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in this issue: MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Education and unemployment Collective bargaining in 1988 Labor and management in 1987 State labor legislation in 1987 LI.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor statistics January 1988 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ¥ S 'r n à m M * ml 4 z ,rr s*s^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ann McLaughlin, Secretary Regional Commissioners for Bureau of LajDor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner Region I—Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara Kennedy Federal Building, Suite 1603 Boston, MA 02203 Phone: (617) 565-2327 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Region II—New York: Samuel M. 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Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119 Phone: (415) 995-5602 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington KES ZA RC H LIB rlA RY fe d e ra l R eserve Bank MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW of S t Louis JANUARY 1988 VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 FEB 0 9 1938 Wayne J. Howe Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor 3 Do education and demographics affect unemployment rates? The increase in college graduates may mean some may continue to take jobs from high school graduates, but smaller cohorts of each could ease competition Joan D. Borurm and others https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10 The outlook for collective bargaining in 1988 Bargaining will be heavy in private industry, light in State and local government; contracts for two-fifths of workers under major agreements come up for negotiations George Ruben 24 A review of collective bargaining in 1987 Finding solutions to mutual problems continued as union and management sought to restrain labor costs, improve productivity, and save jobs Richard R. Nelson 38 State labor laws: changes during 1987 Laws were enacted on a variety of subjects, including employment discrimination, parental leave, drug testing, wrongful discharge, and minimum wage LaVerne C. Tinsley 62 State workers’ compensation: legislation enacted in 1987 Of 38 States passing legislation, one-third took action to improve medical care; several States now allow garnishment of benefits for support of dependent children DEPARTM ENTS 2 69 70 73 Labor month in review Major agreements expiring next month Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor Month In Review M EASURING UNEM PLOYM ENT. Commissioner o f Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, speaking December 30, 1987, at the annual meeting of the American Eco nomic Association in Chicago, reported on a long-range planning effort to improve the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, conducted each month for bls by the Census Bureau, is one o f the most compre hensive of all household surveys and the source of unemployment and other labor force measures. Norwood’s paper focused on three potential areas of improvement. is very much limited by the fact that data for only 11 States are accurate enough for monthly publication directly from the CPS. Unemployment data for the remaining smaller States are derived from a number o f independent data sources as well as the CPS, and are not available until a month after the national data have been released. A lth ou gh BLS-Census jo in t planning in this area is still at a v ery early stage, w e are con sid erin g the p o ssib ility o f exp an d ing State data in the n ext red esign o f the CPS. I f th ese p lans w ork ou t— and if O ffice o f M anagem ent and B udget and con gression al Questionnaire design. Professionals at bls and the Census Bureau have jointly reviewed cognitive issues in the CPS questionnaire and have prepared a research agenda for the future. This involves testing new questions where the existing wording appears ambi guous or where the task o f recall may be especially complex for the respondent. One example identified by the task force is the very first question in the employment series o f the household survey. The respondent, asked what he or she was “ ...doing most of last week—working, keeping house, going to school, or something else,” must interpret the question before giving a response. Does the question ask (a) what activity took up most o f last week’s time, or (b) what activity was the one at which most o f last week’s time was spent? Probably no single activity took up most of the week, that is, 168 hours, and sleeping probably took more time than anything else. But neither is intended; the question is intended to find out about the respondent’s labor force status or behavior. Cognitive research in survey design will bring together researchers from different disciplines to incorporate the latest advances in knowledge. Data for individual States. Our ability to analyze the labor market data each month https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis approval are secu red — the su rvey cou ld be exp an d ed from its 1987 siz e o f ap p roxi m ately 60,000 h ou seh old s to approxim ately 10 0 ,0 0 0 in order to perm it calcu lation o f reasonably reliable estim ates for each o f the 50 States. Improved longitudinal data. Because the purpose o f the CPS has been to provide a snapshot of the labor market each month, little effort has been made to place the information collected in the current month in a longitudinal framework to determine their consistency and accuracy. In fact, the cps does have som e aspects o f a longitudinal survey. The households in the sample are interviewed for 4 consecutive months, dropped out of the survey for 8 months, and again are interviewed for another 4 months. Thus, the capability to document the transitions between labor market status—employment, unemployment, and out o f the labor market—is to a con siderable extent available in the current cps design. Efforts need to be directed toward improv ing two areas o f the data. The first involves the use of aggregate data—the gross flows—and the other involves use of micro data—matching responses for the same individual over time. The gross flows data have been produced for many years, but their inconsistency with the cross-sectional data produced each month has reduced their usefulness. BLS believes that with sufficient resources, progress can be made in improv ing these data. Considerable work has already been done in development o f tapes containing micromatched responses, but further effort is needed. In addition, we need to learn more about the effect on cps estimates o f respondents who change residence. The cps is based on a sample of household addresses; when a cps respondent moves out of the address in the sample, he or she is not followed for the survey. Instead, the person moving in becomes a new respondent in the survey. One way to learn more about this problem, and secure more information at the same time, would be to ask the cps ques tions to a small (perhaps 3,000 households) additional sample o f respondents over a period o f 2 - xh to 3 years. We are con sidering this possibility as one o f many projects to improve the cps in the 1990’s. Such a longitudinal companion to the cps might be difficult to implement (because of possible sample attrition) and could be costly. But it would provide a very rich body o f data to help to understand labor market change. The analytical potential o f the cps could be greatly enhanced if the data processing environment for the cps was improved to make possible a better matching of in dividual responses over time. In this way, labor force change could be better related to information on age and industry of the worker, and improved data on duration of joblessness and spells o f unemployment could be related to the characteristics o f the individual respondent as well as to overall labor market conditions. NORWOOD invited comments on future directions for the cps from the economics and statistics professionals. □ Education and demographics: how do they affect unemployment rates? The rise in the number of college graduates may mean that some may continue to take jobs away from high school graduates; however, the entrance of smaller cohorts into the labor force may ease competitive pressures for both groups W ayne J. H ow e The 20-year period between 1967 and 1987 was one of enormous expansion in the number of high school and col lege graduates in the labor force. This was attributed primar ily to the entry of the post-World War II baby-boom gener ation into the labor force, whose educational levels were much higher than those of earlier generations.1 As a result, about 1 of 4 current members of the labor force ages 25 to 64 has completed 4 or more years of college— twice the ratio of 2 decades earlier.2 Similarly, the proportion with 1 to 3 years of college has more than doubled to 20 percent, whereas the proportion who completed 4 years of high school (who did not go on to college) rose from 35 to 40 percent. As a consequence, the proportion of the adult labor force with less than 4 years of high school plummeted 26 percentage points— from 41 to 15 percent. (See table 1.) Despite those educational gains, the jobless rate for 25- to 64-year-olds doubled to about 6 percent. Because the econ omy was in the midst of an expansionary phase both in 1967 and 1987, any explanation of changes in aggregate unem ployment between the two periods must focus on structural developments.3 Structural unemployment arises from a fun damental mismatch between supply and demand, including skill or locational mismatches in the labor market. This article concentrates on the relationship between the changing demographic composition and educational level of Wayne J. Howe is an economist in the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the labor force and the impact of those factors on the struc tural rise in unemployment. Its focus is on how the labor market has adjusted to the increased supply of relatively young and inexperienced but well-educated workers, with particular emphasis given to the job market experiences of high school and college graduates. It will be shown that the labor market’s response to the rising educational level of an expanding labor force was a relative weakening of the labor market position for high school graduates, compared with those with higher levels of education.4 The article also provides a brief analysis of the effect of cyclical trends on the job market performance of workers with varying levels of education between January 1967 and December 1986. Although unemployment rises and falls for all educational groups over the course of the business cycle, the degree of cyclical movement is generally smaller for the higher educated groups. Secular trends “Shift-share analysis” was used to examine the role of the changing educational and demographic composition of the labor force on the rise in the adult unemployment rate be tween 1967 and 1987. Through this technique, the change in the overall unemployment rate could be allocated among three components: the changing rate of unemployment of each educational attainment group, each group’s shifting labor force share, and the covariance or interaction between the first two conditions.5 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Education, Demographics, and Unemployment Rates The first column in table 2 shows the total percentage contribution of each educational attainment group to the change in the overall adult unemployment rate between 1967 and 1979, and between 1979 and 1987, after all com ponent parts of the shift-share analysis are totaled.6 For example, during the earlier period, the adult unemployment rate rose by 1.2 percentage points— from 3.0 to 4.2 percent. Persons whose education ended with 4 years of high school accounted for two-thirds of that increase. The groups with 1 to 3 years and 4 years or more of college each constituted about one-fourth of the rise. However, high school dropouts accounted for - 2 0 percent of the change in the overall unemployment rate. The largest percentage-point increase in the actual unem ployment rate for any educational attainment group (2.7 percentage points) occurred among high school dropouts. (See table 1.) Nevertheless, the results of the analysis show that, overall, dropouts exerted a downward pressure on the overall unemployment rate. This apparent contradiction can be explained by examining the component parts of the shiftshare results. The first component of the analysis, which is presented in column 2 of table 2, results by holding the labor force proportion of each educational attainment group con stant in 1967, while allowing the unemployment rates appli cable to those groups to change as they actually did between 1967 and 1979. This isolates the change in the total unem ployment rate attributable to changing unemployment within each group. The large positive value (85.2) for high school dropouts indicates that the unemployment rate among dropouts grew much faster than the total unemploy ment rate during that period. The second component of the shift-share analysis holds each educational group’s unemployment rate constant, while allowing the labor force proportion of each group to change as it did over that period. In other words, the analy sis isolates the effect of the change in the educational mix of the labor force on the overall rate of unemployment. The large negative value for dropouts in column three (—65.1) reflects the 19-percentage point decline in labor force share Table 1. Changes in unemployment rates and labor force shares by years of school completed, March 1967-87 Percentage point change Years of school completed 1967 1979 1987 3.0 4.3 2.4 2.0 .8 4.2 7.0 4.3 3.3 2.0 5.7 11.1 6.3 4.5 2.3 1.2 2.7 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.4 4.1 2.0 1.2 .3 100.0 41.1 35.2 10.6 13.2 100.0 21.9 39.6 17.3 21.3 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3 0 -19.2 4.4 6.7 8.1 0 -7.0 .6 2.4 4.0 1967-79 1979-87 Unemployment rates Total, ages 25 to 64 ............... Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school ............... 1 to 3 years of college ............... 4 years of college or more ........ Labor force shares Total, ages 25 to 64 ............... Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school ............... 1 to 3 years of college ............... 4 years of college or more ........ 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Percent contribution of years of school com pleted to the changes in the overall unemployment rate, March 1967-87 Years of school completed Total Due to change in group’s unemployment rate Due to change in group’s labor force share Covariance1 March 1967-79 Total, ages 25 to 64 ............... Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school ............... 1 to 3 years of college ............... 4 years of college or more ......... — 100.0 -19.7 66.6 27.9 25.3 85.2 51.7 10.5 12.5 100.0 8.4 58.0 22.3 11.1 63.2 55.4 14.6 4.5 — -65.1 8.4 10.7 5.2 — -39.8 6.5 6.7 7.6 March 1979-87 Total, ages 25 to 64 ............... Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school ............... 1 to 3 years of college ............... 4 years of college or more ........ — — -34.5 1.8 5.7 5.7 — -20.3 .8 2.1 .9 'Interaction between the previous two components. for that group. Therefore, the marked decline in the role of dropouts in the overall labor market between 1967 and 1979 mitigated the effect of the rise in that group’s unemployment rate on the overall unemployment rate. Changes in a group’s labor force share and unemploy ment rates are interrelated. This interaction is represented in the covariance term. In this context, the covariance or inter active term is a mathematical truism that belongs in undeter mined proportions to the group’s unemployment rate and share of the labor force.7 It would be inappropriate to dis tribute it arbitrarily among those direct effects and is, there fore, reported separately as an indirect effect. Part of the interaction may be attributed to crowding, and part may be attributed to discouragement. Crowding results when a large inflow of a group into the labor force raises the supply of that group relative to demand for these workers in the labor market. Consequently, there is a rise in that group’s unem ployment rate. The discouraged-worker effect occurs when declines in a group’s labor force share result from an in crease in that group’s rate of unemployment. That is, higher rates of unemployment discourage some people from look ing for work.8 As the results show, discouragement and crowding are, in some cases, quite important. For example, the large nega tive covariance term for high school dropouts in column 4 of table 2 (-3 9 .8 ) undoubtedly reflects a large amount of labor market discouragement among that group. This, when combined with the effect of the dropouts’ declining labor force share, more than offsets the effect of the group’s large unemployment rate increase. High school graduates with no additional education ac counted for the bulk of the 1967-79 rise in the unemploy ment rate, a result of an above average rise in their jobless rate combined with a sizable labor force share increase. Although the group unemployment rates for those with 1 to 3 and 4 years or more of college grew in line with the overall Table 3. Percent contribution of high school and college graduates to the change in the overall unemployment rate, by selected characteristics, March 1967-87 March 1979-87 March 1967-79 Total Due to change in group’s unemployment rate Due to change in group’s labor force share Covariance1 Total Due to change in group’s unemployment rate Due to change in group’s labor force share 66.6 35.5 31.1 38.0 19.1 18.9 12.4 8.4 4.0 7.9 3.4 4.4 8.2 4.4 3.8 51.7 35.2 15.6 24.5 16.4 7.6 11.8 9.8 1.6 9.0 4.9 3.7 3.6 2.3 1.4 8.4 .2 10.8 6.6 1.2 6.8 .4 .6 2.1 -.7 -.8 .5 3.1 1.4 1.5 6.5 .2 4.7 6.9 1.6 4.5 .2 .8 .2 - .4 - .7 .2 1.5 .6 .9 58.0 37.8 20.2 32.3 21.2 11.2 20.0 10.7 9.2 8.5 8.2 .3 -2 .7 -2 .2 .5 55.4 39.4 16.3 22.0 14.6 7.3 16.3 10.8 5.6 11.8 10.9 1.1 - .2 - .2 .2 1.8 -1 .0 3.0 7.4 4.4 3.0 2.4 -.1 2.6 -2 .0 -1 .2 - .7 -2 .6 -2.1 - .6 0.8 -.6 .8 3.0 2.3 .8 1.3 -.1 .1 -1 .2 -1 .5 -.1 0 0 0 25.3 13.4 11.9 16.1 8.2 7.8 3.6 2.0 1.5 2.6 1.2 1.7 2.8 1.9 .9 12.5 7.6 4.1 5.7 3.9 1.1 1.9 1.5 0 1.4 .4 1.1 2.3 1.3 1.0 5.2 2.2 3.8 3.5 .9 4.3 1.0 .2 1.4 .7 .6 .2 .2 .2 0 7.6 3.6 4.0 7.0 3.4 2.4 .7 .3 0 .5 .2 .4 .4 .4 0 11.1 10.5 .7 1.7 2.7 -.4 7.1 5.7 1.5 2.2 2.4 -.6 .2 .2 .4 4.5 8.5 -3.5 1.1 3.9 -2.5 2.5 3.1 -.3 1.7 2.3 .9 -.2 -.4 .2 5.7 1.4 5.6 .5 - .8 2.2 3.2 1.3 2.1 .4 0 .6 .4 .2 .2 0.9 .7 -1 .4 0 - .4 0 1.4 1.3 - .3 .2 0 - .3 0 0 0 Characteristic Covariance1 4 years of high school Total ages 25 to 6 4 .................................. M e n ................................................... Women ............................................. Ages 25 to 3 4 ........................................... M en................................................... Women ............................................. Ages 35 to 4 4 ........................................... M en................................................... Women ............................................. Ages 45 to 5 4 ........................................... M e n ................................................... Women ............................................. Ages 55 to 6 4 ........................................... M e n ................................................... Women............................................... 4 years of college or more Total, ages 25 to 64 ................................ M e n ................................................... W o m e n ............................................. Ages 25 to 3 4 ........................................... M e n ................................................... W o m en............................................. Ages 35 to 4 4 ........................................... M en................................................... Women ............................................. Ages 45 to 5 4 ........................................... M e n ................................................... Women ............................................. Ages 55 to 6 4 ........................................... M e n ................................................... Women ............................................. 'Interaction between previous two components. rate, those groups also accounted for a disproportionately large share of the rise in the overall unemployment rate. This was attributed to the marked increase in the labor market role of college-educated workers, resulting from the large numbers of the baby-boom generation that attended college and entered the labor force during the 1967-79 period. Between 1979 and 1987, the overall adult unemployment rate rose by 1.4 percentage points. Again, the labor market experiences of the educational attainment groups were vastly different. The rise in the unemployment rate at tributable to those with solely 4 years of high school (58 percent of the increase) was almost as high in this period as in the earlier one. Almost all of the 1979-87 change among high school graduates was attributed to rising unemploy ment, as their labor force share remained constant at 40 percent. (See table 1.) As table 2 shows, high school dropouts accounted for 8 percent of the rise in the overall unemployment rate between 1979 and 1987, related entirely to a rise in the group jobless rate. Those with 1 to 3 years of college accounted for 22 percent of the change, down slightly from the 1967-79 period. The biggest improvement in labor market performance in the second period occurred among those with 4 or more years of college; their contribu tion toward the change in the overall unemployment rate, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis which was 25 percent in the first period, dropped to only 11 percent in the second period. Baby-boom crowding. In order to understand better the interrelationships between labor market composition and unemployment, we calculated an age-sex decomposition of the sources of the rising unemployment rate attributable to high school and college graduates. (See table 3.) Close examination of the reasons for the rising group unemploy ment among these graduates in the earlier period points to labor market problems for those who were between 25 and 34 years of age. The high school graduate portion of that cohort was responsible for 38 percent of the total over-theperiod rise in the overall unemployment rate, although the group made up only between 11 and 14 percent of the total labor force during that period. Most of that group’s contri bution to the rise in the overall unemployment rate was linked to an increase in group unemployment. Apparently, this growing group of young, inexperienced high school graduates had a difficult time competing among themselves and with other members of the labor force. The interrela tionship between unemployment and labor force size experi enced by high school graduates ages 25 to 34 is best shown by the fact that all other high school graduate age-sex groups experienced little change in labor force size over that period. 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Education, Demographics, and Unemployment Rates Moreover, they all contributed toward the rise in the overall unemployment rate in amounts roughly proportionate to their labor force share. During the same 1967-79 period, there was a particularly large increase in the number of college graduates ages 25 to 34 in the labor force. Their labor force share increased by 5 percentage points to 9 percent of the total. This young col lege graduate cohort accounted for 16 percent of the total rise in the overall unemployment rate— almost twice as large as their labor force share in 1979. Because of the surge in the number of young college graduates entering the labor market, supply outstripped traditional sources of demand for their services.9 Not only did this serve to raise jobless rates, but it also forced many young men and women with college degrees to take jobs that were traditionally performed by high school graduates. Options for cohorts of high school graduates entering the labor market, however, seldom in clude movement into jobs ordinarily performed by college graduates. In the 1967-79 period, educational upgrading of jobs resulted in a worsening of the job market situation for the young high school graduates. Therefore, although young college graduates had a relatively difficult time in the job market in the 1967-79 period, compared with other collegeeducated cohorts, their labor market experience was much better than that of young high school graduates. College graduates improved their relative job market po sition between 1979 and 1987. The labor force share among all college graduates rose by 4 percentage points to 25 per cent of the total labor force. Despite this increase, they accounted for only 11 percent of the over-the-period change in the unemployment rate. The new 25- to 34-year-old co hort fared particularly well. (See table 3.) On the supply side, the labor force share of this group— at 10 percent— was little changed during that period, adding no further strain on the job market for those workers. On the demand side, those young workers benefited from the changing edu cational requirements that occurred earlier. Also, there was particularly strong growth in the number of managerial, Table 4. Percent distribution of employed persons age 16 and over, and the proportion of college graduates, by oc cupation, 1972-87 Occupation Percent of total unemployed Changes 1972-87 Proportion of college graduates 1987' 1972 1987' Total...................................................... 100.0 100.0 — 22.9 Executive, administrative, and managerial.................................... Professional specialty.............................. Technicians and related support............. Sales occupations .................................. Administrative support, including clerical . Service occupations................................ Precision production, craft, and repair. . . Operators, fabricators, and laborers . . . . Farming, forestry, and fish in g ................. 8.9 10.7 2.3 10.4 16.0 13.1 12.6 21.2 4.7 11.8 13.3 2.9 11.9 16.5 13.5 12.0 15.2 2.9 2.9 2.6 .6 1.5 .5 .4 - .6 -6 .0 -1 .8 44.7 74.5 31.2 22.0 11.3 6.1 5.8 3.5 7.3 'Data refer to March. 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 5. Percentage changes in unemployment rates for high school and college graduates during business cycles Business cycles 4 years of high school 4 years college or more Recessionary periods: December 1969-November 1970 .......................... November 1973-March 1975 ................................ January 1980-July 1980 ......................................... July 1981-November 1982 .................................... 60.6 34.6 111.1 80.8 39.3 22.7 43.5 78.6 Average monthly change during recessionary periods ................................................................ 6.0 4.0 January 1967-December 1969 .............................. November 1970-November 1973 .......................... March 1975-January 1980 .................................... July 1980—July 1981............................................... November 1982-December 1986 .......................... -34.0 -10.8 -27.6 -23.4 -3.7 -30.8 3.7 -33.3 -8.0 7.7 Average monthly change during recovery periods ................................................................ - .6 - .2 Average monthly change during all periods (January 1967-December 1 98 6)........... 