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Vous
JV1onthlyj Labor" Review
In this issue:
U.S. Departm ent of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
January 1990
(
1990 collective- bargaining calendar
State labor legislation in 1989
Collective bargaining in-1389
rcu
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. Departm ent of Labor
Elizabeth Dole, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Com m issioner
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January cover:
Globe, an iron and steel sculpture
by Michael Malpass,
from “ Tools as Art: The Hechinger
Collection,’’ at the National Building
Museum, Washington, DC.
Photo by Edward Owen.
Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Region VII
Region VIII
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Montana
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Region IX
Region X
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mir
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
Volume 113, Number 1
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
Articles
3
Collective bargaining in 1990
Escalating health insurance premiums
are likely to be a common thread in this year’s bargaining
William M. Davis and others
19
Bargaining in 1989: old problems, new issues
Some problems are carried over into the next decade and are joined
by concerns about family care, health insurance costs, and safety
George Ruben
30
Labor and the Supreme Court: significant issues of 1989-90
The High Court’s new term presents less controversial,
although still important labor issues, in contrast to its 1988 term
Craig Hukill
35
State labor legislation enacted in 1989
Laws were enacted on a number of subjects including parental leave,
drug and aids testing, and door-to-door sales by children
Richard R. Nelson
57
State workers’ compensation: significant legislation in 1989
Maximum weekly compensation for temporary disability increased
in most jurisdictions; many States provided for medical deductibles in policies
LaVerne C. Tinsley
64
Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1989
Two States established temporary training programs for unemployed claimants;
changes generally involved raising benefits, qualifying wages, and tax rates
Diana Runner
Reports
70
Estimating the number of minimum wage workers
Steven E. Haugen and Earl F. Mellor
Departm ents
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
70
75
76
77
Labor month in review
Research summaries
Major agreements expiring next month
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Labor
month
in review
STATISTICAL QUALITY. Commis
sioner of Labor Statistics Janet L. Nor
wood discussed “ Data Quality for Public
Policy” at a joint session of the Society
for Government Economists and the
American Economic Association in
Atlanta, GA, December 29, 1989. Here
are excerpts:
The public policy use of statistical data
has increased markedly over the last half
century. Today, in this country, we use
statistical series to redistribute income and
to fine-tune the economy. We mandate
use of statistical series in a number of our
country’s laws, and we use data to
evaluate policy alternatives. Competing
interpretations of statistics on income, in
flation, and unemployment figure prom
inently in our election campaigns. We use
statistics to evaluate risk in legislative
policy on toxicity and the environment,
and we use statistics in our governmen
tal efforts to contain the cost of health
care.
Under these circumstances, the Federal
Government’s data system must produce
data that are of high enough quality for
the demands that are placed upon them.
But how can we maintain a data system
of high quality in an increasingly com
plex society, while at the same time cut
ting back on government expenditures?
In much of the world today, quality and
productivity have become the watchwords
for success in a highly competitive world.
Increasingly, the private sector has
recognized that there is a need to manage
the quality of output and that statistical
techniques are uniquely capable of
assisting in achieving that goal. In this
respect, government should be no
different.
And yet, the quality of a statistical in
dicator is sometimes elusive and often
difficult to define. Effective measurement
requires an underlying conceptual
framework and careful identification of
the phenomenon to be estimated in the
statistical series. The extent to which a
2
Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
statistical series meets these objectives
frequently is not subject to quantitative
measurement. Moreover, quality may
shift with the use of the data, making
quality a relative, not an absolute con
cept. The approach to questions about the
quality of data for public policy is,
therefore, complicated by a high degree
of uncertainty.
The approach to quality in a business
environment can be somewhat different
from that of a Federal statistical agency.
Business managers, after all, produce
products for sale. They have a market test
of quality, because the extent of their
sales will depend, in large part, on the
purchaser’s view of product quality. The
working definition of quality for the
manager of a business is the product’s
fitness for use. Implicit in this definition,
of course, is the ability to define with
precision both the product to be sold and
the user who purchases it.
Private-sector managers have made
considerable progress in this area, as have
government managers. But the problems
faced by the government manager are
very different from those of a manager
in the private sector.
Consider, for a moment, the task of
quality management in a government
statistical agency like the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. We begin—as does any private
entrepreneur— with the development of
a clear definition of the output. But our
task is to measure economic and social
phenomena which frequently change (as
does society’s view of the concepts and
theories underlying our measurement).
Shifts of taste requiring a redefinition of
product occur in the private economy
also, of course, but market trends can be
analyzed more easily than changes in
social values.
Moreover, a statistical series general
ly is constructed for a specific purpose,
but often is used in ways that were not
intended. The Congress, for example,
has legislated use of the Consumer Price
Index for Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers to index Social Security retire
ment pensions, but the expenditure ex
perience of retirees is, by definition, ex
cluded from calculation of the weights of
that CPI. In fact, sometimes our public
policy users do not even know what kind
of statistical series they want. They are
only able to agree on a legislative use of
a series because that use permits a com
promise among different objectives.
Thus, identification of the “ customer”
and determination of his or her need fre
quently present formidable problems___
The goal of a government statistical
agency must, of course, be to produce
data that are objective, relevant, accurate,
and timely. But none of these criteria is
absolute, and sometimes tradeoffs must
be made among them. Timeliness and ac
curacy compete when we decide to issue
preliminary results that are subject to
revision. Accuracy and relevance com
pete when we decide whether to in
troduce data for States or local areas at
the expense of reducing the reliability of
national estimates___
The techniques of quality management
developed for use in the private sector
can be applied in the public sector, but
the job of the Federal manager is carried
out in an environment that is substantial
ly different from that of the private
economy. Moreover, the stakes for the
Federal statistical system are very high.
Data produced for public policy must be
objective, accurate, timely, and up to the
state of the art. Data of high quality are
essential for public policy to work effec
tively, and Federal managers have a
responsibility to ensure that the statistical
indicators they produce are up to the job
required of them.
Commissioner Norwood’s full address,
“ The 1989 Distinguished Lecture on
Economics in Government,” is to be
published this spring in The Journal of
Economic Perspectives.
□
Collective bargaining in 1990:
health care cost a common issue
Escalating health insurance premiums
are likely to be
a common thread in the fabric
of this year's bargaining
William M. Davis
and others
William M. Davis is an
economist in the Division
o f Developments in
Labor-Management
Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Other
contributors were Joan D.
Borum and Phyllis I.
Brown, social science
research analysts, Kay
Anderson, John J.
Lacombe II, Douglas R.
LeRoy, Fehmida Sleemi,
and Edward J.
Wasilewski, economists,
in the same division.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
bout 3.0 million workers are under
major collective bargaining agreements
(those covering 1,000 workers or more)
scheduled to expire or be reopened in 1990.
They account for 35 percent of the 8.5 million
workers under major agreements in private in
dustry and State and local government.
In private industry, scheduled bargaining will
cover 2.1 million of the 6 million workers under
major agreements, or almost 36 percent, about
the same as in the last 2 years. Workers whose
contracts are slated for renegotiation in 1990 are
about equally divided between nonmanufactur
ing (1,091,000 workers) and manufacturing
industries (1,033,000 workers). In nonmanu
facturing, bargaining will be heaviest in con
struction with 409,000 workers; wholesale and
retail trade (primarily food stores), 179,000
workers; and transportation (primarily parcel
delivery), 176,000 workers. In manufacturing,
the largest numbers are in transportation equip
ment (primarily automobiles) with 595,000
workers and apparel with 97,000 workers. (See
tables 1 and 2.)
In State and local government, bargaining ac
tivity will involve 884,000 of the 2.5 million
workers under major agreements, or about 35
percent. The proportion was 39 percent in 1989
and 42 percent in 1988. Local government em
ploys somewhat more than four-fifths (740,000)
of the workers (with 39 percent employed by
New York City). Slightly more than one-half
(387,000) are in primary and secondary educa
A
tion, about one-fourth are in general administra
tion, and one-eighth are in protective services.
In State government, 56 percent of the workers
(80,000) are in general administration.
Information on 1990 bargaining is based on
data available to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
as of September 30, 1989. Thus, any settle
ments occurring in the fourth quarter of 1989
that provide for 1990 expirations or reopenings
could affect the proportion of workers sched
uled for negotiations in 1990.1 The bargaining
agenda will also include negotiations that con
tinued into 1990 on contracts that expired or
were reopened in 1989 or earlier.
In addition, about 691,000 postal workers are
covered by contracts that will expire in 1990.
The Bureau’s collective bargaining settlement
series excludes Federal Government contracts.
The econom y
As the 1980’s drew to a close, signs pointed to
continuing but slower economic growth. The
gross national product increased about 2.9 per
cent for the year ended September 1989, com
pared with an increase of 3.7 percent during the
previous 12-month period. Prices, as measured
by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers ( c p i -u ) , increased 4.3 percent for the
year ended September 1989— about the same as
for the same period in the 2 previous years. The
composite index of leading economic indica
tors, compiled by the U.S. Department of ComMonthly Labor Review
January 1990
3
Collective Bargaining in 1990
Table 1.
Major collective bargaining agreements scheduled to expire or with wage reopenings,
by year and industry
[Workers in thousands]
TotaM
Year of expiration or scheduled wage reopening, or both
1990
Number
of
agree
ments
Workers
covered
All industries3 ..............................................
1,931
All private industries .............................
1,263
Industry
1991
1992 and later
Unknown or in
negotiation2
Number
of
agree
ments
Workers
covered
Number
of
agree
ments
Workers
covered
Number
of
agree
ments
Workers
covered
Number
of
agree
ments
8,482
678
3,008
492
2,188
424
1,743
441
1,898
5,959
432
2,124
311
1,347
343
1,462
218
1,230
Workers
covered
M anufacturing....................................
440
2,032
150
1,033
115
514
116
324
72
213
Food and kindred products...........................
Tobacco products ..........................................
Textile mill products ......................................
Apparel and other textile products...............
Lumber and wood products,
except furniture ............................................
Furniture and fixtures ....................................
Paper and allied products.............................
Printing and publishing ..................................
Chemicals and allied products .....................
Petroleum and coal products .......................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics
products.........................................................
Leather and leather products .......................
Stone, clay, and glass products...................
Primary metal industries...............................
Fabricated metal products ...........................
Industrial machinery and equipment ..........
Electronic and other electric equipment. . . .
Transportation equipment.............................
Instruments and related products.................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries . . .
53
3
7
27
135
13
22
197
21
—
5
7
43
—
15
97
13
1
2
17
60
1
7
95
13
2
1
3
21
12
1
4
6
—
3
1
10
—
13
3
11
4
35
19
27
11
24
4
47
29
48
33
1
2
14
8
5
11
2
2
20
10
9
33
2
2
4
4
8
1
4
2
5
7
12
1
8
—
11
5
5
19
—
14
7
11
—
—
6
2
11
—
—
8
5
20
—
—
—
—
13
3
18
41
21
24
43
69
6
5
47
14
45
182
42
86
232
809
15
7
7
2
8
10
5
8
9
25
1
1
36
11
32
50
16
23
32
595
6
1
7
1
3
3
3
7
14
19
1
3
36
3
4
25
5
39
121
80
1
5
2
—
3
16
9
5
16
13
4
3
—
4
76
13
14
70
48
8
—
—
5
31
8
11
11
85
—
—
—
—
—
4
12
4
5
5
12
—
1
2
N onm anufacturing...........................
823
3,927
282
1,091
196
833
227
1,138
146
1,017
Mining .............................................................
Construction.....................................................
Transportation, except railroads
and trucking..................................................
Railroad transportation .................................
Trucking and warehousing ...........................
Communications ............................................
Electric, gas, and sanitary services .............
Wholesale trade ............................................
Retail trade, except eating and drinking
places.............................................................
Eating and drinking places ...........................
Finance, insurance, and real e sta te .............
Services, except hotels and health
services .........................................................
Hotels and other lodging places...................
Health services ..............................................
5
365
74
1,010
1
145
3
409
1
93
65
233
3
121
69
376
1
23
1
60
51
26
11
38
74
10
270
352
303
526
225
38
13
—
3
8
26
6
60
—
116
23
81
10
2
—
8
6
21
1
7
—
187
11
57
25
11
—
1
11
21
1
81
—
2
331
61
2
25
26
—
13
12
2
122
352
—
161
39
2
122
7
24
561
29
133
29
169
—
45
44
—
15
—
4
169
—
37
34
4
2
149
15
5
15
3
3
74
14
46
38
13
39
153
104
149
16
3
17
82
39
55
4
2
10
15
5
22
8
5
5
19
17
12
10
3
10
37
43
67
State and local g o vernm ent...............
668
2,523
246
884
181
841
81
281
223
668
State government ..........................................
Local government ..........................................
185
483
1,028
1,495
27
219
144
740
74
107
526
314
26
55
123
157
60
163
252
416
1 Totals may be less than the sum of the data for individual years because 104 agreements covering 355,000 workers have both reopenings and expirations in the
reference period.
2 Includes agreements which were due to expire between Oct. 1 and Dec. 31,1989; agreements which expired prior to Oct. 1,1989, but for which new agreements were
not reached by then; agreements which expired prior to Oct. 1,1989, but for which necessary information had not been fully gathered; and agreements that have no fixed
expriation or reopening date.
3 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
merce to forecast movements in aggregate eco
nomic activity, was virtually unchanged for the
first 9 months of 1989. The unemployment rate
stood at 5.2 percent in September 1989, down
from 5.3 percent in September 1988 and 5.8
percent in September 1987. Meanwhile, the
budget and trade deficits were continuing major
concerns.
An issue likely to come up at bargaining ta
bles this year is the steep rise in the cost of
health benefits. The medical care component of
the c p i rose 8 percent from September 1988 to
September 1989, while all other components
rose 4 percent in the same period. Increasing
medical costs were reflected by employer costs
for employee compensation (from the Employ
ment Cost Index survey). From March 1988 to
March 1989, employers’ cost levels per work
hour for life, health, and sickness and accident
insurance increased 9 percent, primarily be
cause of rising health insurance premiums. By
contrast, wage and salary levels rose 3.6 percent
in the same period. Health care costs have been
rising for the last 15 years as have been employ
ers’ efforts to stem the resultant escalation in
their health insurance premiums. Initial efforts
focused on containing costs by introducing such
provisions in health care plans as: requiring less
expensive alternatives to hospital stays (such as
treatment in extended care facilities, home
health care, and hospice care); requiring second
surgical opinions; and giving incentives to buy
generic rather than name brand prescription
drugs.
More recently, some employers have at
tempted to shift part of the cost to employees by
requiring employees to pay part of the premium
for insurance for themselves or their dependents
or by increasing the proportion they must pay,
by establishing or increasing coinsurance per
centages (the proportion of health care costs the
employee must pay) and deductibles (the
amount of health care costs the employee must
pay before the insurance plan begins paying), or
by reducing benefits. Such efforts have met stiff
opposition from unions.
Table 2.
Calendar of major collec
tive bargaining activity
[Workers in thousands]
Year and
month
Number
Workers
covered
1,931
8,482
Total 19903 . . .
678
3,008
January ...............
38
122
February...............
30
144
M a rc h ...................
49
137
April .....................
May .....................
J u n e .....................
48
74
215
153
224
679
J u ly .......................
August .................
Septem ber..........
35
41
70
221
206
894
October ...............
November ..........
25
20
68
60
December ..........
35
117
Total 1991 . . . .
492
2,188
January ...............
February...............
8
17
20
137
M a rc h ...................
48
467
April .....................
May .....................
48
73
190
261
J u n e .....................
160
726
J u ly .......................
August .................
25
35
51
84
Septem ber..........
24
91
October ...............
November ..........
15
13
47
40
December ..........
26
74
424
1,743
441
1,898
C ollective bargaining developm ents
Total 1992 and
The general decline in labor-management con
flict (as measured by work stoppage activity)
that prevailed in the 1980’s suffered a setback as
the decade closed. In 1980, there were 187
major work stoppages (strikes and lockouts in
volving 1,000 workers or more). In 1981, there
were 145, and fewer than 100 occurred each
year thereafter, with the number declining (ex
cept in 1986) to a post-World War II record low
of 40 in 1988. The number of major stoppages
Year unknown
or in
negotiation4 ..
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Agreement
expirations and/or
scheduled wage
Principal industries
reopenings1
Petroleum refining,
local government
Apparel and other
textile products
Health services,
construction
Construction
Construction
State and local
government,
construction
Parcel delivery
Food stores
Automobiles, apparel
and other textile
products, State and
local government
Food stores
Transportation
equipment
Local government
None
Bituminous coal, food
stores
Trucking, State
government,
construction
Construction
Construction, apparel
and other textile
products
State and local
government, electrical products, food
stores
Local government
Electrical products,
local government
Industrial machinery
and equipment
Food stores
Electrical products,
food stores
Local government
1 1ncludes all private nonagricultural industries and State and
local governments.
2 See note 1, table 1.
3 Includes two agreements covering 16,900 workers which
have both a wage reopening and expiration scheduled in 1990.
4 See note 2, table 1.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may
not equal totals.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
5
Collective Bargaining in 1990
that occurred during the first 10 months of 1989
stood at 45, surpassing the 1988 record, and just
one less than in all of 1987.
Two other measures of work stoppage activ
ity were already higher than in several full years
of the decade. The number of workers involved
in stoppages, 522,000, ranked sixth highest
since 1980, and the number of days of idleness,
10.5 million, ranked fifth highest. These data
reflect several large and long stoppages that oc
curred during the year. Included were the stop
page which began in March at Eastern Airlines
involving about 24,800 workers represented by
the Machinists (iam), Air Line Pilots, or Trans
port Workers; stoppages which began in August
at several telecommunications companies in
volving about 192,000 workers represented by
the Communications Workers (cwa) or the
Electrical Workers; and a stoppage which began
in early October and ended at The Boeing Co.
involving some 57,000 workers represented by
the Machinists. At the beginning of December,
the iam at Eastern and the cwa at ny -nj Bell
were still out.
Major collective bargaining agreements ne
gotiated in private industry in the first 9 months
of 1989 provided wage-rate adjustments averag
ing 3.1 percent annually over the life of the
contracts. The last time parties to these settle
ments negotiated, usually in 1986 or 1987,
wage-rate adjustments (increases, decreases,
and freezes) were smaller, averaging 2.4 per
cent annually over the contract term. If the pat
tern continues in the fourth quarter, 1989 would
be the first year since 1981, when this measure
was introduced, in which settlements provided
larger wage adjustments over their term than
were called for in the contracts they replaced.
The difference through the first 9 months of
1989 reflects the restoration of wages that had
been cut in some industries (for example, steel)
as well as wage gains, primarily for nurses in
health care facilities, that were larger than in the
previous agreements.
Nevertheless, the average wage-rate adjust
ment over the life of contracts reached in the
first 9 months of 1989 still falls within the nar
row range of adjustments negotiated each year
since 1982— from 1.8 percent to 3.6 percent.
Between 1968 (when this series began) and
1981, the range of adjustments was from 5.1
percent to 8.9 percent annually over the contract
term.
The size of major settlements reached in the
last few years contributed to keeping wage in
creases, as measured by the Bureau’s Employ
ment Cost Index, proportionally smaller for all
union workers than for nonunion workers. For
the 6 years ended September 1989, wages for
6 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
union workers increased at an annual rate of 2.7
percent, compared with 4.3 percent for non
union workers.
While 1989 settlements suggest an improve
ment in the economic conditions in some indus
tries, the size of negotiated wage-rate adjustments
during the preceding 7 years reflected the eco
nomic problems confronting management and
labor in many industries. In the face of in
creased competition, from foreign firms in
manufacturing and from domestic nonunion
firms in construction, telecommunications, and
transportation, bargainers focused on ways to
restrain labor costs, increase productivity, im
prove product quality, and preserve jobs. As a
result, many new approaches to employee com
pensation evolved which are not captured in
current measures of wage-rate adjustments.
These include stock ownership plans that give
employees a monetary stake in the success of
the company, and compensation, generally in
the form of lump-sum payments, contingent on
company productivity or profits. Wage-rate
adjustments were also restrained in the 1980’s
because funds that might otherwise have gone to
increase wages often were diverted to finance
other forms of compensation, such as health
care.
Lump-sum payments, which have been an
important part of compensation for many work
ers under major private industry agreements
since 1983, are excluded from the major collec
tive bargaining settlements series.2 They are
often made in lieu of or to supplement wage
increases, or to offset wage cuts. They curb
labor costs because they are one-time payments
that are not added to the permanent wage-rate
structure, and generally are not taken into ac
count in calculating certain benefits.
Contracts that include provisions for lump
sum payments provide smaller wage adjust
ments than those without lump sums, on
average. For example, private industry settle
ments negotiated during the first 9 months of
1989 provided wage adjustments averaging 2.6
percent a year over the contract term in agree
ments with lump-sum payments and adjust
ments of 3.4 percent in contracts without.
Contracts expiring or up for reopening in 1990
that have lump-sum provisions provided speci
fied wage-rate adjustments averaging 1.1 per
cent annually over the contract term; those
without lump sums provided wage adjustments
averaging 3.0 percent.
Agreements for almost one-half (1,009,000)
of the 2,124,000 workers in private industry
whose contracts are slated for renegotiation in
1990 include lump-sum provisions. These
workers are concentrated in transportation
equipment manufacturing (570,000), food
stores (118,000), and parcel delivery (115,000).
Overall, about 44 percent (2,595,000) of the
workers under major contracts in private indus
try have agreements providing lump-sum pay
ments. (See table 3.)
In addition to the general economy and recent
trends in collective bargaining, this year’s nego
tiators will also review what their expiring or
reopening contracts have yielded.
Expiring and reopening agreem ents
Private industry. The following tabulation for
agreements expiring or reopening in 1990
shows total average annual wage adjustments—
specified adjustments, plus cost-of-living ad
justments (cola ’s) through September 30,
1989. It also shows average annual specified
wage adjustments only (excluding adjustments
from cola clauses).
Percent wage
adjustments
Private industry..................
Contracts with c o l a . . . .
Contracts without c o l a .
Total
Specified only
3.0
3.3
2.8
2.1
1.2
2.8
Specified wage adjustments under contracts
expiring or reopening in 1990 averaged 2.1 per
cent a year, lower than in any of the 16 years for
which the Bureau has been compiling such data.
When cola ’s through September 1989 were
added to them, total adjustments averaged 3.0
percent a year, above the record low (2.4 per
cent) for contracts expiring or reopening in
1989, but third lowest in the history of this se
ries. Adjustments for contracts with cola ’s and
for all contracts combined may change as a re
sult of cola adjustments that may occur be
tween October 1, 1989, and contract reopenings
or expirations in 1990.
Contracts with cola clauses cover 41 percent
of the workers (880,000) whose agreements ex
pire or are subject to reopening in 1990. These
contracts yielded wage adjustments (specified
plus cola amounts) averaging 3.3 percent
through September 30, 1989, compared with
specified wage adjustments of 2.8 percent in
contracts without cola clauses. The overall
yield in wage adjustments has been larger in
contracts with cola clauses than in those with
out for the last 3 years, following a 5-year pe
riod during which this relationship was re
versed. Part of this reversal can be traced to the
difference in the rate of increase in consumer
prices during the two periods. The Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Cleri
cal Workers (cpi-w ) rose less than 4 percent a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
year between 1982 and 1986, but increased 4.5
percent in 1987, 4.4 percent in 1988, and at an
annual rate of 5.0 percent for the first 9 months
of 1989.
State and local government. State and local
government contracts expiring or reopening in
1990 provided annual wage adjustments averag
ing 5.4 percent. The effect of cola ’s on the
overall average was insignificant because cola
clauses in major State and local government
agreements cover only about 4 percent of the
workers. Lump-sum provisions also were in ef
fect for about 4 percent of the workers under
contracts up for renegotiation in 1990.
Trends in
cola
coverage
Cost-of-living adjustment (cola) clauses cov
ered about 40 percent (2.4 million out of 6.0
million) of private industry workers under major
agreements in September 1989. (See table 4.)
The proportion of workers with cola coverage
has been stable in the last 4 years, following a
decline from a high of 61 percent at the end of
1976. (See table 5.)
The proportion declined slowly from the end
of 1976 through 1984 largely because of em
ployment losses in industries in which cola
clauses were common. During the early 1980’s,
cola clauses were maintained, but a variety of
constraints were placed on them that reduced
the amount of cola payments. These included
introducing a “cap” or maximum cola payment
or lowering an existing one, raising the amount
prices must rise before a cola payment was
made, and diverting cola moneys to pay for
escalating health and welfare benefit costs.
Because of these limits on cola payments
and a substantial moderation in the rate of infla
tion, many clauses yielded little or no pay gains
in the early 1980’s. Labor negotiators, there
fore, felt less pressure to maintain cola clauses
and were sometimes willing to trade them for
other contract provisions. During negotiations
in 1985 through 1987, cola provisions were
dropped from several contracts. A quickening in
the pace of price increases, however, might
heighten interest in cola clauses by labor
negotiators.
In the public sector, cola coverage is rela
tively rare covering about 6 percent o f the work
ers under major contracts.
Deferred wage changes in 1990
Of the 8.5 million workers covered by major
collective bargaining agreements, 3.3 million
(39 percent) are scheduled to receive deferred
wage increases, averaging 3.8 percent, in 1990
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
7
Collective Bargaining in 1990
Table 3.
under terms of contracts negotiated earlier. (See
tables 6 and 7.) There are no deferred wage
decreases scheduled for 1990.
Incidence of lump-sum payment provisions
in major collective bargaining agreements,
October 1989
(Workers in thousands]
Bargaining in key industries
Agreements with
lump-sum
provisions
All agreements
1988
SIC
Industry2
Number
Workers
covered
Percent of
workers
covered by
lump-sum
provisions
Number
Workers
covered
1,931
8,482
32
390
2,735
1,263
3
5,959
8
44
100
349
3
2,595
8
2
66
0
123
426
0
100
282
0
142
302
0
53
135
38
23
52
3
7
13
22
100
0
3
13
27
197
1
11
4
24
4
76
0
35
47
19
Code1
Total .........................
10
12
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
44
Private nonagricultural
in d u s trie s .................
Metal mining ...............
Bituminous coal and
lignite mining .............
Building construction
general contractors ..
Construction other than
building construction .
Construction— special
trade contractors___
Food and kindred
products.....................
Tobacco manufac
turing .........................
Textile mill products ..
Apparel and other
finished products___
Lumber and wood
products, except
furniture .....................
Furniture and fixtures .
Paper and allied
products.....................
Printing, publishing, and
allied industries ........
Chemicals and allied
products.....................
Petroleum refining and
related industries . . . .
Rubber and miscel
laneous plastics........
Leather and leather
products.....................
Stone, clay, glass, and
concrete products . . .
Primary metals
industries...................
Fabricated metal
products.....................
Machinery, except
electrical.....................
Electrical machinery
equipment and
supplies .....................
Transportation
equipment .................
Instruments and related
products.....................
Miscellaneous manu
facturing industries ..
Railroad transportation
Local and urban
tran sit.........................
Motor freight trans
portation .....................
Water transportation ..
—
1
2
9
—
18
—
73
25
34
29
10
2
3
27
48
32
8
15
11
33
96
10
32
13
47
11
2
5
3
14
23
1
3
18
45
22
6
10
41
182
55
17
101
21
42
54
9
23
24
86
70
12
60
43
232
81
24
189
69
809
91
50
737
6
15
25
1
4
5
26
7
352
0
99
24
348
4
11
0
11
15
303
61
38
0
2
—
115
—
See footnotes at end of table.
8 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
Some of the issues and problems facing bargain
ers in key industries with contracts up for rene
gotiation in 1990 are summarized below.
State and local government. Approximately
884,000 workers are covered by 246 major
State and local government contracts that will
be expiring or subject to reopening in 1990.
They include 740,000 workers under 219 local
government contracts and 144,000 workers
under 27 State contracts. Expiring contracts ac
count for about 35 percent of the 2.5 million
workers under major State and local govern
ment agreements, compared with 39 percent in
1989 and 42 percent in 1988.
The largest group of workers (46 percent of
the total) scheduled for negotiations in 1990 are
the 404,000 in New York City. The next largest
are 74,000 employees in Florida, and 41,000
employees in Michigan. The remaining workers
are geographically scattered.
Unions representing government workers in
clude: the American Federation of State,
County and Municipal Employees, which repre
sents a variety of government workers; the Na
tional Education Association and the American
Federation of Teachers, which chiefly represent
workers in public education; the Fraternal Order
of Police and the International Association of
Fire Fighters, which represent many public pro
tective service workers; and the Amalgamated
Transit Union, which bargains for workers in
public transit systems.
Employees in primary and secondary educa
tion (mostly teachers) account for 52 percent of
all workers under expiring local government
contracts; general administration workers make
up 26 percent, protective service workers ac
count for 12 percent, and employees in a variety
of other government functions, including hospi
tals, social services, housing, and sanitation
make up the remainder.
In State governments, general government
administration accounts for 56 percent of the
workers under agreements scheduled to expire
or be reopened in 1990; 18 percent are in health
services; 13 percent are in protective services;
and the balance are in higher education and
transportation.
Negotiators will review what their expiring
contracts yielded. Average annual wage adjust
ments over the term of State and local govern
ment contracts subject to renegotiation in 1990
were 5.4 percent; they were 5.7 percent in local
government and 4.1 percent in State govern
ment. Expiring agreements in primary and
secondary education provided larger annual ad
justments over the contract life than those in all
other government activities and were primarily
responsible for making the average wage adjust
ment higher in local government than in State
government. Following are average annual
wage adjustments over the life of contracts ex
piring or reopening in 1990 (in percent):
Table 3.
Continued— Incidence of lump-sum payment
provisions in major collective bargaining
agreements, October 1989
[Workers in thousands]
1988
SIC
Code1
Industry2
Number
Workers
covered
Average
adjustment
All State and local government ..............
State government..................................
Local government ................................
5.4
4.1
5.7
45
48
49
50
Education..................................................
Colleges and universities ....................
Primary and secondary schools ..........
General government and administration ..
Protective services....................................
Health c a re ................................................
Transportation ..........................................
Other ........................................................
6.1
4.6
6.1
4.6
5.7
4.9
3.7
5.4
Excluding education ................................
State government..................................
Local government ................................
4.9
4.1
5.2
Of the 286,000 New York City workers
under contracts scheduled to expire in 1990,
175.000 are covered by contracts expiring in
September and 94,000 have contracts expiring
in June. The American Federation of State,
County and Municipal Employees (afscme)
represents 58 percent of the workers in various
classifications; the American Federation of
Teachers (aft) represents 19 percent of the
workers (all in education), and various other
unions represent the remaining workers.
Negotiations to replace contracts that expired
in 1987 were protracted. At the end of Septem
ber 1989, there were still 8,500 workers in four
bargaining units whose expired contracts had
not been renegotiated. This last round of negoti
ations marked the final breakup of the bargain
ing coalition that unions formed in 1975, but
that began to fall apart in 1982.
In September 1987, the aft , representing
77.000 workers (including teachers, psycholo
gists, social workers, and guidance counselors),
was the first to reach an agreement with the city.
Among the changes provided in the 3-year con
tracts were average general wage increases of
5.1 percent effective September 9, 1987, 5.4
percent on September 9, 1988, and 5.2 percent on
September 9, 1989. Noneconomic changes in
cluded giving employees more input in deciding
class size, textbooks, and curriculum planning.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Agreements with
lump-sum
provisions
All agreements
51
53
54
55
56
58
59
60-65
70-89
Transportation by air ..
Communications ........
Electric, gas, and sani
tary services ............
Wholesale trade—
durables.....................
Wholesale trade—
nondurables...............
Retail trade— general
merchandise .............
Food stores .................
Automotive dealers and
service stations ........
Apparel and accessory
s tores.........................
Eating and drinking
places.........................
Miscellaneous retail
s tores.........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .................
Services.......................
State and local
government ...............
Percent of
workers
covered by
lump-sum
provisions
Number
Workers
covered
32
38
198
526
36
60
8
27
71
315
74
225
12
8
27
3
6
0
7
32
88
3
28
14
97
61
473
39
52
2
48
24
247
4
7
0
_
—
2
6
0
_
—
7
29
0
—
—
5
13
0
_
—
24
90
133
406
6
26
2
19
9
104
668
2,523
6
41
140
—
—
1 There are no major collective bargaining agreements in 13,14, 46, 47, 52, 57, or 67.
2 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local government.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, and percentages
may not equal numerical worker ratios. Dashes indicate absence of lump-sum coverage.
afscme settled in November 1987 for 106,000
workers. The 3-year agreement provided a 5-per
cent wage increase retroactive to July 1, 1987, a
5-percent increase on July 1 of both 1988 and
1989, increased employer payments to health
and welfare funds, and other improvements.
Subsequent settlements reached for other
nonuniformed workers resulted in 3-year con
tracts with wage and benefit changes similar to
those negotiated by the afscme groups.
About 56,000 uniformed workers, including
police and corrections officers, sanitation work
ers, and firefighters, negotiated 3-year agree
ments in 1988 and 1989, retroactive to July 1,
1987, and slated to expire in 1990. Unions rep
resenting the largest numbers of workers were
the International Association of Fire Fighters,
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, and the
Police Benevolent Association (Ind.). The set
tlement terms negotiated in May 1988 for police
set the pattern for the other groups. All workers
received wage increases of 6 percent retroactive
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
9
Collective Bargaining in 1990
Table 4.
Incidence of cost-of-living adjustment clauses
in major collective bargaining agreements,
October 1989
[Workers in thousands]
Agreements with
COLA
All agreements
clauses
1988
SIC
Industry2
Code1
Number
Workers
covered
Percent of
workers
covered by
Number
Workers
covered
COLA
clauses
10
12
15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Total .........................
1,931
8,482
30
314
2,537
Private nonagricultural
industries .................
1,263
5,959
40
269
2,377
___
___
2
3
Metal mining ...............
Bituminous coal and
lignite mining .............
Building construction
general contractors ..
Construction other than
building construction .
Construction— special
trade contractors___
Food and kindred
products.....................
Tobacco manufac
turing .........................
Textile mill products ..
Apparel and other
finished products . . . .
Lumber and wood
products, except
furniture .....................
Furniture and fixtures .
Paper and allied
products.......................
Printing, publishing, and
allied industries ........
Chemicals and allied
products.....................
Petroleum refining and
related industries___
Rubber and miscel
laneous plastics........
Leather and leather
products.....................
Stone, clay, glass, and
concrete products . . .
Primary metals
industries ...................
Fabricated metal
products.....................
Machinery, except
electrical.....................
Electrical machinery
equipment and
supplies .....................
Transportation
equipment .................
Instruments and related
products.....................
Miscellaneous manu
facturing industries ..
Railroad transportation ..
Local and urban
tran sit.........................
Motor freight trans
portation .....................
3
8
0
2
66
0
123
426
1
100
282
0
142
302
0
1
1
53
135
7
5
10
3
7
13
22
100
16
3
1
13
4
27
197
49
17
96
11
4
24
4
6
0
1
2
—
35
47
0
19
29
36
7
11
27
48
13
3
6
11
33
0
13
47
84
9
40
3
14
0
18
45
92
15
41
41
182
18
10
33
21
42
69
13
29
24
86
79
16
68
43
232
61
23
141
69
809
92
52
744
6
15
25
1
4
5
26
7
352
27
99
1
24
2
348
4
11
12
1
1
11
303
99
8
299
See footnotes at end of table.
Digitized 10
for FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
—
to July 1, 1987, and on each succeeding an
niversary date. The minimum hiring rate for
employees hired after July 1, 1988, was frozen
over the life of the contract and top of the pay
grade will be reached after 5 years of service
(employees hired before July 1, 1988, reached
the top after 3 years). To compensate for main
taining annual wage parity with police, fire
fighters agreed to accept a 2,142-hour workyear
instead of 2,088 hours. Economic benefits that
varied among contracts were longevity payment
increases, shift differentials, uniform allowances,
and payments to health and welfare funds.
Labor negotiations for New York City work
ers in 1990 will be conducted with a newly
elected administration and uncertainty about the
mayor’s position on the issues.
About 74,000 Florida State government
workers are covered by seven contracts sched
uled to expire or be reopened in June 1990. The
American Federation of State, County and Mu
nicipal Employees (afscme) represents 78 per
cent of the workers in various classifications;
three independent organizations— the American
Nurses’ Association (ana ), Police Benevolent
Association (pba ), and National Education As
sociation (nea ) —represent the balance.
afscme contracts were negotiated in June
1987, with reopenings in June 1989. They pro
vided 3-percent general wage increases during
the first and second years and 3- to 5-percent
merit increases during the first year for selected
classifications. The June 1989 reopener pro
vided a 4-percent increase effective January 1,
1990, and contract expiration on June 30, 1990.
The ana negotiated a 3-year contract in June
1987; it provided a 4.5-percent general wage
increase during the first and second years and
established an education fund. The 1987 pba
pact provided a 3-percent general wage increase
and a 5-percent merit increase on July 1, 1987.
This 3-year agreement also provided for wage
reopeners in 1988 and 1989. Both reopeners
resulted in 3-percent wage increases and June
30, 1990, contract expirations.
Approximately 41,000 Michigan State gov
ernment workers are covered by contracts expir
ing in 1990. Contracts expiring on September
30, 1990, were negotiated by the American
Federation of State, County and Municipal Em
ployees representing 8,800 institutional em
ployees, the Service Employees International
Union for 5,750 security and human service
support workers, and 5,100 workers under con
tracts with three independent unions.3 The
United Automobile Workers represents 21,500
administrative support and human service em
ployees, covered by one contract scheduled to
expire on December 31, 1990.
In the fall of 1987, wage negotiations had
been concluded for the 1988-89 period provid
ing a 3-percent wage increase on October 1,
1988, and 1 percent on April 1, 1989. During
negotiations for the 1989-90 fiscal year, the
parties reached an impasse. An impasse panel’s
recommendation for wage increases ranging
from 3.0 percent to 3.5 percent was imple
mented on October 1, 1989.
It is not unusual for contract talks for State
and local government workers to extend well
beyond the expiration date of the preceding con
tract. In part, this reflects the time-consuming
bargaining process in the public sector. After an
agreement is negotiated by the executive
branch, it is frequently sent to the legislature or
a special agency for appropriation of funds.
There are about 592,000 government workers
under 191 agreements that expired prior to Oc
tober 1, 1989, but for whom new contracts had
not been concluded by that time. Thus, the 1990
bargaining scene in State and local government
will include both contracts scheduled for talks
during the year and some that expired earlier. If
previous years’ experience holds true, some
contracts expiring or reopening in 1990 will not
be resolved before the end of the year.
Petroleum refining. Eleven major collective
bargaining agreements covering 33,000 pe
troleum refinery employees of major oil compa
nies, including Atlantic Richfield, American
Oil, Chevron, and Texaco, will expire or be
reopened in 1990.4 Some 29,800 workers, rep
resented by the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers Union (ocaw ) are under contracts that
expire on January 31. Contracts for the remain
ing workers expire or will be reopened in Febru
ary and March.5
The economic state of the oil industry has
improved since the first quarter of 1988 when
the last set of negotiations took place. Employ
ment in the highly automated petroleum refiner
ies in the first 8 months of 1989 averaged
122,600 workers, about the same as in the cor
responding 1988 period. The refining industry’s
profits were higher in 1988 than in 1987.
The petroleum refining industry has a history
of pattern-setting contracts. The 1988 American
Oil Co. pact established the general pattern with
ocaw . It provided a $900 lump-sum payment,
plus a 30-cent-an-hour wage increase in the first
year, and a 3-percent wage increase in the sec
ond year. It also increased employer contribu
tions for health insurance for both family and
single employee coverage.
ocaw ’s National Oil Bargaining Conference
met in late September 1989 to develop 1990
contract demands, which included:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 4.
Continued— Incidence of cost-of-living
adjustment clauses in major collective
bargaining agreements, October 1989
[Workers in thousands]
Agreements with
COLA
All agreements
clauses
1988
SIC
Industry2
Code1
Number
Workers
covered
Percent of
workers
covered by
Number
COLA
Workers
covered
clauses
44
45
48
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
58
59
60-65
70-89
Water transportation ..
Transportation by air ..
Communications ........
Electric, gas, and sani
tary services .............
Wholesale t r a d e durables .....................
Wholesale trade—
nondurables...............
Retail trade— general
merchandise .............
Food stores .................
Automotive dealers and
service stations ........
Apparel and accessory
sto res .........................
Eating and drinking
places.........................
Miscellaneous retail
s tores.........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .................
Services.......................
State and local
government ...............
15
32
38
61
198
526
37
4
52
74
225
10
4
3
19
23
8
272
9
23
—
—
3
6
0
7
32
77
1
25
14
97
61
473
39
0
2
—
24
—
4
7
0
_
—
2
6
0
_
_
7
29
0
—
—
5
13
15
1
2
24
90
133
406
50
10
6
11
67
39
668
2,523
6
45
160
1 There are no major collective bargaining agreements in 13,14, 46, 47, 52, 57, or 67.
2 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local government.
Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, and percentages
may not equal numerical worker ratios. Dashes indicate absence of cost-of-living coverage.
• $1.25 per hour wage increase each year of a
2-year contract;
• shift premiums of $1.50 per hour for mid
night shift, $1 for evening shift, and 50 cents
for daylight work (currently are $1, 50 cents,
and 0, respectively) for those classified as
shift employees (as opposed to hourly day
employees);
• companies assume 90 percent of medicalhospital premium costs, with the agreement
to join with ocaw to pursue the enactment of
a universal, comprehensive national health
care program, including establishment of,
and joint participation in, an “ocaw National
Health Care pac”;
• use of sick leave for dependent child care;
• improvements in compensation for em
ployees with disabling job injuries;
• joint union-company monitoring of the envi
ronment around industrial plants; and
• no “retrogressions” in previous terms.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
11
Collective Bargaining in 1990
The cost of an oil refining company’s primary
input, crude oil, is not controllable; prices are
dictated by the world oil market. Although oil
refining is not a labor-intensive industry, labor
is one of the few costs companies can control.
Because of this cost structure, trends in the mar
ket for both crude and refined oil heavily influ
ence negotiations.
Rubber tire manufacturing. Negotiations sched
uled in the tire manufacturing industry affect
about 30,000 workers represented by the United
Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of
America ( u r w ) . Most of these (26,000) are em
ployed by the three major tire manufacturing
companies, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.,
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co., and Firestone Tire
and Rubber Co., and will be covered by bar
gaining in the spring under wage reopening pro
visions in their contracts.
These contracts, reached in 1988, were nego
tiated in an industry in flux. Average annual
production worker employment had dropped
from 92,000 workers in 1979 to 61,000 in 1988.
Since 1983, annual production had been fluc
T a b le 5.
W o r k e r s u n d e r c o s t-o fliv in g a d ju s t m e n t c la u s e s
in m a jo r c o lle c tiv e
b a r g a in in g a g r e e m e n ts in
p r iv a te in d u s tr y , 1 9 7 1 - 9 0
[Numbers in millions]
Year1
Total workers With cola coverage
Number
Number
Percent2
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
..................
...................
..................
..................
...................
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
10.3
3.0
4.3
4.1
4.0
5.3
28
41
39
39
51
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
...................
..................
..................
...................
..................
10.1
9.8
9.6
9.5
9.3
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
59
61
60
59
58
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
..................
...................
..................
..................
..................
9.1
8.8
8.3
7.7
7.3
5.3
5.0
5.0
4.4
4.1
58
57
60
57
56
1986 ...................
1987 ..................
1988 ..................
1989 ..................
1990 (preliminary)3.
7.0
6.5
6.3
6.1
6.0
3.4
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
48
40
38
40
40
1Data relate to December 31 of preceding year.
2 Percent coverage was computed on actual rather than
rounded employment numbers.
3 Data relate to information available as of Oct. 1, 1989.
12 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tuating between 180 million to 200 million tires,
reflecting the longer lifespan of radial tires, the
stagnation of auto demand, and the increased
market share for imports. The face of the indus
try had been altered by the merger of Uniroyal,
Inc. with B. F. Goodrich Co. in 1986, and three
acquisitions— General Tire by Continental
Gummi-Werke AG in 1987, Firestone Tire and
Rubber Co. by Bridgestone Corp. in 1988, and
Armstrong Tire Co. by Pirelli S.p.A. in 1988.
The round of negotiations began with
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co., which was facing
sizable debt resulting from its transformation
from a publicly traded company to a privately
owned one, and was threatening plant closures
and layoffs. In exchange for company guaran
tees not to close several plants, workers ac
cepted a pact that froze wages and suspended
quarterly c o l a reviews for 1 year (unless the c p i
rose by more than 4.5 percent). An additional
inducement for the workers was the creation of
a Company Equity Plan obligating the company
to redeem worker “equity units” if the company
was sold, its stock publicly traded, or upon the
fifth anniversary of the provision. In prior
rounds of bargaining, the first settlement estab
lished the general pattern for the industry. Fol
lowing the Uniroyal Goodrich settlement, Milan
Stone, u r w president, warned that it would not
be considered a standard for remaining negotia
tions in the industry.
Instead, a subsequent settlement with Good
year became the pattern setter for Firestone,
Kelly-Sringfield, General Tire, and Armstrong.
These agreements provided a 25-cent wage in
crease, termed an “advance cost-of-living ad
justment,” that would offset, in part, payments
generated by the c o l a provision; continued the
quarterly c o l a clause that provided a 1-cent
wage change for each 0.26-point change in the
c p i ; improved pension, health care, and supple
mentary unemployment benefits; set up a successorship provision guaranteeing continuation
of the labor agreements in case of merger or
acquisition; and scheduled a wage reopener in
spring 1990, with a provision prohibiting
strikes.
Heading into the 1990 wage negotiations,
prospects for the industry still appear uncertain.
While there has been a small rise in employment
(to nearly 65,000 workers in July 1989), scat
tered layoffs are occurring. Announced invest
ment plans by the major tire manufacturers to
modernize plants and adjust production toward
radial tires may be a mixed blessing. While the
expenditure can enhance industry productivity
in the long term, it adds significantly to debt
incurred from the mergers and purchases of the
last several years, and improved productivity is
Table 6.
Scheduled deferred wage changes under major collective bargaining agreements in 1990,
by industry
Mean change1
Number
of
agree
ments
Number
of
workers
(thou
sands)
Cents
Percent
Total2 ..................................................
773
3,296
55.1
3.8
All private nonagricultural industries . . . .
543
2,125
46.7
Manufacturing3 ........................................
Food and kindred products...............
Apparel and other textile products ..
Metalworking ......................................
165
24
20
56
569
80
101
277
Nonmanufacturing4 ...............................
Construction........................................
Transportation and public utilities . . .
Wholesale and retail trade ...............
Finance, insurance, and real estate .
Services ..............................................
378
198
68
67
7
36
State and local government .....................
230
Selected industry
Without COLA
With COLA
Total
Median change
Percent
Cents
Percent
Cents
Percent
33.7
2.8
60.6
4.0
44.5
4.0
3.2
29.3
2.6
52.6
3.4
39.1
3.0
32.6
27.3
28.9
33.1
3.0
2.4
4.0
2.7
30.6
31.2
28.9
29.8
2.9
2.0
4.0
2.3
34.5
27.0
27.2
37.7
3.1
2.4
3.8
3.3
30.8
23.8
27.7
32.6
3.1
2.1
4.0
3.0
1,555
552
521
285
44
85
51.8
68.8
42.0
32.6
50.4
73.4
3.3
3.5
2.6
3.4
4.6
5.1
27.8
100.0
25.5
16.2
50.6
51.7
2.2
3.3
1.8
1.5
4.6
4.7
56.6
68.7
49.6
36.2
49.9
75.9
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.9
4.7
5.2
43.6
65.0
31.6
30.6
50.6
61.7
3.0
3.3
2.5
3.4
4.6
4.7
1,172
70.3
4.8
51.3
3.9
72.8
4.9
57.6
5.0
Cents
1 Changes in cents per work hour and percent of straight-time average hourly earnings. There are no deferred decreases.
2 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local government.
3 Includes workers in the following industry groups for which data are not shown separately: tobacco (1,000); lumber (18,000); furniture (2,000); paper (20,000); printing
(13,000); chemicals (19,000); rubber (5,000); leather (10,000); stone, clay, and glass products (8,000); instruments and related products (9,000); and miscellaneous
manufacturing (5,000).
4 Includes 68,000 workers in the mining industry for which data are not shown separately to ensure confidentiality of data.
Note: Workers are distributed according to the average adjustment for all workers in each bargaining situation considered. Deferred wage increases include guaranteed
minimum adjustments under cost-of-living clauses. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no workers.
not necessarily beneficial for employment. Re
cent layoff announcements and general in
dications of slack demand in automobile
manufacturing, to which the well-being of tire
manufacturing is linked, do not bode well for
future prospects for tire producers. The
Bureau’s Office of Economic Growth and Em
ployment Projections estimates that for the
1988-2000 period, depending on the set of eco
nomic expectations used, tire production may
continue at existing levels with an annual de
cline in employment of 3.0 percent, or rise by as
much as 1.9 percent a year, with an annual
employment decline of 1.5 percent.
Although bargaining is likely to focus on
wages and health insurance costs, job security
may remain a factor in this climate, because
industry debt and a clouded general economic
horizon loom over the companies and workers
alike. For workers at Uniroyal Goodrich, gen
eral conditions are further complicated by its
impending purchase by the Michelin Groupe of
France. If completed, this purchase reportedly
will generate $25 million for employees under
the “equity plan.”
Apparel. Some 97,000 workers in the apparel
industry are covered by seven contracts that ex
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
pire or are subject to reopening in 1990. The
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers
Union ( a c t w u ) represents more than 95 percent
of these workers; the International Ladies’ Gar
ment Workers Union and the United Food and
Commercial Workers Union represent the re
mainder. These contracts account for nearly half
of all workers under major apparel agreements..
In February, the a c t w u will bargain for
42,000 workers employed by a group of 15
manufacturers of men’s cotton apparel (known
as the Cotton Garment Negotiating Group). In a
departure from the previous practice of negotiat
ing 3-year contracts, the parties to the 1988 con
tract agreed to an 18-month term. The shorter
term was to enable workers to press for early
resolution of job security problems resulting
from burgeoning imports. The contract estab
lished a joint committee to consider such issues,
as well as the need to deal with the rise in em
ployers’ costs for health insurance for em
ployees, retirees, and dependents in the face of
the industry’s declining profits and employ
ment, and to consider the feasibility of provid
ing child care facilities. When this article was
prepared, the committee had not completed its
final report and was not expected to do so until
early 1990. Other provisions of the contract
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
13
14 FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Collective Bargaining in 1990
called for wage increases of 40 cents an hour
over the term of the agreement and 6 weeks of
unpaid parental leave.
In September, the a c t w u will bargain for
more than 45,000 workers in the men’s and
boys’ apparel industry. The Clothing Manufac
turers Association of the USA contract covers
approximately 700 shops nationally with the
largest concentration in the New York City
area. The previous 3-year pact provided wage
increases of 85 cents an hour and established the
provision for 6 weeks of unpaid parental leave
with the guarantee of a job at the end of the
leave while maintaining health insurance during
the leave. Other benefit changes included adop
tion of prescription drug and vision care plans;
improved funeral leave; and retention of vaca
tion rights for employees laid off and then re
employed in the same geographic area. The
contract continued to bar employers under it
from subcontracting work to nonunion compa
nies and from importing parts of garments. The
Clothing Manufacturers Association, which had
wanted to eliminate this provision, noted that
the longer duration of the agreement— 3 years,
compared with 2 years for the preceding one—
would at least give it more time for developing
counters to increasing competition from foreign
producers.
Labor and management efforts to address con
tinuing problems stemming from stiff foreign
competition will provide the backdrop for negotia
tions in 1990. In the last decade, apparel imports
increased by 17 percent a year as measured in
square meter equivalents6, and the industry has
lost 350,000 jobs in the United States. Specific
contract demands are not expected to be formu
lated until around the beginning of the year.
Transportation equipment. Approximately
595,000 workers are covered by 25 contracts in
the transportation equipment manufacturing in
dustry scheduled to expire in 1990. The con
tracts between the Big Three automakers—
General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and
Chrysler Corp.— and the United Automobile,
Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers
of America ( u a w ) account for 85 percent
(505,000) of these workers. After a decade’s
separation, Chrysler Corp. will be negotiating at
the same time as g m and Ford. Other major
contracts slated for negotiations in 1990 are:
Rockwell International with the u a w ; General
Dynamics Corp., McDonnell Douglas Corp.,
and Rohr Industries with the International
Union of Machinists; United Technologies
Corp. with the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters; and Litton Industries Inc. with the
Metal Trades Council.7
January 1990
The u a w ’ s 1987 settlements with g m and
Ford established a job security program which
provided workers with protection from layoff
for any reason except market-driven sales
downturns. The expiring agreements also pro
vided a 3-percent general wage increase in the
first year and a lump-sum payment equal to
3 percent of previous year’s qualified earnings
in the second and third year of the contract. The
quarterly cost-of-living clause was maintained
in the pact, with no diversions. Significant im
provements were made in the profit-sharing
plan. Under the profit-sharing plan, Ford work
ers have so far received average payments of
$3,762 in March 1988 and $2,874 in March
1989, and g m workers received an average of
$242 in March 1989.
Although their contract was not scheduled to
expire until September 1988, the u a w and
Table 7.
Deferred wage increases
scheduled in 1990 in major
collective bargaining
agreements, by month
[Workers in thousands]
Effective month
Workers
covered1
January-December. . .
January .........................
3,5432
365
February.........................
203
M a rc h .............................
April ...............................
128
387
May ...............................
455
J u n e ...............................
569
J u ly ..................................
765
August ...........................
Septem ber.....................
243
169
October .........................
129
November .....................
December .....................
47
83
Principal industries
State and local
government,
construction
Bituminous coal, State
and local govern
ment
(3)
State and local
government
Construction,
communications
Construction, apparel,
electrical products,
food stores
State and local
government,
construction
Communications
Airlines, State and
local government
State and local
government, variety
and department
stores
(3)
Aerospace, food
stores
1 1ncludes 1,172,000 workers under State and local govern
ment agreements.
2 This total is smaller than the sum of individual items because
233,000 workers are scheduled to receive two increases and
5,500 are scheduled to receive three increases or more in 1990.
It is based on data available as of Oct. 1, 1989, and thus may
understate the number of workers scheduled to receive deferred
increases for the entire year.
3 No single industry accounts for a substantial proportion of
workers.
Chrysler Corp. reached a contract 4 months
early. The u a w ’ s interest in securing for
Chrysler workers the job security, profit sharing
and other benefit improvements similar to those
attained earlier for workers at Ford and g m was
achieved in this contract. It provided job secu
rity and other benefit improvements attained in
earlier negotiations with g m and Ford. In addi
tion, the 1988 pact provided a $1,000 “Early
Settlement Bonus” and a $500 guaranteed mini
mum payment in the first year of a newly insti
tuted profit-sharing plan, comparable to the
plans at g m and Ford. Chrysler workers received
payments averaging $725 in March 1989, the
first payment generated by the profit-sharing
formula. The 1988 contract carried the same
September 1990 expiration date as the contracts
at g m and Ford, a condition that had not existed
for a decade.
Prior to 1979, the u a w would target one of
the Big Three for negotiation. Once a contract
was completed, the remaining two firms signed
contracts with similar terms. However, in 1979,
Chrysler dropped out of the pattern when, at the
brink of bankruptcy, it obtained wage and bene
fit concessions from the u a w . This created dis
parities between wages and benefits of workers
at Chrysler and those at g m and Ford. These
differences were reduced in 1982 and elimi
nated in 1985. Subsequent u a w contracts
reached with g m and Ford in 1987 again created
differences, but in 1988, Chrysler workers re
gained full parity with those at g m and Ford.
U.S. automakers have steadily lost market
shares to imports and transplants (vehicles man
ufactured on U.S. soil by foreign firms). Ac
cording to Wards Communication, from 1978 to
1984, the market share of U.S. vehicles de
creased from 85 percent to 74 percent. By 1988
and early 1989, the share was 70 percent, as
imports captured 24 percent and transplants 6
percent.
Worldwide profits for all three automakers in
1988 reached $11.2 billion, exceeding the
record level of $9.8 billion set in 1984. In 1989,
first-half profits reached a record of 6.7 billion.
Despite the worldwide picture, g m and Ford
reported a drop in profits from U.S. sales begin
ning in the second quarter of 1989, and all three
automakers experienced a decline in the third
quarter.
A downturn in sales translates into a loss in
employment. Production worker employment in
the automaking industry (including independent
parts suppliers) was 647,100 in September
1989, a drop of 27,400 since June 1989. As of
August 1989, there were 63,513 auto workers on
layoff, 45,440 of whom were on indefinite layoff.
Job security again will be a major issue in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
upcoming negotiations. The job preservation
features of the 1987-88 settlements fall short of
providing security if job cutbacks are caused by
reductions in sales. The second- and thirdquarter 1989 sales slump was followed by
Chrysler’s announcement of the layoff of 8 per
cent of its work force by the end of 1989. Addi
tional layoffs are expected.
As in other industries, the issue of escalating
health insurance cost is expected to be another
major negotiation topic in the upcoming bar
gaining between the Big Three and the u a w .
The union plans to resist any effort by the firms
to shift part of the higher costs to employees.
The u a w has also indicated that it will also be
looking into issues such as pensions, wages,
lump sums, and c o l a ’ s .
Construction. During 1990, contracts for
about 40 percent (409,000) of all construction
workers under major collective bargaining
agreements are slated for negotiations. As in
past years, bargaining will be heaviest in the
spring. This year, contracts expiring or reopen
ing in May and June will account for 62 percent
of the workers. Regionally, the Northeast and
Midwest, especially New York and Illinois, will
have the busiest bargaining schedules, with
two-thirds of the workers under terminating
contracts in these areas.
The construction industry has continued to
show improvement in its economic state. Ac
cording to Bureau of the Census data, the value
of new nonresidential construction put in place
in 1988 rose to $97.1 billion from between $91
billion and $92 billion in both 1986 and 1987.
For the first 8 months of 1989, the value had
already reached $64.2 billion, compared with
$63.1 billion for the same period a year earlier.
Employment in the industry has remained
steady, posting a seasonally adjusted figure of
4.1 million nonsupervisory construction work
ers for August 1989, up slightly from 4 million
in August 1988. The unemployment rate de
clined slightly; the seasonally adjusted rate was
10.3 percent in August 1989, compared with
10.7 percent a year earlier.
Construction firms are generally represented
in bargaining by local chapters of a national
employer association, such as the Associated
General Contractors of America or the Mechan
ical Contractors Association. On the other side
of the table, workers usually bargain by craft—
carpenters, electricians, operating engineers,
and so forth. Although negotiations are con
ducted separately, different crafts in the same
locale often have settlements with similar eco
nomic terms, reflecting the conditions of the
area’s economy.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
15
Collective Bargaining in 1990
Negotiators in 1990 will review the terms of
their expiring contracts. Construction contracts
expiring or reopening in 1990 yielded an aver
age 3.4 percent annual wage adjustment with
regional adjustments ranging from 1.3 percent
in the Mountain region to 5.4 percent in the
Middle Atlantic. The following tabulation
shows average annual wage adjustments under
contracts expiring in 1990 (in percent):
All agreements ..............................................
Northeast .................................................
New England..........................................
Middle Atlantic ......................................
M idw est......................................................
East North Central..................................
West North C entral................................
South ..........................................................
South Atlantic ........................................
South Central........................................
W est.........................................................
Mountain ................................................
Pacific ....................................................
Interregional................................................
3 .4
5.2
4 .5
5 .4
2.7
2.8
1 .4
2.1
1 .9
2.3
14
1.3
1.5
3 .7
By construction type, average annual wage
adjustments under expiring contracts were 3.6
percent in general building, 3.2 percent in spe
cial trades, and 3.1 percent in heavy and high
way construction (other than building).
In previous years, contract negotiations were
heavily influenced by the pressures of nonunion
competition. To keep union contractors compet
itive with nonunion contractors, settlements in
cluded new provisions to keep labor costs
down, such as dual wage scales based on project
size (with lower wages paid on smaller projects
where nonunion competition was more preva
lent) and “helper” classifications with lower
wage rates for workers on jobs requiring less
than full skills. Although increased demand for
construction has reduced competition be
tween union and nonunion contractors, many
settlements have carried over the cost-saving
provisions implemented in the earlier part of
the decade, although few contain the wage
cuts and freezes that were also used to lower
labor costs.
Retail trade. Approximately 169,000 workers
are covered by 29 contracts in retail trade that
expire in 1990. These workers account for about
30 percent of those under major agreements in
retail trade. The United Food and Commercial
Workers ( u f c w ) represents almost all of the
workers under contracts expiring in 1990.
About 163,000 workers are employed in food
stores; the balance are in department stores and
motor vehicle dealers.
Overall, the contracts expiring in 1990 pro
vided wage adjustments averaging 1.3 percent a
16 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
year over their term. There are no industrywide
pattern-setters— settlements varied by region
and type of business.
In Southern California, contracts covering
67,000 retail clerks and meatcutters represented
by 13 u f c w locals and the Food Employers
Council, Inc., representing chain food stores
and independent retail operators, are up for ne
gotiations in late July. The expiring contracts
provided wage increases ranging from 32.5
cents to 35 cents for beginning general clerks to
50 cents per hour for experienced personnel
over the term of the agreements. In addition, the
pacts called for a lump-sum payment of $600 to
$1,500 for each worker.
On the East Coast, more than 30,000 workers
will be represented by the u f c w in negotiations
with major food store chains— Acme, a & p ,
Pathmark, Foodtown, Grand Union, Shoprite,
and King’s Markets. Contracts for 13,400
employees of Acme stores in Pennsylvania,
Delaware, and New Jersey expire in January,
February, or October; negotiations for the other
chains located in New York, New Jersey, and
Virginia are slated for April and November. The
expiring Acme agreements provided general
wage increases of 45 cents an hour to an ad
ditional $3.45 an hour for part-time workers
earning $7.95 to $10.75 an hour as catchup in
creases. Lump-sum payments amounted to
$1,248 over the contract term for full-time em
ployees and $690 for part-time workers. The
other chains increased pay by $60 a week for
full-time employees and by $1 an hour for parttime workers.
Many contracts in retail trade have begun to
phase out two-tier wage or wage and benefit
systems that were established in the early
1980’s. These systems largely have proven to
be unworkable because of morale problems and
high worker turnover associated with them. As
a result, negotiators will face increased pressure
to modify or eliminate them.
Union negotiators may also raise the issue of
increased use of part-time employees to operate
stores as a way to keep down labor costs. Parttime workers are usually paid less and are
eligible for fewer benefits than are full-time
workers. Their use also reduces the need for
overtime, thereby restricting opportunities for
full-time workers to increase earnings.
In addition, negotiators will be concerned
with the replacement of national chains by re
gional ones, the growth of nonunion competi
tion, and the practice of leveraged buyouts, in
which some of the assets, notably real estate,
may be sold to help finance the buyout. Foodstore chains are particularly vulnerable to take
overs because they consist of small units which
tracts scheduled to expire or be reopened in
1990. Hospitals, nursing homes, medical clin
ics, and other health-related facilities will be
involved in this year’s bargaining with the heav
iest activity in California and New York, each
accounting for about 37 percent of the workers.
United Parcel Service. A contract between The balance of the negotiations will occur in
United Parcel Service ( u p s ) and about 115,000 Illinois, Minnesota, Michigan, and the District
workers represented by the International Broth of Columbia. Three-fourths of the health care
erhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehouse employees will be represented by the Service
men and Helpers of America will expire on July Employees International Union ( s e i u ) and the
31, 1990. The workers account for 38 percent of rest by the American Nurses’ Association, the
all workers covered by major collective bargain Office and Professional Employees Interna
ing agreements in the motor freight transporta tional Union, or the Committee for Recognition
of Nursing Achievements.
tion and warehousing industry.
The largest number of workers under an
The last round of negotiations resulted in a
3-year contract that provided 2.4-percent wage agreement expiring in health care this year are
increases in August 1987, 1988, and 1989. The the 15,000 employees of the Greater New York
pact also contained a provision for lump-sum Health Care Facilities Association. The associa
payments of $1,000 for full-time employees and tion, comprising 35 nursing homes and health$500 for part-time employees in September of related facilities, has a contract with the s e i u
1987, 1988, and 1989. A c o l a clause was re that expires in March. The union represents em
tained to provide annual adjustments after the ployees in a wide range of occupations— regis
amount calculated under the formula exceeds tered nurses; licensed practical nurses; service
the hourly cost of specified wage increases, workers, including kitchen and laundry work
lump-sum payments, and improvements in ers; maintenance workers, such as electricians
and painters; and clerical staff, including recep
benefits.
Competition has been heating up in the $6 tionists, secretaries, and clerks. The 1987 con
billion to $8 billion surface package delivery tract provided a 4-percent wage increase in the
market since Pittsburgh-based Roadway, Pack first year and 5 percent in the third year. A
age System ( r p s ) , a subsidiary of Roadway, en lump-sum payment equal to 4 percent of the
tered the industry in 1985. U.S Postal Service employee’s annual salary was provided in the
second year. Contributions to the pension and
( u s p s ) , an old rival, maintains its advantage for
certain services, moving 200 billion parcels and welfare funds were also increased.
California has seven major collective bar
letters a year. Both u p s and r p s are expanding
their markets and, in 1988, both companies en gaining agreements scheduled to expire in 1990.
joyed a 15-percent increase in their gross oper The two largest, together covering 15,700
health care workers, involve Kaiser Foundation
ating profits from the 1987 level.
In the private air express market, u p s is a Hospitals and the Permanente Medical Group.
distant second to Federal Express, u p s has 15 In Los Angeles and Orange Counties, 11
percent of the market whereas Federal Express Kaiser-Permanente hospitals and clinics will
has 57 percent, u p s ’ air business is growing, jointly negotiate for a new contract with the s e i u
however, and the company is adding to its fleet to replace the one expiring in March. The s e i u
of planes and expanding its hub in Louisville, represents 9,500 full- and part-time workers in
service, maintenance, clerical, patient care (for
KY.
The company’s economic performance has example, licensed vocational nurses and nurses’
improved since the last negotiations. The union aides) and technical (for example, laboratory
will probably seek wage increases instead of assistants and x-ray technicians) occupations.
lump sums, and a c o l a provision that is no The parties’ last negotiations in 1987 resulted in
longer tied to specified compensation increases. a wage freeze over the 3-year contract term.
Bargainers will also be concerned with health, Workers did receive lump-sum payments in
welfare, and pension benefits and costs. The each of the 3 years— $600, $700, and $800 for
company will be concerned with assuring suffi full-time employees and $300, $350, and $400
cient funds to invest in expanding and improv for part-time employees.
The California Nurses Association, repre
ing service.
sents 6,200 registered nurses whose agreement
Health care. About a third (55,000) of the with 25 Kaiser-Permanente facilities in North
154,000 health care workers under major col ern California will expire in December. The ex
lective bargaining agreements are under 17 con piring contract provided 5-percent wage in-
can be sold piecemeal to another operator or
chain. Some takeovers have led to store closings
and job losses, prompting union negotiators to
seek provisions assuring job security in the case
of leveraged buyouts or takeovers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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January 1990
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Collective Bargaining in 1990
creases in the first and second years and a 6percent increase in the third year; a night-shift
premium increase from 9 percent to 10 percent;
and for weekend work performed after three or
more consecutive weekends, a rate increase
from time and one-half to doubletime.
Contracts in health care expiring in 1990,
generally negotiated 2 or 3 years ago, yielded an
average wage adjustment of 3.7 percent a year.
As this year’s negotiations begin in the health
care industry, the parties will be faced with two
opposing problems. (1) There are pressures to
give nurses wage increases in line with recom
mendations made in December 1988 by the
Commission on Nurses, organized by the De
partment of Health and Human Services, to seek
solutions to the nursing shortage. (2) State and
Federal Government efforts to contain health
care costs continue. Following the amendment
of the Social Security Act in October 1983, the
government has been reimbursing health care
providers who render services to medicaid and
medicare recipients according to a schedule that
pays only specified predetermined amounts. If
costs are below the reimbursed amount, the
health facility retains the difference; however,
when costs exceed the government payment, the
health facility must absorb the difference.
The gap between government reimburse
ments and rising health care costs could have
a detrimental effect on the outcome of bar
gaining for nonnursing health care workers.
In an effort to attract and retain nurses while
minimizing the increase in labor costs, some
health care facilities may try to reduce or
eliminate wage increases for nonnursing em
ployees to compensate for increasing nurses’
salaries.
Any change in the governments’ reimburse
ment schedule would affect the financial status
of the health care industry and thus, its collec
tive bargaining. As illustrated by the following
recent events in New York City, it also appears
that collective bargaining could affect the gov
ernments’ reimbursement schedule.
In October 1988, the League of Voluntary
Hospitals reached an accord with Local 1199 of
the Drug, Hospital and Health Care Union
that provided compensation increases. Hospital
officials, while agreeing the settlement was fair,
said that they could not afford it and called for
an increase in public funding. Observers have
noted that either the government would in
crease funding or the hospitals would reduce
services.
has been a major concern in col
lective bargaining in recent years, often overrid
ing the conflict between employers’ efforts to
keep labor costs down and workers’ efforts to
achieve compensation improvements. Although
job security is still important, dealing with
rapidly rising costs for health insurance premi
ums will likely be the most common problem
faced by negotiators this year. Ways of address
ing this problem are diverse. Employers may
absorb the cost increases as a tradeoff against
compensation or work rule changes, c o l a in
creases may be diverted to offset some premium
increases. Employees may be pressured to
either pick up some of the increased costs or to
take a cut in benefits. Negotiators may adopt
any one or a combination of these approaches,
or come up with others. In any case, the prob
lem will have to be dealt with on both sides of
the 1990 bargaining table.
□
jo b s e c u r it y
Footnotes
1 In private industry, 1,230,000 workers were under 218
contracts that expired or were subject to reopening by
Dec. 31, 1989, for which settlements had not been reached
or details of new settlements were not available by Septem
ber 30. In State and local government, 668,000 workers
were under 223 such contracts.
2 In 1990, the Bureau is planning to publish a new meas
ure of adjustments in compensation, including lump-sum
payments, for major collective bargaining settlements.
3 These are the Police Benevolent Association (1,900
workers); the United Technical Employee Association
(1,600 workers); and the Michigan Professional Employees
Association (1,600 workers).
4 Other oil companies include Ashland Oil, Mobil, Shell,
Exxon, Sun Oil, and Union Oil.
5 The remaining workers will be represented by the Baton
Rouge Oil and Chemical Workers Union and the Intema-
January 1990
tional Union o f Petroleum and Industrial Workers.
6 The Department of Commerce, Office of Textiles and
Apparel, International Trade Division, compiles the square
meter equivalent measure by applying a conversion factor to
each incoming garment to measure changes in apparel and
textile imports between periods.
7 The Metal Trades Council consists of: International
Brotherhood of Boilermakers; International Brotherhood o f
Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and Canada;
International Association o f Machinists and Aerospace
Workers; Office and Professional Employees International
Union; United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of
America; International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers;
Laborers’ International Union of North America; Interna
tional Molders’ and Allied Workers’ Union; and United
Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumb
ing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and
Canada.
Collective bargaining in 1989:
old problems, new issues
Some problems which plagued negotiators
throughout the decade continue into the next,
and are joined by additional issues
such as rising cost of health insurance,
family care, and health and safety concerns
George Ruben
George Ruben, now
retired, was a project
director with the Division
o f Developments in
Labor-Management
Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ollective bargainers closed the decade of
the 1980’s still facing some of the same
problems they did at the beginning of the
decade. But certain aspects of 1989 bargaining
may be a prelude to the issues likely to be at the
forefront of bargaining in the 1990’s.
Problems stemming from overseas competi
tion and from new or expanding operations of
foreign-owned facilities here at home continued
to plague some industries, such as steel manu
facturing and automobile manufacturing. De
regulation of the airline industry near the start of
the decade contributed to its disarray at the end
of the decade. Deregulation of the telephone
communications industry a few years into the
decade and the breakup of the Bell System in
1984 continued to affect negotiations in the
industry.
Rising health insurance premiums were even
more of an issue this year. Bargainers in
many industries had to deal with this prob
lem, especially in the telephone, airline, and
longshore industries. Concern over workers’
need to care for family members, including
young children, elderly parents, and disabled
family members, drew more attention, and new
or improved plans addressing such care were
adopted in the auto, steel, and telephone com
munications industries. Health and safety
issues, which were of particular concern to bar
gainers in the meatpacking industry, became
C
prominent in other industries, including auto
and tire manufacturing.
Work stoppages were more prominent in
labor-management relations this year than in
earlier years of the decade. After 9 years of
virtually steady decline, the number of major
stoppages (those involving 1,000 workers or
more) increased; by the end of October, there
already had been 45 stoppages, more than the
record low of 40 in 1988. Other measures of
work stoppage activity also were higher— the
number of workers involved in stoppages, at
522,000, was sixth highest in the decade, and
the number of days of idleness, 10.5 million,
was fifth.
The improving conditions in some industries
were reflected in the size of wage adjustments in
major collective bargaining settlements reached
during the first 9 months of the year. Wage rate
adjustments averaged 3.1 percent annually over
the life of the contracts, compared with 2.4 per
cent the last time the same parties settled, typi
cally 2 or 3 years ago. If the same pattern holds
through the fourth quarter, 1989 would be the
first year since 1981 (when the measure was
introduced) in which over-the-term wage adjust
ments were larger in new contracts than in ex
piring contracts.
Other characteristics of labor-management
relations in 1989 are not easily measured in
statistical terms, but are evident in the following
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January 1990
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discussion of developments in individual indus
tries and firms.
Telephone industry
Collective bargaining results in the telephone
industry continued to show increasing diversity,
as a t & t and the seven regional companies that
had made up the Bell System prior to its 1984
court-ordered breakup adjusted to competing
with each other. But, there were common as
pects to the talks and settlements. One was the
adoption of “family care” benefits, which has
become of national interest because of the
growth of two-earner families and the resulting
difficulty in obtaining care for children and
elderly or disabled family members. Another
common feature of the talks was the interest in
containing the rise in medical care insurance
costs.
To some extent, similarities in contract terms
result from the companies negotiating with only
two unions, the Communications Workers and
the International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, which jointly formulated demands
and coordinated their bargaining.
The unions’ leadoff settlement, with a t & t in
June, included family care provisions:
• A $5 million company obligation to fi
nance efforts to increase the number of pro
fessional organizations able to meet the
child care and elder care needs of employees.
• Up to 12 months (from 6 months) of unpaid
leave for the birth or adoption of a child
and a provision permitting employees to
take up to 12 months of leave within a
2-year period to care for seriously ill family
members, a t & t will pay the full premium
cost of life insurance for up to 1 year and
employee medical insurance for up to 6
months; employees will pay the cost of
their supplemental life insurance as well as
health insurance for dependents.
• A company payment up to $2,000 to em
ployees adopting children under age 18.
• Resource and referral organizations, en
gaged by a t & t , to aid employees in locat
ing and evaluating care for children under
age 13 and relatives older than 50.
• New dependent care reimbursement ac
counts, into which employees may deposit
up to $5,000 a year, free from Federal in
come and Social Security taxes. The
money is used for providing care within or
outside of the employee’s home— but not
in a nursing home— for dependent children
under age 13 and for elderly dependents
not capable of self-care.
• A trial revision of the existing excused
January 1990
workday plan: employees may now take
1 of the existing 4 annual days off in incre
ments of at least 2 hours and on short
notice.
a t & t will continue to pay full premium costs
of employees’ health insurance, but the $150
per person annual deductible was extended to
additional services. In another cost-control
move, employees who do not shift to preferred
provider organizations when such plans become
available in their area will have to pay 20 per
cent of expenses after a $200 annual deductible.
Over the 3-year contract term, wages were
increased by about 8.75 percent for the 115,000
operating employees. The 60,000 manufactur
ing employees received a lump-sum payment
equal to 8 percent of their earnings during the
preceding 12 months, and two wage increases
totaling about 6.5 percent.
Other provisions included a new profitsharing plan and an increase in the employees’
and the company’s payments into the savings
and security plan, which enables workers to
accrue shares of a t & t stock.
Regional settlements. Unlike the a t & t settle
ment, some of the unions’ settlements with the
regional companies were preceded by work
stoppages. At the peak, nearly 200,000 workers
were off the job: 40,000 at Ameritech, 48,000 at
Pacific Telesis, 44,000 at Bell Atlantic, and
60,000 at Nynex Corp. By early September, all
of the companies had settled and the employees
had returned to work, except at Nynex where
the stoppage did not end until early December.
Companies that settled peacefully were Bell
South Corp. (63,000 employees), US West
(41,000), and Southwestern Bell (45,000).
All of the settlements provided for continued
employer payment of health insurance premi
ums, partly offset in some cases by increased
deductible and coinsurance obligations for em
ployees, and transfers to preferred provider
plans.
The provisions for family care benefits
closely resembled those at a t & t .
Wage provisions were generally considered
moderate and varied greatly among the compa
nies. They consisted of various combinations of
specified (guaranteed) wage increases, lump
sum payments, and possible automatic cost-ofliving adjustments. Most of the settlements also
provided for possible payments to workers
under profit-sharing plans or incentive plans in
tended to increase efficiency and improve serv
ice to the public. (See Monthly Labor Review,
November 1989, pp. 79-81, for a more detailed
description of the individual settlements.)
Steel
In bargaining with four major steel producers,
the Steelworkers more than regained compen
sation cuts accepted in 1986, when the indus
try was experiencing financial problems.
Conditions were much better at the start of the
1989 negotiations, as the industry— still faced
with competitive difficulties— was earning
profits, attributable to the closing of marginal
facilities and the opening of new ones utiliz
ing more efficient processes. Other factors
were the lower value of the dollar in interna
tional trade and the cuts in steel exports to the
United States resulting from voluntary re
straint agreements negotiated in 1984 and ex
tended in 1989.
In justifying their 1989 bargaining demands,
the Steelworkers emphasized that, in addition to
the cuts called for in the 1986 contracts, the
workers had also suffered under the 1983 con
tracts which had temporarily cut compensation.
Also, union officials maintain that since 1982,
straight-time average hourly pay of steelworkers
had increased only 2.5 percent (to $14.76),
compared with a 24-percent rise (to $16.09) for
automobile workers.
The first of the 1989 settlements, at Bethle
hem Steel Corp. for 20,000 workers, influenced
the subsequent settlements with National Steel
Co., Inland Steel Industries, and Armco, Inc.,
but not to the extent that occurred prior to 1986,
when the companies used a unified bargaining
approach that resulted in essentially identical
contract terms.
The Bethlehem contract led off with restora
tion of the 8.09-percent wage cut the workers
had accepted in 1986, followed by “new
money” average hourly increases of $1 in Janu
ary 1991 and 50 cents in January 1992.
Under the new Inflation Recognition Pay
ments provision, which replaced the automatic
quarterly cost-of-living provision which was op
erative in the 1983 contract but inoperative in
the 1986 contract, employees will receive quar
terly lump-sum payments if the b l s Consumer
Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Cleri
cal Workers ( c p i - w ) rises more than 3 percent in
a contract year. The lump sums will equal the
employee’s hours worked in the quarter multi
plied by 1 percent of the employee’s standard
hourly wage rate for each percentage-point rise
in the c p i - w above the 3-percent requirement.
The money generated by this provision will not
be part of wage rates, allowing Bethlehem some
cost savings. If Bethlehem does not earn a profit
for the quarter for which a lump-sum payment is
due, employees will receive a comparable value
in company stock.
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A new family care provision permits em
ployees to take 30 days of unpaid leave to
care for a family member suffering from a
catastrophic or terminal disability requiring full
time care. This leave is also available for the
birth or adoption of a child.
A career development program, jointly ad
ministered but financed by Bethlehem at the rate
of $300,000 a month, is intended to improve the
education, training, and personal development
of employees, on and off the job. Financing
of the program and union efforts to open new
jobs by curtailing overtime work were enhanced
by a requirement that Bethlehem pay penalty
amounts into the fund for each hour worked by
an employee in excess of 56 a week. The
penalty amount is $5 in August 1990, rising to
$7.50 in August 1991, and to $10 in August
1992.
The Employee Investment Program, estab
lished in 1986 to compensate employees for
their wage and benefit cuts, was continued,
even though the 1989 accord restores the cuts.
Employees received an immediate $500 pay
ment under the program because some of the
restorations were not effective at the beginning
of the contract. They will receive an additional
$500 payment in March 1990; however, this
payment will be offset by the 1989 profitsharing distribution scheduled in that month.
The profit-sharing formula was revised to
give employees 10 percent of Bethlehem’s en
tire annual pretax profits; previously, they re
ceived 10 percent of the first $100 million and
20 percent of any excess. Also, 60 percent of
each distribution will be divided more or less
equally among all workers, based on their
straight-time hours worked plus paid time off;
the remaining 40 percent will be allocated
among divisions in proportion to their contribu
tion to overall company profits and then will be
divided among each division’s employees,
again based on hours paid for.
There were no further restrictions on Beth
lehem ’s right to contract out work, but the
company did agree to extend to white-collar
employees the job protections for production
workers.
Settlement terms differed at the other three
major companies that settled in 1989 because
of variations in the wage and benefit cuts that
the employees accepted in 1986:
• At National Steel, differences from Beth
lehem included a 31-cent immediate
wage increase (42 cents for office work
ers) and continued distribution of the en
tire profit-sharing amount to all 7,300
employees.
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Collective Bargaining in 1989
• At Inland Steel, where wages were not cut
in 1986, employees will receive “new
money” wage increases totaling $1.50 an
hour, the same as at Bethlehem, but paid in
three stages, instead of two. In a difference
in benefits, each Inland employee will re
ceive a special 1-week vacation at some
time during the 4-year contract period.
• At Armco’s Baltimore, m d , and Kansas
City, m o , plants, a 4-year contract pro
vided for a $1 an hour wage increase and a
$500 signing payment, both payable imme
diately, followed by wage increases aver
aging 35 cents an hour in August 1991 and
40 cents in August 1992. At the Ashland,
k y , mill, terms included wage increases of
$1 an hour in January 1991 and 25 cents in
January of 1992 and 1993. The Ashland
settlement also terminated the 1987 agree
ment by its 3,200 workers to divert to the
company 65 cents of hourly wages to aid
the company in financing a new continuous
caster. Money already diverted was re
turned to the employees, with interest.
10,000 nonunion employees, and the company
also filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the
Bankruptcy Code. An important aspect of East
ern’s plan to emerge from bankruptcy was to
sell operations and assets and continue as a
smaller airline. A major step toward this
goal occurred in July, when the carrier sold
its Boston-New York City-Washington, D C ,
shuttle to entrepreneur Donald Trump for $365
million.
As time passed, the situation became gloomier
for both Eastern and the unions. Eastern tried
various strategies to sell assets and downsize to
about one-third of its prestrike size, but encoun
tered opposition from creditors who contended
that the airlines had substantially overestimated
its possible income from asset sales. Eastern
also reeled from an arbitrator’s ruling that it
must pay at least 3,600 pilots $60 to $100 mil
lion as a result of a pay grievance filed in 1986.
The unions were concerned that the work
stoppage was losing effect because some
strikers were returning to work and available
jobs were dwindling, a result of the hiring of
nonunion replacements and the movement to
In a related development, usx Corp. rejected
ward a smaller airline. They helped to advance
the Steelworkers’ request for immediate reopen
a congressional bill to set up a board to investi
ing of their current contract (scheduled to expire
gate labor-relations problems at Eastern and
January 31, 1991) to bring compensation of the other airlines and recommend solutions.
18,500 workers up to the levels at Bethlehem
On November 21, President Bush vetoed the
and the other companies. In its response, usx
bill. Employees represented by the Air Line
said there was no longer a settlement pattern in
Pilots and the Transport Workers then voted to
the industry, and that the usx workers were cov
return to work, despite the limited number of
ered by a profit-sharing plan instituted to restore
jobs actually open as a result of cuts in opera
concessions through possible cash payments.
tions, the hiring of replacements, and the earlier
The plan generated payments averaging 90
unauthorized return of some union members.
cents an hour in 1988 and $1.70 through the
Meanwhile, the 8,500 mechanics represented
third quarter of 1989.
by the Machinists continued their stoppage.
Airlines
American Airlines, the Nation’s largest airline,
Continuing the trend of recent years, 1989 settled with the Transport Workers for 21,000
labor-management developments at some air mechanics, baggage clerks, guards, meteorolo
lines could only be viewed as chaotic and bitter. gists, and aircraft cleaners. In addition to gen
eral wage increases totaling $1.80 an hour,
Eastern Air Lines’ difficulties with its unions, terms included increases in premiums for li
which date back to the 1970’s, were heightened censes and skills, accelerated progression to
in March when 8,500 employees represented maximum wage rates, and lump-sum retroactive
by the Machinists walked out after rejecting a pay of $538 to $631. Other provisions included
company demand for compensation cuts and new quarterly productivity payments, ranging
changes in work rules it claimed were necessary from 20 cents an hour if the local goal is met to
for its survival. Initially, Eastern planned to 40 cents if the goal is exceeded by 20 percent;
continue operating, but this became impossible extension of lifetime job guarantees to workers
when virtually all of its 3,500 cockpit crew hired prior to January 1, 1987; adoption of a
members, represented by the Air Line Pilots, flexible health insurance plan permitting em
refused to cross Machinists’ picket lines. A ployees to select their benefits, with employees
similar degree of support came from 6,000 and American Airlines sharing premium costs
flight attendants, represented by the Transport above the June 1, 1990, level (the airline will
Workers.
pay any rise up to 5 percent and above 12 per
This unified stand forced Eastern to lay off cent, with workers paying the intermediate
January 1990
amount); increased health insurance deductibles
and coinsurance; and a new requirement that
employees “prefund” their retirement health
benefits by making monthly contributions dur
ing their active career ranging from $12 at age
30 to $91.50 at age 40 or older, subject to in
creases in premiums similar to those for their
active service coverage.
Northwest Airlines was involved in battles on
two fronts: various suitors seeking to purchase
Northwest’s parent, n w a Inc., and unions seek
ing new labor contracts. Further complicating
the situation was the fact that two of the unions,
the Machinists and the Air Line Pilots, con
tended that some of the purchase offers were
unsatisfactory and prepared their own offers.
Finally, n w a accepted a $3.65 billion “friendly”
offer from Wings Holdings Inc., a group of
investors.
In August, the airline settled with the Air
Line Pilots, ending 2 \ years of negotiations and
9 months of strike threats. A major issue re
solved in the dispute was how to blend into the
work force the pilots who had flown for Repub
lic Airlines before that airline was purchased by
Northwest in 1986.
The 54-month contract provided for an imme
diate wage increase ranging from 3 percent to 29
percent, with former Republic pilots at the top
of the range to equalize their pay with the other
employees in the 5,200-member bargaining
unit. This increase, which averaged 9.3 percent,
will be followed by 4-percent increases for all of
the pilots in September of 1990, 1991, and
1992. After the 1992 increase, annual pay will
range up to $220,000 for pilots flying wide
bodied jet aircraft on international routes. In
return for the increases, the union agreed to a
“B-scale” under which new employees will be
paid at 70 percent of the rates for pilots already
on the payroll. This will end after 5 years, when
the new pilots will move to the upper or “Ascale.” During the negotiations, the union had
strongly resisted two-tier pay, hoping to retain a
single scale that could be used as a bargaining
wedge to eliminate two-tier pay plans adopted at
other carriers as cost control measures in the
wake of airline deregulation in 1980.
The union agreed to an 80-hour-a-month
flight schedule for all pilots. The ex-Republic
employees were already at that level, while the
other pilots had been flying 75 hours a month.
This change was offset to some extent by a cut
in the pilots’ “nonflying” duty hours. Other
provisions included a no-layoff guarantee for
current pilots until March 1995, certain pro
motion guarantees, and a union right to retain
or renegotiate contract terms if Northwest is
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purchased. Blending of the two (Northwest and
ex-Republic) seniority lists was accomplished
by an arbitrator.
Earlier in 1989, Northwest and the Machin
ists settled for 10,500 ticket clerks, reservation
clerks, and related employees. The agreement,
running to April 30, 1992, provides for general
wage increases totaling more than 9 percent and
additional “equalization” increases of about
7 percent to 500 former Republic employees.
Changes favorable to Northwest included in
creases in the number of part-time employees
and lengthening of their workweek, more flexi
bility in scheduling for peak travel periods, and
for continuing negotiations on broadening em
ployees’ duties.
USAir and the Association of Right Attendants
negotiated a contract for a single unit of 8,500
employees resulting from the August merger of
Piedmont Airlines and USAir. The accord as
sured the Piedmont employees of pay parity
(with previous USAir employees), raising their
monthly top scale by $152.25, to $2,760, and
cutting the progression time to the top scale to
13 years, from 14; higher, matching interna
tional flight pay; carryover of accrued sick
leave, vacation bids, and credit for payments
made to satisfy health and dental insurance de
ductibles; and guarantees that, for 3 years, their
compensation would at least equal their average
just prior to the merger.
Autom obile m anufacturing
Current contracts between the United Auto
Workers and the “Big Three” automakers—
General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and
Chrysler Corp.— expire in late 1990, but in
1989 the parties attempted to counter the results
of a sales slowdown that was exacerbated by an
increase in worldwide production capacity, par
ticularly by Japanese firms opening plants in the
United States. As a result, the Big Three com
panies closed some domestic plants to cut
excess capacity. Some single-plant settlements
called for changes that could influence the
1990 national talks. One such settlement was
at Diamond-Star Motors Corp., a ChryslerMitsubishi Motors Corp. joint operation. A not
able provision of the company’s contract with
the Auto Workers permits layoffs only when the
“long-term viability of the company is at stake.”
This exceeds the protection of employees at the
Big Three companies, where layoffs are permit
ted during sales slumps. Also, the contract al
lows Diamond-Star to combine all jobs into
three classifications, permitting fuller utiliza
tion of employees’ worktime. The Big Three
Monthly Labor Review January 1990
23
Collective Bargaining in 1989
companies still have dozens of job classifica
tions, despite some reductions in recent years.
Overall, the 3-year Diamond-Star agreement
provides for the 2,400 employees to attain com
pensation parity with Chrysler employees, who
just moved back to parity with General Motors
and Ford employees after accepting cuts neces
sitated by the financial problems the company
had experienced beginning in 1979.
Activities at the Big Three. Chrysler and the
Auto Workers began constructing a child care
center at the company’s Electronics Division
plant in Anniston, a l . The center will be the
first onsite, jointly operated child care establish
ment in the auto industry.
A legal development with implications for
other auto producers— as well as other indus
tries— involved Chrysler, the Department of
Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Ad
ministration ( o s h a ) , and Auto Workers Local
1268 in Belvidere, i l . The parties negotiated a
plan to control repetitive motion injuries at five
assembly plants. Initially, the plan will be im
plemented at the Belvidere plant, where o s h a
had cited the company in 1987 for permitting
work practices and methods which result in cu
mulative trauma disorders such as carpal tunnel
syndrome.
Under the plan, Chrysler will study all jobs in
the plant and make changes needed to alleviate
or eliminate disabling conditions, such as by
rotating duties among workers, redesigning
tools or modifying the way they are used, and
substituting machines for employees in some
operations. (The first major agreement calling
for revamping jobs to protect employees’ health
and safety was in 1988 at i b p , the meatpacking
industry’s largest firm.)
Increased vehicle output and employee in
volvement in a Voluntary Input Program which
allows them to assist in setting production meth
ods were reported at General Motors’ Oklahoma
City, o k , plant. However, there was some resis
tance to the program from bargaining-unit mem
bers and from company supervisors. Employee
resistance stemmed from the increase in the
assembly-line speed (a management precondi
tion incorporated into the 1987 agreement that
authorized the program) and from difficulties in
reaching a consensus with supervisors on daily
plant operations. The resistance from some su
pervisors apparently resulted from concern that
their role was being diminished by the increas
ing employee involvement in decisionmaking.
In October, 67 percent of the plant’s 5,300
production workers were participating in the
program, and in return for accepting the addi
tional responsibilities, received from 20 cents
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for24
FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
to 27 cents an hour above the standard rates
in the General Motors-Auto Workers national
agreement.
Ford and the Auto Workers launched a joint
program to redesign work stations to reduce em
ployee injuries and improve their efficiency.
Also, the parties undertook a pilot program to
provide long-term care for employees and
dependents suffering from reduction of their
functional capacity that is not severe enough to
qualify them for skilled care in hospitals or nurs
ing homes under medicare. Initially, the pro
gram would apply only to Ford workers in the
Louisville, k y , area, but if the program is suc
cessful, the union indicated that in 1990, it
would press for similar programs at all facilities
of the Big Three automakers.
Organizing activities. Early in the year,
Japanese manufacturers extended for another 12
months their 2.3 million vehicle limit on exports
to the United States. Of more concern to U.S.
producers— because the Japanese companies
had not quite reached the limit for the preceding
12 months— was the continuing expansion of
Japanese production in the United States. For
the Auto Workers, the expansion offered the
opportunity to organize the Japanese-owned
plants, thereby offsetting membership losses
stemming from employment losses in domesti
cally-owned plants. However, the union was
unsuccessful in its major 1989 organizing test:
employees of the Nissan Motors Manufacturing
Corp. plant in Smyrna, t n , chose to remain
“nonrepresented” by a vote margin of more than
2 to 1.
The Auto Workers union vowed to continue
its efforts to organize foreign-owned plants. To
lead the drive, the union established a Transna
tional and Joint Ventures Department. Initially,
the department will have 8,000 already orga
nized workers under its jurisdiction, including
those at Diamond-Star, New United Motor
Manufacturing Inc., and Mazda Motor Manu
facturing Corp.
A erospace
Bargaining in the aerospace industries led off
with a November settlement between The
Boeing Co. and the Machinists that ended a
7-week work stoppage. About 57,000 workers
were involved at plants in the Seattle, w a , area
and in other States.
Initially, the union pressed for elimination of
the practice of giving employees lump-sum pay
ments in lieu of specified wage-rate increases,
which occurred in the two preceding contracts.
The employees finally accepted lump-sum pay-
merits in the 3-year 1989 contract: 10 percent (of
the employee’s earnings in the preceding 12
months) immediately, followed by a 5-percent
payment in December 1990 and a 4-percent
payment a year later. However, the workers
also won a 4-percent immediate wage increase
and 3-percent increases in October of 1990 and
1991.
They also received an immediate 60-cent-anhour prepaid cost-of-living adjustment, to be
offset against any regular quarterly adjustments
otherwise due to occur in the first contract year.
During the balance of the agreement, workers
will receive quarterly adjustments, if warranted
by the movement of the c p i , without prepay
ments.
A major point of dispute was resolved when
Boeing agreed to limit mandatory overtime
work to 144 hours in a quarter (formerly 200),
to no more than two consecutive weekends (for
merly four) and to pay double time after 160
hours of overtime in a quarter. In effect, these
changes amounted to family care benefits be
cause they eased some employees’ concern
about being unable to spend adequate time with
their families.
The accord also established formal family
care benefits: provision for referral, consulta
tion, and educational materials regarding child
and elder care.
Based on past practice, these terms, and ne
gotiated changes in pensions, insurance, and
other benefits, could be expected to influence
the outcome of the negotiations currently under
way at other aerospace companies.
Longshore developm ents
The International Longshoremen’s Association
( i l a ) and Atlantic and Gulf coast shippers
agreed to extend their existing contract for 14
months, to November 30, 1990. The parties de
scribed the extension (which did provide for a
45-cent-an-hour increase in employer financing
of benefits) as a “holding action” to give them
time to deal with major unresolved problems
without the threat of a work stoppage. Leading
the list of problems to be solved was replacing
the rules on container cargo, invalidated by the
Federal Maritime Commission in a 1987 deci
sion which was upheld by the Supreme Court in
January 1989. The rules had required that pack
ing and unpacking of all container cargo within
50 miles of an i l a port be performed by em
ployees represented by the union.
Following the Supreme Court ruling, the i l a
and shippers agreed on a substitute program to
preserve and attract work. Under the program,
shippers pay 30 cents into a fund for each ton of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
container cargo moving through i l a ports. The
money is used to pay part of the wages of unem
ployed iLA-represented workers who might be
hired at new dockside Container Freight Sta
tions established to expand the amount of cargo
handled by existing stations. In return, the i l a
agreed to cost-reducing changes in work meth
ods and crew sizes.
In local negotiations, the parties agreed to
other cuts in costs in an attempt to counter in
creasing competition from nonunion ports,
other i l a ports, and West Coast ports, where the
International Longshoremen’s and Warehouse
men’s Union represents cargo handlers.
In the Port of New York and New Jersey, the
parties agreed to:
• Retain the Guaranteed Annual Income
plan, which assures employees of annual
pay as high as $34,200 even if a full year’s
work is not available.
• Cut the number of employees eligible for
the income plan by offering increased pen
sions and other benefits to those retiring
during the last quarter of 1989 (about 2,600
of the 6,000 workers were eligible for the
offer).
• Retain the four health clinics with no
changes in treatment levels (shippers had
sought to close two of the clinics).
• Create a joint panel to initiate actions to
improve cost competitiveness with neigh
boring ports.
At Virginia’s Hampton Roads ports, changes
in staffing of a container freight station included
cutting the crew size from four members to two
when only one container is involved. Overall,
this and other work rule changes were expected
to save costs equivalent to a $3 an hour reduc
tion in wages.
In New Orleans, l a , local settlement terms
included new rules intended to prevent fa
voritism by supervisors in selecting crew mem
bers and a $1 an hour wage increase for most
employees.
Forest products
The United Paperworkers International Union
and International Paper Co. ended the work
stoppages at four mills around the end of 1988
(see Monthly Labor Review, January 1989, p.
32), but the bitterness between the parties did
not abate and continued into 1989. The union
and the company continued to trade legal
charges regarding their conduct during and after
the stoppage. The Paperworkers, joined by
other unions, also pressed a boycott campaign
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
25
Collective Bargaining in 1989
against the International Paper, and in a move to
solidify its bargaining front with the company,
formed all local unions into a single council
(previously, there were separate councils for
employees in primary mills and converting
operations).
At three plants, the stoppage was deemed to
be a strike and the company was only required
to take back the strikers as openings occurred
through attrition among replacement workers.
By December 1989, only about 160 of the
2,350 strikers had been called back to the
mills, located in Jay, m e , Lock Haven, p a , and
DePere, wi.
At the fourth plant, in Mobile, a l , however,
the stoppage was deemed a lockout and, under
Federal law, International Paper was required to
take back all of the affected employees. The
return of the union-represented workers led to
the dismissal of 350 workers hired as replace
ments during the stoppage. Further, the return
ing workers filed suit against the company,
claiming that it had illegally shifted mainte
nance work to an outside contractor. The em
ployees who originally replaced the locked-out
workers also filed a suit seeking severance pay
because they were denied access to their jobs.
The Paperworkers’ 1988 retum-to-work offer
(generally viewed as a win for the company)
affected 1989 settlements at other International
Paper facilities, and other companies in the
industry. Employees of International Paper fa
cilities in Camden, a r , accepted 4- or 5-year
contracts that included cuts in premium pay for
work on Sundays and holidays and changes in
mealtime and job assignment scheduling favor
able to the company. Local union officials said
they were forced to accept such changes be
cause the various locals in the company’s
national chain of plants would not support a
strike. (These changes were the core of the 1988
dispute, and were implemented then by the
company.)
The Camden contracts also included com
pensation gains for the employees. A 5-year
contract for some employees represented by the
Paperworkers union and the International Broth
erhood of Electrical Workers called for produc
tion workers to receive wage increases totaling
8 percent and lump-sum payments totaling
$1,250 or $1,950 (varying by job classification)
and for mechanics and instrument electricians to
receive wage increases totaling 4 percent and
lump sums totaling $2,000 or $4,500. Other
changes included a new 401(k) savings plan,
with the company matching half of the em
ployee’s investment, which can be up to 4 per
cent of earnings.
Elsewhere in the paper industry, the concept
26 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of employee involvement in production deci
sions was stretched almost to the ultimate, as the
employees of a new James River Corp. plant in
Richmond, v a , operated essentially without su
pervision. The plant has about 30 employees,
all represented by the Paperworkers; employ
ment is projected to rise to 150 in 5 years. The
employees print custom napkins and placemats
for restaurants. In general, the labor contract
provides for:
• Production goals determined by members
of the two 14-member employee teams.
