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January 2004 U.S. Department of Labor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bureau o f Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor Elaine L. Chao, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Kathleen P. Utgoff, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review ( usps 987-800) is published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Review welcomes articles on the labor force, labor-m anagem ent relations, business conditions, industry productivity, com pensation, occupational safety and health, demographic trends, and other economic developments. Papers should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. Potential articles, as well as communications on editorial matters, should be submitted to: Editor-in-Chief Monthly Labor Review Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, dc 20212 Telephone: (202) 691-5900 E-mail: mlr@bls.gov Inquiries on subscriptions and circulation, including address changes, should be sent to: Superintendent of Documents Government Printing Office Washington, dc 20402 Telephone: (202) 512-1800 Subscription price per year—$49 domestic; $68.60 foreign. Single copy—$15 domestic; $21 foreign. Make checks payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review ( issn 0098-1818) and other government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, dc, and at additional mailing addresses. Unless stated otherwise, articles appearing in this publication are in the public domain and may be reprinted without express permission from the Editor-in-Chief. Please cite the specific issue of the Monthly Labor Review as the source. Information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: (202) 691-5200 Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. P ostmaster : Send address changes to Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, dc 20402-0001. Cover designed by Keith Tapscott https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Volume 127, Number 1 January 2004 Changes in State laws during 2003: Labor Revised or enacted laws covered minimum wage rates, child labor, employment discrimination, crime victim protection and military re-employment rights Richard R. Nelson and John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr. Workers’ compensation Various States enacted new laws or revised legislation designed to further define coverage and services Glenn Whittington Unemployment insurance Many States increased their maximum weekly benefit amounts; three Federal enactments affected State unemployment insurance Loryn Lancaster Departments Labor month in review Précis Book review Current labor statistics Editor-in-Chief: Deborah P. Klein • Executive Editor: Richard M. Devens • Managing Editor: Anna Huffman Hill • Editors. Brian I. Baker, Richard Hamilton, Leslie Brown Joyner • Book Reviews: Richard Hamilton • Design and Layout: Catherine D. Bowman, Edith W. Peters • https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Contributor: Keven Skelly Labor Month in Review The January Review For the past quarter-century, Monthly Labor Review has benefited from Richard R. N elson’s concise summaries o f State labor legislation . W hile the overall structure of Federal labor law touches and influences all the States, labor lawyers, labor relations practitioners, labor union officials, and labor economists have come to realize that it is the diversity across S tates that often lends nuance and substance to their work. We all thank Richard N elson for the contribution he has made to that work over the years. It is thus with sincere good w ishes (and som e trepidation) that w e send him off on the retirem ent from governm ent service that he announced during the editorial process o f this year’s article. N elson and his co-author, John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr., chronicle the wide sweep o f labor legislation that was enacted in a busier year in the Statehouses than has been the experience recently in the field o f labor law. It is a sign o f the times that one o f the more frequent categories of legislation was the delineation o f re employment rights for National Guard and other personnel called to active duty. Glenn Whittington, another long-time contributor, sum m arizes changes in workers’ compensation law enacted in 2003. Again, the interesting parts are the changes at a very fine-grained level: one State imposes a new limit on a class of treatments while another increases the number o f such treatments allowed. In at least one case, chiropractic treatments in California and Florida, both the limiting State and the liberalizing State end up at the same number o f authorized treatments. It is perhaps a more depressing sign of the times that in the first two States in the report, the fines for avoiding provision of workers’ compensation on the part of employers or for defrauding the system on the part o f em p loyees had to be substantially increased. Loryn Lancaster, a relatively recent ad d ition to our group o f regulars, sum m arizes ch an ges in the area o f 2 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis unemployment insurance. In this case, many of the important changes are at the federal level. There were two extensions of the Temporary Extended Unemployment Com pensation program and, in y e t an oth er sig n o f h o w tim e s h a v e ch an ged , the D epartm ent o f Labor issu e d fin a l reg u la tio n s cla rify in g eligibility o f unemployment benefits as a direct result o f a major disaster. The issue also includes a book review, M ay the B est Team Win: Baseball Economics and Public Policy, prepared by Kevin Skelly o f the Bureau’s New York region. Readers should know that MLR accepts submissions for the book review section as well as articles from outside authors. For more details, contact us at mlr@bls.gov One in nine had some unem ploym ent in 2002 In 2 0 0 2 , the “ w o r k -e x p e r ie n c e unemployment rate” for all workers— defined as the number unemployed at so m e tim e d uring the y ea r as a proportion o f the number who worked or looked for work at any time during the year— rose by 0.6 percentage point to 11.0 percent. At that level, the “workexperience unemployment rate” for all workers was the highest it has been since 1996, when it was 11.7 percent. C o n v e rse ly , the p rop ortion o f the population that worked at som e point during 2 0 0 2 w as 6 8 .4 p ercent, 0 .9 percentage point below its 2001 level. Increase in volunteering Both the number o f volunteers and the volunteer rate rose over the year ended in September 2003. About 63.8 million people did volunteer work at some point from September 2002 to September 2003, up 59.8 m illion from the previous 12month period. The volunteer rate grew to 28.8 percent, up from 2 7 .4 percent. January 2004 About 25.1 percent o f men and 32.2 percent o f women did volunteer work in the year ended in Septem ber 2 0 0 3 , increases of 1.5 and 1.2 percentage points from 2002, respectively. For teenagers, the volunteer rate jumped by 2.6 percentage points to 29.5 percent. Volunteers spent a median o f 52 hours on volunteer activities during the period from September 2002 to September 2003. Among the age groups, volunteers age 65 and older devoted the most time— a m ed ian o f 88 hours— to v o lu n teer activities. Those age 25 to 34 years spent the least time, volunteering a median of 36 hours during the year. Find out more in “Volunteering in the United States, 2003” news release USDL 03-888. Work injuries and illnesses in 2002 A total of 4.7 million nonfatal injuries and illnesses were reported in private industry workplaces during 2002, resulting in a rate of 5.3 cases per 100 equivalent full-time w orkers. A m on g g o o d s-p ro d u cin g industry divisions, incidence rates during 2002 ranged from 4.0 cases per 100 full time workers in mining to 7.2 cases per 100 full-time workers in manufacturing. Within the service-producing sector, incidence rates ranged from 1.7 cases per 100 full time workers in finance, insurance, and real estate to 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in transportation and public utilities. Approximately 2.5 million injuries and illnesses were cases with days away from work, job transfer, or restriction; that is, they required recuperation away from work, transfer to another job, restricted duties at work, or a com bination o f th ese a c tio n s. The rem a in in g 2 .2 m illio n injuries and illn e sse s w ere other recordable ca ses that did not result in tim e away from work. The in cid en ce rate for ca se s w ith days away from work, job transfer, or restriction was 2.8 cases per 100 workers. See “W orkplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2002,” news release USDL 03-913. □ State Labor Laws, 2003 State labor legislation enacted in 2003 Minimum wage rates, child labor, employment discrimination, crime victim protection, and military re-employment rights were among major legislation enacted or revised during the year Richard R. Nelson and John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr, greater volum e o f labor legislation was enacted in 2003 than in recent years, despite the fact that budget concerns were a priority for many States.1 California, Illinois, and Texas enacted particularly large numbers o f laws. Legislation enacted addressed several areas of employment standards and included many important measures: increased minimum wage rates; expanded coverage of family and medi cal leave laws; additional prohibitions on children working in hazardous occupations; and new measures addressing work A place security. A dditional States provided leave for em ployees w ho are crim e victim s; protected the earnings o f children w orking in the entertainm ent industry; eased regulation o f the private em ploym ent agency industry; and protected the jobs o f re serve and guard m em bers returning from m ilitary active duty. N ew protections from discrimination were enacted for transgender individuals, prohibitions were enacted on the purchase o f goods produced through forced labor, and a Cali fornia law requires employers to provide healthcare benefits. This article summarizes significant State labor legislation enacted in 2003. It does not, however, cover legislation on occupational safety and health, employment and training, la bor relations, em ployee background clearance, econom ic de velopment, and local living wage ordinances. Articles re porting on changes in unemployment insurance and workers’ com pensation laws appear separately in this issue. Richard R. Nelson and John J. Fitzpatrick, Jr. are State Standards Advisors in the Division of External Affairs, Wage and Hour D iv isio n , E m p lo y m en t S tan d a rd s A d m in is tra tio n , U .S . Department of Labor. E-mail: Fitzpatrickjr.john@dol.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wages. Minimum wage rates increased as the result o f new legislation in Illinois, N ew Mexico, Rhode Island, and Vermont; as a result o f previous laws in Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, and Maine; and as a result o f prior ballot measures in Oregon and Washington. In Alaska, a 2002 enactment that provided for indexed rate increases was repealed. A s o f January 1, 2004, minimum wage rates were higher than the Federal standard in Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, the District o f Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wash ington. O f the 43 States with minimum wage laws, only 2 have rates lower than the Federal rate o f $5.15 per hour.2 Santa Fe, N ew M exico, and San Francisco, California, adopted local minimum wage ordinances. Conversely, a new Texas law provides that State law supersedes a wage estab lished in an ordinance, and, in Florida, political subdivisions are barred from establishing, or otherwise requiring an em ployer to pay a minimum wage, other than a Federal minimum wage, or applying a Federal minimum wage to those wages exempt from Federal coverage. Enactments in Utah and Vermont changed the amount of the tip credit authorized for employers to m eet a portion o f the minimum wage. New minimum wage and overtime law exemptions were en acted in Arkansas and Montana, and a new overtime exem p tion was enacted in Alaska. A Maine law permits State em ployees to be awarded com pensatory time in lieu o f overtime pay. Prevailing wage laws pertaining to public works construc tion projects currently exist in 32 States and the Federal G ov ernment.3 This year, as usual, a m ix o f laws was enacted, with some strengthening and with others weakening existing laws. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 3 State Labor Laws, 2003 The threshold amount for coverage was increased by leg islation in Maine and administratively in Ohio and Wisconsin. Exemptions from coverage were enacted in Montana and Or egon, while law coverage was expanded in California, Illinois, Nevada, and N ew Jersey. The Montana law was amended to require that additional trades be included in the prevailing wage survey, and the Washington Department o f Labor is to establish a goal of conducting surveys for each trade every 3 years. Am ong other developments, primary contractors are to be identified in Alaska; new recordkeeping requirements were enacted in Illinois; penalties for violation o f prevailing wage laws were increased in Nevada and revised in California; and the Maryland Advisory Council on Prevailing Wage Rates was abolished. Contractors in California may now bring court action to recover increased labor costs in certain circum stances. In Illinois, an Executive order requires State agencies to consider project labor agreements for public works projects. An Executive order issued in Michigan permits the debarment o f a contractor who has violated any State or Federal law. A m ong several changes to the Colorado wage payment law, the State and its agencies were exempted from coverage. Several classifications o f em ployees were exempted from cov erage o f the W isconsin law. Payment o f wages by direct de posit was authorized in Arkansas and Texas, and the North Dakota provision was amended. The Maryland Advisory Committee on the Wage and Hour Law was abolished. Civil penalties for failure to pay wages increased in Califor nia. The Nevada, Oklahoma, and Tennessee penalty provi sions were revised. Coverage o f the wage payment law was expanded in Kan sas. California enacted wage protections for workers in the car wash industry. N ew payroll deductions were authorized in Maryland, North Carolina, and Texas. Payment into a trust account was approved in Virginia. It was specified that the Nevada labor commissioner is to enforce all labor laws without regard to whether an em ployee is lawfully or unlawfully employed. Hours. Despite several bills introduced on the subject, no new legislation was enacted this year regulating mandatory overtime. A committee established in Louisiana w ill assess the extent o f registered nurse mandatory overtime use. An Arkansas statute limiting work hours in saw and plan ing m ills was repealed, and changes were made in the West Virginia law regulating passenger motor carriers. Certain exceptions were authorized from the meal period provision in California, and in the rest and meal period provi sions in Washington. 4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 Family issues. In a continuing expansion o f benefits and rights under family and medical leave laws, the Connecticut law was amended to require employers to permit em ployees the use o f up to 2 weeks o f sick leave to attend to a serious health condition o f a family member, or for the birth or adop tion o f a child. In Hawaii, em ployees in the public sector w ill again be covered under the State Family and M edical Leave Act. Additionally, public sector em ployees are now entitled to at least 4 hours o f paid leave per calendar year to attend parent-teacher conferences. Illinois enacted a law requiring certain employers to pro vide unpaid leave for an employee victim o f domestic or sexual violence, or one who has a victim ized family or household member. Oregon employers with six or more em ployees must provide leave to attend criminal proceedings for eligible em ployees who have been crime victims or who have an immedi ate family member who has been a crime victim. A similar law enacted in California also extends protection to registered domestic partners o f victims. Texas will provide limited com pensation to a family member o f a deceased violent crime vic tim to attend the funeral, or for lost compensation, resulting from bereavement leave. Rhode Island employers may provide unpaid breaks for nursing mothers, while a W yoming resolution encourages breastfeeding and commends employers who make accom modations. Health insurance. A California law requires that employees of large and medium-sized employers receive healthcare benefits. Child labor. A trend continued with Minnesota exempting children working as referees, umpires, or officials from the minimum age requirement o f the child labor law, while Virginia lowered the minimum age for referees from 13 to 12. Hours and night work changes were enacted in Hawaii, Louisiana, and N ew York, while Maine revised its hazardous occupation orders concerning confined spaces and heights. Hawaii also prohibited employment in the adult entertainment industry. Indiana now requires that minors be accompanied by an adult for work after 10 p.m. Civil penalty assessment procedures were revised in Tennessee. Louisiana employers are no longer required to keep work permits on file. In addition, employment certificates are to be submitted electronically by school superintendents. Laws providing for judicial approval o f artistic contracts o f minors and requiring that a percentage o f earnings be set aside in trust were enacted in Nevada, N ew York, North Caro lina, and Tennessee, and amended in California. Industrial homework. California changed the procedures for the disposition o f articles or materials unlawfully manufac- tured at home, while adding an appeal process for the confis cation and disposition o f the goods. public safety officer photographs; and in Virginia for nursing Equal employment opportunity. An Illinois Civil Rights Act Workplace violence!security. A growing body o f legislation o f 2003 bars any public-sector employer from discriminating on the basis o f race, color, or national origin. An Executive order issued in Arizona prohibits State entities from discrimi nating on the basis o f sexual orientation, and N ew M exico now bans employment discrimination based on sexual orien tation and gender identity. Gender identity discrimination is also now prohibited in California and in Pennsylvania for State agencies. An Executive order issued in Kansas requires State agencies to adopt policy statements prohibiting sexual ha rassment. California law was amended to hold employers po tentially liable for sexual harassment o f workers by clients, customers, and other third parties. California also prohibited State agencies from contracting with companies that discrimi nate against domestic partners in the provision of benefits. Among other measures that were enacted relating to vari ous forms o f employment discrimination, Illinois employers of four or more em ployees are prohibited from wage discrimina tion based upon sex. Illinois also w ill now prohibit employers from placing native language restrictions on em ployees dur ing non-job-related activities. Vermont revised mandatory retirement age limits for State Supreme Court justices, and W yoming removed the upper age limit for age discrimination protection. Training w ill be required for certain State employ ees on disability em ployment law in California, and on State and Federal discrimination laws and investigation techniques is being enacted addressing issues o f workplace violence and security. Background checks for workers in various sensitive positions were enacted in 2003 in North Dakota, Texas, Utah, in Connecticut. The Florida Attorney General may now bring civil action for damages, and school districts in South Dakota may con sider the sex o f an em ployee for employment duties in locker rooms. Worker privacy. Over the last few years, several States have adopted legislation providing immunity from civil liability to em ployers who furnish information about a current or former em ployee’s job performance to a prospective or current em ployer. N ew measures were adopted in Louisiana and in Utah for law enforcement employers. A similar law in Montana was repealed. Provision was also made for the disclosure, under certain circumstances, o f peace officer records in California, and Indiana public em ployee disciplinary action records. Laws were enacted providing for the confidentiality of em ployee information in Arkansas for non-elected municipal and county officials; in Florida concerning em ployee assis tance information o f public employees; in Louisiana for direct deposit payroll information and medical records; in North Dakota for mediation records; in Ohio for firefighter and emer gency m edical technician personnel records; in Oregon for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis facility staff records and reports. and Virginia. Employee leasing. Arkansas repealed its Em ployee Leasing Act and replaced it with a comprehensive Professional Em ployer Organization Recognition and Licensing Act. Profes sional employer organizations in Utah w ill now be required to register annually rather than be licensed, and the Montana law was amended to add an exemption for certain arrange ments by healthcare facilities. Private employment agencies. The trend o f easing regula tion o f the industry continued this year with Maryland elim i nating the licensing and regulation o f employment agencies and em ployment counselors; Minnesota repealing the law regulating and requiring licensing o f entertainment agencies; with Louisiana and North Dakota no longer requiring licens ing o f employer-fee-paid employment services; and with Or egon excluding em ployment listing services from coverage. The North Carolina Commissioner o f Labor now has the authority to enforce the law dealing with the personal service industry. In Illinois, employers are now prohibited from knowingly contracting with day and temporary labor service agencies to provide replacements for striking or locked out workers. Whistleblowers. A W histleblower Act, applicable to privatesector employers, was enacted in Illinois, protecting em ploy ees from retaliation for disclosing information about employer violations of State or Federal laws, rules, or regulations. An Executive order was issued providing similar protection for State agency em ployees. Arkansas, California, and Oklahoma expanded the scope o f their whistleblower protection acts. Military re-employment rights. Continuing the trend that began follow ing the events o f September 11, 2001, and the ensuing military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, several ad ditional jurisdictions enacted legislation related to reinstate ment rights o f reserve or guard members returning from active duty. Many of these measures amended laws to provide guard members with the same rights as provided to those called for Federal duty. Some o f the measures provide for supplemental pay or continuation o f health benefits w hile an individual is on military leave. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 5 State Labor Laws, 2003 Smte labor departments. In Michigan, the name o f the Depart ment of Consumer and Industry Services was changed to the Department o f Labor and Economic Growth, and a new Wage and Hour Division was created within the department. In Idaho, the Disability Determinations Service was transferred from the Executive Office o f the Governor to the Department of Labor. The Utah Labor Commission is to assume certain coal mine regulatory functions previously performed by the Labor Comm ission’s Safety Division. The Maryland Commissioner of Labor and Industry may now charge a fee to cover the cost of providing mediation services. Other laws. Among other laws enacted, Arkansas and Iowa w ill provide employment leave for State em ployees to serve as bone marrow or organ donors. The Arkansas law also applies to public school employees. Hawaii joins several other States by now providing for paid leave for American Red Cross disaster volunteers. A M ississippi measure creates a program o f paid educational leave for hospital em ployees. A California measure permits em ployees to sue their em ployers for violations o f the State labor code. A Minnesota law permits civil actions against the State to be brought in Federal court by current, former, or prospective em ployees o f the State who are aggrieved by the State’s violation o f vari ous Federal laws. A labam a Other laws. The law allowing persons who are regularly employed by the State to engage in employment in the private sector—if the employment is not specifically prohibited by statute, and there is no conflict with the job of the State employee—was amended to limit this authorization to those employees whose pay is $75,000 or less exclusive of benefits. In addition, the law provides that no em ployee is to engage in employment in the pri vate sector during their scheduled working hours. The entity that employed the State employee may not do business with or be employed by the department that employs the State employee. Alaska Wages. As the result of prior legislation, the State minimum wage rate rose to $7.15 per hour, from $5.65, on January 1, 2003. The minimum wage law was amended to eliminate a provision enacted in 2002 that would have required annual adjustments to the minimum wage rate based on the rate of inflation. The first indexed rate would have become effective on January 1,2004. The section of law requiring the pay ment of overtime was amended to provide 6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Idaho adopted a Voluntary Contributions Act regulating political contributions by labor organizations. A law enacted in Tennessee prohibits the termination o f an employee who is a volunteer firefighter if his or her absence or lateness to work is due to responding to an emergency. Illi nois made it unlawful to use a false academic degree for the purpose o f obtaining employment. Application o f the N ew York anti-sweatshop laws were expanded to allow public schools and colleges in the State to consider labor standards when evaluating bids for sports equipment. An Illinois State Prohibition o f Goods from Forced Labor Act provides that each contract entered into by a State agency for the procurement o f equipment, materials, or sup plies must specify that foreign-made goods produced under the contract were not produced in whole or in part by forced, convict, or indentured labor. A similar law was enacted in California. A lso, California made it unlawful to enter into a contract for labor or services with a construction, farm labor, garment, janitorial, or security guard contractor, if it is known that the contract does not provide sufficient funds to permit compliance with all applicable laws. Texas made it unlawful to traffic another person with the intent that the trafficked per son engage in forced labor or services. The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, o f labor legis lation enacted in 2003. that it applies to all claims for overtime than weekly. By July 1, 2004, the Depart based on employment on and after July 1, ment of Labor and Workforce Development 1990, and before June 2, 1999, and to all is to provide for filing these reports by se pending administrative and judicial actions cure online electronic filing. that are based on the calculation of over Before commencing work on a public time for employment during that time pe construction contract, the person entering riod. The requirement for the payment of into the contract with a contracting agency overtime at the rate of one and one-half is to designate a primary contractor who times the regular rate of pay for hours must file a notice of work with the Depart worked in excess of 8 hours a day and 40 ment of Labor and Workforce Development. hours a week had been invalidated by a The notice of work must list work to be court decision and then reenacted in 1999. performed under the public construction In determining whether an employee has contract by each contractor who will per worked more than 40 hours a week, the form any portion of work on the contract num ber of hours worked is calculated and the contract price being paid to each without including those hours worked in contractor. The primary contractor must excess of 8 a day, because the employee is pay all filing fees for each contractor per paid overtime compensation separately, forming work on the contract, including a based on those hours. filing fee based on the contract price being The overtime pay requirements of the paid for work performed by the primary minimum wage law were amended to exempt contractor’s employees. Upon completion from coverage work performed by flight crew of all work on the contract, the primary con members employed by air carriers subject to tractor must file with the department a no the Federal Railway Labor Act. Flight crew tice of completion together with payment is defined as the pilot, co-pilot, flight engi of any additional filing fees owed due to in neer, and flight attendants. creased contract amounts. Within 30 days The submission of payroll information after the department’s receipt of the notice by contractors and subcontractors perform of completion, the department is to inform ing work on a public construction contract is the contracting agency of the amount, if any, now to be made every second week rather to be withheld from the final payment. January 2004 Inmate labor. A Correctional Industries Pro gram Act of 2003 was adopted. This Act allows the administrative costs of the Cor rectional Industries Program, including em ployee salaries and benefits, to be paid from product revenues obtained from the correc tional industries fund rather than the General Fund. Other laws. The Governor, through the issu ance of an administrative order, may autho rize State employees who are members of a reserve or auxiliary component of the armed forces of the United States— including the organized militia of Alaska, consisting of the Alaska National Guard, the Alaska Naval Mi litia, and the Alaska State Defense Force— and who are called to active duty by the ap propriate State or Federal authority to con tinue to receive the equivalent of their State compensation and some or all of their State benefits. Benefits include credited service in a State retirement system, membership in the supplemental employee benefits system, and group life and health insurance provided un der State law or under a collective bargaining agreement. Arizona Equal employment opportunity. The Gover nor issued an Executive order directing that no State agency, board or commission is to discriminate in employment solely on the basis of an individual’s sexual orientation, and providing that notice is to be given to all State employees that acts of sexual harassment or other harassment based on sexual orientation will be a cause for discipline, up to and in cluding termination of employment with the State. No State agency will be required to establish employment goals based on sexual orientation. Other laws. A resolution was adopted urging the U.S. Congress to enact legislation that would establish a legal worker program for immigrants who enter the United States through ports of entry, including regulations that require employers to pay minimum wages to these workers; that require the workers to pay payroll taxes; that protect the workers from exploitation; and that al low the workers to be eligible for employeroffered health insurance. Arkansas Wages. The minimum wage law was amended to exempt from coverage nonprofit child wel fare agency em ployees who serve as houseparents who are directly involved in caring for children residing in residential fa https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cilities of the nonprofit welfare agency, and who are orphans, in foster care, abused, ne glected, abandoned, homeless, in need of su pervision, or otherwise in crisis situations that lead to out-of-home placements; and who are compensated at an annual rate of not less than $13,000, or at an annual rate of not less than $10,000 if the employee resides in the residential facility and receives board and lodging at no cost. Employers may now pay workers by electronic direct deposit into the employee’s account in addition to payment in currency or by check as before. The employee may opt out of electronic direct deposit by pro viding the employer a written statement re questing payment by check. An employee has a right to be paid in currency if the em ployer has ever paid the employee with a check drawn on an account with insufficient funds. employer organization and the recipient. The license application is to include the name and address of the organization, a taxpayer or employer identification number, a statement of ownership, a statement of business expe rience, and a financial statement. Workers’ compensation coverage is required. W histleblower. The scope of the State Whistle-Blower Act, which protects public employees from adverse action for report ing, in good faith to an appropriate author ity, the existence of waste of public funds, property, or manpower, or the violation of any State law, rule or regulation was ex panded to also protect disclosures concern ing waste of Federal funds, property, or manpower administered or controlled by a public employer. Other laws. A law was enacted providing employment leave for State employees or Hours. The statute that had restricted work public school employees to serve as bone hours in saw and planning mills to 10 hours a marrow or organ donors. These employees are entitled to no more than seven days of day was repealed. leave to serve as a bone marrow donor and no Child labor. The law making it unlawful for more than thirty days of leave to serve as an any wholesaler, retailer, or transporter of alco organ donor in any calendar year. In order to holic beverages to allow any employee or any receive the leave they must; 1) request the other person under 21 years of age to sell, leave in writing; 2) provide the employing transport or handle alcoholic beverages was agency written verification by the physician amended to allow persons 19 years of age and who is to perform the transplant that the older, with written consent of a parent or guard employee is to serve as a human organ or ian, to serve and handle alcoholic beverages at bone marrow donor; and 3) provide the em on-premises consumption outlets where food ploying agency written verification by the physician performing the transplant that the service is a permit requirement. employee did serve as a human organ or bone Worker privacy. The law exempting the marrow donor. The State or public school home addresses of non-elected State employ employee may use the leave without loss or ees, contained in employer records, from reduction in pay, leave, or credit for time of being considered public records under the service. A State agency or public school may Arkansas Freedom of Information Act was not penalize an employee for requesting or expanded to also apply to the home ad obtaining this leave. An archaic statute was repealed that had dresses of non-elected municipal and county made it unlawful for the person in control of employees. any establishment where three or more per Employee leasing. The Arkansas Employee sons are employed, and where any of the Leasing Act was repealed, and a comprehen employees are women, to permit in the work sive Arkansas Professional Employer Orga place any influence, practices, or conditions nization Recognition and Licensing Act was calculated to injuriously affect the morals of enacted. “Professional employer organiza the female employees. tion” is defined as any person engaged in the business of providing the service of entering California into a co-employment relationship in which at least a majority of the employees provid Wages. Voters in the City of San Francisco ing services to a client or to a division or approved an ordinance, effective January 1, work unit of a client are covered employees 2004, that requires most employers to pay a and in which the arrangement is intended to minimum wage of $8.50 per hour for work be, or is, ongoing rather than temporary in performed within the city to those employ nature— and employer responsibilities, in ees who work two or more hours per week. cluding the right of direction and control of The wage will be adjusted effective January 1st of each year based on increases in the the employees, are shared by the professional Monthly Labor Review January 2004 7 State Labor Laws, 2003 Consumer Price Index for urban wage earn ers and clerical workers for the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, California, metro politan statistical area. The wage require ment will not apply to businesses with fewer than 10 employees or non-profits until Janu ary 1, 2005. Starting on that date, those small businesses and non-profits would pay a minimum wage of $7.75 per hour. Effec tive January 1, 2006, all small businesses and non-profits would pay the minimum wage of $8.50 per hour as adjusted based on the indexed increases. Employees who as sert their rights to receive the minimum wage will be protected from retaliation. The prevailing wage law was amended to permit contractors to bring court action to recover increased labor costs, penalties, and legal fees from an awarding body if 1) the awarding body has told the contractor in writing that the work to be covered by the bid was not a “public work,” or 2) the award ing body received actual written notice from the Department of Industrial Relations that the work to be covered by the bid or contract is a “public work” and failed to disclose that information to the contractor before the bid opening or awarding of the contract. Addi tionally, the law now permits the contractor to recover increased costs from an awarding body that result from the classification of the work as a “public work” after the job has begun, or the awarding body accepted the co n tractor’s bid, or the contractor was awarded the contract in circumstances where no bid was solicited. “Awarding body” for purposes of applicability excludes the De partment of General Services, the Depart ment of Transportation, and the Department of Water Resources. The prevailing wage law was amended so that required per diem wages now include employer payments for worker protection and assistance programs or committees es tablished under the Federal Labor Manage ment Cooperation Act of 1978, to the extent that the activities of the programs or com mittees are directed to the monitoring and enforcement of laws related to public works. Additionally, per diem wages also include industry advancement and collective bargain ing agreement administrative fees, provided that these payments are required under a col lective bargaining agreement pertaining to the particular craft, classification, or type of work within the locality or the nearest labor market area at issue. If the State or a political subdivision thereof agrees by contract with a private en tity that the private entity’s employees re ceive, in performing that contract, the gen eral prevailing rate of per diem wages and the 8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis general prevailing rate for holiday and over time work, the Director of Industrial Rela tions, upon a request by the State or the political subdivision, is to determine the wage rates for each craft, classification, or type of worker that is needed to execute the contract, and provide these wage rates to the entity requesting them. The prevailing wage law was amended to provide that employers may take credit for employer payments to pension plans or other contributions against their prevailing wage obligation, even if the payments are not made during the same pay period for which credit is claimed, as long as the em ployer regularly makes the contributions, or regularly pays the costs, for the plan, fund, or program on no less than a quarterly basis. The information that the Contractor’s State License Board is required to post on the Internet concerning the status of licens ees is now to include information regarding a licensee’s willful or deliberate violation of the Labor Code. The Labor Commissioner is to maintain a quarterly updated list of con tractors and subcontractors who were found to have willfully violated the prevailing wage law or to whom a final order has been issued. Interest will accrue, from the date the wages were due and payable, on all due and unpaid wages. Additionally, the violator will pay a penalty of not less than $ 10 per day for each employee paid less than the prevailing wage—unless the failure to pay the prevail ing wage was a good-faith mistake that was promptly and voluntarily corrected. The penalty will not be less than $20 per day if the violator was assessed penalties within the 3 previous years for prevailing wage vio lations, and it will not be less than $30 per day if the Labor Commissioner determines that the violation was willful. The maximum penalty remains at $50 per worker for each day of violations. Back wage claims against the contractor must be satisfied before funds surrendered by the contractor may be ap plied to imposed penalties. A resolution was adopted reaffirming the intent of the legislature for the State prevail ing wage law to apply broadly to all projects subsidized with public funds, including the projects of chartered cities. A Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 was enacted. Under this law, any provision of the Labor Code that pro vides for a civil penalty to be assessed and collected by the Labor and Workforce De velopment Agency or any of its depart ments, divisions, commissions, boards, agen cies, or employees, for a violation of the code, may as an alternative, be recovered through a civil action brought by an aggrieved January 2004 employee on behalf of himself or herself and other current or former employees. Any employee who prevails in any action will be entitled to an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. A civil penalty is established where one is not specifically provided under the Labor Code. An action may not be main tained if the agency or any of its depart ments, divisions, commissions, boards, agen cies, or employees has cited a person for the same violation that the aggrieved employee is attempting to recover a civil penalty. A civil penalty will not be awarded if the al leged violation is a failure to act by the Labor and Workplace Development agency. Civil penalties were increased for various labor law violations. If an employer fails to pay wages or unlawfully withholds wages, the penalty for a first violation was increased from $50 to $ 100, and the penalty for subse quent or willful or intentional violations was increased from $100 to $200 plus 25-per cent of the amount unlawfully withheld. Twelve and one-half percent of the penalty recovered will be placed in a fund within the Labor and Workforce Development Agency to educate employers about State labor laws. The penalty for an employer who pays less than the minimum wage rose from $50 to $100 per underpaid employee for each pay period. The minimum penalty for a railroad corporation that violates laws regulating work hours was increased from $200 to $500, and the maximum penalty rose from $1,000 to $5,000. The penalty for violating the laws regulating work hours of employ ees in underground mines, smelters, or plants for the reduction or refining of ores or metals was increased from $50 to $100 for the first intentional violation and from $100 to $200 for each subsequent violation. The penalty for any person who does not hold a State contractor’s license and who employs work ers to perform services for which a license is required was increased from $100 to $200 per employee for each day of employment. Legislation was enacted to regulate the employment of workers in the car washing and polishing industry. Car wash employ ers must register annually, after meeting lo cal licensing, bonding and other criteria, with the Labor Commissioner and pay a registra tion fee of $250 for each branch location. A separate annual fee of $50 for each branch location is to be deposited into a Car Wash Worker Restitution Fund to ensure the pay ment of wages, penalties, and other damages. Employers are also to post a surety bond of $15,000 for the protection of employees. Failure to register may result in a civil fine of $100 being assessed for each day of viola tion up to a total of $ 10,000. Each employer must keep accurate and complete employ ment records for 3 years including wages paid, hours worked and tips received. Re newal registrations may not be completed until the employer has satisfied final judg ments for any unpaid wages, and contribu tions to the Unemployment Insurance Code, the Employment Development Department, and Social Security and Medicare contribu tions are up to date. In response to a 2002 court decision (Smith v. Rae-Venter Law Group), an amend ment was made to the wage claim procedure to specify what determines a successful ap peal of a decision of the labor commissioner. An employee claiming to be owed wages may either file a civil action against the employer or file a wage claim with the labor commis sioner seeking administrative relief. If the la bor commissioner’s decision is appealed to trial court and the party seeking review is unsuccessful, the trial court is to assess costs and reasonable attorney’s fees against the party who filed the appeal. It is now speci fied that an employee is successful so long as the employee recovers a judgment in his or her favor. This overturns the court hold ing that the appealing party is unsuccessful unless the court judgment is more favorable to the appealing party than the labor commissioner’s award. The law regulating the payment of salary or wages by State agencies, which requires that the employee be furnished with a writ ten itemized statement showing all deduc tions made from his or her salary or wages, was amended to permit— at the discretion of the employee—a State agency to issue the required statement electronically rather than in writing. The provision of an electronic statement of itemized deductions will be con tingent upon certain funding contingencies. A resolution was adopted proclaiming April 15th, 2003, to be Equal Pay Day in California and urging California citizens to recognize the full value of women’s skills and significant contributions to the labor force. The resolution also urged Congress to protect the rights of all American women and provide more effective remedies to victims of discrimination in the payment of wages on the basis of sex and for other purposes. April 15th symbolizes the day on which wages paid to American women catch up to the wages paid to men from the previous year. Hours. The law requiring employers to pro vide meal periods was amended to exempt employees in the wholesale baking industry who are subject to an Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order and who are cov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ered by a valid collective bargaining agree ment that provides for a 35-hour workweek consisting of 5 7-hour days, payment of one and one-half times the regular rate of pay for time worked in excess of 7 hours per day, and a rest period of not less than 10 minutes every 2 hours. Family issues. Employers are to allow an employee who is a victim of a crime, an im mediate family member of a victim, a regis tered domestic partner of a victim, or the child of a registered domestic partner of a victim to be absent from work in order to attend judicial proceedings related to that crime. Prior to the absence, the employee is to give the employer a copy of the notice of each scheduled proceeding that is provided to the victim. When advance notice is not feasible or an unscheduled absence occurs, the employer is not to take any action against the employee if he or she, within a reasonable time, provides the employer with documentation evidencing the judicial pro ceeding. An employee who is absent from work may use his or her accrued paid vaca tion time, personal leave time, sick leave time, compensatory time off that is other wise available to the employee, or unpaid leave time, unless otherwise provided by a collective bargaining agreement. The em ployer is to keep confidential any records regarding the employee’s absence from work. An employer may not discharge from em ployment or in any manner discriminate against an employee because of his or her absence. Health insurance. A Health Insurance Act of 2003 was enacted. This law provides for creation of the State Health Purchas ing Program administered by the Managed Risk Medical Insurance Board. Large and medium-sized employers will be required to p ro v id e th e ir em p lo y ee s w ith healthcare benefits eith er d irectly or through the purchasing program by pay ment of a fee to the board for coverage. Employees and their dependents of large em ployers (em ployers o f 200 or more persons in the State) are to be covered beginning January 1, 2006. Employees and their dependents of m edium -sized employers (employers of 20 to 199 per sons in the State) are to be covered begin ning January 1, 2007. Small employers are exempt from coverage. “Dependent” is defined as the spouse, domestic part ner, minor child of a covered enrollee, or child 18 years of age and over who is de pendent on the enrollee, as specified by the board. Child labor. Laws concerning minors with artistic em ploym ent contracts were amended. A maximum of 15 percent of the minor’s gross earnings was set as the amount that must be deposited in a trust account. The parent, trustee or guardian must pro vide the employer, within 10 business days, a photocopy of the trustee’s statement re garding the established account. In cases where the parent, guardian or trustee fails to provide the employer with evidence of the trust being established within 180 days of the commencement of employment, the em ployer is then required to deposit 15 percent of the minor’s gross earnings into a special account held by the Actors’ Fund of America. The Actors’ Fund is required to notify the beneficiary of their fund entitlement within 60 days of the minor reaching 18 years of age. The Labor Commissioner may only is sue a work permit for 6 months, and if the permit is not accompanied by a trustee’s statement demonstrating the creation of a trust account, then the permit is invalid after 10 business days from the date of issuance. Apparel industry. The Public Contract Code was amended to require the State to provide a “Sweatfree Code of Conduct“ and pro curement policy that requires State agency procurement contracts (other than those related to public works contracts) to include provisions that prohibit the production of material, equipment, or supplies by forced labor, convict labor (not including work or services provided by an individual em ployed by the Prison Industry Authority), indentured labor under penal sanction, abu sive forms of child labor, or exploitation of children in sweatshop labor. This prohibi tion includes the procurement or laundering of apparel, garments, and accessories includ ing uniforms. Contractors must certify that no covered items have been laundered or produced by or with the benefit of sweat shop labor under penalty of perjury. False certifications will be considered to be mis demeanors. Copies of the code of conduct must be attached to the submitted certifica tion. Contractors must comply with mini mum wage, overtime, child labor laws, and benefits applicable to local, State and na tional laws of the jurisdiction in which the labor is performed. Industrial homework. Changes were made in the procedures for the disposition of ar ticles or materials unlawfully manufactured at home, and an appeal process was added. An item unlawfully manufactured at home may be confiscated by the Division of La bor Standards Enforcement, which will be Monthly Labor Review January 2004 9 State Labor Laws, 2003 responsible for destroying or disposing of them. The articles or material must not en ter the mainstream of commerce and must not be offered for sale. The division is to, by certified mail, give notice of the confis cation and the procedure for appealing the confiscation to the person whose name and address are affixed to the article or material. The notice will state that failure to file a written notice of appeal with the labor com missioner within 15 days after service of the notice of confiscation will result in the destruction or disposition of the confiscated article or material. To contest the confisca tion, a person must, within 15 days of ser vice of the notice, file a written notice of appeal with the labor commissioner. A hear ing on the appeal will be held within 30 days. Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, the labor commissioner may affirm, modify, or dismiss the confiscation, and may order the return of none, some, or all of the confiscated articles or material. Equal employment opportunity. The prohi bition on employment discrimination on the basis of sex was expanded by including gen der in the definition of sex. For this purpose “gender” means an employee or applicant’s actual sex or the employer’s perception of his or her sex, and includes the employer’s perception of the employee or applicant’s identity, appearance, or behavior, whether or not that identity, appearance, or behavior is different from that traditionally associated with his or her sex at birth. Employers may require employees to comply with reason able workplace appearance, grooming, and dress standards consistent with State and Federal law, provided that employees are al lowed to appear or dress consistently with their gender identity. Language in the Fair Employment and Housing Act was clarified to ensure that un der State law employers may potentially be liable for sexual harassment committed against their workers by clients, customers and other third parties if they knew or should have known of the harassment, and failed to take immediate and appropriate corrective action to stop the harassment. In reviewing cases involving the acts of non-employees, the extent of the employer’s control and any other legal responsibility that the employer may have with respect to the conduct of those non-employees will be considered. This change is in response to a 2002 court of appeal decision (Salazar v. Diversified Paratransit, Inc.), which held that the legisla ture did not intend the State’s Fair Employ ment and Housing Act to hold employers potentially responsible for protecting their 10 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers from sexual harassment if such ha rassment was committed by outside parties in the workplace. No State agency may enter into any con tract for the acquisition of goods or services in the amount of $100,000 or more with a contractor who, in the provision of benefits, discrim inates between em ployees with spouses and those with domestic partners, or discriminates between the domestic part ners and spouses of those employees. The requirement that each supervisor employed by the State, upon his or her ini tial appointment to a supervisory position, be provided with a minimum of 80 hours of training was amended to specify that the training is to include training on the subject of employment law relating to persons with disabilities. Drug and alcohol testing. The law govern ing the application for an original or a re newal commercial motor carrier permit now requires that the application include certifi cation of enrollment in a controlled substance and alcohol use and testing program. Worker privacy. The law providing for the confidentiality of peace officer or custodial officer personnel records was amended to provide that the provisions insuring confi dentiality do not apply to investigations or proceedings concerning the conduct of peace officers or custodial officers, or an agency or department that employs these officers, con ducted by a grand jury, a district attorney’s office, or the Attorney General’s office. Private employment agencies. The State Business and Professions Code, relating to contractors, was amended. The term con tractor now includes temporary labor ser vice agencies that provide short-term em ployees to a licensed contractor for the per formance of construction work. Such con tractors are now required to provide their State contractor’s license number to the tem porary labor service agency providing the short-term employees. The law does not apply when a properly licensed contractor exercises supervision and is directly respon sible for the final results of the work prod uct. The law does not require that a qualify ing individual be present during the supervi sion of work covered by the contract. Plant closing. The law that requires the op erator of a solid waste landfill to submit a plan for the closure and post-closure main tenance of the landfill to the California Inte grated Waste M anagem ent Board was amended to also require submission of a La January 2004 bor Transition Plan that includes provisions that ensure, subject to any requirements al ready established pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement, preferential reemploy ment and transfer rights of displaced employ ees to comparable available employment with the same employer for a period of no less than 1 year following the closure of the solid waste facility; provisions to provide displaced employees assistance in finding comparable employment with other employ ers; and provisions to ensure compliance with existing statutory requirements for re locations, terminations, and mass layoffs that are applicable to certain employees. Displaced workers. A 10-percent bidding preference was established for public transit contractors and subcontractors who agree to retain, for a period of at least 90 days, bus and rail employees who were employed to perform essentially the same services by the previous contractor or subcontractor. If a successor contractor or subcontractor deter mines that fewer employees are needed than under the prior contract, qualified employ ees will be retained by seniority within the job classification. The existing contractor, when required by the awarding agency, must provide employment information relating to wage rates, benefits, dates of hire, and job classifications of employees under the exist ing service contract to the awarding author ity or a successor contractor. A contractor or subcontractor found to have substantially breached the contract will be ineligible to bid on or be awarded a service contract with that awarding agency for a period of 1 to 3 years. Whistleblowers. The law prohibiting employ ers from making, adopting, or enforcing a policy that prevents an employee from dis closing violations of a State or Federal law or regulation to a government or law enforcement agency, or from retaliating against an employee who makes a disclosure, was amended to ex tend this protection to employees who refuse to participate in an illegal activity or activity that may result in violations of State or Fed eral law or regulation. It was also made un lawful for an employer to retaliate against an employee for having exercised his or her whistleblower rights in any former employ ment. A “whistleblower hotline” is to be es tablished in the office of the Attorney General to receive telephone reports of violations by an employer. Employers are to display a list of employee’s rights under whistleblower laws, including the telephone number of the hotline. An employer in violation of the law is liable for a civil penalty of up to $10,000 for each violation. Other laws. It was made unlawful for a per son or entity to enter into a contract or agree ment for labor or services with a construc tion, farm labor, garment, janitorial, or secu rity guard contractor, where the person or entity knows or should know that the con tract or agreement does not include funds sufficient to allow the contractor to comply with all applicable local, State, and Federal laws or regulations governing the labor or services to be provided. This does not ap ply to a person or entity who executes a collective bargaining agreement covering the workers employed under the contract or agreement, or to a person who enters into a contract or agreement for labor or services to be performed on his or her home residences. A rebuttable presumption is established that the law is not violated if the labor contract or any material change to the labor contract is in writing, contained in a single document and meets certain requirements including identifying the person or entity, the labor or services to be performed, the number of workers to be employed, the total amount of wages to be paid, and when payment is to be made. Where a person claiming to be aggrieved by an unlawful employment practice is rep resented by private counsel— and not the Department of Fair Employment and Hous ing— the private counsel will now serve the complaint. In either case, service is to be completed within 60 days rather than 45 days as was previously required. A resolution was adopted recognizing March 31 st as the anniversary of the birth of Cesar Chavez, and calling upon all Califor nians to participate in appropriate obser vances to remember him as a symbol of hope and justice to all persons. Colorado Wages. The State compensation for employ ment law was amended to exclude the State or its agencies from coverage. Additionally, wages or compensation now includes vaca tion pay, if an employer provides paid vaca tions, and bonuses or commissions earned for labor or services performed, but not sev erance pay. Also, employers may make de ductions for the amount of money or value of property that employees failed to pay or return to an employer as long as the em ployer pays the balance due within 10 days of termination of employment. There is no authorization for deductions below the Fed eral minimum wage. If wage payments are not mailed to the place of receipt within the 10 days, the employer will be liable to the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employee for a penalty. If an employer is indebted to an employee at his or her time of death, the employer must pay the amount due to the deceased employee’s surviving spouse. If the employee’s wage claim is dis puted by the employer, and the employer makes legal tender of the amount believed due, the employer is not liable for a penalty unless the employee receives more wages than tendered, in a legal action. If the em ployee fails to receive a greater sum in a legal action, he or she must pay the cost of the action and the employer’s attorney fees. A resolution was adopted proclaiming April 15th, 2003, to be Equal Pay Day in Colorado and urging Colorado citizens to rec ognize the full value of women’s skills and significant contributions to the labor force, and further encouraging employers to con duct an internal pay evaluation to ensure women are being paid fairly. April 15th sym bolizes the day on which wages paid to American women catch up to the wages paid to men from the previous year. Connecticut Wages. As the result of prior legislation, the State minimum wage rate rose to $6.90 per hour, from $6.70, on January 1,2003, and to $7.10 per hour on January 1, 2004. Family issues. The family and medical leave law was amended to require employers to give employees the right to use up to 2 weeks of accumulated sick leave to attend to a serious health condition of a son or daughter, spouse or parent of the employee, or for the birth or adoption of a child of the employee. It will be unlawful for an em ployer to discharge, threaten to discharge, demote, suspend or in any manner discrimi nate against an employee for using, or at tempting to use, the leave. The law was also amended to change the method of de termining the eligibility for use of family and medical leave. Previously, entitlement was for a total of 16 workweeks of leave during any 24-month period, with the 24month period beginning with the first day of leave taken. Now it will be determined using any one of the following methods: 1) consecutive calendar years; 2) any fixed 24month period, such as two consecutive fis cal years or a 24-month period measured forward from an employee’s first date of employment; 3) a 24-month period mea sured forward from an employee’s first day of leave taken under the law; or 4) a rolling 24-month period measured backward from an employee’s first day of leave taken. Equal employment opportunity. The Com mission on Human Rights and Opportuni ties and the Permanent Commission on the Status of Women are to provide a minimum of 10 hours of training a year concerning State and Federal discrimination laws and tech niques for conducting internal investigations of discrimination complaints to persons des ignated by State agencies, departments, boards or commissions as affirmative action officers and to persons designated by the Attorney General to represent the entities before the Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In addition to completing this training, affirmative action officers are to be responsible for mitigating any discrim inatory conduct w ithin the agency, department, board or commission; investigating all complaints of discrimination made against the State agency, department, board or commission; and report all findings and recommendations upon the conclusion of an investigation to the commissioner or director of the State agency, department, board or commission for proper action. The act concerning alternative dispute resolution procedures and complaint repre sentation before the Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities was amended to provide that the commission may, rather than must, adopt regulations to establish procedures and standards for alternate dis pute resolution. In complaint hearings, it is now provided that if the Attorney General or the commission counsel determines that the interests of the State will not be ad versely affected, the attorney for the com plainant is to present all or part of the case in support of the complaint. Worker privacy. No employee assistance professional, employee or State employee will be required to disclose any information or records concerning or confirming his or her voluntary participation in an employee assistance program sponsored or authorized by an employer or the State or any of its agencies. No employee assistance program may disclose any information or records con cerning or confirming an employee’s volun tary participation in the program without his or her prior written consent, except where disclosure is necessary to prevent harm to the employee or others. The law guaranteeing employees access to their personnel files was amended to specify that “personnel file” includes elec tronic mail and facsimiles pertaining to a par ticular employee that has been used by an employer in making a personnel decision. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 11 State Labor Laws, 2003 District of Colum bia Other laws. A District of Columbia govern ment employee who serves in a reserve com ponent of the United States Armed Forces and who has been or will be called to active duty as a result of Operation Enduring Free dom or Operation Iraqi Freedom, will re ceive, upon application and approval, an amount that equals the difference in com pensation between the employee’s District government basic pay and his or her basic military pay. This amount will be paid from the time the employee is called to active duty until the employee is released from active duty. Florida Wages. Political subdivisions are barred from establishing, or otherwise requiring an em ployer to pay a minimum wage, other than a Federal minimum wage, or applying a Fed eral minimum wage to those wages exempt from Federal coverage. A minimum wage other than the Federal minimum wage can be established for the employees of the politi cal subdivision; for the employees of an em ployer contracting to provide goods or ser vices for the political subdivision, or for the employees of a subcontractor of such an employer; or for the employees of an em ployer receiving a direct tax abatement or subsidy from the political subdivision, as a condition of the direct tax abatement or sub sidy. A Federally authorized and recognized tribal government may establish a minimum wage in excess of the Federal minimum wage for persons employed within any territory over which the tribe has jurisdiction. Equal employment opportunity. An amend ment to the Civil Rights Act authorizes the Attorney General to bring a civil action for damages, injunctive relief, civil penalties of up to $10,000 per violation, and such other relief as may be appropriate under State law, where the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group either has engaged in a pattern or practice of prohibited discrimination, or has been dis criminated against and the discrimination raises an issue of great public interest. Worker privacy. Acts relating to a public records exemption for State, county, and mu nicipal employee assistance program records were amended to provide that an employee’s personal identifying information contained in employee assistance program records is confidential and exempt from disclosure. Other laws. As part of a Florida Uniformed 12 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Servicemembers Protection Act, employing authorities are to adhere to all provisions contained in the Federal Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act with respect to those serving in the State National Guard and the United States Armed Forces. The law concerning the health benefits and job protections afforded to members of the State National Guard and the State De partment of Military Affairs was amended. School district employees are now specifi cally included as employees of political sub divisions of the State who may take a leave of absence, not to exceed 30 days, for each emergency or disaster as established by Ex ecutive order. As such, these employees are protected from being discharged, repri manded, or penalized as a result of being ac tivated for State duty. Additionally, the re quirement for employees to notify their em ployers that they wish to continue their health insurance coverage upon being called to active duty has been modified to allow the appropriate military authority to provide au thorization. Consistent with Federal law, such notice is not required if it is precluded by military necessity or if such notice is im possible or unreasonable. Georgia Wages. Resolutions were adopted declaring April 15, 2003, to be Equal Pay Day and urging the citizens of Georgia to recognize the full value of women’s skills and signifi cant contributions to the labor force and en couraging businesses to conduct an internal pay evaluation to ensure that women are being paid fairly. April 15th symbolizes the day on which the wages paid to American women catch up to the wages paid to men from the previous year. Hawaii Wages. As the result of prior legislation, the State minimum wage rate rose from $5.75 per hour to $6.25 on January 1, 2003. Family issues. The State Family and Medi cal Leave Act was amended by revising the definition of “employers” and by defining “sick leave” and specifying how it can be used. “Employer” now includes the State and any of its political subdivisions or in strumentalities, reversing the exclusion of public-sector employees enacted in 2000 that became effective on July 1,2002. “Sick leave” is an accrued increment of compen sated leave provided by an employer for em ployees’ use when: the employee is physically or mentally unable to perform January 2004 his or her duties due to illness, injury or a medical condition; the absence is for the purpose of obtaining professional diagno sis or treatment for an employee’s medical condition; or the absence is for other medi cal reasons of the employee, such as preg nancy or obtaining a physical examination. It does not include any other type of insur ance, compensation or disability benefit not payable from the employer. Employers who provide sick leave must permit an em ployee to use his or her accrued sick leave, not to exceed 10 days per year, for pur poses defined in the Act, unless an express provision of a valid collective bargaining agreement authorizes the use of more than 10 days for family leave purposes. Public-sector employers are now to pro vide employees with at least 2 hours of paid leave during normal business hours to attend either a mutually-scheduled parent-teacher conference for the employee’s minor child, or a mutually-scheduled parent-caregiver conference for a preschool-aged child attend ing a licensed group childcare center. The employee may take leave for no more than two mutually-scheduled conferences per child in a calendar year, and travel time may be included as part of the 2 hours permitted for each conference. The provision of paid leave may not adversely interfere with the operations of the work unit nor require the applicable agency to incur additional human resources or overtime costs. Legislation was enacted to assist victims of domestic or sexual violence and stalking. Employers with 50 or more employees must allow employees to take up to 30 days of unpaid victim leave per calendar year. Em ployers with 49 or fewer employees must allow employees to take up to 5 days of unpaid victim leave per calendar year. Em ployees are entitled to the leave provided it is for the purpose of 1) seeking medical at tention; 2) obtaining services from a victim services organization; 3) obtaining psycho logical or other counseling; 4) temporarily or permanently relocating; or 5) taking legal ac tion. An excused absence may be taken when the domestic abuse or sexual violence is against an employee or the employee’s mi nor child. Employers may require employ ees to report their status once a week and may require employees to provide a medical and/or legal certification prior to return to work. Upon returning, an employee shall return to the same position or one of compa rable status and pay with no loss of accumu lated service credits and privileges. Employ ees are to exhaust other paid and unpaid leave benefits before victim leave benefits may be applied. Child labor. The Child Labor Law was amended in order to prohibit minors under the age of 18 from working in adult enter tainment. Additionally, the hours of work restrictions of minors from 14 to 16 years of age were modified so that these minors may not work: 1) more than 18 hours during a school week nor more than 40 hours in a non-school week; 2) more than 3 hours on a school day nor more than 8 hours on a non school day. Previously, the combination of hours of work and hours in school of a minor employed outside school hours could not exceed 10 hours per day. To accommodate year-round school schedules, minors may now work between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. during any authorized school break rather than from June 1 through the day before La bor Day as before. Other laws. The Governor or mayor may grant a State or county employee who is a certified American Red Cross disaster vol unteer up to 30 days paid leave of absence to perform disaster relief services for the American Red Cross when a disaster has been designated as level III or higher by American Red Cross regulations; officially declared by the President of the United States; or declared a state of emergency by the Governor. The employee must have prior authorization from the Governor or mayor, and the leave may not impose an undue hardship on State or county opera tions. Employees granted leave will be paid at their regular rates of pay, without loss of seniority, vacation, sick leave, or earned over time accumulation. Idaho Agriculture. The Idaho Agricultural Labor Act enacted in 1972 was repealed. This act created an Agricultural Labor Board that was never used and was not necessary because of more recent State and Federal laws address ing agricultural labor concerns. Drug and alcohol testing. The Employer Alcohol and Drug-Free Workplace Act was amended to extend coverage to public sec tor employers. The law specifies that it is lawful to test employees or prospective em ployees for the presence of drugs or alcohol as a condition of hiring or continued em ployment if the employer has a written test ing policy. The State of Idaho or any politi cal subdivision that conducts drug and alco hol testing of all those employees and ap plicants for whom such testing is not con stitutionally prohibited will qualify for the workers’ compensation insurance premium https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reduction that is available to private sector employers. Department o f labor. An Executive order was issued renaming the Disability Determi nations Unit the Disability Determinations Service and transferring it from the Execu tive Office of the Governor to the Idaho De partment of Labor. Other laws. A Voluntary Contributions Act was adopted. This law requires that labor organizations that engage in political activi ties keep a segregated fund for all political contributions. Union dues are not to be used for political activities, transferred to the fund, or intermingled in any way with fund mon eys. Employee contributions to the fund must be on a voluntary basis without fear of reprisal and are to be made directly by the donor. Payroll withholding of funds to be used for political purposes is prohibited. Illinois Wages. New legislation increased the State minimum wage rate for employees 18 years of age or older from $5.15 per hour to $5.50 per hour on January 1, 2004, with a further increase to $6.50 per hour scheduled for January 1,2005. Employees under 18 years of age may be paid up to 50 cents less than the regular rate. A provision that the wage rate paid by employers be not less than the Federal hourly minimum wage rate was eliminated. Among changes in the prevailing wage law, prevailing wage rate requirements are now to be inserted in project specifications as well as in public works contracts. It will also be mandatory for each contractor, sub contractor, and lower-tiered subcontractor to insert these requirements into the contracts they let. The contractor and each subcon tractor or the officer of the public body in charge of the project is to make and keep, for at least 3 years, records of the name, ad dress, telephone number when available, so cial security number and occupation of all laborers, workers and mechanics employed by them on the public works project. In addition to actual hourly wages paid, records are now to show the hours worked each day by each employee. Every employer, upon request, is to furnish the Director with a sworn statement of the accuracy of the records. Objections to a rate determination may be made within 30 days after the De partment of labor has published a prevailing wage schedule on its official Web site. A hearing is to be held within 45 days after the objection is filed, and a final determination by the Department of Labor or a public body is to be rendered within 30 days after the conclusion of the hearing. Executive Order No. 13 was issued re quiring State agencies, on a project-byproject basis, to consider a project labor agreement for a public works project where the agency determines that such an agree ment advances the State’s interests of cost, efficiency, quality, safety, timeliness, skilled labor force, labor stability or the State’s policy to advance minority- and womenowned businesses and minority and female employment. Project labor agreements are a form of pre-hire collective bargaining agree ment covering all terms and conditions of employment on a specific project. Any de cision by a State agency to use a project agreement is to be supported by a written publicly disclosed finding setting forth the justification for its use. Criteria for project agreements include procedures for immedi ate and binding settlement of jurisdictional disputes and grievances, no-strike provi sions, lowest qualified responsible bidder language, and a guarantee of a reliable source of skilled and experienced labor. The prevailing wage law was amended to expand coverage by removing the “for pub lic use” phrase from the definition of cov ered public works projects. The previous w ording exem pted some public works projects from prevailing wage obligations because the projects were not developed es sentially for public use. Amendments also specify that the law will cover all projects financed in whole or in part with funds from the Fund for Illinois’ Future program and acts designed to finance school and trans portation infrastructure improvements. The State P ro cu rem en t Code was amended to expand application of the pre vailing wage requirement provisions to now include building and grounds services, site technician services, and natural resources ser vices. The prohibition against considering State employee collective bargaining agree ments when determining the prevailing wage rate was eliminated. The Illinois Renewable Fuels Develop ment Program Act was adopted, establishing a $ 15 million grant program providing finan cial assistance for constructing or modifying plants capable of annually producing at least 30 million gallons of renewable fuels such as ethanol and bio-diesel fuel. The law requires that projects receiving such funds be subject to the prevailing wage law and enter into project labor agreements. Project labor agree ments are to include provisions establishing the minimum hourly wage, benefits and other compensation for each class of labor organi- Monthly Labor Review January 2004 13 State Labor Laws, 2003 zation employee, and provisions establish ing that no strike or disputes will be engaged in by the labor organization employees. The prevailing wage law was amended to cover all projects financed in whole or in part with funds from the Department of Com merce and Community Affairs under the Illi nois Renewable Fuels Development Program Act for which there is no project labor agree ment. The law also added provisions speci fying that the wage for a tradesman perform ing maintenance is equivalent to that of a tradesman engaged in construction, and mak ing it mandatory to post the prevailing wage rates for each craft or type of worker or me chanic needed on the project at the project site at a location that is easily accessible to the workers engaged on the project. Family issues. The Department of Com merce and Community Affairs may estab lish a family-friendly workplace initiative. The Department may develop a program to annually collect information regarding the State’s private eligible employers providing the most family-friendly benefits to their employees. The same program may be es tablished for public employers. Employers chosen by the Department may be recog nized with annual “family-friendly work place” awards and a Statewide information and advertising campaign publicizing the employers’ awards, their contributions to family-friendly childcare, and the methods they used to improve the dependent care ex periences of their employees’ families. A Victims’ Economic Security and Safety Act was enacted. Under this act, the State, any unit of local government or school board, or any employer of 50 or more employees must allow an employee who is a victim of domestic or sexual violence or who has a family or household member who is a victim to take up to 12 workweeks of unpaid leave during any 12-month period and to maintain health benefits during the leave. Leave may be taken to: (A) seek medical attention for, or recover from, physical or psychological injuries caused by the domestic or sexual vio lence; (B) obtain services from a victim ser vices organization; (C) obtain psychological or other counseling; (D) participate in safety planning, temporarily or permanently relo cating, or taking other actions to increase the safety of the employee or the employee’s family or household member from future domestic or sexual violence, or to ensure eco nomic security; or (E) seek legal assistance or remedies including preparing for or par ticipating in any civil or criminal legal pro ceeding related to or derived from domestic or sexual violence. If possible, the employee 14 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is to provide the employer with at least 48 hours’ advance notice of his or her intention to take the leave. The employer may require the employee to provide certification of the need for the leave. Upon returning, an em ployee is to be restored to the same or an equivalent position with no loss of any ac crued employment benefit. Employment discrimination is prohibited against an indi vidual because he or she is perceived to be a victim of domestic or sexual violence. Equal employment opportunity. The State enacted the Equal Pay Act of 2003. Under the Act no employer with four or more em ployees may discriminate between employ ees, in the matter of the wage rate paid, on the basis of sex for the same or substantially similar work on the performance of jobs that require equal skill, effort, and responsibility, performed under similar working conditions unless payment is based upon seniority, merit, production quality or quantity, or a differential factor other than sex. Employ ers may not interfere with the employee’s exercise of his or her rights under the Act, discharge the employee because the em ployee filed a charge, has given or is about to give information in a proceeding, or has tes tified or is about to testify in such a proceed ing. Employers found in violation will be