5.3 3.8 Recovery periods: Note: Recessionary and recovery periods are those designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research. professional, and technical jobs that required a college edu cation. Table 4 shows that the easing of the competitive pressures for college graduates ages 25 to 34 resulted in their having virtually no effect on the overall rise in joblessness. This group did not have to cope with a rapid rise in labor force share as did the 25- to 34-year-olds in the earlier period. The 35-to-44 age bracket accounted for most of the col lege graduate contribution toward the rise in the unemploy ment rate in the 1979-87 period. That was basically the same cohort which was responsible for most of the college graduate contribution towards the rising overall unemploy ment rate in the 1967-79 period. As a group, however, they accounted for much less of the rise in unemployment in the more recent period (7 percent) than the earlier one (16 per cent). The major reason for the improvement between the two periods was that, as 35- to 44-year-olds (largely) in the second period, the rise in that group’s unemployment rate was smaller than the increase in the overall unemployment rate. This was primarily because of a surge in the demand for those college-trained workers. As a result, the rising group labor force share, stemming from increases in popula tion and labor force participation, was, in aggregate, not a large problem. While the overall labor market situation improved for college graduates in the 1979-87 period, high school grad uates continued to have their labor market problems. The 25- to 34-year-old high school graduate cohort, which ac counted for more than one-third of the rise in the overall unemployment rate in the 1967-79 period, was still respon sible for more than one-fifth of the increase in the 1979-87 period as 35- to 44-year-olds. And, as in the earlier period, Chart 1. Unemployment rates for high school and college graduates, 1967—1986, seasonally adjusted P e rc e n t 12 P e rc e n t 1 2 4 ye II I il 1967 1970 1 9 75 1 980 I I Il I I lI I l I 1 9 86 NOTE: Shaded areas indicate recessions, as designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research. high school graduates ages 25 to 34 continued to experience difficulties, accounting for roughly the same proportion of the unemployment increase (a third) in both periods. The increase in the unemployment rate for men in the 25-54 age group was twice as large as the rise in the overall unemploy ment rate. However, the contribution of female high school graduates between ages 25 and 54 was in line with or smaller than their share of the labor force. In contrast, 55to 64-year-old men and women both experienced unemploy ment rate and labor force share declines. One of the factors behind the increased demand for col lege graduates was the large employment growth in the service-producing sector of the economy, which employs 82 percent of all college graduates. Also, from the occupational perspective, the improved job market for college graduates is reflected in the fact that, between 1972 and 1987, occupa tions with comparatively high proportions of workers with 4 or more years of college grew, while those with low ratios of college graduates generally declined.10 Among the major occupational groups, professionals, managers, and techni cians have the highest proportion of their work force with college degrees. (See table 4.) Over the 1972-87 period, the proportion of all workers in these occupations increased by 6 percentage points to 28 percent of the total. In contrast, the employment share of operators, fabricators, and laborers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (few of whom are college graduates) dropped by 6 percent age points to 15 percent. Part of the improved job market for college graduates was attributed to educational upgrading. Faced with a growing supply of relatively inexperienced labor force participants, employers may have more often used education as a screen ing device to determine the suitability of a potential em ployee. In addition, skill requirements increased for many jobs owing to changes in technology and in business prac tices during the past 20 years.11 Cyclical trends Business cycle fluctuations also strongly influence the rate of unemployment for the various educational groups. A comparison of the percentage change in the seasonally ad justed unemployment rates for high school and college grad uates during the past several business cycle expansions and contractions is presented in table 5 .12 A clear pattern emerges when comparing the effects of both recessionary and recovery periods on the unemployment rates. Between January 1967 and December 1986, high school graduates experienced a much larger monthly increase in their rate of unemployment during recessions, but only a slightly larger unemployment rate decrease during recovery periods. Over all, during downturns, the unemployment rate for high 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Education, Demographics, and Unemployment Rates school graduates grew by 5.3 percent per month, compared with only 3.8 percent for college graduates. This disparate cyclical sensitivity is clearly evident in chart 1. In addition to their presumedly greater knowledge and skills, another reason that college graduates are less vulner able to business cycle expansions and contractions is that they tend to work in industries that are less susceptible to swings in the business cycle. For example, in March 1987, 42 percent of all college graduates were employed in profes sional services— an industry that has been relatively unaf fected by changes in the business cycle. In contrast, only 15 percent of all high school graduates were employed in that industry. However, 30 percent of all high school graduates were employed in the goods-producing sector of the econ omy, which is most susceptible to business cycle fluctua tions. In March 1987, only 18 percent of all college gradu ates were employed in that sector. Even within industries where there are large fluctuations in employment, college graduates still tend to experience less unemployment. They are more often employed as “overhead” labor (such as managers and office staff) than are high school graduates. College graduates have, in the past, been the last workers to be laid off during recessionary periods. In the production of manufactured goods, de creased product demand during recessions results in dispro portionate reductions among “production” labor. Because high school graduates tend to be employed as production laborers, they may be more likely to be among the first to be let go. I n s u m m a r y , more education has always reduced the proba bility of being unemployed. And, it has become an increas ingly important criterion for job market success over time. While the supply of both high school and college graduates has grown sharply, there has been a relative increase in the demand for college graduates, largely at the expense of demand for high school graduates during the 1967-87 pe riod. Employers, finding both high school and college grad uates more available in a period of rising educational attain ment, were more likely to hire people with higher levels of education, even when the job content did not necessarily become more complex or require more education. In addi tion, skills possessed by high school graduates often have not matched the skills required for available jobs in a grow ing economy. This is a particular problem for many older workers displaced from dying or stagnant industries. These factors have combined to create a mismatch be tween the number of job openings for persons with only 4 years of high school education and the number of such workers entering the job market. This mismatch is reflected in the fact that high school graduates accounted for more than 60 percent of the over-the-period rise in unemploy ment, while college graduates were only responsible for 8 percent. It is likely that the competitive advantage held by college graduates will continue into the future.13 This will be partic ularly true during downturns in the business cycle, when the unemployment rate differential between high school and college graduates typically increases. The number of college graduates who are reentrants into the labor force is expected to increase over the 1987-95 period and should more than offset a projected decline in the number of new college graduate entrants.14 Although few college graduates are likely to face prolonged unemployment, supply pressures may mean that some college graduates will continue to take jobs away from high school graduates. In addition, labor market problems could persist for many of those without any college education, because of the expected continuation of the educational upgrading and skill requirements for jobs that occurred in the 1967-87 period. However, just as labor market crowding has had an upward effect on unemploy ment rates of the baby-boom generation, the entrance of smaller cohorts into the adult labor force should serve to ease competitive pressures for both high school and college graduates. | | -FOOTNOTES1 The fastest growing groups in the adult labor force between 1967 and 1987 were 25- to 34-year-old college and high school graduates. Their numbers increased by 268 and 132 percent, respectively, while the overall labor force grew by only 56 percent. 2 Data relate to persons 25 to 64 years old, unless otherwise specified. Because the emphasis o f the article is on structural unemployment prob lems, age 25 was selected for a lower age cutoff because of the greater likelihood that workers that age had completed their schooling and formed a more permanent attachment to the labor force. Workers 16 to 24 and 65 years and older were excluded because they exhibit labor market behavior distinct from prime-age workers. 3 Sar A. Levitan, Garth L. Mangum, and Ray Marshall, Human Re sources and Labor Markets (New York, Harper and Row, 1981), pp. 3 5 -3 9 . 4 Data in the secular trends section are based on tabulations from the March supplement to the Current Population Survey ( cps ). CPS data on educational attainment actually refer to years of school completed in regu 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lar public or private schools and colleges of the United States or in equiv alent schools of other countries. Additionally, the measure of educational attainment includes only schooling which may lead to a high school diploma or degree. The data do not provide a strict estimate of degrees earned, but do provide a reasonable proxy. Therefore, those who attend high school for 4 years only will sometimes be referred to as high school graduates, and those who attended college for 4 or more years will be designated as college graduates. 5 The three components o f the change in the overall unemployment rate for 25- to 64 year-olds are defined as follows: AU = £(W ibAUi + UibAWi AUiAWi) (Due to change in group unemployment rate) (Due to change in labor force share) (Covariance) Where: U = Overall unemployment rate; Wi = Labor force share of educational attainment group i; Ui = Unemployment rate o f educational attainment group i; A = Change in the appropriate variable between the base and compari son years. 6 Because the technique must be applied over a discrete time period, the choice o f the base and comparison years may bias the results. The years 1967, 1979, and 1987 were selected for comparison because they occur during a recovery phase of the economic cycle. Although the choice of March 1977 as a target date would have allowed the 1967 to 1987 period to be divided into two evenly spaced spans o f time, March 1979 was chosen because it fell 48 months, rather than 24 months, into a recovery period. Consequently, it was better suited for comparison with March 1967, which occurred 73 months into a recovery period, and March 1987, 52 months into a recovery. To determine the effect of the Vietnam era on the labor force behavior o f the four educational attainment groups, we tested 1973 as an alternative base year. However, when the results o f the shift-share analysis for the 1967-79 and 1973-79 periods were compared, there was little difference in the overall percent contribution of each of the four groups to the change in the overall unemployment rate. 7 For a discussion o f the importance o f including the covariance term, see Joseph Antos, W esley Mellow, and Jack E. Triplett, “What is a current equivalent to the unemployment rates o f the past?,” Monthly Labor Re view , March 1979, pp. 3 6-46. 8 The discouraged worker effect derived from the shift-share analysis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis should not be interpreted as equivalent to the measurement o f discourage ment in the Current Population Survey, as some people affected by the so-called discouragement effect may not, in fact, report themselves as discouraged workers. 9 Samuel M. Ehrenhalt, “No Golden Age for College Graduates,” Chal lenge, July-August 1983, pp. 4 2 -5 0 . 10 Employment data are annual averages derived from the monthly and refer to persons age 16 and over. c ps , 11 Jon Sargent, “The Job Outlook for College Graduates Through the M id-1990’s,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Summer 1984, pp. 2 -7 . 12 Data in the cyclical trends section are derived from unpublished unem ployment display tables of the c ps . Unadjusted unemployment rates were seasonally adjusted using the X - l l Arima procedure. Seasonally adjusted monthly unemployment rates by level o f education between January 1967 and December 1986 refer to persons 16 years old an over. Therefore, because o f the inclusion of the expanded age coverage, data are not strictly comparable to those used in the secular trends section of this article, which relate only to 25- to 64-year-olds. 13 Jon Sargent, “An Improving Job Market for College Graduates: The 1986 Update of Projections to 1995,” Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Summer 1986, pp. 3 -7 . 14 Improving Job Market, pp. 6 -7 . A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Washington, dc 20212. 9 The outlook for collective bargaining in 1988 Bargaining will be heavy in private industry, light in State and local government, as contracts for two-fifths of workers under major agreements come up for negotiations Joan D. B orum , James R. C onley , and E dward J. W asilewski About 3.4 million workers are under major collective bar gaining agreements (covering 1,000 workers or more) scheduled to expire or be reopened in 1988. They account for about two-fifths of the 8.7 million workers under major agreements. About seven-tenths (2.4 million) of the workers whose contracts are slated for negotiation are in private industry; the remainder are in State and local governments. In private industry, bargaining activity will be compara tively heavy this year, covering about 38 percent of the 6.3 million private industry workers under major agreements. This follows a “light” bargaining year, 1987, during which negotiations involved 30 percent of the private industry total. About 1.5 million (63 percent) of the private industry employees whose contracts are scheduled for renegotiation are in nonmanufacturing industries, including 434,000 in construction, 317,000 in railroads, 195,000 in trucking, and 192,000 in trade. Of the approximately 893,000 manufac turing workers covered by scheduled bargaining, 230,000 are in apparel industries, 160,000 in transportation equip ment, and 155,000 in electrical equipment. (See tables 1 and 2 .) In State and local governments, bargaining activity in 1988 will involve 42 percent of the sector’s 2.4 million Joan D. Borum is a social science research analyst, and James R. Conley and Edward J. Wasilewski are economists in the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Also con tributing to this article were Phyllis I. Brown, a social science research analyst, and William M. Davis, David Schlein, and Fehmida Sleemi, economists in the same division. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers covered by major agreements, a lighter bargaining calendar than last year, when about half of the workers were under contracts that expired or reopened. Three-fifths of the government workers covered by collective bargaining agreements in 1988 are in local government, as are threefourths of the contracts; the remainder are at the State level. One-third of those under contracts up for negotiations are in local education and three-tenths are in State and local gen eral administration. Information on 1988 bargaining is based on data available to the Bureau of Labor Statistics as of October 31, 1987. The proportion of workers under contracts that expire or reopen in 1988 would be higher if settlements reached dur ing the last 2 months of 1987 result in contracts that expire or reopen during 1988. This is especially true in State and local government, where contracts often have reopening clauses. About 670,000 State and local government workers are under 203 contracts that expire before the end of 1987 and for which settlements had not been reached as of Octo ber 31. In the event that all these contracts are settled before the end of 1987 and call for termination or reopening during 1988, bargaining activity for the year in State and local government would be especially heavy, involving about seven-tenths of the workers under public-sector major agreements. The bargaining climate As 1988 approached, labor and management bargainers were formulating their demands and planning their strate- gies in an economic environment of concern and uncer tainty, stemming from the sharp drop in both domestic and foreign stock markets in October, a growing national debt and budget deficit, and instability in interest rates at home and in the value of the dollar abroad. However, negotiations in 1988 will be carried on in a climate of comparative industrial peace that has existed since the early 1980’s. The annual number of major work stoppages (strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 or more workers) beginning in a year was headed for a record low in 1987, with 46 occurring as of the end of November. The previous low was 54 in 1985. Last year was the sixth con secutive year in which there were fewer than 100 major stoppages. Table 1. The bargaining environment in 1988 will be colored by other developments that began earlier and continued into 1987. For example, from the beginning of 1982 through the third quarter of 1987, major collective bargaining settle ments in private industry have specified record, or near record low wage adjustments. Typical were settlements during the first 10 months of 1987, which called for wage adjustments averaging 2.1 percent a year over the contract life. The size of major settlements contributed to keeping wage increases for all union workers (as measured by the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index) proportionally smaller than the average for nonunion workers in all but one quarter from the fourth quarter of 1983 to the third quarter of 1987. Major collective bargaining agreements scheduled to expire or with wage reopenings, by year and industry [Workers in thousands] Year of expiration or scheduled wage reopening, or both Industry 1988 Number of agreements Workers covered 1989 Unknown or in negotiation2 1990 and later Number of agreements Workers covered Number of agreements Workers covered Number of agreements Workers covered Number of agreements Workers covered All industries3 .............................................................. 1,964 8,697 746 3,415 663 2,740 303 1,712 376 1,234 All private industries ............................................... 1,326 6,327 479 2,408 467 2,014 249 1,437 173 562 Manufacturing ..................................................... Food and kindred products............................................. Tobacco products .......................................................... Textile mill products....................................................... Apparel and other textile products ................................ Lumber and wood products, except furniture................. Furniture and fixtures..................................................... Paper and allied products............................................... Printing and publishing................................................... Chemicals and allied products ...................................... Petroleum and coal products ......................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................. 482 57 3 7 32 11 5 38 18 29 12 15 2,289 138 16 25 290 58 9 52 29 54 36 58 175 17 1 5 25 8 4 6 1 8 11 10 893 62 2 21 230 54 8 8 1 14 35 48 162 20 2 2 2 1 464 30 13 3 6 1 96 17 803 35 61 7 147 15 5 51 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 18 8 12 1 2 23 16 21 1 2 1 4 1 1 9 5 4 14 6 9 5 5 7 7 8 14 2 2 2 6 Leather and leather oroducts ......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products .................................... Primary metal industries................................................. Fabricated metal products ............................................. Industrial machinery and equipm ent.............................. Electronic and other electric equipment.......................... Transportation equipment............................................... Instruments and related products.................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ........................ 4 20 45 24 30 49 74 4 5 16 50 204 49 95 264 825 14 7 2 4 4 6 12 20 26 2 3 11 11 10 43 155 160 10 5 24 12 10 22 19 2 1 105 22 26 80 104 4 2 11 1 4 7 21 Nonmanufacturing ............................................. M ining........................................................................... Construction .................................................................. Transportation, except railroads and trucking ............... Railroad transportation................................................... Trucking and warehousing............................................. Communications ............................................................ Electric, gas, and sanitary services................................ 844 5 364 57 26 14 40 74 4,039 113 1,031 252 346 313 569 243 304 1 141 12 21 10 6 32 1,516 105 434 42 317 195 11 92 305 3 142 14 1,550 5 402 56 2 26 26 Wholesale tra d e .............................................................. Retail trade, except eating and drinking p la c e s ............. Eating and drinking p la c e s ............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate .............................. Services, except hotels and health services ................. Hotels and other lodging p la c e s .................................... Health services ............................................................ 9 122 14 23 38 17 41 37 552 42 127 149 109 154 2 40 4 8 12 3 12 27 148 17 47 55 6 20 State and local government.................................... State government............................................................ Local government ............................................. 638 173 465 2,370 940 1,430 267 63 204 1,006 405 601 1 Totals may be less than the sum of the data for individual years because 124 agreements covering 403,000 workers have both reopenings and expirations in the reference period. 2 Includes agreements which were due to expire between November 1 and December 31,1987; agreements which expired prior to November 1,1987, but for which new agreements had not been reached by then; agreements which expired prior to November 1,1987, but for which necessary https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 32 67 3 11 30 536 8 — 1 1 153 1 81 8 634 3 201 42 112 415 21 24 5 46 3 534 77 2 4 8 115 12 17 5 12 16 63 3 41 8 4 12 8 16 4 207 29 55 43 50 85 3 27 6 146 4 6 3 6 196 88 108 726 447 279 54 11 43 _ - 7 5 5 6 22 17 1 12 22 39 19 15 3 7 8 3 8 29 14 31 275 104 171 203 28 175 672 98 574 53 4 information had not been fully gathered ; and agreements that have no fixed expiration or reoDenina date. a 3 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Outlook for Collective Bargaining in 1988 Another development has been the decline since 1977 in the number of private industry workers under major agree ments with cost-of-living adjustment ( c o l a ) clauses. This decline was gradual each year from 1977 through the end of 1984, then accelerated sharply in 1985 and 1986, but slowed again in 1987. (See table 3.) Employment losses in indus tries in which c o l a clauses were common accounted for most of the decline in each year except 1985 and 1986, when the suspension or elimination of c o l a coverage in many contracts caused over half of the decline. As of October 1987, 2.4 million out of 6.3 million (38 percent) private industry workers under major agreements Table 2. Calendar of major collective bargaining activity [Workers in thousands] Year and month Agreement expirations and/or scheduled wage reopenings1 Number Principal Industries 1,964 8,697 Total, 19883 .. 746 3,415 January................. February ............... March ................... A p ril....................... 34 21 55 69 191 65 501 207 M a y ....................... June ..................... 94 236 393 1,178 J u ly ....................... 41 115 August................... 49 257 September............. 48 206 O ctober................. November ............. 23 24 67 77 [Numbers in millions] Total workers With cola coverage Year1 Number Number Percent ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.5 9.3 3.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 5.3 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 27.8 40.6 39.4 39.2 51.5 59.4 61.2 60.4 58.9 58.1 1981 ............................................................ 1982 ............................................................ 1983 ............................................................ 1984 ............................................................ 1985 ............................................................ 1986 ............................................................ 1987 ............................................................ 19882 .......................................................... 9.1 9.0 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.3 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.5 2.6 2.4 58.2 56.7 57.6 57.3 56.7 50.0 40.4 38.4 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1 Data relate to information available as of October 1 of preceding year. Workers covered All years2 ............... Table 3. Workers under cost-of-living adjustment clauses in major collective bargaining agreements in private indus try, 1971-88 2 Data relate to information available as of November 1,1987. — Bituminous coal, oil refining Food stores, food production State and local government, trucking Construction, rubber, real estate management Construction, clothing manufacturers State and local government, railroads, construction State and local government, motion picture production Clothing, local government, electrical equipment Automobile manufacturers, State and local government, food stores (4) Transportation equipment, electrical equipment, food stores Local government December ............. 53 161 Total 1989 . . . . 663 2,740 Janu ary................. February ............... March ................... A p ril....................... M a y ....................... June ..................... 15 21 50 64 77 222 44 101 161 153 369 861 Tobacco, airlines Food stores State and local government Construction Communications, construction State and local government, construction J u ly ....................... August................... September............. O ctober................. N ovem ber............. December ............. 29 68 52 29 19 17 55 524 188 135 57 91 (4) Communications, local government Food stores, maritime Aircraft manufacturing, food stores Local government, health services Real estate management, building maintenance Total 1990 . . . . 275 1,599 January-June........ July-December — 222 53 738 861 Total 1991 and later ............... 28 113 — Year unknown or in negotiation5 376 1,234 — Construction, State and local government Automobile manufacturing, trucking 1 1ncludes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments. 2 See note 1, table 1. 3 Includes one agreement covering 3,500 workers which has a wage reopening scheduled in 1988. had c o l a coverage. (See table 4.) The proportion had been as high as 61 percent (in 1977). In State and local govern ment, c o l a coverage is rare, applying to 2 percent of the workers under major agreements. Another practice that will bear on this year’s bargaining is the use of lump-sum payments to take the place of all or part of a wage increase or to offset a wage decrease. Lump-sum payments are not included in the Bureau’s meas ures of adjustments in wage or compensation rates under collective bargaining because they are not incorporated into the contract rate structure.1 They currently are provided by major agreements covering about 2.5 million private indus try and 128,000 State and local government employees. (See table 5.) Expiring agreements In addition to considering the general economy and trends in collective bargaining, this year’s negotiators will scruti nize what their expiring or reopening agreements have yielded. Private industry. The following tabulation for agreements expiring or reopening in 1988 shows total average annual wage adjustments (specified adjustments plus those trig gered by c o l a ’ s through October 31, 1987). It also shows average annual specified wage adjustments only (excluding any adjustments from c o l a clauses). P e r c e n t w a g e a d ju stm e n ts T o ta l S p e c ifie d o n ly 4 No single industry accounts for a substantial proportion of workers. 5 See note 2, table 1. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Private industry ........................... ......... 2.7 Contracts with c o l a .................. ......... 3.2 Contracts without c o l a . . . . ......... 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 Total wage adjustments under contracts expiring or reopening in 1988 will average 2.7 percent a year, matching the level for 1987 expirations, which was the lowest average in the 14 years for which the Bureau has been compiling such data. This may change, however, as a result of cola wage adjustments between November 1, 1987, and the cor responding contract reopening or expiration dates in 1988. Contracts for 900,000 of the 2.4 million workers under agreements that will reopen or expire this year (37 percent) contain cola clauses. These contracts will yield larger total wage adjustments than those without cola clauses, return ing to a pattern that has not existed since 1982. There are also 290,000 workers covered by expiring or reopening contracts from which co la ’s had been eliminated or sus pended in recent years. Thus, cola coverage is likely to be a prominent subject of some of this year’s negotiations. Another topic for negotiations will be lump-sum pay ments, which were in contracts covering nearly two-fifths of Table 4. the workers under this year’s expiring or reopening agree ments in private industry. Lump-sum payments have been particularly common in petroleum, trade, transportation equipment, electrical equipment, and railroad industry con tracts. Total wage adjustments (specified changes plus co la ’s through October 31, 1987) averaged 2.4 percent annually under agreements with lump-sum provisions, com pared with 2.9 percent in the others. State and local government. Total wage adjustments under State and local government agreements expiring or reopening this year average 5.0 percent annually. In contrast with agreements in private industry, those in State and local government rarely contain provisions for co la ’s or lump sum payments. Fewer than 5 percent of the workers under government contracts up for negotiation in 1988 have such coverage. Incidence of cost-of-living adjustment clauses in major collective bargaining agreements, November 1987 [Workers in thousands] A g re em e n ts w ith A ll a g ree m en ts co la 1987 SIC cola 1987 P ercen t In d u s try 2 code1 Num ber W o rkers c o ve red sic o f w o rke rs c o ve red by Num ber cola W o rkers In d u s try 2 code1 Num ber c o vered T o ta l............... 1,964 8,697 28 W o rk e rs c o ve red 336 2,473 35 36 1,326 6,327 38 319 3 2 7 106 0 0 — — — — 16 17 20 21 22 23 Metal m in in g ............. Coal m ining............... General building contractors............. Heavy construction .. 126 94 439 280 Special trade construction........... 144 Food and kindred products ............... Tobacco products . . . Textile mill products .. Apparel and other textile products___ 6 2,429 26 3 5 2 312 5 6 16 57 3 7 138 16 25 10 100 16 8 3 1 14 16 4 32 290 43 21 125 11 5 58 9 3 0 1 2 8 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 products, except furniture................. Furniture and fixtures. Paper and allied products ............... Printing and publishing ............. Chemicals and allied products ............... Petroleum and coal products ............... Rubber and miscellane ous plastics products Leather and leather products ............... Stone, clay, and glass products ................. Primary metal industries............... 38 52 29 8 40 41 Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit .. Trucking and warehousing ......... Water transportation . turing industries . . . 42 44 45 48 49 50 13 29 54 18 12 36 0 15 58 84 4 16 0 20 50 93 17 46 45 204 20 14 41 24 49 71 15 35 5 10 54 55 56 10 48 — — 58 59 60-65 70-89 1 There are no major collective bargaining agreements in sic 13,14,46,47, 52, 57, or 67. 2 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local government. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Miscellaneous manufac- 0 46 Industrial machinery and equipment___ Electronic and other electric equipment . Transportation equipm ent............. Instruments and related products ............... 39 51 34 products ............... 38 53 18 o f w o rke rs c o ve red by Num ber cola W o rk e rs c o ve red c la u s es 37 10 12 15 c la u s es P ercen t c la u s es Private nonagriculturai industries . . . A g re e m e n ts w ith All ag ree m en ts c la u s es Transportation by air . Communications___ Electric, gas, and sanitary services ......... Wholesale tra d e durable goods ___ Wholesale tra d e nondurable goods . General merchandise stores ................... Food stores............... Automotive dealers and service stations . . . Apparel and accessory stores ................... Eating and drinking p la c e s ................... Miscellaneous retail .. Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ............. Services ................... State and local government. . . 30 95 77 20 74 49 264 68 31 179 74 825 92 57 756 4 14 24 1 3 5 26 7 346 50 99 2 24 4 343 6 21 66 2 14 14 15 313 62 45 36 5 4 140 23 36 40 169 569 4 49 2 19 277 74 243 20 10 49 6 3 6 0 6 31 79 1 25 14 96 53 473 26 3 2 6 14 13 5 9 0 — — 2 5 0 - - 14 42 5 13 34 1 5 23 96 127 412 52 9 6 10 67 37 638 2,370 2 17 44 Note: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, and percentages may not equal numerical worker ra,ios' Dashes indica,e absence of ^ t-o f-liv in g coverage. 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Outlook for Collective Bargaining in 1988 Deferred wage changes About 3.3 million of the 8.7 million workers under major agreements are scheduled to receive wage changes (both increases and decreases) in 1988, under the terms of con tracts negotiated in earlier years. (See tables 6 and 7.) In private industry, 2.5 million workers will receive deferred changes; all but about 30,000 will receive increases. De ferred changes in private industry will average 3.0 percent, the smallest such average in the 20-year history of this statistical series. In State and local government, 844,000 workers will receive deferred increases averaging 5.0 per cent; none will have a decrease. There are no data on de ferred wage changes in government prior to 1985. There will also be c o l a reviews in 1988 for 1.9 million of the 2.5 million workers covered by c o l a clauses. Bargaining in key industries The conditions described above will provide the backdrop for this year’s negotiations, but bargainers will concentrate most closely on issues relating to their specific circum stances. The remainder of this article describes issues that will face bargainers in key industries with contracts up for renegotiation in 1988. State and local government. State and local governments employ 29 percent of the workers covered by major agree ments expiring or reopening in 1988. There are 267 State and local government contracts, covering just over 1 million workers, slated for bargaining in the year. These include 204 local government contracts covering 601,000 workers and 63 State government contracts involving 405,000 work ers. Expiring contracts cover about 42 percent of the 2.4 million workers under major State and local government agreements. Government workers are represented by many unions, most notably: the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees ( a f l - c i o ) , with membership spanning a variety of government workers; the National Education Assocation (Ind.) and the American Federation of Teachers ( a f l - c i o ) , which primarily represent workers in education; the Fraternal Order of Police (Ind.) and the Inter national Association of Fire Fighters ( a f l - c i o ) , which repre sent many public protective service workers; and the Amal gamated Transit Union ( a f l - c i o ) , which bargains for workers in public transit systems. Approximately one-third of the workers under expiring agreements are in general government administration. They are found in a variety of occupations including clerks, maintenance workers, and tax collectors. Another one-third are employed in local primary and secondary education; the vast majority are teachers. Depending on the jurisdiction, all school workers may be under one contract, or separate agreements may cover one or several job classifications (for example, teachers, aides, librarians, school lunch workers, and custodians). 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Protective service workers account for one-tenth of per sons covered by contracts slated for renegotiation in 1988. Like education workers, police and firefighters may be under separate or combined agreements, depending on the jurisdiction. The remaining workers whose contracts are slated for negotiation are primarly in health care, higher education, and transportation. During their contract talks, bargainers will be interested in recent compensation trends. State and local government settlements reached during the first 10 months of 1987 pro vided smaller average wage adjustments over the life of their contracts (5.1 percent annually) than the agreements they replaced (5.9 percent). The size of settlements reached between January and October 1987 varied by level of gov ernment as well as by government function. Contracts for local government workers provided higher wage adjust ments over their terms (5.8 percent) than those for State government workers (4.0 percent). Four-fifths of the work ers under settlements negotiated by local government juris dictions were employed in primary and secondary schools. Reflecting recent efforts to improve education by attract ing and retaining teachers, wage adjustments for workers in education exceeded those for workers in any other govern ment function during the first 10 months of 1987. When settlements for education employees are excluded, local government settlements still provided higher average annual wage adjustments over the contract life than settlements in State government. Following are average annual wage ad justments over the life of contracts reached during the first 10 months of 1987 (in percent): A verage annual w age a d ju s tm e n ts o v e r th e life o f c o n tr a c ts r e a c h e d d u r in g th e f ir s t 1 0 m o n th s o f 1 9 8 7 ( in p e r c e n t) All State and local government ............................... State governm ent...................................................... Local government .................................................... E ducation........................................................................ Colleges and universities ...................................... Primary and secondary schools ........................... 5.1 4.0 5.8 5.8 3.9 6.1 General government administration ......................... Protective se r v ic e s........................................................ Health c a r e ..................................................................... Transportation ............................................................... 3.8 4.6 4.7 5.9 Government, excluding education ........................... 4.1 State government, excluding ed u ca tio n .............. 4.0 Local government, excluding education ........... 4.4 Negotiators will also be concerned with what their expir ing contracts yielded. On average, State and local govern ment contracts subject to renegotiation in 1988 provided average wage adjustments of 5.0 percent annually over their terms. As with pacts settled in 1987, expiring contracts provided adjustments that varied by government level and function. Expiring local government contracts yielded higher average annual wage adjustments (5.2 percent and 4.8 percent, respectively) than State government con tracts (4.8 percent). As shown below, expiring agree ments for workers in primary and secondary education provided higher percent annual adjustments over the con tract life than those for all other groups and, because they were negotiated by local government, they caused the average adjustment in local government to be higher than that in State government. Government, excluding education ........................... 4.7 State government, excluding education .............. 4.8 Local government, excluding education ........... 4.5 About 86,000 Pennsylvania State employees are covered by 21 contracts that are scheduled to expire in June and September 1988. The American Federation of State, County and Municipal employees represents two-thirds of these workers; various other unions and independent associations represent the rest. Three-year settlements providing similar terms were reached in mid-July 1985 for all workers except nurses (for whom settlements were reached in January 1986). The con tracts increased wages by 9.3 percent or 99 cents (whichevei was greater) over the contract term, eliminated 2 of 12 holidays, increased the number of personal leave days from 4 to 5 for persons hired prior to July 1, 1985, and reduced vacation and personal leave days for those hired after that date. It is not unusual for contract talks for State and local government workers to extend well beyond the expiration date of the preceding contract. There are 534,000 workers under 160 agreements that expired prior to November 1987 but for whom new contracts had not been concluded by that time. In part, this reflects the time-consuming bargaining process in the public sector. After an agreement is negotiated by the executive branch, it is frequently sent to the legislature or a special agency for the appropriation of funds. Thus, the 1988 bargaining scene in State and local government will include both contracts scheduled for talks during the year and those that expired earlier. If previous years’ experience holds true, some con tracts expiring or reopening in 1988 will not be resolved before the year is over. Given the continuing demand for teachers, their bargaining representatives are expected to press for wage adjustments in 1988 that are higher than those provided for other govern ment workers. Workers covered by scheduled bargaining activity in local governments are geographically dispersed. In contrast, New York State and Pennsylvania account for 70 percent of the 405,000 workers under State contracts slated for 1988 negotiations. Approximately 196,000 New York State workers are covered by nine contracts expiring in 1988 (six in March and three in June). The American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees represents 62 per cent of these workers; the balance are primarily represented by the Public Employees Federation and the American As sociation of University Professors. During the last round of negotiations, these unions bar gained as a coalition. They reached 3-year agreements re placing contracts that had expired in March and June 1985. The contracts increased wages 17.4 percent over the con tract term and gave equity wage adjustments for selected classifications equal to 0.1 percent of the annual payroll as of March 31, 1986. These equity adjustments, scheduled for April 1, 1986, and April 1, 1987, were delayed, but have since been implemented. Petroleum refining. Approximately 35,000 employees of major oil refining companies2 are covered by contracts that will expire on January 31, 1988. Ninety-five percent of these workers are represented by the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union. An additional 5,000 refinery work ers scheduled to bargain in March and April are represented by the Teamsters, Seafarers, and independent or single company unions. Although petroleum consumption increased from a low of 15.2 million barrels per day in 1983 to 16.2 million barrels per day in 1986, it was still below the 1978 peak of 18.4 million barrels per day. Lower consumption has been at tributed to a shift from oil to other fuels, increased home insulation, and more fuel-efficient automobiles. The drop in demand has resulted in excess refining capacity and con tributed to a decline in refinery employment from 166,000 in 1982 to 126,000 in August 1987. However, profits from oil refining operations were strong in 1986 and during the first half of 1987, largely because crude oil prices fell while the price of refined oil was relatively stable. The industry is noted for pattern-setting collective bar gaining agreements, but it is unclear which company will emerge as the 1988 pattern setter. Prior to the flurry of merger activity in the early 1980’s, which included the A verage annual a d ju s tm e n t o v e r th e liv e o f c o n tr a c ts e x p ir in g o r r e o p e n in g in 1 9 8 8 ( in p e r c e n t ) All State and local government ............................... State governm ent...................................................... Local government ................................................... E ducation....................................................................... Colleges and universities ...................................... Primary and secondary schools ........................... 5.0 4.8 5.2 5.5 4.7 5.7 General government administration ......................... Protective se rv ice s........................................................ Health c a r e ..................................................................... Transportation ............................................................... Other .............................................................................. 4.6 5.0 4.9 4.3 5.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Table 5. January 1988 • Outlook for Collective Bargaining in 1988 Incidence of lump-sum payment provisions in major collective bargaining agreements, November 1987 [Workers in thousands] Agreements with lump-sum provisions All agreements 1987 SIC code1 Number Workers covered Percent of workers covered by lump-sum provisions Number Workers covered 1,964 8,697 31 351 2,659 Industry2 T o ta l............... Private nonagricultural industries........... 1987 sic code1 35 36 1,326 6,327 40 312 2,531 3 2 7 106 16 0 1 1 126 94 439 280 0 0 37 10 12 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Metal m in in g ............. Coal m ining............... General building contractors............. Heavy construction .. Special trade construction........... Food and kindred products ............... Tobacco products . . . Textile mill products .. Apparel and other textile products. . . . Lumber and wood products, except furniture................. Furniture and fixtures. Paper and allied products ............... Printing and publishing ............. Chemicals and allied products ............... — — - 38 39 - 144 312 0 — — 57 3 7 138 16 25 22 71 0 16 1 30 11 32 290 37 3 106 11 5 58 9 0 16 40 41 42 44 45 48 49 50 1 1 38 52 64 24 33 18 29 0 — — 51 53 29 54 29 7 16 12 36 90 10 33 15 58 9 2 5 4 16 0 Petroleum and coal products .............* Rubber and miscellane ous plastics products Leather and leather products ............... Stone, clay, and glass products ................. Primary metal industries............... 20 50 20 5 10 45 204 23 8 47 Fabricated metal products ............... 24 49 57 10 28 — — Agreements with lump-sum provisions All agreements 54 55 56 58 59 60-65 70-89 Industry2 Number Industrial machinery and equipment . . . . Electronic and other electric equipment . Transportation equipm ent............. Instruments and related products ............... Miscellaneous manufac turing industries . . . Railroad transportation Local and interurban passenger transit .. Trucking and warehousing ........ Water transportation . Transportation by air . Communications . . . . Electric, gas, and sani tary services ......... Wholesale trade— durable goods . . . . Wholesale trade— nondurable goods . General merchandise stores ................... Food stores............... Automotive dealers and service stations . . . Apparel and accessory Eating and drinking p la c e s ................... Miscellaneous retail .. Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ............. Services ................... State and local government. . . 30 Workers covered Percent of workers covered by lump-sum provisions Number Workers covered 95 29 7 49 264 71 25 186 74 825 92 52 757 4 14 69 2 10 5 26 7 346 0 92 21 317 28 6 21 0 14 15 313 62 37 0 2 115 36 40 169 569 19 49 6 21 31 278 74 243 12 9 30 3 6 0 6 31 90 3 28 14 96 53 473 37 60 3 50 20 285 - - 5 9 0 2 5 0 14 42 0 5 13 38 2 5 23 96 127 412 17 24 3 18 22 97 638 2,370 5 39 128 1 There are no major collective bargaining agreements in sic 13,14,46,47, 52, 57, or 67. . . . . . . . . . 2 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local government. Note: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, and percentages may not equal numerical worker ratios. Dashes indicate absence of cost-of-livinq coveraqe. M a a purchase of Gulf Oil Corp. by Chevron in 1984, contracts reached between Gulf and the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers typically set the industry pattern. In 1986, the agreement reached by the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers and Standard Oil of Indiana ( a m o c o ) es tablished the industry pattern. The accord, covering 4,000 employees, provided for an immediate $1,000 lump-sum payment and a 2-percent wage increase in January 1987, and increased health insurance financing. The terms of the AM OCO-Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers agreement, generally adopted by the other companies, included drop ping of a two-tier wage provision that had been introduced in 1984. Texaco, Sun Co., and Unocal, however, main tained the two-tier wage arrangements for new employees. Even though employee wages and benefits are a relatively small part of refining costs, the refining companies have more control over them than over their other expenses, such as the cost of crude oil. In an effort to control labor costs, management is expected to propose lump-sum payments in lieu of general wage increases; the maintenance of two-tier wage structures where they exist; and avoiding additional employer payments for health insurance. The union’s 1988 contract demands, established at a bar gaining conference in late September 1987 and ratified by participating locals during the fall, include: 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • • • • Increased wages rather than lump-sum payments; Elimination of the remaining two-tier wage agreements; Increased benefits covered by the health plans; Job security guarantees for regular employees currently on the payroll; • Adding Martin Luther King’s birthday as a holiday. The Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers’ ability to exert economic pressure through a strike is moderated by the high degree of automation in the industry which permits manage ment to maintain many operations in the face of a walkout. was concluded in 1984 from 244 million short tons to 160 million in 1987. The major users of bituminous coal are electric utility power plants (which account for 84 percent of total consumption in the United States), steel mills which use coal to produce coke, and cement manufacturers. Because power plants can substi tute oil for coal in producing electricity, the two commodities compete on the basis of availability and price. The decrease in Mine Workers coal output is attributed to the decline in domes tic steel output, shrinking export markets, and the relatively high price of Mine Workers mined coal. Nevertheless, al though fluctuating, overall coal production increased to 888.2 million short tons in 1986 from 829.7 million in 1980. Employment in bituminous coal mining has been declin ing because of the drop in demand, but also because of improved extraction methods. Surface mining, prominent in the west, is capital intensive, while the long wall mining technique used in the east is improving productivity in underground mines. In September 1987, the industry em ployed 161,700 workers, down from 198,400 when the expiring contract was reached in September 1984. Although the industry has a history of long, bitter strikes, the 1984 contract was negotiated without a work stoppage. This agreement provided wage increases totaling $1.40 an hour during its 40-month term. In recent developments, the Mine Workers has reached sep arate agreements with several coal mining companies, in which the companies agreed to accept whatever the Bituminous Coal Operators Association negotiates in exchange for a “no strike” pledge. The Bituminous Coal Operators Association is attempt ing to discourage separate bargaining by its members and is challenging any such agreements in the courts. Preparing for the possibility of walkouts at selected operations, members Because agreements in petroleum refining and coal min ing are expiring at the same time in 1988 and because many petroleum refinery companies, such as Chevron and Shell, own substantial coal reserves, Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers and the United Mine Workers of America (Ind.) have signed an information-sharing pact to try to strengthen their bargaining positions. Coal mining. The contract between the United Mine Work ers and the Bituminous Coal Operators Association expires on January 31, 1988, but negotiations for a new contract began last November. The Bituminous Coal Operators AssociationUnited Mine Workers agreements have historically set the pattern for the agreement between the Mine Workers and the Association of Bituminous Contractors, covering workers who do construction associated with mining operations. That agree ment expires on February 9, 1988. At one time, virtually all soft coal mining was conducted east of the Mississippi by members of the Mine Workers, but western coal and non-Mine Workers eastern coal has captured a large segment of the coal market. Most western coal mines, which tend to be smaller than eastern ones, are not unionized. The Mine Workers, the International Union of Operating Engineers, and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers are the major unions at those western surface strip mines that are unionized. In 1986, Mine Workers members mined 53 percent of the coal extracted in the east, down from 68 percent in 1975. The rest was mined either by nonunion workers or to a lesser extent by members of other unions employed in mining operations that are adjuncts to power plants. The amount of coal mined by companies which are part of the Bituminous Coal Operators Association declined after the last agreement Table 6. Scheduled deferred wage changes under major collective bargaining agreements in 1988, by industry Selected industry Number of agreements Mean change1 Number of workers (thousands) With Total Cents Percent Cents C O LA Percent Without Cents Median change Mean increase C O LA Percent Cents Percent Cents Percent 3.5 Total2 ........................................................................... 753 3,330 50.0 3.5 30.9 2.4 56.3 3.9 36.0 3.0 50.8 All private nonagricultural industries.................................. 529 2,486 42.9 3.0 30.6 2.3 48.7 3.3 34.5 2.9 43.9 3.0 Manufacturing3 ................................................................ Food and kindred products ......................................... Apparel and other textile products.............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ............. Metalworking................................................................ 141 29 5 3 54 381 55 53 4 156 31.1 27.7 29.3 25.4 29.6 2.9 2.6 4.3 2.4 2.5 26.5 26.9 — 28.2 21.5 2.2 2.2 — 3.2 1.8 34.0 27.8 29.3 24.0 38.1 3.3 2.7 4.3 2.0 3.3 30.0 30.0 30.0 28.2 27.0 3.0 2.6 4.3 3.2 2.3 31.1 27.7 29.3 25.4 29.6 2.9 2.6 4.3 2.4 2.5 Nonmanufacturing4 .......................................................... Construction................................................................ Transportation and public utilities................................ Wholesale and retail tra d e ........................................... Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ............................ Services ....................................................................... 388 189 86 56 10 44 2,105 546 952 216 70 214 45.1 76.0 35.8 28.1 24.2 51.0 3.0 3.9 2.4 3.2 2.5 4.3 31.6 83.1 26.1 35.0 52.5 52.6 2.3 3.7 2.0 4.0 4.9 4.8 51.0 75.6 48.9 28.0 - .4 50.7 3.3 4.0 3.0 3.2 .3 4.2 36.0 68.0 31.0 27.6 32.6 44.7 2.8 3.6 2.4 3.3 4.1 4.6 46.2 76.0 35.8 31.7 44.3 51.0 3.1 3.9 2.4 3.6 4.2 4.3 State and local government ............................................... 224 844 70.9 5.0 37.9 3.2 72.3 5.1 51.6 5.0 70.9 5.0 1 Changes in cents per work hour and percent of straight-time average hourly earnings. 2 Includes all private nonagricultural industries and State and local government. 3 Includes workers in the following industry groups for which data are not shown separately to ensure confidentiality: Tobacco (13,100); lumber (6,500); furniture (1,200); paper (25,500); printing (15,200); chemicals (11,400); leather (7,000); stone, clay, and glass (30,400); instruments (1,000); and miscellaneous manufacturing (1,600). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Includes 107,000 workers in the mining industry for which data are not shown separately to ensure confidentiality. Note: Workers are distributed according to the average adjustment for all workers in each bargaining situation considered. Deferred wage changes include guaranteed minimum increases under cost-of-living clauses. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no workers. 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Outlook fo r Collective Bargaining in 1988 of the Bituminous Coal Operators Association established a strike fund through a mutual aid pact signed in July 1987. Construction. About 434,000 construction workers are covered by 141 contracts which will be expiring or reopen ing in 1988, primarily in the spring and early summer. These workers account for 42 percent of all workers under major agreements in the industry. Construction is a diverse, highly localized industry. Workers are typically organized along craft lines— carpen ters, operating engineers, electricians, pipefitters, iron workers, and so forth. Unionized employers are generally members of local or regional branches of national employer associations which represent them in bargaining. Local eco nomic conditions generally play a pivotal role in negotia tions in the industry. Measures of the economic health of the industry are mixed. In nonresidential construction, where most union construction workers are employed, the value of construc tion put in place declined slightly from $95 billion in 1985 to $91 billion in 1986 and stood at $65 billion for the first 9 months of 1987. Meanwhile, the seasonally adjusted un employment rate in the construction industry was 12.1 per cent in September 1987, down from 12.9 percent a year earlier. There were significant geographic differences in employment trends, however, with strong gains in Califor nia, Michigan, Indiana, New York, and Pennsylvania, and losses in Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Texas, and Utah. These employment patterns were reflected in the size of wage adjustments negotiated during the first 10 months of 1987. As shown in the following tabulation, average annual wage adjustments over the life of the contract ranged from - 2 .2 percent in the South Central region to 5.5 percent in the New England region. A verage annual w age a d ju stm e n ts p r o v id e d b y Overall, settlements covering 362,000 construction workers reached during the first 10 months of last year provided average annual wage adjustments of 3.4 percent over the contract term, compared with 2.6-percent adjust ments under the contracts they replaced (which were gener ally negotiated 1 or 2 years earlier). Settlements also varied by the type of construction. An nual wage adjustments over the life of the contract averaged 3.7 percent in general building construction, 3.6 percent in special trades, and 2.3 percent in general construction (other than building). When negotiators prepare for the 1988 bargaining ses sions, they will be interested in both the terms of recent settlements and the wage and benefit yields of their expiring contracts. On average, construction contracts expiring or reopening in 1988 provided average wage adjustments of 2.5 percent a year. As with settlements in the first 10 months of 1987, adjustments under these expiring contracts varied considerably by region, ranging from - 3 .3 percent in the South Central States to 4.3 percent in the Mid Atlantic States: A verage annual w age a d ju stm e n ts u n d e r c o n tr a c t s e x p ir i n g in 1 9 8 8 (in p e r c e n t) All agreem ents...................................................... 2.5 Northeast .......................................................... New E n g la n d ........................................... Mid Atlantic ........................................... 3.9 2.6 4.3 M id w e st............................................................. East North C entral.................................. West North C en tra l............................... 3.5 3.6 2.5 South ................................................................. South Atlantic ........................................ South C entral........................................... -l.i 1.1 —3.3 W e s t ................................................................... Mountain ................................................. Pacific ...................................................... 2.5 1.6 2.7 Interregional...................................................... 1.2 s e tt le m e n t s r e a c h e d in th e fir s t 1 0 m o n th s o f 1 9 8 7 ( in p e r c e n t ) All agreem ents...................................................... 3.4 Northeast .......................................................... New E n glan d ........................................... Mid Atlantic ........................................... 5.4 5.5 5.4 M id w e st............................................................ East North C entral.................................. West North C en tra l............................... 2.5 2.7 1.5 South ................................................................. South Atlantic ........................................ South C entral........................................... 0.5 2.9 —2.2 W e s t ................................................................... Mountain ................................................. Pacific ............................. ’ ...................... 1.1 0.7 1.5 Interregional...................................................... 