• Specific schedules of tasks to meet the
goals, developed in weekly meetings of the
teams in which members rotate leadership
roles.
• Adherence to five operating criteria or
standards: safety, housekeeping, reliability
requirements, contribution as “team play
ers,” and a commitment to learning.
• Wage rates based on the average negotiated
by the Paperworkers at two similar James
River operations and five other operations
in the industry.
• Development of “job stories” (job classifi
cations) by team members, as well as crite
ria for evaluating employee progression to
the top pay level, which is 28 percent
higher than the starting level. Actual pro
motion decisions are made by a sevenmember board drawn from the operating
employees and management.
• Participation in management interviews to
select new people for the teams and for
some related jobs outside the bargaining
unit.
A less radical, more structured team approach
to production is in effect at a Kimberly-Clark
Corp. mill in Coosa Pines, a l (see Monthly
Labor Review, February 1989, p. 53).
Rubber
There was little bargaining activity in the tire
industry, but there was evidence of the growing
foreign investment in the U.S. market, and re
sulting changes in operating procedures and
employer-employee relations.
A costly change of ownership was Michelin
Group of France proposal to buy Uniroyal
Goodrich for $690 million cash and assume
$800 million in debts. The acquisition would
raise Michelin to world leadership in tire sales
and to the number two position in the United
States, behind Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
The purchase would give Michelin 31,000 em
ployees in North America in 11 plants in the
United States, 5 in Canada, and 2 in Mexico. Of
the 26,000 U.S. employees, 7,300 are repre
sented by the Rubber Workers.
Also, in the rubber industry, Bridgestone/
Firestone reported $1.5 billion in facility im
provements at the Firestone unit and announced
a change in labor-management relations at its
Lavergne, t n , plant. Participating in the change
was Local 1055 of the Rubber Workers, which
represents nearly 1,000 employees at the plant,
which operates under the Bridgestone name.
The change features a cooperative approach
including the establishment of:
• More than 15 employee involvement
groups, which meet before or after their
shift to discuss plant problems and suggest
solutions to management. They also make
semiannual presentations on major projects
and innovations they are working on. Em
ployees are paid time and one-half for par
ticipating in the 1-hour meetings which are
held at least once a week
• A union-management steering committee
to oversee the cooperation program and
make necessary changes.
• A suggestion committee, with one union
representative, that gives cash payments
for ideas that work.
Elsewhere, Pirelli Armstrong Tire Corp. an
nounced that it was expanding its Hanford, c a ,
plant, and was considering expanding its Des
Moines, i a , and Madison, t n , plants. Produc
tion workers at all three plants are represented
by the Rubber Workers. The company is a unit
of Pirelli S.p.A. of Italy, which bought Arm
strong Tire Co. in 1988.
Newspaper publishing
The major development in this industry was the
Supreme Court’s decision to permit the Detroit
News and the Detroit Free Press to merge their
circulation, advertising, and production opera
tions to cut operating costs and save the Free
Press from failing. The consolidation of func
tions, which would apparently cut employment,
and possibly lead other papers to merge opera
tions, did not extend to editorial functions.
Opposition to the joint operating agreement
came from a group of advertisers and citizens in
the area who claimed that the merger would
reduce competition. The case arose in 1986,
when the attorney general approved the merger
under authority of the Newspaper Preservation
Act of 1970.
In Los Angeles, c a , The Herald Examiner,
an evening paper that opened in 1903, closed,
succumbing to competition from its morning
rival, the Los Angeles Times, and from su
burban newspapers. Organized labor will re
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
member the Herald Examiner for its adamant
opposition to a strike that lasted from 1967 to
1977.
In other collective bargaining activity, news
papers and their unions continued to negotiate
lengthy contracts. One example is The Wash
ington ( d c ) Post, which settled with The News
paper Guild on a 5-year agreement, ending 3
years of bitter negotiations. In St. Paul, m n , the
Pioneer Press Dispatch and Local 29C of the
Graphic Communications Union agreed to a 9\year contract, joining its sister Local 229, which
negotiated a 10-year agreement with the Min
neapolis ( m n ) Star and Tribune in 1986.
Union affairs
During the year, unions continued their efforts
to prove their worth to workers and the general
public as part of their struggle to reverse the
long-term decline in union membership. On a
positive note, settlement of 1988 government
corruption charges against the Teamsters possi
bly signaled a reversal of the union’s history of
domination by leaders found to be in violation
of the law. In another positive development, the
a f l - c i o gained strength as a representative of
organized labor as a result of the affiliation or
reaffiliation of several unions: the United Mine
Workers and the United Transportation Union
reaffiliated with the a f l - c i o , and the Locomo
tive Engineers and the Writers Guild-East affili
ated with the a f l - c i o . Another consolidation
was the National Brotherhood of Packinghouse
and Industrial Workers merger into the United
Food and Commercial Workers union, which is
an a f l - c i o affiliate.
Leadership changes during the year included:
• William W. Winpisinger, president of the
Machinists, retired and was succeeded by
George J. Kourpias.
• John E. Lawe, president of the Transport
Workers, died and was succeeded by
George Leitz.
• Juel Drake, president of the Iron Workers,
retired and was succeeded by Jake West.
• Andrew T. Haas, president of the Asbestos
Workers, died and was succeeded by
William G. Bernard.
• George M. Parker, president of the Flint
Glass Workers, retired and was succeeded
by Lawrence Bankowski.
• Cornelius Healy, president of the Plate
Printers, did not run for a fifth term and
was succeeded by Neil Bradley.
Federal pay
A proposal by the Commission on Executive,
Legislative, and Judicial Salaries for 50-percent
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
27
Collective Bargaining in 1989
pay increases for members of the Congress,
Federal judges, and high ranking political and
career employees triggered much criticism from
citizens and within the government, leading the
Congress to reject the proposal. The Commis
sion was established by law in 1967 to make
impartial pay recommendations every 4 years
devoid of political influences.
Later, President George Bush proposed in
creases of up to 25 percent for executive branch
employees and as much as 200 percent for cer
tain employees in particularly hard-to-fill jobs.
The President suggested that the Congress de
cide on increases for its own members and cut
members’ income from honoraria. The resulting
pay legislation was signed by President Bush in
November.
Members of the House of Representatives
opted for a 7.9-percent “cost-of-living” increase
in January 1990, a 25-percent increase in Janu
ary 1991, and annual cost-of-living increases
thereafter. The salary increases also apply to the
Vice President, Cabinet members, other offi
cials, and Federal judges. The act also imposes
new standards of ethical conduct on House
members and other officials and prohibits them
from receiving honoraria.
Members of the Senate decided on smaller
salary increases— a 10-percent cost-of-living
increase in January 1990, followed by the an
nual cost-of-living increases matching those
for House members. However, the Senators
will be permitted to continue to accept hon
oraria, but the amount— equal to 40 percent of
their $89,500 salary at the signing of the
bill— will be reduced dollar-for-dollar by the
cost-of-living increases.
Passage of the act marked the third time that
salary levels differed in the Houses of Con
gress— earlier instances were in 1795 and,
briefly, in 1982.
The 1.4 million Federal white-collar work
ers received a 4.1-percent salary increase in
January 1989, as a result of procedures under
the Federal Pay Comparability Act of 1970. In
1988, the President’s Pay Agent (a triad
consisting of the directors of the Office of
Personnel Management and the Office of
Management and Budget, and the Secretary of
Labor), after reviewing the Bureau of Labor
Statistics’ 1988 annual National Survey of
Professional, Technical, and Clerical Pay, de
termined that a 26.23-percent increase was
needed to bring white-collar pay up to the
level of comparable jobs in the private econ
omy. Instead of accepting this recommenda
tion, the President, under authority of the act,
followed the practice of recent years and pro
posed a smaller increase— 4.1 percent—
28 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
effective in January 1989, rather than the
“normal” date of October 1988, which was
accepted by the Congress.
The 2 million military personnel received
the equivalent of the increase under laws link
ing their pay levels to those for the white-col
lar employees. About 375,000 trades workers
received an increase up to 4.1 percent during
the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989.
Their pay is raised at various times during a
year, based on the results of local surveys of
wages for similar jobs. However, their poten
tial increase was again capped at the same
percentage amount as for the white-collar
employees.
Later in 1989, the Pay Agent presented to
the President its finding on the next salary
increase for Federal white-collar employees.
The increase, based on the Bureau’s 1989 sur
vey, was an average 28.6 percent. However,
President Bush proposed an alternate 3.6-per
cent increase, to be effective in January 1990,
and the Congress accepted the decision.
Legal rulings
During the year, the Supreme Court issued deci
sions affecting employment, labor-management
relations, and collective bargaining:
• Employees must now prove that racial
imbalances in their employer’s work force
result from practices that have no valid
business justification. Previously, a statis
tical indication of racial imbalance was suf
ficient for a finding of discrimination, even
if there was no evidence that the employer
intended to discriminate. {Wards Cove
Packing Co. v. Atonio)
• Federal law barring age discrimination in
employment does not prohibit employers
from making age distinctions in pension,
insurance, and other benefit plans. {Public
Employees Retirement System of Ohio v.
Betts)
• If a person is denied a promotion because
of illegal “sex stereotyping,” the employer
may avoid a finding of liability only by
proving that the same decision would have
been made even if the person’s gender was
not taken into account. {Price Waterhouse
v. Hopkins)
• Employees can challenge an affirmative
action plan adopted earlier with approval of
a lower court, even though they had been
aware that the plan was being negotiated
and did not participate. {Martin v. Wilks)
• Employees must file timely challenges—
within 300 days, in the particular case— to
•
•
•
•
•
•
changes in workplace seniority systems to
prevent disruptions of “settled expecta
tions.” ( Lorance v. AT&T Technologies
Inc.)
The Constitution tightly limits the power of
State and local governments to adopt affirm
ative action plans in the awarding of public
contracts. (City o f Richmond v. J.A.
Crosson C o.)
A State cannot require that a percentage of its
contacts be awarded to minority or womenowned business. (Milliken v. Michigan
Road Builders Association)
A State cannot refuse unemployment bene
fits to a person who refuses to take a job
requiring work on the person’s Sabbath
day, even if the person is not a member of
an organized religion. (Frazee v. Employ
ment Security Department)
Divorced spouses of military retirees are
not entitled to a share of any disability ben
efits received by the retiree. (.Mansell v.
Mansell)
A State cannot exempt its employees’ re
tirement benefits from its income tax if it
does not offer an equivalent exemption to
Federal Government retirees. (Davis v.
Michigan Department o f Treasury)
After the end of a strike, an employer is not
required to fire employees who returned to
work during the strike in order to rehire
employees with more seniority. (Trans
World Airlines Inc. v. Independent Feder
ation o f Flight Attendants)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
• Cities may be sued in Federal court by any
one whose constitutional rights have been
violated as a result of inadequate training
of city employees. (Canton v. Harris)
• Railroads have broad leeway to sell assets
and restructure their business without hav
ing to bargain with unions. The decision
apparently also can be applied to the airline
transportation industry, because it was an
interpretation of the Railway Labor Act,
which covers both industries. (Pittsburgh
& Lake Erie Railroad Co. v. Railway
Labor Executives’ Association)
• Railroad operating crews can be tested for
drug use after being involved in accidents,
because of the need to assure safe transport
of the public. (Skinner v. Railway Labor
Executives’ Association)
• Railroads and airlines, under the Railway
Labor Act, may add drug testing to em
ployees’ periodic physical examinations,
without collective bargaining. (Conrail v.
Railway Labor Executives’ Association)
• The U.S. Customs Service’s Drug En
forcement Administration may routinely
conduct drug tests among employees who
are involved in interdicting illegal drugs or
who carry firearms. (National Treasury
Employees Union v. Van Raab)
• An elected union official cannot be re
moved from office by union leaders for
publicly disagreeing with their policies.
(Sheet Metal Workers’ International Asso
ciation v. Lynn)
□
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
29
Labor and the Supreme Court:
significant issues of 1989-90
,
In contrast to its 1988 term
the High Court's new term
presents less controversial,
though still important, labor issues
Craig Hukill
Craig Hukill is an
attorney in the Office
o f the Solicitor, U .S.
Department o f Labor.
n October 2, 1989, the Supreme Court that it has a reasonably based good-faith doubt
opened its 1989 term. If the trend of about the majority status of the union.4 In
recent years continues, the Court can be National Labor Relations Board v. Curtin
expected to hear arguments in approximately Matheson Scientific, In c.,5 the Supreme Court
170 of the more than 5,000 cases in which its will decide whether an employer may presume
review is sought.1 The Court has wide discre that replacement workers it hired during an eco
tion in determining which cases it will hear, and nomic strike do not support the union. Lower
justices need not explain why they have agreed courts are split on this issue. Some, including
to hear or not to hear any particular case, al the Fifth Circuit in Curtin Matheson, hold that
though sometimes they do. Generally, a case is employers are justified in assuming that strike
more likely to be reviewed if (1) it raises an replacements do not support the union.6 Others,
issue that lower courts have decided in conflict along with the National Labor Relations Board,
ing ways, (2) the lower court has decided an reject this approach and require employers to
important question of Federal law that the substantiate their doubts of the union’s majority
Supreme Court has not yet had an opportunity to status through objective evidence rather than
consider, (3) the lower court has decided a Fed through legal presumptions.7 The Supreme
eral question in a way that conflicts with a pre Court’s decision in Curtin Matheson could have
vious Supreme Court decision, or (4) the case a significant effect on future economic strikes.
In 1986, the Court held, in Golden State
presents an issue so substantial that the Supreme
Transit Corp. v. City o f Los Angeles,8 that the
Court decides that its review is required.2
The Court has agreed to hear several labor- National Labor Relations Act9 “preempted” an
related cases in the new term. Although these attempt by the City of Los Angeles to interject
cases do not present issues as controversial or itself into the collective bargaining process of
emotionally charged as many of the labor cases two private parties.10 In other words, only the
decided in the Court’s previous term, they in Federal Government, through the National
clude a wide range of significant labor issues.3 Labor Relations Act, can regulate this process.
Thus, the Court held that the city could not
require a taxi company to settle a labor dispute
Traditional labor relations
as a condition for renewal of its franchise.
On remand, the taxi company sought dam
Under the National Labor Relations Act, an em
ployer may not withdraw recognition of a union ages from the city under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
unless the employer can show either that a ma which imposes liability on governments and
jority of employees do not support the union or their officials for causing a “deprivation of any
O
30 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution and laws.”11 The Ninth Circuit
denied such relief, holding that section 1983
liability may be imposed only for “direct viola
tions” of the Constitution or laws.12 The court
held that the city’s actions, although preempted
by the National Labor Relations Act, did not
violate any direct prohibition of that act, which
directly regulates only employers and unions. It
is this ruling that will be reviewed by the
Supreme Court in Golden State Transit C orp.13
The Court also will decide two important
cases involving the rights of employees to chal
lenge certain actions of their unions. In Chauf
feurs and Teamsters, Local 391 v. Terry, 14 a
group of truckdrivers filed a “hybrid § 301/duty
of fair representation”15 lawsuit against the
group’s union and employer. The drivers
claimed that the employer breached the collec
tive bargaining agreement, thus violating sec
tion 301 of the Labor Management Relations
Act,16 when it manipulated job recall proce
dures to the drivers’ detriment. They also
claimed that the union did not adequately pro
tect their interests in the ensuing grievance pro
ceeding, thereby breaching the union’s duty of
fair representation under the National Labor Re
lations Act.17 When the district court ruled that
the drivers were entitled to a jury trial in their
claims against the union, the union filed an in
terlocutory appeal with the court of appeals,
which also ruled against the union. The union
now has asked the Supreme Court in Terry to
decide whether these courts were correct in
holding that the Seventh Amendment right to a
trial by jury18 grants the truckdrivers the right to
present their duty-of-fair-representation case to
a jury.19
In Breininger v. Sheet Metal Workers, Local
6, 20 the Court has been asked to decide whether
a worker’s duty-of-fair-representation claim
against his or her union may be brought in Fed
eral district court or whether it must be brought
before the National Labor Relations Board.21
The court of appeals held that the worker’s alle
gation that the union failed to refer him for em
ployment through the union hiring hall was a
matter within the exclusive jurisdiction of the
Board.
The Court, in Breininger, also has been asked
to decide whether the alleged discriminatory
hiring hall practice can be considered improper
“discipline” under the Labor-Management Re
porting and Disclosure Act.22 The court of ap
peals rejected the worker’s claim, ruling that the
practice is not prohibited under the act because
the act is intended to secure only the rights of
members in their status as union members. Be
cause hiring halls may be used by union mem
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
bers and nonmembers alike, the court said that
discriminatory hiring hall practices do not affect
union membership rights.23
Public-sector labor relations
According to a U.S. Office of Management and
Budget document, “Circular No. A-76,” Fed
eral agencies must rely on commercial products
or services, unless doing so would cost more
than if the agencies supplied the products or
services themselves. The circular also requires
agencies to establish administrative appeals pro
cedures for resolving disputes raised by affected
parties. Because its members could be affected
directly by decisions to contract out for products
and services, the National Treasury Employees
Union asked the Treasury Department to ne
gotiate over a union proposal to establish a
grievance and arbitration process as the required
internal administrative appeals procedure for re
solving issues relating to contracting out. The
Treasury Department refused to bargain over
this proposal, and when the Federal Labor Rela
tions Authority required it to do so, the Depart
ment appealed. In Department o f Treasury v.
Federal Labor Relations Authority, 24 the court
of appeals accepted the union’s position, hold
ing that its proposal is not inconsistent with a
statutory management rights clause giving man
agement officials the authority to “make deter
minations with respect to contracting out.”25 By
agreeing to decide the case, the Supreme Court
will have the opportunity to resolve a split in the
circuit courts on this issue.26
The Court will also decide whether the De
partment of the Army must negotiate over
wages and other related benefits of some of the
few Federal employees whose pay is not di
rectly set by law. In Fort Stewart Schools v.
Federal Labor Relations Authority, 27 the Army
will argue that under the Federal Service Labor
Management Relations Act, it has a duty to bar
gain only over “conditions of employment,”
which it will say do not include wages.28 The
Army also will argue that bargaining over
wages would be improper because it would in
terfere with both the Army’s statutory right to
set its own budget29 and a regulation that re
quires salaries to equal those for similar jobs in
the local community. The Army did not prevail
in the court of appeals.
In Crandon v. United States30 and Boeing v.
United States, 31 the Supreme Court will decide
whether an employer can pay, or an employee
receive, severance pay that is calculated so as to
offset the financial loss the employee will incur
after leaving to take a high-level Government
job. The employees in these cases each received
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January 1990
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Labor and the Supreme Court, 1989-90
severance pay from The Boeing Co. before be
ginning to work for the Department of Defense
or n a t o . Under Federal law, a Government offi
cial may be paid for his or her official duties
only by the Government.32 The Court thus must
determine whether payments made before Gov
ernment service began can be considered “com
pensation for . . . services as an officer or
employee of the executive branch of the United
States Government.”33
If the Court decides that the Federal law ap
plies to preemployment severance payments, it
must then decide whether Boeing’s payments
were intended to serve as compensation for its
employees’ future Government service. The
court of appeals found that the method Boeing
used to calculate severance payments— which
was tied to salary, benefits, and cost-of-living
differences for Government service— and the
company’s stated purpose, namely, to encour
age public service, showed such intent.34 The
appellate court also held that the Government
does not need to show that it suffered any actual
injury in order to prevail.
Pensions
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act
states that pension plans “shall provide that ben
efits . . . may not be assigned or alienated.”35 In
Guidry v. Sheet Metal Workers National Pen
sion Fund,36 the Supreme Court will decide
whether this antialienation provision prevents a
pension fund from using a former trustee’s ben
efits to recoup money the trustee embezzled
from the fund.37
In Guidry, the court of appeals held that the
provision does not prohibit the assignment or
alienation of a trustee-beneficiary’s benefits
if the fraudulent activities of the trusteebeneficiary damaged the pension fund. The
court maintained that to reach a contrary result
would mean that the interests of the embezzling
trustee-beneficiary would be protected at the ex
pense of the financial security of workers who
rely on the pension plan, a result it said that the
Congress did not intend. This issue has divided
the courts of appeals that have considered it.38
O ccupational safety and health
On November 6, 1989, the Supreme Court
heard arguments in Dole v. United Steelwork
e r s 39 a case involving the scope of the U.S.
Office of Management and Budget’s authority
under the Paperwork Reduction Act40 to prevent
Department of Labor workplace safety and
health regulations from taking effect. The
regulations in question require employers on
multiemployer worksites to exchange Material
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
Safety Data Sheets, which identify and provide
information about hazardous workplace prod
ucts.41 The Office of Management and Budget
rejected these regulations under its authority to
determine whether they require the “collection
of information” that is necessary for the proper
performance of the agency’s function.42
The court of appeals held that the Office of
Management and Budget’s actions were im
proper because the regulations required, not the
“collection of information,” but only its ex
change, and because they amounted to “sub
stantive policy decision making entrusted to the
[Department of Labor].”43 Because of the im
portant role played by the Office of Man
agement and Budget in Federal rulemaking,
particularly in highly regulated areas such as
workplace safety and health, the Supreme
Court’s decision interpreting the somewhat ob
scure Paperwork Reduction Act could have farreaching consequences.
Em ploym ent discrim ination
Hojfman-La Roche, Inc. v. Sperling44 deals
with the question of whether a Federal district
court may authorize and facilitate notice to po
tential class members of an Age Discrimination
in Employment Act45 class action case. Under
this statute, which incorporates certain powers,
remedies, and procedures of the Fair Labor
Standards Act, similarly situated persons may
participate in a suit only if they “opt in,” or
consent to join the suit.46 A court’s assistance in
facilitating notice can be crucial in identifying
potential class members and obtaining thenconsents.
In Hoffman-LaRoche, the court of appeals
held that the Fair Labor Standards Act, and thus
the Age Discrimination in Employment Act,
does not prohibit court-authorized notice. Such
notice, the court said, gives meaning to the
broad remedial purposes of the Fair Labor
Standards Act. Although Hojfman-La Roche
was brought under the Age Discrimination in
Employment Act, the Supreme Court’s decision
in this case will have ramifications beyond agediscrimination-in-employment cases because it
will also affect minimum wage, overtime, equal
pay, and other cases that are brought under sec
tion 16(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act.47
W orkers’ com pensation
Two decisions of the Virginia Supreme Court
construing the Longshore and Harbor Workers’
Compensation Act48 will be reviewed by the
U.S. Supreme Court in Chesapeake and Ohio
Railway Co. v. Schwalb49 and Norfolk and
Western Railway Co. v. Goode.50 Because the
Longshore Act is a Federal workers’ compensa
tion law, it usually is construed by Federal, not
State, courts. However, in the two cases in
question, the employees, who worked on a coal
loading pier as a janitor and a mechanic, had
brought cases in State court under the Federal
Employers’ Liability Act.51 The Longshore Act
became important only when their employers
argued that the workers met the definition of an
“employee” under that act, which, if that argu
ment were accepted, would mean that they
could pursue only Longshore Act remedies. The
Virginia Supreme Court rejected this argument,
as well as pertinent Federal appellate case law,52
and construed the Longshore Act to cover only
workers whose jobs bear a significant relation
ship to traditional maritime activities.53
The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural
Worker Protection Act54 is a Federal law that
protects the safety and health of migrant and
seasonal farm laborers. Under certain circum
stances, the act permits a farm laborer to sue for
damages caused by his or her employer’s failure
to comply with its provisions.55 In Adams Fruit
Co., Inc. v. Barrett,56 the Supreme Court has
been asked to decide whether the act preempts a
State workers’ compensation law that purports
to provide a worker’s exclusive remedy for an
on-the-job bodily injury.57
In the case at issue, several farmworkers were
injured in a work-related traffic accident. Al
though they received State workers’ compensa
tion benefits, they also filed suit for damages
against their employer under the Migrant and
Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act.58
In the suit, they claimed that their employer vio
lated the act by transporting them in an
unsafe vehicle, which caused the accident and
their injuries. The employer sought to have the
suit dismissed, arguing that the workers were
entitled only to receive State workers’ com
pensation benefits. The trial court agreed with
the employer, but the court of appeals reversed
the decision, holding that the “full purposes and
objectives of Congress” in enacting the Fed
eral law would be frustrated if workers were
afforded only State law remedies.59 Thus, the
appellate court held that the Migrant and Sea
sonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act pre
empted Florida’s restrictive statute. The
Supreme Court will decide whether this deci
sion was correct.60
□
Footnotes
1 See 58 U .S.L .W . 3144 (Aug. 29, 1989); see also, The
Suprem e C ourt, 1 9 8 7 Term — L eadin g C a ses, 102 Harv. L.
Rev. 143, 35 0 -5 8 (1988).
2 See Sup. Ct. R. 16, 17.
3 While this article was in preparation, the Court agreed
to hear arguments in two more labor cases: P ension Benefit
G uar. C orp. v. LTV C o rp ., 875 F.2d 1008 (2d Cir.), cert,
g ra n te d , 58 U .S.L .W . 3288 (U .S. Oct. 30, 1989) (No.
8 9 -390) (raising complicated bankruptcy, labor, and pen
sion issues); and Yellow F reight S y s . , Inc. v. D o n n e lly , 874
F .2d 402 (7th Cir.), cert, g ra n ted , 58 U .S.L .W . 3304 (U.S.
Oct. 30, 1989) (No. 89-431) (raising the issue of whether
Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases
under Title VII o f the Civil Rights Act of 1964).
4 See R etire d P erso n s P h a rm a cy v. nlrb , 519 F.2d 486
(2d Cir. 1975); and T errell M achine C o. v. nlrb , A l l F.2d
1088 (4th Cir.), cert, d e n ie d , 398 U .S. 929 (1970).
5 859 F .2d 362 (5th Cir. 1988), c e r t, g ra n te d , 57
U .S.L .W . 3841 (U .S. June 26, 1989) (No. 88-1685). Oral
argument was held on December 4, 1989.
6 I d .; Soule G la ss & G lazing C o. v. nlrb , 652 F.2d 1055,
1109-10 (1st Cir. 1981); and N a tio n a l C a r R en tal S y s ., Inc.
v. nlrb , 594 F.2d 1203 (8th Cir. 1979).
7 See nlrb v. W indham H o sp ., 577 F.2d 805 (2d Cir.
1978); nlrb v. Pennco, I n c . , 684 F.2d 340 (6th Cir.), cert,
d e n ie d , 459 U .S. 994 (1982); and B uckley B roa d ca stin g
C o r p . (S ta tio n k k h i ), 284 N .L .R .B . N o. 113, 125
L.R.R.M . ( bna ) 1281 (N .L .R .B . July 27, 1987), enforced
sub nom. nlrb v. B uckley B ro a d ca stin g C o r p ; Daily Lab.
Rep. (bna ) No. 241, at D -l (Dec. 7, 1989).
8 475 U .S. 608 (1986).
9 29 U .S.C . § 151 (1982).
10 According to the Court, the National Labor Relations Act
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
“preempts,” or overrides, State and local governments’ actions
in two types of labor situations: where the act specifically
prohibits or permits certain conduct, and where the act leaves
the labor-management relationship to be controlled only by “the
free play of economic forces.” 475 U.S. at 613-14.
11 42 U .S.C . § 1983 (1982).
12 129 L.R.R.M . ( bna ) 2401 (9th Cir. Sept. 15, 1988),
cert, g ra n ted , 57 U .S.L .W . 3550 (U .S. Feb. 21, 1989)
(No. 88-840).
13 Shortly before this article was published, the Supreme
Court issued a decision in this case. See G olden State Tran
sit C orp. v. C ity o f L os A n g e le s , 58 U .S.L .W . 4033 (U.S.
Dec. 5, 1989) (No. 88-840). In its decision, the Court re
versed the court of appeals and held that the city could be
sued under 42 U .S.C . § 1983 (1982) for improperly intrud
ing into the collective bargaining process. This decision will
be summarized in a future issue of the M onthly L abor
R eview .
14 863 F.2d 334 (4th Cir. 1988), c e rt, g r a n te d , 57
U .S.L .W . 3826 (U .S. June 19, 1989) (No. 88-1719). Oral
argument was held on December 6, 1989.
15 See D e lC o ste llo v. Intern ational B roth erh ood o f Team
sters, 462 U .S. 151, 164-65 (1963).
16 29 U .S.C . § 185 (1982).
17 The Supreme Court has recognized that a union’s duty
of fair representation is implicit in the union’s role under the
National Labor Relations Act, 29 U .S.C . § 151 (1982), as
the exclusive representative o f all bargaining unit em
ployees. See V aca v. Sipes, 386 U .S. 171 (1967).
18 “In Suits at common law...the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved....” U .S. Const, amend VII.
19 T erry presents a somewhat unusual hybrid § 301/dutyof-fair-representation case because the employer will not be
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
33
Labor and the Supreme Court, 1989-90
a party in the Supreme Court. This is because the employer filed
for protection under the bankruptcy laws after the Terry lawsuit
was initiated. See Chauffeurs and Teamsters, Local 391 v.
Terry, 863 F.2d 334, 335 n .l (4th Cir. 1988).
20 849 F.2d 997 (6th Cir. 1988), cert, granted, 57 U.S.L.W.
3550 (U.S. Feb. 21, 1989) (No. 88-124).
21 The duty-of-fair-representation claim in Breininger is dif
ferent from the “hybrid § 301/duty of fair representation” claim
in Terry because in Breininger there is no allegation under sec
tion 301 that the employer breached the collective bargaining
agreement. “Hybrid” cases may be brought in Federal district
courts because those courts have jurisdiction to try cases involv
ing breaches of collective bargaining agreements. See 29 U.S. C.
§ 185 (1982).
22 29 U.S.C. § 401 (1982).
23 After this article was prepared, the Supreme Court issued a
decision in this case. See Breininger v. Sheet M etal Workers,
L o c a l6 , 58 U.S.L.W. 4023 (U.S. Dec. 5, 1989) (No. 88-124).
In this decision, which will be summarized in a future issue of
the Monthly Labor Review, the Court reversed the court of ap
peals on the duty-of-representation issue, holding that Federal
district courts may exercise jurisdiction over these claims. The
Supreme Court agreed with the court of appeals, although for
different reasons, that the hiring hall practices of the union did
not constitute “discipline” under the Labor-Management Report
ing and Disclosure Act.
24 862 F.2d 880 (D .C . Cir. 1988), c ert, g r a n te d , 58
U.S.L.W. 3212 (U.S. Oct. 2, 1989) (No. 88-2123).
25 5 U.S.C. § 7106(a)(2)(B) (1988).
26 As the court of appeals indicated in D epartment o f Treasury
v. flra, the Fourth and Ninth Circuits reached a different result
on this issue in Departm ent o f Health and Human Serv. v. flra ,
844 F.2d 1087 (4th Cir. 1988) and Defense Language Inst. v.
flra, 767 F.2d 1398 (9th Cir. 1985), cert, dism issed, 476 U.S.
1110 (1986). See 862 F.2d at 882. Nevertheless, the D epartment
o f Treasury v. FLRA court felt constrained to follow eeoc v .
flra, 744 F.2d 842 (D.C. Cir. 1984), cert, dism issed, 476 U.S.
19 (1986), which it considered binding precedent in the District
of Columbia Circuit.
27 860 F.2d 396 (11th Cir. 1988), cert, granted, 58 U.S.L.W.
3212 (U.S. Oct. 2, 1989) (No. 89-65).
28 5 U.S.C. § 7103(a)(14) (1988).
29 5 U.S.C. § 7106(a)(1) (1988).
30 Sub nom. United States v. B oeing, 845 F.2d 476 (4th Cir.
1988), cert, granted, 57 U.S.L.W. 3653 (U.S. Apr. 3, 1989)
(No. 88-931). Oral argument was held on November 6, 1989.
31 845 F.2d 476 (4th Cir. 1988), cert, granted, 57 U.S.L.W.
3653 (U.S. Apr. 3, 1989) (No. 88-938). Oral argument was
held on November 6, 1989.
3218 U.S.C. § 209 (1982).
33 Id.
34 The trial court found that Boeing had not intended that the
severance payments serve as compensation for Government
service. Ordinarily, an appellate court will not disturb such fac
tual findings,unless they are clearly erroneous, which is what the
court of appeals found. The Supreme Court has been asked to
decide whether the appellate court’s ruling on the issue was
proper.
35 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d)(1) (1982). In general, to assign or
alienate means to transfer title or ownership rights to another
person or entity.
36 856 F.2d 1457 (10th Cir. 1988), c ert, g r a n te d , 57
U.S.L.W. 3841 (U.S. June 26, 1989) (No. 88-1105). Oral ar
gument was held on November 29, 1989.
37 The Court may also address the question of whether the
court of appeals correctly held that the trustee-beneficiary did
34 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
not raise, in a timely manner, the argument that under the Con
sumer Credit Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1673 (1982), only 25
percent of the pension benefits could be garnished.
38 Two courts of appeals reached results similar to Guidry.
See Crawford v. La Boucherie Bernard, Ltd., 815 F.2d 117
(D.C. Cir.), cert, denied, 484 U.S. 943 (1987); and St. Paul
Fire and Marine Ins. v. Cox, 752 F.2d 550 (11th Cir. 1985).
Two others reached contrary results. See Ellis N at’l Bank v.
Irving Trust, 786 F.2d 466 (2d Cir. 1986); and United M etal
Products v. National Bank o f Detroit, 811 F.2d 297 (6th Cir.
1987), cert, dism issed, 108 S. Ct. 1494 (1988). For a discussion
of how the Guidry court distinguished the latter two cases, see
856 F.2d at 1460 n.3.
39 855 F.2d 108 (D.C. Cir. 1988), c e rt, g r a n te d , 57
U.S.L.W. 3752 (U.S. May 15, 1989) (No. 88-1434).
40 44 U.S.C. § 3501 (1982 & Supp. V 1987).
41 See 29
cfr
§ 1910.1200(e)(2) (1988).
42 44 U.S.C. § 3504(c)(2) (1982).
43 855 F.2d at 112.
44 862 F.2d 439 (3d Cir. 1988), cert, granted, 57 U.S.L.W.
3619 (U.S. Mar. 20, 1989) (No. 88-1203). Oral argument was
held on October 2, 1989.
45 29 U.S.C § 621 (1982).
46 29 U.S.C § 626(b) (1982), incorporating 29 U.S.C §
216(b) (1982).
47 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (1982). On December 11, 1989, the
Supreme Court issued its decision in Hoffmann-LaRoche. 58
U.S.L.W. 4072 (U.S. Dec. 11, 1989) (No. 88-1203). Writing
for a 7 -2 majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy agreed with the
court of appeals. He ruled that Federal district court judges have
discretionary authority to authorize and facilitate notice in age
discrimination, as well as other, cases brought pursuant to 29
U.S.C. § 216(b) (1982).
48 33 U.S.C. § 901 (1982 & Supp. V 1987).
49 365 S.E.2d 742 (Va. 1988), cert, granted, 57 U.S.L.W.
3550 (U.S. Feb. 21, 1989) (No. 87-1979).
50 No. 870252 (Va. Apr. 22, 1988), cert, g ra n ted , 57
U.S.L.W. 3550 (U.S. Feb. 21, 1989) (No. 88-127).
51 45 U.S.C § 51 (1982).
52 See Price v. Norfolk & W. Ry. C o., 618F.2d 1059 (4th Cir.
1980).
53 A decision was issued in these two combined cases on
November 28, 1989. See Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v.
Schwalb, 58 U.S.L.W. 4015 (U.S. Nov. 28, 1989) (Nos. 871979 and 88-127). In its decision, the Supreme Court held that
the workers in question should be considered to be employees
that are covered by the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Com
pensation Act, 33 U.S.C. § 901 (1982 & Supp. V 1987). The
decisions of the Virginia Supreme Court were therefore
reversed.
54 29 U.S.C. § 1801 (1982 & Supp. V 1987).
55 29 U.S.C. § 1854 (1982).
56 867 F.2d 1305 (11th Cir.), cert, granted, 58 U.S.L.W.
3213 (U.S. Oct. 2, 1989) (No. 88-2035).
57 Ha. Stat. Ann. § 440.11 (West 1981).
58 29 U.S.C. § 1854 (Supp. V 1987).
59 867 F.2d at 1310.
60 The Court’s decision will resolve a split in the courts of
appeals. Contrary to the 11th Circuit’s decision, the Fourth Cir
cuit held that State workers’ compensation laws may restrict the
right to receive damages under the Migrant and Seasonal Agri
cultural Worker Protection Act. See Roman v. Sunny Slope
Farms, Inc., 817 F.2d 1116 (4th Cir.), cert, denied, 484 U.S.
855 (1987).
State labor legislation
enacted in 1989
Major laws were enacted on a variety
of subjects, including minimum wage,
parental leave, drug and a i d s testing,
and door-to-door sales by children
Richard R. Nelson
sizable increase in the volume of labor standards
legislation introduced and enacted by the States oc
curred in 1989.1 In addition, several legislatures
dealt with and enacted laws pertaining to difficult and some
times controversial issues that have emerged in recent years,
including parental leave, employee drug and a id s testing,
door-to-door sales by children, the effect of employment on
school performance, genetic screening, and workplace
smoking.
Attention was also given to minimum-wage protection
and other traditional subjects, including bans on employ
ment discrimination, collection of unpaid wages, and
worker safety and health.2
A
Wages. Again this year, minimum wage was a major sub
ject of legislative activity. A first-time law was enacted in
Iowa, and new actions increased rates in Arkansas, New
Hampshire, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, and
Wisconsin, and in Puerto Rico for employees of the restau
rant, bar, and soda fountain industry. Rates also increased as
the result of prior action in six other jurisdictions (Maine,
Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Vermont, the Virgin Islands, and
Washington [1988 ballot initiative]). Measures linking State
rates to future Federal rate increases were adopted in Dela
ware, Illinois, Montana (up to $4.00 an hour), and Nevada.
In Missouri, a State without a minimum-wage law, a bill
Richard R. Nelson is a State standards adviser in the Division of State
Employment Standards Programs, Office of State Liaison and Legislative
Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U .S . Department of
Labor. David A. Levy, also an adviser in the division, contributed to the
article.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
that would have enacted a law with a rate linked to the
Federal rate was vetoed.
Under a new law signed by the President on November
17, 1989, the Federal minimum wage will increase to $3.80
on April 1, 1990, with a further increase to $4.25 scheduled
for April 1, 1991. Beginning April 1, 1990, employers will
be permitted, under certain conditions, to pay workers under
20 years of age a subminimum training wage of not less than
$3.35 an hour for up to 90 days. Beginning April 1, 1991,
this sum will change to not less than the greater of $3.35 or
85 percent of the minimum wage. Payment of the training
wage is permitted for an additional 90 days with any other
employer where the youths are in approved on-the-job train
ing programs. Among other changes, new amendments ex
empt enterprises with annual gross volume of sales of less
than $500,000 and increase the maximum allowable tip
credit from 40 percent of the applicable minimum-wage rate
to 45 percent on April 1, 1990, and to 50 percent after
March 31, 1991. (A bill which would have raised the Fed
eral rate in three annual steps to $4.55 by October 1, 1991,
and included a temporary training wage for up to 60 days
cumulative for all employers was vetoed on June 13, 1989.)
Measures adopted in Delaware (for minors under age 18),
Iowa, Montana, North Dakota, and Wisconsin provide for
subminimum training rates, also.
By April 1, 1990, rates for ten States and three other
jurisdictions3 will exceed the $3.80 Federal rate for some or
all employees. Vermont will exceed $3.80 on July 2, 1990,
and New Hampshire on January 1, 1991. California, Con
necticut, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington now have
rates of $4.25 an hour. The District of Columbia and the
Virgin Islands exceed $4.25 for some or all workers, and
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
35
State Labor Legislation, 1989
future increases scheduled in Oregon (January 1, 1991) and
Iowa (January 1, 1992) will raise rates to $4.75 and $4.65,
respectively.
Among other significant minimum-wage and overtime
actions, coverage of the Oregon law was extended to per
sons regulated under the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act,
most agricultural workers, industrial homeworkers, and
private household employees working on a noncasual basis.
In North Carolina, persons employed in enterprises with
fewer than three employees will no longer be exempt from
minimum-wage, overtime, and recordkeeping provisions.
In Arkansas, the minimum-wage law was expanded to cover
employers of four or more, rather than five or more,
employees.
A comprehensive payday law enacted in Texas specifies
employer wage payment duties, restricts permissible wage
deductions, and establishes wage claim procedures and an
administrative penalty for violation. In Oregon, the Wage
Security Fund used to pay claims of employees whose em
ployers have ceased doing business and do not have suffi
cient assets to pay wage claims was extended for 3 years. In
Idaho, Connecticut, and Montana, additional wage collec
tion authority was granted to labor commissioners or direc
tors. Idaho and Virginia will now subject employers in
violation of wage payment requirements to civil penalties.
The Utah Industrial Commission may now impose a penalty
on employers of 5 percent of the unpaid wages, to be as
sessed daily until paid, for up to 20 days. In Montana, a
board was established under the Montana payment-of-wages
law to hear appeals of decisions by the Department of Labor
and Industry.
Legislation in North Dakota and Oregon addressed the
issue of equal pay for jobs of comparable value in the State
service. North Dakota established a pay equity implementa
tion fund to be used to establish equitable nondiscriminatory
compensation among all positions and classes within the
State’s classification plan. In Oregon, the legislative as
sembly is to provide ongoing oversight to ensure that
State service compensation and classification meet legal
requirements.
There was little prevailing wage legislation in 1989. Re
peal efforts failed in six States and efforts to enact laws
failed in three.4 Thirty-two States currently have prevailing
wage laws.5 Changes in the Illinois law included coverage
of projects financed with bonds issued under certain acts and
the addition of new penalties for violation. In New York, the
commissioner of labor was directed to assess a civil penalty
against any person demanding or receiving kickbacks of
employee wages. The California law was amended to add
debarment as a penalty for violation, to extend coverage to
public transportation demonstration projects, and to exempt
certain projects performed by volunteer labor. Local public
agencies were authorized to establish labor compliance pro
grams for public works projects.
Family issues. Increasing concern in meeting the needs of
the growing numbers of families in which both parents work
and of working mothers with young children who must
reconcile the demands of work and family was reflected in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
new legislation in the emerging areas of parental leave and
child care.
Parental leave for the birth, adoption, or serious illness of
a child was a subject of active interest in 1989. A new law
in Washington requires private-sector and local government
employers of 100 or more, as well as State agencies, to grant
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave in a 24-month period. Under
this law, an employer may limit or deny family leave to up
to 10 percent of those designated as key personnel. In Con
necticut, which had previously adopted a law applicable to
State employees, a private-sector law was enacted that re
quires employers of 250 or more to grant up to 12 weeks of
leave in a 2-year period. Coverage will be extended in steps
to employers of 75 or more and required leave extended to
16 weeks. Under new laws, State employees in North
Dakota are entitled to up to 4 months leave, permanent State
employees of West Virginia and of that State’s county
boards of education may receive up to 12 weeks during any
12-month period, and rules are to be adopted in Oklahoma
which will entitle permanent State employees to family
leave. In each instance, returning employees are guaranteed
reinstatement to the same job or a similar one. Connecticut,
North Dakota, Oklahoma, and West Virginia also allow use
of the leave to care for a seriously ill spouse or parent. North
Dakota, Oklahoma, and West Virginia allow the employee
to continue group health insurance at the employee’s ex
pense while on leave.
In a related development, a new maternity-leave law in
Vermont requires employers of 10 or more to grant up to 12
weeks of unpaid leave to female employees during preg
nancy and following childbirth. Reinstatement and continu
ation of benefits are also provided.
A pilot program to establish child care centers for children
of State employees is to be implemented by the Oklahoma
Office of Personnel Management; and in Arizona, employ
ers who subsidize child care through a licensed day care
center or other specified facilities will not be held liable for
damages if certain conditions are met.
Child labor. In the area of child labor, there is a tension
between the need by employers for workers in a shrinking
labor pool and a concern for the impact that working during
the school year has on the education of those who are
employed.
Reflecting growing concern for the negative effect that
employment of minors may have on academic performance,
the New Hampshire Youth Employment Law was amended
to require satisfactory academic performance in order for a
student to be issued a work certificate, with revocation if
performance slips.
The law now also limits the maximum hours of work of
16- and 17-year-old students. Also in New Hampshire, the
life of a study committee examining illiteracy and dropout
prevention, including the relationship between the number
of hours per week that a student works or participates in
sports and the student’s academic achievement, was ex
tended, and a questionnaire is to be distributed to determine
levels of participation of secondary students in schoolrelated activities and after-school employment, and to eval-
uate potential causes of student dropout. The Maine
compulsory school attendance law was amended to prohibit
the employment of any student who is habitually truant,
unless a release is obtained from the supervisory superin
tendent of schools. In Nebraska and Tennessee, resolutions
were adopted requesting studies of the effect of job-holding
on students.
Alaska adopted a new regulation, and Missouri and
Washington passed significant new pieces of legislation re
stricting the employment of children in door-to-door sales.
Under a new Alaska regulation, door-to-door sales were
determined to be dangerous and were prohibited for minors
under age 18. A Missouri child labor law amendment pro
vides that children under age 16 may not be employed in any
street occupation connected with peddling, door-to-door
selling, or a similar activity, unless the employer has
received written permission from the director of the Divi
sion of Labor Standards. A new Washington law prohibits
such work for children under age 16, unless the Department
of Labor and Industries grants a variance under certain cri
teria. California law now prohibits the employment of
minors under age 16 in door-to-door sales more than 50
miles from their homes.
Rhode Island dropped maximum-hours restrictions for
minors between the ages of 16 and 18 employed during
school vacations. In New Jersey, 14- and 15-year-olds may
now work until 9 p.m. in more occupations than previously
during summer vacation. In California, a permit to work up
to 2 hours a day and 4 hours a week may now be issued to
a 13-year-old potential school dropout who meets specified
requirements.
New restrictions were enacted in Maryland on the em
ployment of minors under age 18 in transporting cash, and
Missouri added a prohibition on working in any occupation
involving exposure to toxic or hazardous chemicals.
The labor commissioner in New Hampshire was author
ized to assess civil money penalties for violation; and in
South Carolina, criminal penalties for violation were elimi
nated and replaced with a warning for a first offense and a
fine determined by the commissioner of labor for each sub
sequent offense.
The Virginia compulsory school attendance law was
amended to require attendance to age 18 rather than 17.
Equal employment opportunity. Nearly one-half of the
States enacted legislation addressing one or more forms of
employment discrimination, with discrimination based on
age, sex, or handicap being the most common. Among
these, mandatory retirement will no longer be required for
members of the Connecticut Municipal Employee’s Retire
ment System, except for police and firefighters. Similar
legislation applies to tenured faculty of institutions of higher
education in Texas, and the Texas Human Rights Act was
amended to prohibit discrimination against persons over the
age of 40, instead of only those between 40 and 70. In
Kansas, the Commission on Civil Rights was authorized to
adopt rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the
State Age Discrimination in Employment Act.
Discrimination in employment on the basis of pregnancy,
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childbirth, or pregnancy-related conditions is now prohib
ited under the Utah Anti-Discrimination Act. In Oregon, it
is now unlawful to refuse to permit a pregnant employee to
transfer temporarily to less strenuous or hazardous work
whenever reasonable.
In North Dakota, employers must make reasonable ac
commodations for an otherwise qualified person with a
physical or mental disability and for a person’s religion.
Newer disability issues were the subject of laws in Texas,
where the ban on discrimination based on disability was
amended to specifically exclude persons with a currently
communicable disease or infection, including a i d s , under
certain conditions; and in Nebraska, a disability was rede
fined under the Fair Employment Practices Act to exclude
addiction to alcohol, controlled substances, or gambling.
Massachusetts enacted a law banning discrimination on
the basis of sexual orientation in employment, housing,
credit, insurance, and public accommodations.
Also, new Massachusetts civil rights provisions ban all
discrimination based on sex, race, color, creed, or national
origin. In Iowa, a proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the
State constitution was adopted, subject to passage by two
consecutive legislatures and approval in a general election.
Employee testing. Testing of employees, either for drug
or alcohol abuse or for the presence of a i d s virus ( h i v )
antibodies, which has emerged as an important and contro
versial issue in recent years, continued to be the subject of
proposed legislation in several jurisdictions. Comprehen
sive new drug-testing legislation was enacted in Florida and
Maine. The Maine law, applicable to both private- and
public-sector employers, and the Florida law, applicable to
agencies of the State government, permit drug testing of
applicants offered employment and current employees for
probable cause or while undergoing rehabilitation or treat
ment in a substance abuse rehabilitation program. Maine
permits random or arbitrary testing if provided for in collec
tive bargaining agreements and for employees in positions
possibly affecting the health or safety of the public or
coworkers; Florida permits testing as part of a routinely
scheduled medical examination. Testing procedures, em
ployee protections, and required notifications are specified
in both laws. Laws applying to schoolbus drivers and to the
Regional Transportation Authority were enacted in Illinois,
while in Iowa, a new law applied to operators of excursion
gambling boats. The Rhode Island law prohibiting testing of
private- and public-sector employees except for probable
cause was amended to permit testing in the public utility
mass transportation industry if required by Federal law or
regulation as a condition of receiving Federal funds.
New Mexico employers may not require individuals to
disclose the results of an AIDS-related test as a condition of
hiring, promotion, or continued employment, unless ab
sence of the virus infection is a bona fide occupational
qualification for the job. In North Carolina, employers may
not require or use an a i d s test to determine suitability for
continued employment, nor may they discriminate against
an employee with a i d s or h t v infection. They may, howMonthly Labor Review
January 1990
37
State Labor Legislation, 1989
ever, ( 1 ) require an a i d s test for job applicants, ( 2 ) deny
employment to an applicant who tests positive, (3) include
an a i d s test in annual medical exams required of all em
ployees, and (4) take actions, including termination, against
an employee who has a i d s and would pose a significant
health risk to others or who is unable to perform normal job
duties.
Ohio employers of persons with a i d s were granted immu
nity from liability for damages arising out of the transmis
sion of the H i v virus to another person and for damage
arising from a stress-related illness or injury that results
from an employee being required to work with a person who
has tested positive for the h i v virus or who has a i d s or a
related condition.
Private employment agencies. Among new laws in nine
States6 pertaining to the regulation of private employment
agencies and related businesses is a law in California under
which licensing of such agencies, as well as of employment
counseling and job listing services, is no longer required.
Under the law, practices such as false, misleading, or decep
tive advertising are prohibited. The Bureau of Personnel
Services, which administered the former law, is to be
phased out.
New registration requirements were enacted in Indiana
for certain nursing registries, in Ohio for job listing sub
scription services, in South Carolina for job listing services
and employment information centers, and in Texas for talent
agencies engaged in obtaining employment for actors, musi
cians, writers, models, and other artists. The Connecticut
law was amended to exempt agencies whose fees are paid by
employers, and the North Carolina law was amended to
exempt certain employer-fee-paid consulting services or
temporary help services.
Occupational safety and health. One or more laws dealing
with various aspects of worker safety and health were en
acted in 32 States. Two noteworthy laws were enacted in
Maine. One specified that a person having direct control of
any employment, place of employment, or employee will be
guilty of manslaughter if he or she intentionally or know
ingly violates any Federal or State occupational safety or
health standard and such violation results in an employee’s
death. The other requires employers using 25 or more video
display terminals at one location within the State to establish
education and training programs for operators of the termi
nals. In Connecticut, public works contracts are not to be
awarded to bidders cited for specified violations of any
occupational safety and health act.
The largest clusters of safety legislation involved laws
enacted to fulfill State obligations under the Federal Emer
gency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of
1986; new laws or amendments related to the control of
asbestos and the training and accreditation or certification of
persons engaged in asbestos abatement work; and laws reg
ulating smoking in the workplace, usually by requiring em
ployers to implement policies prohibiting or restricting such
smoking. New sections were added to the Washington
Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act regulating the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
storage and use of agricultural pesticides.
In Florida, the qualifications for employment as a fire
fighter were amended to require that any person initially
employed as a firefighter must not have used tobacco for at
least 1 year prior to application. On the other hand, in
Virginia, with the exception of firefighters and police
officers, no employee or applicant for public employment is
to be required, as a condition of employment, to smoke on
the job, or to abstain from smoking off the job.
In Oregon, it is now unlawful to require an employee or
applicant to refrain from using lawful tobacco products dur
ing non working hours as a condition of employment.
Other enactments included new laws or amendments per
taining to safety standards in mines, underground oil and gas
operations, trench excavation, boiler and pressure vessels,
and amusement ride and elevator operation.
As required by Proposition 97, approved by the voters in
November 1988, the California Occupational Safety and
Health Administration ( c a l / o s h a ) program in the private
sector was restored, and the State Division of Occupational
Safety and Health resumed nearly full enforcement of
private-sector job safety and health rules in the State.
Meal periods. New meal period requirements were en
acted in Minnesota, where employees who work 8 or more
consecutive hours must be given a meal break, and in Con
necticut, where, with certain exceptions, employers of five
or more on a shift at a single place of business must grant at
least a 30-minute meal period to an employee working l \ or
more consecutive hours. Under new amendments expanding
coverage of the Oregon minimum-wage law, existing meal
and rest period requirements will be extended to newly
covered workers.
Other legislation. Six States7 enacted or modified
“whistleblower” laws designed to protect employees from
employer retaliation for reporting violations to a public
body, or for participating in an investigation, hearing, or
court action. Other States passed legislation pertaining to
carrying out duties and responsibilities pursuant to the Fed
eral Job Training Partnership Act. Several States passed
laws requiring clearance checks of prospective employees in
occupations involving supervision of children. In Texas, the
Department of Labor and Standards became the Department
of Licensing and Regulation, with most labor functions
transferred to the Texas Employment Commission; and in
West Virginia and Wyoming, the labor departments and
other agencies were incorporated into new consolidated de
partments. Laws to encourage the formation of employeeowned enterprises were enacted in Montana and Pennsylvania.
Among amendments to the Wisconsin law requiring ad
vance notice of a business closing or mass layoff, coverage
was extended to employers of 50 or more rather than 100 or
more and changes were made in penalty provisions.
Other laws of interest include establishment in California
of guidelines for voluntary health insurance coverage for
employees. In Vermont, a new law requires that the same
group health insurance benefits be offered to part-time em
ployees as to other employees. In Missouri, employees
called for jury duty are now protected from discharge or
other adverse action.
The New York apparel registration law was extended to
cover manufacturers and contractors of men’s apparel.
Alaska
Child labor. By regulation, occupa
tions involved in canvassing, peddling, so
licitation of door-to-door contributions, or
acting as outside salespersons from house
to house were determined to be dangerous
and prohibited to minors under age 18.
Worker privacy. Employers must per
mit current and former employees to in
spect and make copies of their personnel
files and other personnel information con
cerning them, under reasonable rules, dur
ing regular business hours.
Whistleblower. A Protection for Whis
tleblowers law was enacted prohibiting any
public employer from discharging, threat
ening, or otherwise discriminating against
an employee because he or she has reported
a matter of public concern to a public body,
including a violation of law, danger to pub
lic health or safety, or gross mismanage
ment, or has participated in a court action,
investigation, hearing, or inquiry held by a
public body on a matter of public concern.
Also prohibited is disqualifying a public
employee or other person from bidding on
contracts or receiving other rights, privi
leges, or benefits because of such actions.
To be protected, a person must report the
information in good faith and meet other
requirements.
Other laws. Employers are prohibited
from penalizing or threatening to penalize
an employee because the employee has
been the victim of a crime and has been
subpoenaed or requested by the prosecuting
attorney to attend a court proceeding in
order to testify.
Arizona
Whistleblower. State employees against
whom adverse personnel action is taken as
a result of their disclosure of information to
a public body relating to violations of law,
mismanagment, gross waste of monies, or
abuse of authority may now recover back
pay, costs, attorney fees, and general and
special damages, and may be reinstated. A
procedure was established for appeal to the
State Personnel Board of a personnel action
that an employee or former employee be
lieves to have occurred as a result of the
disclosure of information to a public body.
An employee who knowingly commits
such a prohibited personnel practice or who
knowingly makes a false accusation is sub
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Oregon made it unlawful to subject an employee or appli
cant to a genetic screening or brain-wave test.
The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, of labor
legislation enacted during 1989.
ject to a civil penalty of up to $25,000 and
dismissal from employment.
Other laws. Employers who subsidize
employee child care on a nondiscriminatory basis through a licensed day care cen
ter or other specified facilities are not liable
for damages as a result of an act or omis
sion of the day care center or provider,
unless the employer is guilty of gross negli
gence in recommending the center or
provider, or is acting as the owner, or has
an interest in or operates the day care center
or facility.
Arkansas
Wages. Beginning September 1,1989,
the minimum wage was increased from
$3.30 to $3.35 per hour, and coverage of
the law was expanded to include employers
of four or more rather than five or more.
Equal employment opportunity. All
State-supported colleges and universities
must now regularly prepare 5-year affirma
tive action plans for the recruitment of
blacks and other minorities for faculty and
staff positions and as students.
Labor relations. Picketing or demon
strating before a private residence is pro
hibited, even if the residence is also a place
of employment.
Other laws. An amendment requires
that the director of the Department of Labor
be a person who, on account of his or her
previous vocation, employment, or affilia
tion, can be classed as a representative of
employees.
The State Labor Board, the Employment
Agency Advisory Council, and the Coal
Mine Examining Board were abolished and
their functions transferred to the Depart
ment of Labor. The Merit System Board
was also abolished.
Civil penalties of from $250 to $500 re
placed criminal penalties for contractors
who list or use unlicensed subcontractors
on public works contracts.
Employers must schedule the work hours
of employees on election days in such a
way as to assure that each employee will
have an opportunity to vote.
California
Wages. Employees or their legal rep
resentatives may bring court action for a
temporary restraining order to prevent an
employer from doing business in the State
who has twice within 10 years been con
victed of a violation of the wage payment
law or who has failed to satisfy a wage
claim judgment, until the employer posts a
bond payable to the labor commissioner.
The bond must be the greater of $25,000 or
25 percent of the weekly gross payroll.
The labor commissioner is to publicize
annually the existence of the Industrial Re
lations Unpaid Wage Fund, including an
address and telephone number where any
worker may inquire as to unpaid wages and
benefits.
Contractors and subcontractors in willful
violation of the prevailing wage law may be
barred from bidding on or receiving any
public works contract for a period of from
1 to 3 years. With certain exceptions, the
permitted ratio of apprentices to journey
men will now be based on the number of
hours worked by each rather than on the
numbers of individuals employed. Work
performed entirely by volunteer labor on
projects for private nonprofit community
organizations and approved by the director
of industrial relations is exempt from
wage laws. Local public agencies may es
tablish labor compliance programs for pub
lic works projects and retain fines and
penalties assessed for violations. The direc
tor may establish rules and regulations con
cerning the responsibilities and duties of
these awarding bodies and hear appeals of
their enforcement actions. Where such a
labor compliance program is in effect, the
threshold dollar amount for coverage of
public works projects will be $25,000 for
new construction and $15,000 for alter
ation, demolition, repair, or maintenance
work. Otherwise, a $1,000 amount is
applicable.
For purposes of payment of prevailing
wages, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and
the employment of apprentices, the defini
tion of public works was extended to in
clude public transportation demonstration
projects.
Child labor. Minors under the age of
16 may not be employed in door-to-door
selling of newspapers, magazine subscrip
tions, candy, or other merchandise more
than 50 miles from their homes. (The min
imum age for employment in door-to-door
sales remains at 12.) The prohibition
against the employment of minors in ob
scene, indecent, or immoral activities was
extended to include 16- and 17-year-olds,
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
39
State Labor Legislation, 1989
instead of only those under the age of 16.
The provision under which sanctions may
be imposed for violations of the child labor
law was amended to extend the labor com
missioner’s jurisdiction to the employ
ment of minors under age 18 who are not
required to attend school solely because
they are not State residents. Previously, the
jurisdiction included only those under 18
who are required to attend school.
For purposes of regulating permitted
hours of employment, “schoolday” in the
child labor law was defined as being a day
that a minor is enrolled in any class being
taught in summer school, in year-round
school, or during the regular school year.
A permit to work up to 2 hours a day and
4 hours a week may now be issued to a
13-year-old who has completed the sixth
grade, has been identified as a potential
school dropout, and is participating in a
school-district-sponsored employment pro
gram, provided the program fosters the stu
dent’s appreciation of the importance of
education. Work permits are otherwise
issued to minors aged 14 to 18.
Agriculture. A section was added to
the farm labor contractor licensing law
prohibiting making false, fraudulent, or
misleading representations that a person’s
employment in the growing or producing of
farm products or an employee benefit will
be jeopardized unless he or she pays for
transportation to or from the employer’s
business or worksite. Violation will be a
misdemeanor punishable by a fine of from
$500 to $5,000, imprisonment for up to 30
days, or both. An aggrieved individual may
bring civil action for injunctive relief, dam
ages, or both. Any other party may also
seek injunctive relief.
Garment industry. Registered garment
manufacturers must display, at the front en
trance of the business premises, the name
of the registrant and the address and gar
ment manufacturing registration number of
the business.
Private employment agencies. The
Employment Agency Act was repealed,
and a new Employment Agency, Employ
ment Counseling and Job Listing Services
Act was approved. Under the new law, li
censing is no longer required. Each agency
or service continues to be required to post a
surety bond. Specified requirements are
mandated, including written contracts with
those seeking employment and the mainte
nance of certain records. Various practices
are prohibited, such as false, misleading,
or deceptive advertising and the acceptance
of confessions of judgment, promissory
notes, or assignment of wages to cover the
agency’s fees. The Bureau of Personnel
Services in the Department of Consumer
Affairs, which administered the former
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law, is to be phased out. Enforcement of
the new law is through the attorney general,
district attorney, or city attorney. A private
right of action is provided to recover up to
triple damages. The department is to sub
mit reports to the legislature, including a
final report by June 30, 1991, on the imple
mentation of the act.
Occupational safety and health. The
California Division of Occupational Safety
and Health resumed nearly fiill responsibil
ity for enforcement of private-sector job
safety and health rules in the State in early
October 1989. Formerly, the responsibil
ity was shared with the Federal Occupa
tional Safety and Health Administration.
Proposition 97, approved by the voters in
November 1988, required restoration of the
California Occupational Safety and Health
Administration ( c a l / o s h a ) program in the
private sector, eliminated in the Governor’s
1987-88 budget by use of line-item veto
authority. The State had continued to pro
vide public-sector enforcement.
Among changes to the occupational
safety and health law, all employers are to
establish and maintain an effective, written
injury prevention program, including iden
tification and evaluation of workplace
hazards, methods and procedures for cor
recting unsafe or unhealthy conditions, and
an employee training program. Employers
are prohibited from discharging or other
wise discriminating against an employee
because of the employee’s participation in
an occupational safety and health commit
tee established as part of a prevention pro
gram. The Director of Industrial Relations
is to establish a list of the 100 highest haz
ard industries in the State, such list to be
used in allocating resources for the schedul
ing of safety and health inspections.
Other laws. The “Tucker Health Care
Coverage Act of 1989” established guide
lines for voluntary health insurance cover
age for employees, including minimum
standards relating to employer payment of
partial cost, employee coverage, and health
care benefits. The Governor is to designate
a State agency, department, or advisory
board to research, report, and make recom
mendations on potential cost savings and
the feasibility of enacting a voluntary
health insurance program. The report is to
be submitted to the Governor and the legis
lature by March 1, 1990, and the guidelines
will become operative on January 1, 1992,
based upon the findings of the report.
Employers are prohibited from discharg
ing or otherwise discriminating against an
employee for taking time off to perform
emergency duty as a volunteer firefighter.
Aggrieved employees are entitled to rein
statement and reimbursement for lost
wages and benefits.
Colorado
Hours. A new provision applicable to
underground mines, underground work
ings, and smelters permits work in excess
of 8 hours a day, provided that the operator
establishes a work plan setting forth terms
and conditions for work beyond these
hours, and at least one week’s notice is
given to employees except in emergencies.
Equal employment opportunity. Be
ginning July 1, 1992, the prohibition
against employment discrimination based
upon handicap will apply to mental as well
as physical impairments. It is now an un
fair employment practice to discriminate
against any person because he or she has
opposed a discriminatory practice, filed a
charge with the Civil Rights Commission,
or testified, assisted, or participated in an
investigation, proceeding, or hearing.
It is now an unfair employment or dis
criminatory practice for an employer to
discharge an employee or refuse to hire a
person solely because the individual is mar
ried to or plans to marry another employee
of the employer, except where one spouse
would have supervisory or disciplinary
powers over the other, would audit or be
entrusted with monies received or handled
by the other, or would have access to the
employer’s confidential information, in
cluding payroll and personnel records.
Labor relations. Police or sheriff’s of
ficers may now be temporarily assigned to
areas where there is a labor dispute if the
situation or incident for which such tempo
rary assignment has been requested is not
the direct result of the dispute and does not
involve individuals participating in the
dispute or, upon authorization by the Gov
ernor, if such assignment is deemed neces
sary as the direct result of a labor dispute.
Employment and training. The Colo
rado Existing Industry Training Program
was created to train or retrain workers for
companies affected by major technological
change or for situations where training is
deemed crucial for the company and for
worker retention.
Preference. A July 1, 1989, repeal
date was eliminated for the resident bidder
preference on State contracts awarded for
commodities and services.
Other laws. Among changes to the
Uniform Jury Selection and Service Act,
employers are prohibited from willfully ha
rassing employed jurors or interfering with
the effective performance of a juror, in ad
dition to firing, threatening, or coercing as
previously prohibited. In the event of viola
tion of the act, a juror may bring civil ac
tion for damages, or injunctive relief, or
both. Courts may now award treble dam
ages and attorney fees upon a finding of
willful misconduct against the employer.
Connecticut
Wages. The commissioner of labor
may now collect the full amount of unpaid
minimum and overtime wages due em
ployees, without individual assignments of
wages, as well as interest from the date the
wages should have been paid. The commis
sioner may bring any legal action necessary
to recover twice the amount of unpaid
wages. An employee bringing civil action
may also now recover twice the wages due.
The commissioner may collect the full amount
of any unpaid wages, payments due an em
ployee welfare fund, or an arbitration award,
due under the wage payment law, plus interest
from the date payment should have been
made. The commissioner may bring legal ac
tion to recover twice the amount due.
An employer may not request or require
reimbursement from an employee for any
loss or shortage incurred in the course of
the employer’s business as a result of any
wrongdoing on the part of a customer.
Overtime pay requirements were
amended to exempt beer delivery truckdrivers employed by licensed distributors,
except those paid on an hourly basis, and to
clarify the exemption for certain inside
salespersons.
The required minimum wage for sup
ported work, education, and training pro
grams will now be the State minimum rate,
rather than the Federal.
Hours. With certain exceptions, after
July 1, 1990, no person who works for an
employer employing five or more em
ployees on a shift at a single place of busi
ness is to be required to work for l \ or more
consecutive hours without a meal period of
at least 30 consecutive minutes, given be
tween the first 2 and last 2 hours of work.
The law does not apply to public
schoolteachers.
Parental leave. Beginning July 1,
1990, private-sector employers of 250 or
more must grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid
family or medical leave in a 2 -year period
to employees with at least 12 months’ serv
ice. On July 1, 1991, the maximum
required leave increases to 16 weeks. Cov
erage will be extended to employers of 100
or more and 75 or more in steps, and after
July 1, 1993, all such employers will be
subject to the 16-week requirement. Family
leave is for the birth, adoption, or serious
illness of a child, or the serious illness of a
spouse or parent, while medical leave is for
a serious employee illness. Upon return
from leave, employees are entitled to rein
statement, with all benefits accumulated at
the commencement of the leave. Employ
ers are prohibited from discharging or
discriminating against employees for exer
cising their rights under this act. Adminis
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tration is vested in the Department of
Labor.
Equal employment opportunity. Re
tirement at age 70 is no longer mandatory
for members of the Municipal Employee’s
Retirement System, except for police and
firefighters, who must retire at 65 unless
they receive annual approval to continue
working from the municipal legislative
body. The prohibition against the manda
tory retirement, at age 70, of tenured em
ployees at independent institutions of
higher education, scheduled to go into ef
fect on January 1, 1994, will now be effec
tive after July 1, 1993.
The prohibition against any teacher who
has reached 61 years of age from becoming
a member of the Connecticut Teachers Re
tirement System for the first time was
repealed.
Among changes made in the Human
Rights Act, the Commission on Human
Rights and Opportunities is to be organized
into a Division of Affirmative Action
Monitoring and Contract Compliance, a
Division of Discriminatory Practice Com
plaints, and other divisions or units as
deemed necessary. An executive director
position was created, and procedural
changes were made to the process of re
solving complaints of discriminatory
practices.
On July 1, 1990, the Division of Reha
bilitation Services of the State Board of
Education will become the Bureau of Reha
bilitation Services in the Department of
Human Resources. The Commissioner of
Human Resources is to develop and main
tain a program of public education and in
formation concerning the Bureau’s services
to persons with disabilities.
Private employment agencies. Private
employment agencies whose fees are paid
by employers are no longer required to reg
ister with the labor commissioner.
Occupational safety and health. No
public work contract is to be awarded by
the State or any political subdivision to any
bidder who has been cited for three or more
willful or serious and unabated violations
of any occupational safety and health act
during the 3-year period preceding the bid,
or who has received one or more criminal
convictions related to the injury or death of
any employee in the 3-year period preced
ing the bid. Any person who knowingly
provides false information concerning the
information required by this law will be
assessed a civil money penalty and will be
disqualified from bidding on or participat
ing in a contract with the State or any polit
ical subdivision for 5 years.
Among amendments to the Emergency
Planning and Community-Right-to-Know
Act, reports on the presence of extremely
hazardous substances must now be made to
the State Emergency Response Commis
sion and the local emergency planning
committee. Reports on the release of ex
tremely hazardous substances and material
safety data sheets for hazardous chemicals
must be submitted to the commission, the
local emergency planning committee, and
the fire department.
Employment and training. An Em
ployment and Training Commission was
created within the Department of Labor to
carry out the duties and responsibilities of a
State job training and coordinating council
pursuant to the Federal Job Training Part
nership Act. The commission replaces the
Job Training Coordinating Council in the
Office of Policy and Management.
Preference. Residency requirements
are prohibited as a condition of employ
ment for municipal employees whose posi
tions are subject to terms of collective
bargaining agreements.
Other laws. An employer who makes
deductions from an employee’s wages for
group hospital or medical insurance and
who fails to purchase such coverage will be
liable for benefits that would have been
provided if coverage had been procured. In
the case of a corporation, any officer re
sponsible for procuring such coverage who
willfully fails to do so will be personally
liable for benefits not received if the
amount owed cannot be collected from the
corporation itself.
Delaware
Wages. The minimum wage, previ
ously set by statute at $3.35 per hour, will
automatically increase to match any in
crease in the Federal rate. Employers may
pay less than the minimum, but not less
than $3 .3 5 per hour, to employees age 18
or younger who have been employed by the
employer for a period of 90 days or less.
Florida
Equal employment opportunity. State
executive agencies must now submit an an
nual affirmative action plan to the Depart
ment of Administration describing goals
for ensuring full utilization of underrepre
sented groups. All supervisors must receive
training in the principles of equal employ
ment opportunity and affirmative action.
Each State attorney and public defender
must now also develop and implement af
firmative action plans.
Employee testing. A Drug-Free Work
place Act was approved, applicable to
agencies of State Government. Job appli
cants may be denied employment upon
refusal to be tested or upon a positive conMonthly Labor Review
January 1990
41
State Labor Legislation, 1989
firmed test result. Employees may be re
quired to undergo a test upon reasonable
suspicion of drug usage, as part of a rou
tinely scheduled fitness-for-duty medical
examination, or as a follow-up to an em
ployee assistance program for drug- or
alcohol-related problems. Employees have
the right to explain positive test results.
With certain exceptions, employees may
not be discharged, disciplined, or discrimi
nated against solely on the basis of a first
positive confirmed drug test, unless they
have refused to participate in an employee
assistance program or alcohol and drug re
habilitation program or failed to complete
such a program. Testing procedures and
various employee protections and required
notifications are specified in the law.
The law prohibiting employers from re
quiring a i d s testing as a condition of hir
ing, promotion, or continued employment,
or from discriminating on the basis of test
results, was amended to prohibit such dis
crimination on the basis of knowledge or
belief that an a i d s test was taken or on the
perceived results of the test. All health care
workers are now protected against employ
ment discrimination that occurs because of
their treatment or care of patients infected
with H IV . Employers providing or adminis
tering health or life insurance benefits to
employees must develop and implement
procedures to maintain the confidentiality
of all records relating to the medical condi
tion or status of any persons covered by
such benefits.
Worker privacy. It will not be unlaw
ful for any person to provide a financial
institution with employment information
about an employee’s or former employee’s
known or suspected involvement in a viola
tion of any law, rule, or regulation which
has been reported to State or Federal
authorities.
Occupational safety and health. Oper
ators of permanent or temporary amuse
ment devices or attractions must obtain a
permit from the Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services. Inspection must
be conducted before a permit is issued and
at least annually thereafter. Devices or at
tractions that fail to pass an inspection may
not be operated.
Any person initially employed as a fire
fighter must be a nonuser of tobacco or
tobacco products for at least 1 year preced
ing application.
Hawaii
Wages. Four separate resolutions were
adopted expressing opposition to the final
rule of the U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development preempting Statedetermined prevailing wage rates which
exceed federally determined rates, for
workers on public and Indian housing
projects, and urging the Department to re
consider the ruling.
Parental leave. Resolutions were
adopted requesting the Governor to con
vene an interim task force to examine a
1989 Legislative Reference Bureau study
and to propose legislation to implement a
statewide family leave policy. The task
force is to include representatives from the
Department of Labor and Industrial Rela
tions, the University of Hawaii Industrial
Relations Center, the State Commission on
the Status of Women, and several other
organizations.
Child labor. Any employer who em
ploys a child who is excused from school
attendance by a school superintendent or
family court on the basis of being at least 15
years old and suitably employed is to notify
the child’s school within 3 days of termina
tion of the child’s employment.
Equal employment opportunity. A law
was enacted implementing the transfer of
employment discrimination enforcement
and administration from the Department of
Labor and Industrial Relations to the Civil
Rights Commission, as provided in 1988
legislation.
Worker privacy. The Uniform Infor
mation Practices Act was amended to
provide for the disclosure, to exclusive rep
resentatives under the public-sector collec
tive bargaining law, of information related
to the administration of authorized payroll
deductions.
Idaho
Georgia
A Gover
nor-appointed Employment and Training
Council was created pursuant to the Federal
Job Training Partnership Act. The council
is to assist the commissioner of labor in
Employment and training.
Monthly Labor Review
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adopting rules and regulations concerning
the construction, use, or safety of eleva
tors, dumbwaiters, escalators, manlifts,
and moving walks; boilers and pressure
vessels; amusement rides; and carnival
rides. The council will also assist in estab
lishing training standards and preparing the
hazardous chemical list required under the
Public Employee Hazardous Chemical Pro
tection and Right to Know Act. Separate
advisory councils in each of these areas
were eliminated.
January 1990
Wages. Among changes to the wage
payment and collection law, the director of
the Department of Labor and Industrial
Services may now accept wage claims of
up to $2,000 instead of $1,000. The direc
tor is also authorized to issue orders for
administrative remedies and to levy civil
penalties of up to $500 per pay period
against employers engaging in a consistent
pattern of untimely wage payments. Em
ployers are prohibited from discharging or
retaliating against an employee for filing a
complaint or participating in an investiga
tion conducted by the department. Changes
were also made in the time frames for pay
ment of wages upon layoff or termination
of employment, and in the maximum pe
riod permitted between the end of a pay
period and the payday. In case of a dispute
as to the amount of wages due, employers
are to pay the wages conceded to be due.
Employers are also to maintain employ
ment records for at least 2 years, to notify
employees at the time of hiring of the rate
of pay and usual day of payment, to notify
them of any reduction in wages, and, upon
a written request, to furnish the department
with the information it is authorized to ac
quire for enforcement purposes.
Illinois
Wages. Hereafter, the State minimumwage rate may not be less than the Federal
rate, and wages paid to employees under
age 18 may not be more than 50 cents
below the adult minimum wage. Also, the
Department of Labor may now make as
signments of claims for minimum-wage
underpayments in trust for assigning em
ployees and bring legal action to collect
them. Employers will be required to pay
the costs incurred in collecting such claims
and will be liable to the department for 2 0
percent of the amount of underpayment.
Employees of not-for-profit educational
or residential child care institutions who are
directly involved daily in educating or car
ing for children residing at the facility who
are orphans, foster children, abused, ne
glected, abandoned, or otherwise homeless
are exempt from overtime pay require
ments. The exemption is contingent upon
receipt of specified minimum annual
salaries.
For purposes of coverage under the pre
vailing wage law, the definition of “public
works” now includes projects financed in
whole or part with bonds issued under the
Illinois Municipal Code, the Industrial
Building Revenue Bond Act, or the Devel
opment Finance Authority Act, or with
bonds issued or loans made available pur
suant to the Build Illinois Bond Act. Public
works contract bid specifications are to list
prevailing rates in the locality for each re
quired craft or type of worker or mechanic.
Department of Labor rate revisions will ap
ply to such a contract, and the public body
will be responsible for notifying the con
tractor and subcontractors. Contractors or
subcontractors who have paid workers less
than required will be liable to the depart
ment for 2 0 percent of the underpayments
and will also be liable to the workers for
punitive damages. The department will
have a right of action on behalf of any un
derpaid employees.
Provisions of the Illinois Purchasing
Act, requiring that prospective bidders be
prequalified to determine their responsibil
ity, were amended to require that an appli
cant for prequalification list all public
works contracts performed within the last 2
years, or the 4 most recent such contracts,
whichever is fewer, and indicate whether
the State prevailing wage law has been
complied with.
Employee testing. Persons desiring a
schoolbus driver permit will now be re
quired to submit to tests for drug and alco
hol use.
The Regional Transportation Authority
and all of the service boards subject to the
Authority, including the Chicago Transit
Authority, are to establish, maintain, ad
minister, and enforce a comprehensive
drug-testing program that conforms to Fed
eral statutes and regulations.
Labor relations. Backpay awards for
unfair labor practice violations under the
Public Labor Relations Act and the Illinois
Educational Labor Relations Act will now
include 7 percent annual interest. Among
other amendments, firefighters employed
by State universities will be covered by the
Public Labor Relations Act, not by the Ed
ucational Labor Relations Act, and changes
were made in impasse resolution proce
dures pertaining to security employee,
peace officer, and firefighter disputes.
Occupational safety and health. The
Department of Mines and Minerals was au
thorized to adopt rules, conduct inspec
tions, and require compliance with health
and safety standards for the protection of
workers in underground oil and gas opera
tions. The rules may include minimum
qualifications of personnel, minimum
standards for equipment operation and
maintenance, and safety procedures and
precautions.
Under the Toxic Substances Disclosure
to Employees Act, employers now will not
have to provide an employee education and
training program if no employees are ex
posed to toxic substances.
Employment and training. The De
partment of Commerce and Community
Affairs will now facilitate and fund (1) the
training of employees of companies that
seek to develop new overseas markets, (2 )
the customized training of employees of
companies in enterprise zones, and (3) the
self-employment training of the unem
ployed and underemployed. The depart
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ment is to assist and encourage an employer
in reemploying persons previously em
ployed at the facility if the employer is
reopening a facility closed within the pre
ceding 2 years and a substantial number of
the workers previously employed there re
main unemployed.
Indiana
Wages. The wage payment law now
permits employee wages to be paid by elec
tronic transfer to a financial institution des
ignated by the employee.
Agriculture. The State Board of
Health may now issue permits limited to
one or more specific living areas of an agri
cultural work camp, and more than one per
mit may be issued to a camp operator. The
board is authorized to designate an agent
empowered to conduct inspections and may
issue an order of compliance and impose
civil penalties for violations. Agricultural
labor camp owners and operators may im
pose a penalty on an agricultural worker
who knowingly or intentionally damages
property in the camp.
Equal employment opportunity. A sex
ual harassment task force was created and
assigned various duties, including educat
ing the public and employers about ways to
reduce sexual harassment and developing
and presenting training programs concern
ing its prevention.
Employee testing. Employers who es
tablish or maintain a drug and alcohol
abuse prevention program for employees
are now entitled to a tax credit based upon
the amount invested in such a program.
To qualify, the program must provide
counseling, advice, employee education, a
treatment referral service, and an opportu
nity for employees to participate in the
program.
Private employment agencies. Nurs
ing registries that employ or refer nurses,
nurse aides, or medical technicians, for a
fee, to act on a temporary basis for a health
care provider must now obtain a certificate
of registration from the State Board of
Health. The new law also establishes
recordkeeping, malpractice liability in
surance, and employee identification card
requirements.
Occupational safety and health. The
Bureau of Mines and Mining Safety is to
( 1) provide mine operators with safety con
sultation services and mine safety and
health education information, (2 ) provide
safety and health training, as required by
the Federal Mine Safety and Health Admin
istration, to mine operators and workers
who do not otherwise have training avail
able, and (3 ) investigate all mining fatali
ties for data collection purposes.
Iowa
Wages. A first-time minimum-wage
law was enacted, with rates to match the
current Federal rate or the State schedule of
rates, whichever is greater. Under the State
law, a rate of $3.35 an hour took effect July
1, 1989, increasing to $3.85 on January 1,
1990. Further increases are to $4.25,
scheduled for January 1, 1991, and to
$4.65, for January 1, 1992. For the first 90
calendar days with an employer, em
ployees are to receive an hourly minimum
of $3.35 during 1990, increasing to $3.85
January 1, 1991, and to $4.25 January 1,
1992. A tip credit of up to 40 percent is
permitted for tipped employees of restau
rants, hotels, motels, inns, or cabins. Cov
erage and exemptions were adopted from
the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act by
reference, except that fewer retail and serv
ice establishments are exempt under the
State law because the gross volume of sales
under which such establishments are ex
empt is less than 60 percent of that under
the Federal act. The law is administered by
the labor commissioner, and is enforced
pursuant to the State’s existing wage payment/collection law.
Equal employment opportunity. A pro
posed Equal Rights Amendment to the
State constitution was adopted, subject to
passage by two consecutive legislatures
and approval in a general election. A simi
lar proposed amendment was defeated in
the 1980 general election.
Employee testing. As part of new leg
islation permitting the operation of excur
sion gambling boats, periodic drug testing
will be required of persons employed as
captains, pilots, or physical operators of
these boats.
Occupational safety and health. A
Governor-appointed emergency response
commission was established to carry out
the functions and duties specified in State
law and those required of the State under
the Federal Emergency Planning and Com
munity Right-to-Know Act. Provision was
made for allocation of duties to the De
partment of Employment Services, the
Department of Natural Resources, and the
Department of Public Defense. The com
mission may take civil action against facil
ity owners or operators who violate specific
Federal requirements.
Employment and training. An employ
ment retraining fund, administered by the
Department of Economic Development, is
to be established to remedy structural im
balances in the job market by funding
agreements with participating businesses
for retraining workers to provide them with
marketable skills in demand by State
employers.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
43
State Labor Legislation, 1989
Whistleblower. An amendment to the
State’s “whistleblower” law now allows
aggrieved employees relief by enforcement
through civil action, including reinstate
ment with or without backpay, in addition
to criminal penalties as previously pro
vided. Also, employees may now disclose
information described in the law to any
public official, law enforcement agency, or
employees of the general assembly.
Other laws. The labor commissioner
was authorized to adopt rules, pursuant to
the Administrative Procedure Act, for the
purpose of administering all chapters under
his or her jurisdiction.
Kansas
A new
law authorizes the Commission on Civil
Rights to adopt rules and regulations to
carry out the provisions of the State Age
Discrimination in Employment Act.
The advisory committee on employment
of the handicapped, within the Department
of Human Resources, was abolished and
replaced by a commission on disability
concerns, with responsibility to carry on a
program to promote a higher quality of life
for people with disabilities.
Labor relations. The standing Agri
cultural Labor Relations Board was abol
ished, and will be activated only when a
complaint is filed with the Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture alleging the
existence of a controversy under the Em
ployer and Employee Relations Act. Provi
sions for mediation of disputes and fact
finding were repealed, but the board retains
authority to aid the parties in effecting a
voluntary resolution, and to conduct a hear
ing and render a final, binding order subject
to judicial review.
Equal employment opportunity.
Louisiana
Child labor. Restrictions on the em
ployment of minors under age 16 will not
apply to minors who, with a written permit
issued by the Department of Labor, partici
pate in any commercial motion picture,
film, theatrical performance, or video pro
duced or filmed in the State. Procedures
were established for applications and con
ditions for permits and for revocation if the
Louisiana secretary of labor finds that con
ditions of employment are detrimental to
the health, morals, or safety of the minor.
Hour limitations were repealed, and a pro
vision was added for the Secretary to adopt
rules setting forth time limits.
A bank, savings and loan association, or
credit union may provide any other such
financial institution with a written em
ployment reference which may include
information reported to Federal banking
44 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
regulators regarding theft, embezzlement,
or other misappropriation of funds. If the
employee is sent a copy of the reference,
the financial institution will not be liable
for furnishing such a reference, unless the
information is false and is provided with
knowledge and malice.
Private employment agencies. The
Private Employment Service Advisory
Council, an advisory group to the assistant
secretary of the Office of Labor, was
abolished.
Other laws. The name of the Depart
ment of Labor was changed to the Depart
ment of Employment and Training.
Maine
Wages. By prior law, the minimum
hourly wage rate was increased from $3 .7 5
to $3.85 effective January 1, 1990.
Child labor. The provision of the child
labor law prohibiting the employment of
minors under age 16 in certain places, in
cluding hotels and rooming houses, was
amended to permit minors who are 15 years
of age or older to be employed in kitchens,
dining rooms, lobbies, and offices of public
accommodations for lodging from June 15
to Labor Day.
The compulsory school attendance law
which requires attendance up to age 17 with
certain exceptions was amended to prohibit
the employment, without a release from the
student’s supervisory superintendent of
schools, of any student who is habitually
truant. An employer in violation will be
subject to a fine of from $ 1 0 0 to $500.
Equal employment opportunity. A
Blue Ribbon Task Force to Promote Equity
of Opportunity for Women in the Public
School System was created to study the
representation and underrepresentation of
women in the system. A report was to be
submitted to the Governor and the legisla
ture by December 1, 1989.
Employee testing. Under a new law,
job applicants may be required or requested
to submit to a test for substance abuse if
offered employment or a position on a ros
ter of eligibility from which selections are
made. Employees may be required or re
quested to submit to a test for probable
cause or while undergoing treatment in a
substance abuse rehabilitation program.
Random or arbitrary testing is permitted if
provided for in collective bargaining agree
ments and for employment in positions that
could affect the health or safety of the pub
lic or coworkers. Specific provisions in
clude procedures for sample collection and
handling of samples, criteria for positive
tests, use of qualified laboratories, em
ployee rights to appeal and contest
confirmed positive test results, and the re
quirement of an employee assistance pro
gram for employers of 20 or more. The
requirements are enforced by the Depart
ment of Labor.
An amendment continued a 1987 law
prohibiting health care facilities from
requiring that any employee or applicant
for employment submit to an h i v test or
reveal whether he or she has obtained such
a test as a condition of employment, except
when based on a bona fide occupational
qualification.
Labor relations. By amendment, no
restraining order or injunctive relief may be
granted to any complainant in a labor dis
pute who has failed to comply with any
legal obligation involved in the dispute or
who has failed to make a reasonable effort
to settle the dispute by negotiation or
through mediation or voluntary arbitration.
Also, officers or members of any associa
tion or organization or such entities partici
pating or interested in a labor dispute may
not be held responsible in State court for
the unlawful acts of individual officers,
members, or agents, except upon proof of
participation in or authorization of the acts.
The Municipal Public Employees Labor
Relations Law was amended to provide for
the merger of bargaining units represented
by a single bargaining agent if approved in
special elections within each unit. Mergers
of units of supervisors with other units or of
teachers and nonprofessional employees
will not be permitted.
Occupational safety and health. A
person having direct and personal manage
ment or control of any employment, place
of employment, or other employee who in
tentionally or knowingly violates any Fed
eral or State occupational safety or health
standard, with such violation resulting in an
employee’s death, will now be guilty of
manslaughter.
The State Emergency Response Com
mission is to oversee a comprehensive pro
gram of planning and training for effective
emergency response to releases of haz
ardous materials. Local emergency plan
ning committees were established for each
emergency planning district, pursuant to
the Federal Emergency Planning and Com
munity Right-to-Know Act. Operators of
facilities that store quantities of extremely
hazardous substances must prepare written
plans to protect public health and safety,
and include in such plans a description of
employee training and testing programs.
Employers using 25 or more video dis
play terminals at one location within the
State are now required to establish educa
tion and training programs for operators of
such terminals. Education and training are
to include information on methods of main
taining proper posture, the proper use of
terminals, and protective measures that the
operator may take to avoid or mini
mize symptoms or conditions that may
result from extended or improper use of
terminals.
Employment and training. Standards
were established for all State and Federal
education and training programs adminis
tered by the Department of Labor. Now
required for on-the-job training contracts
are that ( 1) the occupation be one that tradi
tionally requires specific occupational
training, (2 ) the establishment not be in
volved in a strike, lockout, or other labor
dispute, (3 ) trainees receive the same
wages, benefits, and working conditions as
other equivalent employees, (4) employers
offer trainees continued employment upon
completion of the training contract, except
for good cause, and (5) trainees not dis
place current employees. Also, the depart
ment must determine whether placements
in apprenticeships are in accordance with a
list of eligible occupations provided by the
State Apprenticeship and Training Council.
Other laws. An employee who is tem
porarily laid off from work for over 6
weeks, and who is placed on a recall list by
the employer, is now to have 7 days from
receiving notice of a recall to work in
which to respond without discrimination on
subsequent recalls by the employer. Em
ployers will not be required to hold a posi
tion for an employee not responding within
the 7 days.
Maryland
Wages. The Secretary of Personnel
was authorized to promulgate regulations,
consistent with the Fair Labor Standards
Act, to provide for compensatory time off
in lieu of monetary payment for overtime
work by State employees. The compensa
tory time received must be at least I 5 hours
for each hour of overtime worked, and em
ployees have the right to choose in advance
whether to receive compensatory time in
stead of overtime pay.
Child Labor. The child labor law was
amended to prohibit the employment of mi
nors under age 18 in transporting, to or
from a business establishment, any cash,
checks, or negotiable instruments between
8 :0 0 p.m. and 8 :0 0 a.m., or in an amount
over $ 1 0 0 between 8 :0 0 a.m. and 8 :0 0
p.m. This prohibition will not apply to a
child of the owner, operator, or manager of
the establishment or to a minor transporting
these funds received as payment for mer
chandise or services he or she delivers.
Employee testing. Employers requir
ing drug or alcohol testing must provide
those tested, in cases of confirmed positive
tests, with a copy of the test indicating the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
results, a copy of the employer’s written
policy on drug or alcohol abuse, written
notice of any intended disciplinary action,
and a statement of the person’s right to
request independent testing for verification
of the results. Laboratories, doctors, and
others may not disclose a person’s use of a
legal nonprescription drug or of a medically
prescribed drug to the employer.
Worker privacy. Employees of the Di
vision of Correction assigned to the Special
Internal Investigative Unit expressly au
thorized by the commissioner of correction
may now be required to take a lie detector
test as a condition of employment.
Occupational safety and health. The
commissioner of labor and industry was au
thorized to assess civil penalties of up to
$5,000 for each violation of the Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Safety Act. In assessing
penalties, the commissioner is to give due
consideration to the nature or gravity of the
violation and the person’s or firm’s good
faith and history of previous violations.
Employment and training. A Partner
ship for Workforce Quality Program was
established within the Department of Eco
nomic and Employment Development. As
sisted by an advisory board, the program is
to ( 1) provide training services to improve
the competitiveness and productivity of the
State’s work force and business commu
nity; (2 ) upgrade employee skills for new
technologies or production processes; and
(3) assist State businesses in promoting em
ployment stability.
Massachusetts
Maternity leave.
The law entitling fe
male employees to unpaid maternity leave
of up to 8 weeks for the birth or adoption of
a child was amended to raise the age of the
adopted child to which the entitlement ap
plies from under 3 years to under 18 years,
or under the age of 23 if the child is men
tally or physically disabled.
Equal employment opportunity. In re
sponse to a recent U.S. Supreme Court rul
ing that Section 1981 of the Federal Civil
Rights Act of 1866 does not apply to racial
harassment in employment (Patterson v.
McLean Credit Union), additional civil
rights provisions were enacted banning all
discrimination based on sex, race, color,
creed, or national origin. Persons whose
rights have been violated may bring civil
action for injunctive and other relief, in
cluding compensatory and exemplary dam
ages. The law also specifies that proof of
violation is established on the basis of “the
totality of circumstances.”
A new law bans discrimination on the
basis of sexual orientation in employment,
housing, credit, insurance, and public
accommodations.
A MASScouncil was created to establish poli
cies for and coordinate all employment,
training, and employment-related educa
tion programs within the Commonwealth.
Other laws. An employer may not dis
charge or otherwise penalize an employee
who, as a crime victim or witness, takes
part in a criminal proceeding in response to
a subpoena to appear as a witness, provided
that notice is given prior to the day of
attendance.
Under a new law relating to corporate
takeovers, an employee with at least 3
years of service whose employment is ter
minated after transfer of control of a busi
ness that employs 50 or more workers is
entitled to 2 weeks’ severance pay for each
year of service. Also, a merger, consolida
tion, sale, lease, or other disposition of a
business will not result in the termination or
impairment of a collective bargaining
agreement.
Employment and training.
JOBS
Michigan
Equal employment opportunity. Hos
pitals licensed under the Public Health
Code may not discriminate because of race,
religion, color, national origin, age, or sex
in the operation of the hospital, including
employment, patient admission and care,
and selection and training programs.
Minnesota
Wages. By prior law, the minimum
hourly wage rate was increased for employ
ers covered by the Federal Fair Labor
Standards Act from $3.55 to $3.85 on Jan
uary 1, 1989, and to $3.95 on January 1,
1990. The rate for employers not covered
by the Federal act increased from $3.50 to
$3.65 on January 1, 1989, and to $3.80 on
January 1, 1990.
Unless prohibited by Federal law, a rail
road letting a contract for rehabilitation
work or rail service improvement under a
State assistance program for such work
must require the contractor to recruit any
new workers from the area where the work
is to be done and to pay workers at least the
wages the railroad pays its own workers,
but not less than twice the State minimum
wage applicable to employers covered by
the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act.
Hours. Employers must now allow
employees who work 8 or more consecu
tive hours sufficient time to eat a meal.
Employers are not required to pay em
ployees for the meal time. Different re
quirements may be established in collective
bargaining agreements.
Equal employment opportunity. A pro
vision was added to the Human Rights Act
placing the burden on the employer to
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January 1990
45
State Labor Legislation, 1989
prove that it was reasonable to conclude
that a disabled person, with reasonable ac
commodation, could not have met the job
requirements or that the person selected
was demonstrably better able to perform
the job. Also, employers are now prohib
ited from obtaining, for purposes of making
a job decision, information from any source
that pertains to a person’s race, color,
creed, religion, national origin, sex, mari
tal status, public assistance status, disabil
ity, or age. Job applicants and employees
must be notified of any health care records
or medical information that adversely af
fects any hiring, firing, or promotional de
cisions within 10 days of the decision.
The results of job evaluation systems for
employees of the State and political subdi
visions, used in conjunction with compara
bility adjustments, and related reports may
be used by the commissioner of human
rights and the State courts in any proceed
ing or action alleging discrimination.
Public employees who harass another
public employee because of disability,
race, creed, color, or national origin will be
subject to discipline, including discharge.
Worker privacy. Private-sector em
ployers of 2 0 or more must provide em
ployees an opportunity to review thenpersonnel records at least twice a year upon
receipt of a written request. If an employee
disputes information in the record, the em
ployer must provide a copy of the disputed
information, and if an agreement cannot be
reached to remove or revise the informa
tion, the employee may submit a written
statement explaining the employee’s posi
tion which must be included in the person
nel record and must be provided to any
other person who receives a copy of the
information. An employer may not retaliate
against employees who assert their rights or
remedies under this act. Employees may
bring civil action to compel compliance and
for damages, backpay, reinstatement, and
other relief.
Labor relations. No licensed business,
in the course of providing protective agent
services, may provide armed protective
personnel to labor disputes or strike loca
tions. This prohibition does not apply to
armed security personnel services used in
the usual course of business for the protec
tion of persons, property, and payroll.
Occupational safety and health. An
emergency response commission was es
tablished to comply with and administer the
Federal Emergency Planning and Commu
nity Right-to-Know Act. Notification to a
State emergency response center of the re
lease of a reportable quantity of hazardous
substances is required.
The commissioner of the Department of
Labor and Industry was given authority to
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Digitized 46
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
administer the law regulating the operation
of elevators. The commissioner will be re
sponsible for inspection of elevators and
granting operating permits, and may estab
lish criteria for the qualifications of eleva
tor inspectors and contractors and issue
contractor licenses. In addition to other
penalties for violation of the law, the com
missioner was authorized to impose a
penalty of up to $ 1 ,0 0 0 for any violation.
Employment and training. A Conser
vation Corps was established under the su
pervision of the commissioner of natural
resources. The Corps is to provide summer
and year-round employment for unem
ployed or underemployed State residents
between 15 and 26 years of age, in projects
that will ( 1) provide long-term benefits to
the public, (2 ) provide productive work and
public service experience to Corp mem
bers, and (3) be primarily labor intensive.
Preference will be given to youths who are
economically, socially, physically, or edu
cationally disadvantaged and youths resid
ing in areas of substantial unemployment.
Work of Corps members is not to result in
the displacement of currently employed
workers or laid-off workers.
Mississippi
Equal employment opportunity.
Serv
ices provided by the Rehabilitation Agency
for the Blind now include supported em
ployment, rehabilitation engineering, and
independent living services.
Employee testing. A special joint leg
islative committee was created to examine
the nature and extent of the drug abuse
problem in the State, including drug-testing
programs in the workplace.
Employment and training. The De
partment of Economic and Community
Development was created as part of a re
structuring of the executive branch of the
State government. It will be responsible for
assisting existing State business and indus
try and for promoting new businesses. All
powers and duties of the former Division of
Job Development and Training are trans
ferred to the new department.
A Seed Capital Corporation and Seed
Capital Fund Limited Partnership were cre
ated to stimulate business growth and new
jobs. Job tax credits were established for
each new full-time job created. Employers
providing child care for children of em
ployees during working hours are now enti
tled to an income tax credit.
Missouri
Wages. A bill to enact a State mini
mum-wage law adopting the Federal hourly
rate by reference was vetoed, and the veto
was sustained. The Governor’s veto mes
sage stated that the bill was vetoed because
of “serious drafting errors that would frus
trate its purpose and have effects beyond
those intended by the general assembly.”
Child labor. Among several changes
in the child labor law, children under age
16 may not be employed in any street occu
pation connected with peddling, begging,
door-to-door selling, or similar activity,
unless the employer has received written
permission from the director of the Divi
sion of Labor Standards; amendments were
made to several of the regulations pertain
ing to prohibited occupations for minors
under age 16, and a prohibition was added
on working in any occupation involving ex
posure to any toxic or hazardous chemicals
(a prohibition on work in or about any poolroom, billiard hall, or bowling alley was
removed); and a provision was added re
quiring every person, firm, or corporation
employing minors to comply with the un
lawful employment practice provisions of
the Human Rights Act.
Occupational safety and health. An
Emergency Response Commission was
created which, in conjunction with the De
partment of Natural Resources, is to imple
ment the State’s responsibilities under the
Federal Emergency Planning and Commu
nity Right-to-Know Act, including desig
nating local emergency planning districts
and providing assistance and training to
local emergency planning committees.
Other laws. Employers are prohibited
from terminating, disciplining, threaten
ing, or taking adverse action against an em
ployee because of the employee’s receipt of
or response to a jury summons. Enforce
ment of the law is through civil action.