required to pay the wage differential to the affected employees and pay legal costs and damages. Violators may also be subject to a civil fine of up to $2,500 per violation. No tices regarding this Act are to be posted in a conspicuous place on the premises of the employer where employee notices are cus tomarily posted. The Illinois Civil Rights Act of 2003 was enacted. This act prohibits any unit of State, county, or local government from excluding a person from participation in, denying a per son the benefits of, or subjecting a person to discrimination under any program or activity on the grounds of his or her race, color, or national origin, and from using criteria or meth ods of administration that have the effect of subjecting individuals to such discrimination. Any party aggrieved by a violation may bring a lawsuit, in a State circuit court, against the offending unit of government. It is now a civil rights violation for an employer to impose a restriction that has the effect of prohibiting a language from be ing spoken by an employee in communica tions that are unrelated to the employee’s duties. “Language” is defined as being a person’s native tongue. The State Lawsuit Immunity Act was amended to provide that a current, former or prospective employee of the State who is January 2004 aggrieved by any conduct or action or inac tion of the State that would constitute a vio lation of the Federal Age Discrimination Act of 1967, the Federal Family and Medical Leave Act, the Federal Americans with Dis abilities Act of 1990, or Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 may bring a civil action under that Act against the State. In addition, an employee of the State who is aggrieved by any conduct or action or inaction of the State that would constitute a violation of the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 may bring a civil action under that Act against the State. A resolution was adopted creating a 10member Commission on Opportunity in State Public Construction to undertake a comprehensive study to determine the exist ence and the extent of racial and gender dis crimination on public construction contracts in the State. This determination shall be ac complished via public hearings and socialscientific research. If such discrimination is discovered, the Commission is to develop policy recommendations to remedy the dis crimination. If the Commission determines that there are racial and gender-neutral barri ers to minority and female participation on State public construction projects, the Com mission is to develop policy recommenda tions to reduce the barriers to full participa tion. The Commission will have investiga tory powers and is to deliver a report of its findings, the transcripts of its public hear ings, and its research to the Governor and the General Assembly by June 30, 2004. Private employment agencies. The Day and Temporary Labor Services Act was amended to provide that third-party employers are prohibited from entering into contracts for the employment of day or temporary labor ers with any person or entity not registered as a day and temporary labor service agency. The Department of Labor was authorized to inspect contracts for the employment of all day or temporary laborers entered into by a third-party employer if the department has received a complaint indicating that the third party employer may have contracted with an unregistered agency. Upon request, the department will provide to a third-party employer a list of entities registered as day and temporary labor service agencies. This list will also be available on the Internet. The ban on the employment of any pro fessional strikebreaker in the place of an employee, whose work has ceased as a di rect consequence of a lockout or strike, was amended to also prohibit an employer from knowingly contracting with a day and tem porary labor service agency to provide a replacement for the employee. A day and temporary labor service agency may not send any such laborer to any place where a strike, a lockout, or other labor trouble ex ists. A day or temporary laborer who had been assigned to work for the employer at the time that the strike or lockout began may continue to be employed. Whistleblowers. A Whistleblower Act ap plicable to private sector employers was enacted. It provides that an employer may not make, adopt, or enforce any rule, regula tion, or policy preventing an employee from disclosing information to a government or law enforcement agency if the employee has reasonable cause to believe that the informa tion discloses a violation of a State or Fed eral law, rule, or regulation. An employer may not retaliate against an employee for disclosing such information or for refusing to participate in an activity that would re sult in a violation of a State or Federal law, rule, or regulation. Violation of the law is a Class A misdemeanor. If an employer takes any action against an employee in violation of the act, the employee may bring a civil action against the employer for relief, includ ing but not limited to reinstatement, back pay, compensation for damages, litigation costs, expert witness fees, and reasonable attorney’s fees. The act does not apply to disclosures that would constitute a violation of the attorney-client privilege. Executive Order No. 4 was issued speci fying that any officer, employee or appoin tee of any State agency is banned from retali ating against, attempting to retaliate against, or in any m anner interfering w ith a whistleblower for reasons arising out of his or her activities as defined in the State Whistle Blower Protection Act. Any officer, em ployee or appointee of any agency who knowingly violates the provisions of the Executive order will be subject to disciplin ary action, including but not limited to dis charge. The Whistleblower Reward and Protec tion Act was amended to provide that the Attorney General may, instead of shall, del egate the authority to issue subpoenas, sub ject to conditions as the Attorney General deems appropriate. Additionally, the per son issuing the subpoena shall advise that the person receiving the subpoena has 20 days from the date of service or up until the return date specified in the demand, which ever date is earlier, to move, modify, or set aside the subpoena. Finally, the amendment removed all language concerning service of notice in foreign countries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other laws. Executive Order No. 6 was is sued providing that any full-time employee of the State under the control of the Gover nor, who is a member of any reserve compo nent of the United States Armed Forces, in cluding but not limited to the Illinois Army or Air National Guard, who is mobilized to active duty in response to the war with Iraq or other potential threats to national secu rity, will continue to receive his or her regu lar compensation as a State employee, plus any health insurance and other benefits he or she is currently receiving, minus the amount of his or her base pay for military activities. Legislation similar to Executive Order No. 6 was enacted providing that any full time employee of the State, other than an independent contractor, who is a member of the Illinois National Guard or a reserve com ponent of the United States Armed Forces or the Illinois State Militia and who is mobi lized to active duty must continue during the period of active duty to receive his or her benefits and regular compensation as a State employee, minus an amount equal to his or her military active duty base pay. Coverage of the Military Leave of Ab sence Act was expanded to now include em ployees of units of local government and school districts in addition to employees of the State as before. The law now provides that any full-time employee of the State, a unit of local government, or a school district, other than an independent contractor, who is a member of the Armed Forces will be granted leave from his or her public employ ment for any period actively spent in mili tary service. Home rule units are barred from regulating their employees in a manner in consistent with the law. A State Prohibition of Goods from Forced Labor Act was enacted. It provides that each contract entered into by a State agency for the procurement of equipment, materials, or supplies must specify that foreign-made goods produced under the contract were not produced in whole or in part by forced, con vict, or indentured labor. A contractor in vio lation may be subject to a penalty of the greater of $ 1,000 or 20 percent of the value of the equipment, materials, or supplies; the contract may be voided; and the contractor may be suspended from bidding on a State contract for up to 360 days. Sanctions may be waived if it is determined that the con tractor acted in good faith. It was made unlawful for a person to knowingly use a false academic degree for the purpose of obtaining employment. A resolution was adopted recognizing March 31st as Cesar Chavez Day in Illi nois and encouraging public and private entities throughout the State to celebrate his birthday. Indiana Child labor. The child labor law was amended to make it unlawful to permit a child who is under age 18 to work after 10 p.m. and before 6 a.m. in an establishment that is open to the public, unless another employee at least 18 years of age also works in the establishment during the same hours as the child. Violation will be considered to be a hazardous occupation violation subject to a warning letter for any violations found during an initial inspection; a $ 100 fine per instance for each violation identified in a subsequent inspection; $200 per instance for a third violation; and $400 per instance for a fourth or subsequent violation that occurs not more than 2 years after a prior violation. Another amendment changes the rest break requirement for children who work at least 6 consecutive hours— from a single break of at least 30 minutes to one or two breaks totaling at least 30 minutes with the time period specified for making the break available eliminated. Equal employment opportunity. The Gover nor issued an Executive order establishing a Native American Indian Affairs Commission to study issues common to Native American Indian residents of Indiana in the areas of employment, education, civil rights, health, and housing. The commission may make recommendations to appropriate Federal, State, and local government agencies con cerning issues including measures to stimu late job skill training and related workforce development, including initiatives to assist employers to overcome communication and cultural differences, and programs to encour age the growth and support of Native Ameri can-owned businesses. The commission is to report on its activities to the Governor at least annually. Worker privacy. The law relating to public records was amended to provide that the factual basis of a disciplinary action in which final action has been taken resulting in the suspension, demotion, or discharge of a public employee is a public record. Another change allows a governing body in an executive session to receive information about misconduct and discuss the status of a school bus driver, who is an independent contractor, before the governing body makes a determination. Other laws. A law was enacted extending active duty military rights and protections Monthly Labor Review January 2004 15 State Labor Laws, 2003 to members of the State National Guard or dered to training or duty under Federal law or ordered by the Governor to State active duty for 30 or more consecutive days. The law specifies that the provisions of the Fed eral Soldiers and Sailors Civil Relief Act and the Federal Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act apply when members of the State Guard are called up in the above circumstances. Iowa Wages. The law prescribing when unclaimed intangible personal property is presumed to be abandoned was amended to specify that unpaid wages, including wages represented by payroll checks or other compensation for personal services owing in the ordinary course of the holder’s business that remain unclaimed by the owner for more than 1 year after becoming payable, are presumed to be abandoned. Other laws. State employees, other than those covered under a collective bargaining agreement that provides otherwise, will now be granted paid leaves of absence of up to 5 workdays to serve as a bone marrow donor and of up to 30 workdays to serve as a vas cular organ donor if the employee provides written verification from his or her physi cian or the hospital involved that the em ployee will serve as such a donor. Employ ees granted such leaves of absence will not suffer loss of seniority, pay, vacation time, personal days, sick leave, insurance and health coverage benefits or earned overtime accumulation. In addition, grants from the anatomical gift and transplantation fund, may now be available upon application to living organ donors or recipients, or their le gal representatives. nor issued an Executive order directing the head of each executive branch State agency under the jurisdiction of the Governor to 1) adopt a policy statement prohibiting sexual harassment and distribute the policy state ment throughout the agency; 2) provide training that sensitizes managers, supervi sors, and employees on the subject of sexual harassment; 3) develop and provide employ ees with proper procedures for expressing complaints or concerns on sexual harass ment, including information on the proce dures for filing complaints with enforcement agencies when requested; 4) develop and implement an internal mechanism to assure prompt, confidential, and appropriate han dling of sexual harassment complaints within the State agency, which includes the enforce ment of appropriate disciplinary action; and 5) submit the policy statement and internal complaint and investigation mechanism pro cedures to the Secretary of Administration for review. Inmate labor. The law related to the charging of inmate fees in order to defray the mainte nance costs of county jails was amended by raising the allowable fee to a maximum of $20 per day. This fee will be required of any in mate who participates in a work release or job training program for which the inmate receives compensation or a subsistence allowance. Kentucky Inmate labor. Among provisions of a law enacted regarding work by State prisoners on public agency projects, it was specified that the labor of State inmates is not to be used on any construction, building, or build ing maintenance project outside of the prison where use of such labor would reduce skilled employment opportunities for citizens of the Commonwealth. Kansas Wages. The definition of “employer” in the wage payment act was amended to now in clude limited liability companies or other organizations employing any person. Addi tionally, any officer, manager, major share holder or other person who has charge of the affairs of an employer, and who knowingly permits the employer to engage in violations of required pay periods, or timely payment when the employee is discharged, may be deemed the employer for purposes of this act. This language replaces a provision that had deemed the corporation or any officer or agent having the management of the corpora tion to be the employer. Equal employment opportunity. The Gover 16 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other laws. A Kentucky National Guard and Reserve Employers’ Council was created to advise public and private sector employers of the importance of supporting the National Guard and U.S. military reserves by provid ing employee members with time off for train ing, and with job security during times of mo bilization. The council may recommend solu tions to employment problems encountered by members of the National Guard or military reserves who are mobilized, and it may offer proposed policy or statutory changes to deal with those problems. Louisiana Wages. The law requiring that an employee who resigns be paid his or her wages on or January 2004 before the next regular payday or no later than 15 days following the date of resigna tion, whichever occurs first, was amended to specify that the payday refers to the next regular payday for the pay cycle during which the employee was working at the time of separation. A resolution was adopted proclaiming Tuesday, April 15, 2003, as Equal Pay Day in Louisiana and urging residents of the State to recognize the full value of women’s skills and significant contributions to the labor force. Businesses were urged to conduct an internal pay evaluation to ensure that women are being paid fairly. April 15th symbolizes the day on which the wages paid to Ameri can women catch up to the wages paid to men from the previous year. Overtime limits. A resolution was adopted establishing a Mandatory Overtime Study Committee to assess the extent of registered nurse mandatory overtime use in the State and to work with the Nursing Supply and Demand Commission to make specific rec ommendations to the legislature by March 1, 2004, regarding committee findings and any recommended legislation. Child labor. The child labor law was amended to repeal an exemption for em ployment or training related to curricu lum while attending a business or voca tional-technical school, and to revise pro visions relating to em ployment certifi cates and permissible hours of employ ment. The employer obligation to keep on file an employment certificate or work permit for each minor no longer applies to work permits. The requirem ent that certificates be provided in triplicate was eliminated and replaced with one that the school superintendent complete and elec tronically submit— the Employment Cer tificate Form— found on the Department of Labor’s Web site, with the original cer tificate being signed by the minor and the issuing authority and given to the em ployer. The requirement for different col ored certificates issued based upon the age of the applicant was repealed. The re quirement that minors under age 16 not be employed before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m., or after 9 p.m. from June 1 through Labor Day, was revised to now prohibit minors who have not graduated from high school from working after 10 p.m. on any day prior to a day during which school is in session, or after midnight on any day prior to a day during which school is not in ses sion. Minors under the age of 16 who have not graduated from high school are prohibited from working before 7 a.m. or after 7 p.m. on any day prior to a day during which school is in session or after 9 p.m. on any day prior to a day during which school is not in session. No minor under the age of 16 who has not graduated from high school is to be employed more than 40 hours in any one week. Worker privacy. Any employer who has conducted a background check of an em ployee or prospective employee after hav ing obtained his or her written consent or at the request of the owner or operator of any facility where the employer performs or may perform all or part of its work will be im mune from civil liability for claims arising out of the disclosure of the background in formation obtained. The limitation of liabil ity will extend to all claims of the employee based upon a failure to hire, wrongful termi nation, and invasion of privacy, as well as all claims of any owner, operator, or any third person for claims of negligent hiring or negli gent retention. The law governing public records was amended to specify that all medical records, claim forms, insurance applications, re quests for the payment of benefits, and all other health records of public employees, public officials, and their dependents in the personnel records of any public body will be confidential. The law governing public records was amended to add the name and account num ber of any financial institution to which the public employee’s wages or salary are di rectly deposited by an electronic direct de posit payroll system or other direct deposit payroll system to the list of items in the personnel records of a public employee body that will be confidential. Private employment agencies. The employ ment agency regulatory law was amended to exempt employer-fee-paid employment services from testing, licensing, and bond ing requirements. Inmate labor. The ban on participation in work release programs by persons convicted of production, distribution or possession with intent to distribute cocaine or marijuana was amended to permit participation, during the last 6 months of their terms, by any per son convicted of distribution or possession with intent to distribute cocaine where the offense involved less than 28 grams of co caine or by any person convicted of distri bution or possession with intent to distrib ute marijuana where the offense involved less than one pound of marijuana. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other laws. The prohibition against dis charging an employee who is called to serve or who is serving on jury duty was amended to also prohibit any other adverse employ ment action. The protection was modified to apply if the employee notifies his or her employer of a summons within a reasonable period of time after its receipt and prior to his or her appearance for jury duty. A Lengthy Trial Fund is to be established to provide full or partial wage replacement of up to $300 per day to jurors who serve for more than 10 days on civil and criminal petit juries if conviction of the alleged crime car ries a sentence of 20 years or more at hard labor, and whose employers pay less than full regular wages during the jury service. After military leave with pay has been exhausted, any State employee called to ac tive duty service in the uniformed services of the United States pursuant to a declara tion of war, congressional authorization, or presidential proclamation pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, or national emer gency whose military base pay is less than his or her State base pay must be paid the difference between the military base pay and the State base pay in his or her regular posi tion. The payment is to be made in the same frequency and manner as the employee’s regular State pay. Any employee receiving the pay differential is to provide to his or her employer all such documentation appropri ate to ensure that the amount of the pay ment is accurately calculated. A resolution was adopted urging the State Department of Labor to review its operation of the incumbent worker training program in rural areas, in that the current process for applying for admission into the program is tedious and is difficult for companies in rural areas. Maine Wages. As the result of prior legislation, the State minimum wage rate rose from $5.75 to $6.25 per hour on January 1, 2003. A law was enacted which permits, to the extent permitted under the Federal Fair La bor Standards Act, public employees of the executive or judicial branch of the State to be awarded compensatory time in lieu of over time pay. Additionally, limitations have been placed on the recovery of unpaid overtime wages for executive or judicial branch em ployees. In actions to recover such wages, the judgment or award is limited to the com pensation due without liquidated damages or attorney’s fees. Such actions must be brought within 2 years after the cause of ac tion accrued. When the cause arises from a willful violation, the action must then be brought within 3 years. A resolution was adopted pertaining to the legislative review of the proposed Rules Governing Alternative Methods of Payment of Overtime for Certain Drivers and Driver’s Helpers, a substantive rule of the Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics which was submitted to the legislature for review as required by law. The resolution stated that the Department of Labor was to ask the Attorney General to provide a legal opinion as to the ability of the Department of Labor to take into account hours worked outside o f the State when determ ining whether overtime pay is required for work within the State. The Department of Labor was to meet in September 2003 with the Joint Standing Committee on Labor in order to report on the Attorney General’s opinion and the department’s response to the opin ion including any proposed changes to the rule. The prevailing wage law was amended to raise the dollar threshold amount for public works construction contracts let by the State from $10,000 to $50,000. Contractors and subcontractors in charge of the construction of a public work must now keep accurate records showing the names and occupations and wages and ben efits of all independent contractors working under contract with them as well as all la borers, workers and mechanics employed by them as before. A copy of each such record is to be filed monthly with the public authority that let the contract. The filed record is a public record except that the au thority must adopt rules to protect the pri vacy of personal information such as Social Security numbers and taxpayer identifica tion numbers. Child labor. The section of the child labor law regarding prohibited hazardous employ ment for minors under age 18 was amended to provide that the Director of the Bureau of Labor Standards is to adopt rules prohibit ing any such minor from working in confined spaces or at a designated height when regula tions of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration require special pre cautions or procedures for such work. The rules must provide exceptions to the prohi bition in specific exceptional circumstances, such as work required for public safety. Worker privacy. The law providing for employee access to their personnel files was amended to require that, in each cal endar year, the employer must provide, at no cost to the employee, one copy of Monthly Labor Review January 2004 17 State Labor Laws, 2003 the entire personnel file upon request by the employee or former employee, and, upon request, one copy of all m aterial added to the file after the copy of the en tire file was provided. The cost of copy ing any other material requested during that calendar year will be paid by the per son requesting the copy. employee’s active duty base salary paid by the Federal government and the employee’s State base salary or direct wages. The com pensation provided may not exceed an em ployee’s State base salary or direct wages. An eligible employee must elect to use either the military administrative leave or other available paid leave to which he or she is entitled. Maryland Wages. The Advisory Committee on the Wage and Hour Law and the Advisory Coun cil on Prevailing Wage Rates were abolished. An em ployer who w ithholds an employee’s dues to an employee member ship entity must now also collect any con tributions specified by the employee for one or more affiliated political action com mittees of the employee membership en tity, and then transmit the contributions to that entity. Drug and alcohol testing. Saliva derived from the human body was added to the list of specimens that may be used for job-re lated substance abuse testing. The others that may be used are blood, urine, and hair. Private employment agencies. Licensing and regulation of employment agencies and em ployment counselors were eliminated. An employment agency will now be required to submit a $7,000 penal bond to the Commis sioner of Labor and Industry. A list of pro hibited employment agency activities in cludes knowingly referring a client to a job if any condition of the job violates any law; referring a client to an establishment where a labor dispute exists; advertising for a job for which there is no order by an employer on file; charging a client a registration fee or col lecting in advance from a client a payment for service to be performed for the client to obtain employment; and publishing any false, fraudulent, or misleading information or promise. Nurse registries will be subject to the law. Other laws. The Commissioner of Labor and Industry was authorized to charge a fee to cover the cost of providing media tion services. The law relating to leave of absence for State employees who are members of the organized militia and who are ordered to ac tive duty was amended to provide for mili tary administrative leave. An eligible State employee is entitled to military administra tive leave in an amount sufficient to com pensate the employee, during each pay pe riod for which he or she is eligible for the leave, for the difference betw een the 18 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Michigan Wages. The Unclaimed Property Act was amended concerning the treatment of unpaid wages. The provision that unpaid wages which are unclaimed by the owner for more than 1 year after becoming payable are pre sumed to be abandoned will now apply only to unpaid wages greater than $50. Unclaimed unpaid wages of $50 or less are no longer subject to the act. The Governor issued an Executive order which stipulates that the Department of Management and Budget may debar a ven dor from consideration for the award of a contract for the provision of goods or ser vices to the State, or suspend the procure ment of goods or services from a vendor if, within the past 3 years, an officer of the vendor, or an owner of a 25-percent or greater interest in the vendor has been convicted of an offense, violated any State or Federal law, as determined by a court or an administra tive proceeding, which, in the opinion of the Department, indicates that the vendor is un able to perform responsibly or which reflects a lack of integrity that could negatively im pact or reflect upon the State or has failed or refused to provide requested information. An offense or violation of this statute may in clude, but is not limited to laws relating to prevailing wages on State projects, the pay ment of wages and fringe benefits, and occu pational safety and health. Department o f labor. The Governor issued Executive Order Number 18 changing the name of the Department of Consumer and Industry Services to the Department of La bor and Economic Growth. A new Wage and Hour Division is created within the depart ment headed by a Wage and Hour Adminis trator. Any authority, powers, functions, duties and responsibilities of the former Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Consumer and Industry Services, trans ferred to the Bureau of Worker’s and Unem ployment Compensation under an Executive order in 2002, are transferred to the new Wage and Hour Division, including, but not limited to, responsibility for the minimum wage, wage payment, prevailing wage, and youth employment laws. January 2004 Minnesota Child labor. A minor at least 11 and less than 14 years of age will be exempt from the mini mum age provisions of the child labor law if employed as a youth athletic program ref eree, umpire, or official for an age bracket younger than the minor’s own age if an adult representing the State or local athletic pro gram is on the premises at which the event is occurring and a person responsible for the program has a written acknowledgment signed by the minor’s parent or guardian con senting to the minor’s employment. A similar law was enacted exempting chil dren at least 11 and less than 14 years of age from the minimum age provisions of the child labor law for employment as assistant referees in youth soccer athletic program events in which the participants are under 14 years of age. An adult representing the State or local athletic program must be on the premises where the event is occurring, and a person responsible for the athletic pro gram possesses a written acknowledgment signed by the minor’s parent or guardian con senting to the minor’s employment as an as sistant soccer referee. Private employment agencies. The law regu lating and requiring licensing of entertainment agencies was repealed. Other laws. It was specified that civil ac tions against the State may be brought in Federal court by an employee, former em ployee, or prospective employee of the State who is aggrieved by the State’s violation of the Federal Age Discrimination Act of 1967, the Federal Family and Medical Leave Act, or the Federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. An employee of the State who is aggrieved by the State’s violation of the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 may also bring a civil action in Federal court. Each State agency must— and cities, counties, towns, school districts, and other political subdivisions may— pay to each eli gible member of the national guard or other reserve component of the armed forces of the United States an amount equal to the difference between the member’s basic ac tive duty military salary and the salary the member would be paid in his or her regular job, including any adjustments the member would have received if not on leave of ab sence. Payments must not extend beyond 4 years from the date the employee reported for active service, plus any additional time the employee may be legally required to serve. State agencies must continue the employee’s enrollment in health and dental coverage, and the employer contribution to- ward that coverage, until the employee is covered by health and dental coverage pro vided by the armed forces. The agency must also permit the employee to continue par ticipating in any pre-tax account in which the employee participated when he or she reported for active service, to the extent of employee pay available for that purpose. Political subdivisions have total discretion regarding employee benefit continuation. Mississippi School attendance. The Compulsory School Attendance Law was amended to apply to any child who has attained or will attain the age of 5 years on or before September 1 and has enrolled in a full-day public school kin dergarten program. Provided, however, that the parent or guardian of any child enrolled in a full-day public school kindergarten pro gram will be allowed to remove the child from the program on a one-time basis, and the child will not be deemed a compulsory school-age child until he or she becomes 6 years old. Other laws. A law was passed creating a program of paid educational leave for hospi tal employees. Hospitals may grant paid educational leave to an employee(s) who 1) is working at the sponsoring hospital at the time of application; 2) attends any college or school approved and designated by the spon soring hospital; and 3) agrees to work in a healthcare occupation as a licensed practical nurse, registered nurse, nurse practitioner, speech pathologist, occupational or physi cal therapist, or other healthcare professional in the sponsoring hospital for period of time equal to the paid educational leave time, but not less than 2 years. Before leave is granted, each applicant shall enter into a contract with the sponsoring hospital agreeing to the terms and conditions of the leave being issued. Failure to meet the terms of the contract shall be grounds for revocation of the professional license that was earned through the paid edu cational leave program. Montana Wages. The exemption from minimum wage and overtime payment requirements for those individuals providing companionship services to the aged or infirm was amended to specify that this exemption also applies to those individuals providing respite care and that the exemption applies only when the person providing the service is em ployed directly by a family member or an individual who is a legal guardian. This ex emption is more restrictive than Federal law https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis as the person providing the service must be employed directly by a family member and not by a third-party provider. The prevailing wage law was amended to require the Department of Labor and Indus try to include work performed by licensed electrical contractors and licensed master plumbers in the wage survey used to deter mine the standard prevailing wage rate for public works construction contracts. The prevailing wage law was amended to provide an exception from the require ment to pay standard prevailing wages for an employer who, as a nonprofit organiza tion providing vocational rehabilitation, per forms a public works contract for non-con struction services and who employs an in dividual whose earning capacity is impaired by a mental, emotional, or physical disabil ity if the employer conforms with the Fed eral Fair Labor Standards Act requirements for the employment of workers with dis abilities and pays the individual wages that are equal to or above the State’s minimum wage. The wage payment law was amended to provide that on those occasions when an employee submits a time sheet after the employer’s established deadline for process ing time sheets for a specific time period and the employer does not pay the employee within the 10 business days provided for in the statute, the employer may pay the em ployee the wages due in the ensuing pay period. Employers may not withhold pay ment of the employee’s wages beyond the next ensuing pay period. If there is not an established time period or time when the wages are due and payable, the pay period is presumed to be semimonthly. Child labor. The Department of Labor and Industry is now authorized rather than re quired to adopt rules to implement and to prevent circumvention or evasion of the child labor standards act. Worker privacy. A law was repealed that had placed limits on the liability of nonpublic employers who disclosed employment in formation. The law had provided that a nonpublic employer who provided informa tion about a former or current employee’s employment-related performance to a pro spective employer of the employee upon request of the prospective employer or former or current employee would not be liable for civil damages for the disclosure or any consequences related to the disclosure unless the employer knowingly, purposely, or negligently disclosed information that was false. Employee leasing. The professional em ployer organizations and groups licensing law was amended to exempt from coverage arrangements by healthcare facilities to pro vide their own employees to perform ser vices at an d/or on b e h a lf o f ano th er healthcare facility or at and on behalf of a private office of physicians, dentists, or other licensed and regulated physical or mental healthcare workers. Preference. The law providing for a public employment hiring preference for eligible former or current members of the United States Armed Forces was amended to extend the hiring preference to former or current members of the Montana army or air na tional guard who have satisfactorily com pleted a minimum of 6 years service in the Armed Forces, the last 3 years of which have been served in the Montana army or air na tional guard. The law providing a preference for State residents for employment on State construc tion projects was amended to ensure that at least 50 percent of workers of each contrac tor performing labor on a State construction project are bona fide Montana residents if qualified personnel are available. Previously, contractors, subcontractors, or employers were required to ensure that at least 50 per cent of the work be performed by State resi dents on the entire project. The preference requirement applies to any State construc tion project funded by State or Federal funds, except a project partially funded with Fed eral aid money from the United States De partment of Transportation or when resi dency preference laws are specifically pro hibited by Federal law. Nebraska Equal employment opportunity. The Fair Employment Practice Act was amended to revise provisions relating to hearings before the Equal Opportunity Commission. It was specified that individuals who have suffered physical, emotional, or financial harm be cause of whistleblower protection provision violations are added to the list of those com plainants who are entitled to, at any stage of the proceedings prior to dismissal, file an action directly in the district court of the county where the alleged violation occurred. The deadline for filing an action directly in the district court is 90 days after the com plainant receives notice of the last action the commission will take on the complaint or charge. When entering the last action, the commission is to issue written notice of the 90-day deadline to the complainant by certi fied mail. The last action on the complaint Monthly Labor Review January 2004 19 State Labor Laws, 2003 or charge includes the issuance of the final order after hearing, the determination of rea sonable cause or no reasonable cause, and any other administrative action that ends the commission’s involvement. Other laws. A Non-English-Speaking Work ers Protection Act was adopted, merging the functions of the existing Meatpacking In dustry Worker Rights Coordinator position and the Non-English-Speaking workers pro gram to achieve General Fund expenditure savings. Canvassing board members or any other election workers were added to coverage of the law protecting judges, clerks of election, precinct or district inspectors from dis charge, loss of pay, loss of overtime pay, loss of sick leave, loss of vacation time, the threat of any such action, or any other form of penalty as a result of their absence from work due to such service in any county if reasonable notice has been given to the em ployer. An employer may reduce the pay of an employee for each hour of work missed by an amount equal to the hourly compen sation other than expenses paid to the em ployee by the county for such service. Nevada Wages. The law establishing the duties of the Commissioner of Labor was amended to provide that except where enforcement au thority is vested in another officer, board, or commission, the Labor Commissioner is to enforce all labor laws of the State, including those relating to compensation, wages and hours, occupational safety and health, and public works projects, without regard to whether an employee is lawfully or unlaw fully employed. A resolution was adopted recognizing April 15,2003, as Equal Pay Day in Nevada and encouraging all employers in the State to compensate all employees fairly, based on an objective evaluation of their jobs, consid ering factors such as the skill, effort, respon sibility and working conditions required for each job. The resolution also congratulates public and private employers in Nevada for ranking among the highest in the Nation in paying their employees equal pay for equal work. The law relating to the payment of pre vailing wages on public works projects was amended. Except, where the workers or mechanics are covered by a collective bar gaining agreement which provides that the mechanic or worker will work a scheduled 10 hours per day for 4 calendar days within any scheduled workweek, contractors or subcontractors are to pay mechanics or 20 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers employed by them on a public work not less than one and one-half times the pre vailing rate of wages applicable to the class of the mechanic or worker. This rate shall apply whenever the mechanic or workman works: 1) more than 40 hours in any sched uled workweek or 2) more than 8 hours in any workday unless by mutual agreement the mechanic or worker works a scheduled 10 hours per day for 4 calendar days in any scheduled workweek. The prevailing wage law was amended so that a contractor engaged on a public work shall forfeit a penalty of not less than $20 and not more than $50 for each calendar day, or portion thereof, for each worker employed on the project for which the contractor or subcontractor willfully included inaccurate or incomplete information in the monthly record required to be submitted to the public body. Similar penalties shall be assessed for each day a worker employed on the project is not reported by the contractor or any sub contractor up to a maximum of $ 1,000 for a first violation and $5,000 for subsequent vio lations. If a violation involves more than one provision of the law for the same worker, the contractor shall forfeit the penalty as sessed for each violation. The Labor Com missioner may, for good cause shown, waive or reduce any penalty imposed under the Act. The law relating to public works con tracts let by public bodies or the Depart ment of Transportation for the construction, maintenance, or operation of transportation facilities was amended to specify that con tracts awarded to design-build teams must comply with the provisions of the law re quiring the payment of prevailing wage rates on public works projects. Child labor. A law was enacted providing for the judicial approval of contracts for the artistic, creative or athletic services or the intellectual property of minors under age 18. The term of such contracts may not extend beyond 5 years from the date of approval by the court. The contract must be shown to be objectively fair and reasonable; consistent with industry standards; consistent and in compliance with the laws of Nevada, includ ing the laws governing the conduct and em ployment of minors; and in the best inter ests of the minor. Upon granting approval of a contract, the court will issue an order appointing a special guardian to receive and hold from 15 to 50 percent of the net earn ings of the minor to be set aside for the ben efit of the minor. A contract approved by the court may not later be disaffirmed by the minor. January 2004 Inmate labor. The section of the Depart ment of Corrections code pertaining to the disposition of funds received from the op eration of conservation camps was amended to make the State Forester Firewarden re sponsible for determining the amount of wages that must be paid to offenders who participate in conservation camps and who perform work relating to fire fighting and other work projects of conservation camps. Department o f labor. Labor law provisions enforced by the Commissioner for certain violations of labor laws and regulations were amended. Employers who violate a labor law or regulation or refuse to furnish re quired information are guilty of a misde meanor and may now be assessed up to a $500 administrative penalty for such viola tions in addition to other fines. Such per sons must be provided notice and an oppor tunity for a hearing before any fines are fi nalized. Additionally, employers may not change an established regular payday or place of payment unless, not fewer than 7 days before the change is made, affected employees are provided with written no tice. It is now unlawful for an employer to pay em ployees’ lower wages, salary, or compensation than the amount earned when the work was performed. Additionally, employers may not decrease employees’ wages, salary, or compensation unless the employer either provides written notice 7 days before the decrease or follows the pro visions of any collective bargaining agree ment in effect. The Commissioner may as sess a fine of not more than $5,000 for each violation of these provisions. New Jersey Wages. The Delaware River and Bay au thority, which was created pursuant to the “Delaware-New Jersey Compact,” is not to pay less than the prevailing wage rate to workers employed in the performance of any construction contract undertaken in con nection with an authorized project. The pre vailing wage rate will be the rate determined by the Commissioner of Labor under the New Jersey Prevailing Wage Act. New Mexico Wages. New legislation increased the State minimum wage rate from $4.25 to $5.15 per hour on July 1,2003. The minimum wage rate for employees who regularly receive more than $30 a month in tips rose from $2.125 to $2,575 per hour. The employer may consider tips as part of wages, but such a wage credit is not to exceed 50 percent of the minimum wage. The city of Santa Fe adopted a Living Wage Ordinance that requires the payment of a minimum wage rate by the city to all full-time permanent workers employed by the city, while complying with the Fair La bor Standards Act and the Bateman Act. The minimum wage rate is also to be paid by contractors for the city who employ more than 25 workers that have a service or con struction contract with the city equal to or in excess of $30,000, excluding the purchase of goods; businesses receiving assistance relat ing to economic development in the form of grants, subsidies, loan guarantees, or indus trial revenue bonds in excess of $25,000; and businesses required to have a business li cense or registration from the city and, dur ing any given month, have 25 or more work ers, or in the case of non-profit entities that have 25 or more workers. Beginning Janu ary 1,2004, the minimum wage will be $8.50 per hour with increases to $9.50 per hour scheduled for January 1,2006, and to $ 10.50 per hour scheduled for January 1,2008. Be ginning January 1,2009, and each year there after, the minimum wage shall be adjusted upward based upon the consumer price in dex. The value of health benefits and childcare will be considered as an element of wages. An equal pay task force was appointed by the Governor. The task force is to study the extent of wage disparities, both in the public and private sectors, between men and women and between minorities and non-mi norities; study the factors that cause wage disparities, including segregation between men and women and between minorities and non-minorities across and within occupa tions and professions, payment of lower wages for female-dominated occupations, child-rearing responsibilities and education and training; study the consequences of wage disparities on the State’s economy and on families; and develop actions, including legislation, that are likely to lead to the elimi nation and prevention of wage disparities. A final report is to be presented to the Gov ernor and the legislature by December 15, 2003. Equal employment opportunity. The Hu man Rights Act was amended to add dis crimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity to the forms of unlawful employment discrimination applicable to employers, labor organizations, joint ap prenticeship com m ittees, and em ploy ment agencies. This provision is not to be used to adopt or implement a quota on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Employee leasing. The law requiring regis tering and licensing of employee leasing con tractors does not apply to temporary work ers. The law was amended to define tempo rary services employers and to provide that a worker who is employed by a temporary services employer works and should be clas sified in any construction class or in any oil and gas well service or drilling class under Insurance Code regulations will be presumed to be a temporary worker, and the tempo rary services employer that provides the worker must comply with the provisions of the Employee Leasing Act. New York Child labor. A law was enacted ensuring that child performers who work in the State have a portion of their earnings kept in a trust account for them until the age of majority, and that they are provided with an adequate education. The child’s custodian or guardian must establish the trust account within 15 days of the start of employment and notify the child’s employer of the account’s exist ence. Employers must transfer 15 percent of the gross pay to the child’s trust account within 30 days after the end of employment unless the period of employment is longer than 30 days. In such a case, the funds must be transferred every payroll period. The child performer may terminate the trust ac count upon reaching the age of 18. Child performer employment permits are valid for 6 months from date of issuance. To possess such a permit the child must be in good edu cational standing. In those instances where the child performer is unable to meet State educational requirements because of the em ployment schedule, the employer is to pro vide a certified or State-recognized teacher so that he or she may fulfill educational law requirements. The section of the child labor law estab lishing restrictions on the hours of work for minors 16 and 17 years of age was amended to exempt 17-year-old minors employed as counselors, junior counselors, or counselorsin-training at camps for children during the months of June, July, and August. Apparel industry. The law that allows the State University of New York and the City University of New York to consider labor standards when evaluating bids for school apparel and uniforms was expanded to also include bids for the purchase of sports equip ment including balls, bats, and other goods intended for use by those participating in sports and games. Labor standards to be considered include employee compensation, working conditions, employee rights to form unions, and the use of child labor. North Carolina Wages. Obsolete provisions establishing a training wage under the minimum wage law were repealed. An employee of the State may authorize, in writing, a payroll deduction from his or her salary or wages for deposit in the Paren tal Savings Trust Fund administered by the State Education Assistance Authority. A measure was enacted to permit a vote in November 2004 to authorize a constitutional amendment allowing units of local government to borrow money to finance economic devel opment projects within a defined area. A de velopment financing plan would be required to include a requirement that the initial users of a new manufacturing facility to be located in the district, and included in the plan must pay its employees an average weekly manu facturing wage that is either above the average manufacturing wage paid in the county in which the district will be located or not less than 10 percent above the average weekly manufacturing wage paid in the State. Child labor. A law was enacted regulating contracts of minors for artistic, creative, or athletic services including actors, actresses, musicians, singers and other performers or entertainers. The law provides for court approval of contracts and for financial safe guards in court orders approving contracts and in situations where there is no court or der. At least 15 percent of the minor’s gross earnings pursuant to the contract are to be set aside by the minor’s employer in trust, in an account or other savings plan, and pre served for the benefit of the minor. Require ments were adopted for establishing a trust and for appointing trustees. Private employment agencies. A law was enacted abolishing the Labor Commissioner’s Private Personnel Service Advisory Council that had performed duties related to the pri vate personnel service industry. The Com missioner is now authorized to adopt rules necessary to carry out and administer the provisions of the law dealing with the per sonnel service industry including those in volving hearings, penalties, and criminal pen alties for violations of the law. Such penal ties can include the denial, suspension, revo cation of a license issued under the law, or the levying of a fine not to exceed $250. The licensee will be notified in writing of the de nial, revocation, or suspension via a letter signed by the Commissioner or designee, and will have the right to appeal the decision. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 21 State Labor Laws, 2003 Other laws. Among amendments to the law establishing and regulating the Board of Nursing, it was specified that before hiring a registered nurse or a licensed practical nurse in the State, a healthcare facility must verify that the applicant has a current, valid license to practice nursing. A member of a volunteer fire department, rescue squad, or emergency medical services agency called into service of the State after a proclamation of a state of disaster by the Governor or the General Assembly, or upon the activation of the State Emergency Re sponse Team in response to a disaster or emergency, will have the right to take leave without pay from his or her civilian employ ment. No such individual will be forced to use or exhaust his or her vacation or other accrued leave from his or her civilian em ployment for a period of active service. For the volunteer member to be entitled to take leave without pay, his or her services must be requested in writing by the Director of the Division of Emergency Management or by the head of a local Emergency Manage ment Agency. The request is to be directed to the Chief of the member’s volunteer fire department, rescue squad, or emergency medical services agency, and a copy is to be provided to the member’s employer. The law will not apply to those members whose services have been certified by their em ployer as essential to the employer’s own on going emergency or disaster relief activities. The State Board of Education is to adopt rules relating to leaves of absence, without loss of pay or time, for periods of military training and for State or Federal military duty or for special emergency management service. The rules will apply to all public school employees employed by local boards o f education or by charter schools. The rules will provide that (1) the State pays any salary differential to all public school employees in State-funded positions; (2) the employing local board of education pays any pay differential to all public school em ployees in locally funded positions; (3) the employing charter school pays any pay dif ferential to all public school employees in the charter school; and (4) the employing local board of education pays the local supplement. North Dakota Wages. The section of the wage collection law relating to direct deposit of wages was amended to eliminate a provision that had prohibited employers from requiring em ployees to receive their pay by direct de posit into a financial institution. The law now provides that payment will be made in 22 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lawful money of the United States, by check or by direct deposit in the financial institu tion of the employee’s choice. amount for reconstruction, remodeling, or renovation increased from $18,764 to $19,752. Worker privacy. The law relating to confi dentiality of central personnel division me diation service records was amended. Divi sion records relating to its mediation ser vices are now exempt from the law that identifies these records as public records, and as such, open and accessible for inspec tion during reasonable office hours. Addi tionally, an em ployee may not be dis charged, disciplined, or penalized concern ing his or her compensation, conditions, lo cation, or other privileges of employment because of the employee’s request for or participation in the mediation services pro vided by the division. Worker privacy. The law regarding privacy of peace officer records was amended to in clude the positions of firefighters and emer gency medical technicians ( e m t ). Firefighter is defined as any regular, paid, or volunteer, member of a lawfully constituted fire depart ment of a municipal corporation, township, fire district or village, e m t is defined as an e m t -1, EMT-basic and paramedics that pro vide emergency medical services for a public emergency medical service organization. Residential and familial information is not to be included in the public record. This in cludes the employee’s name, residential ad dress and phone number, name and address of employer, social security number, bank account, debit card, charge card or credit card number, the name of any beneficiary of em ployment benefits, emergency telephone number of spouse, a former spouse, or any child of a firefighter or e m t . Workplace security. The Information Tech nology Department was authorized to re quire as a condition of employment that in dividuals who have unescorted physical ac cess to the facilities or other security-sensi tive areas of the department be fingerprinted and subject to security background checks. Private employment agencies. The State em ployment agency licensing law was amended to stipulate that employment agencies are not subject to licensure if they charge fees exclusively to employers. Other laws. The section of law relating to the authority of the labor commissioner to adopt rules on wages and working conditions in the State was amended to clarify that or ders issued by the Commissioner of Labor must be promulgated as administrative rules under the Administrative Practices Act to have the force and effect of law. Provisions were repealed relating to the commissioner calling conferences of employers, employee representatives, and the public to consider and make recommendations concerning changes in hours, minimum wages, and work ing conditions, and to issue orders based on these recommendations. Oklahoma Wages. An employer who is found to have violated the State wage payment law on two or more occasions within any 6-month pe riod may be assessed an administrative fine of $500 per violation. Previously, the fine could be imposed only in instances of two or more knowing violations. Worker privacy. Employers who conduct employee-owned vehicle searches of their employees must conduct the searches on their own property. Searches that are con ducted on property not owned or rented by the employer will require a search warrant issued according to law. Whistleblower. The Whistleblower Act was amended to provide that a State agency may not take disciplinary action against an em ployee who discusses the operations and functions of the agency with the print or electronic media. Ohio Oregon Wages. By law, threshold amounts for con tract coverage under the State prevailing wage law are adjusted every 2 years accord ing to the change in the Census Bureau’s Im plicit Price Deflator for Construction, pro vided that no increase or decrease exceeds 6 percent for the 2-year period. As a result, effective January 1, 2004, the threshold amount for new construction rose from $62,549 to $65,843 and the threshold Wages. A minimum wage ballot initiative was approved by the voters in the Novem ber 2002 general election. It provided for an increase in the State minimum wage rate from $6.50 per hour to $6.90 on January 1,2003. It also provided that beginning January 1, 2004, and annually thereafter, the rate will be adjusted for inflation based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Con sumer Price Index. As a result, the rate was January 2004 increased to $7.05 per hour on January 1, 2004. The law establishing a penalty for failure to pay wages upon termination of employ ment was amended to limit the penalty wage liability of businesses that primarily sell motor vehicles or farm implements in the case of employees paid on a commission basis where there is a dispute between the employer and the employee regarding the am ount of com m ission due upon the em ployee’s term ination, and where the amount of unpaid commission ultimately found due is less than 20 percent of the amount of unpaid commission claimed by the employee. In these cases, the penalty wage liability of the employer may not ex ceed the amount of the unpaid commission or $200, whichever is greater. These penalty limitations do not apply if the employer has violated final pay provisions one or more times in the preceding year, or when an em ployer terminated one or more other employ ees on the same date that the employee’s employment ceased. The law relating to the Oregon Youth Conservation Corps was amended to specify that corps members are exempt from the State public works prevailing wage law. Family issues. Employers of 6 or more per sons in the State are to provide leave from employment to attend criminal proceedings for eligible employees who have been crime victims or who have an immediate family member who has been a crime victim. The leave may be unpaid; however, paid accrued vacation leave or other paid accrued leave may be used. Reasonable notice is to be given to the employer, and the amount of leave that an employee takes may be limited by the employer if the employee’s absence creates an undue hardship to the employer’s business. An employee is eligible if he or she has worked an average of more than 25 hours per week for a covered employer for at least 180 days immediately before the date that the employee takes leave to attend a criminal proceeding. An employer who denies leave to an employee or who discharges, threatens to discharge, intimidates or coerces an em ployee because he or she takes this leave commits an unlawful employment practice and is subject to a civil action. Worker privacy. A law was enacted prohib iting public bodies (State, local, and special government bodies) from disclosing the iden tification badge or card of an employee of the public body without the written consent of the employee when the badge or card con tains the photograph of the employee and it https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis was prepared solely for internal use by the public body to identify employees of the public body. Additionally, the public body may not disclose a duplicate of the photo graph on the badge or card. The Board of Public Safety Standards and Training and the Department of Public Safety Standards and Training may not dis close a photograph of a public safety of ficer without the written consent of the of ficer or his or her employer. A public safety agency is to provide the department with access to personnel records of an employee or former employee of the public service agency if the department requests access to the records; the department is conducting an investigation relating to the employee or former employee’s qualifications for em ployment, training or certification as a pub lic safety officer; and the records are related to the issue being investigated. A public safety agency that discloses this informa tion is presumed to be acting in good faith and, unless lack of good faith is shown by a preponderance of the evidence, is immune from civil liability for the disclosure or its consequences. Private employment agencies. The act regu lating employment agencies was amended to specifically exclude employment listing ser vices from coverage. An employment listing service is defined as a business that provides lists of specified positions available with an employer other than the service or that holds itself out to individuals as able to provide information about specific positions of em ployment with an employer other than the employment listing service; charges an indi vidual a fee for its services; and does not arrange interviews or otherwise intercede be tween an individual and a prospective em ployer but may offer limited counseling and employment-related services to an individual that includes, but is not limited to, personal grooming and appearance and interview preparation. The Commissioner of the Bu reau of Labor and Industries is to adopt rules governing term s of contracts and fees charged. The service is to make contract and fee schedule information available to clients. Other laws. The law governing State militia duty, pay, allowances, and re-employment rights was amended to provide that mem bers of the organized militia while on active State duty, for reasons including those re lated to homeland security, will receive not less than the pay and allowances of their corresponding grades of the Armed Forces of the United States. Those members of the organized State militia who are ordered to active State duty will be considered tempo rary employees of the military department except that they are not subject to the collec tive bargaining and arbitration rules and regu lations that apply to public or private em ployees w ithin the S tate. W hen the employee’s leave of absence for active ser vice of the State is terminated, the employee is to return to his or her employment within 7 calendar days. The State law regarding benefits for State employees or public officers while absent on military leave was amended. The State will provide coverage under an employersponsored health plan to a public officer or employee of the State for a period not ex ceeding a total of 12 months while the indi vidual is absent on leave. This applies both to individuals serving in the United States Armed Forces and to employees who are members of the organized State militia who are called into active service of the State by the Governor. Employers other than the State may provide such coverage. The posi tion of an employee serving in the United States armed services will not become va cant nor shall the officer or employee be sub ject to removal as a consequence of such ser vice unless it exceeds 5 years. Pennsylvania Wages. A resolution was adopted designat ing April 15, 2003, as “Equal Pay Day” in Pennsylvania and encouraging all residents to support and maintain pay equity through out the Commonwealth. Equal employment opportunity. An Execu tive order was issued barring State agencies from discrim inating against em ployees based on their gender identity, adding transgendered people to the list of those rights are protected. The order adds “gen der identity or expression” to the list that also includes race, color, religious creed, an cestry, union membership, age, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, AIDS or h iv status, or disability. An Executive order was issued reestab lishing the Pennsylvania Commission for Women. Duties and functions of the com mission include monitoring women’s educa tional and employment needs and opportu nities; promoting job training, educational programs and upward mobility for women; encouraging the development of and access to funding for small business enterprises owned or operated by women; issuing peri odic reports on new State laws, regulations and governmental policies affecting women; serving as a liaison between government and nongovernmental groups and organizations Monthly Labor Review January 2004 23 State Labor Laws, 2003 whose purposes relate to the interests of women; and, as appropriate, providing to the Governor and the General Assembly re ports and recommendations for legislative or other governmental action. Plant closing. A resolution was adopted ask ing the President and U.S. Congress to take all necessary action to preserve the healthcare benefits of steel industry retirees and retirees in other similarly affected indus tries where there have been massive layoffs or plant closings. Rhode Island Wages. New legislation increased the State minimum wage rate from $6.15 to $6.75 per hour on January 1, 2004. A resolution was adopted declaring April 3, 2003, to be “Rhode Island Pay Equity Day” and asking all Rhode Islanders to join in urging all other States to establish equi table compensation that eliminates sex and race-based wage discrimination. National Guard units or activated reserve units, or members of National Guard Units who have volunteered for active duty in “Op eration Enduring Freedom,” “Operation Noble Eagle,” or “Operation Iraqi Freedom,” or any combination of these duties, were au thorized to use up to 45 days of accumu lated annual leave in 2003 in connection with absences resulting from the military service. In addition, such employees were authorized to use up to 90 days of accrued sick leave in calendar year 2003 as if it were annual leave without regard to the 30-day limit on annual leave that may otherwise be used in a year. South Dakota Equal employment opportunity. The ban on sex discrimination in employment will not prevent a school district from considering the sex of an employee in relation to em ployment duties in a locker room or toilet facility used only by members of one sex. Tennessee Family issues. Employers, including the State and any political subdivision of the State, may provide reasonable unpaid break time each day to an employee who needs to breastfeed or express breast milk for her in fant child to maintain milk supply and com fort. The break time must, if possible, run concurrently with any break time already provided to the employee. An employer is not required to provide break time if to do so would create an undue hardship on the employer’s operations. An employer must make a reasonable effort to provide a pri vate, secure and sanitary room or other loca tion in close proximity to the work area, other than a toilet stall, where an employee can express her milk or breastfeed her child. Equal employment opportunity. It was made an unlawful employment practice for any employer, when an employee has presented to the employer an internal complaint alleg ing harassment in the workplace on the basis of race or color, religion, sex, disability, age, sexual orientation, gender identity or expres sion, or country of ancestral origin, to refuse to disclose in a timely manner in writing to that employee the disposition of the com plaint, including a description of any action taken in resolution of the complaint. Pro vided, however, no other personnel informa tion will be disclosed to the complainant. South Carolina Other laws. Permanent full-time State em ployees who are members of Federalized 24 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wages. Amendments to the wage payment law specify that the civil penalty applicable to second and subsequent violations of re quirements regarding payment of compen sation for employees in private employment or misrepresentation of wages for such em ployment may be assessed at the discretion o f the C om m issioner o f L abor and Workforce Development, and that the com missioner is to provide the employer with 30 days’ notice and an opportunity for a hearing prior to the imposition of any civil penalty. If an employer fails to notify the commissioner in writing within 30 days from the receipt of notification of penalties of its intent to contest the imposition of a penalty, the assessment of the penalty as stated in the notification will be deemed a final order of the commissioner and not sub ject to further review. All penalties owed are to be paid to the commissioner. Child labor. Amendments to the child labor law provide that the civil penalty applicable to second or subsequent law violations may be assessed at the discretion of the Commis sioner of Labor and Workforce Development, and that if an employer fails to notify the commissioner in writing within 30 days from the receipt of notification of penalties of its intent to contest the imposition of a penalty, the assessment of the penalty as stated in the notification will be deemed a final order of the commissioner and not subject to fur ther review. All penalties owed are to be paid to the commissioner. January 2004 The State child labor law was amended by establishing requirements on contracts entered into on behalf of entertainers under the age of 18. The law pertains to every minor who desires to perform artistic and creative ser vices in the State. The minor, parent, or guard ian, are required to petition the court for ap proval of a contract for such services. Peti tions will be filed in the probate court of the county where the minor resides or performs. If approved, the minor will not be allowed to disaffirm the contract on the grounds of mi nority status or grounds that the parent or guardian lacked personal authority. Upon con tract approval, all types of earnings become the sole property of the minor. There is a court requirement that 15 percent of the minor’s gross earnings be placed in trust for the minor’s benefit; and the minor or the par ents or guardian may request that an addi tional percentage be placed in trust. Courtapproved contracts will include all require ments for rendering of the minor’s services and protect the interest of the minor. The court may revoke approval or modify the con tract if necessary to protect the physical or mental well-being of the minor. Equal employment opportunity. Administra tion of title V of the Federal Older Ameri cans Act was transferred from the Commis sion on Aging and Disability to the Depart ment of Labor and Workforce Development. Existing funding to community providers will continue so long as the Federal funding continues and providers meet program goals. The complaint procedure was revised for persons claiming to be aggrieved by a dis criminatory practice, on the basis of race, color, or national origin, under Title VI of the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. Enforce ment duties and powers were transferred from the Human Rights Commission to the Title VI Compliance Commission. The Governor issued an Executive order directing that no State executive branch agency, department, board, or commission is to discriminate in employment on the basis of race, religion, gender, age, handicap, or national origin. The order also creates the G overnor’s Advisory Committee on Equal and Fair Employment Opportunity. This committee will monitor the implemen tation of this Executive order and regularly review the State’s progress in achieving fair and equal employment opportunity, and advise the Governor on the level of compli ance and additional actions needed to enable the State to fulfill the mandate of the Execu tive order. This Executive order supersedes and rescinds Executive Order No. 2, signed February 27, 1995. Worker privacy. Among several changes in the law governing the licensure of polygraph examiners, provisions were eliminated which had required that, in employment examina tions, each prospective examinee be shown a list of the questions to be asked and that the questions be reviewed with the examinee prior to the commencement of the examina tion, and that each prospective examinee be shown a list of those areas that the examina tion will not cover. The law dealing with the confidentiality of public records was amended to provide that an employee of the Department of Cor rection is to be allowed to inspect investiga tive records of the Internal Affairs Division of the Department of Correction prior to a due process hearing at which disciplinary ac tion is considered or issued unless the com missioner specifically denies in writing the employee’s request to examine the records prior to the hearing. Other laws. A law was enacted prohibiting the termination of an employee who is a vol unteer firefighter due to his or her absence or lateness to work because of responding to an emergency. Any employee who is termi nated in violation of this law may bring a civil action against the employer within 1 year from the date of the violation seeking reinstatement, payment of back wages, and reinstatement of fringe benefits and senior ity rights. An employer may charge any time that an employee loses from employment because of his or her response to an emer gency against the employee’s regular pay. The employer also has the right to request an employee, who loses time for such rea son, to provide a written statement from the supervisor or acting supervisor of the volun teer fire department stating that the em ployee responded to an emergency and list ing the time and date of the emergency. Texas Wages. A law was enacted specifying that the hourly rate provided for in the State mini mum wage law supersedes a wage established in an ordinance, order, or charter provision governing wages in private employment, other than wages under a public contract. This provision does not apply to any State or Federal job training or workplace devel opment program or to a minimum wage es tablished by a government entity that ap plies to a contract or agreement entered into by a government entity and a private entity. The wage payment law was amended to authorize employers to pay wages by direct deposit to employees who maintain accounts at financial institutions that qualify for elec https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tronic funds transfer. An employer who wants to pay wages through a direct deposit plan must notify each affected employee, in writing, at least 60 days before the date on which the direct deposit payroll system is scheduled to begin, that the employer is adopting a direct deposit payroll system, and obtain from the employee any information required by the financial institution in which the employee maintains the account that is necessary to implement the electronic funds transfer. Payroll deductions from the wages of county employees previously limited to payments to a credit union, payment of la bor union or employee association member ship dues, payment of fees for parking in a county-owned facility, or payments to a charitable organization, may now be autho rized for other approved purposes. Cash paid as wages will now be presumed abandoned if, for longer than 6 months if the amount is $100 or less, or for longer than 3 years if greater than $ 100 provided the exist ence and location of the employee or former employee to whom the wages are owed is unknown to the employer and a wage claim has not been filed under the wage payment law. A check paid as wages for $ 100 or less is presumed to be abandoned on the latest of: (1) the 180th day after the check was payable; (2) the 180th day after the date the issuer of the check last received documented communication from the payee; or (3) the 180th day after the date the check was is sued if, during that period, a claim to the check has not been asserted or an act of own ership by the payee has not been exercised. A check for wages for more than $100 is presumed abandoned on the latest of: (1) the 3rd anniversary of the date the check was payable; (2) the 3rd anniversary of the date the issuer of the check last received docu mented communication from the payee of the check; or (3) the 3rd anniversary of the date the check was issued if, during that pe riod, a claim to the check has not been as serted or an act of ownership by the payee has not been exercised. Among several amendments to the In dustrial Development Corporation Act, it was specified that a corporation may spend tax revenue received under the act for job training offered through a business enterprise only if the business enterprise has commit ted in writing to create new jobs that pay wages that are at least equal to the prevailing wage for the applicable occupation in the local labor market area, or to increase its pay roll to pay wages that are at least equal to the prevailing wage for the applicable occupa tion in the local labor market area. Family issues. Limited compensation will be provided to an immediate family member of a deceased violent crime victim for travel expenses associated with attending the fu neral or for lost wages resulting from bereave ment leave, taken in connection with the death of the victim, for up to 10 work days, or a maximum of $ 1,000. Child labor. The Alcoholic beverage law was amended to authorize the holder of a permit or license providing for the on-premises con sumption of alcoholic beverages, who also holds a food and beverage certificate, to em ploy a person under 18 years of age to work as a cashier for transactions involving the sale of alcoholic beverages if the alcoholic beverages are served by a person 18 years of age or older. Equal employment opportunity. The Com mission on Human Rights was abolished, and its powers, duties, functions and activi ties were transferred to the Texas Workforce Commission, Civil Rights Division. By No vember 1, 2003, the Governor was to have appointed members to a new Human Rights Commission that will be responsible for gov erning the Civil Rights Division, with au thority to grant or seek relief from an unlaw ful employment practice, or to institute criminal proceedings. Genetic testing. A person who unlawfully discloses genetic information will now be li able for a civil penalty of up to $ 10,000. The attorney general may bring an action in the name of the State to recover the penalty, plus reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs. Workplace security. A commercial nuclear power plant licensee and its contractors, for security reasons and consistent with require ments of the United States Nuclear Regula tory Commission, are entitled to obtain criminal history record information, from the Department of Public Safety, that relates to a person who has or is seeking employment at or access to a commercial nuclear power plant. Employee leasing. The law regulating staff leasing companies was amended to provide that a client company is solely obligated to pay any wages for which obligation to pay is created by an agreement, contract, plan, or policy between the client company and the assigned employee, and the staff leasing com pany has not contracted to pay. The staff leasing company is to disclose this informa tion to all its assigned employees. Prior law required the staff leasing company to take Monthly Labor Review January 2004 25 State Labor Laws, 2003 the responsibility of paying assigned em ployees’ wages even if they had not con tracted for such payments. Department o f labor. Legislation was en acted extending the Texas Workforce Com mission through September 1,2009. Among other provisions, it also adopted guidelines regarding the functions of the commission, amended the qualifications for commission members, revised the grounds for removal from the commission, and established mem ber training requirements. All functions and activities performed by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation relating to conducting adminis trative hearings at the department were trans ferred to the State Office of Administrative Hearings. The requirement, under dispute resolu tion procedures, that the Texas Workforce Commission enter an order in accordance with the final determination of an action un der the Judicial Review of Commission De cision subchapter was repealed. Other laws. An addition to the Penal Code makes it unlawful for a person to know ingly traffic another person with the intent that the trafficked person engage in forced labor or services or in prostitution or child pornography. An offense will be a felony of the second degree, except that it will be a felony of the first degree if the offense in volves prostitution or child pornography and the person who is trafficked is younger than age 14, or if the commission of the offense results in the death of the person who is trafficked. “Traffic” means to trans port another person or to entice, recruit, harbor, provide, or otherwise obtain an other person for transport by deception, coercion, or