0.2 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In addition to coping with economic conditions in the industry, unionized construction employers and their unions have been trying to combat the loss of jobs to nonunion firms. They have adopted various measures to reduce labor costs and be more competitive. For example, new “helpers” classifications have been developed which provide lower wage rates for workers who do not perform all the duties of the union’s craft. Other approaches include setting lower wage rates on new projects than on those already underway and modifying overtime rates. Rubber. Approximately 35,000 members of the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America (Rubber Workers) are covered by contracts expiring on April 20, 1988, with three major tiremakers— Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., and Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Co. The Rubber Workers typically have bargained separately with each company, selecting a “target” from among the largest for full-scale bargaining. Once an accord was reached, it was used as a pattern for subsequent settlements in the industry. During the 1985 contract talks, the Rubber Workers ini tially concentrated on reaching an agreement with Good year, but subsequently shifted their focus to B.F. Goodrich. The contracts for the four major rubber companies (Uniroyal and B.F. Goodrich have since merged to form the UniroyalGoodrich Tire Co.) were essentially identical to the Goodrich pattern setter. They raised wages 43 cents an hour over 3 years, maintained the quarterly cost-of-living clause, and improved pension benefits. During the past 3 years, there have been layoffs through out the industry and plant closings at Goodrich and Fire stone, resulting in a large reduction in capacity and higher plant utilization rates. Employment in the industry has been dropping steadily from about 90,000 in 1979 to a record low of about 60,000 in 1987. Ironically, growth in the industry has been in the production of longer-lasting radial and per formance tires, resulting in a declining demand for replace ment tires. At the same time, the market for “original” tires, closely linked to domestic automobile production, has been shrinking. The overall drop in demand for domestic tires will almost certainly contribute to the bargainers’ concern for job security. Electronic and electrical equipment. Contracts covering 155.000 workers in the electronic and electrical equipment industry are scheduled to expire in 1988. These include contracts expiring in June, covering 70,000 General Electric ( g e ) C o . employees, and agreements expiring in August for 25.000 Westinghouse Electric Corp. workers. Other compa nies slated for 1988 negotiations include Hughes Aircraft Co., Thompson Electric Co., and g t e Sylvania. It is expected that 1988 contract talks will start at g e , which has generally been the leader in industry negotiations. Negotiations with g e and with Westinghouse are expected to again be conducted by the Coordinated Bargaining Commit tee of General Electric and Westinghouse unions, which consists of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ( a f l - c i o ) , the United Electrical, Radio and Ma chine Workers of America (Ind.), the International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers ( a f l - c i o ) , and 10 other unions.3 Each of the 13 unions belonging to the Coor dinated Bargaining Committee negotiates its own contracts. However, the committee serves as a vehicle for exchanging information and proposals. Although g e has maintained its position as the industry leader, it has significantly restructured its product line. A year before the negotiation of the current agreement in 1985, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sold most of its small appliance operations to Black and Decker, Inc. In 1986, g e acquired r c a Corp. but subse quently sold part of r c a ’ s former operations, including audio and video plants, to Thompson Electric Co. As a result, the current g e product line is very diverse, including major home appliances, electric bulbs and lamps, medical equipment, and defense-related products. Workers affected by these acquisitions and sales continue to work under the terms of their existing agreements. Thus, for example, workers at Thompson Electric are covered by the agree ment originally signed by r c a until it expires in December 1988. The June 30, 1985, accords reached with g e provided for immediate lump-sum payments equal to 3 percent of base wages times 2,080 hours; wage increases of 3 percent effec tive in June 1986 and June 1987; and an improved jobs and income security program. The terms of the settlement at Westinghouse in late July 1985 were essentially identical to those at G E . The union bargaining committee does not expect to estab lish final 1988 bargaining demands until the spring. How ever, it will probably seek limits on contracting out of work and use of subcontractors within the plant; protections against plant closings; a more favorable cost-of-living ad justment formula; and protection against loss of income due to shorter workweeks and to layoffs. g e Trade. About 192,000 workers are covered by 46 agree ments in wholesale and retail trade slated for negotiation in 1988. Two-thirds of these workers are in food stores. The remainder are in wholesale trade, department stores, clothTable 7. Deferred wage increases1 scheduled in 1988 in major collective bargaining agreements, by month [Workers in thousands] Effective month Workers covered2 Principal industries January-December................. 33,300 - January...................................... 548 February .................................... March ........................................ A p ril............................................. 112 99 226 M a y ............................................. June ........................................... J u ly ............................................. August......................................... September.................................. O ctober...................................... N ovem ber.................................. December.................................. 202 497 635 545 247 264 43 58 Railroads, bituminous coal, State and local government State and local government Construction Food stores, construction, State and local government Construction Construction, communications State and local government, construction Communications, parcel delivery State and local government State and local government (4) State and local government 1 Excludes decreases to be received by 29,700 workers in the following months: January (4,400), May (3,300), June (2,500), July (4,500), September (15,000), November (3,300), and December (2,500). Two units, covering 5,800 workers, have two decreases scheduled during the year. 2 Includes 844,000 workers under State and local government agreements. 2 This total is smaller than the sum of Individual items because 178,100 workers are sched uled to receive more than one increase. It is based on data available as of November 1,1987, and thus may understate the number of workers scheduled to receive deferred increases for the entire year. 4 No single industry accounts for a substantial proportion of workers. 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Outlook for Collective Bargaining in 1988 ing stores, eating and drinking establishments, and drug stores. Three-fifths of the workers under agreements in trade expiring in 1988 are represented by the United Food and Commercial Workers. The remainder are represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (Ind.); the Service Employees International Union; the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees; the Retail, Wholesale and Depart ment Store Workers; and the International Ladies’ Garment Workers. Bargaining in food stores will dominate negotiations in trade. Average annual wage adjustments yielded by expiring contracts in food stores were 2.2 percent annually over their term, but varied substantially, ranging from cuts of - 3 .9 percent to increases of 9.0 percent. Contracts for 44 percent of the workers provided lump-sum payments and yielded annual wage adjustments (including c o l a ’ s ) averaging 0.3 percent, compared with 3.7 percent in those without lump sums. Bargainers will note the results of recent negotiations in the industry. Settlements providing lump-sum payments covered two-thirds of the food store workers for whom new contracts were negotiated during the first 10 months of 1987. The wage adjustments they called for averaged 0.7 percent over the term, compared with 2.8 percent in settle ments providing no lump-sum payment. Overall, adjust ments in food stores averaged 1.4 percent. Many expiring agreements in trade contain provisions for two-tier wage or benefit systems, in which employees hired after a specified date receive lower wages or benefits, or are under less favorable work rules, than employees hired ear lier. Some employers have noted that such systems, initially attractive as a means of keeping down labor costs, may be causing morale and high turnover problems among em ployees on the lower tier. Unions have generally agreed to two-tiered systems only as a last resort short of job losses. Furthermore, as time passes, lower tier employees become more numerous and can exert increasing pressure on both union leaders and employers for elimination of such sys tems. Consequently, elimination or modification of two-tier systems will be an issue for some negotiators. However, some employers may wish to establish a two-tier system. Apparel. Approximately 230,000 workers in the apparel industry are covered by contracts that expire in 1988. These include 124,000 workers in the women’s apparel industry whose agreements expire in the spring, and for 101,000 workers in the men’s apparel industry whose agreements expire in August. These contracts account for four-fifths of all workers under major apparel agreements. The negotiators will represent different unions and em ployer groups, but will face similar economic conditions. The International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union will bar gain with several associations of women’s apparel manufac turers, including The New York Coat and Suit Association, 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis United Better Dress Association, Atlantic Apparel Contrac tors, and the Greater Blouse, Skirt and Undergarment Asso ciation. The Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union will negotiate a contract known as the Cotton Garment Agreement with a group of men’s apparel manufacturers. Employment in the apparel industry has been steadily declining, from a peak of 1.4 million workers in 1973 to 1.1 million workers in 1987. Average annual unemployment peaked at 15.4 percent in 1982 and has been around 11 percent since 1984. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 1987 have ranged from 11.6 percent in January to 7.8 percent in September. Over the last several years, the apparel industry has faced stiff foreign competition. The Department of Commerce estimates that imports, measured in square yard equivalents,4 have increased 17 percent a year since 1981. The problems of declining employment and increasing competition from imports existed during the last round of contract talks in 1985. The women’s apparel agreements, negotiated in the summer of 1985, froze wages in the first year, but provided increases of 6 percent in the second year and 5 percent in the third. The c o l a clause was maintained, although the preceding two contracts provided no c o l a pay ments because the c p i had not increased sufficiently to gen erate one. Similarly, no c o l a payments have been made under the terms of the contract expiring this year. The Cotton Garment Agreement provided for lump-sum payments of $500 in the first year and 6\ percent of the previous year’s earnings in the second. The contract sus pended the c o l a clause, which had not yielded a wage change in the 1982-85 contract because c p i increases were insufficient to generate one. Labor and management’s continuing efforts to address problems of cutbacks in production and declines in employ ment will provide the backdrop for negotiations in both segments of the industry. Specific contract demands, how ever, are not expected to be formulated until the beginning of the year. Trucking. The National Master Freight Agreement, negoti ated by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauf feurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America (Teamsters) expires March 31, 1988. Trucking Management, Inc. is the bargaining arm for the major national freight carriers, and the Motor Carrier Labor Advisory Council (Council) represents regional, short haul, and specialized carriers. The 1985 Na tional Master Freight Agreement between the Teamsters and the two associations, in conjunction with about 35 supplemen tal agreements, sets the compensation and working conditions of most unionized drivers in the industry. The National Agree ment specifies wage changes, employer contributions to benefit plans, and most other economic benefits. The supplemental agreements cover actual wage rates, most work rules, and allocations of funds to health and welfare plans. Local excep- tions to economic terms and work rules are provided in various addenda. This year, negotiators will be facing economic conditions similar to those which existed during the last round of bar gaining. Deregulation of the industry under the Motor Car rier Act of 1980 changed its composition both in the number and size of freight carriers. The Act relaxed or eliminated entry and rate regulations, making it easier to be certified as a carrier, allowing owner-operators to haul certain freight that was previously denied to them, and decreasing collec tive rate making. This spawned a rash of new motor carrier companies. The number of for-hire carriers rose from 72,000 in 1980 to 85,000 in 1986. The increased number of carriers, intensified competition, and rate discounting have resulted in a drastic rise in motor carrier failure rates, from 52.9 per 10,000 companies in 1980 to 185.5 per 10,000 companies in 1986.5 This year’s concerns about increasing competition from small nonunion firms and declining job opportunities for union members were pervasive during the last round of talks in 1985. To improve job security, employers under the 1985 contract agreed that they would not “subcontract or divert the work presently performed by, or hereafter assigned to, its employees to other business entities owned and/or controlled by the signatory employer or its parent, sub sidiaries, or affiliates.” In addition, the 1985 contract pro vided that representatives of the Teamsters, Trucking Man agement Inc., and the Council would meet in an effort “to identify problems causing loss of business and jobs; and to direct communication so as to educate employees relative to long-term job security....”6 The 1985 accord also provided for wage increases for local drivers totaling $1.50 an hour. This included 93 cents an hour that was specified as a “cost-of-living adjustment” although payment was not contingent on the movement of the c p i . Over-the-road drivers received total increases of 3.75 cents per mile, including a 2.325-cent guaranteed “ c o l a . ” Workers hired on or after April 1, 1985, are initially paid 70 percent of the top pay rate for their job category, 80 percent after 1 year, 90 percent after 2 years, and the top rate after 3 years. The contract provided for 10-cent hourly increases in benefit contri butions each year to be allocated between the health and wel fare and pension funds. Although the parties have not indicated their proposals for 1988 contract negotiations, the issues most likely to be addressed are job security, pay increases, cost-of-living ad justments, and pension and health and welfare provisions. It is unlikely that the Teamsters recent reaffiliation with the a f l - c i o will have any impact at the bargaining table. Railroads. Contracts covering 317,000 railroad workers expire June 30, 1988. Negotiations will involve three classes of line-haul railroads— Class I carriers (those with annual gross operating revenues of more than $88 million); Class II carriers (with revenues between $17 and 88 mil https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lion); and Class III carriers (with revenues less than $17 million)— and terminal and switching companies, which are only in Class III operations. Class I carriers account for nearly nine-tenths of the industry’s workers. Twelve unions represent railroad workers, but three of the unions represent a majority— the Transportation Communi cations International Union,7 the United Transportation Union,8 and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees.9 Since its formation in 1963, the National Railway Labor Conference has coordinated the bargaining efforts and served as the bargaining arm of the major rail carriers. Conrail, the publicly owned freight carrier, established in 1976, and a m t r a k , the passenger carrier that began opera tion in May 1971, have generally negotiated independently. However, they did join with the Conference in negotiating replacements for some contracts that expired in June 1984. National negotiations generally cover wage changes, cost-of-living adjustments, benefits, and job security. Issues of specific interest to individual unions and carriers have been considered in separate negotiations that produce sup plemental agreements. Bargaining in the industry is conducted under the frame work established by the Railway Labor Act of 1926. The act established a variety of procedures, including arbitration, to resolve disputes. Historically, negotiations in the industry are protracted, extending months and sometimes years be yond the expiration date of the existing agreements. Typi cally, when an agreement is reached by the parties or a determination is issued by an arbitrator, it is made retroac tive to the previous contract’s expiration date. In the last round of talks, conducted to replace agreements that expired on June 30, 1984, the first National Railway Labor Conference settlement was not concluded until Octo ber 1985,10 and covered 81,600 members of the United Transportation Union. The settlement, which set the frame work for the economic terms of the contracts in the industry, provided for an immediate $565 lump-sum payment in lieu of making the initial wage increase retroactive to July 1, 1984 (when the previous contract expired); wage increases totaling about 10.5 percent over the term of the agreements; continuation of the cost-of-living adjustment clause; c o l a payments to be made only to the extent that they exceeded the wage increases; an 8-percent increase in the distance that crew members must travel during a work shift to qualify for a basic unit of pay; a 5-year (was 1-year) pay progression schedule for new employees; the elimination of cabooses on certain types of freight trains; and the phasing out of firemen and hostlers (railyard train operators) through attrition, fol lowing a recommendation of an emergency board appointed by President Reagan. At the end of 1985, most railroad workers were still working under the terms of contracts that had expired in June 1984. Settlements were concluded for 216,000 work ers in 1986, and for 11,000 during the first 10 months of 21 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Outlook for Collective Bargaining in 1988 1987. Contracts for 25,000 workers were still not resolved as of November 1, 1987. If past practices continue, it is unlikely that the terms and conditions of employment for railroad workers covered under expiring agreements will change this year. Transportation equipment. Approxim ately 160,000 workers are covered by 26 contracts in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry scheduled to expire or reopen in 1988. The contract between Chrysler Corp. and the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Imple ment Workers of America (uaw) that expires September 14, 1988, accounts for 44 percent (70,000) of these workers. Because Chrysler acquired American Motor Corp. ( a m c ) in August 1987, there are 7,000 employees of former a m c under a contract expiring in September 1988 who may be covered by the next master Chrysler settlement. Other con tracts slated for 1988 negotiations include: Budd Co. with the u a w , and General Dynamics with the u a w and the Metal Trades Council.11 Although their contract was not due to expire until Janu ary 1988, the 5,700 workers at the Jeep Division of Chrysler (formerly part of a m c ) negotiated a 5-year agreement in November 1987. It maintained the 3-percent performance bonus payable in January 1988 that was provided under the terms of the previous contract, and calls for a 2.25-percent wage increase on February 1, 1988. In addition, any wage increases or bonus payments provided in the next or follow ing Chrysler agreement will be passed on to Jeep workers 5 months after they are implemented for the other Chrysler employees. The Jeep accord also provides that any job secu rity improvements negotiated in future Chrysler agreements will apply to the Jeep division. The 1985 contract negotiated by Chrysler workers re flected their desire to restore wage and benefit parity with workers at General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. From the mid-1950’s until 1979, the Chrysler contracts with the u a w had the same wage and benefit provisions as the con tracts of the two other large auto manufacturers. When Chrysler verged on bankruptcy, however, its employees accepted a series of wage and benefit cuts in agreements reached in 1979, 1980 and 1981, that resulted in disparities between wages and benefits at Chrysler and those at g m and Ford. Differences were reduced by the 1982 agreement, reached when Chrysler began to show a profit. In 1985, a 35-month accord restored compensation parity, but allowed for possible future differences to develop as a result of the g m and Ford agreements scheduled for negotiation in 1987. Preceded by a 12-day strike, the previous Chrysler agree ment was ratified October 27, 1985. It provided for an immediate wage increase of 2.25 percent; an October 1986 lump-sum payment equal to 2.25 percent of each em ployee’s earnings during the preceding 12 months; and a 3-percent pay increase on September 14, 1987. The c o l a clause was revised to match that at g m and Ford, which provides 1-cent-an-hour wage change for each 0.26-point movement in the b l s c p i - w (1967 = 100), subject to a 1- or 2-cent diversion from each adjustment to help cover benefit cost increases. To offset earlier compensation cuts, the contract also provided immediate lump-sum payments of $2,120 to cur rent employees, $1,000 to retirees, and $600 to surviving spouses. The return to benefits parity with Ford and g m resulted in a 10-percent increase in pension benefits. It was also agreed that any pension plan improvements scheduled for the first year of the 1987 Ford and g m contract would be matched by Chrysler. The 1987 talks between the u a w and Ford and g m cen tered on job security concerns and the resulting agreements established enhanced job security provisions at both compa nies.12 They also provided 3-percent wage increases in the first contract year followed by lump-sum payments of 3 percent of previous year’s earnings in the second and third years, maintained the existing cost-of-living provision (with no diversion), and enhanced pension levels. During the upcoming 1988 negotiations with Chrysler, the u a w will probably seek to restore wage and benefit parity with the other major automobile manufacturers, and have the contract expire at the same time as the ones at g m and Ford. Chrysler’s financial position will undoubtedly be in the picture. The company’s domestic sales for a model year were the third highest in its history in 1986, but fell 23 percent in 1987. Earnings also declined 21 percent in the first 9 months of 1987, compared to the same period a year earlier. In November 1987, Chrysler had 3,800 workers on indefinite layoff and, citing soft sales, announced plans to lay off additional workers. Although Chrysler’s economic situation has improved since the beginning of the decade, the company shares the same competitive problems facing other domestic auto man ufacturers. Therefore, as with the 1987 bargaining at g m and F ord, jo b secu rity is lik ely to be the param ou n t issue. In s u m m a r y , economic conditions in the private sector of the economy differ by industry, company, and even plant; in government they differ by jurisdiction. These differences will influence how bargainers approach the complex issue of providing the best economic package for workers while keeping labor costs down and retaining jobs. FOOTNOTES --------1 The Bureau is reviewing concepts used in its various measures of 2 The major oil companies include: Atlantic Richfield, Chevron, Exxon, compensation and wages. One o f the issues being addressed is the treat Mobil, Phillips, Shell, Standard Oil of Indiana ( a m o c o ), Standard Oil of ment o f lump-sum payments in the collective bargaining settlements series. Ohio, Sun C o., Tenneco, and Unocal. 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 The committee is composed of 12 a f l -c io affiliated unions and one independent union. The a f l -c io affiliated unions are: International Union o f Allied Industrial Workers o f America; United Brotherhood o f Carpenters and Joiners o f America; International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Technical, Salaried and Machine Workers; International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers; American Flint Glass Workers Union of North America; International As sociation o f Machinists and Aerospace Workers; United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada; Sheet Metal Workers International Associa tion; International Union of Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Im plement Workers of America; United Steelworkers of America; and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers o f America. The independent union is the United Electrical Radio and Machine Workers of America. 4 The Department of Commerce, Office of Textiles and Apparel, com piles the square yard equivalent measure by applying a conversion factor to each incoming garment to measure changes in apparel and textile imports between periods. 5 Data were supplied by the American Trucking Association, Inc. 6 See The International Teamster, October 1987, pp. 12-13. 7 On August 1, 1986, the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of the United States and Canada merged into the Brotherhood of Railway, Airline and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees ( b r a c ). On September 1, 1987, b r a c changed its name to the Transporta https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion Communications Union. 8 The Railroad Yardmasters of America merged into and adopted the name of the United Transportation Union, effective October 1, 1985. 9 The other major unions participating in negotiations are the Brother hood of Locomotive Engineers (Ind.); International Association o f Machin ists and Aerospace Workers; International Brotherhood of Electrical Work ers; Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen; Sheet Metal Workers International Association; International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oil ers; International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Black smiths, Forgers and Helpers; Transport Workers Union of America; and American Train Dispatchers Association. 10 In July 1985, Conrail and the United Transportation Union reached an agreement, retroactive to July 1984 that provided terms similar to the National Railway Labor Conference-United Transportation Union agree ment. 11 The Metal Trades Council consists of: International Brotherhood of Boilermakers; International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades of United States and Canada; International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers; Office and Professional Employees International Union; United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; Interna tional Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; Laborers’ International Union of North America; International Molders’ and Allied Workers’ Union; and United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada. 12 See George Ruben, “Labor and management in 1987: finding solu tions to mutual problems,” pp. 2 4 -3 7 . A key issue Technological change, and the transfer and diffusion of knowledge about technology between countries, will have profound implications in the decade to come for the pattern of economic growth and employment, the organization of enterprises and economic sectors, systems of industrial relations, and working conditions. Significant new technologies of the past decade include microelectronic devices of various kinds including indus trial robots, new materials, new technologies for computer-based telecom munications, as well as modem biotechnology and genetic engineering, just to mention a few examples. But in developing countries the innova tions of recent years are less important that the whole question of the transfer of the technological innovations of the developed countries in the past half-century. -------- The Changing World of Work: Major Issues Ahead (Report o f the Director-General (Part I), International Labour Conference, 72d sess. (Washington, International Labour Organization, 1986), p. 12. 