Montana
Wages. Beginning January 1 , 1990,
the minimum wage will be established by
rule adopted by the commissioner of labor
and industry, rather than by statute. The
rate must be the same provided under the
Federal Fair Labor Standards Act, up to
a maximum of $4 per hour. Employers
may pay newly hired employees a wage of
at least $3.35 an hour for 120 calendar
days, but without displacement of another
employee.
Employers who fire an employee for
theft of the employer’s funds or property
may apply to the courts for an order tempo
rarily delaying the payment of unpaid
wages due the employee, if criminal
charges have been filed by the county attor
ney. If the employee is found guilty, the
court may order the wages due to be offset
against the amount stolen; if the employee
is not guilty, the employer may be ordered
to pay the wages due, including interest.
A Board of Personnel Appeals was es
tablished under the payment-of-wages law
to hear appeals of decisions by Department
of Labor and Industry hearing officers.
Board decisions will be final, unless an ag
grieved party requests a rehearing or ini
tiates judicial review. The commissioner of
labor and industry was authorized to main
tain an action, on behalf of all underpaid
workers, for recovery of public works con
struction prevailing wages due.
Equal employment opportunity. For
purposes of vocational rehabilitation pro
grams, the definition of “individual with
handicaps” as contained in the Federal Re
habilitation Act of 1973 was adopted by
reference. The Department of Social and
Rehabilitation Services is to adopt rules for
administering vocational rehabilitation pro
grams for persons with employment handi
caps and those with blindness or low
vision. The department is to provide coun
seling, diagnostic evaluation, and place
ment at no cost to those eligible.
Plant closings. An Employee Owner
ship Opportunity Act was enacted to en
courage the formation of employee-owned
enterprises. Business assistance services
are to be extended to these enterprises, and
the Department of Commerce is to provide
research, education, technical assistance,
and counseling.
Employment and training. A program
was established to implement the pro
visions of the Federal Job Training Part
nership Act. The State Job Training
Coordinating Council will review plans of
all government agencies offering employ
ment and training services and provide
comments and recommendations to the
Governor, legislature, and State and Fed
eral agencies regarding the relevancy and
effectiveness of such programs in the State.
Private-industry councils were established
to prepare job training plans in each service
delivery area in the State and to formulate
measurable performance standards.
Nebraska
Wages. The provision establishing a
$2 .0 1 minimum cash wage for tipped em
ployees was amended to delete the require
ment that such employees be compensated
primarily by way of tips in order for em
ployers to recieve a credit for tips against
the statutory $3.35 minimum wage.
Coverage under the wage payment and
collection law was extended to commis
sioned salespeople. Wages were defined to
include commissions on all orders deliv
ered or on file at the time of termination of
employment, less orders returned or can
celed at the time a suit is filed. Employees
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
filing suit may now recover twice the
amount of unpaid wages if nonpayment is
found to be willful.
Child labor. A resolution requested an
interim study of high school age and
younger students working for the increas
ing number of businesses that are open 24
hours a day and also attending school to
determine what changes, if any, are needed
in existing labor laws to facilitate the aca
demic success of these students. A report
of findings and recommendations is to
be made to the legislative council or
legislature.
Agriculture. A study of the feasibility
of the 1987 Farm Labor Contractors Act is
to be conducted by the Business and Labor
Committee of the legislature. A report
of findings and recommendations is to
be made to the legislative council or
legislature.
Equal employment opportunity. Under
the Fair Employment Practices Act, which
prohibits discrimination because of disabil
ity, the term “disability” was redefined to
exclude a current addiction to alcohol, con
trolled substances, or gambling.
Employment and training. Two train
ing funds were created. A Technical Com
munity College Aid Cash Fund was created
to fund grants to community colleges for
faculty training, purchase of equipment,
employee assessment and training pro
grams, and dislocated worker programs. A
cash fund created under the direction of the
Department of Economic Development
will be used to provide reimbursement for
job training activities related to helping in
dustry and business locate or expand in the
State or to enable the existing work force to
adjust to new technology or changing
product lines.
Nevada
Wages.
The labor commissioner is
now directed to prescribe increases in the
State minimum wage in accordance with
increases in the Federal rate, except where
the commissioner determines that such in
creases are contrary to the public interest.
Previously, the commissioner was author
ized to set the rate up to $3.35 per hour,
which is the current State rate.
Equal employment opportunity. Em
ployers of 15 or more employees who grant
leave with or without pay or without loss of
seniority to employees for sickness or dis
ability because of a medical condition must
extend the same benefits to any employee
who is pregnant. The employee must be
allowed to use the leave before and after
childbirth, miscarriage, or another natural
resolution of the pregnancy.
Worker privacy. Private-sector em
ployers are prohibited from requiring or re
questing an employee or prospective
employee to submit to a lie detector test,
from using the results of such a test, and
from discharging, disciplining, or denying
employment to anyone refusing to take a
test. Retaliation against anyone filing a
complaint, testifying in a proceeding, or
exercising rights under the act is also pro
hibited. The labor commissioner can im
pose a civil penalty of up to $9,000 for each
violation and bring court action for a re
straining order or injunction. Employers in
violation may be liable for hiring prospec
tive employees and for reinstating, promot
ing, or paying lost wages and benefits of
employees. Lie detector tests are permitted
under specified conditions for employees
during the course of an ongoing investiga
tion involving economic loss, including
theft and embezzlement, and for prospec
tive employees involved in security work or
access to controlled substances.
Occupational safety and health. The
administrator of the Division of Occupa
tional Safety and Health of the Department
of Industrial Relations may now issue an
emergency order to restrain any conditions
or practices which are imminently in dan
ger of causing death or serious injury. The
division is not to notify employers of any
randomly scheduled or customary regula
tory inspection. The division must maintain
detailed records of all complaints alleging
safety and health violations. Such records
are available for public inspection, except
for the name of the employee filing the
complaint.
Preference. The contractor preference
law was amended to provide that, in the
award of a contract for public work, a 5percent preference will be given to contrac
tors who have paid Nevada State and local
taxes for 5 successive years before submit
ting the bid, unless the practice would pre
clude or reduce the amount of Federal
assistance for the work.
Other laws. It is unlawful for an em
ployer to terminate, or threaten to termi
nate, the employment of a worker who, as
the parent, guardian, or custodian of a
child, either appears at a conference re
quested by an administrator of the child’s
school or is notified at work by a school
employee of an emergency regarding the
child, or who appears with or on behalf of
such child in any court. A person unlaw
fully discharged may take civil action
against the employer and obtain lost wages,
reinstatement, damages, and attorney’s
fees.
New Hampshire
Wages. On January 1, 1990, the mini
mum wage increased from $3.65 to $3.75
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January 1990
47
State Labor Legislation, 1989
per hour, with additional increases to $3.85
and $3.95 scheduled for January 1, 1991,
and January 1, 1992. The maximum deduc
tion that may be made from the minimum
wage for employer-furnished meals and
lodging was also increased.
Child labor. Under an amendment to
the Youth Employment Law, (1) the labor
commissioner was authorized to assess
civil money penalties for violation; (2 ) a
parent’s signature and a determination of
the student’s satisfactory level of academic
performance were added to the prerequi
sites for issuing a work certificate, with
revocation if this level is not m a i n t a i n e d ;
and (3) the maximum hours of work of 16and 17-year-olds enrolled in school were
limited to 6 consecutive days a week year
round, 48 hours a week during school vaca
tions, and 30 hours during a school week.
Under a separate law, inoperative provi
sions restricting maximum hours and nightwork of females were eliminated.
School attendance. A legislative study
committee created in 1988 to examine illit
eracy and dropout prevention, including
the relationship between the number of
hours per week that a student works or par
ticipates in sports and the student’s aca
demic achievement, was extended until
June 30, 1990.
The Division of Instructional Services of
the Department of Education is to develop
and distribute a questionnaire to ascertain
levels of participation of secondary
students in school-related activities and
after-school employment, and to evaluate
potential causes of voluntary student with
drawal from school.
Employment and training. A program
was established within the Division of Vo
cational Rehabilitation to train eligible
handicapped individuals by providing ap
propriate support services directly related
to maintaining employment.
New Jersey
Child labor. A provision was added to
the child labor law specifying that minors
under age 16 employed outside of school
hours during a school week may not exceed
the weekly maximum hours of work per
mitted under the Federal Fair Labor Stand
ards Act. Also, the provision permitting
14- and 15-year-olds to work during sum
mer vacation until 9 p.m. in supermarkets
or other retail establishments, with written
parental permission, now applies also to
restaurants and other occupations not
prohibited by the child labor law or
regulations.
Industrial homework. Criminal pen
alties for violation of the industrial home
work law were made more severe. For a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
first offense, a violation may now result in
a fine of up to $1,000. Employers or per
sons knowingly violating the law or com
mitting a second or multiple violation are
subject to a fine of up to $7,500 and impris
onment for up to 18 months.
Employment and training. The com
missioner of the Department of Labor is to
establish a program to provide job replace
ment and relocation assistance and job re
training to any person who suffers a loss of
employment as a direct result of implemen
tation of the law prohibiting direct dis
charge of industrial waste into ocean waters
of the State.
New Mexico
Child labor. The director of the Labor
and Industrial Division of the Department
of Labor may now issue labor permit cer
tificates under the child labor law. The
director of the Department of Labor is to
report child labor law violations to the dis
trict attorney of the district in which such
violations occur.
Employee testing. Employers may not
require individuals to disclose the results o f
an AIDS-related test as a condition o f hiring,
promotion, or continued em ploym ent, un
less absence o f the aids virus infection is a
bona fide occupational qualification o f the
job.
Preference. The law giving resident
businesses preference in the awarding of
State contracts was amended to exempt
bids greater than 5 million dollars. Also,
now included among resident businesses
are companies that have staffed an office
and paid applicable State taxes for 2 years
prior to the awarding of a bid, and compa
nies that are affiliates of businesses that are
already resident businesses.
New York
Wages. Amounts withheld from a con
tractor for unpaid wages and supplements
due on a public works contract must be
used for the sole benefit of the affected
workers and for any civil penalty that may
be assessed, except under court order.
The commissioner of labor was directed
to assess a civil penalty of up to $5 ,0 0 0
against any person demanding or receiving
kickbacks of employee wages, supple
ments, or other things of value and to
require reimbursement of any illegal kickback payments plus interest and such other
relief as may be appropriate. The law was
made explicitly applicable to kickbacks of
prevailing wages or supplements.
In other prevailing wage legislation, ap
prenticeship training was added to the list
of supplements on public works contracts
that are to be provided to laborers, work
men, or mechanics in accordance with the
prevailing practices in the locality; an
amendment provides that orders of the
commissioner of labor to pay unpaid pre
vailing wages and related payments found
to be due are to be docketed as judgments
and subject to the same mechanisms used to
enforce other judgments; and debarment
provisions now apply to successor business
entities of contractors and subcontractors
with prior violations.
Parental leave. The law requiring an
employer to grant to an adoptive parent of
a child below school age the same leave of
absence as is given to a natural parent upon
the birth of a child was amended to provide
that an adoptive parent of a hard-to-place or
handicapped child under the age of 18 is
now entitled to the same leave as is granted
to a natural parent upon the birth of a child.
Apparel industry. Manufacturers and
contractors of men’s apparel were made
subject to the annual registration require
ment and inspection provisions of a 1986
law originally applicable in the women’s,
children’s, and infants’ apparel industries.
A waiver may be granted by the commis
sioner of labor to manufacturers or contrac
tors solely of men’s apparel which were in
business on or before April 1, 1987, and
which have not violated State labor or tax
laws for the preceding 2 years.
Labor relations. Under the Labor Re
lations Act, an employer engaged in the
performing arts who enters into an agree
ment with a labor organization representing
performing artists will not be engaged in an
unfair labor practice because the majority
status of the labor organization has not been
established or because such agreement re
quires, as a condition of employment,
membership in the labor organization after
employment.
Under a comprehensive new law pro
hibiting smoking in public places, employ
ers will be required to provide nonsmoking
employees in indoor areas open to the pub
lic with a smoke-free work area, and smok
ing in any work area will be permitted only
with the consent of all employees in that
area. Smoking in common areas such as
restrooms, hallways, classrooms, and pho
tocopy locations will also be prohibited.
Employers may designate separate en
closed rooms not open to the public as
smoking areas.
Beginning October 1, 1990, the owner or
operator of certain amusement rides must
have available, at the time of the initial and
annual inspection, the manufacturer’s rec
ommended maintenance and safety sched
ules or requirements and documentation
that such maintenance and testing have
been performed.
Plant closings. A Worker Adjustment
grant housing may not be occupied until it
is certified to be in compliance with all
standards. Federal standards were adopted
by reference.
Employee testing. Employers are pro
hibited from requiring or using an AIDS test
to determine suitability for continued em
ployment or from discriminating against an
employee having aids or hiv infection in
determining such suitability. However,
employers may require an AIDS test for job
applicants in a preemployment physical;
may deny employment to an applicant with
a confirmed positive aids test; may include
an aids test in an annual medical exam
routinely required of all employees; and
may take appropriate employment action,
including reassignment and termination,
against an employee who has AIDS virus or
Hiv infection and who would pose a signif
icant health risk to others or is unable to
perform normal job duties.
Private employment agencies. The law
regulating private personnel services was
amended to exempt employer-fee-paid con
sulting services or temporary help services
that offer temporary to permanent place
ment if the service operates on a 100 percent employer-fee-paid basis, requires
no applicant placement contract, and may
not charge job applicants a fee under any
circumstances. Such services must submit
an annual certification that they meet these
requirements for exemption. The required
North Carolina
surety bond for private personnel services
was increased from $5,000 to $10,000.
Wages. Several significant changes
Employment and training. An amend
were made in the Wage and Hour Act. Per
ment to the North Carolina Employment
sons employed in enterprises having fewer
and Training Act of 1985 charges the State
than three employees will no longer be ex
with removing barriers to employment and
empt from minimum-wage, overtime, and
designing programs responsive to the spe
recordkeeping provisions; the exemption of
cial needs of offenders, the handicapped,
employment regulated under the Federal
recipients of public assistance, school drop
Fair Labor Standards Act will no longer
outs, single parents, women 35 years of age or
apply to employees from whom the ap
older, and other appropriate groups.
plicable Federal minimum wage is less
Whistleblower. State employees, pub
than the State’s; employers who violate
lic
school employees, and community col
minimum-wage, overtime, or wage pay
lege employees are not to be discharged,
ment provisions are now liable for interest
threatened, or otherwise discriminated
on unpaid amounts due; if the amount of
against regarding compensation, terms,
wages is in dispute, employers are to make
conditions, location, or privileges of em
timely payment of the undisputed portion.
ployment because they refuse to carry out a
The labor commissioner is now empowered
directive that is illegal or that poses a sub
to enter into reciprocal agreements with the
stantial and specific danger to the public
labor department or corresponding agency
health and safety or because they report, or
of any other State that extends comity to
are about to report, any violation of State or
North Carolina, for the collection of wage
Federal law, rule, or regulation, fraud, mis
claims and judgments. The commissioner
appropriation of State resources, or sub
is authorized to assess civil money pen
stantial and specific danger to the public
alties for violation of recordkeeping re
health and safety, unless they know or have
quirements under the entire act.
reason to believe that the report is
Agriculture. The Migrant Housing Act
inaccurate.
of North Carolina was passed, consolidat
ing the regulation of migrant housing
North Dakota
within the Department of Labor. A preoc
Wages. A new consolidated minimumcupancy inspection is required, and mi
Act was adopted to provide dislocated
workers with occupational training, job
placement assistance, employability coun
seling, and support services, to assist them
in obtaining new private-sector jobs. Provi
sion was also made for a rapid response
unit to aid workers in the event of plant
closings or substantial layoffs. The law will
be administered by the Department of
Labor.
Other laws. Any private-sector em
ployee terminated from employment is to
receive, within 5 days after termination,
written notice of the exact date of termina
tion and the exact date of cancellation of
employee benefits connected with such ter
mination. Employers who refuse to give
such notice or remit premiums on behalf of
former employees exercising their rights to
continuation of coverage will be liable for
medical expenses not covered as a result of
such failure, as well as civil penalties.
Employees may not be required to pay
the cost of any medical examination or of
furnishing any health certificate as a condi
tion of continuing employment if the em
ployee is not covered by health insurance,
or the health insurance does not cover such
costs, or the employer does not provide
qualified medical personnel to conduct the
examination at no cost to the employee,
and such examination or certificate is not
required by law.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
wage order effective August 14, 1989, es
tablished a $3.40-per-hour minimum wage
for all nonexempt employment, except
public housekeeping, where a rate of $3.25
per hour plus tips is required. A training
wage of $2.72 ($2.60 in public housekeep
ing) is permitted for a maximum of 240
hours or 60 days, whichever comes first.
Previously, the hourly minimums were
$3 .1 0 for professional, technical and cleri
cal, and mercantile occupations; $2.95 for
manufacturing occupations; and $2.80 for
public housekeeping occupations.
Employees who provide companionship
to elderly or disabled individuals who are
unable to care for themselves are exempt
from any minimum wage and hour stand
ards to the extent that services are provided
from 10 p.m. to 9 a.m., up to a total of 8
hours. During this time, the employee is
available to care for the aged or disabled
person, but is also free to sleep and other
wise engage in normal private pursuits in
the patient’s home. These employees are
not entitled to premium overtime pay. Rel
atives of elderly or disabled persons who
provide family home care are also exempt
from any standards prescribed under the
law.
The wage collection law was amended to
change the amount of interest due on un
paid wages from 6 percent per annum to a
rate determined by the State banking
commissioner.
A pay equity implementation fund was
established to be used by the Office of
Management and Budget for the purpose of
establishing equitable nondiscriminatory
compensation relationships among all posi
tions and classes within the State’s classifi
cation plan.
Parental leave. State employees are
now entitled to 4 months of unpaid family
leave for the birth or adoption of a child or
to care for a seriously ill child, spouse, or
parent. They also are entitled to reinstate
ment in their former or an equivalent posi
tion. During such a period of leave,
employees may continue their group health
insurance or health care plan at their own
expense.
Equal employment opportunity. Em
ployers are now required to make reason
able accommodations for an otherwise
qualified person with a physical or mental
disability and for a person’s religion. Fail
ure to do so will be deemed a discrimina
tory practice.
Occupational safety and health. Ex
cept under certain circumstances, no rule
adopted by the State Department of Health
and Consolidated Laboratories for the pur
pose of administering certain specified
Federal acts, including the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know
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State Labor Legislation, 1989
Act of 1986, may be more stringent than
corresponding Federal regulations which
address the same circumstances.
Included among requirements of a new
law regulating amusement ride operation
are inspection and insurance, a minimum
age of 16 to operate such rides, and attend
ance of an operator at all times that a ride is
in operation.
Ohio
Employee testing. Employers of per
sons with aids are now immune from
liability for damages arising out of the
transmission of the hiv virus to another per
son, except as a result of the employer’s
reckless conduct. Employers are also ex
empt from claims for damages arising from
a stress-related illness or injury resulting
from an employee’s being required to work
with a person who has tested positive for
the hiv virus or who has aids or a related
condition.
Private employment agencies. All
contracts between personnel placement
services and applicants for employment
must now provide that if an applicant does
not report for work, there will be no fee
charged by the placement service. Job
listing subscription services must now reg
ister with the Department of Commerce and
post a $10,000 bond. Such services are
subject to regulation by the department, are
prohibited from engaging in certain prac
tices, and are limited to charging only an
annual subscription fee. The director of
commerce may now issue cease-and-desist
orders to, and impose civil penalties on,
unlicensed personnel placement services
and unregistered job-listing subscription
services.
Occupational safety and health. A law
enacted in December 1988 provides for the
creation of an Emergency Response Com
mission to adopt rules in accordance with
the Federal Emergency Planning and Com
munity Right-to-Know Act of 1986 cover
ing such items as identification and listin g
of hazardous substances or chemicals and
establishing procedures for giving notice of
releases, as well as procedures for review
ing the chemical emergency response and
preparedness plans of local emergency
planning committees.
Oklahoma
Parental leave. The administrator of
the Office of Personnel Management is to
promulgate rules entitling permanent State
employees with over 6 months of continu
ous service to family leave. According to
these rules, employees may obtain family
leave for childbirth, adoption, or the care of
a terminally or critically ill child or depend
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ent adult; must be reinstated in the original
job upon returning from family leave; and
are eligible to continue group health and
life insurance at their own expense during
such leave. Employees must provide the
employer with reasonable notice of leave,
if possible.
Other laws. A pilot program to estab
lish child care centers for children of State
employees is to be implemented by the Of
fice of Personnel Management.
Oregon
Wages. The State minimum-wage rate
was increased from $3.35 per hour to $3.85
on September 1, 1989, and to $4.25 on
January 1, 1990, with a further increase to
$4.75 scheduled for January 1, 1991.
Among other amendments, coverage of the
law was extended to persons regulated
under the Federal Fair Labor Standards
Act, most agricultural workers, industrial
homeworkers, and private household em
ployees working on a noncasual basis. An
exemption was added for individuals per
forming child care services in their or the
children’s homes, and, by rule, the State
exempted from its overtime pay require
ment the overtime pay exemptions under
Federal law. Existing meal and rest period
requirements will be extended to the newly
covered workers.
Provisions prescribing maximum work
hours and overtime pay in certain indus
tries, including mills, factories, and manu
facturing establishments, were amended to
add civil money penalties for violation, as
sessable by the labor commissioner. Ex
empt are employees covered by collective
bargaining agreements that cover these
subjects.
If, upon complaint by an employee, and
after investigation, it appears to the com
missioner of the Bureau of Labor and In
dustries that an employer is failing to pay
wages within 5 days of a scheduled payday,
the commissioner may require the em
ployer to give a bond or its equivalent suffi
cient to assure timely payment of wages
due for such time as the commissioner con
siders appropriate. A circuit court may en
join an employer from doing business in the
State until the requirement is met.
The Wage Security Fund, established for
a 3-year period beginning July 1, 1986,
was extended to July 1, 1993. The fund,
financed by employer payments of a per
cent of wages, is used to pay valid wage
claims up to $2,000 each to an employee
whose employer has ceased doing business
and does not have sufficient assets to pay
the claim.
The prevailing wage law was amended to
specify that public works do not include the
reconstruction or renovation of privately
owned property that is leased by a public
agency.
An addition to the prevailing wage law
requires contractors or subcontractors
working on covered public work projects
who provide for or contribute to employee
health and welfare plans or pension plans to
post, in a conspicuous and accessible place
in or about the project, notice describing
such plans and containing information on
how and where to make claims and where
to obtain further information.
The legislative assembly is to provide
continuing oversight to ensure that com
pensation and classification in the State
service meet the requirements of the policy
on comparability of value of work, com
pensation and classification, and other
applicable provisions of State law. The as
sembly will recommend appropriate ac
tions to remedy any inequities in the plan.
Agriculture. Farm labor contractors
must now pass a qualifying examination
prior to licensing. TTie surety bond or cash
deposit which must be posted to assure pay
ment of wages and other obligations of con
tractors was increased from $5,000 to
$10,000. At the time of hiring, and before
beginning work, the contractor must exe
cute a written contract with each worker
containing specified information, including
terms and conditions of employment and
housing to be provided. Contractors must
comply with field sanitation and housing,
health, safety, and habitability require
ments. The commissioner of the Bureau of
Labor and Industries may now assess a civil
penalty of up to $2,000 against persons
using unlicensed contractors.
All farmworker camp operators must
register with the Bureau of Labor and In
dustries, and each proposed camp is subject
to preoccupancy inspection. Farm labor
contractors operating a farmworker camp
must obtain an endorsement from the bu
reau commissioner and post a $15,000
bond. Camp operators must comply with
applicable building, safety, and health
laws. Operators are prohibited from requir
ing camp occupants to give up any part of
their compensation and from preventing
any person who wishes to leave the camp
from doing so. Retaliation against persons
filing a claim or participating in a proceed
ing under the act is prohibited. Representa
tives of religious organizations and other
providers of services for farmworkers must
be provided access to farmworker housing,
and such housing must now have a reason
ably accessible operating telephone.
Equal employment opportunity. Where
such requests can be reasonably accommo
dated, it is now an unlawful practice for an
employer of 25 or more to refuse to allow
a female employee affected by pregnancy,
childbirth, or a related medical condition to
transfer temporarily to less strenuous or
hazardous work, or to take a reasonable
paid or unpaid leave of absence, and to
return to the former or an equivalent job
without loss of seniority, vacation, sick
leave, or service credits. Employees are en
titled to use any accrued vacation, sick, or
other compensatory leave during the leave
of absence. These provisions are enforced
by the Bureau of Labor and Industries. Un
paid parental leave had previously been
mandated for the birth or adoption of a
child.
Worker privacy. It was made an un
lawful employment practice for an
employer to subject an employee or pro
spective employee to a genetic screening or
brain-wave test, or to require, as a condi
tion of employment, that an employee or
prospective employee refrain from using
lawful tobacco products during nonwork
ing hours, except when the restriction
relates to a bona fide occupational require
ment or where an applicable collective bar
gaining agreement prohibits off-duty use of
tobacco products.
Plant closings. The Job Training Part
nership Act section in the Business
Resources Division of the Economic De
velopment Department was designated as
the State agency to be notified when em
ployer notice of a plant closing or mass
layoff is required under the Federal Worker
Adjustment and Retraining Notification
Act. The Economic Development Depart
ment is to prepare, for the Governor and
legislature, an annual report concerning
plant closings and mass layoffs in the State.
Employment and training. A Work
Force Development Fund administered by
the Economic Development Department
was created to support programs that de
velop skills for employment in “family
wage jobs” or that provide access to train
ing for women, minorities, and the eco
nomically disadvantaged.
Any firm benefiting from State lotteryfunded programs is to undertake a goodfaith effort to hire and retain low-income
individuals who have received job training
assistance from publicly funded providers.
Whistleblower. Public employers may
not prohibit employees from discussing the
activities of a public agency with members
of the legislature or their staff, or from dis
closing information reasonably believed to
be evidence of violations of law or misman
agement, gross waste of funds, danger to
public health and safety, or abuse of au
thority. Besides initiating an administrative
appeal, employees alleging a violation of
these provisions may bring civil action for
injunctive relief and damages.
Other laws. Public- and private-sector
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employers must grant an unpaid leave of
absence to employees who are members of
the organized State militia and are called
into active service. Such employees are en
titled to reinstatement in the same or an
equivalent position without loss of senior
ity or other credits, benefits, or rights
earned at the time of the leave of absence.
Enforcement is vested in the Bureau of
Labor and Industries, and any violation is
an unlawful employment practice.
Pennsylvania
Wages. The hourly State minimumwage rate was increased from $3.35 to
$3.70 effective February 1, 1989, as the
result of a late-1988 enactment. Coverage
was extended to FLSA-covered employees
and to students employed by nonprofit
educational institutions in which they are
enrolled. The tip credit allowance against
the minimum wage was increased from 40
to 45 percent. If the Federal rate is in
creased above $3.35, the State rate will
match the Federal rate, and the State mini
mum-rate provisions will be suspended to
the extent that they differ from the Federal
provisions.
The minimum-wage rate for migrant
workers increased to $3.70 per hour as the
result of a provision in a Seasonal Farm
Laborer law adopting the State rate by ref
erence. (The minimum wage act excludes
agricultural employment.)
Occupational safety and health. As
part of a Clean Indoor Air act passed in late
1988, employers are to develop, post, and
implement policies to regulate smoking in
the workplace.
Plant closings. The Employee-Owner
ship Assistance Program Act was amended
to authorize the granting of assistance to
new firms seeking to structure a business as
an employee-owned enterprise. For a firm
not interested in converting to employee
ownership, assistance is available to pre
pare a prefeasibility study to determine
whether an employee ownership structure
can succeed, in anticipation of the creation
of a new firm.
Puerto Rico
Wages. A mandatory decree revision,
issued by the Commonwealth Minimum
Wage Board, increased minimum rates in
the restaurant, bar, and soda fountain in
dustry to $3.45 an hour effective April 26,
1989, with a further increase to $3.70
scheduled for April 26, 1990. Both rates
are without a tip credit. Previously, the
minimums were $2.95 or $2.25 for waiters
and tipped countermen and bartenders and
$3.35 or $2.75 for others, the higher of the
rates applicable to enterprises with annual
gross income of $362,500 or more.
Rhode Island
Wages. The State minimum-wage rate
was increased from $4.00 to $4.25 per
hour, effective August 1, 1989.
Overtime pay provisions of the minimum-wage law will not apply to any sales
person, partsman, or mechanic engaged
primarily in the sale or servicing of auto
mobiles, trucks, or farm implements who
receives pay in excess of an amount equal
to the contracted hourly rate plus overtime
for hours worked in excess of 40 a week,
and who is employed by a nonmanufactur
ing employer engaged primarily in the re
tail sale of such vehicles, to the extent the
employer is exempt under the Federal
Wage-Hour Act.
Employer records of employee hours
worked and wages paid each pay period
must now be kept on file for 3 years, rather
than 1 year.
Child labor. A minor between the ages
of 16 and 18 may now be employed during
school vacations for an unlimited number
of hours in a given week or calendar day,
provided that the provisions of all other
applicable Federal and State laws and regu
lations are complied with. Such minors
could previously work no more than 48
hours a week or 9 hours a day.
The misdemeanor penalty section of the
child labor law, providing for a fine of up
to $500 for violation, was amended to pro
vide that if a child employed in violation of
the law is injured or killed in the course of
such employment, the fine may be in
creased to an amount up to $5,000.
Equal employment opportunity. It will
not be unlawful for employers covered by
the Fair Employment Practices act to fail or
refuse to hire, or to discharge because of
age, a firefighter or law enforcement offi
cer who has attained the age of hiring or
retirement in effect under any State statute,
city or town ordinance, collective bargain
ing agreement, or pension plan in effect on
March 3, 1983.
Employee testing. The law prohibiting
employee drug testing, except if an em
ployer has reasonable grounds to believe
that an employee’s use of controlled sub
stances is impairing job performance, was
amended to permit testing in the public util
ity mass transportation industry if such test
ing is required by Federal law or regulation
as a condition of receiving Federal funds.
Labor relations. The law providing for
municipal employee collective bargaining
was amended to exclude confidential, as
well as casual and seasonal, employees and
to cover part-time employees, except those
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State Labor Legislation, 1989
working for certain authorities.
A law was enacted granting full-time su
pervisors, assistant supervisors, and telecommunicators of the 911 statewide
uniform emergency telephone system the
right to select an exclusive representative
and to bargain collectively with the State
over wages, rates of pay, hours, working
conditions, and all other terms and condi
tions of employment. Any work stoppage,
slowdown, or strike is prohibited, with un
resolved negotiation disputes to be submit
ted to binding arbitration.
The Fire Fighters’ Arbitration law was
amended to provide that if a majority of the
firefighters in any city or town select a suc
cessor or a new labor organization as the
exclusive bargaining agent for all members
of the city or town fire department, the
existing bargaining agreement will be bind
ing on both the successor or new bargaining
agent and the corporate authority.
Employment and training. The De
partment of Employment Security was
abolished, and the Department of Employ
ment and Training was created to be the
principal executive department responsible
for administering employment and training
programs in the State. The new department
also will continue the functions of the abol
ished department. The department will
work with the Workforce 2000 Council,
which is responsible for establishing
statewide policies, goals, and guidelines
for the coordination of all employment and
training programs and related services and
employment-related educational programs.
Other laws. Except where employers
have adopted a policy prohibiting the hold
ing of elected office as a condition of em
ployment, or where the holding of public
office would be a violation of law, employ
ers of part-time elected officials will be re
quired to provide such employees with
flexible work schedules to accommodate
attendance at necessary sessions, wherever
practical within the reasonable operation of
the employer’s business. Employers are
also prohibited from exerting undue influ
ence or pressure related to the officials’
decisions and any legislation they may con
sider or introduce.
South Carolina
Child labor. An employer who vio
lates any child labor law regulation is now
to receive a written warning for the first
offense and a fine of from 10 to 50 dollars
for each subsequent offense, as determined
by the commissioner of labor. The criminal
penalty provision for such violations was
eliminated.
Private employment agencies. Cover
age of the licensing and regulatory law for
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private personnel placement services was
expanded to include the provision of infor
mation on employment opportunities, and
specifically to include job listing services
and employment information centers. No
license will be issued to any applicant,
owner, or manager who has been
previously denied a license in the United
States or its possessions or territories.
South Dakota
Labor relations. Statutory prohibi
tions against mass picketing, picketing by
nonemployees, and picketing when no
labor dispute exists were repealed. Instead,
a provision was added that permits a court,
after notice and hearing, to place reason
able restrictions on the number and location
of pickets or other persons at any location,
and to establish penalties for repeated vio
lations involving unlawful use of force, vi
olence, or intimidation.
Other laws. Employers must grant a
temporary leave of absence, without loss of
job status or seniority, to any employee
performing official duty as a member of the
State legislature. Payment for the leave is at
the discretion of the employer.
Occupational safety and health. Laws
pertaining to elevator, dumbwaiter, escala
tor, and aerial tramway safety and to boiler
inspection, erection, and repair will now be
administered by the Department of Labor,
rather than the Department of Commerce
and Insurance.
Plant closing. A 1988 law requiring
employers who notify affected employees
of plant closings and major layoffs to notify
specified State officials was amended to
limit application to employers of from 50 to
99 employees, instead of 50 or more. (A
subsequent Federal law requires employers
of 100 or more to provide 60 days’ advance
notice of plant closings and layoffs.) Notice
of the circumstances of the closure or layoff
and numbers of employees involved are
now to be given to the commissioner of the
Department of Labor, rather than the exec
utive director of the Economic Cabinet
Council. Upon receipt of advance written
notification of a plant closing or mass lay
off pursuant to the Federal Worker Adjust
ment and Retraining Notification Act, the
commissioner will advise other specified
State agencies.
Texas
Tennessee
A resolution was adopted
directing the State Board of Education and
the State Department of Education to study
the effect of job-holding and working long
hours on the education of students. Sug
gested legislation or regulatory changes
were to be submitted to the Education
Oversight Committee for review by De
cember 1, 1989.
Equal employment opportunity. A spe
cial joint legislative committee was estab
lished to conduct a review of the State’s fair
employment practice laws.
Labor relations. Any member or au
thorized agent of an employee association
meeting requirements permitting payroll
deduction for membership fees is to have
access to State employees during, before,
and after regular working hours in specified
areas in all State offices, facilities, and
grounds, provided there is no workplace
interruption. Members or agents may dis
tribute literature in nonwork areas and post
literature on bulletin boards.
Private employment agencies. A reso
lution called for appointment of a leg
islative committee to study employment
agencies for temporary services and con
tract employers, including the benefits,
other than salary, which they offer to their
employees, and the impact of the tempo
rary work force on the overall economy of
the State. A report is to be made to the 1990
general assembly.
Child labor.
Wages. A new private-sector payday
law spells out employer wage payment du
ties; prohibits wage deductions unless court
ordered, authorized by State or Federal
law, or authorized in writing by the em
ployee; establishes wage claim filing, hear
ing, and collection procedures; establishes
an administrative penalty of up to $ 1 ,0 0 0
for violation; and provides that a final ad
ministrative order against an employer
owing penalties or wages becomes a lien on
all the employer’s property.
Equal employment opportunity. Cover
age of the Human Rights Act’s prohibition
against age discrimination was extended to
persons over the age of 40, instead of only
those between 40 and 70. The ban on dis
crimination based on disability specifically
excludes persons with a currently commu
nicable disease or infection, including
AIDS, that constitutes a direct threat to the
health or safety of other persons or that
makes the affected person unable to per
form job duties. Discrimination because of
disability or age between 40 and 56 years is
now banned in apprenticeship, on-the-job,
or other training programs.
Mandatory retirement based upon age
may no longer be imposed upon tenured
faculty of institutions of higher education.
Sexual harassment by public employees
is now prohibited under the State’s penal
code.
Labor relations. The Public Utility
Commission may not interfere with em-
ployee wages and benefits, working condi
tions, or other terms or conditions of
employment that are the product of a col
lective bargaining agreement recognized
under Federal law.
Private employment agencies. Under a
new law, talent agencies engaged in obtain
ing employment for actors, musicians,
writers, models, and other artists must ob
tain a certificate of registration from the
Department of Licensing and Regulation.
Agencies must post a $10,000 surety bond,
provide a copy of a completed contract to
any artist using its services, and maintain
specified records, and are prohibited from
charging registration or advance fees. The
department is authorized to deny, suspend,
revoke, or reinstate certificates of registra
tion, and to institute action for injunctive
relief to restrain continuing violations.
Occupational safety and health. Con
tracts for public works construction involv
ing trench excavation exceeding a depth of
5 feet must contain a reference to the Occu
pational Safety and Health Administra
tion’s standards for trench safety, a copy of
any special shoring requirements, and other
specified information related to trench
safety.
Other laws. As part of a reorganiza
tion and functional realignment effective
September 1, 1989, the Department of
Labor and Standards became the Depart
ment of Licensing and Regulation. It will
be governed by a Governor-appointed sixmember public commission that will ap
point an executive director who will serve
as commissioner. The former department
had encompassed both labor program func
tions and certain business regulatory and
business/occupational licensing functions.
The latter will remain with the new depart
ment, whereas the labor functions relating
to child labor, minimum wage, and the
payday law were transferred to the Texas
Employment Commission.
Employers are now prohibited from
discharging, disciplining, or otherwise
penalizing an employee who complies with
a valid subpoena to appear in a civil, crim
inal, legislative, or administrative pro
ceeding. Employees injured because of
violations of the prohibition may recover
damages of up to 6 months’ pay and
attorney’s fees. If discharged, they are
entitled to reinstatement to the same
employment.
Utah
Wages. It was made unlawful for an
employer to withhold or divert part of an
employee’s wages, unless required to do so
by court order or law, or authorized by the
employee in writing. Nor may the em
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ployee be required to rebate, refund, or re
turn any wages. Employers were prohibited
from discharging or threatening to dis
charge an employee who has or is about to
file a complaint or testify in any proceeding
under the law. The Industrial Commission
may now assess employers who fail to
make required wage payments a penalty of
5 percent of the unpaid wages assessed
daily until paid, for up to 2 0 days.
Equal employment opportunity. Dis
crimination in employment on the basis of
pregnancy, childbirth, or pregnancyrelated conditions is now prohibited under
the Utah Anti-Discrimination Act.
Occupational safety and health. The
Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission was abolished and its func
tions assumed by the Industrial
Commission.
Whistleblower. The law protecting
public employees from adverse personnel
action if they report waste of public funds,
property, or manpower, or a violation of
law, or participate in an investigation,
hearing, court proceeding, or other inquiry
was amended to protect employees who
refuse to carry out a directive that they
believe violates a law, rule, or regulation.
Public employers are also now prohibited
from implementing rules or policies that
unreasonably restrict an employee’s ability
to document waste of public funds,
property, or manpower, or a violation of
law.
Other laws. A new Employee Inven
tions Act makes unenforceable any em
ployment agreement between an employee
and employer that requires the employee to
assign to the employer the right to any in
vention created by the employee entirely on
his or her own time and which is not an
employment invention related to the indus
try or trade of the employer or developed
with the aid of the employer’s property,
equipment, facilities, trade secrets, tech
nology, or other resources.
A Governor-appointed Privatization Pol
icy Board was created to review whether
certain services performed by existing State
agencies could be performed privately at
less cost. The Board will review particular
requests for privatization of services and
recommend privatization when demonstra
bly more efficient and cost effective.
Vermont
Wages. Under prior law, the State
minimum hourly wage rose from $3.65 to
$3.75 on July 2, 1989, with further in
creases to $3.85 and $3.95 scheduled for
July 2, 1990, and July 2, 1991.
Maternity leave. Employers of 10 or
more must grant female employees up to 12
weeks of unpaid leave during pregnancy
and following childbirth. Employees may
use up to 6 weeks of accrued sick or vaca
tion leave during this period. Employment
benefits must continue, but the employee
may be asked to pay for the cost. Upon
return from such leave, employees are enti
tled to reinstatement in the same or a com
parable job, with the same pay, benefits,
seniority, and other conditions of employ
ment. An employee who does not return,
except by reason of serious illness, must
repay the value of compensation received,
other than for accrued leave used.
Employment and training. Employers
participating in an employment training
program under contract with the Secretary
of Development and Community Affairs
are now to promise to employ persons,
upon completion of their training, at twice
the prevailing State or Federal minimum
wage, whichever is greater, reduced by the
value of any health benefit packages. In
areas of high unemployment, the pay rate
must be at least one and one-half times the
minimum wage.
Other laws. Insurers, nonprofit hospi
tal and medical service corporations, and
health maintenance organizations are to of
fer the same group health insurance bene
fits to part-time employees working at least
17^ hours a week as to other employees.
The insurer must offer to include the parttime employees as part of the employer’s
employee group, at the full rate to be paid
by the employer, at a rate prorated between
the employer and the employee, or at the
employee’s expense.
Virginia
Wages. Any employer who knowingly
fails to pay wages whenever required by
law will now be subject to a civil penalty,
assessed by the labor commissioner, of up
to $ 1 ,0 0 0 for each violation, in addition to
criminal penalties previously provided. An
employer in violation will also be liable for
payment of all wages due, plus interest ac
cruing from the date the wages were due.
Child labor. Licensed State lottery
agents may now employ persons age 16 or
older to sell tickets at the agent’s place of
business, so long as the employee is super
vised by the manager or supervisor in
charge at the location where the tickets are
being sold.
School attendance. The compulsory
school attendance law was amended to re
quire attendance to age 18 (rather than 17)
effective July 1, 1990. Required attendance
will not apply to any child who has
obtained a high school diploma or its equiv
alent, or has otherwise complied with com
pulsory school attendance requirements.
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State Labor Legislation, 1989
Equal employment opportunity. Con
stitutional officers are prohibited from dis
criminating in employment because of
race, color, religion, sex, or national
origin, except where sex or national origin
is a bona fide occupational qualification.
Prior to hiring, the position must be adver
tised. The law is to be administered by the
Council on Human Rights.
Employee testing. The Secretary of
Administration was requested to examine
and revise the employment policy of the
Commonwealth related to infection with
HIV and a id s , in order to correct inequities
and avoid creating false public perceptions
concerning transmission of infection. (Cur
rent policy permits workers to seek trans
fers to avoid contact with persons infected
with HIV.)
Worker privacy. A licensed polygraph
operator may not, during a polygraph ex
amination required as a condition of em
ployment, ask any question concerning the
sexual activities of the person being exam
ined if the question violates State or Federal
law.
Occupational safety and health.
A
new provision specifies that private em
ployers have the sole authority for designat
ing smoking and/or nonsmoking areas
within the place of business, unless such
designation is the subject of a written
agreement between the employer and em
ployees. Also, all institutions of higher ed
ucation and all licensed hospitals have sole
authority for designating smoking and/or
nonsmoking areas. The provision will ex
pire July 1, 1990.
Except for firefighters and police offi
cers, no employee of or applicant for em
ployment with the Commonwealth or any
of its political subdivisions is to be re
quired, as a condition of employment, to
smoke on the job, or to abstain from smok
ing off the job.
Other laws. The Secretary of Eco
nomic Development was requested to
conduct a study of the use of part-time,
temporary, and contract workers by busi
nesses and nonprofit organizations and the
impact of this contingent work force on
equal opportunity and wages and benefits.
A report is to be made to the Governor and
the 1990 legislature.
Virgin Islands
Wages. By prior law, the minimumwage rate rose from $3.85 an hour to $4.25
on January 1, 1989, and to $4.65 on Janu
ary 1, 1990. Beginning January 1, 1991,
and each January 1 thereafter, an indexed
rate will take effect equal to 50 percent of
the average private, nonsupervisory, nonagricultural hourly wage, as determined by
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January 1990
the Virgin Islands Wage Board for the pre
vious November, rounded to the nearest
multiple of 5 cents. The rate for minors
under age 18, full-time high school stu
dents, and employees of businesses with
gross annual receipts of less than $150,000
increased from $3.50 per hour to $3.90 on
January 1, 1989, and to $4.30 on January
1, 1990. After January 1, 1991, the mini
mum rate for these workers will be 35 cents
an hour below the basic minimum rate.
Tipped employees in the tourist service and
restaurant industries are subject to a sepa
rate law.
Washington
Wages. By prior initiative, the mini
mum hourly wage rate was increased from
$3.85 to $4.25, effective January 1, 1990.
This initiative also required the director of
the Department of Labor and Industries to
establish rates for minors under age 18. An
administrative order issued April 24 and
effective June 1, 1989, provides for a min
imum wage for 16- and 17-year-olds equal
to the adult wage rate and a rate for minors
under age 16 of 85 percent of the adult rate
($3.27 per hour, increased to $3.61 on Jan
uary 1, 1990).
Truckdrivers or busdrivers who are sub
ject to the Federal Motor Carrier Act are
now exempt from the overtime pay require
ment in the State wage-hour law if their
compensation system includes overtime
pay reasonably equivalent to the State pro
vision for time and one-half the employee’s
regular rate for work after 40 hours a week.
Hours. In filling all school positions,
school and educational service districts are
to consider applications from two individu
als wishing to share a job and are to include
a statement to this effect in all announce
ments of job openings.
Parental leave. Private-sector and
local government employers of 100 or
more, as well as State agencies, must grant
up to 12 weeks of unpaid family leave in a
24-month period to care for a newborn
child, an adopted child under the age of 6 ,
or a child under the age of 18 with a termi
nal health condition. Such leave is in addi
tion to leave for sickness or temporary
disability because of pregnancy or child
birth. Upon return, employees are entitled
to reinstatement in the same or an equiva
lent position. Discharge or discrimination
against a person opposing any practices for
bidden by the law or filing a complaint,
testifying, or assisting in a proceeding is
prohibited. Employers must grant leave to
an adoptive parent, at the time of birth or
initial placement of a child under the age of
6 , under the same terms as granted to bio
logical parents, and under the same terms
for men as for women. An employer may
limit or deny family leave to up to 10 per
cent of the work force, designating them
key personnel. Administration of the re
quirements is vested in the Department of
Labor and Industries.
Child labor. A new law was enacted
regulating employment of minors in houseto-house sales. Under the law, no child
under age 16 may be employed in such
work unless the Department of Labor and
Industies grants a variance. Employers of
16- and 17-year-olds in such work must
( 1) obtain a registration certificate, (2 ) pro
vide each such employee with an appropri
ate identification card, (3) ensure adequate
supervision by a person age 21 or over dur
ing all working hours, and (4) obtain
parental permission if transport to another
State is required. Such minors may not be
employed after 9 p.m. The law also regu
lates advertising to employ persons under
age 21 in this work. Excluded from the law
are donated services performed for various
nonprofit organizations and services per
formed by a newspaper vendor or a person
in the employ of his or her parent. The
Department of Labor and Industries is to
adopt rules to implement the act.
The Department of Labor and Industries
is to establish an advisory committee on
agricultural labor to develop recommenda
tions for rules regarding labor standards for
agricultural employment of minors. Based
on these recommendations, the director of
the department is to adopt rules, by July 1,
1990, addressing the employment of
minors.
Labor relations. The Public Em
ployees’ Collective Bargaining law was
amended to cover district court employees,
except for personal assistants to district
judges or court commissioners.
Occupational safety and health. New
sections were added to the Worker and
Community Right-to-Know Act regulating
the storage and use of agricultural pesti
cides. Employers are now to maintain a
workplace pesticide list, by crop, for each
pesticide used, and make newly assigned
employees aware of the list before working
with pesticides. After July 1, 1990, warn
ing signs are to be posted in fields recently
treated with pesticides.
Other laws. A child care partnership
was established to increase employer
assistance to and involvement in child care
and to foster cooperation between business
and government to improve child care serv
ices. The partnership is a subcommittee of
the previously established child care coor
dinating committee, which now includes a
representative of the Department of Labor
and Industries. The partnership will review
and propose statutory and administrative
changes to encourage employer involve
ment in child care, and study liability in
surance issues relating to employer-assisted
child care. The office of the child care re
sources coordinator was established within
the Department of Social and Health Serv
ices and, among other duties, is to assist in
the creation of local child care resource and
referral agencies and provide technical as
sistance to employers regarding child care
services.
The Business Assistance Center in the
Department of Commerce and Economic
Development is to prepare and disseminate
information on child care options for
employers, such information also to be in
cluded as much as possible in routine com
munications to employers from certain
other State agencies, including the Depart
ment of Labor and Industries. A fund was
established to guarantee loans for the start
or improvement of child care facilities.
Economic development projects that con
tain provisions for child care will be given
priority in evaluating applications for a
loan.
West Virginia
Wages. The labor commissioner may
now directly issue a cease-and desist order
requiring a defaulting employer to post a
wage payment bond or cease further opera
tion in the State. Such orders are issued to
employers engaged in construction work or
the severance, production, or transporta
tion of minerals in the State for less than 5
years who have not posted the required
wage payment bond. It is now a felony to
threaten any representative of the Depart
ment of Labor or attempt to prevent any
such representative from performing duties
in connection with the posting of the bond
or the issuance of a cease-and-desist order
in the event of violation.
The prohibition in the Wage Payment
and Collection law against termination of
employees for time lost as volunteer fire
fighters fighting fires was amended to be
applicable also to time lost due to cleanup
of hazardous or toxic materials and to
emergency medical service personnel for
time lost responding to medical emergen
cies. Time lost for such activities may be
charged against the employee’s regular
pay.
Parental leave. Under a new Parental
Leave Act, permanent employees of the
State and of county boards of education
who have worked for at least 12 consecu
tive weeks are entitled to up to 12 weeks of
unpaid family leave during any 12 -month
period for the birth or adoption of a child,
or for the serious illness of a child, spouse,
or parent. During such leave, the employer
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is to continue group health insurance cover
age for the employee at the employee’s ex
pense. Upon return, employees are entitled
to reinstatement in the position they left. A
child is defined as a son or daughter under
age 18, or age 18 or older if incapable of
self-care because of mental or physical dis
ability. Employers are to post a notice in a
form approved by the Department of Labor
setting forth an employee’s rights under
this article.
Occupational safety and health. The
Community Right-to-Know law was re
pealed and an Emergency Response and
Community Right-to-Know Act enacted.
The new act enables the State to fulfill its
obligations under the Federal Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act of 1986. The law provides for the
creation of an Emergency Response Com
mission to supervise the preparation and
implementation of comprehensive emer
gency response plans for each designated
emergency planning district.
Other laws. Under a reorganization of
the executive branch of State government,
several agencies and boards were trans
ferred and incorporated into seven newly
established deparments. The Department of
Labor, the Minimum Wage Rate Board, the
Labor Management Relations Board, the
Labor Management Council, the Public
Employees Occupational Safety and Health
Advisory Board, the Board of Coal Mine
Health and Safety, and the Coal Mine
Safety and Technical Review Committee
were among those agencies transferred and
incorporated into a new Department of
Commerce, Labor and Environmental Re
sources. The Human Rights Commission,
the Office of Workers’ Compensation
Commissioner, the Workers’ Compensa
tion Appeal Board, and the Department of
Employment Security were transferred and
incorporated into a new Department of
Health and Human Resources.
Wisconsin
Wages. The State basic minimumwage rate was increased by administrative
rule from $3.35 to $3.65 per hour effective
July 1, 1989. The rate for minors under age
18 was increased from $3.00 to $3.30, the
rate for tipped employees from $2 .0 1 to
$2.19 (from $1.71 to $1.98 for minors),
and the rate for agricultural workers from
$3.15 to $3.45 (from $2.80 to $3.10 for
minors). A rate of 20 cents less than these
rates (1 2 cents less for tipped employees)
will be applicable to probationary em
ployees who have worked for an employer
not more than 120 days within a 3-year
period. The legislative Joint Committee for
Review of Administrative Rules has chal
lenged the provision for a 120 -day proba
tionary period.
A legislative attempt to increase the min
imum wage, but without a probationary pe
riod, was vetoed by the Governor.
Plant closings. The law requiring em
ployers to provide 60 days’ advance notice
of a business closing or mass layoff to af
fected employees, collective bargaining
representatives, the Department of Industry
and Human Relations, and the local munic
ipality, was amended to cover employers of
50 or more instead of 100 or more. The law
applies if 25 or more are affected by a busi
ness closing, or, in the case of a mass lay
off, if the greater of 25 percent of the work
force or 25 employees, or at least 500 em
ployees, are involved. If an employer fails
to give timely notice to an affected em
ployee, the employee may recover wages
and the value of benefits for a specified
recovery period. Failure to give timely no
tice to the local municipality will result in a
surcharge of $500 per day.
Wyoming
Wages. A new provision bars any em
ployer from withholding money from an em
ployee’s wages for accepting a dishonored
check on behalf of the employer, unless the
employer has provided written instructions as
to procedures for accepting checks and the
procedures were not followed, or the em
ployer reasonably believes that the employee
has been party to a fraud or other wrongdoing
in taking a dishonored check.
Worker privacy. Employment con
tracts, working agreements, or other docu
ments setting forth the terms and conditions
of employment of public officials and
employees are not considered part of a per
sonnel file and are available for public
inspection.
Preference. The commissioner of
labor and statistics is to deny or revoke a
resident contractor’s certificate of resi
dency if it is determined that the contractor
is using the certificate primarily to obtain
public contract bidding preference benefits
for a nonresident.
Other laws. Under a reorganization of
the State government, a new consolidated
Department of Employment was created,
combining several formerly separate agen
cies and labor programs, including the De
partment of Labor and Statistics, the Fair
Employment Commission, the Worker’s
Compensation Division, the Occupational
Health and Safety Commission and Admin
istration, the State Mine Inspector, the Job
Training Administration, and the Employ
ment Security Commission. A plan for the
organization of the new department is to be
implemented by July 1, 1990.
□
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
55
State Labor Legislation, 1989
Footnotes
1 The legislature did not meet in Kentucky,
and Alabama and the District of Columbia did
not enact significant legislation in the fields cov
ered by this article. Information on Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands was not re
ceived in time to include in the article.
2 Separate articles on unemployment in
surance and workers’ compensation, which are
not within the scope o f this article, are published
in this issue o f the M onthly L a b o r R eview .
3 Alaska, California, Connecticut, the District
o f Columbia, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota,
Digitized for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oregon, Puerto Rico (office, supervisory,
and skilled employees in the construction indus
try), Rhode Island, the Virgin Islands, and
Washington.
4 Prevailing wage repeal efforts failed in Illi
nois, Maryland, New Mexico, Oklahoma,
Texas, and Wisconsin. Efforts to enact laws
failed in Florida, Iowa, and Kansas.
5 Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut,
Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, N e
vada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York,
Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West
Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Guam and
the Virgin Islands also have such laws.
6 California, Connecticut, Indiana, Louisiana,
North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennes
see, and Texas.
7 Alaska, Arizona, Iowa, North Carolina, Or
egon, and Utah.
‘The fate of a Polish trade unionist’
One easily finds friends when one is successful. But when you are
in trouble, there is suddenly hardly anybody to be seen. But at least
you can know for sure that those who stayed by you are the ones you
can rely on. And this is the kind of friendship you value most even
when you are again surrounded by new allies and sympathizers at
tracted by your new success.
***
Sometimes we feel as if we are swimming chained hand and foot,
trying to summon all our energy just to make it safely to the shore.
And on the shore there is a cheering crowd of people who offer us
their admiration instead of simply throwing a life-belt.
***
Such is the fate of a Polish trade unionist— he has to launch a pub
licity campaign for private entrepreneurship. I would not like anyone
to think that I made an about face. Nowadays in Poland the defense of
workers is not based on demanding more money, which in our country
has no real value and for which one cannot buy anything. At present
defending workers means building a normally functioning economy
that would allow increasing production and letting people earn more
money. Such an economy can be only built together with the trade
unions; it cannot be built against them.
***
Within the last few months we have achieved more than we could
have hoped for. We have a legally operating free trade union; we are
strongly represented in Parliament and even in the government. All
this has been achieved through our own efforts, but also thanks to an
international solidarity with Poland. Today, when we are threatened by
recession and inflation rather than police repressions, we need this in
ternational solidarity no less than in the past. Therefore, I am address
ing my appeal to you, our friends who have proved to be reliable in
the most difficult of times: Help Poland make her way to the shore of
freedom. Help realize this hope that finally has come to our country.
Uphold your solidarity with Solidarity. Let the road of hope—em
barked upon by millions of Poles on their way to America— be a road
of friendship of two free nations: the Polish and the American.
e c h W a l e s a , Polish Solidarity leader,
in an address to the a f l -c i o Convention,
Washington, D C, Nov. 14, 1989.
— L
January 1990
State workers’ compensation:
significant legislation in 1989
Among the enactments taken on behalf
of injured workers, maximum weekly compensation
payments for temporary total disability were increased
in 45 States and the Virgin Islands, and many States
provided for medical deductibles in insurance policies
LaVeme C. Tinsley
n keeping with tradition, 49 States, the District of Co
lumbia, and Puerto Rico were in legislative session dur
ing 1989. Kentucky was the only State in which the
legislature did not meet. As of late July, more than 1,000
proposals and 245 enactments had been received and legis
lation was still being processed.
All but five States and Puerto Rico increased maximum
weekly payments for temporary total disability. In Colo
rado, the percentage of the State average weekly wage used
for calculating benefits for total disability and death was
raised from 80 percent to 91 percent. Two States reversed
their method of determining benefits. Arkansas now uses a
percentage of the State average weekly wage (66§ percent)
as a basis for determining weekly benefit levels, instead of
making statutory increases. In Alaska, increases in benefits
will be made statutorily instead of being linked to the State
average weekly wage.
New legislation in California provides for weekly benefits
for disability and death to be increased beginning on January
1, 1990, and again on January 1, 1991. In 1992, weekly
payments are scheduled for a 16-percent increase. The cap
I
LaVeme C. Tinsley is a State standards adviser in the Division o f State
Workers’ Compensation Programs, Office o f State Liaison and Legislative
Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U .S. Department of
Labor.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
on weekly benefit levels in Maine and Montana was lifted
on July 1, leaving Oklahoma as the only remaining State where
benefits are frozen; however, in a special session of the
legislature in Montana, the freeze was restored until July 1991.
One State raised the minimum weekly compensation from
$25 to $75 in cases of death, and another State approved
lifetime benefits for permanent total disabilities. North Da
kota increased the weekly allowance for dependent children.
The allowances for burial were raised in Arizona, Califor
nia, Maryland, and Nevada.
Several States now provide for the inclusion of medical
deductibles in workers’ compensation insurance policies as
a cost savings mechanism. Other jurisdictions have author
ized employers who want to become self-insurers to file
letters of credit along with their applications for selfinsurance, in addition to posting bonds and other security.
The State Workers’ Compensation Fund in Hawaii has
been reorganized as the State Compensation Mutual In
surance Fund and will operate as a nonprofit independent
mutual insurance corporation.
Other significant amendments related to rehabilitation
and safety. Penalties and fines were assessed on employers
and insurers for various violations of the law. Assessments
were also authorized for funding purposes.
Following is a State-by-State summary of legislation en
acted.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
57
State Workers’ Compensation Legislation, 1989
Alabama
The Alabama Workmen’s Compensation
Self-Insurers Guaranty Association was es
tablished to set up and provide funding for
an insolvency fund to assure payment of
claims filed against any insolvent member.
Arizona
The burial allowance was increased from
$1,000 to $3,000.
Arkansas
Lump-sum compensation is now payable
when the Workers’ Compensation Com
mission determines that such an arrange
ment is in the best interests of the employee
or the dependents.
California
As a result of two major enactments,
substantive reform in the workers’ compen
sation system will become effective during
1990 and 1991. Reportedly, the new legis
lation is the first of its kind since 1971.
Maximum weekly benefits for temporary
total and permanent total disability will in
crease on January 1, 1990, to $266 from
$224; and on January 1, 1991, to $336.
Minimum weekly benefits for temporary
total disability will be increased during the
same periods from $ 1 1 2 to $168, and from
$168 to $189, respectively. The minimum
for permanent total disability remains at
$112.
Weekly compensation for permanent
partial disabilities of 25 percent or greater,
are now payable up to $148, formerly
$140, as of January 1, 1991. On January 1,
1992, weekly payments will be increased
by approximately 16 percent.
In cases of death, benefit payments will
increase to a maximum of $336 per week as
of January 1991, and a minimum of $224.
The total maximum benefit payable for two
or more surviving dependents in cases of
death has been raised to $115,000, previ
ously $95,000. Eligibility for death bene
fits will now continue until the youngest
dependent minor child reaches age 18, even
if compensation exceeds the statutory
maximum.
Reserve or deputy peace officers and
volunteer members of a sheriff’s reserve
are now protected by workers’ compensa
tion coverage.
The burial allowance was increased to
$5,000 from $2 ,0 0 0 for injuries resulting in
death on and after January 1, 1991.
An amendment permits reimbursement
of costs for travel to medical examinations
at 24 cents per mile, regardless of date of
injury.
New procedures were enacted for resolv
58 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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ing medical disputes and for determining
the existence, and limitations, of perma
nent impairments. The period of disability
that must pass following the 3-day waiting
period before retroactive compensation is
paid for temporary total disability was
changed from 21 to 14 days.
An amendment raised the amount of
compensation allowable for maintenance
during vocational rehabilitation from $224
to $246. Vocational rehabilitation services
that were previously terminated may now
be restored within 5 years after injury in
certain instances. Employers were given
authority to withhold the benefit payments
of an employee who unreasonably fails to
cooperate during vocational rehabilitation.
A new fee schedule was developed for vo
cational rehabilitation services that should
reduce counselor charges by 10 percent.
The Division of Workers’ Compensation
was created as a successor office to the
former Division of Industrial Accidents to
administer the workers’ compensation pro
gram. An Industrial Medical Council was
established to replace the Medical and Chi
ropractic Advisory Committee and quali
fied medical evaluators were appointed to
treat patients at least 20 percent of their
medical practice time. Also, authorization
was given for the creation of a safety and
health program. Other provisions were
amended relative to adjudication, attorney
fee regulations, and insurance.
for services from the employee when the
employer or carrier is liable for payment of
such expenses.
New procedures are now in effect for
resolving disputes on claims. Another
amendment added a deductible ($1,500 per
claim) which may be taken by employers in
contracts for workmen’s compensation in
surance. The Workmen’s Compensation
Cost Containment Act was created to assist
employers in reducing costs related to cov
erage of injuries.
Connecticut
New coverage was extended to members
of volunteer fire departments while per
forming firefighting duties under an agree
ment established between municipalities.
Minimum weekly benefits were raised in
certain cases of partial disability from $ 2 0
to $50.
The Second Injury Fund is required to
continue payment of premiums for health
insurance coverage of employees where the
employer has relocated or shut down a
business. Retroactive compensation is now
payable to the dependents of an employee
who was injured on or after January 1,
1974, and who died not later than Decem
ber 31, 1981. Interest will now be applied
at 10 percent, formerly 6 percent, on com
pensation payments or adjustments in pay
ments that are unduly delayed or neglected.
Delaware
Colorado
An enactment eliminated the extraterri
toriality coverage of out-of-State employ
ers or employees who are temporarily
employed in Colorado. Others eliminated
from coverage include inmates in training,
rehabilitation, or work release programs,
volunteer ski patrol personnel and ski in
structors, race crew members, and passen
ger tramway operators.
New increases were approved for maxi
mum benefits in cases of temporary total
disability based on 91 percent of the State’s
average weekly wage, formerly 80 percent.
For permanent total disabilities, benefits
may now be reduced by 50 percent of any
Federal Social Security benefits at age 65,
or if the employee is receiving retirement
benefits, the reduction is based on the em
ployer’s contribution to the retirement fund
over the entire period of covered employ
ment if a work-related injury occurs after
age 45.
The waiting period was changed from 3
days to 3 regular working days before any
compensation will be paid for temporary
total disability.
A medical care provider is no longer per
mitted to attempt to recover costs or fees
Employers who promote and maintain
safety in the workplace may now be
charged reduced premiums as an incentive.
Florida
All construction industry employers are
newly required to provide workers’ com
pensation coverage if the employer em
ploys one or more employees.
A new provision authorizes an employer
to require his or her employees to submit to
alcohol or drug tests, if the employer sus
pects that an injury was caused by alcohol
intoxication or by the use of a nonprescrip
tion drug. If drug abuse is proven, an em
ployer is required to give 25 percent of an
employee’s weekly indemnity benefits, up
to $5,000, to a drug abuse program for
rehabilitation of the employee.
Reimbursement for nonprofessional at
tendant or custodial care of an injured
worker by a family member is limited to 12
hours per day.
The penalty for the failure or refusal of
an employer or carrier to submit timely re
ports of injuries or death was increased to
$500, formerly $100.
All compensation payments for wage
loss, total disability, or death will now be
Table 1.
Jurisdictions which increased maximum weekly temporary total disability benefits
during 1989
Jurisdiction
Former maximum
New maximum
Jurisdiction
Former maximum
New maximum
Alabam a.........................
Alaska ...........................
Arizona...........................
$344.00
$1,094.00
$253.19, plus $10 monthly added to benefits of dependents residing in the
United States
$357.98
$700.00
$276.15, plus $10 monthly added to benefits of dependents residing in the
United States
Nevada ...........................
New Hampshire.............
New Jersey ...................
New M exico...................
North C arolina...............
North D a k o ta .................
Arkansas .......................
Colorado .......................
Connecticut ...................
$189.00
$354.69
$671.00, plus $10 for
each dependent under 18
years of age, up to 50 percent of basic benefit, not
to exceed 75 percent of
employee’s wage
$209.08
$371.21
$693.00, plus $10 for
each dependent under 18
years of age, up to 50 percent of basic benefit, not
to exceed 75 percent of
employee’s wage
$354.46
$560.00
$320.00
$275.99
$356.00
$306.00, plus $10 for
each dependent; aggregate not to exceed worker’s net wages
$368.82
$600.00
$342.00
$283.70
$376.00
$313.00, plus $10 for
each dependent; aggregate not to exceed worker’s net wages
Ohio ...............................
O regon...........................
Pennsylvania.................
Rhode Island .................
$265.14
$481.92
$344.00
$344.00
$282.60 to $392.50, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent
of State’s average weekly
wage for each child
$580.89
$256.00
$660.00
$263.00
$330.53
$267.00
$447.92
$382.00
$280.64
$513.00
$362.00
$358.00
$290.70 to $403.75, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent
of State’s average weekly
wage for each child
$604.73
$274.00
$684.00
$271.00
$343.02
$276.00
$471.83
$407.00
$385.00
$370.96
$377.00
$360.00, plus $9 for each
dependent; aggregate not
to exceed 80 percent of
worker's average weekly
wage
$400.00
$388.99
$399.00
$386.00, plus $9 for each
dependent; aggregate not
to exceed 80 percent of
worker’s average weekly
wage
South Carolina...............
South D akota.................
Tennessee .....................
Texas .............................
$319.20
$281.00
$231.00
$231.00
$334.87
$289.00
$252.00
$238.00
Utah ...............................
$344.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each
dependent child up to four
children, but not to exceed 100 percent of
State’s average weekly
wage
$347.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and
each dependent child up
to four children, but not to
exceed 100 percent of
State’s average weekly
wage
V erm ont.........................
$444.21, plus $6 for each
dependent, if weekly benefits are below $150
$474.47, plus $6 for each
dependent, if weekly benefits are below $150
$514.00, plus $10 for
each dependent under
age 21
$544.00, plus $10 for
each dependent under
age 21
$397.00
$391.00
$198.00
$279.64
$299.00
$409.00
$413.00
$206.60
$289.75
$318.00
Virgin Islands.................
Virginia...........................
Washington ...................
West Virginia.................
Wisconsin .....................
Wyoming .......................
$193.00
$362.00
$385.49
$358.52
$348.00
$354.00
$214.00
$393.00
$389.32
$367.89
$363.00
$373.00
Delaware .......................
District of Columbia___
Florida ...........................
Hawaii ...........................
Idaho .............................
Illinois.............................
In diana...........................
Iowa ...............................
Kansas ...........................
Kentucky .......................
Louisiana.......................
M a in e .............................
Maryland .......................
Massachusetts...............
Michigan.........................
Minnesota .....................
Mississippi.....................
Missouri .........................
Montana.........................
Note: Most benefit increases are based on the applicable jurisdiction’s average
weekly or monthly wage. However, statutory amounts are prescribed in eight States
(Alaska, Arizona, California, Georgia, Indiana, Nebraska, New York, and Tennes-
made biweekly in lieu of weekly or
monthly payments. By enactment, the off
set of wage loss benefits by Federal Social
Security benefits will be terminated at
age 70.
Awards for recovery of attorney fees
must now include the amount, statutory
basis, and type of benefits that have been
obtained through legal representation.
The Division of Workers’ Compensa
tion’s role in the rehabilitation of injured
workers was reestablished. Vocational re
habilitation services voluntarily provided
by the employer or carrier must be useful to
restoring the injured worker to suitable
gainful employment. Such services are also
required to be referred for utilization
review.
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see) and Puerto Rico. Five States (California, Georgia, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and
New York) and Puerto Rico made no changes in maximum weekly benefit amounts
for temporary total disability during 1989.
Employers who employ permanently
disabled employees for 2 consecutive years
are entitled to be reimbursed based on 50
percent of the employee’s wages, from the
Special Disability Trust Fund, for up to 6
months.
By January 1990, the Division is re
quired to identify and assist employers or
groups of employers determined as having
highest frequency or severity of workrelated injuries in reducing the number of
accidents. An employer identified in this
category must submit a safety training pro
gram to the Division for approval; how
ever, if no program is submitted, a program
will be developed for the employer and if
the employer refuses to implement it, his or
her workers’ compensation coverage may
be cancelled. Any discount or deviation
granted the employer for the remainder of
the policy may also be terminated.
Fines for safety violations were raised
from a $ 2 0 minimum to a minimum of
$ 1 0 0 , and from a $ 1 0 0 maximum to a max
imum of $ 1 ,0 0 0 .
A $10,000 maximum may be assessed in
cases of repeat violations. Compensation
for injuries caused by the willful refusal of
the employee to use a safety appliance pro
vided by the employer will be reduced by
25 percent.
Georgia
Suppliers of rehabilitation services are
prohibited from directly billing an em
ployee for authorized services rendered.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
59
State Workers’ Compensation Legislation, 1989
Hawaii
The “Hawaii Workers’ Compensation
State Fund” was renamed the “Hawaii State
Compensation Mutual Insurance Fund” and
will operate as a nonprofit independent mu
tual insurance corporation, rather than an
agency of the State.
Idaho
Members of the State National Guard are
now eligible for benefits under the Idaho
workers’ compensation law for an injury or
death which is not covered by Federal law.
Newly enacted legislation grants widow
ers the same entitlement to benefits that are
authorized for a widow. Previously, wid
owers were ineligible for the same benefits
unless actually dependent on the deceased
employee at the time of injury.
All references to “workmen’s” were
changed to “workers’” throughout the law.
Indiana
Vocational rehabilitation services have
been extended to an employee who, as a
result of a work-related injury or disease,
cannot perform work for which he or she
had previous training or experience, to re
store the employee to useful employment.
Iowa
Claim settlements are no longer accept
able in contested cases unless evidence is
produced of a bona fide dispute regarding a
substantial portion of the claim.
Assessments to maintain the solvency of
the Second Injury Fund were raised from
$2,000 to $4,000, in death cases where
there are dependents; and from $5,000 to
$15,000, in cases where there are no
dependents.
Kansas
An amendment authorizes vocational re
habilitation services for employees who,
because of injury or occupational disease,
are unable to work for the same employer at
a comparable wage, and for employees
who are unable to enter the open labor mar
ket and earn comparable wages.
Louisiana
Coverage is newly provided for legisla
tive assistants as State employees, immedi
ately upon employment. The requirement
was lifted that foreign employers or out-ofState employers file a security deposit for
workers’ compensation purposes.
A self-insured employer who defaults on
compensation payments will now be sub
ject to forfeiture of any security deposit
posted or any surety bond posted with the
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for60
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January 1990
Office of Workers’ Compensation.
Authorization was given for a penalty of
24 percent to be applied in all compensa
tion cases where benefit payments are over
due, unless the order is appealed.
A new fraud investigation section was
established within the Office of Workers’
Compensation Administration to investi
gate allegations of workers’ compensation
fraud and transmit information to appropri
ate prosecutorial officials. In special ses
sion, the legislature passed an amendment
requesting the Louisiana Insurance Rating
Commission to reconsider its recent ap
proval of increased workers’ compensation
insurance rates to relieve businesses from
any additional financial burdens during the
current economic crisis.
Definitions for “mental injury,” and
“heart-related” or “perivascular injuries”
were revised to eliminate coverage for acci
dents caused by the employee engaging in
horseplay, or occurring as a result of a dis
pute, unrelated to the employment, with
another person. An amendment now pro
vides that compensation will be paid for
disability or death to any employee covered
by the Federal Employers’ Liability Act,
the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Act,
or any of its extensions, or the Jones Act.
All rights of an employee to compensa
tion will be forfeited during periods of in
carceration unless a determination is made
that the dependents of the employee rely on
the award for support. The amount of sup
plemental earnings used in computing com
pensation is now limited to 4.3 times the
temporary total disability benefits.
Medical expenses now may be offset
when payment has been made by any per
son or entity, other than a direct payment
by the employee, a relative, or a friend of
the employee, who extinguishes a claim
against the employer or insurer for such
benefits. Additionally, procedures for the
resolution of disputes involving health care
services were revised.
The provisions were revised to specifi
cally enumerate the goals, criteria, and
standards of the rehabilitation process rela
tive to injured workers.
In third-party cases, the district court has
new authority to approve lump-sum com
pensation or compromise a settlement of
the claim.
Maine
The definition of “seasonal worker” was
modified to eliminate any worker who is
customarily employed for more than 26
weeks in a calendar year while working for
one or more employers.
Criteria were added for determining an
injured employee’s degree of incapacity, to
include the availability of work in the em
ployee’s community and the employee’s
ability to obtain work considering the ef
fects of his or her work-related injury. If
these criteria do not apply, the degree of
incapacity will be based on 100 percent.
Compensation for medical expenses,
aids, and other services in cases of perma
nent impairment must now be paid within
75 days, formerly 90 days, from date re
quest for payment is made.
Employers of 250 or more employees
now are required to reinstate injured em
ployees who have completed rehabilitation
within 2 years after maximum medical im
provement. An enactment strengthened the
statutes concerning the injured worker’s
rights to rehabilitation and made other
changes concerning the program.
The data reporting requirements of insur
ers and self-insurers were simplified, and
authorization was given for the use of
surety bonds as security for self-insurance.
Additionally, regulations for self-insurance
were clarified and group self-insurers can
no longer operate as a corporation.
Maryland
Elective coverage of volunteer firefight
ers and rescue squad members was changed
to mandatory coverage. The Adjutant Gen
eral is newly required to provide workers’
compensation coverage for all members of
the Maryland State Guard during training.
Certain owner/operators of motor vehicles
who establish contracts with motor carriers
have been eliminated from coverage.
The maximum allowance for funeral ex
penses was raised to $2,500, previously
$ 1 ,2 0 0 , and the statute of limitations on
claims for funeral expenses was extended
from 5 to 7 years.
A percentage of all awards for permanent
disability and death, including disfigure
ment and mutilations, and for all settlement
agreements, now will be paid to the Subse
quent Injury Fund.
The responsibility for determining the
State’s average weekly wage was trans
ferred from the Department of Employment
and Training to the Department of Eco
nomic and Employment Development.
Michigan
Legislation was enacted to protect the
confidentiality of information concerning
the injury of and benefits paid to an individ
ual worker and information in records of
employers who make application for selfinsurance status from disclosure under the
Freedom of Information Act.
A 45-member workers’ compensation
appeals board was established to assist in
resolving disputed claims through media
tion and arbitration.
Montana
By enactment, a State Fund was created
to operate as a nonprofit independent public
corporation. The Fund will provide in
surance coverage for every employer who
makes a request for coverage unless an as
signed risk plan is established within the
State. The same amendment gives the
Commissioner of the Department of Labor
and Industry authority to establish an
assigned risk plan for workers’ compensa
tion. Another enactment created a Guar
anty Fund to cover payment of claims
against insolvent self-insured employers.
The freeze on maximum weekly com
pensation for disability and death was ex
tended another year, to June 30, 1991. A
new revision provides that no compensa
tion may be paid for the first 48 hours or 6
days of lost wages in cases of total disabil
ity, whichever is less; previously, the wait
ing period was 6 days.
Reciprocal agreements for coverage may
now be arranged by the Governor with any
Canadian province to ensure coverage of
Montana employers and workers while
temporarily employed in Canada. Members
of an employer’s family are no longer al
lowed to be included for coverage if an
exemption for such person can be claimed
under the Federal Internal Revenue Code.
Benefits for rehabilitation are now per
mitted to continue for 26 weeks after the
healing period, except for cases of non
work-related subsequent injuries to the
same body part.
Injured workers may also be reimbursed
for reasonable costs for travel and medical
treatment at the same rates permitted for
State employees.
The filing period for claims is extended
an additional 24 months in cases of a latent
injury or equitable estoppel.
The law now allows workers’ compensa
tion insurance policies issued after Septem
ber 30, 1989, to offer a medical deductible
in $500 increments, not to exceed $2,500
per claim.
A maximum of $200 was established as
the fine which may be assessed on an em
ployer for giving improper notification re
garding the cancellation of an insurance
policy.
Nebraska
Workers’ compensation hearings in
cases where the accident occurred outside
of the State may be held anywhere in Ne
braska at the discretion of the court, unless
otherwise stipulated.
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Nevada
North Carolina
The amount payable for burial expenses
doubled to a maximum of $5,000. Lump
sum compensation payments may now be
permitted for injuries that occurred on or
after July 1, 1981, formerly 1987, and re
sulted in permanent partial disability of
more than 25 percent.
A presumption was added which states
that a disease of the lung is conclusively
presumed to be work-related for any person
who has been employed full-time and con
tinuously as a police officer or firefighter
for 5 years or more prior to disablement.
New provisions were enacted concerning
fraudulent claims submitted for payment of
services rendered to workers’ compensa
tion claimants. Another enactment author
izes insurers to deduct from the compensa
tion of an employee any amounts obtained
by the employee through misrepresentation
or concealment of a material fact. Repay
ment of any benefits obtained in this man
ner is now required.
Contracts or agreements arranged for
therapy treatment or with a particular phar
macy for filling prescriptions are prohibited
if such arrangement would prevent the in
jured worker from receiving prompt profes
sional services.
Coverage was revised by clarifying that a
general contractor is not responsible for
workers’ compensation coverage of a sub
contractor who has no employees and who
waives his or her rights for coverage under
the law. Subcontractors are permitted an
exemption from coverage when there are
no employees. Additional funding was ap
proved for the Stock and Mutual Workers’
Compensation Security Funds through as
sessment increases on carriers and selfinsured employers.
New Hampshire
For coverage purposes, a call or volun
teer firefighter is no longer required to be a
member of the New Hampshire Firemen’s
Association.
A pilot program was set up to review
medical, hospital, and remedial care in
workers’ compensation.
New Mexico
Employers were given authority to im
plement safety programs and provide
bonuses based on 10 percent of the
worker’s wages if certain criteria are met.
Coverage was amended to eliminate li
censed real estate salespersons.
New York
Employers are now responsible for re
placing prostheses that are lost or damaged
without bodily injury to the employee.
Damage to, or the loss of, a prosthetic de
vice is deemed to be an injury, except that
no disability benefits are payable in such
cases.
Various fines were increased and stiffer
penalties enacted for untimely payment of
compensation, for violations of reporting
requirements, and for noncompliance with
other provisions under the workers’ com
pensation law.
North Dakota
Weekly benefit payments for total dis
ability were increased from $150 to $160.
In cases of death, weekly compensation
was increased to $100, from $90, where a
claimant is eligible for supplementary ben
efits; and dependency allowances for chil
dren were raised from $7 to $10 per week.
Legislation provides for the State aver
age weekly wage to be computed to the
next highest dollar. Lump-sum awards may
now be received for injuries that cause per
manent impairment, other than scheduled
injuries, based on 33^ percent of the State’s
average weekly wage, rounded to the next
highest dollar. Compensation was formerly
limited to $60 per week for a total of 500
weeks.
An enactment provides that no compen
sation is payable for a total or partial dis
ability where the duration of such disability
is less than 5 consecutive calendar days,
formerly 5 days.
The compensation of any person con
fined to a correctional institution will now
be suspended during incarceration, unless
such person has a spouse or child eligible
for such benefits.
A provision was enacted which exempts
compensation from all claims of creditors,
except for benefit overpayments recovered
by the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation.
Many definitions were revised to either
broaden the scope of coverage or limit its
application. A total of $10,000 is now
payable to injured workers who sustain
catastrophic injuries to cover remodeling
costs or for adaptations to real estate. Re
imbursement will now be made for travel
and other personal expenses incurred by the
injured worker to obtain medical care upon
request.
Employees must now submit to medical
examinations provided by a physician des
ignated or approved by the Bureau. Pro
viders of medical services are prohibited
from billing a claimant directly for the dif
ference between the usual and customary
amounts charged for medical services
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
61
State Workers’ Compensation Legislation, 1989
and amounts allowed by the Bureau’s fee
schedule.
By enactment, an injured worker now
has a right to select the initial physician for
treatment. A system of peer review has
been authorized for reviewing the quality of
medical care and services provided to in
jured workers. Medical assessment teams
were also approved to review any physical
restrictions and limitations of the injured
worker.
After 104 weeks, benefits for rehabilita
tion will terminate, except in the case of
catastrophic injuries, where benefits may
continue beyond 5 years. Additional bene
fits may be approved to assist the worker
with work search after rehabilitation is
completed. Eligibility for partial disability
benefits may continue for up to 2 years
after rehabilitation is completed and the in
jured employee has acquired substantial
gainful employment.
An offset was enacted, to be applied in
cases of total or partial disability where the
worker fails to report wages from any other
source. Another provision now states that
an offset of permanent total disability bene
fits by benefits under the Federal Social
Security law may not exceed 40 percent of
the employee’s weekly Social Security
benefits.
Ohio
Maximum weekly compensation for
scheduled injuries will now be based on
100 percent of the State’s average weekly
wage; previously, the maximum was twothirds of the employee’s average weekly
wage, not to exceed 100 percent of the
State’s average weekly wage.
Compensation for temporary total dis
ability is limited to 665 percent of the
State’s average weekly wage if the em
ployee is also eligible for Social Security
retirement benefits.
Legislation was enacted concerning as
sessments on employers for self-insurance
under a separate, newly established fund
within the State treasury.
Oregon
Coverage was revised to clarify that an
employer from another State is exempt
from coverage even though the employer
has a temporary workplace in Oregon, pro
vided certain conditions are met. Formerly,
the exemption was only applicable to a
worker.
The term “independent contractor” was
also revised to create a universal definition
applicable to income taxes, workers’ com
pensation, unemployment compensation,
and the registering of residential builders.
62 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Indemnity benefits may now be gar
nished for child and spousal support by an
amount up to one-fourth of the employee’s
benefits.
The Department of Insurance and Fi
nance was given authority to request re
ports from insurers at any time concerning
safety and health loss control activities.
Rhode Island
Dependency allowances in cases of per
manent total disabilities will now be in
creased as the number of persons entitled to
compensation increases.
State employees are newly allowed to
use the treatment facilities at the Donley
Rehabilitation Center, regardless of date of
injury.
An education unit was established within
the Department of Workers’ Compensation
to provide information and services on
known and suspected workplace hazards
and on the prevention of occupational dis
eases and injuries. Training will also be
provided for nonmanagement employees
and employers on procedures and rights
under the workers’ compensation law.
A Special Legislative Commission was
created to investigate occupational diseases
in the workplace and submit a report on its
investigation to the General Assembly on
or before April 3, 1991.
South Carolina
Minimum weekly compensation for
death was raised from $25 to $75, not to
exceed the employee’s average weekly
wage.
Surviving nondependent children are
now eligible for death benefits of a de
ceased employee who leaves no dependent
survivors. In cases of death when all the
deceased employee’s children are no longer
dependent, any remaining benefits must
now be equally divided among all the chil
dren, rather than benefits terminating
permanently.
New legislation requires employers to
provide and enforce the use of safety appli
ances, and adopt and enforce safety rules
and regulations. Previously, the Workers’
Compensation Commission had authority
over workplace safety regulations.
Maintenance tax assessments have now
been reduced from 4 \ to 3^ percent of actual
operating costs for fiscal year 1990-91; for
fiscal year 1991-92 and onward, the as
sessment will be
percent.
South Dakota
Temporary total disability compensation
is now payable for a maximum of 60 days
in cases where the employee is unable to
return to his or her usual and customary line
of employment, when the employee is pur
suing rehabilitation.
Self-insurers were authorized to secure
compensation with a surety bond, cash,
certificate of deposit, approved govern
ment securities, or an irrevocable letter of
credit in a total amount equal to the greater
of $250,000, or twice the amount of com
pensation claims paid by the employer dur
ing the preceding calendar year, or an
amount designated by the employer as a
reserve for workers’ compensation claims.
Responsibility for administration of the
Subsequent Injury Fund was transferred
from the Department of Labor to the Divi
sion of Insurance.
Tennessee
Government self-insurance groups are
now authorized to participate in the Second
Injury Fund upon payment of an annual
fee. Any disbursements from the fund will
be made only in accordance with a decree,
instead of through the court.
Texas
A resolution was enacted which directs
schools in the State to require course in
struction in industrial hygiene, safety, and
occupational medicine and nursing because
these fields would have a significant impact
on medical cost containment. Another res
olution instructs the State Board of In
surance to reassign furniture stores to more
accurate classifications. Many of these
businesses are suffering from unjustified
economic losses as a result of combining
two employee types (for example, furni
ture salespersons and furniture delivery
personnel).
Utah
Coverage was amended to include vol
unteer firefighters as employees of local
governments.
First payment of compensation must
now commence within 30 days, formerly
90 days, after a final award has been made
by the Industrial Commission.
Virginia
Elective coverage was authorized for an
independent contractor under his or her
workers’ compensation insurance policy as
an employee of the employer, if an agree
ment regarding coverage has been reached
with the insurer.
New conditions were enacted under
which an ordinary disease of life is estab
lished as an occupational disease when an
infection or contagious disease is con
tracted in the direct delivery of health care
services in the course of employment.
Further, claims for symptomatic or asymp
tomatic infection with human immunodefi
ciency virus, including immunodeficiency
syndrome, will be forever barred if not
filed within 2 years after a positive test of
such infection.
The Industrial Commission was author
ized to make compensation awards within
36 months from the date of accident in
cases where no compensation has been paid
and where a review of an award is based on
a change in condition.
When disputes arise regarding voca
tional rehabilitation training services, the
employee can make a request to the Com
mission for approval of such services.
Washington
Coverage was amended to require that
any common or contract carrier doing busi
ness in Washington exclusively in the area
of interstate or foreign commerce or in any
combination (formerly, domiciled in the
State) must cover their Washington em
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ployees, unless coverage has been estab
lished for such employees under the laws of
another State.
An appropriation was authorized for at
least $300,000 to be transferred from the
Medical Aid Fund to the Department of
Labor and Industries for the biennium end
ing June 30, 1991, for workers’ compensa
tion purposes.
West Virginia
A resolution was enacted urging the U.S.
Congress to enact legislation to restore in
terim black lung benefits to disabled coal
miners whose benefits were put in jeopardy
by a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision.
The law was modified concerning State
employees’ ineligibility for workers’ com
pensation while receiving sick leave benefits,
except for cases of permanent disability.
Wyoming
New coverage is now in effect for volun
teer peace officers and for volunteers who
handle or work with hazardous substances.
Coverage was revised to include mine res
cue teams and any employer or person who
employs a worker engaged in an extrahazardous occupation; however, the em
ployer must be qualified as a resident or
nonresident employer.
Payments for temporary total disability
are now based on two-thirds of the em
ployee’s actual monthly earnings at the
time of injury, not to exceed the State’s
average monthly wage, in lieu of two-thirds
of the employee’s monthly earnings for the
12 months immediately preceding the
injury.
The statute of limitations was changed to
provide that a claim for additional dis
ability or medical benefits must now be
filed within 4 years. Notwithstanding the
statute, medical claims still may be
accepted under certain conditions after
4 years. Another amendment now prohibits
recipients of unemployment compensation
from receiving disability benefits under the
workers’ compensation law.
□
Shiskin award nom inations
The Washington Statistical Society invites nominations for the 11th an
nual Julius Shiskin Award in recognition of outstanding achievement
in the field of economic statistics.
The award, in memory of the former Commissioner of Labor Statis
tics, is designed to honor an unusually original and important contribu
tion in the development of economic statistics or in the use of eco
nomic statistics in interpreting the economy. The contribution could be
in statistical research, in the development of statistical tools, in the ap
plication of computers, in the use of economic statistical programs, or
in developing public understanding of measurement issues, to all of
which Mr. Shiskin contributed. Either individuals or groups can be
nominated.
The award will be presented with an honorarium of $500 at the
Washington Statistical Society’s annual dinner in June 1990. A nomi
nation form may be obtained by writing to the Julius Shiskin Award
Committee, American Statistical Association, 1429 Duke Street, Alex
andria, v a 22314-3402. Completed nomination forms must be re
ceived by April 1, 1990.
Monthly Labor Review January 1990
63
Changes in unemployment insurance
legislation during 1989
Alaska and Nevada established temporary
training programs for unemployed claimants;
elsewhere, changes generally involved increasing
benefits, qualifying wages, and tax rates
Diana Runner
few States have recently experimented with pro
grams to provide enhanced assistance and training
to unemployed claimants. For example, Alaska and
Nevada have enacted legislation and Nebraska is conducting
a study on the feasibility of implementing a job training
program for individuals receiving unemployment benefits.
In Alaska, a 2-year pilot project program was established
to finance and award grants to employment assistance and
training entities to help prevent future unemployment
claims, foster new jobs, and increase training opportunities
for workers severely affected by fluctuations in the State
economy or technological changes in the workplace. The
project will be financed through a portion of employee taxes
at the rate of 0.01 percent. The Alaska Job Training Coordi
nating Council must annually provide the Alaska Employ
ment Security Division with a report on the financial and
performance activities of the program and recommendations
concerning continuation of funding.
The Nevada Unemployment Compensation Law was
amended to establish and administer a temporary employ
ment training program (until June 30, 1991) that must foster
job creation, minimize unemployment costs of employers,
A
Alabama
Financing. The 1.0-percent employee
tax has been repealed. The following provi
sions will be effective January 1, 1991:
(1) The benefit-wage ratio formula will be
replaced with a benefit-ratio formula under
Diana Runner is an unemployment insurance
program specialist in the Office of Legislation
and A ctuarial S e r v ic e s, E m p loym ent and
Training Administration, U .S . Department of
Labor.
64 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
and meet the needs of employers for skilled workers by
training claimants. The training program will be funded
from the special revenue fund, which will consist of a tem
porary tax on all contributing employers of 0.05 percent.
There are no performance requirements or recommendations
for continuation of the program.
Alaska, Arkansas, Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina,
Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wyoming amended their
laws to allow access, on a reimbursable basis, to records on
wage and benefit information by the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development and by public housing
authorities. The access was authorized by the Stuart B.
McKinney Homeless Assistance Amendments of 1988.
Arkansas, California, Delaware, Georgia, New Hamp
shire, New York, and Tennessee amended their laws so as
to prohibit information obtained in the administration of the
unemployment insurance law from being used as evidence
in any proceeding between a person and the employer that
is brought before an arbitrator, court, or judge of the State
in question or of the United States.
Following is a summary of some significant changes in
State unemployment insurance laws during 1989.
which an employer’s unemployment in
surance contribution rate will be based on
the ratio of actual benefits paid during a
3-year period to the employer’s workers to
the employer’s total taxable payroll during
that same period. (2) The fund require
ments for the benefit ratio system under the
most favorable contribution schedule must
equal at least 125 percent of the desired
level of the fund, with rates ranging from
0.2 percent to 5.4 percent; under the least
favorable schedule, fund requirements are
less than 70 percent of the desired level,
with rates ranging from 0.65 percent to 6.8
percent. (3) The fund’s desired level will be
1 \ times the product of the payrolls of any
1 of the most recent 3 years and the highest
benefits-payroll ratio for any 1 of the 10
most recent fiscal years. (4) An assess
ment, which will be determined by dividing
the net shared cost by the Statewide total of
taxable wages on which contributions have
been paid, will be added to an employer’s
contribution rate to recover shared or so
cialized costs. (5) Deleted is the emergency
surcharge rate of 25 percent of the basic
rate when the trust fund balance was below
70 percent of the minimum normal amount.
On January 7, 1990, the
maximum weekly benefit amount will in
crease from $145 to $150. To qualify for
benefits, an individual must have baseperiod wages equal to 1 2 times the highquarter wages. The $774.01 wage require
ment for the base period was repealed.
Benefits.
Alaska
Financing. Nonprofit organizations or
a group of nonprofit organizations which
are reimbursing employers will be billed
for extended benefits that are not reim
bursable by the Federal Government.
Disqualification. An individual will
not be denied benefits for unavailability for
work, failure to seek work, or refusal of
work if he or she is in training approved
under the Job Training Partnership Act. An
individual discharged for commission of a
felony or theft in connection with work will
be disqualified from benefits for 1 to 51
weeks, or until he or she earns 20 times the
weekly benefit amount. Also, the individ
ual will be ineligible for extended benefits
until he or she earns 20 times the weekly
benefit amount. The disqualification for
misrepresentation to obtain or increase ben
efits was changed from 6 to 52 weeks to the
week the misrepresentation was made and
an additional period of 6 to 52 weeks. The
length of disqualification for an individual
pursuing an academic education was
changed to the first full week in which the
individual no longer pursues an academic
education. An individual will not be dis
qualified if (1) he or she pursued an aca
demic education for a school term and
worked 30 hours a week during the school
term, (2) the academic schedule did not
preclude full-time work in the individual’s
occupation, and (3) the worker became un
employed because of layoff or because his
or her job was eliminated.
Administration. Wage and unemploy
ment claims information may be disclosed
to the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development and public housing
authorities.
Penalties. The penalty for delinquent
contributions was changed from 10 percent
of the amount due to the greater of 10 per
cent of contributions due or $10. A penalty
was added for misrepresentation to obtain
or increase benefits in an amount equal to
50 percent of the fraudulently received
benefits.
Arkansas
Financing. The taxable wage base will
increase to $7,800 on January 1, 1990, and
to $8,000 on January 1, 1991. Employers
with a negative balance for 2 years or less
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
will pay a contribution rate of 5 percent. A
sixth-tier stabilization tax of 0.8 percent
was added to take effect if the fund’s assets
are less than 0.25 percent of total payrolls.
An employer’s voluntary payment to the
fund is no longer limited to the amount of
benefits charged to his or her account in the
preceding calendar year.
Benefits. The wages needed to requal
ify for benefits in a succeeding benefit year
were reduced from 6 times the weekly ben
efit amount to 3 times the weekly benefit
amount. The law was amended to provide
that any employer classified as a seasonal
employer may request not to be treated as a
seasonal employer.
Administration. Wage and benefit in
formation now may be disclosed to the
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development and public housing authori
ties. Any information obtained in the
findings and conclusions made in unem
ployment insurance cases will not have a
preclusive effect in any non-unemployment
insurance action or proceeding.
must (1) have been paid wages during the
high quarter of at least $1,200 ($1,250 be
ginning January 1, 1991, and $1,300 be
ginning January 1, 1992); or (2) have been
paid wages during the high quarter of at
least $900, and total base-period wages
equal to 1.25 times the wages in the high
quarter.
Disqualification. The between-terms
denial provisions will not apply to educa
tional employees of federally operated
schools. Various procedures to be followed
by the California Employment Develop
ment Department concerning aliens who
have applied for temporary resident status
under the Immigration Reform and Control
Act of 1986 and whose unemployment ben
efits are at issue have been extended
through September 30, 1990.
Penalties. An individual who makes
false statements in order to obtain benefits,
but does not receive benefits, will be dis
qualified for from 2 to 15 weeks, but a
claimant who makes false statements that
result in the payment of benefits will be
disqualified for from 5 to 15 weeks.
California
Colorado
If not subject to the Federal
Unemployment Tax Act, services per
formed by an officer of a corporation who
is the sole shareholder, or the only share
holder other than a spouse, are now ex
cluded from coverage. Services performed
by persons in the employ of any other State
or its political subdivisions will be ex
cluded from coverage.
F in a n c in g .
A seventh contribution rate
schedule was added which changed the
range of rates in the most favorable sched
ule to 0.1 percent to 5.4 percent. Also
changed were the fund requirements for the
least favorable schedule, from less than 1.0
percent of payrolls to less than 0.8 percent
of payrolls. When the fund balance is less
than 0.6 percent of payrolls, an emergency
solvency surcharge rate will be required.
Most contributing employers (excluding
new employers, negative-balance employ
ers, and employers with an outstanding li
ability to the fund), in order to reduce their
assigned contribution rates, will be allowed
to submit voluntary unemployment in
surance contributions.
Benefits. Beginning January 1, 1990,
the minimum weekly benefit amount will
increase from $30 to $40. If an individual’s
wages in the high quarter exceed $4,966.99,
the maximum weekly benefit amount will
be 39 percent of these wages divided by 13,
but not to exceed $190. The maximum
weekly benefit amount will increase to
$210 on January 1, 1991, and to $230 on
January 1, 1992. To qualify for benefits on
and after January 1, 1990, an individual
Coverage.
Financing. An employer’s experience
rating account will not be charged for bene
fits paid to an individual who left a construc
tion job to accept a better paid construction
job.
Benefits. The amount of wages an in
dividual needs to qualify for benefits in a
successive benefit year increased from
$ 1 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 ,0 0 0 . I f the last separation for
an employee is one from which a claim
determination has been made, then the em
ployee must work a specified number of
days before a full award of benefits will be
granted on the most recent separation.
Disqualification. Benefits will not be
awarded after a claimant has left a construc
tion job to accept a different construction
job, unless the individual was subsequently
separated from the different construction
job, under conditions that would result in a
full award of benefits. The following provi
sions of the State law were deleted:
(1) requirement that an individual be able
to and available for work when filing a
claim if the individual was separated due to
health reasons; (2) nondenial of benefits to
an individual if he or she quit work to par
ticipate in a student learner program; and
(3) eligibility of an individual for benefits
under certain conditions if he or she left
work to accept a better job.
Delaware
Financing. Beginning in calendar year
1990, an employer’s tax rate will be inMonthly Labor Review
January 1990
65
Unemployment Insurance Legislation, 1989
creased whenever the trust fund balance is
more than $130 million. The supplemental
assessment rate will be based on the em
ployer’s earned basic assessment. For ex
ample, if the basic assessment ranges from
0.1 percent to 3.9 percent of taxable wages,
the supplemental assessment will be 0.9
percent. If the basic assessment is 8.0 per
cent, the supplemental assessment will be
1.5 percent. If the trust fund balance is less
than $130 million, each employer’s basic
rate will be increased by a supplemental
assessment of from 1.1 percent to 1.5 per
cent, depending on the basic rate, if the
trust fund balance is greater than $90 mil
lion, or from 1.5 percent to 2.5 percent,
depending on the basic rate, if the trust
fund balance is less than $90 million.
Benefits. Beginning January 1, 1990,
an individual’s maximum weekly benefit
amount will increase from $205 to $225 if
the trust fund balance is more than $90
million. However, if the trust fund balance
is less than $90 million, the maximum
weekly benefit amount will be $205.
Penalties. A new enactment adds a
statutory limit of 5 years for recovery of
benefit overpayments. However, the provi
sion that permits the Delaware Department
of Labor to write off a benefit overpayment
in whole or in part after 3 years still applies.
Florida
Benefits. The temporary short-time
compensation program was made perma
nent.
Georgia
Financing. On January 1, 1990, the
taxable wage base will increase from
$7,500 to $8,500. The period needed for an
employer to qualify for experience rating
was increased from 1 year to 3 years.
Deleted was a provision that reduced rates
for employers with only 1 year’s experi
ence. An employer’s contribution rate may
increase or decrease by 40 percent or
60 percent (currently 10 percent to 70
percent), depending on the reserve fund
balance.
Benefits. The maximum weekly bene
fit amount increased from $165 to $175 and
will increase to $185 on July 1, 1990.
