ that minor while a public evening school is maintained in the town where the minor resides or is employed if said minor is authorized to attend a public evening school. If the minor regularly attends the evening school or a day school, then each week the minor must present his or her employer with a school record demonstrating proper attendance. When the record shows unexcused absences, the minor’s attendance shall be deemed irregular and insufficient. Appropriate teachers or authorized persons who issue permits may excuse justifiable absence or waive the school attendance requirements if the physical or mental condition of the minor is such as to render his or her attendance at school harmful or impracticable. Independent contractor. By Executive order of the State Governor, it shall be the policy of all agencies in the Executive Branch of the State government to prohibit the use of undocumented workers in connection with the performance of State contracts. As a condition of receiving Commonwealth funds, all contracts entered into by the executive branch shall require the associated contractors to certify that they shall not knowingly use undocumented workers in connection with the performance of the contract and that they shall verify the immigration status of all workers assigned to the contract without engaging in unlawful discrimination. The employer further shall not recklessly alter, falsify, or accept altered or falsified documents from any such worker. All contracts shall specify that a breach of any of the terms of this Executive order during the period of the contract may be regarded as a material breach subjecting the contractor to sanctions including, but not limited to, monetary penalties, withholding of payments, or suspension or termination of the contract. Michigan Minimum wage. The State minimum wage was increased to $7.15 per hour on July 1, 2007. Minnesota Overtime. The commissioner of the State Department of Labor and Industry may issue an order requiring an employer to comply with the State statute prohibiting the employer from taking action against a nurse solely on the grounds that the nurse fails to accept an assignment of additional consecutive work hours in excess of a normal work period at the facility at which the nurse is employed. The nurse may decline to perform the additional work because doing so may, in the nurse’s judgment, jeopardize patient safety. Notwithstanding the prohibition, the nurse may be scheduled for duty or required to continue on duty for more than one normal work period in an emergency. The prohibition does not apply to a nursing facility, an intermediate-care facility, any persons with developmental disabilities, a licensed boarding-care facility, or a “Housing with Services Establishment.”2 Other laws. Upon the hiring of a job applicant, an employer is required to provide the applicant with written notice of the rights and remedies afforded employees by State law. Missouri Discharge. Any employer in the State that is found, in any State court or in any U.S. district court located in the State, to have terminated, demoted, or taken an adverse employment action toward a veteran of the war on terror during his or her deployment shall be subject to an administrative penalty in the amount of $35,000 when certain conditions are met. The director of the State Division of Employment Security shall take judicial notice of judgments in suits brought under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act. Time off. No public or private employer shall terminate an employee for joining, as a volunteer firefighter, any fire department or fire protection district, including, but not limited to, any municipal, volunteer, rural, or subscription fire department or organization, volunteer fire protection association, State Disaster Medical Assistance Team, State Task Force One, or Urban Search and Rescue Team. No public or private employer shall terminate an employee who is a volunteer firefighter or a member of any of the aforementioned agencies and who is absent from, or late to, his or her employment in order to respond to an emergency that arises before the time the employee is to report to his or her place of employment. An employer may charge, against an employee’s regular pay, any time that the employee loses from employment because of the employee’s response to an emergency in the course of performing his or her duties as a volunteer firefighter or member of any of the aforementioned agencies. The employer may request the employee to provide a written statement from the supervisor or acting supervisor of the volunteer fire department, or any of the other aforementioned agencies, stating that the employee responded to an emergency and citing the time and date of the emergency. Montana Minimum wage. State law now requires that the State minimum wage of $6.15 per hour exclude both the value of tips received by the employee and the special provisions for a training wage. In addition, the minimum wage is now subject to the following annual costof-living adjustment: no later than September 30 of each year, an adjustment of the wage amount specified in the first sentence of this Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 17 State Labor Laws, 2007 section shall be based upon the increase, if any, from August of the preceding year to August of the year in which the calculation is made, in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, U.S. city average, for all items, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. The wage amount established by means of this formula, rounded to the nearest 5 cents, becomes effective on January 1 of the following year. Offsite work. A joint resolution of the State Senate and House of Representatives urged the executive and judicial branches of the State to implement telecommuting policies within those branches’ agencies, identifying functions that may be performed by employees who work offsite, adopting policies and procedures, and implementing strategies for the policy initiatives. Offsite work is seen as a means of reducing energy usage, the Nation’s dependency on foreign oil, and funding for terrorists and as a means of improving highway safety by reducing traffic. Further, telecommuting has been shown to increase worker productivity, improve retention of employees, and bring efficiency to the use of employer assets. Another benefit of such a policy is a reduction in the number of children without parents at home. Time off. An employee who terminates employment for a reason not reflecting discredit upon him- or herself is entitled, upon the date of termination, to cash compensation for unused vacation leave, assuming that the employee has worked the qualifying period. Vacation leave contributed to the sick leave fund is nonrefundable and is not eligible for cash compensation upon termination. An employee may contribute accumulated vacation leave to a nonrefundable sick leave fund. In consultation with the State employee group benefits council, the State Department of Administration shall adopt rules for implementing such a policy. Nebraska Time off. The State legislature enacted the Family Military Leave Act, under whose authority and requirements any employer that employs between 15 and 50 employees shall provide up to 15 days of unpaid family military leave to an employee during the time Federal or State deployment orders pertaining to that employee are in effect. If the employer employs more than 50 employees, then the employer shall provide up to 30 days of unpaid family military leave. The employee shall give at least 14 days’ notice of the intended date upon which the family military leave will commence if the leave will consist of 5 or more consecutive workdays. Employees taking family military leave for fewer than 5 consecutive 18 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 days shall give the employer as much advance notice thereof as is practicable. The employer may require certification from the proper military authority to verify the employee’s eligibility. Any employee who exercises the right to family military leave shall, upon expiration of the leave, be entitled to be restored to the position held by the employee when the leave began or to a position with equivalent seniority status, benefits, pay, and other terms and conditions of employment. This stipulation does not apply to an employee who has not been so restored if the employer proves that the employee was not restored because of conditions unrelated to the employee’s exercise of his or her rights under the Act. Wages paid. The section of the State Wage Payment and Collection Act concerned with commissions was amended. Paid leave, other than earned but unused vacation leave, provided as a fringe benefit by the employer shall not be included in the wages due and payable at the time of separation, unless the employer and the employee (or the employer and the collective bargaining representative) have specifically agreed otherwise. In addition, wages include commissions on all orders delivered and on all orders on file with the employer at the time of separation, less the dollar amount for any returned or canceled orders. Whenever an employer separates an employee from the payroll, the unpaid wages constituting commissions shall become due on the next regular payday following the employer’s receipt of payment for the goods or services from the customer from which the commission was generated. The employer shall provide the employee a periodic accounting of outstanding commissions until all commissions have been paid or the orders have been returned or canceled by the customer. If an employee establishes a claim for unpaid wages and secures judgment on such claim, an amount equal to the judgment may be recovered from the employer. If the nonpayment of wages is found to be willful, an amount equal to 2 times the amount of unpaid wages shall be recovered from the employer and shall be remitted to the State treasurer for distribution. Worker privacy. The State Revised Statutes Cumulative Supplement concerning information that may be withheld from release to the public by the lawful custodian of the records, unless publicly disclosed in an open court, open administrative proceeding, or open meeting, or disclosed by a public entity pursuant to its duties, was amended in order to include an additional category of materials that may be withheld from release. Job application materials submitted by applicants, other than finalists who have applied for employment by any public body, may be withheld from release. Job application materials are defined as applications, resumes, reference letters, and school transcripts. A finalist (1) is any applicant who reaches the final pool of applicants, numbering four or more, from which the successful applicant is to be selected, (2) is an original applicant when the final pool of applicants numbers fewer than four, or (3) is an original applicant among four or fewer original applicants. Legislation was enacted that established the State Credit Report Protection Act. The Act excludes the release of data to certain Federal, State, and local government entities and stipulates that employers shall not publicly post or publicly display, in any manner, more than the last four digits of an employee’s Social Security number. Specifically proscribed by the Act is intentionally communicating more than the last four digits of the Social Security number or otherwise making available more than the last four digits to the general public or to an employee’s coworkers. Nor may employers require an employee to (1) transmit more than the last four digits over the Internet, unless the connection is secure or the information is encrypted; (2) use more than the last four digits to access an Internet Web site, unless a password, unique personal identification number, or other identification device is also required for access; or (3) use the last four digits as an employee number for any type of employment-related activity. Nevada Hours worked. The State has revised the definition of “intrastate driver.” Under the State Revised Statutes, the term now excludes drivers who work for a public utility. In addition, the exemption for commercial intrastate drivers from the hours-of-service limitations in certain emergencies was repealed. Minimum wage. As a result of a ballot measure vote, the State minimum wage was increased on November 28, 2006, to $6.15 per hour if the employer does not provide health benefits or $5.15 per hour if the employer provides health benefits at a total cost for premiums to the employee of not more than 10 percent of the employee’s gross taxable income from the employer. A 2007 amendment to State law now requires that these wage rates be adjusted by the amount of increases in the Federal minimum wage that exceed $5.15 per hour or, if greater than $5.15 per hour, by the cumulative increase in the cost of living. The increase in the cost of living shall be measured by the percent increase as of December 31 in any year, over the level as of December 31, 2004, of the Consumer Price Index, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or of the successor index of that same Federal agency. No Consumer Price Index adjustment for any 1-year period may be greater than 3 percent. Tips or gratuities received by employees shall not be credited as being any part of, or offset against, the wage rates required by the State law. Because of previously passed legislation calling for increases in the cost of living, the minimum wage in the State was increased to $6.33 per hour for employees without a qualified health plan as defined by the State. For those employees whose employer has offered them a qualified health plan, the basic hourly rate is set at $5.30 per hour. With regard to State statutes and State constitutional provisions governing the minimum wage paid to an employee, two types of relationships do not constitute employment relationships and are therefore not subject to those minimum-wage provisions. The first type is a relationship between a rehabilitation facility or workshop established by the State Department of Employment, Training, and Rehabilitation under the statutes and a handicapped individual participating in a training or rehabilitative program of such a facility or workshop. The second type is the relationship between a community-based training center that has been issued a certificate of qualification by the State Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Mental Health and Developmental Services, and an enrollee participating in a training or rehabilitative program of such a center. Time off. The issue of employees having to use leave to serve time on jury duty was amended in the State Revised Statutes. If a person is summoned to appear for jury duty, the employer and any employee, agent, or officer of the employer shall not, as a consequence of the person’s service as a juror or prospective juror, require the employee to use sick leave or vacation time. Nor shall the employer require the employee to work (1) within 8 hours before the time at which the employee is to appear for jury duty or (2) between 5 p.m. on the day of the employee’s appearance for jury duty and 3 a.m. the following day if the employee’s service has lasted for 4 or more hours (including the time taken to go to and return from the place where court is held) on the day of his or her appearance for jury duty. Persons who violate these revised statutes are guilty of a misdemeanor. Worker privacy. The exceptions that authorize the release of the home address of a peace officer by a law enforcement agency in certain circumstances were amended. The home address of a peace officer may be released if the officer has been arrested and the home address is included in any of the following: (1) a report of a 911 call; (2) a police report, an investigative report, or a complaint that a person has filed with a law enforcement agency; (3) a statement made by a witness; (4) a report prepared pursuant to specific State Revised Statutes by an agency that provides child welfare services when such report details a plan for the placement of a child. The destination for the release of information about past and present employees by both public and private employers is no longer restricted to a law enforcement agency. The information may now be released to a public safety agency if the past or present employee is an applicant for the position of either firefighter or peace officer. New Hampshire Child labor. No youth 16 or 17 years of age, except such a youth who has graduated from high school or obtained a general equivalency diploma, shall be employed by an employer, unless the employer obtains and maintains on file a signed, written document from the youth’s parent or legal guardian permitting the youth’s employment. Employers who violate this requirement may be fined an amount not to exceed $2,500 for each violation. Minimum wage. The State minimum wage was increased to $6.50 per hour on September 1, 2007. The rate is scheduled for a subsequent increase, to $7.25 per hour, on September 1, 2008. If, at any time, the Federal minimumwage rate is higher than the State minimumwage rate, then the employer shall pay the greater rate. Employees of a restaurant, hotel, motel, inn, or cabin who customarily and regularly receive tips must now earn at least $30 per month to be considered a tipped employee. Employers of tipped employees must pay the employees at least 45 percent of the applicable minimum wage. Overtime. Legislation was enacted regulating mandatory overtime for nurses and assistants and providing penalties for violations thereof. With certain exceptions, a registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, or licensed nursing assistant licensed under State statutes shall not be disciplined or lose any right, benefit, or privilege for refusing to work more than 12 consecutive hours. The exceptions are (1) nurses participating in surgery, until the surgery is completed; (2) nurses working in critical care units, until another employee beginning a scheduled work shift relieves the nurse; (3) nurses working in home health care settings, until another qualified nurse or customary caregiver relieves the nurse; (4) nurses working to meet a public health emergency; and (5) nurses covered by collective bargaining agreements containing provisions addressing the issue of mandatory overtime. A nurse may be disciplined for refusing to work mandatory overtime in any of the preceding five situations. Any nurse who is mandated to work more than 12 consecutive hours, as permitted by the statute, shall be allowed at least 8 consecutive hours of off-duty time immediately following the overtime hours worked. Employers who willfully violate State statutes regarding this issue shall be subject to civil penalties. Wages paid. The list of reasons for which employers are authorized to withhold wages was expanded. Employers are required or authorized, by State or Federal law, to withhold wages for the purpose of paying payroll taxes; paying union dues; making health welfare, pension, and apprenticeship contributions; making voluntary contributions to charities; paying for housing and utilities; paying into savings funds held by someone other than the employer; paying voluntary rental fees for nonrequired clothing; paying for voluntary cleaning of uniforms and nonrequired clothing; paying for the employee’s use of a vehicle under State statutes; paying for medical, surgical, hospital, or other group insurance benefits without financial advantage to the employer when the employee has given his or her written authorization and deductions are duly recorded; and paying for required clothing not covered by the definition of a uniform. Employers in the State are now permitted to pay employees by payroll card. In doing so, the employer shall provide the employee at least one free means of withdrawing up to, and including, the full amount of the balance in the employee’s payroll card or payroll card account during each pay period at a financial institution or other location convenient to the place of employment. None of the employer’s costs associated with a payroll card or payroll card account shall be passed on to the employee. Employers may initiate payment of wages to an employee by electronic fund transfer to a payroll card account only after the employee has voluntarily consented in writing to that method of payment. Consent to payment of wages by electronic fund transfer to a payroll card account shall not be a condition of either hiring or continued employment. The written consent signed by the employee shall include the terms and conditions of the payroll card option. Employers also must offer the employee the option to discontinue receipt of wages by a payroll card or payroll card account at any time, without penalty to the employee. Worker privacy. The commissioner of the State Department of Employment Security may enter into a reciprocal electronic dataexchange agreement with the Social Security Administration. The exchange of such information is permitted so long as the information is limited to detecting and preventing fraud, waste, and abuse in Social Security Administration programs and in the entitlement, eligibility, and benefit payment amounts of individuals under specific titles of the Social Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 19 State Labor Laws, 2007 Security Act. Authorized Federal employees shall be granted access by State statute on a case-by-case basis. The information shall be provided only upon a finding by the commissioner that sufficient guarantees of continued confidentiality are in place. New Jersey Employment agencies. Legislation was enacted that regulates the use of certain transportation services utilized in connection with the placement of individuals in employment by temporary-service firms. The legislation requires employees to obtain transportation services to get to or from the site of work. When the firm provides transportation services with any vehicle owned, leased, or otherwise under its control, the firm is responsible for compliance with the relevant laws regarding the vehicle and its use and with recordkeeping as required by the attorney general. If the firm does not provide transportation services, but refers, directs, or requires the individuals to use any other provider of transportation services, or offers no practical alternative to the use of the services of the provider, the firm is required to obtain and keep on file documentation that each provider is in compliance with the relevant laws. Such firms may not require the individuals to use transportation provided by the firm or another provider of transportation services if those individuals have other transportation available. Firms failing to comply with this legislation on more than one occasion may have their registration as a temporary-help service firm suspended or revoked by the State attorney general. This regulatory requirement does not apply (1) if the firm requires the employees to use their own vehicles or other transportation of their choice to and from work or (2) if public transportation is available at the times needed and the firm permits the employees to use the public transportation. Prevailing wage. The prohibition against any contractor or subcontractor who has been debarred from public work due to violations of the prevailing-wage law by having used a firm, corporation, or partnership in which the contractor had an interest has been strengthened by legislation. The legislation provides that when certain conditions are met, a rebuttable presumption may arise asserting that a contractor or subcontractor who is debarred from prevailing-wage work has an interest in another firm, corporation, or partnership. The presumption shifts the burden of proof from the State Department of Labor and Workforce Development to the individual contractor to prove otherwise under certain circumstances. The department is permitted to immediately suspend a contractor’s registration prior to a formal hearing on the matter if the director of 20 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 the State Division of Wage and Hour Compliance determines that an immediate suspension is in the public interest. The contractor must be afforded an opportunity to contest the immediate suspension. The State requirements for prevailing wages to be paid for construction work on State-owned properties were amended. Every contract in excess of the prevailing-wage contract threshold amount for any public work to which any public body is a party, or for public work to be done on property or premises owned by, leased to, or leased by a public body, shall contain a provision stating the prevailing-wage rate that can be paid to the workers employed in performance of the contract. Such a contract shall also contain a provision whereby, if it is found that any worker employed by the contractor or any subcontractor covered by such contract, then the public body, the lessee to whom the public body is leasing a property or premises, or the lessor from whom the public body is leasing or will be leasing a property or premises may terminate the contractor’s or subcontractor’s right to proceed with the work. The contractor and his or her sureties shall be liable for any excess costs occasioned thereby to the public body, to any lessee to whom the public body is leasing a property or premises, or to any lessor from whom the public body is leasing or will be leasing a property or premises. Employers in the construction industry who improperly classify employees as independent contractors not only deprive these workers of Social Security and other benefits while reducing the employers’ State and Federal tax withholdings and related obligations, but also make other businesses bear higher costs for complying with employment law at a competitive disadvantage. Accordingly, an employer, or any officer, agent, superintendent, foreman, or employee of the employer, who fails to properly classify an individual as an employee for purposes of the State Prevailing Wage Act and other State statutes, and who fails to pay wages, benefits, taxes, or other contributions required by those acts, shall be guilty of a disorderly person’s offense and shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than $100 or more than $1,000, or be imprisoned for not less than 10 or more than 90 days, or both. Each week during any day of which an employee is misclassified, and each employee so misclassified, shall constitute a separate offense. Any knowing violation is a crime of the second degree if the contract is for $75,000 or more, a crime of the third degree if the contract is between $2,500 and $75,000, and a crime of the fourth degree if the contract is for $2,500 or less. Any violation, even if not done knowingly or willfully, renders the violator guilty of a disorderly person’s offense and may, in addition, subject the violator to administrative penalties for up to $2,500 for a first violation and up to $5,000 for each subsequent violation. Wages paid. State legislation was enacted that made it an unlawful practice for a temporaryhelp service firm to willfully withhold or divert wages for any purpose not expressly permitted by statute. In addition to imposing a fine or a penalty, the attorney general may refuse to issue or renew, and may suspend or revoke, a firm’s registration to operate as a temporaryhelp service firm. No refusal, suspension, or revocation shall be made, except upon reasonable notice to, and the opportunity to be heard by, the applicant or registrant. Workplace security. The State Department of Law and Public Safety shall perform criminal history record background checks on any applicants employed by, or applicants to be employed by, independent contractors in a critical position at a designated facility. The State attorney general, in consultation with the State director of the Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness, the State commissioner of environmental protection, and industry representatives, shall determine the titles and qualifications for all positions that shall be designated as critical positions. The department shall perform a thorough identity verification check on these applicants, to include, at a minimum, a credit investigation, an examination of the applicant’s Social Security number to detect informational inconsistencies, and a cross-referencing of all applicants against appropriate law enforcement advisories and terror watch lists. The information obtained cannot be released to any noncriminal justice agency, unless authorized by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Criminal history background checks and all identity verification checks shall be repeated for previously qualified employees at least once every 5 years, for as long as they are employed by an independent contractor in a critical position. New Mexico Child labor. A child under the age of 16 may be employed without obtaining a work permit and without any restrictions on the age of the child or time of employment if the child is employed by a parent in an occupation other than manufacturing, mining, or any other occupation found to be particularly hazardous or detrimental to the health of the child; or is employed as an actor or performer in motion picture, theatrical, radio, or television productions; or is employed to sell or deliver newspapers, with the parent’s consent, during the school term or during vacation. The child must be attending school as required and may not engage in such employment except at times when he or she is not required at school. The employer of a child employed in one of the aforementioned activities is not required to obtain and preserve a work permit in accordance with other sections of the Child Labor Act. A performer under 18 years of age who is participating in the performing arts, including motion picture, theatrical, radio, or television products, is considered a child subject to the State Child Labor Act, unless the performer (1) has satisfied the compulsory education laws of the State, (2) is married, (3) is a member of the U.S. Armed Forces, or (4) is legally emancipated. Such child may not begin work earlier than 5:00 a.m., and the workday must end no later than 10:00 p.m. on evenings preceding school days and 12:00 a.m. on mornings of nonschool days. A child performer’s working hours are restricted as follows: under 6 years of age, the child shall work for no more than 6 hours in 1 day; over 6 years of age and under 9 years of age, the child shall work for no more than 8 hours in 1 day; (c) over 9 years of age and under 16 years of age, the child shall not work for no more than 9 hours in 1 day; and (d) between 16 years of age and under 18 years of age, the child shall work for no more than 10 hours in 1 day. No child under 14 years of age shall be employed or permitted to labor at any gainful occupation unless otherwise provided for in the Child Labor Act. No child over 14 years of age and under 16 years of age shall be employed or permitted to labor at any gainful occupation without procuring and filing a work permit, unless otherwise provided for in the Child Labor Act. Employers who employ a child in violation of the State Child Labor Act are guilty of a petty misdemeanor for a first violation and a misdemeanor for second or subsequent convictions. Drug and alcohol testing. A new section was added to the State Motor Carrier Safety Act. A motor carrier (a vehicle that carries freight or passengers) is now required to have an inhouse drug and alcohol testing program or be a member of a consortium which provides testing that meets Federal requirements. At the time of registration or renewal of registration of a commercial motor vehicle, a motor carrier shall certify to the State Department of Motor Vehicles and to the Motor Vehicle Division of the State Taxation and Revenue Department that the motor carrier is in compliance with the testing protocol. If the motor carrier is a member of a consortium, the carrier shall provide the names of the persons who operate the consortium. When a medical review officer of either the motor carrier’s or the consortium’s testing program determines that a positive test result is valid, the officer shall report the findings to the Motor Vehicle Division of the State Taxation and Revenue Department. The division shall then enter the positive test results into the commercial driver’s license information system pursuant to the State Commercial Driver’s License Act. Minimum wage. Legislation was enacted that increased the State minimum wage in two stages. The first increase, effective January 1, 2008, raises the minimum wage to $6.50 per hour. The second increase, effective on January 1, 2009, raises the minimum wage to $7.50 per hour. Tipped employees must still receive at least $2.13 per hour in cash wages. Employers may consider tips as part of wages, but the total of the tips and the employer’s cash wage shall not equal less than the minimum-wage rates just mentioned. Agricultural employers who furnish food, utilities, supplies, or housing to an employee engaged in agriculture may deduct the reasonable value of such furnished items from any wages due the employee. For a period of 2 years, cities, counties, home-rule municipalities, and other political subdivisions of the State shall neither adopt nor continue in effect any law or ordinance that would mandate a minimum wage higher than the wage set forth in the State Minimum Wage Act. This prohibition expires on January 1, 2010. A local law or ordinance, whether advisory or self-executing, that is in effect on January 1, 2007, and that provides for a higher minimum-wage rate than the rate set forth in the State Minimum Wage Act shall continue in full force until repealed. Time off. Nursing mothers have a right to use a breast pump in the workplace and to have a flexible break time in which to use it. Certain stipulations are contingent upon this right of the nursing mother who is an employee, and the employer shall provide a clean, private space near the employee’s workspace, and not a bathroom, for using the breast pump. The employer is not liable for storage or refrigeration of breast milk, payment for a nursing mother’s break time in addition to established employee breaks, or payment of overtime while a nursing mother is using a breast pump. New York Child labor. The legislature enacted legislation to amend the State Labor Law, the State Arts and Cultural Affairs Law, and the State General Business Law in relation to certain dancers. It is now unlawful for any person to employ, use, or exhibit any person under 18 years of age as a dancer or performer in any portion of a facility open to the public wherein performers appear and dance or otherwise perform unclothed. Any operator of such a facility who knowingly violates the provisions of the State statutes shall be subject to a civil penalty of up to $500. Human trafficking. The definition of human trafficking includes the victims of sex trafficking and labor trafficking as defined by State statutes. A person is guilty of labor trafficking if he or she compels or induces another person to engage in labor or recruits, entices, or harbors another person by, among other activities, (1) requiring that the labor be performed to retire, repay, or service a real or purported debt that the actor has caused by a systematic ongoing course of conduct to defraud such person; (2) withholding, destroying, or confiscating any actual or purported passport, immigration document, or other actual or purported government identification document of another person with intent to impair said person’s freedom of movement; or (3) using force or engaging in any scheme, plan, or pattern to compel or induce such person to engage, or continue to engage, in labor activity by means of instilling fear in such person that if the demand is not complied with, the actor or another person will perform one or more of certain types of actions, including, but not limited to, (a) causing physical injury, serious physical injury, or death to a person; (b) causing damage to property, other than the property of the actor; (c) engaging in other conduct constituting a felony or unlawful imprisonment in the second degree; and (d) causing criminal charges or deportation proceedings to be instituted against a person. Labor trafficking is a Class D felony, while sex trafficking is a Class B felony. The State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance may coordinate with and assist law enforcement agencies and district attorney’s offices to access appropriate services for victims of human trafficking. Prevailing wage. The State Prevailing Wage Law was amended to require contractors and subcontractors to provide written notice to all laborers, workers, or mechanics of the prevailing wage for their particular job classification on each pay stub and, on a biannual basis, to provide the telephone number and address of the State Department of Labor. The biannual notice must also contain a statement asserting that it is the laborer’s, worker’s, or mechanic’s right to contact the department or some other representative if the laborer, worker, or mechanic is not receiving the proper prevailing rate of wages or supplements for his or her particular job classification. Failure to comply shall result in the assessment of a civil money penalty of $50 for the first violation, $250 for a second violation, and $500 for each subsequent violation. Time off. The definition of an employer under State labor law, wherein an employer is defined as a person or entity that employs 20 or more employees at at least one site, was amended to now include the State itself, in addition to counties, towns, cities, school districts, public authorities, or other governmental subdivisions of any kind, as an employer. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 21 State Labor Laws, 2007 An employer must grant 3 hours of leave of absence in any 12-month period to an employee who seeks to donate blood. The leave of absence may not exceed 3 hours, unless otherwise agreed to by the employer, and must comply with appropriate requirements of notice. An employer may not retaliate against an employee for requesting or obtaining a leave of absence. The employer is not prevented from providing leave for blood donation in addition to any leave allowed under this law, which does not affect an employee’s rights to any other employee benefit. Wages paid. State law relating to the payment of wages and penalties for violations was amended. The phrase “clerical and other workers” includes all employees, except commission salespersons and any person employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity whose earnings exceed $900 per week. The agreed-upon terms of employment of a salesperson shall be reduced to writing, signed by employer and employee, kept on file by the employer for not less than 3 years, and made available to the commissioner of labor upon request. The failure by an employer to produce such written terms of employment upon request by the commissioner shall give rise to a presumption that the terms of employment presented by the commissioned salesperson are the agreed-upon terms of employment. If an employer has violated a provision of the State statutes regarding the day of rest or of meal periods, the commissioner may issue an order directing the payment of a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $1,000 for a first violation, $2,000 for a second violation, and $3,000 for a third or subsequent violation. Worker privacy. An employer shall provide reasonable unpaid break time or permit an employee to use paid break time or meal time each day to allow the employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for up to 3 years following the child’s birth. The employer shall make reasonable efforts to provide a room or other location, in close proximity to the work area, where the employee can express milk in privacy. No employer shall discriminate in any way against an employee who chooses to express breast milk in the workplace. North Carolina Agriculture. The State commissioner of labor has the power and duty (1) to delegate, to the State director of the Agriculture Safety and Health Bureau, the power and duties necessary to ensure safe and healthy migrant housing conditions; (2) to supervise the director; (3) to issue preoccupancy certificates to certify that housing for migrant workers has been found to be in compliance with the law; 22 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 and (4) to conduct postoccupancy inspections of migrant housing in accordance with the provisions of the State General Statutes. If an operator receives a preoccupancy inspection rating from the State Department of Labor of 100-percent compliance for a particular migrant housing unit for 2 consecutive years, then, in the third year, the operator shall have the right to conduct the preoccupancy inspection for that particular migrant housing unit for him- or herself. Such operators must register the migrant housing with the State Department of Labor 45 days prior to occupancy and must notify, in writing, the appropriate local health department, which shall then inspect the housing for compliance with specific State General Statutes. Such operators also shall request a preoccupancy inspection in the year following a year in which the operator conducted a self-inspection. Drug and alcohol testing. Upon receipt of a notice of a positive drug or alcohol test, or of a refusal to participate in a drug or alcohol test, the State Division of Motor Vehicles, pursuant to State General Statute 20–37.19, must disqualify a commercial driver’s license holder from operating a commercial motor vehicle until receipt of proof of successful completion of assessment and treatment by a substance abuse professional in accordance with 49 Code of Federal Regulations Section 382.503. Employers of employees or applicants for employment who test positive, or employers of any employee who refuses to participate, in a drug or alcohol test required under 49 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 382 and 655 must notify the division, in writing, within 5 business days following the employer’s receipt of confirmation of a positive drug or alcohol test or of an employee’s refusal to participate in the test. The notification must include the driver’s name, address, driver’s license number, and Social Security number, as well as the results of the drug or alcohol test or documentation from the employer of the refusal by the employee to take the test. Inmate labor. The State General Statutes were amended to permit the State Department of Correction to establish work assignments for inmates or allow inmates to volunteer in service projects that benefit units of State or local government (or tax-exempt) entities that serve the citizens of the State. Such work assignments may include the use of inmate labor and the use of department resources in the production of finished goods. Any products so produced may be donated to the government unit or tax-exempt organization at no cost. An additional amendment to the statutes struck the exclusion of female convicts from working on public roads or streets and the restriction of male prisoners from working in any buildings utilized by any State department, agency, or institution where women are housed or employed. Proper supervision by a duly designated custodial agent assigned by the State secretary of corrections allows for more flexibility in the kinds of inmate placements. Worker privacy. Information contained in personnel files and that is relevant to possible criminal misconduct may be made available to law enforcement and the district attorney in order to assist in the investigation of (1) a report made to law enforcement pursuant to State statutes or (2) any report to law enforcement regarding an incident of arson, attempted arson, destruction of, theft from, theft of, embezzlement from, or embezzlement of any personal or real property owned by the local board of education. Employees shall be given 5 working days’ prior written notice of any disclosure under State statute, to permit the employees to apply to the district attorney for an in-camera review prior to the date of disclosure to determine whether the information is relevant to the possible criminal misconduct. Failure of the employee to apply for a review shall constitute a waiver by the employee of any relief under the State statute. Notwithstanding any other law relating to the privacy of personnel records, the Retirement Systems Division of the Department of State Treasurer shall furnish the State Fiscal Records Division direct online read-only access to information on active and retired members or to records maintained by the division in online information systems. Direct online read-only access shall not include access to medical records of individual members. Local boards of education shall maintain records of each of their employees, showing the following: name; age; date of original employment or appointment; terms of the contract by which the employee is employed, whether written or oral, past and current, to the extent that the board has the written contract or a record of the oral contract in its possession; current position; title; current salary; date and amount of most recent increase or decrease in salary; date of most recent promotion, demotion, transfer, suspension, separation, or other change in position classification; and office or station to which the employee is currently assigned. These records are subject only to rules and regulations for their safekeeping adopted by the local board of education, and every person having custody of the records shall permit them to be inspected and examined by any person during regular business hours. Persons denied access to any record for the purpose of inspecting, examining, or copying the record shall have the right to compel compliance by application to a court of competent jurisdiction for a writ of mandamus or other appropriate relief. Workplace security. The State chief informa- tion officer may require background investigations of any employee or prospective employee, including a criminal history record check, which may include a search, based on a person’s fingerprints, of the State and National Repositories of Criminal Histories. The background report is not a public record under the State General Statutes. The State Department of Justice may provide, to the State Office of Information Technology Services, the criminal history, from the State and National Repositories of Criminal Histories, of any current or prospective employee, volunteer, or contractor consenting to the criminal record check and the use of fingerprints and other identifying information required by the State and National Repositories, as well as any additional information required by the State Department of Justice. The State Office of Information Technology shall keep all such information that it receives confidential. North Dakota Equal employment opportunity. The definition of the term “discriminatory practice” in the State Century Code was amended. A discriminatory practice is now defined as an act or attempted act that, because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, physical or mental disability, status with regard to marriage or public assistance, or participation in lawful activity off the employer’s premises during nonworking hours that is not in direct conflict with the essential business-related interests of the employer, results in the unequal treatment, separation, or segregation of any persons or denies, prevents, limits, or otherwise adversely affects, or, if accomplished, would deny, prevent, limit, or otherwise adversely affect, the benefit of enjoyment by any person of employment, labor union membership, public accommodations, public services, or credit transactions. The State Century Code pertaining to the duties and powers of the State Department of Labor, as related to human rights enforcement, was amended. Upon receiving and investigating complaints alleging violations of the code, the department shall emphasize conciliation to resolve the complaints. During the process of thoroughly investigating a complaint, the department may require the attendance of a witness and the production of certain records or objects at any hearing or with reference to any matter the department has the authority to investigate. If a witness fails to appear or refuses to produce the records or objects in question, the department may issue a subpoena to compel the witness to appear, or a subpoena duces tecum to compel the witness to appear and produce a relevant book, record, document, data, or other object. If a person refuses to obey a subpoena, the district court, upon application by the department, may is- sue an order to the person requiring him or her to appear and give evidence, or otherwise produce documentary evidence, requested by the department regarding the matter under investigation. Minimum wage. The State legislature enacted a series of minimum-wage increases, effective the same dates as the effective dates for the anticipated increases in the Federal minimum wage. When the Federal minimum-wage rate rose on July 24, the State minimum-wage rate was increased from $5.15 per hour to $5.85 per hour. The next State increase, set at $6.55 per hour, is scheduled for implementation 1 year after the first, and the final increase in the series, set at $7.25 per hour, is scheduled for implementation 1 year after the second increase. Worker privacy. Employee retirement records are now confidential. A contributor to a State retirement program may purchase up to 5 years of service credit with either pretax or after-tax monies, at the Public Employees Retirement System Board’s discretion. If an employer has purchased service credit for an employee, the following elements, and only the following elements, of information may be obtained from the employer: the employee’s and employer’s names, the name of the retirement program in which the employer participates, the amount of service credit purchased by the employer, and the total amount expended by the employer for that purchase of the service credit. Ohio Prevailing wage. By law, threshold amounts for contract coverage under the State prevailing-wage law are adjusted every 2 years in accordance with the change in the Census Bureau’s Implicit Price Deflator for Construction, provided that no increase exceeds 6 percent for the 2-year period. As a result, effective January 1, 2008, the threshold amount for new construction rose from $69,853 to $73,891, and the threshold amount for reconstruction, remodeling, or renovation increased from $20,955 to $22,166. Worker privacy. Public records are those records defined as being kept by any public office, such as the State, county, city, village, township, and school district units. Public records pertaining to the delivery of educational services by an alternative school in the State and kept by a nonprofit or for-profit entity operating alternative schools were the focus of a legislative amendment. The law was expanded to provide parole officers, prosecuting and assistant prosecuting attorneys, and certain correctional and youth services employees with the same options as peace officers with respect to the confidentiality of certain personnel information. The legislation expanded the materials excluded from the definition of “public record.” Now excluded are photographs of a peace officer who holds a position or has an assignment that may include undercover or plainclothes positions. Also excluded are the individual’s home address, Social Security number, and personal telephone number; bank account, debit card, and charge card or credit card numbers; the name of any beneficiary of employment benefits; the identity of any charitable organizations to which the person contributes and the amounts of the contributions thereto; and the identity and amounts of any employment benefit deductions. Oklahoma Drug and alcohol testing. The sections of the law relating to the State Employment Security Act of 1980 and the State Standards for Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Act were amended. In any claim for compensation brought by a discharged employee, a copy of the results of the drug or alcohol test undergone by the employee shall be accepted as prima facie evidence of the administration and results of the test. No employer may request or require an applicant or employee to undergo drug or alcohol testing, unless the employer has first adopted a written, detailed policy setting forth the specifics of the testing program, which employees are subject to testing, and the circumstances under which testing may be requested or required. It shall be sufficient for the employer to state in the written policy that the substances tested for shall be drugs and alcohol, as defined in the Standards for Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Act, including controlled substances approved for testing by the State commissioner of health. The employer’s drug-testing policy must explain the testing methods and collection procedures, the consequences of refusing to undergo testing, and the potential adverse personnel actions ensuing upon a positive result. An applicant or employee has the right to have explained, in confidence, the test results; his or her rights to obtain information and records related to the testing; confidentiality requirements; and all appeal procedures, remedies, and sanctions. Any employer implementing a drug-testing policy for the first time or implementing changes in an already existing policy shall provide at least 30 days’ notice prior to the implementation. The policy shall be prominently posted and shall be given in written form to each employee, as well as to each applicant upon receipt of a conditional offer of employment. Immigrant protections. The State Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act of 2007 was enMonthly Labor Review • January 2008 23 State Labor Laws, 2007 acted. Under the Act, after July 1, 2008, no public employer shall enter into a contract for the physical performance of services within the State, unless the contractor registers and participates in the Federal Status Verification System to verify the work eligibility of all of its new employees. In addition, after July 1, 2008, no contractor or subcontractor who enters into a contract with a public employer shall enter into such a contract or subcontract in connection with the physical performance of services within the State, unless the contractor or subcontractor registers and participates in the Federal Status Verification System to verify information on all of its new employees. Under the law, it shall be a discriminatory practice for an employing entity to discharge an employee working in the State who is a United States citizen or permanent resident alien while retaining an employee who the employing entity knows, or reasonably should have known, is an unauthorized alien hired after July 1, 2008, and who is working in the State in a job category which requires skill, effort, and responsibility equal to that possessed by the discharged employee and which is performed under working conditions similar to those of the job category held by the discharged employee, as defined by 29 U.S.C., Section 206 (d)(1). Oregon Agriculture. The commissioner of the State Bureau of Labor and Industries, or any other person, may bring suit in any court of competent jurisdiction to enjoin any person from using the services of an unlicensed farm labor contractor or to enjoin any person acting as a farm labor contractor from violating certain State statutes or rules promulgated pursuant thereto. The court may award costs and disbursements, as well as reasonable attorneys’ fees, to the prevailing party. In addition, the amount of damages recoverable from a person acting as a farm labor contractor and who violated certain State statutes is actual damages or a now-increased amount of $2,000, whichever is greater. The section of the State Revised Statutes concerning the issue of service of process on a farmworker camp operator was amended. During the course of any action arising out of the activities of a farmworker camp operator who is operating an unregistered farmworker camp within the State and who is not in the State or is otherwise unavailable to accept service of process in the State, the operator may be served by other means—specifically, by mailing a certified true copy of the summons and complaint to (1) the State commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries; (2) the last known address, if any, of the farmworker camp operator; and (3) any other address, the use of which the plaintiff knows or, on the basis of reasonable 24 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 inquiry, has reason to believe is most likely to result in actual notice. State Department of Labor. The commissioner of the State Bureau of Labor and Industries shall adopt rules regarding meal periods for employees who serve food or beverages, receive tips, and report the tips to the employer. In rules adopted by the commissioner, the commissioner shall permit an employee to waive a meal period. However, an employer may not coerce an employee into waiving a meal period. In addition to prescribing any other penalty provided by law, the commissioner may assess a civil penalty not to exceed $2,000 against an employer that the commissioner finds has coerced an employee into waiving a meal period in violation of State statutes. Each violation is a separate and distinct offense. In the case of a continuing violation, each day’s continuance is a separate and distinct violation. The State commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries may conduct investigations, issue subpoenas and subpoenas duces tecum, administer oaths, obtain evidence, and take testimony in all matters relating to the commissioner’s duties when the information sought is relevant to a lawful investigative purpose and reasonable in scope. The commissioner shall adopt rules for gathering information through subpoenas or testimony. If, after being served with a subpoena, a person refuses, without reasonable cause, to be examined, to answer any question, or to produce any document or other thing as required by the subpoena, the commissioner may petition the circuit court in the county in which the investigation is pending for an order directing the person to show cause why the person has not complied with the subpoena and should not be held in contempt. Discharge. Employers may not discharge or in any other manner discriminate against an employee because (1) the employee has made a wage claim or has discussed, inquired about, or consulted an attorney or agency about a wage claim; (2) the employee has caused wage proceedings under or related to specific State statutes to be instituted; or (3) the employee has testified or is about testify in any such wage claim proceedings. A violation of the State Revised Statute prohibiting such discharge or discrimination as a result of wage claim issues is an unlawful employment practice. Persons unlawfully discriminated against in this manner may file a complaint with the State commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries. Employees aggrieved by such a practice also may file a civil action in circuit court. The court may award compensatory damages or $200, whichever is greater, and punitive damages, in addition to the relief authorized by the statutes. Equal employment opportunity. The State’s Revised Statutes regarding discrimination were amended by the addition of various prohibited types of discrimination. Employers are now prohibited from refusing to hire or employ an individual or from barring or discharging the individual from employment because of the individual’s color or sexual orientation. However, discrimination is not an unlawful employment practice if it results from a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the employer’s business. Family issues. State law was amended to prohibit covered employers from reducing the amount of an employee’s available family leave when the employee is unable to work because of a disabling compensable injury. Employees in the State who take family leave are now entitled to use any paid accrued sick leave, in addition to any paid accrued vacation leave, during a period of family leave or to use any other paid leave that is offered by the employer in lieu of vacation leave during the period of family leave. The State’s Revised Statutes relating to family leave were amended. The definition of “family member” was expanded and now includes the grandparent or grandchild of the employee. In addition, it is an unlawful practice for an employer to deny family leave to which an eligible employee is entitled under the aforesaid statutes. It is also unlawful for an employer to retaliate or in any way discriminate against an individual with respect to hiring, tenure, or any other term or condition of employment because the individual inquired about the provisions of family leave, submitted a request for family leave, or invoked any provisions of the State’s Revised Statutes regarding family leave. Human trafficking. The State’s Revised Statutes were amended by the creation of new provisions relating to the trafficking of persons and involuntary servitude. A person commits the crime of human trafficking, a Class B felony, if the person (1) knowingly performs actions or attempts to perform actions aimed at recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining by any means another person, knowing that the other person will be subjected to involuntary servitude as described by the statute, or (2) benefits financially or receives something of value from participation in a venture that involves acts prohibited by the statute. A person commits the crime of subjecting another person to involuntary servitude in the first degree, also a Class B felony, if the person knowingly and without lawful authority forces or attempts to force the other person to engage in services by causing or threatening to cause death or serious physical injury to a person or by physically restraining or threatening to physically restrain a person. A person commits the crime of subjecting another person to involuntary servitude in the second degree, a Class C felony, if the person knowingly and without lawful authority forces or attempts to force the other person to engage in services by (1) abusing or threatening to abuse the law or the legal process; (2) destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating, or possessing an actual or purported government identification document of a person; (3) threatening to report a person to a government agency for the purpose of arrest or deportation; (4) threatening to collect an unlawful debt; or (5) instilling in the other person a fear that the actor will withhold from the other person the necessities of life, including, but not limited to, lodging, food, and clothing. Irrespective of any criminal prosecution or of the result of any criminal prosecution, a person injured by a violation of the kind described in this paragraph may bring a civil action for damages against a person whose actions are unlawful under the statute. Minimum wage. On the basis of previously enacted legislation that called for cost-of-living increases, the minimum wage in the State for calendar-year 2008 was increased to $7.95 per hour. Plant closing. Under a State Department of Aviation rule, a person responsible for the operation of a public-use airport shall notify the department of the planned closure of the airport at least 180 days before its permanent closure. Preference. Public employers shall grant a preference to veterans (including disabled veterans) who successfully complete an initial application screening or an application examination or who successfully complete a civil service test the employer administers to establish eligibility for a vacant civil service position. Different amounts of preference points are to be added by the employer to the veterans’ scores. Public employers shall appoint an otherwise qualified veteran (who may be a disabled veteran) to a vacant civil service position if the results of the veteran’s application examination, combined with the preference points awarded such individuals, are equal to or higher than the results of an application examination for a nonveteran. If a public employer does not appoint a veteran (who may be a disabled veteran) to a vacant civil service position, then, upon written request of the veteran, the employer shall provide, in writing, the employer’s reasons for his or her decision. The employer may base a decision not to appoint the veteran (who may be a disabled veteran) solely on the veteran’s merits or qualifications with respect to the vacant civil service position. the commissioner may do so. Prevailing wage. The State prevailing-wage law was amended. When the prevailing rates of wages required are available electronically or are accessible on the Internet, the rates may be incorporated into a project’s specifications by reference to the electronically accessible or Internet-accessible rates and by the provision of adequate information about how to access the rates. The commissioner of the State Bureau of Labor and Industries shall determine the site of a public works project in accordance with the Davis-Bacon Act, as well as on the basis of whether workers transporting materials and supplies to and from the site are subject to the Act and are entitled to be paid the prevailing wage. When a public works project is subject to the Davis-Bacon Act and a public agency fails to include the State and Federal prevailing rates in the specifications for the contract or fails to include information showing which rate is higher for workers in each trade or occupation, the public agency is liable to each affected worker for the worker’s unpaid minimum wages, including fringe benefits, in an amount that, for each hour worked, equals the difference between the applicable higher rate and the lower rate and an additional amount equal to the amount of unpaid minimum wages as liquidated damages. The commissioner shall, by rule, establish a fee to be paid by the public agency that awards a public works contract. Such fee shall be used to pay the costs of (1) conducting surveys to determine the prevailing rates of wages, (2) administering and providing investigation under State statutes, and (3) providing educational programs on public contracting law under the State Public Contracting Code. Fees shall be set at 0.1 percent of the contract price. However, in no event may the fees be more than $5,000 or less than $100. The State’s Revised Statutes were amended by the addition of three sections to the discussion of public contracts. Upon the request of a public agency or other interested person, the State commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries shall now make a determination about whether a project or proposed project is or would be a public work on which payment of the prevailing wage is or would be required under State statute. The requester shall provide the commissioner with the information necessary to make the determination. The commissioner shall make the determination within 60 days after receiving the request or 60 days after the requester has provided the commissioner with the information necessary to enable the commissioner to make the determination, whichever is later. The commissioner may take additional time to make the determination if the commissioner and the requester mutually agree that Wages paid. Persons engaged in a business or enterprise of any kind in the State may not issue any order, check, memorandum, or other instrument of indebtedness in payment of, or as evidence of, indebtedness for wages due an employee, unless the instrument is negotiable and payable without discount in cash on demand at some bank or other established place of business in the county where the employee lives or works and where sufficient funds are available for payment of the instrument. An employer and employee may agree that the employer may pay wages through a direct-deposit system, automated teller machine card, payroll card, or other means of electronic transfer if the employee may (1) make an initial withdrawal of the entire amount of net pay without cost to the employee and (2) choose to use another means of payment of wages that involves no expense to the employee. The agreement must be in the language that the employer principally uses to communicate with the employee. To revoke such an agreement, except in specific circumstances, the employee shall give the employer written notice of its revocation. Unless agreed to otherwise, the agreement is revoked 30 days after the date the notice is received by the employer. Seasonal farmworkers may provide notice of revocation of an agreement either orally or in writing, and unless agreed to otherwise, the agreement is revoked 10 days after the notice is received by the employer. If an employer has received notice that an employee has not been paid the full amount the employee is owed on a regular payday and there is no dispute between the employer and the employee regarding the amount of the unpaid wages, then (1) if the unpaid amount is less than 5 percent of the employee’s gross wages due on the regular payday, the employer shall pay the employee the unpaid amount not later than the next regular payday; or (2) if the unpaid amount is 5 percent or more of the employee’s gross wages due on the regular payday, the employer shall pay the employee the unpaid amount within 3 days after the employer has received notice of the unpaid amount, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. When an employer deducts an amount from an employee’s wages as required or authorized by law or agreement, the employer shall pay the amount deducted to the appropriate recipient as required by the law or agreement. The employer shall pay the amount deducted within the time required by the law or the agreement or, if the time for payment is not specified by the law or agreement, within 7 days after the date the wages from which the deductions are made are due. Failure to pay the amount as required constitutes an unlawful decision, which may be penalized under penalty provided by law, where the Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 25 State Labor Laws, 2007 State commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries may assess a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000 against any person who commits such an act. Worker privacy. Confidential employment information secured by the State Employment Department may be provided to the State Department of Transportation to assist that department in carrying out its duties relating to the collection of delinquent and liquidated debts, including taxes, due under the State’s Revised Statutes and the State Vehicle Code. The information provided may include names and addresses of employers and employees, as well as payroll data. The information provided is confidential and may not be released by the State Department of Transportation in any manner that would identify any employing unit or employee, except to the extent necessary to carry out the department’s duties or in auditing or reviewing any report or return required to permitted to be filed under the revenue and tax laws administered by the department. The information may not be disclosed to any private collection agency. The worker privacy issue regarding school employees has been amended under the State’s Revised Statutes. If a former school employee is convicted of a crime under specific statutes, the education provider that was the employer of the former employee when the crime was committed shall disclose the disciplinary records of the former employee to any person upon request. The State’s Revised Statutes regarding mediation were amended. If the only parties to mediation are public bodies, then communications or agreements made during the mediation are not confidential, except to the extent that those communications or agreements are exempt from disclosure. Mediation of workplace interpersonal disputes between employees of a public body is not subject to disclosure under the statute and is therefore confidential. If two or more public bodies are parties to a mediation in which a private person is also a party, then mediation communications are not confidential if the policies governing confidentiality of mediation communications for at least one of the public bodies provide that those communications are not confidential. Finally, if two or more public bodies are parties to a mediation in which a private person is also a party, then any communications made during the mediation are not confidential if the policies governing confidentiality for at least one of the public bodies provide that those communications are not confidential. The State’s Revised Statutes relating to personnel records were amended. Personnel records no longer include records relating to the conviction, arrest, or investigation of individuals for conduct constituting a violation of 26 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 the criminal laws of this State, another State, or the United States; confidential reports from previous employers; or records maintained in compliance with State statutes. Upon receipt of a request from an employee, the employer shall provide, within 45 days, a reasonable opportunity for the employee to inspect the employee’s personal records that have been used to determine the employee’s qualification for employment, promotion, additional compensation, termination, or some other disciplinary action. Employers shall keep a terminated employee’s personnel records for not less than 60 days. Upon an employee’s request, copies must be furnished within 45 days. If the records are not readily available, the employer and the employee may agree to extend the time within which the employer must provide the records to the employee. Any employee returning to work after a pregnancy leave must provide reasonable notice to the employer that the employee intends to express milk for a child who is 18 months of age or younger. Unless otherwise agreed to by the employer and employee, the employer shall provide the employee with a 30-minute rest period to express milk during each 4-hour work period or during the major part of a 4hour work period, to be taken by the employee approximately in the middle of the work period. The employee shall, if feasible, take the rest periods to express milk at the same time as that provided to other employees for their rest or meal periods. When an employer’s contribution to the employee’s health insurance is influenced by the number of hours the employee works, the employer shall treat any unpaid rest periods used by the employee to express milk as paid work time for the purpose of measuring the number of hours the employee works. An employer is not required to provide rest periods as a result