23 A review of collective bargaining in 1987 Finding solutions to mutual problems continued to challenge employers and unions, as they sought to restrain labor costs, improve productivity, increase product quality, and save jobs G eorge R uben During 1987, American management and labor continued their efforts to adapt to international and domestic condi tions which have been affecting labor-management relations since the beginning of the decade. On the international front, foreign manufacturers are producing quality products, often at lower prices than U.S. manufacturers, buttressing their already strong sales here and abroad. Domestic condi tions include continued competition in the deregulated trans portation industries, shifts in customer preferences, and changes in production and distribution methods. A major result of these conditions that bodes well for the future is an improvement in labor-management cooperation, as the parties recognize that mutual problems require mutual solu tions. The solutions emanating from cooperative efforts cen ter on ways to restrain labor costs, improve product quality, increase productivity, and preserve jobs. Efforts to restrain labor costs are reflected in the size of settlements in private industry. During the first 10 months of 1987, for example, settlements involving 1,000 workers or more provided wage adjustments averaging 2.1 percent an nually over their life, continuing the relatively low adjust ments that have been characteristic since 1982. Efforts to increase productivity and improve product quality are diverse. They include programs linking em ployee compensation to corporate output or financial results; revising work schedules to increase plant utilization; and new approaches to work, such as team assembly of products George Ruben is a project director in the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and “pay-for-knowledge” plans for encouraging employees to learn new skills. Certainly, job preservation is the paramount issue to em ployees in many industries, and unions have won a number of protections, including plans limiting layoffs or termina tions during sales slowdowns, and, in a few instances, out right bans on plant closings, restrictions on subcontracting, and limitations on overtime work. Another indication of the state of labor-management rela tions is the decline in major work stoppages (strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more) during the 1980’s. Only 46 stoppages began during the first 11 months of 1987. If that rate continues, the total for the year would be the lowest in the history of the statistical series for major units, which goes back to 1947. The current record, 54 stoppages, occurred in 1985. The reduced reliance on stop pages as a bargaining tool is illustrated by the fact there were an average of 99 stoppages a year during the 1980-86 pe riod, compared with 200 to 300 in almost every year be tween 1947 and 1979. Autos Many observers looked to the September 1987 negotia tions between the United Automobile Workers ( u a w ) and the Nation’s two largest automobile companies— Ford Motor Co. and General Motors Corp. ( g m ) — to establish a prototype for collective bargaining for the next few years. The u a w ’ s primary goal was to improve job security be yond that provided by programs established in 1984. The companies’ general goals were to improve their competitive position against foreign producers by holding labor costs down through “moderate” gains in wages and benefits and by cost-reducing changes in work rules and job assign ments. They also wanted to increase employee involvement in improving product quality. Negotiations at gm were further complicated by a cost disparity with Ford which resulted from the fact that gm was more “vertically integrated,” manufacturing 70 percent of the automotive parts it used, compared with 50 percent at Ford, gm claimed this gave Ford an advantage because parts purchased from outside suppliers are less expensive than those manufactured internally. Part of the problem at gm was that the company had not increased its purchases from outside suppliers as fast as Ford had in the years preceding 1984, when both companies agreed to limit the practice. Following its usual tactic, the uaw bargained simulta neously with both companies, then shifted the focus to one— Ford, this time, possibly because Ford was currently more profitable and thus perhaps more amenable to labor cost increases. The Ford negotiations continued beyond the expiration date of the 1984 agreement, but there was no threat of a work stoppage because the parties had already agreed on the outline of a new job security plan. A settlement was reached on September 17; then the union resumed bargaining with gm and the parties settled on terms similar to those at Ford. The new job security plans are called Guaranteed Em ployment Numbers at Ford and Secure Employment Levels at gm . According to the union, the new plans move “well beyond” the programs adopted in 1984, and will “maintain current job levels at all units in all locations and will prevent layoffs for virtually any reason except carefully defined volume reductions linked to market conditions.” The com panies are also permitted to lay off workers because of acts of God and other conditions beyond their control; the sale of operations as an ongoing business; and in cases where em ployees have been assigned or recalled to temporary jobs. In brief, the programs provide that: • All current employees with at least 1 year of service will be protected. Coverage will be expanded when other cur rent employees attain 1 year of seniority; when employees hired or rehired later attain 2 years of seniority; and when employees recalled from layoff receive pay for 26 weeks in any 52 consecutive weeks. • Protection will normally be reduced by one employee for every two who retire, quit, or die. For employees leaving because of retirement inducements or plant closings, the reduction will be on a one-for-one basis. • At each facility, employees who would be laid off if they were not protected by the plans will be placed in a “pool.” These employees will continue to receive pay and benefits and be available for training, assuming the duties of an other employee in training, or accepting “nontraditional” assignments inside or outside the bargaining unit. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Workers who decline placement in a pool or decline an assignment while in the pool will be replaced in the pool by a new hire or a recalled worker, will be subject to layoff based on seniority, and will have recall rights only to a nonpool job. • Senior pool members will have first rights to an available job within their geographic zone. If they turn down the job, it will be offered successively to pool members until it is filled. Those who decline the offer will be laid off. If no pool member within the zone accepts the job, it can be offered to out-of-zone employees, who will not be penalized if they decline. • In each transfer case, one protected position will be shifted from the releasing location to the receiving location. The new programs will be implemented by January 1, 1988. They are backed by a $500 million commitment by Ford and a $1.3 billion commitment by gm , which has more employees than Ford. In another approach to job security, gm agreed to a ban on plant closings, except for those announced prior to the start of negotiations. Ford agreed to continue the ban on closings it had accepted in 1984. There also were improvements in existing plans to aid laid-off employees. The companies’ financing of regular Supplemental Unemployment Benefits was increased to 24 to 34 cents per straight-time hour worked, from 21 to 33 cents (varying by fund level), and their contingent liability to the Advance Credit Account was raised by $75 million at Ford and $250 million at GM. This account generally pro vides weekly benefits to laid-off employees who have ex hausted their State unemployment benefits. In another issue crucial to job security, the contracts pro vided for a broader definition of “outsourcing”— the pur chase of parts from outside suppliers. In addition, the parties agreed to joint local committees to address outsourcing issues, with unresolvable issues subject to appeal to a na tional committee; and the companies agreed to give the union 90 days’ notice of outsourcing decisions affecting one job or more, instead of the previous 60 days’ notice of decisions affecting 25 jobs or more. From the companies’ view, the heart of the settlements was the establishment of new national and local committees to improve product quality, operating efficiency, and job security. The committees, which could aid gm in reducing costs in its parts plants, have great latitude in their opera tions. Initiatives could be in such areas as identifying needed plant investments, testing of work-group concepts for pro duction workers, and revising job classifications to closely match plant needs. Other provisions of the 3-year contracts included: • An immediate 3-percent specified wage increase ranging from about 33 to 55 cents an hour, compared with the 9 to 50 cents immediate increase under the 1984 agreements. 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Review o f Collective Bargaining in 1987 • October 1988 and 1989 lump-sum payments equal to 3 percent of employee earnings during the preceding 12 months. Under the 1984 agreements, the October 1985 and 1986 payments were based on 2.25 percent calcula tion rates. • Continuation of quarterly cost-of-living adjustments (cola) calculated at 1 cent an hour for each 0.26-point movement in the Bureau of Labor Statistics cpi-w (1967 = 100). Unlike the 1984 clause, the 1987 clause does not call for 1 or 2 cents to be deducted from each quarterly adjustment. • Improvements in the gm profit-sharing plan to make it match the improved plan at Ford. The 1984-86 distribu tions per worker totaled $5,300 at Ford and $900 at gm , because of the differences in the formulas and in profits. • An increase in the overtime penalty rate— to $1.25 (for merly 50 cents) for each hour of overtime work in excess of 5 percent of all straight-time hours— to discourage excessive overtime and open new jobs. The penalty money is used to finance training programs. The settlements involved 335,000 workers at gm and 104,000 at Ford. Chrysler’s contract, negotiated in 1985, expires in September 1988. Air transportation The National Mediation Board acted to reduce some of the labor disputes in the airlines industry resulting from continuing mergers, acquisitions, and consolidations. Under the new rules issued in August, carriers must alert the Board to possible employee representation disputes before they merge. Previously, some airlines waited until after the merger. When the Board determines that certification of a union as bargaining agent for employees of an acquired airline should be terminated, unions can now file for a new election for the combined unit of employees within 60 days after the Board’s decision, if they can obtain show-ofinterest cards from 35 percent of the employees. There were collective bargaining settlements in the airline industry in 1987 accompanied by other events that added up to another tumultuous year. Eastern Air Lines labor contracts were not subject to modi fications in 1987, but the carrier and its three unions contin ued their recent history of dispute. During the year, Eastern called for cuts in employee compensation to improve its financial condition. The unions maintained that cuts were not warranted because its members had made such sacrifices in the past. The unions— the Air Line Pilots, the Machin ists, and the Transport Workers— were also concerned about the plans of Frank Lorenzo, the chairman of Texas Air Corp., which purchased Eastern in December 1986 after Eastern’s board of directors rejected a purchase offer from the unions. Some of the 1987 developments, in chronological order, were: 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • A January call by Texas Air, Eastern’s parent, for cuts in Eastern s labor costs averaging 29 percent. This drew strong criticism from union leaders, who were concerned that Texas Air might attempt to force immediate bargain ing by laying off employees or shifting some operations or aircraft to its nonunion airlines. • In March, Texas Air transferred six jumbo jet aircraft from Eastern to Continental Airlines, a Texas Air sub sidiary. Union leaders met briefly with Eastern execu tives, but were adamant that they would not reopen their contracts. • In April, members of the Air Line Pilots picketed Eastern, charging that the company had adopted new restrictions on absenteeism that forced them to fly when they were ill. • In June, Eastern established a new ground service sub sidiary and the Machinists filed court charges that the intent was to strip employees of “hard-won rights and benefits.” • In August, trustees for the union sought a court ruling on whether their fiduciary role required them to sell Eastern stock shares in response to an offer from Texas Air. The unions had received the shares in prior years in exchange for cuts in compensation. • In September, the Air Line Pilots won an initial court ruling that a “pay parity” contract clause automatically triggered a pay raise for the union’s members after East ern granted raises to supervisors of mechanics. Also, the Air Line Pilots accelerated efforts to organize Continental pilots. The union had been voted out after an unsuccessful 1983 work stoppage which occurred when Texas Air pur chased Continental, formed a new corporate entity, and hired nonunion employees at 50 percent lower pay rates. • In October, Eastern reported a $67.4 million loss in the third quarter, and formal contract negotiations began with the Machinists. • In November, Eastern laid off 3,500 employees, or about 9 percent of its work force. The reduction, which primar ily affected employees in the Machinists’ unit, also in cluded nonunion employees. • In December, the pilots were continuing to literally inter pret Federal Aviation Administration aircraft mainte nance requirements. The concerted action— described as a work slowdown by Eastern— followed the Federal Avi ation Administration’s finding that Eastern had postponed required maintenance procedures and pressured em ployees not to report equipment malfunctions. United Airlines, the Nation’s largest air earner, received a purchase proposal in April from its 7,000 pilots that was maintained in varying forms for the rest of the year. In the offer letter, the union said United had engaged in “excessive diversification and that an “employee-owned airline would result in improved service, safety, and profitability.” In addition, the pilots were apparently concerned that United might be the target of a takeover by another company. The pilots offered to let other unions participate in the purchase, but the 20,000 member Machinists unit said that it had “philosophical” objections to using cuts in employee compensation to partly finance the purchase of a healthy company. (Under the 7-year plan, financing of the purchase was to include a 25-percent cut in employee pay, contribu tions from union pension plans, and a 10-percent increase in productivity.) The Machinists also warned that it would bargain vigorously on compensation and working condi tions, regardless of who owned the airline. In the following months, the Air Lines Pilots Association continued to make purchase proposals, which were rejected by United. In November, the Machinists negotiated a 3-year contract that called for wage increases totaling 11 percent and pen sion increases totaling 12 percent. It also gave the union the right to match or exceed any outside offer to purchase United. If anyone— including the Air Line Pilots— acquires control of 50 percent of United’s stock, the Machinists may reopen contract negotiations or opt to extend the new agree ment for 3 years, during which the employees would receive further 11-percent increases in wages and 12-percent in creases in pensions. Another United settlement, with the Association of Flight Attendants, provided for an immediate lump-sum payment, two 2-percent wage increases, and improvements in bene fits. The accord for the 13,000 employees also reduced holiday and vacation time and extended to 7 years the period during which new employees remain in a lower pay tier. American Airlines ended 12 months of negotiations in March, when 5,000 members of the Allied Pilots Associa tion ratified a 3-year contract that reduced a pay gap be tween senior and new employees resulting from a two-tier system negotiated in 1983. The reduction— which followed some narrowing under a 1985 settlement— was accom plished by giving employees hired after November 1983 an immediate increase of 11 to 28 percent (varying by senior ity, type of aircraft flown, and job classification), followed by 2-percent increases in the second and third contract years. Senior employees recieved only 2-percent increases in each of the 3 years. Bargaining did not proceed as smoothly for the 10,000 workers represented by the Association of Professional Flight Attendants, who also were seeking a narrowing of a two-tier pay differential. Early in the year, the union began a corporate campaign to persuade American’s financial backers to pressure the company to settle. American coun tered by distributing booklets to its passengers explaining its position. After the attendants rejected American’s “final offer,” the company, on June 1, imposed the terms, as permitted under the Railway Labor Act. In December, union members au thorized a strike, but the parties tentatively settled just be fore the work stoppage was scheduled to begin. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Trans World Airlines was in the Federal courts, as members of the Independent Federation of Flight Attendants sought to regain jobs lost as a result of a work stoppage. During the stoppage, which began on March 7, 1986, Trans World hired 1,270 permanent replacements, and 1,280 Independ ent Right Attendants members continued working. The union ended the stoppage on May 17, 1986, without gaining a new contract, but the company refused to rehire the attend ants, leading the union to file the court case. In its ruling, the U.S. Court of Appeals in St. Louis held that union members who participated in the stoppage must be allowed to replace union members with less seniority who continued working, because the seniority system was not a bargaining issue and, therefore, remained in effect. The court further ruled that 463 trainees who were shifted into full-employment status immediately after the termina tion of the stoppage must be replaced by union members who participated in the stoppage, and that permanent re placements hired during the stoppage should retain their jobs. Delta Air Lines completed the acquisition of Western Air Lines in April, after Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor vacated the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals’ order that the companies had to submit to arbitration a dis pute with the Air Transport Employees union. The union initiated the court case because it opposed the merger and wanted to force Delta to honor contracts the union had negotiated with Western. The order would have delayed the merger until Delta agreed in advance to be bound by the arbitration decision or until the decision was announced. In her ruling, Justice O’Connor said that it was necessary to complete the merger because the preparations had been too extensive to reverse. Immediately after Justice O’Connor’s decision, Delta an nounced that the 6,000 Western employees represented by the Air Transport Employees would become nonunion be cause they were outnumbered by the nonunion Delta em ployees in the same job categories. Delta said that Federal labor law mandated a similar conversion to nonunion status for 2,000 employees represented by the Teamsters. Western pilots would continue to be represented by the Air Line Pilots Association because the union already represented Delta’s pilots. USAir Group Inc. moved to strengthen its competitive posi tion— and to thwart a proposed takeover by Trans World Airlines— by acquiring other carriers. In April, the last major obstacle to USAir’s planned purchase of Pacific Southwest Airlines was removed when the Teamsters and Pacific Southwest agreed to drop several provisions from their contract, including one requiring any new owner to recognize the union as bargaining agent for some 3,200 of Pacific Southwest’s 5,000 employees, In return, Pacific Southwest agreed to establish a $3.2 million fund to make 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Review of Collective Bargaining in 1987 severance payments to employee choosing not to move to USAir. In May, 2,600 USAir employees were covered by a 2year contract negotiated by the Association of Flight Attend ants. The agreement, retroactive to September 1986 and running to August 31, 1988, provides for reopening negoti ations upon completion of the acquisition of Pacific South west Airlines and of Piedmont Aviation Inc. that also was under way. In August, the Association of Flight Attendants won the right to represent the 940 flight attendants at Pacific South west after the Teamsters, which had represented the employees, withdrew from the National Mediation Board election. The withdrawal came after the Teamsters failed to convince the Board that the vote should be postponed until the Pacific Southwest-USAir merger was actually com pleted. In October, the U.S. Department of Transportation ap proved the USAir purchase of Piedmont, opening the door to bargaining with several unions over unifying the two seniority and compensation systems. The carriers employ 38,000 people, including those not represented by the unions. Shortly before the merger announcement, Piedmont and the Association of Flight Attendants had negotiated a 33month contract protecting the seniority rights of the 3,000 employees when the merger occurred. The contract also provided for two wage increases totaling 75 cents an hour, and added a requirement that the attendants fly at least 60 hours a month. Republic Airlines’ stock ownership plan, in March, dis tributed $33 million to 2,500 members of the Machinists union. The money was in exchange for stock the union members had received in the early 1980’s in return for cuts in wages and benefits and agreeing to productivity improve ments to aid the carrier in avoiding bankruptcy. Overall, a total of $150 million was distributed to 15,000 former Re public employees in 1987. nw a , Inc., the parent of North west Airlines, purchased Republic in August 1986 for $884 million, or $17 a share, compared with a low of about $3.50 when the shares were issued to the employees. In August 1987, Northwest resumed negotiations with the Teamsters on a contract for a new combined unit of flight attendants resulting from the merger. The Teamsters, which had represented Northwest attendants prior to the merger, had gained the right to represent the 6,500 employees in the new unit by defeating the Association of Flight Attendants (which had represented attendants at Republic) in a 1986 representation election. After mid-1987 elections in which the Machinists gained the right to represent a total of 20,000 employees in four units, the union began pressing Northwest to raise the com pensation of the 14,000 workers who were formerly em ployed by Republic to the levels prevailing for the 6,000 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis other employees. Northwest refused to bargain for three of the units because their agreements were not yet subject to amendment under provisions of the Railway Labor Act. Bargaining was conducted for the unit of mechanics and related employees, but the carrier, in November, declared an impasse and instituted pay increases averaging 10.3 per cent for 2,900 workers in the union who had been Republic employees. (A few days later, the union obtained a court order terminating the company action, and the parties were still contesting the issue at yearend.) Northwest said the action was necessary to bring “peace and efficiency” to its operations, while the union described it as a move to “divide and conquer” employees. The union also claimed that the “equalization” move resulted in benefit cuts for the former Republic workers. Steel The 1986 round of bargaining between the major steel producers and the United Steelworkers essentially con cluded late in January 1987, when employees of usx Corp. ratified a 4-year contract, ending the longest major work stoppage in the history of the industry. The round of bar gaining was of particular interest because it was the first since the companies disbanded their bargaining association, the Coordinating Committee Steel Companies, and shifted to individual company bargaining. This occurred because the companies believed their individual cost and production problems varied too much to be addressed in a uniform settlement with the union. Although there was a 6-month work stoppage at usx, settlements at the other companies were usually peace ful. In general, the settlements, which led off with April 1986 accords at ltv Steel Corp. and National Steel Corp., provided for: • Cuts in employee compensation that could be partly or completely offset by payouts under new profit-sharing and stock-ownership plans. • Adoption of gain-sharing programs permitting local unions and management to develop plans for distributing cash to employees based on improvements in output, effi ciency, quality, and nonlabor costs attributable to em ployee efforts or initiative. • Suspension of provisions for automatic quarterly cost-ofliving pay adjustments. • Adoption of restrictions on overtime work, plant closings, and layoffs. Specific provisions of the usx contract included a cut in employee compensation of about $2 an hour; suspension of cola ’s ; reduction of the Sunday work premium to time and one-fourth, from time and one-half; and elimination of 3 of 10 paid holidays. There also were temporary 1 or 2 year cuts in paid holidays, vacations, and in shift premiums. Other permanent provisions included a new profit-sharing plan; additional limits on contracting out; a company com mitment to modernize two plants; and elimination of some jobs. Elsewhere in the steel industry, the Steelworkers and some companies asked the Government to set up a special fund to help defray the cost of closing outmoded facilities, primarily by assuming the cost of pension and health in surance benefits for the employees losing jobs. This did not occur, partly because industry profits improved. However, the Government did act in another area, as President Reagan extended import restrictions on specialty-steel products to September 30, 1989. In the interim, the quotas will be increased and duties will be decreased, in stages. An issue that drew attention and promised to continue into 1988 was the continuing controversy over ltv Corp’s pen sion plans. The controversy began in January 1987, when the Pension Benefit Guarantee Corp. (Pension Corp.) termi nated three underfunded ltv pension plans and assumed the obligation of making monthly payments to eligible retirees. The Pension Corp. said the action was in accord with its obligation to protect ltv retirees from loss of benefits result ing from bankruptcy proceedings the company had earlier entered. In assuming the benefit payment obligation, the Pension Corp. decided that its obligation was limited to continuing “basic” pension benefits, which excluded a $400 a month supplemental benefit some early retirees had re ceived until age 62. The cutoff of the supplemental benefit, along with the general condition of the company, prompted the Steelwork ers and the company to renegotiate the 1986 contract. Under the new contract, ratified in August, ltv agreed to pay 92.25 percent of the $400 a month supplemental benefit to 8,000 eligible current retirees, retroactive to February 1, 1987. In return, the union agreed to a new “defined contri bution” pension plan for current employees, which would not be insured by the Pension Corp. The union conceded that the new plan was not as good as the previous plan. The contract also called for employees to begin contributing $26.82 a month toward insurance premiums; and for elimi nation of 500 jobs through attrition or voluntarily depar tures, with those who voluntary depart receiving lump-sum payments of $1,000 per year of service, up to $25,000. The agreement was scheduled to run until ltv ’s reorganization was approved by the bankruptcy court, or until Februray 15, 1990, when either side could reopen negotiations on eco nomic matters. After failing to block the new pension plan and the sup plemental benefits in a July hearing in bankruptcy court, the Pension Corp. in September took the unprecedented action of restoring the three pension plans it had terminated in January, making ltv fully responsible for funding and ad ministering the plans. Kathleen P. Utgoff, executive direc tor of the Pension Corp., said the provisions of the LTV-Steelworkers 1987 agreement amounted to an illegal https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis subsidy of ltv pensions, with the agency financing basic benefits and the company financing only the supplemental benefits. This, she claimed, was a de facto continuation of the old pension plan— a violation of the Employee Retire ment Income Security Act of 1974, the law that established the Pension Corp. to protect retirement benefits. Utgoff also noted that circumstances had changed, with ltv earning $271.7 million before taxes in the first half of 1987, com pared with a year-earlier loss of $576.2 million. In the wake of the restoration, ltv began making benefit payments, but the Pension Corp. said that early retirees were not receiving the full amount and started court action in October to force a change, ltv ’s position was that restric tions under its bankruptcy proceedings prevented full pen sion payments. Meatpacking Bargaining in the meatpacking industry was conducted under the same economic condition that has prevailed in recent years: declining demand, leading employers to cut production costs to stay in business. Cost cuts were achieved by shutting down less efficient plants; revamping production and distribution methods; attempting to shift work to nonunion plants; and persuading unionized employees that cuts in compensation were needed to protect their jobs. In 1984, the United Food and Commercial Workers— the dominant union in the industry— adopted a policy of vigor ously resisting the cuts that began in 1982, concluding that they only postpone plant closings. The union also pressed for restoration of past cuts. Not surprisingly, the divergent goals of labor and man agement have resulted in clashes out of proportion to the size of the industry. According to the union, its members participated in 158 work stoppages in the industry from 1983 to 1986. About 40,000 workers were involved. One of the major work stoppages in 1987 occurred in Dakota City, ne , where 2,800 employees of ibp (Iowa Beef Processors), Inc. were off the job for about 7 months before a settlement was reached. The stoppage was not unique in the bargaining relationship: each settlement since 1969 has been preceded by a work stoppage. From the beginning of the negotiations, ibp had called for reductions in employee compensation, while the union had just as adamantly called for increases, particularly because ibp— the Nation’s largest beef processor— “sets the wage pattern” for the industry, according to the union. The union said it was vital for it to “maintain a presence” at the plant because it is the only ibp plant where the union represents employees. As the stoppage progressed, ibp began hiring replacement workers while the union pressed a publicity campaign in which it accused the company of substantially underreport ing job-related accidents and illnesses to the Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( osha). 