However, the provision that limits the max
imum weekly benefit amount to $115 if the
unemployment trust fund falls below $175
million still applies.
surance law from being used as evidence in
any proceeding between a person and the
employer that is brought before an arbitra
tor, court, or judge of the State of Idaho or
of the United States.
Illinois
Financing. Benefits paid will be
charged to the last employer from which
the claimant earned wages on each of 30
days and was separated or who, by reduc
tion of work offered, caused the claimant to
become unemployed. However, if no em
ployer meets these charging requirements
for the benefit year, then no employer will
be charged, except that, if no employer
meets these requirements for the second of
2 consecutive benefit years and if an em
ployer was charged as a result of benefits
paid for the first benefit year, the employer
will be charged for any benefits for the
second benefit year after the claimant meets
the wage requirement for a second benefit
year. The last employer’s account will not
be charged for benefits paid that were due
to (1) a disqualification for voluntary leav
ing if physically unable to work or to accept
other bona fide work; (2) discharge for mis
conduct; (3) a refusal to accept or apply for
suitable work; (4) ineligibility due to a
between-terms denial; or (5) the claimant’s
subsequently performing work for at least
30 days for an individual or organization
which was not a covered employer. A sin
gle employer who pays an individual re
qualifying wages after disqualification for
the three major causes will be charged for
benefits paid if the disqualifying event oc
curred prior to the claimant’s benefit year
and the requalification occurred after the
benefit year began.
Administration. The Illinois Depart
ment of Employment Security may disclose
wage and benefit information to the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban De
velopment with respect to individuals
applying for housing assistance. Also, in
formation may be provided to the Federal
Parent Locator Service, the U.S. Depart
ment of Agriculture, and any food stamp
agency.
Penalties. The charge for disclosing
claimant wage and benefit information
without authority changed from a misde
meanor and, upon conviction, a fine of
$100 or imprisonment for 6 months, or
both, to a class B misdemeanor.
Kansas
Idaho
Reimbursing employers
are required to pay a bond or deposit of 5.4
percent of the taxable payrolls during the
four calendar quarters preceding the reim
Financing.
The law was amended
so as to prohibit information obtained in the
administration of the unemployment in
Administration.
66 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
bursement election.
Benefits. Wages paid in backpay
awards will be allocated to the week or
weeks as specified in the award. If no
specification is made, the backpay award
will be allocated to the week or weeks in
which it would have been paid.
Disqualification. An individual will
not be disqualified for voluntary leaving
without good cause if he or she left because
of the voluntary or involuntary transfer of a
spouse from one job to another, for the
same employer or a different employer, at
a geographic location that makes it unrea
sonable for the individual to continue to
work at the same job. An individual attend
ing school or on vacation from school will
not be disqualified from benefits if attend
ing evening, weekend, or limited day
classes which would not affect his or her
availability for work. The law now disqual
ifies an individual from benefits for any
week for which he or she receives backpay.
Louisiana
Benefits. To qualify for benefits in a
second benefit year, an individual must
have had work and earned wages in insured
work.
Disqualification. If an individual is
disqualified from benefits for using illegal
drugs but requalifies for benefits, the
weekly benefit amount will be reduced by
50 percent for the remainder of the benefit
year. The between-terms denial for educa
tional employees was extended to school
crossing guards, whether employed by
the school board or another political
subdivision.
Administration. The Louisiana Em
ployment Security Law will be adminis
tered by the Secretary of the Department of
Employment and Training.
Penalties. If legal collection efforts
are pursued for the collection of overpaid
benefits, an individual will be assessed a
penalty equal to the greater of $20 or 25
percent of the overpayment.
Maine
Financing. An employer’s experience
rating account will be charged for depen
dency allowances.
Benefits. The weekly dependents’ al
lowance will increase from $5 to $10 per
dependent, up to one-half the weekly bene
fit amount.
Maryland
Benefits. The number of dependents
for which an individual may receive a
weekly allowance increased from four to
five.
Massachusetts
Financing. A temporary excise tax
will be added to each employer’s account,
equal to 0.01 percent of the taxable wages.
Michigan
Administration. The Michigan Em
ployment Security Commission may dis
close wage and benefit information, on a
reimbursable basis, to the U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development when
an individual applies for housing assistance
and to the Federal Parent Locator Service
of the child support enforcement program.
Minnesota
Coverage. Insurance agents or real es
tate agents are not excluded from coverage
if the services are performed by a corporate
officer.
Missouri
Benefits. The temporary shared-work
program was made permanent.
ing to claimants.
If an individual is re
ceiving a pension, the weekly benefit
amount will be reduced by the amount of
the pension if the employer contributed the
entire amount of the pension, but if the
individual made any contribution to the
pension, the weekly benefit amount will
not be reduced.
Disqualification.
New Hampshire
Benefits. The minimum weekly bene
fit amount was decreased from $39 to $35.
The maximum weekly benefit amount was
increased from $156 to $162, and will in
crease to $168 on July 1,1990. The amount
of annual wages needed to qualify for ben
efits was raised from $1,000 to $1,100, and
will increase to $1,200 on July 1, 1990.
Administration. The law was amended
to prohibit information obtained in the ad
ministration of the unemployment in
surance law from being used as evidence in
any proceeding between a person and the
employer that is brought before any court
or judge of the State of New Hampshire.
New Jersey
Montana
Benefits, formerly charged
to the principal employer, are now charged
proportionately among all base-period em
ployers. An employer’s account will not be
charged for benefits paid if the employer
continues to employ the individual with no
reduction in hours or wages.
Disqualification. The provision dis
qualifying an individual for receipt of
wages in lieu of notice, separation, or ter
mination allowances was deleted.
Financing.
Nevada
Financing. A temporary tax of 0.05
percent will be assessed on all contributing
employers to fund the employment training
program until June 30, 1991. For the period
of July 1, 1989, through June 30, 1991, an
employer’s regular contribution rate will be
reduced by 0.05 percent.
Benefits. To qualify for benefits be
tween October 1, 1989, through October 1,
1991, an individual needs base-period
wages of 1^ times the high-quarter wages or
wages in 3 of the 4 quarters of the base
period.
Administration. A temporary employ
ment training program (expires June 30,
1991) was established to foster job cre
ation, minimize unemployment costs of
employers, and meet the needs of employ
ers for skilled workers by providing train
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Disqualification. An individual will
not be unavailable for work or ineligible for
benefits if attending the funeral of a family
member for a period of 2 days.
New York
Financing. If the fund index is less
than 2, all employers will be assessed a
supplemental tax of 0.7 percent.
Benefits. The maximum weekly bene
fit amount was increased from $180 to
$245, and will increase to $260, effective
April 16, 1990; to $280, effective April 15,
1991; and to $300, effective February 3,
1992. On April 15, 1991, the minimum
average weekly wage necessary to qualify
for benefits will be the greater of 21 times
the New York general minimum wage or
the minimum wage for farm workers in ef
fect on April 16, 1990—whichever applies
to the weeks worked in the base period—or
$80. On February 3, 1992, the minimum
average weekly wage necessary to qualify
for benefits will be the greater of 21 times
the New York minimum wage or $80. The
temporary shared-work program was made
permanent.
North Carolina
Coverage. A new enactment excludes
from coverage services performed by a full
time student in the employ of an organized
camp, if certain conditions are met.
Disqualification. An individual will
not be disqualified for voluntary leaving
due to (1) lack of work caused by the em
ployer’s bankruptcy, or (2) a unilateral and
permanent reduction in full-time work
hours of more than 20 percent or reduction
in pay of more than 15 percent. The dis
qualification for fraudulent misrepresenta
tion will be the 52-week period beginning
with the first day of the week following the
date on which die notice of determination
or decision was mailed. Also deleted from
the law was the requirement that a disqual
ification could be applied up to 2 years after
offense. If an individual receives benefits
for weeks in which backpay awards are
made, an overpayment will ensue, requir
ing the employer to deduct the award and
transmit it to the North Carolina Employ
ment Security Commission to apply against
the overpayment. The definition of dis
charge for misconduct was amended to
include, but not be limited to, separation
initiated by an employer for reporting to
work significantly impaired by alcohol or
illegal drugs; consuming alcohol or illegal
drugs on the employer’s premises; convic
tion in a court of competent jurisdiction for
manufacturing, selling, or distributing a
controlled substance punishable under
North Carolina law while in the employ of
said employer.
Administration. The law was amended
to prohibit information obtained in the ad
ministration of the unemployment in
surance law from being used as evidence in
any proceeding between a person and the
employer that is brought before an arbitra
tor or court or judge of the State of North
Carolina or the United States. The North
Carolina Employment Security Commis
sion may disclose wage and benefit infor
mation, on a reimbursable basis, to the
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development when an individual applies
for housing assistance and to the Federal
Parent Locator Service of the child support
enforcement program.
North Dakota
Financing. The maximum contribu
tion rate will be the average required rate
multiplied by 3, but not less than 5.4 per
cent. Beginning January 1, 1990, new em
ployers in the construction trade will pay
contributions equal to the greater of 9 per
cent or the maximum rate. The law was
amended to permit partial as well as total
transfer of a predecessor employer’s expe
rience rating to the successor employer as
suming control of an organization. Benefits
paid to an individual taking approved trainMonthly Labor Review
January 1990
67
Unemployment Insurance Legislation, 1989
ing shall not be charged to the employer’s
account.
Benefits. When computing the weekly
benefit amount for partial unemployment,
wages in excess of 60 percent of the weekly
benefit amount will be disregarded. An in
dividual’s benefit year may be extended up
to 1 week if there is an overlapping of the
same quarter in two consecutive base
periods.
Disqualification. An individual will
not be disqualified for voluntary leaving if
he or she left employment which was at
least 200 miles from home to accept a job
less than 200 miles away with a reasonable
expectation of continued employment. A
student will not be disqualified from bene
fits if the major part of his or her baseperiod wages were for services performed
while attending school.
Ohio
Financing. All contributing employers
will pay a surcharge of 0.1 percent of tax
able wages to meet costs of automation in
the Ohio Bureau of Employment Services.
Benefits. A spouse may not be claimed
as a dependent if his or her average weekly
income is in excess of 25 percent of the
claimant’s average weekly wage. The law
was amended to redefine “seasonal em
ployer” as an employer whose operations
and business, with the exception of certain
administrative and maintenance operations,
are substantially all in a seasonal industry.
Disqualification. An individual who
has been issued a layoff date will not be
disqualified from benefits if he or she quits
before that date to accept other employ
ment. However, to be eligible for benefits,
an individual must work in the new em
ployment for 3 weeks or earn wages of \ \
times the average weekly wage or $180. An
individual will not be disqualified for vol
untary leaving if he or she left to accept a
recall from a prior employer, if certain
conditions apply; or left to accept other em
ployment while still employed; or com
mences the employment within 7 days of
leaving the prior employer and, subsequent
to the last day, worked 3 weeks in the new
employment and earned the lesser of 1^
times his or her average weekly wage or
$180.
Administration. The period during
which an individual may appeal a referee
decision and a board of review decision
was increased to 21 days. The law was
amended to prohibit information obtained
in the administration of the unemployment
insurance law from being used as evidence
in any proceeding between a person and the
employer that is brought before an arbitra
tor or court or judge of the State of Ohio or
68 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
the United States. Up to October 1, 1994,
the Ohio Bureau of Employment Services
may disclose wage and benefit informa
tion, on a reimbursable basis, to the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Devel
opment when an individual applies for
housing assistance. The law also now per
mits disclosure of wage and claim informa
tion to the Federal Parent Locator Service
of the child support enforcement program.
Oregon
Financing. An employer’s experience
rating account will not be charged for bene
fits paid to an individual participating in an
approved apprenticeship program.
Benefits. An individual’s base period
may be extended up to four quarters pre
ceding a temporary total disability if the
claim was filed within 36 months of the
commencement of the illness or injury, and
if the claim was filed within the fourth
week after termination of illness or injury.
The State of Oregon’s additional benefits
program was made permanent. Holiday
pay will be considered wages for determin
ing partial benefits. If the child support en
forcement agency in the State of Oregon
obtains a court order for collection of child
support from unemployment benefits, the
maximum amount of benefits to be with
held may not exceed (1) the lesser of 1/4 of
benefits paid or the amount of the current
support, or (2) the lesser of 1/4 of benefits
paid or the amount of the last ordered
monthly child support, if the current child
support has terminated.
Disqualification. A labor dispute dis
qualification will not apply if (1) the stop
page of work was due to a lockout, (2) the
lockout was not the result of a labor dispute
between the bargaining unit and an em
ployer other than the last employer, (3) the
employer hired temporary replacements
during the lockout, and (4) the employees’
bargaining agent announced that the mem
bers are ready, willing, and able to work
under the current terms and conditions of
employment last offered by the employer.
Any individual participating in an approved
apprenticeship program will not be ineligi
ble for benefits if attendance in the program
does not exceed 3 weeks during the benefit
year. If an individual is not working due to
a designated vacation period, he or she will
be ineligible for benefits if (1) the vacation
exists due to a collective bargaining agree
ment; (2) the vacation exists at the individ
ual’s request, or (3) for the same period of
time in the previous year, work was not
available to a work unit of which the indi
vidual is a member, work was not available
at the worksite where the individual is cur
rently employed, and the employer indi
cated in both the preceding and present
years that the period of time away from
work would be a vacation period during
which the employee would be eligible to
take vacation pay or other paid leave.
Administration. The assistant director
of the Oregon State Employment Division
may provide, on a reimbursable basis, ben
efit and wage information to the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Devel
opment and to other public housing agen
cies. Also, information may be provided to
the Federal Parent Locator Service.
Rhode Island
Disqualification. An individual will
not be disqualified for benefits due to mis
conduct if a complaint of unfair labor prac
tice has been filed with the National Labor
Relations Board or the State Labor Rela
tions Board in relation to the discharge.
South Dakota
Financing. The contribution rate for
new employers is 1.8 percent (7.0 percent
for employers in construction services) for
the first year and 1.3 percent (4.0 percent
for employers in construction) if the em
ployer has a positive account balance until
experience rated. An employer’s account
will not be charged for benefits paid to an
employee if the employee was discharged
for conduct mandated by a religious belief,
or if the individual earned total base-period
wages of less than $100 with one employer.
Disqualification. If an individual vol
untarily leaves work because of a religious
belief, the leaving will be considered good
cause if the employer did not offer the em
ployee reasonable accommodation that
takes the individual’s religious belief into
consideration and make the offer before the
individual left the employment.
Administration. The period for appeal
ing an initial claims determination was in
creased from 9 to 15 days after mailing of
the determination.
Tennessee
Financing. The fund balance for the
most favorable tax schedule increased from
$300 million to $500 million and the least
favorable from $100 million to $150 mil
lion. The 7-percent solvency tax on con
tributing employers, which applied when
the trust fund balance was less than $300
million, was repealed.
Benefits. Beginning January 7, 1990,
and until January 5, 1992, the maximum
weekly benefit amount will depend on
which tax table is in effect for the year. For
example, the higher the tax rate schedule in
effect, the slower the maximum weekly
benefit amount will rise. The average
wages needed to qualify for the minimum
weekly benefit amount in the two high
quarters of the base period increased from
$754.01 to $780.01. The average wages
needed in the two high quarters of the base
period for the maximum weekly benefit
amount will depend on which tax table is in
effect for the year. No individual will be
entitled to benefits if the base-period earn
ings outside the high quarter are less than
the lesser of 6 times the weekly benefit
amount or $900. The requirement that no
claimant was entitled to benefits if 65 per
cent or more of his or her base-period earn
ings were outside the high quarter was
repealed.
Texas
C overage.
A new enactment excludes
from coverage services performed by an
individual as a licensed real estate broker or
salesman.
F in a n c in g .
An employer’s account
will not be charged for benefits paid to an
individual who voluntarily left employment
or was discharged from work because he or
she was infected with a communicable
disease. (See D is q u a l i f i c a t i o n . ) The max
imum penalty an employer could be
assessed for delinquent contributions in
creased from 25 percent to 37.5 percent of
the amount due. The provision that re
quired employers in a worksharing pro
gram to pay tax rates up to 9.0 percent was
repealed.
D is q u a lif ic a tio n .
The disqualification
period for an individual who voluntarily
left work rather than provide services
within the course and scope of employment
to an individual who is infected with a com
municable disease, or who was discharged
because of a refusal to provide services to
an individual infected with a communica
ble disease will be for the duration, or until
the individual returns to work and either
works for 6 weeks or earns 6 times the
weekly benefit amount. However, an indi
vidual will not be disqualified unless the
employer made available facilities, equip
ment, training, and supplies necessary to
preclude the person’s infection with the
communicable disease.
Utah
D is q u a lif ic a tio n .
In addition to the 51week disqualification for discharge for
gross misconduct, an individual must earn
6 times the weekly benefit amount in cov
ered work before the disqualification can be
purged.
A d m in is tr a tio n .
The law was amended
to specify that findings of fact, conclu
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sions, or final orders made by an unem
ployment insurance hearing officer or
referee will not be binding in a separate
action brought in court, regardless of
whether the prior action was between the
same parties or involved the same facts.
Vermont
F in a n c in g .
A part-time base-period
employer’s account will not be charged for
benefits paid to an individual whose em
ployment had not been terminated or re
duced in hours.
D is q u a lif ic a tio n .
The labor dispute
disqualification will not apply if the stop
page of work is due to a lockout, if the
employer brought about the lockout in
order to gain some concession from em
ployees. Also, excluded from lockout are
temporary suspensions of work in response
to actual or imminent damage to the em
ployer’s property, or a purposeful effort by
employees to reduce productivity.
A d m in is tr a tio n .
An individual must
appeal a referee’s decision to the employ
ment security board within 30 days.
Virginia
F in a n c in g .
An employer’s experience
rating account may not be charged for ben
efits paid to an individual who voluntarily
left employment to enter approved training
under the Trade Act of 1974.
Washington
C overage.
On January 1, 1990, the
exclusion from coverage for agricultural
employers will be amended to apply only to
services performed in agricultural labor by
individuals who are enrolled as students
and regularly attending classes at an ele
mentary or secondary school or any institu
tion of higher education. Also excluded, in
the case of corporate farms, not otherwise
covered, are services performed by an indi
vidual in the employ of his or her spouse
and services performed by an unmarried
individual under the age of 18 years for his
or her parent.
West Virginia
F in a n c in g .
The provisions on non
charging of benefits will not apply to re
imbursing employers. Debit balance
employers and nonexperience-rated foreign
corporations engaged in construction will
be assessed a 1.0-percent surtax until Janu
ary 1, 1994.
B e n e f its .
The law was amended to per
mit the Commissioner of the West Virginia
Division of Employment to enter into recip
rocal agreements with other States and the
Federal Government to recover benefit
overpayments.
D is q u a lif ic a tio n .
If an individual re
ceives backpay at the same time as bene
fits, the benefits must be repaid.
A d m in is tr a tio n .
TheU.S. Secretary of
Health and Human Services may obtain
wage and unemployment claims informa
tion to be used in carrying out the Federal
Parent Locator Service of the child support
enforcement program. The law now also
permits disclosure of claim information to
the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development and public housing
authorities.
Wyoming
B e n e f its .
The maximum weekly bene
fit amount is frozen at $200.
D is q u a lif ic a tio n .
A member of a labor
organization will be disqualified from ben
efits if, after 4 weeks of unemployment, the
individual fails to apply for or accept suit
able nonunion work in his or her customary
occupation. This disqualification will last
until the individual has been employed for
12 weeks and earns 12 times the weekly
benefit amount. In cases of fraudulent mis
representation, the disqualification may
apply the week following the week in
which the false statement or misrepresenta
tion was made or the date the notice of
overpayment or decision was mailed. If an
individual receives sick pay, his or her
weekly benefit amount will be reduced by
the weekly prorated amount of the pay
ment. A misconduct disqualification will
be applied to an individual who was dis
charged for fraud in connection with a
claim for benefits. An individual will be
eligible for benefits if he or she is in an
18-month-maximum approved training
program that prepares the individual for job
skills in occupations with good employ
ment opportunities, and if in training which
prepares the individual for entry-level or
upgraded employment in a recognized
skilled vocational or technical occupation.
A d m in is tr a tio n .
The Wyoming Em
ployment Security Commission may pro
vide benefit and wage information, on a
reimbursable basis, to the U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development, pub
lic housing agencies, and the Federal Par
ent Locator Service.
P e n a l tie s .
The monetary penalty for
fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain or
increase benefits was reduced from $2,000
to $750 but the maximum period of impris
onment was increased from 60 to 90 days.
If fraudulently received benefits are not re
paid within 1 month from notice of mailing
of notification, the individual will be
charged interest of 1.0 percent per month
until repaid.
d
Monthly Labor
R e v ie w
January 1990
69
Research
summaries
Estimating the number
of minimum wage workers
Steven E. Haugen and Earl F. Mellor
Interest in the number and characteris
tics of minimum wage workers has in
tensified in recent years. For 1988, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, using data
from the Current Population Survey
( c p s ) , has estimated that 3.9 million
workers paid hourly rates earned the
prevailing Federal minimum wage of
$3.35 or less; of those, 2.6 million
earned exactly the minimum and 1.3
million earned less than $3.35.1 All
told, minimum wage workers (also re
ferred to as “low-wage workers”) have
been estimated to account for 6.5 per
cent of all workers who were paid by
the hour.
It is recognized that these estimates
do not encompass all low-wage work
ers. For instance, because salaried and
other workers not paid by the hour
(who account for two-fifths of all wage
and salary workers) are excluded from
the universe used for the published es
timate of minimum wage workers, the
actual number at or below the mini
mum is undoubtedly understated. As
reasoned, a number of these nonhourly
paid workers may have earnings
which, when translated into hourly
rates, fall at or below the minimum
wage level. Such low earnings may re
sult from relatively low salaries, or
very high weekly hours, or some com
bination of the two conditions.
Conversely, it is also recognized
that, because the hourly earnings re
ported in the c p s do not include other
types of remuneration, such as tips and
Steven E. Haugen and Earl F. Mellor are
economists in the Office o f Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, Bureau o f Labor
Statistics.
70 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
commissions, they may often under
the act through specific exemptions.
state the true hourly earnings of some
Much of the information needed to de
workers. This implies that the pub
termine the number of workers who
lished count of low-wage workers may
must, by law, be paid the minimum
be too high.
cannot readily be obtained from house
This report examines how the num
hold surveys such as the c p s . For ex
ber of workers with earnings at or
ample, few household respondents
below the Federal minimum wage
would know the annual sales volume
varies, depending on how the hourly
of their employer. This type of infor
earnings measure is computed. Using
mation can only be reliably obtained
data from the c p s , we estimate the ex
from employers.
tent to which supplemental forms of
remuneration, such as tips and com
Profile o f low-wage workers
missions, increase the hourly earnings
Before discussing different techniques
of hourly paid workers who report that
they earn the minimum wage or less.2 that can be used to estimate the total
number of minimum wage workers,
This allows us to estimate the number
salient demographic characteristics of
of hourly workers who have low earn
those
who are paid hourly rates should
ings when all such compensation is in
be examined. As shown in table 1:
cluded. We also estimate the number
of workers not paid hourly rates
• The typical minimum wage worker
(mostly salaried) who have earnings
is young, female, and works part time.
that, when viewed on an hourly basis,
Of the 3.9 million hourly paid workers
are also at or below the minimum wage
who were reported as receiving the
level. We find that alternative esti
minimum wage or less in 1988, 36 per
mates of the number of low-wage
cent were teenagers and an additional
workers based on these measures do
22 percent were young adults ages 20
differ somewhat from the published
to 24. Sixty-five percent of low-wage
figures. However, as described below,
workers were women. Two-thirds of
the inherent imprecision of these esti
those reporting hourly wages of $3.35
mates limits their use as substitutes for
or less usually worked part time.
the hourly wage series.
• Six percent of all minimum wage
It is important to note that while this
workers were husbands. An additional
study provides estimates of the number
8 percent were persons who main
of workers with reported (as well as
tained their own families without a
computed) hourly earnings of $3.35 or
spouse present (mostly women).
less, such workers may or may not ac
Wives made up 19 percent of the total,
tually be subject to the minimum wage
and the balance consisted largely of
provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
young, unmarried household mem
Act.3 The Federal law contains numer
bers.
ous exemptions from the minimum
• Whites, blacks, and Hispanics were
wage standard. First, some types of
divided among the minimum wage
businesses are not covered by the law.
population in about the same propor
For example, certain small retail or
tions as among all workers paid hourly
service establishments (based on an
rates.
nual sales) are exempt. Additionally,
• Although teenage workers were the
some workers, such as those in bona
most likely to be paid $3.35 or less,
fide executive, administrative, and
even for them, only 23 percent re
professional occupations, are excluded
ported earnings at or below this num
from the minimum wage provisions of
ber. The incidence declined with age to
Table 1.
Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with reported hourly earnings at or
below the prevailing minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 1988 annual averages
Number of workers
(in thousands)
Total
paid
hourly
rates
Characteristic
Percent of all workers
paid hourly rates
Percent distribution
$3.35 or less
Total
$3.35
Less
than
$3.35
Total
paid
hourly
rates
$3.35 or less
$3.35 or less
Total
$3.35
Less
than
$3.35
Total
$3.35
Less
than
$3.35
Total, 16 years and o v e r...............................................................
16 to 24 years ............................................................................
16 to 19 years ................................................................. .. —
20 to 24 years .............................................. .............................
25 years and over .....................................................................
25 to 34 years ............................................................................
35 to 44 years ...........................................................................
45 to 54 years ............................................................................
55 to 64 years ............................................................................
65 years and over .....................................................................
60,878
15,770
6,130
9,640
45,109
18,000
12,792
8,057
5,013
1,246
3,927
2,281
1,418
863
1,646
701
371
236
217
122
2,608
1,612
1,036
577
996
400
219
150
138
89
1,319
669
382
287
650
300
152
86
79
33
100.0
25.9
10.1
15.8
74.1
29.6
21.0
13.2
8.2
2.0
100.0
58.1
36.1
22.0
41.9
17.9
9.4
6.0
5.5
3.1
100.0
61.8
39.7
22.1
38.2
15.3
8.4
5.8
5.3
3.4
100.0
50.7
29.0
21.8
49.3
22.7
11.5
6.5
6.0
2.5
6.5
14.5
23.1
9.0
3.6
3.9
2.9
2.9
4.3
9.8
4.3
10.2
16.9
6.0
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.9
2.8
7.1
2.2
4.2
6.2
3.0
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.6
2.6
W o m en........................................................................................
31,058
29,820
1,377
2,550
1,066
1,542
311
1,008
51.0
49.0
35.1
64.9
40.9
59.1
23.6
76.4
4.4
8.6
3.4
5.2
1.0
3.4
Husbands ....................................................................................
Wives ..........................................................................................
Women who maintain families ................................................
Men who maintain families .......................................................
Children1 .............................................................................. ■• ■
Other persons in families .........................................................
Persons not in families2 ...........................................................
16,510
14,811
3,693
1,106
12,168
1,902
10,688
217
744
292
25
1,850
174
625
163
426
183
18
1,348
130
340
54
318
110
6
502
43
285
27.1
24.3
6.1
1.8
20.0
3.1
17.6
5.5
18.9
7.4
.6
47.1
4.4
15.9
6.3
16.3
7.0
.7
51.7
5.0
13.0
4.1
24.1
8.3
.5
38.1
3.3
21.6
1.3
5.0
7.9
2.3
15.2
9.1
5.8
1.0
2.9
5.0
1.6
11.1
6.8
3.2
.3
2.1
3.0
.5
4.1
2.3
2.7
Full-time w orkers.......................................................................
M e n ..........................................................................................
Women ....................................................................................
Part-time workers ................................................................. .. •
M e n ..........................................................................................
W o m e n ....................................................................................
45,587
26,331
19,256
15,291
4,727
10,564
1,312
482
830
2,614
895
1,720
838
358
480
1,770
708
1,062
474
124
351
845
187
657
74.9
43.3
31.6
25.1
7.8
17.4
33.4
12.3
21.1
66.6
22.8
43.8
32.1
13.7
18.4
67.9
27.1
40.7
35.9
9.4
26.6
64.1
14.2
49.8
2.9
1.8
4.3
17.1
18.9
16.3
1.8
1.4
2.5
11.6
15.0
10.1
1.0
.5
1.8
5.5
4.0
6.2
White ..........................................................................................
B lack............................................................................................
H ispanic............................... ........................................... ..........
51,239
7,830
5,394
3,235
599
322
2,047
499
278
1,189
100
44
84.2
12.9
8.9
82.4
15.3
8.2
78.5
19.1
10.7
90.1
7.6
3.3
6.3
7.7
6.0
4.0
6.4
5.2
2.3
1.3
.8
1 Children 16 years of age or older.
2 Includes a small number of persons In unrelated subfamilies and persons in families In which the person maintaining the family is in the Armed Forces.
a low of 3 percent for workers ages 35
to 54 but then rose for persons age 55
and over. Women were nearly twice as
likely as men, and part-time workers
were nearly six times as likely as fulltimers, to be minimum wage workers
in 1988.
E stim ation m ethods
has been estimating the number of
workers who earn the prevailing Fed
eral minimum wage or less from data
on the earnings of workers who report
that they are paid hourly rates. When
an hourly paid worker is reported in the
cps,
the respondent is then asked:
“How much does....earn per hour?”
These data, which were collected once
a year (in May) from 1973 to 1978,
bls
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
have been obtained monthly from onefourth of the c p s sample since 1979 and
have been used by b l s to construct an
nual averages. However, it is impor
tant to stress that, because only hourly
paid workers are asked the question
about hourly rates, the estimates ex
clude all those who are paid at other
rates— such as a weekly or monthly
salary, a daily rate, or a pay plan based
solely on commissions or piecework.
This study presents a measure of
hourly earnings, derived from c p s mi
crodata, that extends beyond the uni
verse of workers paid by the hour.
Such a measure is derived by dividing
responses to a c p s question on usual
weekly earnings by the responses to a
question on usual weekly hours.4 This
measure is referred to as “usual hourly
earnings.” Because the weekly earn
ings measure specifically encompasses
all wage and salary earnings— includ
ing overtime, tips, and commissions—
the resulting usual hourly earnings
measure should be much more compre
hensive.
The measure has its limitations,
however, particularly as an estimate of
the number of workers earning more
than, less than, or precisely some
specified level, because it is based on
responses to two questions, each of
which is subject to respondent round
ing of data and other imprecision. Al
though the extent and direction of
rounding are not fully known, there is
some evidence that respondents tend to
underreport total weekly earnings.5 If
this is in fact the case, then the resulMonthly Labor Review
January 1990
71
Research Summary
tant usual hourly earnings figures for
some workers may be lower than thentrue earnings. Thus, the number of
low-wage workers based on the com
puted measure of usual hourly earnings
may overstate the true count of such
workers. It may be reasonable, then,
to consider the estimated number of
workers with usual hourly earnings of
$3.35 or less a sort of upper bound to
the actual figure.
Findings. The construction of this
usual hourly earnings measure pro
vides some additional insight into the
existing bls method for computing the
number of minimum wage workers. As
noted earlier, the two major concerns
about the existing method are either
that it overstates the number by not
taking tips, commissions, and other in
centives into account, or, alternatively,
that it understates the number by not
including salaried workers.
With regard to the first concern, we
find that among hourly paid workers,
the number whose usual hourly earn
ings (as derived from their weekly
earnings) were $3.35 or less in 1988
was 3.3 million— 600,000 fewer than
the number whose reported hourly
wages were at or below this level. This
total constituted about 5.5 percent of
all workers who were paid by the hour.
(See table 2.)
It should be noted that the decline of
600,000 in the number of minimum
wage workers is really the net result of
two effects. Some 1.5 million hourly
paid workers who reported wages of
$3.35 or less in 1988 appeared to have
supplemental compensation which
raised their usual hourly earnings
above this level. However, this figure
is partially offset by some 900,000
hourly paid workers who reported
wages above $3.35, yet whose usual
hourly earnings compute to less than
this level. The latter figure under
scores the potential estimating prob
lems inherent in the usual hourly
earnings measure.
The data also provide support for the
supposition that some salaried workers
(and others not paid hourly) earn the
minimum wage or less, when their
earnings are translated into hourly fig
ures. In 1988, some 1.5 million work
ers who were not paid at an hourly rate
had usual hourly earnings of $3.35 or
less.6 Hence, with the use of this meas
ure, the total number of workers (both
hourly and nonhourly) with usual
hourly earnings of $3.35 or less rose to
4.8 million. But even if this total is
used, minimum wage workers would
have accounted for only 4.7 percent of
all wage and salary workers in 1988.
Finally, a “composite hourly earn
ings,” which combines low-wage
workers paid hourly rates (the pub
lished measure) with those salaried
(and other) workers who also have low
hourly earnings, yielded a total of 5.4
million persons, or about 5.3 percent
of all workers. It is important to note
that the latter two approaches (which
include nonhourly workers) produce
lower proportions of low-wage work
ers than does the hourly based esti
mate.
The demographic profile of mini
mum wage workers is not substantially
altered when different methods are
Table 2. Wage and salary workers with earnings of $3.35 per hour or less, calculated using
alternative earnings measures, by selected characteristics, 1988 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
Workers not paid
hourly rates
Workers paid hourly rates
Characteristic
Total
Report ed hourly
ear nings
Computed hourly
earnings
$3.35
or
less
Percent
of
total
$3.35
or
less
Percent
of
total
All workers
Computed hourly
earnings
Total
$3.35
or
less
Percent
of
total
Computed hourly Composite hourly
earnings
earnings
Total
$3.35
or
less
Percent
of
total
$3.35
or
less
Percent
of
total
Total, 16 years and o v e r..........
16 to 19 years .......................
20 to 24 years .......................
25 years and over .................
60,878
6,130
9,640
45,109
3,927
1,418
863
1,646
6.5
23.1
9.0
3.6
3,321
1,217
728
1,376
5.5
19.9
7.6
3.1
40,529
541
3,159
36,829
1,476
158
249
1,069
3.6
29.2
7.9
2.9
101,407
6,671
12,799
81.938
4,797
1,375
977
2,445
4.7
20.6
7.6
3.0
5,403
1 *576
1,112
2 ’715
5J3
23 6
87
3.3
Men ......................................
Women ....................................
31,058
29,820
1,377
2,550
4.4
8.6
1,195
2,126
3.8
7.1
22,854
17,675
600
877
2.6
5.0
53.912
47,495
1,795
3,003
3.3
6.3
1,977
3^427
37
7.2
Husbands ...............................
Wives ......................................
Women who maintain
fam ilies..................................
Men who maintain families ..
Children1 ...............................
Other persons in families . . .
Persons not in families2 ___
16,510
14,811
217
744
1.3
5.0
185
640
1.1
4.3
16,042
9,819
225
384
1.4
3.9
32,552
24,630
411
1,024
1.3
4.2
442
1,128
14
4.6
3,693
1,106
12,168
1,902
10,688
292
25
1,850
174
625
7.9
2.3
15.2
9.1
5.8
238
20
1,603
151
484
6.4
1.8
13.2
7.9
4.5
2,080
644
2,903
663
8,377
88
18
341
54
367
4.2
2.8
11.7
8.1
4.4
5,773
1,750
15,071
2,566
19,066
325
37
1,945
204
850
5.6
2.1
12.9
80
4.5
380
42
2,191
??R
992
66
?A
14 5
89
5.2
Full-time w orkers...................
Part-time workers .................
45,587
15,291
1,312
2,614
2.9
17.1
1,075
2,246
2.4
14.7
37,104
3,425
817
660
2.2
19.3
82,692
18,716
1,892
2,905
2.3
15.5
2 129
3 ’274
2.6
17.5
1 Children 16 years of age or older.
2 Includes a small number of persons in unrelated subfamilies and persons in families in which the person maintaining the family Is in the Armed Forces.
72 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
used to estimate hourly earnings. As
shown in table 2, the likelihood of
earning low wages remains greatest for
teenagers and young adults, women,
and part-time workers, regardless of
which hourly earnings measure is
used.
H ow much do minimum wage workers
make? As discussed above, there is
evidence that many workers whose
hourly rate is equal to or below the
minimum wage do receive other com
pensation, which, in effect, raises their
hourly earnings above the stated wage
level. In fact, as shown below, about
two-fifths of all hourly paid workers
reporting hourly wages at or below the
minimum in 1988 earned more than
$3.35 per hour on the basis of their
weekly earnings and hours worked,
with about one-fifth making $4.25 or
more an hour, and roughly 1 in 20
making $8 or more:
Total
Percent
(thousands) of total
Reported hourly
wage equal to or
less than $3.35 . . . .
3,927
100.0
Usual hourly
earnings:
Less than $3.35
Exactly $3.35
More than $3.35
$4.25 and above .
$4.55 and above .
$8.00 and above .
1,725
673
1,529
111
633
212
43.9
17.1
38.9
18.3
16.1
5.4
The amount of the supplemental
compensation varies according to a
number of factors, the most important
of which is a worker’s occupation. For
example, among food service workers
such as waiters and waitresses, who
commonly receive tips, about half of
those reporting hourly wages at or
below the minimum had total usual
hourly earnings that exceeded the min
imum wage. About a third of these
workers had usual hourly earnings of
$4.25 or more. In sales occupations,
in which commissions are the most
prevalent form of supplemental com
pensation, fewer workers received pay
complements. Nevertheless, about a
third of salesworkers reporting hourly
earnings at or below the minimum
were found to earn more than $3.35 an
hour based on their weekly earnings,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
although fewer than 1 in 10 received
$4.25 an hour or higher.
It is interesting to note that a larger
proportion of the workers who reported
hourly wages below the minimum of
$3.35 actually had higher usual hourly
earnings than was the case for those
who made exactly the minimum. For
example, about a third of all hourly
paid workers who reported wages
below the minimum in 1988 had usual
hourly earnings of $4.25 or above,
compared with roughly 1 out of 10
workers who reported the minimum.
This may largely be explained by the
treatment of tipped employees under
the Fair Labor Standards Act. Under
the provisions of the 1977 amendments
to the law, employers may count tips
received by their employees as part of
wages (for all employees who regu
larly receive monthly tips in excess of
$30), so long as this wage credit does
not exceed 40 percent of the minimum.
Thus, those employers who can use the
maximum tip credit allowance need
pay their employees a wage of only 60
percent of the minimum, or $2.01.
Some workers, however, may receive
substantial tips, thereby raising their
hourly earnings significantly above
their reported hourly wage. This is
probably why about half of all food
service workers who reported hourly
rates below the minimum turned out to
be earning $4.25 an hour or more on
the basis of their weekly earnings and
hours worked. However, among the
food service workers who reported
hourly earnings of exactly $3.35, the
proportion who earned more was con
siderably smaller.
of workers
with hourly earnings at or below the
prevailing Federal minimum wage can
vary depending on the types of pay in
cluded and the method of computation.
In 1988, about two-fifths of the 3.9
million hourly paid workers who re
ported hourly wages of $3.35 or less
appeared to have had supplemental
compensation which raised their usual
hourly earnings above $3.35. Among
all hourly p a id workers, the number
with computed hourly earnings at or
below $3.35 was some 600,000 fewer
than the number whose hourly rate
alone was at this level. (The net result
E s t im a t e s
of the n u m ber
takes into account those workers whose
reported hourly earnings were above
$3.35 but whose computed earnings fell
below that amount.) However, when the
usual hourly earnings of nonhourly paid
workers are computed, some 1.5 million
additional workers appeared to have had
earnings that were $3.35 or less. In ei
ther case, the proportion of workers
with low wages was less than the usually
published estimate, which is based on
the wages of persons paid on an hourly
basis.
The usual hourly earnings estimates
discussed in this report allow general
inferences to be made regarding the to
tal hourly earnings of workers. How
ever, the sensitivity of the estimates to
the rounding of both weekly hours and
weekly earnings on the part of re
spondents severely limits their useful
ness as a reliable measure of either the
true hourly earnings of workers or of
the actual number of workers with
earnings at or below any particular
level.
□
Footnotes
1 The Federal minimum wage (currently $3.35
an hour) has been at this level since January
1981, when the last scheduled increase required
by the 1977 amendments to the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938 ( f l s a ) went into effect.
Recent legislation, however, raises the min
imum wage to $3.80 in April 1990, and
$4.25 in April 1991. It should be noted that the
presence of a sizable group of workers receiving
wages less than the minimum does not necessar
ily indicate widespread violation o f the f l s a , as
there are numerous exemptions to its minimum
wage provisions. For further information, see
The F air L a b o r S tan dards A c t o f 1938, as
A m e n d e d , w h Publication 1318, November
1986 (U .S. Department of Labor, Employment
Standards Administration).
2 The Current Population Survey is a monthly
survey of about 60,000 households nationwide
conducted for b l s by the Bureau o f the Census
primarily to obtain data on the labor force status
of individuals. The survey also includes four
questions which gather information on the usual
length o f the workweek and the hourly and
weekly earnings o f employed workers. Re
sponses to these questions are used to calculate
the estimates of usual hourly earnings presented
in this report. These questions are asked o f one
quarter of the sample households each month.
The questions are:
25a. How many hours per week does . . .
USUALLY work at this job?
25b. Is . . . paid by the hour on this job?
25c. How much does . . . earn per hour?
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
73
Research Summaries
25d. How much does . . . USUALLY
earn per week at this job BEFORE de
ductions? Include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received.
3 See The F a ir L a b o r S tan dards A c t o f 1938,
a s A m ended.
4 This technique for imputing an hourly earn
ings figure from the c p s microdata tapes has been
used before. See, for example, Thomas J.
Kniesner, “The Low-Wage Workers: Who Are
They?” in Simon Rottenberg, ed., The E con om
ics o f L eg a l M inim um W ages (Washington,
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy
Research, 1981), pp. 4 5 9 -8 1 .
5
The apparent tendency for some respondents
to understate usual weekly earnings may occur
because “take-home pay,” rather than gross
weekly earnings, is reported. In addition, there
is some concern that tips, commissions, and
other pecuniary nonwage compensation may be
underreported in the C P S . While it is difficult to
document this effect for the weekly earnings data
collected monthly in the c p s , there is evidence of
such underreporting o f nonwage income for the
annual income data collected in the c p s ’ s March
income supplement. For further information on
the underreporting o f weekly earnings data in the
monthly c p s , see Larry Carstensen and Henry
Woltman, “Comparing earnings data from the
and employers records,” P roceedin gs o f the
1979 (Washington,
American Statistical Association), pp. 168-73.
For information on the underreporting of yearly
income data in the March income supplement,
see the appendix entitled “Underreporting o f In
com e,” in M oney Incom e an d P o v e rty Status in
CPS
S ocial S tatistics Section,
the U nited S tates: 1988, C urrent P opu lation R e
p o r ts , Series P -6 0 , No. 166 (Bureau of the Cen
sus, 1989).
6
Although nonhourly paid workers can in
clude workers paid daily rates, commissions, or
by piecework, it is likely that the vast majority of
these workers are salaried.
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement,
challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered
for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not
polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Washington, DC 20212.
74FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
Major
agreements
expiring
next month
This list of selected collective bargaining
agreements expiring in February is based
on information collected by the Bureau’s
Office of Compensation and Working Con
ditions. The list includes agreements cov
ering 1,000 workers or more. Private in
dustry is arranged in order of Standard
Industrial Classification. Labor organiza
tions listed are affiliated with the AFL-cio,
except where noted as independent (Ind.).
per Guild, 1,000 workers
Glass products
PPG Industries, Interstate; Aluminum,
Brick and Glass Workers, 1,000 workers
Steel
LTV Steel Co., Interstate; Steelworkers,
30,000 workers
Electrical and electronic equipment
Construction
Universal Manufacturing Co., Menden
hall, m s ; Electrical Workers (ibew ), 1,100
workers
Whirlpool Corp., Evansville,
tronic Workers, 2,900 workers
in ;
Elec
Food products
Transportation equipment
Quaker Oats Co., Cedar Rapids, ia ; Re
tail, Wholesale, and Department Store
Workers, 1,000 workers
Wholesale bread shops, wholesale cake
bakeries, and retail bakeries, New York,
n y ; Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco
Workers, 2,000 workers
Apparel
Associated Fur Manufacturers and
United Fur Manufacturers, New York, n y ;
Food and Commercial Workers, 1,000
workers
Cotton Garment Negotiating Group, In
terstate; Clothing and Textile Workers,
42,000 workers
Printing and publishing
San Francisco Newspaper Publishers As
sociation, San Francisco, c a ; The Newspa-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Insurance
American National Insurance Co., Inter
state; Food and Commercial Workers,
3,200 workers
Services
Private industry
Associated Contractors of Westchester,
Westchester County, NY; Operating Engi
neers, 1,250 workers
Kroger Food Stores, Houston, t x ; Food
and Commercial Workers, 4,400 workers
Safeway, Inc., Houston, TX; Food and
Commercial Workers, 4,000 workers
Basic Theatrical Motion Picture Agree
ment, Interstate; Musicians, 3,000 workers
Council of Hawaii Hotels, Hawaii; Hotel
Employees and Restaurant Employees,
8,000 workers
Stanford University Medical Center,
Palo Alto, CA; Committee for Recognition
of Nursing Achievements (Ind.), 1,100
workers
Litton Industries Inc., Ingalls Shipbuild
ing Division, Pascagoula, MS; Metal
Trades Council, 6,800 workers
Rohr Industries, Inc., California; Ma
chinists, 4,600 workers
United Technologies Corp., Sikorsky
Aircraft Division, Connecticut; Teamsters,
6,500 workers
Public activities
Utilities
Transportation
San Diego Gas and Electric Co., San
Diego, c a ; Electrical Workers (ibew ),
2,030 workers
Food stores
A&P Stores, Virginia; Food and Com
mercial Workers, 1,000 workers
Acme Food Stores, Delaware; Food and
Commercial Workers, 1,100 workers
Television Film Labor Agreement, Inter
state; Musicians, 3,000 workers
Window Cleaning Employers Associa
tion, New York, NY; Service Employees,
1,500 workers
Missouri-Illinois Transit Authority, St.
Louis, MO; Transit Union, 1,600 workers
General government
San Mateo County clerical and technical
employees, San Mateo County, c a ; Service
Employees, 1,000 workers
San Mateo County general unit, San Ma
teo County, c a ; State, County and Munici
pal Employees, 2,500 workers
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
75
Book
reviews
Strategies and solutions
Plant Closings and Worker Displace
ment: The Regional Issues. By
Marie Howland. Kalamazoo, m i ,
The W. E. Upjohn Institute for
Employment Research, 1988.
172 pp.
Marie Howland’s comprehensive
study of the regional dimension of
plant closings and worker displace
ment takes its place in a long line of
significant contributions to under
standing the face of unemployment by
the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Em
ployment Research. Howland’s contri
bution is important, for it not only
documents, in a carefully organized
and elaborately annotated study, the
extent of current knowledge about
plant closings and their consequences,
but it evidences the still-severe limita
tion in our understanding of these
events and their impact.
The literature in this field is cer
tainly more elaborate than it was at the
beginning of this decade, when esti
mates of the number of dislocated
workers ranged from a low of a few
hundred thousand to some 12 million.
In large measure, this improvement
owes to the biennial Current Popula
tion Survey supplemental inquiries on
dislocated workers and their labor
force situation. As a result of these
supplements, we are now able to say
with some confidence that some
5 million experienced workers are dis
placed during a 5-year span. But much
of what we need to know if we are to
effectively deal with the problems and
administer the new dislocated workers
and advanced notice legislation still is
not available because the data system
is not sufficient to support the needed
analysis.
In drawing on the Dun and Brad-
76 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
street data files, available with some
Another intuition confirmed by
structure because of the work of David
Howland is that workers who are dis
Birch and the Brookings Institution,
placed in areas where the industry from
Howland approaches the issue from the
which they were displaced is growing,
appropriate perspective, that of the
suffer less in terms of duration of job
business unit, and wisely does so in
lessness and financial loss. However,
bite-sized pieces by focusing on three
moving to a growing industry is often
industries. Unfortunately, the prob
difficult, and many workers, especially
lems that were encountered with this
those older and with less formal educa
file and the number of assumptions
tion, endure large financial losses,
about behavior of firms for which no
even if they are in a growing local
labor market.
clear data were available remind the
reader that one of the major tasks fac
The final chapter explores policy op
tions. Howland argues against indus
ing analysts of the impact of economic
trial protection policies designed to
adjustment and development is the
slow plant closing rates. This advice
generation of solid data sources for the
certainly appears consistent with How
analysis.
land’s finding that closing rates are not
With this in mind, Howland adopts a
the critical variable.
generally parsimonious analytical view
The notion that individual firms will
of the causes of regional shifts in the
not respond to concessions on wage,
distribution of employment in the
tax, and other cost factors is less con
metalworking machinery, electrical
vincing. In the chapter that makes this
component, and motor vehicle indus
assertion, Howland uses logit regres
tries and the impact of local labor mar
sions of the probability of an individual
ket conditions on the readjustment
plant closing that largely reflect re
fortunes of displaced workers. How
gional economic conditions. While it
land finds that employment shifts are
may be agreed that closings are id
not explained by differential rates of
iosyncratic,
the forces that generate
plant closings, but rather by regional
plant-specific
concessions probably
variations in the rate of job creation,
are also.
lending some credence to what has pre
This is a study that can take its place
viously been suspected. More interest
in
the growing literature on plant clos
ingly, after holding plant size and
ings
and displacement with a sure con
ownership status (branch versus head
fidence.
Overall, Howland’s book is a
quarters) constant, the closure rates
pleasing mixture of literature review
were not found to vary by region. Sim
and innovative assessment of the re
ilarly, none of the aggregate variables
gional
aspect of economic adjustment.
commonly thought to affect plant clo
The
geographic
impact is just now
sure decisions— wages, unionization,
coming
to
be
understood
as the ulti
import penetration— were found to
mate question in dislocation.
have much impact. The conclusion is
the interesting observation that “plant
closure decisions appear to reflect the
— T h o m a s J. P l e w e s
strategies and idiosyncrasies of indi
Associate Commissioner
vidual firms,” with the quite obvious
Office of Employment and
meaning for legislation which would
Unemployment Statistics
attempt to fix the problem.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Current
labor
statistics
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
mum
.......................
78
1. Labor market indicators...............................................................
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation,
prices, and productivity ......................................................
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation
c h a n g e s.............................................................................................
88
Com parative indicators
27. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments,
89
89
Labor force data
4. Employment status of the total population,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
5. Employment status of the civilian population,
data seasonally adjusted .............
6. Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted .
7. Selected unemployment indicators,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
8. Unemployment rates by sex and age,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
10.
11.
12.
13.
Duration o f unemployment, data seasonally adjusted ...........
Unemployment rates of civilian workers,by State ...............
Employment of workers, by State ...........................................
Employment o f workers, by industry,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
14. Average weekly hours, by industry,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
15. Average hourly earnings, by industry,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
16. Average hourly earnings, by industry ....................................
17. Average weekly earnings, by industry ....................................
18. Diffusion indexes of employment change,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
19. Annual data: Employment status
o f the noninstitutional population ........................................
20. Annual data: Employment levels, by industry ....................
21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels,
by industry ......................................................................................
90
91
92
93
94
94
94
95
95
96
97
98
98
99
100
101
101
102
Labor com pensation
and collective bargaining data
22. Employment Cost Index, compensation,
by occupation and industry g ro u p .............................................
23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries,
by occupation and industry g ro u p .............................................
24. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry
workers, by occupation and industry g r o u p ...........................
25. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers,
by bargaining status, region, and area size ...........................
26. Specified compensation and wage adjustments
from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments,
situations covering 1,000 workers or more ...........................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Labor com pensation
and collective bargaining data— Continued
bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more ___
28. Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations
covering 1,000 workers or m o r e ...............................................
29. Specified compensation and wage adjustments,
State and local government bargaining situations
covering 1,000 workers or m o r e ...............................................
30. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ..............
107
108
108
108
Price data
31. Consumer Price Index: U .S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service groups .........................
32. Consumer Price Index: U .S. city average and local data,
all items ..........................................................................................
33. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and major g r o u p s...........................................................................
34. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of p rocessin g.....................
35. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product .................
36. Producer Price Indexes for the net output of major
industry groups .............................................................................
37. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of
p rocessin g........................................................................................
38. U .S. export price indexes, by Standard International
Trade C lassification ......................................................................
39. U .S. import price indexes, by Standard International
Trade C lassification ......................................................................
109
\\2
113
114
114
115
H5
116
in
40. U .S. export price indexes by end-use category ..................... 118
41. U .S. import price indexes by end-use ca teg o ry ...................... 118
42. U .S. export price indexes, by Standard Industrial
Classification ................................................................................. 118
43. U .S. import price indexes, by Standard Industrial
Classification ................................................................................. 119
Productivity data
44. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
and unit costs, data seasonally ad ju sted ................................. 119
45. Annual indexes o f multifactorproductivity ............................. 120
46. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and p r ic e s .................................................................... 121
47. Annual productivity indexes for selected industries.............. 122
International com parisons data
103
104
105
48. Unemployment rates in nine countries,
data seasonally adjusted .............................................................
49. Annual data: Employment status of civilian working-age
population, 10 countries ...........
50. Annual indexes o f productivity and related measures,
12 countries ....................................................................................
124
125
126
106
Injury and illness data
107
51. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness
incidence rates ...............................................................................
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
127
77
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
This section of the Review presents the
principal statistical series collected and cal
culated by the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics: series on labor force; employment;
unemployment; collective bargaining set
tlements; consumer, producer, and interna
tional prices; productivity; international
comparisons; and injury and illness statis
tics. In the notes that follow, the data in
each group of tables are briefly described;
key definitions are given; notes on the data
are set forth; and sources of additional in
formation are cited.
General notes
The following notes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain m onth ly
and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate
the effect on the data of such factors as
climatic conditions, industry production
schedules, opening and closing of schools,
holiday buying periods, and vacation prac
tices, which might prevent short-term eval
uation of the statistical series. Tables
containing data that have been adjusted are
identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All
other data are not seasonally adjusted.)
Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis
of past experience. When new seasonal fac
tors are computed each year, revisions may
affect seasonally adjusted data for several
preceding years.
Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables
1-3, 4-10, 13-15, 17-18, 44, and 48.
Seasonally adjusted labor force data in ta
bles 12 and 4-10 were revised in the Febru
ary 1989 issue of the Review and reflect the
experience through 1988. Seasonally ad
justed establishment survey data shown in
tables 13-15 and 17-18 were revised in the
July 1989 Review and reflect the experience
through March 1989. A brief explanation
of the seasonal adjustment methodology
appears in “Notes on the data.”
Revisions in the productivity data in
table 44 are usually introduced in the Sep
tember issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes
and percent changes from month-to-month
and quarter-to-quarter are published for nu
merous Consumer and Producer Price In
dex series. However, seasonally adjusted
indexes are not published for the U.S. aver
age All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted
percent changes are available for this
series.
Adjustments
for
price
January 1990
n.e.s.
=
not elsewhere specified.
p
=
r
=
preliminary. To increase the
timeliness of some series,
preliminary figures are is
sued based on representa
tive but incomplete returns.
revised. Generally, this re
vision reflects the avail
ability of later data but
may also reflect other
adjustments.
Additional information
Data that supplement the tables in this sec
tion are published by the Bureau in a vari
ety of sources. News releases provide the
latest statistical information published by
the Bureau; the m ajor recurring releases are
published according to the schedule pre
ceding these general notes. More informa
tion about labor force, employment, and
unemployment data and the household and
establishment surveys underlying the data
are available in Employment and Earnings,
a monthly publication of the Bureau. More
data from the household survey are pub
lished in the data books—Revised Sea
sonally Adjusted Labor Force Statistics,
Bulletin 2306, and Labor Force Statistics
Derived From the Current Population Sur
vey, Bulletin 2307. More data from the es
tablishment survey appear in two data
books— Employment, Hours, and Earn
ings, United States, and Employment,
Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas,
and the supplements to these data books.
More detailed information on employee
compensation and collective bargaining
settlements is published in the monthly pe
riodical, Current Wage Developments.
More detailed data on consumer and pro
ducer prices are published in the monthly
periodicals, The C PI Detailed Report, and
Producer Price Indexes. Detailed data on
all of the series in this section are provided
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, which
is published biennally by the Bureau, bls
bulletins are issued covering productivity,
injury and illness, and other data in this
section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review
carries analytical articles on annual and
longer term developments in labor force,
employment, and unemployment; em
ployee compensation and collective bar
gaining; prices; productivity; international
comparisons; and injury and illness data.
changes.
Some data—such as the “real” earnings
shown in table 15—are adjusted to elimi
nate the effect of changes in price. These
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized78
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adjustments are made by dividing currentdollar values by the Consumer Price Index
or the appropriate component of the index,
then multiplying by 100. For example,
given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and
a current price index number of 150, where
1977 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in
1977 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2).
The $2 (or any other resulting values) are
described as “real,” “constant,” or “1977”
dollars.
Symbols
n.e.c.
=
not elsewhere classified.
Comparative Indicators
(Tables 1-3)
Comparative indicators tables provide an
overview and comparison of major bls
statistical series. Consequently, although
many of the included series are available
monthly, all measures in these comparative
tables are presented quarterly and annually.
Labor market indicators include em
ployment measures from two major sur
veys and information on rates of change in
compensation provided by the Employment
Cost Index (eci) program. The labor force
participation rate, the employment-topopulation ratio, and unemployment rates
for major demographic groups based on the
Current Population (“household ”) Survey
are presented, while measures of employ
ment and average weekly hours by major
industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data. The Employment Cost
Index (compensation), by major sector and
by bargaining status, is chosen from a vari
ety of bls compensation and wage mea
sures because it provides a comprehensive
measure of employer costs for hiring labor,
not just outlays for wages, and it is not
affected by employment shifts among oc
cupations and industries.
Data on changes in compensation,
prices, and productivity are presented in
table 2. Measures of rates of change of
compensation and wages from the Employ
ment Cost Index program are provided for
all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding
Federal and household workers) and for all
private nonfarm workers. Measures of
changes in: consumer prices for all urban
consumers; producer prices by stage of
processing; and the overall export and im
port price indexes are given. Measures of
productivity (output per hour of all persons)
are provided for major sectors.
Alternative measures of wage and
compensation rates of change, which
reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are
summarized in table 3. Differences in
concepts and scope, related to the specific
purposes of the series, contribute to the
variation in changes among the individual
measures.
Notes on the data
Definitions of each series and notes on the
data are contained in later sections of these
notes describing each set of data. For de
tailed descriptions of each data series, see
b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2285
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988), as well
as the additional bulletins, articles, and
other publications noted in the separate sec
tions of the Review’s “Current Labor
Statistics Notes.” Users may also wish to
consult Major Programs, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Report 718 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1985).
Employment
and Unemployment Data
(Tables 1; 4-21)
H ousehold survey data
Description of the series
in this section are ob
tained from the Current Population Survey,
a program of personal interviews con
ducted monthly by the Bureau of the Cen
sus for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The
sample consists of about 60,000 house
holds selected to represent the U.S. popula
tion 16 years of age and older. Households
are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that
three-fourths of the sample is the same for
any 2 consecutive months.
EMPLOYMENT data
Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civil
ians who worked for pay any time during
the week which includes the 12th day of the
month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours
or more in a family-operated enterprise
and (2) those who were temporarily absent
from their regular jobs because of illness,
vacation, industrial dispute, or similar rea
sons. Members of the Armed Forces sta
tioned in the United States are also included
in the employed total. A person working at
more than one job is counted only in the job
at which he or she worked the greatest
number of hours.
Unemployed persons are those who did
not work during the survey week, but were
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available for work except for temporary ill
ness and had looked for jobs within the
preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not
look for work because they were on layoff
or waiting to start new jobs within the next
30 days are also counted among the unem
ployed. The overall unemployment rate
represents the number unemployed as a
percent of the labor force, including the
resident Armed Forces. The civilian un
employment rate represents the number
unemployed as a percent of the civilian
labor force.
The labor force consists of all employed
or unemployed civilians plus members of
the Armed Forces stationed in the United
States. Persons not in the labor force are
those not classified as employed or unem
ployed; this group includes persons who are
retired, those engaged in their own house
work, those not working while attending
school, those unable to work because of
long-term illness, those discouraged from
seeking work because of personal or jobmarket factors, and those who are voluntar
ily idle. The noninstitutional population
comprises all persons 16 years of age and
older who are not inmates of penal or men
tal institutions, sanitariums, or homes for
the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of
the Armed Forces stationed in the United
States. The labor force participation rate
is the proportion of the noninstitutional
population that is in the labor force. The
employment-population ratio is total em
ployment (including the resident Armed
Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional
population.
At the end of each calendar year, season
ally adjusted data for the previous 5 years
are revised, and projected seasonal adjust
ment factors are calculated for use during
the January-June period. In July, new
seasonal adjustment factors, which incor
porate the experience through June, are
produced for the July—December period but
no révisons are made in the historical data.
Additional sources of information
For detailed explanations of the data, see
Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2285
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988), and for
additional data, Handbook of Labor Statis
tics , Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1989). Historical unadjusted data from
1948 to 1987 are available in Labor Force
bls
Statistics Derived from the Current Popu
lation Survey, Bulletin 2307 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1988). Historical season
ally adjusted data appear in Labor Force
Statistics Derived from the Current Popu
lation Survey: A Databook, Vol. II, Bul
letin 2096 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1982), and Revised Seasonally Adjusted
Labor Force Statistics, 1978-87, Bulletin
2306 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988).
A comprehensive discussion of the dif
ferences between household and establish
ment data on employment appears in Gloria
P. Green, “Comparing employment esti
mates from household and payroll sur
veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December
1969, pp. 9-20.
Establishm ent survey data
Description of the series
Notes on the data
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA
From time to time, and especially after a
decennial census, adjustments are made in
the Current Population Survey figures to
correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect
the comparability of historical data. A de
scription of these adjustments and their ef
fect on the various data series appear in the
Explanatory Notes of Employment and
Earnings.
Labor force data in tables 1 and 4-10 are
seasonally adjusted based on the experi
ence through December 1988. Since Janu
ary 1980, national labor force data have
been seasonally adjusted with a procedure
called X - l l ARIMA which was developed
at Statistics Canada as an extension of the
standard X - l l method previously used by
b l s . A detailed description of the proce
dure appears in the X -ll ARIMA Seasonal
Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum
(Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12564E, February 1980).
in this section are compiled from payroll
records reported monthly on a voluntary
basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and
its cooperating State agencies by more than
300,000 establishments representing all in
dustries except agriculture. In most indus
tries, the sampling probabilities are based
on the size of the establishment; most large
establishments are therefore in the sample.
(An establishment is not necessarily a firm;
it may be a branch plant, for example, or
warehouse.) Self-employed persons and
others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because
they are excluded from establishment
records. This largely accounts for the dif
ference in employment figures between the
household and establishment surveys.
Definitions
An establishment is an economic unit
which produces goods or services (such as
a factory' or store) at a single location and is
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
79
Current Labor Statistics
engaged in one type of economic activity.
Employed persons are all persons who
received pay (including holiday and sick
pay) for any part of the payroll period in
cluding the 12th of the month. Persons
holding more than one job (about 5 percent
of all persons in the labor force) are
counted in each establishment which re
ports them.
Production workers in manufacturing
include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with
production operations. Those workers
mentioned in tables 12-17 include produc
tion workers in manufacturing and mining;
construction workers in construction; and
nonsupervisory workers in the following
industries: transportation and public utili
ties; wholesale and retail trade; finance, in
surance, and real estate; and services.
These groups account for about four-fifths
of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the payments production
or nonsupervisory workers receive during
the survey period, including premium pay
for overtime or late-shift work but exclud
ing irregular bonuses and other special pay
ments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted
to reflect the effects of changes in con
sumer prices. The deflator for this series is
derived from the Consumer Price Index for
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers
(CPI-W).
ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad
justment, which incorporated March 1988
benchmarks, was made with the release of
May 1989 data, published in the July 1989
issue of the Review. Coincident with the
benchmark adjustments, seasonally ad
justed data were revised to reflect the expe
rience through March 1989. Unadjusted
data have been revised back to April 1987;
seasonally adjusted data back to January
1984. These revisions were published in
the Supplement to Employment and Earn
ings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989).
Unadjusted data from April 1988 forward
and seasonally adjusted data from January
1985 forward are subject to revision in fu
ture benchmarks.
The b l s also uses the X - l l ARIM A
methodology to seasonally adjust establish
ment survey data. Beginning in June 1989,
projected seasonal adjustment factors are
calculated only for the first 6 months after
benchmarking, rather than for 12 months
(April-March) as was previously done. A
second set of projected factors, which in
corporate the experience though Septem
ber, will be produced for the subsequent
period and introduced with the publication
of data for October. The change makes the
procedure used for the establishment sur
vey data more parallel to that used in ad
justing the household survey data. Revi
sions of historical data will continue to be
made once a year coincident with the
benchmark revisions.
In the establishment survey, estimates
for the 2 most recent months are based on
incomplete returns and are published as
preliminary in the tables (13 to 18 in the
Review). When all returns have been re
ceived, the estimates are revised and pub
lished as “final” (prior to any benchmark
revisions) in the third month of their ap
pearance. Thus, December data are pub
lished as preliminary in January and Febru
ary and as final in March. For the same
reasons, quarterly establishment data (table
1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of
publication and final in the third month.
Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as
preliminary in January and February and
final in March.
Hours represent the average weekly
hours of production or nonsupervisory
workers for which pay was received, and
are different from standard or scheduled
hours. Overtime hours represent the por
tion of average weekly hours which was in
excess of regular hours and for which over
time premiums were paid.
The Diffusion Index represents the per
cent of industries in which employment
was rising over the indicated period, plus
one-half of the industries with unchanged
employment; 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing
and decreasing employment. In line with
Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and
6-month spans are seasonally adjusted,
while those for the 12-month span are un
adjusted. Data are centered within the span.
The March 1989 Review introduced an ex
panded index on private nonagricultural
employment based on 349 industries, and a
new manufacturing index based on 141 in
dustries. These indexes are useful for mea
suring the dispersion of economic gains or
losses and are also economic indicators.
Detailed national data from the establish
ment survey are published monthly in the
bls periodical, Employment and Earnings.
Earlier comparable unadjusted and season
ally adjusted data are published in Employ
Notes on the data
ment, Hours, and Earnings, United States,
1909—84, Bulletin 1312—12 (Bureau of
Establishment survey data are annually ad
justed to comprehensive counts of employ-
Labor Statistics, 1985) and its annual sup
plement. For a detailed discussion of the
methodology of the survey, see b l s Hand-
80 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
book of Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1988). For additional
data, see Handbook of Labor Statistics,
Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1989).
A comprehensive discussion of the dif
ferences between household and establish
ment data on employment appears in Gloria
P. Green, “Comparing employment esti
mates from household and payroll sur
veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December
1969, pp. 9-20.
Unem ploym ent data by State
Description of the series
Data presented in this section are obtained
from two major sources—the Current Pop
ulation Survey (cps ) and the Local Area
Unemployment Statistics (la us ) program,
which is conducted in cooperation with
State employment security agencies.
Monthly estimates of the labor force,
employment, and unemployment for States
and sub-State areas are a key indicator of
local economic conditions and form the ba
sis for determining the eligibility of an area
for benefits under Federal economic assis
tance programs such as the Job Training
Partnership Act and the Public Works and
Economic Development Act. Insofar as
possible, the concepts and definitions un
derlying these data are those used in the
national estimates obtained from the c ps .
Notes on the data
Data refer to State of residence. Monthly
data for 11 States—California, Florida, Il
linois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New
York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and Texas—are obtained di
rectly from the c ps , because the size of the
sample is large enough to meet bls stand
ards of reliability. Data for the remaining
39 States and the District of Columbia are
derived using standardized procedures es
tablished by b l s . Once a year, estimates for
the 11 States are revised to new population
controls. For the remaining States and the
District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to annual average cps levels.
Additional sources of information
Additional sources of information
Information on the concepts, definitions,
and technical procedures used to develop
labor force data for States and sub-State
areas as well as additional data on subStates are provided in the monthly Bureau
of Labor Statistics periodical, Employment
and Earnings, and the annual report, Geo
graphic Profile of Employment and Unem
ployment (Bureau of Labor Statistics). See
also B LS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin
2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988).
compensation and wage data are gath
ered by the Bureau from business establish
ments, State and local governments, labor
unions, collective bargaining agreements
on file with the Bureau, and secondary
sources.
ing status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employ
ment data by industry and occupation are
not available from the census. Instead, the
1980 employment weights are reallocated
within these series each quarter based on
the current sample. Therefore, these in
dexes are not strictly comparable to those
for the aggregate, industry, and occupation
series.
Em ploym ent Cost Index
Definitions
Description of the series
Total compensation costs include wages,
Compensation and Wage Data
(Tables 1-3; 22-30)
The Employment Cost Index (eci) is a
quarterly measure of the rate of change in
compensation per hour worked and in
cludes wages, salaries, and employer costs
of employee benefits. It uses a fixed market
basket of labor— similar in concept to the
Consumer Price Index’s fixed market bas
ket of goods and services—to measure
change over time in employer costs of em
ploying labor. The index is not seasonally
adjusted.
Statistical series on total compensation
costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit
costs are available for private nonfarm
workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. The
total compensation costs and wages and
salaries series are also available for State
and local government workers and for the
civilian nonfarm economy, which consists
of private industry and State and local gov
ernment workers combined. Federal work
ers are excluded.
The Employment Cost Index probability
sample consists of about 4,200 private non
farm establishments providing about
22,000 occupational observations and 800
State and local government establishments
providing 4,200 occupational observations
selected to represent total employment in
each sector. On average, each reporting
unit provides wage and compensation in
formation on five well-specified occupa
tions. Data are collected each quarter for
the pay period including the 12th day of
March, June, September, and December.
Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed
employment weights from the 1980 Census
of Population are used each quarter to cal
culate the civilian and private indexes and
the index for State and local governments.
(Prior to June 1986, the employment
weights are from the 1970 Census of Popu
lation.) These fixed weights, also used to
derive all of the industry and occupation
series indexes, ensure that changes in these
indexes reflect only changes in compensa
tion, not employment shifts among indus
tries or occupations with different levels of
wages and compensation. For the bargain
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
salaries, and the employer’s costs for em
ployee benefits.
Wages and salaries consist of earnings
before payroll deductions, including pro
duction bonuses, incentive earnings, com
missions, and cost-of-living adjustments.
Benefits include the cost to employers
for paid leave, supplemental pay (including
nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire
ment and savings plans, and legally
required benefits (such as Social Secur
ity, workers’ compensation, and unem
ployment insurance).
Excluded from wages and salaries and
employee benefits are such items as pay
ment-in-kind, free room and board, and
tips.
Notes on the data
The Employment Cost Index for changes in
wages and salaries in the private nonfarm
economy was published beginning in 1975.
Changes in total compensation cost—
wages and salaries and benefits com
bined—were published beginning in 1980.
The series of changes in wages and salaries
and for total compensation in the State and
local government sector and in the civilian
nonfarm economy (excluding Federal em
ployees) were published beginning in
1981. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100)
of the quarterly rates of change are pre
sented in the March issue of the bls period
ical, Current Wage Developments.
Additional sources of information
For a more detailed discussion of the Em
ployment Cost Index, see the Handbook of
Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1988), Employment Cost Indexes
and Levels, 1975-88, Bulletin 2319 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1988), and the fol
lowing Monthly Labor Review articles:
“Estimation procedures for the Employ
ment Cost Index,” May 1982; and
“Introducing new weights for the Employ
ment Cost Index,” June 1985.
Data on the ECI are also available in bls
quarterly press releases issued in the month
following the reference months of March,
June, September, and December; and from
the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin
2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989).
Collective bargaining settlem ents
Description of the series
Collective bargaining settlements data
provide statistical measures of negotiated
adjustments (increases, decreases, and
freezes) in compensation (wage and benefit
costs) and wages alone, quarterly for pri
vate industry and semiannually for State
and local government. Compensation mea
sures cover all collective bargaining situa
tions involving 5,000 workers or more and
wage measures cover all situations involv
ing 1,000 workers or more. These data,
covering private nonagricultural industries
and State and local governments, are calcu
lated using information obtained from bar
gaining agreements on file with the Bureau,
parties to the agreements, and secondary
sources, such as newspaper accounts. The
data are not seasonally adjusted.
Settlement data are measured in terms of
future specified adjustments: those that will
occur within 12 months of the contract ef
fective date—first-year—and all adjust
ments that will occur over the life of the
contract expressed as an average annual
rate. Adjustments are worker weighted.
Both first-year and over-the-life measures
exclude wage changes that may occur
under cost-of-living clauses that are trig
gered by future movements in the Con
sumer Price Index.
Effective wage adjustments measure all
adjustments occurring in the reference pe
riod, regardless of the settlement date. In
cluded are changes from settlements
reached during the period, changes de
ferred from contracts negotiated in earlier
periods, and changes under cost-of-living
adjustment clauses. Each wage change is
worker weighted. The changes are prorated
over all workers under agreements during
the reference period yielding the average
adjustment.
Definitions
Wage rate changes are calculated by di
viding newly negotiated wages by the aver
age straight-time hourly wage rate plus
shift premium at the time the agreement is
reached. Compensation changes are calcu
lated by dividing the change in the value of
the newly negotiated wage and benefit
package by existing average hourly com
pensation, which includes the cost of previ
ously negotiated benefits, legally required
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
81
Current Labor Statistics
social insurance programs, and average
hourly earnings.
Compensation changes are calculated
by placing a value on the benefit portion of
the settlements at the time they are reached.
The cost estimates are based on the as
sumption that conditions existing at the
time of settlement (for example, methods
of financing pensions or composition of
labor force) will remain constant. The data,
therefore, are measures of negotiated
changes and not of total changes of em
ployer cost.
Contract duration runs from the effec
tive date of the agreement to the expiration
date or first wage reopening date, if appli
cable. Average annual percent changes
over the contract term take account of the
compounding of successive changes.
Notes on the data
Comparisons of major collective bargain
ing settlements for State and local govern
ment with those for private industry should
note differences in occupational mix,
bargaining practices, and settlement char
acteristics. Professional and white-collar
employees, for example, make up a much
larger proportion of the workers covered by
government than by private industiy settle
ments. Lump-sum payments and cost-ofliving adjustments (cola ) clauses, on the
other hand, are rare in government but
common in private industry settlements.
Also, State and local government bar
gaining frequently excludes items such as
pension benefits and holidays, that are pre
scribed by law, while these items are typi
cal bargaining issues in private industry.
Additional sources of information
For a more detailed discussion on the se
ries, see the b l s Handbook of Methods,
Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1988). Comprehensive data are published
in press releases issued quarterly (in Janu
ary, April, July, and October) for private
industry, and semiannually (in February
and August) for State and local govern
ment. Historical data and additional de
tailed tabulations for the prior calendar year
appear in the April issue of the bls period
ical, Current Wage Developments.
W ork stoppages
Description of the series
Data on work stoppages measure the num
ber and duration of major strikes or lock
outs (involving 1,000 workers or more)
occurring during the month (or year), the
number of workers involved, and the
82 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
amount of time lost because of stoppage.
Data are largely from newspaper ac
counts and cover only establishments di
rectly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effect of
stoppages on other establishments whose
employees are idle owing to material short
ages or lack of service.
sional, technical, maintenance, toolroom,
powerplant, material movement, and
custodial occupations common to a wide
variety of industries in the areas (labor mar
kets) surveyed. Reports are issued through
out the year as the surveys are completed.
Summaries of the data and special analyses
also appear in the Review.
Definitions
The National Survey of Professional,
Administrative, Technical, and Clerical
Pay provides detailed information annually
The number of
strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 work
ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer.
Workers involved: The number of
workers directly involved in the stoppage.
Number of days idle: The aggregate
number of workdays lost by workers in
volved in the stoppages.
Number of stoppages:
Days of idleness as a percent of esti
mated working time: Aggregate work
days lost as a percent of the aggregate
number of standard workdays in the period
multiplied by total employment in the
period.
Notes on the data
This series is not comparable with the one
terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in
volving six workers or more.
Additional sources of information
Data for each calendar year are reported in
a bls press release issued in the first quarter
of the following year. Monthly and histori
cal data appear in the bls periodical, Cur
rent Wage Developments. Historical data
appear in the Handbook of Labor Statistics,
Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1989).
O ther com pensation data
Other bls data on pay and benefits, not
included in the Current Labor Statistics sec
tion of the Monthly Labor Review, appear
in and consist of the following:
Industry Wage Surveys provide data for
specific occupations selected to represent
an industry’s wage structure and the types
of activities performed by its workers. The
Bureau collects information on weekly
work schedules, shift operations and pay
differentials, paid holiday and vacation
practices, and information on incidence of
health, insurance, and retirement plans.
Reports are issued throughout the year as
the surveys are completed. Summaries of
the data and special analyses also appear in
the Monthly Labor Review.
Area Wage Surveys annually provide
data for selected office, clerical, profes-
on salary levels and distributions for the
types of jobs mentioned in the survey’s title
in private employment. Although the defi
nitions of the jobs surveyed reflect the du
ties and responsibilities in private industry,
they are designed to match specific pay
grades of Federal white-collar employees
under the General Schedule pay system.
Accordingly, this survey provides the le
gally required information for comparing
the pay of salaried employees in the Federal
civil service with pay in private industry.
(See Federal Pay Comparability Act of
1970, 5 U.S.C. 5305.) Data are published
in a bls news release issued in the summer
and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and
analytical articles also appear in the
Review.
Employee Benefits Survey provides na
tionwide information on the incidence and
characteristics of employee benefit plans in
medium and large establishments in the
United States, excluding Alaska and
Hawaii. Data are published in an annual
bls news release and bulletin, as well as in
special articles appearing in the Review.
Price Data
(Tables 2; 31-43)
Price data are gathered by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics from retail and primary
markets in the United States. Price indexes
are given in relation to a base period
(1982 = 100 for many Producer Price In
dexes or 1982-84 = 100 for many Con
sumer Price Indexes, unless otherwise
noted).
Consum er Price Indexes
Description of the series
The Consumer Price Index (cpi) is a mea
sure of the average change in the prices
paid by urban consumers for a fixed market
basket of goods and services. The cpi is
calculated monthly for two population
groups, one consisting only of urban
households whose primary source of in
come is derived from the employment of
wage earners and clerical workers, and the
other consisting of all urban households.
The wage earner index (cpi- w ) is a contin
uation of the historic index that was intro
duced well over a half-century ago for use
in wage negotiations. As new uses were
developed for the CPI in recent years, the
need for a broader and more representative
index became apparent. The all urban con
sumer index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is
representative of the 1982-84 buying
habits of about 80 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at
that time, compared with 32 percent repre
sented in the CPi-w. In addition to wage
earners and clerical workers, the CPI-U cov
ers professional, managerial, and technical
workers, the self-employed, short-term
workers, the unemployed, retirees, and
others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, cloth
ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation
fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other
goods and services that people buy for dayto-day living. The quantity and quality of
these items are kept essentially unchanged
between major revisions so that only price
changes will be measured. All taxes di
rectly associated with the purchase and use
of items are included in the index.
Data collected from more than 21,000
retail establishments and 60,000 housing
units in 91 urban areas across the country
are used to develop the “U.S. city aver
age.” Separate estimates for 27 major urban
centers are presented in table 32. The areas
listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the
table. The area indexes measure only the
average change in prices for each area since
the base period, and do not indicate differ
ences in the level of prices among cities.
Notes on the data
In January 1983, the Bureau changed the
way in which homeownership costs are
measured for the CPI-U. A rental equiva
lence method replaced the asset-price ap
proach to homeownership costs for that
series. In January 1985, the same change
was made in the CPI-W. The central purpose
of the change was to separate shelter costs
from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect
only the cost of shelter services provided by
owner-occupied homes. An updated cpi-U
and CPI-W were introduced with release of
the January 1987 data.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion of the general method for
computing the CPI, see BLS Handbook of
Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1988). The recent change in the
measurement of homeownership costs is
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
discussed in Robert Gillingham and Walter
Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter
costs for homeowners in the CPI,” Monthly
Labor Review, July 1982, pp. 9-14. An
overview of the recently introduced revised
CPI, reflecting 1982-84 expenditure pat
terns, is contained in The Consumer Price
Index: 1987 Revision , Report 736 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1987).
Additional detailed CPI data and regular
analyses of consumer price changes are
provided in the C P! Detailed Report, a
monthly publication of the Bureau. Histori
cal data for the overall CPI and for selected
groupings may be found in the Handbook
of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1989).
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes (ppi) measure av
erage changes in prices received by domes
tic producers of commodities in all stages
of processing. The sample used for calcu
lating these indexes currently contains
about 3,100 commodities and about 75,000
quotations per month selected to represent
the movement of prices of all commodities
produced in the manufacturing, agricul
ture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and
electricity, and public utilities sectors. The
stage of processing structure of Producer
Price Indexes organizes products by class
of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is,
finished goods, intermediate goods, and
crude materials). The traditional commod
ity structure of ppi organizes products by
similarity of end use or material composi
tion. The industry and product structure of
ppi organizes data in accordance with the
Standard Industrial Classification (sic) and
the product code extension of the sic devel
oped by the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
To the extent possible, prices used in
calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to
the first significant commercial transaction
in the United States from the production or
central marketing point. Price data are gen
erally collected monthly, primarily by mail
questionnaire. Most prices are obtained di
rectly from producing companies on a vol
untary and confidential basis. Prices gener
ally are reported for the Tuesday of the
week containing the 13th day of the month.
Since January 1987, price changes for
the various commodities have been aver
aged together with implicit quantity
weights representing their importance in
the total net selling value of all com
modities as of 1982. The detailed data are
aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-ofprocessing groupings, commodity group
ings, durability-of-product groupings, and
a number of special composite groups. All
Producer Price Index data are subject to
revision 4 months after original publica
tion.
Notes on the data
Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the
Review is no longer presenting tables of
Producer Price Indexes for commodity
groupings or special composite groups.
However, these data will continue to be
presented in the Bureau’s monthly publica
tion Producer Price Indexes.
The Bureau has completed the first major
stage of its comprehensive overhaul of the
theory, methods, and procedures used to
construct the Producer Price Indexes.
Changes include the replacement of judg
ment sampling with probability sampling
techniques; expansion to systematic cover
age of the net output of virtually all in
dustries in the mining and manufacturing
sectors; a shift from a commodity to an
industry orientation; the exclusion of im
ports from, and the inclusion of exports in,
the survey universe; and the respecification
of commodities priced to conform to Bu
reau of the Census definitions. These and
other changes have been phased in gradu
ally since 1978. The result is a system of
indexes that is easier to use in conjunction
with data on wages, productivity, and em
ployment and other series that are orga
nized in terms of the Standard Industrial
Classification and the Census product class
d esign ation s.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion of the methodology for
computing Producer Price Indexes, see b l s
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1988).
Additional detailed data and analyses of
price changes are provided monthly in Pro
ducer Price Indexes. Selected historical
data may be found in the Handbook of
Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1989).
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
The bls International Price Program
produces quarterly export and import price
indexes for nonmilitary goods traded be
tween the United States and the rest of the
world. The export price index provides a
measure of price change for all products
sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers.
(“Residents” is defined as in the national
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
83
Current Labor Statistics
income accounts: it includes corporations,
businesses, and individuals but does not
require the organizations to be U.S. owned
nor the individuals to have U.S. citizen
ship.) The import price index provides a
measure of price change for goods pur
chased from other countries by U.S. resi
dents. With publication of an all-import
index in February 1983 and an all-export
index in February 1984, all U.S. merchan
dise imports and exports now are repre
sented in these indexes. The reference
period for the indexes is 1985 = 100, un
less otherwise indicated.
The product universe for both the import
and export indexes includes raw materials,
agricultural products, semifinished manu
factures, and finished manufactures, in
cluding both capital and consumer goods.
Price data for these items are collected
quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly
all cases, the data are collected directly
from the exporter or importer, although in
a few cases, prices are obtained from other
sources.
To the extent possible, the data gathered
refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports
and at either the foreign border or the U.S.
border for imports. For nearly all products,
the prices refer to transactions completed
during the first 2 weeks of the third month
of each calendar quarter—March, June,
September, and December. Survey respon
dents are asked to indicate all discounts,
allowances, and rebates applicable to the
reported prices, so that the price used in the
calculation of the indexes is the actual price
for which the product was bought or sold.
In addition to general indexes of prices
for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are
also published for detailed product cate
gories of exports and imports. These cate
gories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit
level of detail of the Standard Industrial
Trade Classification System (srrc). The
calculation of indexes by srrc category fa
cilitates the comparison of U.S. price
trends and sector production with similar
data for other countries. Detailed indexes
are also computed and published on a
Standard Industrial Classification (sicbased) basis, as well as by end-use class.
Notes on the data
The export and import price indexes are
weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type.
Price relatives are assigned equal impor
tance within each weight category and are
then aggregated to the s it c level. The val
ues assigned to each weight category are
based on trade value figures compiled
by the Bureau of the Census. The trade
weights currently used to compute both in
dexes relate to 1985.
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized 84
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Because a price index depends on the
same items being priced from period to pe
riod, it is necessary to recognize when a
product’s specifications or terms of trans
action have been modified. For this reason,
the Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire re
quests detailed descriptions of the physical
and functional characteristics of the prod
ucts being priced, as well as information on
the number of units bought or sold, dis
counts, credit terms, packaging, class of
buyer or seller, and so forth. When there
are changes in either the specifications or
terms of transaction of a product, the dollar
value of each change is deleted from the
total price change to obtain the “pure”
change. Once this value is determined, a
linking procedure is employed which al
lows for the continued repricing of the
item.
For the export price indexes, the pre
ferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside
ship) U.S. port of exportation. When firms
report export prices f.o.b. (free on board),
production point information is collected
which enables the Bureau to calculate a
shipment cost to the port of exportation. An
attempt is made to collect two prices for
imports. The first is the import price f.o.b.
at the foreign port of exportation, which is
consistent with the basis for valuation of
imports in the national accounts. The sec
ond is the import price c.i.f. (cost, in
surance, and freight) at the U.S. port of
importation, which also includes the other
costs associated with bringing the product
to the U.S. border. It does not, however,
include duty charges. For a given product,
only one price basis series is used in the
construction of an index.
Beginning in 1988, the Bureau has also
been publishing a series of indexes which
represent the price of U.S. exports and im
ports in foreign currency terms.
Additional sources of information
For a discussion of the general method of
computing International Price Indexes, see
b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2285
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988).
Additional detailed data and analyses of
international price developments are pre
sented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication
U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and
in occasional Monthly Labor Review arti
cles prepared by b l s analysts. Selected his
torical data may be found in the Handbook
of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 1989). For further in
formation on the foreign currency indexes,
see “bls publishes average exchange rate
and foreign currency price indexes,”
Monthly Labor Review, December 1987,
pp. 47-49.
Productivity Data
(Tables 2; 44-47)
Business sector and major sectors
Description of the series
The productivity measures relate real phys
ical output to real input. As such, they en
compass a family of measures which
include single factor input measures, such
as output per unit of labor input (output per
hour) or output per unit of capital input, as
well as measures of multifactor productiv
ity (output per unit of labor and capital in
puts combined). The Bureau indexes show
the change in output relative to changes in
the various inputs. The measures cover the
business, nonfarm business, manufactur
ing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors.
Corresponding indexes of hourly com
pensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor
payments, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor pro
ductivity) is the value of goods and services
in constant prices produced per hour of
labor input. Output per unit of capital
services (capital productivity) is the value
of goods and services in constant dollars
produced per unit of capital services input.
Multifactor productivity is the ratio of
output per unit of labor and capital inputs
combined. Changes in this measure reflect
changes in a number of factors which affect
the production process such as changes in
technology, shifts in the composition of the
labor force, changes in capacity utilization,
research and development, skill and efforts
of the work force, management, and so
forth. Changes in the output per hour meas
ures reflect the impact of these factors as
well as the substitution of capital for labor.
Compensation per hour is the wages
and salaries of employees plus employers’
contributions for social insurance and pri
vate benefit plans, and the wages, salaries,
and supplementary payments for the selfemployed (except for nonfinancial corpora
tions in which there are no self-employed)—
the sum divided by hours paid for. Real
compensation per hour is compensation
per hour deflated by the change in the
Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers.
Unit labor costs are the labor compensa
tion costs expended in the production of a
unit of output and are derived by dividing
compensation by output. Unit nonlabor
payments include profits, depreciation, in
terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output.
They are computed by subtracting compen
sation of all persons from current dollar
value of output and dividing by output.
Unit nonlabor costs contain all the compo
nents of unit nonlabor payments except unit
profits.
Unit profits include corporate profits
with inventory valuation and capital con
sumption adjustments per unit of output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours
at work of payroll workers, self-employed
persons, and unpaid family workers.
Capital services is the flow of services
from the capital stock used in production. It
is developed from measures of the net stock
of physical assets—equipment, structures,
land, and inventories—weighted by rental
prices for each type of asset.
Labor and capital inputs combined are
derived by combining changes in labor and
capital inputs with weights which represent
each component’s share of total output.
The indexes for capital services and com
bined units of labor and capital are based on
changing weights which are averages of the
shares in the current and preceding year
(the Tomquist index-number formula).
Notes on the data
Output measures for the business sector is
equal to constant-dollar gross national
product but excludes the rental value of
owner-occupied dwellings, the rest-ofworld sector, the output of nonprofit insti
tutions, the output of paid employees of
private households, general government,
and the statistical discrepancy. Output of
the nonfarm business sector is equal to
business sector output less farming. The
measures are derived from data supplied by
the Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S.
Department of Commerce, and the Federal
Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing
output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of
manufacturing output (gross product origi
nating) from the Bureau of Economic Anal
ysis. Compensation and hours data are de
veloped from data of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics and the Bureau of Economic
Analysis.
The productivity and associated cost
measures in tables 44-47 describe the rela
tionship between output in real terms and
the labor time and capital services involved
in its production. They show the changes
from period to period in the amount of
goods and services produced per unit of
input. Although these measures relate out
put to hours and capital services, they do
not measure the contributions of labor, cap
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ital, or any other specific factor of produc
tion. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of
many influences, including changes in
technology; capital investment; level of
output; utilization of capacity, energy, and
materials; the organization of production;
managerial skill; and the characteristics and
efforts of the work force.
Additional sources of information
Descriptions of methodology underlying
the measurement of output per hour and
multifactor productivity are found in the
b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2285
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Histori
cal data are provided in Handbook of Labor
Statistics, Bulletin 2340 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1989).
Industry productivity measures
Description of the series
The bls industry productivity data supple
ment the measures for the business econ
omy and major sectors with annual meas
ures of labor productivity for selected
industries at the 3- and 4-digit levels of the
Standard Industrial Classification system.
The industry measures differ in methodol
ogy and data sources from the productivity
measures for the major sectors because the
industry measures are developed independ
ently of the National Income and Product
Accounts framework used for the major
sector measures.
Definitions
Output per employee hour is derived by
dividing an index of industry output by an
index of aggregate hours of all employees.
Output indexes are based on quantifiable
units of products or services, or both, com
bined with fixed-period weights. Whenever
possible, physical quantities are used as the
unit of measurement for output. If quantity
data are not available for a given industry,
data on the constant-dollar value of produc
tion are used.
The labor input series consist of the
hours of all employees (production and
nonproduction workers), the hours of all
persons (paid employees, partners, propri
etors, and unpaid family workers), or the
number of employees, depending upon the
industry.
Notes on the data
The industry measures are compiled from
data produced by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, the Departments of Commerce,
Interior, and Agriculture, the Federal Re
serve Board, regulatory agencies, trade as
sociations, and other sources.
For most industries, the productivity in
dexes refer to the output per hour of all
employees. For some transportation indus
tries, only indexes of output per employee
are prepared. For some trade and service
industries, indexes of output per hour of all
persons (including the self-employed) are
constructed.
Additional sources of information
For a complete listing of available industry
productivity indexes and their components,
see Productivity Measures for Selected In
dustries and Government Services, Bul
letin 2322 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1989). For additional information about the
methodology for computing the industry
productivity measures see Handbook of
Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1988), chapter 11.
International Comparisons
(Tables 48-50)
Labor force and unem ploym ent
Description of the series
Tables 48 and 49 present comparative
measures of the labor force, employment,
and unemployment—approximating U.S.
concepts—for the United States, Canada,
Australia, Japan, and several European
countries. The unemployment statistics
(and, to a lesser extent, employment statis
tics) published by other industrial countries
are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S.
unemployment statistics. Therefore, the
Bureau adjusts the figures for selected
countries, where necessary, for all known
major definitional differences. Although
precise comparability may not be achieved,
these adjusted figures provide a better basis
for international comparisons than the fig
ures regularly published by each country.
Definitions
For the principal U.S. definitions of the
labor force, employment, and unemploy
ment, see the Notes section on EMPLOY
MENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT DATA:
Household Survey Data.
Notes on the data
The adjusted statistics have been adapted to
the age at which compulsory schooling
ends in each country, rather than to the
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
85
Current Labor Statistics
U.S. standard of 16 years of age and over.
Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to
the population age 16 and over in France,
Sweden, and from 1973 onward, the
United Kingdom; 15 and over in Canada,
Australia, Japan, Germany, the Nether
lands, and prior to 1973, the United King
dom; and 14 and over in Italy. The institu
tional population is included in the
denominator of the labor force participation
rates and employment-population ratios for
Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the
United States and the other countries.
In the U.S. labor force survey, persons
on layoff who are awaiting recall to their
job are classified as unemployed. European
and Japanese layoff practices are quite dif
ferent in nature from those in the United
States; therefore, strict application of the
U.S. definition has not been made on this
point. For further information, see Monthly
Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 8-11.
The figures for one or more recent years
for France, Germany, Italy, the Nether
lands, and the United Kingdom are calcu
lated using adjustment factors based on
labor force surveys for earlier years and are
considered preliminary. The recent-year
measures for these countries are, therefore,
subject to revision whenever data from
more current labor force surveys become
available.
There are breaks in the data series for
Germany (1983 and 1987), Italy (1986),
the Netherlands (1983), and Sweden
(1987). For both Germany and the Nether
lands, the 1983 breaks reflect the replace
ment of labor force survey results tabulated
by the national statistical offices with those
tabulated by the European Community
Statistical Office (eurostat ). The Dutch
figures for 1983 onward also reflect the
replacement of man-year employment data
with data from the Dutch Survey of Em
ployed Persons. The impact of the changes
was to lower the adjusted unemployment
rate by 0.3 percentage point for Germany
and by about 2 percentage points for the
Netherlands. The 1987 break for Germany
reflects the incorporation of employment
statistics based on the 1987 Population
Census, which indicated that the level of
employment was about one million higher
than previously estimated. The impact of
this change was to lower the adjusted un
employment rate by 0.3 percentage point.
When historical data benchmarked to
the 1987 Census became available, bls will
revise its comparative measures for
Germany.
For Italy, the break in series reflects
more accurate enumeration of time of last
job search. This resulted in a significant
increase in the number of people reported
as seeking work in the last 30 days. The
Digitized 86
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Januaryr 1990
impact was to increase the Italian unem
ployment rates approximating U.S. con
cepts by about 1 percentage point.
Sweden introduced a new questionnaire.
Questions regarding current availability
were added and the period of active work
seeking was reduced from 60 days to 4
weeks. These changes result in lowering
Sweden’s unemployment rate by 0.5 per
centage point.
important characteristics and the least vari
able; therefore, it requires the smallest sam
ple size.
The survey is based on stratified random
sampling with a Neyman allocation and a
ratio estimator. The characteristics used to
stratify the establishments are the Standard
Industrial Classification (sic) code and size
of employment.
Additional sources of information
Definitions
For further information, see International
Comparisons of Unemployment, Bulletin
Recordable occupational injuries and ill
nesses are: (1) occupational deaths, regard
1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978),
Appendix B, and Supplements to Appendix
B. The statistics are also analyzed periodi
cally in the Monthly Labor Review . Addi
tional historical data, generally beginning
with 1959, are published in the Handbook
of Labor Statistics and are available in
statistical supplements to Bulletin 1979.
Occupational Injury and
Illness Data
(Table 51)
Description of the series
The Annual Survey of Occupational In
juries and Illnesses is designed to collect
data on injuries and illnesses based on
records which employers in the following
industries maintain under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970: agriculture,
forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction;
construction; manufacturing; transportation
and public utilities; wholesale and retail
trade; finance, insurance, and real estate;
and services. Excluded from the survey are
self-employed individuals, farmers with
fewer than 11 employees, employers regu
lated by other Federal safety and health
laws, and Federal, State, and local govern
ment agencies.
Because the survey is a Federal-State co
operative program and the data must meet
the needs of participating State agencies, an
independent sample is selected for each
State. The sample is selected to represent
all private industries in the States and terri
tories. The sample size for the survey is
dependent upon (1) the characteristics for
which estimates are needed; (2) the indus
tries for which estimates are desired; (3) the
characteristics of the population being sam
pled; (4) the target reliability of the esti
mates; and (5) the survey design employed.
While there are many characteristics
upon which the sample design could be
based, the total recorded case incidence
rate is used because it is one of the most
less of the time between injury and death,
or the length of the illness; or (2) nonfatal
occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occu
pational injuries which involve one or more
of the following: loss of consciousness, re
striction of work or motion, transfer to an
other job, or medical treatment (other than
first aid).
Occupational injury is any injury such
as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, and
so forth, which results from a work acci
dent or from exposure involving a single
incident in the work environment.
Occupational illness is an abnormal
condition or disorder, other than one result
ing from an occupational injury, caused by
exposure to environmental factors associ
ated with employment. It includes acute
and chronic illnesses or disease which may
be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges
tion, or direct contact.
Lost workday cases are cases which in
volve days away from work, or days of
restricted work activity, or both.
Lost workday cases involving re
stricted work activity are those cases
which result in restricted work activity only.
Lost workdays away from work are the
number of workdays (consecutive or not)
on which the employee would have worked
but could not because of occupational in
jury or illness.
Lost workdays— restricted work ac
tivity are the number of workdays (consec
utive or not) on which, because of injury or
illness: (1) the employee was assigned to
another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the
employee worked at a permanent job less
than full time; or (3) the employee worked
at a permanently assigned job but could not
perform all duties normally connected with it.
The number of days away from work
or days of restricted work activity does
not include the day of injury or onset of
illness or any days on which the employee
would not have worked even though able to
work.
Incidence rates represent the number of
injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays
per 100 full-time workers.
Notes on the data
Estimates are made for industries and
employment-size classes and for severity
classification: fatalities, lost workday cases,
and nonfatal cases without lost workdays.
Lost workday cases are separated into those
where the employee would have worked but
could not and those in which work activity
was restricted. Estimates of the number of
cases and the number of days lost are made
for both categories.
Most of the estimates are in the form of
incidence rates, defined as the number of
injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per
100 full-time employees. For this purpose,
200,000 employee hours represent 100 em
ployee years (2,000 hours per employee).
Only a few of the available measures are
included in the Handbook of Labor Statis
tics . Full detail is presented in the annual
bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Ill
nesses in the United States, by Industry.
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Comparable data for individual States
are available from the bls Office of Safety,
Health, and Working Conditions.
Mining and railroad data are furnished to
bls by the Mine Safety and Health Admin
istration and the Federal Railroad Adminis
tration, respectively. Data from these
organizations are included in bls and State
publications. Federal employee experience
is compiled and published by the Occupa
tional Safety and Health Administration.
Data on State and local government em
ployees are collected by about half of the
States and territories; these data are not
compiled nationally.
employers to State workers’ compensation
agencies. The Work Injury Report program
examines selected types of accidents
through an employee survey which focuses
on the circumstances surrounding the in
jury. These data are not included in the
Handbook of Labor Statistics but are avail
able from the bls Office of Safety, Health,
and Working Conditions.
The definitions of occupational injuries
and illnesses and lost workdays are from
Additional sources of information
Recordkeeping Requirements under the Oc
cupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
For additional data, see Occupational In
juries and Illnesses in the United States, by
Industry, annual Bureau of Labor Statistics
bulletin; BLS Handbook of Methods , Bul
The Supplementary Data System pro
vides detailed information describing vari
ous factors associated with work-related
injuries and illnesses. These data are ob
tained from information reported by
letin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1988); Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bul
letin 2340 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1989) , pp. 411-14; annual reports in the
Monthly Labor Review; and annual U.S.