force. The law establishing guidelines relating to acceptable off-duty employment by com missioned officers of the Texas Department of Public safety was amended to specify that the guidelines are to be applied uniformly to all supervisory and non-supervisory com missioned officers, and to provide that if the department denies approval of an officer’s secondary employment or proposed second ary em ploym ent, he or she m ust be promptly notified in writing of the specific guideline on which the department’s deci sion was based and why the employment is prohibited by the guideline. A member of the State military forces, who is ordered to active State duty by the Governor or by other proper authority un der State law, will now be entitled to the same benefits and protections as those pro 26 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis vided to certain persons in the uniformed services and military service of the United States including protection from job dis crimination and reemployment rights when returning from active duty. A person who is called to active military duty as a member of the Texas National Guard in the service of the State or the United States and who suffers an economic hardship as a result of serving on active duty will now be eligible to receive supplemental pay. The comptroller is to establish the Texas National Guard members’ supplemen tal active duty pay account in the general revenue fund. A Guard member may receive an amount, to be determined by the adjutant general, not to exceed the lesser of the amount required to alleviate the economic hardship the member suffers as a result of serving on active duty, or the difference between the amount of income that the member has lost from civilian employment as a result of be ing called to active duty and the amount of military pay and allowances the member re ceives from State or Federal sources while on active duty. Employees of the State called to ac tive duty during a national emergency to serve in a reserve component of the Armed Forces may use any accrued vacation leave, earned compensatory leave, or over time leave to maintain benefits for the employee or his or her dependents while on military duty. The State agency is to grant sufficient emergency leave as differ ential pay to a State employee on unpaid military leave if the em ployee’s military gross pay is less than the em ployee’s State gross pay. The com bination of emergency leave and military pay may not exceed the em ployee’s actual State gross pay. If a municipal or county employee who is a member of a reserve component of the Armed Forces of the United States, includ ing any part of the State military forces, is called to active military duty and subse quently exhausts all military leave to which he or she is entitled under State law, the mu nicipality or county may continue the individual’s salary payments until the per son is no longer on active duty. If a firefighter or police officer employed by a municipality is called to active military duty for any period of time, his or her em ployer must continue to maintain any health, dental, or life insurance coverage and any health or dental benefits coverage that the firefighter or police officer received through the municipality on the date he or she was called to active military duty until the mu nicipality receives written instructions from January 2004 the firefighter or police officer to change or discontinue the coverage. A firefighter or police officer may, without restrictions as to the amount of time, voluntarily substitute for a firefighter or police officer who has been called to active Federal military duty for a period expected to last 12 months or longer. Municipalities are to maintain military leave time accounts to receive and distribute do nated leave. The Education Code was amended to provide that a school district employee with available personal leave is entitled to use the leave for compensation during a term of active military service. In addition, school districts were authorized to adopt a policy providing for the paid leave of absence of employees taking leave for active military service. Utah Wages. The section of the minimum wage law establishing the wage rate for employees who regularly receive tips was amended to delete a provision that tipped employees could be paid not less than 55 percent of the minimum wage when the balance received from tips was sufficient to bring the em ployee to the minimum wage. The law now refers to the cash wage obligation established by administrative rule that matches the Fed eral minimum cash wage of $2.13 per hour. The Department of Human Resource Management was directed to conduct a study regarding salary data related to whether or not compensation paid to State employees differs between genders. A re port, including any proposed legislation, was to be made to the Government Opera tions Interim Committee during the 2003 interim. Benchmark positions were to be established and examined for factors includ ing for the percentage of each gender in the position, the average length of employment by the State and in each position for each gender, and the average salary of male and female employees. The study was also to examine the percentage of part-time State employees of each gender. The section of the payment of wages law prohibiting retaliation against an employee who files or is about to file a complaint, who testifies or is about to testify in an enforce ment proceeding, or who the employer be lieves may file a complaint or testify was amended. Previously, the law protected employees from discharge or threat of dis charge. It now prohibits discharge, demo tion, or any other form of retaliation against an employee in the terms, privileges, or con ditions of employment. Equal employment opportunity. Among amendments to the Antidiscrimination Act, the procedure for an aggrieved person to file a claim was revised to authorize the Antidis crimination and Labor Division to transfer a request for agency action filed with the divi sion to the Federal Equal Employment Op portunity Commission (e e o c ) in accordance with any work share agreement that exists between the division and the e e o c and that is in effect on the day on which the agency ac tion request is transferred. This transfer is considered the commencement of an action under Federal law. The director may issue a determination and order to the respondent to cease any discriminatory or prohibited em ployment practice and provide relief to the aggrieved party as is determined appropriate. Worker privacy. Current or former employ ers of law enforcement and training academy applicants are now required to provide em ployment history information to the law en forcement agency or academy if proper no tice and authorization procedures are fol lowed. Information provided may include dates of employment, compensation paid, attendance record, any disciplinary action taken, and a statement regarding whether the employer would rehire the applicant and, if not, the reasons why. In the absence of fraud or malice, an employer is not subject to any civil liability resulting from the release of the information requested. Workplace violence!security. Political subdi visions of the State that operate public water systems were authorized to require prospec tive and current employees and contractors and those seeking access to public water sys tem facilities to submit to a criminal back ground check. If employment is denied or terminated because of information obtained through a criminal background check, the pub lic water utility must notify the person in writing of the reasons for denial or termina tion and give him or her an opportunity to respond to the reasons and to seek review of the denial or termination through established administrative procedures. Employee leasing. The law requiring the li censing of professional employer organiza tions was amended to now provide for an nual registration rather than licensing. It also eliminated the Professional Employer Orga nization Board, established qualifications for registration and specified the information to be filed by registrants. A professional em ployer organization that is domiciled out side of the State and employs less than 50 employees who are employed or domiciled https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in the State is not required to file the entity information. Inmate labor. The section of the Code of Criminal Procedure regarding court-ordered restitution to crime victims was amended to permit the court to award up to 5 days of the individual victim’s wages that were lost due to the theft or damage to tools or equip ment items of a trade that were owned by the victim and were essential to his or her employment. Other laws. The Labor Commission is to assume certain responsibilities relating to coal mine certification and fee collection that were previously performed by the Labor Commission’s Safety Division. The law providing State employees with a pay allowance for time spent on duty in the United States Armed Forces or the Utah National Guard was amended to also apply to county and municipal employees. These employees may be allowed up to full pay for all time not in excess of 15 days a year spent on duty at annual encampment or rifle competition or other duties in connection with the reserve training and instruction re quirements. This leave is at the discretion of the employing county or municipality and, if granted, shall be in addition to annual vaca tion leave with pay. Vermont Wages. New legislation increased the State minimum wage rate from $6.25 to $6.75 per hour on January 1, 2004, with a further in crease to $7 per hour scheduled for January 1, 2005. An employer in the hotel, motel, tourist place, and restaurant industry may not employ a service or tipped employee at a wage rate less than $3.58 an hour. Begin ning on January 1, 2005, this rate is sched uled to rise to $3.65 an hour, and thereafter to a rate to be determined when the basic minimum wage rate is increased. A “service or tipped employee” is defined as all those, in either hotels, motels, tourist places, and restaurants who customarily and regularly receive more than $30 per month in tips for direct and personal customer service. Child labor. A resolution was adopted des ignating March 26, 2003, as Child Labor Awareness Day in Vermont. Equal employment opportunity. The manda tory retirement age for justices of the State Supreme Court and judges of all subordinate courts was raised from 70 to 90. Virginia Wages. The law relating to the payment of wages was amended to permit wages to be paid into a trust account on which the employee is a named beneficiary. Such payment must be with the consent of the employee. Child labor. The minimum age was reduced from 13 to 12 for children to be exempt from the child labor law (except for those sections prohibiting work that is hazardous to health or morals) for employment as sports referees by a charity organization, a unit of state or local government, or for an organization of referees, sponsored by an organization recognized by the U.S. Olym pic Committee. Equal employment opportunity. The section of the Freedom of Information Act relating to record exemption for employment dis crimination investigations was amended to expand the record exemption for investiga tor notes, correspondence and information, which is furnished in confidence with respect to an active investigation of individual em ployment discrimination complaints that are made to the Department of Human Resource Management to include any such investiga tions conducted by personnel of the local governing body who are authorized by law to conduct these investigations in confi dence, including local school boards. Worker privacy. The law relating to the cer tified nursing facility education initiative was amended to repeal the previously established expiration date for the program. Another amendment provides that the records, re ports, and communications of any staff mem ber or other person acting on behalf of the nonprofit organization are privileged com munications and may not be disclosed or ob tained by legal discovery proceedings unless a circuit court, after a hearing and showing of good cause arising from extraordinary circum stances, orders the disclosure o f such records, reports, and communications. Workplace security. The Department of Human Resource Management is to develop a Statewide policy for designating sensitive positions within each State agency. Such sensitive positions will include positions generally described as being directly respon sible for the health, safety and welfare of the general populace, or for protection of critical infrastructures. Final candidates for employment in a sensitive position will be required, as a condition of employment, to Monthly Labor Review January 2004 27 State Labor Laws, 2003 submit to a criminal background check, sub mit to fingerprinting and provide personal descriptive information, all of which will be forwarded through the Central Criminal Records Exchange to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. As a condition of em ployment, any county having the county manager form of government must require any applicant who is offered or accepts employment at the county’s water treatment facility to submit to fingerprinting and to provide personal descriptive information to be forwarded along w ith the applicant’s fingerprints through the Central Criminal Records Ex change to the Federal Bureau of Investiga tion for the purpose of obtaining criminal history information. Such applicants will, if required by ordinance, pay the cost of fin gerprinting or a criminal records check or both. The section of the law relating to com mercial driver’s licenses and hazardous ma terials endorsem ents was am ended to meet the requirements of the Federal U.S.A. Patriot Act of 2001. This act, in part, pro hibits issuance by States of commercial driver’s licenses with hazardous materials en dorsements unless the U.S. Secretary of Transportation certifies that the applicant poses no security risk. for Seattle, or a successor index, for the pre vious biennium as calculated by the United States Department of Labor. Adjusted dol lar amounts of indebtedness will be rounded to the nearest $500 increment. Among provisions relating to the prevail ing wage law, all intent and affidavit fees paid by contractors are now to be dedicated to the sole purpose of administering the pre vailing wage program. The Department of Labor and Industries is to establish a goal of conducting surveys for each trade every 3 years; actively promote increased response rates from all survey recipients in every county both urban and rural; actively work with businesses, labor representatives, pub lic agencies, and others to ensure the integ rity of information used in the development of prevailing wage rates, and ensure uniform compliance with the law; maintain a timely processing of intents and affidavits, with a target processing time no greater than 7 work ing days from receipt of completed forms; and develop and implement electronic pro cessing of intents and affidavits and promote the efficient and effective use of technology to improve the services provided by the pre vailing wage program. In establishing the prevailing wage rates, all data collected by the department may be used only in the county for which the work was performed. Washington Hours. An amendment to the labor law specifies that rules adopted regarding appro priate rest and meal periods as applied to employees in the construction trades may be superseded by a collective bargaining agreement covering such employees if the terms of the agreement specifically require rest and meal periods and prescribe require ments concerning them. Wages. The State minimum wage rate is ad justed for inflation annually in September by a calculation using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-U) for the previous year. As a result, the rate for employees older than age 18 in creased from $6.90 per hour to $7.01 on January 1,2003, and to $7.16 on January 1, 2004. Also receiving these rates are 16 and 17-year-olds, the result of an administrative rule requiring that they earn the same mini mum wage as adults; 14 and 15-year-olds may be paid 85 percent of the adult mini mum wage. The law relating to an employer’s indebt edness to a deceased person for unpaid wages, labor, or services performed was amended to provide that if the decedent’s employer is the State of Washington, then the amount of the indebtedness that can be paid under the law will not exceed $10,000. At the beginning of each biennium, the direc tor of financial management may, by admin istrative policy, adjust the amount of indebt edness that can be paid to levels not to ex ceed the percentage increase in the consumer price index for all urban consumers, CPI-U, 28 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Agriculture. The Department of Labor and Industries and stakeholders representing ag ricultural employers and employees were to report to the House Commerce and Labor Committee and the Senate Agricultural Com mittee by September 1, 2003, and by De cember 1, 2003, on the status of the rule development and implementation process for cholinesterase medical monitoring of farm workers who handle cholinesterase-inhibit ing pesticides. West Virginia Hours. A new section was added to the code regulating motor carriers of passengers and property for hire, providing for the regula tion of intrastate driving hours and duty hours of for-hire carriers that transport pas sengers. Drivers of for-hire carriers may not January 2004 drive for more than 10 consecutive hours without 8 consecutive hours off duty; drive after the driver has on-duty time of 15 hours without 8 consecutive hours off duty; or drive after he or she has been on duty for a total of 70 consecutive hours within 8 con secutive days. On-duty time is defined as all time from when a driver begins work or is required to be in readiness to work until the time he or she is relieved from work and all responsibility for performing work. Preference. Among amendments to the West Virginia Jobs Act, the 6-month resi dency requirement was eliminated from the local labor market resident preference for work on public improvement projects, the threshold am ount for construction p ro ject coverage was increased from $500,000 to $ 1 million, and law coverage was extended to include projects let by counties and municipalities. Wisconsin Wages. On January 1, 2003, the threshold amount for coverage under the State pre vailing wage laws for State and municipal contracts was changed adm inistratively from $175,000 to $180,000 for contracts in which more than one trade is involved, and from $36,000 to $37,000 for contracts in which a single trade is involved. On Janu ary 1, 2004, these amounts were changed administratively to $186,000 for contracts in which more than one trade is involved, and $38,000 for contracts in which a single trade is involved. The Wage Payment and Collection law was amended to exclude from the definition of an “employee”, for purposes of coverage, any independent contractor, or a person employed in a managerial, executive, or com missioned sales capacity or in a capacity in which the person is privy to confidential matters involving the employer/employee re lationship. This law provides the authority to process wage claims and to collect unpaid wages due regarding minimum wage pay ments, overtime premium pay, prevailing wages, and child labor penalties. Wyoming Family issues. A resolution was adopted encouraging breastfeeding and commend ing employers, both in the public and the private sector, who make accom m oda tions for breastfeeding mothers whenever feasible. Equal employment opportunity. The up per limit of age 70 was removed from the ban on age discrimination in the Fair Em ployment Practices Act. The prohibition will now apply to all persons at least 40 years of age. Revisions were made in the hearing procedures and remedies available under th e F air E m ploym ent P ra c tic e s A ct. Among these, the hearing procedure will now apply to employment agencies and labor organizations as well as to employ ers and employees. The Department of Employment is to issue an order within 14 days of the hearing officer’s decision requiring compliance, and if the employer, employment agency or labor organization does not appeal or com ply w ithin 30 days, the departm ent may petition the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis district court for enforcement of the or der. Remedies available were specified. These include: (1) requiring the employer, employment agency or labor organization to cease and desist from the discrimina tory or unfair practice; (2) requiring re medial action which may include hiring, retaining, reinstating or upgrading of em ployees, referring of applications for em ployment by a respondent employment agency, or the restoration to membership by a respondent labor organization; (3) requiring the posting of notices and mak ing reports as to the manner of compli ance; or (4) requiring the employer, em ployment agency or labor organization to pay back pay or front pay. □ Notes 1 All of the State legislatures met in regular session in 2003. Delaware, Guam, Massachu setts, Missouri, and New Hampshire did not en act significant legislation in the fields covered by this article. Information about Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands was not received in time to be included in the article, which is based on information received by November 10, 2003. 2 Several tables displaying State labor law information, including a table on State mini mum wage rates and a table on State prevailing wage laws, are available on the U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Employment Standards Admin istration Web site at http://www.dol.gov/esa/ programs/whd/state/state.htm 3 Ibid. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 29 Workers’ Compensation, 2003 Changes in workers’ compensation laws in 2003 New and revised legislation further defined coverage and services under the workers' compensation laws o f various States Glenn Whittington n 2003, major legislative reforms occurred in California, Florida, Montana, Nevada, and West Virginia. Maximum burial expenses increased from $5,000 to $7,500 in Florida and Iowa, and from $3,200 to $5,500 in Ohio. In California, the vocational rehabilitation provisions were repealed and re placed with a “supplemental job displacement benefit,” up to a maximum o f $10,000. A lso, in California, chiropractic and physical therapy treatments were limited to 24 visits for the life o f the claim , w hile Florida increased chiropractic treat ment from 18 visits to 24 visits, and the number o f w eeks of treatments from 8 to 12. I Workers’ compensation coverage was expanded to include Arizona Employers no longer have to file a written certification with the Industrial Commission. Also, employers no longer have to notify their employees annually that they have a drug test ing and alcohol impairment testing policy. A person engaged in the business of pro viding professional employer services is sub ject to the Workers’ Compensation Act, re gardless of whether the person uses the term professional employer organization, staff leasing company, registered staff leasing company, employee leasing company, or any other name. The professional employer orGlenn W hittington is Chief, Branch of Planning, Policy and Standards, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, Employee Standards Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. E-mail: gaw@fenix2.dol-esa.gov 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis search and rescue workers in Maine and members o f the State defense force in N ew M exico. In Maryland and Massachu setts, students in work-based learning experiences now are covered. In West Virginia, the Second Injury Fund was abol ished, and the length o f time a person may receive temporary total disability benefits was reduced from 208 w eeks to 104 weeks. In Montana, the waiting period for temporary total disability benefits was reduced from 40 hours (or 5 days) to 32 hours (4 days) o f wage loss, and the permanent partial disabil ity benefit maximum increased from 350 weeks to 375 weeks. The follow ing is a State-by-State summary o f changes in workers’ compensation laws. ganization and its client are considered the employer for the purposes of coverage un der the Workers’ Compensation Act, and both are entitled to protection of the Act’s exclusive remedy provision. The Special Fund may begin payment of medical or compensation benefits on a claim that involves an employer who has failed to secure w orkers’ compensation coverage. The civil penalty for an employer not obtaining workers’ compensation coverage increased from $500 to $ 1,000. If the Indus trial Commission has assessed a civil pen alty against an employer within the previ ous 5 years for failure to secure workers’ compensation coverage, an additional civil penalty, not to exceed $5,000, may be as sessed against the employer; for a third or subsequent failure to secure workers’ com pensation coverage, the employer could be assessed a fine not to exceed $10,000. January 2004 California The Disaster Service Workers’Compensation Program was restored. This program provides workers’ compensation coverage and benefits to workers in volunteer disaster services through the Office of Emergency Services. The name of the “Uninsured Employers Fund” was changed to “Uninsured Employ ers Benefits Trust Fund”; the “Subsequent Injuries Fund” was changed to the “Subse quent Injuries Benefits Trust Fund.” The period of time required to reason ably conduct utilization review will not be considered unreasonable delay in the pay ment of compensation for purposes of de termining “penalty issues.” The 1-year period from the date of death for commencing proceedings for workers’ compensation benefits in the case of death from asbestosis was extended to include firefighters who die of asbestosis. The fine for committing workers’ com pensation fraud increased from $50,000 to $150,000. The vocational rehabilitation provisions were repealed and replaced with a “supple mental job displacement benefit” of up to a maximum of $10,000 if the injured worker does not return to work within 60 days from the injury. Employees receiving vocational rehabili tation services prior to January 1,2004, are entitled to them until those services are con cluded. Vocational rehabilitation services will not be provided to any employee on or after January 1, 2004. On or after January 1,2004, if an injury causes permanent disability and the injured employee does not return to work to his or her usual or customary job for the employer, the injured employee will be eligible for a supplemental job displacement benefit in the form of a nontransferable voucher for education-related retraining or skill enhance ment, or both, at a State approved or accred ited school. The amount of the benefit is determined by the degree of permanent par tial disability the worker suffers. The employer will not be liable for the supplemental job displacement benefit if, within 30 days of the end of temporary dis ability, the employer offers modified or al ternative work, and the employee rejects or fails to accept the offer. By July 1, 2004, the Commission of Health and Safety and Workers’ Compen sation is required to conduct a survey and evaluation of existing medical treatment uti lization standards. By October 1, 2004, the Commission will issue a report of its findings and recommendations to the Ad ministrative Director of the Division of Workers’ Compensation for purposes of the adoption of a medical treatment utiliza tion schedule. The Industrial Medical Council was eliminated; its functions were transferred to the Division of Workers’ Compensation. The workers’ compensation provision was repealed which allowed a collective bar gaining agreement between private employ ers in the aerospace and timber industries and a recognized or certified exclusive bar gaining representative establishing a dispute resolution process for workers’ compensa tion claims. A new provision established such a collective bargaining agreement for any industry, except construction, which is covered separately. Dispensers of workers’ compensation prescription drugs must dispense generic drugs, unless a brand name has been specifi cally prescribed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The time limit for paying medical bills was reduced from 60 working days from date of complete billing to 45 working days. The penalty for late payment was increased from 10 percent to 15 percent. All employ ers are required to accept electronic billing by July 1, 2006. For injuries occurring on or after January 1, 2004, chiropractic treatment and physi cal therapy treatments are limited to 24 vis its for the life of the claim. However, an insurer may authorize supplemental treat ments in writing. All employers are required to adopt uti lization review systems consistent with the utilization review schedule. Cases involv ing spinal surgery denials will go through an expedited second-opinion process. The administrative director of the Divi sion of Workers’ Compensation fund now is required to adopt and revise periodically a medical fee schedule for various services, drugs, fees, and goods, as specified, other than physician services. The rates and fees established by the medical fee schedule must be adequate to ensure a reasonable standard of services and care for injured employees. Colorado If a party to a workers’ compensation case requests an independent medical examina tion, the other parties are required to negoti ate and select an independent medical exam iner no earlier than 14 days after receiving the request for such examination. If the par ties cannot agree on the selection of an inde pendent medical examiner, the Division of W orkers’ Compensation is to provide a panel of three physicians from which the parties may select a physician to conduct the examination. The requesting party is allowed to strike one physician from the list; the opposing party then is given the same opportunity. The remaining physician then is designated by the Division to conduct the examination. If either party does not strike a physician from the list, the Division will select the independent medical examiner from the remaining physicians on the list. The insurance company is required to provide all medical records to the independent medi cal examiner within 14 days prior to the scheduled examination. For purposes of workers’ compensation coverage, the definition of employee ex cludes persons who perform services for more than one employer at a race meet or horse track. The rejection for technical errors by the Division of Workers’ Compensation of any document, form, or notices that is filed elec tronically will not affect the validity of the notice to the claimant or any other party. In case of an on-the-job injury or death caused by a third party not in the same em ploy, the claimant is allowed to collect work ers’ compensation and to sue the third party for any economic and noneconomic damages not covered under workers’ compensation. When the insurer pays workers’ compensa tion benefits to a claimant, the insurer can recover the amount from the third party, re gardless of whether the damages are eco nomic or noneconomic, excluding reasonable attorney fees and costs paid by the injured employee or his or her dependents in pursu ing the action against the third party. The claimant must notify the insurer, the third party, and the Division of Workers’ Com pensation of any third party claim and must receive written approval from the liable in surance carrier. Florida To be eligible for permanent total disability benefits, an employee must have either a catastrophic injury or be unable to uninter ruptedly engage in at least sedentary em ployment. The definition of “catastrophic injury” was revised to eliminate the Social Security eligibility standard and to provide limited inclusion for certain injuries, such as loss of both hands, both arms, both feet, both legs, or both eyes, or any two thereof, or paraplegia or quadriplegia. Permanent total disability benefits are payable until the employee reaches age 75; however, if an employee is injured on or after age 70, ben efits are payable for a maximum of 5 years following the determination of permanent total disability. Permanent partial disability benefits were increased from 50 percent of the em ployees’ temporary total disability benefits to 75 percent, and the duration of benefit was changed from 3 weeks for each percent of impairment to a sliding scale based on the percent of impairment. Supplemental benefits which were paid only to employ ees who had at least a 20-percent impair ment and who were unable to earn at least 80 percent of their pre-injury wage were eliminated. The cap on chiropractic treatments was increased from 18 visits to 24 visits, and the number of weeks of treatments from 8 weeks to 12 weeks. The maximum benefit for funeral ex penses increased from $5,000 to $7,500; death benefits for dependents increased from $100,000 to $150,000. An “accidental compensable injury” Monthly Labor Review January 2004 31 Workers’ Compensation Laws, 2003 must be the major contributing cause of any resulting injury, meaning that the cause must be more than 50 percent responsible for the injury, compared with all other causes com bined, as demonstrated by medical evidence only. In cases involving occupational dis ease or repetitive exposure, both causation and sufficient exposure to support causa tion must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. For mental and nervous injuries, a physi cal injury that requires medical treatment must be the major contributing cause; the injury must be demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence. An employer and employee are limited to one independent medical examination per accident, rather than one per medical spe cialty; the carrier is required to pay for only one independent medical examination. If an injured worker prevails in a medical dispute, he or she is allowed to recoup the costs of the independent medical examination. As an alternative, both parties may agree to the use of a consensus medical examination that would be binding on both parties. Physician fees increased to 110 percent of Medicare reimbursement schedules, and surgical procedures to 140 percent. The Department of Insurance may pro vide confidential information to any law en forcement agency or administrative agency for use in the performance of its official du ties and responsibilities. The receiving agency must maintain the confidentiality of such information. Hawaii “Medical care, medical services, or medical supplies” now includes such care, services, and supplies rendered by occupational therapists, certified occupational therapy assistants and licensed massage therapists. Iowa Maximum burial expenses were increased from $5,000 to $7,500. Louisiana The catastrophic injury sunset provision payment of $30,000 within 1 year of injury in cases involving anatomical loss of use or amputation was extended to July 1, 2006. Regardless of whether a judgment ren dered by the workers’ compensation judge is in favor of the employer or the employee, if the judge has made a specific finding that further delay for surgery would, more likely than not, result in death, permanent disabil 32 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ity, or irreparable injury to the claimant, any appeal of the judgment will be entitled to preference and priority and handled on an expedited basis. In such cases, the record will be prepared and filed within 15 days of the granting of the order of appeal. The court of appeal will hear the case within 30 days after the filing of the appellee’s brief. The provision was repealed which al lowed a notice filed with the compensation insurer of such employer to constitute a claim for disability in an occupational dis ease case. The provision was repealed which al lowed for the reduction of workers’ com pensation benefits when a claimant was re ceiving old-age benefits under the Social Se curity Act. If an employee is treated by any physi cian to whom he or she is not specifically directed by the employer or insurer, that physician will be regarded as his or her choice of treating physician. If the employee is specifically directed to a physician by the employer or insurer, that physician also may be deemed the employee’s choice, if the employee has received written notice of his or her right to select one treating physician in any field or specialty, and then chooses to select the employer’s referral as the treating specialist. If a dispute arises concerning the work of a vocational counselor, the employee may file a claim asking the Office of Workers’ Compensation to review the quality of ser vices being provided. An employee has no right of action against a vocational counselor for tort damages related to the performance of vocational services, unless and until he or she has exhausted the administrative rem edy provided. Failure to provide payment or to con sent to the employee’s request to select a treating physician or to change physicians when such consent is required will result in the assessment of a penalty. The penalty will be an amount up to the greater of 12 percent of any unpaid compensation or medical benefits or $50 per calendar day for each day in which any and all compensation or medical benefits remain unpaid or such consent is withheld, together with reason able attorney fees for each disputed claim. However, the $50 per-calendar-day fine may not exceed a maximum of $2,000 in the ag gregate for any claim. Employers or insurers who at any time discontinues payment of claims due, when such discontinuance is found to be arbitrary, capricious, or without probable cause, will be subject to payment of a penalty not to exceed $8,000, and a reasonable attorney fee January 2004 for the prosecution and collection of such claims. Maine In partial incapacity claims, the authority to extend the duration of benefit entitlement beyond 260 weeks in cases involving ex treme financial hardship due to inability to return to gainful employment has been del egated by the W orkers’ Com pensation Board, on a case-by-case basis, to a hearing officer or a panel of three hearing officers. As an alternative to obtaining a reinsur ance contract providing coverage against losses arising out of one occurrence, a group of self-insurers may participate in a group self-insurance reinsurance account. The law details requirements for setting up such an account. The limitation on including discontinued fringe or other benefits only to the extent that such inclusion does not result in a weekly benefit amount greater than twothirds of the State’s average weekly wage at the time of injury does not apply if the in jury results in the employee’s death. Self-insuring employers and employer groups are prohibited from using workers’ compensation trust funds to make contribu tions to political candidates or political ac tion committees. The definition of “employee” was ex panded to include qualified search and res cue workers while performing a search and rescue activity requested by a State, county, or local governmental entity. Maryland The presumption of a compensable occu pational disease under the workers’ com pensation law was extended to include Bal timore City deputy sheriffs who suffer from heart disease or hypertension that re sult in partial or total disability or death. Workers’ compensation benefits received are in addition to any benefits that the indi vidual is entitled to receive under their re tirement system, except that the workers’ compensation benefits may be adjusted if the combined benefits exceed the employ ees’ weekly salary. A student placed with an employer in an unpaid work-based learning experience co ordinated by a county board is considered a covered employee of that employer for workers’ compensation purposes. If the county board chooses to secure the work ers’ compensation coverage, the participat ing employer is to reimburse the county board in an amount equal to the lesser of the cost of the premium for workers’ compensa tion coverage, or a fee of $250. Massachusetts Students participating in a work-based expe rience as part of a school-to-work program who are injured arising out of and in the course of such participation at or with par ticular employers, are considered employees of such employers for workers’ compensa tion purposes. Mississippi The event that triggers the obligation of the Self-Insurer G uaranty A ssociation was changed from a determination of the insol vency of a self-insurer to the default of the self-insurer. The default of a self-insurer means a self-insurer that has failed for any reason to satisfy his or her obligations for payment of compensation benefits, medical care, and funeral expenses. The Workers’ Compensation Commis sion will, upon the request of the Self-In surer Guaranty Association or of any other party or without any request on its own motion, enter an appropriate order finding a member self-insurer to be in default and will determine the date of such default. The Self-Insurer Guaranty Association may recover from the self-insurer in default all amounts paid by the association on ac count of coverçd claims of employees of the self-insurer in default and all expenses in curred by the association in evaluating, ad justing, defending, and settling covered claims of the employees of the self-insurer in default. Missouri For purposes of providing funds for the ad ministration of the workers’ compensation division, the division’s director will impose an annual administrative surcharge upon ev ery workers’ compensation deductible plan policyholder. The surcharge will apply to all workers’ compensation policies with a de ductible option that are written or renewed on or after January 1, 2004. Montana The provisions were eliminated which lim ited a worker’s permanent total disability benefits to a maximum of 10 adjustments, and which limited the adjustment percentage increase to 3 percent. Unless an employer elects coverage and an insurer allows an election, the Workers’ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Compensation Act does not apply to the employment of a person who is not an em ployee or worker in the State. The length of an exemption from work ers’ compensation coverage by an indepen dent contractor was reduced from 3 years to 2 years before a renewal application is required. If parties fail to reach a settlement through the mediation process, a petition to the work ers’ compensation court must be filed within 60 days of the mediator’s report. The Board of Investments shall invest the money of the industrial accident rehabilita tion account, and the investment income must be deposited in the industrial accident reha bilitation account. The co-pay does not apply if the injured employee visits a medical service provider in a managed care organization or preferred provider organization, as requested by the insurer. An employee who suffers an injury or dies while traveling is not covered unless, among other things, the employee receives reim bursem ent from the em ployer for costs of travel, gas, oil, or lodging as a part of the em ployee’s benefits or employment agreement. Payment made to an employee that is not wages but designated as an in centive to work at a particular jobsite is not considered reim bursem ent for the costs of travel, gas, oil, or lodging; thus the employee would not be covered while traveling. The waiting period for temporary total disability benefits was reduced from 40 hours of wage loss (5 days) to 32 hours (4 days). A signed claim for workers’ compensa tion or occupational disease benefits now serves as authorization for the disclosure of information relevant to the claimant’s con dition to the workers’ compensation insurer or to the agent of a workers’ compensation insurer by the healthcare provider. A provision was added that an award for permanent partial disability may not be based exclusively on complaints of pain. Also, ef fective July 1, 2003, the permanent partial disability benefit maximum increased from 350 weeks to 375 weeks. The M ontana Heritage Preservation and Development Commission is to pro vide w orkers’ compensation coverage for its volunteers. If an em ployer m isrepresents an employee’s status as an exempt independent contractor, the department may impose a civil penalty of $1,000 on the employer, in addi tion to any other penalties provided in the law. Nebraska Workers’ compensation coverage is now provided to volunteer firefighters, volunteer ambulance drivers, and volunteer emergency care providers from the instant that such persons begin to respond to a call to active duty until their return to the location from which they were initially called to active duty or until they engage in any activity beyond the scope of the performance of their duties, whichever occurs first. For workers’ compensation purposes, an employer of any number of related employ ees and less than six unrelated employees engaged in agricultural pursuits are not ex empt from the Workers Compensation Act. An employer who is exempt may elect to bring his or her employees under the Act. Nevada A person convicted of knowingly failing to comply with an order issued by the adminis trator of the Division of Industrial Insurance Relations to cease immediately all business operations will be guilty of a misdemeanor. A periodic cost-of-living increase was es tablished for injured workers who become permanently totally disabled. For any in jury or disability occurring on or after Janu ary 1, 2004, the cost-of-living increase will be 2.3 percent. For workers’ compensation coverage pur poses, the term “employee” excludes per sons who perform services as a sports offi cial for a nominal fee at an amateur, intercol legiate, or interscholastic sporting event and is sponsored by a public agency, public en tity, or private nonprofit organization. Sports official includes an umpire, referee, judge, scorekeeper, timekeeper, or other per son who is a neutral participant in a sporting event. A self-insured employer, an association of self-insured public or private employers, or a private carrier cannot enter into a con tract with an organization for managed care unless the organization’s proposed plan for providing medical and healthcare services provides all medical and healthcare services that may be required for industrial injuries and occupational diseases in a manner that ensures the availability and accessibility of adequate treatment to injured employees. If a person wishes to contest a decision of the administrator of the Division of Indus trial Insurance Relations to impose an ad ministrative fine, he or she must file a notice of appeal with an appeals officer within 30 days after the date on which the notice of the administrator’s determination was mailed. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 33 Workers’ Compensation Laws, 2003 If an employer offers temporary, lightduty employment to an employee, the em ployer must confirm the offer in writing within 10 days after making the offer. The making, acceptance, or rejection of an offer of temporary light-duty employment does not affect the,eligibility of the employee to receive vocational rehabilitation services, in cluding compensation, and does not exempt the employer from complying with the regu lations adopted by the division governing vocational rehabilitation services. “Medical facility” is a hospital, clinic, or other facility that provides treatment to an employee who is injured by an accident or contacts an occupational disease, arising out of and in the course of his employment. A physician or chiropractor who has a duty to file a claim for compensation may delegate this duty to a medical facility. If this duty is delegated, the delegation must be in writing and signed by the physician or chiro practor and an authorized representative of the medical facility. The definition of “accident benefits” was expanded to include preventative treatment for hepatitis administered as a precaution to certain local police officers. A “police of ficer” is a sheriff, deputy sheriff, officer of a metropolitan police department, or city po lice officer. The hepatitis is presumed to have arisen out of and in the course of employ ment if the employee has been continuously employed for 5 years or more as a police officer. An injury sustained by a member of the Nevada legislature is deemed to have arisen out of and in the course of his or her employ ment as a legislator if, at the time of the in jury, he or she was performing any act or engaging in any event that was reasonably related to the legislative office or public ser vice as a legislator. It does not matter whether or not the legislator was receiving remunera tion from the State while performing the act or engaging in the event at the time of the injury. An injury sustained while campaign ing for any legislative or other elective office is not covered. Any injury sustained by an employee of a school district while engaging in an athletic or social event shall be deemed to have arisen out of and in the course of employment, whether or not the employee received remuneration for participation in the event. New Hampshire For the purposes of determining disability rates for scheduled permanent impairment awards, the average weekly wage used will 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis be the average weekly wage of the employee at the time of injury. New Mexico The definition of “permanent total disabil ity” now includes a brain injury resulting from a single traumatic work-related injury that causes, exclusive of the contribution to the impairment rating arising from any other impairment to any other body part or any preexisting impairments of any kind, a per manent impairment of 30 percent or more as determined by the current American Medi cal Association Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. Attorney fees were increased from $ 1,000 to $3,000 for discovery related to workers’ compensation cases. The attorney fee cap for workers’ compensation cases was raised from $12,500 to $16,500, and a provision adopted for an automatic increase (or de crease) based on the changes in the consumer price index for the immediately preceding calendar year. An uninsured employers’ fund was cre ated in the State treasury and is to be admin istered by the workers’ compensation admin istration as a separate account. For fiscal year 2004, $500,000 was appropriated from the workers’ compensation administration fund to provide for claims against uninsured employers. Thereafter, the fund will be fi nanced by an assessm ent on each New Mexico employer of insurance carrier, paid quarterly. An executive employee of a limited liabil ity company may elect not to accept the pro visions of the Workers’ Compensation Act. Compensation benefits are to be paid no later than 14 days after the worker has missed 7 days from work, whether or not the days are consecutive. Workers’ compensation coverage has been extended to members of the State defense force when the members are on State-ordered militia duty. Militia duty is the performance of actual military services for the State in time of need when called by the governor or adjutant general following mobilization of the National Guard. An owner or the principal contractor of a construction project may establish and ad minister a controlled insurance plan, provided the covered project is a construction project, a plant expansion, or real property improve ments with an aggregate construction value in excess of $ 150 million within New Mexico, expended within a 5-year period. Require ments for the operation and administration of such a plan are set forth in the Workers’ Compensation Act. January 2004 New York It is unlawful for any employer to refuse to hire, employ, license, or to discharge from employment an employee in order to evade such employer’s legal duty to provide work ers’ compensation coverage for such em ployee. All employers doing business in the State shall ensure that their employees working in the State are insured for workers’ compensation. North Carolina It is a rebuttable presumption that the term “employee” does not include persons per forming services in the sale of newspapers or magazines to ultimate consumers under an arrangement whereby the persons sell news papers or magazines at a fixed price and the compensation is based on retaining the ex cess of the fixed price over the amount at which the newspapers or magazines are charged to the person. Any principal contractor, intermediate contractor, or subcontractor (irrespective of whether such contractor regularly employs three or more employees) who contracts with an individual in the interstate or intrastate carrier industry and who operates a truck, tractor, or truck trailer licensed by a govern mental motor vehicle regulatory agency, but has not secured the payment of compensa tion for himself personally and for his em ployees and subcontractors (if any) is liable as an employer for the payment of compen sation and other benefits resulting from the injury or death of the independent contractor and his employees or subcontractors due to an accident arising out of and in the course of the performance of the work covered by the contract. North Dakota The name of the Workers’ Compensation Bureau was changed to the Workforce Safety and Insurance Organization. The term “staffing service” was further delineated to include professional employer organizations’ staff leasing companies, em ployee leasing organizations, and temporary staffing companies. The term is broadly con strued to encompass entities that offer ser vices of a professional employer organiza tion, staff leasing company, employee leas ing organization, or temporary staffing com pany, regardless of the term used. Ohio Funeral expenses were increased from an amount not to exceed $3,200 to an amount not to exceed $5,500. “Subrogation interest” includes past, present, and estimated future payments of compensation, medical benefits, rehabilita tion costs, or death benefits, and any other costs of expenses paid to, or on behalf of, the claimant by the statutory subrogee. “Net amount recovered” is the amount of any award, settlement, compromise, or re covery by a claimant against a third party, minus the attorney’s fee, costs, or other re covery. “Net amount recovered” does not include punitive dam ages that may be awarded by a judge or jury. An employer who, on religious grounds, conscientiously objects to the acceptance of public or private death, disability, old age, retirement, or healthcare benefits is permit ted to exempt from coverage under the work ers ’ compensation law and payment of pre miums and assessments under the law, an individual who on religious grounds consci entiously objects to the acceptance of public or private death, disability, old age, retire ment, or healthcare benefits. Special confidentiality provisions were established for records of peer review com mittees of the Bureau of Workers’ Compen sation responsible for reviewing the profes sional qualifications and the performance of providers conducting medical examinations or file reviews for the Bureau. Noncertified healthcare providers are pro hibited from charging an employee, employer, managed care organization, or the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation any amount for cov ered services or supplies that are in excess of the allowed amount paid (certified healthcare providers were already so prohibited). Oregon The distinction between scheduled and un scheduled awards for permanent partial dis ability was eliminated. All workers with permanent disability will now receive an impairment benefit, which pays all workers at the same rate, based on the State’s average weekly wage, per percentage of impairment. Workers unable to return to regular work also will receive a work disability benefit based on the impairment, modified by age, educa tion, and adaptability factors and the work ers’ earnings at the time of injury. Wagebased work disability benefits will be lim ited to a wage range between 50 percent and 133 percent of the State’s average weekly wage, and these limits will adjust annually. The administrative law judge assigned a request for hearing a claim for compensation involving more than one potentially respon sible employer or insurer may specify what is required of an injured worker to reason https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ably cooperate with the investigation of the claim. When a hearing is postponed because of the need to join one or more potentially re sponsible employers or insurers, the as signed administrative law judge will resched ule the hearing as expeditiously as possible after all potentially responsible employers and insurers have been joined in the pro ceeding and the medical record has been fully developed. Attorney’s fees now will be paid for at two levels of representation in workers’ com pensation cases that previously did not al low assessed fees: (1) when an insurer or self-insured employer unreasonably delays or unreasonably refuses to pay compensa tion, or to accept or deny a claim; and (2) in cases involving a dispute over medical or vocational benefits before the Director of the Department of Consumer and Business Ser vices where a claimant prevails. The Direc tor is authorized to adopt administrative rules for determining reasonable attorney’s fees giving primary consideration to the results achieved and the time devoted to the case. A cap of $2,000 has been placed on such fees absent extraordinary circumstances. The reporting requirements for workers’ compensation claims by insurers and selfinsured employers have been modified. The Director of the Department of Consumer and Business Services is to conduct an evalua tion of the requirements for reporting claims to the department and report the results to the Workers’ Compensation ManagementLabor Advisory Committee. The Director also now is required to administer supple mental temporary disability benefits in cer tain workers’ compensation claims. Rhode Island When a workers’ compensation insurance carrier is obligated to pay workers’ compen sation benefits to the employee of an unin sured subcontractor, the workers’ compen sation insurance carrier shall have a complete right of indemnification to the extent ben efits are paid against either the uninsured subcontractor, uninsured general contractor, or uninsured construction manager. South Dakota In a death claim in which the employee left a child or children not in the custody of the surviving spouse, half of the benefits will be paid to the surviving spouse and the other half to the surviving child or in equal shares to the surviving children, until age 18 years. Payment will be made for life in the case of a child who is physically or mentally inca pable of self-support, or until age 22 years for a child enrolled as a full-time student in an accredited educational institution. When a child is no longer eligible for benefits, his or her share will be paid to the surviving spouse. Texas If a person refuses or fails to comply with an interlocutory order, final order, or decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission, the Commission may bring suit in Travis County to enforce the order or decision. If the Commission brings such suit, it is en titled to reasonable attorney’s fees and costs for the prosecution and collection of the claim, in addition to a judgment enforcing the order or decision and any other remedy pro vided by law. An employee can purchase a brand name drug rather than a generic pharmaceutical medication or over-the-counter alternative to a prescription medication if a healthcare pro vider prescribes a generic pharmaceutical medication or an over-the-counter alterna tive to a prescription medication. However, the employee is responsible for paying the difference in costs. The first valid certification of maximum medical improvement and the first valid as signment of impairment rating to an em ployee are final if not disputed within 90 days after written notification is provided to the claimant or the carrier. The first certifi cation of maximum medical improvement and/or impairment rating may be disputed after the 90-day period if there is compelling medical evidence establishing a significant error on the part of the certifying doctor, a clear misdiagnosis or a previously undiag nosed medical condition, or prior improper or inadequate treatment of the injury that would render the certification of maximum medical improvement or impairment rating invalid. An insurance carrier is to begin payment of compensation not later than the 15th day (previously, 7th day) after the date on which the carrier receives notice of an injury. An insurance carrier who fails to make timely payment does not waive the right to contest the compensability of the injury, but com mits an administrative violation subject to penalties. Virginia The definition of “injury” was expanded to include any injury, disease, or condition that (1) arises out of and in the course of employ ment of an employee of a hospital, employee Monthly Labor Review January 2004 35 Workers’ Compensation Laws, 2003 of a healthcare provider, employee of any State or local health department, member of a search and rescue organization, salaried or vol unteer firefighter, paramedic or emergency medical technician, member of the State Police Officers’ Retirement System, member of a lo cal police department, sheriff or deputy sher iff, or Capitol Police Officer; and (2) results from the administration of the vaccinia vac cine, Cidofivir, or Vaccinia Immune Globulin, as part of Federal smallpox countermeasures, or from the transmission of vaccinia in the course of employment from an employee par ticipating in such countermeasures to a co employee of the same employer. The 6-month waiting period from the time of pre-employment physical examination, for the presumption as to death or disability from infectious diseases to become effective is waived if such persons entitled to invoke such presumption can demonstrate a documented exposure during the 6-month period. Washington Claims for hearing loss due to occupational noise exposure must be filed within 2 years of the date of the worker’s last injurious ex posure to occupational noise or within 1 year of the effective date of the legislation, which ever is later. A claim for hearing loss that is not timely filed can only be allowed for medi cal aid benefits. 36 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis West Virginia The Workers’ Compensation Division, for merly within the Bureau of Employment Programs, has been renamed the Workers’ Compensation Commission and is now an agency of the State under the direction of an executive director. Workers’ compensation cases are to be decided on their merits, and a rule of “liberal construction” is not to be used in resolving such cases. Effective July 17,2003, no more awards will be paid from the workers’ compensa tion fund to an employee who has become permanently and totally disabled as a result of a previous injury and a second injury. If a claimant receives benefits from an employer-provided plan to which the em ployee did not contribute, and that plan does not provide an offset for permanent total disability benefits under workers’ compen sation, the Workers’ Compensation Commis sion will reduce the permanent total disabil ity benefits provided under workers’ com pensation by an amount sufficient to ensure that the claimant does not receive monthly benefits in excess of the amount provided by the employer’s plan or the permanent total disability benefit, whichever is greater. Effective July 17,2003, the rate for tem porary total disability was reduced from 70 percent of the State’s average weekly wage to 66-2/3 percent, and awards for tempo January 2004 rary total disability will not be subject to annual adjustments resulting from changes in the State’s average weekly wage. The amount of time a person may receive tem porary total disability benefits under an award for a single injury was reduced from 208 weeks to 104 weeks. Effective July 17, 2003, the maximum benefit rate for permanent partial disability was reduced from 100 percent of the State’s average weekly wage to 70 percent, and the annual adjustment for existing claims was eliminated. To be eligible to apply for an award for permanent total disability benefits, a claim ant must have been awarded the sum of 50 percent in prior permanent partial disability awards or have suffered a single occupational injury or disease which results in a finding by the Workers’ Compensation Commission that the claimant has suffered a medical im pairment of 50 percent. A claimant will be considered permanently totally disabled only if he or she is unable to work in a position requiring skills or abilities that can be ac quired or that are comparable to those of the pre-injury position. The comparability of pre-injury income to post-disability income will not be a factor in determining permanent total disability. Permanent total disability benefits will cease at age 70. The presumptive 5-percent occupational pneumoconiosis award was eliminated. □ Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 Changes in State unemployment insurance legislation in 2003 Enactments included increase of maximum weekly benefit amounts, noncharging o f certain benefit costs, and excluding certain services from the term “employment”; enactments on the Federal side included a law was extended twice, one new law, and two regulations that affected the Federal-State unemployment insurance program Loryn Lancaster he Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation (TEUC) program, enacted in March 2002, and scheduled to expire in December 2002, was extended twice during 2003. The first extension was effective through May (P.L. 1081) and the second, through December (P.L. 108-26). Under this program, up to 13 w eeks o f benefits are available to eligible individuals in all States, and up to an additional 13 weeks in States with high unemploym ent, for a total o f 26 w eeks. Individuals w ho have am ounts rem aining in their TEUC accounts at the end o f Decem ber can collect that amount through March 2004. A ll TEUC benefits and administrative costs are federally financed. A lso, a special TEUC program for airline and related workers was created in April 2003 (P.L. 108-11) and extends through the end o f December 2003. This program, called t e u c -a , provides benefits to workers em ployed by domestic air carriers, at a facility at an airport, or at an upstream producer or supplier for an air carrier and were separated from employment because of the terrorist acts o f September 11, a security measure taken in response to the terrorist acts, or the military conflict in Iraq. Under t e u c -a , up to 39 weeks o f benefits are available to eligible individuals in all States, and up to an additional 13 weeks in States with high unemployment. Individuals who have amounts remaining in their t e u c accounts at the end of Decem ber can collect that amount through December 2004. T A ll TEUC-A benefits and administrative costs are federally financed. The Department o f Labor issued a final rule (effective N ovem ber 10, 20 0 3 ) rem oving the Birth and A doption Unem ploym ent Compensation regulations. Follow ing its r e v ie w o f the B irth and A d o p tio n U n e m p lo y m en t Compensation experiment originally implemented in 2000, the Department concluded that this regulation was poor policy and a misapplication o f Federal unemployment compensation law relating to the able-to-w ork and available-for-w ork requirements. The Department o f Labor issued final regulation (effective M arch 6, 2 0 0 3 ) c la r ify in g e lig ib ilit y stand ard s for unemployment assistance that is a direct result o f a major disaster. This legislation defines w hen unem ploym ent is considered a direct result o f a major disaster for purposes of determining whether an individual is eligible for benefits under the R obert T. Stafford D isaster R e lie f and E m ergency A ssistan ce A ct. The disaster unem ploym ent assistance program provides up to 26 w eeks o f incom e assistance to workers left jobless in the wake o f an event that the President declares a major disaster and w ho are not eligible for regular unemployment insurance benefits. Following is a summary o f State unemployment insurance legislation enacted in 1993. Arkansas Loryn Lancaster is an unemployment insurance program specialist in the Division of Legislation, Office of Workforce Security, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. E-mail: lancaster.loryn@dol.gov https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A d m in istra tio n . The p ro v isio n s, as am ended, co ncerning d isclo su re of information provide that: • the director may, pursuant to a valid subpoena issued by a State prosecuting attorney, the attorney general of Arkansas, a U.S. Attorney, a U.S. magistrate judge, or the Federal Bureau of Investigation, release information in the possession of the departm ent to law enforcem ent officials who seek unemployment Monthly Labor Review January 2004 37 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 information for the investigation or p ro s e c u tio n o f a crim e, or to enforce an order of a court in a criminal matter; • th e d ir e c to r m ay r e le a s e information in the possession of the departm en t to F ederal public officials in the performance of their official duties acting through the U.S. Attorney’s office, and that the in formation will be disclosed under an Information Exchange Agreement w ith the U.S. A tto rn ey ’s office which will ensure the protection of the co n fid e n tia lity of the inform ation and the cost of providing the information. The amended provisions further provide that, except as provided above concerning a valid subpoena issued, that the director will: • move to quash a subpoena; and • honor a subpoena and subpoenas dealing with similar subject matter, only if a court o f com petent jurisdiction finds that the need to examine the subpoenaed information outw eighs the express policy of maintaining confidentiality in matters involving individuals and employers dealing with the department. Appeals. The appeals provisions were modified to allow for a reopening of a matter by any party and not just the party who filed an appeal by providing that if any party fails to appear at the initial tribunal hearing, that party may request that the matter be reopened by the tribunal. The appeal rights for a party filing an adm inistrative appeal to the Board of Review were changed to reflect that the party no longer has the right to an appeal because the decision was not unanimous. Provisions concerning decisions of the board of review and judicial review were modified by: • increasing to 30 calendar days (previously, 20 calendar days) from the date a decision is mailed to the p a rty ’s last know n address, the number of days a party has to request a judicial review of the decision of the board of review. • specifying that, if mailed, a petition for review will be considered filed as of the date of the postmark on the envelope. Coverage. The definition of “employ ment” now excludes service performed by a person committed to a penal institution. 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Financing. The director may issue a redeterm ination concerning transfer of experience when a business is purchased, within 1 year of the original determination if, through his or her own investigation, the original determination is found to be in error. Employee leasing companies are pro hibited from moving the wages of a client from one leasing company account to another leasing company account with a lower rate. The period for which a bank or savings and loan institution must withhold payment of any deposit subject to a lien by the E m ploym ent Security D epartm ent in creased from 30 days to 60 days. The taxable wage base increased from $9,000 to $9,500 for the calendar year beginning after December 31, 2002, and increased from $9,500 to $10,000 for any calendar year beginning after December 31, 2003. Monetary entitlement. The maximum week ly benefit amount is $345 for benefit years beginning July 1,2003, through June 30,2005. Nonmonetary eligibility. A person will be deemed unemployed with respect to any week if, in addition to performing no services and having no wages for that week (or, for less than full-time work, having wages less than 140 percent of the weekly benefit amount), he or she is not on leave approved by an em ployer under the Family and Medical Leave Act, as in effect January 1, 2003. No one will be disqualified from receiving unem ployment benefits for voluntarily leaving work, if the individual left his or her last work because of voluntary participation in a permanent reduction in the employer’s work force after the employer announced a pending reduction in its work force and asked for volunteers. Such actions initiated by the em ployer w ill be considered layoffs regardless of any incentives offered by the em ployer to induce its em ployees to volunteer, and any incentives received must be reported as receipt of other remuneration. The provision concerning disqualification for unemployment benefits for receipt of other remunerations, was amended to provide that an individual receiving sick pay, if otherwise eligible, will be paid an amount equal to the weekly benefit amount less that part of the sick pay (if any) payable with respect to a week that is in excess of 40 percent of his or her weekly benefit amount, rounded to the nearest lower full dollar amount. However, any sick pay received due to a permanent separation from employment January 2004 will not be disqualifying or deductible. The employer must promptly report the week or weeks involved in the sick pay period as well as the corresponding amount of sick pay with respect to the week or weeks. O verpaym ents. The d isq u alificatio n penalty for false statem ent or m isre presentation increased from 13 weeks to a disqualification from the date of filing the claim until the claimant has 10 weeks of employment in each of which he or she has earned wages equal to at least his or her weekly benefit amount. Colorado Financing. The following amounts are appropriated from the March 13, 2002, Reed Act distribution: • $789,828 for u nem ploym ent insurance program administration, • $5,634,514 for employment and training program administration, and • $7,000,000 for the administration of public employment offices. Delaware M onetary entitlem ent. The maximum weekly benefit amount increased from $320 to $330, effective for the benefit year beginning January 1, 2004, without regard to the balance in the U nem ploym ent Insurance Trust Fund. Financing. Each em ployer’s new em ployer rate or basic assessment, whichever is applicable to such employer, increases by a supplemental assessm ent rate of 0.2 percent beginning January 1, 2004, and thereafter, without regard to the balance in the Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund. Georgia Financing. The suspension of the overall rate increase is extended through December 31, 2004, unless the Statewide Reserve Ratio is less than 1 percent, in which case the Commissioner of Labor will have the option of imposing an increase in the overall rate of up to 35 percent, as of the date of computation, for each employer. Nonmonetary eligibility. The disqualification provision relatin g to em ployees of temporary help firms who fail to contact the employer for reassignment to employees of leasing companies and professional employer organizations has been extended. Hawaii Nonmonetary eligibility. An alternative base period consisting of the four completed calendar quarters immediately preceding the first day of an individual’s benefit year is used if an individual fails to establish a valid claim using the standard base period and certain other requirements are satisfied, effective for benefit years beginning January 1, 2004. Employment and wages used to establish a benefit year cannot thereafter be reused to establish another benefit year. Idaho Financing. The same taxable wage base, $27,600, in effect for calendar year 2002 will be in effect for calendar years 2003 and 2004. Tax rates for positive balance employers range from .2 percent to 1.4 percent for calendar years 2003 and 2004. Tax rates for negative balance employers range from 2.6 percent to 5.4 percent for calendar years 2003 and 2004. Illinois A d m inistration. The D epartm ent of Employment Security must disclose, upon request, to a State’s attorney of Illinois or a State attorney’s investigator the current address or current inform ation of an employer of a victim of a felony, a witness to a felony, or a person against whom an arrest warrant is outstanding. Indiana Appeals. The mailing period decreased: from 20 days to 10 days after mailing of notice that an individual has to file an appeal before an administrative law judge from a monetary determination notice and that an employer has to file an appeal from the employer’s benefit liability notice; from 20 days to 10 days after mailing of notice to a claimant and employer that they have to file an appeal before an administrative law judge for cases in which the claimant’s benefit eligibility or disqualification is disputed; and from 25 days to 15 days for parties located in Alaska, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico. Financing. The first $450,000 or less of skills 2016 training assessments must be annually deposited in the special em ployment and training services fund for training and counseling assistance; then the rem ainder of the assessm ents must be deposited in the skills 2016 training fund, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis effective July 1, 2003. The commissioner must allocate up to $450,000 annually for training and counseling assistance provided by educational in stitutions or counseling provided by the department of workforce development for individuals who: • remain unemployed for at least 4 weeks; • are not otherwise eligible for training and counseling assistance under any other program; and • are not participating in programs that duplicate industrial and building trade apprenticeship programs. Training or counseling does not excuse the claimant from complying with able-to-work and available-for-w ork requirem ents. Eligibility for training and counseling will not be determined until after the 4th week of eligibility for unem ploym ent training compensation benefits. These funded training and counseling assistance programs must be approved by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Apprenticeship Training. The allocation used to provide training to participants in both jo in t labor and management building trades and industrial apprenticeship programs increased from 40 percent to 50 percent of the money that has been allocated to the State educational institution from the skills 2016 training fund. Certain provisions allocating money in the skills 2016 fund to other programs have been deleted. The provision changing skills 2016 training effective date from January 1, 2003, to December 31,2005, was repealed. The department must prepare an annual report by April 30 each year of unobligated money in the skills 2016 fund, and the incumbent workers training board may reallocate the unobligated money shown in the annual report. The requirement that funds assessed for or deposited in the skills 2016 training fund be directed or transferred to the unemployment insurance benefit fund which was conditioned on the fund ratio or solvency of the unemployment insurance benefit fund was deleted. Contribution rates for contributing em ployers were established as follows: Monetary entitlement. The term “wage credits” was defined as remuneration paid for em ployment by an em ployer to an individual and remuneration received as tips or gratuities. The wage credits not to exceed $7,900 for calendar quarters beginning on and after July 1, 2002, will be effective until June 30, 2003. The wage credits were limited to $8,216 for calendar quarters beginning on and after July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2004; to $8,733 for calendar quarters beginning on and after July 1, 2004, to June 30, 2005; and to $9,250 for calendar quarters beginning on and after July 1, 2005. Nonmonetary eligibility. The mailing period decreased from 20 days to 10 days after mailing of notice that an initial or additional claim for benefits was filed that an employing unit, including an employer, has to notify the department of any facts which may affect eligibility or right to waiting period credits or benefits. Kansas Coverage. The definition of “employ m ent” excludes service perform ed by agricultural workers who are aliens admitted to the United States to perform labor under the Im m igration and N atio n ality Act (commonly called H-2A workers). Extensions and special programs. Claim ants who exhaust regular unemployment insurance or any other extended benefits may receive 2 w eeks of shared work additional benefits during the period from July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004. Employers will not be charged for additional benefits paid during the period from July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004. Nonmonetary eligibility. Social Security payments and Railroad Retirement benefits will not be deducted from unemployment benefits. An individual may not be disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits on the basis that he or she left work voluntarily without good cause if the individual left work due to circumstances resulting from domestic violence, including: In percent Most favorable Positive balance em ployer.... 0.1 to 2.3 Negative balance employer.... 4.1 to 5.4 Least favorable Positive balance em ployer.... 1.1 to 4.1 Negative balance employer.... 4.4 to 5.6 • a reasonable fear of future domestic violence at or en route to or from the individual’s place of employment; or • a need to relo cate to another geographic area in order to avoid future domestic violence; or Monthly Labor Review January 2004 39 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 • a need to address the physical, psychological, and legal impacts of domestic violence; or • a need to leave employment as a condition of receiving services or shelter from an agency that provides support services or shelter to victims of domestic violence; or • a reasonable belief that termination of employment is necessary to avoid other situations that may cause domestic violence and to provide for the future safety of the individual or the individual’s family. An individual may prove the existence of domestic violence by providing one of the following: • a restraining order or other docu mentation of equitable relief by a court of competent jurisdiction; or • a police record documenting the abuse; or • documentation that the abuser has been convicted of one or more of the offenses enumerated in articles 34 and 35 o f chapter 21 o f the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto, where the victim was a family or household member; or • m edical docum entation o f the abuse; or • a statement provided by a coun selor, social worker, health care provider, clergy, shelter worker, legal advocate, domestic violence or sexual assault advocate, or other professional who has assisted the individual in dealing with the effects of abuse on the individual or the individual’s family; or • a sworn statement from the in dividual attesting to the abuse. The nondisclosure o f evidence of domestic violence experience by an in dividual, including the individual’s statement and corroborating evidence, is required by the department of human resources, unless consent for disclosure is given by the individual. collection of delinquent unemployment insurance contributions is limited to 10 percent o f the total dollars collected (previously, limited to 20 percent of the first $2,000 collected, 10 percent of the next $2,000 collected, and 5 percent of any amount over $4,000 collected). Financing. The limitation on voluntary employer contributions to experience rating accounts has been removed. An employer’s experience rate will be transferred whenever an employing unit succeeds to or acquires the employees of a predecessor employer. The restriction that supplemental funds for unemployment insurance administration be used only for personnel costs associated with certain functions was eliminated; these funds can now be used for any costs associated with the functions. If the legislature fails to renew the Incumbent Worker Training Program prior to calendar year 2008, amounts collected as a social charge from employers after 2007 that would have been used to fund the Incumbent Worker Training Program, will be deposited and applied to each individual employer’s experience-rating record as a contribution. Nonmonetary eligibility. Temporary or uncertified teachers or instructors, like other teachers, are not eligible for unemployment insurance between academic years or terms based on the instructional, research, or administrative services they provided during the year if reasonable assurance exists that they will perform such services in the next academic year or term. Maine N onm onetary elig ib ility . B eginning January 1, 2004, an individual who is not available for full-time work is not dis qualified from receiving benefits if the individual worked: Louisiana Administration. Determinations will be issued to base-period employers regarding the chargeability of benefits. These de terminations are conclusive and binding un less an employer files an application for review within 20 days. The am ount attorneys for the State Department of Labor can be paid for the 40 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 • less than full time for a majority of the weeks during that individual’s base period and the individual is able and available for and actively seeking part-time work for at least the num ber of hours in a week comparable to those customarily worked in parttime employment during that in dividual’s base period; or • full time for a majority of the weeks during that individual’s base period, but is able and available for and actively seeking only part-time work because of the illness or disability of an imm ediate family member or because of limitations necessary for the safety or p ro tectio n o f the individual or his or her immediate family member. This nondisqualification terminates for new applications for benefits on September 30, 2005, but continues to apply to individuals who have remaining entitlement as of that date. Maryland Adm inistration. An U nem ploym ent In surance Funding Task Force to study taxation and charging for purposes of funding the U nem ploym ent Insurance Trust Fund was established. The Task Force was required to report its findings and recom m endations to the G eneral A ssem bly on or before D ecem ber 1 2003. Massachusetts Appeals. Criteria was established for the State advisory council to follow when nominating persons who will be appointed or reappointed to the board of review. The criteria require the nominees to the board of review to be selected from a list submitted to the governor by the State advisory council, and also require that the member designated as chairman to be an attorney. Financing. A surtax—a uniform secondary adjustment payment—will be added to every employer’s contribution rate in an amount sufficient to ensure that the Federal loans can be repaid in full before September 30, payable when the commissioner determines the U nemployment Com pensation Fund is insufficient to continue benefit payments or repay Federal loans; the secondary adj ustment payments must be deposited into the Unemployment Compensation Fund or the Federal Loan Interest Fund; deduction of all administrative costs incurred for assessing this surtax is allowed prior to deposit; secondary adjustment payments must be credited to each em ployer’s account for experience rating purposes; a notice must be sent within 10 days of determining that a secondary adjustment payment is due to the joint committee on commerce and labor of the amount necessary to collect; the secondary adjustment payment for positive balance employers ranges from 0.3 percent to 0.6 percent and for negative balance employers, from 0.7 percent to 0.9 percent. The taxable wage base increased from $10,800 to $14,000, effective January 1, 2004. A revised experience rate tax table with seven schedules is provided. The range of rates for the m ost and least favorable schedules is as follows: In percent Negative percentage employers: Most favorable................ Least favorable ............... Positive percentage employers: Most favorable................ Least favorable............... 4.60 to 7.80 9.08 to 15.40 0.80 to 3.90 1.58 to 7.70 For calendar years 2004 through 2007, tax rates for negative balance employers range from 6.46 percent to 10.96 percent and for positive balance employers, from 1.12 percent to 5.48 percent. The due dates for filing an updated fund balance report changed from the 15th day of the months of January, April, and August to the 15th day of every month. If an employer or an officer or agent of an employer knowingly fails or refuses to pay any c o n trib u tio n , paym ent in lieu of contribution, or interest charge or attempts to evade or defeat such payments or who makes a false statement or misrepresents the employment status of an individual under his em ploy to avoid or reduce any contribution, he or she will be punished by a fine equal to the total am ount of con tributions owed, plus interest, in addition to a penalty equal to the total amount that the individual fraudulently collected during the period such individual was under his employ. Withdrawals from the contingent fund are allowed to pay individuals who volun tarily p rovide inform ation leading to establishment of an overpayment or to a determination of an employer filing false or fraudulent contribution reports an amount not to exceed 10 percent of the total penalty assessed and collected; employers are not to take adverse action against an informant, and an employer that does must be liable in a civil action for contempt or other proceeding to such em ployee for w ages and em ployment benefits lost as a result of such action, litigation costs, and attorney fees; the employee may bring action in the district or superior court; the departm ent must provide a toll-free number for reporting fraudulent acts and promote and advertise the number to the public. Monetary entitlement. The total entitlement https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to benefit weeks will decrease from 30 to 26 tim es the benefit rate when the S tate’s unemployment rate for the last 12 months is equal to or below 5.1 percent in each of the 10 metropolitan statistical areas of the State. N onm onetary eligibility. A tem porary em ployee of a tem porary help firm is considered to have voluntarily quit and may be denied benefits for failure to contact the temporary help firm for reassignment before filing for benefits. Overpayments. Individuals who fraudulently collect benefits while not in total or partial unemployment may be disqualified for each week of erroneous payment; the amount in question must be reduced by any earnings disregarded; erroneous payments may be deducted first from future benefit payment; each weekly deduction must not exceed 25 percent of the individual’s weekly benefit rate; notification must be provided to the individual of the requirem ent to report earnings; the notification must meet certain requirem ents; individuals subject to a deduction have the right to an appeal and review. The department may recover erroneously paid benefits provided that: unem ploym ent rates in the co r responding 3-month period in either or both of the preceding 2 calendar years; • for 50 percent of regular benefits up to 20 weeks when the average total unemployment rate equals or exceeds 8 percent as described immediately above. Contributing employers’ share of extended benefits based on the total unemployment rate trigger is charged to the nonchargeable benefits account, effective for benefit charges paid for weeks of unemployment beginning the week of August 17, 2003, and ending the week of January 17, 2004. For reim bursing em ployers, the contingent fund is charged for the full amount of extended benefits based on the total unemployment rate trigger effective for benefit charges paid for weeks of un employment beginning the week of August 17,2003, and ending the week of January 17, 2004. Financing. Solvency taxes collected and deposited in the contingent fund can no longer be used for the unem ploym ent insurance automation project. Minnesota • there is no pending hearing or appeal from a decision determining that an individual knowingly and willfully failed to furnish information; • no hearing or appeal from a decision on ineligibility for benefits is pending; • no request for waiver is pending; • no request for a redetermination is pending; and • from a determ ination o f over payment, an opportunity for an in terview and all appeal rights have been exhausted or not taken within the time allowed by law. Extensions and special programs. A total unemployment rate trigger on a temporary basis effective beginning May 25,2003, and ending December 27,2003, was established. Extended benefits are payable beginning August 17,2003: A dm inistration. The com m issioner of economic security was given authority to prescribe the manner and format in which each employer must file quarterly wage detail reports. Each employer with 50 or more em ployees in a quarter must file its quarterly wage detail report electronically. The charging of 1.5 percent interest per month for late payment of fees, assessments, surcharges, or certain penalties by employers is permitted. A personal identification number (PIN) can be issued to each ap p lican t for un employment benefits and presumptions were established that the applicant is the in dividual using a p i n and received any unemployment benefit payment issued. The presumption may be rebutted by a pre ponderance of evidence to the contrary. Biweekly filing of continued requests for unemployment benefits is allowed. • for 50 percent of regular benefits up to 13 weeks when the average total unem ploym ent rate for the m ost recent 3 months equals or exceeds 6.5 percent and the average State total unemployment rate equals or exceeds 110 percent of the average State total Coverage. Services of a member of a limited liability company, who has less than a 25percent ownership share and is considered an employee under the common law, is “em ployment” (previously, any member of a limited liability company considered an Michigan Monthly Labor Review January 2004 41 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 employee under the common law would be considered to be performing “employment”). Financing. The base tax rate for a calendar year and any additional assessment will be determined based upon the amount in the trust fund on March 31 of the prior year as a percentage of total wages paid in covered employment and shall range from 0.1 percent (if the fund is equal to or more than 0.75 percent of total wages) to 0.4 percent (if the trust fund is less than 0.55 percent). Effective January 1,2005, a “falling fund adjustment” of 0.1 percent is allowed if the amount in the trust fund on March 31 of the prior year is less than 0.75 percent of total wages paid in covered employment and is either 10 percent or more below the amount in the trust fund on March 31 of the second prior year or is greater than the amount in the trust fund on June 30 of the prior year. An additional assessment of 5 percent to 14 percent is allowed if the amount in the trust fund on March 31 of the prior year is less than 0.55 percent of total wages paid in covered employment. The period for which paid benefits and taxable payroll will be used in determining an employer’s experience rate is reduced from 60 months to 48 months. Any assessm ent, fee, or surcharge imposed under the State’s unemployment insurance law will be treated the same as, and considered as, a tax. Such assessments, fees, or surcharges will be subject to the same collection procedures that apply to past due taxes. Monetary entitlement. The limit on the weekly benefit amount has been lowered to the higher of: • 50 percent of an applicant’s average weekly wage during the base period, to a maximum of 66-2/3 percent of the State’s average weekly wage, or • 50 percent of an applicant’s average weekly wage during the high quarter, to a m axim um of 45 percent (previously, 50 percent) of the State’s average weekly wage. The maximum weekly unemployment benefit amount based upon the high-quarter calculation will not be less than $350. This provision expires September 1, 2006. The State’s annual maximum weekly benefit amount will apply to benefit accounts established on or after the first Sunday in August and such benefit accounts will be unaffected by any subsequent August change to the maximum weekly benefit amount. 42 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Nonmonetary eligibility. Effective for benefit ments. The Indian tribe and all its tribal units accounts established August 3, 2003, and will be jointly and severally liable for any thereafter, that provision making an individual and all contributions, payments in lieu of ineligible to receive unemployment benefits co ntributions, interest, p enalties, and because of receipt of severance pay, bonus surcharges owed. An Indian tribe that elects pay, vacation pay, sick pay, or other to make reimbursements must file a surety disqualifying income that is considered wages bond. Under certain conditions, the reim at the time of payment, applies to all weeks of bursem ent electio n and coverage are payment (rather than only the first 4 weeks of terminated when a tribe fails to make the re payment and one-half the number of any quired payments or to maintain the required additional weeks of payment). surety bond. An individual who quits employment because the applicant’s serious illness or Montana injury made it medically necessary may be eligible for benefits if the individual informed Coverage. The definition of “employment” the em ployer o f the condition but no excludes service performed: reasonable accom m odation was made available (previously, required the applicant • by an individual as an official, to make “reasonable efforts” to remain in including a timer, referee, umpire, or employment). judge, at an amateur athletic event; An individual who fails without good such exclusion does not apply to State cause to affirmatively request an additional or local governmental entities, Indian job assignment within 5 days (previously, tribes or tribal units, or nonprofit no time was specified) of completing a organizations under section 501(c) (3) suitable temporary job assignment from a of the Internal Revenue Code unless temporary staffing service employer, or who the service is excluded from em refuses without good cause an additional ployment for purposes of the Federal suitable job assignment offered, will be Unemployment Tax Act; or considered to have quit employment. • to provide companionship services The definition of “m isconduct” was or respite care for individuals who, amended to include intentional, negligent, or because of age or infirmity, are unable indifferent conduct that “evinces a serious to care for them selves when the violation of the standards of behavior the person providing the service is employer has the right to reasonably expect em ployed d irectly by a fam ily of the em ployee.” Not included in the member or an individual who is a legal definition are a single incident that does not guardian. have a significant adverse impact on the employer, conduct an average reasonable Financing. The department may make employee would have engaged in under the changes to an employer’s classification and circumstances, or good faith errors in judg rate of contribution upon an oral request for ment if judgment was required. redetermination by the employer, if the C onduct that was the resu lt o f the department finds that the department has applicant, or the applicant’s minor child, made an error. being a victim of domestic abuse, is not The ratios used to calculate unemployment employment misconduct. insurance contribution rates have been revised Evidence of domestic abuse may be resulting in the following rates: provided through a statement by an attorney who assisted an individual in dealing with In percent the domestic abuse. Eligible employers Limits now apply to the the disquali Most favorable..................... 0.00 to 1.67 fication from receiving benefits due to refusal Least favorable................... 1.67 to 3.47 Deficit employers of an offer of suitable employment to offers Most favorable..................... 3.17 to 6.37 made during the claimant’s benefit year. Least favorable.................... 4.97 to 6.37 Missouri Coverage. The definition of “employer” and “employment” includes service performed for an Indian tribe that results in un employment insurance coverage of such service. An Indian tribe may either pay contributions or elect to make reimburse January 2004 Monetary entitlement. The maximum num ber of benefit weeks to which an individual is eligible increased from 26 to 28. To qualify for the 28-week duration, an individual’s ratio of total base-period earnings to the highest quarter base-period earnings must be at least 3.50. The percentage for calculating the maxi mum weekly benefit amount increases from 63 percent to 66.5 percent of the average weekly wage. The minimum weekly benefit amount increases from $70 to $73 and the maximum weekly benefit amount from $297 to $306, effective July 7,2003. Nonmonetary eligibility. The provision that allows an individual, who leaves work or is discharged because of circumstances resulting from domestic violence, to receive un employment benefits is now permanent because the July 1,2003, termination date has been repealed. Nebraska Coverage. The commissioner must im mediately notify the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Department of Labor if an Indian tribe fails to make required payments, including assessments of interest and penalty, within 90 days after a final notice of delinquency. The d efin itio n of “ em ploym ent” excludes service performed: • in the em ploy of the State of N ebraska or any of its political subdivisions or instrumentalities if such service is perform ed by an individual in the exercise of his or her duties as an election official or election worker if the amount of remuneration received by the individual during the calendar year for services as an election official or election worker is less than $1,000; • at a penal or custodial institution by a person committed to a penal or custodial institution. Financing. An amount of $6,800,484 was appropriated from funds made available to the State in Federal fiscal year 2002 under section 903(d) of the Federal Social Security Act for administration of the Employment Security Law and public em ploym ent offices. Nevada Overpayments. The period for recovery of overpayments is extended from 3 years to 5 years. New Hampshire Administration. Delivery of a written notice for collection of State contributions by an authorized representative of the commis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sioner must be deemed proper service of process. The interstate collections provision allows the courts to entertain actions in the name of the commissioner to collect benefits for which liability has accrued under the employment security law of any other State or the Federal Government; and gives authority to the commissioner to collect any debts of benefits, contributions, or interest by civil action in any manner provided for the collection of contributions in the State’s unemployment compensation law for debt collection. The Reed Act distribution, transferred to the State on March 13, 2002, can only be used for the payment of benefits and for the paym ent of expenses incurred for the adm inistration of the unem ploym ent compensation law and public employment offices. The expenses for administration must be appropriated by the legislature and only if the expenses are incurred and the money is requisitioned after enactment of appropriation law which specifies the purpose for and use of the money. The obligation of the Reed Act distribution (except the special Reed Act distribution) is restricted within 2 years after the date of the enactment of appropriation law, and the amount which may be obligated is limited. Appeals. The appeal provisions require that decisions from appeals be sent in whichever manner the commissioner de termines to be most appropriate, including by first-class mail. Coverage. The definition of “employer” includes service performed for an Indian tribe, resulting in unemployment insurance coverage of such services; and excludes coverage of certain services. An Indian tribe is considered as any subdivision, subsidiary, or business enterprise wholly owned by an Indian tribe. An Indian tribe is allowed to either pay contributions or elect to make reimbursements. Reimbursing tribe or tribal unit may be required to execute and file a surety bond or deposit money or securities at the discretion of the com missioner. Extended benefits not reimbursed by the Federal Government must be financed in their entirety by the Indian tribe. Under certain circumstances, the reimbursement election and coverage terminate when a tribe fails to m ake the required paym ents; reinstatement is provided when failure is corrected. The definition of “employment” excludes services by a direct seller if engaged in the trade or business of the delivering or dis tribution of newspapers or shopping news, including any services directly related to such trade or business. Extensions and special programs (effective Septem ber 6, 2003). An additional unemployment benefits program is estab lished for individuals who exhaust benefits under the Temporary Unemployment Com pensation Act of 2002 after May 31, 2002, and meet certain eligibility requirements. Additional unemployment benefits are excluded from being used in computing the future tax rate of a taxpaying employer and charged to a governm ent or nonprofit employer subject to reimbursing of benefits. The additional unemployment benefits are funded from the March 13, 2002, Reed A ct d istrib u tio n , and the paym ent of additional unem ploym ent benefits will terminate upon exhaustion of such Reed Act funds. The weekly amount of additional un employment benefits available to an in dividual is the same as the weekly benefit amount of regular benefits. The maximum amount of additional unemployment benefits available is 13 times the individual’s weekly additional un employment benefit amount. Nonmonetary eligibility. Individuals are in elig ib le for benefits betw een two successive academic years or terms and during vacation or holiday recess while performing services as a nonprofessional or for an ed ucational in stitu tio n only if applicable to such services in the employ of the State or any political subdivision thereof, to Indian tribes, and to certain nonprofit organizations, effective June 9,2003. An individual is disqualified for benefits for any week during which the individual resides other than in New Ham pshire, another State, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or a con tiguous country with which the United States has an agreement with respect to unemployment compensation. The labor dispute provisions provide that a person unemployed due to a stoppage of work must have worked in 5 or more weeks (formerly, consecutive weeks) in employ ment as defined in the State’s unemployment compensation law (except service performed in the employ of the United States), or wages earned in a like manner in another State to requalify for benefits. Incom e support from any F ederal reemployment account is considered wages when an individual is totally or partially unemployed. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 43 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 Overpayments. The commissioner is allowed to waive interest, penalties, fees, and legal costs totaling $50 or less related to overpaid benefits or contribution adjustments. New Mexico Extensions and special programs. Begin ning July 1, 2003, an optional total un employment rate program is established which triggers “on” for weeks of extended benefits when the average seasonal adjusted total unemployment rate for all States for the most recent 3-month period equals or exceeds 6.5 percent and the average total un employment rate of the State for the most recent 3-month period equals or exceeds 110 percent of the total unemployment rates for either or both of the corresponding 3-month periods in the 2 preceding calendar years. The total extended benefit amount payable will be the least of the following three amounts: • 50 percent of regular benefits; • 13 times the individual’s average weekly benefit amount; or • 39 times the individual’s average weekly benefit amount reduced by regular benefits, additional benefits, and readjustment allowances. Beginning July 1,2003, a high unemploy ment period is established for additional weeks of extended benefits when the average seasonally adjusted total unemployment rate for all States for the most recent 3-month period equals or exceeds 8.0 percent and the average total unemployment rate of the State for the same period equals or exceeds 110 percent of the total unemployment rates for either or both of the corresponding 3-month periods in the 2 preceding years. Provides th at for w eeks beginning in a high unemployment period the total extended benefit amount payable will be the least of the following three amounts: • 80 percent of regular benefits; • 2 times the individual’s average weekly benefit amount; or • 46 times the individual’s average weekly benefit amount reduced by regular benefits, additional benefits and readjustment allowances. The contributing employers’ account is not charged for the share of extended benefits paid based on the total unemployment rate trigger; the reimbursing em ployer’s and government entity’s account are charged the share of extended benefits paid based on the total unemployment rate trigger. 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Financing. A contributing em ployer’s account is not charged with benefits paid for dependent’s allowance, separation due to domestic abuse, or individual’s enrolled in approved training or attending school on a full-time basis. The reduced rate for the payment of contributions for new employers with less than 3 years of experience rating is changed from 2.7 percent to 2.0 percent, effective January 1, 2004. An em ployer who is in business in another State(s), who is not currently doing business in New Mexico, and who estab lishes an account in New Mexico, may elect to receive a beginning contribution rate of 2.0 percent or a contribution rate based on the current contribution rate schedule, whichever is lower, if certain other con ditions are met; rates for subsequent years will be determined by the condition of the account for the computation date. A new tax rate schedule is added for use if the fund equals at least 3.7 percent of the total payrolls with rates ranging from 0.03 percent to 5.40 percent. This is the most favorable schedule. An amount of $2,592,401 was appro priated from Reed Act distribution funds made available to the State on March 13, 2002, to the unemployment compensation administration fund for expenditure in fiscal years 2004 through 2007 to implement the State’s unemployment insurance law; any unexpended or unencum bered balance rem aining at the end of fiscal year 2007 rev e rts to the R eed A ct d istrib u tio n fund. Monetary entitlement. The computation of the weekly benefit amount changed from l/26th of the high quarter wages to 52.5 percent of the average weekly wage in the highest base period quarter, effective July 1,2003. A weekly dependent’s allowance of $15 per dependent up to a maximum of four dependents is permitted, not to exceed 50 percent of the individual’s weekly benefit rate, effective January 1, 2004. The use of an alternative base period is perm itted consisting o f the last four completed calendar quarters immediately preceding the first day of the individual’s b enefit year for claim ants earning insufficient wages in the regular base period (first four quarters of last five completed quarters) to be eligible for benefits, effective January 1, 2004. Nonmonetary eligibility. Individuals able to work and available and actively seeking part January 2004 time work in accordance with the terms, and conditions, and hours common in the occu pation or business in which the individual is seeking work are eligible to receive benefits under certain conditions, effective January 1 2004. No otherwise eligible individual is to be denied benefits for any week because the individual is attending school on a full-time basis with the approval of the job training division, effective January 1,2004. Separation from employment due to domestic abuse evidenced by medical docu mentation, legal documentation, or a sworn statement from the claimant is good cause for voluntary leaving, and individuals are eligible to receive benefits, effective July 1,2003; the term “domestic abuse” was defined. New York Extensions and special programs. The selfem ploym ent assistance program was reauthorized permitting eligible individuals to receive an allowance in lieu of regular unemployment benefits to assist them in establishing a business and becoming selfemployed payable in the same amount as regular unemployment benefits (expires December 7,2005). For self-employment assistant parti cipants, the requirem ents are w aived (through December 7,2005) that: • benefits will be paid to claimants totally unemployed and unable to engage in their usual occupation or occupations for w hich they are trained or experienced; and • no benefits will be payable to claimants who are incapable, not ready, willing, and able to work in their usual occupation or occupations for w hich they are tra in e d or experienced. Financing. The subsidiary rate for employers who have not been liable for contri butions during at least the five completed calendar quarters ending on the computation date will be the highest percentage for those employers with a positive employer’s account percentage. Negative balance employers are eligible for a rate reduction if they have a minimum of 17 quarters of liability (previously, there was no minimum liability period). Monetary entitlement. Any claimant whose high calendar quarter remuneration during the base period is more than $3,575 will have a weekly benefit rate no less than $143. North Carolina North Dakota F in ancing. No em ployer granted reimbursement will be allowed a refund of any previous balance used in a transfer to reimbursement status. Administration. The legislative council will consider studying the impact of pending Federal legislation that would significantly change the respective F ederal-S tate responsibilities and funding for workforce development, workforce training, public labor exchange, and unemployment insurance programs. The Legislative Council is directed to study the State’s unemployment compen sation system, including reserve guidelines for the unemployment trust fund, the system for rate setting, treatment of positive balance and negative balance employers, and the feasibility and desirability of creating an unemployment compensation board and to report its findings and recommendations, together with any legislation required to implement the recommendations, to the 59th Legislative Assembly. Em ployers refusing to comply with recordkeeping requirements are subject to a civil penalty of $500 for each offense. The agency must collect the penalty by civil action and deposit any penalty collected to the credit of the Federal advance interest repayment fund. Nonmonetary eligibility. An individual will not be disqualified from receiving benefits for leaving work due to the disability or health condition of a minor child or aged or disabled parent of an individual, or a disabled member of the individual’s immediate family if the individual gave the employer notice of the condition (previously, had to be a d isab ility or health condition of the employee). An individual will not be disqualified from eligibility for unemployment insurance solely on the basis that the individual is only available for part-time work. The individual may be considered able and available for work if: • the claimant’s monetary eligibility is based predominately on wages from part-time work; • the claimant is actively seeking and is w illing to accept w ork under essentially the same conditions as existed while the claimant’s reported wages were accrued; • the claim ant imposes no other restriction and is in a labor market in which a reasonable demand exists for part-time services. A ny c la im a n t le a v in g w ork to accompany his or her spouse to a new place of residence because the spouse has b een re a ssig n e d from one m ilita ry assignment to another shall be deemed to have good cause for leaving work. The disqualification from receiving benefits is reduced from 5 weeks to 2 weeks for a claimant who leaves work to accom pany his or her spouse to a new place of residence where the spouse has secured work in a location that is too far removed for the claimant reasonably to continue his or her work. New provisions expanded the category o f claim ants covered by the exception providing good cause for leaving work if a claimant leaves work or is discharged as a result of domestic violence. Previously, the exception applied only to those claimants given a protective order concerning domestic violence.The expansion also covers situa tions where there is “evidence” of domestic violence, sexual offense, or stalking, or the claimant has qualified for the State’s new address confidentiality program. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Extensions and special programs. The shared work unemployment compensation program was repealed. Financing. The assignment of unemploy ment insurance tax rates for employers who fail to file required reports or filed insufficient reports has been changed as follow s. Requires assigning the: negative employer minimum rate to— • experience-rated positive employers • new p o sitiv e nonconstruction employers The 1 .5 -p e rc en t a d d itio n a l tax is eliminated for employers in highway and stre e t c o n s tru c tio n , e x c e p t e le v a te d highways, when they fail to file reports in a timely manner, thus requiring them to pay the same penalty rate as all other employers. Monetary entitlement. The 10 times the weekly benefit amount limitation on baseperiod wages used to establish a second benefit year and earned from employment by a partnership, corporation, or limited liability company, does not apply if at the time of filing a claim, the ownership interest has been ceded. Nonmonetary eligibility. The definition of “wages” excludes qualifying supplemental unemployment payments financed and paid by employers to former employees if the payments are paid under a plan meeting certain requirements. Ohio Financing. Amounts totaling $5 3.7 million for fiscal year 2004 and $47.3 million for fiscal year 2005 have been appropriated from Reed Act funds for administration of the unemployment insurance program, employ ment services, and other allowable ex penditures.This appropriation will increase, upon request of the director of Job and Family Services, for fiscal year 2004 by the amount remaining unspent from fiscal year 2003, and, for fiscal year 2005, by the amount remaining unspent from fiscal year 2004. Oklahoma negative employer maximum rate to— • experience-rated negative employers • new positive construction employers • new negative employers With respect to noncharging for voluntary quits and discharge for misconduct, the quit or discharge must be during the base period and the employer must be the base-period employer. An employer’s account is not charged with benefits paid to an individual who is currently employed part time with that em ployer w hen the h irin g agreem ent between the individual and the employer has not changed since the individual commenced work for that employer. This provision does not apply to an employee of a temporary help firm. Administration. Unemployment insurance claims can be filed by telephone or Internet without a claimant having to first appear in person at the E m ploym ent Security Commission office. Unemployment insurance information can be disclosed to the Bureau of the Census of the U.S. Department of Commerce for the purpose of economic and statistical research. Subpoenas to com pel disclosure of confidential unem ploym ent insurance information will not be valid, except for administrative subpoenas issued by Federal, State, or local government agencies that have been granted subpoena power by statute or ordinance. Confidential unem ployment insurance information may be nevertheless obtained by order of a court of record that authorizes the release of the records in writing. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 45 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 Appeals. All time periods allowed for unemployment insurance administrative appeals may be waived for good cause. Claims for exemptions and any other matter relating to a levy for recovery of an overpayment must be filed with the Appeal Tribunal of the Oklahoma Employment Security Commission within 10 days of the date of service of the levy. Financing. The maximum perm issible probationary period has been extended from 45 days to 90 days, for which an employer may be noncharged for benefits paid to a former employee who was discharged for unsatisfactory perform ance during the probationary period. The provision for noncharging of benefits for an employee or former employee who establishes a claim for unemployment benefits using an alternative base period has been eliminated. The noncharging of benefits paid to an employee or former employee who leaves employment as part of a plan to escape domestic violence or abuse is permitted. An amount of $6,219,485 was appro priated out of the Reed Act distribution made available to the State on March 13,2002, for administration of the Employment Service, One-Stop Career Center expenses attri butable to the Employment Service and Unemployment Insurance Program, and the Unemployment Insurance Program. These funds must be expended between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2004. Nonmonetary eligbility. Separating from employment as part of a plan to escape domestic violence or abuse constitutes good cause for voluntarily leaving work. When an employer hires a worker for a limited duration specified by the employer, the worker is considered to have been laid off due to lack of work at the end of the time period set by the employer, if the separation was due only to completion of work or the expiration of the time period. When an employer hires a worker for a limited time specified by the worker, the worker is considered to have voluntarily quit work at the end of the time period set by the worker, if the separation was due only to the expiration of the time period. Oregon Appeals. An administrative law judge may dismiss a request for a hearing when: • the request for a hearing is with 46 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis drawn by the requesting party; • in response to a request by the administrative law judge or his or her designee, the requesting party fails to provide, in a timely manner, the information necessary to allow the matter to be scheduled for a hearing; • the requesting party fails to appear at the time of the hearing; • the issues are resolved by cancellation or amendment of the decision that is the subject of the hearing request; • the requesting party fails to file the request for a hearing within the time allowed by statute or rule and fails to show good cause for the delay; • the request for a hearing is filed prio r to the date of the w ritten decision or written determination that is the subject of the request; or • the request for a hearing is made by a person who is not entitled to a hearing or is not the authorized representative of a party who is entitled to a hearing. Such a dismissal by the hearing officer is final unless the party whose request for a hearing has been dismissed files, within 20 days of mailing of the dismissal notice, an application for review. Further provides, however, that a requesting party whose request has been dismissed because that party failed to appear may file a request to reopen the hearing notwithstanding the 20day time limit. Coverage. The definition of members of the same family of corporate officers for whom the corporation may elect to exclude from “employment” services is expanded. Such exclusion does not apply to service performed for a nonprofit employing unit, political subdivision or for an Indian tribe. Extensions and special programs. The State-financed emergency unemployment benefits have been extended for up to 13 weeks, for the period from A pril 6 to December 27, 2003. The director of the Employment Department is allowed to stop payments of emergency benefits when total paym ents w ould exceed $29 m illion. Employers’ accounts will not be charged (and reimbursing entities need not reimburse the State unemployment fund) for benefits paid under this extension. The ending date of the State-financed emergency unemployment benefits program changed from D ecem ber 27, 2003, to September 27, 2003. January 2004 The provision allowing the director of the Employment Department to stop payments of emergency benefits when total payments would exceed $29 million was eliminated. A totally S tate-financed tem porary additional benefits program was established. Temporary additional benefits are payable to exhaustees of regular benefits after September 27, 2003, through February 14, 2004, during periods of high unemployment for weeks not within an extended benefit period. To trigger “on” a temporary addi tional benefits period, the 13-week insured unemployment rate must equal or exceed 4.0 percent or the 13-week total unemployment rate must equal or exceed 6.5 percent. An individual’s benefit year must have expired after January 5,2002, and he or she must not be eligible for any other unemployment benefits to receive temporary additional benefits. The amount of temporary addi tional benefits receivable is equal to the weekly benefit amount of the individual’s most recent regular unemployment benefit claim. The maximum temporary additional benefits an individual may receive is 25 percent of the individual’s most recent regular unemployment benefit claim. A contributing employers’ accounts may not be charged for benefits paid under this extension, and reimbursing entities may not be relieved from paying an amount equal to the temporary additional benefits paid into the State unemployment fund. Between July 3, 2003, and February 14, 2004, an additional benefit period may not begin or continue and additional benefits are not payable. The supplemental benefits eligibility period is extended for 2 years through June 30,2005, for those eligible dislocated workers who need to continue or complete pro fessional technical training and who meet certain other requirements. Financing. A report o f taxes due for em ploym ent consisting exclusively of domestic service in a private home, local college club, or local chapter of a college fraternity or sorority where in any calendar quarter, the cash remuneration for such service is $1,000 or more, may be filed annually rather than quarterly. The amount of bond or deposit that a nonprofit employing unit that elects to reim burse the U nem ploym ent C om pensation Trust Fund in lieu of paying taxes must provide to the director of the Em ployment Department was changed to 2 percent of the employing unit’s total wages paid for the four calendar quarters im- mediately preceding the effective date of the election (amount was previously determined according to a statutory schedule with rates ranging from 0.5 percent to 2.0 percent of payroll). Nonmonetary eligibility. Individuals are disqualified from benefits until remuneration is received that equals or exceeds four times the individual’s weekly benefit amount for: • failure or refusal to take a drug or alcohol test as required by the employer’s reasonable written policy; • refusal to cooperate with or subverts or attem pts to subvert a drug or alcohol testing process in any em ployment-related test required by the employer’s reasonable written policy; • being under the influence of intoxicants while performing services for the employer; • possessing a drug unlawfully or in violation of the employer’s reason able written policy during work; • testing positive for alcohol or an unlawful drug in connection with employment; or • refusal to enter into or violates the terms of a last chance agreement with the employer. An individual is not disqualified if, on the date of separation or within 10 days after the date of separation, he or she is parti cipating in a recognized drug or alcohol rehabilitation program and provides docu mentation of participation in the program to the department. This does not apply to an individual who has refused to enter into or has violated the terms of a last chance agreement with the employer. It is no defense or excuse against dis qualification that the individual’s separation resulted from alcohol use, marijuana use, unlawful drug use, alcoholism, or drug addiction. Individuals are disqualified from benefits until remuneration is received that equals or exceeds four times the individual’s weekly b en efit am ount when the individual voluntarily leaves work, fails to apply for available suitable work when referred by the employment office or the director, or fails to accept suitable work when offered: • because the em ployer has or introduces a reasonable written drugfree workplace policy that is con sistent with State unem ployment compensation law; • because the employer requires the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis direct the executive director or other commission staff about those details. employee to consent to present or future drug or alcohol tests under a reasonable w ritten policy that is consistent with State unemployment compensation law; • to avoid taking a drug or alcohol test under a reasonable written policy that is consistent with State unemploy ment compensation law; or • to avoid meeting the requirements of a last chance agreement. Appeals. The commission must develop, by rule, procedures to ensure that an appeal tribunal makes every effort in a hearing con ducted by telephone to obtain all relevant facts and evidence. Rhode Island F inancing. E xcluded from the State employment security fund are Federal fund disbursements (that is, Reed Act funds) made to the State from the Employment Security Administration Account when calculating the State’s unemployment insurance taxable wage base. Such funds may now be deposited in the State’s Employment Tax Guarantee Fund. South Dakota Nonmonetary eligibility. Good cause for voluntarily leaving employment includes leaving to protect oneself from domestic abuse only if the employee: • reports the abusive situation to law enforcement within 48 hours of any occurrence and cooperates fully in any subsequent investigation and criminal charge. Requires the law enforcement agency to complete and return to the departm ent upon request, a cer tification form indicating whether the em ployee has com plied with the requirements. • has left the abusive situation and remains separate from the situation; and • made reasonable efforts to preserve the employment before quitting. Coverage. Effective for claims filed on or after September 1, 2003, the definition of “employment” excludes service performed by a nonresident alien during the period that the alien is temporarily in the United States under a H2-A visa (to perform agricultural service) if the service is not defined as employment under the Federal Unemploy ment Tax Act. Financing. An employer who elects to make a voluntary contribution for the recom putation of the employer’s experience rate must make the contribution as prescribed by rules adopted by the com mission (pre viously, required voluntary contributions were required to be made no later than the 30th day after the date on which the com mission mailed the annual notice of the employer’s experience rate). The commission may deny the transfer of an experience tax rate if it determines, based on credible evidence, that an acquisition was done primarily to qualify for a reduced unemployment insurance tax rate by: • circumventing the experience rating system; or • manipulating the experience rating system by minimizing the impact of chargebacks to the p redecessor employer’s tax account. Among other things, for a transfer of experience to be approved, the following must occur: Any person found to have good cause for leaving employment due to domestic abuse, and who returns to the abusive situation, is ineligible for benefits. Texas Administration. The responsibilities of the Texas W orkforce Commission are now described. The commission may not: • direct the day-to-day operations of the executive directo r or other commission staff; or • establish the details for the im plementation of commission policies or • an application for such a transfer filed not later than the first anni versary of the effective date of the acquisition; and • the applicants show that: (1) the acquired part of the organization, trade, or business is capable of operating independently and sepa rately from the predecessor em ployer; and (2) the wages attributable to the acquired part of the organi zation, trade, or business are solely attributable to services provided on behalf of the acquired part of the organization, trade, or business. An employer’s account is noncharged for benefits paid to an employee or former Monthly Labor Review January 2004 47 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 em ployee whose separation from em ployment results from the employee leaving the workplace to protect the employee from family violence or stalking as evidenced by: • an active or recently issued pro tective order documenting family violence against, or the stalking of, the employee or the potential for family violence against, or the stalking of, the employee; • a police record documenting family violence against, or the stalking of, the employee; and • a physician’s statement or other medical documentation of family violence against the employee. Nonmonetary eligibility. An individual will not be disqualified from receiving benefits because the individual left work to protect the individual from family violence or stalking (prohibits evidence regarding an employee who leaves work for this reason to be disclosed to any person without the consent of the employee, except as provided by law). Utah Adm inistration. An interim legislative committee will study and make recom mendations regarding: • the unemployment tax on selfemployed individuals, • options to provide limited health insurance benefits for the unem ployed for up to 6 months, • whether to provide health insurance coverage, without cost, to the un employed, and • issues related to unemployment insurance coverage. An employer’s account is noncharged for benefits paid: • to an individual who leaves work to attend training approved by the commission, • to an employee whose separation was based on a disaster resulting in a disaster declaration by the governor, and • when separation from that em ployer is caused by the employer being called to activ e m ilitary service. The computation of the numerator of the deficit assessment is changed by subtracting only the balance of the compensation fund from its floor, not any other liabilities of the fund. The provision dealing with the transfer to a special administration fund is repealed. The following provisions were effective June 20,2003: • the State agency was authorized to issue bond obligations to finance the payment of unemployment benefits in order to avoid borrowing from the Federal Unemployment Trust Fund or to repay principal and interest on previous advances from the Federal Unemployment Trust Fund; • the advance interest trust fund is abolished, and all money in that fund is transferred to the new obligation trust fund for the payment of bond obligations; and • an u n em p lo y m e n t o b lig a tio n assessm ent must be assessed an nually on every employer entitled to experience rating if any bonds are outstanding, and the proceeds of that assessment are to be placed in the obligation trust fund. 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Appeals. The limitation that the chair of the Workforce Appeals Board be a part-time employee compensated for no more than 40 hours of work in a 2-week period has been removed. Coverage. The definition of “employer” has been modified to mean an individual or employing unit which employs one or more individuals for some portion of a day during a calendar year rather than an employing unit that pays $ 140 in a calendar quarter and that is subject to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act. Registration, rather than licensing, is required of professional employer organi zations. Registration requirements have been established. The professional employer or ganization is responsible for the payment of unemployment insurance contributions, penalties, and interest on wages paid to em ployees covered under a professional em ployer agreement. Professional employer agreements must specify that the professional employer organization has responsibility to withhold, collect, report, and remit payrollrelated and unemployment taxes for em ployees covered by the professional employer agreement. The professional em ployer organization must report and pay all required contributions to the unemployment com pensation fund using its State employer account number and the contribution rate of the professional employer organization. At least quarterly, a professional employer January 2004 organization must have an independent certified public accountant review the o rg an iz atio n ’s records and prepare a statement indicating whether all Federal, State, and local withholding taxes, un employment taxes, fica taxes, workers’ compensation premiums, and employee benefit plan premiums have been paid. On the termination of a contract between a professional employer organization and a client or the failure by a professional employer organization to submit reports or make tax payments as required, the client will be treated as a new employer without a previous experience record unless that client is otherwise eligible for an experience rating. Unlawful conduct includes the diversion of funds paid by a client to the professional employer organization, designated as pay ment for payroll or any related payroll taxes or employee benefits or insurance, to any other purpose or use other than designated, except in cases where a client has defaulted on the professional employer agreement or otherwise failed to pay the professional employer organization. E xtensions and sp ecia l program s. A temporary additional unemployment com pensation benefits program for individuals who have exhausted their regular benefits was established, effective until July 1,2004. The eligibility provisions and department rules which apply to claims for, or payments of, regular benefits apply to claims for, and payments of, additional unem ployment compensation benefits. An individual is eligible to receive additional benefits if he or she: • has received or exhausted all of the regular benefits that were available to the individual; • has insufficient wages to establish a new benefit year or has sufficient wages but does not meet the subse quent qualifying provisions; • has no right to unem ploym ent benefits or allowances under the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act, and has not received, and is not seeking, unemployment benefits under the unemployment compensation law of any other State, Washington, d .c ., the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, or Canada. If the individual is seeking those benefits and the appropriate agency finally determines that the in dividual is not entitled to benefits under that law, the individual may be eligible for additional benefits; • filed an initial claim for regular benefits on or after March 15, 2001; and • files an initial application for additional benefits on or after June 1, 2003, and on or before December 27, 2003, and has an effective date no later than December 21,2003. For additional benefits, the first payable week is the week beginning June 1, 2003, and the last payable week is the week beginning January 25, 2004. The weekly additional benefit amount is the same as the weekly regular benefit amount payable. The total additional benefit amount payable is five times the individual’s weekly regular benefit amount. An individual is required to exhaust entitlement to benefits in the following order: (a) regular benefits; (b) Temporary Extended Unemploy ment Compensation, if available; (c) extended benefits; (d) additional benefits; and (e) Trade Readjustment Allowances. Trade Readjustment Allowances and addi tional benefits cannot be paid for the same week. A contributing base employer’s account will not be charged with any portion of additional benefits paid to an individual. Re imbursable and Federal em ployers and branches of the military are not liable to pay for additional benefits. The additional unem ploym ent com pensation benefits program date for repeal is July 1,2004. Overpayments. The provisions relating to penalties for unemployment insurance fraud have been moved to the Utah Criminal Code. • operates under a contract specifying that the individual is free from control or direction over the performance of such services; • is licensed in the Commonwealth to perform independent clinical services; • is compensated solely by way of fees charged for services rendered by such individual; and • has a valid business license issued by the locality in which such in dividual performs such services. Financing. The due date for the com mission to provide covered employers with a statement of the benefit charges and taxes for the preceding fiscal year (formerly, calendar year) has been changed from July 1 to December 31. Monetary entitlement. An alternative base period is the four most recent completed calendar quarters immediately preceding the first day of the claimant’s benefit year for claimants earning insufficient wages in the regular base period to be eligible for benefits. The minimum weekly benefit amount decreased from $69 to $59 and the maximum weekly benefit amount from $368 to $318 beginning January 5, 2003, for claims effective on or after January 5, 2003, but before July 6, 2003. The minimum weekly benefit amount decreased from $59 to $50 and the maximum weekly benefit amount from $318 to $316 beginning July 6, 2003, for claims effective on or after July 6, 2003, but before July 4, 2004. The $50 minimum weekly benefit amount remains the same, and the maximum weekly benefit amount increases from $316 to $326 beginning July 4, 2004, for claims effective on or after July 4, 2004. Virginia Administration. The records and reports provisions have been modified to permit the Commission to furnish information to the Commonwealth’s designated agent for the purpose of collecting fines, penalties, and costs owed to the Commonwealth or its political subdivisions. A legislative commission was created and tasked with annually reporting on Virginia’s unemployment compensation system. The commission expires July 1,2006. C overage. The term “em ploym ent” excludes service performed by a licensed clinical social worker, licensed psychologist, licensed professional counselor, or licensed psychiatrist, if such individual: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Nonmonetary eligibility. The amount de ducted from the weekly benefit amount payable to an individual due to receipt of Social Security or railroad retirement benefits has been reduced from 100 percent to 50 percent of such benefits attributable to such week. Washington Administration. Effective January 4,2004, the Employment Security Department must contract with employment security agencies in other States to ensure that individuals residing in those States and receiving Washington unemployment benefits are actively searching for work. Effective on or after January 1,2007, the average annual wage for contribution purposes will be calculated based on wage inform ation from em ployers from the preceding calendar year only (formerly, based on wage information from the preceding 3 calendar years). The basic penalty for failure o f an employer to file timely and complete reports changed from a minimum of $ 10 per violation to an am ount determ ined by the com m issioner of the Em ploym ent Security Department, but not to exceed $250 or 10 percent of the quarterly contributions for each offense, whichever is less. If an employer knowingly misrepresents the amount of his or her payroll to the Em ploym ent Security D epartm ent, the employer shall be liable for up to 10 times the amount of the difference in contributions paid and the amount the employer should have paid and for the reasonable expenses of auditing his or her books and collecting such sums. If a delinquency is due to an intent to evade successorship provisions, the com missioner will assign to the employer, and to any business found to be promoting the evasion of such provisions, a special tax rate for five consecutive calendar quarters, beginning with the calendar quarter in which the intent to evade such provision is found. The Employment Security Department is required to: • in consultation with an advisory com m ittee equally representing business and labor, identify the programs funded by special admini strative contributions and report to the advisory committee the expendi tures for these programs annually and cumulatively since enactment; • conduct a review of the type, rate, and causes of employer turnover in the unem ploym ent com pensation system, using unified business identi fier information or other relevant data bases and methods; • conduct a study of the potential for year to year volatility, if any, in the rate classes to which employers in the array system are assigned; and • report its findings and recom mendations to the legislature by December 1,2003. Interest penalties on overpayments must be used, first, to fund either Social Security number cross-match audits or other more effective activities to ensure that individuals are entitled to all amounts of benefits that Monthly Labor Review January 2004 49 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 they are paid and second, to fund other detection and recovery of overpayment and collection activities. A savings clause was added providing that if any part of this Washington Employment Security Act is found to be in conflict with Federal requirements, the conflicting part of the Act will be inoperative to the extent of the conflict. • because the individual’s worksite changed, such change caused a material increase in distance or difficulty of travel, and, after the change, the com mute was greater than is customary for workers in the in dividual’s job classification and labor market; • because the individual’s worksite safety deteriorated, the individual reported such safety deterioration to the employer, and the employer failed to correct the hazards within a reason able period of time; • because of illegal activities in the individual’s worksite, the individual reported such activities to the em ployer, and the employer failed to end such activities within a reasonable period of time; or • because the individual’s usual work was changed to work that violates the individual’s religious convictions or sincere moral beliefs. Coverage. The definition of “employ ment” now excludes service performed by a nonresident alien agricultural worker for the period he or she is temporarily present in the United States as a non-immigrant under subparagraph (H )(ii) of the Federal Immigration and Naturalization Act (com monly called H-2A workers). Financing. Effective January 1, 2004, the definition of “w ages” excludes income attributable to the transfer of shares of stock to the employee pursuant to the individual’s exercise of a stock option granted for any reason connected with the individual’s employment. For rate years 2005 and beyond, the system for assigning employer contribution rates was revised. A total of 40 rate classes have been created. The contribution rate for each employer will be the sum of an array calculation factor rate, a graduated social cost factor rate, and any solvency surcharge. For contributions assessed for rate years 2005 and beyond, a solvency surcharge will go into effect when the balance in the unemployment compensation fund is de termined to provide fewer than 6 months of unemployment benefits. The charge will be at the lowest rate necessary, to ensure that a total of 8 months of benefits are available in the unemployment compensation fund, but the rate shall not be more than 0.2 percent for each employer. Restrictions on voluntary contributions were revised to account for the change in the number of rate classes. For claims with effective dates on or after January 4, 2004, benefits will be charged only to an individual’s separating employer if the individual left work: • for bona fide employment and became unemployed after having worked and earned wages in the bona fide employment; • because the individual’s usual compensation was reduced by 25 percent or more; • because the individual’s usual hours were reduced by 25 percent or more; 50 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The definition of “person with marginal labor force attachment,” the employers of whom were formerly noncharged for certain benefits is repealed. For transfers of employer experience on or after January 1,2005, if a successor is not an employer at the time of transfer, the successor must pay contributions at either: • the contribution rate of the pre decessor employer, for the remainder of the rate year, after which the rate will be determ ined based on the transferred experience of the acquired business and the successor’s ex perience after the transfer, or • a rate equal to the rate assigned to employers not qualified to be in the array, until the successor qualifies for a different rate in its own right. If there is substantial continuity of ownership or management between the predecessor and successor, the successor will pay at the rate of the predecessor as described above. If a successor simultaneously acquires the business or a portion of the business of two or more em ployers w ith different contribution rates, the successor’s rate, until it qualifies in its own right for a new rate, will be the rate of the predecessor who had the largest taxable payroll in the completed calendar quarter immediately preceding the transfer, but not less that the rate assigned to employers not qualified to be in the array. Amounts in the Federal interest payment fund must be used solely for the payment of interest on Title XII, Social Security Act, January 2004 advances. Funds set aside in an account in the administrative contingency fund for the financing of special programs to assist the unemployed and to finance the Employment Security Department’s administrative costs must be expended solely for unemployment insurance purposes. Monetary entitlement. With respect to claims that have an effective date on or after the first Sunday o f the calendar m onth immediately following the month in which the com m issioner finds that the State unemployment rate is 6.8 percent or less, benefits will be payable to any eligible individual during the individual’s benefit year in a maximum amount equal to the lesser of 26 times the weekly benefit amount or 1/3 of the individual’s base year wages. With respect to claims with an effective date on or after January 4, 2004, and before January 2, 2005, an individual’s weekly benefit amount will be an amount equal to l/25th of the average quarterly wages of the individual’s total wages during the three quarters (previously, two quarters) of the individual’s base year in which such total wages were highest. With respect to claims with an effective date on or after January 2, 2005, an individual’s weekly benefit amount will be an amount equal to 1 percent of the total wages paid in the individual’s base year. For claims with an effective date on or after January 4,2004, the maximum benefit amount changed from 70 percent of the average weekly wage to the greater of $496 or 63 percent of the average weekly wage. Nonmonetary eligibility. (Provisions in this section apply to claims with effective dates on or after January 4,2004, unless otherwise indicated.) If, for a claimant actively seeking work, a labor agreement or dispatch rules apply, the customary trade practices that apply to the w ork search w ill be in accordance with the applicable agreement or rules. The provision requiring the commis sioner to consider only work-connected factors in deciding whether an individual has left work voluntarily without good cause was eliminated. The special provision concerning individuals whose marital status or domestic responsibilities caused them to leave em ployment was eliminated. A claimant must have terminated his or her employment status and not be entitled to be reinstated to the same or comparable or similar provision in order for nondisquali fication due to separation as a result of illness or disability to apply. The provision exempting those who leave work to follow a spouse from the voluntary quit disqualification is limited to those whose spouse has been relocated due to a military transfer. An individual is not disqualified from receiving benefits for voluntarily leaving work if: • the individual’s usual compensation was reduced by 25 percent or more; • the individual’s usual hours were reduced by 25 percent or more; • the individual’s worksite changed, such change caused a material increase in distance or difficulty of travel, and, after the change, the commute was greater than is customary for workers in the individual’s job classification and labor market; • the individual’s worksite safety deteriorated, the individual reported such safety d eterioration to the employer, and the employer failed to correct the hazards within a reasonable period of time; • the individual left work because of illegal activities in the individual’s worksite, the individual reported such activities to the employer, and the employer failed to end such activities within a reasonable period of time; or • the individual’s usual work was changed to work that violates the individual’s religious convictions or sincere moral beliefs. “Misconduct,” is defined as, but is not limited to: • willful or wanton disregard of the rights, title, and interests of the employer or a fellow employee; • deliberate violations or disregard of standards of behavior which the employer has the right to expect of an employee; • carelessness or negligence that causes or would likely cause serious bodily harm to the employer or a fellow employee; or • carelessness or negligence of such degree or recurrence to show an intentional or substantial disregard of the employer’s interest. The follow ing acts are considered misconduct: • insubordination showing a deli berate, willful, or purposeful refusal to follow the reasonable directions or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis only that w age cred its based on that employment would be canceled.) If evidence of seeking work consists of documented in-person activities at the local reemployment center, the activities must occur at least three tim es per week to satisfy the job search requirem ents for claims of 5 or more weeks. An individual who fails to comply fully with the requirements for actively seeking work will lose benefits for all weeks of noncompliance and will be liable for the repayment of such benefits. W ith respect to claim s that have an effective date on or after January 2, 2005, an otherwise eligible individual may not be denied benefits for any week, due to the ap p licatio n o f p ro v isio n s rela tin g to availability for work, active search for work, or failure to apply for or refusal to accept suitable work, because the individual is a part-time worker and is available for, seeks, applies for, or accepts only work of 17 or fewer hours per week. “Part-tim e w orker” is defined as an individual who earned w ages in “ em ployment” in at least 40 weeks in the in dividual’s base year, and did not earn wages in “employment” in more than 17 hours per week in any weeks in the individual’s base year. Effective upon enactment, the section providing that employees separated from employment due to wage garnishment will not be disqualified is repealed. instructions of the employer; • repeated inexcusable tardiness following warnings by the employer; • dishonesty related to employment, including but not limited to deliberate falsification of company records, theft, deliberate deception, or lying; • repeated and inexcusable absences, including absences for which the employee was able to give advance notice and failed to do so; • deliberate acts that are illegal, pro voke violence or violation of laws, or violate the collective bargaining agree ment. However, an employee who engages in lawful union activity may not be disqualified due to misconduct; • violation of a company rule if the rule is reasonable and if the claimant knew or should have known of the existence of the rule; or • violations of law by the claimant while acting within the scope of employment that substantially affect the claimant’s job performance or that substantially harm the em ployer’s ability to do business. “Misconduct” does not include: • inefficiency, unsatisfactory con duct, or failure to perform well as the result of inability or incapacity; • inadvertence or ordinary negligence in isolated instances; or • good faith errors in judgment or discretion. Wyoming “Gross m isconduct” is defined as a criminal act in connection with an individual’s work for which the individual has been convicted in a criminal court, or has admitted committing, or conduct connected with the individual’s work that demonstrates a flagrant and wanton disregard of and for the rights, title, or interest of the employer or a fellow employee. An individual will be disqualified from receiving benefits if he or she has been discharged for misconduct for 10 (pre viously, 7) calendar weeks and until he or she has obtained bona fide work in covered employment and has earned wages in that employment equal to 10 times (previously, 7 times) his or her weekly benefit amount. An individual who has been discharged from his or her work because of gross misconduct will have either all hourly wage credits based on that employment or 680 hours of wage credits, whichever is greater, canceled. (The law previously provided Financing. The threshold for computing the positive fund balance adjustment factor has been reduced from 4 percent to 3-Vi percent of total payrolls (effective July 1, 2003). The com puted p o sitiv e adjustm ent factor rem ains effective until the fund balance equals 3-Vi percent (formerly, 4 percent) or more of total payrolls (effective July 1, 2003). The special reserve contribution rate and its deposit in the clearing account was eliminated. The base rate reduction changed from 20 percent to 14 percent, reflecting the eli mination of the special reserve contribution rate. The adjustment factor for noncharged and ineffectively charged benefits that must be allocated to the unemployment com pensation fund has been reduced from 80 percent to 60 percent, and that portion of this adjustment factor that must be allocated Monthly Labor Review January 2004 51 Unemployment Insurance Laws, 2003 to the employment support fund increased from 20 percent to 40 percent. The percentage of total payrolls used to determine whether the negative fund balance adjustment factor is applicable has been reduced from 5 percent to 4 percent. The percentage of the total payrolls used to compute the negative adjustment factor has been reduced from 5 percent to 4 percent. The computed negative adjustment fac tor remains effective until the fund balance is equal to or less than 4 percent (formerly, 5 percent) of the total payrolls. The adjustment factors applied to an employer’s contribution rate must not be less than zero. Nonmonetary eligibility. The maximum weekly benefit amount will be no more than the statewide average weekly wage tim es 55 percent (w ithout the form er limitation of $300). The period during which the waiting week for initial or additional claims for benefits does not apply is extended for 1 additional year (to June 30, 2005). An otherw ise eligible individual is eligible for benefits if not receiving wages or com pensation while participating in training in an apprenticeship program approved by the department if the individ 52 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ual meets certain conditions. W ith respect to disqualification for voluntary quit without good cause, failure to search for work, and refusal of suitable work, the 12-week rework requirement is eliminated, and the requalifying earnings are lowered from 12 times to 8 times the weekly benefit amount. W ith respect to disqualification for misconduct, the 12-week rework require ment is eliminated. An individual is disqualified from benefit entitlement if receiving a retirement annuity, pension, or other payments from a base-period employer or a contributory base-period em ployer and the individual made no contribution to the annuity, pension, or other payment. No deduction from benefits will be made when an individual receives a retirement annuity, pension, or other payment that the individual contributed to (previously, a 50percent deduction was required). The recoupment period for offsetting overpayments without civil action against future benefits changed from within 3 years of the effective date o f an overpaym ent determ ination to within 5 years o f the effective date of the claim resulting in the overpayment. The department must cancel the amount of overpayment or penalty due on any over January 2004 payment when the individual is deceased with no estate or the estate is closed and all assets are distributed or the individual is adjudicated insolvent by a court of competent jurisdiction with no remaining assets. The department is permitted to cancel the amount of overpayments or penalty due on any overpaym ent 5 years after the effective date of the claim resulting in an overpayment when: • the individual cannot be located within the State of Wyoming; • the individual is totally unable to work; or • the department’s records show the individual earned covered wages of less than one-half the average weekly wage within Wyoming in the most recent calendar year. Certain religious, charitable, educational or other nonprofit employers and employers of domestic service, or agricultural labor, who met the State’s unemployment insurance tax liability requirements for the first time during the preceding calendar year, are exempt from the delinquent rate provisions for the subsequent year, if the employer submits all reports and contributions by April 30 of the subsequent year. New journal from OECD Feeling that there has been “a lack o f in te rn a tio n a l jo u r n a ls d e a lin g s p e c if ic a lly w ith s ta tis tic a l and econom ic research on business cycles,” the O rganization for Econom ic C o operation and D evelopm ent recently launched the Journal o f B usiness Cycle M easurem ent a n d A nalysis. T he in tro d u cto ry e s sa y by the eminent business cycle scholar Victor Zarnowitz succinctly lays out the need for and possib le direction o f such a journal. After noting that the historical c h r o n o lo g ie s o f b u s in e s s c y c le s maintained by the National Bureau o f Econom ic Research extend back over tw o centuries, Zarnowitz establishes that these fluctuations “vary greatly in duration and intensity, less in diffusion, timing and interaction o f their many constituent processes.” T his leads Z arnow itz to ou tline tw o broad research questions. First, are cy c le s better understood in terms o f shocks or im balances. H is ow n p r e fe r e n c e se e m s to le a n tow ard im balance stories, but he notes the rigorous theoretical attractiveness o f m o d e ls su c h as lin e a r d y n a m ic equilibrium . Second, is the em pirical question o f whether or not business c y c le s are m od eratin g o v er tim e. W h ile recent history indicates this m ig h t b e s o , Z a r n o w itz n o te s , “ C o n tr a c tio n s ten d to b e m ore frequent and severe in deflationary tim es than during tim es o f inflation, w h ic h h e lp s e x p la in w h y so m e m oderation o f b usiness cy cles took p lace in the last half-century.” Other articles in the issue address survey expectations, m odeling interest rates, using qualitative survey data, detecting cyclical turning points, and c o m p o s ite in d ic a to r s o f S w is s manufacturing. The Journal o f B usiness C ycle M easurem ent a n d A nalysis has an ambitious editorial mission; but, as Zarnowitz concludes, “business cycles are (l)neither dead nor dying, (2) still com plex, changing, and misinterpreted, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and (3) deserving much further study, b etter u n d ersta n d in g , and m ore effective counterpolicies.” plans reach retirement age and defined benefit plans become largely a thing of the past. Pensions and retirement Attitude and altitude The evolution o f pension plans in the U n ite d S ta t e s — fro m tr a d itio n a l defined benefit plans toward defined contribution plans— has increased the age at which workers retire, according to a NBER w orking paper by Leora Friedberg and Anthony Webb. In the early post-World War II period, most pensions were defined benefit plans, which led to sharp declines in retirement ages because such plans encourage workers to retire after a certain point. Since the 1980s, defined contribution p lans h ave b eco m e m ore popular. D efin ed contribution plans tend to increase the retirement age because the longer an em ployee works, the more both worker and em ployer contribute to the pension fund. D efined benefit plans use a specific predetermined formula for calculating the amount o f an em ployee’s pension benefit at retirement. They generally are funded exclusively by the employers. In d e fin e d c o n tr ib u tio n p la n s, employers make specified contributions but the am ount o f the e m p lo y e e ’s pension benefit is not specified. They may be funded w holly or partially by e m p lo y e r s, and e m p lo y e e s o fte n contribute to these funds as well. Analyzing data from the longitudinal Health and Retirem ent Study (HRS), Friedberg and Webb co n clu d e that defined contribution plans lead to an increase in the retirement age o f nearly 2 years, on average, compared with defined benefit plans. Moreover, the authors suggest that their findings may e x p la in the re ce n t in c r e a se in employment rates among people in their 60s, follo w in g decades o f d eclines. They expect this trend to continue, as more workers with defined contribution Studies o f individuals’ work attitudes and in d iv id u a l p erfo rm a n ce h a v e g e n e r a lly sh o w n , at b e st, w ea k r e la tio n sh ip s b e tw e e n the tw o , according to a n ber working paper by Ann Bartel, Richard Freeman, Casey Ichnioski, and Morris M. Kleiner. While that somewhat counterintuitive result may, according to some research, reflect m ethodological shortcom ings in the individual studies, the authors here go beyond that argument to exam ine the re la tio n sh ip b e tw e e n attitu de and performance at the establishment level. Bartel and her colleagues use a set o f em ployee attitude survey data from a major bank to see, first, if there is a workplace or “group attitude” based on com m on experiences at different establishments o f a multisite firm; and, second, to see if any such worksite specific attitude has an effect on the unit’s performance. They find that the standard deviation o f the distribution o f actual branch score on the attitude su rvey is greater than that o f the distribution that would be expected if branches were sim ply random draws from the bank’s em ployees. Based on this and the results o f a more detailed a n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e , B a rtel and com p any co n clu d e that there is a workplace effect on how em ployees view their jobs and employer. The next question is whether or not that group attitude has an impact on group performance. They found that both net sales and sales growth were positively correlated with the attitude scores o f the b an k ’s branches and em p lo y ee turnover w as n eg a tiv ely related. In addition, low attitude scores w ere a s s o c ia te d w ith a h ig h e r probability o f a branch closing. □ Monthly Labor Review January 2004 53 Book Reviews fü Economics of baseball M a y th e B e s t Team W in: B a se b a ll E conom ics a n d P ublic Policy. By Andrew Zimbalist. Washington, DC, Brookings Institution Press, 2003,198 pp, $24.95/hardcover. The 2003 baseball season was an excit ing one for many reasons, including the fierce division rivalries, unprecedented television ratings, and intense playoff showdowns. However, despite the ap parent health o f baseball, Major League Baseball (MLB) suffers from several major problems, many o f which are eco nomic in origin. In his book M ay the B est Team Win: B aseball Econom ics and P ublic P olicy, Andrew Zimbalist writes a thorough but concise analysis o f the econom ic health o f m l b . Zimbalist un covers the source o f baseball’s current problems— m l b ’s monopoly power and anti-trust exem p tion — and p rovides reasonable econom ic policy initiatives to improve the vitality o f the baseball industry. Baseball is associated with many things, but not often is baseball associ ated with econom ic theory. Zimbalist convincingly argues that m l b suffers from inefficiencies because it is the only producer o f professional baseball in the country. In a pure monopoly, there is only one seller in a market. This seller uses its market power to artificially re duce output to raise prices and profit. Along with the issue of monopoly power, Zimbalist addresses the competitive im balance o f the game (the Yankees were in the World Series again), rising ticket prices, and work stoppages. A profit-maximizing monopolist al w ays seek s to reduce output. This places upward pressure on prices, m l b attempted to reduce output in 2001 when 54 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis m l b Commissioner Bud Selig called for the elimination o f two teams. Zimbalist describes many reasons why the loss of two teams would hurt the sport. Most interestingly, Zim balist discusses the issue o f talent compression. The distri bution o f baseball skills in the entire population is normally distributed (a bell curve). Zimbalist says according to the theory o f talent compression, the larger the number o f people playing baseball, the larger the difference in skills between the best and worst player. Therefore, if the population increases, but the num ber o f teams does not, then baseball tal ent is more tightly compressed and the difference in skills between the best and worst players becomes smaller. Zimbalist argues that talent compression is a main reason why so many baseball records were established in the early 20th cen tury and not broken for many decades. A s the world’s population grew, talent became more compressed from 1920 to 1960. Babe Ruth was such a dominant hitter not necessarily because he had superior skills, but because he played in an age when talent was widely dispersed, so he batted against a larger number of weak pitchers compared to batters in the 1950s. With the introduction o f two teams in the early 1990s, talent became more dispersed again, offering a greater opportunity o f success for contem po rary players like Barry Bonds and Pedro Martinez. So if m l b reduced output by elim inating tw o team s, talent would again become more compressed, making it more difficult for players to excel. Because talent compression affects the performance o f each player, analyz ing the performance o f individual play ers is a matter o f m icro eco n o m ics. M icroeconom ics begins with the study o f people’s behavior and the incentives that affect their behavior. One o f the January 2004 strengths o f M ay the B est Team Win is the way the book uncovers the hidden disincentives that are hurting the game. For example, Zimbalist shows how the revenue-sharing system implemented in 1996 actually increased the competitive im balance rather than create a more equally competitive environment. U n der the revenue-sharing system , team owners have incentives to reduce team payroll, often resulting in lower team performance. In the downward spiral, poor performance leads to lower team revenue. Lower team revenue results in an increase in revenue sharing transfers from m l b . Therefore, a profit-maximiz ing owner has an incentive to lower team performance. A s a result, in the wacky world o f revenue sharing, poor perfor mance is often rewarded. In addition, many owners may use accounting trick ery to hide team revenue. Som e team owners hide team revenue to reduce the amount o f m oney they have to share with other owners. Although there is a significant num ber o f problem s fa cin g m l b today, Zimbalist is optimistic that reform o f the game is within reach. True to econom ic theory, Zimbalist proposes that m l b split into two competing businesses. Elim i nating m l b ’s m onopoly power would benefit consumers by increasing output (the number o f teams) and decreasing prices (more affordable ticket prices). If som e o f the competitive pressures that brew on the baseball field spill over into the offices o f m l b , then fans o f the sport and economists everywhere may truly say, “May the best team w in.” — Kevin Skelly Bureau of Labor Statistics, New York region Current Labor Statistics—November Notes on labor statistics 56 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data— continued Comparative indicators 1. Labor market indicators...................................................... 