of this legislation if doing so would impose a hardship on the employer’s business operation. This employee entitlement applies only to employers who employ 25 or more employees in the State during each of the calendar workweeks of the year in which the rest periods are to be taken or of the year immediately preceding the year in which the rest periods are to be taken. Workplace violence. Employers covered by State law shall allow an employee to take reasonable leave from employment for any of the following reasons: (1) to seek legal or law enforcement assistance or remedies to ensure the health and safety of the employee or the employee’s minor child or dependent, including preparing for and participating in protective order proceedings or other civil or criminal legal proceedings related to domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking; (2) to seek medical treatment for, or to recover from, injuries caused by domestic violence or sexual assault to, or stalking of, the eligible employee or the employee’s minor child or dependent; (3) to obtain, or to assist a minor child or dependent in obtaining, counseling from a licensed mental health professional for the effects related to an experience of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking; (4) to obtain services from a victim services provider for the eligible employee or the employee’s minor child or dependent; and (5) to relocate or to take steps to secure an existing home in order to ensure the health and safety of the eligible employee or the employee’s minor child or dependent. A covered employer may limit the amount of leave an eligible employee takes for the aforesaid activities if the employee’s leave creates an undue hardship on the employer’s business. It is unlawful for a covered employer to deny leave to an eligible employee or to discharge, threaten to discharge, demote, suspend, or in any manner discriminate or retaliate against an employee with regard to promotion, compensation, or other terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because the employee takes such leave. Pennsylvania Minimum wage. As a result of legislation enacted in previous years, the minimum wage in the State was increased to $7.15 per hour on July 1, 2007. Rhode Island Hours worked. In order to pursue the health, efficiency, and general well-being of employees, as well as the health and general well-being of the persons to whom those employees provide services, the State declared a public policy that established a maximum workday for certain hourly-wage employees beyond which the employees cannot be required to perform overtime work. Health care facilities may not require employees to work overtime in excess of an agreed-upon, predetermined scheduled work shift of 8, 10, or 12 hours, except in unforeseeable circumstances. In no case shall a health care facility require an employee to work in excess of 12 consecutive hours. The refusal of any employee to accept such overtime work shall not be grounds for discrimination, dismissal, discharge, or any other penalty or employment decision adverse to the employee. Voluntary overtime in excess of these limitations is not to be construed as prohibited. Human trafficking. The State General Law titled “Criminal Offenses” added a new chapter titled “Trafficking of Persons and Involuntary Servitude.” Language within the chapter established and defined both the trafficking of persons and involuntary servitude as criminal offenses related to the activities of intimidation; forced labor; commercial sexual activity; and knowingly destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating, or possessing any actual or purported passport or other immigration document. Fines and penalties for conviction of involuntary servitude may range from 20 years’ imprisonment and $20,000 in fines to 40 years’ imprisonment and $40,000 in fines, depending upon the age of the victim(s). Human trafficking may result in penalties of 20 years’ imprisonment and $20,000 in fines. Independent contractor. The section of the State General Laws entitled “Causes of Action” was amended. A section dealing with misclassification of employees was added to the laws. Any person, firm, or corporation that suffers damages as a result of a competitive bid for a contract not being accepted due to another person, firm, or corporation knowingly misclassifying employees as independent subcontractors may bring an action for damages in the appropriate district or superior court. For the purposes of these actions, an employee’s status shall be determined by the applicable provisions of the appropriate Internal Revenue Code of 1986 or any subsequent corresponding Internal Revenue Code of the United States, as amended from time to time. Overtime. State law requires that work performed by employees on Sundays and holidays be paid for at a rate at least time-and-one-half the normal rate for the work, provided that an employee’s refusing to work on any Sunday or holiday enumerated by State statute is not grounds for discharge or meting out any other penalty upon the employee. Any manufacturer that operates for 7 continuous days per week is exempt from this requirement. Thus, any and all employees of a chauffer-driven limousine or taxicab company that operates 7 continuous days per week, 24 hours per day, are newly listed as exempt from the State-required time-and-one-half provisions. In addition, any car rental company that operates a car rental agency at T. F. Green Airport and is required, pursuant to its lease agreement with the State Airport Corporation, to operate on Sundays and/or holidays is exempt from overtime provisions for Sunday and holiday work with respect to work performed at that airport location. Prevailing wage. Contractors in the State who are awarded a public works contract are now required to contact the Department of Labor and Training on or before July 1 of each year for the duration of the contract, in order to ascertain the prevailing rate of wages on an hourly basis and the amount of payment or contributions paid or payable on behalf of each mechanic, laborer, or worker performing the work contracted to be done each year. Every July 1, the contractor shall make any necessary adjustments to the prevailing rate of wages and to the payment or contributions paid or payable on behalf of each employee. South Dakota Minimum wage. The State minimum-wage law was amended. On the effective date, July 24, 2007, of the increase in the Federal minimum wage under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act, the State minimum wage was increased to $5.85 per hour for every employer. Twelve months later, the State minimum wage will be increased to $6.55 per hour, and effective 12 months after that, the State minimum wage will be increased to $7.25 per hour. Employers in violation of the requirement for the payment of these minimum wages are guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor. Workplace security. Each person hired in any capacity by the Division of Banking of the State Department of Revenue and Regulation shall agree to submit to a background investigation by means of fingerprint checks performed by the State Division of Criminal Investigation and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Completed fingerprint cards shall be submitted to the division before the prospective new employee enters into service. If no disqualifying record is identified at the State level, the fingerprints shall be forwarded by the division to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for a national criminal history record check. Any person whose employment is contingent on satisfying this requirement may enter into service on a temporary basis pending receipt of the results of the background investigation. The division may, without liability, withdraw its offer of employment or terminate the temporary employment without notice if the report reveals that the person has been convicted of any financial crime or any crime that otherwise reveals circumstances which reasonably suggest that the person should not be employed by the division. Tennessee Drug and alcohol testing. For-hire motor carriers providing passenger transportation service in a motor vehicle or motor vehicles designed or constructed to accommodate and transport eight or more passengers, exclusive of the driver, shall conduct a program of mandatory random drug testing for the operators of their motor vehicles in accordance with regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Equal employment opportunity. Most fire stations in use today were planned and built with a single-sex workforce in mind. Many of these buildings are now being used by a workforce that includes both men and women. Any fire station constructed after June 26, 2007, is encouraged to have separate restroom facilities, showers, and locker rooms for men and women. Each municipal or county fire department and each volunteer fire department or company are urged to develop plans that, to the greatest extent possible, will create gender-friendly conditions in existing facilities. Existing facilities that cannot be upgraded to gender-friendly stations should be made gender friendly to the greatest extent possible. Immigrant protections. No person in the State is permitted to accept an individual taxpayer identification number as a form of identification. Any person, including any contractor, in the State who is presented with an individual taxpayer identification number by a potential employee or subcontractor as a form of identification or to prove immigration status shall reject such number and request the lawful resident verification information that the person is required to obtain pursuant to Federal law. The phrase “lawful resident verification information” is defined as the documentation required by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in completing the employment eligibility verification form commonly referred to as the Federal “Form I-9.” Worker privacy. The State Code Annotated was amended by treating additional types of personal information as confidential. The residential address, as well as the personal telephone and cell phone numbers, of any State, county, municipal, or other public law enforcement officer shall now be treated as confidential and not open for inspection by members of the public. Texas Child labor. The State Child Labor Code does not apply to the employment of a minor 16 years of age or older who is engaged in the direct sale of newspapers to the general public. Prevailing wage. Any contract for a public work project awarded by a political subdivision of the State shall follow the general prevailing rate of per diem wages in the locality in which the public work is to be performed, for each craft or type of worker needed to execute the contract, and shall also follow the prevailing rate for legal holiday and overtime work. Those rates are established by (1) conducting a survey of the wages received by classes of workers employed on projects of a character similar to the contract work in the political subdivision of the State in which the public work is to be performed or (2) using the prevailing wage rate as determined by the U.S. Department of Labor in accordance with the Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C. Section 27a Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 27 State Labor Laws, 2007 et seq.) and its subsequent amendments. There no longer exists a State requirement that the prevailing wage rate must have been determined by a survey conducted no more than 3 years earlier by the Department of Labor. Whistleblower. A school district grievance policy must permit a school district employee to report a grievance against a supervisor that alleges a violation of the law in the workplace or the supervisor’s unlawful harassment of the employee to a supervisor other than the supervisor against whom the employee intends to report the grievance. Worker privacy. Two categories of employees were added to the group of employees about whom information such as the home address, home telephone number, or Social Security number of the person or information that reveals whether the person has family members is not required to be placed into the public domain. The categories added are those officers and other employees who conduct presentence investigations, supervise and rehabilitate defendants placed on community supervision, and enforce the conditions of community supervision and staff community corrections facilities. Peace officers of the State Department of Public Safety are now entitled to the same protection provided to peace officers who operate under a civil service system of the State Local Government Code, which renders the personnel records of the civil-service peace officers confidential, except for information relating to commendations, confirmed complaints, disciplinary actions, and details about basic employment. In addition, a release of exempted information does not waive the right to assert in the future that the information is excepted from required disclosure. The State Workforce Commission shall remove the home address of a judge or justice from a financial statement filed under State requirements before permitting a member of the public to view the statement or providing a copy of the statement to a member of the public. Workplace security. The State Department of Public Safety may require a commissioned or noncommissioned officer or employee of the department to submit to the administration of a polygraph examination administered by the polygraph examiner if (1) the officer or employee is assigned to a position that requires him or her to work with a Federal Agency on national security issues and (2) the Federal Agency requires that the officer or employee submit to a polygraph examination. If an officer of the department does not submit to a polygraph examination as required by the department, the department may (1) assign 28 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 the officer or employee to another position or (2) refuse to assign the officer or employee to the position in question that requires working with a Federal Agency on national security issues. Utah Inmate labor. When an inmate is incarcerated in a county jail or in a detention facility, the custodial authority may allow the inmate to work outside of the jail or facility as part of a supervised work detail, to seek employment, or to attend an educational institution. This proviso is contingent upon whether or not the offense the inmate has committed (1) is an offense for which the State prohibits the inmate’s release or (2) is for a misdemeanor and the sentencing judge has not entered an order prohibiting the inmate’s release. Any inmate so employed may be released from jail during those hours which the custodial authority deems reasonable and necessary to accomplish the objectives of the employment, the seeking of employment, attendance at an educational institution, the obtaining of necessary medical treatment, or any other reasonable purpose. All prisoners so released are in the custody of the custodial authority and are subject to being returned to jail at any time. The judge may order that the prisoner pay monies earned from employment during the jail term to those persons he or she is legally responsible for supporting and may order the inmate to retain sufficient money to pay the costs of transportation, meals, and other incidental and necessary expenses related to his or her special release. Wages paid. The State Sales Representative Commission Act was amended to indicate that if a business relationship between a principal and a sales representative terminates, the principal shall pay the sales representative all commissions due within 30 days after the day on which the termination is effective and within 14 days after the day on which a commission becomes due if said commission is due after the day on which the termination is effective. The acceptance by a sales representative of a partial commission payment from the principal does not constitute a release as to the balance of any commission that the sales representative claims is due because of the business relationship. If a principal makes a revocable offer of a commission to a sales representative and the principal revokes the offer of commission, then the sales representative is entitled to the commission agreed upon under the business relationship if (1) the sales representative establishes that the revocation is for the purpose of avoiding payment of the commission or (2) the revocation occurs after the principal obtains an order for the principal’s product or service through the efforts of the sales representative, and the order is paid for by a customer. When the employer fails to pay the commission, the sales representative may bring a civil action in a court of competent jurisdiction against a principal for failure by the principal to comply with the provisions of the agreement. If a principal is found liable, the principal is liable for 3 times the amount of the unpaid commission, plus reasonable attorney fees and court costs, minus monies owed by the sales representative to the principal. Workplace security. A concurrent resolution was passed by the legislature and signed by the Governor urging the U.S. Congress to pass legislation to resolve Federal identity theft and fraud issues. The resolution urged that the legislation include increased and effective verification requirements by companies, accompanied by the tools and resources necessary to verify whether a Social Security number is fraudulent, and also include increased penalties for individuals who intentionally use fraudulent Social Security numbers to obtain employment, to avoid child support obligations, or for other personal gain. In addition, the resolution urged that the legislation include increased penalties on companies that repeatedly report wages of employees with fraudulent Social Security numbers. Vermont Minimum wage. On account of previously enacted legislation, the State minimum wage was increased to $7.68 per hour on January 1, 2008. An employer in a hotel, motel, tourist attraction, or restaurant industry shall not employ a service or tipped employee at a basic wage rate less than $3.65 an hour, and beginning January 1, 2008, and on each January 1 thereafter, this basic tip rate shall be increased by the same percentage as the minimum-wage rate. A “service or tipped employee” is defined as an employee of a hotel, motel, tourist place, or restaurant who customarily and regularly receives more than $120 per month in tips for direct and personal service. Time off. Upon request, any duly qualified member of the “Reserve components of the Armed Forces,” of the Ready Reserve, or of an organized unit of the National Guard, shall be entitled to leaves of absence for a total of 15 days in any calendar year for the purpose of engaging in military drill, military training, or some other temporary duty under military authority. A leave of absence shall be with or without pay, as determined by the employer. Upon completion of the military drill, training, or other temporary duty under military authority, a permanent employee shall be reinstated in that same position, with the same status, pay, and seniority, including seniority that accrued during the period of absence. Virginia Child labor. The State Code relating to child labor was amended to specify that no child under 18 years of age shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in any capacity in the manufacturing of paints, colors, white lead, brick tile, or kindred products, or in any place where goods of alcoholic content are manufactured, bottled, or sold for consumption on the premises, except farm wineries. In these instances, the alcoholic beverages (containing 18 percent or less alcohol by volume) may be sold for on-premises consumption and in closed containers for off-premises consumption; however, no child employed at the farm winery shall serve or dispense alcoholic beverages. The State Code was amended to stipulate that any person who employs, procures, or, having under his control, permits a child to be employed, or who issues an employment certificate that results in the child being seriously injured or dying in the course of that employment, shall be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 for each violation. The determination by the State commissioner of labor and industry shall be final, unless, within 15 days after receipt of such notice, the person charged with the violation notifies the commissioner by certified mail that he or she intends to contest the proposed penalty before the appropriate general district court. Human trafficking. The portion of the State Code relating to the extortion of immigrants was amended by the addition of a type of action to a previous listing of prohibited actions and by a definition of the seriousness of such an action. Any person who threatens another person with injury, accuses another person of an offense, or confiscates, withholds, or threatens to withhold any actual or purported passport, immigration document, or other government identification document, and thereby extorts money, property, or pecuniary benefit or any note, bond, or other evidence of debt from another person, is guilty of a Class 5 felony. Minimum wage. The State Minimum Wage Act was amended through a redefinition of the term “employee.” Persons who have reached their 65th birthday are no longer automatically considered nonemployees. Offsite work. The State secretary of administration, in conjunction with the heads of each State agency, established a telecommuting and alternative-work policy outlining the types of employees eligible, the broad categories of positions determined to be ineligible for telecommuting, and the justifications for exclusion. The policy encourages the use of alternative work locations that are separate from the agency’s central workplace. The policy also promotes the use of Commonwealth information technology assets where feasible, but may allow eligible employees who telecommute to use computers, computing devices, or related electronic equipment not owned or leased by the Commonwealth. This aspect of the policy requires technical and economic feasibility, and the telecommuting sites must meet information security standards established by the State Information Technologies Agency or must receive an exception from the State chief information officer of the Commonwealth or his or her designee. Time off. The State Code regarding reemployment rights for members of the State National Guard, the State Defense Force, and the Naval Militia called to State active duty or military duty pursuant to Title 32 of the U.S. Code was amended. Upon honorable release from State active duty or military duty pursuant to Title 32 of the U.S. Code, a member of any of the aforementioned bodies shall make written application to his or her previous employer within 14 days of release from active duty or from hospitalization following release. The employee’s restoration rights to a previously held position, to a position of like seniority, status, and pay, or to a comparable vacant position shall not apply when the cumulative length of the absence and of all previous absences from a position of employment with the employer in question exceeds 5 years by reason of service in the uniformed services. Every employer shall allow an employee who is a victim of a crime to leave work to be present at all criminal proceedings relating to the crime. The employee must have provided the employer with a copy of the form furnished to the employee by the law enforcement agency and, if applicable, with a copy of the notice of each scheduled criminal proceeding, such copy also provided to the employee-victim. An employer may limit the leave granted if the employee’s leave creates an undue hardship on the employer’s business. An employer shall not dismiss an employee who is a victim of a crime because the employee exercises the right to leave work. The employer is not required to compensate an employee for the time off. Finally, an employer shall not refuse to hire or employ, shall not bar or discharge from employment, and shall not discriminate against an individual in compensation or any other terms of employment because the individual leaves work to attend a criminal proceeding involving an employeevictim. Worker privacy. The State Code concerned with the release of criminal history record in- formation was amended. An additional entity is now entitled to receive such information either directly or through an intermediary. The State Department of Medical Assistance Services or its designee is entitled to receive criminal history record information in the circumstances described for the purpose of screening individuals who, through contracts, subcontracts, or direct employment, volunteer, apply for, are offered, or have accepted a position related to the provision of transportation services to enrollees in the Medicaid Program, the Family Access to Medical Insurance Security Program, or any other program administered by the State Department of Medical Assistance Services. It shall be unlawful for any person to publish the name or photograph of a law enforcement officer, along with identifying information, including the officer’s primary residential address, with the intent to utilize that information in order to coerce, intimidate, or harass the officer. A person who violates this amended section of the State Code is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. If the violator knew or had reason to know that the person about whom the information was being printed was a law enforcement officer, then the violator shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony with a mandatory minimum term of confinement of 6 months. Washington Child labor. The State Revised Code asserts that every person who shall employ, and every parent, guardian, or other person having the care, custody, or control of such child, who shall permit to be employed, by another, any child under 14 years of age at any labor whatever, in or in connection with any store, shop, factory, mine, or any inside employment not connected with farmwork or housework, without the written permit thereto of a judge of a superior court of the county wherein such child may live shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. This prohibition does not apply to youth soccer referees who have been certified by a national referee association. Equal employment opportunity. The State Revised Code was amended to direct the director of the State Department of Personnel to adopt rules establishing guidelines for policies, procedures, and mandatory training programs on sexual harassment for State employees. The amended Code also (1) directed State agencies to adopt the rules pertaining to compliance with the department’s policies and procedures and (2) established reporting requirements for State agencies regarding such compliance. All agencies and units of State government shall develop and disseminate, among all agency employees and contractors, a policy that (1) defines and prohibits sexual Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 29 State Labor Laws, 2007 harassment in the workplace, (2) includes procedures that describe how the agency will address concerns of employees who are affected by sexual harassment in the workplace, (3) identifies appropriate sanctions and disciplinary actions, and (4) complies with guidelines adopted by the director. The agencies shall also (1) respond promptly and effectively to sexual harassment concerns, (2) conduct training and education for all employees in order to prevent and eliminate sexual harassment in the organization, (3) inform employees of their right to file a complaint with the State human rights commission, and (4) report to the director of personnel regarding their compliance with the requirements. either employment or continued employment. This restriction does not apply if the person is applying for employment with any law enforcement agency or with the juvenile court services agency or if the person is returning to work after a break of more than 24 consecutive months in service as a fully commissioned law enforcement officer. Nor does the restriction apply to either the initial application for employment or the continued employment of persons who manufacture, distribute, or dispense controlled substances or who hold sensitive positions directly involving national security. Psychological tests are permitted. Family issues. Effective October 1, 2009, a new family leave insurance or partial wage replacement program is established by the State. An individual employee is eligible to receive benefits if he or she has worked 680 hours in employment covered by unemployment compensation during the first four of the last five calendar quarters or during the last four calendar quarters completed before beginning family leave. An employer or a selfemployed person not mandatorily covered may elect coverage. The amount of the weekly benefit is $250 for a maximum of 5 weeks for an individual who was regularly working 35 or more hours per week and is on leave for the same number of hours. Benefits are prorated for an individual who was regularly working fewer than 35 hours per week and is on leave for fewer hours per week than he or she was regularly working. Individuals are entitled to be restored to a position of employment in the same manner that an employee entitled to leave under the State Family Leave Law is restored to a position of employment. However, to be reinstated, the individual must have worked for an employer with more than 25 employees for a total of at least 12 months and for at least 1,250 hours over the 12 months prior to the reinstatement. Immigrant protections. Effective January 1, 2008, no wages or remuneration of $600 or more per annum for services paid to an unauthorized worker may be claimed and allowed as a deductible business expense for State income tax purposes by a taxpayer if the employer has been convicted under this article for employing, hiring, recruiting, or referring the unauthorized worker. Under State law, the commissioner of labor shall notify the State Department of Revenue of any conviction of an employer regarding the aforementioned activities, and the department is to take the appropriate action against the taxpayer. If, upon examination of the record or records of convictions, the commissioner determines that an employer has been convicted of a third or subsequent offense under the State Code, the commissioner may enter an order to (1) permanently revoke, or file an action to revoke, any license held by the employer or (2) suspend, or move for a suspension, for a specified time, of any license held by the employer. Prevailing wage. As amended, the Revised Code of the State now authorizes port districts, either individually or jointly with any other municipality, person, or any combination thereof, to acquire and operate tourism-related facilities. Such port district, or such municipality or other entity involved in a joint venture or project with a port district, shall comply with the provisions of Chapter 39.12 of the Revised Code of the State—that is, those dealing with prevailing-wage requirements. Worker privacy. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to require, either directly or indirectly, that any employee or prospective employee take or be subject to any lie detector or similar test as a condition of 30 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 West Virginia Inmate labor. The executive director of the State Regional Jail and Correctional Facility Authority is authorized to establish guidelines and qualifications to allow inmates at each regional jail facility to be gainfully employed with local businesses and governmental entities in a work program and to establish an inmate trustee account. The executive director of the State Division of Corrections or a designee thereof shall determine the eligibility of each inmate for participation in the work program and shall consent to the participation of eligible inmates. An inmate convicted of a sexual offense or a violent felony is disqualified from the program. The administrator or designee of each regional jail facility shall receive and take charge of all money earned by the inmates as compensation for work performed, shall credit the money and earnings to the entitled inmate, and shall keep an accurate account of all monies received. At least 10 percent of all monies earned during the inmate’s incarceration shall be paid to the inmate at the time of release, and the inmate may withdraw money from his or her mandatory savings for the purpose of preparing for reentry into society. The participating inmate shall reimburse the Authority toward the cost of his or her incarceration in accordance with the inmate’s ability to pay, the nature and extent of the inmate’s responsibilities to dependents, and any other court-ordered financial obligations. Overtime. The State Code was amended in order to modify the Nurse Overtime and Patient Safety Act. Hospitals are now required to designate an anonymous process for patients and nurses to register complaints related to safety. In addition, hospitals are required to post, in one or more conspicuous places where notices to employee nurses are customarily posted, a notice, in a form approved by the commissioner of labor, setting forth nurses’ rights under the amended Act. The State commissioner of labor is to keep each complaint anonymous until he or she finds that the complaint has merit. The commissioner shall establish a process for notifying a hospital of a complaint and shall also establish an appeals procedure and a notification procedure, including any signs that must be posted by the facility. Plant closing. Any hospital, any extendedcare facility operated in connection with a hospital, any ambulatory health care facility, or any ambulatory surgical facility, either freestanding or operated in connection with a hospital, that intends to terminate operations shall provide at least 3 weeks’ notice of such intent to the public prior to its termination of operations. In addition, at least 3 weeks prior to the date of termination of services, the hospital or health care facility shall place a Class III legal advertisement in all qualified newspapers of general circulation where the operation is geographically located. Wisconsin Prevailing wage. On January 1, 2007, the prevailing-wage threshold amount for coverage under the State prevailing-wage laws for State and municipal contracts was changed administratively from $209,000 to $216,000 for contracts in which more than one trade is involved and from $43,000 to $44,000 for contracts in which a single trade is involved. On January 1, 2008, these amounts were changed administratively to $221,000 for contracts in which more than one trade is involved and $45,000 for contracts in which a single trade is involved. Wyoming Equal employment opportunity. The State statutes regarding discriminatory or unfair employment practices were amended. It is a discriminatory or unfair employment practice for an employer to refuse to hire, to discharge, to promote or demote, or to discriminate against a qualified disabled person, or any persons otherwise qualified, due to age, sex, race, creed, color, national origin or ancestry, and (the newest category) pregnancy in matters of compensation or in the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. This statutory amendment became effective July 1, 2007. Prevailing wage. The prevailing-wage threshold for State construction contracts was increased to $100,000 for the entire State, with the exception of any area defined as a metropolitan statistical area pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 3504(e)(3)and 31 U.S.C. 1104(d). Upon a complaint of a violation of the prevailingwage act, or upon a reasonable suspicion that a violation of this act has occurred, the director of the State Department of Employment shall investigate and shall institute actions for penalties for proven violations that he or she considers intentional and willful in nature. When reviewing bids for public works contracts, the public body reviewing the bids shall award a bid preference, in the percentage specified by State statutes and for the period applicable to the contract being awarded, only to those prospective contractors who participated, as certified by the department, in the department’s wage survey. All others are precluded from bidding. Workplace security. The State Department of Transportation shall not issue, renew, upgrade, or transfer a hazardous-materials endorsement for a commercial driver’s license to any person, unless the U.S. Transportation Security Administration has completed a security threat assessment of the person seeking the endorsement and determined that the person does not pose a security risk warranting denial of the endorsement. The State Statutes were amended to require that criminal history record information shall now be disseminated by criminal justice agencies in the State, either directly or through an intermediary, to the State Military Department. The department is now entitled to receive such information if, as a condition for employment, the department requires prospective employees or volunteers, or both, to submit to fingerprinting in order to obtain State and national criminal history record information. Puerto Rico Worker privacy. Legislation was enacted that prohibits employers of private enterprises or public corporations of the Commonwealth from showing or displaying the Social Security number of an employee on the employee’s identification card, regardless of the nature of the employee’s position or appointment. In addition, the number may not be shown or displayed in a place visible to the general public or in a document of general circulation. Finally, the number may not be included in any personnel directory or in any similar list made available to persons who have no need or authority to access such data. Notes 1 For a listing of the current State minimumwage requirements that were effective on January 1, 2008, visit www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/america. htm. 2 For a definition of “Housing with Services Establishment,” visit http://www.state.mn.us/ license/content.do?mode=license&LicenseID =4791. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 31 Unemployment Insurance, 2007 Changes in State unemployment insurance legislation in 2007 State enactments include provisions that relate to confidentiality and disclosure of unemployment compensation information, exclude “services” from the definition of employment, change rate schedules, address fraud and nonfraud benefit overpayments, provide for noncharging employers’ accounts for benefits paid, and address requirements for filing and reporting contributions Loryn Lancaster Loryn Lancaster is an unemployment insurance program specialist in the Division of Legislation, Office of Workforce Security, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. E-mail: lancaster. loryn@dol.gov 32 T o meet Federal requirements, some States enacted conforming legislation in 2007 relating to confidentiality and disclosure of unemployment compensation information. In 2006, the Department of Labor issued a final rule governing the confidentiality and disclosure of State unemployment compensation information. This rule, which became effective October 27, 2006, requires that State laws meet the confidentiality requirements, if necessary by enacting new legislation or modifying rules and practices. States have 2 years to make any necessary conforming changes. During 2007, two Federal legislative enactments affected the Federal-State unemployment compensation program. First, the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (P.L. 110–5) amended the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (a) to transfer Federal equity in State employment security real property to the States, (b) to provide that such property and proceeds from their sale may be used only for unemployment insurance (UI), employment service (ES), or Workforce Investment Act (WIA) activities, and (c) to provide that Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 States may no longer use UI, ES, or WIA funds to amortize costs of future real property purchases. Second, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (P.L. 110–140) included a 1-year extension of the 0.2-percent Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) surtax through 2008. The Department of Labor issued a final rule (effective February 15, 2007) specifying that only unemployed individuals who are “able and available” to work are eligible for unemployment compensation. Among other issues, the final rule addresses the meaning of “able and available” in relation to local labor markets and an individual’s temporary unavailability for work because of injury, illness, jury duty, or involvement in job training. Another relevant part of the rule states that active search for work is not required, but that individuals whose actions indicate a “withdrawal” from the labor market are not eligible for unemployment compensation. Following is a summary of some significant changes in State UI laws that occurred during 2007: Arizona Appeals. All appeal tribunal hearings must be recorded, and the tribunal is allowed to secure a court reporter or an electronic means to create a clear and accurate record of the proceeding at the Department’s expense. Hearings will be transcribed at the Department’s expense when an application for appeal to the court of appeals has been made. A scheduled hearing date may be postponed or advanced if the parties agree to do so or upon showing of good cause. (Previously, postponement was granted if requested at least 5 calendar days prior to the hearing for the first request or upon showing of good cause.) Arkansas Financing. An employer who discharges an individual for testing positive for an illegal drug screen will not be charged for benefits paid to the individual if the benefits are based upon wages prior to the discharge. The Arkansas Revenue Stabilization Law provides that the Employment Security Special Fund will also consist of unemployment compensation contribution interest and penalty payments collected as a result of State Unemployment Tax Act (SUTA) dumping. Nonmonetary eligibility. Individuals discharged for misconduct as a result of testing positive for an illegal drug will be disqualified from the date of filing the claim until they have worked 10 weeks and in each week earned wages equal to their weekly benefit amount and until they pass a U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)-qualified drug screen by testing negative for illegal drugs. An individual applying for benefits after March 27, 2007, who was rejected for offered employment for failing to appear for a U.S. DOT-qualified drug screen after receiving a bona fide job offer of suitable work subject to passage of the drug screen, or who fails to pass a U.S. DOT-qualified drug screen by testing positive for an illegal drug after having received a bona fide job offer of suitable work, is disqualified for benefits. The disqualification must continue until a U.S. DOT-qualified drug screen is passed. Colorado Administration. An individual applying for UI benefits through an interstate agreement who is not a Colorado resident and is unable to produce a Colorado driver’s license or identification card (ID) must produce one of the other documents required by law or a valid driver’s license or State ID issued in another State, or in the case of individuals residing in Canada, a valid Canadian ID or valid Canadian driver’s license, and execute an affidavit stating that he or she is a U.S. citizen, a legal permanent resident, or otherwise lawfully present in the U.S. pursuant to Federal law (applicable to claims filed on or after August 8, 2007). Financing. For purposes of determination of employment-based tax credits, such as economic development, enterprise zone, development zone, and other such economic incentives provided by the State or any other governmental entity, work-site employees will be deemed employees solely of the work-site employer. Connecticut Monetary entitlement. The alternative base period, which was to expire on December 31, 2007, is now permanent. Florida Coverage. New law provides that employment by a public employer is not subject to the Florida UI law if the service is performed by an individual in a position that, under State law, is designated as a major nontenured policy making or advisory position, including any major nontenured policy making or advisory position in the Senior Management Service, or a policy making or advisory position for which the duties do not ordinarily require more than 8 hours of work per week. Hawaii Coverage. An individual on work furlough is considered an employee or employed. Services performed by an inmate or any person committed to a penal institution will not be considered employment. Iowa Administration. The Department must hold confidential UI information received by the Department from an UI agency of another State. A public official or an agent or contractor of a public official who receives unemployment information, or a third party other than an agent acting on behalf of a claimant or employer and who violates the confidentiality requirements, is guilty, upon conviction, of a serious misdemeanor. For purposes of this provision, “public official” means an official or employee within the executive branch of Federal, State, or local government, or an elected official of Federal, State, or local government. (Previously, this provision applied to an employee of the Department, an administrative law judge, or a member of the appeal board.) Kansas Coverage. The definition of “employment” excludes service performed by an owner-operator of a motor vehicle that is leased from a licensed motor carrier, provided that under the terms of the lease agreement, the owneroperator is not treated as an employee under Federal law. Additionally, the employees or agents of the owner-operator will not be considered employees of the licensed motor carrier. The definition of “employment” excludes service performed by an owner-operator of a motor vehicle that is leased or contracted to a licensed motor carrier with the services of a driver and is not treated under the terms of the lease agreement or contract with the licensed motor carrier as an employee for purposes of certain Federal law provisions; employees or agents of the owner-operator must not be considered employees of the licensed motor carrier for purposes of employment security taxation or compensation. Kentucky Financing. An application must contain a certificate from the Division of UI reciting that all employer contributions, interest, penalties, and service capacity upgrade fund assessments have been paid before a corporation can be reinstated. The deadline for recovery of contributions, interest, or penalties has been extended from 5 years to 10 years. The time limit (within a worker’s benefit year) to make determinations of a worker’s eligibility for benefits based on new information, or due to clerical error in the case of determining the insured status of a worker, has been removed. The deadline for commencing proceedings to collect contributions, interest, or penalties via levy has been extended from 5 years to 10 years. Louisiana Administration. The Secretary may require certain employers to file both contribution and wage reports on magnetic media or by other electronic means according to the following: (a) employers employing 250 or more employees for contribution and wage reports due after January 31, 2008; (b) employers employing 200 or more employees for contribution and wage reports due after January 31, 2010; (c) employers employing 100 or more employees for contribution and wage reports due after January 31, 2012; and (d) employers employing fewer than 100 employees for contribution and wage reports due after January 31, 2014. The Secretary may prescribe the types of media and record layout to be used in the submission of these reports. The reporting Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 33 Unemployment Insurance, 2007 requirements may be waived by the Secretary if the employer is able to show hardship in a request for a waiver. Financing. The administrator must establish by October 14 of each year the amount to be collected for the Incumbent Worker Training Account. The administrator must notify employers by December 31 of each year of their contribution rate for the subsequent year. Maine Coverage. The definition of “employment” excludes service performed by an individual in the employ of that individual’s son, daughter, or spouse, and service performed by a child under the age of 18 in the employ of that child’s father or mother, except for periods of such service for which UI contributions are paid. Financing. The provision stating that a successor employer’s contribution rate must remain as previously determined prior to the acquisition until the end of the current rate period to conform with requirements of the SUTA Dumping Prevention Act of 2004 has been repealed. Maryland Administration. The Joint Committee on UI Oversight has been reestablished, and the membership and staffing of the Committee have been established. The committee must examine the condition of the UI system as a result of the implementation of the 2005 amendments to Chapter 169 and the examination of additional alterations, including charging and taxation provisions and the eligibility and benefit provisions that are allowed. The committee must report its findings and recommendations on December 31 of each year. The committee will dissolve on December 31, 2007, unless it is reestablished by action of the General Assembly. Financing. The definition of the “taxable wage base” has been modified to include the first $8,500 in wages that (a) an employing unit pays to each employee for covered employment in this State and another State during a calendar year, if the employee was continuously employed immediately before and after a transfer of a business from another State during a calendar year; (b) a reorganized employer pays to each employee for covered employment if the employee was continuously employed immediately before and after the reorganization in a calendar year and if the contribution rate of the reorganized employer is based on the experience with payrolls and benefit charges of the employing unit before the reorganization; or (c) an employing unit 34 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 or predecessor employer or combination of both pays to each employee for covered employment during a calendar year if the payrolls and benefit charges of the predecessor employing unit are transferred to the successor employing unit. Monetary entitlement. The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $340 to $380; the minimum qualifying wages needed in the base period to qualify for the maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $12,240 to $13,680; and the high quarter wages needed in the base period to qualify for the maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $8,136.01 to $9,096.01 (applicable to claims filed establishing a new benefit year on or after October 7, 2007). Minnesota Administration. The UI telephone system now must have an option available to any individual calling in to the system to allow them to speak to an UI specialist who can provide direct assistance or can direct the caller to the person or office that is able to respond to the caller’s needs. Financing. The special assessment due from contributing employers will be levied at the rate of 0.10 percent per year on all taxable wages. Previously, the rate was 0.10 percent for calendar years 2006 and 2007, and 0.085 percent beginning January 1, 2008. Missouri Extensions and special programs. The definition of “war on terror veteran” has been modified by limiting the term to Missouri residents—that is, members of the Missouri National Guard or U.S. Armed Forces reserve units officially domiciled in Missouri before deployment—who, as found by a Missouri court or U.S. district court in Missouri, were discharged or laid off from their regular jobs while they were deployed. Erroneously paid benefits to war on terror veterans must be collected. Montana Administration. Effective October 1, 2007, a “licensed and practicing health care provider” is defined as a health care provider who is primarily responsible for the treatment of a person seeking UI benefits and who is licensed to practice in Montana as one of the following: a physician, a dentist, an advanced practice registered nurse who is recognized as a nurse practitioner or certified nurse specialist by the board of nursing, a physical therapist, a chiropractor, a clinical psychologist, or a physician assistant; or with respect to a person seeking benefits who resides outside of Montana, a health care provider licensed or certified as a member of one of the aforementioned professions in the jurisdiction where the person seeking the benefit lives. Effective October 1, 2007, in the aftermath of a disaster, the Department may waive, suspend, or modify its rules concerning the filing of a claim for benefits, filing continued claims, registering for work, or searching for work if the following conditions are met: the President of the United States declares a disaster pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 5170, et seq.; and the Governor issues an executive order directing the Department to waive, suspend, or modify rules relating to claims. In the aftermath of a disaster that meets these conditions, the Department may waive, suspend, or modify its rules relating to claims in portions of the State named by the Department as appropriate to address the nature of the disaster and for the purposes of UI laws (effective October 1, 2007). UI Coverage. Effective January 1, 2008, the definition of “employment” has been modified to mean service—including service in interstate commerce—by an individual, a manager or member of a limited liability company treated as a corporation pursuant to the UI law, or an officer of a corporation performed for wages or under any contract of hire, written or oral, express or implied. Effective January 1, 2008, the exclusions from the definition of “employment” for service performed by sole proprietors, working members of a partnership, members of a limited liability company treated as a partnership or sole proprietorship pursuant to the UI law, or partners in a limited liability partnership that has filed with the Secretary of State also have been modified. Extensions and special programs. The extended benefits provision has been modified. The total extended benefit amount payable to an eligible individual with respect to that individual’s applicable benefit year must be the least of the following three amounts (formerly the first two amounts): 50 percent of the total amount of regular benefits that were payable to the individual in the individual’s applicable benefit year; 13 times the individual’s weekly benefit amount that was payable to the individual for a week of total unemployment in the individual’s applicable benefit year; or 39 times the individual’s weekly benefit amount, less the amount of regular benefits paid or considered paid during the individual’s applicable benefit year. Financing. Effective October 1, 2007, the UI administration account will no longer consist of all money appropriated by the State from the general fund for the purpose of administering the UI law; all money, trust funds, supplies, facilities, or services furnished, deposited, paid, and received from: the State of Montana or any agency of the State; any other State or any of its agencies; political subdivisions of the State; or any other source for administrative expense and purpose. The provision for giving a bond in connection with the UI administration account and payment for the bond from money in such account has been removed, effective October 1, 2007. Effective July 1, 2007, an employer’s account will not be charged for benefits paid to an employee who is laid off as a result of the return to work of a permanent employee who was called to military service, and had completed 4 or more weeks of military service and exercised certain reemployment rights. The corporate bankruptcy provisions have been modified to provide that the liability imposed upon an individual remains unaffected by the bankruptcy of a business entity to which a discharge cannot be granted under Federal law, and the individual is liable for the unpaid amount of taxes, penalties and interest, effective January 1, 2008. Effective January 1, 2008, the liability provisions are modified to provide that in the case of a limited liability company treated as a partnership pursuant to the unemployment law, the liability for UI taxes, penalties, and interest owed extends jointly and severally to each member; not treated as a partnership pursuant to the unemployment law, liability for UI taxes, penalties, and interest owed extends jointly and severally to the managers of the limited liability company. In addition, effective October 1, 2007, the contribution rate schedule IX has been modified to add (.0025) as the minimum ratio of fund to total wages. Benefits paid are not chargeable to the employer’s account when an individual leaves employment because of the mandatory military transfer of spouse. Effective January 1, 2008, the provisions relating to assessments for administrative expenses have been revised by providing that the following assessments must be levied against and paid by the indicated employers: beginning January 1, 2008, 0.13 percent of all taxable wages paid by employers assigned a rate class 1, Schedules I and II, and rate class 2, schedule I, contribution rate; 0.18 percent of all taxable wages paid by employers assigned a contribution rate other than rate class 1, Schedules I and II, and rate class 2, schedule I; 0.18 percent of all taxable wages paid by employers assigned an industrial rate; 0.08 percent of total wages paid by all employers; beginning July 1, 2008, 0.09 percent of total wages paid by all employers. (Formerly, the law provided that an assessment equal to 0.13 percent of all taxable wages provided and 0.05 percent of total wages paid by employers not covered by an experience rating must be levied against and paid by all employers.) Effective January 1, 2008, all assessments and investment income must be deposited in the employment security account. In addition, effective January 1, 2008, the following assessments and investment income from those assessments are designated to be used for the administration of the UI program: 0.05 percent of all taxable wages paid by all employers; 0.05 percent of all taxable wages paid by employers assigned an industry rate; 0.03 percent of total wages paid by all employers; and beginning July 1, 2008, 0.04 percent of total wages paid by all employers. Effective January 1, 2008, if UI funding sources exceed the needs of the UI program, all or a portion of the excess may be appropriated and used for other specific expenses. Effective October 1, 2007, money is permitted to be deposited in the employment security account to be appropriated for payment of expenses incurred in the administration of the UI program. Effective July 1, 2008, the language concerning payments of contributions specific to newly covered governmental entities and that currently requires all governmental entities to make payments at the median rate will be removed. Effective July 1, 2008, the minimum rate for experience-rated governmental entities may not be less than 0.06 percent (previously, 0.1 percent). Effective January 1, 2008, the ratios that are used to calculate UI contribution rates have been revised, resulting in the following rates: for eligible employers, the most favorable rates range from 0.00 percent to 1.42 percent. The least favorable rates for eligible employers range from 1.62 percent to 3.42 percent. For deficit employers, the most favorable rates range from 2.92 percent to 6.12 percent. The least favorable rates for deficit employers range from 4.92 percent to 6.12 percent. Also effective January 1, 2008, the provisions for determining uncollectible debts, transferring debts to the Department of Revenue for collection, collection fees and costs, and debtor liability for repayment of debt, the costs and fees will be removed. Monetary entitlement. The maximum weekly benefit amount increases from 66.5 percent to 67.5 percent of the average weekly wage and the minimum weekly benefit amount increases from 19 percent to 20 percent of the average weekly wage during years the UI contribution schedule I is in effect. An individual may not be disqualified for benefits if the individual leaves employment because of the mandatory military transfer of his or her spouse. Nonmonetary eligibility. The provision for disqualification for failure to apply for or to accept suitable work has been modified such that an individual is disqualified for benefits if he or she fails without good cause to accept an offer from a former employer or a new employer of suitable work that the individual is physically able and mentally qualified to perform, effective October 1, 2007. In addition, effective October 1, 2007, the provision that an individual is disqualified for benefits for any week with respect to which the individual receives payment in the form of compensation for disability under the Social Security disability law has been removed. Nebraska Administration. An employee of the Commission who violates any provision concerning information obtained and disclosed under certain circumstances and any person who receives certain information that has been disclosed to them and rediscloses such information for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was originally obtained, is guilty of a class III misdemeanor. Confidential information obtained under certain circumstances, not limited to but including, the following may be disclosed: for the proper presentation of the contest of an unemployment benefit claim or tax appeal to any claimant or employer or representative of a claimant or employer, as a party before an appeal tribunal or court; in appeals records and decisions on coverage of employers, employment, wages, and benefit eligibility if all Social Security numbers have been removed and such disclosure is otherwise consistent with Federal and State law; or to public officials or their agent/contractor for use in the performance of their official duties. Confidential information obtained about an individual or employer may be disclosed under certain conditions to certain agents acting for the individual or employer, including elected officials, attorneys, a third party or its agent. Confidential information obtained may be disclosed under the following circumstances: information about an individual or employer must only be disclosed to the respective individual or employer; to a local State or Federal governmental official; disclosures to a Federal official for purposes of unemployment compensation program oversight and audits, including disclosures under certain Codes of Federal Regulations, as they existed on January 1, 2007. Costs must be recovered for providing information unrelated to the administration of the Employment Security Law or the UI compensation program prior to providing the information, unless costs are nominal or the entity is a governmental agency that provides reciprocal service. Financing. The term “wages” has been redefined for purposes of service performed in employment in agricultural labor to mean cash remuneration and the cash value of commodities not intended for personal consumpMonthly Labor Review • January 2008 35 Unemployment Insurance, 2007 tion by the worker and his or her immediate family for such services. The Commissioner is permitted to assess a fee to recover payments for returned check charges and electronic payments not accepted. The provision has been removed that stated that if the State’s reserve ratio on September 30, 2008, or September 30, 2009, is less than 0.4 percent and an emergency solvency surcharge is imposed for such year, then the maximum weekly benefit amount for the following calendar year will not be increased over the then current maximum weekly benefit amount. The law has been modified to provide that for any employer who has not been subject to the payment of contributions during each of the two 4-calendar-quarter periods ending on September 30 of any year, but has been subject to the payment of contributions in any two 4-calendar-quarter periods regardless of whether such 4-calendar quarter periods are consecutive, such employer’s combined tax rate for the following tax year must be one of the following: the highest combined tax rate for employers with a positive experience account balance if the employer’s experience account balance exhibits a positive balance as of September 30 of the year of rate computation; or the standard rate if the employer’s experience account exhibits a negative balance as of September 30 of the year of rate computation. (The law previously provided that for any employer who has been subject to the payment of contributions for any eight preceding calendar quarters, regardless of whether such calendar quarters are consecutive, and whose experience account exhibits a negative balance as of September 30 of the year of rate computation, the rate on its annual payroll must be equal to or greater than the highest combined tax rate for employers whose experience account balance is positive—but not greater than the standard rate—until such time as the experience account exhibits a positive balance.) The experience factor has been changed from 0.15 to 0.00 for eligible experience-rated employers in the lowest rate category, making the minimum rate 0.00 percent. The experience factors for categories 15, 16, and 17 also were changed. Employers delinquent in filing their combined tax reports as of October 31 of any year must be assigned to category 20 for the following calendar year unless the delinquency is corrected prior to December 31 of the year of rate calculation. All voluntary contributions must be received on or before January 10 (previously March 10) of any year to be considered as paid at the beginning of the calendar year. An individual employer, partner, corporate officer, or member of a limited liability company or limited liability partnership who willfully fails or refuses to make any combined tax payment must be jointly 36 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 and severally liable for the payment of such combined tax and any penalties and interest owed. case basis upon a finding by the Commissioner that sufficient guarantees of continued confidentiality are in place. Overpayments. Individuals liable to repay an overpayment of benefits because they willfully fail to disclose amounts earned at the same time benefits are claimed, or because they willfully fail to disclose or have falsified facts, and who fail or refuse to repay such overpayment within 12 months after the final determination may be subject to a levy on their salary, wages, or other regular payment either due to or received by them; the levy will be continuous from the date the levy is served until the amount of the levy is satisfied. The law provides for appeal of a levy, and it provides that any person failing or refusing to honor the levy without cause may be held liable for the amount of the levy up to the value of the total assets of the person liable to repay the overpayment. Financing. Effective April 1, 2007, each contributing employer’s rate will be reduced by two-tenths of 1 percent (previously one-tenth of 1 percent) beginning in the second quarter of 2007. All employers are required to pay an administrative contribution equal to the amount of this reduction. Also effective April 1, 2007, the provision has been removed that stated that in the event the unemployment compensation trust fund fails to equal or exceed $275,000,000 throughout the preceding calendar quarter, the administrative contribution funds will not be deposited quarterly in the training fund as required, but shall be deposited in the contingent fund and expended only as needed for the contingent fund purposes and not for any other purposes. Nevada Appeals. The Administrator (formerly, the Board of Review) is required to (a) appoint one or more impartial Appeal Tribunals consisting in each case of a selected salaried examiner; or (b) enter into an interlocal agreement with another public agency for the appointment of a single hearing officer to hear and decide appealed claims. The option of having an Appeal Tribunal consisting of three members has been eliminated. The position of the Chairman of the Appeal Tribunal has been removed. The provision stating that, while engaged in the business of the tribunal, each tribunal member is entitled to receive the per diem allowance and travel expenses has been removed. The provision requiring the Administrator to provide the Board of Review and the Appeal Tribunal with proper facilities and assistants for the execution of their functions also has been removed. Financing. If a claimant leaves his last or next to last employer (previously, “an employer”) to take other employment and leaves or is discharged by the latter employer, benefits paid to him must not be charged against the record for experience rating of the former employer. New Hampshire Administration. The Social Security Administration and the Department of Unemployment Security are permitted to establish a reciprocal electronic data exchange agreement, provided that data exchanged through this agreement are used for establishing and verifying eligibility and payment amounts and for preventing and detecting waste, abuse, fraud and identity theft. Access will be granted to authorized Federal employees on a case-by- New Jersey Nonmonetary eligibility. Unemployment benefits will not be reduced if there has been an eligible rollover distribution from a qualified trust to an eligible retirement plan within 60 days of receipt. Any distributions subject to Federal income tax will require reduction in unemployment benefits by the amount of the distribution. New Mexico Administration. The New Mexico Workforce Solutions Department replaces the (New Mexico) Department of Labor. The title of the Secretary of the Department of Labor has been changed to the Secretary of Workforce Solutions. The Employment Security division is renamed the Workforce Transition Services division. The Department will have access to all records, data and information of other departments, and agencies and institutions not specifically held confidential by law. New York Administration. The New York Department of Labor is allowed to receive and redisclose UI information from quarterly combined withholding, wage reporting, and UI returns filed by employers for the administration of the UI program, the employment services program, and Federal and State employment and training programs, employment statistics and labor market information programs, worker protection programs, other Federal programs for which the Department of Labor has responsibility, or other purposes deemed appropriate by the Commissioner of Labor. (The law previously allowed the disclosure of such information for employment security programs, evaluation of employment and training pro- grams, reporting, and monitoring.) Information is allowed to be used in court in actions pursuant to disclosures to Federal, State, or local agencies, or to adjudicate a claim for benefits. Information must be disclosed upon request to any Federal, State, or local agency entitled to such information under the Social Security Act or any other Federal law in the manner prescribed by such law or its implementing regulations. The Commissioner is allowed to require written agreements with requesting Federal, State, or local agencies consistent with Federal regulations—including the regulation concerning the confidentiality and disclosure of State unemployment compensation information—and assurances that the requesting agency has adequate security safeguards in place. Information is allowed to be disclosed to Federal, State, or local agencies for the following legitimate governmental purposes: investigation of fraud or misuse of public funds; programmatic purposes of workforce agencies, workforce investment boards and their agents, one-stop operating partners; U.S. Department of Labor requirements for receipt of Federal administrative funding; carrying out statutory functions of State and local economic development agencies; and determining coverage compliance of the Worker’s Compensation Board, the State Insurance Fund, and the State Insurance Department. Wage reporting information obtained from the Department of Taxation and Information from quarterly combined withholding, wage reporting, and UI returns filed by employers must be confidential and must be used for the administration of the UI program, the employment services program, Federal and State employment and training programs, employment statistics and labor market information programs, employer services program, worker protection programs, other Federal programs for which the Department of Labor has responsibility, or other purposes deemed appropriate by the Commissioner of Labor. North Dakota Administration. Employers with more than 99 employees at any time must file contribution and wage reports via an electronic method approved by the North Dakota Department of Labor beginning with the calendar quarter in which the 99-employee requirement is met. Employers not complying with the electronic filing of reports requirements are deemed to have failed to submit their contribution and wage reports. All payers making payments on behalf of more than one employer must make all payments electronically. Financing. The calculation of the tax rate necessary to generate the amount of income needed to reach a solvency balance has been modified by adding that the negative rate arrays must have a minimum multiplier of 100 percent. Appropriation for the Federal advance interest repayment fund will continue to be provided, and use of monies in this fund is authorized for the purposes of reemployment programs to ensure the integrity of the UI program. Design and engineering firms connected with construction projects estimated at a cost of at least $50 million planned for completion or discontinuance within a 7-year period are excluded from posting a bond or an irrevocable letter of credit. The computations of the amount of bond or irrevocable letter of credit, the estimation of contributions expected, and the estimation of benefits paid have been changed. The general or prime contractor, or the owner when there is no general or prime contractor, must remain liable for any amount of benefits paid to the employees working on the project that exceeds the amount of contributions collected from the employers who worked on the project and not covered by the amount of the bond or irrevocable letter of credit. The provision on determination of rates has been modified by providing that the positive employer minimum rate in the first rate schedule is 0.01 percent and in each subsequent rate schedule the rate is the previous rate schedule’s positive employer minimum rate plus 0.01 percent; the negative employer minimum rate required to generate the amount of income needed to pay benefits is the positive employer minimum (previously maximum) rate plus 6 percent (previously 5.1 percent); the positive employer minimum (previously maximum) rate necessary to generate the amount of income needed to pay benefits must be set so that all rates combined generate the average required rate for income needed to pay benefits; and new employers must be assigned a rate that is 90 percent (previously 150 percent) of the positive employer maximum rate or a rate of 1 percent, whichever is greater, unless classified in construction services. The provisions on how the variations in standard rate of contributions are determined have been amended to provide that in the schedule of positive employer rate groups, each successive rate group for positive employers must be assigned a rate equal to 120 percent of the previous group’s rate, with a minimum increase of 0.1 percent and a maximum increase of 0.4 percent; there must be 10 rate groups in the positive employer schedule; after assigning rates on the basis of ranking employers with the highest reserve ratio, each successively ranked positive employer must be assigned to a rate such that the first rate in the schedule is assigned 60 percent of the positive employer’s prior year’s taxable wages and each of the remaining nine rates within the rate schedule are assigned the same proportion of the remaining 40 percent of the positive employer’s prior year’s taxable wages (previously the rates in the schedule were assigned in the same proportion); and an employer with a quarterly taxable payroll in excess of $50,000 and at least 3 times its established average annual payroll or the average annual payroll is zero, the employer’s cumulative lifetime reserve balance is positive, then the employer’s tax rate is 90 percent (previously 150 percent) of the positive employer maximum rate in effect that year or a rate of 1 percent, whichever is greater, beginning the first day of the calendar quarter in which it occurred and for the remainder of the calendar year. Oklahoma Administration. Information may be released to any State or Federal law enforcement authority when necessary in the investigation of any crime of which the Commission is a victim. Confidential information will be held confidential by the law enforcement authority unless and until it is required for use in court in the prosecution of a defendant in a criminal prosecution. A representative from the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education has been added to the Worker Safety Policy Council. This representative will be appointed by the Commissioner of Labor and will serve at the pleasure of the Commissioner. Appeals. If an employer fails to file an appeal to the district court within the time allowed, the order will be final and no further appeal will be allowed for determinations on any aspect of an employer’s account. If a Petition for Review is not filed within the time allowed by law, the administrative order, ruling or finding will become final and the district court will not have jurisdiction to consider the appeal. Financing. An employer’s account will not be charged if the Commission receives a notice of amounts paid as benefits by another State under a reciprocal agreement, and the notice is received after 3 years from the effective date of the underlying benefit claim. The employer will be relieved of the charge when the facts are brought before the commission, if a charge is made based on such notice. The Commission will make its assessments or amend its assessments for payments in lieu of contributions within 3 years of the ending date of the calendar quarter to which the assessment or amendment applies. Nonmonetary eligibility. An individual’s receipt of payments from a pension, retired or retirement pay, annuity, or other similar payment plan that the employee contributed to in any amount will not result in a reduction in Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 37 Unemployment Insurance, 2007 his or her weekly benefit amount. If a person filing a claim was discharged for misconduct by his or her employer after testing positive for an illegal drug or for alcohol, a copy of the drug or alcohol test will be accepted as prima facie evidence of the administration and results of the drug or alcohol test. The employer’s written drug or alcohol testing policy on the substances tested for need only state that the substances tested for are drugs and alcohol as defined in the Standards for Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Act, including controlled substances approved for testing by rule by the State Commissioner of Health. Oregon Administration. The Oregon Department of Labor may provide confidential information, including names and addresses of employers and employees and payroll data to the Department of Transportation in order to assist in debt collection, including unpaid taxes. The Department of Transportation is proscribed from releasing such information in any manner that would identify any employing unit or employee except as required to carry out Department of Transportation duties; disclosing this information to any private collection agency also is prohibited. The circumstances under which the director may reconsider a determination of employer subjectivity, tax rate, or tax assessment is expanded to include determinations when there is evidence of computation errors, clerical errors, misinformation provided to a party by the Employment Department, facts not previously known to the Department, or errors by the Department caused by misapplication of the law. Coverage. The term “employer” is redefined to mean any employing unit that employs one or more individuals employed in each of 18 separate weeks during any calendar year, or in which the employing unit’s total payroll during any calendar quarter amounts to $1,000 or more (previously, $225). In addition, the term “services excluded from employment” is redefined to exclude service not in the course of the employer’s trade or business that does not promote or advance the trade or business of the employer, unless the service is performed in each of 18 weeks in a calendar year or total payroll for the service during any calendar quarter is $1,000 or more (previously, $225). Financing. The provision that specifies that a business entity that has a single owner and is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for Federal tax purposes and is deemed to be the same employing unit as its owner for unemployment compensation tax purposes has been repealed. 