Department of Labor press releases.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
87
Current Labor Statistics:
Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
1987
1987
S e l e c t e d in d ic a to rs
1989
1988
1988
IV
l
II
IV
III
I
II
III
Employment data
E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s o f t h e civilian n o n in stitu tio n a liz e d p o p u la tio n
(h o u s e h o ld s u rv e y ):1
L a b o r fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ..........................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o ............................................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ..............................................................................................
M e n ............................................................................................................................
1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ..................................................................................................
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...........................................................................................
W o m e n ....................................................................................................................
1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ..................................................................................................
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................................................... ..
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te , 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ...............................................
6 5 .6
6 1 .5
6 .2
6 .2
1 2 .6
4 .8
6 .2
1 1 .7
4 .8
1.7
6 5 .9
6 2 .3
5 .5
5 .5
1 1 .4
4 .2
5 .6
1 0 .6
4 .3
1.3
6 5 .7
6 1 .9
5 .9
5.8
1 1 .9
4 .4
6 .0
1 1 .2
4 .6
1.5
6 5 .8
62.1
5 .7
5 .6
1 1 .8
4 .3
5 .8
1 1 .0
4 .5
1.4
6 5 .8
6 2 .2
5 .5
5 .4
1 1 .2
4 .2
5 .6
1 0 .7
4 .3
1.3
6 5 .9
6 2 .3
5.5
5.4
1 1.4
4.1
5 .6
1 0.5
4 .4
1.3
66.1
6 2 .5
5 .3
5 .4
1 1 .3
4.1
5 .3
1 0 .3
4 .2
1.2
6 6 .4
6 2 .9
5 .2
5 .2
1 1 .2
4 .0
5 .2
1 0 .2
4 .0
1.1
6 6 .5
6 3 .0
5.3
5.1
11.1
3 .9
5 .4
1 0 .4
4 .3
1.1
6 6 .5
6 3 .0
5.2
5.1
1 1 .3
3 .9
5.4
1 0 .5
4 .2
1.1
P riv a te s e c t o r ...........................................................................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ....................................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g .......................................................................................................
S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g ..................................................................................................
1 0 2 ,2 0 0
8 5 ,1 9 0
2 4 ,7 0 8
1 9 ,0 2 4
7 7 ,4 9 2
1 0 5 ,5 8 4
8 8 ,2 1 2
2 5 ,2 4 9
1 9 ,4 0 3
8 0 ,3 3 5
1 0 3 ,4 9 1
8 6 ,3 3 6
2 4 ,9 6 1
1 9 ,1 9 9
7 8 ,5 3 0
1 0 4 ,3 5 5
8 7 ,1 1 1
2 5 ,0 2 2
1 9,271
7 9 ,3 3 3
1 0 5 ,1 8 4
8 7 ,8 5 1
2 5 ,2 0 2
1 9 ,3 6 0
7 9 ,9 8 3
1 0 5 ,9 7 6
8 8 ,5 7 7
2 5 ,3 1 3
1 9 ,4 3 5
8 0 ,6 6 3
1 0 6 ,7 9 9
8 9 ,2 8 8
2 5 ,4 5 2
1 9 ,5 5 0
8 1 ,3 4 6
1 0 7 ,6 8 0
9 0 ,1 0 4
2 5 ,6 3 4
1 9 ,6 5 9
8 2 ,0 4 7
1 0 8 ,3 3 9
9 0 ,6 6 1
2 5 ,6 6 4
1 9 ,6 6 3
8 2 ,6 7 6
1 0 8 ,9 1 7
9 1 ,1 1 0
2 5 ,6 5 9
1 9 ,6 1 7
8 3 ,2 5 8
A v e r a g e h o u rs:
P riv a te s e c t o r ...........................................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g ...................................................................................................
O v e r t i m e .............................................................................................................
3 4 .8
4 1 .0
3 .7
3 4 .7
41.1
3 .9
3 4 .8
4 1 .2
3 .9
3 4 .7
4 1 .0
3 .8
3 4 .7
41.1
3 .9
3 4 .7
41.1
3 .9
3 4 .7
41.1
3 .9
3 4 .7
41.1
3 .9
3 4 .7
41.1
3 .8
3 4 .7
4 1 .0
3 .8
P e r c e n t c h a n g e in t h e EC I, c o m p e n s a tio n :
All w o r k e r s (ex c lu d in g farm , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o rk e rs ) .......
P riv a te in d u stry w o r k e r s ...................................................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c in g 2 ............................................................................................
S e r v ic e -p r o d u c in g 2 .........................................................................................
S t a t e a n d lo ca l g o v e rn m e n t w o r k e r s .........................................................
3 .6
3 .3
3.1
3 .7
4 .4
5 .0
4 .9
4 .4
5.1
5 .6
.8
.7
1.0
.5
.9
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.4
.3
1.3
1.0
.6
1.2
2 .7
1.0
1.0
.8
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
.6
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.3
3 .3
W o rk e rs by b a rg a in in g s ta t u s (p riv a te industry):
U n i o n ...........................................................................................................................
N o n u n io n ..................................................................................................................
2 .8
3 .6
3 .9
5.1
1.1
.6
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.3
.7
1.1
.5
1.2
.8
1.5
1.0
1.2
.9
1.4
E m p lo y m e n t, n o n a g rlc u ltu ra l (payroll d a ta ) , in t h o u s a n d s : 1
Employment Cost Index
1 Q u a rte rly d a t a s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d .
2 G o o d s - p r o d u c ln g In d u s trie s in c lu d e m ining, c o n s tr u c tio n ,
and m a n u fa c tu rin g .
p ro d u c in g in d u s tr ie s in c lu d e all o t h e r p riv a te s e c t o r in d u strie s .
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
S e rv ic e -
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
1989
1988
1987
S e le c te d m e a s u re s
1988
1987
III
II
I
IV
„I
II
I
IV
Compensation data \ 2
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - c o m p e n s a ti o n (w a g e s , s a la r ie s ,
b e n e fits ):
C ivilian n o n fa rm .........................................................................................
P riv a te n o n fa rm ........................................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s
3.6
3.3
5.0
4 .9
0 .8
.7
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.2
C ivilian n o n fa rm .........................................................................................
P riv a te n o n fa rm ........................................................................................
3.5
3 .3
4 .3
4.1
.7
.6
1.0
1.0
.9
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
.8
1.0
1.6
1.2
Price data1
C o n s u m e r P ric e In d ex (All u rb a n c o n s u m e r s ) : All i t e m s .......
P r o d u c e r P ric e Index:
F in is h e d g o o d s ...........................................................................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ...................................................................
C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t ...................................................................................
In te r m e d ia te m ate ria ls , s u p p lie s , c o m p o n e n t s ..........................
C ru d e m a t e r i a l s ..........................................................................................
4.4
4.4
.3
1.0
1.3
1.5
.6
1.5
1.5
.7
2 .2
2.6
4 .0
4.0
.1
- .2
.5
.4
1.3
1.4
.8
1.0
4
5.4
8 .9
3.1
- 1 .4
- .3
4.0
1.3
1.1
1.8
6
.6
1.9
2.2
.9
1.9
6.1
2 .0
2 .3
1.1
1.1
.9
- .7
- .9
.0
- .3
- 2 .0
*L2
- 1 .2
Productivity data3
O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all p e rs o n s :
B u s in e s s s e c t o r ........................................................................................
N o n fa rm b u s in e s s s e c t o r ....................................................................
N o n fin an c ia l c o rp o r a tio n s 4 ................................................................
? R
1 A n n u a l c h a n g e s a r e D e c e m b e r - to - D e c e m b e r c h a n g e . Q u a rte rly c h a n g e s
a r e c a lc u la te d u s in g t h e la s t m o n th of e a c h q u a rte r. C o m p e n s a tio n a n d p ric e
d a t a a r e n o t s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d a n d th e p ric e d a t a a r e n o t c o m p o u n d e d .
2 E x c lu d e s F e d e ra l a n d p riv a te h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs.
3 A n n u al r a t e s of c h a n g e a r e c o m p u te d by c o m p a rin g a n n u a l a v e r a g e s .
3.
-2 .1
- 1 .6
.4
2 5
2.8
3.9
2.5
1.6
2 .0
2 .3
1.1
2 .2
1.2
2.1
1.6
1.1
.1
1.1
- 1 .3
- 1 .7
.2
1.9
- .4
3.1
3.3
1.3
d e x e s . T h e d a t a a r e s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d .
4 O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all e m p lo y e e s .
- D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
F our q u a rte rs e n d e d -
Q u a rte rly a v e r a g e
III
II
IV
I
III
II
1989
1988
1989
1988
C o m p o n e n ts
III
II
IV
II
I
III
A v e r a g e h o u rly c o m p e n s a ti o n : 1
5.7
5 .4
5 .8
5 .4
5 .2
5 .9
4 .8
4 .9
6 .8
5 .6
4 .7
5.3
5.1
4 .9
5 .3
5.1
4 .8
4 .8
5 .4
5 .4
5 .6
5 .5
5 .4
5 .4
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.3
.3
1.3
1.0
.7
1.1
2 .7
1.0
1.0
.5
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
.8
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
.6
1.6
1.2
.9
1.4
3 .3
4 .6
4 .5
4 .3
4 .5
5 .0
4 .7
4 .5
4 .5
4 .5
5 .4
5 .0
4 .9
3 .9
5.1
5 .6
4 .8
4 .6
3 .0
5.1
5 .5
4 .8
4 .5
3.1
5 .0
5 .8
5.1
4 .7
3 .2
5 .3
6 .4
.9
1.1
.8
1.2
.3
.9
.3
.5
.1
1.3
1.0
.7
1.0
2 .6
.8
.2
.4
.2
1.0
1.0
.4
1.1
1.0
.5
.1
.2
.2
1.1
1.1
.7
1.3
.8
.5
.1
.3
.1
.8
1.0
.8
1.0
.5
1.0
.3
.5
.2
1.6
1.2
.6
1.3
3.1
1.0
.4
.4
.2
3 .9
3 .7
2 .9
4 .0
4 .4
3 .0
1.0
1.6
.5
3 .9
3 .7
2 .9
3 .9
4 .7
2 .9
1.0
1.4
.5
4 .3
4.1
2 .2
4 .5
4 .8
2 .6
.7
1.3
.6
4 .4
4 .2
2 .5
4 .8
4 .8
2 .7
.7
1.3
.6
4 .3
4.1
2 .6
4 .6
5 .0
2 .8
.7
1.3
.8
4 .6
4 .4
2 .5
4 .9
5 .5
3 .0
.9
1.3
.8
2 .6
2 .2
2 .7
2 .8
2 .6
2 .2
3 .2
3.1
3 .9
3 .4
3 .6
3 .0
2 .4
2 .0
2 .5
2 .2
2 .5
2 .4
2 .7
2 .5
3 .2
2 .9
3 .5
3 .0
3.1
2 .4
3 .4
3 .2
3 .5
2.1
3 .2
3 .4
5 .0
3 .4
3 .9
2 .7
3 .0
2 .3
3.1
2 .5
3.1
2 .5
3 .3
2 .6
3 .8
3 .0
4 .0
2 .8
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - c o m p e n s a ti o n :
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s :
S t a t e a n d lo cal g o v e r n m e n t s ...................................................................................
T o ta l e ffe c tiv e w a g e a d ju s t m e n t s 3 ...................................................................................
F ro m p rior s e t t l e m e n t s ..................................................................................................
F ro m c o st-o f-liv in g p r o v is i o n .......................................................................................
N e g o tia te d w a g e a d ju s t m e n t s fro m s e tt le m e n ts : 3
N e g o tia te d w a g e a n d b e n e fit a d ju s t m e n t s fro m s e tt le m e n ts : 4
S e a s o n a l l y a d ju s te d .
E x c lu d e s F e d e ra l a n d h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs .
L im ited t o m a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g u n its o f 1 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re . T h e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m o s t r e c e n t d a t a a r e prelim inary.
4 L im ited to m a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g u n its o f 5 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re . T h e
m o s t r e c e n t d a t a a r e prelim inary.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
89
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
4.
Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s )
A nnual a v e ra g e
1989
1988
E m p lo y m e n t s ta t u s
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
A pr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
TOTAL
N o n in s titu tio n al p o p u la tio n 1, 2 .........
L a b o r f o r c e 2 .............................................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e 3 .....................
T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 ...............................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 4 ..............................................
R e s i d e n t A rm ed F o r c e s 1 .........
Civilian e m p l o y e d ..........................
A g ricu ltu re .....................................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l I n d u s t r i e s ......
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 ...............
N o t in la b o r fo rc e ................................
1 8 4 ,4 9 0
1 2 1 ,6 0 2
6 5 .9
1 1 4 ,1 7 7
1 8 6 ,3 2 2
1 2 3 ,3 7 8
6 6 .2
1 1 6 ,6 7 7
1 8 6 ,9 4 9
1 2 4 ,2 1 5
6 6 .4
1 1 7 ,6 5 2
1 8 7 ,0 9 8
1 2 4 ,2 5 9
6 6 .4
1 1 7 ,7 0 5
1 8 7 ,3 4 0
1 2 5 ,1 2 4
6 6 .8
1 1 8 ,4 0 7
1 8 7 ,4 6 1
1 2 4 ,8 6 5
6 6 .6
1 1 8 ,5 3 7
18 7 ,5 8 1
1 2 4 ,9 4 8
6 6 .6
1 1 8 ,8 2 0
1 8 7 ,7 0 8
1 2 5 ,3 4 3
6 6 .8
1 1 8 ,7 9 7
1 8 7 ,8 5 4
1 2 5 ,2 8 3
6 6 .7
1 1 8 ,8 8 8
1 8 7 ,9 9 5
1 2 5 ,7 6 8
6 6 .9
1 1 9 ,2 0 7
1 8 8 ,1 4 9
1 2 5 ,6 2 2
6 6 .8
1 1 9 ,1 2 5
1 8 8 ,2 8 6
1 2 5 ,7 0 6
6 6 .8
1 1 9 ,2 8 5
1 8 8 ,4 2 8
1 2 5 ,7 4 2
6 6 .7
1 1 9 ,1 5 8
1 8 8 ,5 8 0
1 2 5 ,8 1 4
6 6 .7
1 1 9 ,2 5 4
18 8 ,7 2 1
1 2 6 ,2 1 9
6 6 .9
1 1 9 ,4 9 0
6 1 .9
1 ,7 3 7
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
3 ,2 0 8
1 0 9 ,2 3 2
7 ,4 2 5
6.1
6 2 ,8 8 8
6 2 .6
1 ,7 0 9
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
3 ,1 6 9
1 1 1 ,8 0 0
6,7 0 1
5 .4
6 2 ,9 4 4
6 2 .9
1 ,7 0 5
1 1 5 ,9 4 7
3 ,2 3 8
1 1 2 ,7 0 9
6 ,5 6 3
5 .3
6 2 ,7 3 4
6 2 .9
1 ,6 9 6
1 1 6 ,0 0 9
3 ,1 9 3
1 1 2 ,8 1 6
6 ,5 5 4
5 .3
6 2 ,8 3 9
6 3 .2
1 ,6 9 6
1 1 6 ,7 1 1
3 ,3 0 0
1 1 3 ,4 1 1
6 ,7 1 6
5 .4
6 2 ,2 1 6
6 3 .2
1 ,6 8 4
1 1 6 ,8 5 3
3 ,2 2 3
1 1 3 ,6 3 0
6 ,3 2 8
5.1
6 2 ,5 9 6
6 3 .3
1 ,6 8 4
1 1 7 ,1 3 6
3 ,2 0 6
1 1 3 ,9 3 0
6 ,1 2 8
4 .9
6 2 ,6 3 3
6 3 .3
1 ,6 8 4
1 1 7 ,1 1 3
3 ,1 0 4
1 1 4 ,0 0 9
6 ,5 4 6
5 .2
6 2 ,3 6 5
6 3 .3
1 ,6 7 3
1 1 7 ,2 1 5
3 ,1 1 2
1 1 4 ,1 0 2
6 ,3 9 5
5.1
6 2 ,5 7 1
6 3 .4
1 ,6 6 6
1 1 7 ,5 4 1
3 ,0 9 6
1 1 4 ,4 4 5
6,5 6 1
5 .2
6 2 ,2 2 8
6 3 .3
1 ,6 6 6
1 1 7 ,4 5 9
3 ,2 1 9
1 1 4 ,2 4 0
6 ,4 9 7
5 .2
6 2 ,5 2 7
6 3 .4
1 ,6 8 8
1 1 7 ,5 9 7
3 ,3 0 7
1 1 4 ,2 9 0
6,4 2 1
5.1
6 2 ,5 8 0
6 3 .2
1 ,7 0 2
1 1 7 ,4 5 6
3 ,2 5 7
1 1 4 ,1 9 9
6 ,5 8 4
5 .2
6 2 ,6 8 6
6 3 .2
1 ,7 0 9
1 1 7 ,5 4 5
3 ,2 1 7
1 1 4 ,3 2 7
6,5 6 1
5 .2
6 2 ,7 6 6
6 3 .3
1 ,7 0 4
1 1 7 ,7 8 6
3,1 4 1
1 1 4 ,6 4 4
6 ,7 2 9
5 .3
6 2 ,5 0 2
8 8 ,4 7 6
6 7 ,7 8 4
7 6 .6
6 3 ,6 8 4
8 9 ,4 0 4
6 8 ,4 7 4
7 6 .6
6 4 ,8 2 0
8 9 ,7 1 6
6 8 ,6 8 6
7 6 .6
6 5 ,0 7 4
8 9 ,7 9 2
6 8 ,6 3 8
7 6 .4
6 5 ,0 5 5
8 9 ,9 1 4
6 9 ,0 3 2
7 6 .8
6 5 ,3 2 2
8 9 ,9 7 3
6 9 ,1 1 3
7 6 .8
6 5 ,5 7 2
9 0 ,0 3 2
6 9 ,1 9 0
7 6 .9
6 5 ,9 2 0
9 0 ,0 9 4
6 9 ,3 6 0
7 7 .0
6 5 ,7 6 7
9 0 ,1 6 7
6 9 ,1 1 4
7 6 .7
6 5 ,7 1 3
9 0 ,2 3 7
6 9 ,5 0 7
7 7 .0
6 6 ,1 1 0
9 0 ,3 1 5
6 9 ,2 4 5
7 6 .7
6 5 ,9 6 1
9 0 ,3 8 4
6 9 ,3 3 7
7 6 .7
6 5 ,9 3 4
9 0 ,4 5 6
6 9 ,2 7 2
7 6 .6
6 5 ,6 0 1
9 0 ,5 3 5
6 9 ,6 0 6
7 6 .9
6 6 ,0 3 0
9 0 ,6 0 6
6 9 ,6 5 2
7 6 .9
6 5 ,9 4 2
7 2 .0
1 ,5 7 7
6 2 ,1 0 7
4,1 0 1
6.1
7 2 .5
1 ,5 4 7
6 3 ,2 7 3
3 ,6 5 5
5.3
7 2 .5
1 ,5 4 2
6 3 ,5 3 2
3 ,6 1 2
5 .3
7 2 .5
1 ,5 3 4
6 3 ,5 2 1
3 ,5 8 3
5 .2
7 2 .6
1 ,5 3 2
6 3 ,7 9 0
3 ,7 1 0
5 .4
7 2 .9
1,521
6 4 ,0 5 1
3 ,5 4 0
5.1
7 3 .2
1,521
6 4 ,3 9 9
3 ,2 7 0
4 .7
7 3 .0
1,521
6 4 ,2 4 6
3 ,5 9 3
5 .2
7 2 .9
1,511
6 4 ,2 0 2
3,401
4 .9
7 3 .3
1,501
6 4 ,6 0 9
3 ,3 9 7
4 .9
7 3 .0
1 ,4 9 9
6 4 ,4 6 2
3 ,2 8 4
4 .7
7 2 .9
1 ,5 1 9
6 4 ,4 1 5
3 ,4 0 3
4 .9
7 2 .5
1,531
6 4 ,0 7 0
3 ,6 7 2
5.3
7 2 .9
1 ,5 3 3
6 4 ,4 9 7
3 ,5 7 6
5.1
7 2 .8
1 ,5 2 9
6 4 ,4 1 3
3 ,7 1 0
5.3
9 6 ,0 1 3
5 3 ,8 1 8
56.1
5 0 ,4 9 4
9 6 ,9 1 8
5 4 ,9 0 4
5 6 .6
5 1 ,8 5 8
9 7 ,2 3 4
5 5 ,5 2 9
57.1
5 2 ,5 7 8
9 7 ,3 0 6
5 5 ,6 2 1
5 7 .2
5 2 ,6 5 0
9 7 ,4 2 7
5 6 ,0 9 1
5 7 .6
5 3 ,0 8 5
9 7 ,4 8 8
5 5 ,7 5 2
5 7 .2
5 2 ,9 6 5
9 7 ,5 5 0
5 5 ,7 5 8
5 7 .2
5 2 ,9 0 0
9 7 ,6 1 4
5 5 ,9 8 3
5 7 .4
5 3 ,0 2 9
9 7 ,6 8 7
5 6 ,1 6 9
5 7 .5
5 3 ,1 7 5
9 7 ,7 5 8
5 6 ,2 6 1
5 7 .6
5 3 ,0 9 7
9 7 ,8 3 4
5 6 ,3 7 7
5 7 .6
5 3 ,1 6 4
9 7 ,9 0 2
5 6 ,3 7 0
5 7 .6
5 3 ,3 5 2
9 7 ,9 7 2
5 6 ,4 7 0
5 7 .6
5 3 ,5 5 7
9 8 ,0 4 5
5 6 ,2 0 8
5 7 .3
5 3 ,2 2 4
9 8 ,1 1 5
5 6 ,5 6 7
5 7 .7
5 3 ,5 4 8
5 2 .6
160
5 0 ,3 3 4
3 ,3 2 4
6 .2
5 3 .5
162
5 1 ,6 9 6
3 ,0 4 6
5 .5
54.1
163
5 2 ,4 1 5
2,9 5 1
5.3
54.1
162
5 2 ,4 8 8
2,9 7 1
5 .3
5 4 .5
164
5 2 ,9 2 1
3 ,0 0 6
5 .4
5 4 .3
163
5 2 ,8 0 2
2 ,7 8 7
5 .0
5 4 .2
163
5 2 ,7 3 7
2 ,8 5 8
5.1
5 4 .3
163
5 2 ,8 6 6
2 ,9 5 3
5 .3
5 4 .4
162
5 3 ,0 1 3
2 ,9 9 4
5.3
5 4 .3
165
5 2 ,9 3 2
3 ,1 6 4
5 .6
5 4 .3
167
5 2 ,9 9 7
3 ,2 1 3
5 .7
5 4 .5
169
5 3 ,1 8 3
3 ,0 1 8
5 .4
5 4 .7
171
5 3 ,3 8 6
2 ,9 1 2
5.2
5 4 .3
176
5 3 ,0 4 8
2 ,9 8 5
5.3
5 4 .6
175
5 3 ,3 7 3
3 ,0 1 9
5 .3
Men, 16 years and over
N o n in s titu tio n al p o p u la tio n 1, 2 .........
L a b o r fo rc e 2 .............................................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e 3 .....................
T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 ...............................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ratio 4 ..............................................
R e s i d e n t A rm ed F o r c e s 1 .........
Civilian e m p l o y e d ..........................
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 ...............
Women, 16 years and over
N o n in s titu tio n al p o p u la tio n ', 2 .........
L a b o r f o rc e 2 .............................................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e 3 .....................
T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 ................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ratio 4 ..............................................
R e s i d e n t A rm ed F o r c e s 1 .........
C ivilian e m p l o y e d ..........................
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e 5 ...............
T h e p o p u la tio n a n d A rm e d F o r c e s fig u re s a r e n o t a d ju s t e d fo r s e a s o n a l v a ria tio n .
In c lu d e s m e m b e r s of t h e A rm e d F o r c e s s ta t io n e d in t h e U n ited S t a te s .
L a b o r fo rc e a s a p e r c e n t of t h e n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n .
90 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
4 T o ta l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t of t h e n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n .
5 U n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e la b o r fo rc e (Including t h e r e s id e n t A rm e d F o r c e s ) .
5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
( N u m b e rs in t h o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
N ov.
O c t.
TOTAL
C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n 1 ...............................................
Civilian la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ........................
E m p l o y e d ..............................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2 ...............................................
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ...................
N o t in la b o r fo rc e ................................
1 8 2 ,7 5 3
1 1 9 ,8 6 5
6 5 .6
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
1 8 4 ,6 1 3
1 2 1 ,6 6 9
6 5 .9
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
1 8 5 ,2 4 4
1 2 2 ,5 1 0
66.1
1 1 5 ,9 4 7
1 8 5 ,4 0 2
1 2 2 ,5 6 3
66.1
1 1 6 ,0 0 9
1 8 5 ,6 4 4
1 2 3 ,4 2 8
6 6 .5
11 6 ,7 1 1
1 8 5 ,7 7 7
12 3 ,1 8 1
6 6 .3
1 1 6 ,8 5 3
1 8 5 ,8 9 7
1 2 3 ,2 6 4
6 6 .3
1 1 7 ,1 3 6
1 8 6 ,0 2 4
1 2 3 ,6 5 9
6 6 .5
1 1 7 ,1 1 3
1 8 6 ,1 8 1
1 2 3 ,6 1 0
6 6 .4
1 1 7 ,2 1 5
1 8 6 ,3 2 9
1 2 4 ,1 0 2
6 6 .6
11 7 ,5 4 1
1 8 6 ,4 8 3
1 2 3 ,9 5 6
6 6 .5
1 1 7 ,4 5 9
1 8 6 ,5 9 8
1 2 4 ,0 1 8
6 6 .5
1 1 7 ,5 9 7
1 8 6 ,7 2 6
1 2 4 ,0 4 0
6 6 .4
1 1 7 ,4 5 6
18 6 ,8 7 1
1 2 4 ,1 0 5
6 6 .4
1 1 7 ,5 4 5
1 8 7 ,0 1 7
1 2 4 ,5 1 5
6 6 .6
1 1 7 ,7 8 6
6 1 .5
7 ,4 2 5
6 .2
6 2 ,8 8 8
6 2 .3
6,7 0 1
5 .5
6 2 ,9 4 4
6 2 .6
6 ,5 6 3
5 .4
6 2 ,7 3 4
6 2 .6
6 ,5 5 4
5.3
6 2 ,8 3 9
6 2 .9
6 ,7 1 6
5 .4
6 2 ,2 1 6
6 2 .9
6 ,3 2 8
5.1
6 2 ,5 9 6
6 3 .0
6 ,1 2 8
5 .0
6 2 ,6 3 3
6 3 .0
6 ,5 4 6
5.3
6 2 ,3 6 5
6 3 .0
6 ,3 9 5
5 .2
6 2 ,5 7 1
63.1
6,5 6 1
5.3
6 2 ,2 2 8
6 3 .0
6 ,4 9 7
5 .2
6 2 ,5 2 7
6 3 .0
6,421
5 .2
6 2 ,5 8 0
6 2 .9
6 ,5 8 4
5 .3
6 2 ,6 8 6
6 2 .9
6,561
5 .3
6 2 ,7 6 6
6 3 .0
6 ,7 2 9
5 .4
6 2 ,5 0 2
C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n 1 ...............................................
C ivilian la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ........................
E m p l o y e d ..............................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
7 9 ,5 6 5
6 2 ,0 9 5
7 8 .0
5 8 ,7 2 6
8 0 ,5 5 3
6 2 ,7 6 8
7 7 .9
5 9 ,7 8 1
8 0 ,9 2 4
6 2 ,9 9 5
7 7 .8
5 9 ,9 9 9
8 1 ,0 0 1
6 3 ,0 0 2
7 7 .8
6 0 ,0 4 9
8 1 ,1 6 2
6 3 ,3 5 8
78.1
6 0 ,4 2 0
8 1 ,2 5 6
6 3 ,4 9 0
78.1
6 0 ,6 3 6
8 1 ,3 3 3
6 3 ,5 5 7
78.1
6 0 ,8 6 9
8 1 ,4 1 3
6 3 ,7 0 9
7 8 .3
6 0 ,7 5 7
8 1 ,5 2 4
6 3 ,5 0 3
7 7 .9
6 0 ,7 9 8
8 1 ,5 9 2
6 3 ,8 3 1
7 8 .2
6 1 ,0 9 3
8 1 ,6 7 9
6 3 ,6 5 6
7 7 .9
6 0 ,9 2 1
8 1 ,7 5 4
6 3 ,6 4 3
7 7 .8
6 0 ,8 5 3
8 1 ,7 9 0
6 3 ,7 2 1
7 7 .9
6 0 ,6 8 3
8 1 ,9 0 5
6 3 ,8 8 3
7 8 .0
6 0 ,9 8 1
8 1 ,9 6 8
6 3 ,9 4 6
7 8 .0
6 0 ,9 5 5
ra tio 2 ...............................................
A g r i c u l t u r e .........................................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l i n d u s t r i e s ..........
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ...................
7 3 .8
2 ,3 2 9
5 6 ,3 9 7
3 ,3 6 9
5 .4
7 4 .2
2,271
5 7 ,5 1 0
2 ,9 8 7
4 .8
74.1
2 ,3 1 3
5 7 ,6 8 6
2 ,9 9 6
4 .8
74.1
2 ,2 9 2
5 7 ,7 5 7
2 ,9 5 3
4 .7
7 4 .4
2 ,2 7 7
5 8 ,1 4 3
2 ,9 3 8
4 .6
7 4 .6
2 ,3 2 0
5 8 ,3 1 6
2 ,8 5 3
4 .5
7 4 .8
2 ,3 1 7
5 8 ,5 5 2
2 ,6 8 8
4 .2
7 4 .6
2 ,2 5 2
5 8 ,5 0 5
2 ,9 5 2
4 .6
7 4 .6
2 ,2 8 4
5 8 ,5 1 4
2 ,7 0 5
4 .3
7 4 .9
2 ,2 5 6
5 8 ,8 3 7
2 ,7 3 7
4 .3
7 4 .6
2 ,3 4 2
5 8 ,5 7 9
2 ,7 3 4
4 .3
7 4 .4
2 ,3 6 4
5 8 ,4 8 9
2 ,7 9 0
4 .4
7 4 .2
2 ,3 3 9
5 8 ,3 4 4
3 ,0 3 8
4 .8
7 4 .5
2 ,3 0 9
5 8 ,6 7 3
2 ,9 0 2
4 .5
7 4 .4
2 ,2 8 7
5 8 ,6 6 8
2 ,9 9 2
4 .7
8 8 ,5 8 3
4 9 ,7 8 3
5 6 .2
4 7 ,0 7 4
8 9 ,5 3 2
5 0 ,8 7 0
5 6 .8
4 8 ,3 8 3
8 9 ,8 8 7
5 1 ,5 5 8
5 7 .4
4 9 ,1 1 3
8 9 ,9 5 4
5 1 ,5 8 7
5 7 .3
4 9 ,1 6 5
9 0 ,0 7 2
5 1 ,9 9 8
5 7 .7
4 9 ,5 4 3
9 0 ,1 5 3
51 ,8 2 1
5 7 .5
4 9 ,5 1 4
9 0 ,2 4 2
5 1 ,8 5 1
5 7 .5
4 9 ,4 8 4
9 0 ,3 1 8
5 1 ,9 9 2
5 7 .6
4 9 ,5 4 4
9 0 ,4 3 2
52 ,1 7 1
5 7 .7
4 9 ,6 9 0
9 0 ,5 2 6
52 ,2 3 1
5 7 .7
4 9 ,6 6 1
9 0 ,6 0 7
5 2 ,4 6 3
5 7 .9
4 9 ,8 5 0
9 0 ,6 8 4
5 2 ,3 7 3
5 7 .8
4 9 ,9 0 5
9 0 ,7 7 1
5 2 ,4 4 3
5 7 .8
5 0 ,0 8 9
9 0 ,8 6 0
5 2 ,2 3 9
5 7 .5
4 9 ,7 6 7
9 0 ,9 5 2
5 2 ,5 3 3
5 7 .8
5 0 ,0 4 1
53.1
622
4 6 ,4 5 3
2 ,7 0 9
5 .4
5 4 .0
625
4 7 ,7 5 7
2 ,4 8 7
4 .9
5 4 .6
640
4 8 ,4 7 3
2 ,4 4 5
4 .7
5 4 .7
646
4 8 ,5 1 9
2 ,4 2 2
4 .7
5 5 .0
715
4 8 ,8 2 7
2 ,4 5 5
4 .7
5 4 .9
666
4 8 ,8 4 9
2 ,3 0 6
4 .5
5 4 .8
664
4 8 ,8 1 9
2 ,3 6 7
4 .6
5 4 .9
615
4 8 ,9 2 9
2 ,4 4 8
4 .7
5 4 .9
628
4 9 ,0 6 2
2 ,4 8 0
4 .8
5 4 .9
610
4 9 ,0 5 1
2 ,5 7 0
4 .9
5 5 .0
627
4 9 ,2 2 3
2 ,6 1 3
5 .0
5 5 .0
644
4 9 ,2 6 1
2 ,4 6 8
4 .7
5 5 .2
701
4 9 ,3 8 8
2 ,3 5 3
4 .5
5 4 .8
648
4 9 ,1 1 9
2 ,4 7 2
4 .7
5 5 .0
608
4 9 ,4 3 2
2 ,4 9 2
4 .7
1 4 ,6 0 6
7 ,9 8 8
5 4 .7
6 ,6 4 0
1 4 ,5 2 7
8,031
5 5 .3
6 ,8 0 5
1 4 ,4 3 3
7 ,9 5 7
55.1
6 ,8 3 5
1 4 ,4 4 7
7 ,9 7 4
5 5 .2
6 ,7 9 5
1 4 ,4 1 0
8,0 7 1
5 6 .0
6 ,7 4 8
1 4 ,3 6 7
7,8 7 1
5 4 .8
6 ,7 0 3
1 4 ,3 2 3
7 ,8 5 6
5 4 .9
6 ,7 8 3
1 4 ,2 9 3
7 ,9 5 8
5 5 .7
6 ,8 1 2
1 4 ,2 2 4
7 ,9 3 6
5 5 .8
6 ,7 2 6
14,211
8 ,0 4 0
5 6 .6
6 ,7 8 6
1 4 ,1 9 6
7 ,8 3 7
5 5 .2
6 ,6 8 7
1 4 ,1 6 0
8 ,0 0 3
5 6 .5
6 ,8 4 0
1 4 ,1 6 6
7 ,8 7 6
5 5 .6
6 ,6 8 3
1 4 ,1 0 7
7 ,9 8 3
5 6 .6
6 ,7 9 6
1 4 ,0 9 7
8 ,0 3 5
5 7 .0
6 ,7 9 0
4 5 .5
258
6 ,3 8 2
1 ,3 4 7
16 .9
4 6 .8
273
6 ,5 3 2
1 ,2 2 6
15 .3
4 7 .4
285
6 ,5 5 0
1 ,1 2 2
14.1
4 7 .0
255
6 ,5 4 0
1 ,1 7 9
1 4 .8
4 6 .8
307
6,4 4 1
1 ,3 2 3
1 6 .4
4 6 .7
237
6 ,4 6 6
1 ,1 6 8
1 4 .8
4 7 .4
224
6 ,5 5 9
1 ,0 7 3
1 3 .7
4 7 .7
237
6 ,5 7 5
1 ,1 4 6
1 4 .4
4 7 .3
200
6 ,5 2 6
1 ,2 1 0
1 5 .2
4 7 .8
230
6 ,5 5 6
1 ,2 5 4
1 5 .6
47.1
249
6 ,4 3 8
1 ,1 5 0
1 4.7
4 8 .3
300
6 ,5 4 0
1 ,1 6 3
1 4.5
4 7 .2
216
6 ,4 6 7
1 ,1 9 3
15.1
4 8 .2
260
6 ,5 3 6
1 ,1 8 7
1 4 .9
4 8 .2
246
6 ,5 4 4
1 ,2 4 5
1 5 .5
1 5 6 ,9 5 8
1 0 3 ,2 9 0
6 5 .8
9 7 ,7 8 9
1 5 8 ,1 9 4
1 0 4 ,7 5 6
6 6 .2
9 9 ,8 1 2
1 5 8 ,6 0 3
1 0 5 ,3 9 5
6 6 .5
1 0 0 ,5 4 3
1 5 8 ,7 0 5
10 5 ,4 1 1
6 6 .4
1 0 0 ,5 6 7
1 5 8 ,8 6 5
1 0 6 ,1 0 6
6 6 .8
1 0 1 ,1 8 3
1 5 8 ,9 4 7
1 0 5 ,7 9 8
6 6 .6
1 0 1 ,2 7 8
1 5 9 ,0 2 0
1 0 5 ,9 8 8
6 6 .7
1 0 1 ,5 5 4
1 5 9 ,0 9 8
1 0 6 ,3 1 2
6 6 .8
1 0 1 ,4 5 8
1 5 9 ,2 0 0
1 0 6 ,1 6 4
6 6 .7
1 0 1 ,4 6 5
1 5 9 ,2 9 7
1 0 6 ,4 5 5
6 6 .8
1 0 1 ,6 9 3
1 5 9 ,4 0 0
1 0 6 ,4 2 4
6 6 .8
10 1 ,5 8 1
1 5 9 ,4 7 0
1 0 6 ,4 4 6
6 6 .8
1 0 1 ,6 7 0
1 5 9 ,5 4 9
1 0 6 ,3 2 5
6 6 .6
1 0 1 ,5 3 5
1 5 9 ,6 4 4
1 0 6 ,5 4 4
6 6 .7
1 0 1 ,8 1 6
1 5 9 ,7 3 6
1 0 6 ,8 2 2
6 6 .9
1 0 1 ,9 4 3
6 2 .3
5,501
5 .3
63.1
4 ,9 4 4
4 .7
6 3 .4
4 ,8 5 2
4 .6
6 3 .4
4 ,8 4 4
4 .6
6 3 .7
4 ,9 2 3
4 .6
6 3 .7
4,5 2 1
4 .3
6 3 .9
4 ,4 3 4
4 .2
6 3 .8
4 ,8 5 4
4 .6
6 3 .7
4 ,6 9 9
4 .4
6 3 .8
4 ,7 6 2
4 .5
6 3 .7
4 ,8 4 3
4 .6
6 3 .8
4 ,7 7 7
4 .5
6 3 .6
4,7 9 1
4 .5
6 3 .8
4 ,7 2 8
4.4
6 3 .8
4 ,8 7 9
4 .6
2 0 ,3 5 2
1 2 ,9 9 3
6 3 .8
1 1 ,3 0 9
2 0 ,6 9 2
1 3 ,2 0 5
6 3 .8
1 1 ,6 5 8
2 0 ,8 1 1
1 3 ,3 3 0
64.1
11,831
2 0 ,8 4 2
1 3 ,4 0 5
6 4 .3
1 1 ,8 5 6
2 0 ,8 7 7
1 3 ,4 7 7
6 4 .6
1 1 ,8 6 0
2 0 ,9 0 5
1 3 ,4 7 6
6 4 .5
1 1 ,8 7 3
2 0 ,9 3 0
1 3 ,4 2 5
64.1
11,961
2 0 ,9 5 6
1 3 ,2 8 7
6 3 .4
1 1 ,8 4 6
2 0 ,9 8 6
1 3 ,4 4 4
64.1
1 1 ,9 6 8
2 1 ,0 1 2
1 3 ,6 0 0
6 4 .7
1 1 ,9 8 2
2 1 ,0 3 8
1 3 ,5 5 5
6 4 .4
1 2 ,0 8 2
2 1 ,0 6 0
1 3 ,4 4 8
6 3 .9
1 1 ,9 5 8
2 1 ,0 8 5
1 3 ,5 1 5
64.1
1 1 ,9 4 0
2 1 ,1 0 8
13,491
6 3 .9
1 1 ,9 0 2
2 1 ,1 3 6
1 3 ,5 9 4
6 4 .3
1 1 ,9 4 9
5 5 .6
1 ,6 8 4
1 3 .0
5 6 .3
1 ,5 4 7
1 1 .7
5 6 .8
1 ,4 9 9
1 1 .2
5 6 .9
1 ,5 4 9
1 1 .6
5 6 .8
1 ,6 1 7
1 2 .0
5 6 .8
1 ,6 0 3
1 1 .9
57.1
1 ,4 6 4
1 0 .9
5 6 .5
1 ,4 4 2
1 0.8
5 7 .0
1 ,4 7 6
11 .0
5 7 .0
1 ,6 1 8
1 1 .9
5 7 .4
1 ,4 7 3
1 0 .9
5 6 .8
1 ,4 9 0
11.1
5 6 .6
1 ,5 7 4
1 1 .6
5 6 .4
1 ,5 8 9
1 1 .8
5 6 .5
1 ,6 4 5
12.1
Men, 20 years and over
Women, 20 years ond over
C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n 1 ...............................................
Civilian la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ........................
E m p lo y e d ..............................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2 ...............................................
A g r i c u l t u r e .........................................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l i n d u s t r i e s ..........
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ...................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n 1 ...............................................
C ivilian la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ........................
E m p l o y e d ..............................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2 ...............................................
A g r i c u l t u r e .........................................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l i n d u s t r i e s ..........
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ...................
White
C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n 1 ...............................................
Civilian la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ........................
E m p lo y e d ..............................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2 ...............................................
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ...................
Black
C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n 1 ...............................................
C ivilian la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ........................
E m p l o y e d ..............................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2 ...............................................
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ...................
S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
91
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
5. Continued— Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
(N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
A pr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
1 2 ,8 6 7
8,5 4 1
6 6 .4
7 ,7 9 0
1 3 ,3 2 5
8 ,9 8 2
6 7 .4
8 ,2 5 0
1 3 ,4 9 5
9 ,1 4 8
6 7 .8
8 ,4 1 9
1 3 ,5 3 3
9 ,1 3 3
6 7 .5
8,441
1 3 ,5 6 4
9 ,2 0 5
6 7 .9
8 ,4 3 4
1 3 ,6 0 6
9 ,2 1 9
6 7 .8
8 ,5 9 6
1 3 ,6 4 9
9 ,2 1 0
6 7 .5
8 ,6 0 7
1 3 ,6 9 0
9 ,2 6 2
6 7 .7
8 ,4 9 5
13,731
9 ,4 2 8
6 8 .7
8 ,6 8 6
1 3 ,7 7 2
9 ,2 7 2
6 7 .3
8 ,5 2 4
1 3 ,8 1 3
9 ,4 3 3
6 8 .3
8 ,5 8 7
1 3 ,8 5 3
9 ,3 6 4
6 7 .6
8,521
6 0 .5
751
8 .8
6 1 .9
732
8 .2
6 2 .4
729
8 .0
6 2 .4
692
7 .6
6 2 .2
771
8 .4
6 3 .2
624
6 .8
63.1
603
6 .5
62.1
767
8 .3
6 3 .3
742
7 .9
6 1 .9
748
8.1
6 2 .2
846
9 .0
6 1 .5
843
9.0
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
1 3 ,8 9 4
9 ,3 2 6
67.1
8 ,5 5 0
1 3 ,9 3 6
9,3 1 1
6 6 .8
8 ,5 8 0
1 3 ,9 7 7
9 ,4 1 4
6 7 .4
8 ,6 7 6
6 1 .5
776
8 .3
6 1 .6
731
7 .9
62.1
738
7 .8
Hispanic origin
C ivilian n o n in stitu tio n a l
p o p u la tio n 1 ...............................................
C ivilian la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a t e ........................
E m p l o y e d ..............................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2 ...............................................
U n e m p lo y e d .........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e ...................
1 T h e p o p u la tio n fig u re s a r e n o t s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d .
2 C ivilian e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t of t h e civilian n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n .
N O T E : D etail fo r t h e a b o v e r a c e a n d H isp a n ic -o rig in g r o u p s will n o t s u m to t o ta ls
6.
b e c a u s e d a t a fo r t h e “ o t h e r r a c e s ” g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d a n d H is p a n ic s a r e in c lu d e d
in b o th t h e w h ite a n d b la c k p o p u la tio n g ro u p s .
Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In th o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
S e l e c t e d c a te g o r ie s
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
A pr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
CHARACTERISTIC
C ivilian e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d
o v e r ............................................................
M e n ........................................................
W o m e n ................................................
M a rrie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ..
M arried w o m e n , s p o u s e
p r e s e n t ...............................................
W o m e n w h o m a in ta in fa m ilie s .
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
6 2 ,1 0 7
5 0 ,3 3 4
4 0 ,2 6 5
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
6 3 ,2 7 3
5 1 ,6 9 6
4 0 ,4 7 2
1 1 5 ,9 4 7
6 3 ,5 3 2
5 2 ,4 1 5
4 0 ,4 0 7
1 1 6 ,0 0 9
6 3 ,5 2 1
5 2 ,4 8 8
4 0 ,4 8 3
11 6 ,7 1 1
6 3 ,7 9 0
5 2 ,9 2 1
4 0 ,9 2 5
1 1 6 ,8 5 3
6 4 ,0 5 1
5 2 ,8 0 2
4 0 ,9 2 8
1 1 7 ,1 3 6
6 4 ,3 9 9
5 2 ,7 3 7
4 1 ,0 8 3
1 1 7 ,1 1 3
6 4 ,2 4 6
5 2 ,8 6 6
4 0 ,8 9 0
1 1 7 ,2 1 5
6 4 ,2 0 2
5 3 ,0 1 3
4 0 ,9 0 2
1 1 7 ,5 4 1
6 4 ,6 0 9
5 2 ,9 3 2
4 1 ,1 0 2
1 1 7 ,4 5 9
6 4 ,4 6 2
5 2 ,9 9 7
4 1 ,0 8 9
1 1 7 ,5 9 7
6 4 ,4 1 5
5 3 ,1 8 3
4 0 ,6 3 6
1 1 7 ,4 5 6
6 4 ,0 7 0
5 3 ,3 8 6
4 0 ,5 7 2
1 1 7 ,5 4 5
6 4 ,4 9 7
5 3 ,0 4 8
4 0 ,7 7 5
1 1 7 ,7 8 6
6 4 ,4 1 3
5 3 ,3 7 3
4 0 ,7 9 5
2 8 ,1 0 7
6 ,0 6 0
2 8 ,7 5 6
6,211
2 8 ,9 9 5
6 ,3 7 5
2 9 ,0 5 3
6 ,3 9 9
2 9 ,5 8 9
6 ,4 1 6
2 9 ,4 1 2
6 ,3 8 5
2 9 ,5 6 9
6 ,2 5 6
2 9 ,6 5 6
6 ,2 4 3
2 9 ,7 3 9
6,3 3 1
2 9 ,4 8 1
6 ,4 0 3
2 9 ,5 5 2
6 ,4 5 6
2 9 ,2 2 0
6 ,3 4 2
2 9 ,4 6 1
6 ,4 3 7
2 9 ,4 7 5
6 ,3 4 8
2 9 ,8 0 9
6 ,3 5 0
1 ,6 3 2
1 ,4 2 3
153
1,621
1 ,3 9 8
150
1 ,6 7 2
1 ,4 5 0
125
1 ,6 9 8
1 ,3 4 9
149
1 ,6 8 4
1 ,3 8 7
189
1 ,6 4 5
1 ,4 1 9
150
1 ,6 5 6
1 ,4 0 3
138
1 ,5 5 4
1 ,4 1 9
124
1 ,6 1 0
1 ,3 5 8
127
1 ,5 5 0
1 ,4 1 2
126
1 ,6 9 5
1 ,4 3 4
126
1 ,8 0 3
1 ,4 2 0
137
1,671
1,441
135
1 ,6 8 0
1 ,4 1 3
121
1 ,6 9 3
1,351
108
1 0 0 ,7 7 1
1 6 ,8 0 0
8 3 ,9 7 0
1 ,2 0 8
8 2 ,7 6 2
8,201
260
1 0 3 ,0 2 1
1 7 ,1 1 4
8 5 ,9 0 7
1 ,1 5 3
8 4 ,7 5 4
8 ,5 1 9
260
1 0 3 ,7 7 0
1 7 ,3 8 7
8 6 ,3 8 3
1 ,2 0 9
8 5 ,1 7 4
8 ,6 1 9
300
1 0 3 ,9 0 4
1 7 ,4 2 3
8 6 ,4 8 1
1 ,2 1 0
8 5 ,2 7 1
8 ,6 0 2
266
1 0 4 ,5 1 0
1 7 ,3 9 3
8 7 ,1 1 7
1 ,1 9 6
8 5 ,9 2 1
8 ,7 1 8
298
1 0 4 ,7 9 7
17,311
8 7 ,4 8 6
1 ,1 3 5
8 6 ,3 5 0
8 ,5 1 7
285
1 0 4 ,9 8 2
1 7 ,3 8 2
8 7 ,6 0 0
1 ,1 6 3
8 6 ,4 3 7
8 ,6 4 5
332
1 0 4 ,9 8 5
1 7 ,1 8 0
8 7 ,8 0 6
1 ,1 1 7
8 6 ,6 8 9
8,6 7 1
281
1 0 5 ,2 4 5
1 7 ,2 3 0
8 8 ,0 1 5
1 ,1 2 8
8 6 ,8 8 7
8 ,5 1 6
322
1 0 5 ,5 1 9
17,261
8 8 ,2 5 9
1 ,1 4 0
8 7 ,1 1 8
8 ,5 7 0
241
10 5 ,3 2 1
1 7 ,5 1 9
8 7 ,8 0 3
1 ,0 9 3
8 6 ,7 1 0
8 ,6 0 6
239
1 0 5 ,2 5 9
17 ,5 9 1
8 7 ,6 6 8
1 ,1 4 6
8 6 ,5 2 2
8 ,6 2 5
264
1 0 5 ,3 5 5
1 7 ,6 1 9
8 7 ,7 3 7
1 ,0 5 4
8 6 ,6 8 2
8 ,5 6 9
296
1 0 5 ,4 1 3
1 7 ,5 8 2
8 7 ,8 3 0
968
8 6 ,8 6 2
8 ,6 8 0
285
1 0 5 ,8 6 7
1 7 ,7 2 3
8 8 ,1 4 4
1 ,0 1 4
8 7 ,1 3 0
8 ,4 8 4
263
5,401
2 ,3 8 5
2 ,6 7 2
1 4 ,3 9 5
5 ,2 0 6
2 ,3 5 0
2 ,4 8 7
1 4 ,9 6 3
5,061
2 ,2 7 9
2 ,3 7 5
1 5 ,4 4 6
5,321
2 ,5 4 9
2 ,4 1 0
1 5 ,3 6 3
5 ,0 9 7
2 ,3 0 2
2 ,3 5 2
15,401
4,9 8 1
2 ,3 0 3
2 ,3 3 3
1 5 ,1 2 6
4 ,9 6 8
2 ,2 3 2
2 ,3 9 3
15,561
5 ,1 4 3
2 ,3 7 3
2 ,4 2 5
1 5 ,4 9 8
4 ,8 3 7
2 ,2 9 6
2 ,3 4 3
1 5 ,3 1 6
4 ,9 5 7
2 ,3 1 8
2 ,2 8 9
1 5 ,4 1 6
4 ,7 5 0
2,311
2 ,1 3 8
1 5 ,6 5 2
4 ,7 8 5
2 ,2 8 2
2 ,1 0 7
1 5 ,6 1 4
4 ,8 8 2
2 ,3 3 0
2,171
1 5 ,5 4 2
4 ,7 2 8
2 ,3 3 6
2 ,0 3 7
1 5 ,3 0 3
4 ,8 1 4
2 ,3 0 3
2 ,1 7 6
1 5 ,1 7 7
5 ,1 2 2
2,201
2 ,5 8 7
1 3 ,9 2 8
4 ,9 6 5
2 ,1 9 9
2 ,4 0 8
1 4 ,5 0 9
4 ,8 1 9
2 ,1 1 6
2 ,2 8 8
1 4 ,9 8 6
5 ,0 3 3
2 ,3 7 7
2 ,3 0 7
1 4 ,9 2 8
4 ,8 3 7
2 ,1 4 4
2 ,2 8 3
1 4 ,9 7 0
4 ,6 9 7
2 ,1 0 5
2 ,2 7 2
1 4 ,6 8 8
4 ,7 0 9
2 ,0 4 8
2 ,3 1 7
1 5 ,1 2 7
4 ,9 3 0
2 ,2 4 3
2 ,3 6 9
1 5 ,0 6 0
4 ,6 0 9
2 ,1 0 2
2,301
1 4 ,9 7 6
4,8 0 1
2 ,1 9 0
2 ,2 3 6
1 4 ,9 7 7
4 ,5 0 5
2 ,1 8 5
2 ,0 5 7
1 5 ,2 1 9
4 ,5 5 3
2 ,1 2 9
2 ,0 2 4
1 5 ,0 9 4
4 ,6 1 2
2 ,1 7 4
2 ,0 9 0
1 5 ,1 0 9
4 ,4 6 6
2 ,1 7 8
1 ,9 7 5
1 4 ,8 6 5
4 ,5 5 6
2 ,1 3 0
2 ,1 0 9
1 4 ,7 3 8
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS
OF WORKER
A griculture:
W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ..........
S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ................
U n p a id fam ily w o r k e r s .................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u strie s :
W a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s ..........
G o v e r n m e n t ...................................
P riv a te i n d u s t r i e s .........................
P riv a te h o u s e h o l d s ..................
O t h e r ..............................................
S e lf-e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ................
U n p a id fam ily w o r k e r s .................
PERSONS AT WORK
PART TIME1
All in d u strie s :
P a rt tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s .
S la c k w o r k .........................................
C o u ld on ly find p a rt-tim e w o rk
V o lu n tary p a rt t i m e ...........................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u strie s :
P a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s .
S la c k w o rk .........................................
C o u ld on ly find p a rt-tim e w o rk
V o lu n ta ry p a rt t i m e ...........................
1 E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s “w ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o rk ” d u rin g t h e s u rv e y p e rio d fo r s u c h r e a s o n s a s v a c a tio n , illn e s s , o r in d u stria l d is p u te s .
92 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
7.
Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
S e l e c t e d c a te g o r ie s
Apr.
M ay
June
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
1987
1988
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
T o ta l, all civilian w o r k e r s .......................................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 19 y e a r s ..........................................
M en , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................................
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..........................................
6 .2
1 6 .9
5 .4
5 .4
5 .5
1 5 .3
4 .8
4 .9
5 .4
14.1
4 .8
4 .7
5 .3
14 .8
4 .7
4 .7
5 .4
1 6 .4
4 .6
4 .7
5.1
14 .8
4 .5
4 .5
5 .0
1 3 .7
4 .2
4 .6
5 .3
1 4 .4
4 .6
4 .7
5 .2
1 5 .2
4 .3
4 .8
5 .3
1 5 .6
4 .3
4 .9
5.2
1 4 .7
4 .3
5 .0
5 .2
1 4.5
4 .4
4 .7
5 .3
15.1
4 .8
4 .5
5.3
1 4 .9
4 .5
4 .7
5 .4
1 5 .5
4 .7
4 .7
W h ite , t o t a l ............................................................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .......................................
M en, 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................................
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................................
5.3
1 4 .4
1 5 .5
1 3 .4
4 .8
4 .6
4 .7
13.1
1 3 .9
1 2.3
4.1
4.1
4 .6
1 1 .9
1 2 .6
1 1.3
4 .2
4 .0
4 .6
1 2 .6
1 3.4
1 1.8
4.1
3 .9
4 .6
14.1
1 6 .4
1 1 .7
4 .0
3 .9
4 .3
12.1
1 4 .0
1 0 .2
3 .8
3 .6
4 .2
1 1 .3
1 2.3
1 0 .2
3 .6
3 .8
4 .6
1 2 .3
13.1
1 1 .5
4 .0
4.1
4 .4
13.1
1 4.8
1 1 .2
3 .6
4.1
4 .5
1 3 .0
1 3.4
1 2 .6
3 .7
4.1
4 .6
1 2 .8
1 2 .4
1 3 .4
3 .8
4 .3
4 .5
1 2 .8
1 2 .9
1 2 .7
3 .8
4.1
4 .5
12.1
1 3 .3
1 0 .8
4 .2
3 .8
4 .4
1 2 .2
1 3 .9
1 0 .4
3 .8
4 .0
4 .6
1 3 .0
14 .7
1 1 .2
4 .0
4 .0
B lack, to ta l ............................................................................
B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .......................................
M e n , 16 to 1 9 y e a r s ..............................................
W o m e n , 1 6 to 19 y e a r s ........................................
M en, 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................................
W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................................
1 3 .0
3 4 .7
3 4 .4
3 4 .9
11.1
1 1 .6
1 1.7
3 2 .4
3 2 .7
3 2 .0
10.1
1 0 .4
11 .2
31.1
32.1
2 9 .9
9.8
9 .8
1 1 .6
2 9 .6
2 9 .8
2 9 .3
1 0 .0
1 0 .5
1 2 .0
3 4 .5
3 6 .7
3 2 .0
1 0 .4
1 0 .4
1 1 .9
3 2 .4
33.1
3 1 .6
10 .5
10 .3
10 .9
3 1 .6
2 8 .6
3 4 .8
9 .8
9.1
1 0 .8
3 0 .8
3 5 .5
2 6 .2
1 0 .0
8 .8
1 1 .0
3 2 .4
3 6 .9
2 8 .4
9 .4
9 .5
1 1 .9
3 6 .5
3 3 .5
4 0 .2
9 .4
1 0 .5
1 0 .9
2 7 .4
22.1
33.1
9 .3
9 .9
11.1
3 1 .6
3 0 .0
3 3 .4
9 .8
9 .4
1 1 .6
3 7 .3
34.1
4 0 .3
1 0 .0
9 .6
1 1.8
3 4 .2
3 2 .4
36.1
1 0 .3
1 0 .0
12.1
3 2 .8
33.1
3 2 .6
1 0.7
1 0 .4
H is p a n ic origin, t o t a l .........................................................
8 .8
8 .2
8 .0
7 .6
8 .4
6 .8
6 .5
8 .3
7 .9
8.1
9 .0
9 .0
8 .3
7 .9
7 .8
M a rrie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t .....................................
M a rrie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...............................
W o m e n w h o m a in ta in f a m i l i e s ....................................
F u ll-tim e w o r k e r s ...............................................................
P a rt-tim e w o r k e r s ..............................................................
U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ...............................
L a b o r fo rc e tim e l o s t 1 ......................................................
3 .9
4 .3
9 .2
5 .8
8 .4
1.7
7.1
3 .3
3 .9
8.1
5 .2
7 .6
1.3
6 .3
3 .3
3 .8
7.7
5 .0
7.1
1.2
6 .2
3.1
3 .7
8 .2
5.1
7 .0
1.2
6 .3
3.1
3 .6
8 .0
5 .0
7 .9
1.2
6 .2
3.1
3 .4
8 .0
4 .8
7 .3
1.1
5 .9
2 .9
3 .5
7 .9
4 .8
6 .2
1.1
5 .8
3 .2
4 .0
7 .6
5 .0
7 .2
1.2
6 .0
2 .9
3 .8
8.3
4 .8
6 .9
1.1
5 .9
2 .8
3 .8
7 .9
4 .8
7 .7
1.0
6.1
2 .9
3 .8
8 .7
4 .9
7 .2
1.2
6 .0
3.1
3 .9
8 .0
4 .9
6 .9
1.1
5.9
3 .4
3 .8
7 .6
5 .0
7 .3
1.1
5 .9
3 .0
4 .0
7 .6
4 .9
7.1
1.1
5 .8
3.1
3 .7
8 .3
5 .0
7 .5
1.2
5 .9
6 .2
1 0 .0
1 1 .6
6 .0
5 .8
6 .3
4 .5
6 .9
4 .9
3 .5
1 0 .5
5 .5
7 .9
1 0 .6
5 .3
5.0
5 .7
3 .9
6 .2
4 .5
2 .8
1 0 .6
5 .5
8 .9
1 0 .6
5.1
4 .9
5 .3
4 .0
6 .2
4 .6
2 .5
9 .3
5 .4
7 .7
1 0 .4
5 .2
5 .0
5 .5
3 .8
6 .3
4.1
2 .7
8 .8
5 .6
6.1
1 0 .4
5 .3
5 .0
5.7
3 .8
6 .3
4 .7
2 .7
9 .5
5.1
8 .0
1 0 .0
4 .9
4 .4
5.5
3 .9
5 .6
4 .3
2 .7
8 .9
5 .0
7 .0
9 .4
4 .8
4 .7
4 .9
3 .9
5 .6
4.1
2 .6
8 .9
5 .4
5 .6
9.7
4 .9
4 .7
5 .2
4 .0
5 .9
4 .8
2 .7
1 0 .5
5 .2
4 .5
9 .3
4 .9
4 .5
5 .5
4 .0
5 .5
4 .7
2 .9
1 0 .3
5.3
3 .7
1 0 .0
5 .2
4 .6
6.1
4 .4
6 .0
4 .3
3 .0
1 1 .0
5 .4
5 .5
1 0 .5
5 .0
4 .7
5 .5
4 .2
6 .2
4 .4
2 .8
8 .5
5 .4
6 .5
1 0 .3
5 .2
4 .8
5 .9
3 .6
6 .0
4 .4
2 .7
8 .6
5 .4
8 .5
1 0 .4
5.1
4 .7
5 .5
4 .7
5.8
4 .5
2 .8
7 .7
5 .3
5.1
9 .0
5 .4
5 .2
5 .6
3 .9
5.8
4 .4
2 .7
10 .0
5 .5
6 .6
9 .8
5 .3
5.Ò
5.1
3 .4
6 .5
4 .3
2 .8
12.1
CHARACTERISTIC
INDUSTRY
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p riv a te w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s ....
M in in g .......................................................................................
C o n s t r u c t i o n .........................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g ......................................................................
D u ra b le g o o d s ..................................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .........................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic utilities .............................
W h o le s a le a n d reta il t r a d e ...........................................
F in a n c e a n d s e rv ic e i n d u s t r i e s ...................................
G o v e r n m e n t w o rk e rs ..............................................................
A gricultural w a g e a n d s a la r y w o rk e rs ...........................
1 A g g r e g a te h o u r s lo s t by t h e u n e m p lo y e d a n d p e r s o n s o n p a rt tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s a s a p e r c e n t o f p o te n tia lly a v a ila b le la b o r fo rc e h o u rs.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
93
Current Labor Statistics:
8.
Employment Data
Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(Civilian w o rk e rs)
A nnual
a v e ra g e
1989
1988
Sex and age
N ov.
1988
1987
Jan.
D ec.
Feb.
Apr.
M ar.
Ju n e
M ay
O c t.
S e p t.
Aug.
Ju ly
N ov.
T o ta l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .......................................................................................
1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s .........................................................................................................
1 6 t o 19 y e a r s ......................................................................................................
1 6 to 17 y e a r s ..................................................................................................
1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ..................................................................................................
2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ......................................................................................................
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................................................................
2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ..................................................................................................
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...........................................................................................
6 .2
12 .2
16 .9
19.1
1 5 .2
9 .7
4 .8
5 .0
3 .3
5 .5
1 1 .0
1 5 .3
17 .4
1 3 .8
8 .7
4 .3
4 .5
3.1
5 .4
1 0 .6
14.1
1 5 .8
1 2 .9
8 .7
4 .2
4 .4
2 .8
5.3
1 0 .9
1 4 .8
1 6 .6
1 3 .3
8 .7
4.1
4 .3
3 .0
5 .4
11 .9
1 6 .4
18 .3
1 5 .4
9 .3
4.1
4 .2
3.1
5.1
1 0 .5
1 4 .8
1 8 .2
12 .7
8.1
4 .0
4 .2
3.1
5 .0
9 .8
1 3 .7
15 .3
1 2 .5
7 .7
3 .9
4.1
2 .6
5 .3
1 0 .5
1 4 .4
1 4 .9
1 3 .8
8 .4
4.1
4 .4
2 .9
5 .2
1 0 .4
1 5 .2
1 6 .2
1 4 .5
7 .7
4 .0
4 .2
2 .9
5.3
1 1 .3
1 5 .6
1 7 .5
1 4 .9
8 .9
4 .0
4.1
3 .3
5.2
10 .7
14 .7
1 7 .8
1 2 .4
8 .6
4 .0
4 .2
3.1
5 .2
1 0 .9
1 4 .5
18.1
1 2 .5
8 .8
4 .0
4.1
3.1
5.3
1 1 .2
15.1
1 6 .8
1 4.2
8 .9
4.1
4 .3
3 .0
5 .3
11.1
1 4 .9
1 6 .8
1 3 .5
8 .9
4 .0
4 .2
3 .0
5 .4
1 1 .4
1 5 .5
1 7 .6
14.1
9.1
4.1
4 .2
3 .3
M en, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................................................
1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ..................................................................................................
1 6 t o 19 y e a r s ...............................................................................................
1 6 to 17 y e a r s ............................................................................................
1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ............................................................................................
2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ...............................................................................................
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...........................................................................................
2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ....................................................................................
6 .2
1 2 .6
1 7.8
2 0 .2
1 6 .0
9 .9
4 .8
5.0
3 .5
5 .5
1 1 .4
1 6 .0
1 8 .2
1 4 .6
8 .9
4 .2
4 .4
3 .3
5 .4
1 0.9
1 4 .8
1 7 .3
1 3 .0
8 .8
4 .2
4 .4
3 .2
5 .3
11.1
1 5 .4
1 7 .3
1 3 .5
8 .7
4.1
4 .3
3 .3
5 .5
1 2.8
1 8 .6
2 0 .6
1 7 .9
9 .6
4 .0
4 .2
3 .0
5 .2
11.1
1 6 .7
1 9 .6
15.1
8.1
4 .0
4.1
3 .4
4 .8
9.7
1 4 .2
1 5 .8
1 3 .2
7 .2
3 .8
4 .0
2 .8
5 .3
1 0 .7
15 .5
1 7 .0
1 4 .6
8 .0
4 .2
4 .4
3 .2
5 .0
1 1 .0
1 7 .0
1 8 .8
15 .7
7 .7
3 .7
3 .9
2 .9
5 .0
1 1 .5
15 .8
2 0 .0
1 3 .6
9 .2
3 .7
3 .7
3 .0
4 .8
1 0 .4
1 3 .4
1 7 .4
10 .7
8 .7
3 .7
3 .9
3.1
5 .0
1 1 .4
14 .7
1 7 .4
1 2 .7
9 .6
3 .7
3 .8
3 .3
5 .4
12.1
1 5 .8
1 9 .8
13 .5
10.1
4.1
4 .2
3 .6
5 .3
11 .8
16.1
1 8 .6
1 4 .4
9 .3
3 .9
4 .0
3.1
5 .4
1 2 .3
1 7 .2
19.1
1 5 .9
9 .5
4 .0
4.1
3 .5
W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................................................
1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s .................................................................................................
1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s .............................................................................................
1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s .........................................................................................
6 .2
1 1 .7
1 5 .9
1 8.0
1 4.3
9 .4
4 .8
5.1
3 .0
5 .6
1 0 .6
1 4 .4
1 6 .6
1 2 .9
8 .5
4 .3
4 .6
2 .8
5 .3
1 0 .3
1 3.3
14.1
1 2 .8
8 .6
4 .2
4 .4
2 .4
5 .4
1 0 .7
1 4 .2
1 5 .8
13.1
8 .7
4.1
4 .4
2 .6
5 .4
1 0 .9
1 4 .0
1 5 .9
1 2 .7
9.1
4.1
4 .3
3.1
5 .0
9 .7
1 2 .8
1 6.8
1 0 .0
8 .0
3 .9
4 .2
2 .5
5.1
1 0 .0
13.1
1 4 .8
11 .7
8 .3
4 .0
4 .3
2 .3
5 .3
1 0.4
1 3.2
1 2.7
1 2 .8
8 .9
4.1
4 .4
2 .6
5.3
9 .8
1 3 .4
1 3 .4
13 .3
7 .7
4 .4
4 .6
3 .0
5 .6
1 1.0
1 5 .4
1 4 .7
1 6 .2
8 .6
4 .4
4 .5
3 .8
5 .7
11.1
16 .0
18 .3
1 4 .4
8 .4
4 .4
4 .6
3 .2
5 .4
1 0.2
1 4 .4
1 8 .8
1 2 .4
7 .9
4 .2
4 .5
2 .7
5 .2
10.1
1 4 .5
1 3 .7
14 .8
7 .6
4.1
4 .3
2 .2
5 .3
1 0.3
1 3 .5
1 4 .7
1 2 .5
8 .4
4 .2
4 .4
2 .8
5 .4
1 0 .5
1 3 .7
1 6 .0
1 2 .0
8 .7
4 .2
4 .3
3.1
2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s .............................................................................................
2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .........................................................................................
2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s .........................................................................................
5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................................................
9.
Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
( N u m b e rs in t h o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
R e a s o n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t
1987
O th e r jo b l o s e r s .....................................................................
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
3 ,1 3 6
982
2 ,1 5 4
1 ,0 4 9
1 ,8 2 0
702
3 ,5 6 6
943
2 ,6 2 3
965
1 ,9 7 4
920
3 ,0 9 2
851
2,241
983
1 ,8 0 9
816
3,0 3 1
814
2 ,2 1 7
963
1 ,7 6 6
799
3 ,0 6 6
819
2 ,2 4 7
998
1 ,7 2 5
799
3,121
827
2 ,2 9 4
985
1 ,8 3 5
780
2 ,8 7 6
774
2 ,1 0 2
985
1 ,7 4 0
765
2,831
808
2 ,0 2 3
885
1 ,7 3 0
713
2 ,9 8 4
847
2 ,1 3 7
978
1 ,8 9 4
671
2 ,7 2 4
790
1 ,9 3 4
1 ,1 1 4
1 ,8 5 2
683
2 ,7 6 5
806
1 ,9 5 8
1 ,0 2 3
2,0 5 1
742
2 ,9 2 0
822
2 ,0 9 7
1 ,0 1 0
1 ,9 3 4
724
2 ,9 8 4
873
2,1 1 1
1 ,0 4 0
1 ,7 6 8
628
2 ,9 1 5
828
2 ,0 8 7
1 ,0 3 9
1 ,9 4 6
629
2 ,9 1 7
753
2 ,1 6 3
979
1,891
685
4 8 .0
12 .7
3 5 .3
1 3 .0
2 6 .6
1 2 .4
46.1
1 2.7
3 3 .4
1 4 .7
2 7 .0
1 2 .2
4 6 .2
1 2 .4
3 3 .8
1 4 .7
2 6 .9
1 2 .2
4 6 .5
1 2.4
34.1
15.1
2 6 .2
12.1
4 6 .4
1 2 .3
34.1
1 4 .7
2 7 .3
1 1 .6
4 5 .2
1 2 .2
3 3 .0
1 5 .5
2 7 .3
1 2 .0
4 6 .0
13.1
3 2 .8
1 4 .4
28.1
1 1 .6
4 5 .7
1 3 .0
3 2 .7
1 5 .0
2 9 .0
1 0 .3
4 2 .7
1 2 .4
3 0 .3
1 7 .5
29.1
1 0 .7
4 2 .0
1 2 .3
2 9 .8
1 5 .5
3 1 .2
11 .3
4 4 .3
1 2 .5
3 1 .8
1 5 .3
2 9 .4
1 1 .0
4 6 .5
1 3 .6
3 2 .9
1 6 .2
2 7 .5
9 .8
4 4 .6
12 .7
3 2 .0
1 5 .9
2 9 .8
9 .6
45.1
1 1 .6
3 3 .4
15.1
2 9 .2
1 0 .6
4 6 .8
1 4 .6
32.1
1 5 .6
27.1
1 0 .5
3 .0
.8
1.6
.8
2 .5
.8
1.5
.7
2 .5
.8
1.4
.7
2 .5
.8
1.4
.7
2 .5
.8
1.5
.6
2 .3
.8
1.4
.6
2 .3
.7
1.4
.6
2 .4
.8
1.5
.5
2 .2
.9
1.5
.6
2 .2
.8
1.7
.6
2 .4
.8
1.6
.6
2 .4
.8
1.4
.5
2 .4
.8
1.6
.5
2 .4
.8
1.5
.6
2 .5
.8
1.5
.6
PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED
PERCENT OF
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
10.
Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
( N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
W e e k s of u n e m p lo y m e n t
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
3 ,2 4 6
2 ,1 9 6
1 ,9 8 3
943
1 ,0 4 0
3 ,0 8 4
2 ,0 0 7
1 ,6 1 0
801
809
3 ,1 1 7
1 ,9 3 5
1 ,5 0 2
787
715
3 ,0 2 9
2 ,0 3 9
1 ,4 9 5
758
737
3,1 8 1
2,0 8 1
1 ,5 1 2
757
755
3 ,2 4 7
1 ,8 6 5
1 ,3 0 4
665
639
3 ,0 5 5
1,821
1 ,3 1 0
648
663
3 ,0 9 0
2 ,0 3 4
1 ,4 2 6
689
737
3,041
2 ,0 1 7
1 ,3 1 3
702
611
3 ,3 0 9
1 ,9 9 9
1 ,2 5 8
659
599
3 ,1 4 9
1 ,9 2 7
1 ,4 7 2
846
626
3,071
2,011
1 ,3 0 5
737
567
3 ,1 5 6
2 ,0 3 6
1 ,3 7 0
789
581
3 ,1 3 8
1 ,9 7 2
1 ,3 7 4
728
646
3 ,2 8 0
1,991
1 ,4 4 5
769
676
1 4 .5
6 .5
1 3 .5
5 .9
1 2 .6
5 .6
12 .8
5 .8
1 2.7
5.7
12.1
5.3
1 2 .4
5 .4
1 2 .7
5 .4
1 1 .8
5 .3
11.1
5 .5
1 2 .0
5 .6
1 1.3
5 .0
1 1 .4
5 .0
1 1 .8
4 .9
1 1 .7
4 .8
94 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted
O c t.
1988
O c t.
1989
Alabama .
Alaska ....
Arizona ...
Arkansas
California
6 .8
8 .6
6 .5
6 .3
4 .8
6 .4
7.1
4 .9
5 .5
4 .6
C olorado................
Connecticut ...........
Delaware................
District of Columbia
Florida.....................
5 .9
2 .7
2 .8
5 .3
4 .9
4 .7
3 .5
3 .5
4 .4
5 .7
Georgia
Hawaii...
Idaho ....
Illinois ...
Indiana .
5 .6
3.1
4 .4
6 .0
5 .0
6.1
2 .5
4 .0
6 .3
5.1
3 .8
4 .5
6.1
10.1
3 .0
3 .9
4 .2
5.1
6 .5
3 .7
4.1
2 .8
6 .6
3 .4
8 .5
5.1
3 .7
4.1
7 .7
3 .7
6 .4
5 .2
State
Iow a.......
Kansas ....
Kentucky .
Louisiana.
Maine......
Maryland.........
Massachusetts
Michigan.........
Minnesota.......
Mississippi.......
Missouri...........
O c t.
1988
O c t.
1989
M o n ta n a ........................................
N e b r a s k a ........................................
N e v a d a ................................
N e w H a m p s h i r e ...........................
5 .5
3 .0
4 .2
2 .3
5.3
2 .7
4 .8
3 .9
N e w J e r s e y ....................
N e w M e x i c o ...........................
N e w Y o r k .......................................
N o rth C a ro lin a ....................................
N o rth D a k o ta ...................................
3 .5
6 .8
4 .2
3 .8
4 .2
4 .8
5.9
4 .6
3.1
3 .8
O h io ......................................
O k l a h o m a .....................................
O r e g o n .........................................
P e n n s y l v a n i a ........................................
R h o d e I s l a n d ...............................
5 .2
5 .6
4 .8
5.1
2 .9
5 .6
4 .8
4 .6
4 .4
4 .0
S o u th C a r o l i n a ..........................................
S o u th D a k o t a ....................................
T e n n e s s e e ............................
T e x a s ................................................
U ta h ..........................................
4 .2
3 .9
5 .2
6 .8
3 .9
5 .0
3 .9
4.1
6 .0
3 .5
V e r m o n t .....................................
V ir g in ia ..................................................
W a s h i n g t o n ..............................
W e s t V ir g in ia ...............................
W i s c o n s i n ...................................
2 .6
3 .7
5 .2
9 .8
3 .2
3 .5
4.1
5 .2
8 .8
4 .0
W y o m i n g ...................................
6 .0
5 .2
S t a te
,
p u b lis h e d e ls e w h e r e b e c a u s e o f t h e c o n tin u a l u p d a tin g o f th e
d a ta b a s e .
12. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
State
O c t. 1 9 8 8
S e p t. 1 9 8 9
O c t. 1 9 8 9 p
A l a b a m a .....................
A l a s k a .........................
A riz o n a ........................
A r k a n s a s ....................
C a l if o r n ia ....................
1 ,5 6 1 .0
2 1 4 .8
1 ,4 2 1 .6
8 7 4 .3
1 2 ,2 5 3 .0
1 ,5 7 7 .0
2 3 4 .2
1 ,4 4 5 .0
8 9 8 .0
1 2 ,4 9 7 .1
1 ,5 8 6 .8
2 2 2 .9
1 ,4 6 3 .5
8 9 9 .5
1 2 ,5 6 9 .9
C o l o r a d o .....................
C o n n e c tic u t ...............
D e l a w a r e .................... .
D istrict o f C o lu m b ia
F l o r i d a ......................... .
1,4 3 1 .1
1 ,6 8 8 .4
3 3 5 .2
67 5 .1
5 ,1 3 6 .1
1 ,4 5 1 .3
1 ,6 9 5 .7
342.1
6 8 8 .3
5 ,2 7 1 .3
1 ,4 5 7 .7
1 ,7 0 7 .3
3 4 3 .0
692.1
5 ,3 2 1 .4
G e o r g i a .......................
H a w a ii ...........................
I d a h o .............................
I ll in o i s ...........................
I n d i a n a .........................
2 ,9 1 8 .0
4 8 0 .0
3 6 2 .4
5 ,1 3 4 .8
2 ,4 4 7 .7
2 ,9 3 9 .6
4 8 8 .9
3 7 5 .6
5 ,1 9 2 .0
2 ,4 9 2 .3
2 ,9 5 1 .2
4 9 6 .5
3 7 7 .9
5 ,2 0 2 .3
2 ,4 9 3 .1
I o w a ...............................
K a n s a s .........................
K e n t u c k y .....................
L o u i s ia n a .....................
M a i n e .............................
1 ,1 8 4 .6
1 ,0 4 7 .5
1 ,3 8 8 .5
1 ,5 1 5 .7
5 3 0 .0
1 ,2 0 2 .6
1 ,0 6 2 .5
1 ,4 0 5 .4
1,52 2 .1
5 3 6 .3
1 ,2 0 9 .8
1 ,0 6 8 .9
1 ,4 1 6 .3
1 ,5 2 4 .8
5 3 6 .0
M a r y l a n d .....................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s .........
M ic h i g a n .......................
M i n n e s o t a ...................
M is s is s ip p i...................
M is s o u r i ........................
M o n t a n a .......................
2 ,1 2 0 .0
3 ,1 5 5 .4
3 ,8 7 2 .7
2 ,0 6 8 .3
9 0 9 .0
2 ,2 7 0 .6
2 8 4 .4
2 ,1 3 3 .6
3 ,1 1 9 .6
3 ,8 7 5 .5
2 ,1 0 7 .2
9 2 1 .5
2 ,2 8 7 .7
287.1
2 ,1 4 8 .5
3 ,1 4 1 .0
3 ,9 2 0 .1
2 ,1 1 9 .6
9 2 5 .4
2 ,2 9 5 .8
2 8 7 .2
p = p relim in ary
N O TE: S o m e d a ta
in th is ta b l e m ay differ fro m
b e c a u s e o f t h e c o n tin u a l u p d a tin g o f t h e d a t a b a s e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S t a te
O c t. 1 9 8 8
S e p t. 1 9 8 9
O c t. 1 9 8 9 p
N e b r a s k a .....................................................................
N e v a d a .........................................................................
N e w H a m p s h i r e ........................................................
698 2
555 4
5 3 9 .6
716 0
584 5
5 3 5 .5
5 3 6 .6
N e w J e r s e y .................................................................
N e w M ex ico ...............................................................
N e w Y o r k .....................................................................
N o rth C a ro lin a ..........................................................
N o rth D a k o ta .............................................................
3 ,6 8 6 .9
5 4 9 .7
8 ,2 7 5 .7
3 ,0 2 1 .2
2 6 1 .7
3 ,6 9 3 .9
5 6 1 .5
8 ,2 4 6 .3
3 ,0 5 0 .7
2 6 3 .5
3 ,7 1 3 .8
5 6 2 .2
8 ,3 1 0 .8
3 ,0 7 3 .9
2 6 6 .0
O h io ...............................................................................
O k l a h o m a ....................................................................
O r e g o n ..........................................................................
P e n n s y l v a n i a ..............................................................
R h o d e I s l a n d ..............................................................
4 ,7 5 7 .7
1 ,1 4 3 .9
1 ,1 8 7 .2
5 ,1 0 1 .2
4 6 1 .0
4 ,8 5 5 .2
1 ,1 3 9 .5
1 ,2 1 5 .4
5 ,1 2 0 .4
4 5 9 .0
4 ,8 7 1 .1
1,146.1
1 ,2 2 3 .5
5 ,1 5 4 .8
45 9 .1
S o u th C a r o l i n a ..........................................................
S o u th D a k o t a .............................................................
T e n n e s s e e ..................................................................
T e x a s .............................................................................
U ta h ...............................................................................
1,472.1
2 6 8 .6
2 ,0 8 5 .0
6 ,7 2 0 .9
6 7 5 .5
1 ,5 2 0 .9
2 6 9 .6
2 ,1 0 0 .9
6 ,8 0 7 .9
7 0 5 .2
1 ,5 2 3 .0
2 7 0 .9
2 ,1 0 0 .8
6 ,8 4 3 .5
706.1
V e r m o n t ........................................................................
V i r g in ia ..........................................................................
W a s h in g to n ................................................................
W e s t V ir g in ia ..............................................................
W is c o n s in ....................................................................
257.1
2 ,8 2 9 .9
1 ,9 8 4 .6
6 1 8 .2
2 ,1 9 3 .1
2 5 5 .4
2 ,9 2 4 .3
2 ,0 7 4 .9
620 .1
2 ,2 2 7 .6
2 5 7 .4
2 ,9 4 0 .1
2 ,0 8 1 .7
6 2 4 .5
2 ,2 3 3 .4
W y o m i n g .......................................................................
P u e r to R ico ................................................................
Virgin Is la n d s .............................................................
1 8 8 .7
8 2 4 .9
4 0 .5
1 9 5 .7
8 1 7 .4
4 0 .0
1 9 4 .2
8 2 1 .9
3 7 .8
793 5
d a t a p u b lis h e d e ls e w h e r e
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
95
Current Labor Statistics:
13.
Employment Data
Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In th o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
In d u stry
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.p
N ov.p
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
A pr.
M ay
Ju n e
TOTAL .................................
PRIVATE SECTOR ..................
1 0 2 ,2 0 0
8 5 ,1 9 0
1 0 5 ,5 8 4
8 8 ,2 1 2
1 0 6 ,8 2 4
8 9 ,2 9 9
1 0 7 ,0 9 7
8 9 ,5 7 4
1 0 7 ,4 4 2
8 9 ,8 9 7
1 0 7 ,7 1 1
9 0 ,1 2 4
1 0 7 ,8 8 8
9 0 ,2 9 1
1 0 8 ,1 0 1
9 0 ,4 7 5
1 0 8 ,3 1 0
9 0 ,6 2 3
1 0 8 ,6 0 7
9 0 ,8 8 4
1 0 8 ,7 6 7
9 1 ,0 1 6
1 0 8 ,8 8 7
9 1 ,0 8 3
1 0 9 ,0 9 6
9 1 ,2 3 0
1 0 9 ,1 8 9
9 1 ,3 3 6
1 0 9 ,3 9 9
9 1 ,5 3 5
GOODS-PRODUCING .................
Mining .....................................
2 4 ,7 0 8
717
402
2 5 ,2 4 9
721
406
2 5 ,4 6 0
712
396
2 5 ,5 1 3
711
394
2 5 ,6 2 6
711
393
2 5 ,6 2 9
711
394
2 5 ,6 4 6
714
397
2 5 ,6 7 1
720
400
2 5 ,6 7 2
722
401
2 5 ,6 4 8
715
402
2 5 ,6 6 9
706
404
2 5 ,6 9 4
729
405
2 5 ,6 1 4
730
408
2 5 ,6 0 7
731
410
2 5 ,6 0 4
738
416
4 ,9 6 7
1 ,3 2 0
5 ,1 2 5
1 ,3 6 8
5,1 9 1
1 ,3 7 5
5 ,2 1 3
1 ,3 8 0
5 ,2 6 7
1 ,4 0 4
5 ,2 7 0
1 ,3 9 8
5 ,2 5 2
1 ,3 8 0
5 ,2 7 9
1 ,3 7 7
5 ,2 8 3
1 ,3 8 8
5 ,2 8 3
1 ,3 8 4
5 ,3 1 4
1,391
5,3 2 1
1 ,4 0 3
5 ,3 2 5
1 ,3 9 6
5 ,3 3 3
1 ,3 8 4
5 ,3 5 0
1 ,3 8 7
1 9 ,0 2 4
1 2 ,9 7 0
1 9 ,4 0 3
1 3 ,2 5 4
1 9 ,5 5 7
1 3 ,3 6 5
1 9 ,5 8 9
1 3 ,3 8 5
1 9 ,6 4 8
1 3 ,4 2 3
1 9 ,6 4 8
1 3 ,4 2 6
1 9 ,6 8 0
1 3 ,4 4 2
1 9 ,6 7 2
1 3 ,4 3 0
1 9 ,6 6 7
1 3 ,4 2 6
1 9 ,6 5 0
1 3 ,4 0 0
1 9 ,6 4 9
1 3 ,4 1 0
1 9 ,6 4 4
13,401
1 9 ,5 5 9
1 3 ,3 1 9
1 9 ,5 4 3
1 3 ,3 1 0
1 9 ,5 1 6
13,291
1 1 ,1 9 4
7 ,4 3 9
1 1 ,4 3 7
7 ,6 3 5
1 1 ,5 4 5
7 ,7 1 7
1 1 ,5 6 5
7 ,7 3 0
1 1 ,6 0 5
7 ,7 5 8
1 1 ,5 9 4
7 ,7 4 9
1 1 ,6 0 4
7 ,7 4 9
1 1 ,6 0 0
7 ,7 4 4
1 1 ,5 9 4
7 ,7 3 5
1 1 ,5 6 7
7 ,7 0 6
1 1 ,5 4 9
7 ,6 9 7
1 1,551
7 ,6 9 6
1 1 ,4 8 0
7 ,6 3 2
1 1 ,4 5 4
7 ,6 1 3
1 1 ,4 3 0
7 ,6 0 0
741
516
586
747
765
530
600
774
775
532
605
784
780
532
607
785
784
532
607
786
778
534
608
786
777
535
607
788
772
537
606
788
771
534
604
787
769
534
603
787
767
536
602
785
763
529
601
786
759
528
597
777
763
525
600
776
765
524
601
775
268
1,401
277
1,431
277
1 ,4 4 5
276
1 ,4 4 9
276
1 ,4 5 8
276
1 ,4 5 8
276
1 ,4 5 7
275
1 ,4 5 4
276
1 ,4 5 2
276
1 ,4 4 9
277
1 ,4 4 6
276
1 ,4 4 3
273
1 ,4 3 8
271
1 ,4 3 2
271
1,431
2 ,0 0 8
2 ,0 8 2
2 ,1 2 0
2 ,1 2 6
2 ,1 3 4
2 ,1 3 8
2 ,1 4 3
2 ,1 4 4
2 ,1 5 0
2,1 5 1
2 ,1 5 4
2 ,1 5 2
2 ,1 4 7
2 ,1 3 9
2 ,1 4 8
2 ,0 6 9
2,051
867
706
2 ,0 7 0
2,051
857
749
2 ,0 7 5
2 ,0 6 0
867
762
2 ,0 6 7
2 ,0 6 3
867
767
2 ,0 6 5
2 ,0 7 9
882
770
2 ,0 6 2
2 ,0 6 7
871
772
2 ,0 6 0
2,0 7 1
869
776
2 ,0 5 8
2 ,0 7 3
875
777
2 ,0 5 0
2 ,0 7 6
876
778
2,041
2 ,0 6 2
861
779
2 ,0 4 0
2 ,0 4 6
844
781
2 ,0 3 4
2 ,0 6 8
873
782
2 ,0 2 3
2 ,0 3 8
843
780
2 ,0 1 8
2 ,0 3 0
833
780
2 ,0 1 0
2 ,0 1 0
818
778
371
386
387
389
390
391
390
391
392
392
392
393
393
391
388
7 ,8 3 0
5,531
7 ,9 6 7
5 ,6 1 9
8 ,0 1 2
5 ,6 4 8
8 ,0 2 4
5 ,6 5 5
8 ,0 4 3
5 ,6 6 5
8 ,0 5 4
5 ,6 7 7
8 ,0 7 6
5 ,6 9 3
8 ,0 7 2
5 ,6 8 6
8 ,0 7 3
5,691
8 ,0 8 3
5 ,6 9 4
8 ,1 0 0
5 ,7 1 3
8 ,0 9 3
5 ,7 0 5
8 ,0 7 9
5 ,6 8 7
8 ,0 8 9
5 ,6 9 7
8 ,0 8 6
5,691
1 ,6 2 0
55
726
1 ,6 3 6
56
729
1 ,6 4 8
56
725
1 ,6 4 6
56
724
1 ,6 5 0
56
728
1 ,6 5 0
56
728
1 ,6 5 5
56
729
1 ,6 5 7
54
728
1 ,6 5 6
53
728
1 ,6 6 3
52
729
1 ,6 7 8
53
730
1 ,6 6 7
52
727
1 ,6 7 4
51
723
1 ,6 8 0
51
725
1 ,6 7 5
51
722
1 ,0 9 9
680
1 ,0 9 2
693
1 ,0 8 8
695
1 ,0 9 0
696
1 ,0 9 2
696
1 ,0 9 6
696
1,101
697
1 ,0 9 8
696
1 ,0 9 5
697
1 ,0 9 3
697
1 ,0 9 4
701
1 ,0 9 5
700
1 ,0 8 8
697
1 ,0 8 5
698
1 ,0 8 5
698
1 ,5 0 6
1 ,0 2 6
164
1,561
1 ,0 6 5
162
1,581
1 ,0 7 5
162
1 ,5 8 8
1 ,0 7 9
162
1 ,5 9 5
1 ,0 8 4
160
1 ,5 9 5
1 ,0 8 5
161
1 ,6 0 0
1 ,0 8 8
161
1,601
1 ,0 9 0
162
1 ,6 0 3
1 ,0 9 4
162
1 ,6 0 7
1 ,0 9 6
163
1 ,6 0 9
1,091
163
1,611
1 ,0 9 7
163
1 ,6 1 2
1 ,0 9 5
163
1 ,6 1 3
1 ,0 9 6
163
1 ,6 1 9
1 ,0 9 6
164
811
143
829
144
839
143
840
143
839
143
843
144
845
144
843
143
843
142
841
142
841
140
841
140
837
139
838
140
837
139
7 7 ,4 9 2
8 0 ,3 3 5
8 1 ,3 6 4
8 1 ,5 8 4
8 1 ,8 1 6
8 2 ,0 8 2
8 2 ,2 4 2
8 2 ,4 3 0
8 2 ,6 3 8
8 2 ,9 5 9
8 3 ,0 9 8
8 3 ,1 9 3
8 3 ,4 8 2
8 3 ,5 8 2
8 3 ,7 9 5
5 ,3 7 2
3 ,1 6 4
5 ,5 4 8
3 ,3 3 4
5 ,6 1 6
3 ,4 0 2
5 ,6 3 4
3,421
5 ,6 5 4
3 ,4 3 9
5 ,6 6 7
3 ,4 5 3
5 ,6 6 6
3 ,4 5 2
5 ,6 8 2
3 ,4 6 7
5 ,7 0 0
3 ,4 8 4
5 ,7 1 6
3 ,5 0 0
5 ,7 3 6
3 ,5 2 4
5 ,6 1 8
3 ,5 3 9
5 ,7 0 9
3 ,5 4 6
Ò ./3 3
3 ,5 6 8
5 ,7 4 4
3,5 8 1
2 ,2 0 8
2 ,2 1 4
2 ,2 1 4
2 ,2 1 3
2 ,2 1 5
2 ,2 1 4
2 ,2 1 4
2 ,2 1 5
2 ,2 1 6
2 ,2 1 6
2 ,2 1 2
2 ,0 7 9
2 ,1 6 3
2 ,1 6 5
2 ,1 6 3
6 ,2 5 6
3 ,7 0 8
2 ,5 4 8
6 ,2 6 4
3 ,7 1 7
2 ,5 4 7
6 ,2 7 5
3 ,7 2 0
2 ,5 5 5
6 ,2 9 3
3 ,7 3 2
2,5 6 1
Oil a n d g a s e x tr a c tio n .....................
Construction ...........................
G e n e r a l building c o n t r a c t o r s ........
Manufacturing..........................
P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ...........................
Durable goods........................
P ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s ...........................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ...........
F u rn itu re a n d f i x t u r e s .........................
S t o n e , c lay , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c ts ...
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ...................
B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l
p r o d u c t s ...................................................
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...............
M a ch in e ry , e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ...........
E le ctric a l a n d e le c tro n ic
e q u i p m e n t ..............................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ...............
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t ...
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
i n d u s t r i e s ...............................................
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ...........
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r tex tile
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c ts ..............
P rin tin g a n d p u b l is h in g .....................
C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c t s .....
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ........
R u b b e r a n d m ise , p la s tic s
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c ts ......
SERVICE-PRODUCING ..............
Transportation and public
C o m m u n ic a tio n a n d p ublic
D u ra b le g o o d s ......................................
5 ,8 4 4
3 ,4 2 7
2 ,4 1 7
6 ,0 2 9
3,5 6 1
2 ,4 6 7
6 ,1 0 4
3 ,6 1 2
2 ,4 9 2
6 ,1 2 5
3 ,6 2 6
2 ,4 9 9
6 ,1 4 6
3 ,6 3 8
2 ,5 0 8
6,1 7 1
3 ,6 5 7
2 ,5 1 4
6 ,1 9 7
3 ,6 7 6
2,521
6 ,2 0 6
3 ,6 7 6
2 ,5 3 0
6 ,2 2 2
3 ,6 8 5
2 ,5 3 7
6 ,2 3 0
3 ,6 9 3
2 ,5 3 7
6 ,2 3 7
3 ,7 0 0
2 ,5 3 7
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s .........
1 8 ,4 8 3
2 ,4 1 2
2 ,9 6 2
1 9 ,1 1 0
2,4 6 1
3 ,0 9 8
1 9 ,2 8 2
2 ,4 5 2
3 ,1 6 5
1 9 ,3 2 8
2 ,4 6 0
3 ,1 8 2
1 9 ,4 0 7
2 ,4 7 2
3 ,2 0 0
1 9 ,4 6 0
2,4 8 1
3 ,2 1 2
1 9 ,4 8 8
2 ,4 9 0
3 ,2 2 3
1 9 ,4 8 9
2 ,4 9 2
3 ,2 3 3
1 9 ,5 2 8
2,4 9 1
3 ,2 4 5
19 ,5 5 1
2 ,4 9 3
3 ,2 6 2
1 9 ,5 8 6
2 ,4 8 2
3 ,2 7 4
1 9,621
2 ,4 8 4
3 ,2 9 3
1 9 ,6 3 2
2 ,4 8 6
3 ,2 9 4
1 9 ,6 7 7
2 ,4 7 2
3 ,3 2 0
1 9 ,7 1 0
2 ,4 7 4
3 ,3 3 2
2 ,0 0 4
6 ,1 0 6
2 ,0 9 0
6 ,2 8 2
2,1 3 1
6 ,3 2 2
2 ,1 3 6
6 ,3 2 8
2 ,1 4 3
6 ,3 2 3
2 ,1 5 0
6 ,3 3 2
2 ,1 5 5
6 ,3 2 2
2 ,1 5 9
6 ,3 3 5
2 ,1 5 9
6 ,3 4 8
2 ,1 5 5
6 ,3 6 2
2 ,1 5 5
6 ,3 7 0
2 ,1 5 2
6 ,3 8 5
2 ,1 5 7
6 ,3 9 7
2 ,1 7 0
6 ,4 0 3
2 ,1 7 0
6 ,4 1 7
6 ,5 4 7
3 ,2 7 0
2 ,0 2 4
1 ,2 5 3
6 ,6 7 6
3 ,2 9 0
2 ,0 8 2
1 ,3 0 4
6 ,7 2 6
3 ,2 9 9
2 ,1 0 2
1 ,3 2 5
6 ,7 4 4
3 ,3 0 7
2 ,1 1 0
1 ,3 2 7
6 ,7 4 6
3 ,3 0 8
2 ,1 0 9
1 ,3 2 9
6 ,7 6 3
3,311
2 ,1 1 6
1 ,3 3 6
6 ,7 7 4
3 ,3 1 6
2 ,1 1 7
1,341
6 ,7 7 6
3 ,3 1 2
2 ,1 1 9
1 ,3 4 5
6 ,7 9 0
3 ,3 2 0
2 ,1 2 3
1 ,3 4 7
6 ,8 0 8
3 ,3 2 0
2 ,1 2 9
1 ,3 5 9
6 ,8 1 5
3 ,3 2 4
2,131
1 ,3 6 0
6 ,8 3 6
3 ,3 3 6
2 ,1 3 7
1 ,3 6 3
6 ,8 5 2
3 ,3 4 3
2 ,1 3 7
1 ,3 7 2
6 ,8 4 9
3 ,3 4 4
2 ,1 3 5
1 ,3 7 0
6 ,8 6 4
3 ,3 5 0
2 ,1 3 7
1 ,3 7 7
2 4 ,2 3 6
5 ,1 9 5
6 ,8 0 5
2 5 ,6 0 0
5,5 7 1
7 ,1 4 4
2 6 ,1 1 1
5 ,6 8 2
7 ,3 1 3
2 6 ,2 3 0
5 ,7 1 5
7 ,3 5 9
2 6 ,3 1 8
5 ,7 0 7
7 ,3 9 6
2 6 ,4 3 4
5 ,7 2 9
7 ,4 4 2
2 6 ,5 2 0
5 ,7 3 6
7 ,4 8 8
2 6 ,6 5 1
5 ,7 6 0
7 ,5 2 8
2 6 ,7 1 1
5 ,7 7 6
7 ,5 7 0
2 6 ,9 3 1
5 ,7 9 9
7 ,6 1 6
2 6 ,9 7 3
5 ,7 8 6
7 ,6 4 8
2 7 ,0 5 8
5 ,8 0 0
7 ,6 9 5
2 7 ,1 5 9
5 ,8 3 6
7 ,7 3 9
2 7 ,1 9 5
5,831
7 ,7 7 6
2 7 ,3 2 0
5 ,8 4 4
7 ,8 1 6
1 7 ,0 1 0
2 ,9 4 3
3 ,9 6 7
1 0 ,1 0 0
1 7 ,3 7 2
2,9 7 1
4 ,0 6 3
1 0 ,3 3 9
1 7 ,5 2 5
2 ,9 8 3
4 ,0 8 5
1 0 ,4 5 7
1 7 ,5 2 3
2,9 8 1
4 ,0 8 5
1 0 ,4 5 7
1 7 ,5 4 5
2 ,9 7 8
4 ,0 8 4
1 0 ,4 8 3
1 7 ,5 8 7
2 ,9 8 2
4 ,0 9 5
1 0 ,5 1 0
1 7 ,5 9 7
2 ,9 8 2
4 ,1 0 2
1 0 ,5 1 3
1 7 ,6 2 6
2 ,9 8 2
4 ,1 1 1
1 0 ,5 3 3
1 7 ,6 8 7
2 ,9 9 9
4 ,1 1 9
1 0 ,5 6 9
1 7 ,7 2 3
2 ,9 9 5
4 ,1 3 6
1 0 ,5 9 2
17,751
3 ,0 0 0
4 ,1 4 5
1 0 ,6 0 6
1 7 ,8 0 4
2 ,9 9 9
4 ,1 5 4
10,6 5 1
1 7 ,8 6 6
2 ,9 9 6
4 ,1 8 2
1 0 ,6 8 8
1 7 ,8 5 3
2 ,9 8 5
4,1 6 1
1 0 ,7 0 7
1 7 ,8 6 4
2 ,9 9 0
4 ,1 8 3
10,691
A u to m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d s e rv ic e
Finance, Insurance, and real
L o c a l .........................................................