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity....................... 3. Alternative measures of wages and compensation changes..................................................... 68 69 69 seasonally adjusted............................................................. 12. Employment of workers by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 13. Average weekly hours by industry, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 14. Average hourly earnings by industry, seasonally adjusted........................................................... 15. Average hourly earnings by industry................................. 16. Average weekly earnings by industry................................ 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 18. Establishment size and employment covered under ui, private ownership, by naics supersector...................... 97 98 99 100 Price data Labor force data 4. Employment status of the population, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 5. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 6. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 10. Unemployment rates by States, seasonally adjusted.......................................................... 11. Employment of workers by States, 28. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s iz e .................... 29. Participants in benefit plans, medium and large firm s..... 30. Participants in benefits plans, small firms and government.................................................................... 31. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or m o re ........... 70 71 72 72 73 73 74 74 75 78 79 80 81 82 83 19. Annual data establishment, employment, and wages, covered under Ui and UCFE, by ownership..................... 84 20. Annual data: Establishments, employment, and wages covered under ui and ucfe, by S ta te ........... 21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay of 85 ui- and uCFE-covered workers, by largest counties....... 86 22. Annual data: Employment status of the population....... 23. Annual data: Employment levels by industry.................. 24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings level, by industry..................................................................... 90 90 91 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data 32. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups................ 101 33. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all item s...........................................................104 34. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups.............................................................. 105 35. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing................ 106 36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups................................................................ 107 37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing...................................................... 107 38. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification......................................................... 108 39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification......................................................... 109 40. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category................. 110 41. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category..................110 42. U.S. international price indexes for selected categories of services........................................................ U 0 Productivity data 43. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted........................ 44. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity....................... 45. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p rices....................................................... 46. Annual indexes of output per hour for select industries........................................................................... 111 112 113 H4 International comparisons data 47. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted.................................................. 117 48. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, 10 countries............................ 118 49. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries....................................................................... H 9 Injury and illness data 25. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group................................... 92 26. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group................................. . 94 27. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry....... , 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 50. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates............................................. 51. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure...................................................... Monthly Labor Review January 2004 55 Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section of the Review presents the prin cipal statistical series collected and calcu lated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unem ployment; labor compensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; produc tivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that fol low, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustm ent. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as cli m atic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation prac tices, which might prevent short-term evalu ation of the statistical series. Tables con taining data that have been adjusted are iden tified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of current and past experiences. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev eral preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1-14, 16-17, 43, and 47. Seasonally ad justed labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 were revised in the March 2003 issue of the Review. Seasonally adjusted establishment survey data shown in tables 1, 12-14 and 16-17 were revised in the July 2003Review. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjust ment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 49 are usually introduced in the Sep tember issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for nu merous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted in dexes are not published for the U.S. average All-Items cpi. Only seasonally adjusted per cent changes are available for this series. A djustm ents for price changes. Some data— such as the “real” earnings shown in table 14— are adjusted to eliminate the ef fect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appro priate component of the index, then multi plying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price 56 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1982” dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sec tions of these Notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bul letin 2490. Users also may wish to consult Major Programs o f the Bureau o f Labor Sta tistics, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule ap pearing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, em ployment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys under lying the data are available in the Bureau’s m onthly publication, Em ploym ent and Earnings. Historical unadjusted and season ally adjusted data from the household sur vey are available on the Internet: http d/w ww.bls.gov/cps/ Historically comparable unadjusted and sea sonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: http ://ww w.bls.gov/ces/ Additional information on labor force data for areas below the national level are pro vided in the BLS annual report, Geographic Profile o f Employment and Unemployment. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-95, BLS Bul letin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the fol lowing Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. More detailed data on consumer and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the 1998 revision of the cpi , see the Decem ber 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Re view. Additional data on international prices appear in monthly news releases. Listings of industries for which produc tivity indexes are available may be found on the Internet: http d/w ww.bls.gov/lpc/ For additional information on interna January 2004 tional comparisons data, see International Comparisons o f Unemployment, BLS Bulle tin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupa tional Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a bls annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review car ries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employ ment, and unemployment; employee com pensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the time liness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on repre sentative but incomplete returns, r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but also may reflect other ad justments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major bls sta tistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor m arket indicators include em ployment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in com pensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECi) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-popu lation ratio, and unemployment rates for ma jor demographic groups based on the Cur rent Population (“household”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major indus try sector are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (com pensation), by major sector and by bargain ing status, is chosen from a variety of bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of em ployer costs for hiring labor, not just out lays for wages, and it is not affected by em ployment shifts among occupations and in dustries. D ata on c h a n g es in co m p en sa tio n , prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of com pensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all ci vilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; over all prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sec tors. A ltern a tiv e m easu res o f w age and com pensation rates o f change, which re flect the overall trend in labor costs, are sum marized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. Employment and Unemployment Data (Tables 1; 4-24) Household survey data Description of the series d a t a in this section are ob tained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. E m ploym ent Definitions did not work during the survey week, but 12 arima for seasonal adjustment o f the la were available for work except for tempo bor force data and the effects that it had on rary illness and had looked for jobs within the data. the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not At the beginning of each calendar year, look for work because they were on layoff historical seasonally adjusted data usually are also counted among the unemployed. are revised, and projected seasonal adjust T he u n em ploym ent rate represents the ment factors are calculated for use during number unemployed as a percent of the ci the January-June period. The historical sea vilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all sonally adjusted data usually are revised for employed or unemployed persons in the only the most recent 5 years. In July, new civilian noninstitutional population. Persons seasonal adjustment factors, which incorpo rate the experience through June, are pro n o t in th e la b o r fo r c e are those not duced for the July-December period, but no classified as employed or unemployed. This revisions are made in the historical data. group includes discouraged workers, defined F or additional information on na as persons who want and are available for a tional household survey data, contact the job and who have looked for work sometime Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202) in the past 12 months (or since the end of 691-6378. their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, Establishment survey data because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The civilian n o n in stitu Description of the series tional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates E mployment, hours, and earnings data of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, in this section are compiled from payroll or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The records reported monthly on a voluntary ba sis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its civilian labor force participation rate is cooperating State agencies by about 160,000 the p roportio n of the civ ilian n o n in businesses and government agencies, which stitutional population that is in the labor represent approximately 400,000 individual force. The em ploym ent-population ratio worksites and represent all industries except is employment as a percent of the civilian agriculture. The active CES sample covers noninstitutional population. approximately one-third of all nonfarm pay roll workers. Industries are classified in ac cordance with the 2002 North American In Notes on the data dustry Classification System. In most in From time to time, and especially after a de dustries, the sampling probabilities are based cennial census, adjustments are made in the on the size of the establishment; most large Current Population Survey figures to correct establishments are therefore in the sample. for estimating errors during the intercensal (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; years. These adjustments affect the compara it may be a branch plant, for example, or bility of historical data. A description of these warehouse.) Self-employed persons and adjustments and their effect on the various data others not on a regular civilian payroll are series appears in the Explanatory Notes of outside the scope of the survey because they Employment and Earnings. For a discussion are excluded from establishment records. of changes introduced in January 2003, see This largely accounts for the difference in “Revisions to the Current Population Survey employment figures between the household Effective in January 2003” in the February and establishment surveys. 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at: http:// Definitions E m ployed persons include (1) all those www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf). who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily ab sent from their regular jobs because of ill ness, vacation, industrial dispute, or simi lar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. U n em p loyed p erson s are those who Effective in January 2003, bls began us ing the X-12 arima seasonal adjustment program to seasonally adjust national labor force data. This program replaced the X-l 1 arima program which had been used since January 1980. See “Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Series in 2003,” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings (available on the BLS Web site at http:w ww.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs.pdf) for a dis cussion of the introduction of the use of X- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th day of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establish ment which reports them. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 57 Current Labor Statistics Production workers in the goods-producing industries cover employees, up through the level of working supervisors, who engage directly in the manufacture or construction of the establishment’s product. In private ser vice-providing industries, data are collected for nonsupervisory workers, which include most employees except those in executive, manage rial, and supervisory positions. Those work ers mentioned in tables 11-16 include produc tion workers in manufacturing and natural re sources and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in all private service-providing industries. Pro duction and nonsupervisory workers account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irre g u la r bonuses and other special paym ents. R eal ea rn in g s are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received, and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of average weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index represents the per cent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing em ployment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are season ally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Table 17 provides an in dex on private nonfarm employment based on 278 industries, and a manufacturing index based on 84 industries. These indexes are use ful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indica tors. Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually ad justed to comprehensive counts of employ ment (called “benchmarks”). The March 2002 benchmark was introduced in June 2003 with the release of data for May 2003, published in the July 2003 issue of the Review. With the release in June, CES completed a conversion from the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to the North American Industry Clas sification System (naics) and completed the transition from its original quota sample de 58 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sign to a probability-based sample design. The industry-coding update included reconstruc tion of historical estimates in order to preserve time series for data users. Normally 5 years of seasonally adjusted data are revised with each benchmark revision. However, with this re lease, the entire new time series history for all CES data series were re-seasonally adjusted due to the NAICS conversion, which resulted in the revision of all ces time series. Also in June 2003, the CES program intro duced concurrent seasonal adjustment for the national establishment data. Under this meth odology, the first preliminary estimates for the current reference month and the revised esti mates for the 2 prior months will be updated with concurrent factors with each new release of data. Concurrent seasonal adjustment in corporates all available data, including first pre liminary estimates for the most current month, in the adjustment process. For additional in formation on all of the changes introduced in June 2003, see the the June 2003 issue of Em ployment and Earnings and “Recent changes in the national Current Employment Statistics survey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 3-13. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 2003 data. For information on the revisions for the State data, see the March and May 2003 issues of Em ployment and Earnings, and “Recent changes in the State and Metropolitan Area CES sur vey,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, pp. 14-19. Beginning in June 1996, the bls uses the X-12-arima methodology to seasonally ad just establishment survey data. This proce dure, developed by the Bureau of the Census, controls for the effect of varying survey inter vals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week ef fect), thereby providing improved measure ment of over-the-month changes and underly ing economic trends. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year period, are made once a year coincident with the benchmark re visions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on incom plete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (12-17 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the estimates are revised and published as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, December data are published as preliminary in January and Feb ruary and as final in March. For the same rea sons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publica tion and final in the third month. Thus, fourthquarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. F or additional information on es tablishment survey data, contact the Division of January 2004 Current Employment Statistics: (202) 691-6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, em ployment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local eco nomic conditions, and form the basis for deter mining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Sea sonally adjusted unemployment rates are pre sented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the con cepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by bls. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average cps levels. For additional information on data in this series, call (202) 691-6392 (table 10) or (202) 691-6559 (table 11). Covered em ploym ent and wage data (ES-202) Description of the series E mployment, wage, and establishment in this section are derived from the quarterly tax reports subm itted to State em ploym ent security agencies by p ri vate and State and local governm ent em ployers subject to State unem ploym ent insurance (ui) laws and from Federal, agencies subject to the U nem ploym ent C om pensation for F ederal Em ployees ( ucfe) program. Each quarter, State agen cies edit and process the data and send the information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Covered Employment and Wages data, also referred as ES-202 data, are the most complete enum eration of em ploy ment and wage information by industry at the national, State, metropolitan area, and county levels. They have broad economic significance in evaluating labor market trends and major industry developments. data Definitions In general, es-202 monthly employment data represent the number of covered workers who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period that included the 12th day of the month. C overed private industry em ploy m ent includes most corporate officials, ex ecutives, supervisory personnel, profession als, clerical workers, wage earners, piece workers, and part-time workers. It excludes proprietors, the unincorporated self-em ployed, unpaid family members, and certain farm and domestic workers. Certain types of nonprofit employers, such as religious organizations, are given a choice of coverage or exclusion in a number of States. Workers in these organizations are, therefore, reported to a limited degree. Persons on paid sick leave, paid holiday, paid vacation, and the like, are included. Per sons on the payroll of more than one firm dur ing the period are counted by each ui-subject employer if they meet the employment defini tion noted earlier. The employment count ex cludes workers who earned no wages during the entire applicable pay period because of work stoppages, temporary layoffs, illness, or unpaid vacations. Federal em ploym ent data are based on reports of monthly employment and quar terly wages submitted each quarter to State agencies for all Federal installations with employees covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (ucfe) program, except for certain national secu rity agencies, which are omitted for security reasons. Employment for all Federal agen cies for any given month is based on the number of persons who worked during or received pay for the pay period that included the 12th of the month. An establishment is an economic unit, such as a farm, mine, factory, or store, that produces goods or provides services. It is typi cally at a single physical location and engaged in one, or predominantly one, type of eco nomic activity for which a single industrial clas sification may be applied. Occasionally, a single physical location encompasses two or more distinct and significant activities. Each activity should be reported as a separate establishment if separate records are kept and the various activities are classified under different four digit sic codes. Most employers have only one establish ment; thus, the establishment is the predomi nant reporting unit or statistical entity for re porting employment and wages data. Most employers, including State and local govern ments who operate more than one establish https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ment in a State, file a Multiple Worksite Re port each quarter, in addition to their quarterly ui report. The Multiple Worksite Report is used to collect separate employment and wage data for each of the employer’s establishments, which are not detailed on the ui report. Some very small multi-establishment employers do not file a Multiple Worksite Report. When the total employment in an employer’s secondary establishments (all establishments other than the largest) is 10 or fewer, the employer gener ally will file a consolidated report for all estab lishments. Also, some employers either can not or will not report at the establishment level and thus aggregate establishments into one con solidated unit, or possibly several units, though not at the establishment level. For the Federal Government, the report ing unit is the installation: a single location at which a department, agency, or other gov ernment body has civilian employees. Fed eral agencies follow slightly different crite ria than do private employers when break ing down their reports by installation. They are permitted to combine as a single state wide unit: 1) all installations with 10 or fewer workers, and 2) all installations that have a combined total in the State of fewer than 50 workers. Also, when there are fewer than 25 workers in all secondary installations in a State, the secondary installations may be combined and reported with the major installation. Last, if a Federal agency has fewer than five em ployees in a State, the agency headquarters office (regional office, district office) serving each State may consolidate the employment and wages data for that State with the data reported to the State in which the headquarters is located. As a result of these reporting rules, the number of reporting units is always larger than the number of employers (or government agencies) but smaller than the number of actual establishments (or installations). Data reported for the first quarter are tabu lated into size categories ranging from worksites of very small size to those with 1,000 employ ees or more. The size category is determined by the establishment’s March employment level. It is important to note that each estab lishment of a multi-establishment firm is tabu lated separately into the appropriate size cat egory. The total employment level of the re porting multi-establishment firm is not used in the size tabulation. Covered employers in most States report total wages paid during the calendar quarter, re gardless of when the services were performed. A few State laws, however, specify that wages be reported for, or based on the period during which services are performed rather than the period dur ing which compensation is paid. Under most State laws or regulations, wages include bonuses, stock options, the cash value of meals and lodging, tips and other gratuities, and, in some States, em ployer contributions to certain deferred com pensation plans such as 401(k) plans. Covered employer contributions for oldage, survivors, and disability insurance (oasdi), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private pension and welfare funds are not reported as wages. Employee contributions for the same purposes, however, as well as money withheld for in come taxes, union dues, and so forth, are re ported even though they are deducted from the worker’s gross pay. Wages o f covered Federal workers rep resent the gross amount of all payrolls for all pay periods ending within the quarter. This includes cash allowances, the cash equivalent of any type of remuneration, severance pay, withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally cov ers the same types of services as for workers in private industry. Average annual wages per employee for any given industry are computed by dividing total annual wages by annual average employ ment. A further division by 52 yields average weekly wages per employee. Annual pay data only approximate annual earnings because an individual may not be employed by the same employer all year or may work for more than one employer at a time. Average weekly or annual pay is affected by the ratio of full-time to part-time workers as well as the number of individuals in highpaying and low-paying occupations. When average pay levels between States and indus tries are compared, these factors should be taken into consideration. For example, indus tries characterized by high proportions of parttime workers will show average wage levels appreciably less than the weekly pay levels of regular full-time employees in these industries. The opposite effect characterizes industries with low proportions of part-time workers, or industries that typically schedule heavy week end and overtime work. Average wage data also may be influenced by work stoppages, labor turnover rates, retroactive payments, seasonal factors, bonus payments, and so on. Notes on the data Beginning with the release of data for 2001, pub lications presenting data from the Covered Em ployment and Wages (CEW) program have switched to the 2002 version of the North American Indus try Classificatiion System (NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry, n a ic s is the product of a cooperative effort on the part of the statistical agencies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Due to difference in NAICS and Stan- Monthly Labor Review January 2004 59 Current Labor Statistics dard Industrial Classification (SIC) structures, (and New Jersey). industry data for 2001 is not comparable to For additional information on the cov the sic-based data for earlier years. ered employment and wage data, contact Effective January 2001, the CEW program the Division of Administrative Statistics began assigning Indian Tribal Councils and re and Labor Turnover at (202) 691-6567. lated establishments to local government own ership. This b l s action was in response to a change in Federal law dealing with the way Com pensation and Indian Tribes are treated under the Federal W age D ata Unemployment Tax Act. This law requires (Tables 1-3; 25-31) federally recognized Indian Tribes to be treated similarly to State and local governments. In C o m p e n s a t io n a n d w a g e d a t a are gath the past the CEW program coded Indian Tribal ered by the Bureau from business estab Councils and related establishments in the lishments, State and local governments, private sector. As a result of the new law, labor unions, collective bargaining agree CEW data reflects significant shifts in em ments on file with the Bureau, and sec ployment and wages between the private sec ondary sources. tor and local government from 2000 to 2001. Data also reflect industry changes. Those Employment Cost Index accounts previously assigned to civic and social organizations were assigned to tribal governments. There were no required indus Description of the series try changes for related establishments owned The E m ploym ent C ost Index (ECl) is a by these Tribal Councils. These tribal busi quarterly measure of the rate of change in ness establishments continued to be coded ac compensation per hour worked and includes cording to the economic activity of that entity. wages, salaries, and employer costs of em To insure the highest possible quality of ployee benefits. It uses a fixed market data, State employment security agencies basket of labor— similar in concept to the verify with employers and update, if neces sary, the industry, location, and ownership clas Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services— to measure change sification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes over time in employer costs of employing labor. resulting from the verification process are in Statistical series on total compensation troduced with the data reported for the first costs, on wages and salaries, and on ben quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are intro efit costs are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfduced in the first quarter. For these reasons, some data, especially at more detailed geo employed, and household workers. The graphic levels, may not be strictly comparable total compensation costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State with earlier years. The2000 county data used to calculate the and local government workers and for the 2000-2001 changes were adjusted for changes civilian nonfarm economy, which consists in industry and county classification to make of private industry and State and local them comparable to data for 2001. As a result, government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. the adjusted 2000 data differ to some extent The Employment Cost Index probabil from the data available on the Internet at: ity sample consists of about 4,400 pri http ://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm. vate nonfarm establishm ents providing County definitions are assigned according about 23,000 occupational observations to Federal Information Processing Standards and 1,000 State and local government es Publications as issued by the National Insti tablishments providing 6,000 occupational tute of Standards and Technology. Areas observations selected to represent total shown as counties include those designated employment in each sector. On average, as independent cities in some jurisdictions each reporting unit provides wage and and, in Alaska, those areas designated by the compensation information on five wellCensus Bureau where counties have not been specified occupations. Data are collected created. County data also are presented for each quarter for the pay period including the New England States for comparative pur the 12th day of March, June, September, poses, even though townships are the more and December. common designation used in New England Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed 60 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 employment weights from the 1980 Cen sus of Population are used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local govern ments. (Prior to June 1986, the employ ment weights are from the 1970 Census of Population.) These fixed w eights, also used to derive all of the industry and oc cu p atio n series in d ex es, en su re that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of wages and com pensation. For the bargaining status, re gion, and metropolitan/nonm etropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 em ployment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the cur rent sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total com p en sation costs include wages, salaries, and the em ployer’s costs for em ployee benefits. W ages and sa la ries consist of earn ings before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjust ments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (includ ing nonproduction bonuses), insurance, re tirement and savings plans, and legally re quired benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as pay ment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private non farm economy was published beginning in 1975. C hanges in total com pensation cost— wages and salaries and benefits combined— were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local government sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal em ployees) were published be- g in n in g in 1981. H isto ric a l ind ex es (June 1981 = 100) are available on the Internet: http ://w ww .bls.gov/ect/ on the Employment Cost Index, contact the Of fice of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202) 691-6199. F or a d d i t i o n a l in f o r m a t io n Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series E m ployee benefits data are obtained from the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual survey of the incidence and provisions of selected benefits provided by employers. The survey collects data from a sample of approxim ately 9,000 private sector and State and local government establishments. The data are presented as a percentage of em ployees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for exitmple, the average number of paid holidays provided to employees per year). Selected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for medium and large private establishments and in table 26 for small private establishments and State and local government. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty, military, family, and sick leave; short-term disability, long-term dis ability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid family leave. Also, data are tabulated on the inci dence of several other benefits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, wellness program s, and em ployee assistance programs. Definitions E m ployer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the em ployee also are included. For example, long term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurabil ity and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit If the benefit plan is financed wholly by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length of service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use pre determined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit (if any), and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both. D efined contribution plans generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, indi vidual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow par ticipants to contribute a portion of their sal ary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of coverage within a given benefit. Notes on the data Surveys of employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979-86 period included establishments that employed at least 50,100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry (most service industries were excluded). The survey conducted in 1987 covered only State and local governments with 50 or more employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included medium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979-89 period excluded establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and local governm ents and sm all p riv ate establishments were conducted in evennumbered years, and surveys of medium and large establishments were conducted in oddnumbered years. The small establishment survey includes all p riv ate nonfarm estab lish m en ts w ith few er than 100 w orkers, w hile the S tate and local government survey includes all governments, regardless of the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on the Em ployee Benefits Survey, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends on the Internet: http :/Avww.bls.gov/ebs/ Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (in volving 1,000 workers or more) occurring dur ing the month (or year), the number of work ers involved, and the amount of work time lost because of stoppage. These data are presented in table 31. Data are largely from a variety of pub lished sources and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material short ages or lack of service. Definitions The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of work ers directly involved in the stoppage. N um ber o f days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. N um ber o f stoppages: D ays o f id le n e ss as a p e r cen t o f estim a te d w o rk in g tim e: A ggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period m ultiplied by total em ploym ent in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volving six workers or more. F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on work stoppages data, contact the Office of Com pensation and Working Conditions: (202) 691-6282, or the Internet: http ^www.bls.gov/cba/ Price Data (Tables 2; 32-42) d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and pri mary markets in the United States. Price in- P r ic e Monthly Labor Review January 2004 61 Current Labor Statistics dexes are given in relation to a base period— 1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes, 1982-84 = 100 for many Consumer Price In dexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The C onsum er P rice Index (CPI) is a mea sure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed mar ket basket of goods and services. The c p i is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consistin g only o f urban households whose primary source of in come is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all urban households. The wage earner index (CPi-W) is a continu ation of the historic index that was intro duced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the c p i in recent years, the need for a broader and more representa tive index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPi-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993-95 buying habits of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, com pared with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and clerical workers, the c p i U covers professional, managerial, and tech nical workers, the self-employed, short term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The c p i is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transporta tion fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated w ith the pur chase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 retail establishm ents and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U.S. city aver age.” Separate estimates for 14 major ur ban centers are presented in table 33. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the d ata 62 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are meaured for the CPi-u. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the CPi-w. The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the in vestment component of home-ownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occu pied homes. An updated c p i -u and c p i -w were introduced with release of the January 1987 and January 1998 data. F o r a d d it i o n a l in f o r m a t io n , contact the Division of Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7000. together with im plicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, com m odity g ro u p in g s, d u rab ility -o fproduct groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. F o r a d d it i o n a l i n f o r m a t io n , contact the Division of Industrial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 691-7705. International Price Indexes Description of the series The In tern ation al P rice P rogram pro duces monthly and quarterly export and im port p rice indexes fo r n o n m ilitary Description of the series goods and services traded between the P roducer Price Indexes (PPi) measure av United States and the rest of the world. erage changes in prices received by do The export price index provides a measure mestic producers of commodities in all of price change for all products sold by stages of processing. The sample used for U.S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Resi calculating these indexes currently con dents” is defined as in the national income tains about 3,200 commodities and about accounts; it includes corporations, busi 80,000 quotations per month, selected to nesses, and individuals, but does not re represent the movement of prices of all quire the organizations to be U.S. owned commodities produced in the manufactur nor the individuals to have U.S. citizen ing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; min ship.) The import price index provides a ing; and gas and electricity and public utili measure of price change for goods pur ties secto rs. The stag e-o f-p ro ce ssin g chased from other countries by U.S. resi structure of PPI organizes products by dents. The product universe for both the im class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, fin ish ed goods, in term ed iate port and export indexes includes raw ma goods, and crude materials). The tradi terials, agricultural products, semifinished tional commodity structure of p p i orga manufactures, and finished manufactures, nizes products by similarity of end use or in clu d in g both c a p ita l and co n su m er material composition. The industry and goods. Price data for these items are col product structure of p p i organizes data in lected primarily by mail questionnaire. In accordance with the Standard Industrial nearly all cases, the data are collected di Classification (SIC) and the product code rectly from the exporter or importer, al extension of the sic developed by the U.S. though in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. Bureau of the Census. To the extent possible, the data gath To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply ered refer to prices at the U.S. border for to the first significant commercial transac exports and at either the foreign border or tion in the United States from the produc the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all tion or central marketing point. Price data products, the prices refer to transactions are generally collected monthly, primarily com pleted during the first week of the by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob month. Survey respondents are asked to tained directly from producing companies indicate all discounts, allowances, and re on a voluntary and confidential basis. bates applicable to the reported prices, so Prices generally are reported for the Tues that the price used in the calculation of day of the week containing the 13th day the indexes is the actual price for which of the month. the product was bought or sold. Since January 1992, price changes for the In addition to general indexes of prices for various commodities have been averaged U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also Producer Price Indexes January 2004 published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification, the three-digit level for the Standard Industrial Classification (SiTC), and the four-digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by coun try or region of origin are also available. publishes indexes for selected cat egories o f internationally traded services, calculated on an international basis and on a balance-of-paym ents basis. bls Notes on the d ata The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. The trade weights currently used to com pute both indexes relate to 2000. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as informa tion on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. On ce this value is determined, a linking procedure is em ployed which allows for the continued repric ing of the item. F or additional information, contact the Division of International Prices: (202) 691-7155. Productivity Data (Tables 2; 43-46) Business and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a fam ily of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per hour, out put per unit of labor input, or output per unit of capital input, as well as meas ures of multifactor productivity (output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs). The Bu reau indexes show the change in output rela https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tive to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm busi ness, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corpo rate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly compen sation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor pay ments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour o f all persons (labor pro ductivity) is the quantity of goods and ser vices produced per hour of labor input. Out put per unit o f capital services (capital productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per unit of capital ser vices input. M ultifactor productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced per combined inputs. For private business and pri vate nonfarm business, inputs include labor and capital units. For manufacturing, inputs include labor, capital, energy, nonenergy mate rials, and purchased business services. C om pensation per hour is total com pensation divided by hours at work. Total compensation equals the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial cor porations in which there are no self-em ployed). Real com pensation per hour is com pensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compen sation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. U nit nonlabor paym en ts include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of out put. They are computed by subtracting com pensation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. U nit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. U nit p rofits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital con sumption adjustments per unit of output. H o u rs o f a ll p e r so n s are the total hours at work of payroll workers, selfem ployed persons, and unpaid fam ily workers. L abor inputs are hours of all persons adjusted for the effects of changes in the education and experience of the labor force. C apital services are the flow of ser vices from the capital stock used in pro duction. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets— equip ment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. C om bined units o f lab or and capital in p u t s a re d e r iv e d by c o m b in in g changes in labor and capital input w ith w e ig h ts w h ic h re p re se n t each c o m p o n e n t’s sh a re o f to ta l c o s t. Combined units of labor, capital, energy, m a te r ia ls , an d p u r c h a s e d b u s in e s s s e rv ic e s are s im ila r ly d e r iv e d by com bining changes in each input w ith w eig h ts th a t r e p re s e n t e a ch in p u t’s share o f to ta l costs. The ind ex es for each input and for com bined units are based on changing w eights w hich are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the T ornquist indexnum ber form ula). Notes on the data Business sector output is an annuallyweighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product (gdp) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. De partment of Com merce’s Bureau of Eco nomic Analysis. Annual estimates of manu facturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly m anufacturing output indexes from the Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these annual output measures by the bls . Com pensation data are developed from data of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 43-46 describe the re lationship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capi tal, or any other specific factor of produc tion. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of Monthly Labor Review January 2004 63 Current Labor Statistics the labor force; capital investment; level of output; changes in the utilization of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of pro duction; managerial skill; and characteris tics and efforts of the work force. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this productivity series, contact the Division o f P roductivity R esearch: (202) 691 — 5606. Industry productivity measures Description of the series The b l s industry productivity indexes measure the relationship between output and inputs for selected industries and industry groups, and thus reflect trends in industry efficiency overtime. Industry measures include labor productivity, multifactor productivity, compensation, and unit labor costs. The industry m easures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sector measures. Definitions 64 Monthly Labor Review Notes on the data The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics and the Bureau of the Census,with additional data supplied by other govern m ent agencies, trade associations, and other sources. For most industries, the productivity indexes refer to the output per hour of all employees. For some trade and services industries, indexes of output per hour of all persons (including self-employed) are constructed. For some transportation in dustries, only indexes of output per em ployee are prepared. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the D ivision of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 691-5618. International Comparisons (Tables 47-49) Output per hour is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of labor input. For most industries, output indexes are derived from data on the value of industry out put adjusted for price change. For the remain ing industries, output indexes are derived from data on the physical quantity of production. The labor input series consist of the hours of all employees (production workers and nonpro duction workers), the hours of all persons (paid employees, partners, proprietors, and unpaid fam ily workers), or the number of employees, de pending upon the industry. Unit labor costs represent the labor com pensation costs per unit of output produced, and are derived by dividing an index of labor compensation by an index of output. Labor com pensation includes payroll as well as supplemental payments, including both legally required expenditures and payments for vol untary programs. Multifactor productivity is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of the combined inputs consumed in pro ducing that output. Combined inputs in clude capital, labor, and intermediate pur https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis chases. The measure of capital input used represents the flow of services from the capi tal stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and in ventories. The measure of interm ediate purchases is a combination of purchased materials, services, fuels, and electricity. Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 47 and 48 present comparative meas ures of the labor force, employment, and un em ployment— approxim ating U.S. con cepts—for the United States, Canada, Aus tralia, Japan, and several European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) pub lished by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unem ployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major defi nitional differences. A lthough precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. For further inform ation on adjustments and co m p arab ility issu es, see C o n stan ce Sorrentino, “International unemployment rates: how comparable are they?” Monthly January 2004 Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3-20. Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on Employment and Unem ployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. stan dard of 16 years of age and older. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the popula tion aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Austra lia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. An exception to this rule is that the Canadian statistics for 1976 onward are adjusted to cover ages 16 and older, whereas the age at which compulsory school ing ends remains at 15. The institutional population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation rates and em ployment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U.S. defi nition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Re view, December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force sur veys for earlier years and are considered pre liminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1990,1994,1997,1998,1999, 2000), Canada (1976) France (1992), Ger many (1991), Italy (1991, 1993), the Neth erlands (1988), and Sweden (1987). For the United States, the break in series reflects a major redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection method ology introduced in January 1994. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 cen sus, adjusted for the estimated undercount, also were incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990-93 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the un dercount. In 1997, revised population con trols were introduced into the household sur vey. Therefore, the data are not strictly conparable with prior years. In 1998, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in population controls were intro duced into the household survey. Therefore, the data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years. See the Notes sec tion on Employment and Unemployment Data of this Review. b l s recently introduced a new adjusted series for Canada. Beginning with the data for 1976, Canadian data are adjusted tc more closely approximate U.S. concepts. Adjust ments are made to the unemployed anc. labor force to exclude: (1) 15-year-olds; (2) pas sive jobseekers (persons only reading news paper ads as their method of job search); (3) persons waiting to start a new job who did not seek work in the past 4 weeks; and (4) persons unavailable for work due to personal or family responsibilities. An adjustment is made to include full-tine students looking for full-time work. The impact of the adjust ments was to lower the annual average unem ployment rate by 0.1-0.4 percentage; point in the 1980s and 0.4-1.0 percentage point in the 1990s. For France, the 1992 break reflects the substitution of standardized European Union Statistical Office ( e u r o s t a t ) unemployment statistics for the unemployment data esti mated according to the International Labor Office ( il o ) definition and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This change was made be cause the e u r o s t a t data are more up-to-date than the o e c d figures. Also, since 1992, the e u r o s t a t definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact of this revision was to lower the un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and 0.5 percentage point in 1995. For Germany, the data for 1991 onward refer to unified Germany. Data prior to 1991 relate to the former West Germany. The im pact of including the former East Germany was to increase the unemployment rate from 4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revi sion in the method of weighting sample data. The impact was to increase the un em ploym ent rate by approxim ately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In October 1992, the survey methodol ogy was revised and the definition of unem ployment was changed to include only those https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who were available for work. In addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, BLS adjusted Italy’s published unemploy ment rate downward by excluding from the unemployed those persons who had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the incor poration of the 1991 population census re sults. The impact of these changes was to raise Italy’s adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that em ployment declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indi cated by the data shown in table 44. This difference is attributable mainly to the incor poration of the 1991 population benchmarks in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991 census results. For the Netherlands, a new survey ques tionnaire was introduced in 1992 that allowed for a closer application of il o guidelines. e u r o s t a t has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 percent; the previous estimate for the same year was 9.3 percent. There have been two breaks in series in the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions regarding current availability were added and the period of active workseeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes lowered Sw eden’s 1987 unem ploym ent rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the mea surement period for the labor force sur vey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year rather than one week each month and a new adjustment for popula tion totals was introduced. The impact was to raise the unem ployment rate by approximately 0.5 percentage point, from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Statistics Sweden re vised its labor force survey data for 1987— 92 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Swedish unem ployment rate by 0.2 percentage point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, BLS has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The impact of this change was to increase the adjusted un employment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994, when unemployment was higher. In 1998, the adjusted unemployment rate had risen from 6.5 to 8.4 percent due to the adjustment to include students. The net effect of the 1987 and 1993 changes and the BLS adjustment for stu dents seeking w ork low ered S w eden’s 1987 unemployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. f o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on this se ries, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 49 presents comparative indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are trend compari sons— that is, series that measure changes over time—rather than level comparisons. There are greater technical problems in com paring the levels of manufacturing output among countries. BLS constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures—output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons (wage and salary earners plus self-employed persons and un paid family workers) in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions O utput, in general, refers to value added in manufacturing from the national ac counts of each country. However, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index of industrial production, and the national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. The 1 9 7 7 -9 7 o u tp u t d ata fo r the United States are the gross product origi nating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Com parable manufacturing output data cur rently are not available prior to 1977. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 65 Current Labor Statistics U.S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. (For more in formation on the U.S. measure, see Robert E. Yuskavage, “Im proved Estim ates of G ross P roduct by Industry, 1 959-94,” Survey o f Current Business, August 1996, pp. 133-55.) The Japanese value added series is based upon one set of fixed price weights for the years 1970 through 1997. Output series for the other foreign econo mies also employ fixed price weights, but the weights are updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those for other econo mies, bls uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States for these comparative measures. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that bls pub lishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that ap pear in tables 43 and 45 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a “sectoral output” basis, rather than a value-added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total labor hours refers to hours worked in all countries. The measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehen sive employment series, and estimates of an nual hours worked. For Germany, bls uses estimates of average hours worked developed by a research institute connected to the Min istry of Labor for use with the national ac counts employment figures. For the other countries, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. Denmark has not published estimates of average hours for 1994—97; therefore, the bls measure of labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and con tractual and private benefit plans. The mea sures are from the national accounts of each country, except those for Belgium, which are developed by bls using statistics on employ ment, average hours, and hourly compensa tion. For Canada, France, and Sweden, com pensation is increased to account for other sig nificant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for em 66 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to total manu facturing as defined by the International Stan dard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (for all years) and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manu facturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The m easures for recent years may be based on current indicators of m anu fa c tu rin g o u tp u t (su ch as in d u stria l production indexes), em ploym ent, av erage hours, and hourly com pensation until national accounts and other sta tistics used for the long-term m easures become available. F or ADDITIONAL INFORMATION on this series, contact the D ivision of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 691-5654. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Tables 50-51) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Description of the series The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Ill nesses collects data from employers about their workers’ job-related nonfatal injuries and illnesses. The information that employ ers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individu als, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and lo cal government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State coopera tive program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified random sample with a Neyman allocation is selected to represent all pri vate industries in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classifi cation and size of employment. January 2004 Definitions Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that in volve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that re sults from a work-related event or a single, in stantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal con dition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It in cludes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorp tion, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. L ost w orkdays include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness, bls measures of the number and incidence rate of lost workdays were dis continued beginning w ith the 1993 sur vey. The num ber o f days aw ay from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or on set of illness or any days on which the em ployee would not have worked, such as a Federal holiday, even though able to work. Incidence rates are computed as the num ber of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work days per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines fo r Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, September 1986). Estimates are made for industries and em ployment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost work days. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven cat egories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory condi tions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physi cal agents (other than toxic materials), disorders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the num- ber of new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for example, long -term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcino gens, often are difficult to relate to the work place and are not adequately recognized and reported. These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the survey’s ill ness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of the reported new illnesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, contact dermatitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent fu ll-tim e w ork ers. F or this purp o se, 200,000 em ployee hours represent 100 em ployee years (2,000 hours per em ployee). Full detail on the available mea sures is presented in the annual bulletin, O ccu p a tio n a l In ju rie s and Illn e sses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the b l s Of fice of Safety, Health and Working Condi tions. Many of these States publish data on State and local government employees in ad dition to private industry data. Mining and railroad data are furnished to b l s by the Mine Safety and Health Ad minis tration and the Federal Railroad Admi nistra tion. Data from these organizations are in cluded in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, b l s began publish ing details on serious, nonfatal incidents re sulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics of the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis circumstances of their injuries and illnesses (nature of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for detailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. F o r a d d it io n a l in f o r m a t io n on occu pational injuries and illnesses, contact the Of fice of Occupational Safety, Health and Work ing Conditions at (202) 691-6180, or access the Internet at: http ://www.bls.gov/iif/ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster of fatal job-re lated injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal events. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administra tion and Mine Safety and Health Adminis tration records, medical examiner and au topsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up ques tionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site of the incident as a re quirement of his or her job. Definition A fatal w ork injury is any intentional or unintentional wound or dam age to the body resulting in death from acute expo sure to energy, such as heat or electricity, or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxy gen caused by a specific event or incident or series of events within a single work day or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person’s commute to or from work are ex cluded from the census, as well as workrelated illnesses, which can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods. Notes on the data Twenty-eight data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality pro gram, including information about the fa tally injured worker, the fatal incident, and the m achinery or equipm ent involved. Summary worker demographic data and event characteristics are included in a na tional news release that is available about 8 months after the end of the reference year. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint F ederal-State effort. M ost States issue summary information at the time of the national news release. F o r a d d it i o n a l in f o r m a t io n on the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries con tact the b l s Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 691-6175, or the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/ Where to find additional data Current and historical statistics from Bureau o f Labor Statistics surveys are available at the addresses listed on the inside back cover o f this Review, or on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov Monthly Labor Review January 2004 67 Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 2001 Selected indicators 2001 2002 2003 2002 IV III 1 III II IV 1 II III Em ployment data Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population (household survey):1 66.4 66.7 66.6 66.7 66.6 66.5 66.3 66.2 Labor force participation rate.......................................... 66.8 66.6 66.8 62.4 62.1 Employment-population ratio........................................... 63.7 62.7 63.0 62.8 62.8 62.8 62.5 62.3 63.5 4.7 4.8 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 6.2 6.1 Unemployment rate...................................................... 5.8 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.5 6.4 Men....................................................................... 4.8 5.9 4.9 5.9 6.0 11.4 12.4 14.2 11.4 12.7 12.9 12.8 13.1 12.5 13.9 16 to 24 years......................................................... 12.8 4.9 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.2 4.7 3.7 4.5 4.8 5.3 25 years and older................................................... 3.6 5.7 5.7 Women.................................................................. 4.7 5.6 4.8 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.8 11.4 11.1 16 to 24 years......................................................... 11.1 10.7 11.0 11.2 10.9 11.9 11.6 9.6 10.1 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.6 3.7 4.6 3.8 25 years and older................................................... Employment, nonfarm(payroll data), inthousands:1 Total nonfarm............................................................. 131,826 130,376 131,712 130,920 130,523 130,403 130,239 130,338 130,225 129,984 129,911 Total private...................................................... 110,707 108,886 110,516 109,593 109,105 108,918 108,755 108,792 108,655 108,488 108,442 Goods-producing..................................................... 23,873 22,619 23,684 23,226 22,880 22,673 22,537 22,389 22,213 22,093 21,984 16,441 15,306 16,243 15,833 15,517 15,369 15,246 15,085 14,926 14,744 14,596 Manufacturing...................................................... Service-providing.................................................... 107,952 107,757 108,028 107,694 107,643 107,730 107,702 107,949 108,012 107,891 107,927 Average hours: 33.7 33.7 33.9 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.8 34.0 33.9 33.9 33.8 Total private............................................................. 40.4 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.4 40.6 40.5 40.3 Manufacturing......................................................... 40.3 40.5 40.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.3 Overtime............................................................. 4.0 Employment Cost Index2 Percent change inthe ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household and Federal workers)... Private industryworkers.............................................. Goods-producing3.................................................. Service-providing3.................................................. State and local government workers Workers by bargaining status (private industry): Union....................................................................... Nonunion................................................................... 4.1 4.2 3.8 4.3 4.2 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.1 4.1 1.2 .9 .7 1.0 2.1 .8 .8 .8 .8 .6 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 .6 .9 1.1 .9 1.2 .4 .9 .6 .6 .6 2.2 .6 .4 .9 .2 .9 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.5 .7 .8 .8 .9 .8 .4 1.1 1.0 .7 1.1 1.7 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.2 1.0 .9 1.4 .7 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 .5 .9 .4 1.6 1.6 1.2 .8 1.0 1.0 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. 3 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproviding industries include all other private sector industries. 68 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, household survey data reflect revised population controls. Nonfarm data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAics), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAics-based data by industry are not comparable with sic-based data. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity 2002 Compensation data III II I IV III II I IV III 2003 2002 2001 2001 Selected m easures 1.2 Employment Cost Index—compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm........................................ Private nonfarm...................................... Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm........................................ Private nonfarm..................................... 4.1 4.2 3.4 3.2 1.2 .9 0.8 .8 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 .6 0.6 .4 1.4 1.7 0.8 .8 1.1 1.0 3.7 3.8 2.9 2.7 1.0 .8 .7 .8 .9 .9 .8 1.0 .7 .4 .4 .3 1.0 1.1 .6 .7 .9 .8 Consumer Price Index (All Urban Consumers) : All Items.. 3.4 1.2 .2 -.9 .7 .5 .6 -.1 1.8 -.3 -.2 Producer Price Index: Finished goods..................................................... Finished consumer goods.................................... Capital equipment.............................................. Intermediate materials, supplies, and components....... Crude materials..................................................... -1.8 -2.4 1.0 -.2 -8.8 -1.2 -1.6 -.4 -1.2 -10.6 -.3 -.3 -.1 -1.0 -12.0 -3.2 -4.3 .1 -3.6 -12.2 1.1 1.5 2.9 .9 8.0 .2 .4 -.3 1.1 37.1 .2 .0 -.7 1.1 1.9 -.1 -.3 .6 .1 6.5 3.7 2.4 .6 6.5 28.0 -.8 1.8 -.6 -2.1 -10.6 .3 .3 -.1 -.1 3.4 8.7 8.3 10.8 8.7 9.3 5.0 .8 1.0 5.5 5.9 5.9 3.1 1.5 1.7 3.8 2.7 2.1 3.4 7.4 7.0 8.4 7.4 8.1 Price data Productivity data Output per hour of all persons: 3.3 5.3 2.0 Business sector.................. 3.4 5.4 1.9 Nonfarmbusiness sector...... 4.4 5.8 2.0 Nonfinancial corporations4.... 1 Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not compounded. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 4 Output per hour of all employees. 3. Alternative measures of w ag e and compensation changes Four quarters ending Q uarterly average 2002 Com ponents Average hourly compensation:1 Employment Cost Index—compensation: 2 Employment Cost Index—wages and salaries: 2 III II 1 IV III III II 1 IV III 2003 2002 2003 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.6 3.2 2.6 4.1 3.6 2.4 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.7 .9 .6 1.2 .5 2.2 .6 .4 .9 .4 .9 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 .7 .8 .8 1.2 .8 .4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 3.7 3.7 4.7 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.2 4.2 3.2 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.7 3.6 4.2 3.7 3.5 5.0 3.3 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.8 3.8 3.6 .6 .7 .7 .7 .3 .9 .8 .6 .9 1.0 3.2 3.2 4.3 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 3.5 2.7 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.3 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.5 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.6 3.1 2.3 1.0 .4 .7 1.1 .4 .3 .5 .8 1.0 1.2 .3 .4 .4 .6 1.8 State and local governments............................................ 1 Seasonally adjusted. "Quarterly average" is percent change froma quarter ago, at an annual rate. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 69 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 4. Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Employment status 2002 Annual average 2001 2002 Nov. Dec. 2003 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1................ Civilian labor force........ ... Participation rate.... Employed............... .. Employment-pop ulation ratio2........ Unemployed............ Unemployment rate. Not inthe labor force... .. Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population1................. Civilian labor force........ .. Participation rate..... Employed................ . Employment-pop ulation ratio2........ Unemployed............ Unemployment rate.. Not inthe labor force..... . Sept. Oct. Nov. 215,092 217,570 218,548 218,741 219,897 220,114 220,317 220,540 220,768 221,014 221,252 221,507 221,779 222,039 22,227 143 734 144,863 145,180 145,150 145,838 145,857 145,793 146,473 146,485 147,096 146,540 146,530 146,545 146,793 14,727 66 8 66.6 66.4 66.4 66.3 66.3 66.2 66.4 66.4 66.6 66.2 66.2 66.1 66.1 66.3 136 933 136,485 136,542 136,439 137,536 137,408 137,348 137,687 137,487 137,738 137,478 137,625 137,573 138,014 138,603 63.7 62 7 62.5 62.4 62.5 62.4 62.3 62.4 62.3 62.3 62.1 62.1 62.0 62.2 62.4 6,801 8,378 8,637 8,711 8,302 8,450 8,445 8,786 8,998 9,358 9,062 8,905 8,973 8,779 8,674 4.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 71,359 72,707 73,369 73,591 74,059 74,257 74,524 74,067 74,283 73,918 74,712 74,977 75,234 75,246 75,002 95,181 72,816 76.5 69,776 96,439 73,630 76.3 69,734 97,022 73,770 76.0 69,617 97,139 73,744 75.9 69,600 97,635 73,993 75.8 69,967 97,762 74,254 76.0 70,293 97,869 74,236 75.9 70,293 97,979 74,571 76.1 70,364 98,083 74,506 76.0 70,144 98,196 74,692 76.1 70,130 98,304 74,581 75.9 70,193 98,434 74,561 75.7 70,203 98,568 74,905 76.0 70,610 98,696 74,860 75.8 70,665 98,814 75,252 76.2 70,978 73.3 3,040 4.2 22,365 72.3 3,896 5.3 22,809 71.8 4,153 5.6 23,252 71.6 4,145 5.6 23,394 71.7 4,026 5.4 23,642 71.9 3,962 5.3 23,508 71.8 3,944 5.3 23,632 71.8 4,207 5.6 23,408 71.5 4,362 5.9 23,577 71.4 4,562 6.1 23,504 71.4 4,388 5.9 23,724 71.3 4,357 5.8 23,873 71.6 4,295 5.7 23,662 71.6 4,195 5.6 23,837 71.8 4,274 5.7 23,562 Civilian noninstitutional population1................. 103,983 105,136 105,594 105,678 106,235 106,322 106,411 106,510 Civilian labor force........ . 63,016 63,648 63,921 64,036 64,479 64,310 64,477 64,677 106,613 106,724 106,839 106,957 107,080 107,197 64,733 65,148 64,819 64,831 64,554 64,904 Participation rate..... 60.6 60.5 60.5 60.6 60.7 60.5 60.6 60.7 60.7 61.0 60.7 60.6 60.3 60.5 Employed................ 60,417 60,420 60,697 60,676 61,443 61,073 61,227 61,401 61,436 61,753 61,462 61,470 61,120 61,519 Employment-pop ulation ratio2........ 58.1 57.5 57.5 57.4 57.8 57.4 57.5 57.6 57.6 57.9 57.5 57.5 57.1 57.4 Unemployed............ 2,599 3,228 3,224 3,360 3,035 3,237 3,250 3,276 3,297 3,395 3,357 3,361 3,434 3,384 Unemployment rate.. 4.1 5.1 5.0 5.2 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 Not inthe laborforce..... 40,967 41,488 41,673 41,642 41,757 42,013 41,933 41,834 41,880 41,576 42,020 42,126 42,526 42,294 10,730 64,920 60.5 61,621 57.4 3,298 5.1 42,384 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population1................. Civilian labor force......... Participation rate..... Employed................ Employment-pop ulation ratio2......... Unemployed............. Unemployment rate.. Not inthe laborforce.... 15,929 7,902 49.6 6,740 15,994 7,585 47.4 6,332 15,933 7,489 47.0 6,228 15,925 7,369 46.3 6,164 16,027 7,366 46.0 6,125 16,030 7,293 45.5 6,042 16,038 7,079 44.1 5,829 16,051 7,226 45.0 5,923 16,072 7,246 45.1 5,907 16,095 7,256 45.1 5,855 16,109 7,140 44.3 5,823 16,116 7,139 44.3 5,952 16,131 7,086 43.9 5,842 16,145 7,030 43.5 5,830 16,162 7,106 44.0 6,003 42.3 1,162 14.7 8,027 39.6 1,253 16.5 8,409 39.1 1,261 16.8 8,444 38.7 1,206 16.4 8,555 38.2 1,241 16.8 8,661 37.7 1,251 17.1 8,736 36.3 1,251 17.7 8,959 36.9 1,303 18.0 8,825 36.8 1,339 18.5 8,826 36.4 1,401 19.3 8,839 36.1 1,317 18.4 8,969 36.9 1,187 16.4 8,977 36.2 1,243 17.5 9,046 36.1 1,200 17.1 9,115 37.1 1,102 15.5 9,056 White3 Civilian noninstitutional population1.................. 178,111 179,783 180,450 180,580 180,460 180,599 180,728 180,873 181,021 181,184 181,341 181,512 181,696 181,871 18,203 Civilian labor force......... 119,399 120,150 120,345 120,093 120,084 120,166 120,200 120,575 120,420 120,881 120,623 120,669 120,307 120,722 121,162 Participation rate...... 67.0 66.8 66.7 66.5 66.5 66.5 66.5 66.7 66.5 66.7 66.5 66.5 66.2 66.4 66.6 Employed................. 