38 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Nonmonetary eligibility. New legislation modifies the conditions under which an individual may be eligible for UI benefits when the individual is unemployed due to a lockout resulting from a labor dispute. (This applies to UI claims made on or after June 26, 2007.) South Dakota Financing. As of January 1, 2006, new legislation excludes from the definition of “wages” the employer’s contributions to retirement or pension payments, if the payment is made to certain qualified plans provided by Federal law (other than certain elective contributions). Texas Administration. An offense of the law pertaining to disclosure of information is now a class A misdemeanor; previously, the penalty was a fine of $20 to $200 or 90 days in jail (or both). The term “unemployment compensation information” is defined as records of the Commission that pertain to the administration of the unemployment compensation program, including all information collected, received, developed, and maintained in the administration of both the unemployment compensation benefits and tax systems. The Commission must adopt and enforce reasonable rules governing the confidentiality, custody, use, preservation, and disclosure of unemployment compensation information consistent with Federal law. These rules must include safeguards to protect the confidentiality of identifying information regarding any individual or any past or present employer or employing unit contained in unemployment compensation information. Unemployment compensation information is not public information. A person has committed an offense if the person solicits, discloses, receives, uses, authorizes, permits, participates in, or acquiesces in another person’s use of unemployment compensation information if doing so reveals identifying information regarding any individual or any past or present employer, or if the information could be paired with other publicly available information that could reveal identifying information regarding any individual or past or present employer or employing unit. Financing. Benefits computed on benefit wage credits of an employee or former employee may not be charged to the account of an employer if the employee’s last separation from the employer before his or her benefit year resulted from the employee leaving his or her workplace to care for the employee’s terminally ill spouse, as evidenced by a physician’s statement or other medical documentation—but only if no reasonable alternative care was available. Nonmonetary eligibility. Specific information is required in a physician’s statement or other medical documentation for it to be considered evidence that an individual left the workplace to protect the individual from family violence or stalking, in which case the individual would not be disqualified from benefits. The law now stipulates that an individual is not disqualified from benefits if the individual leaves the workplace to care for the individual’s terminally ill spouse as evidenced by a physician’s statement or other medical documentation, but only if no reasonable, alternative care was available. Utah Administration. The State agency may require employers to file contribution reports on electronic media as well as on magnetic media or in other machine-readable form. Rules must be prescribed to provide standards for determining which contribution reports must be filed on electronic media. An employer may not be required to file contribution reports on magnetic or electronic media unless the employer is required to file wage data on at least 250 employees during any calendar quarter or is an authorized employer representative who files quarterly tax reports on behalf of 100 or more employers during any calendar quarter. The Department of Workforce Services may disclose to an individual the suspected misuse of the individual’s personal identifying information and report suspected abuse to appropriate law enforcement agencies responsible for investigating identity fraud violations. An employee of Workforce Services who makes a disclosure of information obtained from an employing unit or individual or uses the list of applicants for work or claimant information for political purposes has committed a violation under a class C misdemeanor instead of a violation under class A. Financing. The provision that employers not be charged for benefits paid due to the 50percent Social Security benefits offset to an individual’s weekly unemployment benefit amount has been removed. The provision that these costs be funded from Federal Reed Act money also has been removed. Nonmonetary eligibility. The disqualification provisions related to unreported or underreported work or earnings have been clarified. If a fraud determination is based solely on a claimant’s unreported or underreported work or earnings and the claimant would have been eligible for benefits that week, the claimant does not lose eligibility for that week, but is liable for the overpayment and subject to disqualification of benefits for subsequent weeks. Virginia Administration. Employers who report 100 or more employees in any calendar quarter must file quarterly reports on an electronic medium in a format prescribed by the Commissioner beginning January 1, 2009. A penalty of $75 will be imposed for failure to file electronically without good cause for employers who do not obtain a waiver. Penalties collected must be paid to the Special Unemployment Compensation Administration Fund. Financing. Payroll and tax reports and payment of taxes may be filed annually if the employment is exclusively domestic service in a private home and quarterly payroll does not exceed $5,000, regardless of the number of persons providing such service. Monetary entitlement. The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $347 to $363, effective July 1, 2007. Washington Administration. The Department of Labor of the State of Washington must provide to new employers printed material of all recommended or required postings and a copy of any printed material that has substantive changes to each employer. Churches, church conventions and associations, and organizations operated primarily for religious purposes must provide written notification, at the time of hire, to each individual performing services exempt from the definition of “employment” that they may not be eligible to receive unemployment benefits based upon such services. In addition, the employer must display a poster, as provided by the Employment Security Department, giving notice of the exclusion. Coverage. A corporation that is a public company (other than nonprofit, governmental, or tribal) may exempt from coverage an officer who is voluntarily elected or appointed, consistent with articles of incorporation or bylaws; is a shareholder; exercises substantial control in daily management; and whose primary responsibilities do not include the performance of manual labor. In a nonpublic company, the law allows a corporation to exempt from coverage eight or fewer officers who agree to be exempted, are voluntarily elected or appointed, and who exercise substantial control in the daily management of the company without regard to performance of manual labor if the officer is a shareholder. It may also exempt from coverage any number of officers if all of the exempted officers are related by blood within the third degree or by marriage. The requirements for corporations to file exemptions from or reinstatements of coverage for corporate officers have been defined. In addition, personal services provided by corporate offices are not considered services in employment unless the corporation registers and elects to provide coverage. An officer or family member who owns 10 percent or more of company stock and whose claim for benefits is based on wages with the corporation is not considered unemployed in any week during the individual’s term of office or ownership, but the officer is considered unemployed upon dissolution of the corporation or if the officer resigns or is permanently removed from his or her appointment. Extensions and special programs. A self-employment assistance (SEA) program has been established. Unemployed individuals are eligible to participate in the SEA program if they are otherwise eligible for regular benefits; likely to exhaust regular unemployment benefits under a profiling program; and enrolled in an SEA program approved by the Commissioner. Individuals participating in an SEA program are eligible to receive regular unemployment benefits. The requirements relating to availability for work, active search for work, and refusal to accept suitable work are not applicable for the first 52 weeks of an individual’s participation in the program. Failure to participate in an approved SEA program disqualifies the individual from continuation in the program. Individuals completing the program may not compete with their separating employer for a period of up to 1 year based on identified factors. The Commissioner is not obligated to expend funds for the operation of the SEA program unless specific funding is provided through Federal or State appropriation. Individuals enrolled in a course of study of 12 or more hours per week in an approved SEA program are not disqualified from receiving benefits. The Department must report to the House and Senate Committees by December 1, 2011, on the performance of the SEA program, including an analysis of the self-employment impacts, wage and salary outcomes, benefit payment outcomes, and a cost-benefit analysis. The program is effective January 1, 2008, and expires July 1, 2012. Financing. Employers must register, obtain an employment security account number, and provide specific information to the Department. Any changes in owners, partners, members or corporate officers must be reported to the Department at intervals prescribed by the Commissioner. New requirements for employer reports have been added to include the full names, Social Security numbers and total hours worked for each worker. Benefits paid using computed hours are not considered an overpayment and are not subject to collection when the correction of computed hours results in an invalid or reduced claim. However, contribution paying employers who fail to report the number of hours worked will have their experience rating account charged based on the number of computed hours, and reimbursing employers who fail to report the number of hours worked will have to reimburse the trust fund for benefits paid based on the number of hours computed. When a benefit claim becomes invalid due to an employer failing to report or inaccurately reporting hours worked, remuneration paid, or both, the employer will be charged or reimbursed based on the originally filed incomplete or inaccurate report. A penalty of $25 per violation will be imposed for an employer who fails to file timely reports. (Previously, the imposed penalty was up to the lesser of $250 or 10 percent of the employer’s quarterly contribution.) New penalties have been added for employers who file incomplete or incorrectly formatted tax and wage reports as follows: for the first occurrence, the employer must receive a warning letter; for subsequent occurrences within 5 years of the last occurrence, the penalties, when no contribution is due, will result in increasing penalties (second, $75; third, $150; and fourth and each occurrence thereafter, $250). When contributions are due, the penalties are as follows: for a second occurrence, 10 percent of the quarterly contribution due (not less than $75 and not more than $250); for third, 10 percent (not less than $150 or more than $250); and for fourth and each occurrence thereafter, $250. Penalties may be waived for good cause if the employer is not at fault. Definitions for a professional employer organization, client employer, covered employee, professional employer services, co-employment relationship, and professional employer agreement have been added. Professional employer organizations must register; provide the Department with specific information regarding client employers; notify the Department within 30 days each time it adds or terminates a relationship with a client employer; provide proof it is authorized to act on behalf of the client employer for UI purposes; ensure separate and distinct information for each client employer is filed in quarterly wage and contribution reports; and maintain and make available for review accurate payroll records for each client employer. A professional employer organization’s authority may be revoked if it fails to comply with these requirements. Each client employer is assigned its individual contribution rate based on its own experience and is liable for payment of any taxes, interest, or penalties due. Professional employer organizations may collect and pay taxes for client employers. Collection proceMonthly Labor Review • January 2008 39 Unemployment Insurance, 2007 dures for late payments have been specified. The definition of a temporary staffing services company has changed. The temporary staffing services company is now considered the employer. The employee leasing agency definition has been removed. The services referral agency definition has changed. A definition for third-party payers has been added. A definition for common paymasters has been added, and the common paymaster is not considered the employer. Joint accounts may not be established for professional employer organizations or third-party payers and their clients. Any officer, member, or owner of a company that is dissolved who willfully evades contributions, willfully destroys or falsifies any record, or fails to account truthfully for the condition of the company is personally liable for any unpaid contributions and interest and penalties on those contributions. A limited liability company has been added to the definition of employer. A corporation is not an employing unit when all personal services are performed only by bona fide corporate officers, unless the corporation registers and elects to provide coverage. The Department must report on the impact of this act on professional employer organizations, small businesses, and the integrity of the UI system by December 1, 2010. The language has been removed that formerly required that all penalties and interest collected for State Unemployment Tax Act (SUTA) dumping activities be expended solely for prevention, detection, and collection activities related to evasion of the successorship provisions, and for no other purposes. The Commissioner must engage in prevention, detection, and collection activities related to evasion of the successorship provisions. The provision has been modified that formerly required that any amount of contributions payable to finance the Employment Security Department’s administrative account in the administrative contingency fund that 40 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 exceeded the amount that would have been collected at a rate of 0.004 of 1 percent be deposited into the unemployment compensation trust fund by requiring the excess instead to be deposited in the account that finances the special programs to assist the unemployed. The requirement for using the 1 percent interest penalty imposed for failing to repay an overpayment assessment or arranging for repayment terms for fully funding either Social Security number cross match audits or other more effective activities, and to fund other detection and recovery of overpayment and collection activities, but that requires the Department to continue to conduct such activities has been removed. Overpayments. Effective January 1, 2008, the former disqualification provision for individuals who knowingly made a false statement or representation involving a material fact or knowingly failed to report a material fact and obtained or attempted to obtain benefits has changed as follows: the first time an individual is disqualified, he or she is disqualified for an additional 26 weeks; the second time an individual is disqualified, he or she is disqualified for an additional 52 weeks and is subject to an additional penalty of 25 percent of the benefits overpaid; in subsequent disqualifications, the individual is disqualified for an additional 104 weeks and is subject to an additional penalty of 50 percent of the benefits overpaid. (Previously, the disqualification was for an additional 26 weeks, but not applicable after 2 years from the date of mailing of the disqualification determination.) All penalties must be collected, and collected penalties must be used for UI administration. Wyoming Financing. The Department must by rule and regulation establish an additional formula to apportion the positive fund balance adjustment factor between employers whose accounts have incurred a benefit ratio of zero and employers whose accounts have incurred a benefit ratio that is greater than zero. For purposes of the apportionment, employers who have no established experience period must be treated the same as employers whose accounts have incurred a benefit ratio that is greater than zero. The apportionment formula must reflect the proportion of contribution revenue received from each of the two groups of employers during the previous calendar year and an additional surcharge for employers whose accounts have incurred a benefit ratio that is greater than zero. The provision concerning delinquent rates has been modified to provide that an employer satisfies his or her delinquent account by paying all contributions, interest, and penalties due and submitting all contribution reports that are due. The estimated construction cost of any project in Wyoming that requires incremental bond payments for impact industries has increased from at least $25,000,000 to at least $100,000,000. Overpayments. The overpayment provisions have been modified to provide permit recoupment, without civil action, of benefits liable for repayment by offsetting against future benefits within 5 years from the effective date of the claim resulting in the overpayment, if the claim was nonfraudulent; the provisions now state that the limitation on recoupment extends beyond the 5-year limitation, if the claim resulting in the overpayment was fraudulent; and they permit the cancellation of amounts of overpayments or penalty due on any overpayments after the expiration of the aforementioned time period, when the individual cannot be located. (Previously, cancellation of amounts of overpayments or penalty due on any overpayments were permitted 5 years after the effective date of the claim resulting in an overpayment, when the individual could not be located within the State of Wyoming.) Older Workers Older workers: increasing their labor force participation and hours of work Over the past dozen or so years, older men—especially those 65 years or older—have increased their labor force participation and full-time employment, thereby reversing long-run declines; increases for older women also have occurred and have been proportionately greater Murray Gendell Murray Gendell is Professor Emeritus of Demography, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. E-mail: Murray@Gendell.com M ajor changes in the movement of labor force participation rates and full-time employment of older workers have occurred during the past dozen years. A closer examination of available data reveals different trends in the labor force participation rates between workers aged 60 and older and workers aged 50–59, as well as varied trends by gender. This article updates two time series of data on the average age at retirement of men and women aged 50 years or older. One series uses the median age at exit from the labor force (hereafter, median age at exit), and the other uses the mean age at initial receipt of the retirement or disability benefit provided by the Social Security Administration (hereafter, the Social Security mean). The addition of the most recent 5-year period in the series, 2000–05, provides a 50-year perspective. The latest data show a continuation of the leveling off of the Social Security average age, but a further drop in the median age at exit. The reason for this decline is the same as it was for the decline between 1990–95 and 1995–2000, namely, that workers aged 60 years or older withdrew from the labor force at a lower rate than workers 50–59 years old, shifting the age distribution of the estimated number of net exits toward the younger ages. The reason for this difference in exit rates is that the labor force participation rates of men and women aged 60 years or older have increased considerably since at least 1994, while there has been little or no change at ages 50–59. For workers 60 years or older, the increases are a major reversal of men’s long-run decline and a marked change from the previously flat trend among women. Furthermore, not only have these workers’ participation rates risen impressively, but this age group also has been increasingly working full time—and doing so throughout the year. The sections that follow update the two time series, as well as the estimates of changes in the duration of postwork retirement, and provide an analysis of the changes that have occurred in the 50-year history of the median age at exit. But the main objective of the article is to present the findings concerning the substantial increase in the labor force engagement of men and women 60 years or older, as well as the reasons for its occurrence. The article closes with comments about some of the implications of the increase, the likelihood of its continuation, and associated issues that need further study. Data and methods Every year, the Social Security Administration publishes the mean age of men and women initially awarded their retirement benefit or their disability benefit, along with Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 41 Older Workers the number of awardees and a frequency distribution of their ages.1 To obtain the combined mean age of these two types of beneficiaries, first the mean age of the disability awardees aged 50–64 years was calculated (at age 65, their award is converted to the retirement benefit), and then the weighted average of that mean and the retirement mean was computed. This weighted average was obtained for every fifth year of data from 1960 to 2004, the latest year for which data were available at the time this article was written. (Because disability data were first reported in 1957, the averages shown in table 1 for 1950–55 are limited to the mean of the retirement awards.) Then the weighted average of the means at the beginning and end of each 5-year interval was calculated to obtain the average for the interval. The last interval is limited to the period 2000–04. The median age at exit of workers aged 50 years or older is calculated from annual averages of the number in the labor force and of the labor force participation rate derived from the monthly Current Population Survey, for every fifth Table 1. year from 1950 through 2005, arrayed in 5-year age groups from 45–49 years through 75 years or older (used as a proxy for 75–79 years). Estimates of the number of net withdrawals from the labor force for reasons other than death during each 5-year interval are given by the equation: W = L1 (1 − R2 ) s, R1 (1) where L1 is the number in the labor force at the beginning of the interval, R1 is the labor force participation rate of a birth cohort at the beginning of the interval, R2 is the labor force participation rate of the same cohort at the end of the interval (hence, 5 years older), and S is the survival rate of the cohort during the interval. (Survival rates are calculated from the official national life tables.2) The equation applies to each of six cohorts aged 45–49 years through 70–74 years at the beginning of each interval and 50–54 years through 75–79 years at the end of the interval. In order to calculate the median, this analysis converts Estimated average age of retirement and expected years of postwork retirement, by gender, for selected periods, 1950–2005 and projected 2005–10 Social Security data1 Labor force data2 Expected years of postwork retirement3 Period Men 4 1950–55................................................................... 68.5 1965–70 ………….................................................... 63.4 1980–85 ………….................................................... 62.9 1985–90 ………….................................................... 62.8 1990–95 ………….................................................... 62.7 5 1995–2000 .............................................................. 62.6 5 2000–05 .................................................................. 62.6 2005–107.................................................................. (8) 1 Mean age at initial award of benefit for disability or retirement, calculated as the weighted average of the mean ages of those receiving awards for retirement and disability. The mean for individuals awarded disability benefits is limited to those 50 to 64 years of age. 2 Median age at exit from the labor force of 5-year cohorts aged 50–54 years through 75 or older for reasons other than death. 3 Average remaining life expectancy at the median age at exit from the labor force. 4 Age data for disability awards are not available. If they were, the means would be lower. 5 The mean retirement age for women in 1997 was 65.4, much higher than the means since the 1960s or in 1998 or 1999. It was, therefore, regarded as an anomaly and disregarded. The data for both women and men is limited to the period 2000–04, the latest period available. 6 Calculated from data for 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 which were adjusted to the levels prior to the 1994 revision of the Current 42 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Women 67.9 64.3 62.8 62.8 62.6 5 62.6 5 62.5 (8) 4 Men 66.9 64.2 62.8 62.6 6 62.4 6 62.0 6 61.6 6 61.6 Women Men Women 67.6 64.2 62.7 62.8 6 62.3 6 61.4 6 60.5 6 62.0 12.0 13.5 16.0 16.3 17.2 18.0 19.0 18.6 13.6 16.7 20.5 20.3 21.3 22.0 23.1 21.6 Population Survey. For information about the adjustment, see Murray Gendell, “Retirement age declines again in 1990s,” Monthly Labor Review, October 2001, pp. 12–21. 7 Data for 2010 were projected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2007. See Monthly Labor Review, November 2007, for a description of the projection. More detailed age data than those in the published report were provided to the author by BLS. 8 Not available. SOURCE: Gendell, Monthly Labor Review, October 2001, p. 20, endnote 6 and table 1; Life expectancy estimates calculated from national life tables for 1952, 1967, 1982, 1997, and 2002. Estimates for 2007 obtained by linear interpolation between life expectancies at specified ages for 2000 and 2010 in Life Tables for the U.S. Social Security Area 1900–2100, Actuarial Study No. 116, Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief Actuary, August 2002, table 6. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2005, tables 6.B5 and 6.C2. the cohorts (for example, 45-49 becoming 50–54, 50–54 becoming 55–59, and so forth) to age groups (50–54 years, 55–59 years, and so forth). The conversion was done with the use of the Karup-King third-difference formula for osculatory interpolation.3 Findings Average age at retirement and duration of postwork retirement. The Social Security mean (for those aged 50–64) has been essentially flat for both men and women since the early 1990s at about 62.5 (table 1). However, the median age at exit fell in the 1990s and continued to drop in the 2000–05 period, after flattening in the 1980s, with the decline greater for women than men. In the 2000–05 period, the median age at exit was 61.6 for men and 60.5 for women, a decline from the medians in the 1995–2000 period of 0.4 and 0.9 for men and women, respectively. Since the 1995–2000 interval, the median age at exit has been notably lower than the Social Security mean. With more than 80 percent of these Social Security beneficiaries receiving retirement awards, the minimum age for which is 62, it is much more difficult for this measure to decline from a level (aged 62.5) close to this minimum than for the median age at exit to do so. The median age at exit estimated for the 2005–10 period, based on the labor force data for 2010 projected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in 2007, indicates no change for men, but a large reversal for women (from age 60.5 to age 62.0). Whether this will in fact happen is uncertain. For example, the BLS 1999 projection for 2005 implied a similar reversal of the declines of the 1990s, but this did not occur.4 The cohort-specific labor force net withdrawal rates prior to 2000–05 had declined more among the older cohorts than the younger ones, lowering the median age at exit. The 1999 projection of labor data for 2005 implied a reversal of this pattern, but it did not occur.5 The 2007 projection for 2010 implies a similar reversal in the pattern of changes in the net withdrawal rates. Even as the median age at exit fell between 1995 and 2000 and 2000 and 2005, longevity continued to rise. Consequently, the duration of post-work retirement lengthened, increasing by a year for men, from 18.0 to 19.0 years, and by scarcely more for women, from 22.0 to 23.1 years. Compared with the estimates for 1950–55, these gains mean that the duration of post-work retirement has increased over the past half century by 7 years for men, a rise of 58 percent (19.0/12.0), and 9.5 years for women, a gain of 70 percent (23.1/13.6). However, if the median ages at exit implied in the 2010 projection do occur, there will be a decline in the length of post-work retirement, especially among women. Changes in the median age at exit are mainly the result of the pattern of changes in the cohort-specific net withdrawal rates. Table 2 presents the pattern of the actual change between 1995–2000, 2000–05, and projected 2005–10. It also shows the pattern of the projected change between 2000–05 and 2005–10 as measured by the cohort-specific ratios of the later to the earlier period. Starting with the actual change, we see that the ratios are less than 1.00 for all cohorts but the youngest, indicating declines in the net withdrawal rates. The patterns are somewhat irregular, but there is a tendency for the declines to be greater among the older than the younger cohorts, more so for the women than the men, which is why the women’s median age at exit fell more than the men’s. The exception to this pattern of declines, namely, the increases experienced by the youngest cohort, reinforces the effect of the differential decline. As for the projected change, the pattern among women is a clear reversal of the pattern described in the preceding paragraph: the ratios are smaller among the younger than the older cohorts, indicating a greater decline in net exits from the labor force in the younger cohorts. This pattern of differences is the main reason for the large rise of 1.5 years projected for women’s median age at exit. Among men, however, the slightly greater decline in net withdrawal rates in the two oldest cohorts than in the younger cohorts is not enough to produce a change in the median age. The impact of changes in the withdrawal rates in cohorts aged 65–69 and 70–74 at the beginning of the 5-year interval is small because the numbers in the labor force at those ages are comparatively little. As noted earlier, there is no assurance that the projected reversal of the pattern of changes in the net withdrawal rate will actually take place. It is instructive to put these recent changes in the median age at exit and the net withdrawal rate in the context of the longer run changes. Table 3 presents these changes for three 15-year periods from 1950–55 through 1995–2000. As in table 2, the changes in the net withdrawal rates are shown as ratios of the later to the earlier net withdrawal rate. With only minor exceptions among the two oldest male cohorts in the first 15-year interval, the ratios exceed 1.00, indicating increases in the net withdrawal rates, during the first 30 years. However, the increases were smaller during the second than the first interval, indicating a deceleration in the rate at which older men and women were leaving the labor force. In addition, with only minor Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 43 Older Workers Table 2. Changes in the 5-year cohort net withdrawal rates from the labor force for reasons other than death, by gender, 1995–2000, 2000–05, and projected 2005–10 Net withdrawal rates1 Ratios of net withdrawal rates Cohort 1995–2000 2000–05 2005–102 2000–05 divided by 1995–2000 2005–10 divided by 2000–05 Men 45–49 to 50–54 ………............................................. 50–54 to 55–59 ….................................................... 55–59 to 60–64 ....................................................... 60–64 to 65–69 ....................................................... 65–69 to 70–74 ....................................................... 70–74 to 75–793....................................................... 0.0433 .1096 .2813 .4501 .3081 .4585 0.0479 .1070 .2393 .4139 .2940 .4235 0.0440 .0991 .2191 .3994 .2097 .3655 1.11 .98 .85 .92 .95 .92 0.92 .93 .92 .96 .71 .86 .0390 .1566 .3182 .5007 .4099 .5629 .0634 .1413 .2499 .4304 .3247 .5051 .0245 .1012 .2341 .4309 .3654 .5128 1.63 .90 .79 .86 .79 .90 .39 .72 .94 1.00 1.13 1.02 Women 45-49 to 50–54......................................................... 50–54 to 55–59........................................................ 55–59 to 60-64......................................................... 60–64 to 65–69........................................................ 65–69 to 70–74........................................................ 70–74 to 75–793....................................................... 1The labor force participation rates used to calculate the net withdrawal rates [(1-R2/R1)√S; see equation (1) in text] have been adjusted to pre-1994 levels because of a revision of the Current Population Survey introduced in 1994. 2 The 2010 labor force participation rates are from the 2007 deviations, in both periods, the younger the cohort, the greater the change in the net withdrawal rate. This pattern is the main reason for the declines in the median age at exit during these two periods. The range of variation was greater in the first 15-year interval than in the second period, causing a drop in the median age at exit about twice as great in the first as in the second period. In the third interval, however, most of the ratios were less than 1.00, indicating declines in the net withdrawal rates, a big change from the preceding 30 years. Yet, the median age at exit continued to fall, even if more slowly, because the declines in men’s net withdrawal rates were greater in the older men than in the younger cohorts. Among women, the net withdrawal rates of the younger cohorts continued to rise even as the net withdrawal rates of the older cohorts fell. Impact of older workers leaving the labor force. Did the decline in the net withdrawal rates after 1980–85 reduce the impact of the net withdrawals of older workers on the size of the labor force? Again, it is helpful to consider this issue in the context of the trend since the early 1950s. In addition, it is useful to take into account the relative number of older workers in the labor force. Table 4 presents 44 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Bureau of Labor Statistics projection. 3 Age 75 or more is used as an approximation of age 75–79. SOURCE: Calculated by the author from published BLS data and unpublished 5-year age-specific labor force participation rates for 2010 projected in 2007 and supplied to the author by BLS. the data. (The numbers in the labor force were published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the number of net exits were estimated by the author. The latter should be regarded as approximations.) The number of net exits increased rapidly during the first two 15-year intervals, especially among women. The number of women in the labor force in the early 1950s was less than half that of men and the number of female workers aged 50 years or older was a third of that of men. In addition, the net withdrawal rates of these women at that time were substantially lower than those of the men, except among the two oldest cohorts. It is, therefore, not surprising that the number of net exits of older women was much smaller in the early 1950s than that of older men. From this low level, however, the increase in the number of net exits was much more rapid among women than men, an eight-fold rise by 1980–85 versus a doubling among the men. Thereafter, the numbers have been much more similar, in line with the more rapid increase of the numbers in the labor force among women than among men. The ratio of net exits to the total labor force in 1950–55 was twice as large among men as among women because both their relative number of net withdrawals among Table 3. Changes in the 5-year cohort net withdrawal rates from the labor force for reasons other than death over 15-year intervals, by gender, 1950–55 through 1995–2000 Ratios of net withdrawal rates Cohort 1965–70 divided by 1950–55 1980–85 divided by 1965–70 1995–2000 divided by 1980–85 Men 45–49 to 50–54 ....................................................... 50–54 to 55–59 ....................................................... 55–59 to 60–64 ....................................................... 60–64 to 65–69 ....................................................... 65–69 to 70–74 ....................................................... 70–74 to 75–792....................................................... 3.91 2.20 2.08 1.48 .99 .93 1.54 1.87 1.92 1.30 1.18 1.22 0.89 1.05 .92 .81 .71 .87 Decline in median age at exit from the labor force (in years)................................................................. 2.7 1.4 .8 45–49 to 50–54 ....................................................... 50–54 to 55–59 ....................................................... 55–59 to 60–64 ....................................................... 60–64 to 65–69 ....................................................... 65–69 to 70–74 ....................................................... 70–74 to 75–792....................................................... (3) 8.00 9.97 1.97 1.19 1.29 (3) 5.94 1.34 1.21 1.05 1.21 1.88 1.22 1.05 .87 .87 .86 Decline in median age at exit from the labor force (in years).................................................................... 3.4 1.5 1.3 Women 1 Calculated from labor force participation rates adjusted to pre1994 levels. Data for 2000 are based on 2000 census population controls. 2 The age group, 75 and older is used as an approximation of the workers aged 50 years and older and the percentage of workers of this age group in the labor force were considerably greater. By 1965–70, however, these ratios were essentially the same among women and men, and they have remained quite similar since then. The ratio of net exits to the total labor force peaked around 1980–85 at about 6.5 percent to 7.0 percent and then declined to between 5 percent and 6 percent. BLS labor force projections for 2005–10 indicate an increase to about 6 percent among women.6 The fluctuations in this ratio after the early 1950s have been similar for men and women. The data for the three periods after 2000–05 shown in table 4 are based on projections of the numbers in the labor force made by the BLS in 2007. (Footnote 3 in table 4 describes how the numbers of net exits for these periods were estimated.) The data show the continued aging of the labor force (the fraction of persons in the labor force aged 50 years and older increased from about one-fifth in 1995 to about one-fourth in 2005 and is then projected to reach about one-third by 2015) after 2005, especially among women, as the baby-boom cohorts reach these ages. Since the ratio of net exits to the total labor force is the product age group, 75–79. 3 Net accession. SOURCE: Calculated by the author from published Bureau of Labor Statistics data and estimates of pre-1994 adjustment factors. of the other two ratios, the increased aging of the labor force, other things equal, will raise the ratio of net exits to the labor force. To get some sense of the numerical impact of the aging effect, it has been assumed that the percentage of net exits in the elderly labor force estimated for the period 2005–10 would remain unchanged thereafter. By 2015–20, the ratio of net exits to the labor force rises 1.2 percentage points among men and 1.9 percentage points among women, reaching levels of approximately 7 percent to 8 percent, which exceeds the previous peak of 6 percent to 7 percent in the 1980–85 period. The greater rise among women than men in this exercise is mainly because of the greater increase in the number of older workers among women (about 80 percent between 2000–05 and 2015–20) than among men (about 60 percent). The rise in the number of all workers in the total labor force is the same for women as for men (14.5 percent). These specific results are hypothetical and should not be taken literally. However, it is highly likely that the labor force will become older, more so among women than men. But the extent to which this will take place is uncertain. The aging of the labor force will cause the ratio of net Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 45 Older Workers Table 4. Estimated number and percentage of net exits from the civilian labor force, by gender, 1950–55 through 2000–05 and projected 2005–2020 [Number in thousands] Ratios in percent Period Net exits (1) In civilian labor force1 Age 50 and older (2) All ages (3) Column 1 divided by column 2 Column 2 divided by column 3 Column 1 divided by column 3 Men 1950–55 .................................................................. 1965–70................................................................... 1980–85................................................................... 1995–20002.............................................................. 2000–052………….................................................... 2005–102………….................................................... 2010–153………….................................................... 2015–203………….................................................... 1,942 2,888 4,332 3,672 4,028 4,490 5,368 5,979 12,145 13,699 14,101 14,212 17,584 21,114 25,204 28,072 43,819 48,255 61,453 71,360 76,280 80,033 84,633 87,344 16.0 21.1 30.7 25.8 22.9 21.3 21.3 21.3 27.7 28.4 22.9 19.9 23.1 26.4 29.8 32.1 4.4 6.0 7.0 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.3 6.8 Women 1950–55................................................................... 1965–70................................................................... 1980–85................................................................... 1995–20002…………................................................ 2000–052………….................................................... 2005–102………….................................................... 2010–153………….................................................... 2015–203.................................................................. 371 1,557 2,968 3,500 3,725 4,201 5,282 6,059 3,921 7,256 9,395 11,451 14,566 18,119 22,768 26,115 18,389 26,200 45,487 60,944 66,303 69,288 73,062 75,950 9.5 21.5 31.6 30.6 25.6 23.2 23.2 23.2 21.3 27.7 20.7 18.8 22.0 26.2 31.2 34.4 2.0 5.9 6.5 5.7 5.6 6.1 7.2 8.0 The civilian labor force at the beginning of each 5-year period. Data adjusted to pre-1994 levels. 3 Numbers in the labor force after 2005 projected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2007, but not adjusted to pre-1994 levels. The terminal date of the projection is 2015. It is assumed that the ratio of net exits to the labor force age 50 and older does not change after 2005–2010. The number of net exits in 2010–2015 and 2015–2020 1 2 exits to the total labor force to rise, unless there is a decline in the ratio of net exits to the elderly labor force large enough to offset the aging effect. The future course of the latter ratio depends greatly on the future trajectory of the age-specific labor force participation rates of elderly men and women. To judge what that trajectory might be, this study examines the major changes in the elderly labor force participation rates since 1994. This part of the analysis starts by examining the nature and magnitude of these changes over several years. Afterwards, the discussion section reviews what appears to have brought about those changes. Trends in the labor force participation rates. It is helpful to see what has happened during the past 50 years. Starting with the trends of elderly men, we see in table 5 that there were declines in the labor force participation rates at all the ages from ages 45–49 to ages 75 and older, between 1955 and 1985, and that the magnitude of the 46 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 is the product of the ratio of net exits to the labor force age 50 and older and the projected number of the latter. SOURCE: Numbers in the labor force, 1950–2005 from BLS publications. Numbers of net exits 1950–2005 estimated by the author. Footnote 3 describes how the numbers for 2010–2015 and 2015–2020 were obtained. proportional declines increased from small to very large as the age groupings increased. At ages 65 and older, they were about 60 percent in 1955. Around 1985, the pace of these declines slowed greatly, except at ages 45–49, until about the mid-1990s. Thereafter (1994–2007), there were marked reversals of the declining trend at ages 60–64 and older. The percentage rise in the rates was especially pronounced at ages 65–69 (28 percent) and 70–74 (34 percent). At ages below 60, the changes since 1994 have been very small and gradual, with a persistent decline at ages 45–49 and 50–54. The trend of older women’s labor force participation rates has been quite different than that of older men. Between 1955 and 1985, the rates for women aged 45 through 59 increased by more than 40 percent. There was a much more modest gain (15 percent) among women aged 60–64. At ages 65–69 and older there were substantial percentage declines from very low levels. However, these declines ended around 1985 and rates rose subsequently. Table 5. Change in the labor force participation rates of older workers, by age and gender, selected years and periods, 1955–2007 Labor force participation rates, by age group Year 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 70–74 Men 1955 ………………................................................... 1985 ………………................................................... 1993 ………………................................................... 19941........................................................................ 2007......................................................................... 97.1 93.3 91.7 91.0 89.8 95.7 88.6 88.1 86.7 86.4 92.5 79.6 78.2 76.9 77.8 82.6 55.6 54.1 52.8 59.2 57.0 24.5 25.4 26.8 34.3 37.1 14.9 14.7 15.8 21.2 19.4 7.0 6.9 8.6 10.0 Women 1955 ………………................................................... 1985 ………………................................................... 1993 ………………................................................... 19941........................................................................ 2007......................................................................... 45.8 67.8 76.5 77.6 77.2 41.5 60.8 69.9 70.7 74.7 35.6 50.3 57.1 59.2 66.6 29.0 33.4 37.1 37.8 47.9 17.8 13.5 16.1 17.9 25.7 9.2 7.6 7.9 8.7 14.0 4.0 2.2 2.8 3.5 4.8 Period Men 1955–85................................................................... 1985–93................................................................... 1994–2007…………................................................. 75 and older Percentage change in labor force participation rates –3.9 –1.7 –1.3 –7.4 –.6 –.3 –13.9 –1.8 1.3 –32.7 –2.7 12.1 –57.0 3.7 28.0 –59.2 –1.3 34.2 –63.9 –1.4 11.6 48.0 12.8 –.5 46.5 15.0 5.7 41.3 13.5 12.5 15.2 11.1 26.7 –24.2 19.3 43.6 –17.4 3.9 60.9 –45.0 27.3 37.1 Women 1955–85................................................................... 1985–93................................................................... 1994–2007…………................................................. 1 The revision of the Current Population Survey (CPS) in 1994 raised the labor force participation rates relative to those obtained before 1994 by an estimated 4.3 percent for women age 55–64 and 10.6 percent for women 65 or more. Similarly, it raised the rate 8.4 percent for men 65 or more. The data for 1994 and 2007 have not At ages under 60, the pace of increases accelerated relatively more between 1985 and 1993. After 1993, there was no further gain at ages 45–49, a small rise among those 50–54, and successively larger percentage increases with age, through ages 70–74, peaking at about 60 percent. Full-time employment. Another important finding is that, in addition to the notable increases in the labor force participation rates of men and women at ages 62 and older, there were striking gains at these ages between 1994 and 2007 in the percentage of employed workers who worked full-time (table 6). The percentage increases rose with age through ages 66–69. There were double-digit percentage gains among men aged 65 and older and among women aged 62 and older. The rise in women’s full-time employment was greater than for men. been adjusted to pre-1994 levels because the intervals in which the percentage changes are shown are either pre-1994 or post-1993. SOURCE: Annual average Labor Statistics. CPS data published by the Bureau of The source of these data (in table 6) does not provide information on full-time employment prior to 1994, perhaps because of the 1994 revision of the Current Population Survey. However, there is evidence that full-time employment declined among older workers from about 1970 to 1993. From the March CPS data files, Franco Peracchi and Finis Welch calculated the change between 1968–71 and 1987–90 in the full-time “participation” of older men and women at ages 55, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65 and 68.7 There were declines at every age except among women aged 55 years. The declines were much larger for men than women, especially at ages 60–65. In another study, Philip L. Rones and others calculated the average annual percentage distribution of nonagricultural wage and salary workers by weekly hours, by age and gender, in 1976, 1985, 1989 and 1993.8 Among those 55 years of age and Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 47 Older Workers Table 6. Percentage of employed older workers employed full time, by age and gender, selected years and periods, 1994–2007 Percentage employed full-time, by age group Year 55–61 62–64 91.4 92.3 92.3 92.0 73.7 77.2 77.9 79.2 65 66–69 65–69 70 and older 77.0 79.1 80.0 82.2 62.3 65.4 69.6 76.1 52.4 54.6 57.2 67.6 54.9 57.3 60.4 70.1 47.5 46.0 48.5 55.1 59.3 60.0 61.4 68.4 48.4 47.2 50.8 63.7 36.0 42.6 42.5 49.2 39.4 43.7 44.7 53.3 34.7 32.6 35.7 40.9 Men 1994 ………………................................................... 1999 ………………................................................... 2000 ………………................................................... 2007......................................................................... Women 1994 ………………................................................... 1999 ………………................................................... 2000 ………………................................................... 2007......................................................................... Period Men 1994–99................................................................... 1999–2000 .............................................................. 2000–07 .................................................................. 1994–2007 .............................................................. Women 1994–99................................................................... 1999–2000 ............................................................. 2000–07 ................................................................. 1994–2007 ............................................................. Percentage change in percentage employed full-time 1.0 .0 –.3 .7 2.7 1.1 2.8 6.8 5.0 6.4 9.3 22.2 4.2 4.8 18.2 29.0 4.4 5.4 16.1 27.7 –3.2 5.4 13.6 16.0 4.7 .9 1.7 7.5 1.2 2.3 11.4 15.3 –2.5 7.6 25.4 31.6 18.3 –.2 15.8 36.7 10.9 2.3 19.2 35.3 –6.1 9.5 14.6 17.9 SOURCE: Calculated by the author from unpublished annual average Current Population Survey single-year-of-age data provided by older, the percentage working 35 hours or more (that is, full-time work) declined slowly but steadily. Therefore, the increases in the full-time employment of elderly workers since 1994 constitute a notable reversal of the trend during at least the preceding two decades or so. In addition, the prevalence of full-time work for the full year (defined by BLS as 50–52 weeks) has also gone up substantially among older workers since at least 1994. (See table 7.) The patterns in this table are similar to those in table 6: declining prevalence with age within the year or period, the relative gains over time become greater as age increases, and larger increases among older women than among older men. The increase was especially large among women aged 65 and older. It is also striking that only at ages 65–69 were the gains between 2000 and 2005 much larger than the gains between 1994 and 2000. Among men, 74 percent of the total increase of 10.2 percentage points between 1994 and 2005 occurred after 1999. Among women, the comparable figure is 64 percent. A likely reason for the accelerated pace is the elimination 48 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 the Bureau of Labor Statistics. in 2000 of the Social Security earnings test between the normal retirement age (then 65) and age 70.9 Given these increases in full-time work for 50 to 52 weeks, the average number of hours worked rose between 1994 and 2006 at ages 55–64 among women and at ages 65–69 and 70–74 among women and men. (See table 8.) The gains were greater at ages 65–69 and 70–74 than at ages 55–64. There were no increases in the averages among those who usually worked full time. The gains in average hours usually worked part time were offset to at least some extent by the decline in the percentages employed part time. Hence, the increases in the average hours worked must be largely the result of the increases in the percentage working full time. Another indication of the strengthened commitment to labor market activity among older workers is the increase between 1994 and 2006 in the percentage of the employed that were at work. (See table 9.) Despite the already high level (over 90 percent) reached in 1994, there were further gains of between 0.8 and 2.0 percent- Table 7. Annual average percentage and percent change of older workers employed full-time for 50–52 weeks of the year, by age and gender, selected years, 1994–20051 Age group Year 45–54 55–59 60–61 2000 . ..................................................................... 2005 . ..................................................................... 2005/1994 (percent)............................................... 83.6 86.0 84.9 1.6 77.6 81.3 80.4 3.6 69.1 75.7 77.4 12.0 58.4 63.6 67.9 16.3 44.0 46.7 54.2 23.2 30.6 35.3 37.3 21.9 Women 1994 . ..................................................................... 2000 . ..................................................................... 2005 . ..................................................................... 2005/1994 (percent)............................................... 63.0 69.7 70.0 11.1 59.4 66.5 68.2 14.8 57.2 59.7 61.6 7.7 42.3 51.7 54.8 29.6 27.0 32.7 42.5 57.4 18.4 23.8 30.8 67.4 Men 1994 . ..................................................................... 1 These data are from the March Current Population Survey of the following year. Respondents are asked about their work experience during the preceding year. SOURCE: Calculated by the author from unpublished annual Table 8. 62–64 75 and older 65–69 average Current Population Survey work experience data, by number of weeks of employment. These data were provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on request from cpsinfo@bls.gov. Average hours worked by older persons at work by actual hours of work during the reference week, by age and gender, 1994–2006 Ages 55–641 Ages 65–69 Ages 70–74 Year Total at work Usually full time2 Usually part time2 Total at work Usually full time2 Usually part time2 Total at work Usually full time2 Men 1994 .......................................... 2000 .......................................... 2006 .......................................... 41.9 42.6 42.1 44.6 44.8 44.4 20.3 21.0 21.4 31.8 33.7 35.9 42.4 42.9 42.9 18.5 19.4 19.6 29.5 30.9 32.7 42.2 42.8 42.3 17.6 19.3 19.1 2006/1994 (percent)................... .5 –.4 5.4 12.9 1.2 5.9 10.8 .2 8.5 Women 1994 .......................................... 2000 .......................................... 2006 .......................................... 34.8 36.4 36.6 40.7 41.4 40.9 20.2 20.6 21.3 26.6 28.5 30.1 39.9 40.4 40.0 17.5 18.7 19.1 24.7 26.1 27.6 41.2 39.3 39.7 16.8 18.1 18.5 2006/1994 (percent)................... 5.2 .5 5.4 13.2 .3 9.1 11.7 –3.6 10.1 1 This age group is not disaggregated in the source table into smaller age categories. 2 “In order to differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference week, persons also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time status.” From Employment Usually part time2 and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2006, p. 184, on the Internet at www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. SOURCE: Unpublished Current Population Survey data on persons at work by actual hours at work at all jobs during the reference week. Percentage change calculated by the author. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 49 Older Workers age points. It is also worth noting that during this period, there were large increases in the numbers employed and at work (table 9). The gains at ages 55–64 were larger than at ages 65–74 because the younger group contained the leading edge of the baby boom. There will be, of course, even greater increases as the rest of the larger baby-boom birth cohorts reach these ages. Thus, men and women in their fifties, sixties, and perhaps their seventies also, will be in a position to make an even more substantial contribution to the American economy than they have since 1994, especially if their increases in labor force participation rates and full-time employment continue. Social Security retirement awards. Since the mid-1990s, the increases in the labor force participation rates and full-time employment of older workers, especially at ages 65–69, have been accompanied by a large shift in the incidence of Social Security retirement awards away from ages 62–64 to those ages 65 and 66. (See table 10.) To get a clear picture of these shifts, this analysis examines just Social Security awards and eliminates from the published award data (as much as is feasible) the number of beneficiaries of other types of awards who have, at various times, had their benefits converted to a retired-worker award. For decades, the number of disability beneficiaries, who Table 9. are automatically converted at age 65, has been recorded, so it has been easy to isolate those data. However, from 1997 through 2003, many beneficiaries of nondisabled widows’ or widowers’ benefits were converted to higher retirement awards, but the Social Security Administration has not been able to ascertain their number and ages. The published data suggest that there were more than 100,000 widow conversions in 1997 and about 30,000 in 1998, preponderantly at ages 68, 69, and 70 years and older, with smaller numbers in subsequent years. The number of widower conversions has been negligible. Consequently, the data in table 10 are more approximate for women than for men. What do these data tell us? There were fairly steady declines between 1995 and 2005 in the award rates at ages 62, 63, and 64 of about 20 percent to 25 percent. In 2000, there were large increases in the rates at ages 65 through 69, very likely in response to the elimination of the earnings test (which reduced benefits by 1 dollar for every 3 dollars earned above a modest specified limit) for beneficiaries between the normal retirement age, then 65, and 69. (The test had already been eliminated for beneficiaries aged 70 and older, but not for those aged 62–64.) For the next 3 years, the impact of this legislative change appears to have been mainly at age 65. By then (2003), the Percentage of the employed at work in the reference week and percentage increase in the number of older workers employed and at work, by age and gender, 1994–2006 Age group Year 55–64 65–69 70–74 Men 1994 ........................................................................ 2006 ………………................................................... 94.4 95.5 92.9 94.5 92.4 93.4 Women 1994 ………………................................................... 2006 ………………................................................... 92.7 94.0 91.6 92.4 90.8 92.8 Percentage increases in the number Gender Employed At work 55–64 65–69 70–74 55–64 65–69 70–74 Men ......................................................................... Women..................................................................... 66 81 42 40 41 45 68 83 45 42 42 49 SOURCE: Calculated by the author from unpublished annual average Current Population Survey data provided by the Bureau of 50 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Labor Statistics. Table 10. Retired worker awards as a percentage of the Social Security population eligible for the award, by single years of age (62–69) and gender, 1995–20051 [Percentages as of December 31] Age Year 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 45.6 44.1 43.3 42.5 41.4 42.5 39.9 38.9 37.4 36.3 36.2 30.5 27.7 27.0 26.0 26.7 26.4 26.2 24.5 22.9 22.4 22.8 19.4 17.9 16.4 15.6 17.0 18.1 15.6 16.2 14.3 13.8 14.6 73.9 65.5 68.4 62.6 62.3 84.8 86.5 82.8 77.2 55.6 47.9 43.5 42.2 40.0 39.7 39.0 70.0 47.7 45.6 38.5 61.3 67.6 29.3 27.4 26.7 26.0 25.8 62.0 33.3 27.2 22.8 23.5 23.7 26.6 24.6 23.7 26.0 23.3 59.8 30.2 26.6 18.7 20.9 20.9 25.6 24.1 24.1 24.7 27.6 59.6 29.1 24.5 17.9 18.3 21.0 50.8 49.5 48.9 48.6 46.7 48.0 45.6 44.0 42.9 41.3 41.1 32.3 30.0 29.3 28.0 29.0 28.9 28.2 26.5 24.5 24.0 24.8 18.9 18.0 17.4 16.0 16.6 19.4 15.6 16.6 14.8 14.0 15.2 71.2 63.8 69.2 61.4 59.1 75.2 78.7 74.3 71.1 50.8 45.4 25.8 25.5 26.7 24.8 24.8 41.6 26.0 24.1 19.4 36.0 46.3 14.6 13.1 19.4 15.1 15.6 27.8 16.6 12.1 11.4 12.7 13.2 13.8 10.7 20.9 15.9 13.8 25.7 15.2 13.6 11.6 13.7 15.1 11.9 11.4 24.3 16.3 14.8 22.5 15.7 12.8 12.6 14.4 16.3 Men 1995 .......................................... 1996 .......................................... 1997 .......................................... 1998 .......................................... 1999 .......................................... 2000 .......................................... 2001 .......................................... 2002 .......................................... 2003 .......................................... 2004 .......................................... 2005 .......................................... Women 1995 .......................................... 1996 ………………..................... 1997 ………………..................... 1998 ………………..................... 1999 ………………..................... 2000 ………………..................... 2001 ………………..................... 2002 ………………..................... 2003 ………………..................... 2004 ………………..................... 2005 ………………..................... 