= p relim in ary
N O TE: S e e n o t e s o n t h e d a t a fo r a d e s c r ip tio n of t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k rev isio n .
p
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for96
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
14. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry,
monthly data seasonally adjusted
_______________________ _________ _____________________________
A n n u al
a v e ra g e
In d u stry
987
PRIVATE SECTOR
3 4 .8
1988
3 4 .7
N ov.
3 4 .7
D ec.
3 4 .7
Jan.
3 4 .8
Feb.
3 4 .6
M ar.
3 4 .7
Apr.
3 4 .9
M ay
3 4 .6
Ju n e
3 4 .6
Ju ly
3 4 .8
A ug.
3 4 .6
S e p t.
O c t.p
N o v .p
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
3 4 .6
4 0 .7
3 .7
4 1 .0
3 .7
41.1
3 .9
4 1 .2
3 .9
4 1 .0
3 .9
41.1
3 .9
41.1
3 .9
4 1 .0
4 .0
4 1 .3
3 .9
4 1 .0
3 .8
4 1 .0
3 .8
4 1 .0
3 .9
4 1 .0
3 .8
4 1 .0
3 .8
4 0 .8
3 .7
O v e rtim e h o u r s .................................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .............................
F u rn itu re a n d f i x t u r e s ...........................................
S t o n e , c la y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ....................
P rim a ry m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ....................................
B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c ts
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ...............................
4 1 .5
3 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 2 .3
43.1
4 3 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4.1
4 0 .3
3 9 .4
4 2 .3
4 3 .6
4 4 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 2 .6
4 3 .7
4 4 .0
42.1
4 1 .7
4.1
4 0 .3
3 9 .4
4 2 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4.1
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 2 .5
4 3 .6
4 4 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4.1
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
4 2 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4.1
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .5
44.1
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4.1
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
4 2 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
3 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
4 1 .9
4 3 .2
4 3 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
3 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
4 2 .2
4 3 .3
4 3 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
4 2 .3
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
3 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .9
4 3 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
3 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
3 .8
4 0 .4
39.1
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .7
4 1 .4
41.1
3 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 1 .3
M a c h in e ry e x c e p t e le c tric a l ................
E le c tric a l a n d e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t .....................
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ...... .
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ....
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g .............
4 2 .2
4 0 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
3 9 .4
4 2 .6
4 1 .0
4 2 .7
4 3 .5
4 1 .5
3 9 .2
4 2 .5
4 1 .0
43.1
44.1
4 1 .6
3 9 .3
4 2 .5
4 0 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .7
41.1
3 9 .0
4 2 .5
4 0 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .6
4 1 .5
3 9 .4
4 2 .6
4 0 .9
43.1
4 3 .9
4 1 .5
3 9 .5
4 2 .5
4 0 .6
43.1
4 3 .9
41.1
3 9 .5
4 2 .7
4 1 .0
4 2 .8
4 3 .3
4 1 .5
3 9 .8
4 2 .5
4 0 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .8
41.1
3 9 .6
4 2 .5
4 0 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 1 .3
3 9 .4
4 2 .4
4 0 .6
4 2 .6
4 2 .6
4 1 .4
3 9 .3
4 2 .2
4 0 .9
4 2 .7
4 3 .0
41.1
3 9 .4
4 2 .3
41.1
4 2 .8
4 3 .4
4 1 .0
3 9 .2
4 2 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 3 .0
41.1
39.1
4 2 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 2 .3
4 1 .3
3 9 .5
O v e rtim e h o u r s ..................................
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ...............
T e x tile mill p r o d u c t s ..............................
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c ts .
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c t s .................
4 0 .2
3 .6
4 0 .2
4 1 .8
3 7 .0
4 3 .4
40.1
3 .7
4 0 .3
41.1
3 7 .0
4 3 .2
4 0 .2
3 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
3 7 .0
43.1
4 0 .0
3 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
3 6 .8
4 3 .2
40.1
3 .6
40.1
4 0 .9
3 7 .0
43.1
4 0 .2
3 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
37.1
4 3 .2
40.1
3 .8
4 0 .4
41.1
3 6 .9
4 3 .3
4 0 .4
3 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .7
3 7 .6
4 3 .4
4 0 .2
3 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
37.1
4 3 .3
4 0 .3
3 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
37.1
4 3 .3
4 0 .2
3 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
3 7 .0
4 3 .2
4 0 .2
3 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
3 7 .0
4 3 .5
4 0 .2
3 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
3 7 .0
4 3 .2
4 0 .2
3 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
3 7 .0
4 3 .4
40.1
3 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 6 .9
4 3 .5
P rin tin g a n d p u b l is h in g ...............................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c t s ...............................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c ts ................................
3 8 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .6
3 8 .2
3 8 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
3 7 .5
3 7 .9
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
3 7 .3
3 7 .8
4 2 .3
4 1 .4
3 7 .7
3 8 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
3 8 .0
3 8 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
3 8 .6
3 7 .9
4 2 .3
4 1 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
3 8 .3
3 7 .7
42.1
4 1 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .5
3 7 .9
3 7 .6
4 2 .5
4 1 .4
3 7 .7
3 7 .7
4 2 .4
4 1 .5
38.1
3 7 .9
4 2 .5
4 1 .5
38.1
3 7 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .3
3 7 .7
3 7 .9
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
3 7 .6
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
40.1
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
38.1
38.1
38.1
MANUFACTURING .
O v e rtim e h o u r s ,
Durable goods.....................................
Nondurable goods.....................
WHOLESALE TRADE
3 7 .5
RETAIL TRADE
2 9 .2
SERVICES .......
= prelim in a ry
N O T E : S e e “ N o te s o n t h e
3 7 .4
29.1
3 2 .5
3 2 .6
d e s c r ip tio n
of th e
3 8 .0
2 9 .0
3 2 .5
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.1
3 8 .3
3 7 .9
3 8 .0
38.1
3 8 .0
29.1
29.1
2 8 .9
2 8 .9
29.1
2 8 .9
2 8 .9
2 9 .2
2 8 .8
2 8 .8
2 9 .0
2 8 .8
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
3 2 .8
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
3 2 .7
3 2 .5
3 2 .6
3 2 .8
3 2 .5
3 2 .5
3 2 .8
p
d a ta "
fo r a
m o st recen t
b e n c h m a r k a d ju s tm e n t.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
97
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry
seasonally adjusted
Anr lu al
a v e ra g e
In d u stry
1988
1989
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.p
N o v .p
PRIVATE SECTOR (In current dollars)1 ...........
$ 8 .9 8
$ 9 .2 9
$ 9 .4 2
$ 9 .4 5
$ 9 .4 9
$ 9 .5 2
$ 9 .5 4
$9.61
$ 9 .6 0
$ 9 .6 2
$ 9 .6 9
$ 9 .6 9
$ 9 .7 4
$ 9 .7 8
$ 9 .7 7
C o n s tru c tio n .................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g ...................................................
E x c lu d in g o v e rtim e ........................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d pu b lic utilities ...............................
W h o le s a le t r a d e ..............................................
R e ta il t r a d e ..............................................................
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ........................
S e r v i c e s ...............................................................
12.71
9.91
9 .4 8
1 2 .0 3
9 .6 0
6 .1 2
8 .7 3
8 .4 9
13.01
1 0 .1 8
9 .7 2
1 2 .3 2
9 .9 4
6.31
9 .0 9
8.91
1 3 .1 0
1 0 .3 0
9 .8 3
1 2 .3 9
1 0 .0 6
6 .4 0
9 .2 6
9 .0 5
1 3 .1 5
10.31
9 .8 5
1 2 .3 6
10.11
6 .4 3
9 .3 5
9 .1 0
1 3 .1 8
1 0 .3 3
9 .8 7
1 2 .4 5
1 0 .1 9
6 .4 4
9 .4 0
9 .1 5
1 3 .2 2
1 0 .3 7
9 .8 9
1 2 .4 8
1 0 .1 8
6 .4 5
9 .3 5
9 .1 9
1 3 .2 6
1 0 .4 0
9 .9 2
1 2 .5 0
10.21
6 .4 7
9 .3 6
9 .2 4
1 3 .3 3
1 0 .4 0
9 .9 2
1 2 .5 2
1 0 .3 6
6.51
9 .5 4
9 .3 2
1 3 .3 2
1 0 .4 2
9 .9 7
1 2 .5 4
1 0 .2 8
6 .4 9
9 .4 5
9 .3 3
1 3 .3 2
1 0 .4 5
9 .9 9
1 2 .5 4
1 0 .3 3
6 .5 2
9 .5 3
9 .3 4
1 3 .4 2
1 0 .4 8
10.01
12.61
1 0 .4 4
6 .5 4
9 .6 8
9 .4 6
1 3 .3 7
1 0 .5 2
1 0 .0 5
1 2 .5 7
1 0 .3 9
6 .5 7
9 .5 7
9 .4 3
1 3 .3 9
1 0 .5 5
1 0 .0 8
1 2 .6 7
1 0 .4 7
6 .5 8
9 .6 6
9 .4 9
1 3 .4 3
1 0 .5 5
1 0 .0 9
1 2 .6 8
1 0 .5 3
6.61
9 .7 8
9 .5 8
13.51
1 0 .5 7
10.11
1 2 .6 2
1 0 .5 2
6.61
9 .6 4
9 .5 2
PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant (1977) dollars)1
4 .8 6
4 .8 4
4 .8 2
4 .8 2
4.81
4.81
4 .8 0
4 .8 0
4 .7 7
4 .7 7
4 .7 9
4 .7 9
4.81
4.81
1 In c lu d e s m ining, n o t s h o w n s e p a r a te l y
- D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
p = prelim in a ry
N O T E : S e e “ N o te s
b e n c h m a r k rev isio n .
on
th e
d a t a ” fo r a
d e s c r ip tio n
of t h e
-
m o st recen t
16. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by
industry
A nnual
average
In d u stry
1989
1988
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
A pr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O ct.»
N ov .p
PRIVATE SECTOR......................................... $8.98
$9.29
$9.46
$9.46
$9.54
$9.55
$9.56
$9.62
$9.59
$9.58
$9.63
$9.61
$9.77
$9.81
$9.80
MINING.......................................................... 12.54
12.75
12.89
13.03
13.20
13.22
13.15
13.19
13.13
13.03
12.95
13.11
13.15
13.07
13.09
CONSTRUCTION............................................ 12.71
13.01
13.08
13.19
13.26
13.21
13.26
13.30
13.28
13.24
13.33
13.33
13.48
13.51
13.50
MANUFACTURING.........................................
9.91
10.18
10.31
10.37
10.37
10.38
10.41
10.41
10.42
10.44
10.47
10.44
10.55
10.52
10.58
Durable goods.............................................. 10.44
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ..........................................
F u rn itu re a n d f i x t u r e s ........................................................
S t o n e , c lay , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ..................................
P rim a ry m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ..................................................
B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s ............
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts .............................................
8.40
7.67
10.25
11.94
13.77
10.00
10.71
8.61
7.94
10.47
12.15
13.97
10.26
10.85
8.69
8.02
10.60
12.22
14.01
10.36
10.90
8.76
8.06
10.57
12.26
14.07
10.44
10.90
8.71
8.10
10.59
12.27
14.04
10.45
10.91
8.69
8.08
10.62
12.27
14.13
10.46
10.93
8.68
8.13
10.62
12.27
14.13
10.47
10.93
8.76
8.12
10.71
12.26
14.06
10.48
10.94
8.79
8.16
10.69
12.25
14.06
10.49
10.98
8.85
8.23
10.73
12.32
14.18
10.51
10.99
8.92
8.26
10.75
12.40
14.33
10.53
10.98
8.93
8.29
10.77
12.36
14.27
10.50
11.10
8.98
8.40
10.79
12.47
14.38
10.64
11.06
8.99
8.38
10.83
12.45
14.41
10.57
11.10
8.98
8.41
10.90
12.54
14.52
10.61
M a ch in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tric a l .........................................
E le ctric a l a n d e le c tro n ic e q u i p m e n t ..........................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ...............................................
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ..................................
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ..............................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ........................................
10.72
9.88
12.94
13.53
9.72
7.76
11.01
10.13
13.31
14.00
9.98
8.01
11.22
10.24
13.56
14.18
10.07
8.12
11.24
10.29
13.59
14.23
10.13
8.20
11.21
10.27
13.58
14.20
10.12
8.22
11.23
10.26
13.59
14.19
10.14
8.23
11.25
10.30
13.65
14.28
10.17
8.23
11.26
10.31
13.60
14.20
10.17
8.21
11.29
10.33
13.58
14.17
10.17
8.24
11.32
10.37
13.65
14.22
10.25
8.24
11.35
10.41
13.61
14.07
10.31
8.29
11.32
10.40
13.70
14.18
10.29
8.20
11.41
10.47
13.89
14.48
10.32
8.39
11.43
10.44
13.84
14.44
10.34
8.43
11.47
10.50
13.82
14.41
10.35
8.55
Nondurable goods.........................................
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ...........................................
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ....................................................
T e x tile mill p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
A p p a re l a n d o th e r te x tile p r o d u c t s .............................
P a p e r a n d a llied p r o d u c t s ..............................................
9.18
8.93
14.07
7.17
5.94
11.43
9.43
9.10
14.68
7.37
6.12
11.65
9.54
9.15
14.56
7.47
6.25
11.74
9.61
9.25
14.31
7.52
6.29
11.81
9.62
9.27
14.39
7.60
6.32
11.78
9.62
9.26
14.75
7.59
6.32
11.80
9.66
9.33
15.34
7.59
6.34
11.84
9.65
9.32
15.87
7.60
6.32
11.83
9.68
9.34
16.13
7.62
6.32
11.89
9.70
9.37
16.48
7.65
6.33
11.91
9.77
9.35
16.34
7.66
6.28
12.04
9.71
9.28
15.72
7.69
6.32
11.90
9.80
9.32
14.69
7.76
6.41
11.99
9.79
9.27
15.05
7.77
6.39
11.97
9.86
9.42
15.03
7.82
6.42
12.12
P rin tin g a n d p u b l is h in g .....................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c t s .....................................
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ........................................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ......
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s .......................................
10.28
12.37
14.58
8.92
6.08
10.52
12.67
14.98
9.14
6.27
10.67
12.86
15.18
9.26
6.41
10.70
12.90
15.21
9.31
6.44
10.73
12.85
15.24
9.32
6.48
10.74
12.88
15.45
9.31
6.49
10.79
12.91
15.46
9.33
6.54
10.73
12.92
15.50
9.35
6.55
10.76
12.98
15.34
9.40
6.58
10.75
12.98
15.23
9.41
6.59
10.83
13.12
15.34
9.45
6.54
10.89
13.08
15.23
9.44
6.53
11.05
13.18
15.43
9.46
6.63
11.05
13.24
15.51
9.45
6.63
11.00
13.29
15.58
9.49
6.65
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES... 12.03
12.32
12.46
12.42
12.47
12.50
12.46
12.51
12.49
12.48
12.58
12.56
12.70
12.69
12.68
WHOLESALE TRADE.....................................
9.60
9.94
10.07
10.14
10.23
10.23
10.21
10.36
10.28
10.31
10.40
10.35
10.47
10.49
10.53
RETAIL TRADE.............................................
6.12
6.31
6.43
6.43
6.48
6.47
6.48
6.52
6.49
6.49
6.49
6.50
6.61
6.62
6.64
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE...
8.73
9.09
9.27
9.32
9.46
9.47
9.43
9.59
9.48
9.48
9.59
9.50
9.62
9.72
9.66
9.59
9.59
SERVICES .....................................................
p = p relim in a ry
N O T E : S e e “ N o te s o n
th e
98FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
d a t a ” fo r a
8.49
d e s c r ip tio n
January 1990
8.91
of th e
9.11
9.16
9.25
9.28
m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k rev isio n .
9.29
9.34
9.30
9.26
9.33
9.29
9.49
17. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
In d u stry
1987
1988
N ov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
S e p t.
A ug.
O c t.p
N o v .p
PRIVATE SECTOR
C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ................................................................... $ 3 1 2 .5 0 $ 3 2 2 .3 6 $ 3 2 8 .2 6 $ 3 3 0 .1 5 $ 3 2 9 .1 3 $ 3 2 7 .5 7 $ 3 2 8 .8 6 $ 3 3 4 .7 8 $ 3 3 0 .8 6 $ 3 3 3 .3 8 $ 3 3 8 .0 1 $ 3 3 5 .3 9 $ 3 3 9 .0 2 $ 3 4 1 .3 9 $ 3 3 8 .1 0
3 3 8 .0 4
3 3 9 .3 7
3 3 7 .9 8
3 3 5 .2 7
3 3 2 .8 5
3 3 7 .2 1
3 3 5 .3 9
3 3 2 .1 6
3 3 1 .0 4
3 2 9 .3 9
3 2 7 .9 2
3 3 0 .2 5
3 2 6 .8 7
S e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ....................................................
1 6 7 .4 3
1 6 7 .0 0
1 6 7 .0 8
1 6 5 .7 9
1 6 5 .3 7
1 6 4 .5 3
1 6 5 .9 4
1 6 5 .7 6
1 6 7 .3 9
167.41
"
1 6 7 .9 9
1 6 8 .7 0
1 67.81
1 6 9 .2 8
C o n s t a n t (1 9 7 7 ) d o lla rs ...............................................
MINING..........................................................
5 3 1 .7 0
5 3 9 .3 3
5 4 0 .0 9
5 5 7 .6 8
5 5 7 .0 4
5 5 1 .2 7
5 5 2 .3 0
5 6 4 .5 3
5 5 1 .4 6
5 5 5 .0 8
5 5 0 .3 8
5 6 6 .3 5
5 7 4 .6 6
5 7 5 .0 8
5 6 8 .1 1
CONSTRUCTION............................................
4 8 0 .4 4
4 9 3 .0 8
4 9 4 .4 2
4 9 1 .9 9
4 8 3 .9 9
4 7 8 .2 0
4 9 5 .9 2
5 0 4 .0 7
5 0 0 .6 6
5 0 3 .1 2
5 1 8 .5 4
5 1 9 .8 7
5 2 0 .3 3
5 2 9 .5 9
5 1 4 .3 5
C u rre n t d o l l a r s ....................................................................
C o n s t a n t (1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ..................................................
4 0 6 .3 1
2 2 0 .1 0
4 1 8 .4 0
2 1 7 .8 0
4 2 7 .8 7
2 1 8 .9 7
4 3 2 .4 3
2 2 0 .9 7
4 2 5 .1 7
2 1 6 .2 6
4 2 3 .5 0
2 1 4 .5 4
4 2 6 .8 1
2 1 5 .1 3
4 2 6 .8 1
21 3 .4 1
4 2 6 .1 8
2 1 1 .9 2
4 2 9 .0 8
2 1 2 .8 4
4 2 4 .0 4
2 0 9 .6 1
4 2 5 .9 5
2 1 0 .5 5
4 3 4 .6 6
2 1 4 .1 2
4 3 0 .2 7
2 1 1 .0 2
4 3 3 .7 8
Durable goods ..............................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ..........................................
F u rn itu re a n d f i x t u r e s ........................................................
S t o n e , c lay , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ..................................
P rim a ry m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ..................................................
B la s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s ............
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts .............................................
4 3 3 .2 6
3 4 1 .0 4
3 0 6 .8 0
4 3 3 .5 8
5 1 4 .6 1
5 9 7 .6 2
4 1 6 .0 0
4 4 7 .6 8
3 4 6 .9 8
3 1 2 .8 4
4 4 2 .8 8
5 2 9 .7 4
6 1 4 .6 8
4 2 9 .8 9
4 5 7 .8 7
3 4 7 .6 0
3 2 0 .0 0
4 5 2 .6 2
5 3 6 .4 6
6 1 6 .4 4
4 4 1 .3 4
4 6 3 .2 5
3 5 3 .9 0
3 2 6 .4 3
4 4 6 .0 5
5 4 0 .6 7
6 2 1 .8 9
4 4 5 .7 9
4 5 5 .6 2
3 4 5 .7 9
3 1 9 .1 4
4 3 9 .4 9
5 3 6 .2 0
6 1 7 .7 6
4 3 8 .9 0
4 5 2 .7 7
33 8 .9 1
3 1 5 .9 3
4 3 6 .4 8
5 3 2 .5 2
6 1 7 .4 8
4 3 5 .1 4
4 5 5 .7 8
3 4 5 .4 6
3 2 1 .9 5
4 4 4 .9 8
5 3 3 .7 5
6 2 1 .7 2
4 3 6 .6 0
4 5 5 .7 8
3 5 4 .7 8
3 1 9 .1 2
4 5 6 .2 5
5 2 9 .6 3
6 1 3 .0 2
4 3 7 .0 2
4 5 4 .0 1
3 5 2 .4 8
3 1 8 .2 4
4 5 3 .2 6
5 2 7 .9 8
6 1 3 .0 2
4 3 5 .3 4
4 5 7 .8 7
3 5 7 .5 4
3 2 4 .2 6
4 5 7 .1 0
5 3 3 .4 6
6 2 2 .5 0
4 3 8 .2 7
4 4 9 .4 9
3 5 2 .3 4
3 2 0 .4 9
4 5 6 .8 8
5 2 8 .2 4
6 1 9 .0 6
4 2 8 .5 7
4 5 3 .4 7
3 6 0 .7 7
3 2 9 .9 4
4 6 0 .9 6
5 2 5 .3 0
6 1 3 .6 1
4 3 2 .6 0
4 6 2 .8 7
3 6 2 .7 9
3 3 6 .8 4
4 5 9 .6 5
5 3 4 .9 6
6 1 9 .7 8
4 4 3 .6 9
4 5 7 .8 8
3 6 4 .9 9
3 3 3 .5 2
4 6 3 .5 2
5 2 6 .6 4
6 1 0 .9 8
4 3 8 .6 6
4 5 9 .5 4
3 5 9 .2 0
3 3 3 .8 8
4 6 3 .2 5
5 3 4 .2 0
6 1 8 .5 5
4 4 2 .4 4
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tric a l .........................................
E le c tric a l a n d e le c tro n ic e q u i p m e n t ..........................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ...............................................
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ..................................
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e l a te d p r o d u c t s ..............................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g ........................................
4 5 2 .3 8
4 0 4 .0 9
5 4 3 .4 8
5 7 0 .9 7
4 0 2 .4 1
3 0 5 .7 4
4 6 9 .0 3
4 1 5 .3 3
5 6 8 .3 4
6 0 9 .0 0
4 1 4 .1 7
3 1 3 .9 9
4 8 0 .2 2
4 2 3 .9 4
5 9 1 .2 2
6 3 2 .4 3
4 2 2 .9 4
3 2 3 .1 8
4 8 8 .9 4
4 3 0 .1 2
5 9 1 .1 7
6 3 3 .2 4
4 2 5 .4 6
3 2 5 .5 4
4 7 7 .5 5
4 2 2 .1 0
5 8 2 .5 8
6 1 9 .1 2
4 2 0 .9 9
3 2 3 .0 5
4 7 7 .2 8
4 1 6 .5 6
5 8 4 .3 7
6 2 1 .5 2
4 2 0 .8 1
3 2 2 .6 2
4 7 9 .2 5
4 1 7 .1 5
5 9 1 .0 5
6 3 1 .1 8
4 1 9 .0 0
3 2 4 .2 6
4 7 8 .5 5
4 1 9 .6 2
5 8 4 .8 0
6 2 0 .5 4
4 2 0 .0 2
3 2 5 .1 2
4 7 7 .5 7
4 1 7 .3 3
5 7 9 .8 7
6 1 3 .5 6
4 1 4 .9 4
3 2 4 .6 6
4 8 2 .2 3
4 2 3 .1 0
5 8 1 .4 9
6 1 1 .4 6
4 2 3 .3 3
3 2 4 .6 6
4 7 5 .5 7
4 1 6 .4 0
5 6 6 .1 8
5 8 2 .5 0
4 2 0 .6 5
3 1 9 .9 9
4 7 2 .0 4
4 2 3 .2 8
5 7 2 .6 6
5 8 9 .8 9
4 1 9 .8 3
3 2 1 .4 4
4 8 2 .6 4
4 3 0 .3 2
5 9 4 .4 9
6 2 8 .4 3
4 2 3 .1 2
3 2 9 .7 3
4 8 0 .0 6
4 2 8 .0 4
5 7 2 .9 8
6 2 2 .3 6
4 2 4 .9 7
3 3 2 .9 9
4 8 5 .1 8
4 3 2 .6 0
5 6 8 .0 0
6 1 8 .1 9
4 3 1 .6 0
3 4 2 .0 0
Nondurable goods.........................................
3 6 9 .0 4
3 5 8 .9 9
5 4 8 .7 3
2 9 9 .7 1
2 1 9 .7 8
4 9 6 .0 6
3 7 8 .1 4
3 6 6 .7 3
5 8 4 .2 6
3 0 2 .9 1
2 2 6 .4 4
5 0 3 .2 8
3 8 6 .3 7
3 7 4 .2 4
5 8 6 .7 7
3 0 9 .2 6
2 3 3 .1 3
5 0 9 .5 2
3 8 9 .2 1
3 7 7 .4 0
5 7 0 .9 7
3 0 8 .3 2
2 3 3 .9 9
5 1 9 .6 4
3 8 3 .8 4
3 6 9 .8 7
5 4 6 .8 2
3 0 9 .3 2
2 3 2 .5 8
5 0 8 .9 0
3 8 2 .8 8
3 6 6 .7 0
5 5 7 .5 5
3 0 7 .4 0
2 3 3 .2 1
5 0 6 .2 2
3 8 5 .4 3
3 7 2 .2 7
5 5 6 .8 4
3 1 1 .1 9
2 3 3 .9 5
5 0 9 .1 2
3 8 6 .9 7
3 7 2 .8 0
6 0 4 .6 5
3 1 3 .1 2
2 3 4 .4 7
5 0 9 .8 7
3 8 7 .2 0
3 7 7 .3 4
6 3 7 .1 4
3 1 3 .9 4
2 3 3 .8 4
5 1 2 .4 6
3 9 0 .9 1
3 8 1 .3 6
6 6 0 .8 5
3 1 8 .2 4
2 3 6 .7 4
51 4 .5 1
3 9 0 .8 0
3 8 2 .4 2
6 1 9 .2 9
3 1 1 .0 0
2 3 0 .4 8
5 1 6 .5 2
3 9 1 .3 1
3 8 2 .3 4
5 8 6 .3 6
3 1 7 .6 0
2 3 4 .4 7
5 1 4 .0 8
3 9 6 .9 0
3 8 6 .7 8
5 9 2 .0 1
3 1 8 .1 6
2 3 7 .1 7
5 2 3 .9 6
3 9 4 .5 4
3 8 0 .0 7
6 1 5 .5 5
3 1 7 .7 9
2 3 7 .7 1
5 2 0 .7 0
3 9 8 .3 4
3 8 7 .1 6
5 9 0 .6 8
3 1 9 .8 4
2 3 8 .8 2
5 3 0 .8 6
MANUFACTURING
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ...........................................
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ....................................................
T e x tile mill p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s .............................
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c t s ..............................................
“
P rin tin g a n d p u b l is h in g .....................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llied p r o d u c t s .....................................
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ........................................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
p l a s t ic s p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
L e a th e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s .......................................
3 9 0 .6 4
5 2 3 .2 5
6 4 1 .5 2
3 9 9 .7 6
5 3 5 .9 4
6 6 5 .1 1
4 0 6 .5 3
5 4 7 .8 4
6 7 0 .9 6
4 1 0 .8 8
5 5 3 .4 1
6 7 3 .8 0
4 0 4 .5 2
5 4 4 .8 4
6 6 2 .9 4
4 0 4 .9 0
5 4 4 .8 2
6 7 9 .8 0
4 0 8 .9 4
5 4 6 .0 9
6 6 7 .8 7
4 0 5 .5 9
5 4 9 .1 0
6 8 6 .6 5
4 0 2 .4 2
5 4 6 .4 6
6 7 3 .4 3
4 0 2 .0 5
5 5 1 .6 5
6 7 9 .2 6
4 0 5 .0 4
5 5 3 .6 6
6 7 9 .5 6
4 1 1 .6 4
5 5 0 .6 7
6 6 5 .5 5
4 2 3 .2 2
5 6 0 .1 5
6 8 5 .0 9
4 1 7 .6 9
5 6 1 .3 8
6 9 4 .8 5
4 1 9 .1 0
5 6 7 .4 8
6 9 7 .9 8
3 7 1 .0 7
2 3 2 .2 6
3 8 1 .1 4
2 3 5 .1 3
3 8 8 .9 2
2 3 9 .7 3
3 9 1 .9 5
2 4 6 .6 5
3 9 0 .5 1
2 4 4 .9 4
3 8 7 .3 0
2 4 5 .3 2
3 8 7 .2 0
2 4 4 .6 0
3 8 8 .0 3
2 4 7 .5 9
3 9 0 .1 0
2 4 7 .4 1
3 9 1 .4 6
2 5 5 .0 3
3 8 5 .5 6
2 4 7 .2 1
3 8 8 .9 3
2 5 0 .7 5
3 9 2 .5 9
2 5 2 .6 0
3 9 1 .2 3
2 5 1 .2 8
3 9 3 .8 4
2 5 0 .0 4
TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC
UTILITIES.....................................................
4 7 1 .5 8
4 8 4 .1 8
4 8 9 .6 8
4 9 0 .5 9
4 9 0 .0 7
4 8 8 .7 5
4 8 8 .4 3
4 9 7 .9 0
4 9 0 .8 6
4 9 4 .2 1
5 0 0 .6 8
4 9 4 .8 6
5 0 0 .3 8
5 0 2 .5 2
4 9 9 .5 9
3 8 9 .6 1
3 9 2 .8 1
3 9 8 .3 2
3 9 4 .3 4
3 9 8 .9 1
4 0 1 .7 7
4 0 1 .1 9
1 9 1 .0 3
1 9 1 .3 2
1 8 9 .9 0
WHOLESALE TRADE.....................................
3 6 5 .7 6
3 7 8 .7 1
3 8 2 .6 6
3 8 7 .3 5
3 8 7 .7 2
3 8 6 .6 9
3 8 6 .9 6
3 9 5 .7 5
RETAIL TRADE .............................................
1 7 8 .7 0
1 8 3 .6 2
1 8 5 .1 8
1 9 0 .3 3
1 8 4 .0 3
1 8 3 .1 0
1 8 4 .6 8
1 8 8 .4 3
186.91
1 89.51
1 9 4 .0 5
1 9 2 .4 0
FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL
ESTATE .......................................................
3 1 6 .9 0
3 2 6 .3 3
3 3 0 .9 4
3 3 3 .6 6
3 4 1 .5 1
3 3 9 .0 3
3 3 7 .5 9
3 4 8 .1 2
3 3 7 .4 9
3 3 9 .3 8
3 4 8 .1 2
3 4 0 .1 0
3 4 3 .4 3
3 5 0 .8 9
3 4 3 .9 0
3 0 8 .8 2
3 0 5 .6 4
3 0 9 .3 7
3 1 4 .5 5
3 1 2 .6 3
SERVICES .....................................................
p
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
= p relim in a ry
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 7 5 .9 3
2 9 0 .4 7
2 9 6 .0 8
2 9 8 .6 2
3 0 1 .5 5
3 0 0 .6 7
3 0 1 .0 0
3 0 6 .3 5
3 0 1 .3 2
3 0 2 .8 0
N O T E : S e e “ N o te s o n t h e d a t a ” fo r a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k
rev isio n .
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
99
Current Labor Statistics:
18.
Employment Data
Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(In p e rc e n t)
Jan.
T im e s p a n
and year
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
D ec.
P riv a te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls, 3 4 9 in d u s tr ie s
O v e r 1- m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
5 5 .6
6 0 .7
6 8 .3
5 9 .3
6 3 .5
6 0 .5
6 1 .0
6 3 .0
6 1 .0
6 1 .9
6 2 .8
5 8 .2
5 8 .6
6 1 .3
5 5 .6
5 9 .7
6 7 .2
5 9 .7
6 5 .3
6 3 .6
5 5 .6
6 0 .6
5 8 .0
5 7 .4
6 3 .0
5 5 .4
4 7 .9
6 7 .8
6 3 .9
5 7 .4
6 4 .5
6 8 .2
5 9 .0
6 0 .7
6 4 .6
O v e r 3 - m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
6 0 .7
6 4 .8
7 1 .6
6 2 .0
6 5 .6
70.1
6 6 .6
6 9 .5
6 4 .5
6 5 .2
7 0 .2
6 1 .9
6 5 .8
71.1
6 1 .6
6 5 .9
7 1 .9
6 0 .7
6 7 .8
7 1 .2
6 1 .6
71.1
6 4 .2
5 3 .4
7 1 .2
6 5 .3
5 4 .0
7 2 .3
70.1
5 5 .6
7 0 .9
7 3 .4
6 5 .9
7 4 .6
O v e r 6 - m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
6 7 .3
6 9 .9
75.1
6 5 .8
7 0 .2
6 9 .5
6 4 .8
7 1 .5
6 8 .2
6 6 .8
7 3 .9
6 6 .0
6 7 .6
7 3 .9
6 3 .0
6 9 .5
69.1
5 7 .9
7 1 .3
7 0 .2
5 8 .5
7 3 .5
7 4 .6
5 8 .9
7 3 .2
7 3 .5
7 1 .5
7 3 .9
7 1 .8
7 4 .5
7 2 .2
7 5 .8
O v e r 1 2 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
6 6 .6
7 6 .2
7 3 .2
6 8 .2
76.1
7 3 .6
6 8 .2
7 4 .8
6 9 .6
7 1 .8
7 4 .6
6 8 .2
7 1 .9
7 5 .8
6 6 .3
7 2 .5
7 4 .9
7 2 .2
78.1
74.1
7 5 .5
7 5 .4
7 5 .5
7 2 .5
7 4 .8
7 3 .8
7 4 .9
7 6 .9
74.1
M a n u fa c tu rin g p a y ro lls, 141 in d u s trie s
O v e r 1- m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
4 4 .3
5 8 .5
6 2 .4
5 3 .9
5 6 .0
5 3 .5
5 4 .3
5 5 .0
5 3 .2
5 5 .7
5 9 .9
4 9 .6
5 5 .3
5 8 .5
4 6 .8
5 4 .3
6 1 .7
4 8 .6
6 2 .8
5 9 .6
4 9 .6
5 9 .9
51.1
4 5 .4
6 3 .8
4 9 .3
3 4 .8
5 9 .9
6 2 .8
5 3 .9
6 5 .6
6 4 .9
4 8 .9
5 6 .4
5 8 .5
O v e r 3 - m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
52.1
63.1
6 7 .4
5 1 .4
6 1 .0
6 3 .8
5 9 .6
6 2 .4
5 5 .7
6 1 .3
6 4 .9
5 1 .8
5 8 .5
6 7 .4
4 9 .3
6 2 .8
6 7 .0
4 8 .6
6 7 .0
6 4 .5
4 7 .9
7 1 .6
5 8 .2
3 4 .0
6 8 .4
62.1
4 0 .8
7 0 .6
6 6 .7
4 4 .3
6 7 .7
7 1 .3
6 4 .5
7 0 .9
O v e r 6 - m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
5 7 .4
6 6 .3
6 9 .5
5 6 .7
6 6 .3
5 8 .5
5 5 .3
6 7 .7
5 5 .7
6 2 .4
6 9 .5
5 2 .8
6 4 .9
6 6 .7
4 8 .9
6 7 .0
6 4 .2
3 9 .0
6 7 .4
6 6 .0
4 1 .5
7 0 .6
7 0 .9
4 2 .9
7 1 .3
6 8 .8
6 9 .5
6 9 .9
6 9 .5
7 1 .6
68.1
74.1
O v e r 1 2 -m o n th s p a n :
1 9 8 7 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 8 ............................................................................................
1 9 8 9 ............................................................................................
5 5 .3
7 3 .8
63.1
5 8 .5
7 0 .2
6 3 .8
5 8 .5
7 0 .9
57.1
6 3 .5
7 1 .6
5 5 .3
6 6 .3
7 2 .0
5 0 .0
6 7 .4
6 9 .9
7 1 .6
7 0 .9
7 2 .7
69.1
7 1 .6
7 1 .6
69.1
7 0 .2
6 8 .4
6 9 .9
7 2 .3
6 7 .0
- D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
N O T E : F ig u re s a r e t h e p e r c e n t o f in d u s tr ie s w ith e m p lo y m e n t in c r e a s in g p lu s
o n e -h a lf o f t h e in d u s tr ie s w ith u n c h a n g e d e m p lo y m e n t, w h e r e 5 0 p e r c e n t
i n d ic a te s a n e q u a l b a la n c e b e tw e e n in d u s tr ie s w ith i n c r e a s in g a n d d e c r e a s in g
100 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
e m p lo y m e n t. D a ta fo r t h e 2 m o s t r e c e n t m o n th s s h o w n in e a c h s p a n a r e
p relim in ary . S e e t h e “ D e fin itio n s" in th is s e c tio n . S e e “ N o te s o n t h e d a t a ” fo r a
d e s c r ip tio n of t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k rev isio n ,
19.
Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population
( N u m b e rs in t h o u s a n d s )
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
E m p lo y m e n t s ta t u s
1 6 9 ,3 4 9
1 7 1 ,7 7 5
1 7 3 ,9 3 9
1 7 5 ,8 9 1
1 7 8 ,0 8 0
1 7 9 ,9 1 2
1 8 2 ,2 9 3
1 8 4 ,4 9 0
1 8 6 ,3 2 2
N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u l a t i o n .................................................
L a b o r fo rc e :
T o ta l ( n u m b e r ) ...................................................................
P e r c e n t of p o p u l a t i o n ....................................................
1 0 8 ,5 4 4
64.1
1 1 0 ,3 1 5
6 4 .2
1 1 1 ,8 7 2
6 4 .3
1 1 3 ,2 2 6
6 4 .4
1 1 5 ,2 4 1
6 4 .7
1 1 7 ,1 6 7
65.1
1 1 9 ,5 4 0
6 5 .6
1 2 1 ,6 0 2
6 5 .9
1 2 3 ,3 7 8
6 6 .2
1 0 0 ,9 0 7
5 9 .6
1 ,6 0 4
1 0 2 ,0 4 2
5 9 .4
1 ,6 4 5
1 0 1 ,1 9 4
5 8 .2
1 ,6 6 8
1 0 2 ,5 1 0
5 8 .3
1 ,6 7 6
1 0 6 ,7 0 2
5 9 .9
1 ,6 9 7
1 0 8 ,8 5 6
6 0 .5
1 ,7 0 6
1 1 1 ,3 0 3
61.1
1 ,7 0 6
1 1 4 ,1 7 7
6 1 .9
1 ,7 3 7
1 1 6 ,6 7 7
6 2 .6
1 ,7 0 9
99 303
3^364
9 5 ,9 3 8
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
3 ,3 6 8
9 7 ,0 3 0
9 9 ,5 2 6
3,401
9 6 ,1 2 5
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
3 ,3 8 3
9 7 ,4 5 0
1 0 5 ,0 0 5
3,3 2 1
1 0 1 ,6 8 5
1 0 7 ,1 5 0
3 ,1 7 9
1 0 3 ,9 7 1
1 0 9 ,5 9 7
3 ,1 6 3
1 0 6 ,4 3 4
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
3 ,2 0 8
1 0 9 ,2 3 2
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
3 ,1 6 9
1 1 1 ,8 0 0
U n e m p lo y e d :
T o ta l ( n u m b e r ) ..........................................................
P e r c e n t o f la b o r f o r c e ..........................................
7 ,6 3 7
7 .0
8 ,2 7 3
7 .5
1 0 ,6 7 8
9 .5
1 0 ,7 1 7
9 .5
8 ,5 3 9
7 .4
8 ,3 1 2
7.1
8 ,2 3 7
6 .9
7 ,4 2 5
6.1
6,701
5 .4
6 0 ,8 0 6
6 1 ,4 6 0
6 2 ,0 6 7
6 2 ,6 6 5
6 2 ,8 3 9
6 2 ,7 4 4
6 2 ,7 5 2
6 2 ,8 8 8 |
N o t in la b o r fo rc e (n u m b e r) ............................... ......... .
E m p lo y e d :
T o ta l ( n u m b e r ) ............................................................
P e r c e n t o f p o p u l a t i o n .............................................
R e s i d e n t A rm e d F o r c e s .....................................
Civilian
T o ta l ........................................................................
A g r i c u l t u r e ..........................................................
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l i n d u s t r i e s ...........................
20.
6 2 ,9 4 4
Annual data: Employment levels by industry
( N u m b e rs in th o u s a n d s )
In d u stry
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
T o ta l e m p l o y m e n t ..........................................................................................
P riv a te s e c t o r .................................................................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ......................................................................................
M in i n g .....................................................................................................
C o n s tru c tio n ........................................................................................
M a n u f a c tu r i n g .....................................................................................
9 0 ,4 0 6
7 4 ,1 6 6
2 5 ,6 5 8
1 ,0 2 7
4 ,3 4 6
2 0 ,2 8 5
9 1 ,1 5 6
7 5 ,1 2 6
2 5 ,4 9 7
1 ,1 3 9
4 ,1 8 8
2 0 ,1 7 0
8 9 ,5 6 6
7 3 ,7 2 9
2 3 ,8 1 3
1 ,1 2 8
3 ,9 0 5
1 8,781
9 0 ,2 0 0
7 4 ,3 3 0
2 3 ,3 3 4
952
3 ,9 4 8
1 8 ,4 3 4
9 4 ,4 9 6
7 8 ,4 7 2
2 4 ,7 2 7
966
4 ,3 8 3
1 9 ,3 7 8
9 7 ,5 1 9
8 1 ,1 2 5
2 4 ,8 5 9
927
4 ,6 7 3
1 9 ,2 6 0
9 9 ,5 2 5
8 2 ,8 3 2
2 4 ,5 5 8
777
4 ,8 1 6
1 8 ,9 6 5
1 0 2 ,2 0 0
8 5 ,1 9 0
2 4 ,7 0 8
717
4 ,9 6 7
1 9 ,0 2 4
1 0 5 ,5 8 4
8 8 ,2 1 2
2 5 ,2 4 9
721
5 ,1 2 5
1 9 ,4 0 3
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g ....................................................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ..............................................
W h o le s a le t r a d e ..................................................................................
R e ta il t r a d e ............................................................................................
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e .........................................
S e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................
6 4 ,7 4 8
5 ,1 4 6
5 ,2 7 5
1 5 ,0 3 5
5 ,1 6 0
1 7 ,8 9 0
6 5 ,6 5 9
5 ,1 6 5
5 ,3 5 8
1 5 ,1 8 9
5 ,2 9 8
1 8 ,6 1 9
6 5 ,7 5 3
5 ,0 8 2
5 ,2 7 8
1 5 ,1 7 9
5,341
1 9 ,0 3 6
6 6 ,8 6 6
4 ,9 5 4
5 ,2 6 8
1 5 ,6 1 3
5 ,4 6 8
1 9 ,6 9 4
6 9 ,7 6 9
5 ,1 5 9
5 ,5 5 5
1 6 ,5 4 5
5 ,6 8 9
2 0 ,7 9 7
7 2 ,6 6 0
5 ,2 3 8
5 ,7 1 7
1 7 ,3 5 6
5 ,9 5 5
2 2 ,0 0 0
7 4 ,9 6 7
5 ,2 5 5
5 ,7 5 3
1 7 ,9 3 0
6 ,2 8 3
2 3 ,0 5 3
7 7 ,4 9 2
5 ,3 7 2
5 ,8 4 4
1 8 ,4 8 3
6 ,5 4 7
2 4 ,2 3 6
8 0 ,3 3 5
5 ,5 4 8
6 ,0 2 9
1 9 ,1 1 0
6 ,6 7 6
2 5 ,6 0 0
G o v e r n m e n t .........................................................................................
F e d e r a l .............................................................................................
S t a t e ..................................................................................................
L o cal .................................................................................................
16,241
2 ,8 6 6
3 ,6 1 0
9 ,7 6 5
16,031
2 ,7 7 2
3 ,6 4 0
9 ,6 1 9
1 5 ,8 3 7
2 ,7 3 9
3 ,6 4 0
9 ,4 5 8
1 5 ,8 6 9
2 ,7 7 4
3 ,6 6 2
9 ,4 3 4
1 6 ,0 2 4
2 ,8 0 7
3 ,7 3 4
9 ,4 8 2
1 6 ,3 9 4
2 ,8 7 5
3 ,8 3 2
9 ,6 8 7
1 6 ,6 9 3
2 ,8 9 9
3 ,8 9 3
9,9 0 1
1 7 ,0 1 0
2 ,9 4 3
3 ,9 6 7
1 0 ,1 0 0
1 7 ,3 7 2
2,9 7 1
4 ,0 6 3
1 0 ,3 3 9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NOTE:
S e e “ N o te s o n t h e d a t a ” fo r a d e s c r ip tio n of t h e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k rev isio n .
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
101
Current Labor Statistics:
Employment Data
21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural
payrolls, by industry
In d u stry
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
3 5 .3
6 .6 6
2 3 5 .1 0
3 5 .2
7 .2 5
2 5 5 .2 0
3 4 .8
7 .6 8
2 6 7 .2 6
3 5 .0
8 .0 2
2 8 0 .7 0
3 5 .2
8 .3 2
2 9 2 .8 6
3 4 .9
8 .5 7
2 9 9 .0 9
3 4 .8
8 .7 6
3 0 4 .8 5
3 4 .8
8 .9 8
3 1 2 .5 0
3 4 .7
9 .2 9
3 2 2 .3 6
4 3 .3
9 .1 7
3 9 7 .0 6
4 3 .7
1 0 .0 4
4 3 8 .7 5
4 2 .7
1 0 .7 7
4 5 9 .8 8
4 2 .5
1 1 .2 8
4 7 9 .4 0
4 3 .3
1 1 .6 3
5 0 3 .5 8
4 3 .4
1 1 .9 8
5 1 9 .9 3
4 2 .2
1 2 .4 6
5 2 5 .8 1
4 2 .4
1 2 .5 4
5 3 1 .7 0
4 2 .3
1 2 .7 5
5 3 9 .3 3
3 7 .0
9 .9 4
3 6 7 .7 8
3 6 .9
1 0 .8 2
3 9 9 .2 6
3 6 .7
1 1 .6 3
4 2 6 .8 2
37.1
1 1 .9 4
4 4 2 .9 7
3 7 .8
1 2 .1 3
4 5 8 .5 1
3 7 .7
1 2 .3 2
4 6 4 .4 6
3 7 .4
1 2 .4 8
4 6 6 .7 5
3 7 .8
12.71
4 8 0 .4 4
3 7 .9
13.01
4 9 3 .0 8
3 9 .7
7 .2 7
2 8 8 .6 2
3 9 .8
7 .9 9
3 1 8 .0 0
3 8 .9
8 .4 9
3 3 0 .2 6
40.1
8 .8 3
3 5 4 .0 8
4 0 .7
9 .1 9
3 7 4 .0 3
4 0 .5
9 .5 4
3 8 6 .3 7
4 0 .7
9 .7 3
3 9 6 .0 1
4 1 .0
9.91
4 0 6 .3 1
41.1
1 0 .1 8
4 1 8 .4 0
3 9 .6
8 .8 7
3 5 1 .2 5
3 9 .4
9 .7 0
3 8 2 .1 8
3 9 .0
1 0 .3 2
4 0 2 .4 8
3 9 .0
1 0 .7 9
4 2 0 .8 1
3 9 .4
1 1 .1 2
4 3 8 .1 3
3 9 .5
1 1 .4 0
4 5 0 .3 0
3 9 .2
1 1 .7 0
4 5 8 .6 4
3 9 .2
1 2 .0 3
4 7 1 .5 8
3 9 .3
1 2 .3 2
4 8 4 .1 8
3 8 .5
6 .9 6
2 6 7 .9 6
3 8 .5
7 .5 6
2 9 1 .0 6
3 8 .3
8 .0 9
3 0 9 .8 5
3 8 .5
8 .5 5
3 2 9 .1 8
3 8 .5
8 .8 9
3 4 2 .2 7
3 8 .4
9 .1 6
3 5 1 .7 4
3 8 .3
9 .3 5
3 5 8 .1 1
38.1
9 .6 0
3 6 5 .7 6
38.1
9 .9 4
3 7 8 .7 1
3 0 .2
4 .8 8
1 4 7 .3 8
30.1
5 .2 5
1 5 8 .0 3
2 9 .9
5 .4 8
1 6 3 .8 5
2 9 .8
5 .7 4
1 7 1 .0 5
2 9 .8
5 .8 5
1 7 4 .3 3
2 9 .4
5 .9 4
1 7 4 .6 4
2 9 .2
6 .0 3
1 7 6 .0 8
2 9 .2
6 .1 2
1 7 8 .7 0
29.1
6.31
1 8 3 .6 2
3 6 .2
5 .7 9
2 0 9 .6 0
3 6 .3
6.31
2 2 9 .0 5
3 6 .2
6 .7 8
2 4 5 .4 4
3 6 .2
7 .2 9
2 6 3 .9 0
3 6 .5
7 .6 3
2 7 8 .5 0
3 6 .4
7 .9 4
2 8 9 .0 2
3 6 .4
8 .3 6
3 0 4 .3 0
3 6 .3
8 .7 3
3 1 6 .9 0
3 5 .9
9 .0 9
3 2 6 .3 3
3 2 .6
5 .8 5
190.71
3 2 .6
6.41
2 0 8 .9 7
3 2 .6
6 .9 2
2 2 5 .5 9
3 2 .7
7.31
2 3 9 .0 4
3 2 .6
7 .5 9
2 4 7 .4 3
3 2 .5
7 .9 0
2 5 6 .7 5
3 2 .5
8 .1 8
2 6 5 .8 5
3 2 .5
8 .4 9
2 7 5 .9 3
3 2 .6
8.91
2 9 0 .4 7
Private sector:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ..............................................................................
A v e r a g e hou rly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ..................................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla rs ) ...............................................
Mining:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e ho u rly e a r n i n g s (In d o l l a r s ) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) .........................................
Construction:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e ho u rly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) .........................................
Manufacturing:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e hou rly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) .........................................
Transportation and public utilities:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e ho u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) .........................................
Wholesale trade:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e ho u rly e a rn in g s (in d o lla rs) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) .........................................
Retail trade:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e ho u rly e a r n i n g s (In d o lla rs) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) .........................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n i n g s (in d o l l a r s ) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s (in d o l l a r s ) .........................................
Services:
A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s .......................................................................
A v e r a g e hou rly e a r n i n g s (in d o lla rs) ..........................................
A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s (In d o l l a r s ) .........................................
102 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22.
Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
( J u n e 1981 = 100)
S e r ie s
S e p t.
3
m o n th s
ended
S e p t.
Ju n e
M ar.
D ec.
S e p t.
Ju n e
M ar.
D ec.
P e r c e n t ¡h a n g e
1989
1988
1987
S e p t.
1 3 8 .6
1 4 0 .6
142.1
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .5
1 4 7 .3
1 4 8 .9
1 5 1 .3
1.6
5.1
1 4 1 .2
1 3 1 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 4 2 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 4 0 .8
1 4 4 .2
1 3 4 .7
1 4 2 .9
1 4 5 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 4 4 .3
1 4 7 .9
1 3 7 .2
1 4 7 .2
1 4 9 .7
1 3 8 .2
1 4 8 .5
1 5 1 .9
1 3 9 .6
1 5 0 .0
1 5 3 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 5 1 .2
1 5 6 .4
1 4 2 .9
1 5 3 .7
2 .0
1.1
1.7
5 .7
4 .2
4 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .7
1 4 0 .8
1 4 9 .2
_
_
1 3 3 .5
134.1
1 4 1 .7
1 5 0 .6
_
-
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 5 2 .8
-
1 3 7 .3
138.1
145.1
1 5 3 .8
-
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .0
1 4 7 .6
1 5 7 .7
-
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .9
1 5 1 .4
1 6 1 .8
-
1 4 2 .3
1 4 3 .5
1 5 2 .9
163.1
1 4 3 .9
145.1
1165. Ô
1 6 7 .5
1 4 6 .4
1 3 9 .6
148.1
1 4 0 .5
1 5 0 .3
1 4 2 .3
1 5 1 .2
1 4 3 .9
1 5 4 .0
146.1
1 3 9 .3
140.1
1 4 9 .2
1 5 9 .7
1 5 4 .4
1 4 7 .7
1 5 6 .7
1 4 9 .7
1 5 7 .9
1 5 1 .2
1 6 1 .8
1 5 4 .0
1.1
1.1
2 .0
2 .7
2 .2
2.3
2 .5
1.9
4.1
4 .4
5 .6
6 .2
6 .7
7 .0
5.1
5 .4
135.1
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .6
138.1
1 3 8 .7
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .9
1 4 4 .4
1 4 4 .7
146.1
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .9
1 4 7 .9
1.2
1.2
4 .7
4 .4
1 3 8 .5
1 4 0 .0
1 3 9 .3
141.1
_
1 4 1 .2
1 4 3 .0
_
1 4 3 .0
1 4 4 .6
_
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 6 .3
1 4 7 .6
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .3
1 5 1 .4
-
1 5 2 .4
1 5 3 .3
-
-
-
-
“
“
-
5 .4
4 .7
5 .0
4 .5
8 .4
_
_
_
-
1.4
1.3
1.8
.9
1.9
-
1.2
4 .7
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .6
1 4 2 .2
1.1
1.2
.9
1.2
1.3
1.1
4 .2
4 .0
4 .5
3 .3
4 .4
4.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
4.1
4.1
4 .0
4 .4
4.1
4 .9
1.3
1.2
.7
.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.3
2 .6
1.8
1.1
.8
.4
.1
5 .4
4 .7
3 .3
3 .0
3 .8
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry division:
W o rk e rs , by o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
-
:
A d m in is tra tiv e s u p p o r t o c c u p a tio n s , in cluding
P r e c is io n p r o d u c tio n , c ra ft, a n d re p a ir o c c u p a t i o n s .........
989
1 3 7 .5
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
E x e c u tiv e , a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a t i o n s
12
m o n th s
ended
.
-
-
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .8
134.1
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .5
-
-
-
-
“
_
_
_
-
-
_
1 3 7 .6
“
”
-
-
-
-
1 4 6 .5
148.1
:
H a n d le rs , e q u ip m e n t c le a n e r s , h e lp e r s , a n d la b o r e r s ....
_
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .6
140.1
1 4 2 .2
1 4 3 .9
1 4 5 .4
1 3 1 .9
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .2
1 3 2 .9
1 3 5 .6
1 3 5 .2
1 3 7 .9
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .0
-
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .7
140.1
-
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .9
-
1 4 2 .0
1 4 1 .7
1 4 3 .6
1 4 3 .3
1 4 3 .5
-
145.1
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .4
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .7
1 4 8 .8
-
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .2
-
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .4
-
-
-
-
“
“
_
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry division:
_
_
134.1
_
_
1 3 6 .8
_
_
137.1
1 3 6 .8
138.1
-
1 3 7 .7
139.1
1 3 8 .4
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .9
142.1
1 4 3 .5
1 3 2 .7
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
1 3 6 .4
137.1
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 3 .9
1 4 5 .9
1 4 9 .7
151.1
153.1
1 5 3 .6
1 5 7 .8
1 5 9 .6
1 5 1 .2
1 4 3 .3
1 5 2 .7
1 4 4 .3
1 5 4 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 5 5 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 5 9 .6
1 4 8 .4
1 6 1 .8
149.1
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
B a n k in g , s a v in g s a n d lo a n , a n d o t h e r
W o rk e rs , by o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
-
-
"
4 .9
4.1
7 .3
4 .8
3 .9
“
8 .0
4 .8
3 .7
-
.6
-.1
1.8
.7
1.9
1.9
“
5 .6
4 .7
6 .6
7.1
1 4 7 .6
1 4 9 .5
1.3
5 .0
1 6 1 .5
1 6 2 .5
1 6 7 .9
3 .3
6 .4
1 6 3 .7
1 5 1 .9
1 6 4 .6
1 5 3 .0
1 7 0 .5
1 5 6 .2
3 .6
2.1
6 .8
5 .3
“
'
S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
103
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
.
2 2 Continued—Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
( J u n e 1981 = 100)
1989
P ercen t ch an g e
S e r ie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
3
m o n th s
ended
12
m o n th s
ended
S e p t. 1 9 8 9
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry division:
S e r v i c e s ..............................................
H o s p ita ls a n d o t h e r s e r v i c e s 4
H e a lth s e r v i c e s ..........................
S c h o o l s ............................................
E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y .
P u b lic a d m in is tra tio n 3 ...................
1 5 1 .8
145.1
153.1
1 4 6 .3
1 5 5 .2
1 5 0 .3
1 5 5 .6
1 5 0 .4
1 6 0 .5
1 5 3 .2
1 6 3 .0
1 5 5 .2
1 6 4 .6
1 5 7 .2
1 6 5 .5
1 5 8 .7
1 7 1 .8
1 6 2 .6
154.1
1 5 6 .5
1 4 6 .4
1 5 5 .5
1 5 7 .8
148.1
1 5 6 .8
1 5 8 .9
1 5 0 .3
1 5 7 .3
1 5 9 .4
1 5 1 .2
163.1
1 6 5 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 6 5 .7
1 6 8 .3
1 5 4 .4
1 6 7 .2
1 6 9 .3
1 5 6 .7
1 6 7 .8
1 6 9 .9
1 5 7 .9
175.1
1 7 7 .7
1 6 1 .8
1 C o s t ( c e n t s p e r h o u r w o rk e d ) m e a s u r e d in t h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d ex
c o n s is t s of w a g e s , s a la r ie s , a n d e m p lo y e r c o s t o f e m p lo y e e b e n e fits .
2 C o n s is t o f p riv a te in d u stry w o rk e rs (e x c lu d in g farm a n d h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs)
a n d S t a t e a n d lo ca l g o v e rn m e n t (e x c lu d in g F e d e ra l G o v e r n m e n t) w o rk e rs.
3 .8
2 .5
3.1
4 .4
4 .6
2 .5
C o n s is t o f leg is la tiv e , judicial, a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d re g u la to ry
4 In c lu d e s , fo r e x a m p le , library, s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e rv ic e s .
- D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
7 .0
6.1
6.8
7 .4
7 .4
5.1
a c tiv itie s.
23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
(Ju n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 )
1 387
1988
1989
P ercen t c h an g e
S e r ie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
3
m o n th s
ended
12
m o n th s
ended
S e p t. 1 9 8 9
Civilian workers 1....................
1 3 5 .2
136.1
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .7
1 4 0 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .4
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .9
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ....................
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ........................
S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s .....................
1 3 9 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 3 6 .0
1 4 0 .2
1 2 9 .4
1 3 6 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 3 0 .4
1 3 8 .0
1 4 3 .0
1 3 1 .6
1 3 9 .3
1 4 5 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 4 1 .8
1 4 6 .8
1 3 3 .4
1 4 2 .9
1 4 8 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 4 3 .9
1 4 9 .8
1 3 6 .0
1 4 4 .8
1 5 2 .6
1 3 7 .4
1 4 6 .8
5.1
3 .7
3 .5
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .8
1 3 8 .5
1 4 6 .8
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 4 8 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 4 0 .5
1 4 9 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .4
1 4 1 .9
1 5 0 .4
134.1
135.1
1 4 4 .2
1 5 4 .0
135.1
1 3 6 .2
1 4 5 .8
1 5 5 .7
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .4
1 4 7 .5
1 5 7 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 3 8 .8
1 4 8 .7
1 5 8 .4
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 5 1 .4
1 6 2 .4
3 .7
3 .6
5 .0
5 .5
1 4 2 .6
137.1
1 4 3 .8
1 3 7 .8
1 4 5 .5
1 3 9 .0
1 4 6 .4
1 4 0 .5
1 4 8 .9
1 4 2 .7
1 4 9 .4
144.1
1 5 0 .9
1 4 5 .8
1 5 1 .8
1 4 7 .0
1 5 5 .0
1 4 9 .6
6 .5
4.1
4 .8
E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s .............................................
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .7
135.1
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .7
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .2
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .5
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .0
4 .4
3 .9
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..............................................................
E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s .......................................
P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lty a n d te c h n ic a l o c c u p a t i o n s
E x e c u tiv e , a d m in istra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e ria l
1 3 7 .0
139.1
1 4 1 .2
1 3 7 .6
140.1
1 4 2 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 4 1 .5
1 4 4 .0
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .9
1 4 5 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 4 .7
148.1
1 4 4 .0
1 4 6 .0
1 4 8 .9
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .8
1 5 1 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 4 9 .0
152.1
1 4 9 .3
1 5 0 .8
1 5 4 .6
1.2
1.6
1 4 1 .3
1 3 0 .8
1 4 2 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 4 4 .4
1 3 4 .4
1 4 6 .2
1 3 6 .7
1 4 7 .3
1 3 8 .7
1 4 8 .5
1 4 1 .6
2.1
1.1
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry division:
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ..............................
M a n u fa c tu rin g ..................................
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g ............................
S e r v i c e s .......................................... .
H e a lth s e r v i c e s ...........................
H o s p i t a l s .........................................
P u b lic a d m in is tra tio n 2 ..............
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..........................
Private industry workers.....................................
occupations.........................................................
6.1
1.4
4 .8
4 .2
4 .4
S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................................
1 3 8 .6
1 2 7 .0
1 3 9 .2
126.1
1 3 9 .9
1 2 7 .5
A d m in is tra tiv e s u p p o rt o c c u p a tio n s , in cluding
c l e r i c a l .......................................................................................
137.1
138.1
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .2
1 4 3 .2
144.1
1 4 6 .0
1 4 7 .4
1 4 9 .0
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..................................................................
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .9
131.1
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .7
1.0
1 3 0 .2
1 2 7 .5
1 2 2 .3
131.1
1 2 9 .2
1 2 2 .9
132.1
1 2 9 .9
1 2 3 .7
1 3 3 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 3 1 .9
1 2 6 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 3 3 .3
1 2 6 .9
136.1
1 3 4 .5
1 2 7 .8
1 3 7 .8
1 3 5 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 3 9 .2
1 3 6 .7
1 3 0 .2
1.0
1.2
2.8
1 2 3 .7
1 3 2 .6
1 2 5 .0
1 3 3 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 3 4 .5
1 2 7 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 2 8 .4
1 3 7 .6
1 2 9 .3
139.1
1 3 0 .4
1 4 0 .0
1 3 1 .6
1 4 0 .9
1 3 3 .0
142.1
1.1
.9
3 .6
3 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 2 3 .8
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 3 1 .8
1 2 5 .9
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .8
1 2 8 .6
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 2 9 .4
136.1
136.1
1 3 0 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 3 1 .6
1 3 8 .8
1 3 8 .8
1 3 3 .0
1.0
1.0
1.1
3 .7
3 .7
3 .4
P r e c is io n p r o d u c tio n , c ra ft, a n d re p a ir
o c c u p a t i o n s ..........................................................................
M a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , a s s e m b le r s , a n d in s p e c t o r s ..
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d m a te ria l m o v in g o c c u p a t i o n s .
H a n d le rs , e q u ip m e n t c le a n e r s , h e lp e r s , a n d
l a b o r e r s .............................................. ......................................
S e r v ic e o c c u p a t i o n s ...............................................................
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry division:
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ........................................................................
E x c lu d in g s a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s .........................................
C o n s tru c tio n ...............................................................................
S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
104 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.8
.6
4 .2
7 .7
3 .9
3 .6
23.Continued— Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
( J u n e 1981 = 100)
S e r ie s
12
m o n th s
ended
3
m o n th s
ended
S e p t.
Ju n e
M ar.
D ec.
S e p t.
Ju n e
M ar.
D ec.
S e p t.
P ercen t change
1989
1988
1987
S e p t. 1 9 8 9
1 3 0 .8
1 2 9 .7
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .2
131.1
134.1
1 3 3 .3
132.1
1 3 5 .6
1 3 4 .4
133.1
1 3 6 .7
135.1
1 3 3 .7
1 3 7 .6
1 3 6 .2
1 3 4 .6
139.1
1 3 7 .4
1 3 5 .9
1 4 0 .2
1 3 8 .8
1 3 7 .3
1 4 1 .6
1 4 0 .0
1 3 5 .7
1 3 7 .3
1 3 0 .0
1 3 6 .2
138.1
1 3 0 .2
1 3 7 .5
1 3 9 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 3 2 .5
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .7
1 3 3 .5
-
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .9
1 3 3 .4
-
1 4 4 .5
1 4 5 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .6
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .9
1 3 7 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 4 0 .4
1 3 4 .3
“
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .2
1 4 7 .5
1 4 1 .8
135.1
“
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .0
1 4 9 .0
1 4 2 .9
1 3 6 .3
"
142.1
1 4 1 .6
1 5 3 .2
1 4 5 .3
1 3 7 .7
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .9
“
1 4 2 .7
1 4 2 .7
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .2
1 4 6 .0
1 4 6 .0
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .3
1 3 8 .5
1 3 6 .0
1 2 7 .7
-
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 3 4 .9
1 2 7 .8
_
1 3 1 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .8
B a n k in g , s a v in g s a n d lo a n , a n d o th e r
-
.
_
-
1 4 9 .8
-
-
-
-
-
4 .8
2.1
4 .5
2 .8
3 .4
1.0
.6
1.1
4 .3
“
1 3 4 .8
1 3 6 .0
1 3 7 .8
146.1
1 4 7 .4
1 4 8 .7
149.1
1 5 3 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .6
1 6 1 .4
3.1
5 .5
1 4 7 .7
1 3 9 .0
1 4 9 .3
1 3 9 .6
1 5 0 .5
141.1
1 5 0 .8
141.1
1 5 4 .9
1 4 3 .5
1 5 6 .8
144.1
1 5 8 .0
146.1
1 5 8 .7
1 4 6 .8
164.1
1 4 9 .6
3 .4
1.9
5 .9
1 4 8 .2
1 4 1 .2
149 .5
142.2
1 5 0 .7
14 4 .5
-
151.1
1 4 4 .7
153 .0
154.3
146.4
155.6
147.4
158.C
159.7
148.S
1 5 7 .6
1 4 8 .7
1 5 8 .6
1 5 0 .2
1 5 9 .3
1 5 1 .5
16 5 .0
15 5 .3
3 .6
6 .0
1 6 0 .3
162.1
14 9 .4
"
16 1 .2
162.8
150.S
“
16 1 .7
163.3
151.fi
168.1
170.2
155.C
_
_
_
-
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry division:
_
-
1 5 0 .3
1 5 2 .0
142 .6
1 4 8 .6
-
-
-
W o rk e rs , by o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
151.8
153.4
143.6
15 2 .6
154.C
145.5
c o n s i s t s o f p riv a te in d u stry w o r k e r s (e x c lu d in g fa rm a n d h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs )
1 5 4 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .9
1 4 5 .9
“
1 5 6 .4
1 5 7 .8
”
”
“
-
“
“
2 .7
2.1
3 In c lu d e s , fo r e x a m p le , library, s o c ia l a n d h e a lth s e rv ic e s ,
a n d S t a t e a n d lo ca l g o v e rn m e n t (e x c lu d in g F e d e ra l G o v e r n m e n t) w o rk e rs .
2 C o n s i s ts o f le g is la tiv e , judicial, a d m in istra tiv e , a n d re g u la to ry a c tiv itie s.
24.
_
1.4
1.2
.7
.6
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.6
1 3 4 .2
147.1
-
1 4 5 .9
1
1 3 2 .9
1 3 2 .9
3 .6
1 5 2 .9
1 3 9 .4
_
P u b lic a d m in is tra tio n 2 ...................................................................
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 4 3 .2
1 3 9 .6
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .2
1 4 1 .7
1 3 8 .2
1 3 1 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 9 .0
1 3 6 .8
1 2 9 .2
-
“
0 .9
-
D a ta n o t a v a iia b e .
Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group
( J u n e 198 1 =
10 0 )
_______
P ercen t c h an g e
1989
1988
1987
S e r ie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
3
m o n th s
ended
12
m o n th s
ended
S e p t. 1 9 8 9
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .7
146.1
1 4 8 .2
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .3
1 5 4 .0
1 5 6 .5
1 5 8 .7
1.4
6 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 3 7 .3
1 4 3 .7
1 3 8 .7
1 4 7 .3
144.1
1 4 9 .3
1 4 6 .3
1 5 0 .9
1 4 7 .5
1 5 2 .7
1 4 8 .9
156.1
1 5 0 .7
1 5 8 .8
1 5 2 .9
161.1
155.1
1.4
1.4
6 .8
5 .2
1 3 7 .4
143.1
1 3 6 .9
1 4 2 .6
1 3 8 .8
1 4 4 .4
1 3 8 .4
1 4 3 .8
144.1
148.1
1 4 4 .5
1 4 7 .2
146.1
150.1
1 4 6 .4
1 4 9 .3
1 4 7 .3
1 5 1 .9
1 4 7 .8
1 5 0 .9
1 4 8 .6
1 5 3 .9
1 4 9 .0
1 5 2 .9
1 5 0 .7
1 5 7 .2
1 5 2 .3
1 5 5 .2
1 5 2 .7
160.1
1 5 4 .2
1 5 8 .0
1 5 5 .0
1 6 2 .3
1 5 6 .6
1 6 0 .2
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
5 .2
6 .8
6 .0
6 .2
W o rk e rs , by o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W o rk e rs , b y in d u stry g ro u p :
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
105
Current Labor Statistics:
25.
Compensation & Industrial Relations
Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
( J u n e 1981 = 100)
1<387
1988
1989
P ercen t c h an g e
S e r ie s
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
3
m o n th s
ended
12
m o n th s
ended
S e p t. 1 9 8 9
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status1
U nion ....................................................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .........................................................
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g ........................................................
M a n u f a c tu r i n g ...............................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................
1 3 2 .0
1 2 9 .5
1 3 5 .9
1 2 9 .5
1 3 4 .3
1 3 3 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 1 .5
135.1
1 3 5 .6
134.1
1 3 8 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .9
1 3 5 .3
1 3 9 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .9
1 3 6 .2
1 4 0 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 8 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 3 7 .2
1 4 0 .9
1 3 8 .2
1 3 8 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 3 7 .9
1 4 2 .6
1 3 9 .9
1 3 9 .5
141.1
1 3 9 .4
1 4 3 .9
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .3
1 4 0 .6
145.1
1 4 2 .5
142.1
0 .9
.9
.8
.8
.8
3 .2
3 .2
3 .3
4 .0
2 .5
N o n u n i o n .....................
G o o d s - p r o d u c in g ..
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g .
M a n u f a c tu r i n g ........
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
136.1
133.1
1 3 7 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 3 6 .8
1 3 6 .9
134.1
1 3 8 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .9
1 3 6 .2
1 4 0 .5
1 3 7 .8
1 3 9 .4
1 4 0 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 4 2 .5
1 3 9 .2
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .2
1 3 8 .7
1 4 4 .4
140.1
1 4 3 .2
1 4 3 .9
1 3 9 .9
1 4 6 .3
1 4 1 .3
1 4 5 .0
1 4 6 .0
1 4 1 .6
1 4 8 .6
143.1
1 4 7 .3
1 4 7 .7
1 4 3 .2
1 5 0 .5
1 4 4 .8
149.1
1 4 9 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 5 2 .7
1 4 6 .5
1 5 1 .2
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.4
5 .3
4 .5
5 .7
4 .6
5 .6
1 4 0 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 4 1 .9
1 3 5 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 3 6 .3
1 4 3 .7
137.1
1 3 4 .4
1 3 8 .3
1 4 5 .9
1 3 9 .3
1 3 5 .5
1 3 9 .5
1 4 7 .8
1 4 0 .4
1 3 6 .7
1 4 0 .6
1 5 0 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 3 8 .0
1 4 1 .5
1 5 3 .5
1 4 2 .7
1 3 9 .3
1 4 3 .2
1 5 5 .5
144.1
1 4 0 .9
1 4 4 .9
1 5 8 .3
1 4 5 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 4 6 .4
1.8
1.2
1.0
1.0
7.1
3 .8
4.1
4.1
1 3 5 .8
1 3 1 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 3 8 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 4 0 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 4 2 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 4 3 .6
1 3 6 .8
1 4 5 .6
1 3 7 .5
1 4 7 .4
1 3 8 .3
1 4 9 .4
1 3 9 .4
1.4
.8
5 .2
2 .3
U nion ..................................................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .......................................................
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g ......................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g ..............................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................... .
129.1
1 2 6 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 2 7 .0
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .5
1 2 8 .5
1 3 3 .6
1 2 9 .3
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 4 .4
1 2 9 .6
132.1
1 3 2 .0
1 2 9 .7
1 3 5 .4
1 3 0 .4
1 3 3 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 0 .4
1 3 6 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 3 4 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 3 6 .8
132.1
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .3
1 3 2 .0
1 3 7 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 8 .4
1 3 4 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .2
1 3 4 .2
1 3 9 .3
135.1
137.1
.6
.6
.7
.5
.7
2 .5
2 .9
1.9
3.1
1.9
N o n u n i o n ...........................................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c in g ........................................................
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g ......................................................
M a n u f a c tu r i n g ..............................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .....................................................
1 3 4 .3
131.1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .0
132.1
1 3 6 .7
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .4
1 3 3 .6
1 3 8 .0
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .8
138.1
1 3 5 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .8
1 3 9 .5
1 3 5 .7
1 4 1 .8
1 3 7 .4
1 4 0 .4
141.1
1 3 6 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .9
1 3 8 .2
1 4 5 .6
1 3 9 .9
144.1
1 4 4 .4
1 3 9 .5
1 4 7 .2
1 4 1 .4
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .3
141.1
1 4 9 .3
1 4 2 .8
1 4 7 .7
1.3
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.4
4 .9
4 .0
5.3
3 .9
5 .2
1 3 8 .3
132.1
1 2 9 .6
133.1
1 3 9 .7
1 3 3 .0
1 2 9 .9
1 3 3 .5
1 4 0 .9
1 3 4 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 3 4 .9
1 4 2 .9
136.1
132.1
1 3 6 .0
1 4 4 .6
137.1
1 3 3 .3
1 3 7 .4
1 4 7 .3
1 3 7 .8
1 3 4 .5
138.1
150.1
1 3 8 .9
1 3 5 .6
1 3 9 .4
1 5 2 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 3 6 .9
1 4 0 .7
1 5 4 .7
1 4 1 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 4 1 .8
1.8
1.2
.8
.8
7 .0
3 .4
3 .5
3 .2
1 3 3 .7
129.1
1 3 4 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 3 5 .8
1 3 0 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 3 8 .7
1 3 3 .5
1 4 0 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 4 1 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 4 3 .4
1 3 5 .2
1 4 5 .2
136.1
1.3
.7
4 .7
1.9
Workers, by region
N o r t h e a s t ..............................................................
S o u th .....................................................................
M id w e st (fo rm erly N o rth C e n t r a l ) .............
W e s t .................................................................
Workers, by area size
M e tro p o lita n a r e a s ..............................................
O th e r a r e a s .............................................................
WAGES AND SALARIES
Workers, by bargaining status
Workers, by region 1
N o r t h e a s t ............................................................................
S o u th ...................................................................................
M id w e st (fo rm erly N o rth C e n t r a l ) ..........................
W e s t ......................................................................................
Workers, by area size1
M e tro p o lita n a r e a s ........................................................
O th e r a r e a s ................................................
------
■■
in d u stry g r o u p s .
~ v u . v u . u iv u
F o r a d e ta ile d
106FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
u m o i o im j r
d e s c r ip tio n
1IIU 3 C IUI II 1C U U U U p d llU l I a n a
of t h e in d e x c a lc u la tio n , s e e th e
IIUIII
January 1990
Monthly Labor Review
T e c h n ic a l
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x ,” M ay 1 9 8 2 .
N o te ,
‘E s tim a tio n
p ro ce d u re s
fo r
th e
26. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private
industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
Q u a rte rly a v e r a g e
A nnual a v e ra g e
1987
1989
1988
1987
M easu re
1988
IV
I
II
III
IV
lp
lllp
llp
Specified adjustments:
T o ta l c o m p e n s a ti o n 1 a d ju s tm e n ts , 2 s e tt le m e n ts
c o v e rin g 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re :
F irst y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .........................................................
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .................................
3 .0
2 .6
3.1
2 .5
3 .4
2 .4
1.8
1.8
3.1
2 .4
3 .4
3 .2
3 .5
2.1
3 .2
3 .4
5 .0
3 .4
3 .9
2 .7
2 .2
2.1
2 .5
2 .4
2.4
1.8
2.1
2 .3
2 .6
2 .2
2 .7
2 .8
2 .6
2 .2
3 .2
3.1
3 .9
3 .4
3 .6
3 .0
3.1
.7
2 .6
.7
.8
.3
.4
.1
.9
.3
.8
.2
.5
.1
.5
.1
1.0
.3
1.0
.4
1.8
.5
1.3
.6
.3
.2
.3
.1
.5
.1
.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.5
.2
.4
.2
W a g e a d ju s tm e n ts , s e tt le m e n ts c o v e rin g 1 ,0 0 0
w o r k e r s o r m o re :
F irst y e a r of c o n t r a c t .........................................................
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ..................................
Effective adjustments:
T o ta l e ffe c tiv e w a g e a d j u s t m e n t 3 ..................................
F ro m s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in p e rio d .........................
D e fe rre d fro m s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in e a rlie r
p e r i o d s .....................................................................................
F ro m c o s t-o f-liv in g -a d ju s tm e n ts c l a u s e s ..................
' C o m p e n s a tio n in c lu d e s w a g e s , s a la r ie s , a n d e m p lo y e r s ’ c o s t of e m p lo y e e
b e n e fits w h e n c o n tr a c t is n e g o tia te d .
2 A d ju s tm e n ts a r e t h e n e t r e s u lt of in c r e a s e s , d e c r e a s e s , a n d n o c h a n g e s in
c o m p e n s a ti o n o r w a g e s ,
3 B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m of p a rts .
p = prelim inary.
27. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private
industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
A v e r a g e fo r fo u r q u a r t e r s e n d in g M easu re
1987
1988
IV
I
II
1989
III
IV
lp
llp
lllp
S p e c if ie d to ta l c o m p e n s a ti o n a d ju s tm e n ts , s e tt le m e n ts c o v e rin g 5 ,0 0 0
w o r k e r s o r m o re , all in d u strie s :
F irst y e a r of c o n t r a c t ....................................................................................................
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .............................................................................
3 .0
2 .6
3.1
2 .5
3 .0
2 .3
3.1
2 .5
3.1
2 .5
3 .3
2 .6
3 .8
3 .0
4 .0
2 .8
2 .2
2 .3
2.1
2.1
1.5
2 .5
2 .4
2 .2
2 .5
2 .2
1.4
2 .7
2 .4
2 .4
2 .4
2 .0
1.5
2 .5
2 .5
2 .4
2 .6
2 .2
1.5
2 .8
2 .5
2 .4
2 .7
2 .4
1.8
2 .8
2 .7
2 .4
2 .9
2 .5
1.8
2 .9
3 .2
2 .2
3 .4
2 .9
1.8
3 .2
3 .5
2 .6
3 .7
3 .0
2 .0
3 .2
2.1
2 .4
1.3
1.3
1.0
2.1
2 .4
2 .4
2 .4
1.5
1.0
2 .7
2 .5
2 .5
2 .5
1.6
1.3
2 .5
2 .6
2.4
3 .0
1.9
1.4
3.1
2 .2
2.1
2 .5
2.1
1.8
2 .6
2 .2
2.1
2 .4
2.1
1.8
2 .7
2 .6
2.1
3.1
2 .4
1.7
3.1
2 .6
2.1
2 .8
2 .5
1.7
2 .9
2 .3
1.9
2 .4
2 .7
2 .7
2 .7
2 .3
1.6
2 .5
2 .7
2 .4
2 .7
2 .3
2 .2
2 .4
2 .4
1.9
2 .6
2 .4
2 .4
2 .5
2 .4
1.8
2 .7
2 .8
2 .9
2 .7
2 .5
1.7
2 .8
3 .0
2 .9
3 .0
2 .7
1.7
3 .0
3 .5
3 .0
3 .5
3 .2
2 .5
3 .3
3 .8
3 .0
3 .9
3.1
2.1
3 .3
S p e c if ie d w a g e a d ju s tm e n ts , s e tt le m e n ts c o v e rin g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s or
m o re :
All in d u strie s :
F irst y e a r of c o n tr a c t .................................................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith C O LA c l a u s e s ............................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O LA c l a u s e s ....................................................................
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life of c o n t r a c t .........................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...........................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O LA c l a u s e s ....................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F irst y e a r o f c o n tr a c t .................................................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith C O LA c l a u s e s ............................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c l a u s e s ....................................................................
A n n u a l r a te o v e r life of c o n t r a c t .........................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith C O LA c l a u s e s ............................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O LA c l a u s e s ....................................................................
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
F irst y e a r of c o n tr a c t .................................................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith CO LA c l a u s e s ............................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O LA c l a u s e s ....................................................................
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life of c o n tr a c t .........................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith C O LA c l a u s e s ...........................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O LA c l a u s e s ....................................................................
C o n s tru c tio n :
F irst y e a r o f c o n tr a c t .................................................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith C O LA c l a u s e s ............................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O LA c l a u s e s ....................................................................
A n n u a l r a t e o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .........................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith C O LA c l a u s e s ............................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O LA c l a u s e s ....................................................................
1 D a ta d o n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n s ta n d a r d s .
2 B e tw e e n -0 .0 5 a n d 0 .0 5 p e rc e n t.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .9
2 .9
O
(1)
(1)
(’)
3.1
(1)
O
2 .6
(2)
3.1
(1)
(1)
p
2.1
(2)
2 .6
2 .7
(2)
(2)
2 .7
2 .2
(2)
2.1
2 .4
(2)
2 .4
2 .4
(2)
2 .2
2 .6
(2)
2 .6
2 .4
(2)
2 .4
2 .7
2 .4
2 .9
(2)
2 .7
2 .9
2 .6
(’)
O
2 .9
(1)
(1)
= prelim inary.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
107
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
28. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000
workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
A v e r a g e fo r fo u r q u a r t e r s e n d i n g E ffe c tiv e w a g e a d ju s tm e n t
1988
1989
I
II
III
IV
lp
IIP
IMP
3 .2
.8
1.8
.5
3 .0
1.0
1.6
.5
2 .9
1.0
1.4
.5
2 .6
.7
1.3
.6
2 .7
.7
1.3
.6
2 .8
.7
1.3
.8
3 .0
.9
1.3
.8
3 .8
2 .9
3 .3
2 .7
3 .7
2 .9
3 .3
2 .3
3 .5
2 .9
3 .0
2 .5
3 .3
3.1
3 .0
2 .7
3 .5
3 .2
3 .2
2 .9
3 .8
3 .5
3 .2
3 .2
4 .0
3 .7
3 .4
3 .8
For all workers:1
T o t a l .......................................................................................................
F ro m s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in p e rio d ..................................................
D e fe rre d fro m s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in e a rlie r p e rio d .....................
F ro m c o s t- o f-liv in g -a d ju s tm e n ts c l a u s e s .........................................................
For workers receiving changes:
T o t a l ...............................................................................
F ro m s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in p e rio d ........................................
D e fe rre d fro m s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in e a rlie r p e rio d ....................
F ro m c o s t-o f-liv in g -a d ju s tm e n ts c l a u s e s ..............................................
1 B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m o f p a rts .
p
= prelim inary.
29. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments State and
local government collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
A nnual a v e ra g e
Measure
First 6 m o n th s
1989
1987
1988
4 .9
4 .8
5.4
5.3
4 .3
4 .4
4 .9
5.1
5.1
5.3
4 .7
4 .7
4 .9
2 .7
2 .2
4 .7
2 .3
2 .4
1.6
.5
1.1
(4)
(4)
(4)
S p e c ifie d a d ju s tm e n ts :
T o ta l c o m p e n s a ti o n 1 a d ju s tm e n ts , 2 s e tt le m e n ts c o v e rin g 5 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re :
F irst y e a r of c o n tr a c t .............................................................................................................................
A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ........................................................................
W a g e a d ju s tm e n ts , s e tt le m e n ts c o v e rin g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re :
F irst y e a r of c o n tr a c t ........................................................................................
A n n u a l r a te o v e r life of c o n tr a c t ................................................................
E ffe c tiv e a d ju s tm e n ts :
T o ta l e ffe c tiv e w a g e a d ju s tm e n t 3 ......................................................................................................
F ro m s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in p e r i o d ......................................................................................................
D e fe rre d from s e tt le m e n ts r e a c h e d in e a rlie r p e rio d s ................................................................
F ro m c o s t-o f-liv in g -a d ju s tm e n t c l a u s e s ............................................................................................
' C o m p e n s a tio n in c lu d e s w a g e s ,
b e n e fits w h e n c o n tr a c t is n e g o tia te d .
s a la r ie s ,
and
e m p lo y e rs’ c o s t
2 A d ju s tm e n ts a r e t h e n e t r e s u lt of i n c r e a s e s , d e c r e a s e s , a n d
c o m p e n s a ti o n o r w a g e s .
of
e m p lo y e e
B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m of p a rts .
L e s s t h a n 0 .0 5 p e rc e n t.
n o c h a n g e s in
30. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
1989p
1988
A n n u a l t o ta ls
M e asu re
1987
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s :
B e g in n in g in p e r i o d ...........................
In e ff e c t d u rin g p e r i o d .....................
W o rk e rs inv o lv ed :
B e g in n in g in p e rio d (in
t h o u s a n d s ) ...........................................
In e ff e c t d u rin g p e rio d (in
t h o u s a n d s ) ...........................................
D a y s idle:
N u m b e r (in t h o u s a n d s ) ....................
P e r c e n t of e s ti m a t e d w orking
tim e 1 ........................................................
1988
N ov.
Jan.
D ec.
M ar.
Feb.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
S e p t.
Aug.
Ju ly
Nov.
O c t.
46
51
40
43
1
5
0
1
3
4
0
2
2
4
4
8
7
13
0
5
4
9
7
11
6
13
4
7
5
14
1 7 4 .4
1 1 8 .0
2 .3
.0
7 .4
.0
3 0 .3
6 .6
5 4 .7
.0
4 3 .3
2 3 5 .6
1 4 .5
5 9 .9
8 .0
3 7 7 .7
1 2 1 .4
1 0 .6
2 .5
9 .9
7 .7
3 7 .0
4 3 .6
9 4 .3
4 4 .7
1 0 0 .0
2 0 4 .0
107.1
1 6 0 .5
1 3 0 .2
4 ,4 6 8 .8
4 ,3 6 4 .3
7 7 .9
5 2 .5
1 5 2 .7
1 3 7 .8
9 4 9 .6
1 ,0 6 4 .2
1 ,2 2 7 .1
9 3 8 .2
1 ,3 7 0 .7
3 ,4 8 0 .2
1 ,9 0 9 .4
3 ,0 9 7 .9
2 ,3 8 0 .5
.02
.02
.0 4
.02
.01
.01
.04
.05
.05
.0 4
.06
.14
.08
.01
.05
1 A gricultural a n d g o v e rn m e n t e m p l o y e e s a r e in c lu d e d in t h e to ta l e m p lo y e d a n d to ta l
w o rk in g tim e: p riv a te h o u s e h o ld , fo re s try , a n d fis h e ry e m p l o y e e s a r e e x c lu d e d . A n e x p la n a tio n o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t of id le n e s s a s a p e r c e n t a g e of t h e to ta l tim e w o rk e d is fo u n d
Digitized 108
for FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
in “ ‘T o ta l e c o n o m y ’ m e a s u r e of s trik e i d le n e s s ,”
p p . 5 4 -5 6 .
p = prelim inary.
Monthly Labor Review,
O c to b e r 1968,
31. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
A n n u al
1989
1988
S e r ie s
O c t.
Nov.
1 2 5 .0
3 7 4 .6
1 2 5 .6
3 7 6 .2
1 2 5 .9
3 7 7 .0
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .9
134.1
1 2 2 .3
1 1 4 .5
1 3 8 .8
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 2 6 .7
128.1
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .9
126.1
1 2 5 .0
1 3 4 .6
1 2 2 .9
116.1
1 3 6 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 2 8 .8
1 2 4 .8
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 3 5 .0
1 2 2 .4
1 1 8 .2
137.1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .6
1 1 1 .8
1 2 7 .2
129.1
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .9
1 2 5 .8
1 3 5 .3
1 2 2 .8
1 2 0 .2
1 3 7 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 2 9 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 3 3 .0
1 5 0 .5
1 3 7 .3
1 3 7 .4
133.1
1 1 8 .4
121.1
1 1 5 .0
1 0 9 .7
1 0 3 .7
7 9 .7
111.1
1 2 7 .7
1 1 1 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 2 4 .2
134.1
1 4 1 .5
1 3 3 .5
1 4 8 .8
138.1
1 3 8 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .3
1 1 4 .8
1 0 9 .7
1 0 3 .7
7 8 .9
1 1 1 .3
1 2 7 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 0 5 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 1 7 .5
1 2 4 .3
134.1
1 3 9 .4
1 3 3 .9
139.1
1 3 8 .9
1 3 9 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 1 8 .6
1 2 0 .9
1 1 5 .6
1 0 9 .7
1 0 3 .5
7 9 .3
1 1 1 .0
128.1
1 1 1 .7
1 0 5 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 1 7 .5
1 2 4 .4
1 3 4 .8
1 4 0 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 1 8 .6
1 2 1 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 0 1 .0
8 2 .0
1 0 7 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 1 1 .9
106.1
1 2 2 .5
1 1 7 .4
1 2 4 .5
1 3 5 .2
140.1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 8 .0
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .5
1 3 3 .8
1 1 9 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 1 6 .2
1 0 7 .5
9 9 .9
8 3 .9
106.1
1 2 7 .9
1 1 1 .9
1 0 6 .0
1 2 2 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 1 5 .8
1 1 5 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 2 3 .9
1 1 4 .0
1 2 1 .6
1 3 0 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 1 7 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 2 2 .5
1 2 9 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 1 4 .7
1 0 9 .5
1 1 6 .7
1 1 2 .6
124.1
1 2 9 .5
1 2 0 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .0
114.1
1 2 4 .5
1 2 9 .7
1 2 2 .7
121.1
1 2 0 .3
123.1
1 1 8 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 2 3 .0
1 2 9 .8
122.1
1 2 0 .4
121.1
1 2 1 .3
1 1 7 .2
1 1 6 .6
1 2 3 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 2 1 .0
9 6 .6
9 6 .7
1 2 4 .3
1 3 5 .6
1 0 1 .5
1 4 2 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 1 5 .9
1 1 4 .9
1 1 8 .9
119.1
1 2 1 .3
9 6 .0
9 6 .2
1 2 4 .5
1 3 5 .9
1 0 1 .9
1 4 3 .2
1 2 9 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .6
121.1
9 4 .4
9 4 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 3 5 .6
1 0 1 .3
1 4 3 .0
1 2 9 .7
1 1 4 .3
113.1
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 2 0 .3
9 1 .0
91.1
1 2 5 .4
1 3 5 .7
1 0 2 .0
1 4 2 .9
130.1
1 1 3 .7
1 1 2 .4
117.1
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .8
8 8 .8
8 8 .8
1 2 6 .2
1 3 5 .7
1 0 2 .0
1 4 2 .9
130.1
1 1 4 .5
1 1 3 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .7
8 8 .9
8 8 .8
1 2 6 .7
137.1
1 0 1 .9
1 4 4 .8
1 3 0 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 1 3 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .5
120.1
8 7 .2
8 7 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 3 8 .2
102.1
1 4 6 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 4 6 .8
1 4 8 .4
1 4 6 .4
1 4 4 .9
1 5 6 .6
1 4 7 .5
1 5 0 .0
1 4 6 .9
1 4 5 .2
1 5 7 .3
1 4 8 .5
1 5 1 .0
1 4 7 .9
146.1
1 5 8 .5
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .4
1 4 9 .3
1 4 7 .0
1 6 0 .8
1 5 0 .7
152.1
1 5 0 .4
1 4 7 .5
1 6 2 .7
1 5 1 .7
1 5 3 .3
1 5 1 .3
1 4 8 .0
1 6 4 .3
1 5 2 .7
154.1
1 5 2 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 6 6 .0
1 5 3 .9
1 5 5 .3
1 5 3 .6
1 4 9 .3
1 6 7 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 2 5 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 2 5 .5
1 1 9 .3
1 3 3 .9
1 2 6 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 2 6 .9
1 1 9 .9
136.1
1 2 7 .3
1 2 0 .0
1 3 6 .7
1 2 7 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 3 7 .2
1 2 8 .4
1 2 1 .2
1 3 7 .8
1 2 8 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 3 8 .2
1 4 4 .4
1 5 9 .2
1 2 3 .6
1 2 2 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 5 4 .6
155.1
1 5 4 .7
1 4 4 .7
1 5 9 .5
124.1
1 2 2 .6
1 2 5 .4
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .2
155.1
1 4 5 .4
161.1
1 2 4 .8
1 2 2 .7
1 2 6 .8
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .4
1 4 6 .3
1 6 4 .2
1 2 4 .5
1 2 2 .2
1 2 7 .0
1 5 5 .8
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 6 7 .5
1 2 4 .8
1 2 2 .8
1 2 6 .9
1 5 6 .3
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .5
1 4 8 .7
1 6 8 .8
1 2 5 .6
1 2 3 .8
1 2 7 .3
158.1
1 5 6 .6
1 5 8 .4
1 5 1 .2
1 6 8 .2
1 2 5 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 2 7 .7
1 6 2 .9
1 6 3 .0
163.1
1 5 1 .8
1 6 8 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 2 4 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .6
1 6 3 .7
1 5 1 .9
1 6 8 .6
1 2 7 .0
125.1
1 2 9 .0
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .9
1 6 3 .7
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
1 1 8 .3
3 5 4 .3
1 2 0 .3
3 6 0 .5
1 2 0 .5
3 6 0 .9
121.1
3 6 2 .7
1 2 1 .6
36 4 .1
1 2 2 .3
3 6 6 .2
123.1
3 6 8 .8
1 2 3 .8
3 7 0 .8
124.1
3 7 1 .7
1 2 4 .4
3 7 2 .7
1 2 4 .6
373.1
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 1 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 0 5 .9
119.1
1 1 0 .5
1 1 1 .0
108.1
1 0 7 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 1 7 .0
114.1
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 6 .6
122.1
1 1 4 .3
1 0 8 .4
128.1
113.1
1 1 4 .0
113.1
1 0 7 .5
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .8
1 1 8 .6
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 2 5 .9
1 1 6 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .9
117.1
1 0 8 .2
120.1
1 2 3 .7
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .7
119.1
1 2 6 .6
116.1
1 1 1 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 2 0 .7
124.1
1 1 9 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 2 1 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 1 8 .5
1 1 2 .6
1 3 4 .8
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 0 9 .6
1 2 1 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 8 .9
1 1 8 .2
1 1 3 .4
137.1
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 1 1 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 2 5 .2
121.1
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 2 2 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 3 5 .7
118.1
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 2 3 .7
1 2 5 .7
1 2 1 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .2
1 2 3 .5
1 3 0 .4
1 2 0 .6
114.1
1 3 8 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 1 7 .9
1 2 1 .6
1 1 1 .8
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 3 1 .5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 4 2 .7
1 1 8 .9
118.1
1 2 1 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .7
123.1
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .0
1 2 4 .3
132.1
1 2 1 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 4 0 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 2 5 .5
127.1
1 2 3 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .5
1 2 4 .8
1 3 3 .3
1 2 1 .6
114.1
140.1
1 1 9 .7
120.1
1 2 1 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .8
1 2 4 .0
H o u s in g .......................................................................................................................
S h e l te r ......................................................................................................................
R e n t e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 /8 2 — 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................
R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l ............................................................................................
O th e r r e n t e r s ’ c o s t s ...................................................................................
H o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 2 — 1 0 0 ) .........................................................
O w n e r s ’ e q u iv a le n t r e n t ( 1 2 / 8 2 — 1 0 0 ) .............................................
H o u s e h o ld in s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 8 2 — 1 0 0 ) ...................................................
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s .............................................................................
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s ........................................................
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ...............................................
F u e l a n d o t h e r u t il it ie s .....................................................................................
F u e ls ......................................................................................................................
F u e l oil, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ..............................................................
G a s (p ip e d ) a n d e le c tric ity ......................................................................
O th e r utilities a n d p u b lic s e r v i c e s ..........................................................
H o u s e h o ld fu rn is h in g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s ....................................................
H o u s e f u r n i s h in g s .............................................................................................
H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p l i e s .................................................................................
H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v i c e s .................................................................................
1 1 4 .2
1 2 1 .3
128.1
123.1
1 2 7 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 1 4 .8
1 0 7 .8
1 0 3 .0
9 7 .3
7 7 .9
1 0 3 .8
120.1
107.1
1 0 3 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 1 8 .5
127.1
1 3 3 .6
1 2 7 .8
1 3 4 .8
131.1
131.1
1 2 9 .0
1 1 4 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 0 4 .4
9 8 .0
78.1
1 0 4 .6
1 2 2 .9
1 0 9 .4
105.1
1 1 4 .7
1 1 4 .3
1 1 9 .9
129.1
1 3 4 .2
1 2 9 .8
131.1
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 1 1 .7
1 0 4 .3
9 6 .8
7 5 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 2 4 .4
1 1 0 .6
106.1
1 1 6 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 2 0 .2
1 2 9 .3
134.1
130.1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 4 .0
134.1
1 3 0 .6
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 0 5 .0
9 7 .4
7 6 .8
104.1
1 2 5 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 0 5 .9
1 1 7 .0
1 1 5 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 9 .8
1 3 5 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .4
1 3 4 .5
1 3 0 .9
116.1
1 1 8 .7
1 1 2 .8
1 0 6 .0
9 8 .7
8 0 .5
105.1
1 2 5 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 0 6 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 1 6 .6
121.1
1 3 0 .3
1 3 6 .3
1 3 0 .9
1 3 6 .2
1 3 4 .7
1 3 4 .8
1 3 1 .2
117.1
1 1 9 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 0 5 .9
9 8 .6
8 1 .4
1 0 4 .9
1 2 6 .0
1 1 0 .9
1 0 5 .9
1 1 7 .7
1 1 6 .8
1 2 1 .5
1 3 1 .2
1 3 8 .6
131.1
1 4 4 .7
1 3 5 .0
135.1
1 3 1 .3
117.1
1 1 9 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 0 5 .9
9 8 .5
8 1 .5
1 0 4 .8
1 2 5 .9
1 1 0 .5
105.1
1 1 8 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 2 1 .6
1 3 1 .2
1 3 7 .9
1 3 1 .4
1 4 0 .7
1 3 5 .4
1 3 5 .5
1 3 1 .4
1 1 7 .3
1 1 9 .8
114.1
1 0 6 .2
9 8 .8
8 2 .5
1 0 5 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 1 0 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 1 9 .6
117.1
122.1
1 3 1 .8
1 3 7 .8
1 3 1 .7
1 3 9 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .3
132.1
1 1 7 .4
1 2 0 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 0 7 .0
9 9 .6
8 1 .5
106.1
1 2 7 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 0 4 .7
1 2 0 .9
1 1 7 .3
1 2 2 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 3 8 .7
1 3 2 .3
1 4 1 .5
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .6
1 3 2 .8
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .0
1 1 4 .7
1 0 9 .2
1 0 3 .2
8 0 .2
1 1 0 .5
127.1
111.1
105.1
1 2 1 .2
1 1 7 .4
Apparel and upkeep ......................................................................................
A p p a re l c o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a r e l .............................................................................
W o m e n ’s a n d g irls’ a p p a re l .......................................................................
In fa n ts ’ a n d t o d d le r s ’ a p p a r e l ...................................................................
F o o t w e a r ..............................................................................................................
O th e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................