114,430 114,013 114,128 113,910 113,995 114,135 114,089 114,286 113,882 114,203 114,044 114,141 113,934 114,567 11,488 Employment-pop ulation ratio2......... 64.2 63.4 63.2 63.1 63.2 63.2 63.1 63.2 62.9 63.0 62.9 62.9 62.7 63.0 63.1 Unemployed.............. 4,969 6,137 6,218 6,184 6,089 6,031 6,111 6,289 6,539 6,678 6,580 6,528 6,373 6,155 6,280 Unemployment rate... 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 Not inthe laborforce..... 58,713 59,633 60,104 60,487 60,376 60,432 60,528 60,298 60,601 60,303 60,717 60,843 61,389 61,149 60,870 Black or African American3 Civilian noninstitutional population1.................. 25,138 Civilian labor force......... 16,421 Participation rate...... 65.3 Employed................. 15,006 Employment-pop ulation ratio2......... 59.7 Unemployed.............. 1,416 Unemployment rate.... 8.6 Not inthe labor force..... 8,717 See footnotes at end of table. 70 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25,578 16,565 64.8 14,872 25,751 16,540 64.2 14,754 25,784 16,706 64.8 14,827 25,484 16,374 64.3 14,684 25,519 16,395 64.2 14,669 25,552 16,296 63.8 14,641 25,587 16,521 64.6 14,723 25,624 16,618 64.9 14,819 25,664 16,717 65.1 14,746 25,702 16,540 64.4 14,697 25,742 16,579 64.4 14,769 25,784 16,724 64.9 14,835 25,825 16,572 64.2 14,658 25,860 16,514 63.9 14,823 58.1 1,693 10.2 9,013 57.3 1,786 10.8 9,211 57.5 1,879 11.2 9,078 57.6 1,690 10.3 9,110 57.5 1,726 10.5 9,124 57.3 1,655 10.2 9,256 57.5 1,797 10.9 9,066 57.8 1,799 10.8 9,007 57.5 1,971 11.8 8,947 57.2 1,842 11.1 9,162 57.4 1,810 10.9 9,163 57.6 1,871 11.2 9,060 56.8 1,913 11.5 9,254 57.3 1,691 10.2 9,347 January 2004 4. Continued—Employment status of the population, by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 2001 2003 2002 Annual average Employment status 2002 Nov Dec. Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 25,963 17,943 69.1 16,590 26,355 18,169 68.9 16,755 26,436 18,134 28 18,658 68.9 17,223 27,191 18,614 68.5 17,215 27,291 18,836 69.0 17,428 27,391 18,811 68.7 17,264 27,494 18,856 17,271 27,597 18,750 67.9 17,206 27,701 18,829 16,708 26,994 18,614 69.0 17,155 17,370 27,808 18,859 67.8 17,448 27,913 18,915 67.8 17,546 28,016 19,168 68.4 17,746 63.9 1,353 7.5 8,029 63.6 1,414 7.8 8,188 63.2 1,425 7.9 8,303 63.5 1,459 7.8 8,380 63.6 1,436 7.7 8,436 63.3 1,399 7.5 8,577 63.9 1,408 7.5 8,455 63.0 1,548 8.2 8,580 62.8 1,586 8.4 8,638 62.3 1,544 8.2 8,847 62.7 1,460 7.8 8,872 62.7 1,411 7.5 8,949 62.9 1,369 7.2 8,998 63.3 1,422 7.4 8,847 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional 24,942 Dooulation1............ 17,328 Civilian laborforce... 69.5 Participation rate. 16,190 Employed........... Employment-pop 64.9 ulation ratio2......... 1,138 Unemployed.............. 6.6 Unemployment rate.... Not inthe labor force....... 7,614 68.6 68.6 68.0 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white and black or African American) do not sum to 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. identifiedas Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well 3 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected as by race. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more household survey. than one race were included inthe groupthey identifiedas the main race. 5. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands]_______ Annual average Selected categories 2001 2002! 2003 2002 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Characteristic 137,628 137,625 137,573 138,014 Employed, 16 years and over.. 136,933 136,485 136,542 136,439 137,536 137,408 137,348 137,687 137,487 137,739 73,569 73,196 72,903 72,773 72,690 72,994 73,249 73,064 73,182 72,981 73,071 73,043 73,195 73,475 63,737 63,582 63,769 63,749 64,542 64,159 64,284 64,505 64,506 64,667 64,435 64,430 64,098 64,446 Married men, spouse 44,007 44,116 44,093 44,005 44,401 44,587 44,415 44,552 44,542 44,371 44,739 44,620 44,522 44,674 Marriedwomen, spouse 34,153 34,153 34,264 34,189 34,525 34,620 34,569 34,685 34,443 34,600 34,612 34,655 34,562 35,096 Nov. 13,860 73,933 64,670 45,151 35,144 Persons at work part time1 All industries: Part time for economic Slackworkor business Could only find part-time Part time for noneconomic Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic Slackworkor business Could only find part-time 3,715 4,213 4,329 4,273 4,643 4,807 4,696 4,840 4,592 4,499 4,449 4,975 4,836 4,933 2,989 3,252 2,396 2,788 2,855 2,893 3,027 3,152 3,123 3,221 3,058 3,153 3,112 3,017 3,203 1,006 1,124 1,159 1,110 1,297 1,275 1,192 1,266 1,265 1,257 1,304 1,186 1,365 1,396 1,382 18,790 18,813 18,727 18,555 19,314 18,421 18,888 18,886 19,083 19,548 19,027 19,564 18,993 18,879 19,219 3,627 4,119 4,272 4,219 4,496 4,675 4,587 4,728 4,478 4,390 4,566 4,380 4,847 4,714 4,829 2,340 2,726 2,816 2,854 2,947 3,062 3,048 3,140 3,003 3,074 3,079 2,963 3,145 2,925 3,175 1,276 1,179 1,367 1,374 1,383 18,610 19,142 18,619 18,608 18,880 1,237 1,234 1,258 1,178 1,257 1,267 1,097 1,158 1,114 997 Part time for noneconomic | 19,184 18,664 18,503 18,529 reasons...................... I 18,415 18,487 18,361 18,197 18,984 18,134 1 Excludes persons "witha jobbut not at work"during the survey periodforsuch reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. NOTE: Beginning inJanuary 2003, data reflect revised population controls used inthe household survey. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4,649 Monthly Labor Review January 2004 71 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] A nnual average Selected categories 2001 2002 2002 2003 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M ay June 6.4 19.3 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Characteristic Total, 16 years and older........ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... Men, 20 years and older..... Women, 20 years and older.. 4.7 14.7 4.2 4.1 5.8 16.5 5.3 5.1 5.9 16.8 5.6 5.0 6.0 16.4 5.6 5.2 5.7 16.8 5.4 4.7 5.8 17.1 5.3 5.0 5.8 17.7 5.3 5.0 6.0 6.1 18.0 5.6 5.1 18.5 5.9 5.1 White, total1......................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... Men, 16 to 19 years........ Women, 16 to 19 years.... Men, 20 years and older..... Women, 20 years and older.. 4.2 12.7 13.9 11.4 3.7 3.6 5.1 14.5 15.9 13.1 4.7 4.4 5.2 14.5 15.8 13.0 5.0 4.2 5.1 13.8 14.9 12.7 4.9 4.4 5.1 15.2 16.2 14.2 4.9 4.1 5.0 15.5 17.3 13.7 4.6 4.2 5.1 15.6 18.0 13.1 4.7 4.4 5.2 15.4 17.7 13.2 5.0 4.3 5.4 15.3 17.0 13.7 5.2 4.6 Black or African American, total1 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years... Men, 16 to 19 years.......... Women, 16 to 19 years...... Men, 20 years and older....... Women, 20 years and older.... 8.6 10.2 29.0 30.4 27.5 10.3 30.4 33.2 28.0 10.3 8.4 10.9 33.1 37.7 29.3 10.4 9.2 10.8 37.0 43.1 32.0 8.8 11.2 33.2 34.5 32.1 10.5 9.7 10.2 7.0 10.8 30.5 30.0 31.0 10.6 9.0 10.5 30.2 38.1 8.0 29.8 31.3 28.3 9.5 6.6 7.5 3.6 3.7 5.9 5.2 7.8 3.6 3.8 6.1 5.1 7.9 3.7 3.8 6.1 5.3 8.2 3.9 3.7 6.3 5.6 8.4 4.4 3.9 6.5 5.9 3.9 3.9 6.3 5.5 5.3 4.5 2.9 9.0 5.3 4.8 2.9 I 9.0 5.3 5.0 2.9 9.2 5.5 4.8 3.1 9.7 5.8 4.9 3.1 8.7 5.4 5.0 3.1 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity........ Married men, spouse present..... Married women, spouse present.. Full-time workers..................... Part-time workers.................... 2.7 3.1 4.7 5.1 9.0 33.4 45.2 23.1 9.3 8.7 7.8 3.5 3.3 5.8 5.4 7.7 3.6 3.6 5.9 5.5 7.5 3.8 3.7 5.9 5.5 8.5 5.1 4.8 3.0 5.4 4.7 3.0 8.5 5.5 4.8 3.1 22.2 10.1 7.5 3.7 3.6 6.1 5.4 Educational attainment2 Less than a high school diploma... High school graduates, no college3. Some college or associate degree., Bachelor's degree and higher4...... 7.2 4.2 3.3 2.3 8.2 5.7 4.7 3.1 11.2 8.0 8.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.2 18.4 5.9 5.2 16.6 5.8 5.2 17.5 5.7 5.3 17.1 5.6 5.2 5.5 16.5 17.8 15.2 5.4 4.4 5.5 15.8 18.2 13.4 5.4 4.4 5.4 15.0 16.0 14.0 5.3 4.4 5.3 15.2 17.9 12.4 4.9 4.6 5.1 14.2 15.8 12.5 4.8 4.4 11.8 11.1 39.3 36.5 41.7 11.3 9.7 10.9 30.0 27.4 32.4 10.4 9.7 11.2 36.0 37.7 34.5 32.8 34.2 31.6 11.2 11.5 37.2 40.5 33.6 10.5 9.1 10.0 8.9 7.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 3.7 4.0 7.2 3.8 3.7 7.4 3.7 3.8 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.0 9.4 5.4 4.7 3.1 8.6 5.3 4.8 3.2 8.9 5.5 4.8 3.0 8.5 5.4 4.8 3.1 6.1 10.2 9.7 5.9 15.5 5.7 5.1 5.2 14.1 16.9 11.1 5.0 4.4 10.2 28.2 32.4 24.6 10.0 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. 2 Data refer to persons 25 years and older. NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 7. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]_________ Weeks of unemployment Annual average 2001 2002 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 2,912 2,532 3,143 1,317 1,826 2,860 2,547 3,296 1,392 1,904 2,772 2,577 3,140 1,457 1,683 2,749 2,565 3,155 1,281 1,874 2,780 2,473 3,104 1,316 1,788 2,814 2,630 3,294 1,392 1,903 3,056 2,605 3,250 1,321 1,930 3,009 2,936 3,572 1,536 2,036 3,009 2,699 3,592 1,633 1,959 2,727 2,595 3,572 1,637 1,935 2,739 2,783 3,524 1,421 2,102 2,731 2,577 3,463 1,444 2,020 2,595 2,548 3,479 1,440 2,039 13.1 16.6 17.9 18.4 18.4 18.6 18.0 6.8 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.8 9.4 9.6 Beginning inJanuary 2003, data reflect revised population controls used inthe household survey. 19.6 10.2 19.2 10.1 19.8 12.3 19.3 10.0 19.0 9.6 19.7 10.1 19.1 10.3 20.1 10.4 2,853 2,196 1,752 951 801 2,893 2,580 2,904 1,369 1,535 Mean duration, inweeks........ Median duration, inweeks........ 72 2003 Dec. Less than 5 weeks........... 5 to 14 weeks................ 15 weeks and over................. 15 to 26 weeks............... 27 weeks and over............... Note : 2C02 Nov. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 Nov. 8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]______ ____________ __________________ Reason for unem ploym ent 2002 2001 4,607 1,124 3,483 866 2,368 536 3,476 1,067 2,409 835 2,031 459 _________________ ___________________ 2003 2002 A nnual average July June Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 4,833 1,069 3,764 834 2,394 586 4,863 1,110 3,753 862 2,462 534 4,583 1,080 3,503 825 2,331 616 4,756 1,142 3,614 772 2,395 579 4,613 1,157 3,456 794 2,391 626 4,765 1,101 3,664 829 2,558 642 5,074 1,226 3,848 772 2,499 634 5,010 1,199 3,811 893 2,687 648 Aug. 4,951 1,198 3,753 792 2,529 670 Sept. 5,014 1,108 3,905 847 2,408 700 4,942 1,080 3,852 847 2,540 628 Oct. 4,936 1,097 3,838 783 2,544 655 Nov. 4,701 1,040 3,661 939 2,433 601 Percent of unemployed 51.1 15.7 35.4 12.3 29.9 6.8 55.0 13.4 41.6 10.3 28.3 6.4 55.9 12.4 43.5 9.6 27.7 6.8 55.8 12.7 43.0 9.9 28.2 6.1 54.9 12.9 41.9 9.9 27.9 7.4 55.9 13.4 42.5 9.1 28.2 6.8 54.8 13.7 41.0 9.4 28.4 7.4 54.2 12.5 41.7 9.4 29.1 7.3 56.5 13.7 42.9 8.6 27.8 7.1 54.2 13.0 41.3 9.7 29.1 7.0 55.4 13.4 42.0 8.9 28.3 7.5 55.6 12.1 43.4 8.8 28.6 7.1 55.9 12.4 43.5 9.4 26.9 7.8 55.3 12.3 43.0 8.8 28.5 7.3 54.2 12.0 42.2 10.8 28.1 6.9 3.2 .6 1.6 .4 3.3 .6 1.6 .4 3.4 .6 1.7 .4 3.1 .6 1.6 .4 3.3 .5 1.6 .4 3.2 .5 1.6 .4 3.3 .6 1.7 .4 3.5 .5 1.7 .4 3.4 .6 1.8 .4 3.4 .5 1.7 .5 3.4 .5 1.7 .4 3.4 .6 1.6 .5 3.4 .5 1.7 .4 3.2 .6 1.7 .4 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Percent of civilian labor force 2.4 .6 1.4 .3 1 Includes persons who completed temporary jobs NOTE: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted Annual average Sex and age 2001 16 to 19 years..................... 16 to 17 years.................. 18 to 19 years.................. 20 to 24 years..................... 25 years and older.................. 25 to 54 years.................. 55 years and older1......... 4.7 10.6 14.7 17.2 13.1 8.3 3.7 3.8 3.0 4.8 11.4 16.0 19.1 14.0 9.0 3.6 3.7 3.2 4.7 9.6 13.4 15.2 12.2 7.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2002 5.8 12.0 16.5 18.8 15.1 9.7 4.6 4.8 3.8 5.9 12.8 18.1 21.1 16.4 10.2 4.7 4.8 4.1 5.6 11.1 14.9 16.6 13.8 9.1 4.6 4.8 3.6 2003 2002 Nov. 5.9 12.2 16.8 19.4 15.3 9.8 4.8 5.1 3.7 6.2 12.8 18.0 21.2 16.1 10.2 5.1 5.3 4.0 5.6 11.5 15.6 17.4 14.4 9.4 4.5 4.8 3.2 Dec. 6.0 11.9 16.4 17.6 15.5 9.7 4.8 5.0 4.2 6.2 12.6 17.5 18.5 16.7 10.2 5.0 5.2 4.4 5.8 11.3 15.2 16.6 14.2 9.3 4.6 4.8 3.8 Jan. 5.7 11.8 16.8 18.3 15.9 9.3 4.6 4.7 4.1 6.0 12.4 18.2 19.3 17.6 9.7 4.9 5.0 4.4 5.3 11.1 15.5 17.3 14.1 8.8 4.2 4.4 4.1 Feb. 5.8 11.9 17.1 17.9 15.9 9.3 4.7 4.9 3.8 6.0 12.5 19.5 19.1 19.3 9.2 4.9 5.0 4.2 5.6 11.3 14.8 16.8 12.3 9.5 4.5 4.8 3.3 Mar. 5.8 11.7 17.7 16.7 17.7 8.9 4.7 5.0 3.8 6.0 12.4 20.8 18.0 21.5 8.7 4.9 5.0 4.3 5.5 11.0 14.6 15.5 13.7 9.1 4.6 4.9 3.3 6.0 12.7 18.0 18.7 17.8 10.1 4.9 4.9 4.2 6.3 13.8 20.6 21.4 20.1 10.7 5.1 5.2 4.6 5.6 11.5 15.5 16.2 15.5 9.3 4.7 4.7 3.4 6.1 13.1 18.5 18.5 19.0 10.5 4.9 5.0 4.5 6.5 14.3 20.8 21.5 20.9 11.4 5.2 5.3 4.8 5.7 11.8 16.2 15.8 17.1 9.4 4.6 4.7 3.6 6.4 13.5 19.3 21.6 17.9 10.7 5.1 5.3 4.6 6.8 14.3 20.1 23.8 17.7 11.7 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.9 12.5 18.5 19.5 18.0 9.5 4.7 5.0 3.7 6.2 13.0 18.4 20.8 17.1 10.3 5.0 5.1 4.3 6.6 14.5 20.9 22.8 19.5 11.7 5.2 5.3 4.6 5.7 11.3 16.0 18.9 14.5 8.9 4.7 4.9 4.2 6.1 12.3 16.6 18.7 15.9 10.3 5.0 5.1 4.1 6.4 12.7 16.9 20.7 15.3 10.8 5.3 5.5 4.4 5.8 12.0 16.4 16.7 16.6 9.8 4.6 4.7 4.5 6.1 13.0 17.5 19.4 16.1 10.9 4.9 5.1 3.9 6.4 14.4 20.0 22.6 18.3 11.9 5.0 5.2 4.2 5.8 11.5 15.1 16.3 13.7 9.7 4.8 5.0 3.8 Oct. 6.0 12.3 17.1 20.9 14.9 10.0 4.9 5.1 3.7 6.2 13.2 18.7 20.3 17.8 10.7 5.0 5.3 3.9 5.7 11.3 15.4 21.5 12.0 9.2 4.7 5.0 3.4 Nov. 5.9 12.1 15.5 16.9 14.6 10.5 4.8 5.0 3.9 6.3 13.4 18.2 17.9 18.3 11.2 5.0 5.2 4.1 5.5 10.7 12.7 15.9 10.8 9.7 4.5 4.8 3.5 1Data are not seasonally adjusted. NOTE: Beginning inJanuary 2003, data reflect revised population controls used inthe household survey. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 73 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted State Oct. Sept. Oct. 2002 2003p 2003p State Oct. Sept. Oct. 2002 2003p 2003p AlabamaAlaska.... ArizonaArkansas.. California- 5.9 8.2 6.1 5.5 6.8 5.5 7.8 5.6 6.0 6.5 5.6 7.3 5.0 6.2 6.7 Missouri Montana.......................... Nebraska....................... Nevada............................ New Hampshire....................... 5,n Colorado.............. Connecticut........... Delaware.............. District of ColumbiaFlorida.................. 5.8 4.5 4.3 6.4 5.3 5.6 5.0 4.5 6.1 5.3 5.4 4.9 4.0 6.8 4.9 New Jersey...................... New Mexico..................... New York.......................... North Carolina.......................... North Dakota.......................... GeorgiaHawaii— Idaho.... Illinois... Indiana... 5.3 3.9 5.8 6.8 5.0 4.4 4.2 5.4 7.1 5.2 4.2 4.2 5.3 6.7 5.1 Ohio............................. Oklahoma........................ Oregon............................. Pennsylvania........................ Rhode Island......................... fi fi 4.5 7.2 5.7 5.4 Iowa.............. Kansas........... Kentucky........ Louisiana........ Maine............. 4.2 5.2 5.4 6.1 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.9 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.7 5.6 5.5 5.1 South Carolina.............................. South Dakota........................ Tennessee........................ Texas.................................. Utah................................... Maryland........ Massachusetts.. Michigan........ Minnesota....... Mississippi....... 4.2 5.5 6.1 4.3 7.0 4.2 5.7 7.5 4.6 5.4 4.1 5.6 7.6 4.6 5.7 Vermont........................... Virginia............................... Washington........................ West Virginia........................... Wisconsin............................ Wyoming................................ 5.5 4.6 3.5 5.5 4.9 4.0 5.3 4.2 3.8 6.0 5.8 5.7 fi 2 fi fi 4.3 3.7 3.6 5.1 8.0 5.3 4.5 5.4 7.6 5.4 4.4 6.0 2.9 5.0 6.5 6.1 6.4 3.5 5.4 6.6 5.1 7.1 3.2 5.6 6.5 4.7 3.7 3.9 7.1 6.2 5.5 4.2 4.3 3.7 7.6 5.8 5.7 4.0 4.0 3.5 7.0 5.9 5.4 3.9 p= preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands]______________ State Oct. Sept. Oct. 2002 2003p 2003p 2,148,526 347,645 2,668,293 1,311,454 17,588,557 2 165 956 346 217 ? 664 663 1 313 926 17 722 189 Alabama.............................. 2,098,994 Alaska.................................. 325,361 Arizona............................. 2,686,413 Arkansas............................ 1,298,272 California............................... 17,473,859 State Oct. Sept. Oct. 2002 2003p 2003p 3,001,449 478,324 990,989 1,107,520 719,652 4Go,931 Colorado............................... Connecticut........................... Delaware............................. District of Columbia................. Florida................................. 2,446,938 2,481,887 ? 477 63? 1,781,252 1,778 137 1 780 764 421,270 421,703 424 221 301,827 314 665 310,752 8,088,704 8,111,562 8 085 765 9,428,373 Georgia................................ Hawaii.................................. Idaho................................... Illinois........................... Indiana................................. 4,313,591 4,400,383 4 394 966 581,858 608 389 607,758 682,620 688 710 686,282 6,369,735 6,449,085 6 479 755 3,187,648 3,205 153 3 203 213 o,8Go,019 5,853,450 1,714,264 1,/09,561 1,824,786 6,305,119 6,184,087 oG8,3o4 567,343 Iowa..................................... 1,678,418 1,621 539 Kansas.................................. 1,424,222 1,480 255 Kentucky.............................. 1,959,530 1,998,651 Louisiana.............................. 1,993,639 2,047,050 Maine............................. 687,149 700,687 1 644 585 1 479 107 1,993,835 2,046 432 696,470 Maryland............................. Massachusetts........................ Michigan................................ Minnesota....................... Mississippi............................. 2 921 352 3,458 091 5,146 954 2 933 368 1,325,115 2,903,613 3,508,377 4,975,050 2,919,160 1,300,054 2,918,238 3,456,467 5,113,567 2,925,954 1,316,202 4,382,270 4,436,700 897,483 9,389,708 4,185,074 4,184,045 353,982 355,488 2,905,241 1,182,177 Wyoming............................. 269,451 Note: Some data in this table may differ fromdata published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. 74 Monthly Labor Review January 2004 11,047,526 1,221,644 353,602 p= preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2,040,484 423,909 3,120,113 803,009 3,108,005 276,607 276,766 12. Employment of workers on nonform payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry Annual average 2001 TOTAL NONFARM............. TOTAL PRIVATE.................... GOODS-PRODUCING................. Natural resources and mining..................................... 2002 573 581 606 67.6 69.1 73.5 505.0 511.9 532.5 122.0 123.7 122.5 209.3 212.1 218.7 73.8 74.9 74.3 173.7 177.2 190.1 6,732 6,745 6,826 Construction............................ Construction of buildings...... 1,588.9 1,583.9 1,602.9 915.2 929.9 953.0 Heavy and civil engineering.... Speciality trade contractors... 4,283.9 4,217.9 4,226.4 16,441 15,306 15,091 Manufacturing.......................... Production workers.......... 11,677 10,799 10,648 9,362 9,517 10,335 Durable goods....................... 6,447 6 551 7,163 Production workers.......... 556.8 552.3 574.1 Wood products.................. 513.6 519.0 544.5 Nonmetallic mineral products 503.3 510.9 570.9 Primary metals................... 1,523.7 1,547.8 1,676.4 Fabricated metal products..... Machinery........................ 1,368.3 1,237.4 1,216.1 Computer and electronic products1...................... 1,748.8 1,521.3 1,477.0 Computer and peripheral 241.8 286.2 249.8 equipment..................... 182.0 190.9 233.9 Communications equipment.. Semiconductors and 507.6 645.4 531.4 electronic components...... 442.5 450.6 475.1 Electronic instruments........ Electrical equipment and 486.8 498.9 556.9 appliances...................... Transportation equipment..... 1,937.9 1,628.5 1,808.7 Furniture and related 594.2 642.4 604.6 products........................ 691.1 714.5 691.9 Miscellaneous manufacturing 5,729 6,107 5,789 Nondurable goods................. 4,249 4,201 4,514 Production workers.......... Food manufacturing............ 1,551.2 1,525.1 1,520.0 Beverages andtobacco 200.2 205.4 209.0 products........................ 286.8 293.2 332.9 Textile mills...................... 194.9 196.2 205.7 Textile product mills............ 343.2 357.6 426.5 47.7 49.9 58.0 Leather and allied products... 544.6 549.8 577.6 Paper and paper products.... Printing and related support 697.5 768.4 709.' 119.4 119.1 121.1 Petroleumandcoal products.. 924.7 329.5 959.0 850.1 897.4 353.5 Plastics and rubber products.. 107,952 107,757 108,000 SERVICE-PROVIDING............... Durable goods.................. Nondurable goods............. Electronic markets and agents and brokers.......... Retail trade............................ Motor vehicles and parts Automobile dealers.......... Furniture and home furnishings stores............ Electronics and appliance stores........................... Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 131,826 130,376 130,409 130,198 130,356 130,235 130,084 130,062 129,986 129,903 129,846 129,881 129,980 130,117 130,174 110,707 108,386 108,869 108,642 108,780 108,647 108,537 108,536 108,502 108,427 108,388 108,411 108,524 108,636 108,686 23,873 22,319 22,409 22,323 22,288 22,191 22,159 22,119 22,098 22,061 22,001 21,982 21,978 21,970 21,963 Logging.......................... Mining.............................. Oil amd gas extraction......... Minina, except oil and qas1.... Coal mininq.................... Support activities for mining.... PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING.......................... Trade, transportation, 2003 2002 Nov. 566 64.0 502.1 125.3 209.6 73.7 167.2 6,804 1,606.7 910.8 4,286.3 14,631 10,257 9,034 6,188 540.8 501.1 478.5 1,470.7 1,171.9 565 63.6 501.1 125.0 209.1 72.9 167.0 6,825 1,610.9 913.9 4,300.3 14,592 10,229 9,018 6,182 538.2 501.4 475.9 1,469.2 1,168.0 564 63.7 499.9 125.4 207.5 71.5 167.0 6,841 1,620.1 915.8 4,305.5 14,573 10,207 9,010 6,169 542.1 500.3 472.4 1,469.8 1,168.1 565 64.5 500.0 125.8 207.6 71.6 166.6 6,846 1,621.2 912.8 4,311.7 14,559 10,191 9,000 6,162 544.6 499.9 469.7 1,467.4 1,167.3 565 64.7 499.8 125.8 207.6 71.7 166.4 6,856 1,619.2 916.2 4,320.1 14,542 10,175 9,006 6,161 548.1 500.3 467.8 1,468.3 1,168.8 568 67.1 500.5 122.1 206.9 72.2 171.5 6,738 1,597.7 916.8 4,223.8 14,982 10,564 9,282 6,392 549.2 507.9 500.1 1,508.0 1,206.5 564 565 569 64.3 64.6 66.6 500.4 499.8 502.1 124.4 122.9 121.8 207.5 206.9 206.3 72.7 72.3 72.3 167.9 170.6 174.0 6,760 6,720 6,700 1,594.4 1,605.6 1,615.8 898.4 895.0 912.5 4,193.2 4,219.5 4,245.5 14,922 14,874 14,795 10,516 10,447 10,379 9,147 9,203 9,236 6,267 6,314 6,355 544.4 546.0 548.5 504.8 506.7 505.9 494.7 491.1 496.5 1,497.5 1,495.3 1,489.4 1,201.6 1,194.8 1,187.4 1,462.2 1,448.5 1,438.2 241.0 180.1 234.4 177.6 230.9 177.8 1,423.6 1,413.0 1,407.7 1,398.1 1,392.5 1,389.5 1,384.7 1,382.9 230.5 226.7 226.5 223.6 221.9 221.6 219.3 217.7 229.8 170.4 170.7 170.5 175.5 174.4 173.3 171.9 170.9 176.5 503.7 441.3 498.8 441.4 496.0 438.7 494.1 436.5 482.4 485.2 1,804.7 1,806.5 479.8 1,800.7 477.5 1,792.5 460.8 460.9 461.1 474.8 469.3 467.7 465.9 462.1 1,771.9 1,777.6 1,774.3 1,760.2 1,767.6 1,768.1 1,768.5 1,765.8 587.0 589.1 686.0 687.9 5,700 5,704 4,172 4,178 1,518.5 1,517.1 582.9 684.5 5,686 4,161 1,514.7 582.0 683.0 5,671 4,133 1,513.3 574.2 572.7 573.7 574.6 576.0 576.4 576.4 574.1 667.1 682.0 677.8 676.6 673.0 670.4 668.8 668.1 5,597 5,574 5,563 5,553 55,336 5,648 5,632 5,611 4,112 4,098 4,078 4,069 4,047 4,038 4,029 4,014 1,512.3 1,512.4 1,517.5 1,520.9 1,521.7 1,522.7 1,523.7 1,515.9 199.0 285.2 191.7 331.8 46.7 539.7 198.2 283.7 192.6 325.9 46.0 538.5 196.1 281.6 192.6 322.1 45.8 535.1 200.2 284.9 193.7 337.2 47.3 541.5 566 64.8 501.4 125.2 208.2 72.6 168.0 6,786 1,615.0 902.8 4,267.8 14,746 10,342 9,114 6,244 544.9 505.1 486.4 1,482.3 1,181.2 569 65.7 502.8 125.7 208.9 73.2 168.2 6,800 1,609.7 905.8 4,284.1 14,692 10,299 9,081 6,221 541.0 505.0 482.0 1476. 4 1,175.8 572 67.9 503.6 121.6 208.1 73.3 173.9 6,731 1,595.3 915.3 4,220.7 15,020 10,595 9,316 6,417 548.1 510.8 499.7 1,516.0 1,212.4 1,432.1 492.0 433.5 194.6 277.8 190.6 318.4 44.8 534.1 487.7 431.5 195.4 272.7 188.7 313.2 44.4 531.9 485.1 429.9 194.5 270.1 186.4 307.8 43.3 530.6 480.9 429.0 194.4 264.7 184.2 301.2 43.5 527.3 479.5 429.0 194.8 259.6 178.4 299.0 43.1 526.4 477.6 429.3 193.3 258.3 179.7 296.5 43.1 525.0 474.6 429.6 193.3 255.6 179.3 297.0 42.7 524.5 475.4 429.7 192.1 253.8 179.4 297.9 42.6 522.5 687.7 685.3 683.8 692.2 690.0 696.4 694.8 695.3 694.1 694.0 694.5 689.6 115.4 114.8 116.0 116.9 119.2 119.3 118.4 118.0 120.4 120.3 120.4 119.7 909.8 907.9 921.7 920.6 916.5 917.7 914.8 912.5 922.5 924.2 926.0 925.6 826.5 824.9 839.2 837.7 831.7 833.3 829.3 828.6 847.4 845.1 845.4 848.0 107,875 108,068 108,044 107,925 107,943 107,888 107,842 107,845 107,899 108,002 108,147 108,211 86,319 86,834 86,267 86,460 25,98; 5,772.7 3,130.4 2,031.2 25,493 5,641 .C 3,007.2 2,015.1 25,406 25,37! 5,604.9 5,603.9 2,984.3 2,978.7 2,004.3 2,009.6 86,492 86,456 86,378 86,417 86,404 86,366 86,387 25,376 25,346 25,338 25,321 25,282 25,238 25,211 5,596.0 5,596.2 5,594.0 5,590.8 5.582.C 5,570.6 55,601.C 2,967.9 2,967.0 2,961.2 2,957.7 2,952.2 2,947.6 2,940.4 2,011.5 2,010.7 2,013.6 2,013.2 2,009.2 2,004.1 2,001.4 86,429 86,548 86,668 86,723 25,217 25,240 25,278 25,258 5,550.0 5,551.2 5.552.C 5,557.5 2,934.5 2,932.7 2,936.-1 2,945.8 1,997.7 1,995-S 1,993.4 1,989.6 622.1 622.2 622.8 619.C 618.C 617.8 619.2 619.6 619.2 618.5 616.6 615.6 616.C 618.6 611.1 15,238.6 15 047.2 15.014.C 15,005.6 15,009.2 14,987.3 14,994.7 14,999.6 14.979.CI 14,964.; 14.958.C 14,975.1 14,986.' 15,014.' 14,987.0 1,884.4 1,854.£ 1 879.2 1,883.6 1,878.6 1,876.8 1,874.' 1,875.5 1,875.-: 1,879.; 1,877.' 1,883.; 1,880.5 1,884.8 1,8841,225.1 1,250.- 1,255.6 1,249.6 1,245.5 1,242.1 1,241.5 1,242.6 1,244.6 1.246.C 1.249.C 1,248.1 1,249.8 1,248.2 1,245.5 541.2 539.5 548.' 548.- 549.9 552.C 547.e 549.6 545.- 546.! 543.S 541.5 544. 544.' 548.6 554.' 528.! 529.5 529.! 531.6 526.5 524.! 525.; 523.! 522.' 519.« 519.' 520.- 521.- 523.7 See notes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 75 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] _________ Industry Annual average 2001 2002 2002 Nov. 2003 Dec. Jan. Building material and garden supply stores.................. 1,151 1,179. 1,184.5 1,190.€ Food and beverage stores... . 2,950.£ 2,871,t 2,842.£ 2,833.£ 2.827.C Health and personal care 951.£ 946.É 949.£ 956.8 Gasoline stations.............. 925 903.£ 903.7 904.2 905.2 Clothing and clothing accessories stores.......... 1 321 1.307.E 1,304.5 1,308.5 1,291.2 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores..... 679.2 660.1 650.1 637.8 653.5 General merchandise storesl 2,842.2 2.820.7 2,817.5 2,827.6 2,834.2 Department stores........... 1,768 3 1.709.8 1,712.0 1,727.5 1,720.9 Miscellaneous store retailers.. 993.3 962.5 957.2 954.6 952.4 Nonstore retailers.............. 473.5 447.3 443.0 445.9 440.0 Feb. Mar. Apr. 1,183.8 2,820.2 1,181.6 2,822.6 1.189.C 1.188.5 1,194.2 2.822.C 2.822.5 2,812.5 960.1 905.C 962.5 907.1 966.2 910.9 965.7 908.8 967.S 908.5 1,279.7 1,282.8 1,288.3 1,280.7 1,277.5 652.8 2,838.6 1,718.5 949.1 444.r 650.8 646.3 645.2 642.0 640.5 2,846.4 2,835.8 2,833.1 2,831.5 2.838.S 1,710.6 1,695.5 1,690.3 1,689.9 1,690.3 949.8 944.1 948.6 941.8 942.5 442.6 442.7 442.0 440.6 443.5 Transportation and May June July Aug. 1,196.5 2,801.' 1,203.3 1.210.C 1,212.3 2.798.C 2,796.7 2,812.7 965.5 904.C 1,277.5 Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 1,213.8 2,790.0 965.5 907.1 969.4 903.9 975.2 900.C 978.9 901.4 1,278.9 1,278.2 1,284.4 1,279.9 640.6 640.3 639.9 2,857.7 2,859.1 2,858.2 1,703.6 1,704.1 1,704.2 941.0 941.0 942.2 440.6 439.2 439.0 638.8 2,849.5 1,702.2 939.6 439.4 4,205.3 4,188.9 4,170.7 4.174.6 4,166.7 4,153.8 4,136.3 4,128.5 4,113.9 4,103.7 4,101.2 4,114.1 4,117.7 4,122.6 615.3 559.3 556.3 553.9 551.3 545.8 537.3 525.6 516.4 510.0 502.4 500.0 501.4 499.2 502.1 226 7 218.1 216.8 216.3 215.7 215.3 215.3 216.5 216.1 217.2 217.1 214.8 216.8 216.5 216.4 54.0 51.6 50.3 50.3 50.6 50.5 50.1 49.9 50.3 50.1 50.0 49.9 48.6 49.2 49.0 1,386.8 1,339.1 1,333.2 1,331.9 1.327.6 1,324.3 1,328.1 1,324.4 1,324.4 1,326.9 1,324.0 1,331.0 1,330.1 1,332.6 1,334.4 374.8 371.5 363.3 360.8 358.0 357.5 351.9 353.0 350.4 345.4 347.4 348.3 355.3 358.6 358.8 45.4 41.5 40.2 40.2 40.0 39.8 40.2 40.3 40.3 39.7 39.5 38.9 39.1 39.1 39.4 29.1 25.9 25.7 25.6 °4 0 25.6 27.1 28.5 29.1 29.9 29.5 30.0 29.7 29.7 29.8 539.2 526.7 528.2 531.2 527.9 525.9 522.7 527.8 523.2 520.2 519.1 521 8 587.0 558.0 556.3 545.0 561.4 558.9 563.3 561.6 560.8 560.9 560.6 557 8 557.8 555.5 513.8 513.6 518.6 515.5 518.3 521.1 514.6 513.8 512.9 510.6 513.0 511.4 514.0 515.6 515.5 Utilities................................ 599.4 599.8 598.3 597.3 596.4 595.9 59b.li 594.6 592.3 589.5 589.6 590.8 591.0 591.6 591.1 Information............................. 3,629 3,420 3,353 3,328 3,308 3,305 3,303 3,294 3,285 3,278 3,267 3,270 3,264 3,265 Publishing industries, except Internet...................... 1,020.7 969.4 962.6 954.0 955.3 953.5 950.8 947.2 945.1 941.4 941.5 939.2 937.9 937.5 Motion picture and sound 376.8 387.1 394.3 381.6 377.8 367.0 369.3 371.1 373.4 371.7 373.7 367.2 373.3 372.3 374.7 Broadcasting, except Internet.. 344.6 333.8 331.0 332.1 327.2 325.0 325.7 325.0 324.4 324.2 324.1 322.9 325.0 322.9 322.9 Internet publishing and broadcasting.................... 45.5 34.8 33.0 32.9 33.3 33.6 33.8 33.5 34.0 34.5 34.2 34.3 34.2 34.6 1,302.1 1,200.9 1,174.9 1,162.5 1,158.7 1,151.4 1,146.9 1,145.0 1,138.1 1,132.5 1,127.8 1,125.7 1,125.0 1,123.2 1,122.4 ISPs, search portals, and data processing................ 493.6 447.4 439.1 435.8 430.3 429.5 430.4 431.3 431.4 432.1 430.9 429.7 427.4 427.4 426.6 Other information services.... 46.1 46.6 46.9 45.8 46.5 46.3 46.0 46.0 45.5 45.1 45.1 45.5 45.7 45.8 45.8 Financial activities................. 7,807 7,843 7,880 7,889 7,902 7,916 7,930 7,956 7,971 7,972 7,981 7,980 7,986 7,974 7,969 5,773.1 5,814.9 5,851.1 5,861.0 5,872.4 5,885.2 5,894.8 5,912.0 5,923.2 5,923.3 5,928.6 5,924.4 5,933.2 5,919.6 5,912.8 Monetary authorities— central bank.................. 23.0 23.1 23.0 22.7 22.3 22.3 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.1 22.0 22.0 21.9 21.9 Credit intermediation and related activities1............. 2,597.7 2,682.3 2,722.8 2,729.1 2,734.9 2,741.9 2,752.3 2,765.8 2,781.8 2,783.5 2,789.4 2,788.8 2,791.3 2,783.9 2,274.9 Depository credit intermediation1............ 1,701.2 1,738.2 1,748.3 1,751.3 1.755.1 1,757.1 1.762.3 1,764.4 1,767.9 1,768.5 1,771.5 1,772.4 1,773.8 1,775.1 1,773.7 Commercial banking......... 1,258.4 1,284.7 1,291.2 1,292.8 1.296.1 1,297.5 1.300.4 1,300.6 1,302.4 1,302.3 1,304.1 1,304.8 1,304.1 1,304.1 1,301.9 Securities, commodity 830.5 800.8 798.2 799.4 802.3 803.1 799.3 798.8 796.9 796.7 796.6 794.9 799.0 800.2 803.8 Insurance carriers and related activities................ 2,233.7 2,223.1 2,222.7 2,225.7 2,228.5 2,233.9 2,236.8 2,241.8 2,239.4 2,238.9 1,138.1 2,237.1 2,238.9 2,232.4 2,230.6 Funds, trusts, and other 88.3 85.6 84.4 84.1 84.0 84.0 84.1 83.4 82.9 82.1 82.4 81.6 82.0 81.2 81.6 Real estate and rental and leasing...................... 2,034.5 2,027.8 2,029.2 2,029.2 2,030.6 2,034.7 2,044.2 2,047.8 2,048.6 2,052.7 2,055.2 2,052.7 2,054.3 2,055.8 Real estate....................... 1,339.5 1,347.7 1,357.3 1,353.8 1,356.9 1,359.9 1,366.4 1,367.3 1,365.2 1,368.9 1,371.5 1,372.4 1,373.5 1,374.8 Rental and leasing services.... 666.3 652.3 644.9 645.8 648.7 646.7 647.0 649.4 651.4 654.2 654.6 654.2 650.5 650.7 651.0 Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets............... 28.7 27.8 27.0 26.8 °C7 27.0 27.8 28.4 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.5 29.8 30.1 30.0 Airtransportation............... Rail transportation.............. Watertransportation........... Trucktransportation........... Transit and ground passenger transportation.............. Pipeline transportation........ Scenic and sightseeing transportation.............. Support activities for transportation................. Couriers and messengers..... Warehousing and storage Professional and business services.................................. 16,476 16,010 16,014 15,972 16,015 16,043 15,980 15,989 16,002 16,006 16,063 16,054 16,107 16,133 16,153 6,902.2 6,715.0 6,731.9 6,716.9 6,745.3 6,790.5 6,758.4 6,742.2 6,674.9 6,657.3 6,685.4 6,698.4 6,703.9 1,091.3 1,111.8 1,120.6 1,120.2 1,119.8 1,124.1 1,125.7 1,127.5 1,125.6 1,125.2 6,661.6 1,122.8 1,121.9 1,124.9 1,128.5 1,129.3 Accounting and bookkeeping 872.2 867.1 884.3 872.6 941.2 913.5 899.3 866.0 848.9 847.9 854.3 856.1 856.2 855.5 Architectural and engineering 1,274.7 1,251.1 1,252.1 1,238.6 1,247.9| 1,246.0 1,242.91 1,241,4| 1,236.0 1,240.9 1,238.11 1,247.2 1,248.3 1,253.7 See notes at end of table. Professional and technical services1...................... 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 12. Continued—Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by Industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted [In thousands] Industry Computer systems design and related services......... Management and technical consulting services.......... Management of companies and enterprises.................. Administrative and waste services........................... Administrative and support Emnlovment services’....... Temporary help services... Business support services.... Services to buildings and dwellings................. Waste management and remediation services.......... Educational and health services................................. Annual average 2003 2002 2002 Nov. Dec. Jan. 1,297.8 1,162.7 1,150.1 1,142.7 1,142.8 1,144.3 1,144.5 735.5 1,697.9 746.2 731.8 733.4 739.8 734.8 736.2 1,779.0 1,711.1 1,699.0 1,694.2 1,696.8 1,697.1 June July Aug Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 1,151.9 1,146.6 1,142.0 1,130.6 1,125.4 1,133.4 1,136.3 1,138.1 732.9 734.0 731.8 735.0 736.1 739.7 745.8 744.4 1,697.0 1,696.0 1,690.8 1,698.5 1,690.8 1,691.7 1,690.3 1,691.7 7,729.6 7,744.0 7,757.5 Apr. May 7,794.9 7,583.8 7,583.0 7,561.0 7,572.9 7,555.7 7,523.3 7,549.4 7,608.3 7,639.8 7,702.5 7,706.1 7,477.6 7,26(5.8 7,271.1 7,244.9 7,255.5 7,239.9 7,207.8 7,230.5 7,288.6 7,323.0 7,380.3 7,389.2 7,413.1 7,429.2 7,446.0 3,437.1 3,248.8 3,256.8 3,259.2 3,292.7 3,287.8 3,245.9 3,242.2 3,291.7 3,318.3 3,374.8 3,373.7 3,394.5 3,419.2 3,439.9 2,337.7 2,185.7 2,174.4 2,159.4 2,170.2 2,151.6 2,135.9 2,131.2 2,177.6 2,207.9 2,226.6 2,236.6 2,261.1 2,276.3 2,297.1 750.4 753.0 754.3 753.9 747.8 745.0 746.5 748.1 747.9 746.0 743.8 755.8 757.0 779.7 757.0 1,606.2 1,597.3 1,601.0 317.3 31(5.9 311.9 15,645 Educational services............. 2,510.6 Health care and social assistance........................ 13,134.0 Ambulatory health care 4,461.5 Offices of physicians.......... 1,911.2 399.7 Outpatient care centers...... Home health care services.... 638.6 Hospitals......................... 4,050.9 Nursing and residential care facilities’.................. 2,675.8 Nursing care facilities........ 1,546.8 1,945.9 Child day care services...... 714.6 12,036 Leisure and hospitality........... Arts, entertainment, and recreation................... 1,824.4 Performing arts and 382.3 spectator sports............... Museums, historical sites, 115.0 zoos, and parks................ Amusements, gambling, and recreation...................... 1,327.1 Accommodations and food services.................... 10,211.3 Accommodations............... 1,852.2 Food services and drinking 8,359.1 5,258 Other services.......................... 1,256.5 Repair and maintenance..... Personal and laundry services 1,255.0 Membership associations and organizations.................. 2,746.4 21,118 2,764 Federal, except U.S. Postal 1,891.0 873.0 4,905 State.............................. 2,112.9 Other State government..... 2,791.8 13,449 7,479.3 Other local government..... 5,970.0 1,591.7 1,585.8 1,580.4 1,576.4 317.4 315.8 315.5 316.1 1,587.4 1,596.3 1,601.8 1,609.9 1,613.5 1,610.3 1,604.1 1,603.1 319.7 322.2 316.9 316.5 314.8 311.5 318.9 316.8 16,184 16,357 16,373 16,405 16,430 16,452 16,483 16,509 16,503 16,487 16,541 16,570 16,626 16,660 2,650.6 2,690.3 2,695.1 2,700.0 2,707.4 2,711.5 2,708.8 2,718.1 2,689.7 2,676.7 2,699.8 2,715.6 2,735.8 2,745.2 13,533.2 13,666.5 13,677.5 13,704.5 13,722.6 13,740.5 13,774.2 13,790.7 13,813.2 13,810.0 13,840.8 13,854.1 13,889.9 13,914.7 4,633.4 4,708.5 4,712.5 4,718.5 4,727.6 4,739.1 4,753.7 4,764.8 4,777.4 4,781.6 4,791.7 4,791.7 4,810.7 4,821.8 1,982.6 2,017.7 2,022.1 2,023.4 2,031.5 2,037.4 2,041.7 2,045.9 2,050.2 2,052.7 2,056.6 2,056.9 2,067.3 2,069.8 414.4 413.7 413.7 416.6 414.7 412.9 412.8 413.1 411.8 412.1 412.2 412.0 400.7 412.3 714.5 715.0 711.1 711.8 711.3 709.0 702.9 705.3 694.2 693.0 698.6 675.1 693.0 689.6 4,153.1 4,187.0 4,190.4 4,197.8 4,204.7 4,210.9 4,214.0 4,218.1 4,227.0 4,226.8 4,235.2 4,239.5 4,243.9 4,251.8 2,743.2 2,763.4 2,766.1 2,770.1 2,770.8 2,776.4 2,784.4 2,787.9 2,790.7 2,787.2 2,789.7 2,794.4 2,799.4 2,803.1 1,573.7 1,580.9 1,579.2 1,582.0 1,582.5 1,582.7 1,586.2 1,587.0 1,589.6 1,586.0 1,538.8 1,586.9 1,589.6 1,592.3 2,003.5 2,007.6 2,008.5 2,018.1 2,019.5 2,014.1 2,022.1 2,019.9 2,018.1 2,014.4 2,024.2 2,028.5 2,035.9 2,038.0 732.4 731.2 735.8 736.5 722.7 759.3 724.9 724.9 727.1 724.5 725.2 729.0 731.2 725.9 11,969 12,069 12,019 12,132 12,084 12,050 12,043 12,026 12,039 12,051 12,051 12,056 12,081 12,102 1,835.6 1,809.5 1,781.8 1,764.8 1,759.2 359.0 356.7 348.8 109.9 108.4 109.8 1,299.7 1,300.6 1,773.0 1,806.2 1,817.8 357.9 369.1 367.2 358.7 358.4 112.5 111.2 110.5 111.6 111.2 1,307.6 1,325.9 1,340.1 1,365.3 1,339.9 1,312.9 1,758.4 1,763.8 1,759.8 1,759.1 1,762.5 1,762.7 346.5 347.4 347.3 351.6 350.5 348.6 109.8 110.0 109.8 109.1 110.0 110.4 1,302.1 1,306.4 1,302.7 1,298.4 1,302.0 1,303.7 10,191.2 10,262.5 10,200.8 10,296.1 10,274.8 10,267.7 10,278.6 10,266.7 10,280.4 10,286.9 10,290.8 10,296.7 10,318.6 10,339.3 1,779.4 1,802.3 1,805.2 1,812.0 1,801.7 1,788.4 1,769.0 1,763.6 1,769.1 1,778.6 1,769.1 1,754.7 1,751.6 1,764.5 8,411.7 8,460.6 8,395.6 8,484.1 8,473.1 8,479.3 8,509.6 8,503.1 8,511.3 8,508.3 8,521.7 8,542.0 8,567.0 8,574.8 5,314 5,316 5,312 5,316 5,319 5,323 5,322 5,320 5,334 5,329 5,323 5,352 5,335 5,848 1,240.6 1,236.3 1,224.3 1,218.6 1,215.3 1,213.8 1,215.6 1,215.1 1,218.6 1,219.5 1,222.3 1,219.7 1,216.4 1,213.1 1,224.2 1,219.7 1,222.0 1,223.5 1,246.7 1,236.2 1,232.7 1,235.6 1,234.8 1,229.5 1,227.0 1,226.3 1,225.0 1,224.6 2,860.7 2,879.7 2,878.2 2,879.4 2,879.0 2,880.0 2,879.1 2,878.7 2,879.5 2,872.1 2,872.7 2,874.8 2,873.8 2,878.5 21,489 21,540 21,556 21,576 21,588 21,547 21,526 21,484 21,476 21,458 21,470 21,456 21,481 21,488 2,732 2,723 2,747 2,745 2,742 2,749 2,769 2,761 2,791 2,789 2,767 2,786 2,782 2,778 1,922.5 844.8 5,006 2,218.8 2,787.4 13,716 7,657.2 6,058.5 1,954.2 827.3 4,983 2,203.0 2,780.0 13,775 7,697.0 6,077.9 1,956.4 821.7 4,984 2,202.5 2,781.0 13,794 7,698.1 6,095.8 1,960.3 825.3 4,974 2,196.8 2,777.3 13,816 7,708.5 6,107.6 1 Includes other industries not shown separately, p « preliminary. NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the NorthAmerican industry https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Feb. Mar. 2001 1,966.2 824.8 4,979 2,205.1 2,773.4 13,818 7,712.4 6,105.7 1,964.8 823.9 4,958 2,188.7 2,769.7 13,800 7,693.6 6,106.5 1,946.0 823.0 4,952 2,186.5 2,765.3 13,805 7,703.5 6,101.1 1,937.0 823.6 4,941 2,180.8 2,759.9 13,782 7,689.1 6,092.6 1,928.2 821.1 4,925 2,174.3 2,751.1 13,802 7,718.7 6,083.5 1.928.S 817.7 4,920 2,175.5 2,744.7 13,791 7,723.5 6,067.2 1,929.5 815.8 4,928 2,186.6 2,741.6 13,797 7,735.1 6,061.9 1,929.6 812.3 4,948 2,203.2 2,744.3 13,766 7,682.6 6,083.8 1,921.6 810.8 4,955 2,210.5 2,744.3 13,794 7,701.5 6,092.1 1,915.1 807.6 4,960 2,215.0 2,745.0 13,805 7,705.4 6,099.2 Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (Sic) system. NAics-based data by industry are not comparable with sic-based data. See "Notes on the data"for a description of the most recent benchmark revision, preliminary. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 77 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 13. A verage weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers' on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly d ata seasonally adjusted A nnual average Industry 2001 Oct. 2002 Nov. 2003 Dec. Feb. Mar. Apr. M ay June July Aug. Sept. O ct.p Nov.p 34.0 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.7 33.8 33.7 33.7 33.7 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.8 33.9 GOODS-PRODUCING.............................. 39.9 39.7 39.7 39.8 40.0 39.6 39.9 39.5 39.7 39.8 39.6 39.8 39.9 39.9 40.0 Natural resources and mining............. 44.6 43.0 42.3 43.0 43.1 43.3 44.2 43.4 43.8 43.7 43.2 43.7 43.7 43.8 43.7 Construction.......................................... 38.7 38.2 38.0 38.2 38.9 37.6 38.7 37.9 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.3 Manufacturing........................................ Overtime hours........................... 40.3 4.0 40.3 4.2 40.4 4.3 40.5 4.3 40.4 4.4 40.4 4.3 40.4 4.1 40.1 4.0 40.2 4.1 40.3 4.0 40.1 4.1 40.2 4.1 40.5 4.2 40.6 4.3 40.8 4.4 Durable goods............................... Overtime hours........................... Wood products............................ Nonmetallic mineral products.......... Primary metals............................. Fabricated metal products.............. Machinery................................... Computer and electronic products.... Electrical equipment and appliances.. Transportation equipment............... Furniture and related products......... Miscellaneous manufacturing.......... 40.6 3.9 40.2 41.6 42.4 40.6 40.9 39.8 39.8 41.9 38.3 38.8 40.6 4.3 39.9 41.9 42.4 40.6 40.5 39.3 39.9 42.4 38.7 38.8 40.6 4.3 39.8 41.6 42.2 40.4 40.6 40.2 40.2 42.2 38.7 38.6 40.9 4.3 39.9 41.9 42.6 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.6 42.4 39.9 38.8 40.8 4.4 40.0 42.1 42.4 40.6 40.5 39.9 40.3 42.5 38.8 38.9 40.7 4.3 39.9 42.0 42.5 40.5 40.9 39.8 40.8 42.2 38.6 38.6 40.6 4.1 40.1 42.6 42.6 40.5 40.5 40.3 40.6 41.4 38.2 38.3 40.3 4.0 40.0 42.0 42.2 40.3 40.6 40.1 40.0 41.2 37.9 38.0 40.5 4.1 39.9 42.4 42.2 40.6 40.6 40.5 40.3 41.2 38.4 38.1 40.7 4.1 40.3 42.2 42.0 40.5 40.9 40.5 41.0 41.4 38.9 38.6 40.5 4.1 40.7 41.6 41.7 40.5 40.3 40.5 40.4 41.3 38.9 38.4 40.5 4.2 40.4 42.1 41.9 40.5 40.7 41.1 40.6 40.7 39.1 38.2 40.8 4.3 40.4 41.9 42.2 40.7 41.0 40.6 40.6 42.0 39.3 38.4 41.0 4.4 40.8 42.2 42.4 40.9 40.9 40.7 40.9 41.9 39.3 38.4 41.2 4.5 41.0 42.4 42.9 41.0 41.2 40.8 40.6 42.2 39.7 38.9 Nondurable goods.......................... Overtime hours........................... Food manufacturing....................... Beverage and tobacco products....... Textile mills................................. Textile product mills...................... Apparel...................................... Leather and allied products............ Paper and paper products.............. Printing and related support activities.................................... Petroleumand coal products........... Chemicals................................... Plastics and rubber products........... 39.1 4.1 39.6 40.9 40.0 38.6 36.0 36.4 42.1 39.9 4.1 39.4 39.4 40.0 38.9 35.8 38.5 41.5 40.0 4.2 39.5 39.0 40.1 38.7 36.5 38.9 41.5 40.0 4.4 39.4 38.5 40.4 39.3 36.3 39.0 41.8 39.8 4.3 39.1 39.3 39.2 39.2 36.2 39.3 41.6 39.9 4.3 39.1 39.3 40.0 39.2 36.0 39.4 41.8 40.0 4.2 39.6 39.4 39.5 39.0 35.9 39.7 41.8 39.8 4.1 39.4 39.6 39.1 38.5 35.6 39.3 41.6 39.7 4.0 39.3 39.0 38.4 39.0 35.4 39.3 41.4 39.7 3.9 39.4 39.0 38.6 39.1 35.0 38.8 41.4 39.4 4.0 39.0 38.5 37.7 39.8 34.6 39.8 41.2 39.7 3.9 39.3 38.8 38.7 39.9 34.7 39.0 41.2 39.9 .4.1 39.4 39.3 39.1 40.6 35.2 38.6 41.2 40.0 4.1 39.4 39.2 39.3 40.5 35.8 39.3 41.6 40.1 4.3 39.5 39.7 39.9 40.5 36.1 39.5 41.7 38.7 43.8 41.9 40.0 38.5 43.5 42.5 40.5 38.4 43.6 42.6 40.3 38.5 44.0 42.3 40.3 38.5 43.9 42.3 40.2 38.3 45.1 42.8 40.3 38.5 45.8 42.7 40.2 38.0 44.3 42.4 40.0 37.9 44.1 42.2 40.3 38.1 44.1 42.2 40.1 38.0 43.9 42.1 40.0 38.0 44.4 42.3 40.2 38.2 44.2 42.3 40.5 38.6 44.9 42.1 40.7 38.6 44.3 42.5 40.7 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.3 32.4 32.4 32.4 32.5 33.5 38.4 30.7 36.7 41.4 36.9 35.8 33.6 37.8 30.9 36.9 41.0 36.5 35.5 33.6 37.9 30.8 37.0 41.1 36.6 35.6 33.5 37 .8 30.8 37.0 41.2 36.4 35.7 33.5 37.6 30.8 36.9 41.2 35.9 35.6 33.4 37.7 30.7 36.7 41.2 36.2 35.6 33.4 37.8 30.9 36.8 41.4 36.3 35.6 33.4 37.8 30.8 36.5 41.0 36.2 35.5 33.4 37.8 30.8 36.6 40.9 36.4 35.6 33.4 37.8 30.8 36.6 41.0 36.4 35.5 33.4 37.8 30.6 36.9 40.9 36.4 35.5 33.5 37.9 30.8 36.9 40.9 36.3 35.5 33.6 37.9 30.9 36.9 40.5 36.2 35.4 33.7 38.1 31.0 37.1 41.1 36.2 35.4 33.6 38.0 30.9 37.0 41.1 36.4 35.5 34.2 32.3 25.8 32.3 34.2 32.5 25.9 32.0 34.2 32.5 25.9 32.0 34.2 32.4 25.8 31.9 34.3 32.5 25.8 31.8 34.3 32.5 25.6 31.9 34.2 32.5 25.7 31.9 34.0 32.5 25.6 31.8 34.1 32.5 25.6 31.8 34.1 32.5 25.5 31.8 34.0 32.5 25.3 31.7 33.9 32.7 25.4 31.7 34.0 32.5 25.6 31.7 34.0 32.5 25.6 31.7 34.1 32.7 25.8 31.8 TOTAL PRIVATE.................................. PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING........................................ Trade, transportation, and utilities.................................................. Wholesale trade............................. Retail trade.................................... Transportation and warehousing........ Utilities......................................... Information.............................................. Financial activities.................................. Professional and business services................................................. Education and health services............. Leisure and hospitality......................... Other services......................................... 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manu facturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. p = preliminary. 78 Jan. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAlCS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data. See "Notes on the data”for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Annual average 2003 2002 Industry 2001 2002 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p TOTAL PRIVATE GOODS-PRODUCING............................ PRIVATE SERVICE PROVIDING......................................... Trade,transportation, and utilities............................................. Transportation and warehousing...... $14,53 8.11 15.78 17.00 18.00 14.76 1A.06 15.38 13.75 16.29 $15.14 $15.20 $15.22 $15.29 $15.29 $15.30 $15.35 $15.38 $15.43 $15.45 $15.44 $15.45 $15.46 8.29 8.32 8.30 8.27 8.27 8.32 8.22 8.31 8.30 8.24 8.27 8.30 8.28 8.26 16.33 16.52 16.60 16.63 16.65 16.68 16.71 16.76 16.79 16.81 16.86 16.89 16.88 16.99 17.22 17.48 17.37 17.45 17.45 17.54 17.67 17.55 17.60 17.62 17.69 17.74 17.79 17.80 18.51 18.69 18.81 18.77 18.84 18.83 18.90 18.95 18.96 18.96 18.99 19.02 19.03 19.06 15.29 15.48 15.55 15.59 15.63 15.64 15.63 15.68 15.72 15.73 15.79 15.83 15.80 15.83 14.54 14.70 14.77 14.78 14.84 14.88 14.89 14.92 14.98 14.96 15.02 15.05 15.01 15.02 16.01 16.25 16.28 16.33 16.35 16.34 16.33 16.37 16.42 16.42 16.49 16.55 16.49 16.50 14.15 14.29 14.41 14.44 14.50 14.55 14.56 14.61 14.63 14.66 14.70 14.71 14.73 14.77 14.16 14.56 14.76 14.81 14.82 14.92 14.91 14.91 14.97 15.00 15.06 15.06 15.04 15.07 15.08 13.70 16.77 11.29 15.33 23.58 19.80 15.59 14.02 16.97 11.67 15.77 23.94 20.23 16.17 14.17 17.14 11.79 16.02 24.02 20.55 16.51 14.19 17.13 11.83 16.02 24.09 20.74 16.56 14.21 17.16 11.85 16.05 24.05 20.70 16.69 14.29 17.25 11.88 16.22 24.19 20.79 16.77 14.26 17.22 11.85 16.22 24.36 20.90 16.78 14.24 17.25 11.83 16.18 24.33 20.97 16.93 14.31 17.29 11.90 16.25 24.48 21.09 17.02 14.34 17.34 11.92 16.30 24.62 21.13 17.17 14.40 17.36 11.96 16.40 24.73 21.26 17.33 14.39 17.40 11.96 16.36 24.95 21.32 17.33 14.37 17.40 11.94 16.34 24.93 21.28 17.25 14.39 17.42 11.95 16.34 25.17 21.26 17.25 14.40 17.39 11.96 16.35 25.20 21.23 17.22 16.33 16.81 17.04 17.09 17.02 17.17 17.20 17.23 17.24 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.24 17.30 17.36 14.64 8.35 13.27 15.22 8.57 13.72 15.45 8.66 13.89 15.52 8.73 13.94 15.57 8.71 13.98 15.61 8.77 14.03 15.63 8.72 14.02 15.57 8.71 13.98 15.64 8.73 13.97 15.67 8.75 13.98 15.72 8.76 13.98 15.76 8.75 13.98 15.76 8.76 13.98 15.80 8.76 13.97 15.81 8.77 13.97 Professional and business Education and health Other services..................................... 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufac turing, construction workers inconstruction, and nonsupervisory workers inthe service-providing industries, p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American industry Classification System (n a ic s ), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (Sic) system, n a ic s based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 79 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Annual iverag e Industry TOTAL PRIVATE............................... Seasonally adjusted................. 2002 2003 2001 2002 $14.53 - $14.95 $15.16 $15.26 $15.27 $15.35 $15.34 $15.31 $15.31 $15.34 $15.32 $15.35 $15.48 $15.46 $15.51 15.14 15.20 15.22 15.29 15.29 15.30 15.35 15.38 15.43 15.45 15.44 15.45 15.46 - Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M ay June July Aug Sept. O ct.p Nov.p Manufacturing....................................... 15.78 17.00 18.00 14.76 16.33 17.22 18.51 15.29 16.55 17.45 18.70 15.51 16.66 17.40 18.90 15.65 16.56 17.49 18.68 15.61 16.54 17.43 18.69 15.62 16.59 17.58 18.73 15.62 16.66 17.76 18.83 15.63 16.71 17.47 18.85 15.64 16.78 17.52 18.90 15.69 16.84 17.61 18.99 15.69 16.92 17.61 19.06 15.76 17.01 17.78 19.17 15.88 16.93 17.78 19.11 15.79 16.92 17.78 19.07 15.84 Durable goods............................. Wood products........................... Nonmetallic mineral products........ Primary metals........................... Fabricated metal products............ Machinery................................. Computer and electronic products... Electrical equipment and appliances Transportation equipment............ Furniture and related products...... Miscellaneous manufacturing....... 15.38 11.99 14.86 17.06 14.19 15.49 15.42 13.78 19.48 12.14 12.46 16.01 16.29 12.33 12.43 15.39 15.46 17.68 17.99 14.68 14.85 15.93 16.06 16.19 16.26 13.97 14.03 20.64 21.41 12.62 12.79 12.91 13.06 16.39 12.49 15.55 18.09 14.97 16.20 16.41 14.16 21.42 12.93 13.08 16.34 12.52 15.62 18.05 14.95 16.11 16.32 14.08 21.22 12.93 13.12 16.34 12.51 15.48 17.96 14.92 16.16 16.55 14.18 21.16 12.91 13.14 16.33 12.51 15.52 17.86 14.97 16.19 16.55 14.25 21.07 12.93 13.22 16.30 12.48 15.69 18.03 14.94 16.20 16.59 14.25 20.94 12.89 13.20 16.33 12.57 15.73 17.93 14.92 16.23 16.56 14.19 21.08 12.90 13.19 16.40 12.70 15.70 18.02 14.92 16.33 16.75 14.28 21.20 12.96 13.13 16.31 12.81 15.83 18.23 15.00 16.39 16.76 14.29 20.77 12.98 13.25 16.47 12.76 15.81 18.10 15.04 16.35 16.78 14.13 21.30 13.05 13.26 16.61 12.83 15.83 18.27 15.09 16.42 16.75 14.47 21.56 13.10 13.41 16.51 12.81 15.94 18.22 15.02 16.38 16.72 14.31 21.24 13.01 13.46 16.53 12.86 15.92 18.31 15.05 16.53 16.74 14.49 21.16 13.09 13.53 Nondurable goods......................... Food manufacturing.................... Beverages and tobacco products .... Textile mills............................... Textile product mills.................... Apparel..................................... Leather and allied products.......... Paper and paper products............ Printing and related support activities Petroleumand coal products........ Chemicals................................. Plastics and rubber products........ 13.75 12.18 17.67 11.40 10.60 8.82 10.69 16.38 14.48 22.90 17.57 13.21 14.15 14.31 14.48 14.47 14.49 12.54 12.61 12.81 12.70 12.66 17.68 17.60 18.04 17.68 17.53 11.73 11.71 11.83 11.99 11.92 10.96 11.07 11.20 11.12 11.11 9.10 9.19 9.30 9.30 9.33 11.01 11.23 11.51 11.53 11.62 16.89 17.09 17.26 17.21 17.22 14.93 15.19 15.35 15.28 15.32 23.06 23.35 23.65 23.58 24.29 17.97 18.29 18.34 18.28 18.29 13.55 13.70 13.81 13.91 13.95 14.53 12.70 17.69 11.92 10.98 9.45 11.62 17.22 15.33 24.17 18.33 14.00 14.57 12.72 17.70 11.95 11.14 9.47 11.76 17.38 15.35 23.92 18.35 14.07 14.56 12.71 17.93 11.95 11.13 9.49 11.71 17.38 15.26 23.36 18.46 14.09 14.58 12.70 17.56 11.92 11.18 9.47 11.59 17.33 15.26 25.53 18.55 14.18 14.72 12.81 17.74 11.97 11.29 9.68 11.57 17.59 15.41 23.21 18.53 14.37 14.67 12.78 17.60 11.94 11.47 9.75 11.73 17.46 15.37 23.01 18.61 14.26 14.74 12.88 17.58 12.06 11.49 9.77 11.69 17.54 15.48 23.51 18.68 14.29 14.68 12.76 17.86 12.03 11.39 9.69 11.88 17.56 15.42 23.69 18.67 14.16 14.76 12.84 17.89 12.14 11.37 9.67 11.95 17.62 15.57 23.94 18.79 14.20 14.16 14.56 15.00 14.94 14.92 14.94 14.91 14.92 15.05 15.05 15.13 13.70 16.77 11.29 15.33 23.58 19.80 15.59 14.02 14.12 14.12 14.24 14.36 14.34 14.31 14.28 14.33 14.31 14.32 16.97 17.14 17.22 17.18 17.32 17.29 17.26 17.24 17.33 17.29 17.32 11.67 11.73 11.76 11.88 11.92 11.90 11.90 11.88 11.91 11.90 11.90 15.77 16.03 16.04 16.02 16.26 16.23 16.21 16.19 16.29 16.38 16.36 23.94 24.12 24.26 24.02 24.16 24.41 24.47 24.52 24.58 24.60 24.78 20.23 20.67 20.90 20.79 20.88 20.88 20.98 21.01 21.03 21.10 21.21 16.17 16.49 16.64 16.70 16.95 16.89 16.93 16.97 17.16 17.24 17.30 14.42 17.38 12.00 16.35 25.11 21.45 17.25 14.38 17.39 11.91 16.35 25.19 21.35 17.23 14.39 17.45 11.91 16.38 25.23 21.32 17.30 16.33 16.81 17.01 17.28 17.14 17.40 17.36 17.21 17.18 17.25 17.11 17.07 17.15 17.17 17.48 14.64 8.35 13.27 15.22 15.46 8.57 8.69 13.72 13.88 15.55 8.81 14.01 15.61 8.74 14.00 15.61 8.80 14.02 15.62 8.73 14.02 15.56 8.69 13.99 15.58 8.72 13.99 15.61 8.69 13.97 15.69 8.66 13.89 15.75 8.66 13.91 15.78 8.77 13.99 15.79 8.77 13.95 15.80 8.79 13.97 GOODS-PRODUCING............................. Natural resources and mining............ Construction......................................... PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING.......................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. Wholesale trade........................... Retail trade................................. Transportation and warehousing..... Utilities....................................... Information....................................... Financial activities............................... 14.77 14.88 14.92 15.04 Professional and business services............................................... Education and health services.............................................. Leisure and hospitality....................... Other services....................................... 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAiCS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry Annual average 2001 TOTAL PRIVATE..................... Seasonally adjusted....... GOODS-PRODUCING.................. Natural resources and mining............................... Construction............................. Manufacturing........................... Durable goods..................... Wood products................... Nonmetallic mineral products.... Primary metals................... Fabricated metal products..... Machinery......................... Computer and electronic products.......................... Electrical equipment and appliances....................... Transportation equipment...... Furniture and related products.......................... Miscellaneous Nondurable goods................. Food manufacturing............. Beverages andtobacco products.......................... Textile mills....................... Textile product mills............. Nov. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 732.90 706.86 629.71 664.63 490.99 643.14 762.78 604.40 653.64 748.20 710.64 644.78 681.82 499.60 645.33 783.30 619.76 670.68 743.33 707.97 625.96 661.77 490.78 640.42 765.32 605.48 650.84 747.75 678.45 626.36 660.14 490.39 634.68 759.71 601.28 657.71 777.00 715.49 629.49 663.00 497.90 651.84 760.84 604.79 658.93 765.46 708.01 623.64 655.26 497.95 655.84 760.87 599.09 654.48 766.93 731.38 628.73 663.00 505.31 677.24 760.23 605.75 662.18 776.14 737.10 635.45 672.40 520.70 673.53 760.44 608.74 671.16 760.75 740.61 621.32 650.77 521.37 664.86 749.25 598.50 652..32 776.60 752.87 633.55 668.68 519.33 673.51 752.96 609.12 662.18 784.10 782.32 782.32 749.55 743.36 726.57 647.90 642.65 652.61 684.33 6,678.56 686.00 526.03 525.21 529.83 675.94 679.04 678.19 776.45 770.71 789.16 617.18 615.82 623.07 673.22 668.30 684.34 613.07 642.86 660.16 681.02 647.90 657.04 668.62 660.28 667.37 680.05 668.72 686.30 683.40 682.18 693.04 567.31 824.57 581.53 871.17 588.93 918.40 589.57 900.58 598.44 899.30 548.00 817.08 560.09 877.84 571.02 901.36 591.89 921.06 564.61 895.48 575.71 886.60 577.13 874.41 570.00 864.82 569.02 874.82 588.34 888.28 464.57 494.14 494.97 522.37 493.93 494.45 493.93 488.53 491.49 505.44 504.92 514.17 518.76 508.69 522.29 483.44 548.41 481.67 499.09 567.11 496.78 506.73 576.69 505.66 515.35 586.44 513.68 505.12 571.57 491.49 504.58 572.36 487.41 508.97 579.75 496.57 500.28 575.52 493.54 502.54 576.58 496.96 506.82 580.28 500.38 502..18 577.02 498.31 505.21 582.40 507.37 514.94 594.02 516.49 516.86 590.14 506.57 531.73 599.26 516.17 697.09 476.70 429.49 333.77 413.05 707.36 689.92 469.57 426.20 337.27 440.22 716.07 699.95 480.30 449.12 338.52 451.19 735.28 675.38 467.61 431.46 332.01 447.36 714.22 669.65 472.03 429.96 333.08 456.67 711.19 686.37 473.22 431.51 340.20 463.64 716.35 695.61 472.03 431.12 336.19 468.05 717.79 704.65 461.27 432.96 336.90 459.03 714.32 695.38 463.69 441.61 337.13 454.33 717.46 690.09 440.50 448.21 332.02 452.39 719.43 688.16 462.08 459.95 338.33 455.12 715.86 701.44 475.16 468.79 341.95 448.90 731.42 701.90 470.37 460.16 348.84 468.07 732.25 710.23 486.81 462.76 351.99 474.42 741.80 573.42 587.85 597.12 580.64 582.16 591.74 580.23 573.78 578.35 580.96 585.60 600.62 599.84 608.79 992.05 1,025.07 1,040.60 1,039.88 1,095.48 1,109.40 1,052.48 1,006.82 1,047.09 1,025.88 1,010.14 1,048.55 1,070.79 1,053.36 759.57 784.64 786.79 769.59 780.98 780.86 776.21 777.17 786.52 772.70 785.34 793.90 786.01 806.09 549.57 552.11 566.21 556.40 558.00 561.40 561.39 569.24 572.87 564.74 571.83 583.03 579.14 583.62 460.32 473.10 478.55 488.06 477.44 488.80 487.50 481.07 481.92 490.03 484.58 486.39 486.12 486.12 494.75 459.53 643.45 346.16 471.09 643.99 360.53 470.20 649.61 357.77 478.67 657.80 366.91 467.07 639.10 356.40 476.75 654.70 362.37 478.96 655.29 364.14 475.09 647.25 362.95 476.95 651.67 365.90 487.22 663.74 373.97 483.68 651.83 372.47 485.45 658.16 373.66 485.95 658.70 372.00 483.17 660.82 366.83 483.50 671.83 365.64 562.70 977.18 731.11 558.02 580.68 978.44 739.41 575.43 593.11 996.16 758.59 585.40 603.10 997.09 769.12 604.03 581.53 987.22 742.20 587.84 593.49 595.64 586.80 992.98 1,003.25 1,005.72 760.03 757.94 753.18 611.90 608.04 595.94 590.94 1,000.42 758.46 599.04 604.36 1,010.24 773.90 621.19 604.42 1,006.14 768.04 606.85 606.96 1,013.50 774.17 612.42 608.22 1,024.49 774.35 607.20 606.59 1,037.83 772.87 606.50 614.25 1,047.05 784.58 624.53 557.84 574.59 580.04 596.16 579.33 598.56 597.18 585.14 584.12 598.58 581.74 581.08 579.67 582.06 599.56 473.39 215.19 428.64 493.02 221.15 439.65 502.45 221.60 442.77 506.93 227.30 449.72 507.33 217.63 442.40 508.89 509.21 224.40 224.36 445.84 I 447.24 502.59 219.86 443.48 503.23 222.36 443.48 510.45 226.81 447.04 509.93 515.03 226.03 227.76 441.70 I 443.73 512.85 221.88 443.48 511.60 223.64 442.22 519.82 225.90 445.64 Education and 1 Data relate to production workers in natural resources and mining and manufacturing, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory workers in the service providing industries. NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the NorthAmerican https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis July 743.11 711.61 618.87 652.83 491.98 646.74 749.08 596.44 645.81 Professional and Other services.......................... June 757.92 695.89 595.19 624.54 481.36 618.79 723.95 576.60 632.77 Trade, transportation, Retail trade......................... Transportation and warehousing..................... Utilities.............................. Dec. May $493.20 $506.22 $510.89 $520.37 $510.02 $517.30 518.49. $511.35 $515.95 $523.09 $517.82 $521.90 $523.22 $522.55 $527.34 511.73 513.76 514.44 515.27 516.80 515.61 517.30 518.31 518.45 520.67 520.33 523.21 524.09 630.04 651,6C 657.04 668.07 654.12 645.06 658.62 654.74 665.06 672.88 665.18 678.49 685.50 680.59 680.18 721.68 456.64 408.56 317.15 Leather and allied products.... 388.83 Paper and paper products..... 690.06 Printing and related support activities................ 560.89 Petroleumand coal products......................... 1,003.34 Chemicals......................... 735.54 Plastics and rubber products......................... 528.69 PRIVATE SERVICEPROVIDING............................... 2002 2003 2002 Industry Classification System (n a ic s ), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) system. NAics-based data by industry are not comparable with sic-based data. See "Notes on the data"for a description of the most recent benchmarkrevision. Dash indicates data not available, p= preliminary. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 81 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent] Tim espan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 278 industries Over 1-month span: 1999..................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003..................................... 56.3 65.5 52.3 40.5 44.2 64.7 60.3 49.6 37.0 36.7 56.7 65.5 48.6 37.6 44.1 65.8 58.8 36.5 41.0 46.9 64.2 47.7 41.4 41.7 43.3 61.9 61.7 38.1 43.7 37.2 63.3 65.5 35.6 39.0 43.2 59.9 52.9 38.5 41.7 40.8 57.6 52.3 39.0 43.3 50.0 64.4 54.1 35.6 43.9 53.6 69.1 57.7 37.8 42.4 54.7 64.4 53.2 36.0 37.2 Over 3-month span: 1999...................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003...................................... 61.5 70.1 54.9 34.4 36.0 64.9 66.0 50.7 38.3 35.6 61.0 68.3 50.5 36.5 36.0 65.8 68.3 43.5 35.4 41.2 66.4 58.5 37.2 36.7 43.0 69.1 56.3 39.7 38.8 40.6 66.9 58.1 36.2 39.7 37.6 64.4 62.2 35.8 41.4 34.5 62.2 55.9 34.5 38.1 43.5 62.9 53.1 32.2 39.0 49.3 66.7 54.0 31.7 37.8 53.8 69.6 58.3 30.9 34.9 Over 6-month span: 1999...................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003...................................... 66.9 67.6 53.2 30.6 37.4 64.9 68.7 51.4 29.9 36.5 63.7 71.4 50.7 31.1 35.1 64.0 71.9 47.1 31.3 34.7 65.6 68.5 42.8 33.3 37.4 65.8 66.2 38.8 35.8 36.5 66.7 67.3 37.6 36.9 38.7 66.2 60.4 34.5 37.4 35.1 69.4 58.3 31.1 37.8 40.8 68.7 55.0 32.9 39.9 40.6 66.4 61.0 31.3 38.3 46.6 66.5 55.2 31.7 35.8 Over 12-month span: 1999...................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003...................................... 70.5 70.9 59.5 33.6 33.8 68.7 69.2 59.5 31.7 33.3 68.2 73.2 53.4 30.2 34.5 68.0 71.0 49.3 30.2 35.4 68.3 69.8 48.6 30.4 36.5 68.3 71.0 45.0 30.6 35.4 68.0 70.0 43.3 30.8 35.8 68.0 70.3 43.9 31.8 33.6 67.8 70.3 39.9 31.5 38.1 69.1 65.6 37.8 30.0 36.9 68.3 63.8 37.1 33.5 36.5 69.1 62.1 34.9 33.3 Manufacturing payrolls, 84 industries Over 1-month span: 1999...................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003...................................... 42.3 50.6 24.4 19.0 36.3 38.7 53.6 22.0 22.6 19.0 33.3 54.8 24.4 20.8 27.4 39.3 42.9 14.3 33.9 20.2 52.4 39.9 14.3 30.4 30.4 34.5 53.6 19.6 32.1 25.6 50.0 62.5 14.3 34.5 31.5 40.5 28.6 13.7 25.0 25.6 41.7 24.4 17.9 31.0 33.3 50.6 35.1 16.7 19.6 40.5 56.0 41.1 16.7 21.4 42.3 51.8 38.7 9.5 25.0 Over 3-month span: 1999...................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003...................................... 33.9 54.2 34.5 11.9 14.9 40.5 54.8 24.4 11.9 15.5 37.5 58.3 17.9 16.7 19.6 35.7 51.8 14.3 20.2 16.7 41.7 41.7 11.9 21.4 17.9 43.5 41.1 14.3 20.2 14.3 42.3 54.8 10.7 28.6 20.2 38.1 48.2 7.7 25.6 18.5 41.1 29.2 8.3 25.6 24.4 44.6 25.6 9.5 17.9 26.8 49.4 25.0 8.9 14.9 33.3 56.5 42.3 8.3 10.7 Over 6-month span: 1999...................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003...................................... 37.5 47.0 23.8 7.7 13.7 32.7 51.2 24.4 8.9 14.3 30.4 56.5 20.8 7.7 12.5 33.3 57.1 17.9 8.9 11.9 36.9 49.4 14.9 12.5 12.5 38.1 47.6 11.9 16.7 15.5 38.1 56.0 13.7 19.6 13.1 34.5 44.0 9.5 19.6 13.7 40.5 36.9 8.3 23.8 16.1 46.4 35.1 6.5 17.9 19.0 41.1 34.5 6.5 16.7 24.4 48.2 31.0 6.0 13.7 Over 12-month span: 1999...................................... 2000...................................... 2001...................................... 2002...................................... 2003...................................... 35.7 41.7 29.8 7.1 13.7 32.1 39.3 32.1 6.0 15.5 29.8 47.0 20.8 6.0 16.7 32.1 50.0 19.0 7.1 13.1 32.7 46.4 13.1 7.7 15.5 32.1 52.4 12.5 5.4 16.1 34.5 51.8 10.7 6.0 13.1 32.1 49.4 11.9 8.9 14.3 33.3 46.4 11.9 7.7 12.5 39.3 40.5 10.1 9.5 13.1 41.1 35.1 8.3 13.1 11.9 42.9 33.3 6.0 13.1 NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industres with increasing and decreasing employment. 82 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision, Data for the two most recent months are preliminary. 18. Establishment size and employment covered under Ul, private ownership, by Supersector, first quarter 2001 Size of establishments industry, establishments, and employment Total all industries2 Employment, March ........................ Natural resources and mining Establishments, first quarter ............. Employment, March ........................ Construction Employment, March ........................ Manufacturing Employment, March ........................ Trade, transportation, and utilities Employment, March ........................ Information Establishments, first quarter ............. Employment, March ........................ Financial activities Employment, March ........................ Professional and business services Employment, March ........................ Education and health services Employment, March ........................ Leisure and hospitality Employment, March ........................ Other services Establishments, first quarter ............. Employment, March ........................ Total Fewer than 5 workers1 10 to 19 workers 20 to 49 workers 50 to 99 workers 100 to 249 workers 500 to 999 workers 250 to 499 workers 1,000 or more workers 6,021 11,678 7,917,065 12,710,477 31,149 208,084 121,189 598,438 858,606 1,304,741 8,633,337 11,588,220 18,104,061 14,323,060 18,158,276 10,611,556 7,665,968 108,932,804 4,526,062 6,886,752 127,969 1,566,104 74,644 110,942 23,304 154,199 15,169 203,845 9,501 285,486 2,935 200,360 1,700 254,358 499 172,011 167 109,973 50 74,930 765,649 6,481,334 494,254 714,992 127,017 832,978 75,983 1,020,982 47,230 1,410,131 13,591 925,178 6,040 890,282 1,176 390,630 293 197,146 65 99,016 398,837 16,806,452 148,682 255,376 67,510 453,750 60,267 830,685 58,942 1,836,858 28,633 2,009,224 22,490 3,456,620 7,636 2,622,512 3,198 2,166,352 1,479 3,175,075 1,840,104 25,518,430 969,760 1,629,626 376,578 2,507,906 244,890 3,278,074 153,450 4,630,611 53,110 3,670,363 32,898 4,888,033 6,970 2,343,794 1,813 1,191,894 635 1,378,129 150,855 3,692,948 84,672 113,812 20,636 137,426 17,119 234,492 14,772 457,236 6,698 465,567 4,475 685,746 1,476 507,063 674 462,533 333 629,073 716,808 7,623,126 458,390 750,421 128,266 843,311 71,615 952,198 37,529 1,121,825 11,731 801,994 6,084 917,250 1,808 621,240 897 609,199 488 1,005,688 1,238,267 16,441,289 825,617 1,170,098 173,773 1,140,772 107,694 1,451,932 73,807 2,245,729 29,139 2,022,745 19,405 2,951,873 5,654 1,933,668 2,177 1,480,878 1,001 2,043,594 679,762 14,712,829 321,428 603,470 155,333 1,027,913 96,121 1,291,605 61,097 1,836,799 22,789 1,589,809 15,989 2,383,443 3,721 1,274,120 1,690 1,178,727 1,594 3,526,943 627,875 11,590,048 249,542 390,258 104,548 705,222 110,374 1,542,760 117,264 3,560,715 33,939 2,263,935 9,463 1,344,217 1,725 586,269 667 463,703 353 742,969 954,627 4,187,740 750,261 977,871 115,619 752,689 55,756 734,980 24,254 703,687 5,498 372,499 2,630 384,044 484 160,249 102 66,660 23 35,061 1 Includes establishments that reported no workers in March 2001. 2 Includes data for unclassified establishments, not shown separately. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 to 9 workers NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data reflect the movement of Indian Tribal Council establishments from private industry to the public sector. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 83 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 19. Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE by ownership Year Average establishments Average annual employment Total annual wages (in thousands) Average annual wages per employee Average weekly wage Total covered (Ul and UCFE) 1992 . 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996 . 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000 . 2001 . 6,532,608 6,679,934 6.826.677 7.040.677 7,189,168 7,369,473 7,634,018 7,820,860 7,879,116 7,984,529 107,413,728 109,422,571 112,611,287 115,487,841 117,963,132 121,044,432 124,183,549 127,042,282 129,877,063 129,635,800 $2,781,676,477 2,884,472,282 3,033,676,678 3,215,921,236 3,414,514,808 3,674,031,718 3,967,072,423 4,235,579,204 4,587,708,584 4,695,225,123 $25,897 26,361 26,939 27,846 28,946 30,353 31,945 33,340 35,323 36,219 $498 507 518 536 557 584 614 641 679 697 $25,622 26,055 26,633 27,567 28,658 30,058 31,676 33,094 35,077 35,943 $493 501 512 530 551 578 609 636 675 691 $25,547 25,934 26,496 27,441 28,582 30,064 31,762 33,244 35,337 36,157 $491 499 510 528 550 578 611 639 680 695 $27,789 28,643 29,518 30,497 31,397 32,521 33,605 34,681 36,296 37,814 $534 551 568 586 604 625 646 667 698 727 $25,434 26,095 26,717 27,552 28,320 29,134 30,251 31,234 32,387 33,521 $489 502 514 530 545 560 582 601 623 645 $35,066 36.940 38,038 38,523 40,414 42,732 43,688 44,287 46,228 48.940 $674 710 731 741 777 822 840 852 889 941 Ul covered 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996. 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000 . 2001 . 6,485,473 6,632,221 6,778,300 6,990,594 7,137,644 7,317,363 7,586,767 7,771,198 7,828,861 7,933,536 104,288,324 106,351,431 109,588,189 112,539,795 115,081,246 118,233,942 121,400,660 124,255,714 127,005,574 126,883,182 $2,672,081,827 2,771,023,411 2,918,684,128 3,102,353,355 3,298,045,286 3,553,933,885 3,845,494,089 4,112,169,533 4,454,966,824 4,560,511,280 Private industry covered 1992 . 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996. 1997. 1998. 1999 . 2000 . 2001 . 6,308,719 6,454,381 6,596,158 6,803,454 6,946,858 7,121,182 7,381,518 7,560,567 7,622,274 7,724,965 89,349,803 91,202,971 94,146,344 96,894,844 99,268,446 102,175,161 105,082,368 107,619,457 110,015,333 109,304,802 $2,282,598,431 2,365,301,493 2,494,458,555 2.658.927.216 2.837.334.217 3,071,807,287 3,337,621,699 3,577,738,557 3,887,626,769 3,952,152,155 State government covered 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996 . 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000 . 2001 . 58,801 59,185 60,686 60,763 62,146 65,352 67,347 70,538 65,096 64,583 4,044,914 4,088,075 4,162,944 4,201,836 4,191,726 4,214,451 4,240,779 4,296,673 4,370,160 4,452,237 $112,405,340 117,095,062 122,879,977 128,143,491 131,605,800 137,057,432 142,512,445 149,011,194 158,618,365 168,358,331 Local government covered 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996. 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000 . 2001 . 117,923 118,626 121,425 126,342 128,640 130,829 137,902 140,093 141,491 143,989 10,892,697 11,059,500 11.278.080 11,442,238 11,621,074 11,844,330 12,077,513 12,339,584 12.620.081 13,126,143 $277,045,557 288,594,697 301,315,857 315,252,346 329,105,269 345,069,166 365,359,945 385,419,781 408,721,690 440,000,795 Federal Government covered (UCFE) 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996. 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000. 2001 . 47,136 47,714 48,377 50,083 51,524 52,110 47,252 49,661 50,256 50,993 3,125,404 3,071,140 3,023,098 2,948,046 2.881.887 2.810.489 2.782.888 2,786,567 2.871.489 2,752,619 $109,594,650 113,448,871 114,992,550 113,567,881 116,469,523 120,097,833 121,578,334 123,409,672 132,741,760 134,713,843 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Data reflect the movement of Indian Tribal Council establishments fromprivate industry to the public sector. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. y 84 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 20. Annual data: establishments, employment, and wages covered under Ul and UCFE, by State Average annual employment Average establishments State 2001 20002001 change 2001 Average weekly wage Total annual wages (in thousands) 20002001 change 20002001 change 2001 20002001 change 2001 Total United States ....... 7,984,529 154,540 129,635,800 -185,779 $4,695,225,123 $109,884,920 $697 $18 Alabama...................... Alaska........................ Arizona....................... Arkansas ..................... California..................... 112,356 19,287 118,706 72,814 1,065,699 30 467 3,546 587 74,645 1,854,462 283,033 2,243,652 1,127,151 14,981,757 -23,500 7,479 22,942 -3,731 138,284 55,822,097 10,237,292 74,963,072 30,725,592 619,146,651 1,284,088 553,237 2,546,248 963,862 7,497,476 579 696 643 524 795 21 20 16 18 3 Colorado..................... Connecticut.................. Delaware..................... District of Columbia........ Florida........................ 153,824 108,201 25,253 28,414 454,077 5,347 414 505 9 9,367 2,201,379 1,665,607 406,736 635,749 7,153,589 14,728 -9,121 482 -1,535 92,606 83,547,602 78,272,099 15,629,636 35,543,559 225,713,701 2,274,669 2,095,243 787,067 1,790,086 9,933,356 730 904 739 1,075 607 15 29 36 56 19 Georgia...................... Hawaii........................ Idaho.......................... Illinois......................... Indiana....................... 230,232 35,439 46,480 319,588 151,376 5,219 1,412 1,084 -2,723 -1,328 3,871,763 557,146 571,314 5,886,248 2,871,236 -10,941 3,961 8,137 -54,259 -63,392 136,039,438 17,412,210 15,864,510 230,054,835 91,246,189 3,195,926 469,266 263,832 4,050,811 183,520 676 601 534 752 611 18 12 1 20 14 Iowa........................... Kansas ....................... Kentucky..................... Louisiana.................... Maine......................... 91,006 80,521 108,025 115,807 46,206 -5,825 52 302 -2,386 1,344 1,429,543 1,319,667 1,736,575 1,869,966 593,166 -13,432 5,984 -26,160 827 2,472 41,223,534 39,792,114 52,133,417 54,473,146 17,092,043 919,492 1,221,387 1,367,028 2,345,871 750,886 555 580 577 560 554 18 15 23 24 22 Maryland..................... Massachusetts............. Michigan ..................... Minnesota................... Mississippi .................. 147,158 191,824 259,556 156,031 63,207 622 6,848 5,809 487 -748 2,421,899 3,276,224 4,476,659 2,609,669 1,111,255 16,392 21,104 -107,880 1,325 -25,520 92,644,873 147,348,234 167,385,129 95,479,188 28,806,869 5,096,016 3,574,494 -2,295,158 3,107,396 151,385 736 865 719 704 499 36 16 7 23 14 Missouri ...................... Montana...................... Nebraska.................... Nevada ...................... New Hampshire............ 163,121 40,477 52,653 49,635 46,070 138 2,136 836 1,770 171 2,652,876 383,905 883,920 1,043,748 610,192 -23,960 4,862 1,516 25,919 3,685 86,009,694 9,672,371 25,083,293 34,569,506 21,650,267 2,000,438 472,112 646,745 1,717,063 582,754 623 485 546 637 682 19 18 13 16 14 New Jersey................. New Mexico ................. New York.................... North Carolina.............. North Dakota................ 256,536 48,439 538,898 224,426 23,326 -13,793 522 9,822 2,208 38 3,876,194 729,422 8,423,312 3,805,498 311,632 -1,221 12,293 -47,446 -57,272 2,412 171,793,642 20,935,825 393,598,666 121,866,007 8,011,085 2,443,618 1,216,191 9,383,346 1,858,872 378,510 852 552 899 616 494 12 23 27 19 19 Ohio ........................... Oklahoma ................... Oregon....................... Pennsylvania ............... Rhode Island................ 285,567 90,603 111,073 331,405 33,636 4,705 1,574 2,150 16,187 311 5,434,769 1,463,622 1,596,753 5,552,366 468,952 -77,865 11,771 -11,175 -5,535 1,351 180,885,154 41,004,250 53,018,365 194,211,696 15,758,369 1,681,299 1,821,743 317,098 5,158,632 507,610 640 539 639 673 646 15 20 9 19 19 South Carolina............. South Dakota............... Tennessee .................. Texas ......................... Utah ........................... 114,979 27,365 125,165 494,088 68,607 5,613 221 140 4,509 2,470 1,786,899 364,715 2,625,746 9,350,770 1,050,674 -33,210 598 -41,005 62,437 6,551 52,275,679 9,337,014 82,762,402 337,047,962 31,600,715 986,967 306,302 1,275,641 12,484,223 1,082,204 563 492 606 693 578 21 15 18 21 16 Vermont...................... Virginia....................... Washington................. West Virginia................ Wisconsin ................... Wyoming..................... 24,156 195,639 221,450 46,620 148,227 21,288 287 3,048 1,775 -186 2,374 429 298,020 3,436,172 2,689,507 685,754 2,717,660 237,278 1,558 8,411 -14,921 -845 -18,388 6,446 9,011,468 126,222,350 100,746,663 19,187,832 85,713,725 6,654,092 439,492 5,662,779 413,740 726,836 1,733,629 459,596 581 706 720 538 607 539 25 30 7 21 17 23 Puerto Rico.................. Virgin Islands............... 51,733 3,236 -633 -17 1,007,919 44,330 -18,234 1,981 19,884,381 1,294,885 578,173 120,936 379 562 17 29 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 85 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 21. Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties Employment County1 2001 United States4. Percent change, 2000-2001 .. 129,635,800 -.1 - 36,219 2.5 380,680 156,169 167,000 129,878 133,842 1,561,773 326,917 240,754 697,181 337,444 -1.0 1.3 -1.5 -.9 3.1 1.2 -.6 -.7 -.1 .7 197 54 212 192 16 61 170 175 135 80 35,453 37,089 29,502 29,979 37,998 35,689 30,690 32,261 46,489 44,744 4.2 3.5 3.1 3.8 3.7 1.6 5.1 4.7 3.1 5.7 Fresno, CA.......... Kern, CA.............. Los Angeles, CA.... Marin, CA............ . Monterey, CA........ Orange, CA........... Piacer, CA ........... Riverside, CA........ Sacramento, CA.... San Bernardino, CA. 322,084 242,232 4,103,370 111,939 166,186 1,411,944 116,185 491,535 588,426 545,113 -.1 1.5 .6 1.3 .8 1.6 6.1 4.2 3.0 2.8 136 49 87 55 75 46 1 8 18 21 27,878 30,106 40,891 43,547 31,735 40,252 34,773 29,971 39,173 30,995 6.5 5.3 3.1 2.2 5.9 2.6 4.1 2.8 3.8 3.6 1,218,982 586,085 204,504 369,868 177,234 1,002,637 102,669 121,402 194,922 164,473 2.0 -3.3 1.9 .1 .8 -2.3 .9 3.0 2.1 2.2 37 246 39 120 76 233 64 19 32 30 38,418 61,068 30,818 62,288 33,626 65,931 35,022 33,496 36,145 29,591 2.3 6.1 5.3 -7.2 3.2 -13.5 -2.2 5.7 1.1 4.9 Tulare, CA .... Ventura, CA .... Adams, CO... Arapahoe, CO. Boulder, CO .... Denver, CO... El Paso, CO .... Jefferson, CO . Larimer, CO .... Fairfield, CT .... 132,878 293,208 146,043 285,963 184,755 461,996 240,100 210,375 121,880 421,211 .0 1.5 .6 -.2 3.2 -.6 .9 .1 2.3 -1.0 130 50 88 144 13 171 65 121 29 198 24,732 37,783 34,753 44,999 44,310 46,134 34,391 37,819 33,248 63,163 4.2 1.9 4.0 -2.7 -2.8 4.0 4.1 4.5 2.6 3.3 Hartford, CT...... New Haven, CT .. New London, CT. New Castle, DE .. Washington, DC . Alachua, FL ...... Brevard, FL....... Broward, FL...... Collier, FL........ Duval, FL......... 497,280 363,265 124,684 282,318 635,734 119,148 184,725 663,954 110,230 436,663 -.5 -1.1 1.6 .2 -.2 .7 1.7 2.1 5.9 1.8 163 201 47 112 145 81 43 33 2 41 45,050 39,483 38,505 42,849 55,909 26,917 32,798 33,966 30,839 33,721 3.2 2.9 4.8 5.8 5.6 2.9 2.2 2.2 2.9 2.9 Escambia, FL... Hillsborough, FL Lee, FL ........... Leon, FL......... Manatee, FL .... Miami-Dade, FL . Orange, FL ...... Palm Beach, FL . Pinellas, FL...... Polk, FL .......... 121,285 595,768 171,902 142,981 118,788 993,834 602,668 499,688 448,788 184,471 .8 1.8 4.5 .9 5.2 1.6 .2 3.9 3.3 .1 77 42 5 66 4 48 113 9 12 122 28,610 32,874 29,432 30,287 26,629 34,524 32,218 35,957 31,742 28,890 7.1 3.7 4.6 3.5 4.4 3.6 3.5 2.1 1.5 3.6 Sarasota, FL ... Seminole, FL .. Volusia, FL.... Chatham, GA .. Clayton, GA .... Cobb, GA...... Dekalb, GA... Fulton, GA .... Gwinnett, GA .. Richmond, GA 147,206 145,147 142,478 122,608 114,982 301,520 305,903 754,870 289,538 104,694 4.5 2.2 -.2 -.2 -.3 -.1 -.7 .1 2.9 -.9 6 31 146 147 151 137 176 123 20 193 29,030 31,951 26,064 30,549 38,301 40,174 39,648 47,761 39,405 29,431 1.9 3.6 3.9 3.0 4.2 3.6 2.7 1.5 .9 2.9 . . See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2001 Jefferson, AL..... Madison, AL....... Mobile, AL......... Montgomery, AL .. Anchorage, AK .... Maricopa, AZ..... Pima, AZ........... Pulaski, AR....... Alameda, CA..... Contra Costa, CA San Diego, CA..... San Francisco, CA. San Joaquin, CA.... San Mateo, CA.... Santa Barbara, CA Santa Clara, CA... Santa Cruz, CA.... Solano, CA......... Sonoma, CA....... Stanislaus, CA..... 86 Percent change, 2000-20012 Average annual pay Ranked by percent change, 2000-20013 January 2004 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. Continued— Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties Average annual pay Employment County1 2001 Percent change, 2000-20012 Ranked by percent change, 2000-20013 Percent change, 2000-20012 2001 Honolulu, HI................. Ada, ID........................ Cook, IL... ................... Du Page, IL ................. Kane, ÏL...................... Lake, IL.... .................. Peoria, IL..................... Sangamon, IL............... Will, IL......................... Winnebago, IL.............. 409,669 182,309 2,630,768 580,938 194,374 316,150 102,764 145,195 145,570 139,815 .4 2.7 -1.5 -.2 -.1 -.3 -1.8 .2 .1 -2.9 99 23 213 148 138 152 223 114 124 241 32,531 33,081 44,108 43,470 33,362 43,970 33,288 36,259 34,280 31,951 2.1 -4.0 2.8 2.1 3.7 3.2 6.1 4.3 6.1 1.4 Allen, IN...................... Elkhart, IN.................... Lake,IN ...................... Marion, IN.................... St. Joseph, IN............... Vanderburgh, IN ........... Linn, IA ....................... Polk, IA....................... Johnson, KS ................. Sedgwick, KS ............... 183,329 113,524 194,624 591,406 124,967 109,418 119,914 263,469 292,984 249,863 -2.3 -6.8 -1.9 -1.3 -3.1 .1 -1.7 -.2 2.4 .1 234 249 226 210 244 125 219 149 27 126 32,830 30,797 32,017 37,885 30,769 30,494 34,649 34,944 37,204 33,937 1.7 1.5 1.4 3.8 3.7 3.1 1.6 3.8 -.1 3.8 Shawnee, KS................ Fayette, KY.................. Jefferson, KY................ Caddo, LA.................... East Baton Rouge, LA.... Jefferson, LA................ Lafayette, LA................ Orleans, LA.................. Cumberland, ME........... Anne Arundel, MD ......... 100,462 167,714 431,347 120,877 243,392 213,911 119,294 263,427 168,147 200,174 .3 -2.4 -1.7 1.3 -1.1 -.4 4.5 .1 1.3 2.8 105 237 220 56 202 160 7 127 57 22 30,513 32,237 34,688 29,354 30,397 29,326 32,364 32,880 32,327 37,190 3.9 5.0 4.1 2.0 3.9 4.6 8.2 3.7 5.1 4.9 Baltimore, MD............... Howard, MD................. Montgomery, MD........... Prince Georges, MD....... Baltimore City, MD......... Bristol, MA ................... Essex, MA ................... Hampden, MA............... Middlesex, MA.............. Norfolk, MA.................. 360,128 132,935 449,881 304,022 381,155 218,818 306,111 204,824 850,295 327,067 .2 1.3 .9 .5 .4 -1.1 .2 .9 1.4 .7 115 58 67 94 100 203 116 68 52 82 36,240 40,191 45,893 38,986 40,508 32,012 39,242 33,357 51,734 44,173 6.2 6.1 5.0 5.2 5.0 4.1 .5 3.6 .0 2.2 Plymouth, MA............... Suffolk, MA ................ Worcester, MA.............. Genesee, Ml................. Ingham, Ml................... Kalamazoo, Ml.............. Kent, Ml ...................... Macomb, Ml................. Oakland, Ml ................. Ottawa, Ml ................... Washtenaw, Ml............. Wayne, Ml ................... Anoka, MN................... Dakota, MN.................. Hennepin, MN............... Ramsey, MM................. Hinds, MS ................... Greene, MO................. Jackson, MD................. St. Louis, MO................ 166,471 602,983 321,044 160,442 174,290 116,728 339,510 326,600 755,451 115,880 .8 .1 .3 -3.0 -.3 -1.7 -1.8 -3.2 -1.4 -2.5 34,929 58,906 37,299 35,995 35,753 33,908 34,570 40,481 45,038 32,246 3.4 4.0 -.9 -.9 2.3 3.8 1.7 -1.0 1.2 .9 195,562 848,463 109,521 155,662 863,674 333,380 134,285 140,739 384,942 641,151 .2 -2.4 -.3 1.3 -.8 .0 -.9 -.9 -2.3 -.8 78 128 106 242 153 221 224 245 211 239 117 238 154 59 186 131 194 195 235 187 40,249 42,968 34,585 35,683 45,495 40,400 31,138 28,065 37,405 38,929 .2 1.2 1.9 3.8 3.8 3.4 1.8 4.1 3.7 2.1 St. Louis City, MO......... Douglas, NF ................ Lancaster, NE.............. Clark, NV .................... Washoe, NV ................ 245,192 325,629 148,200 720,184 193,571 192,712 130,917 141,240 453,626 187,398 -2.2 -.7 .9 3.2 2.4 .0 .7 .9 1.5 3.6 231 177 69 14 28 132 83 70 51 11 40,834 32,866 29,352 32,648 34,231 39,320 36,642 32,555 46,828 38,776 5.8 1.6 2.9 1.6 4.5 .3 2.3 4.8 1.1 3.1 Burlington, NJ.............. See footnotes at end of table. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 87 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 21. Continued— Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties Employment County1 2001 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent change, 2000-20012 2001 Percent change, 2000-2001 Camden, NJ................. Essex, NJ .................... Hudson, NJ.................. Mercer, NJ ................... Middlesex, NJ............... Monmouth, NJ .............. Morris, NJ .................... Ocean, NJ.................... Passaic, NJ.................. Somerset, NJ................ 199,869 361,569 237,253 215,524 399,332 240,757 277,653 133,657 175,108 176,713 .5 -.5 .0 2.6 1.3 3.2 .4 3.7 -1.1 1.7 95 164 133 25 60 15 101 10 204 44 36,530 46,526 47,638 46,831 47,726 40,399 53,829 31,034 39,192 55,769 4.0 4.2 .4 4.9 2.7 1.8 -11.0 1.9 3.8 1.8 Union, NJ..................... Bernalillo, NM ............... Albany, NY................... Bronx, NY.................... Dutchess, NY................ Erie, NY...................... Kings, NY..................... Monroe, NY ................. Nassau, NY ................. New York, NY............... 236,609 309,166 229,957 214,227 112,912 454,839 439,343 393,783 593,368 2,342,338 -.1 .7 -.5 .4 2.5 -1.1 -.1 -.7 -.8 -1.5 139 84 165 102 26 205 140 178 188 214 46,204 31,663 37,848 34,248 38,748 32,103 31,952 36,597 40,599 74,883 2.0 4.9 5.7 4.3 7.4 1.9 3.9 3.3 1.4 3.2 Oneida, NY.................. Onondaga, NY.............. Orange, NY.................. Queens, NY................. Rockland, NY................ Suffolk, NY................... Westchester, NY........... Buncombe, NC ............. Cumberland, NC........... Durham, NC................. 108,686 249,754 120,903 478,661 107,348 581,938 404,974 105,378 106,381 169,609 -1.8 -1.1 .7 -.7 .4 .1 -.4 -.3 -2.8 .3 225 206 85 179 103 129 161 155 240 107 28,381 33,469 30,218 36,963 38,720 38,706 48,716 28,701 26,981 48,076 4.0 3.0 2.9 5.7 3.9 2.2 3.5 3.8 3.3 -2.6 Forsyth, NC ................. Guilford, NC................. Mecklenburg, NC........... Wake, NC .................... Butler, OH.................... Cuyahoga, OH.............. Franklin, OH ................. Hamilton, OH................ Lorain, OH ................... Lucas, OH.................... 180,155 274,077 514,036 385,777 126,863 796,353 702,628 559,852 103,115 234,678 -.7 -2.0 .3 .9 -.5 -1.6 .2 -1.1 -3.5 -1.7 180 229 108 71 166 217 118 207 247 222 34,693 33,217 41,775 36,996 32,325 37,533 36,090 38,339 32,194 33,088 2.0 3.1 3.1 4.6 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.0 .6 2.6 Mahoning, OH .............. Montgomery, OH ........... Stark, OH..................... Summit, OH................. Oklahoma, OK.............. Tulsa, OK..................... Clackamas, OR ............ Lane, OR ..................... Marion, OR .................. Multnomah, OR ............ 108,769 298,982 173,888 261,098 415,507 342,502 133,997 137,574 126,999 444,393 -3.7 -1.5 -1.6 -2.1 .4 .6 -.2 -1.9 -.6 -1.1 248 215 218 230 104 89 150 227 172 208 26,860 34,783 29,197 33,416 30,161 32,771 33,699 28,983 28,785 37,668 3.5 .7 2.4 2.1 3.2 5.2 3.7 4.0 2.4 2.4 Washington, OR ............ Allegheny, PA............... Berks, PA..................... Bucks, PA.................... Chester, PA................. Cumberland, PA........... Dauphin, PA ................ Delaware, PA................ Erie, PA ...................... Lancaster, PA............... 228,453 711,532 165,263 246,491 217,148 122,649 173,292 214,106 128,893 218,415 1.4 .3 -.7 .6 .6 -.6 .3 1.0 -2.3 -.3 53 109 181 90 91 173 110 63 236 156 42,222 38,086 32,807 35,239 44,216 33,996 34,855 38,494 29,293 31,493 -5.0 3.7 2.5 3.5 1.0 3.6 3.5 4.5 3.3 2.2 Lehigh, PA................... Luzerne, PA................. Montgomery, PA........... Philadelphia, PA........... Westmoreland, PA......... York, PA ..................... Providence, Rl.............. Charleston, SC............. Greenville, SC .............. Richland, SC................. 172,860 141,944 485,822 658,827 134,128 165,879 288,650 180,711 226,362 205,841 .2 -.8 .5 -.7 -.4 -1.0 -.7 -1.0 -3.0 -.5 119 189 96 182 162 199 183 200 243 167 35,564 28,924 44,366 40,813 28,827 31,936 34,566 29,013 32,622 30,591 .8 3.8 1.3 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.8 4.3 3.3 See footnotes at end of table. 88 Average annual pay Ranked by percent change, 2000-20013 January 2004 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. Continued—Annual data: Employment and average annual pay for all workers covered under Ul and UCFE in the 249 largest U.S. counties Average annual pay Employment County1 2001 Spartanburg, SC............ Minnehaha, SD............. Davidson, 7N................ Hamilton, TN................. Knox, TN..................... Shelby, TN................... Bexar, TX..................... Cameron, TX................ Collin, TX..................... Dallas, TX.................... 117,262 106,717 434,006 187,724 203,470 496,647 655,195 111,374 181,007 1,550,835 Denton, TX.................... El Paso, TX.................. Harris, TX .................... Hidalgo, TX.................. Jefferson, TX................ Lubbock, TX ................. Nueces, TX.................. Tarrant, TX .................. Travis, TX.................... Salt Lake, UT................ 122,552 248,407 1,864,100 168,610 118,764 118,042 143,470 709,162 534,861 530,497 Utah, UT...................... Arlington, VA................. Chesterfield, VA............ Fairfax, VA................... Henrico, VA ................. Norfolk, VA .................. Richmond, VA............... Virginia Beach, VA......... Clark, WA .................... King, WA...................... 143,423 159,170 107,721 542,984 169,827 146,414 164,906 166,007 114,716 1,146,191 Pierce, WA................... Snohomish, WA............ Spokane, WA................ Kanawha, WV............... Brown, Wl .................... Dane, Wl ..................... Milwaukee, Wl .............. Waukeshci, Wl.............. 238,600 209,657 190,057 111,552 141,950 279,208 522,022 224,721 San Juan, PR ............... 324,791 Percent change, 2000-20012 Percent change, 2000-20012 31,856 29,205 35,509 31,240 30,765 35,791 31,032 22,142 41,338 44,909 4.1 3.5 1.9 73 209 45 17 228 35 30,788 25,847 43,751 22,313 32,570 26,577 29,406 37,287 41,698 33,210 5.1 3.1 4.5 143 24 38 79 185 74 36 196 28,266 55,390 32,957 52,641 37,869 33,504 40,173 26,750 33,125 47,186 1.3 4.8 3.4 31,261 36,388 29,310 31,601 32,631 34,097 35,736 37,092 4.7 3.6 -.8 .6 216 158 134 190 159 40 191 93 -.5 169 22,179 1 .1 -.1 -.3 .6 -.5 .9 2 .1 5.7 -.6 .9 - 1 .2 1.7 3.1 -1.9 2 .1 .7 .5 -.7 -.1 .5 .3 - .1 2.7 2 .0 .8 -.7 .9 2 .1 -.9 -1.5 3 Rankings for percent change in employment are based on the 249 counties that are comparable over the year. 2001 232 62 141 157 92 168 72 34 3 174 -2 . 2 1 Includes areas not officially designated as counties. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. 2 Percent changes were computed from annual employment and pay data adjusted for noneconomic county reclassifications. See Notes on Current Labor Statistics. Ranked by percent change, 2000-20013 -.3 .0 -.8 -.3 1.9 86 97 184 142 98 111 2 .2 2 .2 4.2 3.7 2.7 2 .0 1 .2 2 .8 4.1 1 .1 4.3 5.2 .9 3.2 2 .1 4.8 4.1 4.0 5.3 3.0 - .6 -1.5 4.8 3.5 3.9 2.9 3.7 4.1 4 Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico. Note: Data pertain to workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (Ul) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. The 248 U.S. counties comprise 66.2 percent of the total covered workers in the United States. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 89 Current Labor Statistics: Labor Force Data 22. Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands] E m plo ym ent status 1993 1995 1996 19971 19981 19991 20001 2001 2002 Civilian noninstitutional population........... 194,838 196,814 198,584 200,591 203,133 205,220 Civilian labor force................................. 207,753 212,577 215,092 129,200 217,570 131,056 132,304 133,943 136,297 137,673 139,368 142,583 143,734 144,863 1 19941 Labor force participation rate............... 66.3 6 6 .6 6 6 .6 6 6 .8 67.1 67.1 67.1 Employed............................................. 67.1 6 6 .8 6 6 .6 120,259 123,060 124,900 126,708 129,558 131,463 133,488 Employment-population ratio......... 136,891 136,933 61.7 136,485 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 Unemployed........................................ 64.4 63.7 62.7 8,940 7,996 7,404 7,236 6,739 6 ,2 1 0 5,880 5,692 6,801 8,378 Unemployment rate......................... 6.9 Not in the labor force................................ 65,638 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.8 66,280 66,647 66,836 67,547 68,385 69,994 71,359 72,707 6 .1 65,758 Not strictly comparable with prior years. 23. Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands] Industry 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total private employment............... 91,855 95,016 97,866 100,169 103,113 106,021 108,686 110,996 110,707 108,886 Total nonfarm employment............ Qoods-produclng.......................... 110,844 22,219 Natural resources and mining.. Construction.............................. . 666 114,291 22,774 659 5,095 17,021 117,298 23,156 641 119,708 23,410 637 122,770 23,886 654 5,274 17,241 5,536 17,237 5,813 17,419 125,930 24,354 645 6,149 17,560 128,993 24,465 598 6,545 17,322 131,785 24,649 599 6,787 131,826 23,873 606 6,826 16,441 130,376 22,619 581 6,732 15,306 72,242 23,128 74,710 23,834 5,433.1 13,896.7 3,837.8 76,759 24,239 5,522.0 14,142.5 3,935.3 79,227 24,700 5,663.9 14,388.9 4,026.5 81,667 666.2 639.6 2,940 6,969 13,462 620.9 3,084 84,221 25,771 5,892.5 14,970.1 4,300.3 608.5 3,419 7,648 15,957 14,798 86,346 26,225 5.933.2 15,279.8 4.410.3 601.3 3,631 7,687 16,666 15,109 11,862 86,834 25,983 5,772.7 15,238.6 4,372.0 599.4 86,267 25,493 5,641.0 15,047.2 4,205.3 599.8 3,420 7,843 16,010 16,184 5,168 3,629 7,807 16,476 15,645 12,036 5,258 11,969 5,348 20,790 21,118 21,489 4,779 16,744 Manufacturing............................ Private service-providing....................... 69,636 Trade, transportation, and utilities..... Wholesale trade................................. Retail trade......................................... Transportation and warehousing.... Utilities................................................. Information............................................ 22,378 5,093.2 13,020.5 3,553.8 710.7 Financial activities............................... 6,709 11,495 Professional and business services.. Education and health services......... Leisure and hospitality........................ Other services..................................... Government., 2,668 12,303 9,732 4,350 5,247.3 13,490.8 3,701.0 689.3 2,738 6,867 12,174 12,807 18,989 2,843 6,827 12,844 13,289 4,428 10,501 4,572 13,683 10,777 4,690 7,178 14,335 14,087 11,018 4,825 19,275 19,432 19,539 19,664 10,100 NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American system. NAiCS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data. 90 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 25,186 5,795.2 14,609.3 4,168.0 613.4 3,218 7,462 15,147 14,446 11,232 4,976 11,543 5,087 19,909 20,307 17,263 Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 24. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry Industry 1993 1994 1995 1997 1996 1998 1999 2001 2000 Private sector: 2002 34.3 11.03 378.40 34.5 11.32 390.73 34.3 11.64 399.53 34.3 12.03 412.74 34.5 12.49 431.25 34.5 13.00 448.04 34.3 13.47 462.49 34.3 14.00 480.41 34.0 14.53 493.20 33.9 14.95 506.22 40.6 12.28 498.82 41.1 12.63 519.58 40.8 12.96 528.62 40.8 13.38 546.48 41.1 13.82 568.43 40.8 14.23 580.99 40.8 14.71 599.99 40.7 15.27 621.86 39.9 15.78 630.04 39.9 16.33 651.60 44.9 14.12 634.77 45.3 14.41 653.14 45.3 14.78 670.32 46.0 15.10 695.07 46.2 15.57 720.11 44.9 16.20 727.28 44.2 16.33 721.74 44.4 16.55 734.92 44.6 17.00 757.92 43.2 17.22 743.11 38.4 14.04 539.81 38.8 14.38 558.53 38.8 14.73 571.57 38.9 15.11 588.48 38.9 15.67 609.48 38.8 16.23 629.75 39.0 16.80 655.11 39.2 17.48 685.78 38.7 18.00 695.89 38.4 18.51 711.61 41.1 11.70 480.80 41.7 12.04 502.12 41.3 12.34 509.26 41.3 12.75 526.55 41.7 13.14 548.22 41.4 13.45 557.12 41.4 13.85 573.17 41.3 14.32 590.65 40.3 14.76 595.19 40.5 15.29 618.87 32.5 10.60 345.03 32.7 10.87 354.97 32.6 11.19 364.14 32.6 11.57 376.72 32.8 12.05 394.77 32.8 12.59 412.78 32.7 13.07 427.30 32.7 13.60 445.00 32.5 14.16 460.32 32.5 14.56 473.10 34.1 10.55 359.33 34.3 10.80 370.38 34.1 34.3 11.90 407.57 12.39 423.30 33.9 12.82 434.31 33.8 378.79 34.1 11.46 390.64 34.2 1 1 .1 0 13.31 449.88 33.5 13.70 459.53 33.6 14.02 471.09 38.5 12.57 484.46 38.8 12.93 501.17 38.6 13.34 515.14 38.6 13.80 533.29 38.8 14.41 559.39 38.6 15.07 582.21 38.6 15.62 602.77 38.8 16.28 631.40 38.4 16.77 643.45 38.0 16.97 643.99 30.7 8.36 484.46 30.9 8.61 501.17 30.8 8.85 515.14 30.7 9.21 533.29 30.9 9.59 559.39 30.9 10.05 582.21 30.8 10.45 602.77 30.7 1 0 .8 6 631.40 30.7 11.29 643.45 30.9 11.67 643.99 38.9 12.71 494.36 39.5 12.84 507.27 38.9 13.18 513.37 39.1 13.45 525.60 39.4 13.78 542.55 38.7 14.12 546.86 37.6 14.55 547.97 37.4 15.05 562.31 36.7 15.33 562.70 36.8 15.77 580.68 42.1 17.95 756.35 42.3 18.66 789.98 42.3 19.19 811.52 42.0 19.78 830.74 42.0 20.59 865.26 42.0 21.48 902.94 42.0 22.03 924.59 42.0 22.75 955.66 41.4 23.58 977.18 40.9 23.94 978.44 36.0 14.86 535.25 36.0 15.32 551.28 36.0 15.68 564.98 36.4 16.30 592.68 36.3 17.14 622.40 36.6 17.67 646.52 36.7 18.40 675.32 36.8 19.07 700.89 36.9 19.80 731.11 36.5 20.23 739.41 35.5 11.36 403.02 35.5 11.82 419.20 35.5 12.28 436.12 35.5 12.71 451.49 35.7 13.22 472.37 36.0 13.93 500.95 35.8 14.47 517.57 35.9 14.98 537.37 35.8 15.59 558.02 35.6 16.17 575.43 34.0 11.96 406.20 34.1 12.15 414.16 34.0 12.53 426.44 34.1 13.00 442.81 34.3 13.57 465.51 34.3 14.27 490.00 34.4 14.85 510.99 34.5 15.52 535.07 34.2 16.33 557.84 34.2 16.81 574.59 32.0 359.08 32.0 11.50 368.14 32.0 11.80 377.73 31.9 12.17 388.27 32.2 12.56 404.65 32.2 13.00 418.82 32.1 13.44 431.35 32.2 13.95 449.25 32.3 14.64 473.39 32.4 15.22 493.02 25.9 6.32 163.45 26.0 6.46 168.00 25.5 6.62 171.42 25.9 6.82 176.46 26.0 7.13 185.81 26.2 7.48 195.82 26.1 7.76 202.87 26.1 211.76 25.8 8.35 215.19 25.8 8.57 221.15 32.6 9.90 322.65 32.7 10.16 332.44 32.6 10.51 342.36 32.6 1 0 .8 6 32.7 11.29 368.6C 32.6 11.79 384.26 32.5 12.26 398.7“ 32.6 12.7C 413.41 32.C 13.27 428.64 32.0 13.72 439.65 Goods-producing: Natural resources and mining Construction: Manufacturing: Private service-providing: Trade, transportation, and utilities: Wholesale trade: Retail trade: Transportation and warehousing: Utilities: Information: Financial activities: Professional and business services: Education and health services: 1 1 .2 1 Leisure and hospitality: 8 .1 1 Other services: 352.62 Average weekly earnings (in dollars)............ NOTE: Data reflect the conversion to the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAiCS-based data by industry are not comparable with SIC-based data. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 91 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 25. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2001 Series Sept. 2002 Dec. Mar. June 2003 Sept. Dec. Mar. June P ercent change Sept. 3 m onths 12 m onths ended ended Sept. 2003 Civilian workers2. 155.6 156.8 158.4 159.9 161.3 162.2 164.5 165.8 167.6 157.7 156.7 159.6 158.8 151.1 155.0 158.9 157.5 161.2 160.0 152.0 156.9 160.5 158.5 163.7 162.0 153.7 158.4 162.1 159.3 165.6 163.3 155.1 159.4 163.5 161.4 166.3 164.9 156.4 161.3 164.3 162.4 166.7 166.1 157.5 162.2 166.7 164.1 171.1 168.3 159.8 164.1 167.S 165.C 172.C 170.0 161.4 165.0 169.9 167.0 174.0 171.7 162.9 166.8 153.2 153.3 156.4 158.1 156.7 158.2 156.1 154.4 154.6 157.6 159.0 158.3 160.0 156.6 156.3 156.6 159.1 160.2 160.5 162.3 157.1 157.7 158.1 160.7 161.1 161.8 163.8 157.4 158.7 159.1 162.2 163.2 163.1 165.7 161.6 169.2 160.5 162.8 163.9 164.5 167.6 162.8 163.1 164.0 165.0 165.3 166.4 169.9 163.6 164.6 165.4 166.2 166.3 167.6 170.8 164.2 165.8 166.5 168.2 168.5 169.3 173.1 166.9 1 .6 153.8 155.2 156.5 157.5 160.2 161.7 163.4 164.3 167.3 1 .8 4.4 156.0 157.2 158.7 160.2 161.7 162.4 164.5 165.8 167.8 1 .2 3.8 155.9 156.0 157.2 157.2 158.9 159.0 160.7 160.5 161.6 161.6 162.3 162.4 165.0 165.1 166.4 166.6 168.1 168.1 1 .0 4.0 .9 4.0 158.7 159.6 159.2 160.2 155.0 159.5 151.0 151.8 150.4 145.6 154.9 160.1 160.9 160.3 161.8 156.7 160.8 151.9 152.5 151.5 146.3 156.5 161.9 162.8 161.5 164.4 157.7 162.8 153.6 153.7 153.6 148.7 158.7 163.8 164.3 162.5 166.6 161.6 164.2 155.1 155.7 154.7 149.6 159.9 164.6 165.3 163.6 167.0 161.6 165.6 156.3 156.9 155.4 151.0 161.4 165.2 165.9 164.4 167.2 161.9 166.7 157.3 157.8 156.7 151.8 162.9 168.1 169.1 166.5 172.1 163.5 169.0 159.7 160.0 159.9 153.2 164.9 169.4 170.4 167.7 173.1 165.1 170.9 161.4 162.0 161.1 155.1 166.8 171.2 172.1 169.4 175.0 167.2 172.3 162.8 163.1 162.6 156.7 168.6 3.9 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................. Professional specialty and technical.......................... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial.................... Administrative support, including clerical..................... Blue-collar workers.................................................. Service occupations................................................. Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing..................................................... Manufacturing....................................................... Service-producing.................................................... Services............................................................... Health services.................................................... Hospitals.......................................................... Educational services............................................. Public administration3.............................................. Nonmanufacturing................................................... Private industry workers........................................... Excluding sales occupations................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers............................................... Excluding sales occupations................................. Professional specialty and technical occupations........ Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations................................................ Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers................................................ Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors......... Transportation and material moving occupations........ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... Service occupations............................................... Production and nonsupervisory occupations4.............. 152.6 154.8 156.4 157.4 159.0 159.8 161.7 162.6 163.8 .7 3.0 154.3 155.5 157.1 158.7 159.7 160.5 162.6 164.1 165.7 1 .0 3.8 Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing................................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... White-collar occupations....................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... Blue-collar occupations....................................... Construction........................................................ Manufacturing..................................................... White-collar occupations....................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... Blue-collar occupations....................................... . Durables............................................................. Nondurables........................................................ 153.1 152.5 156.8 155.3 150.8 151.7 153.3 156.0 153.8 151.3 154.0 152.0 154.4 153.7 158.1 156.5 151.9 153.0 154.6 156.9 154.7 152.7 155.3 153.2 156.2 155.5 160.1 158.4 153.6 154.1 156.6 159.1 156.7 154.6 156.9 156.0 157.6 156.9 161.9 160.2 154.8 155.2 158.1 161.1 158.6 155.8 158.3 157.5 158.6 157.9 162.9 161.1 155.9 156.3 159.1 162.2 159.6 156.7 158.9 159.2 160.1 159.2 164.3 162.3 157.3 157.9 160.5 163.3 160.7 158.3 160.6 160.3 163.0 162.4 167.8 166.3 159.9 159.1 164.0 167.1 165.1 161.6 164.4 163.1 164.5 163.8 169.2 167.5 161.5 161.1 165.4 168.7 166.4 162.8 165.5 164.9 165.7 165.0 170.1 168.5 162.9 162.3 166.5 169.5 167.4 164.1 166.6 166.0 .7 .7 .5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 3.8 4.7 4.5 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.3 156.9 157.8 159.0 160.9 150.9 152.2 153.5 148.2 160.7 162.8 158.1 153.7 155.4 158.6 160.0 150.9 149.7 149.7 158.2 159.0 160.3 162.2 151.4 154.2 155.5 151.1 161.5 163.4 159.1 155.5 157.1 159.5 160.6 153.2 150.9 151.7 159.9 160.9 162.1 164.1 153.2 155.9 157.3 152.5 163.9 166.0 161.3 156.5 157.5 161.9 162.3 153.5 152.4 152.9 161.8 162.4 164.0 165.6 155.2 157.0 158.9 153.9 165.5 166.1 164.8 159.5 160.0 166.3 164.4 155.6 154.2 154.5 162.7 163.5 164.7 166.5 156.6 158.5 160.8 155.4 168.2 169.0 167.2 159.6 160.3 165.9 166.1 156.0 156.1 156.3 163.1 164.0 165.1 167.0 156.9 159.3 161.7 156.1 169.2 170.1 168.1 159.7 160.4 166.7 167.2 155.8 155.1 156.3 165.6 166.6 167.9 169.9 158.7 161.1 163.2 157.8 170.5 171.3 169.5 161.3 161.8 169.5 168.4 156.6 156.4 157.5 167.0 168.0 169.2 171.3 160.8 162.0 165.4 158.9 174.2 175.5 172.6 162.5 162.7 171.3 169.9 157.4 159.2 158.6 1 168.8 169.7 171.2 173.1 162.2 163.2 166.5 159.4 176.4 178.4 173.8 164.3 165.0 172.0 171.2 159.9 161.2 159.3 Service-producing................................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. . White-collar occupations....................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... Blue-collar occupations........................................ Service occupations............................................. Transportation and public utilities............................. Transportation.................................................... Public utilities..................................................... Communications.............................................. Electric, gas, and sanitary services...................... Wholesale and retail trade..................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... Wholesale trade................................................. Excluding sales occupations............................... Retail trade........................................................ General merchandise stores............................... Food stores............ See footnotes at end of table. 92 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .0 .9 1 .1 .7 .7 1 .2 1.3 1 .0 1.3 1 .1 1 .0 1 .0 1 .1 1.3 .8 .9 .7 .9 1 .0 1 .1 .6 .9 .7 .7 .5 .6 .8 .7 .7 1 .1 1 .0 1 .2 1 .1 .9 .7 .7 .3 1.3 1.7 .7 1.1 1.4 .4 .8 1 .6 1.3 .4 1 3.9 3.5 4.6 4.1 4.2 3.4 4.5 4.7 3.7 3.2 3.8 4.5 3.3 4.0 4.1 3.5 4.8 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.6 3.8 4.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.5 2 .6 4.9 5.6 3.9 2.9 2.9 3.7 3.1 2.5 3.3 1.9 25. Continued— Employment Cost Index, compensation,' by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June P ercent change 2002 2002 2001 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 m onths 12 m onths ended ended Sept. 2003 7.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... ............................ 160.9 161,3 165.2 167.3 168.0 168.5 176.7 178.3 180.2 Excluding sales occupations........................................ Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance............................................................................. Services................................................................................. Business services.............................................................. Health services...................................... ............................. Hospitals............................................................................ Educational services.......................................................... Colleges and universities............................................... 164.7 175.4 159.9 160.0 165.2 156.8 158.4 166.4 166.2 165.0 174.5 161.3 161.0 166.2 158.4 160.3 167.6 167.5 169.8 182.1 164.0 162.6 166.3 160.6 162.8 168.5 168.1 171.3 184.2 166.1 163.7 166.6 162.0 164.5 169.0 168.4 172.1 184.6 167.1 164.9 167.2 163.2 166.2 173.5 172.0 173.1 185.3 167.9 165.4 167.5 164.4 168.1 175.2 173.7 182.0 204.3 172.1 167.1 168.5 166.5 170.8 176.3 174.5 184.0 206.3 173.9 168.4 169.2 167.9 171.9 177.1 175.4 1,853.0 207.6 175.1 170.4 171.9 169.4 173.9 180.2 178.4 Nonmanufacturing................................................................ 156.3 157.6 159.3 161.1 162.0 162.5 164.9 166.4 168.1 White-collar workers.......................................................... Excluding sales occupations........................................ Blue-collar occupations..................................................... Service occupations.......................................................... 159.0 160.9 150.2 152.1 160.5 162.3 150.6 154.1 162.2 164.2 152.2 155.9 164.1 165.7 154.0 156.9 164.8 166.6 155.4 158.4 165.3 167.1 155.9 159.2 168.0 170.0 157.5 161.1 169.3 171.4 159.7 162.0 171.2 173.2 161.1 163.2 1 .1 .9 .7 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.0 State and local government workers................................... 154.3 155.2 156.1 156.7 160.1 161.5 162.6 163.2 165.9 1.7 3.6 153.7 152.8 156.4 154.2 151.5 154.4 153.2 157.6 155.6 153.2 155.2 153.6 159.5 156.9 154.0 155.7 154.1 159.6 158.0 154.7 159.3 158.1 162.3 161.0 158.4 160.7 161.7 162.2 164.9 1.7 159.4 163.8 162.4 159.8 160.2 165.3 163.8 161.3 160.8 165.7 164.4 161.7 163.4 168.0 167.9 163.6 1 .6 1 .2 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.3 3.3 3.3 1 .1 1 .2 7.7 12.5 4.8 3.3 1 .6 2 .8 .9 1.7 3.8 4.6 3.9 3.7 1 .0 3.8 .7 .6 .7 1 .2 1 .8 1.1 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................................. Professional specialty and technical....... ........................... Executive, administrative, and managerial........................ Administrative support, including clerical........................... 1.4 2 .1 Workers, by industry division: 154.4 154.9 155.5 155.9 159.7 160.9 161.8 162.3 164.9 1 .6 154.5 156.1 157.9 158.7 161.0 162.8 164.0 164.2 166.8 1 .6 3.6 158.5 159.1 154.5 154.8 153.1 159.6 160.4 160.7 154.8 155.1 153.4 160.0 161.4 161.8 155.1 155.4 153.6 160.4 163.5 164.1 159.2 159.6 157.7 164.7 165.5 166.2 160.3 160.7 158.8 165.8 166.4 167.0 161.1 161.4 159.4 167.0 166.7 167.3 161.7 162.0 160.0 167.5 169.5 170.3 164.3 164.7 163.0 169.2 1.7 Elementary and secondary......................................... Colleges and universities........................................... 157.1 157.4 154.1 154.4 152.8 153.8 1 .0 3.7 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.4 2.7 Public administration3 ............................................................ 151.9 155.2 156.5 157.9 160.2 161.7 163.4 164.3 167.3 1 .8 4.4 Services................................................................................... 5 Services excluding schools................................................ Health services................................................................... Educational services......................................................... 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 .8 1 .6 1.7 1.9 3 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 5 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 93 Current Labor Statistics: 26. Compensation & Industrial Relations Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] 2 301 2002 2003 Percent change Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 m onths 12 m onths ended ended Sept. 2003 Civilian workers 1 ............................. Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers......................... Professional specialty and technical.................... Executive, adminitrative, and managerial.......... Administrative support, including clerical................. Blue-collar workers............................... Service occupations........................... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing...................................... Manufacturing................................ Service-producing................................. Services............................... Health services.............................. Hospitals................................ Educational services........................... Public administration2....................... Nonmanufacturing............................... Private industry workers.................................. Excluding sales occupations................................ Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers.......................... Excluding sales occupations.......................... Professional specialty and technical occupations........ Executive, adminitrative, and managerial occupations.. Sales occupations............................. Administrative support occupations, including clerical... Blue-collar workers................................ Precision production, craft, and repair occupations..... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors......... Transportation and material moving occupations........ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.... Service occupations.............................. Production and nonsupervisory occupations3........ Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing.................................... Excluding sales occupations............................... White-collar occupations...................................... Excluding sales occupations............................ Blue-collar occupations.................................... Construction.................................... Manufacturing..................................... White-collar occupations........................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. Blue-collar occupations................................... Durables................................... Nondurables..................................... Service-producing................................. Excluding sales occupations......................... White-collar occupations.................................... Excluding sales occupations............................ Blue-collar occupations................................. Service occupations................................... Transportation and public utilities........................... Transportation.................................... Public utilities.......................................... Communications................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services...................... Wholesale and retail trade........................ Excluding sales occupations............................... Wholesale trade..................................... Excluding sales occupations.............................. . Retail trade................................... General merchandise stores............ .......... Food stores.................................... See footnotes at end of table. 94 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 152.3 153.4 154.8 156.1 157.2 157.8 159.3 160.3 161.8 154.5 154.2 156.7 154.6 147.6 151.2 155.6 155.1 158.1 155.7 148.5 153.0 157.0 155.6 160.7 157.3 149.7 154.2 158.4 156.2 162.6 158.4 151.0 155.1 159.6 158.0 163.5 159.6 151.9 '56.2 160.1 158.6 163.8 160.6 152.6 156.9 161.9 159.3 167.9 161.8 153.8 158.0 162.9 160.1 169.0 163.1 154.8 158.7 164.5 161.8 170.5 164.3 155.8 159.8 149.5 150.7 153.4 156.2 153.7 15.5 154.6 150.5 151.7 154.5 157.1 155.5 155.5 155.1 151.8 153.1 155.9 158.1 157.3 157.2 155.3 153.1 154.5 157.2 158.8 158.5 158.6 155.6 153.9 155.4 156.4 160.7 159.6 160.3 159.3 155.1 156.5 158.8 161.1 160.9 162.2 160.1 156.3 158.0 160.5 161.9 162.0 163.5 160.4 157.5 159.0 161.4 162.8 163.2 164.4 160.7 158.3 159.7 163.0 164.7 164.7 166.3 162.7 150.3 152.6 151.6 153.8 152.5 155.0 153.4 156.4 154.8 157.5 155.8 158.0 157.2 159.6 158.0 160.5 159.4 162.1 1 .0 152.1 152.2 153.3 153.3 154.7 154.9 156.3 156.1 157.0 157.0 157.5 157.9 159.3 159.4 160.4 160.5 161.7 161.7 .7 154.8 155.7 154.8 157.2 151.2 155.3 147.5 147.7 148.1 142.1 151.0 156.1 156.9 155.9 158.6 152.6 156.5 148.3 148,4 149.0 142.8 152.4 157.7 158.6 156.7 161.3 153.6 158.2 149.6 149.2 150.5 144.8 154.2 159.4 160.0 157.4 163.6 157.0 159.2 150.9 151.0 151.6 145.2 155.1 160.0 169.8 158.2 164.3 156.9 160.3 151.7 151.8 152.0 146.3 156.0 160.4 160.8 158.5 164.5 156.8 161.3 152.4 152.3 153.2 146.9 157.2 162.6 163.6 159.5 169.1 158.1 162.6 153.6 153.4 154.7 147.8 158.4 163.8 164.8 160.5 170.3 159.3 164.0 154.6 154.7 155.3 149.0 159.0 165.3 166.2 162.1 171.8 161.6 165.1 155.6 155.5 156.8 149.8 159.9 148.7 150.6 152.0 152.8 153.9 154.4 155.5 156.1 150.3 151.5 152.7 154.0 154.7 155.2 156.4 157.4 149.5 148.7 152.6 150.8 147.4 145.1 150.7 152.8 150.5 149.1 151.5 149.3 150.5 149.7 153.6 151.7 148.4 146.3 151.7 153.3 151.0 150.3 151.7 153.9 151.7 150.9 155.0 152.9 149.6 147.0 153.1 154.9 152.3 151.7 153.9 151.9 153.1 152.2 156.6 154.5 150.7 148.2 154.4 156.6 153.9 152.8 155.3 153.1 153.9 153.0 157.9 155.4 151.5 149.0 155.4 157.7 155.0 153.5 156.0 154.4 155.0 154.0 158.6 156.3 152.6 150.2 156.5 158.6 155.9 154.7 157.3 155.2 156.3 155.4 160.0 158.0 153.8 150.6 158.0 160.1 157.7 156.3 158.8 156.6 157.4 156.5 161.4 159.2 154.8 152.4 159.0 161.6 158.9 156.9 159.7 157.8 158.3 157.4 161.9 159.9 155.9 153.6 159.7 162.0 159.5 157.9 160.6 158.3 153.2 154.2 155.2 157.2 147.5 148.4 146.7 142.6 152.0 153.3 150.4 150.6 153 1 154.1 157.4 148.8 145.7 145.71 151.9 156.1 157.2 158.2 148.1 149.4 149.2 145.7 153.6 155.2 151.7 152.1 156.1 157.2 158.2 160.4 149.4 151.6 150.5 147.4 154.3 155.3 153.0 153.0 157.7 158.5 159.9 161.6 151.1 152.4 152.1 148.6 156.4 157.1 155.5 155.7 158.4 159.3 160.5 162.5 151.8 153.5 153.4 149.6 158.2 159.6 156.5 155.5 158.6 159.6 160.7 162.8 152.0 154.1 154.1 150.1 159.3 160.7 157.4 155.5 160.6 161.7 163.0 165.3 153.2 155.1 154.8 150.5 160.4 161.9 158.6 156.7 161.7 162.8 164.1 166.5 154.3 155.6 155.6 150.6 162.1 163.4 160.4 157.5 163.3 164.2 166.0 168.2 155.1 156.6 156.0 150.4 163.4 165.4 161.0 159.2 154.8 157.9 150.7 146.5 146.7 157.2 159.4 150.9 147.9 148.0 161.3 161.2 152.7 148.9 148.9 1 160.4 162.6 152.9 150.1 150.1 161.0 163.7 152.7 149.2 150.3 163.4 163.9 153.1 149.8 151.0 164.7 165.2 153.8 152.0 151.6 164.8 165.7 156.3 153.1 152.2 January 2004 0.9 2.9 1 .0 3 1 1 .1 ? 4 g 43 .7 9 Q .fi .6 2 .7 2.3 .5 29 .6 2R 1 .2 2.9 2.5 3.2 3.7 1 .2 2 .1 1 .0 1 .2 .9 .9 .8 .9 .8 1 .0 .9 1.4 .7 30 2.9 3.0 3.0 33 34 25 46 30 30 .6 2 .6 .5 .6 2.4 32 24 2.5 157.1 .6 2 .1 158.8 .9 2.7 .6 2.9 29 1 .0 .5 .6 .3 .4 .7 .8 2 .8 29 2.9 3.1 .4 2 8 .2 27 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.5 .4 .6 .6 .3 1 .0 .9 1 .2 1 .0 3 1 3 1 34 3.5 .5 2 2 .6 2 0 .3 1.7 .5 33 3.6 29 -.1 .8 1 .2 .4 1.1 24 .1 2.7 1.9 .3 1 .6 2 .2 .7 .4 2 .0 1.4 26. Continued— Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100] P ercent change 2003 2002 2001 3 m onths 12 m onths ended ended Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. 2003 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... ............................ Excluding sales occupations......................................... Banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. Insurance................................................ ............................ Services.................................................................................. Business services.............................................................. Health services................................................................... Hospitals........................................................................... Educational services......................................................... . Colleges and universities............................................... Nonmanufacturing................................................................ White-collar workers.......................................................... Excluding sales occupations....................................... Blue-collar occupations..................................................... Service occupations.......................................................... State and local government workers.................................. 155.8 159.1 173.2 153.6 157.1 162.8 153.6 153.3 159.6 158.4 152.2 155.0 156.9 145.8 148.2 1 .6 7.2 7.9 14.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.9 3.1 1.5 2 .8 1 .0 .7 3.1 3.4 3.5 2.4 .6 2 .0 156.0 159.1 171.7 155.0 158.2 163.7 155.4 155.4 160.5 159.6 160.3 164.5 181.2 157.1 159.5 164.0 157.3 157.1 161.2 159.9 162.0 165.7 182.8 158.6 160.3 164.0 158.4 158.6 161.2 159.9 162.4 166.1 182.7 159.6 161.5 164.6 159.9 160.2 165.2 163.1 162.6 167.3 183.9 159.1 161.7 164.8 160.7 162.1 166.5 164.3 171.1 176.7 206.4 161.6 162.8 165.6 161.9 163.6 167.1 164.4 172.4 178.5 208.7 163.0 164.0 166.4 163.2 164.6 167.5 165.1 174.1 179.2 209.1 163.9 165.9 169.1 164.6 166.5 170.3 167.6 1 .0 153.5 156.4 158.3 146.4 150.1 155.0 158.0 160.1 147.5 151.4 156.5 159.6 161.3 149.0 152.3 157.2 160.2 162.1 149.8 153.4 157.5 160.5 162.5 150.2 154.0 159.4 162.8 164.9 151.1 155.0 160.5 163.9 166.1 152.4 155.5 162.1 165.7 167.7 153.4 156.5 160.1 161.5 162.6 163.2 165.9 1 .0 2.3 157.4 157.5 159.0 155.1 154.5 158.4 158.4 160.1 156.0 155.1 158.9 158.8 160.9 156.9 156.2 159.2 159.1 161.0 157.2 156.5 161.0 161.0 162.5 159.1 157.6 1 .1 2.3 1 .2 2 .2 .9 2 .2 1 .2 2 .6 1 .1 154.3 155.2 156.1 156.7 152.7 153.0 153.9 149.8 149.1 153.3 153.4 155.1 150.9 150.8 153.9 153.6 156.6 151.9 151.6 154.4 154.1 156.8 152.8 152.1 .4 .2 .6 1 .2 1 .6 .9 1 .2 1 .1 1 .0 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers................................................................. Professional specialty and technical................................... Executive, administrative, and manager al......................... .7 2 .0 Workers, by industry division: 153.7 154.2 154.6 155.0 158.4 159.2 159.5 159.8 161.6 153.2 154.2 154.2 153.6 153.8 152.8 156.5 154.9 155.8 155.7 154.0 154.1 153.1 156.7 156.7 157.8 157.7 154.2 154.3 153.4 156.8 157.3 158.6 158.8 154.5 154.6 153.6 157.3 159.1 160.5 160.6 158.1 158.3 157.4 160.7 160.3 162.2 162.5 158.9 159.0 158.1 161.6 161.4 162.9 163.1 159.1 159.2 158.2 162.1 161.8 163.5 163.8 159.3 159.5 158.5 162.1 163.2 165.1 165.5 161.2 161.4 160.6 163.5 150.3 151.6 152.5 153.4 154.8 155.8 157.2 158.0 159.4 4 Services excluding schools................................................ Health services................................................................... Elementary and secondary......................................... Public administration2 ............................................................ 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, adminlst-ative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 .0 .9 2 .6 1 .0 1 .0 2.9 3.1 1 .2 2 .0 1 .2 2 .0 1.3 .9 2 .0 .9 3.0 1.7 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the Hourly Earnings index, which was discontinued in January 1989. 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 95 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 27. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100]__________ 20 01 2002 2003 P ercent change Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 m onths 12 m onths ended ended Sept. 2003 Private industry workers...................................... 165.2 166.7 169.3 171.6 173.1 174.6 179.6 182.0 184.3 1.3 6.5 169.5 158.3 171.2 159.2 173.5 162.2 176.1 164.0 177.2 166.2 178.5 167.8 183.6 172.7 185.5 176.1 187.7 178.4 1 .2 59 1.3 7.3 160.8 167.1 162.6 168.4 160.4 168.6 165.8 170.7 163.7 171.1 167.4 173.3 165.5 173.5 168.8 174.9 166.8 175.2 171.0 175.9 168.9 176.3 178.0 179.9 176.9 180.3 180.2 182.3 179.0 182.8 182.3 184.7 181.1 185.1 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers......................................... Blue-collar workers.................................... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing......................................... Service-producing....................................... Manufacturing............................................ Nonmanufacturing........................................ 96 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 158.5 167.4 January 2004 1 .2 8 0 1.3 5 1 .2 8 6 1.3 5.7 6 28. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100] Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 2003 2002 2001 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 m onths 12 m onths ended ended Sept. 2003 COMPENSATION Workers, by bargaining status 1 4.8 5.4 4.1 5.8 4.2 Union........................................................................ Goods-producing..................................................... Service-producing.................................................... Manufacturing.......................................................... Nonmanufacturing.................................................... 151.0 150.6 151.2 149.9 151.1 153.1 151.6 154.2 151.4 153.5 154.8 153.4 156.0 153.4 155.0 156.3 154.7 157.6 154.6 156.6 158.1 156.2 159.9 155.9 158.8 159.5 157.8 161.1 157.9 159.9 162.1 161.4 162.6 162.3 161.4 164.1 163.4 164.6 163.8 163.7 165.7 164.7 166.5 165.0 165.5 1 .0 Nonunion................................................................... Goods-producing...................................................... Service-producing.................................................... Manufacturing......................................................... Nonmanufacturing.................................................... 156.7 154.0 157.5 154.4 157.0 157.8 155.3 158.6 155.5 158.2 159.6 157.2 160.3 157.6 159.9 161.4 158.6 162.2 159.1 161.7 162.5 159.5 162.9 160.1 162.4 162.8 160.8 163.3 161.3 162.9 165.4 163.6 165.9 164.5 165.4 166.8 164.9 167.2 165.8 166.7 168.4 166.1 169.0 166.9 168.5 1 .0 155.2 153.5 157.4 157.6 156.3 154.6 158.6 159.4 158.3 156.2 161.1 160.4 159.9 157.6 162.2 162.9 160.5 158.9 163.5 163.8 161.3 159.0 164.6 165.0 163.8 160.6 169.0 167.3 165.2 161.6 170.4 169.5 166.9 163.2 171.7 171.4 1 .0 156.0 154.8 157.4 155.6 159.1 157.5 160.9 158.5 161.8 160.0 162.5 169.8 165.2 163.5 166.6 165.0 168.3 166.1 1 .0 .7 4.0 3.8 Union........................................................................ Goods-producing..................................................... Service-producing.................................................... Manufacturing......................................................... 145.1 145.3 145.4 146.7 144.3 147.4 146.3 148.9 148.0 147.1 148.4 147.2 150.0 149.0 148.1 149.8 158.6 151.4 150.2 149.6 151.3 150.0 152.9 151.6 151.1 152.5 151.2 154.1 153.1 152.1 153.3 152.4 154.6 154.6 152.5 154.3 153.9 155.1 155.9 153.5 155.3 154.8 156.3 156.7 154.6 .6 2 .6 Nonunion.................................................................. 153.4 151.1 154.1 152.2 153.3 154.4 152.1 155.1 153.1 154.4 155.9 153.5 156.7 154.7 155.9 157.5 154.8 158.3 156.1 157.5 158.1 155.5 158.9 156.8 158.1 158.5 156.6 159.0 157.8 158.3 160.4 157.8 161.2 159.3 160.4 161.5 158.9 162.3 160.2 161.5 163.0 159.7 164.0 160.9 163.1 150.6 150.2 153.6 154.3 151.7 151.2 154.7 156.0 153.5 152.5 157.1 156.4 154.9 153.6 158.5 158.7 155.1 154.7 159.2 159.; 155.7 154.6 160.2 160.1 157.3 155.3 164.1 161.3 158.4 156.1 165.0 163.1 160.0 157.4 166.1 164.7 152.4 153.7 155.1 156.7 157.4 157.9 159.6 160.7 162.2 .8 1 .2 .7 1 .1 .7 1 .1 .7 1 .1 3.8 4.1 3.7 4.2 3.8 Workers, by region 1 Northeast............................................. .................... South....................................................................... Midwest (formerly North Central).................................... West........................................................................ 1 .0 .8 1 .1 4.0 2.7 5.0 4.6 Workers, by area size 1 Metropolitan areas...................................................... WAGES AND SALARIES Workers, by bargaining status 1 Nonmanufacturing................................................... .6 3.2 .8 2 .2 .5 .7 2.3 .9 .5 1 .0 3.4 3.1 2.7 3.2 .4 2 .6 1 .0 3.2 1 .0 3.2 1.7 4.3 3.4 Workers, by region 1 Midwest (formerly North Central)................................... .8 .7 1 .0 Workers, by area size 1 .9 .6 158.9 158.0 156.8 154.8 153.8 152.6 151.7 149.7 150.5 I Other areas.............................................................. 1 The indexes are calculated differently fromthose for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 3.0 3.3 97 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 29. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-97 Item 1980 1982 1984 Scope of survey (in000's)................. 21,042 21,013 Number of employees (in000's): With medical care............ 20,711 20,412 20,383 With life insurance.................. 20,498 20,201 20,172 With defined benefit plan...................... 17,936 17,676 17,231 Time-off plans Participants with: Paid lunchtime....................... 10 Average minutes per day........... Paid rest time.......................... 75 76 73 Average minutes per day............ 25 Paid funeral leave...................... Average days per occurrence.................. Paid holidays..................... Average days per year........................ 10.1 10.0 9.8 Paid personal leave......................... 20 Average days per year....................... Paid vacations........................... Paid sick leave 1...................... 62 67 67 Unpaid maternity leave................ _ _ Unpaid paternity leave............... Unpaidfamily leave.................. Insurance plans Participants inmedical care plans................. 97 97 97 Percent of participants with coverage for: Home health care....................... Extendedcare facilities.................... 58 62 Physical exam............................... 8 Percent of participants with employee contribution requiredfor: Self coverage....................... 26 27 36 _ _ Average monthlycontribution................. $11.93 Family coverage........................... 46 51 58 Average montmycontribution.................. $35.93 Participants inlife insurance plans.......... 96 96 96 Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment insurance............................. 69 72 74 Survivor income benefits..................... _ Retiree protection available...................... 64 64 Participants inlong-termdisability insurance plans................................ 40 43 47 Participants insickness and accident insurance plans................................ 61 Participants inshort-termdisability plans 1......... Retirement plans Participants indefined benefit pension plans........ 84 84 82 Percent of participants with: Normal retirement priorto age 65........... 55 58 63 Early retirement available................... 98 97 97 Ad hoc pension increase inlast 5 years............ 47 Terminal earnings formula...................... 53 52 54 Benefit coordinatedwith Social Security............ 45 45 56 _ _ Participants indefined contribution plans.............. Participants inplans withtax-deferred savings arrangements.......................... Other benefits Employees eligible for: Flexible benefits plans..................... Reimbursement accounts2................ Premiumconversion plans................ The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Shortterms disability now includes all insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years priorto this survey, included only insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing per-disability bene- 98 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 21,303 31,059 32,428 31,163 28,728 33,374 38,409 20,238 20,451 16,190 27,953 28,574 19,567 29,834 30,482 20,430 25,865 29,293 18,386 23,519 26,175 16,015 25,548 29,078 17,417 29,340 33,495 19,202 10 27 72 26 88 3.2 99 10.0 25 3.7 100 70 - 11 29 72 26 85 3.2 96 9.4 24 3.3 98 69 33 16 - 10 26 71 26 84 3.3 97 9.2 22 3.1 97 68 37 18 - 8 30 67 28 80 3.3 92 10.2 21 3.3 96 67 37 26 - 9 29 68 26 83 3.0 91 9.4 21 3.1 97 65 60 53 - 80 3.3 89 9.1 22 3.3 96 58 81 3.7 89 9.3 20 3.5 95 56 84 93 95 90 92 83 82 77 76 66 70 18 76 79 28 75 80 28 81 80 30 86 82 42 78 73 56 85 78 63 43 $12.80 63 $41.40 96 44 $19.29 64 $60.07 92 47 $25.31 66 $72.10 94 51 $26.60 69 $96.97 94 61 $31.55 76 $107.42 91 67 $33.92 78 $118.33 87 69 $39.14 80 $130.07 87 72 10 59 78 8 49 71 7 42 71 6 44 76 5 41 77 7 37 74 6 33 48 42 45 40 41 42 43 49 46 43 45 44 - - - - - 53 55 76 63 63 59 56 52 50 64 98 35 57 62 60 59 98 26 55 62 45 62 97 22 64 63 48 55 98 7 56 54 48 52 95 6 61 48 49 52 96 4 58 51 55 52 95 10 56 49 57 33 36 41 44 43 54 55 2 5 5 12 9 23 10 36 12 52 12 38 5 13 32 7 _ fits at less than full pay. 2 Prior to 1995, reimbursement accounts included premium conversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. N o t e : Dash indicates d ata not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, small private establishments and State and local governments, 1987,1990,1992,1994, and 1996 State and local governments Small private establishments Item Number of employees (in000's): 1994 1992 1990 1987 1996 1994 1992 1990 12,972 12,466 12,907 11,192 11,194 11,708 32,466 34,360 35,910 39,816 10,321 22,402 20,778 6,493 24,396 21,990 7,559 23,536 21,955 5,480 25,599 24,635 5,883 9,599 8,773 9,599 12,064 11,415 11,675 11,219 11,095 10,845 8 37 48 27 47 2.9 84 9.5 11 2.8 88 47 17 8 9 37 49 26 50 3.0 82 9.2 12 2.6 88 53 18 7 17 34 58 29 56 3.7 81 10.9 38 2.7 72 97 57 30 11 36 56 29 63 3.7 74 13.6 39 2.9 67 95 51 33 10 34 53 29 65 3.7 75 14.2 38 2.9 67 95 59 44 - Time-off plans Participants with: _ - _ - _ - 50 3.1 82 7.5 13 2.6 88 50 51 3.0 80 7.6 14 3.0 86 50 _ _ 47 69 71 79 83 26 80 84 28 Percent of participants withemployee contribution requiredfor: 42 $25.13 67 $109.34 64 47 $36.51 73 $150.54 64 52 $40.97 76 $159.63 61 Percent of participants with: Accidental death and dismemberment 78 1 19 76 1 25 Participants inlong-termdisability Participants insickness and accident 19 6 48 - 66 64 93 93 90 87 - - - - 76 78 36 82 79 36 87 84 47 84 81 55 52 $42.63 75 $181.53 62 35 $15.74 71 $71.89 85 38 $25.53 65 $117.59 88 43 $28.97 72 $139.23 89 47 $30.20 71 $149.70 87 79 2 20 77 1 13 67 1 55 67 1 45 74 1 46 64 2 46 23 20 22 31 27 28 30 26 26 14 21 22 21 15 93 90 87 91 47 92 92 90 33 10C 18 S 89 88 16 100 8 9 92 89 10 100 10 9 92 87 13 99 49 9 28 45 45 24 £ 31 5 50 5 64 29 Retirement plans Percent of participants with: Participants inolans withtax-deferred savings - 93 - Insurance plans Percent of participants withcoverage for: _ _ _ 62 3.7 73 11.5 38 3.0 66 94 20 22 15 54 95 7 5E 4Ç 31 50 95 4 54 46 33 34 53 44 38 17 24 2C 28 14 : 1S 12 _ _ Other benefits Employees eligible for: Premiumconversion plans ........................... 1 Methods used to calculate the average number of paid holidays were revised in 1994 to count partial days more precisely. Average holidays for 1994 are not comparable withthose reported in 1990 and 1992. 2 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident insurance) were changed forthe 1996 survey. Paid sick leave now includes only plans that specify either a maximumnumber of days per year or unlimited days. Short-termdisability now includes all insured, selfinsured, and State-mandated plans available on a per-disability basis, as well as the unfunded per-disability plans previously reportedas sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance, reported in years prior to this survey, included only Insured, self-insured, and State-mandated plans providing perdisabilitybenefits at less than full pay. 3 Prior to 1996, reimbursement accounts included premiumconversion plans, which specifically allow medical plan participants to pay required plan premiums with pretax dollars. Also, reimbursement accounts that were part of flexible benefit plans were tabulated separately. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 99 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 31. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more Annua I totals 2001 Number of stoppages: Beginning inperiod..................... Ineffect during period.................. Workers involved: Beginning inperiod (inthousands).... Ineffect during period (inthousands) Days idle: Number (inthousands)................. Percent of estimated working time1... 2002 20 Nov. CM O Measure 2003p Dec. Jan. 100 Monthly Labor Review Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 29 30 19 20 2 2 1 1 1 2 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 5 5 o 3 99 102 46 47 4.3 4.3 1.4 1.4 17.5 18.8 .0 .0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 .0 4.0 3.2 3.2 .0 3.2 92.9 92.9 8.0 76.7 1,151 .00 6,596 .00 23.9 .00 28.6 .00 48.8 .00 0.0 Ô 18.5 .00 40.0 .00 40.0 .00 16.0 (2) 12.0 (2) 10.9 (2) working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An explanation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in"Total economy measures of strike idleness," https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Feb. January 2004 M onthly L abor R e v ie w , October 1968, pp.54-56. 2 Less than 0.005. Note: Dash indicates data not available. P= preliminary. 51.3 1,318.3 1,219.0 0 .04 .05 32. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category arid commodity or service group [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] CONSUMERPRICEINDEX FORALLURBANCONSUMERS All items.................................................... All items (1967 = 100).................................. Food and beverages................................... Food.............................................. ....... Food at home......................................... Cereals andbakery products..................... . Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs..................... Dairyand relatedproducts1....................... Fruits and vegetables.............................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials........................................... Other foods at home............................... Sugar and sweets................................. Fats and oils....................................... Other foods........................................ Other miscellaneous foods1,2................. Food away fromhome1.............................. Other food away fromhome1,2.................. Alcoholic beverages................................. Housing.................................................. Shelter......................................... ....... Rent of primary residence........................ Lodging away fromhome......................... Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3. Tenants' and household insurance1,2.......... Fuels and utilities................................. Fuels............................................... Fuel oil and otherfuels........................ Gas (piped) andelectricity.................... Householdfurnishings and operations......... Apparel................................................. Men's andboys' apparel.......................... Women's and girls' apparel...................... Infants' andtoddlers' apparel1.................. Footwear............................................ Transportation........................................ Private transportation.............................. Newand used motor vehicles2................. Newvehicles..................................... Used cars andtrucks1.......................... Motorfuel........................................... Gasoline (all types).............................. Motorvehicle parts and equipment............ Motor vehicle maintenance and repair....... Publictransportation............................... Medical care.......................................... Medical care commodities........................ Medical care services............................. Professional services............................ Hospital and related services................... Recreation2........................................... Video and audio1,2................................ Education and communication2................... Education2......................................... Educational books and supplies...... ...... Tuition, other school fees, and childctire.... Communication1,2................................ Information and information processing1,2 ... Telephone services1'2 ....................... Information and information processing otherthan telephone services1'4......... Personal computers and peripheral 12 equipment' ............................ Other goods and services......................... Tobacco and smoking products................ Personal care1.................................... Personal care products1....................... Personal care services1....................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. 2002 2001 2003 2002 Annual average Series 177.1 530.4 173.6 173.1 173.4 193.8 161.3 167.1 212.2 179.9 538.8 176.8 176.2 175.6 198.0 162.1 168.1 220.9 181.3 543.1 177.4 176.8 175.5 198.3 162.1 167.1 219.8 180.9 541.9 177.8 177.3 176.1 197.3 162.4 167.3 224.9 181.7 544.2 178.1 177.5 176.7 199.8 161.6 166.4 227.1 183.1 548.5 178.9 178.3 177.6 201.8 164.7 167.2 223.3 184.2 551.8 179.2 178.6 177.7 202.1 164.8 167.1 223.6 183.8 550.5 179.0 178.4 177.3 201.9 165.2 165.8 221.3 183.5 549.7 179.4 178.8 177.8 203.0 164.7 165.4 226.2 183.9 550.9 180.3 179.7 178.9 204.5 168.2 164.7 226.6 184.6 553.0 180.9 180.4 179.7 204.5 169.7 167.5 224.9 185.2 554.7 181.3 180.7 180.1 203.5 171.1 170.3 224.4 185.0 554.3 182.2 181.7 181.5 203.1 174.0 171.8 226.3 184.5 552.7 182.9 182.4 182.4 202.5 179.3 171.2 227.5 139.2 159.6 155.7 155.7 176.0 108.9 173.9 113.4 179.3 176.4 200.6 192.1 118.6 206.3 106.2 150.2 135.4 129.3 142.4 129.1 127.3 125.7 119.3 129.2 123.0 154.3 150.0 101.3 142.1 158.7 124.7 124.0 104.8 183.5 210.6 272.6 247.6 278.6 246.! 338.5 104.' 101. 105. 118. 295. 341. 93.3 92.3 99.3 139.2 160.8 159.0 155.4 177.1 109.2 178.3 117.7 183.6 180.3 208.1 199.7 118.3 214.7 108.7 143.6 127.2 115.5 134.4 128.3 124.0 121.7 115.8 126.4 121.4 152.9 148.8 99.2 140.0 152.0 116.6 116.0 106.9 190.2 207.4 285.6 256.4 292.8 253.6 367.6 1-6.2 102.6 107.8 126.C 317. 362. 92. 90. 99. 7 139.1 161.1 158.5 153.4 178.3 110.3 179.8 119.7 185.1 181.2 209.6 202.0 113.2 217.3 111.4 143.6 127.0 121.8 133.7 127.8 125.5 123.2 118.0 127.5 122.7 155.2 151.5 98.8 140.4 148.8 124.4 123.8 107.2 192.8 202.3 290.5 259.1 298.5 256.5 380.7 106.4 103.C 109.2 130.C 324.C 374. 91.i 90.( 99. 139.8 161.1 159.1 152.8 178.2 110.2 180.1 119.8 184.9 181.1 209.5 202.5 109.2 217.9 112.3 144.2 127.5 125.6 134.1 127.0 121.5 119.3 113.1 125.3 120.7 154.2 150.4 98.7 140.6 148.5 119.7 119.1 107.0 193.3 203.0 291.3 259.5 299.4 257.C 382.4 106.5 103.5 109.; 130.( 323. 374. 91. 90. 99. 9 140.6 161.8 169.7 155.8 178.2 109.7 179.9 119.9 185.8 182.3 210.9 203.3 114.3 218.5 113.9 146.1 129.5 136.6 135.6 127.4 118.1 116.1 107.6 121.1 119.7 155.5 151.8 98.2 139.7 148.3 126.3 125.7 107.8 193.7 202.2 292.6 260.3 300.8 257.8 385.7 106.9 103.4 109.7 130.5 329.5 375.5 92.C 90.; 100.' 140.8 162.2 161.8 158.7 177.9 110.5 180.7 120.2 185.9 183.2 211.6 203.7 117.6 218.7 114.1 148.3 131.9 156.3 136.9 127.7 120.6 117.3 112.4 122.3 119.8 158.9 155.3 98.0 139.2 148.4 140.4 139.7 108.2 194.5 203.6 293.7 260.4 302.3 258.8 388.2 107.2 103.8 109.7 131.0 332.5 376.: 91.< 90. 100. 140.3 162.6 162.5 157.5 178.6 110.1 181.0 120.4 186.6 184.3 212.1 204.1 119.7 218.9 114.0 154.5 138.5 169.0 143.5 127.1 123.6 121.0 117.2 124.1 119.8 161.0 157.3 98.0 139.3 148.5 148.1 147.4 107.9 194.3 206.1 294.2 261.4 302.8 259.1 388.7 107.4 103.' 109.' 131. 333. 376. 91. 89.5 99.7 140.5 162.1 161.4 156.1 178.5 110.4 181.1 120.4 186.4 184.1 212.1 204.5 118.7 218.9 114.2 153.1 136.8 147.9 143.0 127.2 123.9 120.8 117.8 123.4 119.9 159.3 155.5 97.8 138.7 148.4 140.6 139.9 107.7 194.6 207.2 294.8 261.8 303.1 259.8 388.7 107.4 103.8 109.C 131.: 332. 377. 90. 88. 5 98.7 140.3 162.1 162.3 157.6 177.8 110.1 181.5 120.5 186.7 184.5 212.8 204.9 121.4 219.1 114.3 153.7 137.5 137.0 144.5 126.3 122.5 119.5 115.5 123.6 119.7 157.2 153.1 97.4 138.1 147.9 131.3 130.6 107.8 194.9 211.6 295.8 261.8 304.; 261.1 388.8 107.8 103.8 108. 131. 332. 377. 89.3 87. 9 98. 138.4 167.7 162.7 156.3 179.0 111.3 182.2 121.3 187.2 185.9 213.8 205.6 124.8 219.6 115.6 159.4 143.6 130.5 151.6 126.1 116.2 113.8 106.1 117.9 117.5 156.8 152.4 96.5 137.7 145.7 130.6 130.0 107.6 196.0 216.7 297.6 263.6 306.4 260.9 394.7 107.7 103.7 108.9 132.8 335.C 381.; 89.' 87.! 98. 139.7 163.2 162.5 157.7 179.4 109.9 182.6 121.4 187.1 186.1 214.3 206.1 125.1 220.1 115.8 159.2 143.0 130.7 151.0 125.5 117.2 113.4 107.9 120.8 117.8 158.3 154.1 96.0 136.8 143.3 139.0 138.4 107.9 195.7 213.8 298.4 264.1 307.2 261.7 398.8 107.' 103." 110. 136.: 338. 392. 89. 139.2 163.1 162.3 157.6 179.4 111.0 182.8 121.8 187.9 185.8 213.8 206.6 118.5 220.7 115.9 159.6 143.4 130.5 151.5 125.2 122.0 117.3 115.5 124.1 120.3 159.4 155.4 95.1 136.4 139.0 147.1 146.5 107.7 196.2 211.2 299.2 264.9 308.2 262.5 399.8 107.’ 103.! 110.5 138.' 338.; 400. 88. 140.5 163.0 162.5 159.7 178.7 110.7 183.3 122.3 188.1 185.7 214.7 206.9 120.9 221.4 116.0 155.0 138.2 131.4 145.6 125.1 124.8 120.8 118.8 125.2 121.8 157.1 153.0 94.6 136.5 135.1 136.6 136.0 107.9 196.9 211.3 299.2 264.7 309.1 263.C 400.' 107.8 103.! 110.5 139. 339. 401. 88. 137.9 162.0 161.7 157.3 177.9 109.0 183.8 122.7 188.6 185.1 214.2 207.5 115.0 221.9 114.3 152.9 135.7 134.8 142.6 124.9 123.1 121.4 115.7 123.0 121.0 155.7 151.7 94.6 21 3 18. 3 17. 17.2 17. 16.3 16.8 16.7 16.4 295 282 6 4252 170 5 155 1 184.3| 22.2 293 2 461 b 1747 1547 188 4 20.D 295.6 470.4 175.5 154.2 1899 19.7 2958 4725 1754 1534 1899 19. 5 296.5 472. 4 175.9 153.0 190 6 19. 297.5 472.7 1767 153 3 190 9 187 19.0 297 3 298 1 467 2 467 9 1772 177 7 153.3 154 1 191.7| 192 5 18 0 298 1 4656 1779 1536 1930 132.0 131.2 130.6 107.9 197.2 207.9 300.8 264.0 310.6 263.0 405.6 107.8 103.8 110.8 139.0 336.0 401.2 88.2 97.3 97. 97. 97.2 16. 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.4 17.2 299. 2 469. 178.4 154.2 1932 16.7 299 6 471 8 178 4 153b 1939 16.3 299. 468 7 1790 1534 195 4 16.5 16.3 469 5 179 1 153 195 6 469.1 179.0 Monthly Labor Review January 2004 194.2 101 Current Labor Statistics: 32. Price Data Continued-Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earnersand Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Series Annua average 2001 Miscellaneous personal services.... service group: Commodities.......... Food and beverages....... Commodities less food and beverages Nondurables less food and beverages... Apparel................. Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel.................... Durables................. Services.............. Rent of shelter3....... Transporatation services.. Other services......... Special indexes: All items less food...... All items less shelter....... All items less medical care..... Commodities less food... Nondurables less food....... Nondurables less food and apparel. Nondurables.............. Services less rent of shelter3....... Services less medical care services Energy................. All items less energy... All items less food and energy. Commodities less food and energy Energy commodities.......... Services less energy......... 263.1 2002 274.4 2002 Nov. 2003 Dec. Jan. 276. B 276. 278. 280.4 281.4 282. 282.7 283.8 150. 178. 133. 146. 118. 152. 0 178. 136. 4 151. 120. 153. 1/9. 138. 154. 123. 152., 179.( 136. 152.5 123.5 150.9 179.4 134. 5 148.9 122. 167.' 119.Î 213.1 174. 119. 214.C 212.C 251.4 213.4 252.4 177.Î 119.Î 215. 220.5 214.5 252.( 173.5 119.2 215.1 220.8 215.C 252.5 182.4 172.3 175.9 135.6 135.8 148.4 165.0 168.2 161.6 162.2 220.5 221.6 204.3 205.5 123.3 127.5 189.0 191.8 142.5 141.7 127.5 219.8 221.0 183.9 174.C 177.3 138.3 153.3 174.4 165.3 185.5 1/6.V. 178.4 139.8 156.5 1//./ 167.2 224.4 207.4 142.6 190.2 193.0 142.6 150.1 222.4 C om m odity a n d 6 137 2 147 176. 134. 145. 135. 148. 177. 133.( 121.Î 208. 216.' 209.1 218.2 182 i ■ 138.5 149.1 164.1 160.6 212.3 196.6 183.5 186.1 145.3 125.2 209.6 174.3 136.C 147.4 163.3 166.9 217.5 202.5 220.2 204.3 187.7 190.5 143.7 143.6 217.5 163.S 120.2 211.2 218.1 212.C 250.2 Feb. 206.4 135.4 189.7 192.5 142.1 142.1 221.9 Mar. Apr. May June July 284. Aug, Sept Oct. 284.3 285.3 285.8 287.0 150.4 150. 0 180.2 180.3 133.B 132. 3 147.4 146.3 119. 116. 150. 9 180. 9 133.9 149. 117. 152.0 181. 3 135.4 153. 122. 3 151.4 182.2 134. 151.2 124.3 150.9 182.9 132.9 149.0 123.1 169. 118. 215.5 221. 216.8 252.8 168. 118. 216.8 221.' 217. 253.C 173. 116. 218.8 223. 217.; 255.8 176.1 171. 115. 115. 218. 218. 222. 223. 216. 218.< 257.8 257.Î 184.7 174.7 178.0 138.6 154.3 174.2 165.9 224.6 207.5 138.1 190.2 193.1 142.5 141.7 222.5 184.5 174.1 177.7 136.5 151.1 169.9 164.3 225.5 208.2 134.0 190.3 193.2 141.7 132.3 223.1 184.5 184.8 185.C 186.8 174.C 174.2 175.C 176.C 177.9 178.C 178.7 179.; 135.5 134.2 135.0 137.; 151.1 149.C 151.5 155.2 169.4 170.0 173.4 176.Ê 163.9 163.5 165.2 167.4 227.2 228.0 228.4 229.2 209.1 209.8 210.3 210.3 136.5 136.8 140.6 144.6 190.3 190.5 190.8 191.0 193.0 193.2 193.5 193.6 140.8 139.9 139.7 140.2 130.9 131.3 139.2 146.9 223.5 224.3 224.9 224.9 185.8 175.8 179.1 136.1 153.; 172.2 166.6 228.7 210.5 136.9 191.7 194.3 140.4 137.0 225.8 184.9 174.9 178.5 135.0 151.3 170.0 166.1 228.2 209.9 133.1 191.6 193.9 139.9 132.1 225.6 180.3 53/.1 i ra.b 177.9 176.8 202.1 164.8 166.7 222.2 179.8 535.5 178.3 177.7 176.4 201.8 165.2 165.6 220.0 179.4 534.3 178.7 178.1 176.8 202.9 164.6 165.1 224.3 179.6 534.3 179.5 178.9 177.9 203.7 167.0 163.5 225.7 179.6 535.0 179.6 179.1 178.0 204.4 168.2 164.4 225.3 180.6 537.1 180.2 179.7 178.8 204.5 169.5 167.0 223.8 181.0 539.2 180.7 180.2 179.4 203.5 170.9 170.2 223.4 180.7 538.2 181.7 181.2 180.7 203.2 173.8 171.7 224.9 180.2 536.7 182.4 181.9 181.6 202.4 179.2 171.0 225.3 139.5 162.1 162.1 157.7 178.9 110.5 181.0 120.7 186.8 179.9 205.9 203.4 120.4 198.8 113.8 153.6 137.0 167.9 142.6 122.8 122.5 120.6 116.4 125.8 119.6 160.3 157.8 98.0 139.6 161.7 160.9 156.2 179.0 110.9 181.0 120.8 186.6 179.7 205.9 203.7 119.0 198.8 114.0 152.4 135.7 146.9 142.3 122.8 122.8 120.4 116.4 125.5 119.8 158.5 155.9 97.7 139.7 161.7 162.1 157.6 187.1 110.5 181.4 120.8 186.8 180.0 206.4 204.1 122.2 199.0 114.0 153.0 136.3 136.1 143.5 122.0 121.5 119.1 114.2 125.7 119.9 156.2 153.3 96.9 139.6 163.0 162.4 156.5 180.5 112.1 181.7 121.3 186.8 180.9 206.5 204.4 122.6 199.0 115.0 158.6 142.2 131.6 150.3 121.9 118.7 116.2 110.4 122.9 118.5 155.7 152.8 96.9 137.5 162.3 162.3 156.2 179.4 111.6 182.1 121.4 187.0 181.4 207.2 204.8 125.0 199.4 115.4 158.9 142.4 129.6 150.6 121.9 115.2 113.4 105.0 120.3 116.9 155.5 152.5 96.3 138.9 162.6 162.1 157.7 179.7 110.0 182.4 121.6 186.9 181.6 207.7 205.3 125.2 199.9 115.7 158.7 141.9 129.6 150.1 121.4 116.1 112.9 106.9 122.9 117.2 157.1 154.2 95.7 138.5 162.8 162.1 157.6 180.0 111.3 182.7 122.0 187.7 181.6 207.6 205.8 119.8 200.4 115.8 159.1 142.3 129.4 150.6 121.0 121.0 116.5 114.5 126.5 119.6 158.1 155.3 94.4 139.8 162.5 162.1 159.6 179.0 111.2 183.3 122.5 188.1 181.3 208.3 206.1 121.7 201.0 116.0 154.3 137.0 130.7 144.6 120.9 123.9 120.0 118.2 127.7 121.1 155.4 152.5 93.5 137.3 161.6 161.4 157.3 178.3 109.5 183.7 122.9 188.8 180.9 208.2 206.6 116.2 201.4 114.4 152.3 134.7 134.4 141.9 120.7 122.6 121.1 115.3 125.0 120.4 153.6 150.8 169. 117.' 217.( 222.8 218.8 253.' 169.1 115.1 217.9 223.0 218.6 257.3 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS All items................ All Items (1967 - 100)..... Food and beverages........ Food......................... Food at home............ Cereals and bakery products...... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs.... Dairyand related products1....... Fruits and vegetables........ Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials................. Other foods at home............. Sugar and sweets................. Fats and oils................... Other foods........... Other miscellaneous foods1,2.... Food away fromhome1... Other food away fromhome1,2... Alcoholic beverages.......... Housing................ Shelter................... Rent of primary residence........... Lodging away fromhome2........ Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence3 Tenants' and household insurance1,2 Fuels and utilities................ Fuels........................ Fuel oil and other fuels............ Gas (piped) and electricity............. Household furnishings and operations. Apparel.................. Men’s and boys' apparel....... Women's and girls' apparel.... Infants' and toddlers' apparel1....... Footwear................. Transportation.................... Private transportation........... Newand used motor vehicles2...... bee îootnotes at end of table. 102 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 177.0 516.8 173.0 172.5 172.4 193.6 161.2 167.1 210.8 176.5 175.1 197 1 162.0 167.2 222.9 138.4 159.1 155.6 155.4 176.3 109.1 173.8 113.6 178.8 138.6 160.4 158.8 155.3 177.6 109.7 178.2 118.1 183.3 194 5 191.5 118.4 187.6 106.4 149.5 134.2 129.2 141.5 125.8 126.1 125.8 117.3 130.9 123.1 153.6 150.8 101.9 201.9 199.0 118.4 195.1 108.7 142.9 126.1 115.0 133 4 124.4 114.0 197.4 1112 143.0 126.0 121.0 132.9 123.7 121.7 114.6 128.6 129.7 523.9 99.41 January 2004 174.5 198.2 162.1 166.9 218.0 138.6 160.7 158.2 153.4 111.0 179.7 120.0 184.6 197.1 162.3 167.2 222.9 177.7 529.2 177.4 179.2 533.7 178.3 161.5 164.5 167.1 140.1 161.9 161.3 158.7 178.5 160.6 158.9 110.7 110.1 120.1 120.2 180.5 I 00.0 176.9 177.9 203.7 98.7 109.6 198.0 112.3 143.5 126.4 125.0 133.2 123.0 120.9 202.6 114.3 198.5 113.7 128.3 134.7 123.2 117.3 115.7 112.3 106.7 127.2 122.4 120.8 119.5 153.0 154.6 152.0 98.51 98.2 185.7 178.7 205.5 203.0 198.6 113.9 130.5 123.5 119.4 116.8 111.0 119.3 158.2 155.7 97.9 Q3 1 32. Continued—Consumer Price Indexes for Ail Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group [1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] mual average Series 1 Not seasonally adjusted. 2 Indexes on a December 1997 - 100 base. 3 Indexes on a December 1982 = 100 base. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2002 2003 2002 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. May Apr. June July Sept. Aug. 141.5 141.7 140.9 149.7 149.3 149.2 124.8 120.0 126.7 124.3 119.4 126.1 106.5 106.3 107.1 194.3 195.0 195.4 198.5 199.2 198.1 289.6 290.6 291.8 253.5 254.0 254.8 298.4 299.5 300.9 258.7 259.2 260.0 376.7 379.1 382.2 104.5 104.7 105.1 102.2 102.4 102.7 108.8 108.8 109.2 129.7 129.7 130.3 325.0 324.5 330.6 366.0 366.0 367.2 93.5 93.2 93.3 92.3 93.0 92.0 100.1 100.1 100.7 140.3 149.2 140.9 140.3 107.5 196.2 199.8 293.0 255.1 302.3 261.0 384.8 105.4 103.0 109.2 130.7 333.6 368.0 93.4 92.2 100.7 140.4 149.2 148.5 147.8 107.2 196.0 202.0 293.5 256.1 302.7 261.3 385.3 105.4 102.9 108.9 130.8 333.9 368.2 92.8 91.6 99.9 139.7 149.2 140.8 140.2 107.1 196.3 203.0 293.7 256.2 303.0 261.9 384.9 105.4 103.0 108.4 130.9 333.4 368.8 92.0 90.7 98.9 139.1 148.7 131.5 130.9 107.2 196.5 208.5 294.6 256.4 304.1 263.3 385.0 105.5 103.0 108.0 131.1 333.6 369.3 91.3 90.0 98.3 138.4 148.1 130.4 129.8 107.1 196.8 210.8 295.5 256.7 305.1 263.5 388.1 105.5 102.9 107.8 131.8 335.5 371.1 90.7 89.6 97.7 137.7 146.4 130.9 130.4 107.0 197.7 212.8 296.7 258.2 306.3 264.1 390.9 105.6 102.9 108.2 132.3 336.3 372.6 90.9 89.6 98.3 137.9 144.0 139.4 138.9 107.3 197.3 210.5 297.4 258.6 307.0 263.9 394.2 105.7 102.9 109.1 135.5 339.6 382.1 90.5 89.1 98.0 137.6 139.8 147.5 147.0 107.2 197.9 208.4 298.3 259.4 307.9 264.4 395.8 105.5 102.7 109.7 137.8 339.6 389.2 90.2 89.1 97.6 Oct. Nov. 137.8 138.7 135.9 132.8 136.9 131.5 136.4 130.9 107.5 107.5 198.6 198.9 208.7 205.8 299.1 300.1 259.2 258.5 309.1 310.6 265.2 265.2 397.5 402.4 105.4 105.6 102.8 103.0 109.7 109.6 138.1 138.0 340.6 337.5 390.1 390.2 89.8 89.9 88.4 88.5 97.4 97.3 143.2 159.8 124.9 124.2 104.0 185.1 204.9 271.8 242.7 278.5 248.7 333.8 103.6 100.9 105.3 118.7 299.9 334.7 94.5 93.8 99.4 141.1 152.8 117.0 116.4 106.1 191.7 202.6 284.6 251.1 292.5 256.0 363.2 104.6 102.0 107.6 125.9 318.5 354.8 93.7 92.7 99.9 22.1 19.0 17.9 17.8 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.4 17.0 16.8 16.5 16.3 16.1 16.2 15.9 29.1 289.5 426.1 170.3 155.7 184.9 262.8 21.8 302.0 463.2 174.1 155.5 189.1 274.0 19.7 305.0 472.8 174.9 155.0 190.6 276.6 19.3 305.1 474.3 174.7 154.2 190.7 276.7 19.1 305.6 474.3 175.2 154.8 189.1 277.9 18.6 306.4 474.8 175.7 154.0 191.6 279.9 18.6 305.6 469.1 176.1 153.8 192.4 281.1 18.5 306.4 469.8 176.7 154.6 193.2 281.6 17.8 306.0 464.8 176.9 154.2 193.6 282.4 16.9 306.0 464.8 177.2 154.4 193.5 283.9 16.9 307.5 470.5 177.5 154.8 193.9 284.0 16.3 308.0 473.2 177.4 154.3 194.6 284.4 16.0 307.9 469.9 177.9 154.0 196.1 285.2 16.2 308.2 470.7 178.0 154.1 196.3 285.6 16.0 307.7 470.2 177.7 153.8 194.8 286.7 151.4 173.0 138.7 149.0 126.1 150.4 176.1 135.5 147.0 123.1 151.3 176.6 136.5 150.2 124.6 150.3 177.1 135.0 147.3 120.9 150.7 177.4 135.5 148.3 117.3 152.8 178.3 138.0 153.8 119.4 154.0 153.0 178.5 178.3 139.6 138..2 157.3 154.8 122.5 122.8 151.6 178.7 136.0 151.1 121.5 151.1 179.5 135.0 149.6 118.7 150.7 179.6 134.2 148.7 115.2 151.6 180.2 135.4 151.7 116.1 152.7 180.7 136.7 155.9 121.0 151.9 181.7 135.2 153.6 123.9 151.3 182.4 133.8 151.4 122.6 166.3 125.3 199.6 187.3 199.1 233.7 165.3 121.8 205.9 194.5 207.7 241.6 169.6 120.6 208.1 196.2 211.4 244.8 167.2 120.4 208.3 196.3 211.7 245.1 171.0 120.1 209.4 197.3 212.2 246.2 178.7 119.9 210.2 197.9 213.2 247.1 182.6 119.8 211.2 198.3 213.9 247.0 178.3 119.4 211.3 198.3 215.0 246.8 173.0 118.8 212.0 198.8 216.1 246.8 172.3 118.3 212.6 198.8 216.7 247.2 173.0 117.6 213.6 199.5 217.4 247.9 177.4 116.9 214.0 200.0 216.8 249.2 181.2 115.5 214.3 199.9 216.8 250.6 175.7 114.7 214.4 200.6 219.0 250.7 172.9 114.2 214.1 200.5 218.8 250.7 173.6 167.6 169.1 140.2 150.6 166.7 161.4 175.8 168.3 171.1 137.3 149.2 166.1 161.4 193.1 198.9 120.9 183.6 185.6 144.4 17.. 213.< 177.6 169.7 172.6 138.6 152.6 170.2 163.« 195. 200. 124. 184. 187.3 144. 125.2 216.5 177.C 169.1 172.1 136.8 149.6 168.C 162.6 195.Î 201. 122. 184. 186. 143. 120.7 216.7 177.7 169.7 172.7 137.1 150.6 171.6 163.6 196.' 202. 126. 184. 186. 142. 127.B 217.7 179.C 171.6 174.2 139.“ 155.6 178.' 166.6 197.« 202. 135. 185. 187. 142.3 142. 218.5 180.6 172.9 175.4 141.4 159.2 182.2 168.6 199.6 204.C 142.2 185.$ 188.C 143. 150.( 218. 31 180.C 172.2 174.8 140.C 156.8 178.' 167.1 199.' 204.C 137.' 185. 188. 143. 141. 219.D 179.8 171.4 174.' 137.$ 153.2 173.8 165., 200.' 204. 133. 185. 188.3 142.2 132.3 219.6 179.8 171.' 174.. 136.< 151. 172. 164. 202. 205.2 135.B 185.9 187.7 141.3 131.0 219.8 179.6 180.2 171.5 172.C 174.5 175.2 136.1 137.2 151.C 151-C 173.5 177.5 164.6 166.' 202.6 203. 206.2 206.f 135.8 140.( 185.S 186. 187. 187. 140. 140. 131.' 139.5 221.3 220. 181.0 173.2 176.C 138.6 157.2 181.1 168.6 203.' 206.6 144.2 186.' 188. 140., 147., 221. 180.4 172.6 175.6 137.C 155.7 176.1 168.1 203.2 206.$ 136.: 187.6 188.6 140. 137. 222. 179.7 171.6 175.C 135.6 153.' 173.6 167.: 202.' 206. 132.' 187. 188. 139. 132. 222. cc CC Newvehicles.................................... Used cars and trucks1......................... Motor fuel.......................................... Gasoline (all types)............................ Motor vehicle parts and equipment.......... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair....... Public transportation.............................. Medical care.......................................... Medical care commodities....................... Medical care services............................ Professional services........................... Hospital and related services................. Recreation2.......................................... Video and audio1'2............................... Education and communication2.................. Education2 ........................................ Educational books and supplies............ Tuition, other school fees, and childcare.. Communication1,2............................... . 12 Information and information processing ’ Telephone services1'2 ...................... Information and information processing other than telephone services1 4 ........ Personal computers and peripheral equipment1’2........................... Other goods and services......................... Tobacco and smoking products............... Personal care1.................................... Personal care products1...................... Personal care services1...................... Miscellaneous personal services........... Commodity and service group: Commodities....................................... Food and beverages............................ Commodities less food and beverages...... Nondurables less food and beverages..... Apparel........................................ Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel.................................. Durables......................................... Services............................................ Rent of shelter3................................. Transportation services..................... Other services.................................. Special Indexes: All items less food.............................. All items less shelter........................... All Items less medical care................... Commodities less food........................ Nondurables less food........................ Nondurables less food and apparel........ Nondurables.................................... Services less rent of shelter3................ Services less medical care services....... Energy.......................................... . All items less energy.......................... All items less food and energy............. Commodities less food and energy..... Energy commodities...................... Services less energy...................... 301 193. 128." 179. 181. 146. 125. 206.D 4 Indexes on a December 1988 » 100 base. Dash indicates data not available. NOTE: Index appliedto a month as a whole, not to any specific date. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 103 Current Labor Statistics: 33. Price Data Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items [1982-84 = 100, unless otherwise indicated] Pricing All Urban Consum ers sched- 2 003 ule1 U.S. city average.......................... June July Aug. Sept. U rban W age E arners 2003 Oct. Nov. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 183.7 183.9 184.6 185.2 185.0 184.5 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M 192.8 194.9 113.9 178.4 180.7 113.2 172.6 177.2 179.0 113.1 174.9 188.1 190.9 114.4 193.5 195.5 114.5 178.1 180.5 113.1 171.4 177.3 179.1 113.1 175.0 188.4 190.9 115.1 194.3 196.6 114.4 178.8 181.2 113.6 172.1 177.9 179.8 113.4 175.9 189.2 191.7 115.5 195.0 197.3 115.0 179.5 182.0 113.9 172.3 178.3 180.1 113.8 176.3 189.6 192.3 115.6 195.4 197.7 115.2 179.1 181.7 113.6 171.8 178.1 180.1 113.6 175.6 189.4 191.9 115.5 195.1 189.2 197.3 190.0 115.3 113.9 178.9 173.7 181.4 175.1 113.6 112.7 171.4 170.1 177.5 174.3 179.1 176.2 113.3 112.0 175.4 174.8 188.5 183.3 191.0 184.5 114.9 114.1 190.0 190.7 191.9 192.1 191.9 190.8 191.8 193.0 193.2 192.8 114.5 114.5 115.1 115.3 115.4 173.3 174.1 174.6 174.1 173.9 174.8 175.5 176.4 176.0 175.7 112.5 113.0 113.2 112.7 112.7 169.1 169.8 170 169.3 169.1 174.3 174.8 175.3 174.9 174.3 176.2 177.0 177.5 177.3 176.4 111.9 112.1 112.4 112.1 111.9 174.6 174.5 175.9 174.8 174.5 183.4 184.2 185.0 184.4 183.5 184.3 185.3 186.1 185.4 184.4 114.6 114.8 115.3 115.0 114.6 M M M 168.2 113.4 176.4 168.3 113.6 184.1 169.0 113.9 177.1 169.6 114.3 177.4 169.5 114.1 176.9 168.9 113.9 176.6 166.3 112.9 174.4 M M M 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 184.1 184.1 186.3 186.3 196.9 197.7 - 203.0 - 176.0 “ 176.5 116.8 181.5 182.8 162.5 179.4 189.7 196.3 _ 191.7 179.6 179.6 180.3 181.0 180.7 R e gio n a n d a re a s ize 2 Northeast urban......................................... Size A—More than 1,500,000................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................ Midwest urban4.......................................... Size A—More than 1,500,000.................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................. Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000). South urban.............................................. Size A—More than 1,500,000.................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................ Size D—Nonmetropolitan (less than 50,000).. West urban............................................... Size A—More than 1,500,000.................... Size B/C—50,000 to 1,500,0003................. Size classes: A5.................... B/C D.... Nov. M 166.3 112.8 174.9 167.2 113.1 175.3 168.0 113.5 175.6 167.7 113.2 174.9 180.2 167.1 113.0 174.5 S e le c te d local a re a s 6 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI............................. Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................. New York, NY-Northern NJ-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA. Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT................. Cleveland-Akron, OH............................................. Dallas-Ft Worth, TX................................................. Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV7.................... Atlanta, GA............................................................ Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, Ml........................................ Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX................................ Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, FL.......................................... Philadelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity, PA-NJ-DE-MD.... San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA......................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA.......................... goods and services priced as indicated: M—Every month. 1—January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2— February, April, June, August, October, and December. 2 Regions defined as the four Census regions. 3 Indexes on a December 1996 = 100 base. The "North Central" region has been renamed the "Midwest" region by the Census Bureau. It is composed of the same geographic entities. 5 Indexes on a December 1986 = 100 base. 6 In addition, the following metropolitan areas are published semiannually and appear in tables 34 and 39 of the January and July issues of the CPI D e ta ile d 104 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 184.5 186.1 186.1 185.6 178.0 177.8 178.3 179.8 179.1 179.1 186.9 188.2 187.8 187.1 179.6 179.6 180.5 181.9 181.2 180.5 199.1 199.6 200.0 199.4 191.9 192.8 194.1 195.0 195.2 194.7 - 206.8 _ 205.6 - 206.5 - 202.2 206.2 - 178.5 _ 168.3 - 177.6 - 167.0 169.5 - 177.0 _ 175.6 - 1175.9 - 175.9 176.7 - 117.2 _ 116.1 - 116.7 - 116.2 - 116.9 179.7 _ 177.6 - 180.1 - 178.7 179.4 183.6 _ 178.2 - 183.3 - 176.7 177.5 164.1 _ 164.0 - 166.1 - 160.7 - 162.5 180.9 _ 179.0 - 181.6 - 176.8 178.3 191.1 _ 190.2 - 190.3 - 187.8 189.2 196.3 “ 196.3 - 192.2 - 192.3 - 191.9 194.4 193.7 185.7 188.2 187.8 Report: Anchorage, AK; Cincinnati OH-KY-IN; Kansas City, MO-KS; Milwaukee-Racine, Wl; Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI; Pittsburgh, PA; Port-land-Salem, OR-WA; St Louis, MO-IL; San Diego, CA; Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL. 7 Indexes on a November 1996 = 100 base. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Each local index has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in their escalator clauses. Index applies to a month as a whole, not to any specific date. Dash indicates data not available. 34. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1 = 1UUJ Series Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Food and beverages: Housing: Apparel: Transportation: Medical care: Other goods and services: Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Percent change............................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2000 2002 144.5 3.0 148.2 2.6 152.4 2.8 156.9 3.0 160.5 2.3 163.0 1.6 166.6 2.2 172.2 3.4 177.1 2.8 179.9 1.6 141.6 2.1 144.9 2.3 148.9 2.8 153.7 3.2 157.7 2.6 161.1 2.2 164.6 2.2 168.4 2.3 173.6 3.1 176.8 1.8 141.2 2.7 144.8 2.5 148.5 2.6 152.8 2.9 156.8 2.6 160.4 2.3 163.9 2.2 169.6 3.5 176.4 4.0 180.3 2.2 133.7 1.4 133.4 -.2 132.0 -1.0 131.7 -.2 132.9 .9 133.0 .1 131.3 -1.3 129.6 -1.3 127.3 -1.8 124.0 -2.6 130.4 3.1 134.3 3.0 139.1 3.6 143.0 2.8 144.3 0.9 141.6 -1.9 144.4 2.0 153.3 6.2 154.3 0.7 152.9 -.9 201.4 5.9 211.0 4.8 220.5 4.5 228.2 3.5 234.6 2.8 242.1 3.2 250.6 3.5 260.8 4.1 272.8 4.6 285.6 4.7 192.9 5.2 198.5 2.9 206.9 4.2 215.4 4.1 224.8 4.4 237.7 5.7 258.3 8.7 271.1 5.0 282.6 4.2 293.2 3.8 142.1 2.8 145.6 2.5 149.8 2.9 154.1 2.9 157.6 2.3 159.7 1.3 163.2 2.2 168.9 3.5 173.5 2.7 175.9 1.4 Monthly Labor Review January 2004 105 Current Labor Statistics: 35. Price Data Producer Price indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100]_______ Grouping Annua average 2001 2002 2002 Nov. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 139.0 139.6 139.5 140.8 141.9 142.0 142.3 144.0 142.3 144.2 146.3 142.8 142.1 143.8 144.0 142.0 143.7 144.6 143.0 145.0 145.2 143.0 145.1 144.9 143.5 145.7 146.2 143.9 146.3 147.9 145.5 147.7 151.0 144.5 146.5 150.2 139.3 140.6 132.8 141.6 143.8 133.2 139.3 144.4 147.9 133.1 139.2 147.4 151.7 134.4 139.9 143.5 146.9 132.5 139.1 143.0 146.3 132.4 139.0 144.6 148.9 131.8 138.9 144.8 149.2 131.7 138.9 145.1 149.7 131.6 139.3 145.3 150.2 131.1 139.1 146.1 149.2 135.5 141.1 144.7 147.4 135.1 140.7 129.4 131.1 133.5 136.2 133.0 132.5 133.5 133.7 134.0 134.1 134.1 '134.0 127.9 128.9 133.4 126.1 125.8 129.5 129.6 138.1 126.8 125.8 130.1 129.0 140.1 126.9 126.0 129.4 129.6 137.6 126.7 126.0 129.3 130.8 137.0 128.8 126.1 129.6 134.2 137.4 126.8 126.0 129.2 133.3 136.3 127.1 125.8 130.0 135.5 137.9 127.9 125.9 129.8 137.1 136.3 128.9 125.9 130.5 142.0 137.1 129.6 125.8 130,7 142.0 137.4 130.5 125.7 151.4 106.9 153.4 140.1 152.1 113.6 15*3.7 140.7 152.3 124.8 153.8 141.2 152.9 110.8 154.0 141.3 152.9 108.0 153.9 141.5 153.0 112.1 154.1 141.5 153.6 113.7 153.8 141.5 153.8 113.6 153.6 141.4 155.1 113.3 153.6 141.7 155.2 111.9 153.2 141.8 155.6 109.7 153.5 142.6 127.3 105.6 140.4 134.0 106.3 151.7 152.2 105.7 184.4 128.0 107.0 140.6 130.9 111.0 142.4 136.5 110.4 152.8 132.6 107.6 148.2 131.4 111.5 142.9 135.6 118.7 144.5 138.3 127.9 141.9 137.4 126.1 141.9 140.3 95.3 147.9 151.5 150.3 142.1 101.7 147.9 151.6 151.0 144.3 107.4 148.6 152.3 151.0 141.5 100.0 148.2 152.1 150.0 141.1 98.9 148.3 152.3 150.0 142.2 103.1 148.3 152.4 149.8 142.2 103.4 148.2 152.3 149.8 142.6 104.3 148.7 152.7 149.9 142.6 105.0 149.0 153.3 149.7 143.8 103.2 151.4 155.9 152.0 142.8 100.3 151.0 155.5 151.7 156.9 157.7 157.6 158.4 157.4 157.4 157.1 157.1 157.0 156.9 159.2 159.0 175.1 177.4 177.3 177.7 177.5 177.6 177.7 177.8 177.6 177.8 178.1 178.2 118.8 100.0 135.5 131.7 120.4 105.8 136.1 134.2 121.2 113.2 137.1 137.0 121.0 124.2 137.6 133.7 121.2 110.1 137.3 133.1 122.8 107.1 137.5 134.0 125.1 111.3 137.6 134.2 124.4 113.0 137.4 134.6 125.1 113.5 137.7 134.5 128.0 112.4 138.0 134.4 131.7 111.1 138.5 134.1 134.8 109.0 138.9 137.1 138.1 138.7 138.4 138.5 138.4 138.3 138.6 138.8 139.0 139.2 10>10 110.5 139.9 140.1 115.1 143.0 153.9 116.9 148.3 200.2 H6.5 148.1 138.8 141.4 117.0 120.0 146.7 I 146.5 156.2 148.7 119.4 118.0 146.3 | 148.8 139.9 121.7 152.0 140.7 127.9 135.7 135.5 158.8 133.6 135.5 163.7 Finished goods.................... Finishedconsumer goods..... Finishedconsumer foods.... Finshedconsumer goods excluding foods.......... Nondurable goods less food..... Durable goods......... Capital equipment............... 2003 Dec. 141 5 141.3 139.4 140.0 141.4 14? ft 133.9 139.7 139.8 142.0 139.1 ijy.u 128.7 127.8 June Interm ediate materials, supplies, and com ponents....................... Materials and components for manufacturing.................. Materials forfood manufacturing... Materials for nondurable manufacturing.. Materials fordurable manufacturing..... Components for manufacturing.... Materials and components forconstruction................ Processed fuels and lubricants..... Containers............... Supplies....................... _ 127.4 124.3 131.8 125.2 126.3 126.1 123.2 129.2 124.7 126.1 125.0 132.8 126.3 126.0 131.4 126.2 125.9 150.6 104.5 153.1 138.6 96.3 151.2 101.2 151.1 100.9 139.6 July Aug.p Sept.p Oct.p Nov.p Crude m aterials for further processing................