1 The numerator is the number of retired-worker awards. Disability beneficiaries, who are automatically converted to the retired-worker award at age 65, have been excluded. However, many nondisabled widows who received a higher retired-worker award between 1997 and 2003 are included. Widower conversions are also included, but their number is negligible. The denominator is the number of fully insured workers less the number of insured beneficiaries. The latter normal retirement age had begun to rise (another legislative change), by 2 months per year, from 65 to 66 (to be reached in 2008). Thus, men and women who wanted to earn money unconstrained by the earnings test had to be at least 65 years and 2 months in 2003, 65 and 4 months in 2004, and 65 and 6 months in 2005. By the end of the year, when the data that are used to calculate the rates are compiled, more and more of workers who reached the normal retirement age earlier in the year became 66. As a result, a shift in the incidence of the awards took place from age 65 to age 66. This pattern of changes in the award rates is quite similar for men and women, but it is somewhat less pronounced for women, perhaps partly because of the widow conversions included in the data. The latter are clearly evident in table 10 only in 1997 at ages 67–69 and in 1998 at includes retired workers, insured widows and widowers, and insured spouses. SOURCE: Unpublished data supplied September 2006 by the Office of the Chief Actuary, Social Security Administration. A similar, but more inclusive, set of “retirement” rates can be seen in Short-Range Actuarial Projections of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Program, 2005, Actuarial Study No. 119, August 2005, table III.B9. ages 68–69. Hence, it is difficult to judge the extent of the impact of the conversions. There are also indications that the removal of the earnings test contributed to the increases in the labor force participation rates and full-time employment described earlier. A recent study, which analyzed Social Security administrative data of annual earnings and retirement benefit claims over a period 4 years prior to, as well as 4 years after the test’s elimination, found evidence of some increase in the labor force participation rates of workers 65–69 years old.10 The authors also concluded that the increase in the labor force participation rates was mainly because these older workers remained at work rather than returned to it. In addition, they found “large and significant” increases in earnings only at levels above the test threshold, but whether this increase implies a rise in fullMonthly Labor Review • January 2008 51 Older Workers time work among these better paid workers is not clear. However, another study using data from the Health and Retirement Study found a larger proportional increase in full-time employment among workers 65–67 years old than those aged 62–64 between 1998 and 2002, suggesting that the removal of the earnings test contributed to the rise in full-time employment.11 This finding is consistent with the data shown in table 6. Discussion The post-war period can be divided into approximately two 30-year periods. In the first period, conditions became increasingly favorable to early retirement, whether measured by the average age of older workers at their exit from the labor force or at their initial receipt of the Social Security retirement or disability benefit. In the second period, changes took place that weakened the favorable conditions and then produced incentives to delay retirement. Real income rose more rapidly in the first period than in the second. For example, family income (measured in 2001 dollars) grew from about $20,000, on average, in 1947 to about $52,000, on average in 2000, but most of that gain occurred by the early 1970s, when family income reached an average of $40,000.12 Another indication of this difference in enhanced economic well-being between the two periods may be seen in the much greater decline in the poverty rate in the first period than in the second. The rate fell sharply from about 40 percent in 1950 to about 12 percent in 1972, with little change occurring thereafter. Among the elderly (65 and older), the early decline was even more rapid, from 59 percent in 1950 to about 19 percent in 1972.13 There were larger increases in Social Security, pension, and health benefits in the earlier than the later period.14 Wage controls during World War II led many companies to increase compensation by providing substantial pension and health care benefits. Defined benefit pension plans expanded up to about the late 1970s, but a subsequent expansion of defined contribution plans greatly reduced the share of workers with a pension plan who had defined benefit coverage, from 80 percent in 1985 to 33 percent in 2003.15 In 1956, Congress allowed female workers to receive reduced Social Security retirement benefits at age 62 and then granted the same opportunity to men in 1961. In 1965, Medicare, providing considerable health care insurance to those aged 65 and older, was established. Defined benefit plans, but not defined contribution plans, provided strong incentives for early retirement, as did the early retirement age introduced into the Social Security program. The health care insurance provided by Medicare facilitated 52 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 retirement by age 65. By the late 1970s, however, projections began to show large future shortfalls in Social Security funding, necessitating program reforms. Large increases in benefits ended, and other efforts culminated in the major revisions of the 1983 legislation: the normal retirement age would gradually rise from 65 to 67, beginning with those born in 1938 and the actuarial reductions in benefits for early retirement would be increased, as would the benefit for delaying retirement beyond the normal retirement age (up to age 70). The restrictions of the earnings test were gradually reduced, and in 2000, the test was completely eliminated for those who had reached the normal retirement age. (It had already been eliminated for those older than age 69.) The legally permissible age for mandatory retirement was increased in 1978 from 65 to 70 and then eliminated entirely in 1986 for nearly everyone. In addition to its direct effect, this change may have had a symbolic effect of indicating the propriety of continuing to work as long as one was willing and able to do so. Increasing competition from foreign and new domestic companies, which did not have the burden of the large cost of the fringe benefits provided to employees and retirees of the older domestic firms, led the latter to shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension plans and to reduce or eliminate health care benefits for retirees. This circumstance was exacerbated by the rapid rate of growth in the cost of health care. These higher health care costs also became an incentive for older workers to continue working full time in order to have affordable health care insurance until at least age 65, when Medicare coverage would become available. The increased competition also led many companies to move jobs abroad, where labor was much cheaper. For this and other reasons, the share of the labor force in manufacturing declined substantially with a concomitant rise in the service sector, which generally provides less pay and fringe benefits than manufacturing jobs. These changes contributed to increases in income inequality, income volatility, and job insecurity.16 (Anxiety about job loss was much greater in 1996 and 2005 than in 1982 even though the unemployment rate was twice as high in 1982.)17 It thus became increasingly difficult for many workers to accumulate sufficient resources to maintain their standard of living in retirement. The significant rise in longevity, which had also been taking place, contributed to the challenge because it meant that workers had to plan for a retirement that could last 25 years or more, with the increasingly likely threat, among other things, of the need for very expensive long-term care during the latter part of that period. As a result, there has been a growing recognition of the value of delaying retirement for some years. Doing that would delay the drawdown of retirement assets, increase accumulations in defined contribution plans, and, if not claimed already, enhance Social Security benefits, as well as shorten the period for which the retirement resources would be needed. This is what financial planners have been advising, and it appears that many older workers have been taking their advice. Though these changes indicate why increasing numbers of older workers have felt the need to remain in or reenter the labor force and to work full-time for the full year at ages that relatively few of their predecessors had done, a number of puzzles remain. There is much discussion in the literature about older workers’ desire to ease into retirement by moving from full-time to part-time employment before leaving the work force entirely. And the percentage working full time does decline with age. But, as we have seen, at each age there have been substantial gains since 1994 in the percent working, not just 35 or more hours per week, but doing so 50–52 weeks a year. What does this mean? Is the gradual transition to the complete withdrawal from the labor force just occurring later in life, or has a new transition pattern begun to develop? Why have the reversals in the declines in labor force participation rates and full-time employment not taken place among men age 50–59? Why have they not been affected by the changing conditions described in the preceding paragraph, which motivated men aged 60 years or more to work increasingly and do so full time throughout the year? Similarly, why has there been a marked deceleration in the rise of the labor force participation rates of women under age 60 during the past 12 years, while it has been accelerating among women over age 59? Why have the recent gains in labor force participation rates and full-time employment been greater among older women than older men? What do these changes, especially the increase in full-time employment, imply about the demand for older workers? Has there been a change in employers’ belief that the productivity of older workers is too low to justify their compensation? If so, is it because of the increases in health and educational attainment that have been occur- ring, or are employers becoming more concerned about an anticipated labor shortage? It is difficult to judge whether the recent labor force trends among men and women in their fifties will change in the future. Among those older than 59, however, it is likely that labor force participation rates and full-time employment will keep rising as the shift from defined benefit to defined contribution plans continues, health care costs keep climbing, further increases in health and educational attainment take place, the pressure on employers from ongoing globalization to reduce the cost of fringe benefits persists, and the changes in the Social Security program continue to shift the balance of incentives from the early to the normal retirement age. As a result, tax revenue will be greater, economic growth will be enhanced, and the retirement security of older workers and their families will be improved. Moreover, in democratic societies, delaying retirement has been found to be “the only viable solution to pension problems in the face of aging societies.”18 As for the financial status of the Social Security system, the implications are less clear. Increased payroll taxes could be offset by a gain in benefits earned. Also, how much the system worker/retiree ratio rises depends on the extent to which the additional older workers delay claiming the Social Security retirement benefit until they stop working. IN THE PAST 12 YEARS, A MAJOR REVERSAL of the long-run decline has occurred in the supply of labor at ages 60 and older and apparently in the demand also. Though it is difficult to judge the pace and extent of further gains in the labor force participation rates and full-time employment of these older men and women, there is reason to believe these trends will continue. There is, however, a need to provide a firmer basis for judging what to expect from the labor force participation rates of older persons by identifying the reasons for these increases in greater detail, as well as why they have taken place at ages 50–59 to a much smaller degree among women and not at all among men. The additional insight would also enhance efforts to facilitate further gains in the supply of and demand for the employment of older men and women. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 53 Older Workers Notes 1 Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2005 (Social Security Administration, 2006), tables 6.B5 and 6.C2. 2 National Vital Statistics Reports, “United States Life Tables, 2004 vol. 56, no. 9 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dec. 28, 2007), table 1, on the Internet at http://www. cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_09.pdf (visited Jan. 28, 2007). 3 Jacob S. Siegel and David A. Swanson, eds., The Methods and Materials of Demography, 2nd ed. (San Diego, Elsevier/Academic Press, 2004), Appendix C. The formula also appears in the first edition. 4 Mitra Toossi, “Labor force projections to 2016: more workers in their golden years,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2007, pp. 33–52. 5 Murray Gendell, “Retirement age declines again in 1990s,” Monthly Labor Review, October 2001, p. 18. Toossi, “Labor force projections to 2016,” November 2007, and more detailed age data were provided to the author by BLS. 6 7 Franco Peracchi and Finis Welch, “Trends in labor force transitions of older men and women,” Journal of Labor Economics, 1994, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 223–225. Philip L. Rones, Randy E. Ilg, and Jennifer M. Gardner, “Trends in hour of work since the mid-1970s,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1997, table 2, p. 7. 9 The Social Security earnings test required a reduction in benefits if earnings exceeded a specified amount. See Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2005, table 2.A29 for a history of the changes in the test. 10 Jae G. Song and Joyce Manchester, “New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000,” Working Paper 107 (Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Policy, Social 8 54 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Security Administration, July 2006). See also Leora Friedberg, “The Recent Trend Towards Later Retirement,” Work Opportunities for Older Americans, Series 9 (Chesnut Hill, MA, Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, March 2007), p. 3. On the Internet at http://crr.bc.edu/images/stories/Briefs/ wob_9.pdf (visited Jan. 28, 2008). 11 Alan L. Gustman and Thomas L. Steinmeier, “The Social Security Retirement Earnings Test, Retirement and Benefit Claiming,” Working Paper No. 2004–090 (Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center, 2004) pp. 7–8. On the Internet at http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/ publications/papers/pdf/wp090.pdf (visited Jan. 28, 2008). 12 Alan J. Auerbach, David Card, and John M. Quigley, eds., Public Policy and the Income Distribution (New York, NY, Russell Sage Foundation, 2006), figure 2 and p. 2. 13 Robert L. Clark, Richard V. Burkhauser, Marilyn Moon, Joseph F. Quinn, and Timothy M. Smeeding, The Economics of an Aging Society (Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishing, 2004), p. 182. 14 Clark, et al, Economics of an Aging Society p. 43. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, Older Americans 2004: Key Indicators of Well-Being (Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office, November 2004), p. 15. 15 16 Jacob S. Hacker, The Great Risk Shift: The Assault on American Jobs, Families, Health Care, and Retirement and How You Can Fight Back (New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2006). Hacker, The Great Risk Shift, p.18. Vincenzo Galasso, The Political Future of Social Security in Aging Societies (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2006), p. xvi. 17 18 Précis Urban economics What can economics tell us about cities? What can be learned by applying the tools of economics to urban issues such as housing and poverty? Why do people choose to live so close to each other? Edward L. Glaeser gives an overview of urban economics in, “The Economics Approach to Cities” (National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 13696). Urban economics, the author says, is based on the study of the spatial equilibrium that develops as employers, workers, and builders answer the question, “Where?”: Where to live, where to do business, where to build? Much like the old real estate maxim — “location, location, location” — location choice is central to urban economics. In a spatial equilibrium, the advantages (for a worker or employer) of a given location are balanced by that location’s disadvantages; something good is offset by something bad. For a worker, a residential location with a short commute will be expensive; for an employer, high productivity is offset by high wages. In the urban economist’s models, no benefit is gained by a change of location once spatial equilibrium is reached. The worker seeking a less expensive home will endure a longer commute. The firm moving to a lower-wage location will end up with lower productivity. Such urban economic models can be used to analyze housing prices at varying distances from the city center. Some geographical advantages have changed with changes in technology. As transportation technology has made shipping costs relatively lower, the advantages associated with locations around inland waterways have diminished. Witness the decline in manufacturing employment in cities that were centers of manufacturing in decades past, and note the concomitant decline in wages. Today’s high-wage cities are those that attract professionals in business services. With teeming populations of highly-educated people, these cities become “incubators of innovation.” How to attract firms in these industries is the problem for forwardlooking mayors. Not an easy thing to do. As the author concedes, no one really knows exactly what things attract a skilled population to a city. The high school graduation rate The U.S. high school graduation rate—the proportion of the population that has graduated from high school—is an important social and economic statistic. It has long been understood that more education generally means greater prosperity, on both an individual and societal level. A high school diploma is often considered the minimum level of education needed in today’s competitive labor market. Throughout much of the 20th century, the high school graduation rate steadily increased, with the members of each successive generation more likely to have graduated from high school than those in the preceding one. In the last several decades, however, the rate has risen more slowly and, according to some measures, it has even declined. In addition, since the early 1970s, the gap in earnings between high school graduates and dropouts has grown considerably. Not surprisingly, then, education as an issue features promi- nently in public debate. In a recent study from National Bureau of Economic Research, economists James J. Heckman and Paul A. LaFontaine of the University of Chicago examine the issue from a variety of perspectives. The authors analyze data from several prominent national surveys in an attempt to measure the high school graduation rate more accurately. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, for example—whose statistic the authors call the “official rate”—U.S. high schools graduated nearly 88 percent of students in recent years. But Heckman and LaFontaine cite other sources that show the rate as low as 66 percent, which they say is an “astonishingly wide range for such a basic statistic.” One important difference among the rates pertains to whether or not GED recipients are counted as high school graduates. In addition, the gap in the graduation rates of the majority population and those of minorities has grown. Among their other findings, the authors conclude that the high school graduation rate actually peaked at about 80 percent in the late 1960s and has dropped by 4 or 5 percentage points since then. They also find that the rate for blacks and Hispanics, at around 65 percent, is substantially lower than the rate for non-Hispanic whites. We are interested in your feedback on this column. Please let us know what you have found most interesting and what essential readings we may have missed. Write to: Executive Editor, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212, or e-mail, mlr@bls.gov Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 55 Book Reviews Making health care decisions for employees Wynia and Schwab take us behind the scenes of many of these statistics, identifying the issues that enter into employer decisions on health care coverage. Ensuring Fairness in Health Care CovThe volume is divided into two erage. By Matthew K. Wynia, MD and parts—some background and identiAbraham P. Schwab, Ph.D., New fication of issues followed by “guideYork, NY, American Medical Asso- posts” for ethical decisionmaking. ciation, 2007, 225 pp., $29.95/ hard- Throughout the book, case studies back. offer real-life examples of some of the issues that employers face, and The majority of Americans under some suggested solutions. Included age 65 get their health care cover- in the background is a brief history age through an employer, either as of employer involvement in health an employee or a dependent. Health care coverage, bluntly titled “Why is care coverage attracts much attention, health insurance for employees my whether through political campaigns, problem anyway?” This short history concerns about rising costs, identifi- lesson is a good reminder of some of cation of the uninsured population, or the steps that led to the system we in other ways. Employees may come have today—early company-sponto expect health care coverage from sored health plans, passage of Sotheir jobs, or may consider “good jobs” cial Security and later Medicare and to be those that provide such cover- Medicaid, changes in compensation age. But there is much that goes into packages during World War II, union employer decisions on health care influence and legislation, and, finally, coverage, as Wynia and Schwab point recent legislation to regulate and enout in Ensuring Fairness in Health courage employee benefit offerings. The chapter also includes a good Care Coverage. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has glossary of the alphabet soup that a long history of providing data on is our current health care landscape various health care issues. For exam- (PPOs, HMOs, IPAs, and so forth). For ple, the Consumer Price Index tracks those employers new to the health the change in the price of medical care world, this background could care commodities and services to provide a firm foundation for the deconsumers, while the Consumer Ex- cisions ahead. The crux of the volume is the “Five Ethpenditure Survey reports the share of annual household expenditures that ical Guideposts of Fair Decision-Making.” go toward health care. The National These guideposts read somewhat like your Compensation Survey tracks employ- standard management primer—transer costs for health care benefits along parent, participatory, consistent, sensitive with the proportion of employees to value, compassionate—but the details, covered by such benefits. Employee and especially the case studies, bring to premiums, deductibles, and covered light a number of everyday issues related expenses are also tracked. These sta- to an employer’s health care decisions. tistics and more are frequently cited to “Joe Employer” chooses not to reveal demonstrate rising health care costs, the company’s new health plan or shifts to managed care, and expanded its major change in provisions until out-of-pocket expenses requirements. after the company’s annual celebra56 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 tion, even though the plan actually goes into effect several weeks earlier. To no one’s surprise, employees who receive care are shocked by their new payment requirements, and turn their anger toward those who made the decision in secret. This provides the perfect backdrop to encourage transparency, not only in the final decisions, but in how those decisions are made. The authors suggest that, if fully explained, employees will understand trade-offs that have to be made between cost, coverage, and other concerns. This leads to a related guidepost encouraging employee participation in the health plan selection process. Strategies such as including employees on benefit decision committees and holding regular meetings and open forums to identify and address concerns are among the ideas offered to ensure employee participation. A theme that runs through the book and the guideposts is the need to treat employees equitably. Issues such as the types of medical procedures and services that might be covered, varying employee premiums by salary, and treatment of mental versus physical ailments provide a good perspective for the need to be consistent in providing health care benefits. The fourth guidepost, having coverage that is sensitive to value, includes a case study about substance abuse rehabilitation benefits. “Jane Retailer” pushed to maintain comprehensive rehabilitation benefits in her company’s plan, but excluded alternative approaches. From a company survey, she discovered that several employees felt that participation in a long-term rehabilitation program came with a certain stigma that would put them in a negative light. Rather, several chose a long-weekend of intensive rehabilitation, even though it was not covered by the plan. This guidepost suggests that the medical outcomes, and the concerns of employees about certain procedures, are as important as cost and coverage when designing health care plans for employees. The final guidepost—compassion— addresses the flexibility needed to handle unique needs. Compassion can be demonstrated by considering the effect of plan design on particularly vulnerable employees and dependents, by addressing catastrophic medical needs, and by providing supplemental benefits. Even though the decision to switch health insurance providers may be transparent and participatory, such a decision may have a particularly negative effect on those with long-term chronic conditions, who have built a relationship and trust with certain providers. The authors recommend having in place clear and consistent processes for employees to express their concerns, appeal decisions, and propose alternative solutions. While health care coverage is often looked at as a “dollars-and-sense” issue, Wynia and Schwab open our eyes to many different issues that employers face. By encouraging an ethical approach to tough decisions, they are providing a service that employers large and small can use to make the best possible health care decisions for all employees. Their guideposts, when considered together, are intended to put employees in a position to understand and appreciate their health care benefits. Our headlines continue to be filled with health care coverage and cost issues, and a variety of alternative “solutions” have been proposed or tested. Ensuring Fairness provides a good credo to follow as our country continues to debate these issues. —William Wiatrowski Office of Compensation and Working Conditions Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 57 Current Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review January 2008 NOTE: Many of the statistics in the following pages were subsequently revised. These pages have not been updated to reflect the revisions. To obtain BLS data that reflect all revisions, see http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm For the latest set of "Current Labor Statistics," see http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/curlabst.htm Current Labor Statistics Notes on labor statistics ................................... 59 Comparative indicators 1. Labor market indicators..................................................... 71 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity........................... 72 3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation changes.................................................... 72 Labor force data 4. Employment status of the population, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted......... 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted..... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted................ 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ......................................................... 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted............. 11. Employment of workers by State, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 12. Employment of workers by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted....... 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 15. Average hourly earnings by industry.................................. 16. Average weekly earnings by industry................................. 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 18. Job openings levels and rates, by industry and regions, seasonally adjusted........................................................ 19. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted........................................................ 20. Separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 21. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted........................................................ 73 74 75 75 Employment Cost Index, compensation ..........................100 Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries .................... 102 Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry .......... 104 Employment Cost Index, private industry workers, by bargaining status, and region..................................... 105 34. National Compensation Survey, retirement benefits, private industry ............................................................. 106 35. National Compensation Survey, health insurance, private industry............................................................... 109 36. National Compensation Survey, selected benefits, private industry.............................................................. 111 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more............. 111 Price data 82 83 84 85 Productivity data 86 47. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted.......................... 121 48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity........................ 122 49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices...................................................... 123 50. Annual indexes of output per hour for select industries..... 124 76 77 77 78 81 86 87 87 24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership............................................... 91 25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, by supersector....... 92 26. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by metropolitan area ......................................... 93 27. Annual data: Employment status of the population.......... 98 28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry ................. 98 29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level, by industry..................................................................... 99 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 30. 31. 32. 33. 38. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups.................. 112 39. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all items ........................................................ 115 40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups........................................................... 116 41. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................... 117 42. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups.............................................................. 118 43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing..................................................... 119 44. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................... 119 45. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category................... 120 46. U.S. international price indexes for selected categories of services...................................................... 120 76 22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 10 largest counties . ....................................................... 88 23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by State... 90 58 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data International comparisons data 51. Unemployment rates in 10 countries, seasonally adjusted......................................................... 127 52. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries........................... 128 53. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 16 economies................................................................ 129 Injury and Illness data 54. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness..................... 131 55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure ................ 133 Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unemployment; labor compensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of current and past experiences. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1–14, 17–21, 48, and 52. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4–9 and seasonally adjusted establishment survey data shown in tables 1, 12–14, and 17 are revised in the March 2007 Review. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 54 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average AllItems CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data—such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14—are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “1982” dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these Notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2490. Users also may wish to consult Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appearing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in the Bureau’s monthly publication, Employment and Earnings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: www.bls.gov/cps/ Historically comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: www.bls.gov/ces/ Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975–95, BLS Bulletin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the 1998 revision of the CPI, see the December 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices appear in monthly news releases. Listings of industries for which productivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: www.bls.gov/lpc/ For additional information on international comparisons data, see Interna- tional Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but also may reflect other adjustments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1–3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of BLS compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 59 Current Labor Statistics and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. Employment and Unemployment Data 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. (Tables 1; 4–29) Notes on the data Household survey data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. For a discussion of changes introduced in January 2003, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf). Effective in January 2003, BLS began using the X-12 ARIMA seasonal adjustment program to seasonally adjust national labor force data. This program replaced the X-11 ARIMA program which had been used since January 1980. See “Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series in 2003,” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs.pdf) for a discussion of the introduction of the use of X-12 ARIMA for seasonal adjustment of the labor force data and the effects that it had on the data. At the beginning of each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the Description of the series Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 60 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 January–June period. The historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised for only the most recent 5 years. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorporate the experience through June, are produced for the July–December period, but no revisions are made in the historical data. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on national household survey data, contact the Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202) 691–6378. Establishment survey data Description of the series Employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 160,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent approximately 400,000 individual worksites and represent all industries except agriculture. The active CES sample covers approximately one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. Industries are classified in accordance with the 2002 North American Industry Classification System. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th day of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in the goodsproducing industries cover employees, up through the level of working supervisors, who engage directly in the manufacture or construction of the establishment’s product. In private service-providing industries, data are collected for nonsupervisory workers, which include most employees except those in executive, managerial, and supervisory positions. Those workers mentioned in tables 11–16 include production workers in manufacturing and natural resources and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in all private service-providing industries. Production and nonsupervisory workers account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received, and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of average weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index represents the percent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Table 17 provides an index on private nonfarm employment based on 278 industries, and a manufacturing index based on 84 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The March 2003 benchmark was introduced in February 2004 with the release of data for January 2004, published in the March 2004 issue of the Review. With the release in June 2003, CES completed a conversion from the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to the North American Industry Classification System (naics) and completed the transition from its original quota sample design to a probability-based sample design. The industry-coding update included reconstruction of historical estimates in order to preserve time series for data users. Normally 5 years of seasonally adjusted data are revised with each benchmark revision. However, with this release, the entire new time series history for all CES data series were re-seasonally adjusted due to the NAICS conversion, which resulted in the revision of all CES time series. Also in June 2003, the CES program introduced concurrent seasonal adjustment for the national establishment data. Under this methodology, the first preliminary estimates for the current reference month and the revised estimates for the 2 prior months will be updated with concurrent factors with each new release of data. Concurrent seasonal adjustment incorporates all available data, including first preliminary estimates for the most current month, in the adjustment process. For additional information on all of the changes introduced in June 2003, see the June 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and “Recent changes in the national Current Employment Statistics survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 3–13. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2003 data. For information on the revisions for the State data, see the March and May 2003 issues of Employment and Earnings, and “Recent changes in the State and Metropolitan Area CES survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 14–19. Beginning in June 1996, the BLS uses the X-12-ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. This procedure, developed by the Bureau of the Census, controls for the effect of varying survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week effect), thereby providing improved measurement of over-the-month changes and underlying economic trends. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year period, are made once a year coincident with the benchmark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (12–17 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the estimates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, December data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on establishment survey data, contact the Division of Current Employment Statistics: (202) 691–6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by BLS. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average CPS levels. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on data in this series, call (202) 691–6392 (table 10) or (202) 691–6559 (table 11). Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Description of the series Employment, wage, and establishment data in this section are derived from the quarterly tax reports submitted to State employment security agencies by private and State and local government employers subject to State unemployment insurance (ui) laws and from Federal, agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe) program. Each quarter, State agencies edit and process the data and send the information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data, also referred as ES202 data, are the most complete enumeration of employment and wage information by industry at the national, State, metropolitan area, and county levels. They have broad economic significance in evaluating labor Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 61 Current Labor Statistics market trends and major industry developments. Definitions In general, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages monthly employment data represent the number of covered workers who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period that included the 12th day of the month. Covered private industry employment includes most corporate officials, executives, supervisory personnel, professionals, clerical workers, wage earners, piece workers, and part-time workers. It excludes proprietors, the unincorporated self-employed, unpaid family members, and certain farm and domestic workers. Certain types of nonprofit employers, such as religious organizations, are given a choice of coverage or exclusion in a number of States. Workers in these organizations are, therefore, reported to a limited degree. Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday, paid vacation, and the like, are included. Persons on the payroll of more than one firm during the period are counted by each ui-subject employer if they meet the employment definition noted earlier. The employment count excludes workers who earned no wages during the entire applicable pay period because of work stoppages, temporary layoffs, illness, or unpaid vacations. Federal employment data are based on reports of monthly employment and quarterly wages submitted each quarter to State agencies for all Federal installations with employees covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe) program, except for certain national security agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. Employment for all Federal agencies for any given month is based on the number of persons who worked during or received pay for the pay period that included the 12th of the month. An establishment is an economic unit, such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that produces goods or provides services. It is typically at a single physical location and engaged in one, or predominantly one, type of economic activity for which a single industrial classification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses two or more distinct and significant activities. Each activity should be reported as a separate establishment if separate records are kept and the various activities are classified under different NAICS industries. Most employers have only one establishment; thus, the establishment is the predominant reporting unit or statistical 62 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 entity for reporting employment and wages data. Most employers, including State and local governments who operate more than one establishment in a State, file a Multiple Worksite Report each quarter, in addition to their quarterly ui report. The Multiple Worksite Report is used to collect separate employment and wage data for each of the employer’s establishments, which are not detailed on the ui report. Some very small multi-establishment employers do not file a Multiple Worksite Report. When the total employment in an employer’s secondary establishments (all establishments other than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer generally will file a consolidated report for all establishments. Also, some employers either cannot or will not report at the establishment level and thus aggregate establishments into one consolidated unit, or possibly several units, though not at the establishment level. For the Federal Government, the reporting unit is the installation: a single location at which a department, agency, or other government body has civilian employees. Federal agencies follow slightly different criteria than do private employers when breaking down their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single statewide unit: 1) all installations with 10 or fewer workers, and 2) all installations that have a combined total in the State of fewer than 50 workers. Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers in all secondary installations in a State, the secondary installations may be combined and reported with the major installation. Last, if a Federal agency has fewer than five employees in a State, the agency headquarters office (regional office, district office) serving each State may consolidate the employment and wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters is located. As a result of these reporting rules, the number of reporting units is always larger than the number of employers (or government agencies) but smaller than the number of actual establishments (or installations). Data reported for the first quarter are tabulated into size categories ranging from worksites of very small size to those with 1,000 employees or more. The size category is determined by the establishment’s March employment level. It is important to note that each establishment of a multi-establishment firm is tabulated separately into the appropriate size category. The total employment level of the reporting multi-establishment firm is not used in the size tabulation. Covered employers in most States report total wages paid during the calendar quarter, regardless of when the services were performed. A few State laws, however, specify that wages be reported for, or based on the period during which services are performed rather than the period during which compensation is paid. Under most State laws or regulations, wages include bonuses, stock options, the cash value of meals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in some States, employer contributions to certain deferred compensation plans such as 401(k) plans. Covered employer contributions for old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (oasdi), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private pension and welfare funds are not reported as wages. Employee contributions for the same purposes, however, as well as money withheld for income taxes, union dues, and so forth, are reported even though they are deducted from the worker’s gross pay. Wages of covered Federal workers represent the gross amount of all payrolls for all pay periods ending within the quarter. This includes cash allowances, the cash equivalent of any type of remuneration, severance pay, withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as for workers in private industry. Average annual wage per employee for any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average employment. A further division by 52 yields average weekly wages per employee. Annual pay data only approximate annual earnings because an individual may not be employed by the same employer all year or may work for more than one employer at a time. Average weekly or annual wage is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time workers as well as the number of individuals in high-paying and low-paying occupations. When average pay levels between States and industries are compared, these factors should be taken into consideration. For example, industries characterized by high proportions of part-time workers will show average wage levels appreciably less than the weekly pay levels of regular full-time employees in these industries. The opposite effect characterizes industries with low proportions of part-time workers, or industries that typically schedule heavy weekend and overtime work. Average wage data also may be influenced by work stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments, and so on. Notes on the data Beginning with the release of data for 2001, publications presenting data from the Covered Employment and Wages program have switched to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry. NAICS is the product of a cooperative effort on the part of the statistical agencies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Due to difference in NAICS and Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC) structures, industry data for 2001 is not comparable to the SIC-based data for earlier years. Effective January 2001, the program began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and related establishments to local government ownership. This BLS action was in response to a change in Federal law dealing with the way Indian Tribes are treated under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. This law requires federally recognized Indian Tribes to be treated similarly to State and local governments. In the past, the Covered Employment and Wage (CEW) program coded Indian Tribal Councils and related establishments in the private sector. As a result of the new law, CEW data reflects significant shifts in employment and wages between the private sector and local government from 2000 to 2001. Data also reflect industry changes. Those accounts previously assigned to civic and social organizations were assigned to tribal governments. There were no required industry changes for related establishments owned by these Tribal Councils. These tribal business establishments continued to be coded according to the economic activity of that entity. To insure the highest possible quality of data, State employment security agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. For these reasons, some data, especially at more detailed geographic levels, may not be strictly comparable with earlier years. County definitions are assigned according to Federal Information Processing Standards Publications as issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Areas shown as counties include those designated as independent cities in some jurisdictions and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the Census Bureau where counties have not been created. County data also are presented for the New England States for comparative purposes, even though townships are the more common designation used in New England (and New Jersey). The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines metropolitan areas for use in Federal statistical activities and updates these definitions as needed. Data in this table use metropolitan area criteria established by OMB in definitions issued June 30, 1999 (OMB Bulletin No. 99-04). These definitions reflect information obtained from the 1990 Decennial Census and the 1998 U.S. Census Bureau population estimate. A complete list of metropolitan area definitions is available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Document Sales, 5205 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161, telephone 1-800-553-6847. OMB defines metropolitan areas in terms of entire counties, except in the six New England States where they are defined in terms of cities and towns. New England data in this table, however, are based on a county concept defined by OMB as New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMA) because county-level data are the most detailed available from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The NECMA is a county-based alternative to the city- and town-based metropolitan areas in New England. The NECMA for a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) include: (1) the county containing the first-named city in that MSA title (this county may include the first-named cities of other MSA, and (2) each additional county having at least half its population in the MSA in which first-named cities are in the county identified in step 1. The NECMA is officially defined areas that are meant to be used by statistical programs that cannot use the regular metropolitan area definitions in New England. For additional information on the covered employment and wage data, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202) 691–6567. Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Description of the series Data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are collected and compiled from a sample of 16,000 business establishments. Each month, data are collected for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The JOLTS sample design is a random sample drawn from a universe of more than eight million establishments compiled as part of the operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, or QCEW, program. This program includes all employers subject to State unemployment insurance (UI) laws and Federal agencies subject to Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE). The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and size class. Large firms fall into the sample with virtual certainty. JOLTS total employment estimates are controlled to the employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data elements. Rates then are computed from the adjusted levels. The monthly JOLTS data series begin with December 2000. Not seasonally adjusted data on job openings, hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations levels and rates are available for the total nonfarm sector, 16 private industry divisions and 2 government divisions based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), and four geographic regions. Seasonally adjusted data on job openings, hires, total separations, and quits levels and rates are available for the total nonfarm sector, selected industry sectors, and four geographic regions. Definitions Establishments submit job openings infor-mation for the last business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that (1) a specific position exists and there is work available for that position; and (2) work could start within 30 days regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found; and (3) the employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using other similar methods. Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 63 Current Labor Statistics job openings, and multiplying that quotient by 100. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including both new and rehired employees and full-time and parttime, permanent, short-term and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100. Separations are the total number of terminations of employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and are reported by type of separation—quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to rehire, formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7 days, discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings, firings or other discharges for cause, terminations of permanent or short-term employees, and terminations of seasonal employees. Other separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations do not include transfers within the same location or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment, and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and multiplying by 100. Notes on the data The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of establishments needed to 64 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 create NAICS estimates were not completely enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units were reporting data at that time. In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised to address possible underreporting. As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may not be comparable with estimates for March 2002 and later. The Federal Government reorganization that involved transferring approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations estimates for the Federal Government. The Office of Personnel Management’s record shows these transfers were completed in March 2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of these intergovernmental transfers would distort the Federal Government time series. Data users should note that seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted with fewer data observations than is customary. The historical data, therefore, may be subject to larger than normal revisions. Because the seasonal patterns in economic data series typically emerge over time, the standard use of moving averages as seasonal filters to capture these effects requires longer series than are currently available. As a result, the stable seasonal filter option is used in the seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS data. When calculating seasonal factors, this filter takes an average for each calendar month after detrending the series. The stable seasonal filter assumes that the seasonal factors are fixed; a necessary assumption until sufficient data are available. When the stable seasonal filter is no longer needed, other program features also may be introduced, such as outlier adjustment and extended diagnostic testing. Additionally, it is expected that more series, such as layoffs and discharges and additional industries, may be seasonally adjusted when more data are available. JOLTS hires and separations estimates cannot be used to exactly explain net changes in payroll employment. Some reasons why it is problematic to compare changes in payroll employment with JOLTS hires and separations, especially on a monthly basis, are: (1) the reference period for payroll employment is the pay period including the 12th of the month, while the reference period for hires and separations is the calendar month; and (2) payroll employment can vary from month to month simply because part-time and oncall workers may not always work during the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Additionally, research has found that some reporters systematically underreport separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their payroll systems and practices. The shortfall appears to be about 2 percent or less over a 12-month period. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, contact the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover at (202) 961–5870. Compensation and Wage Data (Tables 1–3; 30–37) The National Compensation Survey (NCS) produces a variety of compensation data. These include: The Employment Cost Index (ECI) and NCS benefit measures of the incidence and provisions of selected employee benefit plans. Selected samples of these measures appear in the following tables. NCS also compiles data on occupational wages and the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC). Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It is a Laspeyres Index that uses fixed employment weights to measure change in labor costs free from the influence of employment shifts among occupations and industries. The ECI provides data for the civilian economy, which includes the total private nonfarm economy excluding private households, and the public sector excluding the Federal government. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, September, and December. Sample establishments are classified by industry categories based on the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS). Within a sample establishment, specific job categories are selected and classified into about 800 occupations according to the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System. Individual occupations are combined to represent one of ten intermediate aggregations, such as professional and related occupations, or one of five higher level aggregations, such as management, professional, and related occupations. Fixed employment weights are used each quarter to calculate the most aggregate series—civilian, private, and State and local government. These fixed weights are also used to derive all of the industry and occupational series indexes. Beginning with the March 2006 estimates, 2002 fixed employment weights from the Bureau’s Occupational Employment Statistics survey were introduced. From March 1995 to December 2005, 1990 employment counts were used. These fixed weights ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the series based on bargaining status, census region and division, and metropolitan area status, fixed employment data are not available. The employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current eci sample. The indexes for these series, consequently, are not strictly comparable with those for aggregate, occupational, and industry series. Definitions Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as paymentin-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The ECI data in these tables reflect the con-version to the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. ECI series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. The ECI for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost—wages and salaries and benefits combined—were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local government sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexes (December 2005=100) are available on the Internet: www.bls.gov/ect/ A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on the Employment Cost Index is available at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or by telephone at (202) 691–6199. National Compensation Survey Benefit Measures Description of the series NCS benefit measures of employee benefits are published in two separate reports. The annual summary provides data on the incidence of (access to and participation in) selected benefits and provisions of paid holidays and vacations, life insurance plans, and other selected benefit programs. Data on percentages of establishments offering major employee benefits, and on the employer and employee shares of contributions to medical care premiums also are presented. Selected benefit data appear in the following tables. A second publication, published later, contains more detailed information about health and retirement plans. Definitions Employer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the employee also are included. For example, long-term care insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurability and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Employees are considered as having access to a benefit plan if it is available for their use. For example, if an employee is permitted to participate in a medical care plan offered by the employer, but the employee declines to do so, he or she is placed in the category with those having access to medical care. Employees in contributory plans are considered as participating in an insurance or retirement plan if they have paid required contributions and fulfilled any applicable service requirement. Employees in noncontributory plans are counted as participating regardless of whether they have fulfilled the service requirements. Defined benefit pension plans use predetermined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both. Defined contribution plans generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow participants to contribute a portion of their salary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE NCS benefit measures is available at http://www. bls.gov/ncs/ebs/home.htm or by telephone at (202) 691–6199. Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of work time lost because of stoppage. These data are presented in table 37. Data are largely from a variety of published sources and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions Number of stoppages: The number of Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 65 Current Labor Statistics strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more. A DDITIONAL INFORMATION on work stop-pages data is available at http://www. bls.gov/cba/home.htm or by telephone at (202) 691–6199. Price Data (Tables 2; 38–46) Price data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period—December 2003 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), 1982–84 = 100 for many Consumer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The CPI is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all urban households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is a continuation of the historic index that was introduced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the CPI in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993–95 buying habits of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared 66 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and clerical workers, the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, shortterm workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 retail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city average.” Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are presented in table 39. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are meaured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the CPI-W. The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. An updated CPI-U and CPI-W were introduced with release of the January 1987 and January 1998 data. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691–7000. Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure average changes in prices received by domestic producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quotations per month, selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public utilities sectors. The stage-of-processing structure of PPI organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition. The industry and product structure of PPI organizes data in accordance with the 2002 North American Industry Classification System and product codes developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1992, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, contact the Division of Industrial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691–7705. International Price Indexes Description of the series The International Price Program produces monthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods and services traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manu- factures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first week of the month. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification, the three-digit level for the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), and the four-digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by country or region of origin are also available. BLS publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services, calculated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 2000. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, con- tact the Division of International Prices: (202) 691–7155. Productivity Data (Tables 2; 47–50) Business and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, output per unit of labor input, or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multifactor productivity (output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per hour of labor input. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced per combined inputs. For private business and private nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs include labor, capital, energy, nonenergy materials, and purchased business services. Compensation per hour is total compensation divided by hours at work. Total compensation equals the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed). Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensa- tion of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Labor inputs are hours of all persons adjusted for the effects of changes in the education and experience of the labor force. Capital services are the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories—weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital inputs are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each component’s share of total cost. Combined units of labor, capital, energy, materials, and purchased business services are similarly derived by combining changes in each input with weights that represent each input’s share of total costs. The indexes for each input and for combined units are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tornquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product (GDP) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of manufacturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes from the Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these annual output measures by the BLS. Compensation data are developed from data of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 47–50 describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 67 Current Labor Statistics production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of the labor force; capital investment; level of output; changes in the utilization of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of production; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts of the work force. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this productivity series, contact the Division of Productivity Research: (202) 691–5606. compensation includes payroll as well as supplemental payments, including both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. Multifactor productivity is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of combined inputs consumed in producing that output. Combined inputs include capital, labor, and intermediate purchases. The measure of capital input represents the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets—equipment, structures, land, and inventories. The measure of intermediate purchases is a combination of purchased materials, services, fuels, and electricity. Notes on the data Industry productivity measures Description of the series The BLS industry productivity indexes measure the relationship between output and inputs for selected industries and industry groups, and thus reflect trends in industry efficiency over time. Industry measures include labor productivity, multifactor productivity, compensation, and unit labor costs. The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sector measures. The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau, with additional data supplied by other government agencies, trade associations, and other sources. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the Division of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 691–5618, or visit the Web site at: www.bls.gov/lpc/home. htm International Comparisons (Tables 51–53) Labor force and unemployment Definitions Description of the series Output per hour is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of labor input. For most industries, output indexes are derived from data on the value of industry output adjusted for price change. For the remaining industries, output indexes are derived from data on the physical quantity of production. The labor input series is based on the hours of all workers or, in the case of some transportation industries, on the number of employees. For most industries, the series consists of the hours of all employees. For some trade and services industries, the series also includes the hours of partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. Unit labor costs represent the labor compensation costs per unit of output produced, and are derived by dividing an index of labor compensation by an index of output. Labor Tables 51 and 52 present comparative measures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment approximating U.S. concepts for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The Bureau adjusts the figures for these selected countries, for all known major definitional differences, to the extent that data to prepare adjustments are available. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. For additional information on adjustments and comparability issues, see Constance Sorrentino, “International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?” Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20 (available on the BLS Web site at: www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full. pdf). 68 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The foreign country data are adjusted as closely as possible to U.S. concepts, with the exception of lower age limits and the treatment of layoffs. These adjustments include, but are not limited to: including older persons in the labor force by imposing no upper age limit, adding unemployed students to the unemployed, excluding the military and family workers working fewer than 15 hours from the employed, and excluding persons engaged in passive job search from the unemployed. Data for the United States relate to the population 16 years of age and older. The U.S. concept of the working age population has no upper age limit. The adjusted to U.S. concepts statistics have been adapted, insofar as possible, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, and the Swedish statistics have been adjusted to include persons older than the Swedish upper age limit of 64 years. The adjusted statistics presented here relate to the population 16 years of age and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 years of age and older in Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. An exception to this rule is that the Canadian statistics are adjusted to cover the population 16 years of age and older, whereas the age at which compulsory schooling ends remains at 15 years. In the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios, the denominator is the civilian noninstitutionalized working age population, except for Japan and Germany, which include the institutionalized working age population. In the United States, the unemployed include persons who are not employed and who were actively seeking work during the reference period, as well as persons on layoff. In the United States, as in Australia and Japan, passive job seekers are not in the labor force; job search must be active, such as placing or answering advertisements, contacting employers directly, or registering with an employment agency (simply reading ads is not enough to qualify as active search). Canada and the European countries classify passive jobseekers as unemployed. An adjustment is made to exclude them in Canada, but not in the European countries where the phenomenon is less prevalent. In some countries, persons on layoff are classified as employed due to their strong job attachment. No adjustment is made for the countries that classify those on layoff as employed. Persons without work and waiting to start a new job are counted as unemployed under U.S. concepts if they were actively seeking work during the reference period; if they were not actively seeking work, they are not counted in the labor force. Persons without work and waiting to start a new job are counted among the unemployed for all other countries, whether or not they were actively seeking work. For more qualifications and historical annual data, see Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, on the Internet at http:/www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691–5654 or flshelp@ bls.gov Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs Description of the series Table 53 presents comparative indexes of manufacturing output per hour (labor productivity), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, The Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and 10 European countries. These measures are trend comparisons—that is, series that measure changes over time— rather than level comparisons. BLS does not recommend using these series for level comparisons because of technical problems. BLS constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures—output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium and Taiwan. For all other economies, the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Definitions Output. For most economies, the output measures are real value added in manufacturing from national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production. The manufacturing value-added measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. For the United States, the output measure for the manufacturing sector is a chain-weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added) produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Most of the other economies now also use chainweighted as opposed to fixed-year weights that are periodically updated. The data for recent years are based on the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93). Manufacturing is generally defined according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). For the United States and Canada, it is defined according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS 97). To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those of other economies, BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its quarterly news releases on U.S. productivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 48 and 50 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a valueadded basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total hours refer to hours worked in all economies. The measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. For most other economies, recent years’ aggregate hours series are obtained from national statistical offices, usually from national accounts. However, for some economies and for earlier years, BLS calculates the aggregate hours series using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and data on average hours worked. Hourly compensation is total compensation divided by total hours. Total compensation includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. For Australia, Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for important taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies. Unit labor costs are defined as the costs of labor input required to produce one unit of output. They are computed as compensation in nominal terms divided by real output. Unit labor costs can also be computed by dividing hourly compensation by output per hour, that is, by labor productivity. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to to- tal manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France include parts of mining as well. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. For additional information on these series, go to http://www.bls.gov/news. release/prod4.toc.htm or contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691–5654. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 54–55) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Description of the series The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and illnesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State cooperative program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified random sample with a Neyman allocation is selected to represent all private industries in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classification and size of employment. Definitions Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 69 Current Labor Statistics results from a work-related event or a single, instantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. Lost workdays include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness. BLS measures of the number and incidence rate of lost workdays were discontinued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked, such as a Federal holiday, even though able to work. Incidence rates are computed as the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work days per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and employment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven categories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory conditions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physical agents (other than toxic materials), disorders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the number of new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for example, long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not 70 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 adequately recognized and reported. These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s illness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of the reported new illnesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, contact dermatitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 employee years (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the available measures is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the bls Office of Safety, Health and Working Conditions. Many of these States publish data on State and local government employees in addition to private industry data. Mining and railroad data are furnished to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration. Data from these organizations are included in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, BLS began publishing details on serious, nonfatal incidents resulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics of the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the circumstances of their injuries and illnesses (nature of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for detailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on occupational injuries and illnesses, contact the Office of Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions at (202) 691–6180, or access the Internet at: http://www.bls. gov/iif/ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster of fatal job-related injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal events. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Mine Safety and Health Administration records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site of the incident as a requirement of his or her job. Definition A fatal work injury is any intentional or unintentional wound or damage to the body resulting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series of events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as well as work-related illnesses,which can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods. Notes on the data Twenty-eight data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally injured worker, the fatal incident, and the machinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event characteristics are included in a national news release that is available about 8 months after the end of the reference year. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. Most States issue summary information at the time of the national news release. F OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries contact the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 691– 6175, or the Internet at: www.bls.gov/iif/ /DERUPDUNHWLQGLFDWRUV Selected indicators 2005 2005 2006 III 2006 IV I II 2007 III IV I II III Employment data Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population (household survey): 1 Labor force participation rate........................................................ Employment-population ratio........................................................ Unemployment rate………………………………………………….… Men………………………………………………..…….….………… 16 to 24 years........................................................................... 25 years and older.................................................................... Women……………………………………………….….…………… 16 to 24 years........................................................................... 25 years and older.................................................................... Employment, nonfarm (payroll data), in thousands: 66.0 62.7 5.1 5.1 12.4 3.8 5.1 10.1 4.2 66.2 63.1 4.6 4.6 11.2 3.5 4.6 9.7 3.7 66.2 62.9 5.0 5.0 12.0 3.8 5.0 9.8 4.2 66.1 62.8 5.0 4.9 11.7 3.7 5.0 9.9 4.2 66.0 62.9 4.7 4.7 11.2 3.6 4.7 9.6 3.9 66.1 63.1 4.7 4.7 11.2 3.6 4.6 9.2 3.8 66.2 63.1 4.7 4.6 11.4 3.5 4.7 10.2 3.8 66.3 63.3 4.5 4.5 11.1 3.3 4.4 9.8 3.5 66.2 63.3 4.5 4.6 10.7 3.6 4.3 9.1 3.5 66.0 63.1 4.5 4.6 11.3 3.5 4.4 9.0 3.5 66.0 62.9 4.7 4.7 11.7 3.6 4.6 9.8 3.7 1 Total nonfarm…………………….................................................... 133,703 Total private....................................................................... 111,899 136,171 114,181 134,244 112,400 134,904 113,031 135,659 113,753 136,030 114,062 136,636 114,560 137,161 115,053 137,594 115,397 137,973 115,739 138,255 115,959 22,190 Manufacturing………….………………..………………………… 14,226 22,569 14,197 22,239 14,182 22,410 14,209 22,573 14,212 22,613 14,238 22,625 14,206 22,520 14,131 22,497 14,090 22,436 14,050 22,318 13,984 Service-providing ……………………………………………….………….. 111,513 113,602 112,005 112,494 113,086 113,417 114,011 114,647 115,097 115,537 115,937 Goods-producing ……………………………………………….………….. Average hours: Total private........................................………….......................... Manufacturing………...…………………………………………… Overtime……..………….………………...……………………… 33.8 40.7 4.6 33.9 41.1 4.4 33.7 40.6 4.5 33.8 40.9 4.6 33.8 41.0 4.5 33.9 41.2 4.5 33.8 41.3 4.4 33.9 41.1 4.2 33.9 41.2 4.1 33.9 41.4 4.1 33.8 41.3 4.1 Civilian nonfarm ……………………………….…………………………….…… 3.1 3.3 .8 .6 .7 .9 1.1 .6 .9 .8 1.0 Private nonfarm……………...............………............................... 2.9 3.2 .6 .5 .8 .9 .8 .7 .8 .9 .8 3.2 2.5 .8 .2 .3 1.0 .7 .5 .4 1.0 .5 2.8 3.4 .6 .5 1.0 .8 .9 .7 .9 .9 .9 4.1 4.1 2.0 .9 .5 .4 2.3 .9 1.0 .6 1.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 .8 .6 .4 .5 .5 .9 1.3 .8 .6 .9 .6 .6 -.3 1.0 1.2 .9 .5 .8 1, 2, 3 Employment Cost Index Total compensation: 4 5 Goods-producing ……………………………………………….………… 5 Service-providing ……………………………………………….………… State and local government ……………….……………………… Workers by bargaining status (private nonfarm): Union…………………………………………………………………… Nonunion………………………………………………………………… 1 4 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. Excludes Federal and private household workers. 5 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproviding industries include all other private sector industries. NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, household survey data reflect revised population controls. Nonfarm data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC based data. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 71 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity Selected measures 2005 2005 2006 III 2006 IV I II 2007 III IV I II III 1, 2, 3 Compensation data Employment Cost Index—compensation: 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.2 0.8 .6 0.6 .5 0.7 .8 0.9 .9 1.1 .8 0.6 .7 0.9 .8 0.8 .9 1.0 .8 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.2 .7 .6 .6 .5 .7 .7 .8 1.0 1.1 .8 .6 .7 1.1 1.1 .7 .8 1.0 .9 3.4 3.2 2.2 –1.0 1.5 1.6 .0 -.5 1.8 1.5 .7 4.8 5.7 2.3 8.0 14.6 3.0 3.4 1.5 6.5 1.8 3.0 4.0 .2 4.2 19.9 -.1 –.4 .6 1.0 .2 .3 .2 .8 1.0 -11.1 1.7 2.1 .2 3.0 1.6 -.9 -1.3 .0 -.4 1.4 .1 -.2 1.3 -.8 4.0 2.2 3.9 .3 1.5 5.7 1.8 -.1 .2 3.4 3.2 .2 1.3 -.3 .1 -1.8 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.6 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 .8 .8 -1.5 -1.6 1.2 1.8 .2 .7 3.6 2.2 5.3 4.9 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.2 3.1 -1.8 3.1 1.3 .7 3.8 - Civilian nonfarm................................................................... Private nonfarm............................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm………………………………………………. Private nonfarm............................................................... Price data 1 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers): All Items...... Producer Price Index: Finished goods..................................................................... Finished consumer goods................................................. Capital equipment…………………………………………… Intermediate materials, supplies, and components………… Crude materials..................................................................... 4 Productivity data Output per hour of all persons: Business sector..................................................................... Nonfarm business sector....................................................... 5 Nonfinancial corporations ……………….…………...……………… 1 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 4 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 5 Output per hour of all employees. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly change Components 2006 III Four quarters ending— 2007 IV I II 2006 III III 2007 IV I II III 1 Average hourly compensation: All persons, business sector.......................................................... All persons, nonfarm business sector........................................... Employment Cost Index—compensation: 11.4 12.2 5.5 5.9 5.8 4.4 5.1 4.7 2.8 2.7 4.8 5.0 4.4 4.7 6.0 5.9 6.9 6.7 1.1 .8 .6 .9 2.3 .6 .7 .6 .6 .9 .9 .8 -.3 1.0 1.0 .8 .9 1.2 .9 .6 1.0 .8 .5 .8 1.8 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.1 4.1 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.2 4.1 3.5 3.2 2.2 3.3 4.6 3.3 3.1 2.1 3.3 4.8 3.3 3.1 2.0 3.2 4.3 1.1 .8 .5 .9 2.0 .6 .7 .6 .6 .7 1.1 1.1 .5 1.2 .6 .7 .8 .9 .8 .5 1.0 .9 .7 .9 1.7 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.2 3.7 3.2 3.2 2.3 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.5 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.3 2.5 3.4 3.8 3.3 3.4 2.7 3.4 3.5 2 3 Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..… Private nonfarm…....................................................................... Union………….......................................................................... Nonunion………….................................................................... State and local government…..................................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: 3 1.6 1.3 2 Civilian nonfarm ……….………………………………………….…………..… Private nonfarm…....................................................................... Union………….......................................................................... Nonunion………….................................................................... State and local government…..................................................... 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change from a quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard 72 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 3 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted >1XPEHUVLQWKRXVDQGV@ Employment status Annual average 2005 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. TOTAL &LYLOLDQQRQLQVWLWXWLRQDO 1 population ……………………. 226,082 Civilian labor force.............. 149,320 66.0 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 141,730 Employment-pop62.7 ulation ratio 2…………… 7,591 Unemployed................... 5.1 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force........ 76,762 228,815 229,905 230,108 230,650 230,834 231,034 231,253 231,480 231,713 231,958 232,211 232,461 232,715 232,939 151,428 152,449 152,775 152,974 152,784 152,979 152,587 152,762 153,072 153,231 152,891 153,464 153,253 153,870 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.3 66.2 66.2 66.0 66.0 66.1 66.1 65.8 66.0 65.9 66.1 144,427 145,623 145,926 145,957 145,919 146,254 145,786 145,943 146,140 146,110 145,794 146,257 146,007 146,703 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387 63.3 6,826 4.5 77,456 63.4 6,849 4.5 77,333 63.3 7,017 4.6 77,676 63.2 6,865 4.5 78,050 63.3 6,724 4.4 78,055 63.0 6,801 4.5 78,666 63.0 6,819 4.5 78,718 63.1 6,933 4.5 78,641 63.0 7,121 4.6 78,727 62.8 7,097 4.6 79,319 62.9 7,207 4.7 78,997 62.7 7,245 4.7 79,462 63.0 7,167 4.7 79,069 Men, 20 years and over &LYLOLDQQRQLQVWLWXWLRQDO 1 population ……………………. 100,835 Civilian labor force.............. 76,443 75.8 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 73,050 Employment-pop72.4 ulation ratio 2…………… 3,392 Unemployed................... 4.4 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 24,392 102,145 102,656 102,751 102,956 103,046 103,143 103,248 103,361 103,477 103,598 103,723 103,847 103,973 104,087 77,562 78,123 78,334 78,384 78,375 78,452 78,459 78,524 78,502 78,651 78,512 78,636 78,654 79,104 75.9 76.1 76.2 76.1 76.1 76.1 76.0 76.0 75.9 75.9 75.7 75.7 75.6 76.0 74,431 75,088 75,235 75,158 75,138 75,323 75,313 75,380 75,312 75,362 75,284 75,296 75,276 75,851 72.9 3,131 4.0 24,584 73.1 3,036 3.9 24,533 73.2 3,100 4.0 24,417 73.0 3,226 4.1 24,572 72.9 3,237 4.1 24,671 73.0 3,129 4.0 24,691 72.9 3,146 4.0 24,789 72.9 3,144 4.0 24,837 72.8 3,190 4.1 24,975 72.7 3,289 4.2 24,948 72.6 3,228 4.1 25,211 72.5 3,340 4.2 25,211 72.4 3,378 4.3 25,318 72.9 3,253 4.1 24,982 Women, 20 years and over &LYLOLDQQRQLQVWLWXWLRQDO 1 population ……………………. 108,850 Civilian labor force.............. 65,714 60.4 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 62,702 Employment-pop57.6 ulation ratio 2…………… 3,013 Unemployed................... 4.6 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 43,136 109,992 110,445 110,528 110,803 110,880 110,964 111,057 111,157 111,259 111,367 111,479 111,590 111,703 111,805 66,585 67,024 67,132 67,361 67,267 67,487 67,083 67,281 67,474 67,579 67,628 67,814 67,599 67,803 60.5 60.7 60.7 60.8 60.7 60.8 60.4 60.5 60.6 60.7 60.7 60.8 60.5 60.6 63,834 64,333 64,491 64,654 64,703 64,912 64,502 64,701 64,855 64,808 64,845 65,068 64,826 65,027 58.0 2,751 4.1 43,407 58.2 2,691 4.0 43,420 58.3 2,641 3.9 43,396 58.4 2,707 4.0 43,442 58.4 2,564 3.8 43,612 58.5 2,576 3.8 43,477 58.1 2,581 3.8 43,974 58.2 2,580 3.8 43,875 58.3 2,619 3.9 43,785 58.2 2,771 4.1 43,788 58.2 2,783 4.1 43,851 58.3 2,746 4.0 43,776 58.0 2,773 4.1 44,103 58.2 2,777 4.1 44,001 16,678 7,281 43.7 6,162 16,804 7,301 43.5 6,202 16,829 7,309 43.4 6,200 16,891 7,228 42.8 6,145 16,908 7,142 42.2 6,078 16,927 7,039 41.6 6,019 16,948 7,045 41.6 5,970 16,962 6,957 41.0 5,862 16,977 7,096 41.8 5,972 16,993 7,002 41.2 5,940 17,009 6,751 39.7 5,665 17,024 7,014 41.2 5,894 17,040 6,999 41.1 5,905 17,048 6,962 40.8 5,825 36.9 1,119 15.4 9,397 36.9 1,099 15.1 9,502 36.8 1,108 15.2 9,520 36.4 1,083 15.0 9,662 35.9 1,064 14.9 9,766 35.6 1,020 14.5 9,888 35.2 1,075 15.3 9,903 34.6 1,095 15.7 10,005 35.2 1,124 15.8 9,881 35.0 1,062 15.2 9,991 33.3 1,086 16.1 10,257 34.6 1,120 16.0 10,010 34.7 1,094 15.6 10,041 34.2 1,137 16.3 10,086 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years &LYLOLDQQRQLQVWLWXWLRQDO 1 population ……………………. 16,398 7,164 Civilian labor force.............. 43.7 Participation rate........... 5,978 Employed........................ Employment-pop36.5 ulation ratio 2…………… 1,186 Unemployed................... 16.6 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 9,234 White3 &LYLOLDQQRQLQVWLWXWLRQDO 1 population ……………………. 184,446 Civilian labor force.............. 122,299 66.3 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 116,949 Employment-pop63.4 ulation ratio 2…………… 5,350 Unemployed................... 4.4 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 62,148 186,264 186,988 187,115 187,471 187,582 187,704 187,843 187,993 188,148 188,312 188,479 188,644 188,813 188,956 123,834 124,536 124,783 124,908 124,676 124,888 124,450 124,618 124,922 124,966 124,593 125,245 125,109 125,427 66.5 66.6 66.7 66.6 66.5 66.5 66.3 66.3 66.4 66.4 66.1 66.4 66.3 66.4 118,833 119,636 119,813 119,767 119,669 120,115 119,547 119,724 119,872 119,747 119,349 119,948 119,875 120,209 63.8 5,002 4.0 62,429 64.0 4,900 3.9 62,452 64.0 4,970 4.0 62,333 63.9 5,141 4.1 62,562 63.8 5,007 4.0 62,905 64.0 4,773 3.8 62,817 63.6 4,904 3.9 63,393 63.7 4,893 3.9 63,375 63.7 5,050 4.0 63,226 63.6 5,219 4.2 63,346 63.3 5,243 4.2 63,887 63.6 5,297 4.2 63,399 63.5 5,233 4.2 63,705 63.6 5,218 4.2 63,529 27,007 17,314 64.1 15,765 27,193 17,444 64.2 15,950 27,231 17,512 64.3 16,045 27,276 17,639 64.7 16,226 27,310 17,549 64.3 16,154 27,346 17,436 63.8 15,988 27,385 17,510 63.9 16,065 27,422 17,433 63.6 15,946 27,459 17,493 63.7 16,005 27,498 17,645 64.2 16,229 27,541 17,523 63.6 16,175 27,584 17,493 63.4 16,077 27,627 17,422 63.1 15,938 27,666 17,457 63.1 15,993 58.4 1,549 8.9 9,693 58.7 1,494 8.6 9,749 58.9 1,466 8.4 9,719 59.5 1,412 8.0 9,637 59.2 1,395 7.9 9,761 58.5 1,448 8.3 9,910 58.7 1,444 8.2 9,875 58.2 1,487 8.5 9,988 58.3 1,488 8.5 9,966 59.0 1,416 8.0 9,854 58.7 1,349 7.7 10,018 58.3 1,416 8.1 10,090 57.7 1,484 8.5 10,204 57.8 1,464 8.4 10,208 Black or African American3 &LYLOLDQQRQLQVWLWXWLRQDO 1 population ……………………. 26,517 Civilian labor force.............. 17,013 64.2 Participation rate........... Employed........................ 15,313 Employment-pop57.7 ulation ratio 2…………… 1,700 Unemployed................... 10.0 Unemployment rate..... Not in the labor force……… 9,504 6HHIRRWQRWHVDWHQGRIWDEOH Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 73 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data &RQWLQXHG²(PSOR\PHQWVWDWXVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQE\VH[DJHUDFHDQG+LVSDQLFRULJLQPRQWKO\GDWDVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG [Numbers in thousands] (PSOR\PHQWVWDWXV $QQXDODYHUDJH 2006 2007 1RY 'HF -DQ )HE 0DU $SU 0D\ -XQH -XO\ $XJ 30,103 20,694 19,613 30,508 20,994 19,953 30,596 21,176 20,131 30,877 21,439 20,221 30,965 21,318 20,204 31,055 21,390 20,288 31,147 21,445 20,284 31,238 21,425 20,189 31,329 21,404 20,191 31,423 21,602 20,331 31,520 21,795 20,599 1,081 9,409 1,042 9,513 1,045 9,419 1,218 9,438 1,115 9,647 1,101 9,665 1,161 9,702 1,237 9,813 1,212 9,926 1,271 9,821 1,196 9,725 6HSW 2FW 1RY 31,617 21,901 20,654 31,714 21,775 20,563 31,809 21,895 20,656 1,247 9,716 1,212 9,939 1,239 9,914 +LVSDQLFRU/DWLQR HWKQLFLW\ Civilian noninstitutional 1 population «««««««« 29,133 &LYLOLDQODERUIRUFH 19,824 3DUWLFLSDWLRQUDWH EmployHG 18,632 Employment-pop ulation ratio 2««««« 1,191 UnemployHG UnemployPHQWUDWH Not in the labor force «««« 9,310 1 7KHSRSXODWLRQILJXUHVDUHQRWVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG &LYLOLDQHPSOR\PHQWDVDSHUFHQWRIWKHFLYLOLDQQRQLQVWLWXWLRQDOSRSXODWLRQ Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who VHOHFWHG PRUH WKDQ RQH UDFH JURXS DUH QRW LQFOXGHG 3ULRU WR SHUVRQV ZKR reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main UDFH NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white and black or African American) do not VXP WR WRWDOV EHFDXVH GDWD DUH QRW SUHVHQWHG IRU DOO UDFHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ SHUVRQV ZKRVH ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified E\ HWKQLFLW\ DV ZHOO DV E\ UDFH %HJLQQLQJ LQ -DQXDU\ GDWD UHIOHFW UHYLVHG SRSXODWLRQ FRQWUROVXVHGLQWKHKRXVHKROGVXUYH\ 2 3 5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Annual average Selected categories 2005 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Characteristic Employed, 16 years and older.. 141,730 144,427 145,623 145,926 145,957 145,919 146,254 145,786 145,943 146,140 146,110 145,794 146,257 146,007 146,703 77,502 78,148 78,311 78,237 78,172 78,344 78,344 78,323 78,281 78,292 78,082 78,207 78,179 78,614 Men....................................... 75,973 66,925 67,475 67,615 67,720 67,747 67,911 67,442 67,620 67,859 67,819 67,712 68,050 67,828 68,089 :RPHQ«« 65,757 Married men, spouse 45,483 45,700 45,802 45,864 46,066 46,231 46,527 46,500 46,531 46,527 46,330 46,192 46,238 46,176 46,381 34,773 35,272 35,363 35,383 35,536 35,728 36,167 36,037 36,194 36,217 35,997 35,826 35,739 35,483 35,722 4,350 4,162 4,183 4,232 4,246 4,212 4,278 4,374 4,484 4,290 4,313 4,516 4,512 4,335 4,494 2,684 2,658 2,711 2,706 2,753 2,729 2,769 2,849 2,963 2,790 2,724 2,933 2,986 2,781 2,983 1,341 1,189 1,168 1,234 1,185 1,208 1,215 1,248 1,265 1,203 1,217 1,168 1,148 1,207 1,217 UHDVRQV««««««««« 19,491 19,591 19,780 19,885 19,761 19,907 20,088 19,948 19,626 20,112 20,014 19,835 19,891 19,329 19,550 4,271 4,071 4,091 4,159 4,155 4,088 4,196 4,308 4,403 4,194 4,240 4,459 4,407 4,251 4,435 2,636 2,596 2,661 2,653 2,686 2,662 2,698 2,811 2,904 2,737 2,683 2,903 2,920 2,736 2,953 1,330 1,178 1,140 1,221 1,165 1,187 1,196 1,236 1,256 1,204 1,211 1,147 1,142 1,203 1,201 UHDVRQV«««« 19,134 19,237 19,423 19,512 19,410 19,521 19,677 19,570 19,200 19,758 19,660 19,569 19,570 19,121 19,249 present................................ Married women, spouse present................................ Persons at work part time1 All industries: Part time for economic UHDVRQV««««««««« Slack work or business FRQGLWLRQV«««« Could only find part-time ZRUN««««««««« Part time for noneconomic Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic UHDVRQV««««««««« Slack work or business conditions....................... Could only find part-time ZRUN««««««««« Part time for noneconomic 1 Excludes persons "with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 74 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] Annual average 2006 Selected categories 2005 2006 2007 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Characteristic Total, 16 years and older............................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... Men, 20 years and older......................... Women, 20 years and older................... 5.1 16.6 4.4 4.6 4.6 15.4 4.0 4.1 4.5 15.1 3.9 4.0 4.5 15.2 4.0 3.9 4.6 15.0 4.1 4.0 4.5 14.9 4.1 3.8 4.4 14.5 4.0 3.8 4.5 15.3 4.0 3.8 4.5 15.7 4.0 3.8 4.5 15.8 4.1 3.9 4.6 15.2 4.2 4.1 4.6 16.1 4.1 4.1 4.7 16.0 4.2 4.0 4.7 15.6 4.3 4.1 4.7 16.3 4.1 4.1 White, total 1«««««««««««« 4.4 14.2 16.1 12.3 3.8 3.9 4.0 13.2 14.6 11.7 3.5 3.6 3.9 13.1 14.2 11.9 3.4 3.5 4.0 13.4 15.1 11.6 3.6 3.4 4.1 13.2 14.2 12.2 3.7 3.6 4.0 13.1 14.3 11.7 3.7 3.4 3.8 13.2 14.6 11.8 3.4 3.3 3.9 13.3 14.3 12.3 3.5 3.5 3.9 13.9 15.0 12.7 3.5 3.4 4.0 14.2 16.2 12.0 3.6 3.5 4.2 13.7 15.3 12.1 3.8 3.6 4.2 14.2 16.4 12.0 3.8 3.7 4.2 14.3 16.2 12.2 3.9 3.5 4.2 13.9 15.9 12.0 3.8 3.6 4.2 14.7 17.8 11.7 3.7 3.6 10.0 33.3 36.3 30.3 9.2 8.5 8.9 29.1 32.7 25.9 8.3 7.5 8.6 27.6 32.7 23.0 7.8 7.4 8.4 26.2 27.7 25.1 7.3 7.6 8.0 29.1 34.4 24.6 7.5 6.5 7.9 29.0 35.7 22.6 7.4 6.4 8.3 25.0 25.7 24.4 9.0 6.2 8.2 30.6 34.0 27.4 8.4 6.0 8.5 30.4 35.3 25.5 8.2 6.8 8.5 31.2 33.5 29.0 8.6 6.3 8.0 26.5 30.8 22.8 7.6 6.8 7.7 31.2 32.9 29.7 6.8 6.4 8.1 28.8 33.3 24.4 7.4 7.0 8.5 27.6 35.6 19.9 8.1 7.2 8.4 29.5 34.4 24.8 7.8 7.0 6.0 2.8 3.3 5.0 5.4 5.2 2.4 2.9 4.5 5.1 5.0 2.3 2.7 4.4 5.0 4.9 2.5 2.7 4.4 4.8 5.7 2.5 2.8 4.5 5.0 5.2 2.7 2.7 4.4 4.9 5.1 2.5 2.5 4.4 4.5 5.4 2.5 2.7 4.4 5.0 5.8 2.6 2.7 4.4 4.9 5.7 2.4 2.7 4.5 4.6 5.9 2.7 2.8 4.6 5.0 5.5 2.4 3.1 4.6 4.9 5.7 2.4 2.8 4.7 4.7 5.6 2.5 2.9 4.7 4.9 5.7 2.5 3.0 4.6 5.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ Men, 16 to 19 years........................ Women, 16 to 19 years.................. Men, 20 years and older.................... Women, 20 years and older.............. Black or African American, total 1««« Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................ Men, 16 to 19 years........................ Women, 16 to 19 years.................. Men, 20 years and older.................... Women, 20 years and older.............. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity«««««« Married men, spouse present................ Married women, spouse present........... Full-time workers................................... Part-time workers.................................. Educational attainment2 Less than a high school diploma................ High school graduates, no college 3««« Some college or associate degUHH««« 4 Bachelor's degree and higher ««««« 1 7.6 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.0 7.2 6.7 6.7 7.1 6.7 7.4 7.3 7.6 4.7 4.3 3.6 4.3 3.3 4.3 3.4 4.2 3.7 4.3 3.6 4.1 3.6 4.1 3.6 4.5 3.4 4.1 3.5 4.4 3.5 4.3 3.7 4.6 3.4 4.6 3.5 4.5 3.3 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 Apr. May July Aug. Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. 2 Data refer to persons 25 years and older. 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted >1XPEHUVLQWKRXVDQGV@ Weeks of unemployment /HVVWKDQZHHNV WRZHHNV ZHHNVDQGRYHU WRZHHNV ZHHNVDQGRYHU 0HDQGXUDWLRQLQZHHNV 0HGLDQGXUDWLRQLQZHHNV Annual average 2005 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. June Sept. Oct. Nov. 127(%HJLQQLQJLQ-DQXDU\GDWDUHIOHFWUHYLVHGSRSXODWLRQFRQWUROVXVHGLQWKHKRXVHKROGVXUYH\ Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 75 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 8QHPSOR\HGSHUVRQVE\UHDVRQIRUXQHPSOR\PHQWPRQWKO\GDWDVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG [Numbers in thousands] Reason for unemployment Job losers1…………………….… On temporary layoff.............. Not on temporary layoff........ Job leavers.............................. Reentrants............................... New entrants........................... Annual average 2005 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 3,667 933 2,734 872 2,386 666 3,321 921 2,400 827 2,237 616 3,179 965 2,214 793 2,279 591 3,236 958 2,278 807 2,199 601 3,440 1,021 2,420 797 2,230 619 3,453 1,022 2,430 816 2,042 580 3,238 863 2,375 755 2,147 599 3,287 1,022 2,265 748 2,174 607 3,331 1,004 2,327 764 2,153 549 3,375 866 2,509 810 2,127 621 3,628 981 2,648 823 2,078 593 3,617 979 2,638 793 2,064 593 3,577 954 2,623 842 2,144 698 3,699 1,053 2,647 791 2,084 708 3,599 984 2,615 784 2,133 665 48.3 12.3 36.0 11.5 31.4 8.8 47.4 13.2 34.3 11.8 32.0 8.8 46.5 14.1 32.4 11.6 33.3 8.6 47.3 14.0 33.3 11.8 32.1 8.8 48.6 14.4 34.1 11.2 31.5 8.7 50.1 14.8 35.3 11.8 29.6 8.4 48.0 12.8 35.2 11.2 31.9 8.9 48.2 15.0 33.2 11.0 31.9 8.9 49.0 14.8 34.2 11.2 31.7 8.1 48.7 12.5 36.2 11.7 30.7 9.0 50.9 13.8 37.2 11.6 29.2 8.3 51.2 13.8 37.3 11.2 29.2 8.4 49.3 13.1 36.1 11.6 29.5 9.6 50.8 14.5 36.3 10.9 28.6 9.7 50.1 13.7 36.4 10.9 29.7 9.3 2.1 .5 1.5 .4 2.1 .5 1.4 .4 2.2 .5 1.5 .4 2.3 .5 1.3 .4 2.1 .5 1.4 .4 2.2 .5 1.4 .4 2.2 .5 1.4 .4 2.2 .5 1.4 .4 2.4 .5 1.4 .4 2.4 .5 1.3 .4 2.3 .5 1.4 .5 2.4 .5 1.4 .5 2.3 .5 1.4 .4 Percent of unemployed Job losers1…………………….… On temporary layoff............... Not on temporary layoff......... Job leavers............................... Reentrants................................ New entrants............................ Percent of civilian labor force 2.5 2.2 Job losers1…………………….… .6 .5 Job leavers............................... 1.6 1.5 Reentrants................................ .4 .4 New entrants............................ 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted >&LYLOLDQZRUNHUV@ Sex and age Annual average 2006 2007 2005 2006 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 7RWDO\HDUVDQGROGHU WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR\HDUV \HDUVDQGROGHU WR\HDUV \HDUVDQGROGHU 0HQ\HDUVDQGROGHU WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR\HDUV \HDUVDQGROGHU WR\HDUV \HDUVDQGROGHU :RPHQ\HDUVDQGROGHU WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR\HDUV««««««« W\HDUV««««««« WR\HDUV \HDUVDQGROGHU WR\HDUV \HDUVDQGROGHU «««« 'DWDDUHQRWVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG 127( %HJLQQLQJLQ-DQXDU\GDWDUHIOHFWUHYLVHGSRSXODWLRQFRQWUROVXVHGLQWKHKRXVHKROGVXUYH\ 76 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 8QHPSOR\PHQWUDWHVE\6WDWHVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG 2FW 6WDWH 6HSW 2FW S S 2FW 6WDWH 6HSW 2FW S S $ODEDPD««««««« Alaska........................................................ $UL]RQD«««««««« Arkansas.................................................... &DOLIRUQLD««««««« 6.6 5.4 6.3 5.7 6.1 5.7 0LVVRXUL««««««««««««««« Montana..................................................... 1HEUDVND««««««« Nevada...................................................... 1HZ+DPSVKLUH«««« 5.1 3.0 3.0 4.3 3.5 5.3 2.9 3.1 5.1 3.5 5.6 3.1 3.2 5.2 3.2 Colorado.................................................... &RQQHFWLFXW«««««« Delaware................................................... 'LVWULFWRI&ROXPELD«« Florida........................................................ 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.9 3.0 4.0 3.7 3.4 4.2 New Jersey................................................ 1HZ0H[LFR«««««« New York................................................... 1RUWK&DUROLQD««««« North Dakota............................................. 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.9 3.3 4.3 3.4 4.6 4.9 3.4 4.1 3.1 4.6 4.8 3.4 GeorgLD««««««« Hawaii........................................................ ,GDKR««««««««« Illinois......................................................... ,QGLDQD«««««««« 4.1 5.1 5.3 2KLR««««««««« 2NODKRPD 2UHgRQ«««««««« Pennsylvania............................................. 5KRGH,VODQG««««« 5.5 5.4 4.7 5.1 5.9 5.3 4.5 4.9 5.9 5.5 4.5 4.9 ,RZD««««««««« Kansas....................................................... Kentucky««««««« Louisiana................................................... 0DLQH«««««««« 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.4 3.8 3.3 6RXWK&DUROLQD«««« South Dakota............................................. 7HQQHVVHH«««««« Texas......................................................... 8WDK««««««««« 3.3 5.1 4.8 2.6 3.1 4.7 4.3 2.7 2.9 4.6 4.1 2.8 MaryODQG««««««« Massachusetts........................................... MichigDQ««««««« Minnesota.................................................. 0LVVLVVLSSL«««««« 5.1 7.1 4.0 4.4 7.5 4.9 4.3 7.7 4.7 9HUPRQW««««««« Virginia....................................................... WashingWRQ«««««« West Virginia............................................. :LVFRQVLQ«««««« Wyoming.................................................... 3.7 3.0 5.0 5.2 3.6 4.2 2.9 4.8 4.8 3.1 4.3 3.1 4.8 5.0 2.9 p = preliminary (PSOR\PHQWRIZRUNHUVRQQRQIDUPSD\UROOVE\6WDWHVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG 6WDWH 2FW 6HSW 2FW S S 6WDWH 2FW 6HSW 2FW S S $ODEDPD«««« 347,904 349,881 348,242 Alaska............................................. $UL]RQD««««« Arkansas........................................ 1,366,046 1,385,510 1,377,001 &DOLIRUQLD«««« 17,964,891 18,309,534 18,240,867 0LVVRXUL«««««««««««« 3,052,056 Montana......................................... 495,010 1HEUDVND«««« 976,970 Nevada........................................... 1,313,087 New Hampshire............................« 739,092 3,070,652 504,405 990,656 1,362,852 747,751 3,067,158 504,748 990,612 1,366,635 747,206 Colorado......................................... 2,676,952 &RQQHFWLFXW««« Delaware........................................ 442,046 'LVWULFWRI&ROXPELD Florida............................................ 9,072,950 2,708,641 444,377 9,269,735 2,718,757 445,441 9,272,637 New Jersey..................................... 1HZ0H[LFR«« New York........................................ 1RUWK&DUROLQD« North Dakota.................................. 4,526,779 9,502,410 359,654 4,513,031 9,474,881 365,906 4,500,165 9,471,033 4,534,074 366,134 GeorgLD«««« Hawaii............................................. ,GDKR««««« Illinois............................................. 6,666,948 ,QGLDQD««««« 6,758,850 6,739,333 2KLR«««««« 2NODKRPD 2UHgRQ««««« Pennsylvania.................................. 5KRGH,VODQG«« 5,948,893 1,909,392 6,322,349 578,731 6,000,145 1,940,778 6,328,474 580,578 5,980,339 1,938,539 6,332,808 580,356 ,RZD«««««« Kansas........................................... Kentucky«««« Louisiana........................................ 0DLQH««««« 1,468,667 2,013,274 1,492,316 1,988,288 1,488,757 1,987,819 6RXWK&DUROLQD« 433,246 439,050 439,350 South Dakota.................................. 7HQQHVVHH««« 3,002,983 3,048,038 3,043,296 Texas.............................................. 11,541,558 11,575,239 11,562,298 8WDK«««««« 1,325,048 1,363,170 1,360,463 MaryODQG«««« Massachusetts............................... MichigDQ«««« Minnesota....................................... 0LVVLVVLSSL««« 3,415,765 5,086,734 2,946,597 3,406,934 5,045,801 2,946,469 3,412,662 5,012,002 2,948,784 9HUPRQW«««« 362,729 Virginia........................................... 4,025,121 WashingWRQ««« 3,340,393 West Virginia.................................. 812,093 :LVFRQVLQ««« Wyoming........................................ 287,875 357,887 4,064,790 3,447,646 819,055 290,932 358,456 4,071,430 3,449,690 820,945 289,942 N27(: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the database. p = preliminary Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 77 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 12. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry Annual average 2005 TOTAL NONFARM................. 133,703 TOTAL PRIVATE........................ 111,899 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov. p 136,174 136,941 137,167 137,329 137,419 137,594 137,716 137,904 137,973 138,066 138,159 138,203 138,373 138,467 114,184 114,835 115,053 115,189 115,245 115,397 115,487 115,668 115,739 115,856 115,886 115,923 116,055 116,119 22,190 22,570 22,525 22,520 22,554 22,465 22,497 22,460 22,446 22,436 22,421 22,349 22,309 22,287 22,254 628 65.2 562.2 125.7 212.8 Mining, except oil and gas 1«« 73.9 Coal mining«««««««« Support activities for mining«« 223.7 7,336 Construction................................ Construction of buildings........... 1,711.9 951.2 Heavy and civil engineering«« Speciality trade contractors....... 4,673.1 Manufacturing.............................. 14,226 Production workers................ 10,060 8,955 Durable goods........................... 6,219 Production workers................ 559.2 Wood products.......................... 505.3 Nonmetallic mineral products 466.0 Primary metals.......................... Fabricated metal products......... 1,522.0 1,163.3 0DFKLQHU\««« Computer and electronic 684 65.3 618.6 135.9 221.1 78.8 261.7 7,689 1,806.0 983.1 4,899.6 14,197 10,168 9,001 6,369 560.2 507.9 462.1 1,553.9 1,191.4 699 64.0 635.1 141.4 221.8 79.4 271.9 7,683 1,801.8 993.9 4,887.2 14,143 10,117 8,972 6,346 542.9 503.3 455.8 1,564.1 1,209.9 705 64.6 640.0 143.2 222.4 79.9 274.4 7,684 1,799.7 993.5 4,890.5 14,131 10,126 8,972 6,349 540.4 504.0 454.6 1,564.9 1,210.1 706 64.8 641.1 145.1 222.2 80.0 273.8 7,718 1,801.4 1,003.8 4,912.5 14,130 10,121 8,952 6,325 539.4 504.1 454.9 1,566.2 1,213.3 711 65.2 645.4 145.9 222.9 79.7 276.6 7,641 1,791.7 993.2 4,856.1 14,113 10,114 8,943 6,326 532.6 501.9 454.4 1,566.1 1,215.4 715 65.7 649.5 147.1 224.4 79.6 278.0 7,692 1,797.1 1,001.7 4,893.1 14,090 10,096 8,928 6,313 530.6 500.9 453.9 1,563.9 1,217.9 717 65.3 652.0 147.2 225.9 79.9 278.9 7,671 1,788.5 1,001.6 4,881.0 14,072 10,093 8,921 6,316 528.0 499.6 453.2 1,566.4 1,216.9 718 63.4 654.5 148.3 227.1 79.4 279.1 7,659 1,784.9 999.9 4,874.4 14,069 10,105 8,913 6,323 529.0 500.7 452.6 1,565.4 1,221.8 721 64.1 656.5 149.3 228.3 79.6 278.9 7,665 1,788.9 999.4 4,876.3 14,050 10,091 8,897 6,309 526.5 500.5 449.2 1,569.0 1,224.3 726 62.8 663.5 150.8 228.9 80.3 283.8 7,649 1,782.1 996.2 4,870.7 14,046 10,098 8,900 6,313 529.2 499.1 450.9 1,569.5 1,228.2 728 62.4 665.2 151.5 230.1 80.6 283.6 7,620 1,768.0 994.2 4,857.7 14,001 10,062 8,873 6,290 523.2 495.3 447.8 1,568.2 1,223.3 728 62.4 665.4 151.9 229.9 81.1 283.6 7,595 1,765.2 990.3 4,839.7 13,986 10,064 8,862 6,294 518.3 495.3 446.9 1,569.9 1,223.3 730 62.1 667.8 153.2 230.3 81.4 284.3 7,586 1,753.6 989.7 4,842.3 13,971 10,044 8,853 6,283 517.4 495.0 446.8 1,574.1 1,227.2 732 62.4 670.0 153.4 230.4 82.4 286.2 7,562 1,745.7 985.2 4,831.2 13,960 10,043 8,852 6,289 509.7 492.7 447.3 1,571.9 1,231.5 products 1««««««««« 1,316.4 Computer and peripheral 1,316.4 1,320.4 1,319.9 1,319.4 1,317.5 1,313.5 1,310.6 1,308.6 1,306.4 1,304.3 1,300.5 1,296.9 1,294.2 1,296.9 *22'6352'8&,1*«««««« Natural resources and PLQLQJ««««««««« Logging.................................... Mining.......................................... Oil and gDVH[WUDFWLRQ««««« equipment.............................. &RPPXQLFDWLRQVHTXLSPHQW« 205.1 198.8 198.7 199.8 196.4 197.8 197.8 198.7 197.9 196.2 196.5 196.5 196.9 196.5 196.7 Semiconductors and electronic components.......... (OHFWURQLFLQVWUXPHQWV««« 452.0 462.8 468.0 466.2 470.5 468.8 467.8 465.7 465.3 464.2 462.5 458.3 455.9 456.1 456.3 Electrical equipment and appliances............................... Transportation equipment......... 433.5 1,771.2 435.5 1,765.0 436.4 1,739.8 437.4 1,741.0 437.3 1,722.3 436.4 1,724.4 437.3 1,717.9 437.6 1,718.1 436.9 1,708.4 436.0 1,702.9 436.8 1,699.5 434.6 1,700.2 435.0 1,699.4 435.9 1,685.3 436.3 1,687.1 Furniture and related SURGXFWV««««««««« 565.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing 652.2 5,272 Nondurable goods..................... 3,841 Production workers................ Food manufacturing.................. 1,477.6 556.3 651.6 5,197 3,799 1,484.3 542.4 657.1 5,171 3,771 1,491.6 541.1 658.2 5,159 3,777 1,485.1 536.6 658.2 5,178 3,796 1,493.9 535.8 658.9 5,170 3,788 1,492.8 533.5 658.9 5,162 3,783 1,495.0 533.2 657.7 5,151 3,777 1,493.5 533.0 656.3 5,156 3,782 1,499.8 529.4 652.9 5,153 3,782 1,502.4 530.3 652.1 5,146 3,785 1,505.9 526.9 652.5 5,128 3,772 1,497.0 525.7 651.6 5,124 3,770 1,494.8 523.4 653.2 5,118 3,761 1,497.3 525.5 653.5 5,108 3,754 1,492.0 Beverages and tobacco SURGXFWV«««««««««« 7H[WLOHPLOOV««««««««« Textile product mills................... $SSDUHO«««««««««« Leather and allied products....... Paper and paper products......... 191.9 217.6 169.7 39.6 484.2 194.7 195.6 161.1 37.4 469.3 195.4 186.3 158.1 36.5 463.9 195.5 185.0 157.7 36.5 462.6 197.0 182.3 158.6 36.5 462.4 197.8 179.1 157.9 36.4 460.5 197.3 177.3 156.7 36.6 457.4 198.2 174.6 156.5 36.1 458.4 198.5 173.5 155.3 35.9 457.8 200.4 172.5 154.6 35.9 457.3 200.2 169.9 153.5 35.3 456.7 198.5 168.3 153.0 35.6 456.3 198.0 166.7 152.5 36.3 456.0 197.6 166.9 152.0 35.9 456.1 197.7 166.1 151.7 35.9 453.9 Printing and related support DFWLYLWLHV«««««««««« Petroleum and coal products..... Chemicals.................................. Plastics and rubber products.. 646.3 112.1 872.1 803.4 635.9 114.3 868.7 796.9 637.2 116.6 871.2 782.7 636.7 117.1 871.0 781.7 634.7 117.4 872.1 795.8 634.6 117.4 872.5 795.7 633.5 118.2 870.6 795.2 630.9 117.6 869.7 794.3 629.9 119.2 872.3 793.2 629.6 117.2 873.8 791.1 629.0 116.2 873.3 788.5 626.2 116.1 874.9 787.9 629.0 116.7 875.3 786.1 628.7 116.5 872.4 784.6 629.0 116.6 870.6 783.8 SERVICE-PROVIDING................... 111,513 113,605 114,416 114,647 114,775 114,954 115,097 115,256 115,458 115,537 115,645 115,810 115,894 116,086 116,213 PRIVATE SERVICE3529,',1*««««««««« 89,709 Trade, transportation, and utilities................................ Wholesale trade......................... Durable gRRGV«««««««. Nondurable gRRGV««««« 25,959 5,764.4 2,999.2 91,615 92,310 92,533 92,635 92,780 92,900 93,027 93,222 93,303 93,435 93,537 93,614 93,768 93,865 26,231 5,897.6 3,076.5 26,320 5,934.7 3,097.7 26,345 5,955.0 3,104.3 26,378 5,949.0 3,102.5 26,393 5,960.0 3,112.0 26,436 5,961.3 3,114.0 26,427 5,978.7 3,124.7 26,459 5,990.5 3,134.5 26,465 6,007.4 3,141.5 26,489 6,016.3 3,146.5 26,494 6,022.5 3,147.0 26,518 6,033.8 3,151.5 26,521 6,048.2 3,158.6 26,555 6,053.5 3,166.8 Electronic markets and agHQWVDQGEURNHUV««««« 742.8 781.0 788.5 795.7 796.0 798.3 797.2 801.8 802.6 804.5 806.7 807.5 808.5 809.8 809.1 Retail trade................................. 15,279.6 15,319.3 15,327.9 15,323.7 15,357.5 15,364.6 15,403.7 15,376.9 15,394.5 15,383.3 15,389.8 15,385.6 15,383.0 15,368.0 15,392.2 Motor vehicles and parts dealers 1««««««««« Automobile dealers.................. 1,918.6 1,261.4 1,907.9 1,246.7 1,904.2 1,244.0 1,908.5 1,244.8 1,906.8 1,244.1 1,910.3 1,244.9 1,907.2 1,243.5 1,911.2 1,246.9 1,911.5 1,247.7 1,909.0 1,246.7 1,907.6 1,245.9 1,908.2 1,246.4 1,910.3 1,247.5 1,907.8 1,248.0 1,908.4 1,247.5 Furniture and home furnishings stores.................... 576.1 588.5 586.5 591.4 588.1 587.6 585.6 586.7 585.2 584.3 584.5 586.5 583.9 585.7 591.8 Electronics and appliance stores....................................... 535.8 538.4 531.6 531.4 535.3 538.2 538.4 540.7 539.3 535.9 537.4 532.7 534.0 531.9 539.1 See notes at end of table. 78 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 &RQWLQXHG²(PSOR\PHQWRIZRUNHUVRQQRQIDUPSD\UROOVE\LQGXVWU\PRQWKO\GDWDVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG [In thousands] Annual average Industry 2006 2007 2006 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 1,322.6 2,827.9 1,321.0 2,842.4 1,314.1 2,843.7 1,318.0 2,844.0 1,323.4 2,849.9 1,313.8 2,856.3 1,313.8 2,858.6 1,314.9 2,861.1 1,314.9 2,867.7 1,303.9 2,869.3 1,305.9 2,873.5 1,288.4 2,878.8 1,282.4 2,881.5 1,278.9 2,886.0 953.7 871.1 955.5 861.0 962.6 854.6 959.7 854.8 964.1 853.7 964.8 852.9 966.5 854.5 969.8 852.4 968.5 852.5 968.8 852.4 967.4 852.0 970.8 851.1 973.5 854.3 973.3 852.2 980.8 852.0 Clothing and clothing accessories stores …………………1,414.6 1,439.0 1,467.3 1,460.1 1,446.9 1,445.1 1,449.7 1,452.7 1,451.6 1,451.3 1,456.7 1,460.3 1,462.1 1,462.7 1,474.1 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores…………… 647.0 General merchandise stores1………2,934.3 Department stores………………… 1,595.1 Miscellaneous store retailers……… 899.9 Nonstore retailers…………………… 434.6 646.6 2,912.8 1,550.9 884.9 434.4 647.4 2,882.9 1,533.2 881.9 445.5 648.9 2,885.4 1,537.7 881.4 444.3 655.8 2,923.9 1,568.7 880.3 440.6 654.9 2,917.3 1,565.3 880.2 440.0 653.9 2,956.4 1,570.6 880.3 441.1 655.6 2,915.4 1,560.9 879.0 441.0 659.5 2,928.5 1,566.2 879.3 442.6 657.4 2,920.3 1,561.1 880.2 441.1 665.7 2,918.9 1,560.3 883.1 443.3 666.7 2,906.4 1,549.9 880.3 443.2 669.6 2,902.6 1,547.2 883.1 442.4 669.0 2,900.0 1,544.4 879.6 441.9 671.4 2,888.8 1,535.1 875.7 445.2 Transportation and warehousing................................. 4,360.9 Air transportation…………….……… 500.8 Rail transportation……...…………… 227.8 Water transportation………...……… 60.6 Truck transportation………..……… 1,397.6 4,465.8 486.5 225.3 64.1 1,437.2 4,509.6 484.5 223.9 66.8 1,448.9 4,517.0 488.3 226.4 67.8 1,453.6 4,522.6 490.8 227.9 67.1 1,457.9 4,519.6 485.5 228.9 68.1 1,454.7 4,520.8 485.5 229.1 68.0 1,457.2 4,519.6 490.0 228.3 67.3 1,452.5 4,520.1 484.4 227.9 68.3 1,455.5 4,520.1 491.4 226.6 69.9 1,449.8 4,528.4 492.2 227.5 70.7 1,444.3 4,529.8 492.5 227.4 70.6 1,443.5 4,545.8 494.6 227.7 70.5 1,445.6 4,548.0 495.6 227.9 70.3 1,440.5 4,553.1 499.5 226.7 70.3 1,439.0 2005 Building material and garden supply stores................................ 1,276.1 Food and beverage stores............. 2,817.8 Health and personal care stores……………………………… Gasoline stations…………………… Transit and ground passenger transportation………...…………… Pipeline transportation………...…… 389.2 37.8 394.3 39.0 393.2 39.8 390.2 39.7 391.6 40.3 393.3 40.6 390.3 41.0 389.9 40.5 390.9 40.8 389.4 40.8 397.1 40.8 400.1 41.0 401.2 41.1 401.3 41.3 397.3 41.7 Scenic and sightseeing transportation…….………………… 28.8 27.0 28.3 27.8 27.8 28.0 27.3 27.0 26.7 26.4 27.0 27.4 27.7 28.3 28.5 Support activities for transportation………………..…… Couriers and messengers……...…… Warehousing and storage………… Utilities………………………….………...... Information…………………...…. 552.2 571.4 594.7 554.0 3,061 570.7 585.3 636.4 548.5 3,055 577.9 597.2 649.1 548.2 3,057 575.9 596.4 650.9 549.2 3,073 575.9 593.0 650.3 549.0 3,071 579.4 590.6 650.5 549.0 3,084 579.6 591.0 651.8 550.1 3,086 581.6 589.8 652.7 551.5 3,096 581.8 588.5 655.3 553.4 3,097 583.0 588.7 654.1 554.4 3,093 583.4 589.3 656.1 554.6 3,091 584.3 588.1 654.9 556.0 3,087 587.5 590.3 659.6 555.6 3,093 590.4 589.9 662.5 556.8 3,091 593.6 593.1 663.4 556.6 3,085 Publishing industries, except Internet…………………...………… 904.1 903.8 905.0 906.1 907.0 907.8 907.4 906.1 907.7 906.2 906.3 904.0 900.6 901.4 899.8 Motion picture and sound recording industries……...………… 377.5 Broadcasting, except Internet.. 327.7 377.5 331.3 371.9 333.8 378.3 335.6 378.2 335.3 385.2 337.4 387.1 337.1 394.2 337.8 391.9 336.6 389.3 337.1 383.6 336.0 380.3 336.3 385.9 337.4 383.2 335.8 375.8 338.0 Internet publishing and broadcasting………………...……… 31.5 Telecommunications………….…… 992.0 34.5 972.9 36.3 973.5 37.0 978.0 36.9 975.6 37.9 976.2 39.0 973.0 39.9 974.6 40.6 973.9 41.3 972.7 42.4 973.7 43.1 973.1 44.0 974.1 44.8 973.4 45.3 975.4 383.2 51.4 8,363 6,183.5 384.9 51.6 8,422 6,228.9 386.1 52.1 8,438 6,239.8 386.1 51.9 8,440 6,238.9 387.3 51.9 8,446 6,244.4 390.0 52.3 8,445 6,242.6 390.8 52.1 8,448 6,241.4 394.2 52.1 8,464 6,256.1 394.4 52.2 8,460 6,256.0 396.9 51.8 8,476 6,270.1 397.5 52.2 8,463 6,256.4 398.2 52.3 8,439 6,241.6 398.7 53.3 8,437 6,238.2 398.1 52.6 8,417 6,229.1 20.8 21.5 21.7 21.8 21.7 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.2 21.6 21.8 21.6 21.6 21.5 related activities 1………………… 2,869.0 Depository credit 2,936.8 2,957.4 2,959.7 2,961.5 2,962.8 2,957.6 2,945.3 2,948.7 2,939.5 2,946.5 2,926.8 2,909.2 2,901.3 2,888.3 intermediation 1…………………… 1,769.2 Commercial banking..…………… 1,296.0 1,803.2 1,319.3 1,819.6 1,333.0 1,824.6 1,336.9 1,824.3 1,336.9 1,823.1 1,334.7 1,824.3 1,335.2 1,818.6 1,327.7 1,824.7 1,332.5 1,824.9 1,332.1 1,833.8 1,338.4 1,834.6 1,337.7 1,839.1 1,340.2 1,838.4 1,340.5 1,835.3 1,338.8 786.1 816.3 829.2 829.2 831.0 831.4 834.5 836.8 841.6 844.4 845.8 848.7 849.7 852.3 854.4 Insurance carriers and related activities………………...… 2,259.3 2,315.9 2,326.0 2,333.9 2,329.6 2,333.2 2,333.4 2,342.4 2,348.5 2,354.5 2,361.2 2,362.6 2,365.3 2,366.7 2,369.1 87.7 93.1 94.6 95.2 95.1 95.0 95.0 94.7 94.9 95.4 95.0 96.5 95.8 96.3 95.8 Real estate and rental and leasing………………………..… 2,129.6 Real estate……………………….… 1,456.9 Rental and leasing services……… 645.8 2,179.6 1,503.3 647.4 2,192.9 1,512.4 650.0 2,198.0 1,516.4 650.9 2,201.5 1,518.5 651.9 2,202.0 1,518.4 652.4 2,202.5 1,523.5 647.9 2,206.5 1,525.4 650.0 2,207.4 1,527.7 647.8 2,204.1 1,524.5 646.9 2,205.7 1,525.4 647.6 2,206.4 1,528.1 645.4 2,197.7 1,521.2 643.9 2,199.0 1,522.1 644.5 2,188.2 1,514.2 641.6 ISPs, search portals, and data processing………..………… Other information services………… 377.5 50.6 8,153 Financial activities………………..… Finance and insurance……………..…6,022.8 Monetary authorities— central bank…………………..…… Credit intermediation and Securities, commodity contracts, investments…………… Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles…………….…… Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets………………..… 26.9 28.9 30.5 30.7 31.1 31.2 31.1 31.1 31.9 32.7 32.7 32.9 32.6 32.4 32.4 Professional and business services…………………………...… 16,954 17,552 17,726 17,792 17,804 17,840 17,834 17,859 17,893 17,886 17,911 17,942 17,954 18,018 18,048 services1…………………………… 7,053.4 Legal services……………..……… 1,168.0 7,371.7 1,173.4 7,469.6 1,175.9 7,499.8 1,179.0 7,515.6 1,176.2 7,544.3 1,178.8 7,553.7 1,178.1 7,591.3 1,181.8 7,625.3 1,183.4 7,638.5 1,179.9 7,666.9 1,177.9 7,689.0 1,178.4 7,731.0 1,181.6 7,757.7 1,184.7 7,781.6 1,181.2 849.3 889.3 914.5 925.1 922.1 927.8 924.4 927.5 934.5 941.1 951.1 957.7 968.3 974.1 980.9 Architectural and engineering services…………………………… 1,310.9 1,385.6 1,407.2 1,411.4 1,419.2 1,422.7 1,424.0 1,426.0 1,431.4 1,433.5 1,437.1 1,440.1 1,444.5 1,451.4 1,454.9 Professional and technical Accounting and bookkeeping services…………………………… . See notes at end of table Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 79 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data &RQWLQXHG²(PSOR\PHQWRIZRUNHUVRQQRQIDUPSD\UROOVE\LQGXVWU\PRQWKO\GDWDVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG [In thousands] Industry Annual average 2006 2007 2005 2006 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 1,195.2 1,278.2 1,296.2 1,303.3 1,305.2 1,311.1 1,319.7 1,328.5 1,338.3 1,341.8 1,352.9 1,355.6 1,363.8 1,366.7 1,378.6 853.0 920.9 949.3 953.8 958.1 967.1 970.5 985.4 989.2 990.9 992.5 1,001.7 1,010.2 1,017.8 1,024.1 1,758.9 1,809.4 1,823.0 1,826.0 1,830.8 1,836.7 1,837.1 1,839.9 1,841.5 1,844.6 1,847.8 1,852.1 1,853.2 1,853.9 1,856.8 Administrative and waste services…………………………… 8,141.5 Administrative and support 8,370.7 8,433.8 8,466.4 8,457.3 8,458.9 8,443.5 8,427.7 8,426.3 8,402.6 8,396.2 8,400.6 8,370.1 8,406.6 8,409.6 8,023.5 3,656.6 2,631.3 790.7 8,083.8 3,665.5 2,631.3 802.2 8,117.0 3,674.2 2,641.6 806.9 8,106.1 3,667.1 2,641.8 803.6 8,107.4 3,651.6 2,629.2 803.3 8,092.5 3,637.1 2,621.2 801.9 8,076.3 3,602.1 2,613.1 801.6 8,073.4 3,584.4 2,602.7 804.8 8,048.8 3,553.3 2,588.0 801.3 8,041.8 3,525.9 2,577.9 805.5 8,045.1 3,523.4 2,578.6 803.4 8,013.7 3,484.8 2,561.2 802.5 8,050.4 3,523.5 2,589.0 798.7 8,050.4 3,526.6 2,600.3 797.4 Computer systems design and related services………… Management and technical consulting services…………… Management of companies and enterprises……..………..... services 1……………………… 7,803.8 Employment services 1……… 3,578.2 Temporary help services…… 2,549.4 766.4 Business support services…… Services to buildings and dwellings………………… 1,737.5 1,797.1 1,811.2 1,817.7 1,812.1 1,823.8 1,819.7 1,829.7 1,835.1 1,840.8 1,847.3 1,848.7 1,850.4 1,851.9 1,846.1 Waste management and remediation services…………. 337.6 347.2 350.0 349.4 351.2 351.5 351.0 351.4 352.9 353.8 354.4 355.5 356.4 356.2 359.2 17,372 2,835.8 17,838 2,918.4 18,018 2,951.4 18,063 2,948.6 18,102 2,959.5 18,138 2,955.9 18,188 2,972.4 18,246 2,978.7 18,293 2,983.4 18,364 3,014.4 18,422 3,022.8 18,484 3,039.7 18,505 3,020.0 18,549 3,025.1 18,577 3,027.1 Educational and health services………………...………. Educational services…….……… Health care and social assistance……….……………… 14,536.3 14,919.9 15,066.1 15,113.9 15,142.6 15,181.7 15,215.9 15,266.8 15,309.7 15,349.4 15,399.5 15,443.9 15,484.5 15,524.3 15,549.6 Ambulatory health care services 1……………………… 5,113.5 Offices of physicians…………… 2,093.5 Outpatient care centers……… 473.2 Home health care services…… 821.0 Hospitals………………………… 4,345.4 5,283.1 2,153.6 489.4 867.1 4,427.1 5,344.6 2,179.4 492.4 883.5 4,461.7 5,369.2 2,185.5 493.6 890.9 4,469.5 5,375.3 2,187.4 494.1 896.4 4,478.3 5,395.6 2,196.7 496.8 901.1 4,484.4 5,409.2 2,204.3 494.8 904.1 4,490.8 5,428.4 2,210.5 495.8 907.2 4,499.7 5,446.7 2,214.7 495.1 911.3 4,511.0 5,455.1 2,213.2 495.5 918.8 4,526.3 5,482.5 2,224.6 496.1 925.3 4,539.1 5,507.0 2,232.5 498.7 931.9 4,546.3 5,523.4 2,240.6 500.7 932.8 4,555.6 5,549.7 2,246.0 503.0 939.1 4,566.0 5,553.8 2,253.1 504.0 936.3 4,573.7 2,900.9 1,584.2 2,308.9 806.7 13,143 2,927.8 1,591.8 2,332.0 805.1 13,324 2,940.5 1,596.4 2,334.7 803.6 13,373 2,947.6 1,600.1 2,341.4 804.3 13,396 2,957.5 1,605.7 2,344.2 802.7 13,425 2,961.4 1,603.9 2,354.5 804.9 13,449 2,972.4 1,609.1 2,366.3 810.5 13,481 2,973.2 1,606.5 2,378.8 812.3 13,537 2,983.7 1,608.0 2,384.3 811.6 13,554 2,984.0 1,611.3 2,393.9 815.7 13,566 2,988.5 1,613.8 2,402.1 815.3 13,589 2,992.3 1,614.7 2,413.2 819.8 13,630 2,993.5 1,614.6 2,415.1 817.8 13,676 2,996.6 1,614.3 2,425.5 820.3 13,702 Nursing and residential care facilities 1………………… 2,855.0 Nursing care facilities………… 1,577.4 Social assistance 1……………… 2,222.3 Child day care services……… 789.7 Leisure and hospitality……….. 12,816 Arts, entertainment, and recreation……….…….…… 1,892.3 1,927.0 1,947.4 1,957.2 1,960.4 1,963.3 1,963.2 1,953.5 1,968.5 1,971.1 1,962.9 1,968.0 1,977.4 1,991.0 1,989.5 Performing arts and spectator sports………………… 376.3 398.8 405.7 406.4 408.0 406.0 405.9 402.8 409.5 412.1 405.6 410.7 412.6 417.3 412.9 Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks………………… 120.7 123.9 126.4 127.1 127.7 127.5 128.2 128.8 130.7 131.2 132.4 131.8 132.3 132.6 133.1 1,395.3 1,404.3 1,415.3 1,423.7 1,424.7 1,429.8 1,429.1 1,421.9 1,428.3 1,427.8 1,424.9 1,425.5 1,432.5 1,441.1 1,443.5 Amusements, gambling, and recreation……………………… Accommodations and food services…………………… 10,923.0 11,216.2 11,376.8 11,415.9 11,435.8 11,461.3 11,486.0 11,527.9 11,568.5 11,582.5 11,602.9 11,621.4 11,652.3 11,684.6 11,712.4 Accommodations………………. 1,818.6 1,833.4 1,854.4 1,863.2 1,858.1 1,860.3 1,860.0 1,860.5 1,862.8 1,852.8 1,858.1 1,850.8 1,864.3 1,873.0 1,883.9 Food services and drinking places…………………………… 9,104.4 Other services……………………… 5,395 Repair and maintenance……… 1,236.0 Personal and laundry services 1,276.6 9,382.8 5,432 1,248.5 1,284.2 9,522.4 5,443 1,250.8 1,286.4 9,552.7 5,449 1,251.6 1,287.4 9,577.7 5,444 1,246.3 1,285.8 9,601.0 5,454 1,248.9 1,290.3 9,626.0 5,462 1,255.9 1,290.8 9,667.4 5,470 1,257.4 1,292.6 9,705.7 5,479 1,260.4 1,296.5 9,729.7 5,481 1,261.9 1,291.2 9,744.8 5,480 1,256.6 1,294.4 9,770.6 5,478 1,260.6 1,292.4 9,788.0 5,475 1,261.8 1,290.5 9,811.6 5,476 1,258.6 1,287.9 9,828.5 5,481 1,259.4 1,290.5 Membership associations and organizations…………………… 2,882.2 Government.................................. Federal........................................ Federal, except U.S. Postal Service.................................... U.S. Postal Service……………… State........................................... Education................................ Other State government.......... Local........................................... Education................................ Other local government........... 2,899.3 2,905.4 2,909.7 2,912.3 2,915.2 2,915.7 2,919.5 2,921.9 2,927.6 2,929.0 2,925.2 2,923.0 2,929.4 2,931.3 21,804 2,732 21,990 2,728 22,106 2,719 22,114 2,713 22,140 2,718 22,174 2,718 22,197 2,716 22,229 2,716 22,236 2,713 22,234 2,708 22,210 2,713 22,273 2,714 22,280 2,710 22,318 2,711 22,348 2,712 1,957.3 774.2 5,032 2,259.9 2,771.6 14,041 7,856.1 6,184.6 1,958.3 770.1 5,080 2,294.9 2,785.2 14,182 7,938.5 6,243.0 1,949.5 769.0 5,107 2,313.1 2,793.5 14,280 8,003.7 6,276.3 1,948.6 764.5 5,111 2,311.8 2,798.9 14,290 8,015.6 6,274.1 1,951.1 767.1 5,117 2,311.4 2,805.7 14,305 8,018.7 6,286.4 1,951.8 766.5 5,133 2,324.0 2,809.4 14,323 8,025.1 6,298.0 1,949.7 766.5 5,134 2,324.5 2,809.2 14,347 8,044.1 6,302.9 1,950.0 766.4 5,140 2,326.4 2,813.7 14,373 8,056.0 6,317.0 1,947.5 765.5 5,133 2,321.7 2,811.3 14,390 8,062.7 6,327.7 1,943.5 764.0 5,139 2,326.5 2,812.7 14,387 8,043.1 6,344.0 1,950.5 762.3 5,143 2,323.3 2,819.4 14,354 8,011.8 6,342.6 1,952.1 761.9 5,137 2,320.3 2,817.1 14,422 8,066.1 6,355.7 1,949.2 760.9 5,159 2,336.9 2,822.1 14,411 8,048.4 6,363.0 1,950.1 760.4 5,155 2,332.4 2,822.9 14,452 8,078.5 6,373.0 1,950.3 761.2 5,165 2,335.4 2,829.4 14,471 8,088.3 6,382.3 1 Includes other industries not shown separately. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. p = preliminary. 80 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 13. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industry Annual average 2005 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p TOTAL PRIVATE………………………… 33.8 33.9 33.8 33.9 33.8 33.7 33.9 33.8 33.8 33.9 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 GOODS-PRODUCING……………………… 40.1 40.5 40.4 40.7 40.2 40.2 40.6 40.4 40.5 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.6 Natural resources and mining…………… 45.6 45.6 46.1 45.6 45.0 45.9 45.9 45.8 45.7 45.9 45.9 45.7 46.2 46.0 46.4 Construction………………………………… 38.6 39.0 39.0 39.8 38.7 38.4 39.0 38.8 38.9 39.0 38.9 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.8 Manufacturing…………………….............. Overtime hours.................................. 40.7 4.6 41.1 4.4 41.0 4.1 41.0 4.2 40.9 4.1 40.9 4.1 41.2 4.3 41.1 4.2 41.1 4.1 41.4 4.3 41.3 4.2 41.4 4.1 41.3 4.1 41.2 4.1 41.3 4.1 Durable goods..…………………............ Overtime hours.................................. Wood products..................................... Nonmetallic mineral products............... Primary metals..................................... Fabricated metal products................... Machinery………………………………… Computer and electronic products…… Electrical equipment and appliances… Transportation equipment.................... Furniture and related products……….. Miscellaneous manufacturing.............. 41.1 4.6 40.0 42.2 43.1 41.0 42.1 40.0 40.6 42.4 39.2 38.7 41.4 4.4 39.8 43.0 43.6 41.4 42.4 40.5 41.0 42.7 38.8 38.7 41.2 4.1 39.1 42.3 43.5 41.2 42.3 40.2 40.7 42.5 39.0 38.8 41.2 4.2 39.3 42.7 43.3 41.0 42.3 40.4 40.4 42.5 39.0 38.7 41.1 4.1 38.7 42.0 42.8 41.0 41.8 40.3 40.7 42.8 38.9 38.5 41.1 4.1 39.1 41.6 43.0 41.1 42.3 40.3 40.9 42.5 38.8 37.9 41.4 4.3 39.5 42.4 43.2 41.6 42.3 40.4 40.9 42.8 38.9 38.5 41.2 4.2 39.6 42.2 43.0 41.4 42.4 40.4 41.1 42.3 38.9 38.6 41.3 4.1 39.5 42.3 42.8 41.4 42.3 40.4 41.3 42.9 38.9 38.6 41.7 4.4 39.7 42.5 43.3 41.6 42.5 40.7 41.9 43.3 39.2 39.0 41.6 4.2 39.9 42.6 43.2 41.7 42.5 40.2 41.7 43.2 39.3 39.0 41.7 4.1 39.6 42.8 43.0 41.7 42.6 40.7 41.3 43.2 39.7 39.1 41.6 4.1 39.7 42.7 42.6 41.8 42.7 40.7 41.3 42.7 39.4 39.5 41.5 4.1 39.4 42.8 42.5 41.8 43.0 40.6 40.9 42.6 39.2 38.8 41.6 4.1 39.4 43.0 43.0 41.7 43.1 40.9 41.3 42.5 39.3 38.5 Nondurable goods.................................. Overtime hours.................................. Food manufacturing............................… Beverage and tobacco products.......... Textile mills……………………………… Textile product mills…………………… Apparel................................................. Leather and allied products.................. Paper and paper products……………… 39.9 4.4 39.0 40.1 40.3 39.0 35.7 38.4 42.5 40.6 4.4 40.1 40.7 40.6 40.0 36.5 38.9 42.9 40.6 4.2 40.5 40.9 40.4 39.8 36.9 37.8 42.6 40.6 4.3 40.4 40.7 41.0 39.2 36.7 38.2 42.4 40.6 4.1 40.4 40.8 40.6 39.3 37.5 38.2 42.5 40.6 4.2 40.5 40.5 40.7 39.5 37.0 38.0 42.4 40.9 4.3 41.0 40.7 40.5 39.6 36.7 37.9 43.1 40.9 4.2 40.7 41.3 40.2 39.9 37.3 37.6 43.0 40.8 4.1 40.6 40.5 40.2 39.8 37.3 38.9 42.9 40.9 4.2 40.5 40.8 40.5 40.5 37.7 37.8 43.0 40.9 4.1 40.8 40.7 40.2 40.6 37.7 37.4 42.9 40.8 4.1 40.6 40.9 39.8 39.9 37.4 37.5 43.1 40.8 4.1 40.7 40.7 40.5 39.9 37.4 37.7 43.1 40.8 4.1 40.8 40.6 40.4 39.0 37.2 37.5 43.4 40.9 4.1 40.6 40.3 40.8 37.8 37.8 38.1 43.1 Printing and related support activities............................................. Petroleum and coal products…………… Chemicals………………………………… Plastics and rubber products…………… 38.4 45.5 42.3 40.0 39.2 45.0 42.5 40.6 39.1 44.8 41.9 40.6 39.5 44.7 42.0 40.6 39.2 45.3 41.8 40.8 39.4 45.1 41.8 40.4 39.3 44.7 41.9 40.9 39.4 44.9 42.2 41.2 39.1 44.6 42.0 41.1 39.1 44.5 42.0 41.4 38.8 44.2 42.1 41.5 39.1 43.7 42.0 41.4 38.8 43.4 41.9 41.6 38.8 42.9 41.5 41.5 39.0 43.5 41.8 42.1 PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING……………………………… 32.4 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.4 Trade, transportation, and utilities.......………………....................... Wholesale trade........………………....... Retail trade………………………………… Transportation and warehousing………… Utilities……………………………………… Information………………………………… Financial activities………………………… 33.4 37.7 30.6 37.0 41.1 36.5 35.9 33.4 38.0 30.5 36.9 41.4 36.6 35.8 33.5 38.0 30.5 36.9 41.9 36.4 35.8 33.4 38.0 30.4 36.9 42.0 36.6 36.0 33.4 38.0 30.4 37.1 41.9 36.5 36.0 33.3 38.1 30.2 37.1 42.3 36.6 36.0 33.4 38.2 30.2 37.2 42.5 36.7 36.0 33.3 38.1 30.2 36.9 42.3 36.5 36.0 33.4 38.3 30.2 37.0 42.4 36.3 35.9 33.4 38.3 30.2 37.0 42.6 36.3 36.0 33.3 38.1 30.1 36.8 42.6 36.5 35.9 33.3 38.2 30.1 37.0 42.5 36.3 35.8 33.4 38.2 30.3 37.0 42.6 36.3 35.7 33.3 38.0 30.2 36.8 42.1 36.1 35.7 33.4 38.3 30.3 36.7 42.5 36.0 35.7 Professional and business services…………………………………… Education and health services…………… Leisure and hospitality…………………… Other services……………........................ 34.2 32.6 25.7 30.9 34.6 32.5 25.7 30.9 34.6 32.5 25.6 30.9 34.6 32.4 25.7 30.9 34.5 32.5 25.6 30.9 34.6 32.4 25.5 30.7 34.8 32.6 25.6 31.0 34.7 32.6 25.6 30.9 34.8 32.5 25.6 31.0 34.7 32.6 25.5 30.9 34.7 32.6 25.4 30.8 34.7 32.6 25.4 30.8 34.8 32.6 25.4 30.9 34.7 32.6 25.4 30.9 34.8 32.6 25.4 31.0 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 81 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industry Annual average 2006 2007 2005 2006 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p TOTAL PRIVATE Current dollars……………………… Constant (1982) dollars…………… $16.13 8.18 $16.76 8.24 $16.99 8.36 $17.07 8.36 $17.10 8.36 $17.16 8.36 $17.21 8.32 $17.25 8.30 $17.32 8.26 $17.40 8.29 $17.45 8.31 $17.50 8.35 $17.54 8.35 $17.55 8.32 $17.63 8.29 GOODS-PRODUCING............................... 17.60 18.02 18.21 18.29 18.34 18.37 18.45 18.53 18.61 18.65 18.67 18.71 18.75 18.73 18.83 18.72 19.46 16.56 15.68 17.33 15.27 19.90 20.02 16.80 15.95 17.67 15.32 20.43 20.37 16.89 16.09 17.79 15.35 20.52 20.44 16.95 16.12 17.86 15.41 20.60 20.55 16.98 16.17 17.90 15.44 20.77 20.57 17.03 16.22 17.96 15.47 20.77 20.68 17.09 16.24 18.03 15.49 20.81 20.73 17.18 16.34 18.12 15.60 20.85 20.91 17.20 16.38 18.15 15.60 20.90 20.92 17.26 16.41 18.22 15.63 20.95 20.94 17.28 16.44 18.22 15.68 21.11 20.99 17.31 16.49 18.26 15.70 21.00 21.10 17.32 16.50 18.26 15.73 21.05 21.06 17.31 16.49 18.26 15.70 21.12 21.27 17.36 16.54 18.28 15.79 PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING..........……………….............. 15.74 16.42 16.67 16.74 16.77 16.84 16.88 16.91 16.98 17.07 17.13 17.18 17.23 17.25 17.31 Trade,transportation, and utilities………………………………….... Wholesale trade.................................... Retail trade........................................... Transportation and warehousing……… Utilities…………………………………… Information.............................................. Financial activities.................................. 14.92 18.16 12.36 16.70 26.68 22.06 17.94 15.40 18.91 12.58 17.28 27.42 23.23 18.80 15.54 19.14 12.64 17.50 27.47 23.47 19.20 15.58 19.20 12.67 17.53 27.33 23.60 19.29 15.59 19.25 12.69 17.49 27.40 23.72 19.32 15.61 19.22 12.71 17.50 27.50 23.77 19.42 15.66 19.32 12.72 17.54 27.66 23.83 19.51 15.69 19.39 12.75 17.57 27.68 23.86 19.53 15.71 19.38 12.75 17.65 27.71 23.87 19.59 15.80 19.54 12.77 17.76 27.77 23.99 19.68 15.84 19.56 12.82 17.81 27.84 23.96 19.69 15.88 19.63 12.84 17.79 28.01 23.98 19.77 15.92 19.69 12.86 17.90 28.18 23.96 19.81 15.93 19.74 12.85 17.91 28.37 23.96 19.82 15.97 19.76 12.87 18.02 28.27 23.98 19.92 Professional and business services................................................. 18.08 19.12 19.51 19.64 19.63 19.80 19.83 19.84 20.03 20.13 20.18 20.28 20.36 20.35 20.48 Education and health services................................................. Leisure and hospitality.......................... Other services......................................... 16.71 9.38 14.34 17.38 9.75 14.77 17.63 9.94 14.94 17.67 10.02 15.02 17.74 10.08 15.03 17.75 10.16 15.06 17.78 10.19 15.07 17.80 10.29 15.10 17.89 10.32 15.14 17.96 10.38 15.20 18.05 10.45 15.26 18.10 10.50 15.29 18.17 10.53 15.31 18.21 10.59 15.34 18.29 10.60 15.38 Natural resources and mining............... Construction........................................... Manufacturing......................................... Excluding overtime........................... Durable goods…………………………… Nondurable goods……………………… Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. 82 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. p = preliminary. 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Annual average 2006 Industry 2005 TOTAL PRIVATE……………………………… $16.13 Seasonally adjusted……………………. – 2007 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 2006 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. $16.76 – $16.99 16.99 $17.07 17.07 $17.16 17.10 $17.21 17.16 $17.22 17.21 $17.34 $17.28 $17.30 $17.42 $17.40 $17.62 $17.58 $17.63 17.25 17.32 17.40 17.45 17.50 17.54 17.55 17.63 GOODS-PRODUCING...................................... 17.60 18.02 18.26 18.37 18.27 18.26 18.35 18.48 18.59 18.67 18.69 18.78 18.87 18.83 18.87 Natural resources and mining…………….. 18.72 19.90 20.45 20.61 20.72 20.81 20.85 20.94 20.86 20.80 20.88 20.98 20.95 21.00 21.15 Construction.………….................................. 19.46 20.02 20.42 20.52 20.42 20.45 20.53 20.62 20.84 20.89 21.00 21.11 21.30 21.25 21.34 Manufacturing…………………………………… 16.56 16.80 16.93 17.09 17.04 17.03 17.06 17.19 17.19 17.25 17.20 17.29 17.37 17.31 17.38 Durable goods..………………….................. Wood products ......................................... Nonmetallic mineral products ……………… Primary metals ......................................... Fabricated metal products ….................... Machinery …………..……………………… Computer and electronic products ........... Electrical equipment and appliances ........ Transportation equipment ........................ Furniture and related products ................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ................... 17.33 13.16 16.61 18.94 15.80 17.03 18.39 15.24 22.10 13.45 14.08 17.67 13.40 16.59 19.35 16.17 17.20 18.96 15.53 22.41 13.79 14.36 17.87 13.67 16.51 19.73 16.29 17.56 19.22 15.53 22.57 14.12 14.38 18.04 13.64 16.73 19.45 16.44 17.78 19.57 15.72 22.76 14.13 14.47 17.94 13.71 16.73 19.43 16.33 17.62 19.59 15.73 22.47 14.11 14.54 17.95 13.55 16.81 19.33 16.31 17.63 19.57 15.87 22.53 14.05 14.50 18.01 13.58 16.95 19.33 16.35 17.68 19.62 15.91 22.62 14.29 14.57 18.10 13.60 16.86 19.66 16.40 17.71 19.84 15.93 22.87 14.37 14.41 18.12 13.61 17.03 19.57 16.49 17.64 19.91 15.97 22.85 14.34 14.42 18.21 13.71 17.21 19.65 16.45 17.61 19.96 15.99 23.13 14.40 14.73 18.08 13.62 17.09 19.78 16.51 17.84 20.06 16.05 22.62 14.36 14.82 18.25 13.62 16.94 19.67 16.57 17.70 20.02 15.98 23.30 14.31 14.76 18.33 13.65 16.99 19.77 16.61 17.80 20.17 16.02 23.39 14.37 14.75 18.28 13.79 16.98 19.77 16.66 17.75 20.25 15.77 23.18 14.37 14.70 18.33 13.71 17.17 19.70 16.73 17.80 20.20 15.66 23.30 14.32 14.76 Nondurable goods………………………...... Food manufacturing ...........................…… Beverages and tobacco products ............. 15.27 13.04 18.76 15.32 13.13 18.19 15.34 13.18 18.20 15.47 13.33 18.34 15.51 13.42 17.92 15.46 13.33 17.91 15.45 13.36 18.49 15.65 13.49 18.45 15.60 13.51 18.58 15.62 13.51 18.22 15.72 13.56 18.64 15.68 13.61 17.79 15.75 13.65 18.39 15.67 13.58 18.69 15.77 13.56 19.45 12.38 11.67 10.24 11.50 17.99 15.74 24.47 19.67 14.80 12.55 11.94 10.61 11.44 18.01 15.80 24.08 19.60 14.96 12.74 11.98 10.53 11.58 18.05 15.93 24.44 19.61 15.04 12.63 11.90 10.64 11.70 18.23 15.91 23.96 19.87 15.16 12.90 11.98 10.87 11.89 18.18 15.84 24.90 19.67 15.22 12.87 11.96 10.82 11.82 18.10 15.87 24.73 19.55 15.22 12.81 11.93 10.70 11.81 18.16 15.87 24.66 19.46 15.19 13.00 11.93 10.80 11.87 18.47 16.00 25.01 19.71 15.32 12.89 11.92 10.91 11.85 18.45 15.92 24.78 19.52 15.29 12.97 11.97 10.92 11.97 18.46 15.99 24.44 19.60 15.36 13.13 12.05 11.05 12.17 18.68 16.19 25.06 19.68 15.27 13.20 11.90 11.01 12.08 18.30 16.28 25.36 19.46 15.43 13.15 11.82 11.09 12.22 18.54 16.37 25.88 19.50 15.42 12.94 11.79 11.06 12.07 18.47 16.47 24.82 19.36 15.34 13.07 11.90 11.11 12.28 18.59 16.35 25.25 19.59 15.46 Textile mills .............................................. Textile product mills ................................. Apparel ..................................................... Leather and allied products ……………… Paper and paper products ………………… Printing and related support activities…... Petroleum and coal products ……………… Chemicals …………………………………… Plastics and rubber products .................... PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING ……………………………………. 15.74 16.42 16.65 16.73 16.87 16.94 16.92 17.05 16.93 16.94 17.09 17.03 17.29 17.25 17.30 Trade, transportation, and utilities…….…….......................................... Wholesale trade ……………………………… Retail trade …………………………………… Transportation and warehousing …………… Utilities ………..…..….………..……………… 14.92 18.16 12.36 16.70 26.68 15.40 18.91 12.58 17.28 27.42 15.44 19.16 12.52 17.48 27.44 15.41 19.24 12.51 17.47 27.38 15.61 19.30 12.69 17.48 27.39 15.65 19.25 12.72 17.42 27.50 15.66 19.24 12.74 17.51 27.73 15.82 19.53 12.86 17.56 27.88 15.70 19.28 12.77 17.55 27.75 15.77 19.42 12.78 17.77 27.52 15.92 19.69 12.88 17.93 27.74 15.85 19.56 12.82 17.87 27.77 16.03 19.83 12.94 17.99 28.31 15.96 19.74 12.86 17.93 28.49 15.87 19.77 12.74 18.04 28.23 Information…………………………………..... 22.06 23.23 23.53 23.68 23.84 23.80 23.74 23.93 23.82 23.76 23.82 23.87 24.17 24.12 23.98 Financial activities……..……….................... 17.94 18.80 19.19 19.27 19.29 19.42 19.49 19.66 19.54 19.55 19.68 19.66 19.89 19.80 19.91 18.08 19.12 19.44 19.67 19.81 19.95 19.88 20.13 19.95 19.96 20.27 20.03 20.36 20.22 20.41 services………………………………………… 16.71 Professional and business services………………………………………… Education and health 17.38 17.62 17.68 17.78 17.76 17.79 17.80 17.84 17.92 18.08 18.10 18.22 18.20 18.31 Leisure and hospitality ……………………… 9.38 9.75 10.00 10.13 10.15 10.24 10.23 10.30 10.33 10.29 10.33 10.39 10.52 10.61 10.65 Other services…………………...................... 14.34 14.77 14.93 15.06 15.07 15.10 15.11 15.20 15.15 15.13 15.15 15.19 15.34 15.31 15.37 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 83 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers 1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry Annual average 2005 727$/35,9$7(««««««« $567.87 Seasonally adjusted.......... – 2006 2007 2006 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June $589.78 – $574.26 574.26 $578.67 578.67 $573.14 578.66 $574.48 578.63 $580.99 584.44 $588.50 584.40 $583.01 586.09 $588.88 590.20 Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p $596.45 590.49 $592.28 591.84 $603.29 593.87 $594.88 594.54 $594.13 596.23 July GOODS-PRODUCING…………..… 730.16 757.19 739.53 754.40 730.17 724.28 742.55 744.10 755.97 766.70 758.16 769.33 777.20 771.37 770.30 Natural resources and mining««««««««« 907.95 961.56 942.75 940.27 927.08 945.23 947.04 954.86 955.39 963.04 957.93 962.52 979.52 981.63 969.74 781.21 815.94 792.30 806.83 774.68 765.58 795.29 792.58 819.41 830.52 828.19 836.75 842.14 841.50 829.14 Manufacturing…………………… 691.02 711.61 697.52 713.49 696.05 690.53 702.40 705.61 707.33 717.12 704.30 718.37 725.16 717.88 722.93 Durable goods…………………… 732.00 532.99 712.71 843.59 668.98 728.84 754.46 539.05 716.62 843.28 687.20 754.18 738.03 533.13 698.37 858.26 674.41 744.54 758.10 539.75 708.50 859.07 685.55 768.10 734.56 520.60 687.19 840.67 668.31 736.93 730.97 515.87 680.00 830.97 664.22 740.88 746.03 532.34 706.84 837.22 678.94 750.48 746.13 536.81 709.80 847.96 679.37 752.68 751.00 541.28 719.95 838.20 682.69 745.75 763.84 553.88 737.45 853.01 686.38 749.76 743.91 546.16 729.31 849.58 682.28 753.79 763.69 543.04 732.59 844.02 693.04 750.06 770.70 548.73 735.20 848.72 699.28 761.41 763.11 548.26 730.11 841.93 700.98 762.01 763.78 534.83 731.45 842.73 701.40 762.82 766.96 810.22 778.41 806.18 783.55 782.75 790.63 796.73 801.16 812.37 801.19 812.43 828.20 827.42 833.06 636.95 957.65 656.83 986.15 638.28 961.48 656.36 993.21 644.58 963.00 644.36 954.29 651.17 973.95 655.59 970.96 656.47 668.15 986.56 1,010.21 659.69 658.83 666.54 943.07 1,012.52 1,011.74 649.38 992.96 652.29 999.61 535.90 561.13 552.09 562.77 546.83 541.31 554.84 555.07 553.91 568.80 562.91 576.69 572.96 561.48 559.65 manufacturing.......................... 555.90 570.21 560.82 568.67 557.95 547.72 563.86 554.02 556.61 580.76 573.53 581.94 588.24 574.77 571.14 Nondurable goods....................... 621.97 525.99 639.99 550.65 627.41 543.02 636.23 547.86 630.11 539.48 620.35 529.60 629.63 541.08 638.93 540.95 634.17 546.21 639.68 547.56 639.04 552.30 641.72 556.65 651.30 566.48 644.11 560.73 653.78 562.92 741.34 509.39 472.24 389.20 445.47 772.39 753.60 524.43 467.86 411.37 459.43 795.39 746.20 513.42 480.40 390.66 443.51 777.96 741.96 524.15 471.22 394.13 453.96 784.32 719.18 523.74 466.09 411.00 450.63 773.08 709.84 521.24 463.73 404.41 446.80 755.19 745.78 520.09 468.47 398.15 451.91 775.86 774.06 525.20 467.63 407.32 450.25 792.79 761.78 519.47 460.98 411.77 465.30 790.09 758.94 526.99 481.48 416.48 457.64 796.06 761.15 519.95 477.98 413.67 450.66 799.50 739.65 524.44 468.43 412.55 453.75 788.73 747.04 536.93 468.03 414.41 462.67 813.91 751.34 515.91 457.08 410.69 458.59 806.60 787.46 521.09 457.46 415.52 478.75 816.37 618.92 632.08 627.64 635.21 620.93 626.87 625.67 629.19 617.70 620.80 621.70 638.18 644.98 644.37 640.14 CONSTRUCTION Wood products ......................... Nonmetallic mineral products.... Primary metals………………… Fabricated metal products......... Machinery…………………..…… Computer and electronic products.................................. Electrical equipment and appliances............................... Transportation equipment……… Furniture and related products……………………….. Miscellaneous Food manufacturing................... Beverages and tobacco products.................................. Textile mills……………………… Textile product mills…………… Apparel…………………………… Leather and allied products....... Paper and paper products……. Printing and related support activities……………… Petroleum and coal products………………………… 1,085.50 1,119.05 1,109.58 1,057.76 1,122.05 1,094.56 1,089.88 1,119.91 1,106.72 1,099.39 1,117.84 1,106.21 1,144.40 1,074.05 1,204.67 833.67 819.99 823.62 842.49 824.59 817.61 815.37 834.16 818.31 822.08 823.46 819.69 821.79 801.09 823.74 Chemicals……………………… Plastics and rubber 608.41 635.36 609.12 627.35 625.25 611.53 622.91 633.96 627.71 642.18 624.65 635.00 647.36 642.60 652.13 PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING………….................... 532.78 554.84 537.80 541.73 539.84 543.45 547.49 556.48 547.49 551.20 560.88 554.13 567.77 557.82 559.11 Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………… Wholesale trade......…………...... Retail trade……………………… 514.34 718.63 383.02 526.38 749.00 385.20 515.70 728.08 379.36 517.10 731.50 383.44 512.91 724.13 377.27 513.90 728.03 377.19 517.35 729.95 380.03 525.81 754.24 385.88 520.24 738.81 381.90 527.29 744.55 387.60 535.49 758.45 392.90 529.64 747.96 388.51 542.40 768.20 396.34 529.21 752.48 386.79 525.89 757.81 382.27 products………………………… Transportation and warehousing…………………… 636.97 655.07 648.51 647.77 639.40 637.21 643.26 645.10 642.62 656.38 664.09 663.65 668.11 656.56 661.99 Utilities……………………………… 1,135.34 1,181.54 1,149.74 1,142.81 1,135.03 1,156.07 1,168.10 1,182.35 1,177.25 1,170.22 1,180.02 1,175.75 1,215.61 1,208.70 1,194.41 Information………………………… 850.42 873.55 856.49 862.32 863.01 866.32 863.77 883.76 857.16 858.30 884.24 870.53 896.14 874.23 872.78 Financial activities………………… 672.21 705.29 683.16 687.94 686.72 695.24 695.44 719.19 693.32 699.17 717.59 699.54 721.64 702.55 705.95 Professional and business services……………… 662.27 700.30 672.62 678.62 673.54 686.28 687.85 706.21 692.27 696.60 709.10 696.35 715.97 702.61 705.45 Education and Education and health services……………..