A p p a re l s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .9
109.1
1 1 0 .4
112.1
105.1
1 0 8 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 3 .7
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 6 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 1 6 .0
1 2 3 .7
1 1 9 .9
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 2 0 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 1 4 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 2 6 .3
1 1 8 .0
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .3
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .3
1 1 3 .5
119.1
1 2 6 .7
1 1 5 .3
1 1 3 .3
115.1
1 1 1 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 1 4 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 8 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 2 0 .4
1 2 7 .8
1 1 9 .3
1 1 7 .5
1 1 5 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 1 8 .5
114.1
1 2 0 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 2 0 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 1 7 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 2 3 .6
1 1 5 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 2 8 .9
1 2 0 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 1 9 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 2 1 .7
1 2 9 .9
T r a n s p o r ta tio n .........................................................................................................
P riv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ........................................................................................
N e w v e h i c l e s ......................................................................................................
N ew c a r s ...........................................................................................................
U s e d c a r s ............................................................................................................
M o to r fu el ............................................................................................................
G a s o l i n e ............................................................................................................
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r ...............................................................................
O th e r p riv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .......................................................................
O th e r p riv a te tra n s p o rta tio n c o m m o d i t i e s .......................................
O th e r p riv a te tra n s p o rta tio n s e r v i c e s ................................................
P u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .........................................................................................
1 0 5 .4
1 0 4 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .6
113.1
8 0 .2
80.1
1 1 4 .8
1 2 0 .8
9 6 .9
1 2 5 .6
121.1
1 0 8 .7
1 0 7 .6
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 1 8 .0
8 0 .9
8 0 .8
1 1 9 .7
1 2 7 .9
9 8 .9
1 3 3 .9
1 2 3 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .7
8 1 .5
8 1 .4
1 2 1 .5
132.1
9 9 .4
139.1
1 2 5 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 1 9 .0
119.1
1 2 0 .2
8 0 .3
8 0 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 3 2 .5
1 0 0 .3
1 3 9 .3
1 2 6 .5
111.1
1 0 9 .8
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .5
7 9 .6
7 9 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 3 3 .5
1 0 1 .0
1 4 0 .4
1 2 7 .5
1 1 1 .6
1 1 0 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .5
8 0 .3
80.1
1 2 3 .3
1 3 4 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 4 1 .4
128.1
1 1 1 .9
1 1 0 .7
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .5
8 1 .5
8 1 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 3 4 .5
100.1
1 4 1 .9
1 2 8 .2
1 1 4 .6
1 1 3 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .7
92.1
92.1
1 2 3 .8
1 3 4 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 4 2 .0
1 2 8 .4
M e d ic a l c a r e .............................................................................................................
M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s .............................................................................
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................
P r o fe s s io n a l s e r v i c e s ....................................................................................
H o s p ita l a n d r e la te d s e r v i c e s ...................................................................
130.1
1 3 1 .0
1 3 0 .0
1 2 8 .8
1 3 1 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .9
1 3 8 .3
1 3 7 .5
1 4 3 .9
1 4 1 .8
1 4 3 .3
1 4 1 .5
1 4 0 .4
1 4 9 .7
1 4 2 .3
1 4 4 .2
1 4 1 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 4 3 .5
1 4 2 .2
1 5 2 .9
1 4 5 .2
1 4 5 .8
145.1
1 4 3 .5
155.1
146.1
1 4 7 .2
1 4 5 .9
1 4 4 .4
1 5 5 .8
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ...........................................................................................................
E n te rta in m e n t c o m m o d i t i e s ..........................................................................
E n te rta in m e n t s e r v i c e s ....................................................................................
1 1 5 .3
1 1 0 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 1 5 .0
1 2 7 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 2 9 .3
1 2 2 .8
1 1 7 .5
1 3 0 .0
1 2 3 .8
118.1
1 3 1 .6
1 2 4 .3
1 1 8 .4
1 3 2 .3
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s .................................................................................
T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ..............................................................................................
P e r s o n a l c a r e ........................................................................................................
T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e rs o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s ......................................
P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ................................................................................
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s .........................................................
S c h o o l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s ........................................................................
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s ........................................................
1 2 8 .5
1 3 3 .6
115.1
1 1 3 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 3 8 .5
138.1
1 3 8 .7
1 3 7 .0
1 4 5 .8
1 1 9 .4
118.1
1 2 0 .7
1 4 7 .9
148.1
1 4 8 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 9 .7
1 2 1 .8
1 2 0 .7
1 2 2 .7
1 5 2 .7
152.1
1 5 2 .9
1 4 1 .3
1 4 9 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 2 1 .6
123.1
1 5 3 .0
1 5 2 .2
1 5 3 .2
1 4 3 .4
1 5 7 .0
1 2 2 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 2 3 .8
1 5 4 .0
1 5 3 .3
1 5 4 .2
144.1
1 5 8 .5
1 2 3 .2
1 2 1 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 5 4 .4
1 5 5 .0
1 5 4 .6
1987
1988
All i t e m s ..........................................................................................................................
All ite m s ( 1 9 6 7 - 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................................
1 1 3 .6
3 4 0 .4
F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............................................................................................
F o o d ...........................................................................................................................
F o o d a t h o m e ...................................................................................................
C e r e a l s a n d b a k e ry p r o d u c t s ................................................................
M e a ts , pou ltry , fish, a n d e g g s ...............................................................
D airy p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................................
F ru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s .................................................................................
O th e r f o o d s a t h o m e ..................................................................................
S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ....................................................................................
F a t s a n d o i l s ................................................................................................
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ........................................................................
O th e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s .............................................................................
F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e .................................................................................
A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ...........................................................................................
S e p t.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
109
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
31. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
A nnual
a v e ra g e
S e r ie s
All i t e m s .....................................................................................
C o m m o d i t i e s .......................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ....................................................................
C o m m o d itie s l e s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ...............................
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ...........................
A p p a re l c o m m o d i ti e s ..............................................................
..
988
1987
1988
1 13. 6
118. 3
N ov
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
Sept
O c t.
N ov.
120. 5
1 13. 5
120. 5
109. 3
106. 3
121 1
113. 9
12 2 . 0
108. 9
1 06. 4
113. 3
105. 3
11 2 . 5
1 21. 6
114. 3
1 22. 7
109.
106. 3
1 13.
106.
112.
122 3
115 2
123 3
110 1
108. 9
117. 5
1 06. 9
111. 9
123 1
1 16. 7
1 24. 0
112. 2
11 2 . 5
1 19. 3
1 11. 5
11 1 . B
12 3 . 8
117, 5
124. 7
112. 9
113. 6
118. )
1 13. B
111, 3
124. 1
1 17. 2
124. 9
112. 4
11 2 . 7
115. 3
113. 7
11 2 .
12 4 . 4
1 17. 0
125. 4
11 1 . 7
111. 3
112.
1 13.
1 11.
124 6
1 16. 7
1 25. 6
111. 1
110. 9
1 12. B
112. 5
11 1 . 4
12 5 . 0
117. 3
125. 9
111 9
112. 4
118. 2
1 12. 3
11 1 ,
125. 6
118.
126 3
113
1 2 5 .9
11 3 . 3
121
11 2 . 4
11 2 .
1 28. 3
13 4 .
1 17.
1 3 7 .:
129.*
135.*
1 16.S
1 3 3 .:
145.1
137.£
1 30. 0
136. 3
11 6 . 9
1 34.
145.
1 38.
130. 2
1 36. 3
117.
13 4 .
146.*
138.Ì
130.
1 36.
1 18.(
135.«
146.Î
1 3 9 .:
1 31.
137.* i
120.
135.«
1 4 7 .:
139.£
1 3 2 .:
138.1 i
120.6
1 3 5 .:
1 4 9 .:
1 4 0 ./
133.
1 39.
120.
135.
150.*
1 4 1 .:
1 33.
139.
120.
135.S
1 5 1 .:
143.£
1 3 3 .'
140
119.C
137.1
1 5 2 .:
1 4 4 .:
125.4
123
126.8
124 0
1 1 3 .4
104. 0
10 7 . 3
1 05. 2
1 20. 3
5
2
109. 4
1 07. 7
5
10 3 . 2
104. 3
10 4 .
1 15.v
115.(
116.2
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d , b e v e r a g e s , a n d a p p a re l
D u r a b l e s ...................................................................................
S e r v i c e s ..............................................................................
R e n t of s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................
H o u s e h o ld s e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t o f’ s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v i c e s ................................................................
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ...............................................................
O th e r s e r v i c e s .......................................................................
1d b .
S p e c ia l in d e x e s :
All ite m s l e s s fo o d .............................................................
All ite m s l e s s s h e l t e r ...................................................................
All ite m s l e s s h o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............
All ite m s l e s s m e d ic a l c a r e ..........................................................
C o m m o d itie s l e s s f o o d ........................................................
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d .........................................................
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d a n d a p p a re l ........................................
N o n d u r a b l e s .......................................................................
S e r v ic e s l e s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ........................
S e r v ic e s l e s s m e d ic a l c a r e ..........................................................
E n e r g y .............................................................................
All ite m s l e s s e n e r g y ...............................................................
All ite m s l e s s fo o d a n d e n e rg y ..................................................
C o m m o d itie s l e s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y .........................................
E n e rg y c o m m o d itie s .....................................................................
S e r v ic e s l e s s e n e r g y ...............................................................
P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f t h e c o n s u m e r do llar:
1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = $ 1 . 0 0 ..................................................................
1 9 6 7 = $ 1 . 0 0 ..............................................
115.1
11 2 .6
1 0 4 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .3
1 0 7 .5
123.1
119.1
8 8 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 1 .8
8 0 .2
1 2 2 .0
8 8 .0
2 9 .4
1989
121.5
11 9 .0
10 9 .7
1 0 8 .2
1 0 5 .4
114.1
1 3 0 .6
1 2 6 .3
8 8 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 1 8 .2
8 0 .9
1 3 0 .3
12 1 .6
1 1 8 .'
1 2 2 .:
121.3
119.2
12 2 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 0 7 .5
1 0 5 .3
1 1 3 .9
131.1
1 2 6 .6
8 8 .7
1 2 4 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 1 8 .0
80.1
1 3 0 .6
109.2
107.1
106.C
114 .3
132.1
1 2 7 .3
8 9 .0
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 1 7 .9
7 9 .9
1 3 1 .4
83.1
2 7 .7
8 3 .0
2 7 .7
1 1 7 .0
3 4 8 .4
1 1 9 .0
3 5 4 .6
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 2 2 .2
114.1
108.1
1 2 7 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 0 7 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 2 1 .6
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 1 8 .4
1 2 6 .0
116.1
1 1 0 .4
129.1
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .7
1 1 7 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 2 3 .5
1 1 9 .5
119 .5
1 0 7 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 4 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 2 8 .3
1 2 4 .3
8 9 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .4
1 1 5 .8
8 0 .8
1 2 7 .9
8 4 .6
2 8 .2
1 1 8 .3
126 7
113.1
120 4
1 1 1 .9
1 1 3 .0
134.1
140 5
1 1 8 .5
1 3 8 .0
1 5 3 .6
1 4 4 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 1 4 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 2 7 .8
8 9 .3
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .9
118.1
8 0 .6
1 3 2 .0
122.C
1 1 9 .Î
1 2 3 .'
120.£
110.5
1 0 9 ./
107.Ê
116.2
133.C
12 8 .3
8 9 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .6
1 1 9 .0
8 1 .7
1 3 2 .7
1 2 2 .:
121 .C
124.7
121.7
112.E
112.8
111.7
118 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 2 8 .5
9 4 .9
127.1
1 2 8 .0
1 1 9 .6
9 1 .2
1 3 2 .9
123.5
121.7
1 2 5 .:
122.C
113.2
11 3 .9
11 3 .6
1 1 9 .3
1 3 4 .0
129.1
9 7 .4
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .3
1 1 9 .7
9 5 .0
1 3 3 .4
1 2 3 .:
122.C
125.6
122.6
112 .8
113.1
1 1 3 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 3 5 .2
1 2 9 .9
9 9 .0
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .5
1 1 9 .3
9 4 .4
1 3 3 .9
124.2
122.(
12 5 .9
1 2 2 .:
112.1
1 1 2 .2
1 1 3 .7
1 1 8 .7
1 3 5 .8
1 3 0 .8
9 8 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .0
1 1 8 .8
9 2 .9
1 3 4 .8
1 2 4 .:
122.C
125.S
123.C
111.6
111.6
112.8
118 .4
136 .3
1 3 1 .3
9 7 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 1 8 .8
8 9 .8
1 3 5 .4
124.6
122.6
126.C
123.4
112.4
11 2 .9
11 2 .4
1 1 9 .3
1 3 7 .0
1 3 1 .6
9 5 .9
129.1
1 3 0 .0
120.1
8 8 .0
1 3 5 .8
114 1
112 8
120.1
137 0
131 8
94 6
129 9
130 9
1 2 1 .2
88 3
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .0
8 2 .6
2 7 .6
8 2 .3
2 7 .5
8 1 .8
2 7 .3
8 1 .2
27.1
8 0 .8
2 7 .0
8 0 .6
2 6 .9
8 0 .4
2 6 .8
8 0 .3
2 6 .8
8 0 .0
2 6 .7
79 6
2 6 .6
2 6 .5
1 1 9 .2
3 5 5 .0
1 1 9 .7
3 5 6 .7
1 2 0 .2
3 5 8 .0
1 2 0 .8
3 6 0 .0
1 2 1 .8
3 6 2 .9
1 2 2 .5
3 6 4 .9
1 2 2 .8
3 6 5 .9
1 2 3 .2
3 6 6 .8
1 2 3 .2
3 6 7 .0
1 2 3 .6
3 6 8 .3
124 2
3 6 9 .8
3 7 0 .6
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 1 8 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 1 .2
1 3 0 .8
115.1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 0 7 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 1 9 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 2 1 .9
1 2 0 .8
1 2 8 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 1 2 .4
1 3 4 .3
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 0 9 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 2 4 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .6
1 2 1 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 1 8 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 3 6 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 1 1 .4
1 2 2 .8
125.1
1 2 0 .8
123.1
1 2 3 .3
1 2 2 .4
1 2 9 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 1 3 .6
1 3 5 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 1 1 .4
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .5
1 2 1 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .9
1 2 3 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 2 0 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 3 7 .7
1 1 8 .9
118.1
1 2 1 .5
1 1 1 .9
1 2 5 .0
126.1
1 2 2 .0
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 3 1 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 1 3 .6
1 4 2 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 1 1 .5
1 2 5 .0
1 2 6 .5
1 2 2 .8
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 2 3 .9
1 3 2 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 1 3 .3
1 4 0 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 1 1 .6
1 2 5 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 3 .2
125.1
1 2 5 .3
1 2 4 .4
1 3 3 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 3 9 .9
1 1 9 .6
120.1
1 2 1 .5
1 1 2 .2
1 2 5 .7
1 2 7 .6
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .5
1 2 4 .6
134.1
122.1
1 1 4 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .6
111.1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 8 .0
1 2 4 .0
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .6
1 3 4 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 1 5 .9
136.1
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .2
1 1 1 .0
1 2 6 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 2 4 .4
126 0
1 2 6 .2
125 0
135.1
122 2
1180
1 3 6 .5
120 2
121 4
121 5
1 2 5 .6
123 3
1 2 7 .0
124 2
112 4
120 0
137 2
132 1
93 2
130 4
131 3
121 6
87 O
79 5
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS
AND CLERICAL WORKERS:
All ite m s...........................................................
All items (1967=100) ..................................... Z Z Z Z Z Z ! .......
Food and beverages.......................................
Food..........................................................
Food at hom e ......................................................
Cereals and bakery products.........................................
Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs......................................
Dairy products........................................................
Fruits and vegetables..........................................
Other foods at home.....................................................
Sugar and sweets ...............................................
Fats and o ils .....................................................
Nonalcoholic beverages...........................................
Other prepared foods................................... Z Z Z Z Z Z
Food away from h om e ............................................. [
Alcoholic beverages...........................................
Housing ....................................................
S helter..............................................................
Renters’ costs (12/84 = 100)........................ Z Z Z Z Z Z ! ! !
Rent, residential....................................................
Other renters’ costs ..............................................
Homeowners’ costs (12/84=100)............................
Owners' equivalent rent (12/84 = 1 00 )........................Z .Z .
Household insurance (12/84 = 100)............................
Maintenance and repairs..........................................
Maintenance and repair services...................................
Maintenance and repair commodities...................................
Fuel and other utilities..............................................
Fuels ...........................................................
Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s ............................................
Gas (piped) and electricity ....................................................
Other utilities and public services................................ Z "
Household furnishings and operations............................!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Housefurnishings.............................................
Housekeeping supplies......................................
Housekeeping services................................................
Apparel and upkeep....................................................
110 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1 2 .5
3 3 5 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 1 1 .7
1 1 4 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 1 8 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 0 7 .9
1 0 7 .5
1 1 3 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 1 3 .9
1 1 2 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 2 2 .9
1 2 8 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .7
1 0 6 .0
1 0 2 .7
7 7 .6
1 0 3 .6
120.1
1 0 6 .7
103.1
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 1 6 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 2 7 .5
1 3 5 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 1 4 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 0 8 .3
104.1
9 7 .7
7 7 .9
1 0 4 .4
1 2 2 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 0 4 .5
115.1
1 1 5 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 2 6 .4
120.1
1 2 9 .4
1 3 1 .4
1 2 2 .0
122.1
1 1 9 .2
1 1 4 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 0 9 .7
104.1
9 6 .6
7 5 .0
1 0 3 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 1 0 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .4
1 1 8 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 0 .0
1 2 9 .7
1 2 9 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 1 5 .2
1 1 7 .8
1 1 0 .6
1 0 4 .8
9 7 .2
7 6 .7
1 0 3 .9
1 2 5 .6
1 1 0 .2
1 0 5 .4
1 1 7 .4
1 1 6 .5
1 1 9 .0
1 2 6 .9
1 2 0 .7
130.1
1 3 1 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 1 9 .9
1 1 5 .6
1 1 8 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 0 5 .7
9 8 .4
8 0 .3
1 0 4 .8
1 2 6 .2
1 1 0 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 1 7 .9
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 3 0 .4
1 3 5 .2
1 2 2 .8
1 2 2 .8
1 2 0 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 1 1 .8
1 0 5 .7
9 8 .3
8 1 .0
1 0 4 .6
1 2 6 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 0 5 .4
118.1
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .6
128.1
1 2 3 .0
1 3 0 .7
1 4 4 .2
1 2 3 .0
123.1
120.1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 9 .2
112.1
1 0 5 .7
9 8 .2
8 1 .2
1 0 4 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 1 0 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 1 8 .9
117.1
1 1 9 .8
1 2 8 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 4 0 .9
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 1 6 .7
1 1 9 .3
112.1
1 0 5 .9
9 8 .5
82.1
1 0 4 .8
1 2 6 .5
110.1
1 0 4 .3
1 2 0 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 1 4 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 4 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 2 0 .0 1 1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 2 2 .8
1 3 1 .2
1 3 9 .9
124.1
1 2 4 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .8
1 1 2 .0
1 0 6 .7
9 9 .2
8 1 .2
1 0 5 .8
1 2 7 .2
110.1
1 0 4 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 1 7 .4
1120
127 0
1 2 9 .0
1 2 4 .7
124 4
126 4
126 6
125 5
135 3
122 9
120 0
137 0
119 8
120 7
120 9
1113
127 1
129 4
125.1
121.1
1 2 9 .3
1 2 3 .6
1 3 1 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 1 7 .9
1 2 1 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 0 9 .0
1 0 3 .0
80.1
1 1 0 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 1 0 .4
1 0 4 .4
1 2 1 .6
1 1 7 .6
122.1
1 3 0 .5
1 2 5 .7
1 3 2 .5
1 5 3 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .2
1 2 1 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 2 1 .2
1 1 3 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 0 3 .4
7 9 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 2 7 .9
1 1 0 .8
1 0 4 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 1 7 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 5 2 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 1 7 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 1 2 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 0 3 .5
7 8 .8
1 1 1 .0
1 2 8 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 2 2 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 2 2 .5
131.1
1 2 4 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 4 0 .9
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .7
1 2 2 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .7
1 1 3 .3
1 0 9 .5
1 0 3 .3
7 9 .2
1 1 0 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 2 2 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 1 7 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 6 .9
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .5
1 1 9 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 2 1 .4
122 5
1 3 1 .8
125 1
1 3 4 .2
1 4 0 .4
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 2 2 .5
118.1
120 9
113 4
1 0 7 .6
1 0 0 .6
81 8
107 2
1 2 7 .8
1 1 1 .2
122
132
125
134
7
3
3
6
139
127
128
122
118
121
114
1
8
0
5
9
7
0
1 0 7 .2
99 5
83 6
105 8
128 2
105 2
122 7
31. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
1989
1988
A nnual
a v e ra g e
S e r ie s
1987
1988
Nov.
D ec.
Jan.
O c t.
N ov.
1 1 7 .6
1 1 6 .9
118.1
1 2 2 .0
1 1 4 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 8 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 2 2 .4
1 3 0 .0
1 1 4 .2
1 1 3 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .6
120.1
9 1 .0
9 1 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 3 3 .7
1 0 1 .6
1 4 0 .8
129.1
1 1 3 .5
1 1 2 .6
117.1
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .6
8 9 .0
8 9 .0
1 2 6 .2
1 3 3 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 4 0 .6
129.1
1 1 4 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .5
89.1
8 9 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 3 4 .9
1 0 1 .5
1 4 2 .5
1 2 9 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 3 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 1 9 .9
8 7 .3
8 7 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 3 6 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 4 3 .8
1 2 9 .7
Ju ly
A ug.
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 3 .5
1 2 6 .7
114.1
1 1 9 .8
1 2 9 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .7
1 0 8 .7
1 2 1 .9
1 1 3 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 8 .6
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 2 0 .4
113.1
1 2 2 .4
1 2 8 .7
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 2 0 .9
9 6 .7
9 6 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 3 3 .5
101.1
1 4 0 .7
1 2 7 .5
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .9
121.1
96.1
9 6 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 3 3 .9
1 0 1 .5
1 4 1 .2
1 2 8 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .4
1 2 0 .9
9 4 .5
9 4 .7
1 2 4 .8
1 3 3 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 2 8 .3
Apr.
M ay
1 1 6 .7
115.1
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .7
114.1
1 1 8 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 1 6 .4
1 2 0 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 1 9 .6
128.1
1 1 7 .7
1 1 6 .9
118.1
1 2 8 .3
1 1 5 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 2 8 .9
111.6
110.6
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .3
8 1 .5
8 1 .4
1 2 3 .5
1 3 2 .5
9 9 .8
1 3 9 .8
1 2 6 .9
1 1 4 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .5
9 2 .3
9 2 .3
1 2 3 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 0 0 .4
1 3 9 .8
127.1
Ju n e
S e p t.
1 0 8 .8
1 0 8 .5
1 1 0 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 1 3 .4
1 1 2 .8
1 1 4 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 2 3 .0
118.1
1 1 7 .5
1 1 9 .9
120.1
1 1 5 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .2
1 2 0 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 7 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 2 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 2 6 .4
112.8
T r a n s p o r ta tio n ...................................................................
P riv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................
N e w v e h i c l e s ...............................................................
N e w c a r s ....................................................................
U s e d c a r s ......................................................................
M o to r f u e l .....................................................................
G a s o l i n e .....................................................................
M a in te n a n c e a n d r e p a i r ........................................
O th e r p riv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ................................
O th e r p riv a te t ra n s p o rta tio n c o m m o d itie s
O th e r p riv a te t r a n s p o rta tio n s e r v i c e s .........
P u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..................................................
105.1
104.1
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .3
113.1
8 0 .3
8 0 .2
115.1
1 1 9 .0
9 6 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 1 6 .2
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .9
8 0 .9
8 0 .8
1 1 9 .8
1 2 5 .8
9 8 .6
1 3 1 .7
1 2 2 .5
1 1 0 .3
1 0 9 .5
118.1
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .5
8 1 .5
8 1 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 3 0 .0
9 9 .0
1 3 6 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .9
120.1
8 0 .4
8 0 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 3 0 .4
9 9 .9
137.1
1 2 5 .4
1 1 0 .7
1 0 9 .7
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .3
1 2 0 .3
7 9 .6
7 9 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 3 1 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 3 8 .2
126.1
111.2
M e d ic a l c a r e ..........................................
M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s .........
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ...................
P r o fe s s io n a l s e r v i c e s ................
H o s p ita l a n d r e la te d s e r v i c e s
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 2 9 .0
131.1
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .0
1 3 7 .7
1 4 3 .3
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .2
1 4 0 .6
1 4 8 .9
1 4 2 .8
143.1
1 4 2 .7
1 4 1 .0
1 5 0 .0
1 4 4 .2
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .2
1 4 2 .4
1 5 1 .9
1 4 5 .6
1 4 4 .7
1 4 5 .8
1 4 3 .7
1 5 4 .2
1 4 6 .5
1 4 6 .0
1 4 6 .7
1 4 4 .7
1 5 4 .8
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .4
1 4 7 .2
145.1
1 5 5 .6
1 4 7 .9
1 4 8 .9
1 4 7 .6
1 4 5 .5
1 5 6 .2
1 4 8 .8
1 4 9 .9
1 4 8 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 5 7 .3
150.1
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 5 9 .7
151.1
1 5 0 .9
151.1
1 4 7 .8
1 6 1 .6
152.1
1 5 2 .2
152.1
1 4 8 .4
1 6 3 .3
1 5 3 .0
153.1
1 5 3 .0
1 4 9 .0
1 6 4 .7
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .2
1 4 9 .6
1 6 6 .5
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ...............................
E n te rta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s
E n te rta in m e n t s e r v i c e s .........
1 1 4 .8
1 1 0 .6
1 2 1 .8
1 1 9 .7
115.1
1 2 7 .2
1 2 1 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 2 9 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 2 9 .7
123.1
118.1
1 3 1 .3
1 2 3 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 3 1 .9
124.1
1 1 8 .7
1 3 2 .7
1 2 4 .8
119.1
1 3 3 .8
1 2 4 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 3 3 .6
1 2 5 .5
1 1 9 .7
1 3 4 .6
126.1
120.1
1 3 5 .7
1 2 6 .5
120.1
1 3 6 .4
1 2 7 .0
1 2 0 .6
137.1
1 2 7 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 2 7 .9
1 2 1 .4
1 3 8 .0
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s ..........................................
T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ........................................................
P e r s o n a l c a r e ..................................................................
T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e rs o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s .
P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ..........................................
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s ...................
S c h o o l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s ..................................
P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e s .................
1 2 7 .8
1 3 3 .7
1 1 5 .0
1 1 3 .9
116.1
1 3 8 .2
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .4
1 3 6 .5
1 4 6 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 4 7 .4
147.1
1 4 7 .7
1 4 0 .3
1 4 9 .9
1 2 1 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 5 2 .0
1 5 0 .9
1 5 2 .3
1 4 0 .6
1 5 0 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 5 2 .3
151.1
1 5 2 .7
1 4 3 .0
1 5 6 .9
1 2 2 .7
1 2 1 .7
1 2 3 .6
1 5 3 .3
1 5 2 .0
1 5 3 .7
1 4 3 .7
1 5 8 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 2 1 .9
1 2 4 .2
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .0
1 4 4 .0
1 5 8 .9
1 2 3 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .0
154.1
1 4 4 .4
1 5 9 .2
1 2 3 .9
1 2 2 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 5 4 .3
154.1
1 5 4 .6
1 4 5 .2
1 6 0 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 2 2 .9
1 2 6 .7
1 5 4 .6
154.1
1 5 4 .9
1 4 6 .3
1 6 3 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 5 5 .3
1 5 4 .5
1 5 5 .7
1 4 7 .5
1 6 7 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 2 6 .8
1 5 5 .7
1 5 4 .7
156.1
1 4 8 .8
1 6 8 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 2 3 .8
127.1
1 5 7 .3
1 5 5 .6
1 5 7 .8
1 5 0 .8
1 6 8 .0
1 2 5 .7
124.1
1 2 7 .5
1 6 1 .8
1 6 1 .7
162.1
1 5 1 .4
1 6 8 .6
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 2 8 .2
1 6 2 .5
1 6 2 .8
1 6 2 .7
1 5 1 .5
1 6 8 .5
1 2 6 .8
125.1
1 2 8 .7
1 6 2 .5
1 6 2 .8
1 6 2 .8
1 1 2 .5
1 0 7 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 0 3 .6
1 0 0 .8
1 0 8 .8
9 9 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 1 7 .0
1 1 1 .0
1 1 7 .9
1 0 6 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 1 3 .4
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 1 9 .0
113.1
1 1 9 .9
1 0 8 .9
107.1
118.1
1 0 4 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 0 6 .3
1 1 6 .0
104.1
1 1 0 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 1 3 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 0 5 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 1 1 .0
120.2
111.0
1 2 1 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 1 1 .8
112.1
1 1 8 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 1 0 .5
1 2 2 .5
117.1
1 2 4 .4
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 1 3 .9
1 1 0 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 2 4 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 1 4 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 2 3 .2
1 1 6 .8
125.1
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 1 0 .6
1 2 3 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 2 5 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .6
110.1
1 2 3 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 2 5 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 1 7 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 2 4 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 2 6 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 2 0 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 2 4 .4
1 1 7 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 1 1 .7
1 1 1 .6
S e r v i c e s ....................................................................................................
R e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................
H o u s e h o ld s e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t of s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .
T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v i c e s ................................................................
M ed ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ....................................................................
O th e r s e r v i c e s ...................................................................................
1 1 9 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 2 0 .6
1 3 0 .3
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 1 9 .4
1 0 5 .9
127.1
1 3 9 .0
1 3 1 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 2 1 .4
1 0 6 .2
1 3 0 .9
1 4 2 .2
1 3 4 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 0 6 .8
1 3 1 .2
1 4 2 .7
1 3 5 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 2 1 .9
1 0 7 .5
1 3 2 .2
1 4 4 .2
136.1
1 2 8 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 0 7 .4
133.1
1 4 5 .8
1 3 6 .5
129.1
1 2 3 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 4 7 .2
1 3 7 .6
1 2 9 .7
1 2 3 .7
1 0 8 .3
1 3 4 .4
1 4 7 .6
1 3 7 .9
1 3 0 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 3 4 .8
1 4 8 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 3 1 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 3 4 .8
1 5 0 .0
139.1
1 3 2 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 1 1 .0
1 3 4 .9
151.1
140.1
1 3 2 .3
1 2 6 .0
1 1 1 .0
1 3 5 .0
152.1
1 4 2 .3
1 3 2 .6
1 2 6 .7
1 0 9 .3
1 3 6 .3
1 5 3 .0
1 4 2 .9
1 3 2 .9
127.1
1 0 8 .8
137.1
1 5 4 .2
1 4 3 .2
S p e c ia l in d e x e s :
All ite m s l e s s fo o d ..............................................................
All ite m s l e s s s h e l t e r .........................................................
All ite m s l e s s h o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .
All ite m s l e s s m e d ic a l c a r e .............................................
C o m m o d itie s l e s s f o o d .....................................................
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d .....................................................
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d a n d a p p a re l ......................... .
N o n d u r a b l e s ............................................................................
S e r v ic e s l e s s r e n t of s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ..........
S e r v ic e s l e s s m e d ic a l c a r e ............................................
E n e r g y .......................................................................................
All ite m s l e s s e n e rg y ........................................................
All ite m s l e s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ...................................
C o m m o d itie s l e s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ..........................
E n e rg y c o m m o d itie s .........................................................
S e r v ic e s l e s s e n e r g y .........................................................
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 1 1 .5
10 3 .9
10 1 .4
100.0
107.2
110.8
118.2
88.C
116.C
116.8
110.8
8 0 .C
121.2
1 1 6 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 1 0 .4
11 5 .8
10 7 .2
10 5 .3
103.7
111.6
115.8
123.2
88.8
121 .C
121.8
114.7
80.8
127.C
1 1 8 .8
1 1 7 .3
1 1 2 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 0 9 .2
1 0 7 .6
105.1
11 3 .7
11 7 .6
125.3
88.4
123.4
124.C
117.1
81.2
129.6
1 1 8 .8
1 1 7 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 1 7 .9
10 8 .9
10 6 .9
10 4 .9
113.5
118.1
125.8
88.1
123.8
124.4
117.C
80.C
129.6
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .0
1 1 3 .0
1 1 8 .5
1 0 8 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 0 5 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 2 6 .3
'88.3
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .8
1 1 6 .9
7 9 .9
1 3 0 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 1 8 .5
1 1 3 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 0 9 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 9 .5
1 2 6 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .3
117.1
8 0 .6
131.1
2
2
3
9
9
7
6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 1 5 .2
1 2 0 .5
112.1
11 2 .4
11 1 .7
118.1
120.1
127.4
94.8
125.8
126.2
118.4
91.6
131.6
1 2 2 .0
121.1
1 1 5 .8
1 2 1 .2
1 1 2 .9
11 3 .6
11 3 .8
119.1
120.7
128.C
97.4
126.2
126.6
118.6
95.6
132.4
1 2 2 .3
1 2 1 .3
116.1
1 2 1 .5
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .0
11 4 .0
11 8 .8
12 1 .9
128.9
98.9
126.4
126.8
118.2
94.£
132.S
1 2 2 .6
1 2 1 .4
1 1 6 .3
1 2 1 .8
1 1 2 .0
112.1
11 3 .9
11 8 .6
122.3
129.7
98.3
126.8
127.C
117.S
93.6
133.E
1 2 2 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 1 6 .3
1 2 1 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .8
1 1 8 .3
12 2 .7
130.1
96 .6
127.1
127.6
117.S
90.2
134.4
123.1
1 2 1 .8
1 1 6 .6
1 2 2 .2
1 1 2 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .3
119.1
12 3 .3
130.4
95.6
127.7
128.C
119.C
88.4
134.E
1 2 3 .6
1 2 2 .3
117.1
1 2 2 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .6
112 .7
119 .8
123 .2
130.6
94.2
128.6
129.1
120.1
88.7
135.6
1 2 3 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 1 7 .3
1 2 2 .9
1 1 2 .9
113.1
112.1
1 1 9 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 3 0 .9
9 2 .8
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .6
1 2 0 .5
8 7 .2
1 3 6 .0
8 5 .Î
2 8 .‘
84.C
28.2
8 3 .5
2 8 .0
8 3 .2
2 7 .9
8
8
82.1
27.6
81.6
2 7 .-
81.-!
27.C
81 .i
27.C
81.2
27.2
80.£
27.£
80.6
27.C
8 0 .4
2 7 .0
A p p a re l c o m m o d i t i e s .....................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a r e l ..........
W o m e n ’s a n d g irls’ a p p a r e l ....
In fa n ts ’ a n d t o d d le r s ’ a p p a re l
F o o t w e a r ...........................................
O th e r a p p a re l c o m m o d i t i e s .....
A p p a re l s e r v i c e s ..............................
All i t e m s .................................................................................................
C o m m o d i t i e s ....................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s .................................................................
C o m m o d itie s l e s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ..........................
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s .......................
A p p a re l c o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................
N o n d u r a b le s l e s s fo o d , b e v e r a g e s , a n d a p p a re l
D u r a b l e s .......................................................................................
P u r c h a s in g p o w e r of t h e c o n s u m e r do llar:
1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = $ 1 . 0 0 ...................................................
1 9 6 7 = $ 1 . 0 0 ..........................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
89.C
2 9 .Î
8 3 .E
28.2
1 1 3 .4
1 1 0 .7
121.8
113.1
1 1 9 .0
1 2 6 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .4
8 0 .3
8 0 .2
1 2 3 .3
1 3 2 .2
1 0 0 .7
1 3 9 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 6 .3
108.1
112.8
1 0 5 .6
88.6
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
111
Current Labor Statistics:
32.
Price Data
Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items
( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
All U rb a n C o n s u m e r s
A rea1
U .S . city a v e r a g e
sehed u le 2
M
1988
U rb a n W a g e E a r n e r s
1989
N ov.
D ec.
Ju ly
A ug.
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .5
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .6
1988
S e p t.
12 5 .0
1989
O c t.
N ov.
N ov.
D ec.
Ju ly
A ug.
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .9
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .0
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .9
Region and area size3
N o r t h e a s t u r b a n .......................
S iz e A - M o re th a n
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e B - 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 to
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e C - 5 0 ,0 0 0 to
5 0 0 .0 0 0 .....................................
N o rth C e n tra l u r b a n ...............
S iz e A - M o re th a n
1.200.000 .........................
S iz e B - 3 6 0 ,0 0 0 to
1,200,000
S iz e C - 5 0 ,0 0 0 to
3 6 0 .0 0 0 .....................................
S iz e D - N o n m e tro
p o lita n ( le s s
t h a n 5 0 ,0 0 0 0 ..........................
S o u th u r b a n ................................
S iz e A - M o re th a n
1.200.000 ...................
M
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .5
1 2 9 .0
129.1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .6
131.1
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .3
M
125.1
1 2 5 .3
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .6
131.1
1 3 1 .6
123.1
1 2 3 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .7
129.1
1 2 9 .5
M
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .2
1 2 8 .8
129.1
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .7
1 2 1 .6
1 2 1 .0
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .9
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .3
M
M
1 2 2 .7
118.1
1 2 3 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 7 .8
1 2 2 .0
128.1
1 2 2 .5
1 2 8 .9
1 2 3 .0
1 2 9 .7
1 2 3 .2
125.1
1 1 6 .2
1 2 5 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 3 0 .3
120.1
1 3 0 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 3 0 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 3 1 .5
1 2 0 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 2 1 .2
M
119.1
1 1 9 .2
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .5
124.1
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .4
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .6
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .5
M
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .0
1 2 2 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 1 5 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .6
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .5
M
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 2 2 .0
122.1
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .3
1 1 7 .3
117.1
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .6
1 2 2 .0
M
M
114.1
1 1 8 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 8 .5
1 1 7 .5
1 2 2 .0
117.1
122.1
1 1 7 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 2 3 .2
1 1 3 .9
1 1 7 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 1 7 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 2 1 .6
1 1 7 .7
1 2 1 .9
118.1
1 2 2 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 2 2 .5
M
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .2
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .4
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .0
M
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .7
122.1
1 2 2 .4
M
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .7
1 2 1 .6
1 1 7 .9
118.1
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .2
122.1
M
M
1 1 6 .3
1 2 0 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 2 0 .9
120.1
125.1
1 2 0 .0
1 2 5 .3
1 2 0 .2
1 2 5 .6
1 2 0 .7
126.1
1 2 1 .3
1 2 6 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .4
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .9
1 2 3 .8
121.1
1 2 3 .9
1 2 1 .0
1 2 4 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 2 4 .8
S iz e B - 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 to
1, 200,000
S iz e C - 5 0 ,0 0 0 to
4 5 0 .0 0 0 ......................................
S iz e D - N o n m e tr o
p o lita n ( le s s
t h a n 5 0 ,0 0 0 ) ............................
W e s t u r b a n ...................................
S iz e A - M o re th a n
1 .2 5 0 .0 0 0 ...................................
S iz e C - 5 0 ,0 0 0 to
3 3 0 .0 0 0 .....................................
M
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .5
1 2 6 .9
127.1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .9
M
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .5
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 2 2 .0
1 2 1 .9
122.1
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .7
S iz e c l a s s e s :
A (1 2 /8 6 = 1 0 0 ) .
B ...............................
C ..............................
D ..............................
M
M
M
M
1 0 9 .2
1 1 9 .7
1 1 8 .9
1 1 7 .0
1 0 9 .4
1 1 9 .8
119.1
1 1 6 .8
113.1
1 2 3 .9
1 2 2 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 2 4 .0
1 2 2 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 2 4 .2
1 2 2 .9
1 2 0 .8
1 1 4 .2
1 2 5 .2
1 2 3 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 1 4 .3
1 2 5 .6
124.1
1 2 1 .8
109.1
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .3
1 1 7 .3
1 0 9 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .4
117.1
1 1 3 .0
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .0
1 2 0 .9
113.1
1 2 2 .6
123.1
1 2 0 .9
1 1 3 .7
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .3
1 2 1 .2
1 1 4 .0
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 2 1 .7
114.1
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .3
122.1
M
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .3
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .4
127.1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .5
123.1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .9
M
124.1
1 2 4 .2
1 2 9 .0
1 2 8 .9
130.1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .0
1 2 0 .9
121.1
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 3 3 .2
130.1
124.1
1 2 5 .0
124.1
1 2 5 .2
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .4
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .3
130.1
1 2 1 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 2 7 .0
126.1
1 2 6 .7
Selected local areas
C h ic a g o , ILN o r th w e s te r n I N ...................
L o s A n g e le s -L o n g
B e a c h , A n a h e im , C A ........
N e w Y ork, NYN o r th e a s te r n N J ...................
P h ila d e lp h ia , P A - N J ..............
S a n F ra n c is c o O a k la n d , C A .............................
M
M
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .9
129.1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 0 .2
1 3 2 .8
1 3 0 .5
M
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .6
1 2 7 .4
128.1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .2
121.1
B a ltim o re , M D ....................
B o s to n , MA .........................
C le v e la n d , O H ....................
M iam i, F L ..............................
S t. L ouis, M O -IL ................
W a s h in g to n , DC-M D-VA
M
1
1
1
1
1
1 2 1 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 2 3 .2
-
1 2 4 .9
1 3 0 .3
1 2 4 .4
1 2 1 .6
123.1
1 2 7 .8
-
1 2 5 .9
1 3 2 .2
1 2 3 .7
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .9
130.1
_
1 2 6 .6
1 3 4 .3
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .0
123.1
1 3 0 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 2 7 .4
1 1 3 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .8
1 2 2 .6
D a lla s -F t. W o rth , T X .
D e tro it, M l .....................
H o u s to n , T X ................
P itts b u rg h , P A .........
1
2
2
2
-
-
-
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 6 .7
-
“
-
1 2 0 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 2 0 .8
1 A re a is t h e C o n s o lid a te d M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a (C M SA ), e x
c lu s iv e o f f a r m s a n d m ilitary. A r e a d e fin itio n s a r e t h o s e e s ta b l is h e d by
t h e O ffic e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t in 1 9 8 3 , e x c e p t fo r B o s to n L a w re n c e -S a le m , M A-NH A r e a ( e x c lu d e s M o n ro e C o u n ty ): a n d M ilw au
k e e , W l A r e a (in c lu d e s o n ly t h e M ilw a u k e e M SA). D efin itio n s d o n o t in
c lu d e r e v is io n s m a d e s in c e 1 9 8 3 .
2 F o o d s , fu e ls , a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r ite m s p ric e d e v e ry m o n th in all
a r e a s ; m o s t o t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s p ric e d a s in d ic a te d :.
M - E v e ry m o n th .
1 - J a n u a r y , M a rc h , M ay, Ju ly , S e p t e m b e r , a n d N o v e m b e r.
2 - F e b ru a ry , April, J u n e , A u g u s t, O c to b e r, a n d D e c e m b e r .
112 Monthly Labor Review January 1990
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
_
-
"
-
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 1 5 .7
1 2 1 .7
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
“
_
-
1 1 7 .0
1 1 5 .7
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 2 4 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 2 0 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 2 7 .3
.
_
-
-
_
_
_
_
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 1 4 .9
1 1 6 .0
1 2 5 .4
1 3 2 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 2 1 .4
1 2 3 .5
1 2 9 .5
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
121.1
1 2 1 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .0
1 3 4 .7
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .6
1 2 9 .6
_
_
-
3 R e g io n s a r e d e fin e d a s t h e fo u r C e n s u s re g io n s .
- D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
N O T E : L o c a l a r e a C P I in d e x e s a r e b y p r o d u c ts o f t h e n a tio n a l CPI
p ro g ra m . B e c a u s e e a c h lo ca l in d e x is a s m a ll s u b s e t of t h e n a tio n a l in
d e x , it h a s a s m a lle r s a m p l e s iz e a n d is, th e r e fo r e , s u b je c t t o s u b s t a n
tially m o re s a m p lin g a n d o t h e r m e a s u r e m e n t e rr o r th a n t h e n a tio n a l in
d e x . A s a re s u lt, lo ca l a r e a in d e x e s s h o w g r e a t e r volatility t h a n t h e n a
tio n a l in d ex , a lth o u g h th e ir lo n g -te rm t r e n d s a r e q u ite sim ilar. T h e re fo re ,
t h e B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s s tro n g ly u r g e s u s e r s to c o n s id e r a d o p tin g
t h e n a tio n a l a v e r a g e C P I fo r u s e in e s c a l a t o r c la u s e s .
33.
Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
(1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 10 0 )
S e r ie s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x fo r All U rb a n C o n s u m e rs :
All ite m s:
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ..................................................................................
F o o d a n d b e v e ra g e s:
P e r c e n t c h a n g e .......................... .......................................................
H o u sin g :
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ..................................................................................
A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p :
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ..................................................................................
T r a n s p o rta tio n :
P e r c e n t c h a n g e .......................................................................... *......
M e d ic a l c a re :
P e r c e n t c h a n g e .................................................................................
E n te rta in m e n t:
P e r c e n t c h a n g e .................................................•................................
O th e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s :
P e r c e n t c h a n g e ..................................................................................
8 2 .4
1 3 .5
9 0 .9
1 0.3
9 6 .5
6 .2
9 9 .6
3 .2
1 0 3 .9
4 .3
1 0 7 .6
3 .6
1 0 9 .6
1.9
1 1 3 .6
3 .6
1 1 8 .3
4.1
8 6 .7
8 .5
9 3 .5
7 .8
9 7 .3
4.1
9 9 .5
2 .3
1 0 3 .2
3 .7
1 0 5 .6
2 .3
109.1
3 .3
1 1 3 .5
4 .0
1 1 8 .2
4.1
81.1
1 5 .7
9 0 .4
1 1 .5
9 6 .9
7 .2
9 9 .5
2 .7
1 0 3 .6
4.1
1 0 7 .7
4 .0
1 1 0 .9
3 .0
1 1 4 .2
3 .0
1 1 8 .5
3 .8
9 0 .9
7.1
9 5 .3
4 .8
9 7 .8
2 .6
1 0 0 .2
2 .5
102.1
1.9
1 0 5 .0
2 .8
1 0 5 .9
.9
1 1 0 .6
4 .4
1 1 5 .4
4 .3
83.1
1 7 .9
9 3 .2
1 2 .2
9 7 .0
4.1
9 9 .3
2 .4
1 0 3 .7
4 .4
1 0 6 .4
2 .6
1 0 2 .3
- 3 .9
1 0 5 .4
3 .0
1 0 8 .7
3.1
7 4 .9
1 1 .0
8 2 .9
1 0 .7
9 2 .5
1 1 .6
1 0 0 .6
8 .8
1 0 6 .8
6 .2
1 1 3 .5
6 .3
1 2 2 .0
7 .5
130.1
6 .6
1 3 8 .6
6 .5
8 3 .6
9 .0
90.1
7 .8
9 6 .0
6 .5
100.1
4 .3
1 0 3 .8
3 .7
1 0 7 .9
3 .9
1 1 1 .6
3 .4
1 1 5 .3
3 .3
1 2 0 .3
4 .3
7 5 .2
9.1
8 2 .6
9 .8
91.1
1 0 .3
101.1
1 1 .0
1 0 7 .9
6 .7
1 1 4 .5
6.1
1 2 1 .4
6 .0
1 2 8 .5
5.8
1 3 7 .0
6 .6
8 2 .9
1 3 .4
9 1 .4
1 0 .3
9 6 .9
6 .0
9 9 .8
3 .0
1 0 3 .3
3 .5
1 0 6 .9
3 .5
1 0 8 .6
1.6
1 1 2 .5
3 .6
1 1 7 .0
4 .0
C o n s u m e r P ric e In d ex fo r U rb a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d
C le ric a l W o rk e rs :
All Item s:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
P e rce n t c h a n g e
.............................................. .................................
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
113
Current Labor Statistics:
34.
Price Data
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
A nnual a v e ra g e
1988
1987
1988
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
1 0 5 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .2
1 1 2 .6
1 1 0 .0
1 0 8 .2
115.1
111.1
1 0 9 .4
1 1 6 .7
1 1 1 .7
110.1
1 1 7 .2
112.1
1 1 0 .6
1 1 8 .3
1 1 3 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 1 3 .2
119.1
1 0 0 .7
9 4 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .7
103.1
9 7 .3
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .3
1 0 4 .8
9 8 .7
116.1
1 1 6 .4
1 0 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 6 .6
117.1
1 0 6 .6
1 0 0 .9
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 0 6 .8
1 0 1 .3
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .5
1 0 8 .8
1 0 4 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 0 1 .5
107.1
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .5
1989
G ro u p in g
F i n i s h e d g o o d s ........................................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s ...............................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g
f o o d s .......................................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s l e s s fo o d ....................
D u ra b le g o o d s ..................................................
C a p ita l e q u i p m e n t ..................................................
Ju n e
J u ly
Aug.
1 1 4 .3
113.1
1 1 8 .6
114.1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 1 1 .8
1 1 8 .7
1 1 0 .3
1 0 6 .0
117.1
1 1 8 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 0 6 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 1 6 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .7
1 1 2 .7
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
1 1 3 .5
112.1
1 1 8 .5
1 1 4 .8
1 1 3 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 1 4 .8
1 1 3 .2
1 2 0 .2
1 0 8 .4
1 0 3 .5
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 0 9 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 0 4 .8
120.1
1 2 0 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 0 4 .2
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 1 2 .5
112.1
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .2
I n te r m e d ia te m a te ria ls , s u p p lie s , a n d
c o m p o n e n t s ..............................................................
M a te ria ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s for
m a n u fa c tu rin g ........................................................
M a te ria ls fo r fo o d m a n u f a c tu r in g ...............
M a te ria ls fo r n o n d u r a b le m a n u fa c tu rin g .
M a te ria ls fo r d u r a b le m a n u f a c tu r in g .........
C o m p o n e n ts fo r m a n u f a c tu r in g ...................
M a te ria ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s for
c o n s t r u c t i o n .............................................................
P r o c e s s e d fu e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s ......................
C o n t a i n e r s ..................................................................
S u p p l i e s .......................................................................
1 0 5 .3
1 0 0 .8
1 0 2 .2
1 0 6 .2
1 0 8 .8
1 1 3 .2
1 0 6 .0
1 1 2 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 1 2 .3
1 1 6 .8
1 0 8 .6
1 1 7 .5
1 2 4 .3
114.1
1 1 8 .0
1 1 0 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 2 5 .5
1 1 4 .9
1 1 8 .3
110.1
1 1 9 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 1 5 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 1 1 .4
1 1 9 .8
1 2 5 .7
1 1 5 .7
1 1 8 .9
111.1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 1 2 .5
1 2 0 .3
1 2 5 .0
116.1
1 1 8 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 3 .6
1 1 6 .4
118.1
1 1 3 .3
1 1 8 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .9
1 1 3 .2
118.1
1 2 2 .2
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 1 4 .0
1 1 7 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 1 6 .9
1 1 7 .9
1 1 3 .3
117.1
1 2 2 .9
117.1
1 1 7 .9
1 1 5 .4
1 1 7 .0
122.1
1 1 7 .3
1 0 9 .8
7 3 .3
1 1 4 .5
1 0 7 .7
116.1
7 1 .2
120.1
1 1 3 .7
1 1 8 .7
6 9 .8
1 2 2 .7
1 1 6 .2
1 1 9 .4
7 1 .6
123.1
1 1 7 .2
1 1 9 .9
72.1
1 2 3 .9
1 1 7 .4
1 2 0 .5
7 3 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 1 8 .0
121.1
7 6 .7
125.1
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .5
78.1
1 2 5 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 2 1 .5
7 9 .3
1 2 5 .6
118.1
1 2 1 .6
7 8 .7
1 2 6 .0
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .4
7 7 .3
1 2 6 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 2 1 .8
7 8 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 1 8 .4
1 2 2 .2
7 7 .8
1 2 6 .9
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .9
7 7 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 1 8 .3
C r u d e m a t e r i a l s f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g ...
F o o d s tu ff s a n d f e e d s t u f f s ...............................
C r u d e n o n fo o d m a t e r i a l s .................................
9 3 .7
9 6 .2
8 7 .9
9 6 .0
106.1
8 5 .5
9 7 .3
1 0 9 .5
8 5 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 1 2 .5
9 0 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 1 1 .0
9 0 .7
1 0 3 .2
1 1 3 .7
9 2 .2
1 0 4 .4
1 1 1 .6
9 5 .3
106.1
1 1 4 .9
9 6 .0
104.1
1 1 1 .7
9 4 .7
1 0 3 .9
110.1
9 5 .4
1 0 1 .0
1 0 9 .5
9 1 .2
1 0 2 .0
1 0 8 .3
9 3 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 7 .2
9 3 .9
1 0 2 .3
1 0 9 .4
9 3 .4
1 0 4 .0
6 1 .8
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .3
1 0 6 .5
5 9 .8
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 0 8 .3
5 9 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 0 9 .2
6 0 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .0
120.1
1 0 9 .9
6 1 .8
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .7
1 1 0 .0
6 2 .3
120.1
121.1
1 2 0 .7
1 1 1 .4
6 8 .4
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .9
1 2 0 .8
1 1 2 .6
7 1 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 1 2 .8
7 0 .2
1 2 1 .2
122.1
122.1
1 1 2 .4
6 8 .4
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .2
122.1
1 1 1 .5
6 3 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 1 1 .9
6 5 .7
1 2 1 .2
122.1
1 2 2 .2
1 1 3 .3
6 5 .7
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 1 3 .0
6 4 .5
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .3
124.1
124.1
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 1 6 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .8
127.1
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .9
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .4
1 3 0 .4
S p e c ia l g r o u p in g s :
F in is h e d g o o d s , e x c lu d in g f o o d s ......................
F in is h e d e n e rg y g o o d s ..........................................
F in is h e d g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y ................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y ..........
F in is h e d g o o d s l e s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ...........
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s l e s s fo o d a n d
e n e r g y ............................................................................
C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s l e s s fo o d a n d
e n e r g y ............................................................................
In te r m e d ia te m a te ria ls l e s s f o o d s a n d
f e e d s ..............................................................................
In te r m e d ia te f o o d s a n d f e e d s .............................
In te r m e d ia te e n e rg y g o o d s ..................................
In te r m e d ia te g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y ........................
In te r m e d ia te m a te ria ls l e s s f o o d s a n d
e n e r g y ............................................................................
1 0 1 .7
9 9 .2
7 3 .0
1 0 7 .3
1 0 6 .9
1 0 9 .5
7 0 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 1 3 .0
6 9 .5
1 1 7 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 1 5 .6
7 1 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 0 .8
1 1 4 .0
7 1 .8
119.1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 5 .2
7 2 .9
1 1 9 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .7
7 6 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .2
7 7 .7
1 2 0 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 2 .9
7 8 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 1 4 .5
7 8 .3
1 1 9 .6
1 1 2 .0
113.1
7 6 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 4 .0
7 8 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .4
7 7 .4
1 1 9 .6
112.1
1 1 3 .3
7 6 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 1 5 .2
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .0
120.1
1 2 0 .3
120.1
C r u d e e n e rg y m a t e r i a l s ..........................................
C r u d e m a te ria ls l e s s e n e rg y ...............................
C r u d e n o n f o o d m a te ria ls l e s s e n e r g y ............
7 5 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 1 5 .7
6 7 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 3 3 .0
6 6 .6
116.1
1 3 6 .9
7 1 .2
1 1 9 .3
1 4 0 .3
7 2 .0
118.1
1 4 0 .3
7 3 .5
1 2 0 .4
1 4 1 .3
7 7 .3
1 1 8 .8
1 4 1 .2
7 8 .3
1 2 1 .0
1 4 0 .3
7 7 .5
1 1 8 .0
1 3 7 .9
7 8 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 3 5 .5
7 3 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 3 6 .5
7 6 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 3 7 .2
7 6 .6
1 1 4 .6
1 3 7 .4
7 6 .8
1 1 5 .4
1 3 4 .3
35.
Producer Price indexes, by durability of product
(1 9 8 2 = 100)
A n n u al a v e r a g e
1988
1987
1988
D ec.
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
T o ta l d u r a b le g o o d s ..........................................
T o ta l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s .........................................
1 0 9 .9
9 7 .5
1 1 4 .7
101.1
1 1 7 .2
1 0 2 .8
118.1
1 0 4 .8
1 1 8 .3
1 0 5 .2
1 1 8 .5
106.1
1 1 8 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 0 8 .6
T o ta l m a n u f a c t u r e s ...................................................
D u r a b l e ..........................................................
N o n d u ra b le ............................................................
1 0 4 .4
1 0 9 .6
9 9 .2
109.1
114.1
104.1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 6 .4
1 0 6 .4
1 1 2 .5
117.1
1 0 7 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 1 7 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .8
1 1 0 .8
T o ta l ra w o r slig h tly p r o c e s s e d g o o d s ..........
D u r a b l e .....................................................................
N o n d u r a b le ...........................................................
9 4 .2
1 2 2 .6
9 2 .9
9 5 .9
1 4 8 .0
9 3 .4
9 6 .7
1 5 7 .5
9 3 .9
9 9 .9
1 6 2 .6
9 7 .0
100.1
1 6 1 .9
9 7 .2
101.1
1 6 1 .0
9 8 .2
1 0 1 .5
1 5 9 .0
9 8 .8
1989
G ro u p in g
Digitized for114
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
O c t.
N ov.
1 1 9 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 1 8 .8
108.1
1 1 8 .8
1 0 6 .7
119.1
1 0 7 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 0 7 .2
1 1 9 .9
1 0 7 .3
1 1 5 .0
118.1
1 1 1 .6
1 1 4 .9
1 1 8 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 4 .7
1 1 8 .2
1 1 0 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 8 .3
110.1
1 1 4 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 1 5 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 1 0 .8
115.1
1 1 9 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 0 3 .3
1 5 7 .5
1 0 0 .8
1 0 2 .6
1 5 1 .5
1 0 0 .3
1 0 2 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .3
1 4 6 .5
9 8 .2
1 0 1 .0
1 4 6 .9
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .2
1 4 5 .8
9 8 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 4 1 .3
9 8 .4
S e p t.
36.
Producer price indexes for the net output of major industry groups
( D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
A n n u al
Industry
Jan.
Feb.
M ar.
Apr.
M ay
Ju n e
Ju ly
A ug.
7 0 .6
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .2
7 0 .8
111.1
1 0 2 .7
7 4 .6
1 1 2 .7
1 0 2 .8
7 5 .5
1 0 5 .9
1 0 2 .7
7 4 .9
1 0 4 .8
1 0 3 .0
7 7 .2
1 0 3 .9
1 0 2 .5
7 8 .2
1 0 0 .6
1 0 2 .4
7 7 .4
9 6 .0
1 0 2 .4
7 8 .0
9 1 .8
1 0 2 .6
74.1
9 6 .4
1 0 2 .6
9 4 .6
6 8 .5
9 3 .9
6 8 .3
9 3 .8
7 3 .0
9 3 .0
7 4 .5
9 2 .9
7 3 .8
9 3 .4
7 6 .7
9 3 .9
78.1
9 4 .0
7 7 .2
9 4 .7
78.1
105.1
1 0 8 .0
109.1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .8
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .6
112.1
20
21
22
1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 0 2 .6
1 0 4 .4
107.1
1 4 1 .8
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 9 .5
153.1
1 0 7 .8
1 0 7 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 5 4 .9
1 0 8 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 5 5 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 1 1 .9
1 5 5 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .6
155.1
1 0 8 .8
110.1
1 1 2 .2
155.1
1 0 8 .8
23
1 0 3 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .3
1 0 9 .5
24
25
26
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .4
1 0 4 .9
1 0 9 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 3 .7
1 0 9 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 1 7 .5
1 1 0 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 9 .7
113.1
1 1 4 .4
1 2 0 .4
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1 1 2 .2
1 0 3 .6
7 0 .5
1 0 0 .9
1 0 6 .6
1 0 4 .5
1 0 1 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 1 3 .0
6 7 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 1 3 .4
1 0 5 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 1 7 .8
6 6 .8
1 0 8 .7
115.1
1 0 6 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 2 2 .6
1 1 9 .6
6 8 .5
1 0 9 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 0 6 .5
1 1 9 .7
1 2 3 .2
1 1 9 .9
6 9 .3
1 0 9 .6
1 1 6 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 1 9 .4
1 2 3 .6
1 2 0 .6
7 1 .5
1 1 0 .2
1 1 7 .0
1 0 7 .2
120.1
34
102.1
1 0 7 .4
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .6
111.1
35
1 0 3 .2
1 0 6 .4
108.1
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .3
36
37
1 0 3 .3
1 0 5 .9
1 0 4 .6
1 0 7 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 0 6 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 0 6 .4
1 1 1 .7
38
105.1
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .8
109.1
1 0 9 .7
110.1
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .0
111.1
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .0
39
1 0 3 .8
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .9
110.1
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .0
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .7
1 1 2 .8
46
9 7 .9
9 4 .8
9 4 .7
9 4 .5
9 4 .5
9 4 .5
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
9 4 .4
1988
10
11
7 5 .0
100.1
9 8 .9
12
13
9 6 .0
7 4 .3
14
Total manufacturing industries...............
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ................................
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s .........................................
T ex tile mill p r o d u c t s ...............................................
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r fin is h e d p r o d u c ts
m a d e fro m fa b r ic s a n d sim ila r m a t e r i a l s ........
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts , e x c e p t
f u r n i t u r e ..........................................................................
F u rn itu re a n d f i x t u r e s .............................................
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ...................................
P rin tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llied
i n d u s t r i e s ..................................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llied p r o d u c t s ..........................
P e tro le u m refining a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s .....
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ...........................
S t o n e , c lay , g l a s s , a n d c o n c r e t e p r o d u c ts ..
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ......................................
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts , e x c e p t
m a c h in e ry a n d tra n s p o rta tio n e q u i p m e n t .....
M a ch in e ry , e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l ...............................
E le c tric a l a n d e le c tro n ic m a c h in e ry ,
e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p l i e s ........................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ....................................
M e a s u rin g a n d c o n tro llin g in s tru m e n ts ;
p h o to g ra p h ic , m e d ic a l, o p tic a l g o o d s ;
w a t c h e s , c l o c k s ..........................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s
( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
1989
D ec.
1987
Total mining Industries...........................
M e ta l m i n i n g ...............................................................
A n th ra c ite m ining ( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
B itu m in o u s c o a l a n d lignite m ining
( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................................................
Oil a n d g a s e x tr a c tio n ( 1 2 / 8 5 - 1 0 0 ) .............
M ining a n d q u a rry in g of n o n m e ta llic
m in e ra ls , e x c e p t f u e ls .............................................
1988
SIC
S e p t.
O c t.
Nov.
7 6 .4
9 8 .2
1 0 2 .6
7 6 .0
9 9 .8
1 0 3 .0
7 6 .2
9 7 .7
1 0 3 .0
9 4 .8
7 2 .9
9 4 .7
7 5 .7
9 4 .9
75.1
9 5 .8
7 5 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .2
110.1
112.1
1 6 3 .5
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 1 2 .5
1 6 4 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 1 2 .4
1 6 4 .9
1 0 9 .7
1 0 9 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 6 4 .9
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 6 5 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 6 5 .7
1 1 0 .2
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .9
111.1
1 1 1 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .2
121.1
1 1 5 .9
1 1 5 .5
1 2 1 .2
117.1
1 1 5 .7
1 2 0 .9
1 1 6 .6
116.1
1 2 1 .2
1 1 6 .6
1 1 6 .3
1 2 1 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 1 6 .8
1 2 1 .7
117.1
1 1 6 .9
1 2 1 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 2 1 .0
7 9 .9
1 1 0 .5
1 1 7 .2
1 0 7 .9
120.1
1 2 4 .2
1 2 0 .9
8 2 .9
1 1 0 .5
1 1 7 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 1 9 .8
1 2 4 .6
1 2 0 .6
8 0 .4
1 1 0 .4
1 1 7 .3
108.1
1 1 8 .9
1 2 4 .9
1 1 9 .4
7 7 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 7 .8
1 0 8 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 2 5 .2
1 1 9 .5
7 3 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 0 8 .3
1 1 7 .9
1 2 5 .6
119.1
7 5 .6
1 1 0 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 0 8 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 2 5 .9
1 1 8 .8
7 7 .3
1 1 0 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 0 8 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 2 6 .2
1 1 8 .8
7 5 .9
1 1 0 .3
1 1 9 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .7
1 0 9 .7
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 0 6 .6
1 1 0 .9
1 0 6 .8
1 1 1 .6
107.1
1 1 1 .8
1 0 7 .6
111.1
1 0 7 .6
111.1
1 0 7 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 0 7 .9
1 1 4 .4
Service industries:
P ip e lin e s, e x c e p t n a tu ra l g a s ( 1 2 / 8 6 = 1 0 0 )
37.
9 4 .4 1
Annusi data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1 9 8 2 = 100)
Index
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1 0 3 .7
1 0 3 .3
1 0 5 .2
1 0 4 .7
1 0 3 .8
1 0 7 .5
1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 9 .7
1 0 5 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .2
1 1 4 .3
103.1
1 0 2 .7
99.1
1 0 1 .5
107.1
104.1
1 0 5 .6
9 5 .7
1 0 5 .9
104.1
1 0 3 .3
1 0 7 .3
9 2 .8
1 0 9 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 2 .2
108.1
7 2 .7
1 1 0 .3
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 0 9 .8
7 3 .3
1 1 4 .5
1 0 7 .7
1 1 3 .2
116.1
7 1 .2
120.1
1 1 3 .7
1 0 3 .5
1 0 4 .7
1 0 2 .2
105.1
9 5 .8
9 4 .8
9 6 .9
1 0 2 .7
8 7 .7
9 3 .2
8 1 .6
9 2 .2
9 3 .7
9 6 .2
8 7 .9
84.1
9 6 .0
106.1
8 5 .5
82.1
Finished goods:
T o t a l ...................................................
C o n s u m e r g o o d s .....................
C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t ..................................
8 8 .0
8 8 .6
8 5 .8
9 6 .6
9 4 .6
Intermediate materials, supplies, and
components:
T o t a l .......................................
M a te ria ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s fo r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...........................
M a te ria ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s fo r c o n s tr u c tio n ....
P r o c e s s e d fu e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s ................
C o n t a i n e r s ...............................
S u p p l i e s ........................................
9 0 .3
9 1 .7
9 1 .3
8 5 .0
89.1
8 9 .9
9 8 .7
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 0 .4
9 6 .9
Crude materials for further processing:
T o t a l ..............................................
F o o d s tu ff s a n d f e e d s tu ff s ......................
N o n fo o d m a te ria ls e x c e p t fuel ...........
F u e l ..........................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9 5 .3
1 0 4 .6
84 6
6 9 .4
1 0 3 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
115
Current Labor Statistics:
38.
Price Data
U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
( 1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
Category
1974
SITO
1987
M ar.
Ju n e
1988
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
1 0 9 .5
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .2
1 1 2 .4
1 0 3 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 4 5 .0
1 0 4 .3
158.1
1 0 2 .8
1 1 8 .7
1 3 7 .0
1 / 5 .9
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .9
1 6 1 .0
1 0 5 .2
1 1 4 .2
1 3 0 .3
1 7 4 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 5 7 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 1 7 .6
1 3 2 .9
169.1
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .8
154.1
1 0 7 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 5 8 .9
1 0 6 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 4 4 .0
1 0 8 .0
1 1 0 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 3 7 .2
1 0 1 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 3 9 .3
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .0
112.1
1 1 1 .7
1 1 1 .8
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .9
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .8
1 3 9 .9
1 6 6 .8
1 4 3 .0
106.1
1 4 9 .6
1 7 9 .5
1 0 9 .9
9 4 .2
1 4 6 .0
1 4 0 .8
1 5 6 .7
1 5 4 .7
109.1
1 5 0 .0
1 8 1 .7
1 0 0 .8
9 4 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 3 5 .7
1 0 9 .9
1 4 8 .6
182.1
1 0 3 .6
9 4 .8
1 5 0 .4
1 4 2 .6
1 4 6 .7
1 3 9 .3
111.1
1 5 7 .3
1 9 2 .9
1 0 6 .7
9 8 .8
1 6 3 .5
1 4 3 .0
1 4 9 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 7 0 .7
1 9 3 .5
1 1 5 .5
9 9 .2
1 5 7 .2
1 3 9 .2
156.1
1 1 1 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 7 7 .7
1 9 3 .2
118.1
9 9 .3
1 5 0 .4
7 9 .3
82.1
9 2 .0
9 7 .2
7 9 .5
9 2 .9
8 9 .2
7 9 .4
9 3 .4
8 8 .4
8 1 .7
9 3 .7
9 4 .5
8 6 .0
9 4 .3
1 0 5 .4
8 8 .0
9 5 .6
1 0 8 .8
ALL COMMODITIES ....................
Food........................
M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s .................
F is h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s ..........................
G ra in a n d g rain p r e p a r a t i o n s ......................................
V e g e t a b l e s a n d f r u i t ................................
A nim al f e e d s , e x c lu d in g u n m ille d c e r e a l s ...............
M is c e lla n e o u s fo o d p r o d u c t s ................
01
1 1 6 .8
1 3 8 .5
04
05
08
09
1 1 7 .0
100.1
12
1 0 2 .6
Beverages and tobacco ..............
T o b a c c o a n d t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s .........................
9 5 .2
1 2 2 .8
1 4 0 .9
1 2 3 .8
10r 0
1 0 5 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 0 9 .6
157.1
1 0 9 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 4 6 .0
1 6 0 .4
1 1 1 .6
9 1 .6
1 7 1 .4
1 1 5 .6
1 0 4 .5
1 5 0 .2
1 7 1 .2
1 0 7 .5
9 2 .8
Crude materials.......................
R a w h id e s a n d s k i n s ....................................
O i l s e e d s ...............................................
C r u d e r u b b e r ................................
W o o d ...................................
P u lp a n d w a s t e p a p e r ......................................
T e x tile f i b e r s ..........................................
C ru d e m i n e r a l s ..............................
M etal o r e s a n d m e ta l s c r a p ..............................
21
24
1 1 1 .2
1 1 6 .2
26
27
28
9 7 .8
1 1 2 .4
9 4 .0
Fuels and related products ......
1 4 1 .7
1 5 3 .0
1 1 6 .5
9 1 .6
9 8 .8
8 1 .3
C o a l a n d c o k e ........................................
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d p e tr o le u m p r o d u c t s ................
33
Fats and oils..........................
A n im al o ils a n d f a t s ..........................
F ix e d v e g e ta b l e o ils a n d f a t s ......................
7 3 .9
81.1
6 7 .3
7 8 .8
8 6 .7
7 8 .5
8 6 .7
8 1 .6
8 8 .7
9 2 .7
1 0 1 .3
9 7 .3
1 0 1 .6
42
1 0 1 .5
1 0 4 .3
99.1
9 1 .5
9 5 .7
87.1
9 0 .3
9 1 .8
8 8 .2
8 7 .3
8 9 .6
8 4 .4
8 3 .8
8 4 .6
8 1 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 0 4 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .7
116.1
1 0 5 .5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 1 2 .9
1 2 3 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 1 7 .9
135.1
109.1
1 2 1 .6
1 4 4 .6
110.1
1 1 3 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 3 7 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 5 3 .3
1 1 1 .5
1 0 5 .9
1 2 0 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 3 8 .2
104.1
1 2 5 .5
1 5 0 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 3 2 .5
1 0 5 .4
1 2 5 .5
1 4 9 .6
1 1 5 .5
1 0 9 .0
1 2 5 .3
1 1 9 .4
1 2 5 .8
1 0 8 .4
1 2 1 .9
1 4 5 .0
1 1 6 .5
1 0 8 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 0 8 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 3 4 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 0 9 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 0 8 .9
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 0 4 .5
1 1 7 .7
125.1
1 0 8 .8
1 2 9 .0
1 0 7 .9
114.1
1 1 0 .8
1 4 3 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 3 0 .2
1 0 8 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 1 1 .4
149.1
1 0 9 .9
1 2 0 .6
1 2 5 .0
1 1 0 .4
131.1
1 1 1 .6
1 1 6 .8
112.1
1 5 0 .0
1 1 0 .9
1 2 2 .6
1 1 8 .3
1 1 3 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 2 0 .4
1 1 6 .0
1 5 1 .7
1 1 2 .6
123.1
1 2 0 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 1 5 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 1 7 .2
1 4 5 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 2 2 .8
1 2 1 .5
1 1 3 .4
1 3 2 .8
1 1 5 .7
1 2 3 .9
1 1 6 .7
1 4 0 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 0 3 .2
1 0 7 .0
102.1
1 0 4 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .8
1 0 8 .5
1 0 4 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .7
1 1 1 .8
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .2
1 1 2 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 0 7 .9
114.1
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .8
9 5 .8
1 0 2 .8
103.1
1 0 4 .5
9 5 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 3 .4
1 0 4 .9
1 1 1 .0
1 0 9 .3
9 6 .8
104.1
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 1 0 .3
9 6 .4
105.1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .8
1 1 5 .7
1 1 2 .7
9 5 .8
1 0 6 .7
106.1
1 0 7 .2
1 1 7 .3
1 1 3 .3
9 4 .8
1 0 7 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 4 .0
9 4 .8
1 0 8 .5
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .9
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .7
1 1 4 .8
1 0 6 .9
1 1 1 .2
108.1
1 1 1 .4
1 0 8 .9
1 1 1 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 1 2 .8
1 1 7 .3
1 1 3 .5
1 1 7 .5
1 1 0 .0
111.1
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .4
9 7 .6
100.1
9 9 .4
9 9 .9
9 8 .5
9 9 .2
9 9 .5
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 1 0 .2
110.1
1 1 0 .2
Chemicals and related products......
O r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s ..........................................
D y ein g , ta n n in g , a n d c o lo rin g m a t e r i a l s ....................................................................
M e d ic in al a n d p h a rm a c e u tic a l p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 )
E s s e n tia l oils, p o lis h , a n d c le a n in g p r e p a r a ti o n s ....
F e rtiliz e rs, m a n u f a c tu r e d ...................
Artificial r e s in s , p la s tic s a n d c e l l u l o s e ...........
C h e m ic a l m a te ria ls a n d p r o d u c ts , n .e .s ........
5
9 9 .6
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
1 0 3 .6
1 0 1 .0
1 0 5 .5
8 5 .6
1 0 4 .8
9 7 .5
6
1 0 6 .4
Intermediate manufactured products ...
L e a th e r a n d f u r s k i n s ...................................
R u b b e r m a n u f a c tu r e s ........................
P a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c ts ................
T e x t i l e s .....................................
N o n -m eta llic m in e ral m a n u f a c tu r e s ( 9 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 )
Iron a n d s t e e l .................................
N o n fe rro u s m e t a l s .............................
M e ta l m a n u f a c tu r e s , n .e .s ......................
1 0 7 .9
1 0 5 .2
64
66
1 0 6 .8
P o w e r g e n e ra tin g m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t
M a c h in e ry s p e c ia liz e d fo r p a rtic u la r i n d u s t r i e s .........
M eta lw o rk in g m a c h i n e r y .....................
71
72
1 0 4 .6
1 0 0 .0
G e n e r a l in d u stria l m a c h i n e s a n d p a rts , n .e .s .......
O ffic e m a c h i n e s a n d a u to m a tic d a t a p r o c e s s in g e q u ip m e n t
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s , s o u n d re c o rd in q a n d r e p ro d u c in g e q u ip m e n t
E le ctric a l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u i p m e n t ....
R o a d v e h ic le s a n d p a r t s ..............
74
75
76
77
1 0 4 .2
9 6 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .7
100.1
102.1
1 0 4 .8
1 0 0 .5
1 0 4 .5
96.1
1 0 1 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 4 .6
9 5 .7
1 0 1 .4
1 0 2 .4
1 0 5 .2
1 0 0 .9
1 0 8 .2
1 0 5 .4
9 5 .5
1 0 1 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .6
O th e r tra n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t, e x c lu d in g m ilitary a n d c o m m e rc ia l
a v i a t i o n ..........................................
8
F u rn itu re a n d p a r t s ........................
P r o fe s s io n a l, sc ie n tific , a n d c o n tro llin g in s tr u m e n ts a n d
a p p a r a t u s ...................................
1 0 6 .5
1 1 3 .4
1 0 8 .7
Machinery and transport equipment, excluding military and
commercial aircraft..........
Miscellaneous manufactured articles.
1 0 4 .6
J « ..
j « r r-
P h o to g ra p h ic a p p a r a t u s a n d s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a t c h e s , a n d
c l o c k s ..........................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r e d a rtic le s , n .e .s . ..
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
116FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
1989
89
1 0 5 .2
iv j.y
1
39.
U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
( 1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 , u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
1974
S IT C
C a te g o ry
M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s ........................................................................................
D airy p r o d u c t s a n d e g g s ...............................................................................................
F is h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s ....................................................................................................
B a k e ry g o o d s , p a s t a p r o d u c ts , g rain , a n d g rain p r e p a r a t i o n s ....................
F ru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s .................................................................................................
S u g a r, s u g a r p r e p a r a tio n s , a n d h o n e y ....................................................................
C o ffe e , t e a , c o c o a .............................................................................................
Beverages and tobacco...........................................................
B e v e r a g e s .......................................................................................................
Crude materials..............................................................................
C r u d e ru b b e r (including s y n th e tic a n d r e c l a i m e d ) ..........................
C o rk a n d w o o d ...........................................................................................................
P u lp a n d w a s t e p a p e r ..............................................................................................
T e x tile f i b e r s .................................................................................................................
C r u d e fertiliz e rs a n d c r u d e m i n e r a l s ........................................................................
M e ta llife ro u s o r e s a n d m e ta l s c r a p ..........................................................................
C r u d e a n im a l a n d v e g e ta b l e m a te ria ls , n .e .s ........................................................
Fuels and related products............................................................
C r u d e p e tr o le u m a n d p e tr o le u m p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
Fats and oils........................................................................
F ix e d v e g e ta b l e o ils a n d f a t s ( 9 / 8 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................
ZZZZZZZZ1
Chemicals and related products......................................................
O r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s .......................................................................................................'
In o rg a n ic c h e m i c a l s ..........................................................................................................
M e d ic in al a n d p h a rm a c e u tic a l p r o d u c t s .................................................................
E s s e n tia l o ils a n d p e r f u m e s .........................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu re d f e r t il iz e r s ..................................................................................................
Artificial r e s i n s a n d p la s tic s a n d c e llu lo s e ............................................................
C h e m ic a l m a te ria ls a n d p r o d u c ts , n .e .s ...................................................................
Intermediate manufactured products..............................................
L e a th e r a n d fu rs k in s ........................................................................................................
R u b b e r m a n u f a c tu r e s , n .e .s ...........................................................................................
C o rk a n d w o o d m a n u f a c t u r e s ......................................................................................
P a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s .................................................................................
T e x t i l e s ....................................................................................................
N o n m e ta llic m in e ra l m a n u f a c tu r e s , n .e .s ................................................................
Iron a n d s t e e l ..................................................................................................
N o n fe rro u s m e t a l s .........................................................................................................
M e ta l m a n u f a c t u r e s .................................................................................................
Machinery and transport equipment ..............................................
M a c h in e ry (including S IT C 7 1 -7 7 ) .............................................................................
M a c h in e ry s p e c ia liz e d fo r p a rtic u la r i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................
M eta lw o rk in g m a c h i n e r y ........................................................................................
G e n e r a l in d u stria l m a c h in e ry a n d p a rts , n .e .s ......................................................
O ffic e m a c h i n e s a n d a u to m a tic d a t a p r o c e s s in g e q u i p m e n t .......................
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s , s o u n d r e c o rd in g a n d re p ro d u c in g a p p a r a t u s ........
E le ctric a l m a c h in e ry a n d e q u i p m e n t ........................................................................
R o a d v e h ic le s a n d p a r t s .......................................................................................
Miscellaneous manufactured articles...............................................
P lu m b in g , h e a tin g , a n d lighting f i x t u r e s ..................................................................
F u rn itu re a n d p a r t s ............................................................................................
Travel g o o d s , h a n d b a g s , a n d s im ilar g o o d s ( 6 /8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ...........................
C l o t h i n g ............................................................................................................
F o o t w e a r .........................................................................................................
P r o fe s s io n a l, sc ie n tific , a n d c o n tro llin g i n s tr u m e n ts a n d
a p p a r a t u s ......................................................................................................
P h o to g ra p h ic a p p a r a t u s a n d s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a t c h e s , a n d
c l o c k s .................................................................................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r e d a rtic le s , n .e .s ...........................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1988
1989
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
1 1 0 .9
1 1 7 .5
1 1 2 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 2 3 .7
1 1 6 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 1 5 .3
126.1
1 1 7 .6
129.1
1 1 9 .7
1 2 9 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 2 8 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 2 7 .7
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
109.1
1 1 4 .4
1 2 1 .7
1 3 0 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 0 9 .0
85.1
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .4
125.1
1 3 1 .0
1 3 0 .7
1 1 6 .2
1 0 7 .0
9 0 .6
114.1
1 1 1 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 3 2 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 1 5 .4
1 0 9 .6
9 4 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 2 5 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 3 9 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 1 0 .0
9 3 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 5 .9
1 3 6 .9
1 2 3 .7
112.1
8 7 .4
1 1 4 .3
1 0 8 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 4 2 .2
1 2 7 .7
1 1 0 .8
9 0 .6
114.1
1 1 1 .2
1 2 4 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 4 0 .4
1 2 3 .4
1 0 9 .8
9 1 .2
1 1 1 .3
1 0 9 .7
1 2 0 .2
1 2 2 .7
1 4 0 .2
1 2 3 .2
1 1 1 .8
8 5 .3
106.1
124.1
1 1 9 .7
1 2 1 .6
1 4 1 .6
119.1
1 1 4 .5
6 2 .4
1
11
1 1 2 .2
1 1 4 .8
1 1 3 .5
1 1 6 .2
1 1 6 .0
1 1 8 .7
1 1 6 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 1 8 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 9 .9
1 1 7 .0
1 2 0 .7
1 1 7 .2
1 2 0 .7
1 1 8 .9
1 2 2 .8
2
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1 2 0 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 7 .4
1 3 3 .4
128.1
9 9 .2
1 2 8 .7
1 0 7 .6
122.1
120.1
1 0 8 .8
1 4 1 .0
1 3 5 .2
9 9 .9
1 3 7 .9
1 1 8 .3
1 2 9 .2
1 2 1 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 5 1 .0
1 3 7 .8
1 0 0 .4
1 5 1 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .8
151.1
1 1 1 .4
1 6 0 .5
1 4 5 .5
1 0 1 .0
1 6 7 .6
1 4 8 .2
1 3 5 .4
1 3 3 .3
1 0 9 .7
1 6 9 .6
1 4 1 .9
9 7 .2
1 7 2 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 4 3 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 0 7 .8
1 7 4 .7
1 4 5 .6
1 0 0 .2
2 0 5 .4
1 3 9 .5
1 4 6 .2
1 2 3 .0
112.1
1 8 4 .7
1 5 1 .5
1 0 3 .3
2 0 4 .3
1 3 8 .5
1 4 4 .3
1 0 3 .4
1 1 2 .4
1 9 0 .0
1 4 5 .4
1 0 4 .7
2 1 2 .3
1 1 0 .3
1 3 7 .5
9 8 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 8 9 .6
1 4 1 .9
1 0 1 .2
1 8 5 .4
1 0 8 .5
3
33
7 4 .3
7 5 .2
6 7 .2
6 7 .8
6 0 .6
6 0 .4
6 3 .4
6 3 .6
5 7 .7
5 7 .7
5 6 .4
56.1
6 6 .8
6 7 .3
7 3 .3
7 4 .4
6 7 .9
6 8 .6
4
42
9 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
102.1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .4
111.1
1 1 1 .2
116.1
1 1 4 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 1 2 .5
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 2 2 .6
1 0 7 .0
1 1 1 .0
5
51
52
54
55
56
58
59
1 0 5 .6
9 8 .2
8 9 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 1 4 .4
1 2 0 .6
110.1
1 0 3 .0
90.1
1 2 6 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 1 4 .2
1 0 5 .8
9 2 .0
1 3 5 .3
1 2 5 .7
1 3 3 .7
1 2 1 .6
1 3 8 .7
1 1 6 .4
1 0 7 .3
9 2 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 2 6 .2
1 3 6 .3
1 2 4 .3
1 4 8 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 1 1 .3
9 3 .0
1 4 5 .4
1 2 7 .5
1 3 6 .5
1 2 7 .6
1 5 3 .4
1 2 2 .2
115.1
96.1
1 4 6 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 3 9 .9
1 2 9 .5
1 5 6 .5
1 2 3 .6
1 1 7 .6
93.1
1 5 4 .9
1 3 0 .3
1 4 3 .5
1 2 9 .5
1 5 4 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 1 4 .0
8 6 .6
1 5 3 .5
1 3 0 .2
142.1
1 2 9 .8
1 5 1 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 1 0 .5
8 5 .7
150.1
1 2 6 .2
1 3 2 .4
1 3 0 .5
1 4 9 .8
6
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 0 3 .2
1 2 8 .3
1 1 0 .3
1 1 4 .6
1 3 0 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 2 0 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 0 4 .6
1 2 8 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 8 .6
1 3 3 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 3 1 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 3 3 .8
1 1 7 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 3 7 .4
1 2 0 .0
1 3 2 .7
121.1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 7 .0
1 0 7 .7
1 3 8 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 2 0 .6
1 4 2 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 5 9 .7
1 2 6 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 3 6 .6
109.1
136.1
1 1 9 .5
119.1
1 3 9 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 5 8 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 4 .9
111.1
134.1
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 3 0 .7
169.1
1 3 0 .7
1 3 7 .3
1 3 4 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 3 6 .9
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .5
1 4 7 .5
1 3 2 .6
1 7 2 .8
1 3 2 .4
136.1
1 3 3 .8
1 1 2 .2
1 3 9 .8
1 2 0 .8
122.1
1 4 9 .5
1 3 3 .6
1 5 8 .6
1 3 2 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 3 3 .9
1 1 3 .2
1 4 1 .5
1 1 9 .9
1 2 1 .8
1 5 1 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 5 0 .8
1 3 3 .5
7
7hyb
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
1 1 9 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 3 4 .3
1 3 0 .2
130.1
1 1 4 .8
1 1 0 .2
115.1
1 2 0 .6
123.1
1 2 2 .6
142.1
1 3 5 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 1 8 .3
112.1
1 1 8 .2
1 2 2 .6
1 2 5 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 4 6 .8
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .4
118.1
1 1 2 .8
1 2 2 .2
1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 2 6 .4
1 4 9 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 3 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 2 4 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 2 6 .7
1 2 5 .9
1 4 3 .7
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .6
1 1 8 .7
1 1 3 .9
1 2 5 .9
127.1
1 2 9 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 5 0 .8
144.1
1 4 4 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 1 5 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .8
130.1
1 2 9 .2
149.1
1 4 2 .9
1 4 4 .7
1 1 9 .6
1 1 5 .7
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .5
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .4
1 4 5 .7
1 3 9 .5
1 4 3 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 1 5 .7
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .0
1 2 7 .9
1 4 5 .8
1 4 4 .0
1 4 3 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .5
8
81
82
83
84
85
1 1 8 .5
1 1 6 .2
1 1 9 .0
9 8 .2
1 1 1 .9
1 1 9 .0
1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .0
1 2 4 .3
1 0 3 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .2
1 2 3 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 0 5 .8
1 1 5 .6
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .9
1 2 9 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 1 4 .9
1 2 9 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .5
1 2 8 .0
1 1 1 .3
1 1 6 .7
1 2 8 .0
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .2
129.1
115.1
1 1 7 .2
129.1
1 2 6 .6
1 3 0 .0
1 2 7 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 2 6 .6
1 3 1 .5
1 2 7 .9
1 1 4 .0
1 1 9 .9
1 2 7 .9
1 2 7 .2
1 3 2 .8
1 2 8 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 2 0 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .5
1 2 7 .9
1 3 1 .4
1 2 6 .4
1 3 1 .5
ALL COMMODITIES ...................................................................
ALL COMMODITIES, EXCLUDING FUELS.................
Food and live animals.................................................................
1987
S e p t.
87
1 3 2 .7
1 3 8 .7
1 4 0 .0
1 4 2 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 4 1 .9
141.1
88
89
122.1
1 2 2 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .3
132.1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .7
.
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
117
Current Labor Statistics:
40.
Price Data
U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
(1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 u n l e s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d )
1987
1988
Category
S e p t.
F o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ..........................................................
In d u stria l s u p p lie s a n d m a t e r i a l s ....................................................................
C a p ita l g o o d s ..........................................................................
A u to m o tiv e ..........................................................
C o n s u m e r g o o d s ..............................................................
8 8 .0
109.1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 4 .0
1 0 6 .9
1 0 4 .6
1 0 7 .3
92.1
1 0 4 .9
C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le s , m a n u f a c tu r e d , e x c e p t r u g s ......................
C o n s u m e r d u r a b le s , m a n u f a c tu r e d .........................................................
A g ricu ltu ral ( 9 / 8 8 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................
All e x p o rts , e x c lu d in g a g ric u ltu ra l ( 9 / 8 8 = 1 0 0 ) ........................
41.
D ec.
M ar.
June
1989
S e p t.
9 6 .6
1 1 1 .8
102.1
1 0 4 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .9
9 9 .3
1 0 6 .2
9 8 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 0 3 .4
1 0 4 .3
110.1
1 0 7 .4
1 1 0 .4
101.1
1 0 7 .7
110.1
1 1 8 .3
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .8
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 0 9 .7
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
S e p t.
1 2 4 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 1 1 .3
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 1 7 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 1 .6
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .7
1 0 6 .7
108.1
1 1 5 .3
1 1 1 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 7 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 1 1 .5
1 1 5 .4
116.1
113.1
S e p t.
D ec.
M ar.
Ju n e
1 1 0 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 1 6 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 1 6 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 3 .0
U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
(1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 )
1989
1988
1987
Category
S e p t.
1 1 7 .0
1 0 9 .0
9 5 .3
7 4 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 2 1 .9
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .9
All im p o rts , e x c lu d in g p e tr o le u m ( 6 / 8 8 — 10 0 ) ..........................................................
F o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s .........................................................................................
In d u stria l s u p p lie s a n d m a t e r i a l s ...................................................................................
P e tro le u m a n d p e tr o le u m p r o d u c ts , e x c lu d in g n a tu ra l g a s ..........................
In d u stria l s u p p lie s a n d m a te ria ls , e x c lu d in g p e t r o l e u m ..................................
C a p ita l g o o d s , e x c e p t a u t o m o t i v e .................................................................................
A u to m o tiv e v e h ic le s , p a r t s a n d e n g in e s ...................................................................
C o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c e p t a u t o m o t i v e ...........................................................................
N o n d u r a b le s , m a n u f a c tu r e d .........................................................................................
D u ra b le s , m a n u f a c t u r e d ..................................................................................................
42.
1 2 0 .3
112.1
9 3 .7
6 7 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 2 6 .6
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .4
1 2 0 .2
1 2 1 .0
1 2 3 .2
1 1 3 .7
9 2 .7
6 0 .3
1 1 9 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 1 3 .7
9 7 .8
6 3 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .2
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 1 2 .7
9 5 .2
5 7 .5
1 2 6 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 8 .3
1 1 4 .2
9 6 .4
5 6 .2
1 2 9 .6
1 3 2 .3
1 2 9 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 2 5 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 1 3 .8
102.1
6 7 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .4
129.1
1 2 8 .7
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .9
S e p t.
1 2 8 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 0 4 .2
74.1
1 2 9 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 2 8 .2
129.1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .9
U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1
(1 9 8 5 = 10 0 )
1987
1988
Industry group
S e p t.
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s .........................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts , e x c e p t f u r n i tu r e ..........................
F u rn itu re a n d f i x t u r e s ..............................................................
P a p e r a n d a llied p r o d u c ts ...............................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c t s .............................................
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ............................................................
P rim ary m e ta l p r o d u c t s .............................................
M a ch in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tric a l .............................................................
E le ctric a l m a c h i n e r y ..................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ...................................................................
S c ien tific in s tru m e n ts ; o p tic a l g o o d s ; c lo c k s ....
1 S I C - b a s e d c la s s ific a tio n .
118
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January 1990
107.1
1 3 8 .9
1 0 8 .7
1 1 5 .5
1 0 8 .7
8 1 .4
1 2 2 .3
9 9 .4
1 0 2 .5
1 0 6 .9
1 0 6 .6
D ec.
1 1 6 .3
1 4 2 .5
1 1 1 .2
1 1 9 .3
1 1 3 .8
7 8 .8
1 2 6 .6
9 9 .7
1 0 2 .2
1 0 7 .8
107.1
M ar.
1 2 0 .8
146.1
1 1 2 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 1 8 .4
7 3 .0
1 2 6 .9
1 0 0 .6
1 0 2 .9
108.1
1 0 9 .2
Ju n e
125.1
1 4 5 .4
1 1 2 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 2 2 .3
7 7 .8
1 3 3 .8
1 0 1 .3
1 0 3 .7
109.1
1 1 0 .8
1989
S e p t.
1 2 8 .9
146.1
1 1 2 .9
133.1
1 2 5 .4
7 3 .7
1 3 3 .5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 4 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 1 2 .0
D ec.
1 2 3 .5
1 4 4 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 3 5 .6
1 2 5 .5
7 5 .4
1 3 3 .6
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 1 3 .4
M ar.
1 2 4 .5
1 5 1 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 3 9 .9
1 2 5 .9
7 9 .8
1 3 0 .8
1 0 3 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 1 1 .8
1 1 4 .5
Ju n e
1 2 2 .7
1 6 4 .4
1 1 6 .0
1 4 1 .4
1 2 2 .5
8 6 .9
1 2 5 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 0 6 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 1 6 .7
S e p t.
1 1 9 .4
1 7 1 .2
1 1 6 .2
1 4 1 .5
118 6
8 8 .8
1 2 2 .4
1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 1 3 .4
1 1 7 .6
127.1
107.1
1 0 0 .2
6 8 .2
1 2 6 .9
1 3 0 .8
1 2 8 .2
1 2 9 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 2 7 .7
43.
U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification
(1 9 8 5 = 10 0 )
1989
1988
1987
Industry group
S e p t.
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s ........................................................................
T e x tile mill p r o d u c t s .......................................................................................
A p p a re l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ...................................................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts , e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ...................................
F u rn itu re a n d f i x t u r e s ....................................................................................
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c ts ...........................................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c t s ..................................................................
P e tro le u m refin in g a n d allied p r o d u c t s ................................................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e ll a n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ...................................
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c ts ...................................................................
S t o n e , c la y , g la s s , a n d c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s .........................................
P rim a ry m e ta l p r o d u c t s .................................................................................
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..........................................................................
M a ch in e ry , e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l .......................................................................
E le ctric a l m a c h in e ry a n d s u p p l i e s ..........................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u i p m e n t ............................................................................
S c ien tific in s tr u m e n ts ; o p tic a l g o o d s ; c l o c k s ....................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r e d c o m m o d itie s ........................................
D ec.
M ar.
1 1 4 .4
1 2 8 .9
1 1 5 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 2 4 .0
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .0
1 2 4 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 3 .3
1 3 8 .2
116.1
1 2 9 .5
1 3 7 .0
133.1
1 1 4 .0
1 2 7 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 1 9 .5
1 2 2 .2
119.1
1 1 6 .8
1 1 4 .5
1 1 7 .2
1 2 0 .8
1 3 8 .2
1 2 2 .6
1 2 7 .3
1 3 5 .9
1 1 4 .7
1 2 7 .3
1 3 5 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 1 0 .6
1 2 4 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 1 5 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 3 3 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 2 3 .2
1 3 3 .9
1 1 2 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 3 4 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 0 8 .4
1 1 9 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 2 0 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 3 8 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 1 5 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 2 2 .5
1 2 8 .8
1 2 1 .4
S e p t.
Ju n e
1 1 5 .4
1 2 7 .8
1 1 7 .5
1 1 7 .0
1 2 8 .0
1 2 5 .2
1 3 0 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 2 2 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 4 4 .3
1 4 0 .2
1 3 6 .3
1 3 8 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 3 2 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 2 .2
1 1 5 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .5
1 1 0 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 2 3 .7
1 4 0 .5
1 3 6 .2
1 3 3 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 3 2 .2
1 3 0 .6
Ju n e
M ar.
D ec.
1 1 4 .0
1 3 9 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 2 2 .2
126.1
1 2 8 .2
1 3 0 .0
139.1
123.1
1 2 3 .5
1 4 4 .8
1 3 5 .2
1 4 0 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 1 9 .4
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 1 4 .9
1 3 9 .0
1 1 8 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 6 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 3 0 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .8
145.1
1 4 0 .6
1 3 8 .9
1 3 8 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 3 2 .6
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .6
S e p t.
1 1 4 .8
1 3 7 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 3 .6
1 2 8 .7
1 2 7 .4
1 2 3 .8
1 2 7 .3
124.1
1 2 4 .6
1 4 7 .4
132.1
1 4 1 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .0
138.1
1 S IC - b a s e d c la s s ific a tio n .
44.
Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
(1 9 7 7 = 100)
Q u a rte rly I n d e x e s
Item
I
II
1989
1988
1987
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
III
II
Business:
1 1 0 .0
1 8 8 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 7 1 .2
1 6 2 .6
1 6 8 .2
1 1 0 .7
1 8 9 .5
1 0 1 .4
1 7 1 .3
1 6 6 .5
1 6 9 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 9 1 .8
1 0 1 .7
1 7 1 .6
1 6 8 .9
1 7 0 .7
1 1 2 .5
195.1
1 0 2 .5
1 7 3 .5
1 6 7 .2
1 7 1 .3
1 1 3 .2
1 9 6 .4
1 0 2 .3
1 7 3 .5
1 6 8 .9
1 7 1 .9
1 1 2 .6
199.1
1 0 2 .5
1 7 6 .9
1 6 8 .8
174.1
1 1 3 .4
2 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 7 8 .0
1 7 1 .8
1 7 5 .8
1 1 3 .5
2 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 8 0 .2
1 7 3 .7
1 7 7 .9
1 1 3 .8
2 0 6 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 8 1 .9
1 7 4 .7
1 7 9 .4
1 1 4 .2
2 1 0 .4
1 0 2 .9
184.1
1 7 6 .3
1 8 1 .4
1 1 4 .7
2 1 2 .8
1 0 3 .5
1 8 5 .5
1 7 6 .7
1 8 2 .4
1 0 7 .7
187.1
1 0 1 .3
1 7 3 .6
164.1
1 7 0 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 8 8 .3
1 0 0 .7
1 7 3 .4
1 6 7 .6
1 7 1 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 9 0 .5
1 0 1 .0
1 7 3 .9
1 7 0 .3
1 7 2 .6
1 1 0 .2
1 9 3 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 7 5 .8
1 6 8 .7
1 7 3 .4
1 1 1 .0
1 9 5 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 7 5 .7
1 7 0 .3
1 7 3 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 9 7 .5
1 0 1 .7
1 7 8 .7
1 6 9 .8
1 7 5 .6
1 1 1 .5
2 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .9
1 7 9 .6
172.1
1 7 7 .0
1 1 2 .0
2 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .3
1 8 1 .3
1 7 6 .3
1 7 9 .6
1 1 1 .6
2 0 5 .5
102.1
184.1
1 7 4 .6
1 8 0 .8
1 1 1 .9
2 0 8 .3
1 0 1 .9
186.1
1 7 6 .5
1 8 2 .8
1 1 2 .6
2 1 1 .0
1 0 2 .7
1 8 7 .4
1 7 7 .9
184.1
1 1 0 .4
1 8 3 .7
9 9 .4
1 7 1 .0
1 6 6 .3
1 8 5 .0
118.1
1 6 1 .6
1 6 4 .7
1 1 1 .6
1 8 4 .8
9 8 .9
1 7 0 .8
1 6 5 .5
1 8 6 .3
1 2 2 .5
1 6 3 .9
1 6 5 .0
1 1 3 .0
1 8 6 .9
99.1
1 7 0 .8
1 6 5 .3
1 8 6 .9
1 2 9 .3
1 6 6 .7
1 6 5 .8
1 1 3 .5
1 8 9 .5
9 9 .6
172.1
1 6 7 .0
1 8 7 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 6 4 .4
166.1
1 1 4 .6
1 9 0 .9
9 9 .4
1 7 1 .9
1 6 6 .6
1 8 7 .8
1 2 7 .0
1 6 6 .5
1 6 6 .5
1 1 4 .7
193.1
9 9 .5
1 7 3 .6
1 6 8 .4
1 8 8 .9
129.1
1 6 8 .0
1 6 8 .2
115.1
1 9 5 .5
9 9 .5
1 7 5 .2
1 6 9 .9
1 9 1 .0
1 2 7 .5
1 6 8 .8
1 6 9 .5
1 1 4 .9
1 9 7 .8
9 9 .6
1 7 7 .5
172.1
1 9 3 .3
1 3 1 .6
1 7 1 .7
1 7 2 .0
1 1 4 .5
2 0 0 .2
9 9 .5
1 8 0 .4
1 7 4 .9
1 9 6 .9
1 1 9 .6
1 6 9 .8
173.1
1 1 4 .5
2 0 2 .8
9 9 .3
1 8 2 .9
177.1
200.1
1 1 6 .6
1 7 0 .9
1 7 5 .0
1 1 5 .3
2 0 5 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 8 4 .7
1 7 8 .2
2 0 4 .0
113.1
172.1
176.1
1 3 1 .5
1 8 8 .8
1 0 2 .2
1 4 3 .5
1 3 3 .3
1 8 9 .0
101.1
1 4 1 .8
1 3 4 .3
1 9 0 .4
1 0 0 .9
1 4 1 .8
1 3 4 .7
1 9 1 .7
1 0 0 .7
1 4 2 .3
1 3 5 .5
1 9 4 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 4 3 .4
1 3 6 .3
1 9 5 .3
1 0 0 .6
1 4 3 .3
1 3 7 .8
1 9 7 .4
1 0 0 .5
1 4 3 .2
1 3 8 .6
2 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .8
1 4 4 .4
1 3 9 .4
2 0 1 .9
1 0 0 .3
1 4 4 .8
1 4 0 .7
2 0 3 .2
9 9 .4
1 4 4 .4
141.1
2 0 6 .2
1 0 0 .3
1 4 6 .2
Nonfarm business:
Nonfinancial corporations:
U nit la b o r c o s t s ..................................................................