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs....... Crude nonfood materials........ 121.3 106.2 127.3 99.5 111.4 140.4 96.8 147.5 150.8 150.0 138.3 88.8 147.3 150.8 150.2 99.4 100.5 Special groupings: Finished goods, excluding foods... Finished energy goods......... Finished goods less energy......... Finished consumer goods less energy Finished goods less food and energy..... Finished consumer goods less food and energy................. Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy............. Intermediate materials less foods and feeds............ Intermediate foods andfeeds... Intermediate energy goods...... Intermediate goods less energy..... Intermediate materials less foods and energy............... 136.4 Crude energy materials............ Crude materials less energy......... Crude nonfood materials less energy 122.8 112.2 130.6 106 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 130.5 115.9 104.1 135.1 115.5 95.9 134.5 139.6 147.6 151.0 150.9 117.5 101.0 135.5 150.2 149.9 1or t 102.0 108.7 135.7 120.0 109.8 139.8 January 2004 36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major industry groups [December 1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]__________ >001 Total mining industries....................... . Metal mining............................. Coal mining (12/85 - 100)............ OHand gas extraction (12/85 - 100).. Mining and quarrying of nonmetalllc minerals, except fuels................ Total manufacturing industries.................. Food and kindred products.................. Tobacco manufactures....................... Textile mill products.......................... Apparel and other finished products made fromfabrics and similar materials.. Lumber and wood products, except furniture.............................. Furniture and fixtures........................ Paper and allied products................... Printing, publishing, and allied Industries--Chemicals and allied products.................. Petroleumrefining and related products..... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics producís. Leather and leather products................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products... Primary metal Industries........................ Fabricated metal products, except machinery andtransportation equipment...................... 39 Machinery, except electrical................... Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies...................... Transportation........................... ........ Measuring and controlling instruments; photographic, medical, and optical goods; watches and clocks................... Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries Industries (12/85 - 100)...................... 2003 2002 Annual average Industry SIC Nov. 2002 Feb. Jan. Dec. 123.2 84.0 95.0 147.0 122.1 86.0 94.8 145.1 146.4 146.6 146.7 136.3 135.8 136.3 136.4 135.1 135.7 137.1 137.0 375.5 376.4 376.1 376.2 115.2 115.3 115.4 115.3 146.7 146.9 141.0 143.5 134.6 132.8 386.1 116.9 133.7 134.6 134.0 135.7 137.6 138.7 132.0 131.6 132.6 133.9 134.5 134.8 401.9 409.2 380.3 379.7 379.8 380.9 115.8 115.8 116.1 115.3 115.2 115.1 125.8 125.1 125.1 156.2 145.1 146.2 155.3 146.3 143.7 154.1 154.2 154.4 155.7 147.0 146.8 147.0 147.1 145.1 144.9 144.8 144.9 188.7 158.4 105.3 125.9 141.3 136.0 116.1 193.0 194.0 157.3 159.7 98.8 106.7 125.5 125.8 141.1 142.1 137.1 137.3 116.2 118.3 194.1 159.3 102.4 125.8 142.5 137.3 118.1 196.4 160.9 116.5 126.3 142.4 137.6 117.9 196.7 162.3 138.0 127.2 142.4 137.8 118.0 131.0 131.7 132.0 132.2 132.4 118.0 117.2 116.6 116.5 116.5 107.0 137.9 105.7 137.3 105.0 104.3 138.3 137.6 127.3 128.5 128.8 132.4 133.3 133.5 123.1 143.4 129 8 157.2 110.3 124.5 125.9 150.2 155.0 134.6 141.3 157.8 159.4 111.9 112.3 144.9 145.4 Nov.p 126.2 83.1 94.3 152.0 96.6 110.5 113.8 126.0 137.4 78.5 93.6 74.2 74.5 78.0. 93.9 93.6 93.1 93.2 93.4 107.0 128.8 133.9 152.5 170.2 144.2 Aug.p Sept.p Oct.p July 169.1 124.5 126.3 137.1 131.6 125.2 76.8 73.9 77.8 80.1 80.6 80.6 93.7 94.8 94.6 94.4 94.0 94.0 220.0 150.2 152.7 169.3 160.7 150.7 114.3 70.8 91.3 127.5 143.8 June May Mar. I Apr. 145.9 146.3 147.0 147.4 137.0 137.1 138.3 137.7 138.8 141.6 376.3 376.8 378.7 115.7 115.5 116.6 137.7 141.6 379.2 116.2 124.9 124.9 124.9 124.8 124.9 124.9 125.0 124.9 155.3 156.0 147.2 147.3 144.9 145.1 156.4 147.4 145.3 157.2 147.5 145.1 160.2 147.6 144.9 160.9 147.5 144.7 166.8 147.6 144.6 167.4 147.9 144.3 168.0 147.8 144.6 196.7 165.2 145.9 128.1 142.4 137.7 118.0 197.0 197.3 166.7 165.8 118.7 111.0 129.1 129.2 142.7 142.2 138.1 138.0 117.8 117.8 197.6 165.0 116.0 128.8 142.7 137.7 117.8 197.6 164.5 118.3 128.6 142.9 137.8 117.7 197.8 197.9 198.2 164.5 164.5 164.9 124.0 122.1 121.1 128.8 128.6 128.5 142.5 142.6 143.2 138.0 138.1 137.9 118.1 118.3 119.0 198.2 165.1 115.8 128.4 143.7 138.4 119.9 132.5 132.7 132.7 132.7 132.7 132.9 132.9 133.1 133.2 133.1 116.2 116.0 116.1 116.0 116.0 117.2 116.8 116.8 116.0 115.8 104.2 138.1 103.8 104.0 104.0 104.0 138.3 139.8 137.5 137.5 103.6 136.8 103.3 136.8 102.5 137.0 102.3 136.5 102.2 141.4 102.1 140.9 128.8 129.4 129.8 129.7 129.9 129.8 129.9 129.8 130.0 129.9 130.2 129.9 133.8 133.7 134.0 133.8 133.9 133.9 133.9 134.1 134.3 134.2 134.0 134.0 127.4 128.1 128.3 128.7 155.0 155.0 155.0 155.0 147.6 151.1 151.1 151.7 162.3 162.6 162.9 162.9 111.9 112.0 111.9 112.2 128.6 155.0 151.7 164.1 112.1 128.8 155.0 149.2 153.6 112.0 124.8 124.7 124.7 124.9 Service industries: Motor freight transportation and warehousing (06/93 - 100).............. U.S. Postal Service (06/89 - 100)............ Watertransportation (12/92 - 100)........... Transportation by air (12/92 - 100)........... Pipelines, except natural gas (12/92 - 10C).. 125.9 126.5 126.8 127.3 127.4 127.4 155.0 155.0 155.0 155.0 155.0 155.0 142.2 142.9 140.7 140.9 139.9 147.6 159.8 161.4 160.2 161.8 162.2 162.0 111.8 110.6 110.6 111.0 110.6 111.8 37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100]_____________________________ ________ ________ ________ ___ Index 1993 1994 1995 1996 F in is h e d goods 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 124.7 125.7 78.0 135.8 125.5 126.8 77.0 137.1 127.9 129.0 78.1 140.0 131.3 133.6 83.2 142.0 131.8 134.5 83.4 142.4 130.7 134.3 75.1 143.7 133.0 135.1 78.8 146.1 138.0 137.2 94.1 148.0 140.7 141.3 96.8 15U.0 138.8 140.0 88.8 150.2 116.2 115.6 84.6 123.8 118.5 118.5 83.0 127.1 124.9 119.5 84.1 135.2 125.7 125.3 89.8 134.0 125.6 123.2 89.0 134.2 123.0 123.2 80.8 133.5 123.2 120.8 84.3 133.1 129.2 119.2 101.7 136.6 129.7 124.3 104.1 136.4 127.8 123.3 95.9 135.8 102.4 108.4 76.7 94.1 101.8 106.5 72.1 97.0 102.7 105.8 69.4 105.8 113.8 121.5 85.0 105.7 111.1 112.2 87.3 103.5 96.8 103.9 68.6 84.5 98.2 98.7 78.5 91.1 120.6 100.2 122.1 118.0 121.3 106.2 122.8 101.8 108.1 99.5 101.8 100.8 In te rm e d ia te m a terials, s u p p lie s , and c o m p o n e n ts C ru d e m a te ria ls fo r fu rth e r pro ce ssin g https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 107 Current Labor Statistics: 38. Price Data U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [2000 = 100]_________________ SITC Rev. 3 2002 Industry Nov. Food and live animals....... 01 Meat and meat preparations... 04 C erea ls a n d cereal preparations.. 05 Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry 108 87.8 131.7 98.9 2003 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May July Aug. 123.2 97.4 105.9 96.4 122.2 95.1 105.5 97.9 120.0 96.0 108.0 101.5 124.2 96.9 107.5 102.9 118.5 99.6 107.1 104.6 115.4 101.2 107.6 108.9 115.7 99.7 112.2 117.3 124.1 101.2 111.9 122.7 119.5 102.3 115.3 125.2 125.6 101.8 116.6 91.1 86.4 101.6 104.6 102.3 116.6 91.2 88.9 105.0 105.8 103.6 118.9 91.3 90.4 106.0 107.8 104.5 127.4 91.0 89.9 104.2 105.8 103.9 122.7 90.4 90.1 103.2 109.0 103.9 124.8 90.6 85.5 106.2 112.3 102.3 109.2 90.9 85.3 107.0 117.8 106.3 121.1 91.7 88.9 109.6 120.1 111.1 136.7 91.9 91.0 121.4 121.1 116.0 150.9 92.4 92.2 130.0 126.5 113.7 122.9 130.1 113.9 130.2 107.5 111.9 102.8 102.5 112.2 96.4 107.6 112.1 102.7 109.8 111.2 105.9 114.9 111.2 113.0 108.7 111.6 104.2 107.9 111.6 104.1 106.2 111.6 101.2 96.0 97.1 97.5 100.6 100.6 104.1 96.2 99.5 97.2 100.7 101.4 103.9 95.3 100.5 98.4 101.5 100.9 103.9 95.2 97.6 98.5 100.9 100.8 104.8 97.3 96.6 98.8 101.6 99.6 105.8 97.5 95.1 98.4 102.0 100.0 105.5 97.6 94.8 98.4 101.9 100.0 105.3 97.8 95.3 98.1 101.8 100.5 105.6 99.4 95.3 98.3 102.4 100.9 106.2 99.5 95.2 97.8 102.7 99.4 108.4 99.8 108.6 99.7 108.5 100.0 110.1 99.9 110.1 100.0 109.5 100.1 109.2 100.3 109.4 100.6 109.9 96.7 100.2 84.3 98.5 106.9 102.2 96.9 100.3 82.0 97.3 100.3 79.4 98.3 100.2 80.9 97.9 107.4 103.2 97.8 107.3 103.1 97.5 99.5 82.0 97.8 107.9 103.1 98.0 99.6 82.9 98.5 107.1 102.4 98.5 100.4 79.8 98.0 107.4 103.2 98.4 99.5 81.6 98.5 107.1 102.5 98.3 100.4 80.3 97.8 107.2 102.6 97.9 108.5 103.3 102.1 88.6 102.2 88.8 102.2 88.9 102.4 88.1 102.5 88.2 102.5 88.0 102.7 87.7 102.6 87.8 102.8 87.8 95.0 92.2 100.9 94.2 92.1 101.1 94.1 92.0 101.0 93.8 89.7 101.1 93.4 89.8 101.3 93.4 89.8 101.3 93.4 89.4 101.3 93.6 88.7 101.5 93.4 88.5 101.6 101.5 I 101.6 101.9 102.2 102.4 102.3 I 102.2 102.1 102.3 90.3 98.3 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 22 Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits... 24 Corkand wood........ 25 Pulpand waste paper......... 26 Textile fibers and theirwaste...... 28 Metalliferous ores and metal scrap 98 8 116.9 91.8 96.3 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products 32 Coal, coke, and briquettes..... 33 Petroleum, petroleumproducts, and related materials... 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 54 Medicinal and pharmaceutical products 55 Essential oils; polishing and cleaning preparations 57 Plastics inprimaryforms... 58 Plastics innonprimaryforms... 59 Chemical materials and products, n.e.s................... 104.5 114.0 99.6 99.5 100.6 98.5 92.2 112.0 108.1 96.8 101.2 97.2 93.5 97.7 98.5 96.6 101.2 97.3 98.8 100.6 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials 99.0 62 Rubber manufactures, n.e.s.... 105.4 64 Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard........ 66 Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s.................. 101.3 68 Nonferrous metals....... 7 Machinery and transport equipment...... 98.7 71 Power generating machinery and equipment 105.2 72 Machinery specialized for particular industries 101.7 74 General industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts........ 75 Computer equipment and office machines.... 88.6 76 Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment.. 96.3 77 Electrical machinery and equipment.. 93.4 78 Road vehicles............ 87 Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus....... 101.5 I 99.0 99.0 99.4 108.8 101.3 100.5 100.4 83.3 98.5 105.1 101.7 98.6 106.5 102.2 98.6 106.8 88.6 88.8 96.2 92.9 95.4 101.7 101.9 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 95.4 oD.1 102.3 101.9 June Nov 39. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification [2000 = 100]_____________________________________ 2003 2002 Industry Rev. 3 Food and live animals............................................... Meat and meat preparations.......................... Fish and crustaceans, mollusks, and ottier aquatic invertebrates................... ............. Vegetables, fruit, and nuts, prepared fresh or dry.. Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof.................................................. 1 Beverages and tobacco.. 11 Beverages............... Crude materials, inedible, except fuels........... Corkand wood..................................... Pulpandwaste paper............................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap............ Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related products........... Petroleum, petroleumproducts, and related materials.. Gas, natural and manufactured............................ Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.................... Inorganic chemicals...................................... Dying, tanning, and coloring materials................ Medicinal and pharmaceutical products.............. Essential oils; polishing andcleaning preparations.. Plastics inprimary forms................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms........... ............... Chemical materials and products, n.e.s.............. Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materials...., Rubber manufactures, n.e.s................. ............... Paper, paperboard, and articles of paper, pulp, and paperboard.............................................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s................. Nonferrous metals............................................ Manufactures of metals, n.e.s.............................. Machinery and transport equipment................... Machinery specialized for particular industries... General Industrial machines and parts, n.e.s., and machine parts................................. Computer equipment and office machines...... Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment......... Electrical machinery and equipment............. Road vehicles........................................ 85 Footwear................................................... 88 Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, I and optical goods, n.e.s............................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June July Sept. Aug. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 97.6 101.2 98.8 106.8 100.4 101.7 100.0 107.4 101.2 108.5 101.6 108.8 99.8 110.3 99.4 102.9 100.2 106.6 99.5 108.2 100.1 112.8 100.3 116.0 99.7 117.1 82.0 106.2 82.5 105.6 81.1 111.5 82.0 104.7 81.4 110.7 84.3 108.5 83.4 103.9 81.3 108.9 83.5 106.9 82.3 105.5 82.4 104.9 79.7 106.3 78.8 108.3 98.6 99.9 104.0 106.7 100.2 100.5 99.1 94.8 95.3 96.6 98.6 95.5 93.1 103.9 103.7 104.1 104.0 104.0 103.9 104.1 104.0 104.4 104.3 104.4 104.3 Nov. 102.5 102.2 102.7 102.4 103.0 102.3 103.3 102.7 104.0 103.0 104.5 103.6 104.6 103.8 94.9 96.0 80.5 93.9 99.9 94.5 94.0 78.9 94.7 101.4 95.2 94.7 77.9 95.5 103.6 97.4 96.8 80.3 99.1 102.3 98.5 95.0 86.5 99.9 102.6 98.4 93.4 92.6 99.5 102.3 98.8 94.0 95.3 99.3 103.5 99.5 94.4 95.3 99.7 104.9 100.7 100.1 93.6 100.3 99.4 100.5 99.3 91.9 102.9 96.8 105.2 112.9 85.6 103.6 95.7 104.3 105.7 91.5 104.0 95.1 105.6 102.5 93.3 108.2 94.5 90.4 89.8 92.1 94.9 94.2 97.0 109.6 108.1 117.8 121.2 119.8 129.3 126.0 118.1 185.9 101.6 98.6 120.5 96.0 92.6 119.0 101.7 97.6 130.1 106.0 103.4 121.5 106.5 105.6 108.8 101.5 99.3 114.4 101.0 99.8 106.2 101.8 100.8 104.8 98.0 102.5 95.9 99.3 98.8 96.0 99.5 90.8 98.2 102.5 96.7 99.2 99.2 94.8 99.6 91.6 99.1 104.2 96.5 101.8 97.2 97.3 100.2 92.1 99.8 106.5 97.5 101.5 97.9 97.9 100.1 93.1 101.1 110.8 97.6 101.3 98.4 99.3 100.4 97.6 100.4 107.5 97.8 101.5 99.2 99.5 100.6 96.7 99.0 105.8 98.0 101.2 98.9 101.7 100.8 93.2 100.1 106.4 98.0 102.5 99.4 106.1 100.8 92.3 100.0 105.4 98.0 103.1 99.0 104.3 101.3 93.3 99.2 106.0 98.3 102.5 91.8 103.1 101.4 91.9 99.3 105.4 98.4 101.9 91.7 102.7 101.3 91.7 99.9 106.4 97.5 102.0 91.1 105.4 101.3 92.3 101.1 111.9 97.9 103.1 91.5 105.3 101.2 93.2 93.6 99.4 93.7 99.3 93.2 99.1 94.2 99.1 94.1 99.0 94.1 99.2 93.7 99.1 94.4 99.2 94.9 98.6 95.4 98.5 95.7 98.5 96.4 98.5 97.3 98.7 93.3 97.6 76.6 98.3 93.0 97.7 77.3 98.3 92.6 97.6 76.1 97.5 92.6 97.7 79.2 98.0 93.0 97.6 80.0 97.9 93.6 97.6 78.5 97.5 93.2 97.5 75.8 97.6 93.5 97.9 78.1 98.3 93.2 97.9 78.0 98.2 94.9 97.8 79.1 98.4 94.5 97.7 80.7 98.3 94.7 97.9 82.1 98.7 94.2 98.0 85.2 99.2 96.2 98.7 96.1 99.2 96.0 99.4 95.9 100.3 95.8 100.7 95.8 100.6 95.7 100.6 95.8 101.4 95.7 102.6 95.6 102.5 95.5 102.1 95.3 102.5 95.4 103.3 98.6 84.6 98.6 84.2 98.6 83.9 99.4 83.3 99.8 82.7 100.0 82.8 100.0 82.1 100.8 81.8 100.8 80.6 100.4 80.6 100.1 80.5 100.4 78.7 100.6 78.4 91.1 95.9 100.5 99.4 92.0 95.6 100.5 99.6 91.7 95.4 100.4 99.5 90.4 95.7 100.6 99.6 90.0 95.3 100.6 99.8 89.5 95.5 100.6 99.6 89.4 95.2 100.7 99.7 89.3 95.4 100.7 100.0 88.7 96.1 100.7 99.9 88.8 96.0 100.7 99.8 88.7 95.8 100.5 99.8 87.8 95.9 101.3 99.8 87.9 96.0 101.4 99.9 98.3 98.5 98.8 99.2 99.4 99.6 I 99.3 100.0 100.1 99.6 99.3 Monthly Labor Review 99.2 I 99.7 January 2004 109 Current Labor Statistics: 40. Price Data U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [ 2000 = 100]_____________ 2 () 0 2 C ategory Nov. A L L C O M M O D IT IE S ................... Foods, feeds, a n d beverages........ Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages... Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products. Industrial supplies and materials........... Agricultural Industrial supplies and materials Fuels and lubricants.......... Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuel and building materials........ Selected building materials....... 2003 Dec. 98.8 98.6 109.6 110.4 102.0 108.7 109.5 102.3 96.1 96.0 100.1 101.9 Jan. Feb. 98.9 109.4 102.8 103.3 Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 99.5 99.7 99.6 99.7 99.5 99.4 99.4 99.8 100.1 100.6 104.6 108.2 108.1 110.0 108.5 108.6 108.0 111.8 112.1 110.2 111.3 111.2 113.1 110.8 111.0 109.3 109.4 109.5 109.5 115.4 116.4 106.1 117.2 118.4 105.4 121.7 123.1 107.9 99.2 100.6 100.1 99.4 100.1 99.6 100.0 100.2 101.0 101.6 103.8 104.8 104.6 103.5 104.4 104.7 105.5 107.2 113.5 119.8 108.0 96.3 94.5 97.0 97.0 100.4 97.5 97.2 96.1 99.9 96.4 100.7 96.6 100.2 96.5 100.7 96.3 100.0 97.5 100.1 98.0 100.4 98.5 101.1 98.8 101.6 99.1 98.3 101.6 95.6 98.3 101.5 95.6 98.3 101.5 95.5 97.6 101.6 94.5 97.7 101.8 94.6 97.7 101.6 94.5 97.5 101.7 94.3 97.4 101.5 94.1 97.5 101.5 94.1 91.6 96.5 96.6 96.4 96.2 97.3 Capital goods............... Electric and electrical generating equipment Nonelectrical machinery............. 102.0 95.7 101.9 95.4 101.9 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines.. 101.4 101.3 101.5 101.5 101.6 101.5 101.6 Consumer goods, excluding automotive.... Nondurables, manufactured..... Durables, manufactured.......... 101.8 101.8 101.7 101.9 99.3 98.6 99.7 101.8 99.3 98.7 99.6 99.1 99.6 99.4 98.7 99.7 99.3 98.5 99.8 99.4 98.5 99.9 99.6 98.8 100.1 99.6 98.8 100.2 99.4 98.7 99.9 99.4 98.5 100.1 99.8 98.9 100.4 100.0 99.3 100.5 107.9 98.8 107.5 99.1 107.9 99.0 110.6 98.8 110.0 98.7 109.9 98.6 108.8 98.7 114.9 98.6 117.6 98.7 122.6 98.9 Agricultural commodities............ Nonagricultural commodities.............. 41. 108.7 98.0 97.8 95.7 98.2 U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [2000 = 100]___________ 2 () 0 2 Category Nov. 2003 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 94.6 95.2 99.9 105.8 87.1 100.2 106.0 87.5 Industrial supplies and materials...... 92.3 94.6 109.7 Fuels and lubricants............. Petroleum and petroleum products........ Paper and paper base stocks............. Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials.............. Selected building materials....... Unfinished metals associated with durable goods.. Nonmetals associated with durable goods Capital goods................... Electric and electrical generating equipment... Nonelectrical machinery............... 89.8 89.0 94.7 94.0 125.2 118.6 89.7 89.1 91.0 99.7 96.4 90.5 96.9 100.1 95.0 91.5 97.1 lUl.D y>_).u 90.5 96.9 93.3 97.4 94.8 92.9 94.9 92.8 95.3 Automotive vehicles, parts, and engines. 100.4 100.5 Consumer goods, excluding automotive.. Nondurables, manufactured.... Durables, manufactured....... Nonmanufactured consumer goods..... 97.9 99.3 96.7 95.2 98.0 99.7 96.5 95.4 A L L C O M M O D IT IE S ........................ Foods, feeds, and beverages...... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages.... Nonagricultural (fish, beverages) food products 96.9 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 96.0 95.3 96.2 96.7 96.7 96.2 96.2 96.6 87.4 102.6 109.6 86.9 102.5 108.9 88.4 101.3 107.5 87.7 100.7 107.1 86.6 101.5 107.7 88.0 101.3 107.6 87.4 101.8 108.2 87.6 102.0 109.1 86.2 102.2 109.7 85.3 97.6 95.3 98.2 100.2 100.5 98.9 99.3 100.2 99.3 96.3 100.3 96.4 103.9 101.4 104.2 103.2 99.4 97.1 99.8 98.5 100.6 99.6 93.5 94.9 91.5 94.1 94.1 93.6 94.7 92.2 94.2 94.2 104.2 96.3 92.8 97.9 103.5 95.4 91.7 97.1 102.5 96.2 89.9 97.3 103.0 96.7 92.2 98.2 102.9 101.8 92.2 97.9 102.3 102.7 92.9 97.3 102.4 110.5 93.4 97.8 103.0 109.6 94.4 97.6 104.7 108.7 96.2 98.0 95.5 93.7 95.5 92.5 93.8 95.6 92.5 93.6 96.1 92.2 93.8 96.6 92.3 93.8 96.8 92.3 93.6 96.6 92.1 93.5 95.8 92.0 93.0 96.1 91.4 93.2 96.2 91.6 100.3 1UU.O 100.5 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.5 101.2 101.2 98.0 97.9 95.5 95.5 97.9 99.7 96.2 95.7 97.9 99.9 96.1 95.6 97.9 99.8 96.2 95.6 98.1 99.8 96.5 96.2 98.1 99.9 96.3 95.7 97.9 99.8 96.2 95.6 97.9 99.7 96.2 95.7 97.8 99.7 96.0 95.8 98.1 100.1 96.2 95.8 107.9 86.8 107.7 20 01 Sept. Airfreight (inbound)............. Air freight (outbound).............. Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers)...... Air passenger fares (foreign carriers).......... Ocean liner freight (inbound)......... 110 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2002 Dec. Mar. June 2003 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 94.9 97.6 95.2 97.9 93.9 95.9 98.3 98.4 100.3 97.3 105.9 95.4 108.8 97.2 109.5 95.4 112.6 95.4 107.6 110.2 98.1 103.5 100.8 93.6 103.3 99.4 91.7 110.7 110.9 90.3 114.3 118.5 93.5 107.9 107.2 93.3 112.0 111.7 94.0 119.3 123.2 116.2 119.7 124.9 116.2 January 2004 Nov. 99.1 42. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [2000 = 100] __________ C ategory Oct. 98.5 43. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100] III Business Output per hour of all persons................ Compensation per hour........................ Real compensation per hour.................. Unit labor costs................................... Unit nonlabor payments....................... Implicit price deflator............................ Nonfarm business Output per hour of all persons............... . Compensation per hour........................ Real compensation per hour................. Unit labor costs.................................. Unit nonlabor payments....................... Implicit price deflator........................... Nonfinancial corporations Output per hour of all employees........... Compensation per hour....................... Real compensation per hour................. Total unit costs.................................. Unit labor costs................................ Unit nonlabor costs........................... Unit profits........................................ Unit nonlabor payments....................... Implicit price deflator........................... Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons.............. Compensation per hour....................... Real compensation per hour................ Unit labor costs................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IV I II 2003 2002 2001 2000 Item III IV I II III IV I III II 116.8 134.6 111.4 115.3 111.0 113.7 117.5 135.9 111.7 115.6 111.9 114.3 117.4 137.4 111.9 117.1 112.0 115.2 117.8 138.2 111.6 117.3 113.3 115.8 118.8 139.1 112.1 117.1 115.1 116.4 121.3 139.8 112.8 115.2 117.0 115.9 123.9 141.0 113.4 113.8 119.7 116.0 124.1 142.4 113.5 114.7 118.8 116.2 125.9 143.1 113.5 113.6 120.9 116.3 126.4 143.7 113.4 113.7 122.1 116.8 127.2 145.4 113.7 114.2 122.3 117.2 129.5 146.9 114.7 113.5 124.3 117.5 131.9 147.2 114.2 111.6 129.0 118.0 116.4 134.2 111.0 115.3 112.6 114.3 117.0 135.3 111.2 115.6 113.3 114.8 116.9 136.7 111.3 117.0 113.5 115.7 117.4 137.4 111.0 117.1 114.9 116.3 118.3 138.2 111.4 116.8 116.8 116.8 120.7 138.9 112.1 115.1 119.0 116.5 123.4 140.2 112.8 113.6 121.5 116.4 123.7 141.5 112.9 114.4 121.2 116.8 125.5 142.2 112.8 113.3 123.1 116.9 126.0 142.8 112.7 113.3 124.3 117.3 126.7 144.2 112.4 113.4 125.2 117.7 128.9 145.0 113.2 112.5 127.5 117.9 131.4 146.1 113.4 111.2 131.0 118.4 119.4 130.3 107.8 108.6 109.1 107.1 109.5 107.7 108.6 119.4 131.6 108.1 109.8 110.2 108.9 98.6 106.3 108.9 118.7 131.2 106.8 110.8 110.6 111.6 93.1 106.9 109.3 120.0 132.6 107.1 111.3 110.4 113.5 95.4 108.9 109.9 121.3 133.8 107.8 111.7 110.3 115.5 97.9 111.0 110.5 124.5 134.7 108.7 109.8 108.2 114.1 107.6 112.4 109.6 126.0 135.9 109.4 109.5 107.9 114.0 107.6 112.4 109.4 127.7 137.3 109.5 109.4 107.5 114.5 107.8 112.8 109.3 128.7 138.2 109.7 109.6 107.4 115.4 104.6 112.6 109.1 129.9 139.2 109.9 109.3 107.1 115.2 110.1 113.9 109.4 131.0 140.5 109.9 109.3 107.2 114.9 112.4 114.3 109.6 133.7 141.8 110.7 107.8 106.1 112.6 126.8 116.2 109.4 136.7 142.8 110.9 106.5 104.5 111.9 142.8 119.7 109.6 135.4 132.2 109.4 | 97.7 135.9 131.5 108.0 96.8 135.2 132.0 107.5 97.6 135.8 133.6 107.9 98.4 137.8 135.0 108.8 97.9 139.9 136.7 110.3 97.7 142.9 138.3 111.3 96.8 144.8 140.5 112.0 97.0 147.2 141.3 112.1 96.0 147.0 142.4 112.4 96.9 148.5 144.3 112.9 97.2 149.6 146.1 114.1 97.6 152.7 147.6 114.6 96.7 Monthly Labor Review January 2004 111 Current Labor Statistics: 44. Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1996 = 100, unless otherwise indicated! Item 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Private business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons......... Output per unit of capital services..... Multifactor productivity...... Output....................... Inputs: Labor input................. Capital services............... Combined units of labor and capital input. Capital per hour of all persons....... 75.8 103.3 88.8 90.2 99.7 94.8 95.4 98.7 97.1 88.5 96.6 100.4 98.2 92.8 97.3 99.8 98.4 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.0 100.3 101.2 105.2 105.9 99.3 102.5 110.5 107.7 98.2 103.4 115.7 111.0 96.6 105.0 120.4 112.4 92.8 103.9 120.2 91.8 89.7 91.1 96.6 95.6 92.5 94.6 96.2 98.0 96.0 97.3 97.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.5 104.9 104.0 101.9 106.1 111.3 107.1 105.8 109.0 117.9 111.9 109.7 110.1 124.5 114.7 114.8 109.5 129.6 115.7 121.1 95.3 99.0 97.2 88.4 96.5 100.4 98.2 92.6 97.5 100.0 98.6 95.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.0 100.0 101.0 105.1 104.7 99.0 102.2 110.5 107.1 97.6 102.9 115.7 110.3 95.9 120.2 111.6 92.0 103.3 120.1 96.5 91.8 89.4 91.0 96.3 95.4 92.2 94.5 96.1 97.8 95.8 97.2 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 105.1 104.1 101.9 106.4 111.7 108.1 105.8 109.5 118.5 112.4 109.7 110.6 125.4 115.2 115.0 110.1 130.5 116.3 121.3 65.5 90.3 97.0 94.8 88.3 93.0 99.7 97.4 93.0 96.6 100.6 99.2 96.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.2 101.8 103.3 106.0 109.3 101.9 105.4 111.0 114.9 102.3 108.1 115.7 119.5 101.1 110.1 118.6 97.8 91.1 96.7 87.1 94.1 93.1 99.9 93.2 99.9 90.0 96.2 95.5 100.4 96.4 102.1 93.0 100.5 97.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 104.1 98.5 102.0 104.5 102.6 101.5 108.9 105.0 110.0 103.1 105.3 100.7 113.1 101.8 114.9 104.4 107.01 99.3 117.3 104.6 115.9 105.5 107.7 96.7 85.7 67.0 73.4 87.5 90.4 77.3 107.6 91.0 100.4 89.3 87.5 87.4 Private nonfarm business Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.......... Output per unit of capital services......... Multifactor productivity............ Output....................... Inputs: Labor input................. Capital services.............. Combined units of labor and capital input... Capital per hour of all persons...... 85.5 O O .b 65.9 71.8 87.2 89.9 62.1 97.4 81.2 82.3 97.5 87.0 87.0 Manufacturing (1996 = 100) Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........... Output per unit of capital services........ Multifactor productivity.... Output...................... Inputs: Hours of all persons........... Capital services............... Energy.................... Nonenergy materials............. Purchased business services... Combined units of all factor inputs........ 112 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103.7 63.6 67.3 79.3 January 2004 96.5 89.1 84.8 89.4 88.4 91.7 91.2 104.4 _ - _ _ - ” 45. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years n 992- 1001 Item 1960 1970 1980 1990 1994 1995 B u sin ess 1996 1998 1999 2000 2002 2001 49.5 13.9 60.7 28.0 25.1 27.0 67.1 23.5 78.6 35.1 31.7 33.9 80.3 54.1 88.9 67.3 61.7 65.2 95.3 90.7 96.3 95.2 94.0 94.8 101.7 104.4 99.7 102.6 106.4 104.0 102.3 106.5 99.4 104.1 109.4 106.0 105.1 109.9 99.8 104.6 113.2 107.7 107.4 113.2 100.7 105.4 117.0 109.7 110.2 119.4 104.8 108.4 114.3 110.6 113.0 124.8 107.2 110.4 113.7 111.6 116.5 133.5 111.0 114.6 111.8 113.5 118.8 138.6 112.1 116.7 114.3 115.8 125.1 142.5 113.5 113.9 120.4 116.3 52.4 14.5 63.2 27.6 24.5 26.5 68.8 23.7 79.0 34.4 31.3 33.3 81.7 54.3 89.3 66.4 60.6 64.3 95.3 90.5 96.1 93.7 93.6 94.5 101.8 104.3 99.6 106.9 106.9 104.1 102.7 106.5 99.4 110.4 110.4 106.1 105.3 109.8 99.7 113.4 113.5 107.6 107.4 113.0 100.5 117.9 118.0 109.8 110.2 119.1 104.5 115.5 115.7 110.8 112.8 124.3 106.8 115.3 115.5 112.1 116.1 133.0 110.6 113.3 113.5 114.1 118.3 137.8 111.4 116.1 116.4 116.3 124.7 141.7 112.8 122.5 122.5 116.9 55.4 15.6 68.1 26.8 23.3 50.2 30.2 28.8 70.4 25.3 84.4 34.8 35.9 31.9 44.4 35.1 35.6 81.1 56.5 92.9 68.4 69.6 65.1 68.8 66.0 68.4 95.5 90.9 96.5 95.9 95.2 98.0 94.3 97.1 95.8 103.1 104.2 99.5 101.1 101.0 101.3 131.7 109.0 103.7 104.1 106.1 99.0 102.0 101.9 102.2 139.0 111.6 105.1 107.5 108.9 98.9 101.2 101.4 100.6 152.2 113.8 105.5 108.4 110.3 98.1 101.5 101.8 100.9 156.9 115.2 106.2 111.7 115.9 101.6 103.3 103.8 102.2 141.7 112.3 106.6 114.7 121.0 104.0 104.9 105.5 103.4 131.5 110.6 107.2 118.7 129.1 107.3 108.2 108.8 106.7 111.6 108.0 108.5 121.1 133.0 107.6 110.9 109.9 113.7 98.5 109.8 109.8 128.1 137.7 109.6 109.4 107.5 114.8 107.5 112.9 109.3 41.8 14.9 65.0 35.6 26.8 30.2 54.2 23.7 79.2 43.8 29.3 35.0 70.1 55.6 91.4 79.3 80.2 79.9 92.9 90.8 96.4 97.8 99.8 99.0 105.0 105.6 101.0 100.7 102.8 102.0 109.0 107.9 100.6 99.0 106.9 103.9 112.8 109.4 99.4 96.9 109.9 104.8 117.6 111.5 99.1 94.8 110.0 104.1 123.3 117.4 103.0 95.2 103.7 100.4 129.7 122.1 104.9 94.1 104.9 100.7 134.9 131.1 109.0 97.2 107.0 103.2 137.1 134.3 108.6 97.9 145.5 140.6 112.0 96.7 N o n fa rm b u s in e s s N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s M an u fa c tu rin g Implicit price deflator........................................... 1997 “ Dash indicates data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 113 Current Labor Statistics: 46. Productivity Data Annual indexes ot output per hour tor selected naics industries, 1990-2001 1997=100] N AICS Industry 21 211 212 2121 2122 2123 Mining........................................................ Oil and gas extraction.................................... Mining, except oil and gas.............................. Coal mining................................................. Metal ore mining........................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying.......... 2211 2212 Power generation and supply.......................... Natural gas distribution.................................. 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Mining 86.1 78.4 79.3 68.1 79.9 92.3 86.9 78.8 80.0 69.3 82.7 89.5 95.4 81.9 86.8 75.3 91.7 96.1 96.3 85.1 89.9 79.9 102.2 93.6 99.6 90.3 93.0 83.9 104.1 96.9 101.8 95.5 94.0 88.2 98.5 97.3 101.8 98.9 96.0 94.9 95.3 97.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.5 101.6 104.6 106.5 109.5 101.2 111.1 107.9 105.9 110.3 112.7 101.2 109.2 114.5 106.8 115.8 124.4 96.2 107.4 116.6 109.0 114.4 131.8 99.4 71.2 71.4 73.8 72.7 74.1 75.8 78.7 79.8 83.0 82.2 88.6 89.0 95.5 96.1 100.0 100.0 103.8 99.1 104.1 103.1 107.0 113.4 106.4 110.2 Animal food................................................. Grain and oilseed milling................................ Sugar and confectionery products.................... Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty...... Dairy products.............................................. 90.1 89.0 91.0 86.4 90.9 89.3 91.3 93.8 89.7 92.1 90.2 91.2 90.6 90.7 95.5 90.2 94.0 92.6 93.9 94.0 87.3 94.8 93.9 95.0 95.5 94.0 99.1 94.2 97.2 99.0 87.5 91.4 98.3 98.2 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.4 107.6 104.0 106.8 99.2 109.5 114.1 107.2 108.5 94.5 109.7 112.5 112.1 109.9 96.1 127.2 117.4 109.8 117.2 96.3 3116 3117 3118 3119 3121 Animal slaughtering and processing................. Seafood product preparation and packaging.... Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing................... Other food products....................................... Beverages................................................... 94.6 117.5 92.6 92.0 86.5 97.0 112.0 92.2 93.6 90.0 101.6 115.3 95.4 96.0 93.7 101.0 113.9 96.0 102.9 93.1 97.6 114.1 96.7 100.3 97.7 98.7 108.4 99.7 101.2 99.6 94.4 116.2 97.8 103.1 101.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 117.0 103.6 107.0 98.6 100.4 130.2 105.5 108.8 92.4 101.9 137.6 105.2 110.3 90.7 102.8 147.3 106.2 103.4 91.8 3122 3131 3132 3133 3141 Tobacco and tobacco products........................ Fiber, yarn, and thread mills............................ Fabric mills.................................................. Textile and fabric finishing mills....................... Textile furnishings mills.................................. 81.4 73.9 75.0 81.7 88.1 77.3 74.7 77.7 80.4 88.6 79.6 80.1 81.5 83.7 92.8 73.7 84.6 85.0 86.0 93.7 89.8 87.2 91.9 87.8 90.0 97.5 92.0 95.8 84.5 92.5 99.4 98.7 98.0 85.0 93.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.1 102.2 103.9 100.6 99.9 92.1 104.6 109.8 101.7 101.2 98.0 102.6 110.2 104.0 106.6 100.0 110.5 109.1 109.7 106.9 3149 3151 3152 3159 3161 Other textile product mills............................... Apparel knitting mills..................................... Cut and sew apparel..................................... Accessories and other apparel........................ Leather and hide tanning and finishing.............. 91.1 85.6 70.1 100.9 60.8 89.9 88.7 72.0 97.3 56.6 92.0 93.5 73.2 98.7 76.7 90.2 102.6 76.6 99.0 83.1 94.7 104.5 80.4 104.6 75.9 95.8 109.5 85.5 112.4 78.6 96.3 122.0 90.7 112.6 91.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.0 96.6 104.0 110.8 98.0 110.5 102.0 118.8 103.3 101.6 110.5 110.4 127.8 104.9 110.0 105.0 108.2 131.8 114.8 109.7 3162 3169 3211 3212 3219 Footwear..................................................... Other leather products................................... Sawmills and wood preservation...................... Plywood and engineered wood products........... Other wood products..................................... 77.1 102.5 79.2 102.3 105.4 74.7 100.2 81.6 107.4 104.7 83.1 97.0 86.1 114.7 104.2 81.7 94.3 82.6 109.1 103.0 90.4 80.0 85.1 105.8 99.2 95.6 73.2 91.0 101.8 100.3 103.4 79.7 96.2 101.2 100.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 109.2 100.8 105.6 101.6 116.8 100.4 105.4 99.9 105.3 124.1 107.6 106.5 100.6 104.0 142.7 114.1 109.0 104.8 104.7 3221 3222 3231 3241 3251 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................... Converted paper products.............................. Printing and related support activities............... Petroleumand coal products........................... Basic chemicals............................................ 88.5 90.4 96.7 76.7 91.5 88.1 93.5 95.4 75.8 90.2 92.2 93.5 101.4 79.1 89.5 92.6 96.3 100.2 84.6 90.0 97.4 97.5 98.4 85.7 95.2 101.9 97.0 98.8 90.2 92.4 97.4 98.2 99.6 94.8 90.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.0 102.5 100.5 102.2 102.7 111.3 101.5 103.5 108.0 114.8 115.6 101.8 105.0 113.2 118.4 117.2 100.9 105.7 112.2 111.0 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers..................... Agricultural chemicals.................................... Pharmaceuticals and medicines....................... Paints, coatings, and adhesives....................... Soap, cleaning compounds, and toiletries......... 75.7 84.6 91.4 85.1 83.2 74.8 81.0 92.7 85.9 84.2 80.7 81.3 88.1 87.6 83.4 83.8 85.6 88.1 90.9 87.0 93.4 87.4 92.4 94.1 88.6 95.9 90.7 96.3 92.7 93.9 93.3 92.1 99.9 98.3 95.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.4 98.8 92.9 99.1 96.6 108.9 87.6 94.6 98.8 91.2 108.1 91.4 93.4 98.5 99.3 103.8 91.1 97.3 102.1 102.6 3259 3261 3262 3271 3272 Other chemical products and preparations........ Plastics products.......................................... Rubber products........................................... Clay products and refractories......................... Glass and glass products............................... 76.6 84.7 83.0 89.2 80.0 78.0 86.3 83.9 87.4 79.3 84.7 90.4 84.8 91.5 84.5 90.6 91.7 90.3 91.8 86.1 92.6 94.4 90.2 96.6 87.6 94.4 94.4 92.9 97.3 88.7 94.2 97.0 94.3 102.7 96.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.4 103.4 100.5 101.1 102.6 109.2 109.3 101.4 103.4 108.6 120.0 111.3 103.8 103.5 109.8 111.3 113.1 104.1 97.6 105.2 3273 3274 3279 3311 3312 Cement and concrete products........................ Lime and gypsum products............................. Other nonmetallic mineral products.................. Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production.... Steel products frompurchased stee.................. 95.0 84.1 79.8 69.6 83.7 93.7 82.7 81.4 67.2 86.2 94.9 88.5 90.2 74.1 89.6 96.5 90.1 89.3 81.7 95.8 95.0 87.8 90.5 87.2 100.0 98.2 88.8 91.7 89.7 100.2 100.6 92.4 96.5 94.1 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 113.1 98.8 101.7 100.2 104.3 102.7 95.5 106.5 94.0 100.4 97.0 95.6 108.5 96.1 97.1 100.1 96.8 106.7 97.0 3313 3314 3315 3321 3322 Alumina and aluminumproduction.................... Other nonferrous metal production................... Foundries.................................................... Forging and stamping.................................... Cutlery and hand tools................................... 91.9 95.7 85.1 88.6 85.1 93.3 95.8 84.4 86.5 85.4 96.8 98.7 85.7 91.7 87.2 96.0 101.8 89.7 94.6 91.7 100.3 105.1 91.4 93.7 94.4 96.8 103.0 93.1 94.2 97.8 95.9 105.6 96.2 97.6 104.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.1 111.1 101.5 103.7 100.0 104.3 108.8 104.7 110.9 107.8 97.8 103.1 103.8 121.3 105.8 96.9 100.5 109.4 121.8 110.2 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 Architectural and structural metals................... Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers............. Hardware.................................................... Spring and wire products................................ Machine shops and threaded products.............. See note at end of table. 87.8 90.4 84.4 85.2 78.8 89.2 92.6 83.8 88.4 79.6 92.6 95.3 86.9 90.9 87.2 93.4 94.8 89.6 95.3 86.9 95.1 100.5 95.7 91.5 91.5 93.8 97.8 97.3 99.5 98.8 94.2 100.7 102.6 102.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.0 101.3 101.0 111.6 99.3 101.8 98.9 106.5 112.9 103.8 101.0 97.7 115.8 114.6 107.3 100.7 98.2 114.6 110.6 107.4 Utilities M anufacturing 114 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 46. Continued— Annual indexes of output per hour for selected [1997 = 100] n aics industries, 1990-2001 _______ Industry N AICS 990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 1998 2000 2001 77.9 85.9 77.3 81.1 89.8 86.7 90.5 79.6 79.5 96.6 91.7 92.0 84.1 84.9 101.9 96.4 94.9 91.0 90.0 101.2 102.6 97.0 95.7 97.9 103.2 102.8 98.7 96.0 98.8 106.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.5 102.2 104.3 94.4 107.8 101.3 100.2 95.1 105.2 111.3 105.8 100.7 101.2 129.7 101.6 104.7 98.0 99.5 104.6 94.4 110.8 102.0 3328 3329 3331 3332 3333 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals Other fabricated metal products Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery Industrial machinery Commercial and service industry machinery 81.6 86.6 82.9 80.6 91.6 3334 3335 3336 3339 3341 HVACand commercial refrigeration equipment Metalworking machinery Turbine and power transmission equipment Other general purpose machinery Computer and peripheral equipment 88.8 85.3 85.0 86.0 14.3 88.2 82.2 84.4 85.2 15.8 90.8 89.3 81.2 85.2 20.6 93.8 89.2 84.7 89.9 27.9 97.3 93.9 93.2 91.5 35.9 96.6 98.9 92.0 94.5 51.2 97.8 98.1 97.8 95.0 72.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.6 99.0 106.4 103.1 138.7 110.4 100.4 113.2 105.6 190.3 108.3 106.4 116.9 113.0 225.2 130.1 109.4 237.0 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 Communications equipment Audio and video equipment Semiconductors and electronic components Electronic instruments Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 47.3 75.5 21.4 76.0 86.6 49.3 82.8 24.5 80.4 91.2 59.3 92.1 29.6 83.0 93.0 62.1 98.8 34.1 85.8 96.8 70.1 108.5 43.1 88.8 106.1 74.6 140.0 63.4 96.7 106.7 84.3 104.7 81.8 97.6 103.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 103.1 125.3 101.3 105.4 134.0 116.2 174.5 105.0 106.8 165.5 123.3 233.3 114.2 104.0 155.2 126.3 231.6 116.0 98.6 3351 3352 3353 3359 3361 Electric lighting equipment Household appliances Electrical equipment Other electrical equipment and components Motor vehicles 87.2 76.5 73.5 75.3 86.0 88.4 76.6 72.7 74.3 82.4 93.7 82.4 78.7 81.7 91.2 90.7 89.0 85.7 86.9 89.8 94.5 95.1 88.9 89.5 90.2 92.1 92.8 98.0 92.1 88.6 95.4 93.3 100.1 95.9 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.7 105.2 99.6 105.6 113.2 102.4 104.4 98.8 115.1 123.2 101.8 117.6 100.6 120.6 110.4 105.4 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers Motor vehicle parts Aerospace products and parts Railroad rolling stock Ship and boat building 75.9 75.7 87.7 77.2 99.7 71.7 74.7 92.0 80.0 92.7 88.2 82.6 94.0 81.1 98.6 96.3 88.6 98.1 82.3 101.4 97.8 91.8 93.7 83.1 99.0 97.2 92.4 93.7 82.0 93.2 98.5 93.1 98.0 80.9 94.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.5 104.8 118.5 102.9 100.3 103.2 110.5 118.1 116.0 112.3 98.6 112.6 101.0 117.7 120.1 99.4 114.7 114.8 124.7 119.9 3369 3371 3372 3379 3391 3399 Other transportation equipment Household and institutional furniture Office furniture and fixtures Other furniture-related products Medical equipment and supplies Other miscellaneous manufacturing 62.6 87.7 80.9 88.1 81.2 90.2 62.1 88.1 78.8 88.6 83.1 90.7 88.3 92.8 86.3 88.4 88.1 90.0 99.7 93.7 88.0 90.5 91.1 92.3 93.3 93.9 83.4 93.6 90.8 93.1 92.8 97.0 84.5 94.5 95.0 96.0 99.8 99.4 85.6 96.7 100.0 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.6 102.5 100.3 107.2 108.9 102.1 113.1 103.5 98.5 102.5 109.6 105.3 131.0 102.6 100.2 100.1 114.2 113.1 146.9 106.1 97.1 105.3 119.0 110.9 42 423 4231 4232 4233 Wholesale trade Durable goods Motor vehicles and parts Furniture and furnishings Lumber and construction supplies 78.3 65.6 76.6 82.4 115.0 79.5 66.1 73.3 87.2 113.2 86.5 75.0 82.2 92.0 119.6 89.6 80.4 88.0 95.9 113.9 91.4 84.2 94.1 93.3 112.0 93.1 88.5 93.6 96.8 103.6 95.9 93.5 94.9 97.0 102.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.8 106.3 104.7 97.5 102.9 111.6 116.6 119.8 100.8 104.9 114.7 121.2 114.0 105.5 101.7 116.6 119.7 114.1 105.4 108.6 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 Commercial equipment Metals and minerals Electric goods Hardware and plumbing Machinery and supplies 32.7 108.1 47.4 96.3 76.2 36.1 109.1 48.2 93.3 72.0 46.6 116.0 51.9 102.6 77.8 54.3 117.4 59.6 99.8 82.6 58.4 114.3 68.6 105.8 84.1 72.1 103.8 79.6 101.0 88.8 85.3 104.0 88.0 100.6 93.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 122.4 102.4 105.9 103.5 104.2 150.2 96.0 126.2 107.8 101.4 160.6 99.1 151.7 111.1 104.1 158.9 101.9 148.1 4239 424 4241 4242 4243 Miscellaneous durable goods Nondurable goods Paper and paper products Druggists' goods Apparel and piece goods 91.8 98.2 81.3 84.7 104.9 98.7 99.6 85.7 89.2 104.2 114.1 103.0 96.8 93.9 100.7 114.9 102.8 97.5 90.9 98.2 107.3 101.6 101.7 94.2 104.2 100.0 99.6 99.1 96.4 92.5 101.4 99.2 96.6 98.8 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 102.8 100.5 99.6 104.1 112.6 104.1 105.6 101.7 103.5 116.7 103.5 105.5 96.8 102.6 116.1 106.9 109.0 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 Grocery and related products Farmproduct rawmaterials Chemicals Petroleum Alcoholic beverages 96.6 75.9 107.3 97.4 109.4 98.4 80.9 106.7 107.1 111.2 103.8 80.9 112.6 118.3 107.4 105.2 80.0 110.1 119.2 105.5 103.3 77.5 110.6 115.9 105.9 103.0 85.7 102.2 108.7 102.4 99.9 89.6 100.1 105.9 104.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.9 100.4 99.3 115.0 109.6 103.6 114.3 98.0 112.0 110.0 105.2 119.0 95.8 108.9 111.0 109.4 4249 42511 42512 Miscellaneous nondurable goods Business to business electronic markets Wholesale trade agents and brokers 107.2 69.2 71.2 98.1 70.7 74.5 93.8 78.5 83.5 97.5 83.1 87.3 94.8 86.8 89.2 96.1 89.1 92.9 98.7 94.3 97.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 104.3 104.9 99.6 123.4 110.5 106.2 143.3 116.5 104.2 168.9 114.2 44-45 441 4411 4412 4413 Retail trade Motor vehicle and parts dealers. Automobile dealers Other motor vehicle dealers Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 83.8 90.1 91.9 72.7 87.3 84.0 88.8 90.7 75.6 86.3 87.5 92.9 94.6 82.6 91.4 90.2 94.2 95.8 87.7 92.4 93.5 97.1 97.9 92.9 97.0 95.0 97.2 97.1 93.0 99.0 98.0 98.9 98.9 98.6 98.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.3 102.6 102.6 106.0 105.7 110.0 106.4 106.4 113.0 110.0 114.4 107.4 106.9 108.6 112.0 117.4 109.1 108.0 112.4 109.3 81.3 82.1 79.9 45.1 82.3 81.7 83.5 79.0 48.4 80.7 88.8 88.9 88.4 56.1 84.6 88.9 89.0 88.5 64.7 88.5 90.8 88.9 93.2 77.0 94.2 94.4 92.5 96.6 88.8 94.1 99.5 97.8 101.7 94.7 97.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 102.1 101.3 123.8 106.7 109.5 108.2 111.2 153.6 112.2 115.5 114.8 116.6 180.1 113.1 116.5 119.2 113.5 202.7 115.7 W holesale trade Retail trade Furniture and home furnishings; stores 442 Furniture stores 4421 4422 Home furnishings stores Electronics and appliance stores 443 Building material and garden supply stores 444 See note at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review January 2004 122.6 100.9 113.7 108.9 102.6 102.7 101.2 102.4 120.1 93.7 108.4 111.5 115 Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 46. Continued— Annual indexes of output per hour for selected n aics industries, 1990-2001 1997=100] NAICS Industry 4441 4442 445 4451 4452 1990 1991 Building material and supplies dealers..... Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores Food and beverage stores......... Grocery stores..................... Specialty food stores................ 83 6 75.6 in« « 1f)7 Q 141.4 81.1 78.6 108.3 108.0 132.3 4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores............ mn 1 100.2 446 447 448 Health and personal care stores............ Gasoline stations................... Clothing and clothing accessories stores..... 92.9 88.5 70.2 92.3 91.3 71.1 75.9 4481 Clothing stores................. 69.8 4482 4483 451 4511 4512 Shoe stores....................... Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores...... Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores Sporting goods and musical instrument stores Book, periodical, and music stores.......... 73.7 68.6 81.2 79.6 84.4 452 4521 4529 453 4531 General merchandise stores............... Department stores................ Other general merchandise stores............ Miscellaneous store retailers......... Florists........................... 75.3 84.1 61.5 68.0 75.2 4532 4533 4539 454 4541 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores...... Used merchandise stores............ Other miscellaneous store retailers.... Nonstore retailers................ Electronic shopping and mail-order houses...... 4542 4543 Vending machine operators............. Direct selling establishments................... 481 482111 48412 491 85.2 81.5 1993 89.6 82.6 Air transportation......................... Line-haul railroads.................... General freight trucking, long-distance........... U.S. Postal service.................... 1995 1996 95.1 87.7 103.1 103.5 107.3 97.8 97.6 100.7 101.0 98.3 92.9 96.2 103.1 100.0 92.3 99.1 93.1 101.5 91.6 95.7 100.3 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.5 90.7 97.4 100.0 85.0 88.4 86.8 91.4 93.7 94.1 92.7 92.3 93.5 102.4 97.3 95.4 93.9 98.2 92.1 94.5 87.5 89.5 83.5 95.3 87.7 105.3 65.0 84.1 82.4 87.4 79.0 83.0 64.8 65.4 69.6 62.0 80.8 75.7 55.3 43.5 63.5 79.0 65.9 56.2 46.7 71.8 77.9 74.5 81.4 50.6 58.3 97.6 83.2 95.8 80.0 95.1 87.4 77.5 69.8 88.5 96.1 78.2 75.3 92.5 95.8 97.2 41.3 113.5 100.9 102.1 95.8 44.2 113.0 101.1 97.6 108.2 103.2 99.3 5171 5172 Wired telecommunications carriers........... Wireless telecommunications carriers......... 65.5 76.0 70.8 73.5 76.8 85.6 80.7 83.2 89.8 72.2 97.8 73.1 79.8 74.5 102.8 103.4 99.7 104.0 107.2 125.7 100.2 102.2 98.2 103.1 106.8 121.2 121.4 92.8 81.6 96.1 95.5 117.3 86.5 79.8 94.3 93.2 115.6 90.0 85.6 104.7 94.9 116.2 2000 2001 105.8 99.8 111.1 110.4 103.9 105.6 105.4 106.9 110.6 112.9 111.5 106.5 120.3 112.4 110.0 123.7 106.7 113.4 120.9 125.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.8 107 7 108 P 112.2 101.2 104.9 11Qp 119.6 104.1 109.6 128.6 120.8 129.2 105.7 115.8 124.1 124.4 131.4 110.8 96.9 98.3 94.5 95.6 96.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.1 100.8 113.5 106.8 101.2 113.0 104.3 129.6 107.7 117.3 120.1 106.5 146.2 109.2 115.6 124.3 104.1 162.6 107.7 121.1 62.9 90.9 89.9 90.6 80.1 71.9 93.4 96.9 97.8 91.5 84.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.1 111.3 103.6 113.4 118.2 114.6 105.9 100.3 126.6 141.5 122.0 112.6 97.2 155.0 159.8 136.1 103.6 84.4 161.8 177.5 99.9 89.3 98.4 96.9 105.4 100.0 100.0 114.1 96.7 119.8 92.2 131.2 110.0 115.0 105.5 « 88.6 98.1 98.5 95.3 92.0 95.4 98.3 98.8 98.4 95.7 96.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.6 102.1 99.1 101.4 98.2 107.5 102.1 102.4 98.2 115.4 105.2 104.9 91.9 123.1 103.3 106.1 92.8 92.8 93.7 100.8 103.1 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.1 115.7 99.8 100.6 100.1 109.4 115.5 102.0 101.8 99.4 110.3 111.1 106.5 103.4 95.9 107.6 109.4 104.6 98.2 91.7 87.8 89.2 86.9 97.5 95.6 95.3 94.9 ÜO.U 107.8 105.8 96.8 95.4 93.3 83.2 101.5 106.3 98.1 81.7 94.8 97.1 90.6 98.3 97.5 103.0 100.0 100.0 106.9 114.2 114.6 133.9 122.3 138.2 124.3 171.6 92.7 95.9 99.1 100.0 98.4 101.5 105.1 102.3 83.0 101.1 91.2 108.9 97.1 100.0 100.0 102.1 104.7 114.4 108.8 113.3 104.8 113.4 102.9 88.6 96.5 100.0 94.3 111.2 116.7 118.1 107.2 100.9 96.9 105.0 99.3 104.5 105.4 99.4 96.5 102.5 97.6 102.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 101.3 100.1 102.7 102.1 100.0 102.2 101.7 99.4 103.5 106.0 99.4 107.1 104.4 101.1 107.0 111.7 100.3 103.2 104.9 101.1 109.2 108.4 98.1 Real estate and rental and leasing Passenger car rental..................... Truck, trailer and RVrental and leasing....... 107.6 101.3 99.9 100.3 94.7 1999 115.2 119.7 107.7 107.5 110.8 Finance and insurance Commercial banking.................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1998 113.8 108.5 105.1 104.9 105.3 79.4 77.1 84.7 83.0 1997 113.5 103.7 103.6 104.3 99.4 114.1 Intorm ation Newspaper, book, and directory publishers...... Software publishers................... Motion picture and video exhibition.......... Radio and television broadcasting...... Cable and other subscription programming..... 532111 53212 1994 Transportation and w arehousing 5111 5112 51213 5151 5152 52211 64.5 86.1 85.6 86.8 1992 104.4 70.9 76.2 Professional, scientific, and technical services Advertising agencies....................... 54181 7211 722 7221 7222 7223 7224 A ccom odation and food services Traveler accommodations................ Food services and drinking places........ Full-service restaurants................... Limited-service eating places............ Special food services................... Drinking places, alcoholic beverages...... 108.7 101.6 97.4 102.6 102.4 102.6 O ther services (except public adm inistration) 8111 81211 81221 8123 81292 Automotive repair and maintenance.......... Hair, nail and skin care services............ Funeral homes and funeral services......... Drycleaning and laundry services............. Photofinishing..................... 91.2 84.3 100.4 93.8 123.6 102.9 98.9 100.0 105.3 106.6 108.1 109.3 92.4 97.1 100.0 102.7 103.7 102.9 107.9 103.6 100.4 97.9 100.0 103.8 100.5 94.4 93.7 95.7 98.9 101.5 100.0 105.0 109.5 114.1 120.7 124.9 114.7 103.2 100.0 99.4 106.8 107.4 113.6 Note: Data reflect the conversion to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAics-based data bv industry are not comoarahle to thp sir-hacpH hoto 7 uaia uy 116 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 47. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly d ata seasonally adjusted United States...... Canada............. Jacan1.............. France1............. Germany1.......... Italy2................. Sweden1............ United Kinndom1... 2001 4.8 6.4 6.7 5.1 8.5 8.0 9.6 5.0 5.1 2002 5.8 7.0 6.3 5.4 8.8 8.4 9.1 5.2 5.2 2002 2001 A nnual average C ountry 4.2 6.2 6.5 4.8 8.5 7.9 10.0 5.1 5.1 4.5 6.3 6.8 4,9 8.4 8.0 9.7 5.0 5.0 ' Preliminary for 2002 for Japan, France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. 2 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France and Germany are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. 5.6 6.8 6.8 5.5 8.6 8.1 9.4 5.1 5.2 4.8 6.5 6.8 5.2 8.5 8.0 9.5 5.0 5.1 5.6 7.1 6.6 5.3 8.7 8.2 9.2 5.0 5.1 IV III II I IV III II I 5.9 6.9 6.3 5.4 8.7 8.4 9.1 5.0 5.2 5.7 7.0 6.2 5.5 8.9 8.5 9.1 5.2 5.3 5.9 6.9 6.1 5.5 8.9 8.6 9.0 5.4 5.1 See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications and historical data, see C o m p a r a tiv e C ivilian L a b o r F o rce S ta tis tic s , T e n C o u n tr ie s , 1 9 5 9 -2 0 0 2 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Apr. 14,2003), on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm Monthly and quarterly unemployment rates, updated monthly, are s»kn n n t h k «¡tP Monthly Labor Review January 2004 117 Current Labor Statistics: 48. International Comparison Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands]_____________ ______Employment status and country Civilian labor force United States.......................................... Canada................................................ Australia................................................ Japan................................................... France.................................................. Germany............................................... Italy...................................................... Netherlands............................................ Sweden................................................ United Kingdom....................................... Participation rate1 UnitedStates.......................................... Canada................................................. Australia................................................ Japan................................................... France.................................................. Germany............................................... Italy...................................................... Netherlands............................................ Sweden................................................. United Kingdom....................................... Employed United States........................................... Canada................................................. Australia................................................ Japan................................................... France................................................... Germany................................................ Italy...................................................... Netherlands............................................ Sweden................................................. United Kingdom........................................ 1992 1993 1994 128,10f 129.20C 131,056 14,17' 14.30Ê 14.40C 8,55" 8,61C 8,771 65.04C 65.47C 65.78C 24.44C 24,480 24.67C 39,01C 39,100 39.07C 22,91 22,570 22.45C 6.92C 7,020 7,150 4.52C 4,443 4,418 28,41C 28,050 27,990 66.4 65.9 63.9 63.4 55.6 58.2 47.5 57.5 65.7 63.1 66.3 65.5 63.5 63.3 55.4 57.7 47.9 58.0 64.5 62.5 66.6 65.2 63.9 63.1 55.5 57.4 47.3| 58.6 63.7 62.3 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 132,304 14,517 8,996 65,990 24,750 38,980 22,460 7,200 4,460 28,040 133.94C 14.66S 9,115 66.45C 25.00C 39.14C 22,570 7,390 4,459 28,140 136,297 14,956 9,204 67.20C 25.13C 39.42C 22,680 7,530 4,418 28,270 137,670 15,237 9,336 67,240 25,440 39,750 22,960 7,610 4,402 28,380 139.36E 15,536 9,460 67.09C 25.80C 39.80C 23,130 7,830 4,430 28,610 142.58C 15,78£ 9,67E 66.99C 26.05C 39.75C 23,340 8,130 4,489 28,780 143,734 16,027 9,817 66.87C 26.34C 39.78C 23,540 8,290 4,530 28,870 144,863 16,475 9,964 66,240 66.6 64.9 64.6 62.9 55.4 57.1 47.1 58.7 64.1 62.3 66.8 64.7 64.6 63.0 55.6 57.1 47.1 60.0 64.0 62.3 67.1 65.0 64.3 63.2 55.5 57.3 47.2 60.8 63.3 62.4 67.1 65.4 64.3 62.8 55.9 57.7 47.6 61.0 62.8 62.5 67.1 65.8 64.2 62.4 56.3 57.6 47.8 62.4 62.8 62.7 67.1 65.9 64.7 62.0 56.5 57.4 48.1 64.4 63.8 62.8 66.8 66.0 64.7 61.6 56.8 57 48.3 65.4 63.7 62.7 66.9 66.8 64.7 60.8 118,492 12,672 7,660 63,620 22,000 36,390 21,230 6,550 4,265 25,530 120,259 12,770 7,699 63,810 21,710 35,990 20,270 6,570 4,028 25,120 123,060 13,027 7,942 63,860 21,750 35,760 19,940 6,660 3,992 25,320 124,900 13,271 8,256 63,890 21,950 35,780 19,820 6,730 4,056 25,600 126,708 13,380 8,364 64,200 22,040 35,640 19,920 6,950 4,019 25,850 129,558 13,705 8,444 64,900 22,170 35,510 19,990 7,160 3,973 26,290 131,463 14,068 8,618 64,450 22,580 36,060 20,210 7,310 4,034 26,600 133,488 14,456 8,808 63,920 23,070 36,360 20,460 7,580 4,117 26,890 61.5 58.9 57.2 62.0 50.1 54.2 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7 61.7 58.5 56.8 61.7 49.1 53.2 43.0 54.2 58.5 56.0 62.5 59.0 57.8 61.3 49.0 52.6 42.0 54.6 57.6 56.4 62.9 59.4 59.2 60.9 49.1 52.4 41.5 54.9 58.3 56.9 63.2 59.1 59.3 60.9 49.0 52.0 41.6 56.4 57.7 57.3 63.8 59.7 59.0 61.0 49.0 51.6 41.6 57.8 56.9 58.1 64.1 60.4 59.3 60.2 49.6 52.3 41.9 58.6 57.6 58.6 64.3 61.3 59.8 59.4 50.4 52.6 42.3 60.4 58.4 59.0 Employment-population ratio2 United States........................................... Canada.................................................. Australia................................................. Japan.................................................... France................................................... Germany................................................ Italy....................................................... Netherlands............................................. Sweden.................................................. United Kingdom........................................ Unemployed United States........................................... Canada.................................................. Australia................................................. Japan.................................................... France.................................................... Germany................................................. Italy....................................................... Netherlands............................................. Sweden.................................................. United Kingdom......................................... 9,613 1,505 897 1,420 2,430 2,620 1,680 370 255 2,880 8,940 1,539 914 1,660 2,770 3,110 2,300 440 415 2,930 7,996 1,373 829 1,920 2,920 3,320 2,510 490 426 2,670 7,404 1,246 739 2,100 2,800 3,200 2,640 480 404 2,440 7,236 1,289 751 2,250 2,970 3,510 2,650 440 440 2,290 6,739 1,252 760 2,300 2,960 3,910 2,690 370 445 1,980 6,210 1,169 721 2,790 2,870 3,690 2,750 300 368 1,780 Unemployment rate UnitedStates............................................ Canada................................................... Australia.................................................. Japan..................................................... France.................................................... Germany................................................. Italy....................................................... Netherlands.............................................. Sweden................................................... United Kingdom................ ........................ 7.5 10.6 10.5 2.2 9.9 6.7 7.3 5.3 5.6 10.1 6.9 10.8 10.6 2.5 11.3 8.0 10.2 6.3 9.3 10.4 6.1 9.5 9.4 2.9 11.8 8.5 11.2 6.9 9.6 9.5 5.6 8.6 8.2 3.2 11.3 8.2 11.8 6.7 9.1 8.7 5.4 8.8 8.2 3.4 11.9 9.0 11.7 6.0 9.9 8.1 4.9 8.4 8.3 3.4 11.8 9.9 11.9 4.9 10.1 7.0 4.5 7.7 7.7 4.1 11.3 9.3 12.0 3.9 8.4 6.3 1 Labor force as a percent of the working-age population. 2 Employment as a percent of the working-age population. NOTE: See notes on the data for information on breaks inseries. 118 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 5,880 1,080 658 3,170 2,730 3,440 2,670 250 313 1,720 4.2 7.0 7.0 4.7 10.6 8.6 11.5 3.2 7.1 6.01 136,891 136,933 14,827 14,997 9,068 9,157 63,790 63,470 23,670 24,100 36,540 36,590 20,840 21,270 7,900 8,090 4,229 4,303 27,200 27,400 64.4 62.1 60.6 59.0 51.4 52.7 42.9 62.6 60.1 59.4 5,692 962 611 3,200 2,380 3,210 2,500 220 260 1,580 6,801 1,031 661 3,400 2,240 3,190 2,270 200 227 1,470 4.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 9.1 8.1 10.7 2.7 5.8 5.5 4.7 6.4 6.7 5.1 8.5 8.0 9.6 2.4 5.0 5.1 For further qualifications and historical data, see C om parative Civilian L abor F orce 1959-2001 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Apr. 14, 2003), on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm Dash indicates data are not available. S ta tis tic s , Ten C oun tries, 63.7 61.9 60.4 58.4 51.9 52.6 43.6 63.9 60.5 59.5 - 23,750 - 4,542 — 48.6 63.6 136,485 15,325 9,334 62,650 21,580 4,308 62.7 62.4 60.6 57.5 44.1 60.3 8,378 1,150 629 3,590 2,160 234 5.8 7.0 6.3 5.4 8.8 8.4 9.1 5.2 5.2 49. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries Item and country Output per hour Belgium.................................................. Denmark................................................ Germany................................................ Netherlands............................................. United Kingdom........................................ Output 1980 1970 1960 _ _ 37.8 13.8 18.0 29.9 22.0 29.2 23.6 18.5 37.4 27.3 30.0 54.9 37.5 32.9 52.7 43.1 52.0 44.3 37.9 58.8 52.2 43.2 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 1998 132.7 120.4 109.9 128.5 103.6 149.7 111.6 145.6 116.1 128.1 134.1 “ 146.3 128.2 115.0 135.3 116.0 126.9 129.5 121.9 119.4 109.9 122.3 102.0 132.3 105.2 96.9 93.4 94.4 96.8 99.1 93.8 99.0 95.8 98.5 97.6 94.6 89.2 97.9 95.3 99.0 99.1 99.4 97.0 98.3 95.9 99.6 98.2 95.5 93.8 102.1 105.8 101.7 102.5 100.8 100.6 101.8 101.4 101.6 99.6 107.3 103.9 107.3 110.8 103.3 108.4 108.2 109.5 104.9 113.2 99.6 119.4 107.1 113.8 112.4 111.0 113.2 117.0 109.7 116.1 117.0 121.3 113.5 121.0 127.0 113.9 112.2 108.0 118.2 100.7 121.9 104.9 114.6 113.9 108.1 120.2 102.5 124.5 103.8 2001 142.9 118.4 134.1 133.4 “ 142.5 127.9 113.0 133.8 104.5 158.0 118.0 126.5 113.1 121.2 129.2 127.7 120.3 110.0 125.0 99.9 139.5 107.0 70.5 72.9 63.2 65.4 90.4 66.8 77.2 74.2 68.8 77.5 73.1 54.3 2000 105.3 160.4 119.8 _ _ 33.4 10.7 30.7 40.8 31.0 41.5 23.0 31.5 57.4 45.9 67.3 58.9 39.2 57.6 68.0 64.1 70.9 48.1 59.1 90.6 80.7 90.2 75.8 83.6 60.4 78.2 91.4 88.7 85.3 84.4 76.8 104.4 90.7 87.2 101.6 106.0 97.1 101.0 102.8 99.1 99.1 99.4 99.9 100.9 110.1 105.4 98.3 99.0 102.0 100.7 101.5 99.8 102.3 99.3 100.4 99.0 104.1 100.0 103.5 105.9 96.3 97.0 95.6 95.7 92.4 96.5 98.4 101.7 101.9 101.4 111.1 114.1 94.9 101.4 105.6 100.3 95.1 102.4 104.6 104.6 117.1 106.1 118.4 119.6 98.9 104.2 111.6 104.9 95.2 107.2 108.1 107.3 128.4 107.8 121.3 119.6 103.0 106.6 106.7 104.6 92.5 105.4 108.7 110.3 131.1 108.5 127.9 127.7 106.5 113.8 115.2 109.7 95.7 108.8 111.5 114.2 138.0 109.9 133.1 132.8 100.2 116.4 115.7 115.0 97.2 110.7 114.8 113.7 147.6 110.8 141.2 141.0 101.9 118.0 115.1 118.7 95.8 110.5 118.1 113.6 157.8 111.1 147.0 148.8 107.6 122.2 122.9 124.1 101.7 113.9 123.7 110.2 168.7 113.3 141.3 143.9 99.1 121.7 126.7 126.3 101.8 114.6 108.9 167.4 110.7 92.1 88.3 77.8 170.7 136.5 140.8 142.3 97.6 170.5 153.6 168.3 224.6 104.4 107.1 104.4 174.7 129.0 148.5 136.3 108.5 156.1 153.9 154.7 208.8 107.5 114.6 95.6 119.7 101.1 132.9 110.5 113.8 111.7 134.7 124.0 160.5 104.8 113.5 102.9 104.3 103.7 105.6 100.1 103.7 101.4 103.4 116.4 118.1 100.4 103.9 103.1 101.5 102.1 102.9 104.1 103.6 100.9 100.8 109.0 106.6 101.4 100.1 94.7 94.7 94.8 95.1 90.8 95.2 96.8 102.1 94.9 97.6 103.6 103.0 91.9 93.6 103.6 109.0 88.7 91.1 “ 91.3 81.2 97.5 90.4 107.6 105.3 104.5 105.4 112.4 88.0 89.6 90.0 80.1 99.0 91.1 112.0 104.3 104.5 105.2 117.5 82.7 90.1 104.4 121.5 80.3 91.1 102.8 125.6 80.2 91.7 92.7 86.8 97.6 92.4 105.0 98.1 99.1 104.0 106.4 89.1 92.0 “ 92.1 84.9 99.3 91.5 106.6 105.3 102.7 90.0 80.7 100.6 91.8 113.7 105.8 103.6 89.4 79.6 100.5 92.0 109.6 105.4 99.6 87.1 79.5 100.7 92.5 105.4 106.8 96.0 97.1 123.9 77.4 90.7 “ 86.3 78.8 99.7 103.4 104.3 92.4 14.9 10.0 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.3 8.1 1.8 6.4 23.7 17.1 16.4 13.7 13.3 10.4 20.7 5.3 20.2 11 8 10.7 6.1 55.6 47.6 58.5 52.5 49.6 40.9 53.6 30.4 64.4 39.0 37.3 32.1 90.8 88.3 90.5 90.1 92.7 90.9 89.4 87.6 90.9 92.3 87.8 82.9 95.6 95.0 96.4 97.3 95.9 96.4 91.5 94.2 95.3 97.5 95.5 93.8 102.7 102.0 102.8 104.8 104.6 102.6 106.4 105.7 103.8 101.5 97.4 104.6 105.6 103.7 104.9 106.1 106.0 111.7 106.8 108.2 104.4 100.0 106.7 107.9 106.0 108.3 109.2 110.0 117.5 111.3 110.7 109.2 106.5 107.9 109.4 107.0 109.2 110.9 112.1 122.3 119.0 113.0 113.6 114.4 109.5 111.5 109.3 112.9 114.9 112.0 124.7 123.0 115.8 118.7 119.4 113.9 117.4 110.5 115.8 116.6 122.1 112.3 115.2 118.3 133.1 117.8 115.0 125.9 112.6 126.5 122.2 120.6 125.7 124.4 120.5 116.3 129.3 124.6 124.0 133.0 129.3 129.6 131.1 113.9 114.5 121.1 “ 120.8 133.5 127.8 131.0 140.C 131.8 135.2 _ _ 26.4 31.3 30.1 15.4 19.4 27.8 7.5 34.6 12.7 15.0 9.8 31.1 43.8 41.7 25.2 24.0 39.8 11.9 53.3 20.1 20.6 14.1 78.8 65.2 92.5 80.3 54.9 61.3 69.4 41.0 93.7 50.3 51.0 59.0 93.7 94.6 95.9 93.0 93.5 96.9 90.3 91.5 92.3 94.6 92.9 92.9 97.6 99.6 97.4 98.1 96.5 99.3 93.1 98.2 95.6 99.2 100.0 100.1 100.6 96.4 101.1 102.3 103.7 101.9 104.6 104.2 102.1 101.9 90.6 100.6 98.5 93.6 101.5 97.9 96.2 97.9 102.0 101.9 95.6 104.8 83.8 99.7 94.8 94.3 97.6 96.4 96.4 96.6 104.7 103.0 93.7 108.4 87.4 102.9 93.5 97.5 94.0 94.7 103.7 97.8 107.4 110.0 94.0 110.8 91.9 105.5 91.9 96.2 93.3 90.5 99.7 91.9 104.4 111.9 94.7 116.4 90.2 108.2 92.8 97.7 95.5 90.2 102.9 88.2 105.2 111.1 96.5 125.7 89.2 112.7 90.2 96.8 90.8 91.4 105.4 87.7 107.4 113.4 96.6 128.4 86.3 116.2 91.7 96.1 85.4 90.8 101.8 84.8 104.4 113.1 97.9 134.0 83.4 114.5 91.4 101.5 89.8 93.9 101.7 86.5 106.6 115.4 90.2 92.8 91.9 93.5 94.8 98.6 93.7 97.6 100.6 78.8 78.8 84.C 79.6 83.C 86.4 82.8 90.6 98.C 105.1 36.C 67.4 32.9 92.4 101.2 97.7 83.8 91.7 115.4 125.S 131.7 109.6 15.8 51.8 11.0 77.6 79.9 98.4 81.2 94.2 105.2 95. 92.6 19.4 27.C 88.C 89.8 92.7 91.0 91 .C 108.0 91.4 1 04.C 91.6 96.6 58.8 91.£ 13.4 20.2 75.4 79.1 83.C 93.4 103.8 101.2 95.2 94.1 93.1 76.8 21.C 23.C 91.4 93.5 94.C 98.' 98.2 114.2 111.8 87.8 87.6 10.4 17.1 59.6 76.2 78.6 87.2 80.6 77.2 77.2 94.1 97.8 81.6 59.C 15.C 23.2 82.1 85.6 85.6 92.4 102.“ 98.1 96. 89.2 89.1 82.2 25.2 16.1 102.2 103.8 102.1 106.8 106/ 92.6 89., 9 5 .C 94.C 17.£ 63.6 11.1 60.6 65.C 68.6 79.6 63.2 71.6 67. 96.. 91.6 70.2 23. 16.2 93.2 100/ 105.“ 106/ 91.2 85.61 86/ 93.2 100. 77.' 19. i5.e United Kingdom...................................... NOTE: DataforGermany foryears before 1991 are forthe former West Germany. Datafor 1991 onwardare for unified Germany. Dash indicates data not available. 91.7 78.2 100.4 66.6 75.2 63.2 76.2 66.4 72.1 94.8 53.C 98.6 91.4 79.2 93.6 67.0 73.7 62.5 76.2 65.7 96.8 48.2 95.5 January 2004 119 Japan.................................................... Denmark................................................ Italy....................................................... Netherlands............................................. Norway.................................................. Sweden.................................................. United Kingdom........................................ Total hours United States........................................... Canada.................................................. Japan.................................................... Belgium.................................................. Denmark................................... ............. Netherlands............................................. United Kingdom........................................ Compensation per hour United States........................................... Belgium................................................. 4.1 3.0 Unit labor costs: National currency basis Unit labor costs: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. dollar basis Monthly Labor Review ~ 126.6 137.7 132.6 147.6 137.2 140.4 - 140.1 85.5 117.2 Current Labor Statistics: 50. Injury and Illness Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,1 United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers3 Industry and type of case2 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 4 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4 PRIVATE SECTOR5 Total cases............................................. Lost workday cases.................................... Lost workdays........................................... 8.6 4.0 78.7 8.6 4.1 84.0 8.4 3.9 86.5 8.9 3.9 93.8 8.£ 3.8 10.9 5.7 100.9 11.6 5.9 112.2 10.8 5.4 108.3 11.6 5.4 126.9 8.5 4.8 137.2 8.3 5.0 119.5 7.4 4.5 129.6 14.3 6.8 143.3 14.2 6.7 147.9 13.9 6.5 137.3 8.4 3.8 8.1 3.6 7.4 3.4 7.1 3.3 6.7 3.1 6.3 3.0 6.1 3.0 5.7 2.8 11.2 5.0 10.0 4.7 9.7 4.3 8.7 3.9 8.4 4.1 7.9 3.9 7.3 3.4 7.1 3.6 7.3 3.6 7.3 4.1 204.7 6.8 3.9 6.3 3.9 6.2 3.9 5.4 3.2 - 5.9 3.7 - 4.9 2.9 - 4.4 2.7 4.7 3.0 4.0 2.4 13.0 6.1 148.1 13.1 5.8 161.9 12.2 5.5 11.8 5.5 10.6 4.9 9.9 4.5 - 9.5 4.4 8.8 4.0 8.6 4.2 8.3 4.1 7.9 4.0 13.4 6.4 137.6 12.0 5.5 132.0 12.2 5.4 142.7 11.5 5.1 - 10.9 5.1 9.8 4.4 9.0 4.0 - 8.5 3.7 8.4 3.9 8.0 3.7 - 7.8 3.9 6.9 3.5 13.8 6.5 147.1 13.8 6.3 144.6 12.8 6.0 160.1 12.1 5.4 165.8 11.1 5.1 10.2 5.0 - 9.9 4.8 9.0 4.3 - 8.7 4.3 - 8.2 4.1 7.8 3.8 7.6 3.7 7.8 4.0 14.6 6.9 144.9 14.7 6.9 153.1 13.5 6.3 151.3 13.8 6.1 168.3 12.8 5.8 12.5 5.8 - 11.1 5.0 - 10.4 4.8 - 10.0 4.7 - 9.1 4.1 - 8.9 4.4 - 8.6 4.3 8.2 4.1 13.1 5.8 113.0 13.2 5.8 120.7 12.7 5.6 121.5 12.5 5.4 124.6 12.1 5.3 - 12.2 5.5 - 11.6 5.3 - 10.6 4.9 - 10.3 4.8 9.7 4.7 9.2 4.6 9.0 4.5 8.1 4.1 14.1 6.0 116.5 14.2 6.0 123.3 13.6 5.7 122.9 13.4 5.5 126.7 13.1 5.4 13.5 5.7 12.8 5.6 11.6 5.1 11.3 5.1 10.7 5.0 - 10.1 4.8 18.4 9.4 177.5 18.1 8.8 172.5 16.8 8.3 172.0 16.3 7.6 165.8 15.9 7.6 15.7 7.7 14.9 7.0 14.2 6.8 - 13.5 6.5 - 13.2 6.8 - 13.0 6.7 12.1 6.1 10.6 5.5 16.1 7.2 ” 16.9 7.8 “ 15.9 7.2 “ 14.8 6.6 128.4 14.6 6.5 - 15.0 7.0 - 13.9 6.4 - 12.2 5.4 - 12.0 5.8 - 11.4 5.7 - 11.5 5.9 - 11.2 5.9 - 11.0 5.7 15.5 7.4 149.8 15.4 7.3 160.5 14.8 6.8 156.0 13.6 6.1 152.2 13.8 6.3 - 13.2 6.5 - 12.3 5.7 - 12.4 6.0 - 11.8 5.7 - 11.8 6.0 - 10.7 5.4 - 10.4 5.5 10.1 5.1 18.7 8.1 168.3 19.0 8.1 180.2 17.7 7.4 169.1 17.5 7.1 175.5 17.0 7.3 - 16.8 7.2 - 16.5 7.2 - 15.0 6.8 - 15.0 7.2 - 14.0 7.0 - 12.9 6.3 - 12.6 6.3 10.7 5.3 11.1 18.5 7.9 147.6 18.7 7.9 155.7 17.4 7.1 146.6 16.8 6.6 144.0 16.2 6.7 - 16.4 6.7 - 15.8 6.9 - 14.4 6.2 - 14.2 6.4 - 13.9 6.5 - 12.6 6.0 11.9 5.5 11.1 5.3 12.1 4.8 86.8 12.0 4.7 88.9 11.2 4.4 86.6 11.1 4.2 87.7 11.1 4.2 - 11.6 4.4 - 11.2 4.4 - 9.9 4.0 - 10.0 4.1 - 9.5 4.0 - 8.5 3.7 - 8.2 3.6 11.0 6.0 9.1 3.9 77.5 9.1 3.8 79.4 8.6 3.7 83.0 8.4 3.6 81.2 8.3 3.5 - 8.3 3.6 - 7.6 3.3 - 6.8 3.1 - 6.6 3.1 - 5.9 2.8 - 5.7 2.8 - 5.7 2.9 5.0 2.5 17.7 6.8 138.6 17.8 6.9 153.7 18.3 7.0 166.1 18.7 7.1 186.6 18.5 7.1 - 19.6 7.8 - 18.6 7.9 - 16.3 7.0 - 15.4 6.6 - 14.6 6.6 - 13.7 6.4 - 13.7 6.3 12.6 6.0 5.6 2.5 55.4 5.9 2.7 57.8 6.0 2.7 64.4 5.9 2.7 65.3 5.6 2.5 - 5.9 2.7 - 5.3 2.4 - 5.1 2.3 - 4.8 2.3 - 4.0 1.9 - 4.0 1.8 4.5 2.2 4.0 2.0 11.1 11.3 5.1 5.1 97.6J 113.1 11.3 5.1 104.0 10.7 5.0 108.2 10.0 4.6 - 9.9 4.5 - 9.1 4.3 - 9.5 4.4 - 8.9 4.2 - 8.1 3.9 - 8.4 4.0 - 7.2 3.6 - 6.4 3.2 - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing5 Total cases............................................. Lost workday cases.................................... Lost workdays........................................... Mining Total cases.............................................. Lost workday cases.................................... Lost workdays........................................... Construction Total cases................................ Lost workday cases...................... Lost workdays............................. General building contractors: Total cases................................ Lost workday cases....................... Lost workdays............................. Heavy construction, except building: Total cases................................ Lost workday cases....................... Lost workdays.............................. Special trades contractors: Total cases................................ Lost workday cases....................... Lost workdays.............................. Manufacturing Total cases................................. Lost workday cases....................... Lost workdays.............................. Durable goods: Total cases................... Lost workday cases.......... Lost workdays................. Lumber and wood products: Total cases................. Lost workday cases........ Lost workdays.............. Furniture and fixtures: Total cases................. Lost workday cases........ Lost workdays............... Stone, clay, and glass products: Total cases................................. Lost workday cases........................ Lost workdays............................... Primary metal industries: Total cases................................. Lost workday cases........................ Lost workdays............................... Fabricated metal products: Total cases................................. Lost workday cases........................ Lost workdays............................... Industrial machinery and equipment: Total cases................................. Lost workday cases........................ Lost workdays............................... Electronic and other electrical equipment: Total cases.................................. Lost workday cases........................ Lost workdays............................... Transportation equipment: Total cases.................................. Lost workday cases........................ Lost workdays............................... Instruments and related products: Total cases.................................. Lost workday cases........................ Lost workdays............................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Total cases................................ Lost workday cases...................... Lost workdays............................. See footnotes at end of table. 120 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2004 8.8 4.3 50. Continued—Occupational injury and illness rates by industry,' United States In c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 w o r k e r s 3 Industry and type of case Nondurable goods: Total cases............................................................... Lost workday cases...................................................... Lost workdays............................................................. Food and kindred products: Total cases............................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Tobacco products: Total cases............................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Textile mill products: Total cases............................................................. Lost workdaycases.................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Apparel and other textile products: Total cases............................................................. Lost workday cases.................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Paper and allied products: Total cases............................................................. Lost workday cases................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Printinqand publishing: Total cases............................................................. Lost workday cases................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Chemicals and allied products: Total cases.................................... ........................ Lost workday cases................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Petroleumandcoal products: Total cases............................................................ Lost workday cases.................................................... Lost workdays.......................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total cases............................................................. Lost workdaycases................................................... Lost workdays......................................................... Leather and leather products: Total cases............................................................. Lost workday cases................................................... Lost workdays......................................................... 1989 1 1990 1991 1992 1993" 1994 4 1995 4 1996 4 1997 4 11.6 5.5 107.8 11.7 5.6 116.9 11.5 5.5 119.7 11.3 5.3 121.8 10.7 5.0 - 10.5 5.1 - 9.9 4.9 - 9.2 4.6 - 8.8 4.4 8.2 4.3 - 7.8 4.2 - 7.8 4.2 - 6.8 3.8 “ 18.5 9.3 174.7 20.0 9.9 202.6 19.5 9.9 207.2 18.8 9.5 211.9 17.6 8.9 - 17.1 9.2 - 16.3 8.7 - 15.0 8.0 - 14.5 8.0 - 13.6 7.5 12.7 7.3 - 12.4 7.3 - 10.9 6.3 - 8.7 3.4 64.2 7.7 3.2 62.3 6.4 2.8 52.0 6.0 2.4 42.9 5.8 2.3 - 5.3 2.4 - 5.6 2.6 - 6.7 2.8 - 5.9 2.7 - 6.4 3.4 - 5.5 2.2 - 6.2 3.1 - 6.7 4.2 - 10.3 4.2 81.4 9.6 4.0 85.1 10.1 4.4 88.3 9.9 4.2 87.1 9.7 4.1 - 8.7 4.0 - 8.2 4.1 - 7.8 3.6 - 6.7 3.1 - 7.4 3.4 - 6.4 3.2 - 6.0 3.2 - 5.2 2.7 - 8.6 3.8 80.5 8.8 3.9 92.1 9.2 4.2 99.9 9.5 4.0 104.6 9.0 3.8 8.9 3.9 - 8.2 3.6 - 7.4 3.3 - 7.0 3.1 - 6.2 2.6 - 5.8 2.8 - 6.1 3.0 - 5.0 2.4 “ 12.7 5.8 132.9 12.1 5.5 124.8 11.2 5.0 122.7 11.0 5.0 125.9 9.9 4.6 - 9.6 4.5 - 8.5 4.2 - 7.9 3.8 - 7.3 3.7 - 7.1 3.7 - 7.0 3.7 6.5 3.4 - 6.0 3.2 6.9 3.3 63.8 6.9 3.3 69.8 6.7 3.2 74.5 7.3 3.2 74.8 6.9 3.1 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.4 3.0 - 6.0 2.8 - 5.7 2.7 - 5.4 2.8 - 5.0 2.6 - 5.1 2.6 4.6 2.4 “ 7.0 3.2 63.4 6.5 3.1 61.6 6.4 3.1 62.4 6.0 2.8 64.2 5.9 2.7 - 5.7 2.8 - 5.5 2.7 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.8 2.3 - 4.2 2.1 - 4.4 2.3 4.2 2.2 4.0 2.1 6.6 3.3 68.1 6.6 3.1 77.3 6.2 2.9 68.2 5.9 2.8 71.2 5.2 2.5 - 4.7 2.3 - 4.8 2.4 - 4.6 2.5 - 4.3 2.2 - 3.9 1.8 - 4.1 1.8 “ 3.7 1.9 “ 2.9 1.4 16.2 8.0 147.2 16.2 7.8 151.3 15.1 7.2 150.9 14.5 6.8 153.3 13.9 6.5 - 14.0 6.7 - 12.9 6.5 - 12.3 6.3 - 11.9 5.8 - 11.2 5.8 - 10.1 5.5 10.7 5.8 “ 8.7 4.8 “ 13.6 6.5 130.4 12.1 5.9 152.3 12.5 5.9 140.8 12.1 5.4 128.5 12.1 5.5 - 12.0 5.3 - 11.4 4.8 - 10.7 4.5 10.6 4.3 “ 9.8 4.5 10.3 5.0 9.0 4.3 8.7 4.4 “ 9.2 5.3 121.5 9.6 5.5 134.1 9.3 5.4 140.0 9.1 5.1 144.0 9.5 5.4 - 9.3 5.5 - 9.1 5.2 - 8.7 5.1 - 8.2 4.8 ~ 7.3 4.3 7.3 4.4 “ 6.9 4.3 “ 6.9 4.3 8.0 3.6 63.5 7.9 3.5 65.6 7.6 3.4 72.0 8.4 3.5 80.1 8.1 3.4 - 7.9 3.4 - 7.5 3.2 - 6.8 2.9 - 6.7 3.0 - 6.5 2.8 - 6.1 2.7 - 5.9 2.7 6.6 2.5 “ 7.7 4.0 71.9 7.4 3.7 71.5 7.2 3.7 79.2 7.6 3.6 82.4 7.8 3.7 7.7 3.8 7.5 3.6 - 6.6 3.4 - 6.5 3.2 - 6.5 3.3 - 6.2 3.3 - 5.8 3.1 - 5.3 2.8 - 8.1 3.4 60.0 8.1 3.4 63.2 7.7 3.3 69.1 8.7 3.4 79.2 8.2 3.3 - 7.S 3.3 - 7.5 3.0 - 6.E 2.8 - 6.8 2.9 - 6.5 2.7 6.1 2.5 “ 5.9 2.5 5.7 2.4 - 2.0 .9 17.6 2.4 1.1 27.3 2.4 1.1 24.1 2.9 1.2 32.9 2.9 1.2 - 2.7 1.1 - 2.6 1.0 - 2.4 .9 - 2.2 .9 .7 .5 1.8 .8 1.S .8 1.8 .7 ” 5.5 2.7 51.2 6.0 2.8 56.4 6.2 2.8 60.0 Transportation and public utilities Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays............................................................ Wholesale and retail trade Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays............................................................ Wholesale trade: Lost workdays............................................................ Retail trade: Lost workdaycases..................................................... Lost workdays............................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate Lost workdaycases..................................................... Lost workdays............................................................ Services Lost workday cases..................................................... Lost workdays............................................................ 1 Data for 1989 and subsequent years are based on the S tan dard Industrial C la ss 1987 Edition. Forthis reason, they are not strictlycomparable withdata for the years 1985-88, which were based on the S tan dard Industrial Classification M anual, 1972 Edition, 1977 Supplement. 2 Beginning withthe 1992 survey, the annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses, while past surveys covered both fatal and nonfatal incidents. To better address fatalities, a basic element of workplace safety, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. 3 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as (N/EH) X 200,000, where: ification M anual, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1998 4 1999 4 2000 4 2001 4 - ~ 4.Ç 4.S 4.6 6.4 5.6 5.2 6.0 7.1 6.7 6.5 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.8 2.8 68.6 “ “ N=number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays; EH=total hours worked by all employees duringthe calendar year; and 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). 4 Beginning withthe 1993 survey, lost workday estimates will not be generated. As of 1992, BLS began generating percent distributions and the median number of days away fromwork by industry and for groups of workers sustaining similarworkdisabilities. 5 Excludes farms withfewerthan 11 employees since 1976. NOTE: Dash indicates d ata not available. Monthly Labor Review January 2004 121 Current Labor Statistics: 51. Injury and Illness Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1997-2002 Fatalities Event or exposure1 1997-2001 average Total................................................. Transportation incidents...................................... Highway incident............................................. Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment........... Moving in same direction............................... Moving in opposite directions, oncoming....................... Moving in intersection................................... Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment................... Noncollision incident....................................... Jackknifed or overturned—no collision......................... Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident..................... Overturned............................................ Aircraft.................................................... Worker struck by a vehicle............................... Water vehicle..................................... Rail vehicle......................................... Assaults and violent acts........................................ Homicides........................................ Shooting......................................... Stabbing............................................. Other, including bombing.............................. Self-inflicted injuries.................................... Contact with objects and equipment................................... Struck by object.......................................... Struck by falling object.......................................... Struck by flying object....................................... Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects.................. Caught in running equipment or machinery......................... Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials.......................... Fall to lower level..................................... Fall fromladder.............................................. Fall fromroof................................................ Fall fromscaffold, staging........................................... Fall on same level................................................. Exposure to harmful substances or environments................ Contact with electric current...................................... Contact with overhead power lines........................ Contact with temperature extremes................................... Exposure to caustic, noxious, or allergenic substances............ Inhalation of substances....................................... Oxygen deficiency................................................... Drowning, submersion..................................... Fires and explosions................................................... Other events or exposures3................................ 1 Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Structures. 2 The BLS news release issued Sept. 25, 2002, reported a total of 5,900 fatal work Injuries for calendar year 2001. Since then, an additional 15 job-related fatalities were Identified, bringing the total job-related fatality count for 2001 to 5,915. 122 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 593 1,421 697 126 254 148 300 369 300 368 202 20012 Number 2002 Number Percent 1,409 727 1,372 635 25 11 257 202 4 297 326 6 158 164 3 382 99 383 90 356 71 6 1 964 709 567 64 78 221 995 562 352 58 290 156 126 737 654 111 155 91 61 529 291 134 41 106 52 89 71 197 908 840 15 509 58 76 230 962 469 58 82 199 873 8 1 1 4 16 343 60 266 144 122 810 700 123 159 91 84 499 285 124 35 96 49 83 59 188 303 38 5 1 ?73 110 116 714 634 126 143 87 63 538 289 122 60 98 49 90 60 165 2 2 13 11 2 3 2 1 10 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 21 24 13 Totals for 2001 exclude fatalities from the September 11 terrorist attacks. 4 Includes the category "Bodily reaction and exertion." NOTE: Totals for major categories may Include subcategories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding. Dash indicates less than 0.5 percent. January 2004 Where are you publishing your research? The Monthly Labor Revie w welcomes articles on the labor force, labor-management relations, business conditions, industry productivity, compensation, occupational safety and health, demographic trends and other economic developments. Papers should be factual, and analytical, not polemical in tone. Potential articles, as well as comments on ^s material published in the Review, should be submitted to: Editor-in-Chief Monthly Labor Review Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, DC 20212 Telephone: (202) 691-5900 E-mail: mlr@bls.aov Need more research, facts, and analysis? Subscribe to Monthly Labor Review today! United States Government IN F O R M A T IO N C red it card o rd ers are w elco m e! 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