…… 564.94 590.24 570.89 572.83 576.07 573.65 580.28 585.98 581.58 585.65 598.12 593.32 603.06 595.73 600.49 Leisure and hospitality…………. 250.34 265.40 253.00 257.56 252.98 257.28 258.82 264.97 263.42 266.77 271.68 270.14 269.57 268.43 266.75 Other services…………………… 456.50 476.98 459.84 463.85 460.84 463.57 474.32 478.33 476.78 476.16 480.17 478.33 484.54 478.94 480.79 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the serviceSURYLGLQJLQGXVWULHV 84 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 'LIIXVLRQLQGH[HVRIHPSOR\PHQWFKDQJHVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG [In percent] Timespan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 278 industries Over 1-month span: 2002............................................... 2003.............................................. 2004.............................................. 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 43.5 51.6 52.5 64.2 54.9 37.2 50.2 61.3 64.6 54.7 33.6 62.1 52.7 64.0 55.0 38.8 64.9 60.8 62.8 52.9 40.8 59.9 54.9 56.7 57.9 38.5 57.6 58.5 55.9 51.8 39.2 56.5 59.0 59.4 57.4 41.7 51.4 60.4 55.9 53.2 48.0 56.5 53.6 55.8 55.6 50.2 55.0 53.1 57.7 53.4 52.2 51.4 62.2 53.6 52.2 52.9 55.6 60.4 57.6 Over 3-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 39.6 55.9 51.3 70.5 64.6 33.8 53.2 55.9 66.7 60.6 34.9 57.0 56.8 66.0 61.2 33.8 64.2 61.3 66.9 59.4 35.3 70.3 57.2 63.3 60.1 42.3 65.6 59.4 62.4 56.5 39.2 59.9 62.8 60.3 57.4 34.4 55.2 63.7 62.6 56.3 42.6 57.9 59.9 57.7 57.2 48.6 59.0 53.4 59.0 55.2 48.7 60.4 57.2 57.7 54.0 50.2 55.8 62.2 59.9 Over 6-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 34.7 49.8 54.1 63.8 62.2 33.1 51.8 57.2 63.3 60.3 31.1 55.0 57.6 67.1 65.3 33.3 60.8 56.3 68.2 62.8 33.5 63.5 56.5 67.1 61.7 36.5 63.7 58.1 67.1 61.3 32.7 63.3 65.8 63.5 58.8 32.4 62.6 63.8 62.9 57.0 40.8 58.3 61.9 62.6 59.0 44.8 62.1 59.2 62.1 59.2 47.7 55.4 62.8 61.5 55.5 47.5 55.2 60.8 61.0 Over 12-month span: 2002............................................... 2003.............................................. 2004.............................................. 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 34.5 40.3 60.1 67.3 64.6 31.5 42.1 61.0 65.3 64.4 32.9 44.8 59.5 66.0 63.8 33.5 48.4 58.8 64.7 64.0 34.2 50.7 58.3 65.8 62.6 35.1 57.7 60.3 65.3 62.2 32.7 57.0 60.6 67.6 62.1 33.1 55.2 62.8 66.4 62.2 37.1 56.7 60.3 66.5 63.7 36.7 58.3 58.8 66.4 62.9 37.2 60.1 59.7 65.5 61.7 39.2 60.3 61.3 65.1 Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries Over 1-month span: 2002............................................... 2003.............................................. 2004.............................................. 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 34.5 41.1 36.9 63.1 52.4 17.3 45.2 48.2 48.2 38.7 17.3 47.0 43.5 56.0 30.4 10.7 63.1 48.2 53.0 33.3 22.0 50.0 38.7 47.0 42.3 17.3 48.2 37.5 58.9 42.9 17.3 56.5 42.3 51.2 51.8 31.5 43.5 45.8 44.6 29.2 26.8 41.7 44.0 40.5 41.7 38.1 43.5 44.6 47.6 43.5 42.3 40.5 48.2 43.5 45.2 42.3 42.3 51.8 38.7 Over 3-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 15.5 45.2 35.1 56.5 48.2 11.3 42.9 39.9 52.4 38.1 13.7 43.5 40.5 52.4 42.9 9.5 57.7 42.3 51.2 31.0 8.9 60.1 35.1 47.6 33.3 11.9 58.3 33.9 54.8 38.1 15.5 55.4 40.5 48.2 37.5 15.5 46.4 41.7 52.4 33.3 17.9 47.0 42.3 39.3 34.5 29.2 42.9 40.5 42.3 35.1 30.4 42.9 39.9 35.7 39.3 33.3 37.5 43.5 39.9 Over 6-month span: 2002............................................... 2003............................................... 2004............................................... 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 11.9 28.0 31.5 42.9 39.9 11.3 32.7 35.1 41.7 37.5 7.1 35.1 36.3 50.0 37.5 8.3 47.0 34.5 50.6 36.9 9.5 50.0 32.1 51.2 36.3 10.7 52.4 33.3 53.0 38.1 7.1 54.2 44.0 45.8 35.1 9.5 52.4 39.3 45.8 29.2 12.5 48.8 32.1 47.6 31.0 16.1 51.2 36.9 45.2 33.9 25.0 41.1 34.5 44.6 33.3 24.4 38.7 39.3 39.9 Over 12-month span: 2002............................................... 2003.............................................. 2004.............................................. 2005………………………………… 2006………………………………… 10.7 13.1 44.6 44.6 41.7 6.0 14.3 44.6 40.5 42.3 6.5 13.1 41.7 40.5 39.3 6.0 20.2 40.5 40.5 39.9 8.3 23.2 37.5 39.3 36.3 7.1 35.7 36.3 42.3 33.3 7.1 36.9 32.1 48.8 32.7 8.3 38.1 33.9 48.8 33.3 10.7 36.3 32.7 44.6 33.3 10.7 44.0 33.3 45.2 32.7 9.5 44.6 33.3 43.5 35.7 10.7 44.6 37.5 41.7 127( )LJXUHV DUH WKH SHUFHQW RI LQGXVWULHV ZLWK HPSOR\PHQW LQFUHDVLQJ SOXV RQHKDOI RI WKH LQGXVWULHV ZLWK XQFKDQJHG HPSOR\PHQW ZKHUH SHUFHQW LQGLFDWHV DQ HTXDO EDODQFH EHWZHHQ LQGXVWULHV ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJDQGGHFUHDVLQJHPSOR\PHQW 6HHWKH'HILQLWLRQVLQWKLVVHFWLRQ6HH1RWHVRQWKHGDWD IRUDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHPRVWUHFHQWEHQFKPDUNUHYLVLRQ 'DWDIRUWKHWZRPRVWUHFHQWPRQWKVDUHSUHOLPLQDU\ Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 85 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data -RERSHQLQJVOHYHOVDQGUDWHVE\LQGXVWU\DQGUHJLRQVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG Levels1 (in thousands) Industry and region Percent 2007 May Total2……………………………………………… June July 2007 Aug. Sept. p Oct. Nov. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov.p Oct. 4,095 4,280 4,186 4,168 4,119 4,059 4,021 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 Total private ………………………………… 3,627 3,810 3,711 3,709 3,664 3,597 3,571 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 Construction……………………………… 157 139 167 149 138 155 142 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.8 Manufacturing…………………………… 345 344 340 328 319 304 305 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 609 676 684 703 691 598 639 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.4 Professional and business services…… 654 763 693 676 661 730 724 3.5 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.9 Education and health services………… 703 711 717 700 720 701 715 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 571 568 547 585 653 653 560 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.6 4.6 3.9 468 465 475 449 455 465 453 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Industry 2 Government………………………………… Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 674 732 741 682 611 664 619 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.3 South……………………………………… 1,648 1,635 1,612 1,690 1,651 1,641 1,639 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 Midwest…………………………………… 799 805 754 778 828 742 792 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.4 West……………………………………… 970 1,106 1,120 1,024 1,048 1,019 950 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month; the job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. P = preliminary. +LUHVOHYHOVDQGUDWHVE\LQGXVWU\DQGUHJLRQVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG 1 Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Percent 2007 May 2 Total ……………………………………………… 4,982 June July Aug. 2007 Sept. Oct. p Nov. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.p 4,741 4,802 4,836 4,714 4,870 4,650 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 Industry 2 Total private ………………………………… 4,503 4,335 4,443 4,369 4,355 4,507 4,277 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 Construction……………………………… 351 358 408 371 336 334 351 4.6 4.7 5.3 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.6 Manufacturing…………………………… 356 355 359 349 365 407 367 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.6 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 1,044 910 924 922 994 1,034 913 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.4 Professional and business services…… 935 865 879 797 800 840 894 5.2 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.7 5.0 Education and health services………… 507 493 502 501 448 514 523 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.8 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 873 854 874 901 906 916 836 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.1 409 395 385 396 370 377 359 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 Government………………………………… Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 705 684 750 761 689 672 721 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 South……………………………………… 1,960 1,842 1,898 1,841 1,848 1,925 1,824 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.7 Midwest…………………………………… 1,101 1,082 1,039 1,081 1,125 1,084 1,067 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 West……………………………………… 1,143 1,117 1,135 1,148 1,068 1,211 1,008 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.3 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; 86 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 NOTE: The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month; the hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. p = preliminary. 7RWDOVHSDUDWLRQVOHYHOVDQGUDWHVE\LQGXVWU\DQGUHJLRQVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG Levels1 (in thousands) Industry and region May Total2……………………………………………… Percent 2007 June July Aug. 2007 Sept. Oct. p Nov. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov.p Oct. 4,544 4,543 4,507 4,446 4,430 4,639 4,541 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 Total private ………………………………… 4,233 4,234 4,173 4,120 4,146 4,376 4,259 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.7 Construction……………………………… 346 363 384 371 364 359 338 4.5 4.7 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.5 Manufacturing…………………………… 396 382 379 380 379 408 393 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 950 974 987 926 954 1,007 980 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.7 Professional and business services…… 775 728 733 742 832 888 843 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.9 4.7 Education and health services………… 437 473 414 430 411 428 423 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 833 850 837 808 723 803 809 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.9 5.9 315 310 323 322 289 289 287 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 Industry 2 Government………………………………… Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 642 634 622 667 631 680 749 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.9 South……………………………………… 1,798 1,699 1,744 1,710 1,760 1,802 1,710 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.4 Midwest…………………………………… 1,024 1,033 1,014 1,038 998 992 1,017 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 West……………………………………… 1,062 1,191 1,149 1,053 1,018 1,160 1,065 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.4 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; NOTE: The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month; the total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. p = preliminary 4XLWVOHYHOVDQGUDWHVE\LQGXVWU\DQGUHJLRQVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG 1 Levels (in thousands) Industry and region May Total2……………………………………………… Percent 2007 June July Aug. 2007 Sept. Oct. p Nov. May 1.9 June 1.9 July 1.9 Aug. 1.8 Sept. 1.8 Oct. 1.9 Nov.p 2,686 2,627 2,640 2,539 2,450 2,682 2,457 1.8 Total private 2………………………………… 2,530 2,475 2,493 2,391 2,308 2,534 2,317 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.0 Construction……………………………… 124 129 176 145 135 137 113 1.6 1.7 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.5 Manufacturing…………………………… 216 195 186 202 189 208 189 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 Trade, transportation, and utilities……… 606 618 572 545 559 607 547 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.1 Professional and business services…… 424 411 418 395 420 482 412 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.7 2.3 Education and health services………… 284 271 276 270 253 260 265 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 551 595 597 557 410 558 553 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.1 3.0 4.1 4.0 157 152 148 148 146 147 145 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 1.3 Industry Government………………………………… Region 3 Northeast………………………………… 331 380 314 313 306 340 340 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 South……………………………………… 1,162 1,049 1,097 1,070 1,012 1,121 974 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.0 Midwest…………………………………… 551 555 553 564 543 542 542 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 West……………………………………… 643 648 669 598 582 697 576 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.3 1.9 1 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. 3 Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; NOTE: The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month; the quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 87 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 22. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, second quarter 2007. County by NAICS supersector Average weekly wage1 Employment June 2007 (thousands) Percent change, June 2006-072 Second quarter 2007 Percent change, second quarter 2006-072 United States3 .............................................................................. Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 8,945.9 8,655.0 124.1 889.2 361.0 1,909.4 143.5 867.5 1,468.2 817.5 721.6 1,138.3 290.8 137,018.2 115,502.9 1,955.3 7,834.7 13,954.1 26,388.1 3,054.6 8,218.0 18,027.5 17,375.3 13,888.6 4,516.7 21,515.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 -.6 -2.1 1.4 -.3 .0 2.2 2.9 2.3 1.5 1.3 $820 810 838 863 993 715 1,255 1,206 999 760 342 527 875 4.6 4.7 6.2 5.2 4.3 4.8 5.5 5.8 5.7 3.4 4.0 3.7 4.5 Los Angeles, CA .......................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 394.6 390.5 .5 14.1 15.3 55.3 8.7 25.0 43.0 27.9 27.0 173.6 4.0 4,229.3 3,623.3 12.6 161.0 451.1 808.4 212.3 246.2 608.0 469.5 403.1 251.0 606.0 .7 .3 5.2 .6 (4) .3 (4) -2.0 .1 .8 2.0 1.7 3.0 924 899 1,124 944 983 782 1,528 1,420 1,048 838 504 431 1,078 4.9 4.2 -15.2 7.6 (4) 4.5 3.8 4.1 4.6 3.7 2.4 4.6 (4) Cook, IL ........................................................................................ Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 137.6 136.3 .1 12.1 7.1 27.6 2.5 15.8 28.1 13.5 11.5 13.8 1.4 2,559.5 2,246.2 1.4 98.7 239.5 476.9 58.7 218.9 442.6 366.2 242.4 96.9 313.3 .2 .5 -2.3 -1.5 -1.6 -.4 .1 -.5 1.9 2.0 1.5 -.2 -1.8 981 973 997 1,174 983 788 1,418 1,620 1,229 826 421 697 1,037 4.1 4.0 1.2 2.7 2.6 2.9 7.9 9.6 3.1 3.1 1.4 3.1 5.1 New York, NY ............................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 117.1 116.8 .0 2.3 3.1 21.9 4.3 18.4 24.3 8.5 11.1 17.2 .3 2,363.8 1,913.3 .1 35.2 38.2 249.1 135.5 379.6 486.5 284.7 209.0 87.1 450.6 1.9 2.3 -3.1 7.6 -4.5 1.7 .4 2.3 2.6 1.1 3.1 1.7 .2 1,540 1,659 2,638 1,504 1,265 1,141 1,897 3,042 1,771 993 732 897 1,037 6.4 6.6 106.3 9.5 18.1 4.8 4.3 8.2 7.2 3.8 4.0 2.4 3.4 Harris, TX ..................................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 94.7 94.2 1.5 6.5 4.6 21.5 1.3 10.4 18.7 9.9 7.2 10.9 .5 2,023.3 1,779.4 78.7 152.9 181.3 421.2 33.1 120.6 339.8 210.2 179.2 58.7 243.9 4.4 4.9 10.4 7.6 4.0 3.7 3.8 2.5 5.3 4.4 5.0 2.0 1.2 1,026 1,044 2,857 979 1,273 917 1,258 1,242 1,156 841 377 597 894 6.9 7.0 6.6 7.5 7.5 6.4 10.0 5.6 7.5 4.1 2.7 8.0 4.6 Maricopa, AZ ................................................................................ Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 97.7 97.1 .5 10.3 3.5 20.9 1.6 12.4 21.0 9.4 7.0 7.0 .7 1,798.0 1,614.4 9.8 169.4 133.5 373.0 31.0 150.8 316.7 195.9 179.2 51.0 183.6 .9 .8 -2.8 -7.6 -2.9 2.7 -.8 -.6 1.9 4.8 1.9 3.4 1.6 827 812 703 842 1,118 805 1,014 1,052 803 857 390 564 946 3.9 3.7 9.3 4.6 3.6 4.8 7.0 3.4 4.3 3.5 2.1 2.0 5.2 See footnotes at end of table. 88 Establishments, second quarter 2007 (thousands) Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 22. Continued—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: 10 largest counties, second quarter 2007. County by NAICS supersector Establishments, second quarter 2007 (thousands) Average weekly wage1 Employment June 2007 (thousands) Percent change, June 2006-072 Second quarter 2007 Percent change, second quarter 2006-072 Orange, CA .................................................................................. Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 94.7 93.3 .2 7.1 5.4 17.8 1.4 11.4 19.2 9.8 7.0 14.0 1.4 1,519.5 1,363.2 6.2 105.6 177.1 278.2 30.1 128.1 274.6 139.6 175.1 48.4 156.3 -1.0 -1.3 -6.8 -3.5 (4) .4 -2.2 -7.7 (4) 2.9 1.7 -.4 1.1 $952 939 588 1,016 1,150 892 1,340 1,445 1,000 833 410 561 1,062 3.4 2.8 10.7 7.2 (4) (4) 7.5 (4) (4) 3.3 5.1 4.1 6.7 Dallas, TX ..................................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 67.6 67.1 .6 4.4 3.2 15.0 1.7 8.7 14.4 6.6 5.2 6.4 .5 1,492.6 1,330.0 7.1 84.1 144.2 307.2 48.6 145.7 274.3 144.7 131.2 40.6 162.5 3.2 3.2 -4.7 4.4 -.4 2.3 -4.6 2.8 5.9 6.6 3.6 1.2 2.9 1,011 1,022 2,879 935 1,202 974 1,371 1,331 1,108 968 430 602 920 5.4 5.4 -1.1 1.4 8.1 6.1 7.3 5.2 5.8 6.8 2.6 2.9 5.0 San Diego, CA ............................................................................. Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 91.7 90.4 .8 7.2 3.2 14.6 1.3 9.9 16.4 8.0 6.9 22.1 1.3 1,334.7 1,108.8 11.6 90.9 102.4 219.8 37.5 81.5 217.9 127.1 163.6 56.6 225.9 .2 -.1 -4.1 -6.5 (4) .3 .5 -3.3 .6 (4) 2.8 1.1 1.7 890 868 540 916 1,190 730 1,873 1,108 1,076 812 389 482 996 4.8 4.7 4.0 6.3 6.6 5.8 1.7 3.5 6.0 4.1 3.5 2.8 4.8 King, WA ...................................................................................... Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 75.9 75.4 .4 6.8 2.5 14.8 1.8 7.0 12.9 6.3 6.0 16.7 .5 1,182.2 1,027.6 3.3 72.9 112.0 219.5 75.8 76.4 188.1 120.6 113.7 45.4 154.6 2.9 3.3 3.4 11.0 1.9 2.0 5.0 -1.0 4.4 2.7 3.9 .9 .6 1,028 1,033 1,224 1,002 1,386 903 1,829 1,272 1,180 812 427 571 995 3.8 3.5 1.4 6.5 .8 6.1 4.1 3.3 1.1 4.5 2.4 7.9 6.0 Miami-Dade, FL ............................................................................ Private industry ........................................................................ Natural resources and mining .............................................. Construction ......................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ........................................ Information ........................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................ Professional and business services ..................................... Education and health services ............................................. Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Other services ...................................................................... Government ............................................................................. 85.9 85.6 .5 6.2 2.6 23.1 1.5 10.4 17.3 8.9 5.7 7.6 .3 1,002.1 868.2 9.2 53.5 48.0 252.6 20.7 71.6 136.4 135.4 101.8 35.7 133.9 1.0 .8 .3 1.5 -1.7 .9 -.7 -.9 -1.5 3.1 1.3 1.9 2.4 814 788 496 841 735 747 1,163 1,161 949 796 458 525 969 3.8 3.7 6.0 -1.1 1.9 2.3 4.6 5.6 7.5 4.6 2.5 5.8 4.8 1 Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data. 2 Percent changes were computed from quarterly employment and pay data adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 3 Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. 4 Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards. NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 89 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 23. Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: by State, second quarter 2007. State Establishments, second quarter 2007 (thousands) June 2007 (thousands) Percent change, June 2006-07 Second quarter 2007 Percent change, second quarter 2006-07 United States2 ................................... 8,945.9 137,018.2 1.2 $820 4.6 Alabama ............................................ Alaska ............................................... Arizona .............................................. Arkansas ........................................... California ........................................... Colorado ........................................... Connecticut ....................................... Delaware ........................................... District of Columbia ........................... Florida ............................................... 120.1 21.1 158.9 82.7 1,291.3 179.4 112.5 29.1 31.9 604.8 1,965.4 325.8 2,612.4 1,186.5 15,832.5 2,326.9 1,714.2 430.2 683.2 7,894.2 1.1 -.5 1.2 .3 .8 2.2 .9 .0 .8 .2 697 832 786 639 935 832 1,033 870 1,357 743 3.6 5.6 4.4 4.2 5.4 4.8 6.4 2.2 4.3 3.2 Georgia ............................................. Hawaii ............................................... Idaho ................................................. Illinois ................................................ Indiana .............................................. Iowa .................................................. Kansas .............................................. Kentucky ........................................... Louisiana ........................................... Maine ................................................ 270.4 38.6 57.1 358.6 158.2 93.4 85.7 109.8 119.9 50.0 4,091.5 631.2 679.1 5,956.3 2,933.4 1,518.6 1,370.7 1,828.2 1,880.2 619.6 1.4 1.4 3.0 .8 .5 .9 2.0 1.7 3.2 .6 792 736 626 874 702 664 702 700 711 658 6.5 4.2 2.3 4.4 2.6 3.9 4.8 4.2 4.1 4.1 Maryland ........................................... Massachusetts .................................. Michigan ............................................ Minnesota ......................................... Mississippi ......................................... Missouri ............................................. Montana ............................................ Nebraska ........................................... Nevada .............................................. New Hampshire ................................ 164.0 210.1 257.1 170.7 69.7 174.7 42.3 58.7 74.7 49.0 2,584.9 3,300.7 4,252.9 2,730.9 1,137.4 2,764.6 449.8 930.9 1,297.9 643.7 .7 1.2 -1.4 .0 .9 .8 1.7 1.6 1.0 .7 899 1,008 807 834 609 727 611 654 776 823 5.3 4.8 2.9 5.6 3.6 3.4 6.3 3.5 3.7 6.3 New Jersey ....................................... New Mexico ...................................... New York .......................................... North Carolina ................................... North Dakota ..................................... Ohio .................................................. Oklahoma .......................................... Oregon .............................................. Pennsylvania ..................................... Rhode Island ..................................... 278.1 53.7 576.8 251.0 25.1 290.5 99.1 130.8 338.7 36.1 4,066.7 833.3 8,688.8 4,090.5 347.7 5,384.6 1,538.5 1,761.6 5,740.3 492.9 .4 1.1 1.3 3.0 1.5 -.1 1.6 1.7 1.1 .3 989 686 1,020 718 619 740 665 742 802 774 4.3 5.2 5.9 4.1 4.7 3.4 4.1 4.5 4.6 2.5 South Carolina .................................. South Dakota .................................... Tennessee ........................................ Texas ................................................ Utah .................................................. Vermont ............................................ Virginia .............................................. Washington ....................................... West Virginia ..................................... Wisconsin .......................................... 115.8 30.1 140.7 548.7 86.3 24.7 227.4 216.7 48.7 158.2 1,917.4 404.3 2,768.7 10,296.1 1,233.7 306.6 3,731.5 2,989.8 717.1 2,845.8 3.0 2.1 .7 3.4 4.4 -.5 1.0 2.7 .3 .4 665 590 729 827 698 698 859 835 659 709 2.9 4.8 3.6 5.9 6.6 5.0 4.4 4.6 3.6 3.7 Wyoming ........................................... 24.4 288.3 3.3 739 8.0 Puerto Rico ....................................... Virgin Islands .................................... 56.9 3.4 1,020.7 46.9 -1.6 3.4 460 707 6.0 4.1 1 Average weekly wages were calculated using unrounded data. 2 Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. 90 Average weekly wage1 Employment Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 NOTE: Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. Data are preliminary. 24. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, by ownership Year Average establishments Average annual employment Total annual wages (in thousands) Average annual wage per employee Average weekly wage Total covered (UI and UCFE) 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 7,369,473 7,634,018 7,820,860 7,879,116 7,984,529 8,101,872 8,228,840 8,364,795 8,571,144 8,784,027 121,044,432 124,183,549 127,042,282 129,877,063 129,635,800 128,233,919 127,795,827 129,278,176 131,571,623 133,833,834 $3,674,031,718 3,967,072,423 4,235,579,204 4,587,708,584 4,695,225,123 4,714,374,741 4,826,251,547 5,087,561,796 5,351,949,496 5,692,569,465 $30,353 31,945 33,340 35,323 36,219 36,764 37,765 39,354 40,677 42,535 $584 614 641 679 697 707 726 757 782 818 $30,058 31,676 33,094 35,077 35,943 36,428 37,401 38,955 40,270 42,124 $578 609 636 675 691 701 719 749 774 810 $30,064 31,762 33,244 35,337 36,157 36,539 37,508 39,134 40,505 42,414 $578 611 639 680 695 703 721 753 779 816 $32,521 33,605 34,681 36,296 37,814 39,212 40,057 41,118 42,249 43,875 $625 646 667 698 727 754 770 791 812 844 $29,134 30,251 31,234 32,387 33,521 34,605 35,669 36,805 37,718 39,179 $560 582 601 623 645 665 686 708 725 753 $42,732 43,688 44,287 46,228 48,940 52,050 54,239 57,782 59,864 62,274 $822 840 852 889 941 1,001 1,043 1,111 1,151 1,198 UI covered 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 7,317,363 7,586,767 7,771,198 7,828,861 7,933,536 8,051,117 8,177,087 8,312,729 8,518,249 8,731,111 118,233,942 121,400,660 124,255,714 127,005,574 126,883,182 125,475,293 125,031,551 126,538,579 128,837,948 131,104,860 $3,553,933,885 3,845,494,089 4,112,169,533 4,454,966,824 4,560,511,280 4,570,787,218 4,676,319,378 4,929,262,369 5,188,301,929 5,522,624,197 Private industry covered 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 7,121,182 7,381,518 7,560,567 7,622,274 7,724,965 7,839,903 7,963,340 8,093,142 8,294,662 8,505,496 102,175,161 105,082,368 107,619,457 110,015,333 109,304,802 107,577,281 107,065,553 108,490,066 110,611,016 112,718,858 $3,071,807,287 3,337,621,699 3,577,738,557 3,887,626,769 3,952,152,155 3,930,767,025 4,015,823,311 4,245,640,890 4,480,311,193 4,780,833,389 State government covered 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 65,352 67,347 70,538 65,096 64,583 64,447 64,467 64,544 66,278 66,921 4,214,451 4,240,779 4,296,673 4,370,160 4,452,237 4,485,071 4,481,845 4,484,997 4,527,514 4,565,908 $137,057,432 142,512,445 149,011,194 158,618,365 168,358,331 175,866,492 179,528,728 184,414,992 191,281,126 200,329,294 Local government covered 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 130,829 137,902 140,093 141,491 143,989 146,767 149,281 155,043 157,309 158,695 11,844,330 12,077,513 12,339,584 12,620,081 13,126,143 13,412,941 13,484,153 13,563,517 13,699,418 13,820,093 $345,069,166 365,359,945 385,419,781 408,721,690 440,000,795 464,153,701 480,967,339 499,206,488 516,709,610 541,461,514 Federal government covered (UCFE) 1997 .................................................. 1998 .................................................. 1999 .................................................. 2000 .................................................. 2001 .................................................. 2002 .................................................. 2003 .................................................. 2004 .................................................. 2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 52,110 47,252 49,661 50,256 50,993 50,755 51,753 52,066 52,895 52,916 2,810,489 2,782,888 2,786,567 2,871,489 2,752,619 2,758,627 2,764,275 2,739,596 2,733,675 2,728,974 $120,097,833 121,578,334 123,409,672 132,741,760 134,713,843 143,587,523 149,932,170 158,299,427 163,647,568 169,945,269 NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 91 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 25. Annual data: Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, establishment size and employment, private ownership, by supersector, first quarter 2006 Size of establishments Industry, establishments, and employment 92 Total Fewer than 5 workers1 5 to 9 workers 10 to 19 workers 20 to 49 workers 50 to 99 workers 100 to 249 workers 250 to 499 workers 500 to 999 workers 1,000 or more workers Total all industries2 Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 8,413,125 111,001,540 5,078,506 7,540,432 Natural resources and mining Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 123,076 1,631,257 69,188 111,354 23,230 153,676 15,106 203,446 9,842 296,339 3,177 216,952 1,783 267,612 516 177,858 175 115,367 59 88,653 Construction Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 861,030 7,299,087 558,318 823,891 141,743 929,155 84,922 1,140,245 52,373 1,565,409 15,118 1,027,718 6,762 994,696 1,358 454,918 337 220,788 99 142,267 Manufacturing Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 362,959 14,098,486 137,311 240,304 61,852 415,575 55,135 757,991 53,364 1,662,309 25,712 1,798,423 19,573 3,006,794 6,423 2,207,979 2,469 1,668,696 1,120 2,340,415 Trade, transportation, and utilities Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 1,880,255 25,612,515 999,688 1,663,203 380,100 2,529,630 245,926 3,293,292 158,053 4,772,401 53,502 3,695,250 33,590 5,001,143 7,071 2,419,416 1,796 1,166,322 529 1,071,858 Information Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 142,974 3,037,124 81,209 113,399 21,094 140,632 16,356 223,171 13,313 411,358 5,553 384,148 3,568 544,418 1,141 392,681 512 355,421 228 471,896 Financial activities Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 836,365 8,102,371 541,333 874,114 151,952 1,002,449 80,853 1,068,474 40,558 1,206,411 12,146 832,505 6,245 936,343 1,890 655,392 928 641,926 460 884,757 Professional and business services Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 1,403,142 17,162,560 948,773 1,333,479 192,581 1,265,155 121,585 1,639,285 80,222 2,431,806 30,997 2,148,736 20,046 3,038,221 5,849 1,995,309 2,169 1,469,170 920 1,841,399 Education and health services Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 787,747 16,838,748 375,326 684,886 175,191 1,163,519 112,455 1,512,272 72,335 2,177,055 26,364 1,835,664 18,400 2,754,731 4,106 1,400,469 1,832 1,282,903 1,738 4,027,249 Leisure and hospitality Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 699,767 12,633,387 270,143 430,588 118,147 796,935 128,663 1,802,270 131,168 3,945,588 38,635 2,583,745 10,459 1,475,115 1,602 540,014 648 437,645 302 621,487 Other services Establishments, first quarter .................. Employment, March ............................... 1,121,269 4,326,368 912,768 1,087,667 118,306 771,276 56,724 747,842 24,734 718,557 5,570 377,961 2,629 388,231 418 139,473 99 63,337 21 32,024 1 Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2006. 2 Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 1,392,481 919,182 636,264 216,815 123,061 30,375 9,219,319 12,406,793 19,195,647 14,903,811 18,408,166 10,383,792 10,965 5,476 7,421,575 11,522,005 NOTE: Data are final. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. 26. Average annual wages for 2005 and 2006 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 Percent change, 2005-06 2005 2006 Metropolitan areas4 .............................................................. $42,253 $44,165 4.5 Abilene, TX ............................................................................ Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastian, PR ................................... Akron, OH .............................................................................. Albany, GA ............................................................................ Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY .............................................. Albuquerque, NM ................................................................... Alexandria, LA ....................................................................... Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ .................................... Altoona, PA ............................................................................ Amarillo, TX ........................................................................... 27,876 18,717 37,471 31,741 39,201 35,665 30,114 38,506 29,642 31,954 29,842 19,277 38,088 32,335 41,027 36,934 31,329 39,787 30,394 33,574 7.1 3.0 1.6 1.9 4.7 3.6 4.0 3.3 2.5 5.1 Ames, IA ................................................................................ Anchorage, AK ...................................................................... Anderson, IN .......................................................................... Anderson, SC ........................................................................ Ann Arbor, MI ........................................................................ Anniston-Oxford, AL .............................................................. Appleton, WI .......................................................................... Asheville, NC ......................................................................... Athens-Clarke County, GA .................................................... Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA ..................................... 33,889 41,712 31,418 29,463 45,820 31,231 34,431 30,926 32,512 44,595 35,331 42,955 32,184 30,373 47,186 32,724 35,308 32,268 33,485 45,889 4.3 3.0 2.4 3.1 3.0 4.8 2.5 4.3 3.0 2.9 Atlantic City, NJ ..................................................................... Auburn-Opelika, AL ............................................................... Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC ...................................... Austin-Round Rock, TX ......................................................... Bakersfield, CA ...................................................................... Baltimore-Towson, MD .......................................................... Bangor, ME ............................................................................ Barnstable Town, MA ............................................................ Baton Rouge, LA ................................................................... Battle Creek, MI ..................................................................... 36,735 29,196 34,588 43,500 34,165 43,486 30,707 35,123 34,523 37,994 38,018 30,468 35,638 45,737 36,020 45,177 31,746 36,437 37,245 39,362 3.5 4.4 3.0 5.1 5.4 3.9 3.4 3.7 7.9 3.6 Bay City, MI ........................................................................... Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX ..................................................... Bellingham, WA ..................................................................... Bend, OR ............................................................................... Billings, MT ............................................................................ Binghamton, NY .................................................................... Birmingham-Hoover, AL ........................................................ Bismarck, ND ......................................................................... Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA ................................ Bloomington, IN ..................................................................... 33,572 36,530 31,128 31,492 31,748 33,290 39,353 31,504 32,196 30,080 35,094 39,026 32,618 33,319 33,270 35,048 40,798 32,550 34,024 30,913 4.5 6.8 4.8 5.8 4.8 5.3 3.7 3.3 5.7 2.8 Bloomington-Normal, IL ......................................................... Boise City-Nampa, ID ............................................................ Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH ...................................... Boulder, CO ........................................................................... Bowling Green, KY ................................................................ Bremerton-Silverdale, WA ..................................................... Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT ......................................... Brownsville-Harlingen, TX ..................................................... Brunswick, GA ....................................................................... Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY ...................................................... 39,404 34,623 54,199 49,115 31,306 36,467 71,095 24,893 30,902 35,302 41,359 36,734 56,809 50,944 32,529 37,694 74,890 25,795 32,717 36,950 5.0 6.1 4.8 3.7 3.9 3.4 5.3 3.6 5.9 4.7 Burlington, NC ....................................................................... Burlington-South Burlington, VT ............................................ Canton-Massillon, OH ........................................................... Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL .................................................... Carson City, NV ..................................................................... Casper, WY ........................................................................... Cedar Rapids, IA ................................................................... Champaign-Urbana, IL .......................................................... Charleston, WV ..................................................................... Charleston-North Charleston, SC .......................................... 31,084 38,582 32,080 35,649 38,428 34,810 37,902 33,278 35,363 33,896 32,835 40,548 33,132 37,065 40,115 38,307 38,976 34,422 36,887 35,267 5.6 5.1 3.3 4.0 4.4 10.0 2.8 3.4 4.3 4.0 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC .................................... Charlottesville, VA ................................................................. Chattanooga, TN-GA ............................................................. Cheyenne, WY ...................................................................... Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI ....................................... Chico, CA .............................................................................. Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN ......................................... Clarksville, TN-KY ................................................................. Cleveland, TN ........................................................................ Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH ................................................. 43,728 37,392 33,743 32,208 46,609 30,007 40,343 29,870 32,030 39,973 45,732 39,051 35,358 35,306 48,631 31,557 41,447 30,949 33,075 41,325 4.6 4.4 4.8 9.6 4.3 5.2 2.7 3.6 3.3 3.4 Coeur d’Alene, ID .................................................................. College Station-Bryan, TX ..................................................... Colorado Springs, CO ........................................................... Columbia, MO ........................................................................ Columbia, SC ........................................................................ Columbus, GA-AL .................................................................. Columbus, IN ......................................................................... Columbus, OH ....................................................................... Corpus Christi, TX ................................................................. Corvallis, OR ......................................................................... 28,208 29,032 37,268 31,263 33,386 31,370 38,446 39,806 32,975 39,357 29,797 30,239 38,325 32,207 35,209 32,334 40,107 41,168 35,399 40,586 5.6 4.2 2.8 3.0 5.5 3.1 4.3 3.4 7.4 3.1 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 93 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 26. Average annual wages for 2005 and 2006 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 2006 Cumberland, MD-WV ............................................................ Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX ............................................ Dalton, GA ............................................................................. Danville, IL ............................................................................. Danville, VA ........................................................................... Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL ..................................... Dayton, OH ............................................................................ Decatur, AL ............................................................................ Decatur, IL ............................................................................. Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL ......................... $28,645 45,337 32,848 31,861 28,449 35,546 37,922 33,513 38,444 29,927 $29,859 47,525 33,266 33,141 28,870 37,559 39,387 34,883 39,375 31,197 4.2 4.8 1.3 4.0 1.5 5.7 3.9 4.1 2.4 4.2 Denver-Aurora, CO ................................................................ Des Moines, IA ...................................................................... Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI .................................................... Dothan, AL ............................................................................. Dover, DE .............................................................................. Dubuque, IA ........................................................................... Duluth, MN-WI ....................................................................... Durham, NC ........................................................................... Eau Claire, WI ....................................................................... El Centro, CA ......................................................................... 45,940 39,760 46,790 30,253 33,132 32,414 32,638 46,743 30,763 29,879 48,232 41,358 47,455 31,473 34,571 33,044 33,677 49,314 31,718 30,035 5.0 4.0 1.4 4.0 4.3 1.9 3.2 5.5 3.1 0.5 Elizabethtown, KY ................................................................. Elkhart-Goshen, IN ................................................................ Elmira, NY ............................................................................. El Paso, TX ............................................................................ Erie, PA ................................................................................. Eugene-Springfield, OR ......................................................... Evansville, IN-KY ................................................................... Fairbanks, AK ........................................................................ Fajardo, PR ........................................................................... Fargo, ND-MN ....................................................................... 30,912 35,573 32,989 28,666 32,010 32,295 35,302 39,399 20,011 32,291 32,072 35,878 33,968 29,903 33,213 33,257 36,858 41,296 21,002 33,542 3.8 0.9 3.0 4.3 3.8 3.0 4.4 4.8 5.0 3.9 Farmington, NM ..................................................................... Fayetteville, NC ..................................................................... Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO ............................... Flagstaff, AZ .......................................................................... Flint, MI .................................................................................. Florence, SC .......................................................................... Florence-Muscle Shoals, AL .................................................. Fond du Lac, WI .................................................................... Fort Collins-Loveland, CO ..................................................... Fort Smith, AR-OK ................................................................. 33,695 30,325 34,598 30,733 37,982 32,326 28,885 32,634 36,612 29,599 36,220 31,281 35,734 32,231 39,409 33,610 29,518 33,376 37,940 30,932 7.5 3.2 3.3 4.9 3.8 4.0 2.2 2.3 3.6 4.5 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL .............................. Fort Wayne, IN ...................................................................... Fresno, CA ............................................................................ Gadsden, AL .......................................................................... Gainesville, FL ....................................................................... Gainesville, GA ...................................................................... Glens Falls, NY ...................................................................... Goldsboro, NC ....................................................................... Grand Forks, ND-MN ............................................................. Grand Junction, CO ............................................................... 32,976 34,717 32,266 28,438 32,992 33,828 31,710 28,316 28,138 31,611 34,409 35,641 33,504 29,499 34,573 34,765 32,780 29,331 29,234 33,729 4.3 2.7 3.8 3.7 4.8 2.8 3.4 3.6 3.9 6.7 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI .................................................. Great Falls, MT ...................................................................... Greeley, CO ........................................................................... Green Bay, WI ....................................................................... Greensboro-High Point, NC ................................................... Greenville, NC ....................................................................... Greenville, SC ....................................................................... Guayama, PR ........................................................................ Gulfport-Biloxi, MS ................................................................. Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV ......................................... 36,941 28,021 33,636 35,467 34,876 31,433 34,469 23,263 31,688 33,202 38,056 29,542 35,144 36,677 35,898 32,432 35,471 24,551 34,688 34,621 3.0 5.4 4.5 3.4 2.9 3.2 2.9 5.5 9.5 4.3 Hanford-Corcoran, CA ........................................................... Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA .......................................................... Harrisonburg, VA ................................................................... Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT ............................. Hattiesburg, MS ..................................................................... Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC .............................................. Hinesville-Fort Stewart, GA ................................................... Holland-Grand Haven, MI ...................................................... Honolulu, HI ........................................................................... Hot Springs, AR ..................................................................... 29,989 39,144 30,366 50,154 28,568 30,090 30,062 36,362 37,654 27,024 31,148 39,807 31,522 51,282 30,059 31,323 31,416 36,895 39,009 27,684 3.9 1.7 3.8 2.2 5.2 4.1 4.5 1.5 3.6 2.4 Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA ...................................... Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX ........................................ Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH ........................................... Huntsville, AL ......................................................................... Idaho Falls, ID ....................................................................... Indianapolis, IN ...................................................................... Iowa City, IA .......................................................................... Ithaca, NY .............................................................................. Jackson, MI ........................................................................... Jackson, MS .......................................................................... 33,696 47,157 31,415 42,401 29,795 39,830 34,785 36,457 35,879 33,099 38,417 50,177 32,648 44,659 31,632 41,307 35,913 38,337 36,836 34,605 14.0 6.4 3.9 5.3 6.2 3.7 3.2 5.2 2.7 4.5 See footnotes at end of table. 94 Percent change, 2005-06 2005 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 26. Average annual wages for 2005 and 2006 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 Percent change, 2005-06 2005 2006 Jackson, TN ........................................................................... Jacksonville, FL ..................................................................... Jacksonville, NC .................................................................... Janesville, WI ........................................................................ Jefferson City, MO ................................................................. Johnson City, TN ................................................................... Johnstown, PA ....................................................................... Jonesboro, AR ....................................................................... Joplin, MO ............................................................................. Kalamazoo-Portage, MI ......................................................... $33,286 38,224 24,803 34,107 30,991 29,840 29,335 28,550 29,152 36,042 $34,477 40,192 25,854 36,732 31,771 31,058 29,972 28,972 30,111 37,099 3.6 5.1 4.2 7.7 2.5 4.1 2.2 1.5 3.3 2.9 Kankakee-Bradley, IL ............................................................ Kansas City, MO-KS .............................................................. Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, WA ........................................... Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX ............................................... Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA ............................................ Kingston, NY .......................................................................... Knoxville, TN ......................................................................... Kokomo, IN ............................................................................ La Crosse, WI-MN ................................................................. Lafayette, IN .......................................................................... 31,802 39,749 38,453 30,028 33,568 30,752 35,724 44,462 31,029 35,176 32,389 41,320 38,750 31,511 35,100 33,697 37,216 45,808 31,819 35,380 1.8 4.0 0.8 4.9 4.6 9.6 4.2 3.0 2.5 0.6 Lafayette, LA ......................................................................... Lake Charles, LA ................................................................... Lakeland, FL .......................................................................... Lancaster, PA ........................................................................ Lansing-East Lansing, MI ...................................................... Laredo, TX ............................................................................. Las Cruces, NM ..................................................................... Las Vegas-Paradise, NV ....................................................... Lawrence, KS ........................................................................ Lawton, OK ............................................................................ 34,729 33,728 32,235 35,264 38,135 27,401 28,569 38,940 28,492 28,459 38,170 35,883 33,530 36,171 39,890 28,051 29,969 40,139 29,896 29,830 9.9 6.4 4.0 2.6 4.6 2.4 4.9 3.1 4.9 4.8 Lebanon, PA .......................................................................... Lewiston, ID-WA .................................................................... Lewiston-Auburn, ME ............................................................ Lexington-Fayette, KY ........................................................... Lima, OH ............................................................................... Lincoln, NE ............................................................................ Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR ........................................... Logan, UT-ID ......................................................................... Longview, TX ......................................................................... Longview, WA ........................................................................ 30,704 29,414 31,008 36,683 32,630 32,711 34,920 25,869 32,603 33,993 31,790 30,776 32,231 37,926 33,790 33,703 36,169 26,766 35,055 35,140 3.5 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.6 3.5 7.5 3.4 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA ............................. Louisville, KY-IN .................................................................... Lubbock, TX .......................................................................... Lynchburg, VA ....................................................................... Macon, GA ............................................................................. Madera, CA ........................................................................... Madison, WI ........................................................................... Manchester-Nashua, NH ....................................................... Mansfield, OH ........................................................................ Mayaguez, PR ....................................................................... 46,592 37,144 30,174 32,025 33,110 29,356 38,210 45,066 32,688 19,597 48,680 38,673 31,977 33,242 34,126 31,213 40,007 46,659 33,171 20,619 4.5 4.1 6.0 3.8 3.1 6.3 4.7 3.5 1.5 5.2 McAllen-Edinburg-Pharr, TX .................................................. Medford, OR .......................................................................... Memphis, TN-MS-AR ............................................................ Merced, CA ............................................................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL .............................. Michigan City-La Porte, IN ..................................................... Midland, TX ........................................................................... Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI .................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI ........................... Missoula, MT ......................................................................... 25,315 30,502 39,094 30,209 40,174 30,724 38,267 40,181 45,507 29,627 26,712 31,697 40,580 31,147 42,175 31,383 42,625 42,049 46,931 30,652 5.5 3.9 3.8 3.1 5.0 2.1 11.4 4.6 3.1 3.5 Mobile, AL .............................................................................. Modesto, CA .......................................................................... Monroe, LA ............................................................................ Monroe, MI ............................................................................ Montgomery, AL .................................................................... Morgantown, WV ................................................................... Morristown, TN ...................................................................... Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA ............................................... Muncie, IN ............................................................................. Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI ................................................ 33,496 34,325 29,264 39,449 33,441 31,529 31,215 31,387 32,172 33,035 36,126 35,468 30,618 40,938 35,383 32,608 31,914 32,851 30,691 33,949 7.9 3.3 4.6 3.8 5.8 3.4 2.2 4.7 -4.6 2.8 Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC .................... Napa, CA ............................................................................... Naples-Marco Island, FL ....................................................... Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro, TN ................................. New Haven-Milford, CT ......................................................... New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA ......................................... New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA ...... Niles-Benton Harbor, MI ........................................................ Norwich-New London, CT ..................................................... Ocala, FL ............................................................................... 26,642 40,180 38,211 38,753 43,931 37,239 57,660 35,029 42,151 30,008 27,905 41,788 39,320 41,003 44,892 42,434 61,388 36,967 43,184 31,330 4.7 4.0 2.9 5.8 2.2 14.0 6.5 5.5 2.5 4.4 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 95 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 26. Average annual wages for 2005 and 2006 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 2006 Ocean City, NJ ...................................................................... Odessa, TX ............................................................................ Ogden-Clearfield, UT ............................................................. Oklahoma City, OK ................................................................ Olympia, WA .......................................................................... Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA ................................................ Orlando, FL ............................................................................ Oshkosh-Neenah, WI ............................................................ Owensboro, KY ..................................................................... Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA ................................... $31,033 33,475 31,195 33,142 36,230 36,329 36,466 38,820 31,379 44,597 $31,801 37,144 32,890 35,846 37,787 38,139 37,776 39,538 32,491 45,467 2.5 11.0 5.4 8.2 4.3 5.0 3.6 1.8 3.5 2.0 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL ........................................ Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL ............................................... Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH .............................................. Pascagoula, MS .................................................................... Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL ........................................... Peoria, IL ............................................................................... Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................ Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ ............................................... Pine Bluff, AR ........................................................................ Pittsburgh, PA ........................................................................ 38,287 31,894 30,747 34,735 32,064 39,871 46,454 40,245 30,794 38,809 39,778 33,341 32,213 36,287 33,530 42,283 48,647 42,220 32,115 40,759 3.9 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.6 6.0 4.7 4.9 4.3 5.0 Pittsfield, MA .......................................................................... Pocatello, ID .......................................................................... Ponce, PR ............................................................................. Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME ................................ Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA ............................... Port St. Lucie-Fort Pierce, FL ................................................ Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY ............................ Prescott, AZ ........................................................................... Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA .......................... Provo-Orem, UT .................................................................... 35,807 27,686 19,660 35,857 41,048 33,235 38,187 29,295 37,796 30,395 36,707 28,418 20,266 36,979 42,607 34,408 39,528 30,625 39,428 32,308 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.3 6.3 Pueblo, CO ............................................................................ Punta Gorda, FL .................................................................... Racine, WI ............................................................................. Raleigh-Cary, NC .................................................................. Rapid City, SD ....................................................................... Reading, PA .......................................................................... Redding, CA .......................................................................... Reno-Sparks, NV ................................................................... Richmond, VA ........................................................................ Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA ................................. 30,165 31,937 37,659 39,465 28,758 36,210 32,139 38,453 41,274 35,201 30,941 32,370 39,002 41,205 29,920 38,048 33,307 39,537 42,495 36,668 2.6 1.4 3.6 4.4 4.0 5.1 3.6 2.8 3.0 4.2 Roanoke, VA ......................................................................... Rochester, MN ....................................................................... Rochester, NY ....................................................................... Rockford, IL ........................................................................... Rocky Mount, NC .................................................................. Rome, GA .............................................................................. Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA ........................... Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI .................................. St. Cloud, MN ........................................................................ St. George, UT ...................................................................... 32,987 41,296 37,991 35,652 30,983 33,896 42,800 36,325 31,705 26,046 33,912 42,941 39,481 37,424 31,556 34,850 44,552 37,747 33,018 28,034 2.8 4.0 3.9 5.0 1.8 2.8 4.1 3.9 4.1 7.6 St. Joseph, MO-KS ................................................................ St. Louis, MO-IL ..................................................................... Salem, OR ............................................................................. Salinas, CA ............................................................................ Salisbury, MD ........................................................................ Salt Lake City, UT .................................................................. San Angelo, TX ..................................................................... San Antonio, TX .................................................................... San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA ................................... Sandusky, OH ....................................................................... 30,009 39,985 31,289 36,067 32,240 36,857 29,530 35,097 43,824 32,631 31,253 41,354 32,764 37,974 33,223 38,630 30,168 36,763 45,784 33,526 4.1 3.4 4.7 5.3 3.0 4.8 2.2 4.7 4.5 2.7 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA ................................... San German-Cabo Rojo, PR ................................................. San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA .................................. San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo, PR ......................................... San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA ........................................ Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA ................................ Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA .................................................. Santa Fe, NM ........................................................................ Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA .................................................... Sarasota-Bradenton-Venice, FL ............................................ 58,634 18,745 71,970 23,952 33,759 39,080 38,016 33,253 40,017 33,905 61,343 19,498 76,608 24,812 35,146 40,326 40,776 35,320 41,533 35,751 4.6 4.0 6.4 3.6 4.1 3.2 7.3 6.2 3.8 5.4 Savannah, GA ....................................................................... Scranton--Wilkes-Barre, PA .................................................. Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA .............................................. Sheboygan, WI ...................................................................... Sherman-Denison, TX ........................................................... Shreveport-Bossier City, LA .................................................. Sioux City, IA-NE-SD ............................................................. Sioux Falls, SD ...................................................................... South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI .............................................. Spartanburg, SC .................................................................... 34,104 32,057 46,644 35,067 32,800 31,962 31,122 33,257 34,086 35,526 35,684 32,813 49,455 35,908 34,166 33,678 31,826 34,542 35,089 37,077 4.6 2.4 6.0 2.4 4.2 5.4 2.3 3.9 2.9 4.4 See footnotes at end of table. 96 Percent change, 2005-06 2005 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 26. Average annual wages for 2005 and 2006 for all covered workers1 by metropolitan area — Continued Average annual wages3 Metropolitan area2 Percent change, 2005-06 2005 2006 Spokane, WA ......................................................................... Springfield, IL ......................................................................... Springfield, MA ...................................................................... Springfield, MO ...................................................................... Springfield, OH ...................................................................... State College, PA .................................................................. Stockton, CA .......................................................................... Sumter, SC ............................................................................ Syracuse, NY ......................................................................... Tallahassee, FL ..................................................................... $32,621 39,299 36,791 30,124 30,814 34,109 35,030 27,469 36,494 33,548 $34,016 40,679 37,962 30,786 31,844 35,392 36,426 29,294 38,081 35,018 4.3 3.5 3.2 2.2 3.3 3.8 4.0 6.6 4.3 4.4 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL .................................. Terre Haute, IN ...................................................................... Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR .............................................. Toledo, OH ............................................................................ Topeka, KS ............................................................................ Trenton-Ewing, NJ ................................................................. Tucson, AZ ............................................................................ Tulsa, OK ............................................................................... Tuscaloosa, AL ...................................................................... Tyler, TX ................................................................................ 36,374 30,597 31,302 35,848 33,303 52,034 35,650 35,211 34,124 34,731 38,016 31,341 32,545 37,039 34,806 54,274 37,119 37,637 35,613 36,173 4.5 2.4 4.0 3.3 4.5 4.3 4.1 6.9 4.4 4.2 Utica-Rome, NY ..................................................................... Valdosta, GA ......................................................................... Vallejo-Fairfield, CA ............................................................... Vero Beach, FL ...................................................................... Victoria, TX ............................................................................ Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ ............................................. Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC ..................... Visalia-Porterville, CA ............................................................ Waco, TX ............................................................................... Warner Robins, GA ............................................................... 30,902 25,712 38,431 32,591 34,327 36,387 34,580 28,582 32,325 36,762 32,457 26,794 40,225 33,823 36,642 37,749 36,071 29,772 33,450 38,087 5.0 4.2 4.7 3.8 6.7 3.7 4.3 4.2 3.5 3.6 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV ............... Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA ....................................................... Wausau, WI ........................................................................... Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH ............................................... Wenatchee, WA ..................................................................... Wheeling, WV-OH ................................................................. Wichita, KS ............................................................................ Wichita Falls, TX .................................................................... Williamsport, PA .................................................................... Wilmington, NC ...................................................................... 55,525 33,123 33,259 30,596 27,163 29,808 35,976 29,343 30,699 31,792 58,057 34,329 34,438 31,416 28,340 30,620 38,763 30,785 31,431 32,948 4.6 3.6 3.5 2.7 4.3 2.7 7.7 4.9 2.4 3.6 Winchester, VA-WV ............................................................... Winston-Salem, NC ............................................................... Worcester, MA ....................................................................... Yakima, WA ........................................................................... Yauco, PR ............................................................................. York-Hanover, PA .................................................................. Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA ............................... Yuba City, CA ........................................................................ Yuma, AZ ............................................................................... 33,787 36,654 41,094 27,334 17,818 36,834 32,176 32,133 27,168 34,895 37,712 42,726 28,401 19,001 37,226 33,852 33,642 28,369 3.3 2.9 4.0 3.9 6.6 1.1 5.2 4.7 4.4 1 Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. 2 Includes data for Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) as defined by OMB Bulletin No. 04-03 as of February 18, 2004. 3 Each year’s total is based on the MSA definition for the specific year. Annual changes include differences resulting from changes in MSA definitions. 4 Totals do not include the six MSAs within Puerto Rico. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 97 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 27. Annual data: Employment status of the population >1XPEHUVLQWKRXVDQGV@ Employment status Civilian noninstitutional population........... Civilian labor force............................…… Labor force participation rate............... Employed............................………… Employment-population ratio.......... Unemployed............................……… Unemployment rate........................ Not in the labor force............................… 1 1996 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647 19971 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837 19981 19991 20001 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4 69,994 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6 74,658 223,357 147,401 66 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956 226,082 149,320 66 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387 Not strictly comparable with prior years. 28. Annual data: Employment levels by industry >,QWKRXVDQGV@ Industry 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total private employment............................… 100,169 103,113 106,021 108,686 110,996 110,707 108,828 108,416 109,814 111,899 114,184 Total nonfarm employment…………………… Goods-producing............................……… Natural resources and mining................. Construction............................…………… Manufacturing............................………… 119,708 23,410 637 5,536 17,237 122,776 23,886 654 5,813 17,419 125,930 24,354 645 6,149 17,560 128,993 24,465 598 6,545 17,322 131,785 24,649 599 6,787 17,263 131,826 23,873 606 6,826 16,441 130,341 22,557 583 6,716 15,259 129,999 21,816 572 6,735 14,510 131,435 21,882 591 6,976 14,315 133,703 22,190 628 7,336 14,226 136,174 22,570 684 7,689 14,197 Private service-providing.......................... 76,759 Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 24,239 Wholesale trade............................……… 5,522.00 Retail trade............................………… 14,142.50 Transportation and warehousing......... 3,935.30 639.6 Utilities............................……………… Information............................…………… 2,940 6,969 Financial activities............................…… 13,462 Professional and business services…… Education and health services………… 13,683 Leisure and hospitality…………………… 10,777 Other services…………………………… 4,690 79,227 24,700 5,663.90 14,388.90 4,026.50 620.9 3,084 7,178 14,335 14,087 11,018 4,825 81,667 25,186 5,795.20 14,609.30 4,168.00 613.4 3,218 7,462 15,147 14,446 11,232 4,976 84,221 25,771 5,892.50 14,970.10 4,300.30 608.5 3,419 7,648 15,957 14,798 11,543 5,087 86,346 26,225 5,933.20 15,279.80 4,410.30 601.3 3,631 7,687 16,666 15,109 11,862 5,168 86,834 25,983 5,772.70 15,238.60 4,372.00 599.4 3,629 7,807 16,476 15,645 12,036 5,258 86,271 25,497 5,652.30 15,025.10 4,223.60 596.2 3,395 7,847 15,976 16,199 11,986 5,372 86,599 25,287 5,607.50 14,917.30 4,185.40 577 3,188 7,977 15,987 16,588 12,173 5,401 87,932 25,533 5,662.90 15,058.20 4,248.60 563.8 3,118 8,031 16,395 16,953 12,493 5,409 89,709 25,959 5,764.40 15,279.60 4,360.90 554 3,061 8,153 16,954 17,372 12,816 5,395 91,615 26,231 5,897.60 15,319.30 4,465.80 548.5 3,055 8,363 17,552 17,838 13,143 5,432 19,664 19,909 20,307 20,790 21,118 21,513 21,583 21,621 21,804 21,990 Government…………………………………… 98 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 19,539 29. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Private sector: Average weeklyKRXUV«« Average hourly earnings (in dollars)......................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)........................ 34.3 12.04 413.28 34.5 12.51 431.86 34.5 13.01 448.56 34.3 13.49 463.15 34.3 14.02 481.01 34 14.54 493.79 33.9 14.97 506.72 33.7 15.37 518.06 33.7 15.69 529.09 33.8 16.13 544.33 33.9 16.76 567.87 Goods-producing: Average weekly hours............................