Manufacturing:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
119
Current Labor Statistics:
45.
Productivity Data
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
(1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
Item
1960
1970
1973
1977
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
P riv a te b u s in e s s
P roductivity:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s ...................................
O u tp u t p e r u n it of c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ...........................
M u ltifacto r p r o d u c t i v it y ....................................................
O u t p u t .........................................................................................
In p u ts:
H o u rs o f all p e r s o n s .........................................................
C a p ita l s e r v i c e s ..................................................................
C o m b in e d u n its o f la b o r a n d c a p ita l i n p u t ...........
C a p ita l p e r h o u r of all p e r s o n s .......................................
6 7 .3
1 0 3 .7
7 8 .5
5 5 .3
8 8 .4
1 0 2 .7
93.1
8 0 .2
9 5 .9
1 0 5 .6
9 9 .2
9 3 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .5
9 9 .7
9 9 .6
1 0 7 .9
1 0 0 .6
9 2 .3
9 7 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 0 0 .3
8 6 .6
9 5 .2
1 0 5 .4
1 0 3 .0
8 8 .3
9 7 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 0 5 .6
9 2 .7
1 0 0 .9
1 1 9 .2
1 0 7 .9
9 2 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 1 0 .3
9 3 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 1 1 .2
9 3 .7
1 0 4 .7
1 3 3 .4
8 2 .2
5 3 .3
7 0 .5
6 4 .9
9 0 .8
78.1
86.1
86.1
9 6 .9
8 8 .0
9 3 .7
9 0 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .2
1 0 8 .3
9 9 .8
1 0 8 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 0 8 .9
1 0 5 .2
1 2 1 .8
1 1 0 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 0 6 .7
1 2 4 .4
1 1 2 .6
1 1 6 .6
1 1 2 .9
1 2 8 .6
118.1
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .2
1 3 3 .8
1 2 1 .4
116.1
1 1 6 .7
1 3 8 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 2 0 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 1 8 .6
7 0 .7
1 0 4 .9
8 1 .2
5 4 .4
8 9 .2
1 0 3 .5
9 3 .8
7 9 .9
9 6 .4
1 0 6 .3
9 9 .7
9 2 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .2
9 8 .9
99.1
1 0 7 .9
9 9 .6
9 1 .0
9 6 .7
1 0 8 .4
99.1
85.1
94.1
1 0 4 .8
1 0 2 .5
8 7 .3
9 7 .0
110.1
1 0 4 .7
9 1 .3
9 9 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 0 6 .2
9 1 .0
1 0 0 .7
1 2 4 .0
1 0 8 .3
9 0 .8
1 0 2 .0
1 2 8 .3
109.1
9 1 .5
1 0 2 .7
1 3 3 .2
7 7 .0
5 1 .9
67.1
6 7 .4
8 9 .6
7 7 .2
8 5 .2
8 6 .2
9 6 .3
8 7 .3
9 3 .2
9 0 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .8
109.1
1 0 8 .9
1 0 0 .3
1 0 8 .8
119.1
1 1 2 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 2 3 .3
1 1 1 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 0 7 .4
126.1
1 1 3 .5
1 1 7 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 3 0 .6
1 1 9 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 6 .8
1 3 6 .3
123.1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 4 1 .3
1 2 5 .8
1 1 9 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 4 5 .5
1 2 9 .6
1 1 9 .2
6 2 .2
1 0 3 .0
7 2 .0
5 2 .5
8 0 .8
99.1
8 5 .3
7 8 .6
9 3 .4
1 1 2 .0
9 8 .0
9 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .4
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .9
108.1
1 0 3 .6
8 9 .0
9 9 .7
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .9
8 1 .6
9 9 .2
9 8 .4
1 1 2 .0
8 6 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 0 4 .7
118.1
9 5 .5
112.1
1 1 7 .5
1 2 3 .6
9 7 .3
1 1 6 .4
1 2 2 .0
1 2 7 .7
9 8 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 4 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 2 3 .6
130.1
8 4 .4
5 1 .0
7 2 .9
6 0 .4
9 7 .3
7 9 .3
92.1
8 1 .5
103.1
8 6 .0
9 8 .3
8 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .6
107.1
1 0 1 .9
101.1
1 1 7 .8
105.1
1 1 6 .5
9 2 .9
1 2 0 .5
9 9 .2
1 2 9 .8
9 3 .5
1 2 0 .8
9 9 .7
1 2 9 .3
9 9 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 2 3 .7
9 8 .7
1 2 5 .4
1 0 4 .8
127.1
9 7 .7
1 2 6 .8
1 0 4 .4
1 2 9 .8
9 8 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 2 9 .4
P r iv a te n o n f a r m b u s in e s s
P roductivity:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ...................................
O u tp u t p e r unit o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ...........................
M u ltifacto r p r o d u c tiv ity ....................................................
O u t p u t .........................................................................................
In p u ts:
H o u rs o f all p e r s o n s .........................................................
C a p ita l s e r v i c e s ..................................................................
C o m b in e d u n its of la b o r a n d c a p ita l i n p u t ...........
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................................
M a n u f a c tu r i n g
P roductivity:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ...................................
O u tp u t p e r unit o f c a p ita l s e r v i c e s ...........................
M u ltifacto r p r o d u c tiv ity ....................................................
O u t p u t .........................................................................................
In p u ts:
H o u rs of all p e r s o n s .........................................................
C a p ita l s e r v i c e s ..................................................................
C o m b in e d u n its of la b o r a n d c a p ita l i n p u t s .........
C a p ita l p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................................
Digitized for 120
FRASER
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
46.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
(1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
Item
1960
1970
66.1
3 2 .9
6 7 .3
4 9 .7
4 6 .4
4 8 .5
8 7 .6
5 7 .2
8 9 .4
6 5 .3
5 9 .4
6 3 .2
6 9 .5
3 4 .5
7 0 .7
4 9 .7
4 6 .3
4 8 .5
1973
1977
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
9 5 .2
7 0 .3
9 6 .0
7 3 .8
7 2 .6
7 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .7
1 1 9 .3
9 9 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 0 1 .0
144.1
96.1
1 4 2 .7
1 3 4 .4
1 3 9 .8
1 0 0 .2
1 5 4 .9
9 7 .3
1 5 4 .5
1 3 6 .3
148.1
1 0 2 .6
1 6 0 .8
9 7 .8
1 5 6 .7
1 4 6 .2
1 5 3 .0
1 0 5 .2
1 6 7 .4
9 7 .6
159.1
1 5 6 .4
1 5 8 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 7 4 .8
9 8 .4
1 6 2 .8
1 6 0 .9
1 6 2 .2
1 0 9 .8
1 8 3 .8
1 0 1 .7
1 6 7 .5
162.1
1 6 5 .6
111.1
1 9 1 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 7 1 .9
1 6 6 .3
1 7 0 .0
1 1 3 .0
2 0 0 .2
1 0 2 .5
177.1
1 7 0 .9
1 7 4 .9
8 8 .4
5 7 .6
9 0 .0
6 5 .2
6 0 .0
6 3 .4
9 5 .8
7 0 .7
9 6 .4
7 3 .8
6 9 .4
7 2 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .4
1 1 9 .0
9 9 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 6 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 4 4 .0
9 6 .0
1 4 4 .0
1 3 3 .2
1 4 0 .3
99.1
1 5 4 .7
97.1
156.1
136.1
1 4 9 .2
1 0 2 .0
1 6 0 .8
9 7 .8
1 5 7 .6
148.1
1 5 4 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 6 7 .2
9 7 .5
1 6 0 .4
1 5 6 .3
1 5 9 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 7 4 .0
9 8 .0
1 6 4 .9
1 6 1 .9
1 6 3 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 8 2 .9
101.1
1 6 9 .8
1 6 3 .3
1 6 7 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 8 9 .8
1 0 1 .2
1 7 4 .2
1 6 7 .7
1 7 2 .0
111.1
1 9 8 .7
1 0 1 .8
1 7 8 .8
1 7 2 .2
1 7 6 .5
7 1 .9
36.1
7 4 .0
4 9 .4
5 0 .2
4 7 .0
5 9 .8
5 1 .5
5 0 .7
9 0 .2
5 8 .6
9 1 .6
6 4 .8
6 5 .0
6 4 .2
5 2 .3
60.1
6 3 .3
9 6 .8
7 1 .0
9 6 .9
7 2 .7
7 3 .4
7 0 .7
6 5 .6
6 8 .9
7 1 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .9
1 1 8 .9
9 9 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .0
1 1 5 .8
9 4 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 1 5 .4
9 9 .9
1 4 3 .7
9 5 .8
1 4 7 .7
1 4 3 .8
159.1
98.1
1 3 7 .8
1 4 1 .7
1 0 0 .2
154.1
9 6 .8
1 5 9 .5
1 5 3 .8
1 7 6 .4
7 8 .5
142.1
1 4 9 .8
1 0 3 .0
159.1
9 6 .8
1 5 9 .5
1 5 4 .5
1 7 4 .3
1 1 0 .9
152.1
1 5 3 .7
1 0 5 .5
1 6 5 .0
9 6 .3
1 6 0 .8
1 5 6 .5
1 7 3 .6
1 3 6 .5
1 6 0 .6
1 5 7 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 7 1 .6
9 6 .7
164.1
1 6 0 .2
1 7 5 .8
1 3 3 .0
1 6 0 .8
1 6 0 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 7 9 .9
9 9 .5
1 6 8 .5
164.1
1 8 1 .7
123.1
1 6 1 .2
163.1
112.1
186.1
9 9 .3
1 7 1 .2
166.1
1 8 6 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 6 4 .2
1 6 5 .4
1 1 4 .7
194.1
9 9 .4
1 7 4 .6
1 6 9 .3
1 9 0 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 6 8 .8
169.1
6 0 .7
3 5 .6
7 3 .0
5 8 .7
6 0 .0
59.1
8 0 .2
5 7 .0
8 9 .0
7 1 .0
64.1
6 9 .0
9 2 .6
6 8 .2
93.1
7 3 .7
7 0 .8
7 2 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 1 8 .9
9 9 .2
1 1 7 .0
9 8 .9
1 1 1 .7
1 0 4 .0
1 4 5 .7
97.1
140.1
1 1 1 .7
1 3 1 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 5 8 .7
9 9 .6
1 4 8 .8
1 1 3 .7
1 3 8 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 6 2 .7
9 9 .0
145.1
1 2 8 .3
1 4 0 .2
1 1 8 .2
168.1
98.1
1 4 2 .3
1 3 8 .5
1 4 1 .2
1 2 3 .5
1 7 6 .3
9 9 .3
1 4 2 .7
1 3 0 .3
139.1
1 2 8 .2
1 8 4 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 4 3 .8
1 3 5 .2
1 4 1 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 8 9 .2
1 0 0 .9
1 4 2 .3
1 3 7 .6
1 4 1 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 9 6 .0
1 0 0 .4
1 4 3 .6
Business:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ......................................
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a ti o n p e r h o u r ..........................................
U nit la b o r c o s t s .....................................................................
U nit n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
Im plicit p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
Nonfarm business:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................................
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a ti o n p e r h o u r ..........................................
U nit la b o r c o s t s ......................................................................
U nit n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
Im plicit p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r of all e m p l o y e e s ................................
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r ......................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a ti o n p e r h o u r ..........................................
T o ta l unit c o s t s .......................................................................
U nit la b o r c o s t s ..................................................................
U nit n o n la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................
U nit p r o f i t s .................................................................................
U nit n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
Im plicit p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
Manufacturing:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ......................................
C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .....................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a ti o n p e r h o u r ..........................................
Unit la b o r c o s t s .....................................................................
U nit n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s ....................................................
Im plicit p ric e d e fla to r ..........................................................
-
_
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
121
Current Labor Statistics:
47.
Productivity Data
Annual productivity indexes for selected industries
(1 9 7 7 = 100)
In d u stry
SIC
1970
1975
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Iron m ining, c r u d e o r e ...................................................
Iron m ining, u s a b le o r e ................................................
C o p p e r m ining, c r u d e o r e ............................................
C o p p e r m ining, r e c o v e r a b le m e t a l ..........................
C o a l m in i n g .........................................................................
B itu m in o u s c o a l a n d lignite m i n i n g .....................
N o n m e ta llic m in e ra ls , e x c e p t f u e l s .........................
C r u s h e d a n d b r o k e n s t o n e .....................................
1011
1011
1021
1021
1 1 1 ,1 2 1
121
14
142
9 9 .9
111.1
8 4 .8
8 5 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .3
8 9 .7
83.1
1 1 2 .7
1 1 7 .8
8 7 .2
7 7 .2
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .2
9 0 .6
9 1 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .8
109.1
9 8 .2
9 9 .4
9 9 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 2 4 .7
1 2 3 .2
9 9 .5
9 1 .6
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .6
9 6 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 3 2 .8
1 3 0 .6
1 0 2 .0
9 7 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .7
9 4 .7
9 6 .7
1 0 0 .9
9 8 .2
1 0 6 .4
1 1 6 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .0
8 9 .3
94.1
1 3 9 .0
1 3 8 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 3 6 .5
1 3 6 .9
9 8 .2
1 0 3 .9
1 7 3 .3
1 7 1 .7
1 4 0 .3
1 5 5 .4
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .3
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 8 7 .9
1 8 7 .9
1 6 4 .2
193.1
1 5 4 .3
1 5 4 .6
1 0 7 .5
1 0 4 .5
2 0 0 .3
1 9 7 .8
1 9 5 .4
2 2 8 .9
1 6 7 .7
1 6 8 .2
1 0 8 .4
1 0 4 .9
2 5 4 .5
2 5 0 .4
1 9 7 .0
2 1 1 .2
1 8 1 .3
1 8 2 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 2 1 .3
2 5 8 .8
2 4 8 .2
2 0 6 .9
2 2 9 .9
2 0 0 .7
2 0 1 .9
1 1 4 .0
120.1
R e d m e a t p r o d u c t s .........................................................
M e a tp a c k in g p l a n t s .....................................................
S a u s a g e s a n d o th e r p r e p a r e d m e a t s ................
P o u ltry d r e s s in g a n d p r o c e s s i n g ..............................
Fluid m il k ..............................................................................
P r e s e r v e d fru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ..............................
G ra in mill p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
F lo u r a n d o t h e r g rain mill p r o d u c ts ....................
R ic e m illin g .......................................................................
B a k e ry p r o d u c t s ...............................................................
S u g a r .....................................................................................
R a w a n d re fin e d c a n e s u g a r ..................................
B e e t s u g a r ........................................................................
M alt b e v e r a g e s ..................................................................
B o ttle d a n d c a n n e d s o ft d r i n k s ................................
T o ta l t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ................................................
C ig a re tte s , c h e w in g a n d s m o k in g t o b a c c o .....
C i g a r s ..................................................................................
2 0 1 1 ,1 3
2 011
2013
2 0 1 6 ,1 7
2026
203
204
2 041
2044
205
2 0 6 1 ,6 2 ,6 3
2 0 6 1 ,6 2
2063
2082
2086
2 1 1 1 ,2 1 ,3 1
2 1 1 1 ,3 1
2 121
7 7 .3
7 8 .7
7 2 .8
7 8 .3
7 3 .7
7 9 .7
7 9 .7
7 6 .6
8 2 .0
8 7 .5
8 5 .9
86.1
9 2 .9
5 6 .7
7 0 .0
8 6 .8
8 5 .3
8 8 .4
8 4 .4
8 8 .6
7 4 .8
8 7 .9
9 5 .5
9 3 .7
87.1
8 5 .8
9 0 .4
9 3 .4
9 4 .0
9 0 .8
98.1
86.1
8 9 .5
9 3 .9
9 3 .3
9 3 .7
1 0 1 .7
1 0 4 .6
9 5 .0
106.1
1 1 5 .6
9 8 .9
1 0 1 .0
9 7 .3
9 6 .3
9 5 .0
103.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 4 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 0 3 .4
102.1
1 0 2 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .9
1 0 2 .3
1 0 5 .7
1 2 3 .9
1 0 0 .8
1 0 5 .3
9 4 .8
1 1 1 .8
9 3 .7
100.1
9 9 .3
102.1
1 1 6 .0
1 0 6 .9
102.1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 1 3 .9
9 5 .0
1 1 6 .4
1 2 8 .0
9 9 .2
1 1 0 .9
9 6 .7
1 1 7 .9
9 6 .2
9 8 .8
9 8 .8
9 8 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 0 0 .5
9 9 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 1 2 .3
1 1 9 .5
9 6 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 3 5 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 2 1 .0
104.1
1 0 4 .5
1 0 3 .3
9 0 .4
8 7 .6
9 4 .8
1 2 2 .6
114.1
1 0 0 .7
9 9 .5
1 1 1 .4
1 1 5 .9
1 2 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 3 1 .7
143.1
1 1 0 .8
1 2 5 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 0 3 .3
1 0 6 .9
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .5
1 3 1 .3
1 2 1 .5
105.1
104.1
1 1 2 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 2 5 .6
9 9 .5
1 3 0 .3
1 4 9 .5
1 1 2 .4
1 3 2 .8
1 1 4 .9
9 3 .2
1 0 6 .8
9 9 .7
9 4 .7
1 0 8 .8
1 3 7 .9
1 3 1 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 0 7 .2
1 4 1 .4
1 1 9 .5
130.1
9 8 .8
1 3 3 .2
1 5 5 .0
1 1 3 .4
1 4 0 .9
1 2 2 .9
1 0 3 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 5 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 0 0 .7
1 3 0 .3
1 3 6 .7
1 1 3 .4
1 1 1 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 1 7 .3
1 2 6 .2
9 8 .7
1 2 7 .3
1 6 2 .4
1 1 8 .3
142.1
1 2 6 .6
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .4
110.1
1 0 9 .6
1 1 1 .8
1 5 2 .3
1 4 6 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 5 .5
133.1
1 1 5 .3
1 2 6 .2
9 4 .5
1 3 5 .4
1 6 8 .0
1 1 6 .4
1 4 9 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 2 0 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 2 5 .5
117.1
1 3 9 .2
1 6 5 .7
158.1
1 2 4 .2
123.1
139.1
8 6 .7
9 4 .3
1 0 1 .2
9 5 .2
9 8 .8
1 0 0 .2
9 7 .8
9 7 .5
9 8 .0
9 7 .2
9 6 .9
8 5 .5
8 6 .7
9 9 .8
9 8 .5
9 6 .2
8 6 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 7 .9
1 0 3 .8
9 6 .9
1 0 6 .3
9 2 .2
9 4 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .6
105.1
1 0 2 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .4
9 8 .0
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 0 5 .0
1 0 7 .4
9 9 .7
9 7 .3
1 0 4 .2
9 3 .6
1 0 2 .8
9 9 .9
9 7 .2
1 0 2 .3
112.1
112.1
1 0 5 .2
9 4 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 1 1 .0
9 4 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 2 2 .0
103.1
9 8 .8
1 0 7 .9
9 6 .4
1 0 6 .9
1 0 3 .0
9 7 .3
1 1 0 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 4 .4
9 2 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 9 .8
9 1 .4
1 1 2 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 1 8 .2
9 5 .2
117.1
86.1
1 1 4 .4
1 0 4 .7
9 8 .2
1 1 5 .9
1 0 4 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 1 1 .3
9 5 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 1 1 .9
8 6 .3
1 2 1 .6
1 1 8 .0
1 2 8 .5
9 0 .2
1 2 6 .8
8 7 .9
121.1
110.1
1 0 3 .8
1 2 1 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 1 9 .5
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 1 4 .0
9 4 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 2 9 .6
9 6 .9
1 3 2 .3
8 8 .7
1 2 0 .0
1 1 2 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 2 2 .7
1 0 9 .5
1 1 7 .8
1 2 1 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 0 2 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 3 4 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 3 9 .2
8 5 .7
125.1
1 1 2 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 0 8 .8
1 1 6 .7
123.1
107.1
9 9 .6
1 2 2 .5
1 0 1 .4
1 3 2 .8
1 2 1 .0
141.1
1 0 7 .5
155.1
9 0 .0
1 2 8 .8
1 1 8 .5
1 1 1 .9
127.1
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 2 6 .7
1 0 5 .4
132.1
1 1 8 .3
1 6 2 .6
1 0 5 .8
151.1
94.1
132.1
1 1 8 .3
1 1 0 .5
1 2 5 .2
1 3 0 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 1 0 .5
98.1
1 2 3 .3
1 0 7 .5
8 4 .0
8 4 .5
9 2 .5
9 4 .0
9 4 .2
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 0 5 .3
9 4 .0
1 0 4 .8
9 0 .3
1 1 5 .7
1 0 6 .0
8 3 .6
1 0 0 .8
8 9 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 0 4 .2
76.1
9 9 .8
8 0 .8
1 0 3 .6
1 0 7 .0
8 4 .0
1 0 6 .5
8 5 .8
1 2 6 .2
1 1 4 .3
8 6 .2
1 1 3 .8
9 5 .0
1 2 5 .3
1 1 6 .4
8 5 .2
1 2 1 .5
9 1 .5
1 3 5 .8
118.1
8 7 .3
1 2 5 .6
9 0 .6
1 4 6 .2
1 2 1 .8
9 4 .3
1 2 7 .7
9 2 .0
1 5 6 .4
1 2 0 .9
9 6 .2
1 3 5 .3
8 5 .3
8 6 .7
8 8 .7
1 1 3 .4
1 0 2 .0
9 4 .9
9 8 .9
9 7 .2
9 4 .2
1 0 3 .9
9 7 .7
8 3 .7
8 7 .2
9 4 .5
7 9 .4
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .2
8 1 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 1 9 .8
9 2 .5
1 1 2 .5
1 1 5 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 1 0 .0
1 1 3 .8
132.1
1 2 9 .4
120.1
9 1 .8
8 6 .2
1 0 1 .3
9 8 .5
8 4 .7
9 1 .0
89.1
93.1
9 5 .5
9 1 .9
9 7 .5
1 0 7 .3
9 4 .8
1 0 0 .2
1 0 2 .4
9 6 .0
9 5 .9
9 1 .6
8 5 .4
1 1 0 .2
9 2 .7
9 9 .9
1 0 2 .4
9 5 .7
99.1
1 0 5 .2
8 7 .0
9 7 .6
9 4 .0
8 4 .9
1 0 9 .6
9 0 .4
93.1
118.1
9 8 .5
9 5 .6
110.1
91.1
1 0 0 .7
9 7 .3
8 4 .3
111.1
8 8 .5
9 5 .4
1 2 8 .2
110.1
1 0 6 .4
1 0 5 .8
9 4 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 3 .3
8 8 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 1 .0
9 0 .6
136.1
1 0 7 .2
1 0 3 .9
1 0 8 .5
1 0 8 .4
1 0 5 .4
101.1
8 5 .5
1 2 1 .6
9 7 .6
9 3 .7
1 4 6 .8
1 1 0 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 2 8 .0
1 2 5 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 0 .4
9 3 .3
115.1
9 9 .2
9 6 .3
1 4 6 .7
1 1 3 .0
1 0 7 .3
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .3
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .6
1 0 0 .4
114.1
1 0 0 .5
9 7 .4
1 5 1 .4
114.1
1 0 9 .3
1 3 8 .9
1 3 5 .5
1 1 5 .6
1 1 4 .5
9 8 .7
1 2 2 .9
1 0 5 .9
100.1
1 6 2 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 0 4 .7
1 5 3 .6
1 4 3 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 2 1 .9
102.1
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .9
9 6 .8
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 1 3 .3
9 9 .7
98.1
1 0 0 .3
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .9
9 5 .8
102.1
9 2 .8
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .9
9 0 .8
9 9 .8
9 9 .8
1 0 3 .7
1 0 5 .3
1 0 0 .0
94.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .6
9 8 .4
9 9 .7
102.1
9 0 .6
9 9 .9
1 1 2 .0
9 2 .7
9 1 .6
9 0 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 2 4 .4
1 0 3 .8
9 7 .9
9 6 .8
108.1
9 5 .2
9 4 .6
9 8 .5
9 0 .4
1 0 1 .4
9 0 .9
9 3 .7
8 9 .0
8 8 .4
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 0 3 .0
1 0 6 .0
9 9 .2
1 1 8 .5
9 2 .8
1 0 2 .3
9 9 .5
9 6 .0
98.1
1 1 6 .8
9 8 .3
8 9 .9
9 0 .2
1 4 1 .2
1 3 8 .3
1 1 1 .5
121.1
1 1 0 .4
1 2 0 .5
8 8 .8
9 3 .2
1 0 3 .0
9 9 .7
1 0 4 .7
1 3 1 .3
1 0 6 .8
9 8 .8
1 0 3 .5
1 4 8 .0
1 5 1 .9
1 2 5 .4
128.1
1 1 6 .2
1 2 3 .0
8 9 .5
1 0 2 .0
1 0 7 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 3 9 .5
1 0 4 .2
9 5 .6
1 0 1 .0
1 8 1 .5
1 8 9 .8
1 2 5 .4
1 2 2 .0
1 1 5 .6
1 2 5 .6
90.1
1 0 1 .6
1 1 7 .7
1 0 6 .3
1 0 4 .7
1 4 1 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 0 0 .3
1 0 4 .3
2 1 0 .8
2 2 9 .2
1 3 4 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 2 5 .0
1 2 6 .0
8 9 .2
1 0 5 .0
1 1 7 .7
104.1
1 0 8 .7
1 5 2 .3
1 0 8 .8
9 5 .0
1 0 4 .3
2 5 9 .8
2 9 6 .9
1 3 3 .3
1 3 5 .5
1 2 8 .4
1 3 2 .6
9 3 .9
1 0 9 .3
1 1 7 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 1 5 .6
1 0 5 .3
1 0 0 .5
1 0 2 .8
9 3 .3
1 0 5 .4
95.1
1 0 1 .3
9 4 .9
1 0 3 .6
95.1
105.1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 4 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 0 9 .6
C o tto n a n d s y n th e tic b r o a d w o v e n f a b r i c s .........
H o s ie ry ..................................................................................
N o n w o o l y a rn m ills .........................................................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a t s .............................
S a w m ills a n d p lan in g m ills, g e n e ra l .......................
M illwork ................................................................................
V e n e e r a n d p l y w o o d .......................................................
H o u s e h o ld fu rn itu re ........................................................
W o o d h o u s e h o ld f u r n i tu r e ........................................
U p h o ls te r e d h o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ..........................
M a tt r e s s e s a n d b e d s p r i n g s .....................................
O ffic e f u r n i tu r e ...................................................................
P a p e r, p a p e r b o a r d , a n d p u lp m il ls ..........................
P a p e r a n d p la s tic b a g s ................................................
F o ld in g p a p e r b o a r d b o x e s ..........................................
C o r r u g a te d a n d s o lid fib e r b o x e s ...........................
In d u stria l in o rg a n ic c h e m i c a l s ...................................
In d u stria l in o rg a n ic c h e m ic a ls , n o t
e l s e w h e r e c l a s s i f i e d ................................................
S y n th e tic f i b e r s ..................................................................
P h a r m a c e u tic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s .....................................
C o s m e tic s a n d o t h e r to ile trie s ..................................
P a in ts a n d a llied p r o d u c ts ..........................................
In d u stria l o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls , n o t
e ls e w h e r e c l a s s i f i e d .....................................................
A gricultural c h e m i c a l s ...................................................
P e tro le u m r e f i n in g ............................................................
2 2 1 1 ,2 1
2 2 5 1 ,5 2
2 281
2 311
2 421
2 431
2 4 3 5 ,3 6
251
2 5 1 1 ,7
2512
2515
252
2 6 1 1 ,2 1 ,3 1 ,6 1
2643
2651
2653
281
2 8 1 9 pt.
2 8 2 3 ,2 4
2834
2844
285 1
2869
287
291 1
_
6 5 .5
8 4 .3
75.1
9 0 .0
9 5 .9
8 3 .2
8 2 .2
8 3 .5
8 4 .4
6 7 .7
7 8 .2
7 7 .5
7 5 .8
7 7 .4
73.1
-
5 3 .8
7 4 .8
6 5 .9
7 4 .9
6 5 .5
7 3 .8
T ire s a n d in n e r t u b e s ....................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c t s ................................
F o o t w e a r ..............................................................................
G l a s s c o n t a i n e r s ..............................................................
H y d rau lic c e m e n t .............................................................
S tru c tu ra l c la y p r o d u c ts ...............................................
C la y c o n s tr u c tio n p r o d u c t s .........................................
B rick a n d s tru c tu ra l c la y t i l e ...................................
C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ...............................................................
C o n c r e te p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
R e a d y -m ix e d c o n c r e t e ..................................................
301 1
3079
314
322 1
324 1
325
3 2 5 1 ,5 3 ,5 9
325 1
3255
3 2 7 1 ,7 2
3273
S te e l .......................................................................................
G ra y iron f o u n d r i e s .........................................................
S t e e l fo u n d rie s ..................................................................
S t e e l fo u n d rie s , n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s if ie d ........
P rim a ry c o p p e r, le a d , a n d z in c ................................
P rim a ry c o p p e r ..............................................................
P rim a ry a lu m i n u m .............................................................
C o p p e r rolling a n d d raw in g ........................................
A lum inum rolling a n d d r a w i n g ...................................
M e ta l c a n s ..........................................................................
H a n d a n d e d g e t o o l s .....................................................
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t, e x c e p t e l e c t r i c ........................
F a b r ic a te d s tru c tu ra l m e t a l .........................................
M etal d o o r s , s a s h , a n d t r i m ........................................
M etal s t a m p i n g s ...............................................................
331
332 1
3 3 2 4 ,2 5
3325
3 3 3 1 ,3 2 ,3 3
3331
3334
3 351
3 3 5 3 ,5 4 ,5 5
3 411
3423
3433
3 441
3442
3 4 6 5 ,6 6 ,6 9
1 0 2 .2
82.1
8 6 .4
9 3 .3
9 7 .0
1 0 7 .5
1 0 7 .7
8 5 .3
8 3 .0
9 6 .2
7 6 .8
8 7 .5
8 7 .0
9 3 .9
8 0 .4
9 7 .4
8 9 .3
9 3 .2
V a lv e s a n d p ip e f i t t i n g s ................................................
F a rm a n d g a r d e n m a c h i n e r y .....................................
3494
352
9 3 .6
7 5 .7
9 2 .4
9 7 .7
S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d of ta b le .
Monthly Labor Review January 1990
Digitized for122
FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 7 .6
1 0 0 .3
8 7 .2
8 4 .8
7 8 .2
7 7 .4
81.1
82.1
8 2 .3
91.1
8 7 .6
7 9 .8
9 0 .6
78.1
7 9 .8
9 2 .5
7 6 .8
6 6 .0
7 8 .8
9 1 .0
-
_
1 2 5 .7
-
176.1
-
1 3 2 .3
1 1 3 .7
-
1 2 6 .3
1 1 8 .9
1 3 8 .2
1 6 3 .6
1 6 6 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 1 9 .9
1 2 9 .3
1 3 1 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 61.1
1 0 9 .9
1 4 8 .7
-
1 2 4 .5
-
1 2 3 .7
1 1 3 .9
1 4 2 .8
-
9 8 .7
1 2 4 .3
-
1 5 6 .6
1 1 6 .8
1 3 8 .2
1 2 5 .7
1 6 9 .7
1 0 0 .6
1 5 3 .3
1 4 7 .6
1 2 0 .6
1 0 4 .9
_
-
1 6 8 .3
-
_
1 1 1 .0
3 3 8 .0
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 4 3 .2
-
-
_
-
47. Continued—Annual productivity indexes for selected industries
(1 9 7 7 = 100)
In d u stry
SIC
1970
1975
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1 0 1 .6
7 2 .0
1 0 0 .2
9 3 .3
1 1 2 .9
1 0 6 .3
-
103.1
9 3 .9
1 0 7 .9
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .0
9 1 .4
9 7 .5
8 9 .9
100.1
1 0 0 .3
1 0 5 .6
1 0 2 .0
1 0 3 .0
9 9 .2
1 0 2 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 1 .4
9 4 .6
9 7 .4
1 0 4 .0
9 8 .8
1 0 0 .6
9 3 .5
1 0 0 .2
9 5 .4
9 3 .8
9 0 .3
96.1
1 0 4 .7
9 6 .5
9 8 .9
8 9 .4
1 0 2 .4
9 4 .3
9 9 .4
9 1 .7
8 8 .9
9 8 .4
8 8 .0
8 9 .2
8 5 .0
9 5 .9
8 3 .3
100.1
9 2 .0
8 8 .2
9 1 .8
8 3 .0
81.1
8 7 .6
1 0 0 .2
8 6 .3
1 0 0 .9
9 9 .6
1 0 2 .6
8 7 .5
9 3 .6
9 3 .3
9 3 .7
106.1
9 4 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 1 0 .3
104.1
7 9 .9
9 6 .7
9 6 .4
9 6 .6
1 0 6 .8
92.1
1 0 3 .7
1 1 4 .0
107.1
7 3 .2
9 7 .7
9 7 .6
97.1
1 0 8 .3
9 5 .6
1 0 1 .5
111.1
1 0 0 .8
7 5 .6
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 0 5 .9
1 1 5 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 7 .9
1 1 8 .8
89.1
8 3 .3
8 7 .8
7 0 .2
6 8 .7
7 1 .7
7 0 .7
8 9 .3
9 3 .4
9 3 .0
9 3 .6
9 7 .8
9 4 .5
9 3 .6
1 0 8 .4
1 0 2 .8
9 9 .3
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .9
1 1 2 .3
108.1
1 1 0 .6
1 0 3 .2
9 6 .7
1 0 5 .8
1 0 3 .9
1 1 4 .4
102.1
1 0 6 .9
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .4
1 0 7 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 1 7 .4
1 0 3 .9
9 9 .6
1 0 1 .3
1 0 2 .4
1 0 8 .6
1 1 2 .6
116.1
1 0 5 .4
99.1
106.1
1 0 4 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 2 0 .8
127.1
1 1 2 .2
9 7 .6
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 2 3 .6
1 3 1 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 1 7 .5
9 9 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 0 0 .4
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .3
134.1
1 5 8 .4
1 3 3 .5
123.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 9 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 6 8 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 2 5 .3
3639
3 641
3 6 4 5 ,4 6 ,4 7 ,4 8
3 651
3674
371
3825
7 0 .4
8 8 .3
78.1
7 0 .6
8 8 .8
9 6 .4
8 9 .2
90.1
5 6 .0
8 7 .7
9 5 .9
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .2
9 4 .6
1 1 8 .5
138.1
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .2
99.1
1 0 3 .2
9 3 .3
1 1 6 .9
1 4 9 .4
9 0 .8
1 0 8 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 6 .9
8 8 .7
1 3 3 .6
1 7 1 .6
93.1
1 1 1 .9
9 4 .7
1 0 8 .4
9 1 .0
1 6 3 .9
1 9 7 .9
9 6 .9
1 1 9 .2
1 0 3 .7
1 2 4 .8
9 6 .3
196.1
2 1 1 .5
1 0 9 .6
1 2 1 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 3 1 .9
1 0 2 .2
2 3 6 .9
2 2 9 .2
1 1 5 .7
1 3 3 .7
1 1 0 .0
1 2 6 .9
107.1
2 4 9 .8
206.1
1 2 1 .2
1 3 0 .4
113.1
131.1
1 1 3 .9
278.1
2 1 0 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .2
120.1
1 4 4 .5
1 0 9 .9
2 5 7 .7
260.1
129.1
1 3 2 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 5 0 .4
1 0 9 .8
2 5 8 .5
401 C l a s s I
401 C l a s s I
4 1 1 ,1 3 ,1 4 p ts.
4 2 1 3 pt.
4 2 1 3 pt.
4 5 1 1 ,4 5 2 1 pt.
4 6 1 2 ,1 3
4 811
4 9 1 ,9 2 ,9 3
4 9 1 ,4 9 3 pt.
4 9 2 ,4 9 3 pt.
7 7 .7
89.1
1 0 7 .3
8 3 .5
7 6 .8
7 1 .4
7 9 .5
62.1
83.1
77.1
102.1
8 9 .5
9 8 .3
9 7 .0
8 9 .2
8 8 .4
8 7 .6
9 5 .7
8 5 .9
9 4 .7
9 2 .9
1 0 1 .4
1 0 4 .7
1 0 2 .9
9 8 .3
1 1 6 .7
1 1 6 .4
113.1
1 0 1 .7
1 1 0 .8
9 7 .6
9 5 .4
1 0 3 .4
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 0 0 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 0 7 .5
1 0 6 .2
9 3 .0
118.1
9 6 .2
9 4 .0
102.1
1 1 1 .5
1 0 7 .6
9 0 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .2
1 0 4 .9
8 6 .0
1 2 4 .4
9 4 .4
9 3 .0
98.1
1 1 5 .8
110.1
9 8 .8
1 0 8 .0
1 0 7 .8
1 1 4 .9
8 9 .2
129.1
8 9 .3
8 9 .5
8 9 .0
1 4 1 .9
1 2 8 .9
9 5 .4
1 3 0 .7
1 3 6 .0
1 2 6 .7
9 4 .3
145.1
8 8 .4
9 0 .9
81.1
1 5 2 .9
1 3 7 .7
9 0 .9
135.1
1 3 7 .6
1 3 1 .7
1 0 4 .5
1 4 3 .0
9 1 .6
9 4 .4
8 3 .6
1 6 1 .7
1 3 8 .9
8 7 .4
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .7
1 3 6 .3
1 0 4 .9
1 4 9 .8
9 0 .9
9 3 .5
82.1
178.1
1 4 8 .2
8 6 .8
1 3 4 .5
1 4 0 .9
1 3 7 .9
1 0 7 .0
1 6 1 .3
9 0 .6
9 5 .8
74.1
2 0 6 .4
1 6 7 .5
9 0 .6
1 3 8 .9
1 4 4 .9
146.1
1 0 4 .9
1 6 5 .9
9 3 .5
1 0 0 .7
7 1 .6
2 2 6 .5
1 7 9 .4
7 4 .6
8 1 .3
8 2 .7
7 6 .5
7 5 .2
9 5 .3
9 7 .8
8 9 .7
1 2 2 .5
9 8 .8
9 8 .6
93.1
9 5 .0
8 9 .9
8 5 .3
1 0 5 .0
1 0 2 .3
1 0 6 .5
1 0 9 .5
95.1
1 1 4 .8
1 0 4 .4
1 0 2 .4
9 8 .3
9 9 .0
9 8 .6
9 7 .7
1 0 3 .2
1 0 7 .4
1 1 2 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 1 2 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 0 3 .8
1 0 7 .8
1 0 0 .3
100.1
1 0 2 .5
9 9 .6
1 0 6 .7
105.1
1 1 7 .9
107.1
1 1 7 .9
1 2 3 .7
1 1 0 .3
1 0 7 .5
1 0 9 .9
1 1 8 .8
97.1
9 7 .9
9 7 .9
98.1
1 0 9 .2
1 0 6 .7
1 2 3 .9
1 1 6 .4
1 2 7 .8
1 3 2 .4
1 1 4 .2
1 0 9 .2
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .0
9 5 .5
9 7 .9
9 0 .6
1 0 0 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 4 2 .0
1 4 0 .7
1 1 0 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 1 .5
9 5 .2
9 8 .6
8 8 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 1 8 .9
1 2 2 .5
1 3 2 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 5 1 .3
1 4 9 .2
1 0 7 .9
121.1
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .8
9 5 .6
100.1
7 8 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 1 8 .4
129.1
1 4 0 .9
125.1
1 5 8 .3
1 4 5 .8
1 1 0 .9
1 2 4 .6
1 2 9 .2
1 1 8 .5
9 5 .8
9 8 .4
6 9 .8
1 0 9 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 3 4 .3
1 4 6 .3
1 3 1 .4
1 6 2 .8
1 3 8 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 3 7 .4
1 3 5 .3
101.1
9 3 .7
9 6 .3
7 3 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 2 5 .6
1 4 3 .9
1 5 3 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 7 6 .4
1 3 6 .0
1 2 7 .5
1 4 0 .3
1 3 8 .5
9 7 .2
9 2 .7
9 3 .8
7 8 .9
1 0 7 .4
134.1
1 3 9 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 3 4 .0
166.1
1 2 8 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 5 0 .6
1 4 1 .7
9 3 .8
9 1 .8
92.1
7 6 .9
1 1 1 .8
1 3 6 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .2
1 3 3 .7
1 6 2 .8
1 2 8 .0
1 1 8 .2
C o n s tru c tio n m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t ..............
O ilfield m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t ..........................
M a c h in e t o o l s ....................................................................
M e ta l-c u ttin g m a c h in e t o o l s ....................................
M e ta l-fo rm in g m a c h in e t o o l s ..................................
P u m p s a n d c o m p r e s s o r s .............................................
B all a n d ro lle r b e a r i n g s ................................................
R e frig e ra tio n a n d h e a tin g e q u i p m e n t ....................
C a r b u re to rs , p is to n s , rin g s, a n d v a l v e s ................
3 531
3533
3 5 4 1 ,4 2
3541
3542
3 5 6 1 ,6 3
3562
3585
3592
8 3 .4
8 6 .4
9 1 .7
8 9 .5
9 8 .5
8 5 .8
8 5 .5
8 8 .4
T r a n s f o r m e r s .....................................................................
S w itc h g e a r a n d s w itc h b o a r d a p p a r a t u s ...............
M o to rs a n d g e n e r a t o r s ..................................................
M ajo r h o u s e h o ld a p p l i a n c e s ......................................
H o u s e h o ld c o o k in g e q u i p m e n t ..............................
H o u s e h o ld re fr ig e r a to r s a n d f r e e z e r s ................
H o u s e h o ld lau n d ry e q u i p m e n t ...............................
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s , n o t e ls e w h e r e
c la s s if ie d .........................................................................
E le c tric l a m p s ................................................................
L ighting f i x t u r e s .............................................................
R a d io a n d te le v is io n re c e iv in g s e t s ........................
S e m ic o n d u c to r s a n d r e la te d d e v i c e s ....................
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t .................................
I n s tr u m e n ts to m e a s u r e e le c t r i c it y ..........................
3612
3613
3 621
3 6 3 1 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,3 9
3 631
3632
3633
R a ilro a d t r a n s p o rta tio n , r e v e n u e t r a f f i c ................
R a ilro a d t r a n s p o rta tio n , c a r - m i l e s ...........................
C l a s s 1 b u s c a r r i e r s ........................................................
In tercity t r u c k i n g ...............................................................
In tercity tru c k in g , g e n e ra l fre ig h t ............................
Air t ra n s p o rta tio n .............................................................
P e tro le u m p ip e lin e s ........................................................
T e l e p h o n e c o m m u n i c a t io n s ........................................
G a s a n d e le c tric u t il it ie s ...............................................
E le c tric u t ilitie s ...............................................................
G a s utilities .....................................................................
-
-
7 0 .5
-
_
-
-
1 1 7 .4
1 3 8 .9
1 7 0 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 2 9 .8
-
1 3 3 .8
-
-
1 4 0 .8
1 0 9 .9
1 7 6 .7
9 7 .9
1 0 5 .6
7 4 .7
H a r d w a re s t o r e s ...............................................................
D e p a r tm e n t s t o r e s ..........................................................
V a riety s t o r e s ....................................................................
R e ta il fo o d s t o r e s ............................................................
G r o c e ry s t o r e s ...............................................................
R e ta il b a k e r i e s ...............................................................
F r a n c h is e d n e w c a r d e a l e r s ......................................
A u to a n d h o m e s u p p ly s t o r e s ...................................
G a s o lin e s e rv ic e s t a t i o n s .............................................
A p p a re l a n d a c c e s s o r y s t o r e s ..................................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ c lo th in g s t o r e s ..........................
W o m e n ’s re a d y - to - w e a r s t o r e s .............................
F am ily c lo th in g s t o r e s ................................................
S h o e s t o r e s .....................................................................
F u rn itu re, f u rn is h in g s , a n d e q u ip m e n t
s t o r e s ................................................................................
F u rn itu re a n d h o m e fu rn is h in g s s t o r e s ............
A p p lia n c e , rad io , te le v is io n , a n d m u sic
s t o r e s .................................................................................
H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s t o r e s ...............................
R a d io , te le v is io n , a n d m u s ic s t o r e s ................
57
571
80.1
7 9 .3
9 1 .9
90.1
1 0 7 .6
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .4
9 8 .0
1 1 2 .6
1 0 1 .2
1 0 9 .2
9 7 .6
1 1 8 .4
104.1
1 2 9 .4
113.1
1 3 3 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 4 4 .4
1 1 5 .5
1 4 6 .8
1 1 3 .0
1 5 4 .4
1 1 1 .0
5 7 2 ,7 3
572
573
8 1 .2
9 4 .8
8 9 .5
9 8 .0
1 1 2 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 2 4 .0
1 0 9 .9
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 4 0 .5
1 2 8 .7
1 0 2 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 4 3 .4
1 1 1 .8
1 5 9 .5
1 5 8 .5
1 3 9 .2
1 6 5 .9
1 8 0 .0
1 5 4 .6
1 9 0 .2
1 9 8 .9
1 7 7 .2
2 0 6 .5
2 1 1 .9
172.1
2 2 6 .7
2 4 3 .2
1 7 7 .2
2 6 9 .5
E a tin g a n d drin k in g p l a c e s .........................................
D rug a n d p ro p rie ta ry s t o r e s ........................................
L iquor s t o r e s .......................................................................
C o m m e rc ia l b a n k i n g .......................................................
H o te ls , m o te ls , a n d to u ris t c o u r t s ............................
L a u n d ry a n d c le a n in g s e r v i c e s .................................
B e a u ty a n d b a r b e r s h o p s ............................................
B e a u ty s h o p s ..................................................................
A u to m o tiv e re p a ir s h o p s ..............................................
58
5912
5921
602
701 1
721
7 2 3 1 ,4 1
723 1
753
1 0 0 .6
8 3 .4
1 0 0 .8
9 4 .2
9 6 .3
9 0 .0
8 9 .7
9 6 .6
9 8 .7
100.1
1 0 2 .0
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .8
9 6 .6
9 9 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .0
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 0 2 .2
9 2 .7
9 5 .0
9 1 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 0 6 .2
9 5 .9
9 7 .3
1 0 7 .6
1 0 4 .0
9 0 .5
9 1 .6
8 8 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 1 4 .7
9 3 .3
9 6 .9
1 0 7 .9
108.1
9 3 .2
8 8 .8
9 0 .6
1 0 8 .3
113.1
8 7 .4
9 5 .3
1 1 0 .9
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .3
9 5 .4
9 0 .4
1 1 4 .0
120.1
86.1
91.1
1 0 5 .7
9 8 .7
1 0 4 .3
102.1
9 2 .3
1 0 3 .9
1 1 2 .3
8 8 .3
8 7 .9
1 0 5 .5
107.1
1 0 9 .7
9 7 .5
8 7 .3
9 8 .6
104.1
96.1
8 9 .7
1 0 4 .6
9 8 .0
1 1 1 .8
9 2 .8
8 5 .0
9 7 .3
9 8 .8
9 3 .2
9 0 .7
1 0 3 .8
9 1 .6
1 1 6 .5
8 8 .0
84.1
99.1
100.1
96.1
9 1 .3
1 0 5 .3
8 8 .5
-
5 251
5 311
5 331
54
5411
546
5511
5531
5 541
56
5 611
5 621
5 651
5 661
7 7 .5
1 2 4 .9
1 0 7 .0
-
86.1
-
-
-
-
8 5 .5
85.1
9 4 .7
-
-
8 3 .8
9 6 .0
9 6 .2
101.1
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
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Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
123
Current Labor Statistics:
International Comparisons Data
48. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data
seasonally adjusted
1989
1988
A nnual a v e ra g e
C o u n try
1987
1988
III
II
I
I
IV
III
II
Total labor force basis
U n ited S t a t e s ................................................
C a n a d a .............................................................
A u s tra lia ..........................................................
J a p a n .................................................................
6.1
8 .8
8 .0
2 .9
5 .4
7 .7
7 .2
2 .5
5 .6
7 .8
7 .5
2 .7
5 .4
7 .6
7 .4
2 .5
5 .4
7 .8
6 .9
2 .6
5 .3
7 .7
6 .8
2 .4
5.1
7 .5
6 .6
2 .4
5 .2
7 .6
6.1
2 .3
5 .2
7 .3
6 .0
2 .3
F r a n c e ..............................................................
G e r m a n y ..........................................................
Italy 1, 2 .............................................................
S w e d e n ............................................................
U n ited K in g d o m ............................................
1 0 .5
6 .2
7 .7
1.9
1 0 .2
10.1
6 .2
7 .8
1.6
8 .2
1 0 .2
6 .3
7 .8
1.7
9 .0
10.1
6 .3
7 .8
1.6
8 .6
1 0 .2
6 .2
7 .8
1.6
8 .0
1 0 .0
6.1
7 .8
1.4
7 .5
9 .9
5 .7
7 .6
1.4
7 .0
9 .9
5 .6
7 .8
1.3
6 .5
9 .9
5 .6
7 .7
1.3
6 .2
U n ited S t a t e s ................................................
C a n a d a .............................................................
A u s tra lia ..........................................................
J a p a n .................................................................
6 .2
8 .8
8.1
2 .9
5 .5
7 .8
7 .2
2 .5
5 .7
7 .8
7 .6
2 .7
5 .5
7 .7
7 .5
2 .5
5 .5
7 .8
7 .0
2 .6
5 .3
7 .7
6 .8
2 .4
5 .2
7 .6
6 .6
2 .4
5 .3
7 .6
6.1
2 .3
5 .2
7 .4
6 .0
2 .3
F r a n c e ..............................................................
G e r m a n y ..........................................................
Italy1, 2 ..............................................................
S w e d e n ............................................................
U n ited K in g d o m ............................................
1 0 .8
6 .4
7 .9
1.9
1 0 .2
1 0 .4
6 .3
7 .9
1.6
8 .3
1 0 .4
6 .4
7 .9
1.7
9 .0
1 0 .4
6 .4
7 .9
1.6
8 .6
1 0 .4
6 .3
8 .0
1.6
8 .0
1 0 .2
6 .2
7 .9
1.4
7 .6
10.1
5 .8
7 .7
1.4
7 .0
10.1
5 .7
8 .0
1.3
6 .6
1 0 .2
5.7
7 .8
1.3
6 .2
Civilian labor force basis
1 Q u a rte rly r a t e s a r e fo r t h e first m o n th of t h e q u a rte r.
2 M any Ita lia n s r e p o r t e d a s u n e m p lo y e d d id n o t a c tiv e ly
s e e k w o rk in t h e p a s t 3 0 d a y s , a n d th e y h a v e b e e n e x
c lu d e d fo r c o m p a ra b ility w ith U .S . c o n c e p t s . In clu sio n of
s u c h p e r s o n s w o u ld a b o u t d o u b le t h e Italian u n e m p lo y m e n t
r a t e In 1 9 8 5 a n d e a rlie r y e a r s a n d i n c r e a s e it to 1 1 -1 2 p e r
124
Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
c e n t fo r 1 9 8 6 o n w a rd .
N O T E : Q u a rte rly fig u re s fo r F r a n c e , G e rm a n y , a n d t h e
U n ited K in g d o m a r e c a lc u l a t e d by ap p ly in g a n n u a l a d ju s t
m e n t f a c t o r s to c u rr e n t p u b lis h e d d a t a a n d th e r e f o r e s h o u ld
b e v ie w e d a s l e s s p r e c i s e in d ic a to r s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r
U .S . c o n c e p t s t h a n t h e a n n u a l fig u re s.
49. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts,
10 countries
( N u m b e rs in t h o u s a n d s )
E m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s a n d c o u n try
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Labor force
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
A u s t r a l i a .....................................................................................
J a p a n ...........................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I t a l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m ......................................................................
1 0 4 ,9 6 2
11,231
6 ,5 1 9
5 5 ,2 1 0
2 2 ,6 6 0
2 6 ,2 5 0
2 0 ,8 5 0
5 ,6 3 0
4 ,2 6 2
2 6 ,3 5 0
1 0 6 ,9 4 0
1 1 ,5 7 3
6 ,6 9 3
5 5 ,7 4 0
2 2 ,8 0 0
2 6 ,5 2 0
2 1 ,1 2 0
5 ,8 6 0
4 ,3 1 2
2 6 ,5 2 0
1 0 8 ,6 7 0
1 1 ,8 9 9
6 ,8 1 0
5 6 ,3 2 0
2 2 ,9 5 0
2 6 ,6 5 0
2 1 ,3 2 0
6 ,0 8 0
4 ,3 2 7
2 6 ,5 9 0
1 1 0 ,2 0 4
1 1 ,9 2 6
6 ,9 1 0
5 6 ,9 8 0
2 3 ,1 6 0
2 6 ,7 0 0
2 1 ,4 1 0
6 ,1 4 0
4 ,3 5 0
2 6 ,7 2 0
6 3 .8
6 3 .9
6 4 .8
6 4 .0
64.1
6 1 .7
6 2 .7
1 1 1 ,5 5 0
1 2 ,1 0 9
6 ,9 9 7
5 8 ,1 1 0
2 3 ,1 4 0
2 6 ,6 5 0
2 1 ,5 9 0
6 ,1 7 0
4 ,3 6 9
2 6 ,7 5 0
1 1 3 ,5 4 4
1 2 ,3 1 6
7 ,1 3 5
5 8 ,4 8 0
2 3 ,3 0 0
2 6 ,7 6 0
2 1 ,6 7 0
6 ,2 6 0
4 ,3 8 5
2 7 ,1 7 0
11 5 ,4 6 1
1 2 ,5 3 2
7 ,3 0 0
5 8 ,8 2 0
2 3 ,3 6 0
2 6 ,9 7 0
2 1 ,8 0 0
6 ,2 8 0
4 ,4 1 8
2 7 ,3 7 0
1 1 7 ,8 3 4
1 2 ,7 4 6
7 ,5 8 8
5 9 ,4 1 0
2 3 ,4 4 0
2 7 ,0 9 0
2 2 ,2 9 0
6 ,3 7 0
4 ,4 4 3
2 7 ,5 4 0
1 1 9 ,8 6 5
1 3,011
7 ,7 5 8
6 0 ,0 5 0
2 3 ,5 4 0
2 8 ,3 6 0
2 2 ,3 5 0
6 ,4 9 0
4 ,4 8 0
2 7 ,8 6 0
1 2 1 ,6 6 9
1 3 ,2 7 5
7 ,9 7 4
6 0 ,8 6 0
2 3 ,5 8 0
2 8 ,5 4 0
2 2 ,6 6 0
6 ,5 6 0
4 ,5 3 0
2 8 ,1 1 0
6 4 .0
64.4
6 4 .4
6 4 .8
6 2 .7
5 6 .6
5 2 .4
4 7 .3
5 6 .2
6 6 .6
6 2 .5
6 4 .8
6 5 .3
6 1 .8
6 2 .3
5 6 .3
5 2 .6
4 7 .2
5 5 .7
6 6 .9
6 2 .6
6 5 .3
6 5 .7
6 3 .0
62.1
56.1
5 2 .6
4 7 .8
5 5 .9
6 7 .0
6 2 .6
6 5 .6
6 6 .2
6 3 .0
6 1 .9
5 5 .8
5 5 .0
4 7 .9
5 6 .3
6 7 .3
6 3 .0
6 5 .9
6 6 .7
6 3 .3
6 1 .9
5 5 .6
5 5 .2
4 8 .4
5 6 .4
6 7 .8
6 3 .3
Participation rate1
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
A u s t r a l i a .....................................................................................
J a p a n ...........................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I ta l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K in g d o m ......................................................................
6 3 .7
6 3 .4
6 1 .6
6 2 .7
5 7 .5
5 3 .3
4 8 .0
54.1
6 6 .6
6 2 .6
62.1
6 2 .6
5 7 .2
5 3 .2
4 8 .2
5 5 .3
6 6 .9
6 2 .5
6 2 .6
57.1
5 2 .9
4 8 .3
5 6 .6
6 6 .8
6 2 .2
5 2 .6
4 7 .7
5 6 .5
6 6 .8
6 2 .2
6 1 .4
63.1
5 6 .6
5 2 .3
4 7 .5
56.1
6 6 .7
6 1 .9
9 8 ,8 2 4
1 0 ,3 9 5
6,111
5 4 ,0 4 0
2 1 ,3 0 0
2 5 ,4 7 0
1 9 ,9 3 0
5 ,3 4 0
4 ,1 7 4
2 4 ,9 4 0
9 9 ,3 0 3
1 0 ,7 0 8
6 ,2 8 4
5 4 ,6 0 0
2 1 ,3 3 0
2 5 ,7 5 0
2 0 ,2 0 0
5 ,5 1 0
4 ,2 2 6
2 4 ,6 7 0
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
11,001
6 ,4 1 6
5 5 ,0 6 0
2 1 ,2 0 0
2 5 ,5 6 0
2 0 ,2 8 0
5 ,5 4 0
4 ,2 1 9
2 3 ,8 0 0
9 9 ,5 2 6
1 0 ,6 1 8
6 ,4 1 5
5 5 ,6 2 0
2 1 ,2 4 0
2 5 ,1 4 0
2 0 ,2 5 0
5 ,5 1 0
4 ,2 1 3
2 3 ,7 2 0
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
1 0 ,6 7 5
6 ,3 0 0
5 6 ,5 5 0
2 1 ,1 7 0
2 4 ,7 5 0
2 0 ,3 2 0
5 ,4 1 0
4 ,2 1 8
2 3 ,6 1 0
1 0 5 ,0 0 5
1 0 ,9 3 2
6 ,4 9 4
5 6 ,8 7 0
2 0 ,9 8 0
2 4 ,7 9 0
2 0 ,3 9 0
5 ,4 9 0
4 ,2 4 9
2 3 ,9 9 0
1 0 7 ,1 5 0
11,221
6 ,6 9 7
5 7 ,2 6 0
2 0 ,9 2 0
2 4 ,9 6 0
2 0 ,4 9 0
5 ,6 4 0
4 ,2 9 3
2 4 ,3 1 0
1 0 9 ,5 9 7
11,531
6 ,9 7 4
5 7 ,7 4 0
2 0 ,9 5 0
2 5 ,2 3 0
2 0 ,6 1 0
5 ,7 3 0
4 ,3 2 6
2 4 ,4 6 0
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
11,861
7 ,1 2 9
5 8 ,3 2 0
2 1 ,0 1 0
2 6 ,5 5 0
2 0 ,5 9 0
5 ,8 4 0
4 ,3 9 6
2 5 ,0 1 0
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
1 2 ,2 4 4
7 ,3 9 8
5 9 ,3 1 0
2 1 ,1 4 0
2 6 ,7 3 0
2 0 ,8 7 0
5 ,9 0 0
4 ,4 5 8
2 5 ,7 8 0
59.9
5 8 .7
5 7 .8
6 1 .4
5 4 .0
5 1 .7
4 5 .9
5 1 .3
6 5 .3
5 9 .2
5 9 .2
5 9 .3
5 8 .3
6 1 .3
5 3 .5
5 1 .7
46.1
5 2 .0
6 5 .6
58.1
5 9 .0
5 9 .9
5 8 .4
6 1 .2
5 2 .8
5 0 .8
4 5 .9
5 1 .6
65.1
5 5 .7
5 7 .8
57.1
5 7 .3
6 1 .2
5 2 .3
4 9 .6
4 5 .2
5 0 .7
6 4 .7
5 5 .2
5 7 .9
5 6 .8
5 5 .3
6 1 .4
5 1 .8
4 8 .6
4 4 .7
4 9 .2
6 4 .4
5 4 .7
5 9 .5
5 7 .5
5 6 .0
6 1 .0
5 1 .0
4 8 .5
4 4 .5
4 9 .3
6 4 .5
5 5 .2
60.1
5 8 .5
5 6 .6
6 0 .6
5 0 .4
4 8 .7
4 4 .4
5 0 .0
6 5 .0
5 5 .6
6 0 .7
5 9 .4
5 7 .9
6 0 .4
5 0 .2
4 9 .0
4 4 .2
5 0 .2
6 5 .2
5 5 .6
6 1 .5
6 0 .4
5 7 .9
60.1
4 9 .8
5 1 .5
44.1
5 0 .6
6 6 .0
5 6 .6
6 2 .3
6 1 .6
5 8 .7
6 0 .4
4 9 .9
5 1 .7
4 4 .6
5 0 .7
6 6 .7
5 8 .0
6 ,1 3 7
836
408
1 ,1 7 0
1 ,3 6 0
780
920
290
88
1 ,4 2 0
7 ,6 3 7
865
409
1 ,1 4 0
1 ,4 7 0
770
920
350
86
1 ,8 5 0
8 ,2 7 3
898
394
1 ,2 6 0
1 ,7 5 0
1 ,0 9 0
1 ,0 4 0
540
108
2 ,7 9 0
1 0 ,6 7 8
1 ,3 0 8
495
1 ,3 6 0
1 ,9 2 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,1 6 0
630
137
3 ,0 0 0
1 0 ,7 1 7
1 ,4 3 4
697
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,9 7 0
1 ,9 0 0
1 ,2 7 0
760
151
3 ,1 4 0
8 ,5 3 9
1 ,3 8 4
641
1 ,6 1 0
2 ,3 2 0
1 ,9 7 0
1 ,2 8 0
770
136
3 ,1 8 0
8 ,3 1 2
1,311
603
1 ,5 6 0
2 ,4 4 0
2 ,0 1 0
1 ,3 1 0
640
125
3 ,0 6 0
8 ,2 3 7
1 ,2 1 5
613
1 ,6 7 0
2 ,4 9 0
1 ,8 6 0
1 ,6 8 0
640
117
3 ,0 8 0
7 ,4 2 5
1 ,1 5 0
629
1 ,7 3 0
2 ,5 3 0
1 ,8 0 0
1 ,7 6 0
650
84
2 ,8 5 0
6,7 0 1
1,031
576
1 ,5 5 0
2 ,4 4 0
1 ,8 1 0
1 ,7 9 0
660
72
2 ,3 3 0
5 .8
7 .4
6 .3
2.1
6 .0
3 .0
4 .4
5 .2
2.1
5 .4
7.1
7 .5
6.1
2 .0
6 .4
2 .9
4 .4
6 .0
2 .0
7 .0
7 .6
7 .5
5 .8
2 .2
7 .6
4.1
4 .9
8 .9
2 .5
10 .5
9 .7
1 1.0
7 .2
2 .4
8.3
5 .8
5 .4
10 .3
3.1
1 1 .2
9 .6
1 1.8
1 0 .0
2 .7
8 .5
7.1
5.9
1 2.3
3 .5
1 1 .7
7.5
1 1 .2
9 .0
2 .8
1 0 .0
7 .4
5 .9
1 2 .3
3.1
1 1 .7
7 .2
1 0 .5
8 .3
2 .6
1 0 .4
7 .5
6 .0
1 0 .2
2 .8
1 1 .2
7 .0
9 .5
8.1
2 .8
1 0 .6
6 .9
7 .5
1 0 .0
2 .6
1 1 .2
6 .2
8 .8
8.1
2 .9
10 .8
6 .4
7 .9
1 0 .0
1.9
1 0 .2
5 .5
7 .8
7 .2
2 .5
1 0.4
6 .3
7 .9
10.1
1.6
8 .3
64.1
61.9
57.1
61.5
Employed
U n ited S t a t e s ...........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
A u s t r a l i a .....................................................................................
J a p a n ...........................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I ta l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m ......................................................................
Employment-population ratio2
U n ited S t a t e s ...........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
A u s t r a l i a .....................................................................................
J a p a n ..........................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I ta l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m .....................................................................
Unemployed
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................
J a p a n ...........................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I ta l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m .....................................................................
Unemployment rate
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................
J a p a n ...........................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I t a l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m .....................................................................
1 L a b o r fo rc e a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e civilian w o rk in g -a g e p o p u la tio n .
2 E m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t of t h e civilian w o rk in g -a g e p o p u la tio n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N O T E : S e e “ N o te s o n t h e d a t a ” fo r in fo rm a tio n o n b r e a k s in s e r i e s
fo r G e rm a n y , Italy, t h e N e th e rla n d s , a n d S w e d e n .
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
125
Current Labor Statistics:
50.
International Comparisons Data
Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries
(1 9 7 7 = 100)
Item a n d c o u n try
1960
1970
1973
1976
1977
1978
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Output per hour
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
J a p a n ...........................................................................................
B e l g iu m .......................................................................................
D e n m a r k ....................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I ta l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
N o r w a y ........................................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m .....................................................................
6 2 .2
5 0 .7
2 3 .2
3 3 .0
3 7 .2
3 7 .4
4 0 .3
3 7 .2
3 2 .4
5 4 .3
4 2 .3
5 5 .9
8 0 .8
7 5 .6
6 4 .8
6 0 .4
6 5 .6
7 1 .4
7 1 .2
6 9 .8
6 4 .3
8 1 .3
8 0 .7
8 0 .3
9 3 .4
9 0 .3
83.1
7 8 .8
8 3 .3
8 3 .8
8 4 .0
8 3 .4
8 1 .5
9 4 .4
9 4 .8
9 5 .4
97.1
9 4 .8
9 4 .3
9 5 .3
9 8 .2
9 4 .4
9 6 .4
9 7 .9
9 5 .8
1 0 0 .4
1 0 1 .7
99.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .5
101.1
1 0 8 .0
106.1
1 0 1 .5
1 0 4 .6
103.1
1 0 6 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
9 8 .2
1 2 2 .7
1 1 9 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .6
122.1
1 1 3 .9
1 0 7 .5
1 1 2 .7
1 0 1 .9
1 0 3 .6
1 0 2 .9
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 1 4 .2
1 1 3 .9
1 1 1 .0
1 2 5 .4
1 1 6 .9
1 0 8 .0
1 1 3 .2
107.1
1 0 5 .9
9 8 .3
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .2
1 1 4 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 1 2 .6
1 2 8 .5
1 1 9 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 1 6 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 2 .0
1 0 5 .4
1 4 2 .3
148.1
1 2 0 .2
125.1
1 1 9 .2
1 3 5 .3
1 2 7 .9
1 1 7 .2
1 2 5 .5
123.1
118.1
1 1 4 .4
1 5 2 .5
1 5 5 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 3 .7
1 4 8 .8
1 3 9 .2
124.1
1 3 1 .0
1 2 9 .9
1 2 3 .6
1 1 7 .3
161.1
1 5 8 .6
1 2 0 .3
1 3 2 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 5 6 .8
145.1
1 2 6 .8
136.1
134.1
1 2 7 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 6 3 .7
1 6 4 .5
1 1 6 .2
1 3 5 .2
1 2 8 .3
1 5 8 .3
1 4 4 .8
1 2 5 .9
1 3 6 .0
1 3 8 .6
1 3 2 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 7 6 .5
1 7 0 .5
1 1 7 .2
1 3 6 .8
1 2 9 .9
1 6 2 .3
1 4 5 .9
1 3 2 .2
1 4 1 .8
1 4 7 .6
1 3 6 .2
1 2 4 .3
1 9 0 .0
5 2 .5
4 1 .3
1 9 .2
4 1 .9
4 9 .2
3 6 .5
5 0 .0
3 3 .0
4 4 .8
5 4 .8
5 2 .6
7 1 .2
7 8 .6
7 3 .5
6 9 .9
7 8 .6
8 2 .0
7 5 .5
8 6 .6
6 9 .0
8 4 .4
8 6 .5
9 2 .5
9 4 .9
9 6 .3
9 3 .5
9 1 .9
9 6 .4
9 5 .9
9 0 .5
96.1
8 3 .5
9 5 .8
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .3
1 0 4 .7
93.1
9 6 .5
9 4 .8
9 9 .7
9 9 .6
9 5 .6
9 8 .0
9 6 .5
9 9 .0
102.1
106.1
98.1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 0 1 .4
9 9 .7
1 0 2 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 4 .9
1 0 2 .8
9 7 .7
9 7 .3
1 0 0 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .6
124.1
1 0 6 .8
110.1
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 2 1 .9
1 0 6 .6
9 9 .5
1 0 4 .0
9 1 .8
1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 2 9 .8
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 0 6 .7
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .6
8 6 .3
9 8 .4
9 3 .6
1 3 7 .3
110.1
1 0 8 .3
1 0 4 .0
1 0 2 .4
1 1 8 .7
1 0 5 .0
9 6 .8
100.1
8 6 .4
1 0 4 .7
9 9 .6
1 4 8 .2
1 1 4 .7
1 1 5 .6
1 0 3 .8
1 0 3 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 0 7 .0
9 7 .2
1 0 5 .2
8 8 .8
1 1 7 .5
1 1 2 .5
1 6 5 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .0
1 0 2 .6
1 0 6 .4
1 2 5 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 0 2 .7
1 1 1 .5
9 2 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 1 8 .8
1 7 7 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 2 4 .9
1 0 3 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 0 6 .5
1 1 5 .3
9 4 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 1 .9
1 7 7 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 2 5 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 1 0 .8
1 3 1 .9
118.1
1 0 6 .9
1 1 4 .7
9 5 .6
130.1
1 2 8 .5
1 9 0 .8
1 2 3 .3
121.1
1 0 1 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 3 7 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 0 8 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 0 1 .0
138.1
1 3 6 .0
2 1 2 .3
8 4 .4
8 1 .4
8 2 .7
127.1
1 3 2 .4
9 7 .6
1 2 3 .8
8 8 .9
1 3 8 .4
101.1
1 2 4 .4
1 2 7 .3
9 7 .3
9 7 .2
1 0 7 .9
1 3 0 .2
125.1
1 0 5 .7
1 2 1 .7
9 8 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 0 6 .4
1 1 4 .6
118.1
103.1
1 0 3 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 1 5 .2
1 0 7 .9
1 1 4 .4
100.1
1 1 7 .6
105.1
1 0 5 .7
1 0 9 .8
9 5 .9
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .6
1 0 4 .6
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .6
9 8 .6
1 0 3 .3
1 0 1 .7
1 0 4 .3
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 3 .4
9 8 .8
9 5 .5
9 8 .3
9 7 .8
9 8 .7
9 8 .5
9 6 .6
9 6 .5
9 4 .6
99.1
1 0 1 .7
1 0 5 .5
1 0 1 .2
8 9 .6
9 8 .0
9 4 .6
98.1
9 9 .8
9 3 .6
9 2 .6
9 2 .3
90.1
101.1
1 0 4 .3
1 0 2 .0
8 2 .8
9 3 .4
9 0 .3
9 4 .6
9 5 .6
9 1 .2
9 1 .3
8 8 .9
8 0 .6
9 2 .9
9 5 .2
1 0 1 .7
8 1 .4
9 4 .5
8 5 .2
9 1 .0
9 2 .4
8 8 .0
8 8 .6
8 5 .9
7 6 .2
9 3 .5
9 4 .5
1 0 4 .2
7 7 .5
9 6 .2
8 3 .0
8 6 .9
8 8 .5
8 3 .6
8 2 .9
8 3 .9
7 2 .2
9 9 .5
9 8 .3
1 0 8 .5
76.1
1 0 1 .2
8 0 .4
86.1
8 4 .2
8 1 .4
8 2 .8
85.1
7 1 .2
9 8 .7
1 0 1 .2
1 0 9 .8
7 5 .4
1 0 3 .8
7 7 .6
8 5 .7
8 2 .3
8 0 .5
8 4 .0
8 4 .7
7 0 .7
9 7 .7
1 0 3 .6
1 0 8 .6
7 3 .8
1 0 8 .4
76.1
8 6 .4
8 3 .3
8 1 .5
8 4 .9
8 4 .3
6 9 .0
9 8 .6
1 0 6 .6
108.1
7 2 .3
1 0 3 .3
7 4 .4
8 5 .9
8 4 .6
8 1 .3
8 1 .9
8 4 .0
6 8 .5
1 0 1 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 1 1 .7
3 6 .5
2 7 .5
8 .9
1 3.8
1 2 .6
1 5.0
1 8.8
9 .2
1 2 .5
1 5 .8
1 4 .7
1 5 .2
5 7 .4
4 7 .9
3 3 .9
3 4 .9
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
4 8 .0
27.1
3 9 .0
3 7 .9
3 8 .5
3 1 .4
6 8 .8
6 0 .0
55.1
5 3 .5
56.1
5 1 .9
6 7 .5
4 1 .2
6 0 .5
5 4 .6
5 4 .2
4 7 .9
92.1
9 0 .3
9 0 .7
8 9 .5
9 0 .4
8 7 .8
9 1 .2
8 4 .5
9 1 .9
8 8 .9
9 1 .5
8 8 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 0 7 .8
1 1 5 .2
1 0 8 .4
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 1 6 .7
1 3 2 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 2 0 .7
1 3 0 .2
1 3 5 .9
1 4 8 .5
1 2 5 .6
1 6 3 .7
1 2 3 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 6 8 .6
1 4 5 .2
151.1
1 2 9 .8
1 4 4 .5
1 4 9 .7
1 7 2 .0
1 3 4 .5
1 9 7 .9
129.1
1 4 2 .8
148.1
1 9 3 .4
1 5 7 .5
1 6 7 .0
1 3 6 .6
1 5 0 .7
1 6 2 .9
2 0 4 .0
1 4 1 .0
2 3 3 .3
1 3 7 .5
156.1
1 5 8 .9
2 1 1 .7
1 6 2 .4
1 7 7 .2
1 4 0 .7
1 5 9 .8
1 7 4 .2
2 2 5 .2
1 4 8 .3
273 .1
1 4 4 .5
1 7 3 .5
1 7 3 .3
2 2 6 .6
1 6 8 .0
1 8 5 .6
1 4 4 .9
173.1
184.1
2 4 4 .9
1 5 5 .5
3 1 3 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 8 8 .3
1 8 9 .7
2 4 2 .3
1 7 6 .4
1 9 4 .4
1 5 1 .4
1 8 3 .6
1 9 6 .5
2 6 5 .4
1 6 4 .6
3 5 2 .0
1 5 6 .9
2 0 4 .3
2 1 2 .4
2 5 8 .8
1 8 3 .0
2 0 3 .5
1 5 8 .9
1 9 0 .8
2 0 3 .5
2 7 8 .7
1 7 1 .5
3 6 7 .4
1 6 2 .2
2 2 4 .2
2 2 8 .7
2 7 7 .8
1 8 6 .9
2 1 4 .0
1 6 2 .5
1 9 4 .7
2 2 5 .9
2 9 1 .4
178.1
3 9 1 .2
1 6 7 .0
2 5 7 .4
2 4 4 .8
2 9 5 .7
5 8 .7
5 4 .2
3 8 .4
4 1 .7
3 3 .8
4 0 .2
4 6 .6
2 4 .7
3 8 .5
2 9 .2
3 4 .8
2 7 .2
7 1 .0
6 3 .4
5 2 .3
5 7 .8
5 5 .4
5 0 .8
6 7 .4
3 8 .8
6 0 .7
4 6 .6
4 7 .7
39.1
7 3 .7
6 6 .5
6 6 .4
6 7 .9
6 7 .4
6 2 .0
8 0 .3
4 9 .4
7 4 .3
5 7 .8
5 7 .2
5 0 .2
9 4 .9
9 5 .3
9 6 .2
9 3 .9
92.1
9 3 .0
9 4 .6
8 6 .3
9 6 .0
8 8 .5
9 0 .0
8 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .6
1 0 6 .5
9 8 .7
1 0 1 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 0 4 .5
108.1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 3 0 .6
1 3 3 .7
9 8 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 2 1 .0
1 3 4 .3
1 1 5 .7
1 3 4 .0
1 0 8 .5
119.1
1 1 8 .6
1 6 5 .5
140.1
1 4 6 .7
1 0 2 .0
1 1 3 .2
131.1
1 5 1 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 5 7 .8
1 1 0 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 0 .9
1 8 0 .6
1 4 8 .7
1 7 0 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 4 2 .2
1 6 7 .2
1 2 5 .2
1 8 1 .6
1 1 5 .2
1 4 2 .9
1 3 6 .3
1 8 6 .5
1 4 5 .0
168.1
9 8 .9
1 0 7 .9
1 4 4 .9
1 7 9 .9
1 2 4 .4
2 0 1 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 4 8 .0
138.1
184.1
1 4 2 .2
1 6 2 .3
9 5 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 9 2 .0
1 2 5 .8
2 1 0 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 5 1 .8
1 4 4 .8
1 8 6 .5
1 4 2 .7
1 6 5 .7
9 4 .0
1 1 5 .8
1 6 3 .3
2 0 0 .0
1 2 8 .3
2 2 4 .5
108.1
161.1
156.1
1 9 3 .0
1 4 3 .3
1 7 2 .8
97.1
1 1 6 .0
175.1
2 0 6 .2
1 3 3 .7
2 3 2 .0
1 1 2 .0
178.1
1 6 8 .2
2 0 0 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 7 7 .5
92.1
1 1 4 .2
1 9 2 .8
2 1 3 .0
137.1
2 4 1 .0
1 1 4 .4
1 9 4 .7
1 7 2 .6
2 0 0 .4
5 8 .7
5 9 .4
2 8 .5
3 0 .0
2 9 .5
4 0 .3
2 5 .9
35.1
25.1
2 1 .8
30.1
4 3 .7
7 1 .0
6 4 .5
39.1
4 1 .7
4 4 .4
4 5 .2
4 2 .9
5 4 .7
4 1 .2
3 4 .7
41.1
5 3 .7
7 3 .7
7 0 .6
6 5 .6
6 2 .7
6 7 .2
6 8 .6
7 0 .4
7 5 .0
6 5 .6
5 3 .5
5 8 .7
7 0 .5
9 4 .9
1 0 2 .7
8 6 .9
8 7 .2
9 1 .5
9 5 .8
8 7 .3
9 1 .8
89.1
8 6 .4
9 2 .3
9 2 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .6
9 9 .3
1 2 6 .8
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 1 7 .9
1 2 1 .0
1 1 2 .4
1 1 5 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 1 6 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 5 6 .4
1 4 7 .9
1 3 8 .4
134.1
1 2 8 .4
1 2 5 .3
2 2 0 .6
140.1
1 3 0 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 1 0 .3
1 3 6 .4
1 2 4 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 0 8 .9
1 2 2 .5
1 1 5 .4
2 0 9 .6
1 4 8 .7
1 4 6 .3
1 0 8 .8
8 7 .2
1 0 2 .3
1 2 4 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 0 5 .8
1 1 7 .8
9 6 .9
1 8 6 .8
1 4 5 .0
1 4 4 .9
1 1 1 .5
7 5 .6
95.1
116.1
113.1
1 1 7 .3
97.1
1 0 7 .9
8 0 .4
1 6 0 .0
1 4 2 .2
1 3 3 .2
1 0 7 .2
6 9 .3
8 9 .3
108.1
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .9
8 1 .6
9 9 .0
7 8 .2
1 4 2 .9
1 4 2 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 0 5 .6
6 9 .9
9 2 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .8
8 0 .0
9 9 .8
81.1
1 4 3 .5
1 4 3 .3
132.1
1 5 4 .4
93.1
1 2 9 .9
1 4 6 .3
1 4 3 .0
1 3 7 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 2 4 .7
1 0 5 .4
1 6 8 .6
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .3
1 7 0 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 6 9 .0
1 7 4 .2
1 7 7 .0
1 6 4 .0
1 3 8 .6
1 5 3 .7
1 2 1 .5
1 8 8 .3
-
1 1 7 .2
144.1
1 3 5 .9
167.1
1 5 3 .2
-
1 4 5 .0
1 5 4 .9
Output
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
J a p a n ..........................................................................................
B e l g iu m .......................................................................................
D e n m a r k ....................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I ta l y ................................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
N o r w a y ........................................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K in g d o m .....................................................................
-
1 1 8 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 4 5 .3
1 2 3 .8
-
1 2 4 .0
1 0 8 .2
Total hours
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
J a p a n ...........................................................................................
B e l g iu m .......................................................................................
D e n m a r k ....................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I t a l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
N o r w a y ........................................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K in g d o m .....................................................................
-
1 0 1 .0
7 3 .4
8 5 .5
8 7 .0
8 0 .8
-
8 5 .5
6 9 .8
Compensation per hour
U n ited S t a t e s ...........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
J a p a n ..........................................................................................
B e l g iu m .......................................................................................
D e n m a r k ....................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I t a l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
N o r w a y ........................................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m .....................................................................
1 9 3 .5
22 7 .1
1 7 1 .3
-
23 0 .1
3 0 1 .9
1 8 5 .5
4 1 6 .3
1 7 2 .8
-
261.1
3 1 9 .3
Unit labor costs: N a tio n a l
c u rr e n c y b a s is
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
J a p a n ..........................................................................................
B e l g iu m .......................................................................................
D e n m a r k ....................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I t a l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
N o r w a y ........................................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K in g d o m .....................................................................
142.1
1 8 2 .7
9 0 .2
-
1 9 6 .3
2 0 9 .6
1 3 6 .4
249.1
1 1 2 .8
-
1 8 0 .0
2 0 6 .2
Unit labor costs: U .S .
d o lla r b a s is
U n ited S t a t e s ..........................................................................
C a n a d a .......................................................................................
J a p a n ..........................................................................................
B e l g iu m .......................................................................................
D e n m a r k ....................................................................................
F r a n c e .........................................................................................
G e r m a n y ....................................................................................
I ta l y ...............................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..............................................................................
N o r w a y ........................................................................................
S w e d e n .......................................................................................
U n ited K i n g d o m .....................................................................
-
D a ta n o t a v a ila b le .
126
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
January 1990
142.1
1 5 7 .8
1 8 8 .4
-
1 7 4 .8
1 7 2 .9
1 8 0 .3
1 6 8 .8
1 3 9 .9
-
131.1
2 1 0 .5
51.
Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
I n c id e n c e r a t e s p e r 1 0 0 full-tim e w o r k e r s 2
In d u stry a n d ty p e of c a s e 1
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
PRIVATE SECTOR3
T o ta l c a s e s .............................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .......................................................................
9.5
4.3
6 7 .7
8.7
4.0
6 5 .2
8.3
3.8
6 1 .7
7.7
3.5
5 8 .7
7.6
3.4
5 8 .5
8.0
3.7
6 3 .4
7.9
3.6
6 4 .9
7 .9
3 .6
6 5 .8
6 9 .9
11 .7
5 .7
8 3 .7
1 1 .9
5 .8
8 2 .7
12 .3
5.9
8 2 .8
11 .8
5.9
8 6 .0
1 1.9
6.1
9 0 .8
1 2.0
6.1
9 0 .7
1 1.4
5.7
9 1 .3
1 1 .2
5 .6
9 3 .6
1 1 .2
5 .7
94.1
11 .4
6 .8
1 5 0 .5
1 1 .2
6 .5
1 6 3 .6
1 1 .6
6 .2
1 4 6 .4
1 0 .5
5 .4
1 3 7 .3
8 .4
4 .5
125.1
9 .7
5.3
1 6 0 .2
8 .4
4 .8
1 4 5 .3
7 .4
4.1
1 2 5 .9
8 .5
4 .9
1 4 4 .0
1 6 .2
6 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 5 .7
6 .5
1 1 7 .0
15.1
6 .3
113.1
1 4 .6
6 .0
1 1 5 .7
14 .8
6 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 5.5
6 .9
128.1
1 5.2
6 .8
1 2 8 .9
1 5 .2
6 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 4 .7
6 .8
1 3 5 .8
16 .3
6 .8
1 1 1 .2
1 5 .5
6 .5
1 1 3 .0
15.1
6.1
107.1
14.1
5 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 4 .4
6 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 5 .4
6 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 5 .2
6 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 4.9
6 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 4.2
6 .5
1 3 4 .0
1 6 .6
6 .7
123.1
1 6.3
6 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 4 .9
6 .0
1 0 6 .0
15.1
5.8
113.1
1 5 .4
6 .2
1 2 2 .4
1 4 .9
6 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 4.5
6 .3
1 2 7 .3
14 .7
6 .3
1 3 2 .9
14 .5
6 .4
139.1
1 6 .0
6 .9
1 2 4 .3
1 5.5
6 .7
1 1 8 .9
1 5 .2
6 .6
1 1 9 .3
1 4 .7
6 .2
1 1 8 .6
14 .8
6 .4
1 1 9 .0
15 .8
7.1
130.1
1 5.4
7 .0
1 3 3 .3
1 5.6
7 .2
1 4 0 .4
1 5.0
7.1
1 3 5 .7
1 3 .3
5 .9
9 0 .2
1 2 .2
5 .4
8 6 .7
11 .5
5.1
8 2 .0
1 0 .2
4 .4
7 5 .0
1 0 .0
4 .3
7 3 .5
1 0 .6
4 .7
7 7 .9
1 0 .4
4 .6
8 0 .2
1 0 .6
4 .7
8 5 .2
11 .9
5.3
9 5 .5
2 0 .7
1 0 .8
1 7 5 .9
1 8 .6
9 .5
1 7 1 .8
1 7 .6
9 .0
1 5 8 .4
1 6.9
8 .3
1 5 3 .3
1 8.3
9 .2
1 6 3 .5
19 .6
9 .9
1 7 2 .0
18 .5
9 .3
1 7 1 .4
1 8 .9
9 .7
1 7 7 .2
1 8 .9
9 .6
1 7 6 .5
1 7 .6
7.1
9 9 .6
1 6.0
6 .6
9 7 .6
15.1
6 .2
9 1 .9
13 .9
5 .5
8 5 .6
14.1
5 .7
8 3 .0
1 5.3
6 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 5.0
6.3
1 0 0 .4
1 5 .2
6 .3
1 0 3 .0
1 5 .4
6 .7
1 0 3 .6
1 6 .8
8 .0
1 3 3 .7
1 5 .0
7.1
128.1
14.1
6 .9
1 2 2 .2
1 3.0
6.1
1 1 2 .2
13.1
6 .0
1 1 2 .0
1 3 .6
6 .6
1 2 0 .8
1 3 .9
6 .7
1 2 7 .8
1 3 .6
6 .5
1 2 6 .0
1 4.9
7.1
1 3 5 .8
1 7 .3
8.1
1 3 4 .7
1 5 .2
7.1
1 2 8 .3
1 4 .4
6 .7
1 2 1 .3
1 2 .4
5 .4
1 0 1 .6
1 2 .4
5.4
1 0 3 .4
1 3.3
6.1
1 1 5 .3
1 2 .6
5 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 3 .6
6.1
1 2 5 .5
17 .0
7 .4
1 4 5 .8
1 9 .9
8 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 8 .5
8 .0
1 1 8 .4
1 7 .5
7 .5
1 0 9 .9
1 5 .3
6 .4
1 0 2 .5
15.1
6.1
9 6 .5
16.1
6 .7
1 0 4 .9
16 .3
6 .9
110.1
1 6 .0
6 .8
1 1 5 .5
1 7 .0
7 .2
1 2 1 .9
1 4 .7
5 .9
8 3 .6
1 3 .7
5 .5
8 1 .3
1 2 .9
5.1
7 4 .9
1 0 .7
4 .2
6 6 .0
9 .8
3 .6
58.1
1 0 .7
4.1
6 5 .8
1 0.8
4 .2
6 9 .3
1 0 .7
4 .2
7 2 .0
1 1 .3
4 .4
7 2 .7
8 .6
3 .4
5 1 .9
8 .0
3 .3
5 1 .8
7 .4
3.1
4 8 .4
6 .5
2 .7
4 2 .2
6 .3
2 .6
4 1 .4
6 .8
2 .8
4 5 .0
6 .4
2 .7
4 5 .7
6 .4
2 .7
4 9 .8
7 .2
3.1
5 5 .9
1 1 .6
5 .5
8 5 .9
1 0 .6
4 .9
8 2 .4
9.8
4 .6
78.1
9 .2
4 .0
7 2 .2
8 .4
3 .6
6 4 .5
9 .3
4 .2
6 8 .8
9 .0
3 .9
7 1 .6
9 .6
4.1
79.1
1 3 .5
5 .7
1 0 5 .7
7 .2
2 .8
4 0 .0
6 .8
2 .7
4 1 .8
6 .5
2 .7
3 9 .2
5 .6
2 .3
3 7 .0
5 .2
2.1
3 5 .6
5 .4
2 .2
3 7 .5
5 .2
2 .2
3 7 .9
5.3
2 .3
4 2 .2
5 .8
2 .4
4 3 .9
1 1 .7
4 .7
6 7 .7
1 0 .9
4 .4
6 7 .9
1 0 .7
4 .4
6 8 .3
9 .9
4.1
6 9 .9
9 .9
4 .0
6 6 .3
1 0 .5
4 .3
7 0 .2
9 .7
1 0 .2
4 .2
7 3 .2
4 .3
7 0 .9
1 0 .7
4 .6
8 1 .5
8 .3
3 .8
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing3
T o ta l c a s e s ..................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ..............................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................
Mining
T o ta l c a s e s ..............................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
Construction
T o ta l c a s e s .......................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ....................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
G e n e r a l building c o n tr a c to r s :
T o ta l c a s e s .......................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ...........................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ........................................................................
H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n c o n tr a c to r s :
T o ta l c a s e s ....................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .........................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..........................................................
S p e c ia l t r a d e c o n tr a c to r s :
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ........................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .............................................................................
Manufacturing
T o ta l c a s e s .............................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .....................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................
Durable goods
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ......................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .......................................................................
F u rn itu re a n d fix tu res:
T o ta l c a s e s ..............................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................
S t o n e , c lay , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ..................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ..........................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .......................................................
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u strie s :
T o ta l c a s e s .....................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ........................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s .................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ..............................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................
M a ch in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tric a l:
T o ta l c a s e s .........................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .............................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .......................................................
E le c tric a n d e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t:
T o ta l c a s e s ...................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .......................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t:
T o ta l c a s e s .......................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ...........................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e l a te d p ro d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .....................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .................................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s :
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ...................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................
S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
January 1990
127
Current Labor Statistics:
Injury & Illness Data
51. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
I n c id e n c e r a t e s p e r 1 0 0 full-tim e w o r k e r s 2
In d u stry a n d ty p e of c a s e 1
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
Nondurable goods
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s .......................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ....................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .................................................................
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu rin g :
T o ta l c a s e s .......................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ....................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .................................................................
T e x tile mill p ro d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s .......................................... .............................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .................................................... .
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
A p p a re l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .....................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .................................................................
P a p e r a n d allied p r o d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .....................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
P rinting a n d p u b lish in g :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .....................................................
L o st w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p ro d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ......................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
P e tro le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ......................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ......................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
L e a th e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c ts :
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s .....................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................
1 9 .9
9 .5
1 4 1 .8
1 8 .7
9 .0
1 3 6 .8
1 7 .8
8 .6
1 3 0 .7
16 .7
8 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 6 .5
7 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 6.7
8.1
1 3 1 .6
1 6 .7
8.1
1 3 8 .0
1 6 .5
8 .0
1 3 7 .8
17 .7
8 .6
1 5 3 .7
9 .3
4 .2
64.8
8.1
3 .8
4 5 .8
8 .2
3 .9
5 6 .8
7 .2
3 .2
4 4 .6
6 .5
3 .0
4 2 .8
7 .7
3 .2
5 1 .7
7 .3
3 .0
5 1 .7
6 .7
2 .5
4 5 .6
8 .6
2 .5
4 6 .4
9 .7
3.4
6 1.3
9.1
3 .3
6 2 .8
8 .8
3 .2
5 9 .2
7 .6
2 .8
5 3 .8
7 .4
2 .8
5 1 .4
8 .0
3 .0
5 4 .0
7 .5
3 .0
5 7 .4
7 .8
3.1
5 9 .3
9 .0
3 .6
6 5 .9
6 .5
2.2
34.1
6 .4
2 .2
3 4 .9
6 .3
2 .2
3 5 .0
6 .0
2.1
3 6 .4
6 .4
2 .4
4 0 .6
6 .7
2 .5
4 0 .9
6 .7
2 .6
44.1
6 .7
2 .7
4 9 .4
7.4
3.1
5 9 .5
13 .5
6 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 2 .7
5 .8
1 1 2 .3
1 1 .6
5 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 .6
4 .9
99.1
1 0 .0
4 .5
9 0 .3
1 0 .4
4 .7
9 3 .8
1 0.2
4 .7
9 4 .6
1 0 .5
4 .7
9 9 .5
1 2 .8
5 .8
1 2 2 .3
7.1
3.1
45.1
6 .9
3.1
4 6 .5
6 .7
3 .0
4 7 .4
6 .6
2 .8
4 5 .7
6 .6
2 .9
4 4 .6
6 .5
2 .9
4 6 .0
6 .3
2 .9
4 9 .2
6 .5
2 .9
5 0 .8
6 .7
3.1
55.1
7 .7
3 .5
5 4 .9
6 .8
3.1
5 0 .3
6 .6
3 .0
48.1
5 .7
2 .5
3 9 .4
5 .5
2 .5
4 2 .3
5 .3
2 .4
4 0 .8
5.1
2 .3
3 8 .8
6 .3
2 .7
4 9 .4
7 .0
3.1
5 8 .8
7 .7
3 .6
6 2 .0
7 .2
3 .5
59.1
6 .7
2 .9
5 1 .2
5 .3
2 .5
4 6 .4
5 .5
2 .4
4 6 .8
5.1
2 .4
5 3 .5
5.1
2 .4
4 9 .9
7.1
3 .2
6 7 .5
7.3
3.1
6 5 .9
17.1
8 .2
127.1
1 5 .5
7 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 4 .6
7 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 2 .7
6 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 3 .0
6 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 3 .6
6 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 3 .4
6 .3
1 0 7 .4
14 .0
6 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 5 .9
7 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 1 .5
4 .9
7 6 .2
1 1 .7
5 .0
8 2 .7
1 1 .5
5.1
8 2 .6
9 .9
4 .5
8 6 .5
1 0 .0
4 .4
8 7 .3
1 0 .5
4 .7
9 4 .4
1 0.3
4 .6
8 8 .3
1 0 .5
4 .8
8 3 .4
1 2 .4
5 .8
1 1 4 .5
1 0 .0
5 .9
1 0 7 .0
9 .4
5 .5
1 0 4 .5
9 .0
5.3
1 0 0 .6
8 .5
4 .9
9 6 .7
8 .2
4 .7
9 4 .9
8 .8
5 .2
105.1
8 .6
5 .0
107.1
8 .2
4 .8
102.1
8 .4
4 .9
108.1
8 .0
3 .4
4 9 .0
7 .4
3 .2
4 8 .7
7 .3
3.1
4 5 .3
7 .2
3.1
4 5 .5
7 .2
3.1
4 7 .8
7 .4
3 .3
5 0 .5
7 .4
3 .2
5 0 .7
7 .7
3 .3
5 4 .0
7 .7
3 .4
56.1
8 .8
4.1
59.1
8 .2
3 .9
5 8 .2
7 .7
3 .6
5 4 .7
7.1
3 .4
52.1
7 .0
3 .2
5 0 .6
7 .2
3 .5
5 5 .5
7 .2
3 .5
5 9 .8
7 .2
3 .6
6 2 .5
7 .4
3 .7
6 4 .0
7 .7
3.1
4 4 .7
7.1
2 .9
4 4 .5
7.1
2 .9
41.1
7 .2
2 .9
4 2 .6
7 .3
3 .0
4 6 .7
7 .5
3 .2
4 8 .4
7 .5
3.1
4 7 .0
7 .8
3 .2
5 0 .5
7 .8
3 .3
5 2 .9
2.1
.9
1 3 .3
2 .0
.8
1 2 .2
1.9
.8
1 1 .6
2 .0
.9
1 3 .2
2 .0
.9
1 2 .8
1.9
.9
1 3 .6
2 .0
.9
1 5 .4
2 .0
.9
17.1
2 .0
.9
1 4 .3
5 .5
2 .5
38.1
5 .2
2 .3
3 5 .8
5 .0
2 .3
3 5 .9
4 .9
2 .3
3 5 .8
5.1
2 .4
3 7 .0
5 .2
2 .5
41.1
5 .4
2 .6
4 5 .4
5 .3
2 .5
4 3 .0
5 .5
2 .7
4 5 .8
Transportation and public utilities
T o ta l c a s e s ........................................................................................ .
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ......................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y s ................................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade
T o ta l c a s e s ............................................................................... .
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ..............................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..........................................................................
W h o le s a le tra d e :
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ..............................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..........................................................................
R e ta il tra d e :
T o ta l c a s e s ................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ..............................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..........................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate
T o ta l c a s e s ..........................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s ........................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ....................................................................................
Services
T o ta l c a s e s ................
L o s t w o rk d a y c a s e s
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..........
1 T o ta l c a s e s in c lu d e fata litie s .
2 T h e i n c id e n c e r a t e s r e p r e s e n t t h e n u m b e r o f in ju rie s a n d ill n e s s e s o r lo s t
w o rk d a y s p e r 1 0 0 full-tim e w o rk e rs a n d w e r e c a lc u la te d a s :
(N /E H ) X 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 , w h e re :
N = n u m b e r of in ju ries a n d i lln e s s e s o r lo s t w o rk d a y s .
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w
Digitized for 128
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J a n u a ry 1 9 9 0
EH = to ta l h o u r s w o rk e d by all e m p l o y e e s d u rin g c a le n d a r y e a r.
2 0 0 ,0 0 0 = b a s e fo r 1 0 0 full-tim e e q u iv a le n t w o r k e r s (w orking 4 0 h o u r s p e r
w e e k , 5 0 w e e k s p e r y e a r.)
3 E x c lu d e s f a r m s w ith fe w e r t h a n 11 e m p l o y e e s s in c e 1 9 7 6 .
to mark the 75th year of the
Monthly Labor Review
1.
A prize of $1,000—separate from the annual Lawrence R. Klein Awardwill be awarded for the best article manuscript submitted to this
competition before May 1, 1990.
2.
Entries will be judged on the basis of quality of writing and adherence
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The Lawrence R. Klein Award
Mail to:
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frttaa
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M onthly Labor Review 75th Anniversary Com petition
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Schedule of release dates for
bls
statistical series
Series
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
Employment situation
February 2
January
March 9
February
April 6
March
February 5
4th quarter
MLR table
number
1; 4-21
Productivity and costs:
Nonfarm business and manufacturing
Nonfinancial corporations
2; 44-47
March 7
4th quarter
2; 44-47
Producer Price Indexes
February 9
January
March 16
February
April 13
March
2; 34-37
Consumer Price Index
February 21
January
March 20
February
April 17
March
2; 31-33
Real earnings
February 21
January
March 20
February
April 17
March
14-17
U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes
February 22
January
March 22
February
April 26
1st quarter
38-43
Employment Cost Index
April 24
1st quarter
22-25
Major collective bargaining settlements
April 24
1st quarter
26-29
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