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 40.8 13.38 546.48 41.1 13.82 568.43 40.8 14.23 580.99 40.8 14.71 599.99 40.7 15.27 621.86 39.9 15.78 630.04 39.9 16.33 651.61 39.8 16.8 669.13 40 17.19 688.17 40.1 17.6 705.31 40.5 18.02 729.87 Natural resources and mining Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... Construction: 46 15.1 695.07 46.2 15.57 720.11 44.9 16.2 727.28 44.2 16.33 721.74 44.4 16.55 734.92 44.6 17 757.92 43.2 17.19 741.97 43.6 17.56 765.94 44.5 18.07 803.82 45.6 18.72 853.71 45.6 19.9 908.01 Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... Manufacturing: 38.9 15.11 588.48 38.9 15.67 609.48 38.8 16.23 629.75 39 16.8 655.11 39.2 17.48 685.78 38.7 18 695.89 38.4 18.52 711.82 38.4 18.95 726.83 38.3 19.23 735.55 38.6 19.46 750.22 39 20.02 781.04 Average weekly hours............................................ Average hourly earnings (in dollars)...................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)..................... Private service-providing: 41.3 12.75 526.55 41.7 13.14 548.22 41.4 13.45 557.12 41.4 13.85 573.17 41.3 14.32 590.65 40.3 14.76 595.19 40.5 15.29 618.75 40.4 15.74 635.99 40.8 16.15 658.59 40.7 16.56 673.37 41.1 16.8 690.83 Average weeklyKRXUV««« Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... 32.6 11.59 377.37 32.8 12.07 395.51 32.8 12.61 413.5 32.7 13.09 427.98 32.7 13.62 445.74 32.5 14.18 461.08 32.5 14.59 473.8 32.4 14.99 484.81 32.3 15.29 494.22 32.4 15.74 509.58 32.5 16.42 532.84 Trade, transportation, and utilities: Average weekly hours............................................. Average hourly earnings (in dollars)....................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars)...................... Wholesale trade: 34.1 11.46 390.64 34.3 11.9 407.57 34.2 12.39 423.3 33.9 12.82 434.31 33.8 13.31 449.88 33.5 13.7 459.53 33.6 14.02 471.27 33.6 14.34 481.14 33.5 14.58 488.42 33.4 14.92 498.43 33.4 15.4 514.61 Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Retail trade: 38.6 13.8 533.29 38.8 14.41 559.39 38.6 15.07 582.21 38.6 15.62 602.77 38.8 16.28 631.4 38.4 16.77 643.45 38 16.98 644.38 37.9 17.36 657.29 37.8 17.65 667.09 37.7 18.16 685 38 18.91 718.3 Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Transportation and warehousing: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Utilities: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Information: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Financial activities: 38.6 13.8 533.29 38.8 14.41 559.39 38.6 15.07 582.21 38.6 15.62 602.77 38.8 16.28 631.4 38.4 16.77 643.45 38 16.98 644.38 37.9 17.36 657.29 37.8 17.65 667.09 37.7 18.16 685 38 18.91 718.3 39.1 13.45 525.6 39.4 13.78 542.55 38.7 14.12 546.86 37.6 14.55 547.97 37.4 15.05 562.31 36.7 15.33 562.7 36.8 15.76 579.75 36.8 16.25 598.41 37.2 16.52 614.82 37 16.7 618.58 36.9 17.28 637.14 42 19.78 830.74 42 20.59 865.26 42 21.48 902.94 42 22.03 924.59 42 22.75 955.66 41.4 23.58 977.18 40.9 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.4 23.96 24.77 25.61 26.68 27.42 979.09 1,017.27 1,048.44 1,095.90 1,136.08 36.4 16.3 592.68 36.3 17.14 622.4 36.6 17.67 646.52 36.7 18.4 675.32 36.8 19.07 700.89 36.9 19.8 731.11 36.5 20.2 738.17 36.2 21.01 760.81 36.3 21.4 777.05 36.5 22.06 805 36.6 23.23 850.81 Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Professional and business services: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Education and health services: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Leisure and hospitality: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. Other services: Average weekly hours......................................... Average hourly earnings (in dollars)................... Average weekly earnings (in dollars).................. 35.5 12.71 451.49 35.7 13.22 472.37 36 13.93 500.95 35.8 14.47 517.57 35.9 14.98 537.37 35.8 15.59 558.02 35.6 16.17 575.51 35.5 17.14 609.08 35.5 17.52 622.87 35.9 17.94 645.1 35.8 18.8 672.4 34.1 13 442.81 34.3 13.57 465.51 34.3 14.27 490 34.4 14.85 510.99 34.5 15.52 535.07 34.2 16.33 557.84 34.2 16.81 574.66 34.1 17.21 587.02 34.2 17.48 597.56 34.2 18.08 618.87 34.6 19.12 662.23 31.9 12.17 388.27 32.2 12.56 404.65 32.2 13 418.82 32.1 13.44 431.35 32.2 13.95 449.29 32.3 14.64 473.39 32.4 15.21 492.74 32.3 15.64 505.69 32.4 16.15 523.78 32.6 16.71 544.59 32.5 17.38 564.95 25.9 6.99 180.98 26 7.32 190.52 26.2 7.67 200.82 26.1 7.96 208.05 26.1 8.32 217.2 25.8 8.57 220.73 25.8 8.81 227.17 25.6 9 230.42 25.7 9.15 234.86 25.7 9.38 241.36 25.7 9.75 250.11 32.5 10.85 352.62 32.7 11.29 368.63 32.6 11.79 384.25 32.5 12.26 398.77 32.5 12.73 413.41 32.3 13.27 428.64 32 13.72 439.76 31.4 13.84 434.41 31 13.98 433.04 30.9 14.34 443.37 30.9 14.77 456.6 NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. N AICS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data. 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)LQDQFLDODFWLYLWLHV«««««««««««««««« )LQDQFHDQGLQVXUDQFH««««««««««««« Real estate and rental and leasing«««««««« 3URIHVVLRQDODQGEXVLQHVVVHUYLFHV««««««««« (GXFDWLRQDQGKHDOWKVHUYLFHV««««««««««« (GXFDWLRQVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««« +HDOWKFDUHDQGVRFLDODVVLVWDQFH«««««««« +RVSLWDOV«««««««««««««««««« Leisure and hospitality«««««««««««««« $FFRPPRGDWLRQDQGIRRGVHUYLFHV«««««««« 2WKHUVHUYLFHVH[FHSWSXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ««««« 99.2 99.5 99.5 99.2 99.6 99.3 99.6 99.2 99.6 99.5 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.6 107.8 101.2 101.1 101.0 100.7 101.3 100.6 100.5 101.4 100.8 101.2 109.3 101.8 102.2 101.8 101.5 102.0 101.3 101.4 102.7 102.4 101.9 110.1 102.1 102.9 103.2 103.2 103.2 102.4 102.5 103.6 102.9 102.7 110.4 102.5 103.5 104.1 104.2 103.9 103.7 104.0 104.0 103.7 102.9 102.8 104.2 104.7 105.1 104.5 105.0 105.3 105.8 105.7 104.6 103.9 104.7 104.6 105.9 105.7 104.9 105.6 106.0 106.4 106.1 104.2 105.1 105.0 105.4 106.9 106.9 106.7 106.5 107.5 108.1 107.1 -0.4 1.2 .3 .8 .9 1.1 1.7 .9 1.4 1.6 .9 1.8 3.1 -4.6 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.2 5.0 5.5 3.4 6WDWHDQGORFDOJRYHUQPHQWZRUNHUV«««««««««« 99.1 100.0 100.5 100.9 103.2 104.1 105.1 105.7 107.6 1.8 4.3 Workers by occupational group ManagHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG««««««««« 3URIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG«««««««««««««« 6DOHVDQGRIILFH««««««««««««««««««« 2IILFHDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVXSSRUW«««««««««« 6HUYLFHRFFXSDWLRQV««««««««««««««««« 99.0 98.9 99.3 99.2 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 100.9 101.0 100.6 100.8 100.8 101.5 101.6 101.2 103.3 103.4 103.3 103.5 103.1 104.0 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.5 104.9 104.8 105.6 105.7 105.4 105.4 105.3 106.2 106.4 106.3 107.5 107.5 107.9 108.2 108.0 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.6 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.8 Workers by industry (GXFDWLRQDQGKHDOWKVHUYLFHV«««««««««««« (GXFDWLRQVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««« 6FKRROV««««««««««««««««««« Elementary and secondaryVFKRROV«««««« +HDOWKFDUHDQGVRFLDODVVLVWDQFH««««««««« +RVSLWDOV««««««««««««««««««« 99.0 98.9 98.8 99.5 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 100.2 101.3 100.9 100.8 100.5 100.5 102.9 101.3 103.7 103.5 103.6 105.1 103.3 104.3 104.1 104.2 105.7 104.3 104.8 104.6 104.7 107.1 105.6 105.3 104.9 105.0 107.6 106.3 107.5 107.4 107.4 108.6 107.5 2.1 2.4 2.3 .9 1.1 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.3 4.1 99.0 100.0 100.6 101.2 102.4 103.8 105.6 106.6 108.0 1.3 5.5 3 Public administration ««««««««««««««« 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 101 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations (PSOR\PHQW&RVW,QGH[ZDJHVDQGVDODULHVE\RFFXSDWLRQDQGLQGXVWU\JURXS >'HFHPEHU @ 6HULHV 6HSW 'HF 0DU -XQH 6HSW 'HF 0DU -XQH 3HUFHQWFKDQJH 6HSW PRQWKV HQGHG PRQWKV HQGHG 6HSW &LYLOLDQZRUNHUV «««««««««««««««««««« 0DQDJHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG««««««««« 0DQDJHPHQWEXVLQHVVDQGILQDQFLDO«««««««« 3URIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG«««««««««««««« 6DOHVDQGRIILFH««««««««««««««««««« 6DOHVDQGUHODWHG««««««««««««««««« 2IILFHDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVXSSRUW«««««««««« 1DWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH«««« &RQVWUXFWLRQDQGH[WUDFWLRQ«««««««««««« ,QVWDOODWLRQPDLQWHQDQFHDQGUHSDLU«««««««« 3URGXFWLRQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOPRYLQJ««««« 3URGXFWLRQ«««««««««««««««««««« 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOPRYLQJ««««««««« 6HUYLFHRFFXSDWLRQV««««««««««««««««« :RUNHUVE\LQGXVWU\ *RRGVSURGXFLQJ«««««««««««««««««« 0DQXIDFWXULQJ««««««««««««««««««« 6HUYLFHSURYLGLQJ«««««««««««««««««« (GXFDWLRQDQGKHDOWKVHUYLFHV««««««««««« +HDOWKFDUHDQGVRFLDODVVLVWDQFH««««««««« +RVSLWDOV««««««««««««««««««« 1XUVLQJDQGUHVLGHQWLDOFDUHIDFLOLWLHV«««««« (GXFDWLRQVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««« (OHPHQWDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\VFKRROV««««««« 3XEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ ««««««««««««««« 3ULYDWHLQGXVWU\ZRUNHUV««««««««««««««« :RUNHUVE\RFFXSDWLRQDOJURXS 0DQDJHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG««««««««« 0DQDJHPHQWEXVLQHVVDQGILQDQFLDO«««««««« 3URIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG«««««««««««««« 6DOHVDQGRIILFH««««««««««««««««««« 6DOHVDQGUHODWHG««««««««««««««««« 2IILFHDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVXSSRUW«««««««««« 1DWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH«««« &RQVWUXFWLRQDQGH[WUDFWLRQ««««««««««««« ,QVWDOODWLRQPDLQWHQDQFHDQGUHSDLU««««««««« 3URGXFWLRQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOPRYLQJ««««« 3URGXFWLRQ«««««««««««««««««««« 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOPRYLQJ««««««««« 6HUYLFHRFFXSDWLRQV««««««««««««««««« :RUNHUVE\LQGXVWU\DQGRFFXSDWLRQDOJURXS *RRGVSURGXFLQJLQGXVWULHV«««««««««««««« 0DQDJHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG«««««««« 6DOHVDQGRIILFH«««««««««««««««««« 1DWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH««« 3URGXFWLRQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOPRYLQJ««« &RQVWUXFWLRQ««««««««««««««««««« 0DQXIDFWXULQJ««««««««««««««««««« 0DQDJHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG««««««« 6DOHVDQGRIILFH««««««««««««««««« 1DWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH«« 3URGXFWLRQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOPRYLQJ«« 6HUYLFHSURYLGLQJLQGXVWULHV««««««««««««« 0DQDJHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG«««««««« 6DOHVDQGRIILFH«««««««««««««««««« 1DWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH««« 3URGXFWLRQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOPRYLQJ««« 6HUYLFHRFFXSDWLRQV«««««««««««««««« 7UDGHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGXWLOLWLHV«««««««««« :RUNHUVE\RFFXSDWLRQDOJURXS 102 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 &RQWLQXHG²(PSOR\PHQW&RVW,QGH[ZDJHVDQGVDODULHVE\RFFXSDWLRQDQGLQGXVWU\JURXS [December 2005 = 100] 6HULHV 6HSW 'HF 0DU -XQH 6HSW 'HF 0DU -XQH 3HUFHQWFKDQJH 6HSW PRQWKV HQGHG PRQWKV HQGHG 6HSW :KROHVDOHWUDGH««««««««««««««««« 5HWDLOWUDGH««««««««««««««««««« Transportation and warehousing««««««««« 8WLOLWLHV««««««««««««««««««««« ,QIRUPDWLRQ««««««««««««««««««« )LQDQFLDODFWLYLWLHV«««««««««««««««« )LQDQFHDQGLQVXUDQFH««««««««««««« Real estate and rental and leasing«««««««« 3URIHVVLRQDODQGEXVLQHVVVHUYLFHV««««««««« (GXFDWLRQDQGKHDOWKVHUYLFHV««««««««««« (GXFDWLRQVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««« +HDOWKFDUHDQGVRFLDODVVLVWDQFH«««««««« +RVSLWDOV«««««««««««««««««« Leisure and hospitality«««««««««««««« $FFRPPRGDWLRQDQGIRRGVHUYLFHV«««««««« 2WKHUVHUYLFHVH[FHSWSXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ««««« 99.0 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.7 99.3 99.7 99.1 99.5 99.3 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.5 100.8 101.3 101.0 100.7 100.7 100.9 100.6 100.5 101.3 100.7 100.9 102.1 102.3 102.3 101.6 101.4 101.8 101.3 101.3 102.6 102.7 101.9 103.0 102.5 103.0 103.0 103.1 102.9 102.3 102.2 103.4 103.0 102.8 103.5 102.8 103.5 104.0 104.1 103.7 103.7 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.1 104.3 104.7 104.8 104.8 104.2 104.6 105.7 106.0 105.7 104.8 104.2 105.5 104.9 105.9 105.6 104.6 105.4 106.4 106.5 106.1 104.0 105.1 106.1 106.0 106.7 106.9 106.4 106.5 108.1 108.4 107.3 -0.8 .9 .6 1.0 .8 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.3 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.2 3.5 5.7 6.1 3.8 6WDWHDQGORFDOJRYHUQPHQWZRUNHUV«««««««««« 99.1 100.0 100.3 100.8 102.8 103.5 104.1 104.6 106.4 1.7 3.5 Workers by occupational group ManagHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG««««««««« 3URIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG«««««««««««««« 6DOHVDQGRIILFH««««««««««««««««««« 2IILFHDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVXSSRUW«««««««««« 6HUYLFHRFFXSDWLRQV««««««««««««««««« 99.0 98.9 99.4 99.3 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.6 100.7 100.3 100.7 100.7 101.2 101.4 100.8 102.9 103.0 102.6 102.7 102.4 103.5 103.6 103.2 103.4 103.9 104.0 103.9 104.5 104.7 104.5 104.3 104.2 104.8 105.0 105.2 106.3 106.3 106.3 106.5 106.5 1.9 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.2 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 Workers by industry (GXFDWLRQDQGKHDOWKVHUYLFHV«««««««««««« (GXFDWLRQVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««« 6FKRROV««««««««««««««««««« Elementary and secondaryVFKRROV«««««« +HDOWKFDUHDQGVRFLDODVVLVWDQFH««««««««« +RVSLWDOV««««««««««««««««««« 99.0 98.9 98.9 99.4 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.1 100.0 101.0 100.9 100.7 100.4 100.3 103.0 101.4 103.1 103.0 103.0 104.8 103.1 103.6 103.4 103.4 105.5 104.4 104.0 103.6 103.6 106.6 105.7 104.2 103.9 103.8 107.2 106.5 106.3 106.1 106.0 108.2 107.6 2.0 2.1 2.1 .9 1.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 4.4 99.3 100.0 100.5 101.1 102.0 103.5 104.5 105.2 106.4 1.1 4.3 2 Public administration ««««««««««««««« 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 103 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations (PSOR\PHQW&RVW,QGH[EHQHILWVE\RFFXSDWLRQDQGLQGXVWU\JURXS [December 2005 = 100] 6HULHV 6HSW 'HF 0DU -XQH 6HSW 'HF 0DU -XQH 3HUFHQWFKDQJH 6HSW PRQWKV HQGHG PRQWKV HQGHG 6HSW &LYLOLDQZRUNHUV««««««««««««««««««« 99.5 100.0 100.9 101.6 102.8 103.6 104.0 105.1 106.1 1.0 3.2 3ULYDWHLQGXVWU\ZRUNHUV«««««««««««««««« 99.7 100.0 101.0 101.7 102.5 103.1 103.2 104.3 105.0 .7 2.4 Workers by occupational group ManagHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDODQGUHODWHG««««««««« 99.8 99.3 6DOHVDQGRIILFH««««««««««««««««««« 99.8 1DWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH«««« Production, transportation, and material moving««««« 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.3 100.8 101.1 100.1 101.8 101.6 102.7 101.0 102.8 102.0 103.5 101.6 103.4 102.9 104.0 102.0 103.8 103.4 103.4 101.2 104.9 104.3 104.8 102.4 105.6 105.2 105.3 102.7 .7 .9 .5 .3 2.7 3.1 1.7 1.1 6HUYLFHRFFXSDWLRQV««««««««««««««««« 99.5 100.0 101.5 102.2 103.0 103.6 104.2 105.1 106.0 .9 2.9 Goods-producing«««««««««««««««««« Manufacturing««««««««««««««««««« 100.0 99.4 Service-providing«««««««««««««««««« 100.0 100.0 99.0 101.5 99.7 102.3 100.5 103.0 100.8 103.7 99.6 104.1 101.0 105.2 100.7 106.0 -.3 .8 .2 2.9 100.0 100.7 101.3 104.1 105.2 107.0 108.0 110.3 2.1 6.0 Workers by industry 6WDWHDQGORFDOJRYHUQPHQWZRUNHUV«««««««««« 99.0 NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior 104 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. 33. Employment Cost Index, private industry workers by bargaining status and region [December 2005 = 100] 2005 Series Sept. 2006 Dec. Mar. June 2007 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change Sept. 3 months ended 12 months ended Sept. 2007 COMPENSATION Workers by bargaining status1 8QLRQ««««««««««««««««««««««««« Goods-producing««««««««««««««««««« Manufacturing««««««««««««««««««« Service-providing««««««««««««««««««« 99.6 99.6 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.5 99.9 101.0 101.8 101.2 102.2 102.4 101.8 102.9 103.0 102.2 103.6 102.7 101.5 103.7 103.9 102.8 104.7 104.4 103.1 105.4 0.5 .3 .7 2.0 1.3 2.4 1RQXQLRQ««««««««««««««««««««««« Goods-producing««««««««««««««««««« Manufacturing««««««««««««««««««« Service-providing««««««««««««««««««« 99.5 99.9 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 100.5 101.0 101.7 101.4 101.8 102.6 102.0 102.7 103.2 102.5 103.4 104.2 103.3 104.4 105.1 104.2 105.3 105.9 104.8 106.2 .8 .6 .9 3.2 2.7 3.4 Workers by region1 1RUWKHDVW««««««««««««««««««««««« 6RXWK««««««««««««««««««««««««« 0LGZHVW«««««««««««««««««««««««« :HVW««««««««««««««««««««««««« 99.2 99.7 99.5 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 101.0 100.7 100.6 101.8 101.6 101.7 101.8 102.5 102.8 102.3 102.5 103.3 103.5 102.8 103.0 104.0 104.3 103.3 104.2 105.1 105.3 104.2 104.9 106.2 106.1 104.6 105.7 1.0 .8 .4 .8 3.6 3.2 2.2 3.1 Workers by bargaining status1 8QLRQ««««««««««««««««««««««««« Goods-producing««««««««««««««««««« Manufacturing««««««««««««««««««« Service-providing««««««««««««««««««« 99.5 99.2 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.5 100.1 101.2 101.6 100.9 101.7 101.9 101.6 102.3 102.3 102.2 102.8 102.7 102.9 103.7 103.6 103.8 104.4 104.3 104.6 .7 .7 .8 2.7 2.4 3.0 1RQXQLRQ««««««««««««««««««««««« Goods-producing««««««««««««««««««« Manufacturing««««««««««««««««««« Service-providing««««««««««««««««««« 99.5 99.6 99.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 100.7 100.8 101.8 101.9 101.7 102.7 102.4 102.7 103.3 103.0 103.4 104.5 104.2 104.6 105.3 105.0 105.4 106.2 105.8 106.3 .9 .8 .9 3.4 3.3 3.5 Workers by region1 1RUWKHDVW««««««««««««««««««««««« 6RXWK««««««««««««««««««««««««« 0LGZHVW«««««««««««««««««««««««« :HVW««««««««««««««««««««««««« 99.2 99.7 99.4 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 101.0 100.4 100.7 101.7 101.6 101.4 102.1 102.5 102.9 102.0 102.7 103.1 103.6 102.6 103.2 104.0 104.6 103.6 104.8 105.0 105.6 104.4 105.4 106.1 106.5 105.0 106.2 1.0 .9 .6 .8 3.5 3.5 2.9 3.4 WAGES AND SALARIES 1 The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Review Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. NOTE: The Employment Cost Index data reflect the conversion to the 2002 North American Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The NAICS and SOC data shown prior to 2006 are for informational purposes only. Series based on NAICS and SOC became the official BLS estimates starting in March 2006. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 105 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 1DWLRQDO&RPSHQVDWLRQ6XUYH\5HWLUHPHQWEHQHILWVLQSULYDWHLQGXVWU\E\ DFFHVVSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGVHOHFWHGVHULHV± Year Series 2003 2004 2005 2007 2006 1 All retirement Percentage of workers with access All workers……………………………………………………… 2 White-collar occupations …………………………………… Management, professional, and related ………………. 57 59 60 60 67 69 70 69 61 - - - - - 76 64 Sales and office …………………………………………… - - - - Blue-collar occupations 2……………………………………… 59 59 60 62 - - - - - 61 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...… Production, transportation, and material moving…...… Service occupations…………………………………………… - - - - 65 28 31 32 34 36 Full-time………………………………………………………… 67 68 69 69 70 Part-time……………………………………………………… 24 27 27 29 31 Union…………………………………………………………… 86 84 88 84 84 Non-union……………………………………………………… 54 56 56 57 58 Average wage less than $15 per hour……...……………… 45 46 46 47 47 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...……………… 76 77 78 77 76 Goods-producing industries………………………………… 70 70 71 73 70 Service-providing industries………………………………… 53 55 56 56 58 Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………… 42 44 44 44 45 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………… 75 77 78 78 78 49 50 50 51 51 59 61 61 60 - - - - - 69 54 Percentage of workers participating All workers……………………………………………………… 2 White-collar occupations …………………………………… Management, professional, and related ………………. Sales and office …………………………………………… - - - - Blue-collar occupations 2……………………………………… 50 50 51 52 - - - - - 51 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance…... Production, transportation, and material moving…...… Service occupations…………………………………………… - - - - 54 21 22 22 24 25 Full-time………………………………………………………… 58 60 60 60 60 Part-time……………………………………………………… 18 20 19 21 23 Union…………………………………………………………… 83 81 85 80 81 Non-union……………………………………………………… 45 47 46 47 47 Average wage less than $15 per hour……...……………… 35 36 35 36 36 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...……………… 70 71 71 70 69 Goods-producing industries………………………………… 63 63 64 64 61 Service-providing industries………………………………… 45 47 47 47 48 Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………… 35 37 37 37 37 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………… 65 67 67 67 66 - - 85 85 84 20 21 22 21 21 23 24 25 23 - - - - - 29 19 3 Take-up rate (all workers) …………………………………… Defined Benefit Percentage of workers with access All workers……………………………………………………… 2 White-collar occupations …………………………………… Management, professional, and related ………………. Sales and office …………………………………………… 2 Blue-collar occupations ……………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...… - - - 26 26 25 - - - - - 26 26 Production, transportation, and material moving…...… - - - - Service occupations…………………………………………… 8 6 7 8 8 Full-time………………………………………………………… 24 25 25 24 24 Part-time……………………………………………………… 8 9 10 9 10 Union…………………………………………………………… 74 70 73 70 69 Non-union……………………………………………………… 15 16 16 15 15 Average wage less than $15 per hour……...……………… 12 11 12 11 11 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...……………… 34 35 35 34 33 Goods-producing industries………………………………… 31 32 33 32 29 Service-providing industries………………………………… 17 18 19 18 19 9 9 10 9 9 34 35 37 35 34 Establishments with 1-99 workers…………………………… Establishments with 100 or more workers………………… See footnotes at end of table. 106 24 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 &RQWLQXHG²1DWLRQDO&RPSHQVDWLRQ6XUYH\5HWLUHPHQWEHQHILWVLQSULYDWHLQGXVWU\ E\DFFHVVSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGVHOHFWHGVHULHV± Year Series 2003 2004 2005 2007 1 2006 Percentage of workers participating All workers……………………………………………………… White-collar occupations 2 …………………………………… Management, professional, and related ………………. Sales and office …………………………………………… 2 Blue-collar occupations …………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...… Production, transportation, and material moving…...… Service occupations………………………………………… Full-time……………………………………………………… Part-time……………………………………………………… Union…………………………………………………………… Non-union……………………………………………………… Average wage less than $15 per hour……...……………… 20 22 24 7 24 8 72 15 11 21 24 25 6 24 9 69 15 11 21 24 26 7 25 9 72 15 11 20 22 25 7 23 8 68 14 10 20 28 17 25 25 7 23 9 67 15 10 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...……………… 33 35 34 33 32 Goods-producing industries………………………………… 31 31 32 31 28 Service-providing industries………………………………… 16 18 18 17 18 Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………… 8 9 9 9 9 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………… 33 34 36 33 32 - - 97 96 95 51 53 53 54 55 62 64 64 65 - - - - - 71 60 3 Take-up rate (all workers) …………………………………… Defined Contribution Percentage of workers with access All workers……………………………………………………… 2 White-collar occupations …………………………………… Management, professional, and related ………………. Sales and office …………………………………………… - - - - Blue-collar occupations …………………………………… 49 49 50 53 - Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...… - - - - 51 2 Production, transportation, and material moving…...… - - - - 56 Service occupations………………………………………… 23 27 28 30 32 Full-time……………………………………………………… 60 62 62 63 64 Part-time……………………………………………………… 21 23 23 25 27 Union…………………………………………………………… 45 48 49 50 49 Non-union……………………………………………………… 51 53 54 55 56 Average wage less than $15 per hour……...……………… 40 41 41 43 44 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...……………… 67 68 69 69 69 Goods-producing industries………………………………… 60 60 61 63 62 Service-providing industries………………………………… 48 50 51 52 53 Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………… 38 40 40 41 42 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………… 65 68 69 70 70 40 42 42 43 43 51 53 53 53 - - - - - 60 47 Percentage of workers participating All workers……………………………………………………… 2 White-collar occupations …………………………………… Management, professional, and related ………………. - - - - Blue-collar occupations …………………………………… 38 38 38 40 - Natural resources, construction, and maintenance...… - - - - 40 Sales and office …………………………………………… 2 Production, transportation, and material moving…...… - - - - 41 Service occupations………………………………………… 16 18 18 20 20 Full-time……………………………………………………… 48 50 50 51 50 Part-time……………………………………………………… 14 14 14 16 18 Union…………………………………………………………… 39 42 43 44 41 Non-union……………………………………………………… 40 42 41 43 43 Average wage less than $15 per hour……...……………… 29 30 29 31 30 Average wage $15 per hour or higher……...……………… 57 59 59 58 57 Goods-producing industries………………………………… 49 49 50 51 49 Service-providing industries………………………………… 37 40 39 40 41 Establishments with 1-99 workers………………………… 31 32 32 33 33 Establishments with 100 or more workers………………… 51 53 53 54 53 - - 78 79 77 Take-up rate (all workers) 3…………………………………… See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 107 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations &RQWLQXHG²1DWLRQDO&RPSHQVDWLRQ6XUYH\5HWLUHPHQWEHQHILWVLQSULYDWHLQGXVWU\ E\DFFHVVSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGVHOHFWHGVHULHV± Year Series 2003 2004 2005 2007 1 2006 Employee Contribution Requirement Employee contribution required………………………… Employee contribution not required……………………… Not determinable…………………………………………… - - 61 31 8 61 33 6 65 35 0 Percent of establishments Offering retirement plans…………………………………… Offering defined benefit plans……………………………… Offering defined contribution plans………………………. 47 10 45 48 10 46 51 11 48 48 10 47 46 10 44 1 The 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) replaced the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System. Estimates for goods-producing and service-providing (formerly service-producing) industries are considered comparable. Also introduced was the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) to replace the 1990 Census of Population system. Only service occupations are considered comparable. 2 The white-collar and blue-collar occupation series were discontinued effective 2007. 3 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan. Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria. 108 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 1DWLRQDO&RPSHQVDWLRQ6XUYH\+HDOWKLQVXUDQFHEHQHILWVLQSULYDWHLQGXVWU\ E\DFFHVVSDUWLFSDWLRQDQGVHOHFWHGVHULHV Year Series 2003 2004 2005 2007 2006 1 Medical insurance Percentage of workers with access All workers………………………………………………………………………… 60 69 70 71 White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………………………… 65 76 77 77 - - - - - 85 71 Management, professional, and related ………………………………… Sales and office……………………………………………………………… 2 Blue-collar occupations ……………………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……………………… 71 - - - - 64 76 77 77 - - - - - 76 Production, transportation, and material moving………………………… - - - - 78 Service occupations…………………………………………………………… 38 42 44 45 46 Full-time………………………………………………………………………… 73 84 85 85 85 Part-time………………………………………………………………………… 17 20 22 22 24 Union……………………………………………………………………………… 67 89 92 89 88 Non-union………………………………………………………………………… 59 67 68 68 69 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………… 51 57 58 57 57 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………… 74 86 87 88 87 Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………… 68 83 85 86 85 Service-providing industries…………………………………………………… 57 65 66 66 67 Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………………………… 49 58 59 59 59 Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………… 72 82 84 84 84 All workers………………………………………………………………………… 45 53 53 52 52 White-collar occupations 2 ……………………………………………………… 50 59 58 57 - - - - - 67 48 Percentage of workers participating Management, professional, and related ………………………………… Sales and office……………………………………………………………… 2 Blue-collar occupations ……………………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……………………… - - - - 51 60 61 60 - - - - - 61 Production, transportation, and material moving………………………… - - - - 60 Service occupations…………………………………………………………… 22 24 27 27 28 Full-time………………………………………………………………………… 56 66 66 64 64 Part-time………………………………………………………………………… 9 11 12 13 12 Union……………………………………………………………………………… 60 81 83 80 78 Non-union………………………………………………………………………… 44 50 49 49 49 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………… 35 40 39 38 37 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………… 61 71 72 71 70 Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………… 57 69 70 70 68 Service-providing industries…………………………………………………… 42 48 48 47 47 Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………………………… 36 43 43 43 42 Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………… 55 64 65 63 62 - - 75 74 73 40 46 46 46 46 47 53 54 53 - - - - - 62 47 3 Take-up rate (all workers) ……………………………………………………… Dental Percentage of workers with access All workers………………………………………………………………………… 2 White-collar occupations ……………………………………………………… Management, professional, and related ………………………………… Sales and office……………………………………………………………… 2 Blue-collar occupations ……………………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance……………………… - - - - 40 47 47 46 - - - - - 43 Production, transportation, and material moving………………………… - - - - 49 Service occupations…………………………………………………………… 22 25 25 27 28 Full-time………………………………………………………………………… 49 56 56 55 56 Part-time………………………………………………………………………… 9 13 14 15 16 Union……………………………………………………………………………… 57 73 73 69 68 Non-union………………………………………………………………………… 38 43 43 43 44 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………… 30 34 34 34 34 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………… 55 63 62 62 61 Goods-producing industries…………………………………………………… 48 56 56 56 54 Service-providing industries…………………………………………………… 37 43 43 43 44 Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………………………… 27 31 31 31 30 Establishments with 100 or more workers…………………………………… 55 64 65 64 64 See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 109 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 35. Continued—National Compensation Survey: Health insurance benefits in private industry by access, particpation, and selected series, 2003-2007 Year Series 2003 2004 2005 2007 2006 1 Percentage of workers participating 32 37 36 36 White-collar occupations ……………………………………………………… 37 43 42 41 - Management, professional, and related …………………………………… - - - - 51 33 All workers…………………………………………………………………………… 2 Sales and office………………………………………………………………… 2 Blue-collar occupations ………………………………………………………… Natural resources, construction, and maintenance………………………… 36 - - - - 33 40 39 38 - - - - - 36 Production, transportation, and material moving…………………………… - - - - 38 Service occupations……………………………………………………………… 15 16 17 18 20 Full-time…………………………………………………………………………… 40 46 45 44 44 Part-time…………………………………………………………………………… 6 8 9 10 9 Union……………………………………………………………………………… 51 68 67 63 62 Non-union………………………………………………………………………… 30 33 33 33 33 Average wage less than $15 per hour………………………………………… 22 26 24 23 23 Average wage $15 per hour or higher………………………………………… 47 53 52 52 51 Goods-producing industries……………………………………………………… 42 49 49 49 45 Service-providing industries……………………………………………………… 29 33 33 32 33 Establishments with 1-99 workers……………………………………………… 21 24 24 24 24 Establishments with 100 or more workers……………………………………… 44 52 51 50 49 - - 78 78 77 Percentage of workers with access……………………………………………… 25 29 29 29 29 Percentage of workers participating……………………………………………… 19 22 22 22 22 Percentage of workers with access……………………………………………… - - 64 67 68 Percentage of workers participating……………………………………………… - - 48 49 49 Percent of estalishments offering healthcare benefits …………………......… 58 61 63 62 60 3 Take-up rate (all workers) ………………………………………………………… Vision care Outpatient Prescription drug coverage Percentage of medical premium paid by Employer and Employee Single coverage Employer share…………………………………………………………………… 82 82 82 82 81 Employee share………………………………………………………………… 18 18 18 18 19 Family coverage Employer share…………………………………………………………………… 70 69 71 70 71 Employee share………………………………………………………………… 30 31 29 30 29 1 The 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) replaced the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System. Estimates for goods-producing and service-providing (formerly service-producing) industries are considered comparable. Also introduced was the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) to replace the 1990 Census of Population system. Only service occupations are considered comparable. 2 The white-collar and blue-collar occupation series were discontinued effective 2007. 3 The take-up rate is an estimate of the percentage of workers with access to a plan who participate in the plan. Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria. 110 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 1DWLRQDO&RPSHQVDWLRQ6XUYH\3HUFHQWRIZRUNHUVLQSULYDWHLQGXVWU\ ZLWKDFFHVVWRVHOHFWHGEHQHILWV Year Benefit 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Life insurance…………………………………………………… 50 51 52 52 58 Short-term disabilty insurance………………………………… 39 39 40 39 39 Long-term disability insurance………………………………… 30 30 30 30 31 Long-term care insurance……………………………………… 11 11 11 12 12 Flexible work place……………………………………………… 4 4 4 4 5 Section 125 cafeteria benefits Flexible benefits……………………………………………… - - 17 17 17 Dependent care reimbursement account…………..……… - - 29 30 31 Healthcare reimbursement account……………………...… - - 31 32 33 Health Savings Account………………………………...……… - - 5 6 8 Employee assistance program……………………….………… - - 40 40 42 Paid leave Holidays…………………………………………...…………… 79 77 77 76 77 Vacations……………………………………………..……… 79 77 77 77 77 Sick leave………………………………………..…………… - 59 58 57 57 Personal leave…………………………………………..…… - - 36 37 38 Paid family leave…………………………………………….… - - 7 8 8 Unpaid family leave………………………………………..… - - 81 82 83 Employer assistance for child care…………………….……… 18 14 14 15 15 Nonproduction bonuses………………………...……………… 49 47 47 46 47 Family leave Note: Where applicable, dashes indicate no employees in this category or data do not meet publication criteria. :RUNVWRSSDJHVLQYROYLQJZRUNHUVRUPRUH Annual average Measure 2005 Number of stoppages: Beginning in period............................. In effect during period…...................... 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov.p Oct. 1 5 0 3 0 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 6 3 3 1 2 Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands)….. In effect during period (in thousands)… 1.9 20.6 .0 16.3 .0 3.7 2.8 4.6 7.8 9.6 5.5 12.0 .0 .0 4.0 4.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 108.3 108.3 41.7 41.7 10.5 14.2 Days idle: Number (in thousands)….................... 349.2 326.0 58.8 73.4 142.8 101.1 .0 19.6 6.6 9.0 261.5 73.9 284.0 .01 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .01 0 .01 1 Percent of estimated working time …… 1 .01 Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed and total working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in "Total economy measures of strike idleness," Monthly Labor Review , October 1968, pp. 54–56. NOTE: p = preliminary. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 111 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 38. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Annual average Series 2005 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS All items.......................................................................... All items (1967 = 100)..................................................... Food and beverages...................................................... 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 202.416 606.348 199.198 198.812 196.671 216.276 189.609 203.499 609.594 200.402 200.000 198.193 219.041 190.491 205.352 615.145 200.869 200.403 198.766 218.458 192.508 206.686 619.140 201.292 200.820 199.020 220.494 193.665 207.949 622.921 202.225 201.791 200.334 220.939 195.886 208.352 624.129 202.885 202.441 200.950 222.605 197.175 208.299 623.970 203.533 203.121 201.401 223.297 196.690 207.917 622.827 204.289 203.885 202.126 223.981 197.204 208.490 624.543 205.279 204.941 203.193 223.372 198.323 208.936 625.879 206.124 205.796 204.333 224.691 198.474 210.177 629.598 206.563 206.277 204.745 225.668 198.616 195.3 585.0 191.2 190.7 189.8 209.0 184.7 201.6 603.9 195.7 195.2 193.1 212.8 186.6 201.5 603.6 197.2 196.8 194.3 214.5 188.4 201.8 604.5 197.4 197.0 194.3 214.8 188.6 Dairy and related products ……….………………………… Fruits and vegetables…............................................ Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage 182.4 241.4 181.4 252.9 180.6 256.8 181.0 183.453 183.779 185.724 185.821 187.266 191.435 197.899 201.739 203.541 205.319 205.959 257.2 262.949 268.565 263.910 261.967 264.710 258.337 254.616 252.845 259.100 263.648 268.407 materials…............................................................. Other foods at home….............................................. Sugar and sweets…................................................ Fats and oils…........................................................ Other foods….......................................................... 144.4 167.0 165.2 167.7 182.5 147.4 169.6 171.5 168.0 185.0 148.9 169.2 172.7 168.1 184.0 148.5 168.7 172.4 166.7 183.5 111.3 113.9 113.8 115.1 114.655 114.939 114.331 115.310 114.692 116.101 115.017 116.072 114.628 114.850 115.396 193.4 131.3 195.9 195.7 224.4 217.3 199.4 136.6 200.7 203.2 232.1 225.1 201.6 138.6 201.6 204.5 234.9 228.9 202.2 139.1 201.1 204.8 235.1 230.0 130.3 136.0 130.7 127.7 133.633 139.160 142.247 144.832 144.112 148.622 153.016 150.236 144.480 143.172 136.703 230.2 238.2 242.1 242.8 243.345 244.020 244.602 244.993 245.236 245.690 246.149 246.815 247.487 248.075 248.876 117.6 179.0 161.6 208.6 166.5 126.1 119.5 116.1 110.8 116.5 194.7 177.1 234.9 182.1 127.0 119.5 114.1 110.7 118.3 190.6 172.1 227.2 177.0 127.2 121.7 115.6 113.9 117.1 192.6 174.2 233.2 179.0 127.0 118.6 113.2 110.2 117.417 194.378 175.718 227.930 181.064 127.093 115.988 110.327 105.891 117.320 194.890 176.092 231.800 181.232 127.495 119.017 111.233 110.871 117.333 196.414 177.635 236.863 182.624 127.655 122.582 113.685 116.911 117.559 196.393 177.515 240.090 182.283 127.423 122.934 115.190 117.118 116.386 198.574 179.798 241.473 184.737 127.309 121.452 114.342 114.444 117.106 206.199 188.040 241.589 193.911 127.361 117.225 110.869 107.826 116.577 206.140 187.624 245.680 193.184 126.894 113.500 109.568 101.291 116.926 204.334 185.453 246.542 190.710 126.520 114.439 109.032 103.237 116.783 204.264 185.306 252.580 190.158 126.193 119.535 112.380 110.973 116.640 200.836 181.509 261.745 185.337 126.233 121.846 114.953 113.402 116.997 202.161 182.725 291.845 184.753 126.252 121.204 114.807 112.166 116.7 122.6 173.9 170.2 116.5 123.5 180.9 177.0 117.6 124.5 173.9 170.0 114.1 123.0 175.4 171.8 112.444 120.915 174.463 170.562 115.416 121.930 174.799 170.775 117.996 123.505 180.346 176.468 115.489 123.672 185.231 181.478 113.632 123.041 189.961 186.376 111.546 120.602 189.064 185.175 108.759 119.375 187.690 183.619 110.221 120.329 184.480 180.408 113.611 123.183 184.532 180.586 117.149 124.675 184.952 180.919 117.339 125.005 190.677 186.839 95.6 137.9 139.4 195.7 194.7 111.9 206.9 217.3 323.2 276.0 336.7 281.7 439.9 109.4 104.2 113.7 95.6 137.6 140.0 221.0 219.9 117.3 215.6 226.6 336.2 285.9 350.6 289.3 468.1 110.9 104.6 116.8 94.9 136.8 137.3 191.4 190.3 119.5 218.5 220.4 340.1 286.6 355.6 291.9 477.7 111.2 103.7 118.1 94.8 137.1 136.2 199.3 198.1 119.5 218.8 217.8 340.1 285.9 356.0 292.4 477.2 110.8 102.8 118.0 94.840 137.603 135.257 193.900 192.806 119.759 219.262 221.403 343.510 288.088 359.757 295.219 482.258 111.012 102.784 117.815 94.591 137.340 134.597 195.377 194.282 120.196 220.530 224.061 346.457 287.703 363.908 298.393 487.881 111.174 103.144 117.971 94.493 137.228 134.382 220.515 219.473 120.485 221.160 225.893 347.172 286.940 365.164 298.990 490.104 111.244 102.886 118.231 94.307 136.963 134.363 242.944 241.897 120.714 221.508 227.567 348.225 288.349 366.070 299.248 492.110 111.481 103.181 118.301 93.981 136.295 134.481 265.781 264.830 120.990 221.999 228.251 349.087 288.661 367.127 299.700 494.122 111.659 103.560 118.787 93.842 135.820 135.067 260.655 259.686 120.885 222.553 233.389 349.510 288.508 367.758 300.052 494.916 111.563 103.416 118.734 93.961 135.415 136.024 252.909 251.883 121.514 223.487 235.767 351.643 290.257 370.008 301.131 499.400 111.347 102.779 119.025 94.121 135.204 137.138 238.194 237.108 121.730 224.019 233.112 352.961 291.164 371.461 302.259 501.026 111.139 102.311 120.311 93.985 134.927 137.142 239.104 237.993 122.292 224.302 230.694 353.723 291.340 372.432 302.410 504.206 111.400 102.759 121.273 94.201 135.344 136.950 239.048 237.819 123.017 224.939 232.725 355.653 292.161 374.750 303.532 510.006 111.753 103.157 121.557 94.562 136.250 136.616 262.282 260.943 123.487 225.672 233.758 357.041 293.201 376.250 303.780 515.359 111.842 102.719 121.409 152.7 365.6 162.1 388.9 167.4 398.5 167.6 167.624 167.927 168.114 168.152 168.403 168.601 169.490 172.873 175.486 176.339 176.717 399.5 405.668 407.809 413.665 414.217 414.694 415.635 418.394 427.425 430.114 431.432 431.606 440.9 84.7 468.1 84.1 483.7 83.3 484.0 483.705 484.459 484.532 484.601 485.337 485.868 488.382 498.071 505.924 508.449 509.605 83.1 82.778 82.845 83.122 83.203 83.772 83.594 83.553 83.655 83.690 83.659 83.250 82.6 94.9 81.7 95.8 80.8 96.5 80.6 96.8 80.246 96.898 80.311 97.096 80.601 97.514 80.683 97.617 81.151 98.491 80.880 98.485 80.840 98.570 80.944 98.813 80.976 98.882 80.946 99.031 80.519 98.775 13.6 12.5 11.4 11.2 10.900 10.853 10.860 10.869 10.787 10.597 10.528 10.487 10.477 10.385 10.204 12.8 313.4 502.8 10.8 321.7 519.9 10.3 324.3 519.4 10.3 10.259 10.174 10.191 10.172 9.971 9.700 9.601 9.524 9.455 9.324 8.946 326.7 329.198 330.459 331.144 331.743 332.785 333.378 333.415 333.325 334.801 335.680 336.379 527.3 543.477 548.896 550.021 547.663 549.703 552.314 553.987 555.217 559.636 560.626 561.967 185.6 154.4 203.9 190.2 155.8 209.7 192.2 156.1 212.3 193.3 193.560 193.987 194.390 195.058 195.641 195.835 195.704 195.521 196.202 196.763 197.156 159.0 157.699 158.038 158.592 158.657 158.594 158.771 158.457 157.788 157.643 158.381 158.561 212.5 214.045 214.616 215.091 215.380 216.228 215.860 216.720 217.028 217.589 217.887 218.604 Food..................…........................................................ Food at home….......................................................... Cereals and bakery products…................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…............................... 1 Other miscellaneous foods 1,2 ……….………………… 1 Food away from home ……….………………………………… 1,2 Other food away from home ……….…………………… Alcoholic beverages…................................................. Housing.......................................................................... Shelter...............…...................................................... Rent of primary residence…..................................... Lodging away from home……………………………… 3 Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence ……… 1,2 Tenants' and household insurance ……….………… Fuels and utilities….................................................. Fuels...............…..................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels…...................................... Gas (piped) and electricity…................................. Household furnishings and operations….................. Apparel .......................................................................... Men's and boys' apparel…........................................ Women's and girls' apparel…................................... 1 Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….…………………… Footwear…............................................................... Transportation................................................................ Private transportation...............…............................... 2 New and used motor vehicles ……….…………………… New vehicles…....................................................... 1 Used cars and trucks ……….……………………………… Motor fuel….............................................................. Gasoline (all types)….............................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment…....................... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair….................. Public transportation...............…................................. Medical care................................................................... Medical care commodities...............…........................ Medical care services...............…............................... Professional services…............................................ Hospital and related services…................................ 2 Recreation ……….………………………………………….……… 1,2 Video and audio ……….……………………………………… 2 Education and communication ……….……………………… 2 Education ……….………………………………………….……… Educational books and supplies….......................... Tuition, other school fees, and child care…............ 1,2 Communication ……….……………………………………… 1,2 ……….… Information and information processing 1,2 Telephone services ……….…………………………… Information and information processing other than telephone services 1,4 ……….…………… 151.127 170.878 175.151 170.152 185.499 203.171 140.919 202.968 206.057 236.504 230.806 151.716 171.483 174.300 171.667 186.358 203.909 141.626 204.385 207.177 237.972 231.739 153.894 171.819 174.633 170.851 186.962 204.082 141.366 205.663 208.080 238.980 232.495 151.799 172.633 175.932 169.817 188.103 204.725 143.155 206.166 208.541 239.735 232.980 152.869 172.657 175.453 171.495 187.921 205.233 143.160 206.599 208.902 239.877 233.549 153.104 173.790 176.665 171.581 189.353 205.934 143.157 207.383 210.649 240.980 234.071 153.384 174.440 178.235 173.691 189.518 206.931 144.785 207.624 211.286 242.067 234.732 154.791 174.686 178.256 174.251 189.781 207.756 145.376 208.264 211.098 242.238 235.311 155.007 174.201 178.172 174.105 189.076 208.805 146.752 208.408 210.865 241.990 236.058 155.545 174.695 177.236 176.050 189.695 209.275 146.074 209.126 210.701 242.405 237.135 154.299 173.963 178.600 175.327 188.340 209.854 146.628 209.018 210.745 242.207 238.169 Personal computers and peripheral 1,2 equipment ……….………………………………… Other goods and services.............................................. Tobacco and smoking products...............…............... 1 Personal care ……….………………………………………….… 1 Personal care products ……….…………………………… 1 Personal care services ……….…………………………… 6HHIRRWQRWHVDWHQGRIWDEOH 112 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 &RQWLQXHG²&RQVXPHU3ULFH,QGH[HVIRU$OO8UEDQ&RQVXPHUVDQGIRU8UEDQ:DJH(DUQHUVDQG&OHULFDO:RUNHUV 86FLW\DYHUDJHE\H[SHQGLWXUHFDWHJRU\DQGFRPPRGLW\RUVHUYLFHJURXS [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Annual average Series 2005 2006 2006 Nov. Dec. 2007 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 303.0 313.6 318.2 318.7 320.047 320.725 321.299 323.321 324.661 325.259 324.579 325.566 327.783 328.056 328.610 160.2 191.2 142.5 168.4 119.5 164.0 195.7 145.9 176.7 119.5 161.8 197.2 142.1 169.7 121.7 162.1 197.4 142.5 170.9 118.6 161.978 199.198 141.529 168.788 115.988 162.890 200.402 142.290 170.479 119.017 165.710 200.869 146.037 178.548 122.582 167.777 201.292 148.749 184.555 122.934 169.767 202.225 151.136 190.075 121.452 168.921 202.885 149.669 187.249 117.225 167.938 203.533 148.016 183.947 113.500 166.955 204.289 146.317 180.480 114.439 167.952 205.279 147.289 182.902 119.535 168.664 206.124 147.924 184.091 121.846 171.043 206.563 151.067 190.560 121.204 202.6 115.3 230.1 233.7 225.7 268.4 216.3 114.5 238.9 241.9 230.8 277.5 203.5 113.5 240.9 244.7 231.5 281.1 207.3 113.3 241.2 245.0 230.8 280.9 205.498 113.263 242.540 246.476 231.367 281.282 206.395 113.210 243.793 248.024 232.077 281.864 217.451 113.163 244.671 249.087 232.200 282.431 227.113 112.989 245.265 249.877 232.217 283.271 237.116 112.637 245.793 250.055 231.777 284.541 235.097 112.375 247.450 251.200 233.202 284.656 231.983 112.177 248.331 252.358 234.632 284.859 225.694 112.036 248.555 252.530 234.563 286.492 226.509 111.746 248.700 252.272 234.322 288.469 227.026 111.889 248.878 252.713 235.458 289.307 238.067 112.103 248.974 252.495 236.449 289.592 196.0 186.1 188.7 144.5 170.1 201.2 180.2 243.2 221.2 177.1 198.7 200.9 140.3 197.4 236.6 202.7 191.9 194.7 148.0 178.2 213.9 186.7 253.3 229.6 196.9 203.7 205.9 140.6 223.0 244.7 202.3 190.7 194.5 144.3 171.7 202.5 183.8 254.6 231.5 180.4 205.3 207.6 140.6 194.6 247.5 202.6 191.1 194.8 144.7 172.7 205.8 184.5 254.9 231.7 185.2 205.1 207.3 139.9 202.4 247.5 203.035 191.328 195.295 143.775 170.878 204.403 184.284 256.164 232.892 183.567 205.993 208.009 139.628 196.983 248.836 204.101 192.272 196.298 144.558 172.552 205.347 185.751 257.147 233.963 184.451 207.106 209.112 140.305 198.617 250.199 206.195 194.482 198.179 148.240 180.197 215.400 190.212 257.864 234.809 196.929 207.850 209.923 141.056 222.620 251.026 207.680 196.062 199.512 150.894 185.861 224.126 193.570 258.261 235.378 207.265 208.243 210.311 140.995 243.957 251.714 208.991 197.783 200.779 153.228 191.064 233.150 196.916 259.262 235.870 219.071 208.400 210.316 140.518 265.562 252.050 209.353 197.913 201.178 151.825 188.463 231.414 195.749 261.677 237.565 221.088 208.636 210.474 139.589 260.739 252.955 209.179 197.408 201.042 150.225 185.382 228.641 194.326 262.284 238.357 217.274 208.980 210.756 138.757 253.696 253.998 208.607 196.803 200.598 148.591 182.170 223.057 192.869 262.588 238.507 209.294 209.399 211.111 138.895 239.885 254.491 209.100 197.708 201.159 149.541 184.450 223.802 194.616 263.243 238.604 209.637 210.000 211.628 139.828 241.120 254.706 209.478 198.171 201.544 150.180 185.610 224.338 195.646 263.109 238.657 207.588 210.714 212.318 140.501 241.642 255.385 210.846 199.998 202.770 153.234 191.668 234.241 199.253 263.599 238.671 219.009 210.888 212.435 140.547 265.420 255.549 191.0 568.9 190.5 190.1 188.9 208.9 184.7 197.1 587.2 194.9 194.4 192.2 213.1 186.1 196.8 586.1 196.5 196.0 193.4 214.9 188.0 197.2 587.3 196.5 196.1 193.2 215.2 188.0 197.559 588.467 198.280 197.886 195.531 216.416 189.119 198.544 591.403 199.540 199.111 197.044 219.191 189.996 200.612 597.561 200.056 199.589 197.735 218.799 192.013 202.130 602.083 200.488 200.009 197.989 220.926 193.089 203.661 606.643 201.478 201.043 199.355 221.259 195.331 203.906 607.374 202.185 201.722 200.059 223.009 196.660 203.700 606.759 202.823 202.409 200.569 223.663 196.323 203.199 605.267 203.610 203.207 201.321 224.220 196.844 203.889 607.324 204.584 204.241 202.351 223.895 197.980 204.338 608.662 205.428 205.082 203.442 224.897 198.146 205.891 613.287 205.763 205.451 203.741 225.941 198.325 Dairy and related products ……….………………… Fruits and vegetables…...................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage 182.2 238.9 180.9 179.9 180.3 182.711 183.185 185.095 185.326 186.948 191.235 198.027 201.598 203.464 205.100 205.850 251.0 255.1 254.7 260.176 266.159 261.627 260.068 262.669 256.565 252.703 251.575 257.223 261.774 265.736 materials…....................................................... Other foods at home…....................................... Sugar and sweets…......................................... Fats and oils….................................................. Other foods…................................................... 1,2 Other miscellaneous foods ……….…………… 1 Food away from home ……….…………………………… 143.7 166.5 164.3 167.8 182.8 111.8 193.3 146.7 169.1 170.5 168.7 185.2 114.2 199.1 148.3 168.7 171.3 168.9 184.3 114.1 201.4 147.8 168.1 171.3 167.3 183.7 115.3 202.0 150.620 170.242 173.929 170.559 185.681 114.759 202.905 150.968 170.861 173.081 172.380 186.473 115.151 203.689 153.329 171.183 173.248 172.005 187.026 114.402 203.838 150.995 171.898 174.459 170.574 188.165 115.432 204.519 152.173 172.024 174.084 172.401 188.049 115.035 205.046 152.501 173.049 175.073 172.222 189.456 116.366 205.691 152.829 173.727 176.736 174.109 189.667 115.355 206.657 154.152 173.997 176.664 174.872 189.941 116.348 207.533 154.501 173.463 176.458 175.039 189.110 114.584 208.578 154.873 174.215 176.248 176.683 189.987 115.378 209.037 153.610 173.393 176.845 176.101 188.657 115.803 209.518 131.1 195.8 191.2 217.5 216.5 130.0 136.2 200.6 198.5 224.8 224.2 135.3 138.3 201.9 199.9 227.8 228.0 129.3 138.7 201.1 200.5 228.3 229.1 127.1 140.499 202.821 201.509 229.359 229.921 132.607 141.274 204.616 202.370 230.472 230.860 138.083 141.119 205.729 203.203 231.315 231.634 141.335 142.991 206.342 203.588 231.957 232.126 144.370 143.031 206.636 204.033 232.181 232.690 143.880 143.018 207.767 205.711 233.040 233.188 148.948 144.439 207.647 206.183 233.848 233.855 153.107 144.938 208.253 206.054 234.169 234.457 149.919 145.783 208.286 206.050 234.275 235.175 143.727 144.764 209.176 205.916 234.812 236.259 142.666 145.233 208.958 206.288 235.069 237.288 136.244 208.8 117.9 177.9 159.7 208.1 165.4 121.8 119.1 115.6 110.4 216.0 116.8 193.1 174.4 234.0 180.2 122.6 119.1 114.0 110.3 219.5 118.6 188.9 169.4 226.3 175.1 122.8 121.8 115.8 114.2 220.1 117.4 190.9 171.5 232.2 177.1 122.6 118.6 113.0 110.4 220.602 117.748 192.895 173.352 226.971 179.457 122.623 115.315 109.762 105.697 221.185 117.622 193.330 173.654 231.136 179.550 122.962 118.211 111.079 110.214 221.704 117.653 194.963 175.303 236.103 181.092 123.134 122.021 113.921 116.275 222.062 117.945 194.974 175.223 239.516 180.803 122.881 122.475 115.103 116.826 222.264 116.828 197.052 177.372 241.052 183.103 122.786 120.931 113.986 114.316 222.671 117.503 204.396 185.178 241.249 191.771 122.826 116.389 110.739 107.422 223.093 116.912 204.272 184.725 245.633 191.010 122.550 113.157 109.580 101.709 223.693 117.287 202.397 182.518 246.382 188.511 122.190 114.146 108.556 103.960 224.321 117.142 202.304 182.357 252.684 187.963 121.820 118.986 111.981 110.847 224.811 116.982 198.796 178.539 261.972 183.172 122.039 121.536 114.710 113.623 225.548 117.370 200.151 179.777 292.098 182.781 122.031 120.920 114.784 112.165 119.3 121.8 173.0 170.3 94.7 118.6 123.1 180.3 177.5 94.7 120.5 124.2 172.7 169.9 93.9 116.8 122.6 174.4 171.7 93.7 114.948 120.506 173.182 170.321 93.709 118.037 121.679 173.518 170.588 93.459 120.167 122.870 179.541 176.695 93.365 117.530 123.339 184.930 182.156 93.234 115.555 122.983 190.265 187.595 93.000 113.427 120.367 189.205 186.374 92.917 110.906 119.278 187.606 184.684 93.042 112.879 119.831 184.147 181.218 93.229 115.896 122.846 184.361 181.495 93.118 119.670 124.372 184.639 181.717 93.268 119.897 124.649 190.761 187.951 93.529 Miscellaneous personal services...............….... Commodity and service group: Commodities...........…............................................ Food and beverages…......................................... Commodities less food and beverages…............. Nondurables less food and beverages…............ Apparel …......................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel…................................................. Durables….......................................................... Services….............................................................. 3 Rent of shelter ……….…………………………………… Transportation services….................................... Other services….................................................. Special indexes: All items less food…............................................ All items less shelter…........................................ All items less medical care…............................... Commodities less food…..................................... Nondurables less food…..................................... Nondurables less food and apparel…................. Nondurables…..................................................... 3 Services less rent of shelter ……….………………… Services less medical care services…................ Energy….............................................................. All items less energy…........................................ All items less food and energy…....................... Commodities less food and energy….............. Energy commodities...................................... Services less energy….................................... CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All items.................................................................... All items (1967 = 100)............................................... Food and beverages................................................ Food..................….................................................. Food at home….................................................... Cereals and bakery products….......................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs…......................... 1 1,2 Other food away from home ……….……………… Alcoholic beverages…........................................... Housing.................................................................... Shelter...............…................................................ Rent of primary residence…............................... 2 Lodging away from home ……….…………………… 3 Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence … 1,2 Tenants' and household insurance ……….…… Fuels and utilities…........................................... Fuels...............….............................................. Fuel oil and other fuels…................................ Gas (piped) and electricity….......................... Household furnishings and operations…............ Apparel ................................................................... Men's and boys' apparel…................................. Women's and girls' apparel…............................. 1 Infants' and toddlers' apparel ……….……………… Footwear…......................................................... Transportation.......................................................... Private transportation...............…......................... 2 New and used motor vehicles ……….……………… See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 113 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data &RQWLQXHG²&RQVXPHU3ULFH,QGH[HVIRU$OO8UEDQ&RQVXPHUVDQGIRU8UEDQ:DJH(DUQHUVDQG&OHULFDO:RUNHUV86FLW\ DYHUDJHE\H[SHQGLWXUHFDWHJRU\DQGFRPPRGLW\RUVHUYLFHJURXS [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Annual average Series 2005 New vehicles…............................................ 2006 2006 Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 138.9 138.6 137.9 138.2 138.722 138.451 138.315 138.077 137.535 137.060 136.663 136.414 136.129 136.509 137.372 140.3 196.3 195.4 111.5 209.3 215.5 140.8 221.6 220.7 116.9 218.1 225.0 138.1 192.0 191.0 119.2 221.1 219.7 137.0 199.8 198.8 119.2 221.4 217.4 136.063 194.278 193.262 119.464 221.769 220.809 135.411 195.934 194.923 119.897 223.054 223.338 135.203 221.011 220.052 120.170 223.683 224.973 135.192 243.574 242.613 120.367 224.086 226.521 135.320 266.737 265.874 120.709 224.623 227.024 135.917 261.679 260.799 120.666 225.172 231.549 136.880 253.893 252.957 121.350 226.090 233.390 137.999 239.097 238.100 121.584 226.636 231.082 137.996 240.271 239.252 122.144 226.881 229.148 137.798 240.040 238.906 122.830 227.472 231.182 137.457 263.248 262.013 123.302 228.267 231.999 322.8 269.2 337.3 284.3 436.1 335.7 279.0 351.1 291.7 463.6 339.8 279.7 356.3 294.2 473.9 340.0 279.1 356.7 294.7 473.0 343.138 281.098 360.251 297.335 477.603 346.191 280.597 364.519 300.720 482.895 346.946 279.762 365.827 301.339 485.074 348.109 281.216 366.870 301.599 487.336 348.801 281.502 367.696 301.979 488.523 349.145 280.862 368.384 302.346 489.292 351.346 282.662 370.696 303.481 493.563 352.704 283.379 372.261 304.677 495.191 353.571 283.712 373.306 304.841 498.533 355.719 284.517 375.899 306.072 505.077 357.165 285.475 377.498 306.300 510.836 106.8 108.2 108.5 108.1 108.281 108.484 108.461 108.680 108.905 108.681 108.403 108.179 108.495 108.793 108.805 103.4 103.9 103.3 102.4 102.334 102.653 102.363 102.690 103.137 103.001 102.358 101.923 102.427 102.833 102.465 111.4 113.9 114.9 114.8 114.703 114.870 115.161 115.280 115.830 115.746 115.980 116.981 117.707 117.891 117.686 Education ……….……………………………………… Educational books and supplies….............. 151.0 367.1 160.3 390.7 165.4 401.0 165.5 165.789 166.144 166.341 166.441 166.667 166.758 167.527 170.635 173.060 173.700 174.016 402.0 409.068 411.130 417.027 417.583 417.791 418.705 421.529 431.089 433.670 434.800 434.979 Tuition, other school fees, and child care… 427.1 86.4 453.3 86.0 468.0 85.4 468.3 468.417 469.284 469.224 469.472 470.148 470.329 472.395 480.960 488.199 490.061 491.022 85.2 85.030 85.112 85.408 85.523 86.140 85.999 86.015 86.148 86.184 86.182 85.807 84.9 84.3 83.7 83.5 83.256 83.337 83.645 83.760 84.304 84.095 84.111 84.248 84.283 84.282 83.894 95.0 95.9 96.7 96.9 97.045 97.233 97.625 97.738 98.610 98.603 98.721 98.964 99.024 99.149 98.874 14.2 13.0 11.9 11.6 11.321 11.272 11.292 11.322 11.243 11.062 11.001 10.965 10.958 10.877 10.710 12.6 322.2 504.2 10.7 330.9 521.6 10.2 332.9 521.1 10.2 10.081 9.997 10.040 10.036 9.843 9.583 9.495 9.421 9.348 9.229 8.866 335.7 339.084 340.917 341.719 342.057 343.096 343.939 344.221 344.214 345.800 346.742 347.427 528.6 544.568 550.097 551.161 548.812 550.888 553.538 555.366 556.517 561.092 562.134 563.435 1 Used cars and trucks ……….…………………… Motor fuel…................................................... Gasoline (all types)….................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment…............ Motor vehicle maintenance and repair…....... Public transportation...............…..................... Medical care....................................................... Medical care commodities...............…............ Medical care services...............…................... Professional services…................................. Hospital and related services…..................... 2 Recreation ……….……………………………………… Video and audio 1,2 ……….…………………………… 2 Education and communication ……….…………… 2 1,2 Communication ……….…………………………… 1,2 Information and information processing … 1,2 Telephone services ……….………………… Information and information processing other than telephone services 1,4 ……….… Personal computers and peripheral 1,2 equipment ……….……………………… Other goods and services.................................. Tobacco and smoking products...............….... 1 184.0 188.3 190.0 191.1 191.311 191.922 192.411 193.075 193.595 193.858 193.792 193.598 194.160 194.769 195.122 1 154.5 155.7 156.0 158.6 157.505 157.992 158.528 158.578 158.566 158.739 158.445 157.813 157.654 158.408 158.579 1 204.2 303.4 209.8 314.1 212.5 318.5 212.7 214.254 214.773 215.318 215.658 216.489 216.174 217.040 217.354 217.822 218.149 218.897 318.7 319.885 321.269 322.090 324.252 325.617 326.572 326.135 327.235 329.329 329.706 330.258 161.4 190.5 144.7 173.2 119.1 165.7 194.9 148.7 182.6 119.1 163.1 196.5 144.4 174.6 121.8 163.5 196.5 145.0 176.1 118.6 210.6 115.1 226.1 114.6 211.2 113.6 215.7 213.546 214.738 227.564 238.898 250.737 248.347 244.695 237.329 238.345 238.798 251.442 113.3 113.270 113.178 113.107 112.945 112.686 112.485 112.425 112.362 112.114 112.241 112.413 Personal care ……….………………………………… Personal care products ……….………………… Personal care services ……….………………… Miscellaneous personal services...............… Commodity and service group: Commodities...........…....................................... Food and beverages….................................... Commodities less food and beverages…........ Nondurables less food and beverages…...... Apparel …................................................... 163.212 198.280 143.764 173.542 115.315 164.171 199.540 144.567 175.371 118.211 167.350 200.056 148.836 184.604 122.021 169.746 200.488 152.034 191.650 122.475 172.126 201.478 154.964 198.237 120.931 171.216 202.185 153.367 195.053 116.389 170.252 202.823 151.724 191.603 113.157 169.122 203.610 149.781 187.515 114.146 170.141 204.584 150.795 189.981 118.986 170.865 205.428 151.448 191.230 121.536 173.489 205.763 155.011 198.661 120.920 Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel…............................................ Durables….................................................... Services…......................................................... 3 Rent of shelter ……….……………………………… Transporatation services…............................ Other services…............................................. 225.7 234.1 236.2 236.6 237.761 238.783 239.586 240.106 240.672 242.241 242.901 243.118 243.436 243.572 243.906 209.5 225.9 260.0 216.6 230.6 268.2 219.5 231.9 271.2 220.0 221.062 222.150 222.970 223.590 223.833 224.655 225.455 225.760 225.867 226.393 226.636 231.4 231.783 232.362 232.332 232.218 231.542 232.623 233.737 233.831 233.868 234.848 235.874 270.9 271.323 271.921 272.474 273.342 274.697 274.670 274.766 276.015 277.702 278.404 278.513 191.0 183.4 185.4 146.5 174.6 208.4 182.5 197.5 189.2 191.3 150.6 183.8 223.0 189.5 196.7 187.6 190.8 146.4 176.3 209.5 186.1 197.2 188.0 191.2 147.0 177.7 213.5 186.9 197.317 188.108 191.475 145.822 175.341 211.702 186.434 198.258 189.058 192.389 146.653 177.171 212.940 187.995 200.616 191.591 194.481 150.856 185.979 224.712 193.028 202.335 193.443 195.998 153.999 192.687 235.083 196.887 203.955 195.463 197.543 156.872 198.945 245.886 200.781 204.121 195.489 197.783 155.339 195.988 243.806 199.476 203.750 194.913 197.504 153.730 192.714 240.471 198.000 203.011 194.109 196.949 151.846 188.873 233.817 196.266 203.638 195.018 197.629 152.837 191.210 234.745 198.017 204.015 195.440 198.022 153.499 192.442 235.233 199.075 205.783 197.479 199.565 156.977 199.471 246.726 203.087 215.9 217.2 177.2 193.5 194.6 140.6 197.7 232.3 224.7 225.3 196.8 198.0 199.2 141.1 223.0 239.9 225.5 227.1 179.8 199.7 200.9 141.1 194.4 242.8 225.8 227.6 184.7 199.6 200.7 140.4 202.1 243.0 226.994 228.608 182.878 200.245 201.110 139.999 196.605 244.080 227.801 229.453 183.842 201.238 202.056 140.680 198.398 245.211 228.479 230.221 196.940 201.948 202.816 141.482 222.509 245.923 228.811 230.708 207.932 202.300 203.154 141.450 244.148 246.539 229.694 231.253 220.348 202.489 203.163 141.011 266.260 246.894 231.965 232.848 221.832 202.582 203.132 140.019 261.460 247.606 232.367 233.415 217.795 202.849 203.310 139.352 254.282 248.434 232.450 233.562 209.441 203.319 203.710 139.557 240.247 248.977 232.982 233.839 209.933 204.037 204.363 140.491 241.692 249.398 232.628 233.850 207.885 204.797 205.107 141.236 241.955 250.127 233.029 234.115 219.861 205.066 205.355 141.254 265.598 250.546 Special indexes: All items less food…....................................... All items less shelter…................................... All items less medical care….......................... Commodities less food…............................... Nondurables less food…................................ Nondurables less food and apparel…............ Nondurables…............................................... 3 Services less rent of shelter ……….…………… Services less medical care services…........... Energy…........................................................ All items less energy…................................... All items less food and energy….................. Commodities less food and energy…........ Energy commodities................................. Services less energy…............................... 114 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 2 Indexes on a December 1997 = 100 base. 3 Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 ,QGH[HVRQD'HFHPEHU EDVH &RQVXPHU3ULFH,QGH[86FLW\DYHUDJHDQGDYDLODEOHORFDODUHDGDWDDOOLWHPV [1982–84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Pricing All Urban Consumers sched- 2007 ule1 U.S. city average…………………………………………… June July Aug. Urban Wage Earners 2007 Sept. Oct. Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. M 208.352 208.299 207.917 208.490 208.936 210.177 203.906 203.700 203.199 203.889 204.338 205.891 Northeast urban……….………………………………………….……… M 221.579 221.945 221.559 221.436 221.951 223.356 217.794 217.879 217.379 217.486 218.151 219.871 Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... M 224.036 224.229 224.246 224.274 224.636 225.766 218.624 218.523 218.445 218.791 219.275 220.710 M 130.893 131.391 130.519 130.206 130.761 132.049 131.234 131.521 130.684 130.447 131.080 132.485 M 199.263 198.989 198.551 199.714 199.455 200.762 194.538 194.219 193.663 194.828 194.384 196.056 M 200.666 200.369 199.823 201.171 200.927 202.012 195.105 194.725 194.084 195.306 194.843 196.343 M 127.372 127.111 126.886 127.504 127.349 128.392 126.995 126.738 126.435 127.139 126.879 128.129 Region and area size2 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… 4 Midwest urban ……….………………………………………….………… Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)…………..... M 194.442 194.815 194.716 195.483 195.054 196.569 192.455 192.804 192.437 193.586 193.074 194.907 South urban…….….............................................................. M 201.675 201.571 201.041 201.697 202.155 203.437 198.838 198.673 198.063 198.873 199.319 200.849 Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... M 204.152 203.953 203.579 204.302 204.779 205.698 202.215 201.867 201.384 202.354 202.906 203.991 M 128.265 128.226 127.833 128.263 128.600 129.556 126.930 126.878 126.445 126.953 127.265 128.407 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000)…………..... M 201.445 201.576 200.771 200.898 200.712 202.550 201.709 201.809 201.006 201.250 200.942 202.913 West urban…….…............................................................... M 212.680 212.542 212.406 212.920 213.917 214.904 207.311 206.927 206.624 207.164 208.304 209.629 Size A—More than 1,500,000........................................... M 215.901 215.855 215.825 216.429 217.314 218.196 208.726 208.388 208.225 208.921 210.025 211.268 M 129.262 129.067 128.939 129.064 129.866 130.581 129.097 128.840 128.546 128.642 129.419 130.356 M M M 190.637 190.571 190.382 190.962 191.324 192.224 188.909 188.642 188.338 189.072 189.471 190.680 128.628 128.601 128.216 128.506 128.869 129.848 127.942 127.866 127.419 127.759 128.103 129.268 200.800 200.893 200.311 200.903 200.941 202.525 199.237 199.207 198.559 199.289 199.275 201.016 Chicago–Gary–Kenosha, IL–IN–WI………………………….. Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County, CA……….………… M M 206.092 205.561 205.813 206.454 206.696 207.821 199.279 198.700 198.630 199.419 199.558 200.887 217.273 217.454 217.330 217.697 218.696 219.943 209.614 209.444 209.240 209.849 211.259 212.844 228.258 228.628 228.326 228.308 228.552 229.504 222.322 222.237 221.905 222.174 222.624 223.716 3 Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,000 ……….………………………… Size classes: 5 A ……….………………………………………….…………..…………… 3 B/C ……………………….….………………………………………….… D…………….…………...................................................... Selected local areas 6 New York, NY–Northern NJ–Long Island, NY–NJ–CT–PA… M Boston–Brockton–Nashua, MA–NH–ME–CT……….………… 1 – 226.929 – 227.850 – 230.689 – 226.465 – 227.429 – 230.440 Cleveland–Akron, OH…………………………………………… 1 – 197.010 – 197.000 – 197.726 – 187.344 – 187.784 – 188.488 Dallas–Ft Worth, TX…….……………………………………… 1 – 194.286 – 194.847 – 196.465 – 196.198 – 197.027 – 198.521 Washington–Baltimore, DC–MD–VA–WV ……….……………… 1 – 134.442 – 134.678 – 135.151 – 133.766 – 134.277 – 134.844 Atlanta, GA……………………..………………………………… 2 202.200 – 201.258 – 201.938 – 200.943 – 200.162 – 200.714 Detroit–Ann Arbor–Flint, MI…………………………………… 2 201.585 – 199.679 – 201.786 – 196.701 – 194.798 – 196.237 – Houston–Galveston–Brazoria, TX……………………………… 2 184.529 – 183.740 – 184.922 – 183.380 – 182.425 – 183.426 – Miami–Ft. Lauderdale, FL……………...……………………… 2 212.820 – 213.127 – 215.159 – 210.938 – 211.041 – 213.454 – Philadelphia–Wilmington–Atlantic City, PA–NJ–DE–MD…… 2 217.255 – 218.692 – 218.929 – 216.511 – 217.331 – 218.061 – San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA…….………………… 2 216.123 – 216.240 – 217.949 – 211.422 – 211.620 – 213.133 – Seattle–Tacoma–Bremerton, WA………………...…………… 2 215.510 – 215.978 – 218.427 – 210.550 – 210.220 – 213.107 – 7 1 – Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated: M—Every month. 1—January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2—February, April, June, August, October, and December. Report : Anchorage, AK; Cincinnatti, OH–KY–IN; Kansas City, MO–KS; Milwaukee–Racine, WI; Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN–WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land–Salem, OR–WA; St Louis, MO–IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. Dash indicates data not available. 4 The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 6 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base. In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI Detailed 7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 115 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 40. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1982–84 = 100] Series Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Index..................……............................................... Percent change............................…………………… Food and beverages: Index................……................................................. Percent change............................…………………… Housing: Index....………………............................................... Percent change............................…………………… Apparel: Index........................……......................................... Percent change............................…………………… Transportation: Index........................………...................................... Percent change............................…………………… Medical care: Index................……................................................. Percent change............................…………………… Other goods and services: Index............……..................................................... Percent change............................…………………… Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Index....................……………................................... Percent change............................…………………… 116 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 156.9 3.0 160.5 2.3 163.0 1.6 166.6 2.2 172.2 3.4 177.1 2.8 179.9 1.6 184.0 2.3 188.9 2.7 195.3 3.4 201.6 3.2 153.7 3.2 157.7 2.6 161.1 2.2 164.6 2.2 168.4 2.3 173.6 3.1 176.8 1.8 180.5 2.1 186.6 3.3 191.2 2.5 195.7 2.4 152.8 2.9 156.8 2.6 160.4 2.3 163.9 2.2 169.6 3.5 176.4 4.0 180.3 2.2 184.8 2.5 189.5 2.5 195.7 3.3 203.2 3.8 131.7 –.2 132.9 .9 133.0 .1 131.3 –1.3 129.6 –1.3 127.3 –1.8 124.0 –2.6 120.9 –2.5 120.4 –.4 119.5 –.7 119.5 .0 143.0 2.8 144.3 0.9 141.6 –1.9 144.4 2.0 153.3 6.2 154.3 0.7 152.9 –.9 157.6 3.1 163.1 3.5 173.9 6.6 180.9 4.0 228.2 3.5 234.6 2.8 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 260.8 4.1 272.8 4.6 285.6 4.7 297.1 4.0 310.1 4.4 323.2 4.2 336.2 4.0 215.4 4.1 224.8 4.4 237.7 5.7 258.3 8.7 271.1 5.0 282.6 4.2 293.2 3.8 298.7 1.9 304.7 2.0 313.4 2.9 321.7 2.6 154.1 2.9 157.6 2.3 159.7 1.3 163.2 2.2 168.9 3.5 173.5 2.7 175.9 1.4 179.8 2.2 184.5 5.1 191.0 1.1 197.1 3.2 3URGXFHU3ULFH,QGH[HVE\VWDJHRISURFHVVLQJ > @ Annual average Grouping 2005 Finished goods....…………………………… Finished consumer goods......................... Finished consumer foods........................ 2006 2006 Nov. Dec. 2007 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.p Sept.p Oct.p Nov.p 155.7 160.4 155.7 160.4 166.0 156.7 159.8 164.5 157.9 160.5 165.5 160.1 160.1 164.9 161.1 161.8 167.1 163.9 164.1 170.2 166.3 165.9 172.7 166.8 167.5 174.8 166.8 167.2 174.4 166.3 168.5 176.2 166.4 165.8 172.6 165.8 167.4 174.8 168.3 168.6 175.9 169.6 171.3 179.4 169.4 excluding foods..................................... Nondurable goods less food................. Durable goods...................................... Capital equipment................................... 161.9 172.0 136.6 144.6 169.2 182.6 136.9 146.9 166.7 177.8 139.1 148.8 167.2 178.9 138.5 148.6 166.0 177.1 138.3 148.9 167.9 180.0 138.4 149.2 171.2 185.2 138.2 149.1 174.5 190.4 137.7 149.1 177.6 195.0 137.7 149.1 177.2 194.5 137.7 149.0 179.7 198.1 137.6 149.1 174.8 191.1 137.4 149.2 176.9 194.4 136.9 149.0 177.9 194.6 139.5 150.5 182.9 201.6 140.1 150.8 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components........………… 154.0 164.0 163.3 164.1 163.3 164.3 166.6 169.1 171.1 172.0 173.6 171.5 172.3 172.1 176.5 for manufacturing...................................... Materials for food manufacturing.............. Materials for nondurable manufacturing... Materials for durable manufacturing......... Components for manufacturing................ 146.0 146.0 163.2 158.3 129.9 155.9 146.2 175.0 180.5 134.5 157.4 148.1 173.8 185.3 136.2 157.1 147.9 172.9 185.0 136.2 157.3 150.3 174.0 183.1 136.5 157.6 152.8 174.5 183.8 136.0 158.7 155.5 176.3 186.3 135.8 160.6 157.5 177.7 192.9 136.0 162.8 160.6 182.9 195.0 136.0 163.6 163.0 184.9 194.8 136.2 164.5 163.6 187.1 195.1 136.4 163.3 164.8 185.4 191.1 136.4 163.4 167.4 186.3 188.7 136.5 163.9 166.9 188.4 187.9 136.5 166.3 166.2 195.0 189.8 136.6 Materials and components for construction......................................... Processed fuels and lubricants................... Containers.................................................. Supplies...................................................... 176.6 150.0 167.1 151.9 188.4 162.8 175.0 157.0 189.6 153.9 176.8 158.6 189.6 157.5 176.8 159.3 190.3 152.0 178.1 159.6 190.6 156.1 178.1 160.1 191.2 164.6 178.1 160.4 192.1 171.6 179.2 160.7 192.8 176.2 179.6 160.8 193.1 178.1 179.7 161.4 193.5 183.0 180.2 161.9 193.6 175.5 180.7 161.8 193.3 178.8 180.7 162.1 193.2 176.2 182.2 162.8 192.9 191.0 183.1 163.9 Crude materials for further processing.......................………………… Foodstuffs and feedstuffs........................... Crude nonfood materials............................ 182.2 122.7 223.4 184.8 119.3 230.6 186.6 127.5 227.2 191.2 126.9 235.7 180.0 128.7 212.9 197.0 138.8 235.1 202.1 142.0 241.5 204.2 143.7 243.9 208.0 148.1 246.6 209.7 148.4 249.6 210.3 150.0 249.2 204.3 147.9 240.3 204.7 151.9 237.5 209.9 149.8 248.7 228.4 152.7 279.4 Special groupings: Finished goods, excluding foods................ Finished energy goods............................... Finished goods less energy........................ Finished consumer goods less energy....... Finished goods less food and energy......... 155.5 132.6 155.9 160.8 156.4 161.0 145.9 157.9 162.7 158.7 160.0 137.9 159.4 164.0 160.3 160.3 139.1 159.9 164.9 160.3 159.6 135.6 160.4 165.5 160.6 161.0 139.0 161.6 167.0 161.2 163.2 147.4 162.1 167.8 161.0 165.3 155.4 162.2 168.0 161.0 167.4 161.9 162.4 168.3 161.3 167.1 160.9 162.3 168.2 161.3 168.8 166.4 162.4 168.3 161.4 165.5 155.0 162.3 168.1 161.4 166.9 159.6 163.0 169.1 161.5 168.0 159.5 164.5 170.7 163.0 171.5 170.5 164.7 170.9 163.5 and energy................................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food 164.3 166.7 168.1 168.1 168.5 169.2 169.0 169.0 169.5 169.6 169.7 169.7 169.9 171.6 172.1 and energy.............................................. 187.1 191.5 192.2 192.7 193.6 195.1 194.9 195.4 196.5 196.7 197.1 197.1 198.1 198.7 199.3 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds.................................................. Intermediate foods and feeds..................... Intermediate energy goods......................... Intermediate goods less energy.................. 155.1 133.8 149.2 153.3 165.4 135.2 162.8 162.1 164.6 138.6 153.9 163.7 165.3 140.4 156.8 163.9 164.3 142.6 151.8 164.1 165.2 147.2 155.7 164.4 167.5 149.8 164.0 165.2 170.0 151.0 170.5 166.7 172.1 151.6 176.7 167.6 172.9 154.5 179.2 168.1 174.5 155.9 184.2 168.8 172.3 156.4 177.2 168.0 173.0 158.5 179.9 168.3 172.8 159.7 178.0 168.5 177.3 161.3 192.3 170.2 and energy................................................ 154.6 163.8 165.3 165.4 165.5 165.5 166.2 167.7 168.6 169.0 169.6 168.8 168.9 169.2 170.8 Crude energy materials.............................. Crude materials less energy....................... Crude nonfood materials less energy......... 234.0 143.5 202.4 226.9 152.3 244.5 220.5 159.2 248.1 230.9 159.9 252.3 195.9 162.1 255.5 223.9 172.3 265.6 224.7 179.3 284.5 226.5 181.6 288.4 233.0 183.7 282.8 238.0 183.6 281.5 236.8 185.5 284.0 224.4 184.2 285.9 219.9 188.2 289.2 232.9 187.5 294.0 272.5 190.0 294.6 Finished consumer goods Materials and components Finished consumer goods less food Intermediate materials less foods S SUHOLPLQDU\ Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 117 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 3URGXFHU3ULFH,QGH[HVIRUWKHQHWRXWSXWRIPDMRULQGXVWU\JURXSV >'HFHPEHU XQOHVVRWKHUZLVHLQGLFDWHG@ NAICS 2006 Industry Nov. Total mining industries (December 1984=100)............................. Dec. 2007 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.p Sept.p Oct.p Nov.p 205.5 244.5 149.3 177.1 212.2 256.2 150.7 175.3 188.2 217.7 149.1 172.4 207.8 248.3 150.8 177.9 210.6 252.4 153.7 175.5 214.1 257.1 158.2 172.1 221.1 268.2 159.1 172.8 222.6 270.9 159.3 171.2 222.3 269.6 162.4 168.9 213.6 255.7 162.0 167.0 212.9 254.5 161.2 168.9 225.4 273.8 163.4 171.2 253.8 320.6 165.6 168.8 156.4 149.0 106.5 107.3 100.8 147.4 105.8 114.1 106.3 211.8 156.9 149.8 106.9 106.8 100.8 147.6 106.0 114.3 106.3 216.6 156.4 151.6 107.5 107.0 101.4 148.6 106.6 114.7 106.3 203.2 157.7 153.8 109.0 107.5 101.5 148.8 106.5 114.7 106.1 212.3 160.1 155.8 108.5 107.7 101.4 149.3 106.8 114.5 106.3 237.2 162.2 156.9 109.1 107.4 101.6 149.7 107.0 114.7 106.6 259.3 163.8 158.7 109.2 107.6 101.5 149.6 107.0 114.8 106.5 274.3 163.7 160.3 109.3 107.8 101.4 149.4 107.5 115.2 106.5 268.2 164.9 160.4 109.2 108.4 101.5 149.4 108.4 115.4 106.7 283.1 163.0 160.1 109.6 108.7 101.7 149.4 107.7 115.5 106.9 257.9 163.9 161.1 110.2 108.9 101.7 149.9 107.3 116.0 107.2 267.8 164.4 160.7 111.2 108.9 101.7 150.2 106.3 117.4 107.3 267.4 167.9 161.3 111.2 109.5 101.9 150.5 106.1 117.8 107.3 305.1 (December 1984=100)………………………………….………… Chemical manufacturing (December 1984=100)…………………… 196.5 151.1 Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 197.0 150.6 197.3 149.9 198.1 149.6 199.4 149.4 201.1 149.4 201.9 149.8 202.8 149.9 203.6 150.4 205.0 151.0 205.3 151.1 205.9 151.6 208.8 152.3 Primary metal manufacturing (December 1984=100)……………… Fabricated metal product manufacturing (December 1984=100)… Machinery manufacturing………………………..…………………… Computer and electronic products manufacturing………………… Electrical equipment, appliance, and components manufacturing Transportation equipment manufacturing…………………………… Furniture and related product manufacturing 186.3 158.5 110.1 96.3 119.4 105.1 163.6 186.5 159.0 110.2 96.2 119.2 104.8 163.6 183.6 160.0 111.0 96.3 119.2 105.0 164.5 184.6 160.7 111.5 95.4 119.3 105.0 165.3 187.2 161.3 111.7 95.1 119.7 104.8 165.2 194.1 161.9 112.0 95.1 120.5 104.5 165.5 197.1 162.5 112.1 94.7 121.8 104.4 165.7 196.4 162.2 112.0 94.6 122.1 104.4 165.9 196.4 162.3 112.1 94.1 123.0 104.4 165.6 190.8 162.6 112.4 93.8 124.0 104.3 165.6 188.0 162.6 112.5 93.5 124.0 103.9 165.9 187.3 162.5 112.6 93.2 124.4 106.0 166.2 189.3 163.6 112.7 92.8 124.2 106.4 166.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing………………………………………… 105.3 105.4 106.1 106.5 106.8 106.8 107.1 107.0 106.9 107.0 107.2 107.4 107.6 113.5 115.7 104.4 119.4 50.9 123.9 112.2 115.6 93.7 119.5 52.5 130.2 113.4 115.4 102.0 121.8 73.0 134.8 114.1 115.2 104.6 121.6 60.1 131.0 114.9 115.8 101.8 122.1 66.1 128.7 115.7 115.7 97.9 122.2 71.1 130.5 115.6 115.2 110.2 123.0 86.1 129.5 116.2 116.2 112.4 123.1 86.5 127.7 115.6 116.5 111.6 123.6 81.6 123.1 116.9 117.1 110.4 124.9 84.8 129.4 115.6 118.8 108.8 124.1 71.6 128.3 115.3 118.6 106.5 123.6 80.0 130.6 116.1 121.2 106.4 123.9 72.8 127.9 Air transportation (December 1992=100)…………………………… 179.0 Water transportation…………………………………………………… 111.6 Postal service (June 1989=100)……………………………………… 164.7 172.0 111.4 164.7 177.0 110.6 164.7 178.6 111.2 164.7 181.5 111.4 164.7 182.4 111.4 164.7 177.8 111.5 175.4 185.9 111.7 175.4 188.0 113.6 175.5 190.0 115.5 175.5 180.9 117.1 175.5 187.9 115.6 175.5 187.8 114.2 175.5 122.9 122.0 125.6 124.4 124.5 125.4 129.9 131.6 131.0 130.8 128.2 127.8 117.6 104.5 122.2 155.8 110.8 109.9 118.0 104.6 122.3 156.0 110.8 110.0 121.9 106.7 122.9 157.2 112.6 111.1 122.3 106.7 123.6 157.5 112.9 111.3 122.4 106.7 123.6 157.3 113.4 111.5 122.2 106.7 123.6 157.4 113.7 111.5 122.0 106.4 123.6 157.4 113.7 112.2 122.1 107.2 123.6 157.6 113.9 112.5 122.2 107.0 123.8 158.1 114.9 112.9 122.1 107.7 123.8 158.0 114.6 112.1 122.2 108.3 123.9 158.1 114.5 113.0 123.0 107.6 124.5 160.4 115.1 113.5 123.0 107.5 125.0 161.4 115.5 113.4 107.2 105.2 99.2 100.0 115.9 107.1 110.7 102.6 117.9 146.7 108.0 107.0 103.8 99.7 99.9 116.1 108.0 110.7 102.9 121.4 146.9 110.1 107.5 102.7 99.3 100.1 117.8 105.7 110.5 103.1 119.7 151.7 110.3 107.7 103.1 99.5 100.1 117.3 105.7 110.8 102.7 116.7 152.5 109.0 107.8 102.5 99.7 100.2 117.3 105.8 111.4 103.4 116.7 152.8 109.8 108.0 101.1 100.4 100.1 118.1 105.9 111.4 103.6 117.0 153.0 110.6 108.2 101.6 100.7 100.4 118.7 106.0 110.4 104.0 114.1 153.3 110.9 108.1 101.8 101.0 100.3 118.6 106.8 110.8 103.7 114.4 153.4 111.4 108.2 98.7 102.2 100.4 120.5 106.2 111.1 103.8 121.2 153.7 112.2 108.1 99.1 101.2 100.5 120.8 107.2 111.0 101.6 119.7 153.9 112.3 108.5 99.4 102.0 100.4 121.0 106.8 110.7 103.0 116.1 153.9 112.2 108.5 101.1 102.0 100.5 121.0 107.4 111.4 103.5 119.8 154.3 114.0 108.6 102.1 101.3 100.4 121.5 107.7 110.5 104.4 119.1 155.2 113.5 (December 1996=100)……………………………………………… 136.3 Advertising agencies…………………………………………………… 104.7 Employment services (December 1996=100)……………………… 120.2 Travel agencies………………………………………………………… 102.3 Janitorial services……………………………………………………… 104.8 Waste collection………………………………………………………… 106.1 Accommodation (December 1996=100)…………………………… 138.3 S SUHOLPLQDU\ 136.4 104.7 120.7 99.1 104.8 106.0 136.1 138.3 104.4 120.8 100.5 105.1 106.1 138.7 138.3 104.4 121.0 100.2 105.1 106.2 138.4 139.4 105.1 121.2 100.5 105.3 106.6 139.1 139.7 105.1 121.3 101.2 105.3 107.2 140.7 139.8 105.1 121.4 101.0 105.4 107.2 141.1 140.1 105.1 121.6 101.4 105.4 107.2 143.1 140.3 105.1 121.8 101.1 105.5 107.3 147.1 140.4 105.1 121.8 100.1 105.6 107.9 148.8 140.6 105.1 122.1 101.2 105.8 109.3 144.5 140.7 105.1 122.4 101.3 106.0 108.7 143.1 140.5 105.1 122.3 101.3 105.8 109.6 144.1 Oil and gas extraction (December 1985=100) ............................. Mining, except oil and gas…………………………………………… Mining support activities……………………………………………… Total manufacturing industries (December 1984=100)................ Food manufacturing (December 1984=100)………………………… Beverage and tobacco manufacturing........................................... Textile mills.................................................................................... Apparel manufacturing………………………………...……………… Leather and allied product manufacturing (December 1984=100) Wood products manufacturing……………………………………… Paper manufacturing..................................................................... Printing and related support activities........................................... Petroleum and coal products manufacturing (December 1984=100)………….………………………………… (December 1984=100)……………………………………………… Retail trade Motor vehicle and parts dealers……………………………………… Furniture and home furnishings stores……………………………… Electronics and appliance stores…………………………………… Health and personal care stores……………………………………… Gasoline stations (June 2001=100)………………………………… Nonstore retailers……………………………………………………… Transportation and warehousing Utilities Utilities…………………………………………………………………… 121.4 Health care and social assistance Office of physicians (December 1996=100)………………………… Medical and diagnostic laboratories………………………………… Home health care services (December 1996=100)………………… Hospitals (December 1992=100)…………………………………… Nursing care facilities………………………………………………… Residential mental retardation facilities……………………………… Other services industries 118 Publishing industries, except Internet ……………………………… Broadcasting, except Internet………………………………………… Telecommunications…………………………………………………… Data processing and related services……………………………… Security, commodity contracts, and like activity…………………… Lessors or nonresidental buildings (except miniwarehouse)……… Offices of real estate agents and brokers…………………………… Real estate support activities………………………………………… Automotive equipment rental and leasing (June 2001=100)……… Legal services (December 1996=100)……………………………… Offices of certified public accountants……………………………… Architectural, engineering, and related services Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 43. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing > @ Index 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Finished goods Total............................................................................... Foods............................…………………………….…… Energy............……………………………………….….… Other…...............................………………………….…… 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 138.0 137.2 94.1 148.0 140.7 141.3 96.8 150.0 138.9 140.1 88.8 150.2 143.3 145.9 102.0 150.5 148.5 152.7 113.0 152.7 155.7 155.7 132.6 156.4 160.3 156.7 145.9 158.6 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components Total............................................................................... Foods............……………………………………….….… Energy…...............................………………………….… Other.................…………...………..........………….…… 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 120.8 84.3 133.1 129.2 119.2 101.7 136.6 129.7 124.3 104.1 136.4 127.8 123.2 95.9 135.8 133.7 134.4 111.9 138.5 142.6 145.0 123.2 146.5 154.0 146.0 149.2 154.6 164.0 146.3 162.6 163.9 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 111.1 112.2 87.3 103.5 96.8 103.9 68.6 84.5 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 120.6 100.2 122.1 118.0 121.0 106.1 122.3 101.5 108.1 99.5 102.0 101.0 135.3 113.5 147.2 116.9 159.0 127.0 174.6 149.2 182.2 122.7 234.0 176.7 185.4 119.3 228.5 210.0 Crude materials for further processing Total............................................................................... Foods............................…………………………….…… Energy............……………………………………….….… Other…...............................………………………….…… 86H[SRUWSULFHLQGH[HVE\HQGXVHFDWHJRU\ [2000 = 100] Category 2006 Nov. Dec. 2007 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ALL COMMODITIES…………….................................... 111.8 112.5 113.0 113.9 114.7 115.2 115.5 116.0 116.1 116.3 116.7 117.6 118.6 Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...…………… Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages…............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products…… 135.8 137.4 122.4 138.7 140.5 123.5 139.0 140.8 123.6 143.5 145.6 125.6 146.9 149.2 128.0 145.3 146.8 133.9 145.1 147.0 129.8 148.6 151.0 128.5 149.2 151.5 130.2 151.4 153.7 132.2 157.8 160.8 133.0 164.1 167.6 134.0 166.0 169.9 132.8 Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 137.8 139.4 140.3 143.0 145.5 147.2 148.3 149.0 148.6 148.8 148.8 150.4 153.8 Agricultural industrial supplies and materials…........ 120.2 123.9 127.2 126.8 127.3 126.9 125.1 128.7 138.6 137.4 140.0 142.6 144.5 Fuels and lubricants…...............................………… 180.5 183.5 173.8 182.1 188.8 198.6 199.1 201.1 202.9 197.4 200.9 204.3 222.4 Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials…………...… Selected building materials…...............................… 135.5 110.5 136.8 111.5 139.1 111.8 141.3 112.2 143.5 112.7 144.3 112.9 145.7 113.3 146.1 113.9 144.6 114.1 145.7 114.0 145.0 114.4 146.4 114.5 148.1 113.9 Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 98.8 Electric and electrical generating equipment…........ 106.0 Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 92.6 98.8 106.2 92.6 99.1 105.9 92.7 99.2 105.9 92.7 99.2 106.0 92.8 99.3 106.5 92.7 99.5 106.4 92.9 99.6 106.5 92.9 99.7 106.6 93.1 99.8 106.7 93.1 99.9 106.7 93.1 100.1 107.1 93.2 100.2 107.1 93.3 105.3 105.5 105.7 105.8 105.9 106.0 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.4 106.5 Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………... 103.9 Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 103.7 Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 102.9 104.0 104.0 102.8 104.8 105.0 103.5 104.8 105.1 103.3 104.8 105.0 103.4 105.4 105.7 103.9 105.7 106.4 104.0 105.8 106.7 103.7 106.1 107.0 104.0 106.3 107.2 104.2 106.2 107.0 104.2 106.5 107.5 104.3 106.8 108.2 104.3 134.1 110.2 137.3 110.7 138.1 111.2 142.0 111.9 145.0 112.6 142.9 113.2 142.8 113.6 146.7 113.8 149.0 113.7 150.5 113.8 156.8 113.8 162.8 114.4 165.0 115.3 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………... Agricultural commodities……………...………………… Nonagricultural commodities……………...…………… Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 119 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 86LPSRUWSULFHLQGH[HVE\HQGXVHFDWHJRU\ [2000 = 100] 2006 Category Nov. 2007 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ALL COMMODITIES…………….................................... 113.8 115.1 113.7 114.1 115.9 117.5 118.6 120.0 121.5 121.1 121.8 123.5 126.8 Foods, feeds, and beverages……………...…………… Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages…............. Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products…… 121.6 132.2 98.1 122.6 133.7 97.9 124.5 135.5 99.8 124.8 135.4 101.1 124.6 135.1 101.3 126.3 137.6 100.9 127.4 139.1 101.2 127.8 139.5 101.5 129.4 141.4 102.7 130.1 142.1 103.2 131.8 144.3 103.5 133.2 146.5 103.3 133.0 146.5 102.7 Industrial supplies and materials……………...………… 162.2 166.6 160.4 162.0 169.8 176.4 180.5 185.6 190.9 188.5 190.6 197.1 210.1 Fuels and lubricants…...............................………… Petroleum and petroleum products…………...…… 195.5 199.2 204.3 207.1 190.1 193.5 194.0 196.8 209.6 213.6 222.1 228.2 228.2 234.3 238.2 245.6 249.8 260.3 244.0 256.4 249.6 263.9 261.9 277.4 288.2 304.7 Paper and paper base stocks…............................... 113.2 112.8 111.4 111.4 111.5 110.6 110.6 110.8 110.3 110.7 111.2 111.8 114.1 Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials…...............................……… Selected building materials…...............................… Unfinished metals associated with durable goods… Nonmetals associated with durable goods…........... 123.0 110.8 193.7 101.6 123.0 110.6 195.9 101.7 123.5 111.5 197.9 101.9 123.8 111.0 197.7 102.0 124.0 111.4 202.9 101.8 124.5 111.4 209.4 101.6 125.1 111.2 217.1 101.7 125.4 113.1 219.7 101.6 126.6 116.9 215.1 102.1 127.3 116.5 215.3 102.2 128.2 116.9 209.0 102.5 131.7 115.7 211.0 102.9 133.7 116.2 214.7 103.3 Capital goods……………...…………………………….… 91.4 Electric and electrical generating equipment…........ 102.9 Nonelectrical machinery…...............................……… 87.8 91.5 103.0 87.9 91.5 104.2 87.8 91.2 104.1 87.4 91.1 104.3 87.2 90.9 104.9 86.9 91.1 105.2 87.0 91.3 105.7 87.2 91.6 105.8 87.4 91.8 106.4 87.6 91.9 106.5 87.6 91.9 106.6 87.6 92.1 107.0 87.8 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.4 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.7 104.8 105.0 105.2 105.5 105.8 Consumer goods, excluding automotive……………... 100.7 Nondurables, manufactured…...............................… 103.1 Durables, manufactured…………...………..........…… 98.1 Nonmanufactured consumer goods…………...……… 101.7 101.0 103.4 98.2 101.8 101.2 104.2 98.0 102.1 101.2 104.0 98.1 102.1 101.3 104.1 98.3 102.2 101.3 104.1 98.2 102.3 101.3 104.3 98.1 102.4 101.4 104.3 98.2 102.6 101.7 104.8 98.3 103.1 102.0 104.9 98.8 103.4 102.1 105.1 98.8 103.4 102.2 105.2 98.9 103.2 102.4 105.2 99.3 103.3 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines……………... 86LQWHUQDWLRQDOSULFH,QGH[HVIRUVHOHFWHGFDWHJRULHVRIVHUYLFHV [2000 = 100, unless indicated otherwise] Category 2005 Sept. 120 2006 Dec. Mar. June 2007 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Air freight (inbound)……………...................................... Air freight (outbound)……………...……………………… 127.5 112.4 124.6 112.0 124.6 113.5 129.2 117.2 128.9 116.9 127.1 113.8 126.6 112.3 127.3 114.3 130.9 118.1 Inbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100)………… Outbound air passenger fares (Dec. 2003 = 100)…...... Ocean liner freight (inbound)…………...………..........… 118.3 120.1 127.9 108.5 110.8 126.8 110.5 110.6 125.4 121.0 128.7 114.9 123.9 126.4 114.2 118.5 119.3 114.0 119.5 119.3 112.6 127.2 136.9 112.5 133.2 128.8 112.4 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 ,QGH[HVRISURGXFWLYLW\KRXUO\FRPSHQVDWLRQDQGXQLWFRVWVTXDUWHUO\GDWDVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG [1992 = 100] 2004 ,WHP 2005 III IV I 132.7 157.8 119.2 118.9 124.7 121.1 133.4 160.2 120.0 120.1 125.4 122.1 134.4 161.4 120.3 120.1 128.2 123.1 132.0 156.8 118.5 118.8 125.7 121.4 132.2 158.9 119.0 120.2 126.5 122.5 140.7 154.9 117.1 109.8 110.1 109.2 150.6 120.3 113.5 163.8 163.5 123.6 99.8 II 2006 III IV I 134.3 161.7 119.4 120.4 129.8 123.9 135.9 164.2 119.6 120.8 132.0 125.0 135.5 165.4 119.4 122.0 133.0 126.1 136.4 168.2 120.9 123.4 133.0 127.0 133.4 160.3 119.5 120.2 129.6 123.6 133.5 160.9 118.8 120.5 131.3 124.5 135.0 163.2 118.8 120.9 133.7 125.6 134.5 164.2 118.6 122.1 134.8 126.8 140.2 156.9 117.6 111.3 111.9 109.7 148.4 120.1 114.6 140.3 158.0 117.8 112.3 112.6 111.5 151.9 122.3 115.9 141.1 158.5 117.0 112.1 112.3 111.7 161.7 125.1 116.6 140.5 160.8 117.1 114.6 114.4 115.1 147.5 123.7 117.6 166.4 165.8 124.2 99.7 168.3 166.2 123.9 98.7 170.9 167.8 123.9 98.2 172.4 170.2 124.0 98.7 II 2007 III IV I II III 136.6 168.1 119.3 123.0 136.5 128.0 136.1 168.7 118.9 124.0 136.6 128.7 136.5 173.4 122.8 127.0 132.2 128.9 136.6 175.7 123.3 128.6 132.9 130.2 137.8 178.2 123.2 129.3 133.6 130.9 139.6 180.4 124.2 129.3 133.7 130.9 135.3 167.1 120.1 123.5 135.0 127.7 135.6 167.0 118.6 123.2 138.7 128.9 135.0 167.5 118.0 124.0 138.6 129.4 135.6 172.4 122.1 127.1 133.6 129.5 135.9 174.9 122.7 128.7 133.9 130.6 136.6 176.8 122.2 129.4 134.5 131.3 138.2 178.8 123.1 129.4 134.3 131.2 141.4 161.8 116.9 114.0 114.5 112.8 159.5 125.3 118.1 142.4 163.8 117.8 114.4 115.0 112.5 164.4 126.4 118.8 141.8 163.9 116.4 115.2 115.6 114.3 164.8 127.8 119.7 142.9 164.6 115.9 114.8 115.2 113.8 172.6 129.5 120.0 143.3 169.3 119.9 117.1 118.1 114.5 150.0 124.0 120.1 143.6 171.2 120.1 118.0 119.2 114.6 154.3 125.2 121.2 144.9 173.2 119.8 118.1 119.5 114.3 157.5 125.8 121.6 – – – – – – – – – 173.7 168.8 121.9 97.2 175.4 172.6 124.1 98.4 177.0 170.1 120.8 96.1 179.8 170.7 120.2 94.9 180.7 176.4 125.0 97.6 181.5 180.2 126.4 99.3 182.6 181.9 125.7 99.6 184.6 182.9 125.9 99.1 %XVLQHVV Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… 1RQIDUPEXVLQHVV Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… 1RQILQDQFLDOFRUSRUDWLRQV Output per hour of all employees................................... Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Total unit costs…...............................…………………… Unit labor costs............................................................. Unit nonlabor costs...................................................... Unit profits...................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… 0DQXIDFWXULQJ Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… 127('DVKLQGLFDWHVGDWDQRWDYDLODEOH Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 121 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 48. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years > XQOHVVRWKHUZLVHLQGLFDWHG@ Item 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Private business 3URGXFWLYLW\ Output per hour of all persons......…………….............. 87.2 Output per unit of capital services……………………… 105.6 Multifactor productivity…………………………………… 93.9 76.8 Output…...............................………………………….…… 87.4 104.4 93.7 79.2 90.0 104.5 95.3 82.8 91.7 104.7 96.2 87.2 94.3 103.3 97.4 91.5 97.2 102.2 98.7 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.8 96.1 100.2 100.5 107.1 95.0 101.9 102.0 111.2 95.9 104.6 105.2 114.7 98.0 107.3 109.9 117.1 99.1 109.2 114.1 119.1 99.9 110.4 118.4 86.3 72.8 81.8 82.6 88.8 75.8 84.5 83.8 90.6 79.2 86.9 86.1 94.2 83.3 90.7 87.6 96.4 88.5 93.9 91.2 99.0 94.2 97.5 95.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.6 104.5 100.3 106.9 97.2 107.4 100.2 112.7 96.9 109.7 100.6 116.0 98.4 112.2 102.4 117.1 100.2 115.1 104.5 118.1 102.8 118.6 107.3 119.2 3URGXFWLYLW\ Output per hour of all persons........……………………… 87.7 Output per unit of capital services……………………… 106.5 94.5 Multifactor productivity…………………………………… 76.7 Output…...............................………………………….…… 88.2 105.5 94.5 79.3 90.5 105.3 95.8 82.8 92.0 105.1 96.4 87.2 94.5 103.7 97.7 91.5 97.3 102.4 98.8 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 96.1 100.1 100.5 107.1 94.9 101.9 102.1 111.0 95.7 104.4 105.2 114.4 97.7 107.1 109.9 116.8 99.1 109.1 114.1 118.7 99.8 110.2 118.4 85.7 72.1 81.2 82.4 88.2 75.2 83.9 83.6 90.2 78.7 86.5 86.0 93.9 82.9 90.4 87.5 96.2 88.2 93.7 91.1 99.0 94.0 97.5 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.7 104.6 100.4 106.9 97.2 107.6 100.2 112.8 97.1 110.0 100.7 116.1 98.6 112.4 102.5 117.0 100.4 115.1 104.6 117.9 103.0 118.7 107.5 119.0 3URGXFWLYLW\ Output per hour of all persons...………………………… Output per unit of capital services……………………… Multifactor productivity…………………………………… Output…...............................………………………….…… 76.1 96.6 89.0 76.4 79.4 98.2 90.6 80.4 82.4 97.6 91.0 83.1 86.9 100.2 93.6 89.2 91.7 100.5 95.8 93.8 95.8 100.3 96.5 97.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.5 93.6 98.7 94.9 108.6 92.5 102.4 94.3 115.3 93.5 105.3 95.2 117.9 95.9 109.2 96.9 123.4 99.6 113.0 100.3 – – – – Inputs: Hours of all persons..................................................... Capital services…………...………..........………….…… Energy……………….………......................................... Nonenergy materials.................................................... Purchased business services....................................... Combined units of all factor inputs…………...………... 100.3 79.0 110.4 74.8 84.7 85.8 101.2 81.8 113.7 78.8 88.9 88.7 100.8 85.2 110.3 86.0 88.5 91.3 102.6 89.0 108.2 92.9 92.1 95.3 102.3 93.4 105.4 97.7 95.0 98.0 101.6 97.1 105.5 102.6 100.0 100.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.5 101.4 90.6 93.3 100.7 96.2 86.8 101.9 89.3 88.3 98.2 92.1 82.6 101.8 84.4 87.7 99.1 90.5 82.2 101.1 81.1 85.5 95.2 88.7 81.3 100.7 78.5 86.3 96.5 88.8 – – – – – – Inputs: Labor input................................................................... Capital services…………...………..........………….…… Combined units of labor and capital input……………… Capital per hour of all persons.......................…………… Private nonfarm business Inputs: Labor input................................................................... Capital services…………...………..........………….…… Combined units of labor and capital input……………… Capital per hour of all persons......………………………… Manufacturing [1996 = 100] 127('DVKLQGLFDWHVGDWDQRWDYDLODEOH 122 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 49. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years > @ Item 1961 1971 1981 1991 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Business Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… 50.6 14.4 63.1 28.5 25.3 27.3 69.0 25.1 80.9 36.3 34.1 35.5 80.8 59.3 89.6 73.5 69.1 71.8 95.9 95.1 97.5 99.1 96.7 98.2 109.5 119.9 105.2 109.5 110.0 109.7 112.8 125.8 108.0 111.5 109.4 110.7 116.1 134.7 112.0 116.0 107.2 112.7 119.1 140.4 113.5 117.9 110.0 114.9 123.9 145.3 115.7 117.3 114.1 116.1 128.7 151.2 117.7 117.5 118.3 117.8 132.6 156.9 119.0 118.3 125.1 120.8 135.4 163.5 119.9 120.7 130.4 124.3 137.7 171.6 121.9 124.6 132.5 127.5 53.5 15.0 65.3 28.0 24.8 26.8 70.7 25.2 81.4 35.7 33.8 35.0 81.7 59.7 90.2 73.1 67.7 71.1 96.1 95.0 97.4 98.9 96.8 98.1 109.4 119.6 104.9 109.3 111.0 109.9 112.5 125.2 107.5 111.3 110.9 111.1 115.7 134.2 111.6 116.0 108.7 113.3 118.6 139.5 112.8 117.7 111.6 115.4 123.5 144.6 115.1 117.1 116.0 116.7 128.0 150.4 117.1 117.5 119.6 118.3 131.8 155.9 118.2 118.3 126.0 121.1 134.6 162.3 119.1 120.6 132.2 124.9 136.7 170.4 121.0 124.6 134.5 128.2 57.9 16.7 73.0 27.5 28.8 23.8 50.3 30.9 29.5 72.7 27.3 88.1 36.5 37.6 33.6 50.5 38.1 37.8 82.9 62.4 94.3 74.8 75.3 73.5 81.0 75.5 75.4 97.4 95.5 97.9 99.3 98.0 102.7 93.2 100.2 98.7 113.7 118.3 103.8 102.9 104.1 99.5 137.0 109.5 105.9 117.9 124.1 106.6 104.0 105.3 100.4 129.1 108.0 106.2 122.4 133.0 110.6 107.4 108.6 104.2 108.7 105.4 107.5 124.7 138.6 112.1 111.6 111.2 112.6 82.2 104.5 108.9 129.7 143.6 114.3 110.7 110.7 110.8 98.0 107.4 109.6 134.6 149.5 116.3 111.0 111.0 111.1 109.9 110.7 110.9 138.8 154.2 116.9 110.7 111.1 109.7 139.5 117.7 113.3 142.0 160.6 117.8 113.1 113.1 112.9 157.1 124.7 117.0 145.5 168.3 119.5 114.7 115.6 112.3 176.2 129.4 120.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 96.3 95.6 98.0 99.2 98.5 98.7 127.9 118.8 104.2 92.9 102.7 99.5 133.5 123.4 106.0 92.4 103.0 99.5 139.4 134.7 112.0 96.7 103.7 101.4 141.5 137.9 111.5 97.4 102.2 100.6 151.5 147.9 117.7 97.6 100.4 99.5 160.9 158.3 123.2 98.4 102.3 101.0 163.8 161.4 122.3 98.5 110.5 106.6 171.6 168.9 123.9 98.4 – – 178.4 175.7 124.8 98.5 – – Nonfarm business Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… Nonfinancial corporations Output per hour of all employees................................... Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Total unit costs…...............................…………………… Unit labor costs............................................................. Unit nonlabor costs...................................................... Unit profits...................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons........................................ Compensation per hour…………………………….……… Real compensation per hour……………………………… Unit labor costs…...............................…………………… Unit nonlabor payments…………...………..........……… Implicit price deflator……………………………………… 'DVKLQGLFDWHVGDWDQRWDYDLODEOH Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 123 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 50. 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1HZVSDSHUERRNDQGGLUHFWRU\SXEOLVKHUV««««««« 6RIWZDUHSXEOLVKHUV««««««««««««««««« 0RWLRQSLFWXUHDQGYLGHRH[KLELWLRQ««««««««««« 90.7 %URDGFDVWLQJH[FHSWLQWHUQHW««««««««««««« 5DGLRDQGWHOHYLVLRQEURDGFDVWLQJ««««««««««« &DEOHDQGRWKHUVXEVFULSWLRQSURJUDPPLQJ««««««« :LUHGWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFDUULHUV««««««««««« 56.9 :LUHOHVVWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVFDUULHUV«««««««««« 75.6 &DEOHDQGRWKHUSURJUDPGLVWULEXWLRQ«««««««««« 105.2 109.2 66.0 70.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 107.7 110.5 97.1 101.8 116.7 145.2 95.8 106.5 122.7 152.8 91.6 101.6 116.7 191.9 87.7 99.8 124.1 217.9 95.0 100.6 130.5 242.5 101.2 103.8 133.9 292.0 113.7 102.7 140.2 392.4 110.4 - &RPPHUFLDOEDQNLQJ««««««««««««««««« 72.8 80.7 100.0 97.0 99.8 102.7 99.6 102.1 103.7 108.5 108.4 - 3DVVHQJHUFDUUHQWDO««««««««««««««««« 92.7 7UXFNWUDLOHUDQG59UHQWDODQGOHDVLQJ««««««««« 60.4 9LGHRWDSHDQGGLVFUHQWDO««««««««««««««« 77.0 90.8 68.6 97.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 115.2 113.2 112.2 120.6 129.4 112.3 121.1 134.9 111.1 113.7 133.3 114.6 113.5 130.3 121.2 115.1 148.5 118.3 135.7 154.5 110.5 145.5 155.6 - 7D[SUHSDUDWLRQVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««« $UFKLWHFWXUDOVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««««« (QJLQHHULQJVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««««« $GYHUWLVLQJDJHQFLHV««««««««««««««««« 3KRWRJUDSK\VWXGLRVSRUWUDLW«««««««««««««« 90.0 90.2 95.9 98.1 93.8 99.4 107.9 95.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.4 98.2 89.2 124.8 106.8 98.0 97.9 109.8 107.6 102.0 107.5 108.9 111.0 100.1 106.9 102.2 107.6 100.5 113.1 97.6 112.6 100.5 120.8 104.2 118.3 107.8 133.0 93.2 123.9 114.2 131.2 93.6 - (PSOR\PHQWSODFHPHQWDJHQFLHV«««««««««««« 7UDYHODJHQFLHV«««««««««««««««««« -DQLWRULDOVHUYLFHV«««««««««««««««««« 75.1 94.3 100.0 100.0 86.8 95.3 93.2 98.6 89.8 101.0 99.6 102.1 116.8 105.6 115.4 118.8 119.8 116.6 117.9 122.0 - 0HGLFDODQGGLDJQRVWLFODERUDWRULHV««««««««««« 0HGLFDOODERUDWRULHV««««««««««««««««« 'LDJQRVWLFLPDJLQJFHQWHUV«««««««««««««« 100.0 100.0 118.8 117.2 124.7 121.4 131.9 127.4 135.3 127.7 137.6 123.1 140.8 128.6 140.8 130.7 138.8 127.1 $PXVHPHQWDQGWKHPHSDUNV««««««««««««« 112.0 %RZOLQJFHQWHUV««««««««««««««««««« 106.0 112.5 94.0 100.0 100.0 110.5 89.9 105.2 89.4 106.0 93.4 93.0 94.3 106.5 96.4 113.2 102.4 101.4 107.9 110.0 106.1 - %XLOGLQJPDWHULDODQGVXSSOLHVGHDOHUV«««««««««« /DZQDQGJDUGHQHTXLSPHQWDQGVXSSOLHVVWRUHV««««« )RRGDQGEHYHUDJHVWRUHV««««««««««««««« *URFHU\VWRUHV««««««««««««««««««« 6SHFLDOW\IRRGVWRUHV««««««««««««««««« Transportation and warehousing Information Finance and insurance Real estate and rental and leasing Professional and technical services Administrative and waste services Health care and social assistance Arts, entertainment, and recreation 126 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 50. Continued - Annual indexes of output per hour for selected NAICS industries [1997=100] NAICS Industry 1987 1990 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 85.2 96.0 96.5 89.9 82.1 102.4 103.6 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.0 101.2 100.6 105.5 100.9 100.4 105.2 111.7 103.5 102.0 115.0 107.6 103.8 102.5 115.3 112.0 104.4 102.7 114.9 114.3 106.3 105.4 117.6 120.8 107.0 106.8 118.0 115.8 108.2 107.8 119.2 110.9 111.2 116.4 85.9 83.5 103.7 97.1 95.8 89.9 82.1 98.4 94.8 107.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 108.6 106.8 100.1 69.3 106.1 108.6 103.3 105.0 76.3 109.4 108.2 94.8 107.6 73.8 108.9 114.6 91.8 110.9 81.2 103.7 110.4 94.6 112.5 100.5 104.1 119.7 95.7 103.8 100.5 112.0 125.0 92.9 110.6 102.0 112.5 130.4 93.2 120.8 113.2 - Accommodation and food services 7UDYHOHUDFFRPPRGDWLRQV««««««««««««««« )RRGVHUYLFHVDQGGULQNLQJSODFHV«««««««««««« )XOOVHUYLFHUHVWDXUDQWV««««««««««««««« /LPLWHGVHUYLFHHDWLQJSODFHV«««««««««««««« 6SHFLDOIRRGVHUYLFHV««««««««««««««««« 'ULQNLQJSODFHVDOFRKROLFEHYHUDJHV«««««««««« $XWRPRWLYHUHSDLUDQGPDLQWHQDQFH««««««««««« +DLUQDLODQGVNLQFDUHVHUYLFHV««««««««««««« )XQHUDOKRPHVDQGIXQHUDOVHUYLFHV««««««««««« 'U\FOHDQLQJDQGODXQGU\VHUYLFHV«««««««««««« 3KRWRILQLVKLQJ«««««««««««««««««««« Other services NOTE: Dash indicates data are not available. 8QHPSOR\PHQWUDWHVDSSUR[LPDWLQJ86FRQFHSWVFRXQWULHVVHDVRQDOO\DGMXVWHG [Percent] 2005 &RXQWU\ 2005 2006 I II 2006 III IV I II 2007 III IV I II III United States……… 5.1 4.6 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 Canada……………… 6.0 5.5 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 4.3 Australia……………… 5.1 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3 Japan………………… 4.5 4.2 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.8 - France……………… 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 9.8 9.6 9.4 9.1 9.0 - Germany…………… 11.2 10.4 11.5 11.4 11.1 11.0 10.6 10.1 9.7 9.2 9.0 - 7.8 6.9 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.1 - Italy…………………… Netherlands………… 5.2 4.4 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.6 - Sweden……………… 7.7 7.0 6.3 7.7 7.6 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.5 6.3 5.9 5.8 United Kingdom…… 4.8 5.5 4.7 4.8 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 - NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. Quarterly figures for Italy and quarterly and monthly figures for France, Germany, and the Netherlands are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. Quarterly and monthly figures for Sweden are BLS seasonally adjusted estimates derived from Swedish not seasonally adjusted data. There are breaks in series for Germany (2005) and Sweden (2005). For details on breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1960-2006 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 12, 2007), available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further qualifications and historical annual data, see the full report, also available at this site. For monthly unemployment rates, as well as the quarterly and annual rates published in this table, see the report Unemployment rates in ten countries, civilian labor force basis, approximating U.S. concepts, seasonally adjusted, 19952007, (Bureau of Labor Statistics), available on the Internet at ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/flsjec.txt . Unemployment rates may differ between the two reports mentioned, because the former is updated on a bi-annual basis, whereas the latter is updated monthly and reflects the most recent revisions in source data. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 127 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons 52. Annual data: employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] Employment status and country Civilian labor force 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 136,297 14,884 9,204 67,200 25,116 39,415 22,753 7,612 4,414 28,401 137,673 15,135 9,339 67,240 25,434 39,752 23,004 7,744 4,401 28,474 139,368 15,403 9,414 67,090 25,791 39,375 23,176 7,881 4,423 28,777 142,583 15,637 9,590 66,990 26,099 39,302 23,361 8,011 4,482 28,952 143,734 15,891 9,744 66,860 26,393 39,459 23,524 8,098 4,522 29,085 144,863 16,366 9,893 66,240 26,645 39,413 23,728 8,186 4,537 29,335 146,510 16,733 10,079 66,010 26,922 39,276 24,020 8,255 4,557 29,557 147,401 16,955 10,221 65,770 26,961 39,711 24,084 8,279 4,571 29,775 66.8 64.8 64.6 63.0 55.7 57.1 47.3 60.2 63.9 62.4 67.1 65.1 64.3 63.2 55.6 57.3 47.3 61.1 63.2 62.5 67.1 65.4 64.3 62.8 56.0 57.7 47.7 61.8 62.8 62.5 67.1 65.9 64.0 62.4 56.4 56.9 47.9 62.5 62.7 62.8 67.1 66.0 64.4 62.0 56.6 56.7 48.1 63.0 63.7 62.9 66.8 66.1 64.4 61.6 56.8 56.7 48.3 63.3 63.6 62.7 66.6 67.1 64.3 60.8 56.9 56.4 48.5 63.5 63.9 62.9 66.2 67.7 64.6 60.3 57.0 56.0 49.1 63.7 63.8 63.0 66.0 67.7 64.6 60.0 56.7 56.4 49.1 63.6 63.6 63.0 56.4 58.2 United States……………………………………………… 126,708 Canada…………………………………………………… 13,338 Australia…………………………………………………… 8,364 Japan……………………………………………………… 64,200 France…………………………………………………… 22,036 Germany………………………………………………… 35,637 Italy………………………………………………………… 20,124 Netherlands……………………………………………… 6,966 Sweden…………………………………………………… 4,014 United Kingdom………………………………………… 25,941 129,558 13,637 8,444 64,900 22,176 35,508 20,169 7,189 3,969 26,413 131,463 13,973 8,618 64,450 22,597 36,059 20,370 7,408 4,033 26,686 133,488 14,331 8,762 63,920 23,080 36,042 20,617 7,605 4,110 27,051 136,891 14,681 8,989 63,790 23,714 36,236 20,973 7,781 4,222 27,368 136,933 14,866 9,086 63,460 24,167 36,350 21,359 7,875 4,295 27,599 136,485 15,223 9,264 62,650 24,311 36,018 21,666 7,925 4,303 27,812 137,736 15,586 9,480 62,510 24,337 35,615 21,972 7,895 4,293 28,073 139,252 15,861 9,668 62,640 24,330 35,604 22,124 7,847 4,271 28,358 63.2 59.1 59.3 60.9 49.1 52.0 42.0 56.2 57.6 57.3 63.8 59.6 59.0 61.0 49.1 51.6 41.9 57.7 56.8 58.2 64.1 60.4 59.3 60.2 49.7 52.3 42.2 59.1 57.6 58.5 64.3 61.3 59.6 59.4 50.4 52.1 42.6 60.3 58.3 59.1 64.4 62.0 60.3 59.0 51.4 52.2 43.2 61.2 60.0 59.4 63.7 61.9 60.0 58.4 52.0 52.2 43.8 61.5 60.4 59.5 62.7 62.4 60.2 57.5 51.9 51.5 44.3 61.5 60.6 59.6 62.3 63.1 60.7 57.1 51.6 50.8 44.9 60.9 60.1 59.8 62.3 63.3 61.1 57.1 51.2 50.6 45.1 60.3 59.4 60.0 50.9 52.2 7,236 1,285 751 2,250 2,946 3,505 2,555 489 440 2,298 6,739 1,248 759 2,300 2,940 3,907 2,584 423 445 1,987 6,210 1,162 721 2,790 2,837 3,693 2,634 337 368 1,788 5,880 1,072 652 3,170 2,711 3,333 2,559 277 313 1,726 5,692 956 602 3,200 2,385 3,065 2,388 231 260 1,584 6,801 1,026 658 3,400 2,226 3,110 2,164 223 227 1,486 8,378 1,143 629 3,590 2,334 3,396 2,062 261 234 1,524 8,774 1,147 599 3,500 2,585 3,661 2,048 360 264 1,484 8,149 1,093 553 3,130 2,631 4,107 1,960 422 300 1,417 5.4 8.8 8.2 3.4 11.8 9.0 11.3 6.6 9.9 8.1 4.9 8.4 8.3 3.4 11.7 9.9 11.4 5.6 10.1 7.0 4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 11.2 9.3 11.5 4.4 8.4 6.3 4.2 7.0 6.9 4.7 10.5 8.5 11.0 3.5 7.1 6.0 4.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 9.1 7.8 10.2 2.9 5.8 5.5 4.7 6.5 6.8 5.1 8.4 7.9 9.2 2.8 5.0 5.1 5.8 7.0 6.4 5.4 8.8 8.6 8.7 3.2 5.2 5.2 6.0 6.9 5.9 5.3 9.6 9.3 8.5 4.4 5.8 5.0 5.5 6.4 5.4 4.8 9.8 10.3 8.1 5.1 6.6 4.8 United States……………………………………………… 133,943 14,623 Canada…………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… 9,115 Japan……………………………………………………… 66,450 France…………………………………………………… 24,982 Germany………………………………………………… 39,142 Italy………………………………………………………… 22,679 Netherlands……………………………………………… 7,455 4,454 Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom………………………………………… 28,239 Participation rate1 United States……………………………………………… Canada…………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France…………………………………………………… Germany………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands……………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom………………………………………… Employed Employment-population ratio2 United States……………………………………………… Canada…………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France…………………………………………………… Germany………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands……………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom………………………………………… Unemployed United States……………………………………………… Canada…………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France…………………………………………………… Germany………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands……………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom………………………………………… Unemployment rate United States……………………………………………… Canada…………………………………………………… Australia…………………………………………………… Japan……………………………………………………… France…………………………………………………… Germany………………………………………………… Italy………………………………………………………… Netherlands……………………………………………… Sweden…………………………………………………… United Kingdom………………………………………… 1 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population. 2 Employment as a percent of the working-age population. NOTE: There are breaks in series for the United States (1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004), Australia (2001), Germany (1999, 2005), and Sweden (2005). For details on breaks in series, see the technical notes of the report Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten Countries, 1960-2006 128 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 12, 2007), available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf.htm. For further qualifications and historical annual data, see the full report, also available at this site. Data in this report may not be consistent with data in Unemployment rates in ten countries, civilian labor force basis, approximating U.S. concepts, seasonally adjusted, 1995-2007, (Bureau of Labor Statistics), because the former is updated on a bi-annual basis, whereas the latter is updated monthly and reflects the most recent revisions in source data. 53. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 16 economies [1992 = 100] Measure and economy 1980 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 ± Output 8QLWHG6WDWHV««««««««« &DQDGD«««««««««««« AXVWUDOLD«««««««««««« -DSDQ««««««««««««« .RUHD««««««««««««« 7DLZDQ«««««««««««« %HOJLXP«««««««««««« 'HQPDUN««««««««««« )UDQFH«««««««««««« *HUPDQ\««««««««««« ,WDO\«««««««««««««« 1HWKHUODQGV«««««««««« 1RUZD\«««««««««««« 6SDLQ«««««««««««« 6ZHGHQ«««««««««««« 8QLWHG.LQJGRP«««««««« Total hours 8QLWHG6WDWHV««««««««« &DQDGD«««««««««««« AXVWUDOLD«««««««««««« -DSDQ««««««««««««« .RUHD««««««««««««« ± 7DLZDQ«««««««««««« %HOJLXP«««««««««««« 'HQPDUN««««««««««« )UDQFH«««««««««««« *HUPDQ\««««««««««« ,WDO\«««««««««««««« 1HWKHUODQGV«««««««««« 1RUZD\«««««««««««« 6SDLQ«««««««««««« 6ZHGHQ«««««««««««« 8QLWHG.LQJGRP«««««««« Output per hour 8QLWHG6WDWHV««««««««« &DQDGD«««««««««««« AXVWUDOLD««««««««««« -DSDQ««««««««««««« .RUHD«««««««««««« 7DLZDQ«««««««««««« %HOJLXP««««««««««« 'HQPDUN««««««««««« )UDQFH«««««««««««« *HUPDQ\««««««««««« ,WDO\««««««««««««« 1HWKHUODQGV««««««««« 1RUZD\«««««««««««« 6SDLQ«««««««««««« 6ZHGHQ««««««««««« 8QLWHG.LQJGRP«««««««« Hourly compensation (national currency basis) 8QLWHG6WDWHV««««««««« &DQDGD«««««««««««« AXVWUDOLD«««««««««««« -DSDQ««««««««««««« .RUHD««««««««««««« 7DLZDQ«««««««««««« %HOJLXP«««««««««««« 'HQPDUN««««««««««« )UDQFH«««««««««««« *HUPDQ\««««««««««« ,WDO\«««««««««««««« 1HWKHUODQGV«««««««««« 1RUZD\«««««««««««« 6SDLQ«««««««««««« 6ZHGHQ«««««««««««« 8QLWHG.LQJGRP«««««««« 6HHQRWHVDWHQGRIWDEOH ± ± Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 129 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons &RQWLQXHG²$QQXDOLQGH[HVRIPDQXIDFWXULQJSURGXFWLYLW\DQGUHODWHGPHDVXUHVHFRQRPLHV 0HDVXUHDQGHFRQRP\ 8QLWODERUFRVWV (national currency basis) 8QLWHG6WDWHV««««««««« &DQDGD«««««««««««« AXVWUDOLD«««««««««««« ± -DSDQ««««««««««««« .RUHD««««««««««««« 7DLZDQ«««««««««««« %HOJLXP«««««««««««« 'HQPDUN««««««««««« )UDQFH«««««««««««« *HUPDQ\««««««««««« ,WDO\«««««««««««««« 1HWKHUODQGV«««««««««« 1RUZD\«««««««««««« 6SDLQ«««««««««««« 6ZHGHQ«««««««««««« 8QLWHG.LQJGRP«««««««« 8QLWODERUFRVWV 86GROODUEDVLV 8QLWHG6WDWHV««««««««« &DQDGD«««««««««««« AXVWUDOLD«««««««««««« ± -DSDQ««««««««««««« .RUHD««««««««««««« 7DLZDQ«««««««««««« %HOJLXP«««««««««««« 'HQPDUN««««««««««« )UDQFH«««««««««««« *HUPDQ\««««««««««« ,WDO\«««««««««««««« 1HWKHUODQGV«««««««««« 1RUZD\«««««««««««« 6SDLQ«««««««««««« 6ZHGHQ«««««««««««« 8QLWHG.LQJGRP«««««««« 127('DWDIRU*HUPDQ\IRU\HDUVEHIRUHDUHIRUWKHIRUPHU:HVW*HUPDQ\'DWDIRURQZDUGDUHIRUXQLILHG*HUPDQ\'DVKLQGLFDWHVGDWDQRWDYDLODEOH 130 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 54. Occupational injury and illness rates by industry, 1 United States Industry and type of case Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers 2 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 3 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4 5 PRIVATE SECTOR 8.6 4.0 78.7 8.8 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 8.5 3.8 – 8.4 3.8 – 8.1 3.6 – 7.4 3.4 – 7.1 3.3 – ± ± ± ± Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.6 5.9 112.2 10.8 5.4 11.2 5.0 – 10.0 4.7 – 9.7 4.3 – 8.7 3.9 – 8.4 4.1 – ± ± ± ± Mining Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 6.8 3.9 – 6.3 3.9 – 6.2 3.9 – 5.4 3.2 – 5.9 3.7 – ± ± ± ± Construction Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 14.3 6.8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.0 6.1 12.2 5.5 – 11.8 5.5 – 10.6 4.9 – 9.9 4.5 – 9.5 4.4 – ± ± ± ± General building contractors: Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 13.9 6.5 137.3 13.4 6.4 137.6 12.0 5.5 11.5 5.1 – 10.9 5.1 – 9.8 4.4 – 9.0 4.0 – 8.5 3.7 – ± ± ± ± Heavy construction, except building: Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 6.0 11.1 5.1 – 10.2 5.0 – 9.9 4.8 – 9.0 4.3 – 8.7 4.3 – ± ± ± ± Special trades contractors: Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 12.8 5.8 – 12.5 5.8 – 11.1 5.0 – 10.4 4.8 – 10.0 4.7 – ± ± ± ± Manufacturing Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... 13.1 5.8 13.2 5.8 12.7 5.6 12.1 5.3 12.2 5.5 11.6 5.3 10.6 4.9 10.3 4.8 Lost workdays........………........................................... 113.0 120.7 – – – – – ± ± ± ± 14.1 6.0 116.5 14.2 6.0 123.3 13.6 5.7 13.1 5.4 – 13.5 5.7 – 12.8 5.6 – 11.6 5.1 – 11.3 5.1 – ± ± ± ± ± ± Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 8.8 172.5 16.8 8.3 15.9 7.6 – 15.7 7.7 – 14.9 7.0 – 14.2 6.8 – 13.5 6.5 – ± ± ± ± Furniture and fixtures: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 16.1 7.2 – 16.9 7.8 – 15.9 7.2 ± 14.6 6.5 – 15.0 7.0 – 13.9 6.4 – 12.2 5.4 – 12.0 5.8 – ± ± ± ± Stone, clay, and glass products: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 6.8 13.8 6.3 – 13.2 6.5 – 12.3 5.7 – 12.4 6.0 – 11.8 5.7 – ± ± ± ± Primary metal industries: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 18.7 8.1 168.3 19.0 8.1 180.2 17.7 7.4 17.0 7.3 – 16.8 7.2 – 16.5 7.2 – 15.0 6.8 – 15.0 7.2 – ± ± ± Fabricated metal products: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 16.2 6.7 – 16.4 6.7 – 15.8 6.9 – 14.4 6.2 – 14.2 6.4 – ± ± ± ± Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 12.1 4.8 86.8 12.0 4.7 88.9 11.2 4.4 11.1 4.2 – 11.6 4.4 – 11.2 4.4 – 9.9 4.0 – 10.0 4.1 – ± ± ± ± Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 8.6 3.7 8.3 3.5 – 8.3 3.6 – 7.6 3.3 – 6.8 3.1 – 6.6 3.1 – ± ± ± ± Transportation equipment: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 17.7 6.8 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 18.3 7.0 18.5 7.1 – 19.6 7.8 – 18.6 7.9 – 16.3 7.0 – 15.4 6.6 – ± ± ± ± Instruments and related products: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6.0 2.7 5.6 2.5 – 5.9 2.7 – 5.3 2.4 – 5.1 2.3 – 4.8 2.3 – ± ± ± ± Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Total cases ............................………………………… Lost workday cases.................................................. Lost workdays........………........................................ 11.1 5.1 97.6 11.3 5.1 113.1 11.3 5.1 10.0 4.6 – 9.9 4.5 – 9.1 4.3 – 9.5 4.4 – 8.9 4.2 – – – – – Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... 5 Durable goods: Total cases ............................…………………………. Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays........………........................................... Lumber and wood products: Industrial machinery and equipment: See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 131 Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data &RQWLQXHG²2FFXSDWLRQDOLQMXU\DQGLOOQHVVUDWHVE\LQGXVWU\8QLWHG6WDWHV Industry and type of case2 ,QFLGHQFHUDWHVSHUZRUNHUV 1989 1 1990 1991 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4 1992 Nondurable goods: Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 11.6 5.5 107.8 11.7 5.6 116.9 11.5 5.5 10.7 5.0 – 10.5 5.1 – 9.9 4.9 – 9.2 4.6 – – Food and kindred products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 18.5 9.3 174.7 20.0 9.9 202.6 19.5 9.9 17.6 8.9 – 17.1 9.2 – 16.3 8.7 – 15.0 8.0 – – Tobacco products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 6.4 2.8 5.8 2.3 – 5.3 2.4 – 5.6 2.6 – 6.7 2.8 – – Textile mill products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.1 4.4 9.7 4.1 – 8.7 4.0 – 8.2 4.1 – 7.8 3.6 – – Apparel and other textile products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 8.6 3.8 80.5 8.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 9.0 3.8 – 8.9 3.9 – 8.2 3.6 – 7.4 3.3 – Paper and allied products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.5 124.8 11.2 5.0 9.9 4.6 – 9.6 4.5 – 8.5 4.2 – Printing and publishing: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 6.9 3.1 – 6.7 3.0 – Chemicals and allied products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 5.9 2.7 – Petroleum and coal products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 6.6 3.3 68.1 6.6 3.1 77.3 6.2 2.9 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 16.2 8.0 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 Leather and leather products: Total cases ............................………………………….. Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................ 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGSXEOLFXWLOLWLHV Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 9.2 5.3 121.5 :KROHVDOHDQGUHWDLOWUDGH Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± – ± ± ± 7.9 3.8 – – ± ± ± ± 6.4 3.0 – 6.0 2.8 – – ± ± ± ± 5.7 2.8 – 5.5 2.7 – 4.8 2.4 – – ± ± ± ± 5.2 2.5 – 4.7 2.3 – 4.8 2.4 – 4.6 2.5 – – ± ± ± ± 13.9 6.5 – 14.0 6.7 – 12.9 6.5 – 12.3 6.3 – – ± ± ± ± 12.5 5.9 12.1 5.5 – 12.0 5.3 – 11.4 4.8 – 10.7 4.5 – – ± ± ± ± 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 9.5 5.4 – 9.3 5.5 – 9.1 5.2 – 8.7 5.1 – – ± ± ± ± 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 8.1 3.4 – 7.9 3.4 – 7.5 3.2 – 6.8 2.9 – – ± ± ± ± Wholesale trade: Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 7.8 3.7 – 7.7 3.8 – 7.5 3.6 – 6.6 3.4 – – ± ± ± ± Retail trade: Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 8.1 3.4 60.0 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 8.2 3.3 – 7.9 3.3 – 7.5 3.0 – 6.9 2.8 – – ± ± ± ± )LQDQFHLQVXUDQFHDQGUHDOHVWDWH Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 2.0 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 2.4 1.1 2.9 1.2 – 2.7 1.1 – 2.6 1.0 – 2.4 .9 – – ± ± ± ± 6HUYLFHV Total cases ............................…………………………..… Lost workday cases......................................................... Lost workdays........………............................................... 5.5 2.7 51.2 6.0 2.8 56.4 6.2 2.8 6.7 2.8 – 6.5 2.8 – 6.4 2.8 – 6.0 2.6 – – – – – – 1 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition. For this reason, they are not strictly comparable with data for the years 1985–88, which were based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 2 Beginning with the 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 4 Beginning with the 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away from work by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similar work disabilities. 5 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: 132 Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 55. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1996-2005 20053 1996-2000 (average) 2001-2005 (average)2 All events ............................................................... 6,094 5,704 5,734 100 Transportation incidents ................................................ Highway ........................................................................ Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment ......... Moving in same direction ...................................... Moving in opposite directions, oncoming .............. Moving in intersection ........................................... Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment on side of road ............................................................. Noncollision ............................................................... Jack-knifed or overturned--no collision ................. Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) ........................ Noncollision accident ................................................ Overturned ............................................................ Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment ................ Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in roadway .................................................................. Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment in parking lot or non-road area .................................... Water vehicle ................................................................ Aircraft ........................................................................... 2,608 1,408 685 117 247 151 2,451 1,394 686 151 254 137 2,493 1,437 718 175 265 134 43 25 13 3 5 2 264 372 298 378 321 212 376 310 335 274 335 277 175 369 345 318 273 340 281 182 391 6 6 5 6 5 3 7 129 136 140 2 171 105 263 166 82 206 176 88 149 3 2 3 Assaults and violent acts ............................................... Homicides ..................................................................... Shooting .................................................................... Suicide, self-inflicted injury ............................................ 1,015 766 617 216 850 602 465 207 792 567 441 180 14 10 8 3 Contact with objects and equipment ............................ Struck by object ............................................................ Struck by falling object .............................................. Struck by rolling, sliding objects on floor or ground level ......................................................................... Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects ....... Caught in running equipment or machinery .............. Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials ................ 1,005 567 364 952 560 345 1,005 607 385 18 11 7 77 293 157 128 89 256 128 118 94 278 121 109 2 5 2 2 Falls .................................................................................. Fall to lower level .......................................................... Fall from ladder ......................................................... Fall from roof ............................................................. Fall to lower level, n.e.c. ........................................... 714 636 106 153 117 763 669 125 154 123 770 664 129 160 117 13 12 2 3 2 Exposure to harmful substances or environments ..... Contact with electric current .......................................... Contact with overhead power lines ........................... Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances Oxygen deficiency ......................................................... 535 290 132 112 92 498 265 118 114 74 501 251 112 136 59 9 4 2 2 1 Fires and explosions ...................................................... Fires--unintended or uncontrolled ................................. Explosion ...................................................................... 196 103 92 174 95 78 159 93 65 3 2 1 Event or exposure1 Number Percent 1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual. 2 Excludes fatalities from the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. 3 The BLS news release of August 10, 2006, reported a total of 5,702 fatal work injuries for calendar year 2005. Since then, an additional 32 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality count for 2005 to 5,734. NOTE: Totals for all years are revised and final. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. N.e.c. means "not elsewhere classified." SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with State, New York City, District of Columbia, and Federal agencies, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Monthly Labor Review • January 2008 133 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Aging Wage Survey Data Using the Employment Cost Index by Wayne M. Shelly Bureau of Labor Statistics Originally Posted: January 29, 2008 The Employment Cost Index provides a valuable tool that can be used to adjust wage survey data--a process known as "aging"--to account for the time lag between the last published survey data and the present. Making such adjustments is critical for many users, such as human resource professionals, who use the data to set wage levels at their firms, and job seekers, who use the data to evaluate job offers. Among their other uses, wage survey data are used by human resource professionals to set wage levels, by job seekers to evaluate job offers, and by employees to compare their wages to those of other workers. One of the problems these users face is the lag between the time the survey is collected and the time it is applied for pay setting and other purposes. Data users are, in effect, evaluating tomorrow’s pay with yesterday’s data. When labor markets are stable, wage growth is more predictable and thus the time lag is of less concern to users. But when competition for workers with specific skills translates into rapidly changing wages, the need for current wage data is very important. Using a process known as "aging," the Employment Cost Index (ECI), which is part of the BLS National Compensation Survey (NCS), is one data source that can be used to help minimize the effect of the time lag between published wage data and current market conditions. The ECI is well suited for aging wage survey data to account for time lags, because it measures percent change and is conducted quarterly. The NCS collects data using a statistically valid, nationally and locally representative sample of approximately 36,000 establishments. From these data, BLS publishes: • detailed occupational wage estimates for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, broad geographic regions, and the Nation (published annually); • the Employment Cost Index, a measure of change in the cost of compensation--wages and benefits--over time (published quarterly)1 • Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC), an estimate of cost per hour worked for wages and specific benefits (published quarterly); and • benefit incidence and provisions--specifically, the percent of workers with access to, and/or participating in, specific employer provided benefits, as well as detailed benefit plan provisions (published annually). The NCS collects data on wages and benefits by occupation within a randomly selected sample of establishments. Each occupation is further defined by its bargaining status, pay method (time or incentive), and full- or part-time status. The NCS publishes wage survey data by means, medians, and percentile estimates. Standard errors are also published to assist data users in determining the reliability of the data.2 As with most wage surveys, the NCS wage data are published well after the time period that they represent. Once BLS field economists contact and meet with respondents, time is needed to collect and process the data, review the estimates, and prepare the data for publication. The frequency of the survey--the NCS is usually conducted annually--also impacts the time lag. Wage estimates from the NCS for the Nation as a whole are released approximately 15 months after the reference period. For metropolitan areas, the lag is typically 9 or 10 months. Changes that occur after data collection are not reflected until the next round of the survey. To minimize the impact of this time lag, data users can use the ECI to age survey data to more recent time periods. Although this article focuses on using the ECI to adjust wage data from the NCS, the process can be applied to almost any wage survey.3 The ECI is computed from a subsample of the NCS. In recent publications, the ECI was computed using data from approximately 13,000 establishments. Rather than report on wage rates, the ECI measures the percent change in employer cost of compensation over time. Unlike percent change estimates that use wage data from the NCS and Employer Costs for Employee Compensation data, the ECI estimates are free of the influence of changes in the occupational and industry mix Page 1 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS because it uses fixed weights to control for shifts among occupations and industries. The ECI is published quarterly, with the reference months being March, June, September, and December. The data are available 1 month after the reference month-for example, the data for March are published in April. In the ECI, compensation has two components: wages and benefits. For the purpose of aging wage data to account for time lags, only the wage component of the ECI is needed. Unique ECI wage series are published for all civilian workers,4 all private industry workers, all State and local government workers, and for more than 160 other series--by sector, industry, occupation, bargaining status, and metropolitan area status.5 Currently, indexes are produced for the Nation as a whole, 4 census regions, and 9 census divisions. Each ECI series that is published includes the 3-month percent change, the 12-month percent change, and an index number for that series. It is the index number that allows one to calculate percent changes between any 2 reference months. By using the ECI to calculate the change from the reference period to the most current period and then applying that change to the estimate, a more current estimate can be obtained. For example, when the NCS published its June 2005 national wage estimates in September 2006, the mean hourly earnings for all workers in private industry was $17.82. If a data user, in August 2007, wanted to calculate a more current estimate, the user could use the ECI to calculate a percent change from June 2005 to June 2007 and thus reduce the time lag from 26 months to 2 months. Using the ECI in this way, a data user could learn that wages for all private industry workers in the United States increased by 6.3 percent during that 2-year period. Applying that increase to the June 2005 wage estimate would yield a June 2007 wage estimate of $18.94 (17.82 × 1.063). The result is not as precise as an estimate produced directly from a wage survey, but it provides an estimate closer to the current time period than would otherwise be possible. (See the exhibits below for detailed instructions and examples.) Limitations When using the ECI to age wage survey data to account for time lags, one should be aware of certain limitations. First, in the ECI, the occupational mix of employees is held constant. If the proportion of all occupations that are higher wage occupations increases over the time period that wages are being updated, the ECI will not reflect that change. This should have little practical effect, however, because such changes tend to be small over short periods of time. Second, establishments in the ECI survey remain in the sample for several years, with only a portion replaced each year.6 Structural changes that occur in the economy may only be partially reflected in the ECI sample until all sample members are replaced. Again, this should have minimal impact because such changes that affect wages tend to occur gradually over time. Third, the ECI is reported for broad occupational groups at the national level or for all workers in a geographic region. The rate of change in wages for individual occupations in a specific area may differ from these broader trends. Finally, the ECI is a sample-based survey and thus is subject to sampling and nonsampling errors inherent in all such surveys. Sampling errors are measured by calculating standard errors, which are published on the NCS page at http://www.bls.gov/ ncs/ect/ectvar.htm. Standard errors can be used to assess the reliability of the estimates. Nonsampling errors, which include survey nonresponses, data collection errors, and data processing errors, cannot be measured, but they are thought to be small because several procedures are in place to minimize them, such as staff training, computer microdata and macrodata edits, and structured review. Conclusion The ECI does not eliminate the need for wage surveys, because over longer periods of time the estimates obtained using the aging process become less reliable. Nevertheless, using the Employment Cost Index to age wage survey data to account for time lags is a valuable technique that improves the quality of the data used for determining pay scales and other purposes when current wage data are critical. Page 2 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Exhibits Exhibit 1 provides detailed instructions for how to use the ECI to adjust wage survey data to account for time lags. Exhibit 2 shows step-bystep instructions for the example used in the text. Exhibit 3 is a sample worksheet that users can use for adjusting the data. Exhibit 4 gives instructions on how to interpolate data when the user wants to calculate an index number for a month other than the ECI reference month. Exhibit 5 shows an example of interpolating data. Exhibit 1. How to use the ECI to age wage survey data to account for time lags. 1. Select an appropriate ECI series. For general wage increases, an aggregate series--such as private industry, all workers--is an appropriate choice because it is easy to use and less likely to fluctuate greatly. If there is reason to believe that the data to be adjusted trend differently than the overall average, then it might be better to choose a more specific series, such as one that is occupation or industry specific. The sector--meaning, whether the ECI data pertain to private industry, State and local government, or civilian workers--is also an important factor to consider. Bargaining status, census region, or census division also can be used. To view a complete list of possible series, see tables 8-11 of the Employment Cost Index news release, available on the Internet at www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/eci.pdf. Users might also want to review historical data of specific series to see how they have performed in the past. Historical data series can be obtained by using the Create Customized Tables tool, which is located at http:// data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/dsrv?ci. 2. Determine the beginning and ending time periods. Typically, the beginning period will be the reference period of the wage survey you wish to update, and the ending period will be the most current month for which ECI data are available. If the beginning period or the ending period is not one of the ECI reference months (March, June, September, or December), use the closest reference month or else interpolate the data. 3. Retrieve the ECI index values. There are several ways to retrieve ECI data, but the Create Customized Tables option, mentioned previously, is the easiest to use. Use this tool to request the selected series index numbers for the appropriate time periods. 4. Calculate an adjustment factor. To calculate an adjustment factor, the user will need the index numbers for the beginning and ending time periods for the selected series. The factor is calculated as follows: Ending period index number ÷ beginning period index number. The quotient should be rounded to three decimal places. 5. Apply the adjustment factor to the original data. Multiply the adjustment factor by the original estimate. The product should be rounded to two decimal places. Exhibit 2. Example of how to age wage survey data using the ECI (based on the example used in the text). 1. Select an appropriate ECI series. Private industry, all workers 2. Determine the beginning and ending time periods. Beginning period = June 2005; ending period = June 2007 3. Retrieve ECI index values. Request Screen: Page 3 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Larger Results Screen: Larger Beginning period index number = 98.9; ending period index number = 105.1 4. Calculate an adjustment factor and round to three decimal places. Page 4 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS A. 105.1 ÷ 98.9 = 1.0626895 B. 1.063 (rounded) 5. Apply the adjustment factor to the original data and round to two decimal places. A. Original data = $17.82 B. $17.82 × 1.063 = $18.94266 C. $18.94 (rounded) Exhibit 3. Worksheet: Aging Wage Survey data using the Employment Cost Index. 1. Select ECI Series: ____________________________________________________ 2. Determine the beginning and ending time periods: ____________________ Beginning month and year ____________________ Ending month and year 3. Retrieve ECI index values: ____________________ Index number for beginning month and year ____________________ Index number for ending month and year 4. A. _________________ Calculate adjustment factor (unrounded) (Ending month divided by beginning month) 5. B. _________________ Round value in 4.A to 3 decimal places A. $ ________________ Original wage data value B. $ ________________ Updated wage value (unrounded) (The value in 5.A multiplied by the adjustment factor in 4.B) C. $ _______________ Round value in 5.B to two decimal places Exhibit 4. Interpolating data To calculate an index number for a month other than an ECI reference month, you can interpolate the number if you assume that the change over the 3-month period occurred at the same rate each month.7 1. Retrieve the index numbers for the ECI reference month immediately before and immediately after the time period needed. 2. Calculate the change between the two index numbers, as follows: Latter reference period - earlier reference period 3. Divide the difference obtained in the above step by 3 (for the 3 months between reference periods). 4. Calculate index numbers for the interpolated months. A. For the first month between the 2 reference months, add the quotient calculated in step 3 to the index number for the reference month immediately before the desired month. B. For the second month between the two reference months, multiply the quotient calculated in step 3 by 2, and then add that product to the reference month immediately before the desired month. C. Round the results to one decimal place. 5. Use the interpolated index number(s) in step 3 of exhibits 1, 2, and 3. Page 5 COMPENSATION AND WORKING CONDITIONS U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Exhibit 5. Example of interpolating data Interpolate index numbers for July 2007 and August 2007 for the series private industry, all workers: 1. Retrieve the index numbers for the ECI reference month immediately before and immediately after the time period needed. June 2007 = 105.1 September 2007 = 106.0 2. Calculate the change between the two index numbers, as follows: 106.0 - 105.1 = 0.9 3. Divide the difference obtained in the above step by 3 (for the 3 months between reference periods). 0.9 ÷ 3 = 0.3 4. Calculate index numbers for the interpolated months. A. July 2007 = 105.1 + 0.3 = 105.4 B. August 2007 = 105.1 + (2 × 0.3) = 105.1 + 0.6 = 105.7 5. Use the interpolated index number(s) in step 3 of exhibit 1. Wayne M. Shelly Economist, Division of Compensation Data Analysis and Planning, Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Telephone: (202) 691-6205; E-mail: Shelly.Wayne@bls.gov Notes 1 For a more thorough discussion of the ECI, see John W. Ruser, "The Employment Cost Index: what is it?," Monthly Labor Review, September 2001; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/09/art1full.pdf. 2 For more technical information on the National Compensation Survey, see "National Compensation Measures," BLS Handbook of Methods (online version, 2007), ch. 8; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch8.pdf. 3 For more information on BLS wage surveys, see Natalie Kramer, "Earnings and Other Compensation Data at BLS: What Users Seek and What We Offer," Compensation and Working Conditions Online, February 26, 2003; available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/ cm20030224ar01p1.htm. 4 The National Compensation Survey defines civilian workers as the sum of all private industry and State and local government workers. Members of the U.S. military, Federal Government employees, and agricultural workers are excluded. 5 Although seasonally adjusted data are available for some series, only not seasonally adjusted data should be used for aging wage survey data. 6 Private industry establishments remain in the sample for approximately 5 years, with approximately 20 percent of the private industry establishments replaced each year. State and local government establishments are replaced less frequently. Unlike the private industry establishments, the State and local government establishments are all replaced at the same time. 7 This exhibit is a simplified procedure that does not take into account the effects of compounding. Because of the relatively small changes between quarters and the short time period, compounding will have very little impact on the interpolated data and does not improve its precision. 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