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Review o f Collective Bargaining in 1987 In July, osha completed an investigation initiated in re sponse to a complaint filed by plant employees, and pro posed a record $2.59 million fine against ibp . The company disputed the finding and indicated it would appeal the pro posed penalty. Within a week after the osha announcement, ibp and the ufcw agreed on a 4-year contract under which workers hired prior to December 14, 1986, remain at their prestoppage wage rate until the 33rd month of the agreement, when they will receive a 15-cent-an-hour increase, to $8.35 in slaugh tering, and to $8.05 in processing. Workers hired later, start at $6 an hour and receive a 15-cent progression increase every 3 months until they reach $7.60 for slaughtering and $7.45 for processing. This two-tier pay system drew criti cism from United Food and Commercial Workers leaders at other companies, who said it sets an unwelcome precedent for the industry. However, the local union responded that the equivalent of a two-tier system had actually been in effect under the prior agreement because high turnover re sulted in about 20 percent of the work force always being at the starting rates of $6.20 for slaughtering and $5.90 for processing, which applied during the first 2 years of employment. According to a union official, the 1987 agreement provides for raising the $7.60 and $7.45 rates if necessary to maintain parity with averages in the industry. Other terms included: • Changes in safety provisions, such as increased employee participation in plant inspections, the hiring (by ibp) of a consultant to study operations and recommend changes, and giving employees full access to their medical records. • Establishment of a pension plan under which 5-year em ployees become eligible for benefits at the beginning of the fourth contract year. Benefit levels will be set by a joint committee and financed by annual company pay ments equal to 4 percent of profits. • An increase in major medical insurance coverage, to $150,000, from $30,000. • Adoption of insurance coverage for dental care, prescrip tion drugs, and alcohol and drug abuse treatment. • A provision for extending the agreement (with additional wage increases) for an additional 4 years, if both parties agree. As part o f the settlement, ibp also agreed to rehire all the workers involved in the work stoppage, giving them prece dence over 2,200 replacement workers, who also were as sured jobs. John Morrell & Co. was involved in a work stoppage at its Sioux City, ia , plant that began on March 10, after the company and Food and Commercial Workers Local 1142 were unable to agree on a new contract for about 750 em ployees. At that time, Morrell wanted a $1.25 an hour cut 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in the $9 base rate, while the union was seeking an 80-cent increase. The dispute escalated in May, when 2,500 employees at the company’s Sioux Falls, s d , plant joined the stoppage in sympathy with the Sioux City employees. The action by Food and Commercial Workers Local 304A in Sioux Falls followed a Supreme Court decision not to hear an appeal by Morrell that union power to engage in sympathy strikes be curbed. The case began when Local 304A engaged in two brief stoppages in sympathy with Food and Commercial Workers members involved in a stoppage at Morrell’s Ar kansas City, ks , plant. The Arkansas City stoppage ended when the parties agreed on a new contract. As the 1987 stoppages at Sioux City and Sioux Falls continued, Morrell hired an increasing number of replace ment workers. The next major development came early in November, when the Sioux Falls employees reported for work but were turned away, which, the union claimed, changed the stoppage into a lockout, making the strikers eligible for State unemployment benefits. In Cudahy, wi, uncertainty about the future of the Patrick Cudahy, Inc. plant increased as a work stoppage that began on January 3 continued with no end in sight. Smithfield Foods Co., which purchased the plant in 1984, reported in September 1987 that it had lost $5 million as a result of the stoppage, although it was continuing to operate the plant, using replacement workers. The stoppage centered on man agement’s call for cuts in employee compensation it con tended were necessary to compete in pork processing, coun tered by Food and Commercial Workers demands for restoration of wage rate cuts the workers had accepted in 1982 and 1984. In December, Cudahy filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Federal bankruptcy code and laid off 700 employees, most of whom had been hired to replace participants in the work stoppage. Elsewhere, a nearly 4-year dispute between ConAgra Inc. and the Food and Commercial Workers ended when the company agreed to pay a total of $6.6 million in back pay and medical expense reimbursements to employees who lost their jobs when the company purchased Armour & Co. in 1983. The settlement, negotiated by ConAgra, the Food and Commercial Workers, and the National Labor Relations Board, also provided for the rehiring of up to about 525 employees, with retroactive seniority. The 1983 purchase involved 39 plants, but the 1987 con sent agreement only applied to 13 plants covered by a master labor contract between the Food and Commercial Workers and Armour & Co. In the complaint the union filed with the National Labor Relations Board in February 1984, the union charged that ConAgra had discriminated against the former Armour & Co. employees when it purchased the plants from Greyhound Corp., dismissed the entire work force, re opened the plants under the name ConAgra/Armour, and hired new employees. Reportedly, wage rates for the new nonunion workers ranged from $5.50 to $6.50 an hour, compared with the $10.69 standard rate then prevailing in Food and Commercial Workers contracts with major meat processors. Although the 13 plants remain nonunion, the Food and Commercial Workers did win a 1987 representation election at one of the other former Armour plants, located in Mason City, ia . About 300 employees are in the new bargaining unit. The only other organized plant in the chain is in Louisville, ky . The unsettled condition of the industry also was illus trated by developments in Ottumwa, ia , where Geo. A. Hormel & Co. announced in February that it would close its local plant in August because of excess capacity in the industry and because the $10.70 an hour base wage rate of its employees was not competitive with rates at other com panies, such as the $5.80 at nonunion ibp plants. The final closing was preceded by a shutdown of animal slaughtering at the plant in March 1986 after employees refused to cross picket lines set up by employees involved in work stoppages at other Hormel plants. After the August 1987 final closing, Excel Corp. entered into a leasepurchase agreement, reopened the plant, and began hiring a new work force expected to eventually total 800 people. This threw Local 431’s representation rights into doubt be cause its members hired by Excel might not constitute a majority of the new work force. Accordingly, Local 431 began an organizing drive among the new employees. Excel’s move into pork processing at Ottumwa also sig naled the start of a major competitive challenge to Occiden tal Petroleum Corp’s ibp Inc. unit, the industry leader in both beef and pork processing, and a generally acknowl edged leader in process innovations and resistance to union contract demands. Excel is a unit of Cargil Inc. There was a bright spot at Wilson Foods Corp., which was moving toward profitability after emerging from Chap ter 11 bankruptcy proceedings in 1985. The turnaround was attributed to a cut in hog slaughtering and a major shift into production and distribution of processed foods. Despite the improved financial results, Wilson officials cautioned that the company was “still strapped for funds.” They also said that the company is handicapped because some of its plants are older and its wage rates are higher than those of its competitors. Aerospace The round of bargaining in the aerospace industry, which led off with an October 1986 settlement between the Boeing Co. and the Machinists, was almost closed in August 1987, when the union settled with General Dynamics Corp.’s Convair Division. Still outstanding was a contract at McDonnell Douglas Corp’s Long Beach, ca , plant, where members of United Auto Workers (uaw ) Local 148 had earlier engaged in a “work to the rules” or “build it by the book” job action that slowed production of the company’s commercial air craft. Members of Machinists locals at nearby plants had supported the job action until July, when they accepted https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis terms similar to those McDonnell Douglas had unilaterally put into effect for the UAW-represented workers earlier in the year, following a bargaining impasse that was partly at tributable to leadership clashes within the local union. During the round of bargaining with the Machinists and the uaw , the various aerospace companies had pressed for moderate settlements to help them compete more effectively with foreign aircraft manufacturers, which have recently won an increasing share of world markets. The companies also cited cuts in purchases of military aircraft. The unions’ bargaining objectives included specified wage increases in each contract year, replacing the annual lump-sum pay ments adopted in the previous bargaining round. The union also sought to end provisions, adopted in the 1983-84 set tlements, that excluded lower paid employees from receiv ing cola ’s to relieve a compression of the percentage differ ential between these employees and higher paid employees that had resulted from all workers receiving uniform cents per hour cola ’s . In St. Louis, the settlement between McDonnell Douglas Corp. and the Machinists provided for an immediate 3percent wage increase and a lump-sum payment equal to 3 percent of earnings during the preceding 12 months. This is to be followed by a 2-percent lump-sum in the second year and a 4-percent lump-sum in the final year. The cola clause was revised to cover all employees, as the union had sought. Another settlement, between Rockwell International Corp.’s Aerospace Group and the uaw for operations in California, Ohio, and Oklahoma, provided for an immediate wage increase of 3 percent plus a 15-cent immediate cola adjustment (which did not apply to employees in some pro gression steps of lower grades). The lump-sum payments were 2 percent of 12-month earnings in December 1987, 6 percent in August 1988, and 5 percent in August 1989. A 3-year settlement between United Technologies Corp.’s Sikorsky Aircraft Division in Connecticut and the Teamsters provided for wage increases of 2.5, 2, and 1.5 percent in the respective years and lump-sum payments in each year equal to 2.5 percent of previous year’s earnings. The agreement did not contain a cola clause. Longshore and offshore maritime On the West Coast, the Pacific Maritime Association and the International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s union settled on contracts for 9,000 workers. There was no wage change in the first contract year, but the ship loaders and unloaders benefited from a new method of calculating pay for work in excess of the normal 8 hours per day. Wage increases of 40 cents an hour were scheduled for the second and third years and employees with at least 5 years of serv ice were assured 38 hours of work per week, a 2-hour increase. Shorter service employees continued to be guaran teed 28 hours of work. Employees rejected the tentative July settlement in the first balloting, reflecting their concern over some of the 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Review o f Collective Bargaining in 1987 contract changes intended to aid management in controlling labor costs, but narrowly approved it on the second, conducted in September. The changes included greater flexibility in work scheduling and shift lengths; a wage progression plan under which new hires and casual employees will move to the top rate ($19.43 in the first contract year, $19.83 in the second year, and $20.23 in the third year) after 5,000 hours of expe rience; and elimination of “penalty overtime pay” of 1.5 times their normal overtime rate for marine clerks working during meal periods or for hours in excess of 10 per day. On the East and Gulf coasts, the International Longshore men’s Association and the various shippers associations pre sumably expected 1987 to provide respite from the complex and fragmented contract bargaining of 1986. However, a crisis, requiring further bargaining, arose in August, when the Federal Maritime Commission declared that the bargain ing parties’ “50 mile rule” on handling container cargo dis criminated against some shippers and ordered it removed from all tariffs within 90 days. Under the rule, adopted in 1959 and the target of several court actions since then, packing and unpacking of containers within 50 miles of a port had to be performed by International Longshoremen’s Association members. The carriers had agreed to the rule in return for the right to freely automate operations. In 1985, the Supreme Court had found that the rule addressed a valid work preservation objective under the Labor-Management Relations Act'of 1946. In supporting its decision, the Mar itime Commission conceded that it had no jurisdiction over International Longshoremen’s Association contract provi sions, but asserted that it did have the right, under three laws, to control shippers tariffs. After the ruling, the International Longshoremen’s Asso ciation and management reopened negotiations on the issue that were expected to continue into 1988. Elsewhere in the maritime industry, a total of 11,000 workers aboard deep sea vessels were covered by two settle ments. One, between the Seafarers and the American Mar itime Association, comprising seven shipping lines, pro vided for a 2-percent wage increase in each of the 3 contract years, and for additional increases if the bls cpi-w rises more than 10 percent. The other settlement, between the National Maritime Union and the Maritime Service/Tanker Service Committee for 6,000 sailors aboard 120 vessels, also called for a 2percent increase in each of the 3 years, but the initial in crease was diverted to bolster the union’s welfare plan. Both settlements also improved some benefits. Shipyards The Nation’s private shipyards continued to experience financial difficulties in 1987 that resulted in shutdowns, bankruptcies, and some cuts in employee compensation. Management officials attributed the industry’s problems to increased pressure from the government to reduce their bids on Navy ships, to a Navy move to perform more repair work 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in its own shipyards, and to a lack of orders from commer cial shipping companies. The first 1987 settlement in the industry occurred in Jan uary, when a Metal Trades Council negotiated a 3-year contract with the Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Systems Inc. The agreement, which covered 6,000 em ployees in Pascagoula, m s , froze the base wage rate at $11.28 an hour, but the workers received an immediate $1,000 lump-sum “productivity incentive payment,” to be followed by $250 to $500 payments, varying by hours worked, in the second and third years. Fully experienced new employees will start at $8.28 an hour and move to the $11.28 top rate over a lengthened progression schedule of 6,000 hours worked. Inexperienced new employees will progress from $8.28 to a maximum of $10.53 over the same period. Todd Shipyards Corp. and the Seattle (wa ) Metal Trades Council agreed on a 342-month contract replacing the “final offer” terms Todd had imposed on December 1, 1986, after the employees had rejected the offer. Contract provisions included a $1.50-an-hour reduction in the $13.50 base rate under the prior agreement; lump-sum payments calculated at 50 cents for each hour worked from July 1, 1986, to Novem ber 30, 1986, and 25 cents for each hour worked from December 1, 1986, to March 31, 1990; possible annual profit sharing; continuation of cola; and a stretch-out of pay progression for new employees. Later in the year, Todd filed for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The filing covered shipyards in Los Angeles, ca , and Galveston, tx , as well as in Seattle. On the East Coast, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. and the United Steelworkers negotiated a 46month contract that provided for an immediate $1,000 lump-sum payment, an $800 payment in December 1988, and a 3-percent wage increase in February 1990. Under the prior 43-month agreement, the employees had received three wage increases totaling nearly 25 percent. The settlement, which covered 16,600 employees, also established a health care cost containment program and raised the pension rate for each year of credited service to $18 a month, from $15. Apparel Bargaining was light in the apparel industry, involving 45,000 employees, but two of the year’s settlements were notable for establishing parental leave. Such leave has be come increasingly important with the growth of two wageearner families and the resulting difficulties in caring for children. The new provision in the July agreement between the Ladies Garment Workers and associations of ladies under garment manufacturers provided for up to 6 months of un paid job-protected leave for either parent and applied to births and adoptions. Union President Jay Mazur said that parental leave will be a goal in all future negotiations be cause “the American family is changing and it is vital that society respond to those changes by guaranteeing parents the right to care for their newborn infants.” The other settlement establishing parental leave was in men’s and boys’ apparel manufacturing, involving the Clothing and Textile Workers and the Clothing Manufactur ers Association. The new provision permits a parent to take up to 6 weeks of unpaid leave every 2 years for the birth or serious illness of a child. The employee will continue to be covered by health insurance during the period and will be assured of a job when the period ends. The 3-year accord, which covered more than 40,000 workers, also improved wages and benefits, and continued to bar covered employers from moving work to nonunion companies and purchasing garments abroad. The Clothing Manufacturers Association, which had wanted to eliminate this provision, said that the longer duration of the new agreement— 3 years, compared with 2 years for the preced ing one— would at least give it more time for developing counters to increasing competition from foreign producers. Pulp and paper Bargaining shifted to a company-by-company basis on the West Coast, as the Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers settled with Weyerhaeuser Co. and Boise Cascade Corp. Previously, these companies and others had bargained as a unit. The leadoff 1987 settlement at Weyerhaeuser did not increase wages, but did call for an immediate $650 lump sum payment and for annual incentive payments in each of the 3 contract years ranging up to 4 percent of the individ ual’s earnings during the preceding 12 months. The pay ments were to be based on product quality, output, costs, and safety. Wage rates were also not increased in the Boise Cascade agreement, but the employees received an immediate $1,100 lump-sum payment, to be followed by second and third year lump-sums equal to 2 percent of employee earn ings during the preceding 12 months. The company bene fited from a reduction in the number of circumstances in which employees received $6.75 meal tickets for working overtime. Eligibility for call-in and call-back pay also was restricted. Meanwhile, a bargaining impasse continued between In ternational Paper Co. and the United Paperworkers at mills in Mobile, al , Jay, me , DePere, wi, and Lock Haven, pa . The stalemate, which threatened to spread to other company mills as additional contracts expired, resulted in a work stoppage that began on various dates at the four mills. Previously, the union negotiated separately with each of the mills. However, a company demand for labor-cost cuts to enable it to compete more effectively led to a shift in union tactics. Under the new approach, union President Wayne E. Glenn supervised bargaining on four issues: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis premium pay for overtime work, subcontracting, contract duration, and retum-to-work rights for participants in the work stoppage, which was to continue until a combined tally of workers at the mills showed a majority in favor of a settlement. Other industries in brief Railroads. The round of railroad bargaining that began in 1984 continued into 1987, as four unions settled during the first 10 months of the year for 11,000 employees of the Class I carriers and Amtrak. The settlements were similar to the earlier ones, calling for wage increases totaling about 10.5 percent plus lump-sum payments, or about 6.5 percent plus larger lump-sum payments, and continuation of cola payments. At yearend, bargaining was continuing for 25,000 workers. Elsewhere in the industry, the Federal Government con cluded its sale of Conrail by distributing 10.3 million shares of its stock to 92,000 active and retired rail workers. The number of shares distributed ranged from 10 to 270 and averaged 220, worth $8,415, according to Conrail. Conrail was created in 1976 to continue the freight operations of bankrupt Northeastern and Midwestern rail lines. The trade off leading to the distribution occurred in 1979, when the employees agreed to compensation cuts in exchange for the Conrail shares. Rubber. National contracts between the major rubber companies and the United Rubber Workers were not sched uled to expire until 1988, but there were local settlements in 1987 that reduced employee compensation at two plants that were threatened with closing. Developments at Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. began in October 1986 when the company gave the Rubber Workers the required 6 months contractual notice that it planned to close tire plants in Oklahoma City, ok, Des Moines, ia , and Bloomington, il . Resulting negotiations at the Oklahoma City plant led to a March 1987 settlement that cut wages by a reported $3.66 an hour and assured continued operation of the plant, which makes tires for passenger cars and light trucks. Late in 1987, the Edwards Warren Tire Co. purchased the Bloomington plant and began negotiating with Rubber Workers Local 787. Continued operation of the Des Moines plant also was assured, at least for the foreseeable future, when employees agreed to a cut in compensation of more than $3.50 an hour, in addition to a similar cut in 1986. Firestone officials de clined to forecast how long the plant would remain open explaining, “we’re in an exceptionally dynamic business,” precluding long-range planning. After the Firestone accord, Rubber Workers members at the Armstrong Tire Co. plant in Des Moines also moved to avert a planned closedown by agreeing to a compensation cut “in the $5.40 an hour range,” according to an official of 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Review o f Collective Bargaining in 1987 Local 164. Armstrong had informed the union that a cut was necessary for the plant to remain competitive with the Fire stone plant. Both plants make farm tires, among other types. At year end, employees at all Armstrong plants were revoting on the terms, following a rejection on the first vote. Construction. The afl-cio’s Building and Construction Trades Department and the National Constructors Associa tion developed model language to be voluntarily incorpo rated into labor contracts between the Association’s 20 member companies and individual unions. The uniform lan guage is designed to counter the increasing competition from nonunion companies by improving work efficiency and quality. The approach, which does not deal directly with wage rates, calls for provisions such as flexible daily and weekly work hours; seven standard unpaid holidays; elimination of premium pay for night and weekend work; prohibition of work stoppages for the duration of the contract in exchange for expedited grievance procedures; and increased use of trainees and preapprentices instead of fully qualified workers. Elsewhere in the industry, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the National Electrical Contrac tors Association negotiated a national agreement intended to help recapture work from nonunion companies. The new agreement, available to contractors on a project-by-project basis, covers electrical transmission and related substation work. It gives employers increased flexibility in assigning employees, scheduling work, and staffing; provides for ex pedited resolution of grievances without work stoppages; and contains a number of provisions beneficial to employees on subcontracting and preservation of work. Farming. In August, the Farm Labor Organizing Com mittee negotiated an initial contract with 20 Ohio cucumber growers. Campbell Soup Co. also was a party to the agree ment because its Vlasic Foods unit buys the growers’ output. The agreement provides for an incentive plan under which the 650 migrant workers could earn $70 to $100 more per week based on the value of the crop picked and the percentage of usable cucumbers. Previously, pickers re ceived half the value of the crop picked, or about $250 to $300 a week for the 5-week harvest. The accord, which was subsequently accepted by other growers in Ohio and Michigan, was the fourth the union negotiated with cucumber and tomato growers, bringing a reported total of 2,700 workers out of the 50,000 migrant workers in the region under contracts. The union’s president, Baldemar Valasquez, said the union had held some merger discussions with the older and larger United Farm Workers union in California to enhance efforts to organize farmworkers, particularly those in five Middle Western States and in Florida and Texas. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Migrant and permanent farmworkers throughout the Na tion benefitted from a new field sanitation standard issued by the Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Under the standard, farmers with more than 10 employees are required to provide them with potable water, toilets, and handwashing facilities. Brewing. The afl-cio’s boycott of the Adolph Coors Co. ended in August, when company president Peter Coors and Federation president Lane Kirkland announced an agree ment permitting Coors employees to “freely choose union representation or refrain from doing so.” This meant that if enough employees show interest, a representation election could be held at the company’s brewery in Golden, co, and at its new plant in Elkton, v a , when completed. The accord also specified that the Virginia project, and future projects, will “be undertaken either by union signatory contractors or by a negotiated project labor agreement.” When the dispute began in 1976, employees were repre sented by an afl-cio affiliate. The union charged that Coors started the dispute by using polygraph tests and other means to delve into employees’ personal affairs. According to the company, the dispute was over seniority and work assign ments. As the stoppage moved into 1977, the work force, consisting of replacement workers and some returning union members, participated in a representation election in which the union was ousted. In April 1977, the afl-cio initiated the boycott, which Coors conceded has hurt sales, particularly as the company moved into the eastern market in recent years. After the 1987 procedural agreement, the Federation used its Organizing Responsibilities Procedure to select the Ma chinists as the most appropriate union to undertake the cam paign at Golden. Competing with the Machinists was the Teamsters union, which had announced plans to organize the employees prior to reaffiliating with the afl-cio . Electrical appliances. In Cleveland, t n , a 4-year work stoppage against Magic Chef, Inc.’s kitchen range plant ended when the afl-cio’s Industrial Union Department per suaded the Maytag Co. to negotiate with the Molders and Allied Workers union. Maytag had purchased the plant in 1986. The new contract gave the 600 original participants in the stoppage three options: return to work and receive two pay ments totaling $8,500; retire immediately, with a $500 a month supplement to their basic pension until they attain age 62, if their age plus years of service totaled 70 or more; or not to return to work or draw a pension in exchange for an $11,000 buyout payment. Printing. The longest dispute settled in 1987 was at Ar eata Graphics, in Kingsport, tn , where the Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers won the right to represent 2,000 employees. The company was known as the Kingsport Press in 1963 when members of five printing unions became in volved in a work stoppage they blamed on unfair bargaining tactics used by the company. As time passed, the afl-cio initiated a national boycott campaign, Kingsport continued to hire replacement workers, and the unions were ousted in a 1967 election. The Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers attributed its representation success to increased employee concern over job security after Areata Graphics terminated some workers and replaced them with lower paid temporary workers. Cement. The Boilermaker union’s Cement Division cred ited a new international organization of unions with initiat ing a corporate campaign that led to settlement of contract disputes that ran 3 years with two domestic companies. The new organization, the Cement World Congress, was formed by the afl-cio’s Industrial Union Department and the Inter national Chemical, Energy, and General Workers Federa tion to counter the growth of transnational companies in the industry. The two firms, General Portland Cement Co., a unit of a French company, and Missouri Portland Cement Co., a unit of a Swiss company, in 1984 contended that cuts in labor costs were necessary because of economic problems in the industry. The 1987 settlement with General Portland included two 2-percent wage increases over the 2-year term, and guaran teed Supplemental Unemployment Benefits for layoffs re sulting from subcontracting. The 3-year Missouri Portland contract provided for a $500 lump-sum payment, two wage increases totaling 40 cents an hour, and adoption of sever ance pay. Textiles. Although only about 650 workers were in volved, the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers saw great significance in its victories in representation elec tions at J. P. Stevens & C o.’s plants in Port Huron, mi, and Drakes Branch, v a . It was the union’s first victory at the company since the end, in 1980, of a 17-year dispute over the union’s right to represent Stevens employees in several southern plants. Retail Food Labor-management relations in the retail food industry continued to be dominated by factors that often led to con flicts. Management, citing the need to compete with lower cost store chains, pressed the United Food and Commercial Workers, the dominant union in the industry, for cuts in compensation, changes in work rules, and increases in the number of lower paid part-time employees. Union members accused some companies of setting up low cost chains to compete against their own stores, forcing employees to ac cept cuts in labor costs or lose their jobs. During the year, settlements commonly included cost-reducing provisions, but store closings also were common. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis One move to aid terminated employees was a national severance pay plan established by Safeway Stores Inc. and the Food and Commercial Workers. The adoption of the plan was triggered by the closing of Safeway’s Dallas (tx ) Division to help reduce a debt the company incurred in 1986 while warding off a takeover attempt. The new plan only applies when Safeway sells a complete division and the new owner does not retain the workers and negotiate a contract with the Food and Commercial Workers. Coverage is lim ited to full-time employees with at least 1 year of service. Provisions include up to 8 weeks’ severance pay, varying by length of service; the right to transfer to other divisions, with preferential hiring rights over job applicants who have never worked for Safeway; continued company payments into the pension funds of closed divisions for employees within 1 year of retirement; and joint union-management efforts to obtain government retraining funds. Federal pay The 1.5 million Federal white-collar employees did not receive a salary increase in 1986, breaking the pattern of the last few years, but they did receive a 3-percent increase in January 1987. Under the Federal Pay Comparability Act of 1970, the President’s Pay Agent (a triad consisting of the Secretary of Labor and the directors of the Office of Man agement and Budget and the Office of Personnel Manage ment) reported in 1986 that a 23.79-percent pay increase was necessary to bring white-collar pay up to the level for comparable jobs in the private economy, based on the re sults of the annual National Survey of Professional, Admin istrative, Technical and Clerical Pay conducted by the Bu reau of Labor Statistics. Under the Act, an increase would normally have been effective in October 1986. However, the President using his authority under the Act, proposed a 2-percent increase, effective in January 1987. This was later raised to 3 percent under the omnibus spending bill. The 2 million military personnel also received the equiv alent of a 3-percent increase in January 1987 under laws linking their pay levels to those for the white-collar em ployees. About 465,000 blue-collar trades workers received an increase of up to 3 percent during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987. Their pay is raised at various times during a year, based on the results of local surveys of wages for similar private industry jobs. However, their potential increase is “capped” at the same percentage amount as for white-collar workers. Later in 1987, the Pay Agent presented to the President its finding on a salary increase that would normally be effective in October 1987. The increase, based on the Bureau’s 1987 survey, was 23.74 percent. However, President Reagan again used his authority under the Pay Comparability Act to propose an alternate increase of 2 percent, effective in Jan uary 1988. In a legal decision regarding the pay-setting procedure, the Supreme Court let stand a U.S. Court of Appeals denial 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Review o f Collective Bargaining in 1987 of a challenge to the President’s power to propose alterna tives to the findings of the Pay Agent. The challenge was initiated by the American Federation of Government Employees. The law had authorized either House of the Congress to vote the President’s decision, which presumably would have required the President to implement the Pay Agent’s annual finding. However, in 1983, the Supreme Court ruled that vetoes by a single House were unconstitutional. Postal workers who have the right to bargain collec tively— but not to engage in work stoppages— fared better than Federal Government workers in 1987, as 650,000 of them settled with the U.S. Postal Service, a quasigovernment agency. The unions involved were the Ameri can Postal Workers (350,000 employees), the Letter Carri ers (235,000), and the Mail Handlers unit of the Laborers union (50,000). The current contract for the fourth major union, the Rural Letter Carriers (75,000 employees), was not scheduled to expire until January 1988. The chief issues on the bargaining table were union de mands for “substantial” wage increases and liberalization of the cola formula and the Postal Service’s demand for in creased use of casual labor to reduce operating costs. In the end, the unions agreed to continuation of the existing cola formula and smaller wage increases than they had been seeking. In return, the Postal Service agreed not to expand the use of casual employees. The bargaining led off with a settlement by the Mail Handlers. The other unions, bargaining jointly, denounced it as inadequate and reached an accord which provided for larger wage increases. In the end, all of the employees were covered by the same terms because the Mail Handler’s con tract included a “me too” provision assuring that the workers would receive any further improvements in wages and ben efits negotiated by the Letter Carriers and American Postal Workers. Specified increases in annual pay ranged from $1,700 to $1,866, or about 7 percent over the 40-month term, plus semiannual cola ’s that the unions estimated will total 11 to 12 percent, based on their projection of the future movement of the bls cpi-w . Under the prior 3-year contracts, which were set through arbitration because the parties did not settle before the dead line stipulated by the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970, specified wage increases and cola ’s raised annual pay for incumbent employees by a total of nearly $3,200. New hires received a smaller increase. Teamsters return to a f l -c io The 12.6 million member afl-cio , which has been at tempting to counter declining union membership in recent years, gained about 1.7 million members, increased orga nizing ability, and increased political strength when it agreed to the Teamsters’ request to reaffiliate with the Fed eration. In the 30 years since the Teamsters had been ousted 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis from the Federation for refusing to sign a code of ethics, Teamsters’ officers had repeatedly been charged with cor ruption, and four of the last five presidents had been con victed of crimes. At the time of the November 1 reaffiliation, the Federal Government was seeking to place the Teamsters in trustee ship for alleged law violations. In addition, Teamsters’ President Jackie Presser was awaiting trial on charges of paying $700,000 to “ghost employees.” Despite these problems, afl-cio President Lane Kirkland welcomed the Teamsters back into the fold. He noted that Presser was the only member of the union’s general execu tive board under indictment and that, while charged, he had not been convicted. Kirkland said that if convicted, Presser would immediately be removed from his position as a mem ber of the Federation’s Executive Council, which was ex panded to 36 members to accommodate him. There was the possibility of further strengthening of the Federation, as Kirkland announced that he had talked with United Mine Workers President Richard Trumka about affil iation. Another reported possibility for affiliation was the National Education Association. In the area of organizing, one of the major developments was the resurgence of unionism in the Nation’s air traffic control system. In June balloting by 10,800 flight con trollers, nearly 70 percent favored representation by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, a new organi zation affiliated with the Marine Engineers. Although the victory was important in terms of the num ber of new union members, it was more important to orga nized labor as a symbol in its efforts to regain strength in its relationship with management. In the years after President Reagan fired more than 11,000 controllers for participating in an illegal 1981 work stoppage, labor leaders have fre quently contended that the action contributed to the stronger stance taken by management in dealing with unions. National Air Traffic Controllers Association officials at tributed the favorable vote to the same problems that trig gered the 1981 stoppage: complaints of overwork at some of the Federal Aviation Administration facilities, inadequate staffing, forced overtime, and insensitive management. Of ficials of the new union conceded that the 1981 stoppage was a mistake and noted that the organization’s constitution prohibits work stoppages. There also were other developments concerning unions and their leaders: • Thomas W. Gleason, age 86, retired as president of the International Longshoremen’s Association and was suc ceeded by John M. Bowers. Gleason was the oldest labor union president in the Nation. • Murray H. Finley retired as president of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers and was succeeded by Jack Sheinkman, who had been secretary-treasurer and co chief executive since the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and the Textile Workers Union of America merged to form the union in 1976. • The Furniture Workers merged into the Electronic Work ers, which changed its name to International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers. • The Brotherhood of Railway, Airline and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employees changed its name to the Transportation-Communications Union. • The Seafarers chartered the Travel Employees Union to organize travel agents. Mona Molles, president of the new union, said travel agents would be particularly inter ested in getting pension and insurance benefits. Report edly, there are 200,000 travel agents in the United States. Legal rulings During the year, the Supreme Court issued a number of decisions bearing on labor-management relations, collective bargaining, and employment. In these decisions the Court held that— • States can require employers to pay severance benefits. • States can require employers to provide pregnancy leave. • States are permitted to deny unemployment benefits to women who leave their jobs because of pregnancy and are unable to return because the job has been filled. • Judges can order strict promotion quotas to end “long term, open, and pervasive discrimination.” • Government units can voluntarily adopt plans for correct ing gender-based imbalances in their hiring and promo tion of employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Workers with contagious diseases are covered by the Re habilitation Act of 1973. • Suits over retirement and disability benefits must be tried under the Federal Employee Retirement Security Act of 1974, rather than under State law. • Public employers may search their employees’ offices if they have “reasonable suspicion” of work-related wrong doing. • Companies must bargain with the existing union when they acquire another company and there is “substantial continuity” in operations. • Employers must make a “reasonable” effort to accommo date a worker’s religion in regard to holidays and other matters but need not accept the worker’s suggestion on how to do so. Elsewhere in the legal system, the National Labor Rela tions Board reversed its 1971 decision and ruled that con struction firms can not repudiate prehire agreements, which require employers to hire only union members for a project. Repudiations are permitted at termination of a collective bargaining agreement or when employees covered by a con tract vote to oust the union representing them. Within the Federal Government, the Department of Jus tice ruled that contractors performing construction work on projects financed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (hud ) are required to pay the prevailing wage under the Davis-Bacon Act only if the financing is used for actual construction, rather than site acquisition or the pur chase of services, material, and equipment, hud had re quested the Justice Department to review a 1985 Depart ment of Labor decision that the prevailing wage rule applied if hud financing was used for any aspect of a project. Q] 37 State labor laws: changes during 1987 Major laws were enacted on a variety of subjects, including minimum wage, employment discrimination, parental leave, drug testing, and wrongful discharge R ichard R. N elson A greater volume of State labor legislation was enacted in 1987 than in any of the past several years.1 Laws of major significance were enacted in several employment standards subject areas, including the traditional fields of minimum wage protection and bans on employment discrimination, as well as in newer emerging areas of parental leave, employee drug testing, asbestos abatement, plant closings, and restric tions on workplace smoking. First time legislation was also enacted prohibiting the wrongful discharge of employees. There was considerable minimum wage activity in 1987 with hourly minimum wage rates increased through new legislation or administrative action for all employers in nine States (Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Minne sota, Nebraska, Nevada, Texas, and Wisconsin) and for certain occupations in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Also, rates rose in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont as the result of increases provided by previous enactments. In addition, a proposal to increase the California rate is under consideration. In Hawaii and Minnesota, the 1987 legislation increased the rates above the $3.35 per hour Federal standard (in effect since 1981). The Federal rate is now exceeded in 10 juris dictions (Alaska, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hamp shire, Rhode Island, and Vermont). Bills to further increase Richard R. Nelson is a State standards adviser in the Office o f State Liaison and Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U .S. Department o f Labor. 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the rate in Maine and to raise the Wisconsin rate above the Federal level passed the legislatures but were vetoed. North Carolina provided for matching increases up to $4 an hour in the State minimum if the Federal rate is increased before June 1, 1989. As of January 1, 1988, 24 jurisdictions had minimum wage rates at or near $3.35 per hour for some or all occupations. Rates are significantly lower than $3.35 in 11 States, and nine States do not have minimum wage laws. Among other minimum wage and overtime actions, new exemptions from one or both of these provisions were en acted in Delaware, Illinois, and Montana. Montana also made the existing prohibition against tip credits specific within the minimum wage law and extended coverage to employees covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act if the State minimum wage is higher. Amendments in the District of Columbia and Minnesota dealt with the recogni tion of subminimum wage rates for handicapped workers under certificates issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. Wyoming will require overtime pay on public works projects for hours worked in excess of 10 a day or 40 a week instead of after 8 hours a day, as was previously required. Civil penalties for certain violations of the New York minimum wage and wage payment acts were extended to include violations concerning minimum wage standards for farmwork and to be authorized for nonmonetary violations, including those involving recordkeeping, posting, and wage statements. In other legislation involving the collection of wages due, the ceiling was removed on acceptance of wage claims by the Utah Industrial Commission, and the Com mission was authorized to enter into reciprocal agreements with other States for the collection of wage claims; the Director of Labor and Industries in Washington may now bring legal action to collect unpaid minimum wages and prevailing wages for all underpaid employees, and was au thorized to conduct investigations to ensure employer com pliance with the prevailing wage, minimum wage and wage payment— wage collection acts where a violation is sus pected; and Rhode Island specified that vacation pay accrued by workers separated after 1 year’s service, will become wages due. New Jersey enacted a Construction Workers’ Fringe Benefit Security Act to ensure payments to fringe benefit funds and New Hampshire amended reporting requirements under a similar law. The issue of equal pay for jobs of comparable value in State government was addressed by a few States in 1987. In Oregon, each branch of the State government is to adopt a method of determining the comparability of the value of work and report to the legislature on proposals to upgrade undervalued classifications, and a Pay Equity Adjustment Fund was created to pay for needed adjustments. The Con necticut law designed to eliminate sex-based inequities in the State service was amended to include coverage of un classified positions held by employees in collective bargain ing units, and North Dakota directed that a study be made of the feasibility and desirability of such legislation. Money for implementation was appropriated in some other States which enacted pay equity legislation in prior years. While there was not as much State prevailing wage legis lation in 1987 as in some recent years, there were some significant developments. The Kansas prevailing wage and public work 8-hour-day law was repealed, while repeal at tempts failed in nine other States. Among amendments to the Montana law, rates will now be determined for each of 10 districts rather than the county or locality in which the work is performed, the prevailing rate was defined to be a weighted average based on hours worked by craft or classi fication in the district including both private and public projects, and a $25,000 threshold amount was established for coverage. Changes were made in rate-setting procedures in Massachusetts, in bid advertisement requirements in Ore gon, and in the definition of locality in Wyoming. Washing ton extended coverage to new facilities built by private parties for lease to State agencies. Rhode Island now re quires contractors and subcontractors who perform work on public works projects to furnish the Director of Labor with certified copies of their payroll records weekly rather than upon demand following a complaint as before. Parental leave for the birth, adoption, or serious illness of a child was a subject of active interest in 1987. About half the legislatures had bills before them to require employers to grant unpaid leave of varying durations, and to guarantee returning employees reinstatement to the same job or a sim ilar one. Laws applicable to both private and public sector employers were enacted in Minnesota (up to 6 weeks leave), Oregon (12 weeks), Rhode Island (13 weeks), and Tennes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis see (4 months for female employees only). A new law in Connecticut provides for up to 24 weeks leave for State employees and a task force is to study various aspects of parental leave in private sector employment. Also, the North Carolina Legislative Research Commission was au thorized to study all aspects of granting such leave. Private and public sector employees in New York and public em ployees in Missouri who adopt children are to be given the same opportunities for leave as granted to biological par ents. A leave of absence because of disability on account of pregnancy or a related medical condition was authorized for up to 8 weeks in Iowa and for up to 4 months in Louisiana. New or amending legislation regulating the employment of children was enacted in 18 States in 1987. Among these were new provisions enacted in Arkansas and Vermont es tablishing conditions for the employment of children as ac tors. In other actions, the age at which children may sell or deliver newspapers was lowered from 12 to 9 in Massachu setts, and the minimum age for employment was lowered in Connecticut for work in mercantile establishments under certain conditions, and in Michigan for certain farming op erations. In Alabama, the child labor law was amended to conform the nightwork, daily, and weekly hours restrictions of minors under age 16 to Federal law and to add restrictions on permissible nightwork hours of 16- and 17-year-olds. Nightwork hours restrictions were eased for minors under age 16 in Delaware and Rhode Island. Minors under age 18 in North Carolina, meeting certain requirements, will now be permitted to drive a truck or automobile as part of their employment, while restrictions were placed on the operation of commercial motor vehicles by minors of this age in Florida. Compulsory school attendance laws were amended in Louisiana to require attendance until age 17, rather than 16, and in Mississippi, to require attendance to age 17 by the 1989-90 school year. Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act amend ments, effective January 1, 1987, included removal of the age-70 upper limit on coverage. This law applies to private and public sector employment with the exception of Federal employees. Mandatory retirement provisions for public sec tor employees in Ohio were specifically conformed to those prescribed by the Federal law. The age-70 upper limit from age discrimination or mandatory retirement provisions was removed for various public sector employees by amend ments to laws in Louisiana, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Vermont, and Virginia and for both public and private sector employees by amendments in Illinois, Ne vada, Oregon, and Utah. In West Virginia, an age-65 upper limit was removed from the law prohibiting age discrimina tion in public and private employment. The Illinois Human Rights Act was also amended to prohibit age discrimination between 18 and 40 in apprenticeship or training programs. Other forms of employment discrimination, primarily on the basis of sex or handicap, were the subject of legislation 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes in 21 jurisdictions. A Virginia Human Rights Act was en acted making it unlawful to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, or disability. In Massachusetts, sexual harassment of employees was specified as a form of sex discrimination and prohibited. In Iowa, criminal penalties were added for sex discrimination violations. The prohibition against discrimi nation in public employment on the basis of handicap was extended to include private employers in Tennessee, and in Alaska, mental disability was added to physical disability as a prohibited form of discrimination. The Illinois Human Rights Commission and Department of Human Rights were authorized to receive and collect information on employ ment discrimination regarding persons affected by the Fed eral Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Substance abuse testing of job applicants or employees was the subject of proposed legislation in more than half of the legislatures. These bills included measures to prohibit, to limit, or to specifically permit testing. Laws were enacted in eight States— Connecticut, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Montana, Rhode Island, Utah, and Vermont. Differing ap proaches to the issue varied between those permitting testing provided certain conditions are met and those prohibiting testing except for probable cause or other specified reasons. Utah, for example, permits the testing of employees and applicants within the terms of a written policy provided certain safeguards are met with respect to sample collection and testing procedures, and permits tests results to be used as the basis for adverse personnel actions. Rhode Island, on the other hand, prohibits drug testing of employees except if the employer has reasonable grounds to believe that an employee’s use is impairing job performance and the testing is done in conjunction with a rehabilitation program. Job applicants and current employees are covered by the laws in Connecticut, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Utah, and Ver mont. The laws of Louisiana and Rhode Island cover only employees. Most laws provide the right to retest in the event of a positive test finding, provide the right to explain a positive test result, and specifically protect the confidential ity of results. In Iowa, Minnesota, Rhode Island, and Ver mont, employees may not be discharged for a first time positive drug test and must be given the opportunity to participate in counseling or rehabilitation. Michigan requires all applicants for employment by the State police to submit to a controlled substance test. A study commission in North Carolina is to examine drug testing of job applicants and to recommend procedures or regulations for the administration of tests. First of their kind wrongful discharge laws were enacted in Montana and the Virgin Islands under which the dis charge of an employee for reasons other than those specifi cally enumerated is considered to be wrongful and remedies are provided for. Under the Montana law, which establishes an exclusive remedy for redress, employees who are wrong fully discharged may file an action for recovery of lost 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis wages and interest, and where employer fraud or malice is found, may recover punitive damages. The Virgin Islands law provides for reinstatement and back pay upon order of the Commissioner of Labor and permits employees to bring court action for compensatory and punitive damages. One or more laws dealing with various aspects of worker safety and health were enacted in 33 jurisdictions. Most involved laws regulating asbestos abatement work, restrict ing smoking in the workplace, and giving workers the right to be informed of and given training on workplace chemical hazards. Asbestos abatement laws regulate various aspects of this work, including the regulation or licensing of con tractors, safety training of workers, and advance notification of any asbestos work to be performed. A few of these laws were enacted in prior years, but this became a major area of legislative activity in 1987 with new legislation adopted in 15 States and amendments made to the laws of two others.2 Some of this activity may have been in response to the Federal Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act of 1986, administered by the Environmental Protection Agency, which requires, among other things, State certification of contractors performing asbestos abatement work in schools, and Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (osha ) asbestos standards effective January 17, 1987, that require training of all persons doing asbestos work in the private sector. The osha standards do not require licensing or certification. New laws regulating smoking in the work place were enacted in Arkansas, Hawaii, Indiana, Maine, Oklahoma, and Vermont, and amendments were made to the laws of Arizona and Connecticut. These laws usually require employers to implement policies prohibiting or re stricting smoking in the workplace. If reasonable accommo dation between smokers and nonsmokers cannot be achieved, preference is generally given to nonsmokers. Of the 12 hazardous chemical right-to-know laws, 8 were amendments to existing legislation. Workers in New Mex ico will now be given hazardous substance information, and laws were enacted in Kansas and Utah to provide for carry ing out the requirements of the Federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986. Other safety enactments include a new comprehensive Occupational Safety and Health Act in West Virginia appli cable to State employees with provision for optional cover age by political subdivisions of the State, a new Boiler Safety Act in Florida, and a new Amusement Ride Act in Nebraska. Public agencies in Texas may now consider the safety record of bidders in the award of public works con struction contracts. Interest continued in efforts to aid workers and communi ties facing mass layoffs or plant closings. New laws were enacted in Hawaii and the Virgin Islands. The Hawaii law requires that employees and the Director of Labor and In dustrial Relations receive advance notice of a closing or out-of-State relocation and that employees receive a dislo cated worker allowance to supplement unemployment com- pensation benefits for 4 weeks. The Virgin Islands law re quires that advance notice of a closing or major reduction in the work force be given to the employees, their union, and the Commissioner of Labor. Affected employees are to re ceive severance pay, continuation of disability insurance, a preference in hiring at other employer facilities, and have the opportunity to purchase a facility being closed. Em ployer sanctions are to be developed in Massachusetts for failure to notify laid-off workers of their right to extended health insurance. Connecticut extended the time for contin uation of employee health benefit coverage, and New York established a temporary program to assist dislocated work ers with the payment of health insurance premiums. Also, in New York, the governor and business and labor leaders signed an agreement to improve labor-management cooper ation in the private sector and to deal with the problems of plant closings and layoffs. In related legislation, an Em ployee Ownership Opportunity Act was passed in Oregon to encourage the formation of employee-owned enterprises, and Washington enacted a law authorizing and regulating employee cooperative corporations. Alabama Child labor law restrictions on permissible hours of work for minors under age 16 were amended to permit em ployment until 9 p.m. during the summer school vacation and to reduce from 8 p.m. to 7 p.m. the latest permissible hour at other times. In addition, a new provision states that no child under age 18 who is enrolled in school is to work between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. on any night preceding a schoolday, except that those enrolled in specified training programs may work past 10 p.m. The hours of 16- and 17-year-olds were not previously restricted. School superintendents were given authority to grant exemptions to the 10 p.m. provision in individual cases. Work for those under age 16 will not be permitted for more than 3 hours in any schoolday, rather than 4 hours as before, and is limited to 18 hours in any school week, instead of the previous 28 hours. C h ild la b o r. Agents for athletes must now be registered with the newly created Athlete Agent Regulatory Commission, and post a $50,000 surety bond conditioned on the agent’s compli ance with the law and ensuring payment of all sums due any athlete represented. Agent’s fees are limited to 10 percent of the ahtlete’s total annual compensation under any professional sports service contract ne gotiated, and certain undesirable practices are prohibited. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . la w s . The Polygraph Examiners Board, scheduled to terminate on October O th e r https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Other enactments included several laws requiring back ground clearance checks of prospective employees in occu pations involving supervision of children; a new Farm Labor Contractors Registration Act and a new comprehensive State Employees Collective Bargaining Act in Nebraska; changes in public sector collective bargaining coverage in Washington; a law repealing the Texas Labor Agency Law; a measure transferring administration of the Montana em ployment agency regulatory law from the Department of Labor and Industry to the Department of Commerce; several measures enacting or amending contractor or resident pref erences in the awarding of public contracts; and a law in New Mexico creating a new single, consolidated cabinetlevel Labor Development. Nine States enacted, expanded coverage of, or modified “whistleblower” laws designed to protect employees from employer retaliation for reporting violations to a public body, or for participating in an inves tigation, hearing, or court action. The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, of labor legislation enacted during 1987. 1, 1987, under sunset legislation, was con tinued for 4 years. Alaska The pro hibition against discrimination in employ ment was extended to include mental dis ability in addition to physical disability as before. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The law requiring the Department of Labor to pub lish annually a list of toxic and hazardous substances, to assist employers, upon re quest, to develop employee safety educa tion programs and to identify and obtain information on toxic and hazardous sub stances, and to require the posting o f no tices in the workplace will now also apply to hazardous physical agents. A joint resolution encour ages the Federal Government to hire as many State residents as possible for Federal positions located in the State, including temporary and seasonal positions, and also seeks the passage of Federal legislation giving an employment preference to unem ployed qualified State residents on all con struction projects in the State wholly or partially financed with Federal funds. P r e fe r e n c e . Arizona Civil penalties o f not more than $1,000 will now be included in any cease-and-desist order issued for a viola tion of the child labor law. Previously, a civil penalty of this amount could be im C h ild la b o r. posed only after a cease-and-desist order became final. c le a r a n c e . An addition to the criminal code made it unlawful for a person convicted of certain crimes against children, including murder, kidnapping, and sexual offenses, to fail to report this information when applying for employ ment or volunteering for service with any business or organization which sponsors any activity in which adults supervise chil dren, including schools, preschools, child care providers, and youth organizations. B ackground O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The Di rector of the Occupational Safety and Health Division within the Industrial Com mission is to prepare an educational pam phlet relating to asbestos to help contractors identify asbestos in the workplace and to inform them of State and Federal asbestos rules and o f the health hazards associated with asbestos contact. Also, the Division is to implement procedures to make asbestosis and mesothelioma diseases reportable to the Commission. The law restricting smoking in State buildings was amended to extend the dead line for the establishment of smoking rules to November 1, 1987. Other changes pro hibit termination or disciplinary action against an employee who makes a formal complaint regarding the rules on smoking and nonsmoking, and provide that if an ac commodation cannot be reached which is satisfactory to smoking and nonsmoking employees in a given work area, smoking in that area will be banned. 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • The Department of Adminis tration was directed to develop and submit to the Governor and the legislature a plan to establish an employee assistance program to aid with alcohol and drug abuse and re lated issues affecting State employees. In developing the plan, consideration is to be given to the need for training, diagnostic, treatment, and referral services for State employees, and to confidentiality for par ticipants. A former employer may lawfully pro vide to a requesting employer information concerning a former employee’s education, training, experience, qualifications, and job performance to be used for the purpose of evaluating the person for employment provided that a copy of any written commu nication is sent to the employee. A person providing such information will be immune from civil liability unless the information is knowingly false and defamatory and is acted on to the harm of the employee or prospective employee. Also, information concerning current or prospective em ployees provided to a government body or agency, as required by law, rules, or poli cies, are privileged and the person provid ing the information may not be held civilly liable. A person who knowingly ex changes, solicits, or gives out any labor blacklist will be guilty o f a misdemeanor. The previous protection against loss of job seniority afforded to employees serving as grand jury members was extended to trial jurors. O th e r la w s . Arkansas W ages. The State minimum wage rate was increased from $3.15 per hour to $3.25 on January 1, 1988, with a further increase to $3.30 scheduled for January 1, 1989. A new law was enacted es tablishing conditions for the employment of children under age 16 as actors in the entertainment industry. Requirements in clude a permit issued by the Director of the Department of Labor, written parental con sent, and provision for the parent or guardian to be present and within sight and sound during worktime. Employers are not to employ children in a role or in an envi ronment that is hazardous or detrimental to their health, morals, education, or welfare and are to furnish suitable dressing rooms and rest or play areas. These children are exempted from the child labor law. The ban on the employment o f persons under age 21 in the sale, transporting, or handling of alcoholic beverages was amended to permit, with written parental consent, persons age 18 and older to be employed by licensed liquor and beer wholesalers and by licensed native wineries C h ild la b o r. 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes to handle alcoholic beverages at the place of business. W o r k e r p r iv a c y . The Freedom of Infor mation Act was amended to add personnel records, to the extent that disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, to the list of items pro tected from disclosure. s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Each State agency was required to adopt and im plement a smoking policy for its general office space by September 1, 1987. The policy is to consider the rights of both nonsmokers and smokers. The law requiring licensing of contrac tors engaged in the removal of friable as bestos materials was amended to also apply to contractors engaged in the encapsulation and enclosure o f these materials. O c c u p a tio n a l To be eligible to receive a resident preference over out-of-State con tractors on public works projects, contrac tors must now maintain a staffed office in the State, in addition to the previous re quirements of having satisfactorily per formed prior contracts and having paid State taxes for at least 2 years prior to sub mitting a bid. P r e fe r e n c e . O th e r la w s . A Governmental Waste Elimination Program in State government was established, providing for monetary awards for savings resulting from com plaints or suggestions received, and pro hibiting the firing or disciplining of a State employee for filing a complaint of govern mental waste. The Vocational and Technical Division o f the State Department o f Education is to develop and monitor apprenticeship pro grams for all State agencies that have em ployees working in apprenticeable trades which are, or may be, recognized by the U .S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Ap prenticeship and Training. An advisory board for the apprenticeship program was established consisting of two State em ployees to represent labor, a private citizen, and designees of specified State agencies, including the Director of the Department of Labor. the basic rate (student rates are not cur rently permitted). Final action on the pro posals was planned for December 18. The Governor vetoed a bill that would have increased the minimum wage by leg islative action to $4.25 an hour. The Gov ernor’s veto message explained that this bill would have circumvented the Industrial Welfare Commission process. la b o r. The fine for the misde meanor penalty applicable to the illegal em ployment o f minors was increased from a range of $100 to $500 to a range of $500 to C h ild $ 1, 000. U n d o c u m e n te d w o r k e r s . Employers who provide a wage statement to any present or former undocumented worker requesting one in order to document eligibility for le galization under the Federal Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, are not subject to criminal or civil penalties based upon information disclosed in the wage statement relevant to the Revenue and Tax ation and Unemployment Insurance Codes. A joint legislative committee on Refugee Resettlement, International Migration, and Cooperative Development was created to, among other things, develop recommenda tions addressing specific concerns relating to international migration and the imple mentation o f the Federal Immigration Re form and Control Act. Among changes to the laws regulating the licensing of vari ous care facilities by the Department of So cial Services, applicants for licenses to operate family day care homes for children, and all other persons residing in the home are subject to a criminal record clearance check. In order to allow time for appeal, the Department of Justice is to notify a prospective professional child care pro vider, in writing, that substantiated child abuse information has been found before notifying a parent who requested such in formation. The Department is also to adopt regulations to determine whether a person applying for a day care license may be granted an exemption to work in a day care facility despite a determination of substan tiated child abuse. B a c k g r o u n d c le a r a n c e . California W ages. The Industrial Welfare Commis sion, which establishes minimum wage standards by wage order action, issued pro posals on September 11, 1987, to increase the basic minimum rate from $3.35 an hour to $4, to permit a 15-percent tip credit (now prohibited), and to permit a rate for full time students under age 21 at 85 percent of Job listing firms that do not provide, offer, or imply the offer o f services related to employment, do not sell lists o f employers or job open ings on an inperson basis, and meet certain other tests are now exempt from licensing, posting surety bonds, and certain other re quirements o f the employment agency law. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty and h e a lth . The Governor used his line-item veto authority to delete funds from the budget for the State Occupational Safety and Health program, which operated under a State plan in ac cordance with Federal law. An override attempt by the State Senate was unsuccess ful. In view of the situation, the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Adminis tration reinstituted concurrent Federal en forcement. Subsequent judicial challenges make the final outcome uncertain. O th e r la w s . The law prohibiting dis charge or other retaliation against em ployees of licensees of the Department of Social Services for making a complaint of violations of a law to the Department, par ticipating in a proceeding against the em ployer relating to a violation, or refusing to perform work in violation of a licensing law or regulation was amended to require written notification to employees of their rights under the law at the time of hiring. Private employers of 25 or more must make a reasonable accommodation to any employee who wishes to voluntarily enter and participate in a drug rehabilitation pro gram. Employees may use such leave to which they are entitled for such a program. Previously, these provisions applied only to alcoholic rehabilitation programs. Public or private employees who are members of the State Military Reserve are now entitled to an unpaid temporary leave of absence of up to 15 calendar days a year for inactive duty training. Colorado Persons working in open cut or open pit workings, reduction works, stamp or concentrating m ills, chlorination or cyanide processes, and coke ovens will no longer be limited to working no more than 8 hours within any 24-hour period, except in certain emergencies. This limit remains in effect for those working in underground m in e s, undergrou n d w o r k in g s, and smelters. H ours. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Com prehensive new provisions were enacted concerning asbestos abatement practices. Among these, any person wishing to per form asbestos abatement work must first obtain a certificate from the Division of Administration in the Department o f Health by submitting an application describing the applicant’s employee training program for asbestos abatement and identifying those employees certified as trained supervisors following the completion of an approved training course and passing an examina tion. An applicant or at least one of his or her employees must be a trained supervisor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in order to be certified to perform asbestos abatement work. The State Appenticeship Council within the Department o f Labor and Employment was abolished. The apprenticeship program is now being administered by the Federal Bureau of Ap prenticeship and Training. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . Resident bidders on con tracts for State commodities and services are to be given a preference over nonresi dent bidders, until July 1, 1989, equal to the preference given or required by the State in which the nonresident bidder is a resident unless this would cause denial of Federal funds or would otherwise be incon sistent with Federal law. P r e fe r e n c e . e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . The Governor issued a new Executive Order on equal employment opportunity in State service, directing each department to elimi nate d isc r im in a tio n in e m p lo y m en t practices including, but not limited to se lection, promotion, training, and appraisal and to take necessary action to recruit and hire members of protected groups. In addi tion, the State Personnel Board adopted new affirmative action measures including rules on recruitment, minimum qualifica tions, examinations, and establishment of trainee and intern classifications for jobs in which underutilization is identified. These actions were in response to the repeal of the State’s former affirmative action program. E qual Connecticut W ages. The minimum wage rate was in creased from $3.37 to $3.75 an hour on October 1, 1987, with a further increase to $4.25 scheduled for October 1, 1988. Also, the wage payment-wage collection law was amended to specifically cover public employers. The Commissioner of Administrative Services is to adopt and implement a sys tem for a full classification and job evalua tion study of all unclassified positions in State service held or to be held by em ployees in collective bargaining units. Workers in this category were previously exempted from legislation designed to eliminate sex-based inequities in the State service. Money was appropriated for salary adjustments resulting from the job evalua tion process. Permanent State employees are now entitled to a family leave of absence without pay for up to 24 weeks within any 2-year period upon the birth or adoption of a child or the serious illness of a child, H ours. spouse, or parent. Employees are also enti tled to unpaid medical leave of up to 24 weeks if they become seriously ill. Em ployees taking either type o f leave are enti tled to reinstatement in their original job or an equivalent position without loss of accu mulated benefits. A task force was established to study the prevalence o f paid and unpaid parental and medical leaves of absence in private sector employment and ways to promote the availability o f such leave, and to study basic family needs and develop methods by which public and private sector employees could meet those needs and still satisfy their workplace requirements. A report on recommendations and findings is to be made to the legislature by July 1, 1988. C h ild la b o r. The prohibition on work by minors under age 16 in mercantile estab lishments was amended until September 30, 1992, to permit minors at age 15, with certificates, to work outside regular school hours as baggers, cashiers, or stock clerks. Such employment is limited to 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week when school is not in session, 3 hours a day and 18 hours a week when school is in session and on not more than 2 consecutive schooldays without a day off. Work for these minors will be lim ited to the hours betwen 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. except that they may work until 9 p.m. from July 1 to the first Monday in Septem ber. Private sector employ ers may not require employees to submit to a urinalysis drug test unless there is reasonable suspicion that the employee is under the influence o f drugs or alcohol, the test is required by Federal law, the em ployee serves in a high-risk or safetysensitive position, or as part of a voluntary employee assistance program. Job appli cants may be tested if informed in writing when applying that a test will be given and if given a copy of any positive test results. All testing must provide for confirmation of positive results through the use of two addi tional tests using reliable methodology. Test results are to remain confidential. E m p lo y e e te s tin g . r e la tio n s . Local and regional boards of education and teachers’ represen tatives now have the duty to negotiate with respect to hours in addition to salaries and other conditions of employment as before. For this purpose, hours negotiations will be limited to the length and the scheduling of teacher lunch and preparations periods. The cost of employees hired by hospitals and other health care facilities to persuade other employees to support or oppose unionization may not be considered in comLabor 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • puting State aid for such hospitals or facili ties. In the event of a strike, work stoppage, or lockout involving employees of a li censed health care institution, the Commis sioner of Labor shall, upon the request of either party to the dispute, appoint an im partial factfinder if the dispute is endanger ing or could endanger the health, welfare, and safety of the patients of the institution or the general community. The factfinder shall investigate the dispute and issue a re port of his or her findings to the commis sioner of labor and the parties, including nonbinding recommendations for settle ment of the dispute. Municipal employers and municipal em ployee organizations were prohibited from submitting, for binding arbitration, any issue or proposal which was not presented during the negotiating process unless the submission is agreed to by the parties. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty and h e a lth . Any person wishing to work as an asbestos con tractor or asbestos consultant in the State will be required to be licensed by the De partment of Health Services effective 1 year following adoption of regulations under this act. To qualify for a license, a contractor must, among other require ments, demonstrate that all employees have passed a Department approved training course. An asbestos consultant must also complete an approved training course, pass an examination, and hold a bachelor degree in engineering, architecture, industrial hy giene, or a closely related environmental science field to qualify. The requirement that employers estab lish written rules governing smoking in the workplace, which may include designated smoking and nonsmoking areas, was modi fied to specifically require employers to es tablish nonsmoking work areas for em ployees who request it, and to permit them to designate an entire business facility as a nonsmoking area. The Commissioner of Labor may exempt employers from the re quirements if a good faith effort to comply is made, and if any further attempts would constitute an unreasonable financial bur den. The Commissioner is to adopt regula tions by April 1, 1988, for the granting of exemptions. c lo s in g s . The law requiring em ployers closing or relocating an establish ment to pay for continued employee health benefit coverage for up to 120 days was amended to entitle employees to continue coverage at their own expense for an addi tional 78 weeks instead o f 39 weeks. The surviving or former spouse and dependents covered by the group plan, upon the death State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes o f the individual or dissolution of marriage, may continue the coverage for up to 156 weeks. O th e r la w s . The law protecting em ployees who disclose illegal activities by employers was amended to specify that mu nicipal employees may not be discharged, disciplined, or penalized for reporting to a public body unethical practices, misman agement, or abuse of authority by the mu nicipal employer. The prohibition against requiring em ployees or applicants to execute an employ ment promissory note for a payment to the employer if he or she leaves the job before a stated period of time, was clarified. Specifically permitted are agreements re quiring repayment of advances, payment for property sold or leased to the employee, requiring educational personnel to comply with terms or conditions of sabbatical leaves, or those entered into through collec tive bargaining. Delaware W ages. The minimum wage law was amended to increase the wage rate from $3 an hour to $3.35 effective May 20, 1987. Persons under age 18 employed by non profit organizations as junior counselors or counselors-in-training in summer camp programs were exempted from coverage under the minimum wage law. Child labor law restrictions on permissible hours o f work for 14- and 15-year-olds were amended to permit em ployment until 10 p.m. on days preceding nonschool days. These children may not work later than 7 p.m. at other times. Fines for violation of the child labor law were increased significantly for first and second offenses, with the fine for a willful violation being set at $2,000. Fines col lected will now go to the State Treasury rather than to the county where the pro ceedings are brought. C h ild la b o r. 44 O th e r la w s . A new chapter governing jury selection and service was adopted re placing repealed sections. Among the new provisions is a prohibition on employers discharging, threatening, or otherwise co ercing employees because they receive or respond to a summons, or serve as jurors or prospective jurors. Employers in violation may be subject to both criminal and civil action. District of Columbia W ages. Under a revised wage order ap plicable to occupations not covered by other industry wage orders, the basic mini mum wage was increased from $3.90 per hour to $4.85 on December 18, 1987. This order includes construction, finance, in surance, real estate, business and personal services, health and legal services, automo tive repair, and other types of businesses. The minimum wage for day laborers, ticket takers, and ushers was set at $4.65 per hour. Parking lot and garage attendants may be paid $4.20 if they receive at least 50 cents an hour in tips, and car wash attend ants $4.35 if they receive at least 15 cents an hour in tips. Newly hired employees may be paid $4.25 per hour for the first 30 calendar days. Employment of handicapped workers at less than the minimum wage is no longer permissible except for those employed under certificates issued by the U .S. De partment of Labor pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Florida A law enforcement agency is exempt from the ban on use of polygraph tests as a condition of employ ment. This exemption was clarified to exempt also the use of such tests in back ground investigations of police officer applicants. W o rker p r iv a c y . P la n t https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis with the type and size of equipment uti lized, and demonstrated ability to perform the work. Asbestos workers must prove physical ability to perform the work safely, absence of any respiratory and/or health disorders that would prevent the wearing of protective respiratory equipment, and com pletion o f an approved training program. Workers certified by other States may re quest certification by reciprocity. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Under a new asbestos abatement law, any contrac tor or worker wishing to perform asbestos abatement work in the State must first ap ply to the Department of Administrative Services for certification. Certification criteria for contractors includes previous experience or training in this work and Persons who operate commercial motor vehicles solely within the State must receive 8 hours rest between specified onduty hours. H ours. Minors under age 18 are not to operate commercial motor vehicles ex cept for those with a gross vehicle weight of 26,000 pounds or less used in transport ing agricultural products, including horti cultural or forestry products, from farm or harvest place to storage or market. C h ild la b o r. Persons serving in the Armed Forces Reserves may not be discriminated against in employment E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . because of their reserve military obliga tions. An as bestos management program for public buildings was established within the D e partment of Labor and Employment Secu rity. The program provides for each State agency to survey the public buildings for which it is responsible for the presence of asbestos and to initiate procedures to clean up previously released fibers and to prevent future release of fibers. All consultants and contractors performing such work must be licensed by the Department of Professional Regulation. Onsite contractor supervisors and abatement workers must complete as bestos related training. A Boiler Safety Act was enacted under which the Department of Insurance is to be responsible for the safe construction, in stallation, inspection, maintenance, and re pair of boilers in the State. Employers who only store toxic sub stances in the workplace are not required to maintain safety data sheets on the premises but must have them available for em ployees within 10 working days, and, if their employees are not normally exposed to those substances, are only required to provide training concerning procedures for dealing with toxic substances under forseeable emergency situations. Toxic sub stances stored in sealed containers and sold as consumer products in retail establish ments are now exempt from a number of provisions including posting, recordkeep ing, and public safety notification require ments. Changes were also made in the administration and penalties of the public safety agency notification requirements. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Georgia la b o r. A House resolution was adopted calling for the creation of a Study Committee on School Completion to exam ine possible factors contributing to the State’s high student dropout rate, including the system of work permits for youths and the child labor laws. C h ild A reso lution was adopted urging the Governor to establish a task force to develop a formal State policy to promote the employment of qualified severely disabled persons and that any such policy also be incorporated into the employment procedures of the State Merit System. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The As bestos Safety Act was amended to exempt licensed electrical contractors, plumbers, conditioned air contractors, and lowvoltage contractors when performing lim https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ited asbestos removal or installation which is incidental to performance o f their regular business or profession. The law providing for inspection and safety for elevators, escalators, and other similar devices was amended to require the reporting by telephone within 24 hours (and by writing within 7 days) o f all accidents involving personal injury or death, and the removal from service, until inspected, of all such equipment involved in personal in jury, death, or structural damage to the equipment. Previously, reports o f personal injuiy were to be made to the enforcement agency within 7 days. a n d tr a in in g . A Georgia Youth Conservation Corps was created within the Department of Natural Re sources to develop the State’s youth re sources through meaningful work experi ences and training on labor intensive conservation, public improvement, or com munity service projects. Corps members are to be unemployed State residents age 14 to 25 with a preference for those residing in areas of high unemployment. E m p lo y m e n t O th e r la w s . An employer may not threaten, discharge, discipline, or other wise penalize an employee because he or she has been absent from work for the pur pose of attending a judicial proceeding in response to a subpoena, summons for jury duty, or other court order or process requir ing attendance except where the employee is charged with a crime. Employers may require employees to give them reasonable notice of the expected absence or delay in reporting to work. The State Personnel Board was author ized to establish an employee assistance program to help State employees in coping with and overcoming persistent problems that jeopardize their effective job perform ance. Program related records which might disclose the identity of the employee or the nature of the services provided are to be kept confidential. Guam e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Each board or commission appointed by the Governor is to include at least two mem bers of each sex. Equal W o rk e r p r iv a c y . A freedom o f informa tion act was adopted, making public most government records, including information on employee salaries, names, ages, and mail addresses. The personnel file o f any government employee may not be in spected without his or her consent, except in certain specified situations. Hawaii W ages. The State minimum wage rate was increased from $3.35 to $3.85 an hour effective January 1, 1988. c le a r a n c e . Employers of private detectives and guards were author ized, with written employee permission, to conduct a criminal history records check of all new workers. B a ckground O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Con tractors engaged in the application, re moval, enclosure, encapsulation, renova tion or other activities involving friable asbestos must be licensed by the Contrac tors License Board. In cooperation with various agencies, including the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, the Board is to develop rules for the registra tion and training of employees, protective equipment standards, health examinations, continuing education, and other matters. Inspections o f job sites may be conducted by the Board, and by the departments of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, Labor and Industrial Relations, and Health. State and county agencies must adopt, implement, and maintain a written smoking policy which provides at the minimum, that if any nonsmoking employee objects to the employer about smoke in the workplace, an attempt must be made to reach a reasonable accommodation between smokers and nonsmokers. If an accommodation cannot be reached, a vote of the employees in each affected area shall prevail. If the decision is unsatisfactory to nonsmokers, an appeal can be made to the Director of Health. The House of Representatives, by reso lution, requested the State Department of Health to coordinate the implementation of the Federal Emergency Planning and Com munity Right-to-Know Act of 1986. Employers of 50 or more must provide employees and the Director of Labor and Industrial Relations at least 45 days advance notice o f a full or partial per manent closing or out-of-State relocation of an establishment and must pay each af fected employee, for 4 weeks, a dislocated worker allowance o f the difference be tween unemployment compensation bene fits received and the employee’s average weekly wages. All wages, benefits, and other compensation due to employees are to be paid on the effective date of the closing or relocation, and employers failing to con form are liable for such compensation for the 3 preceding months. The Director of Labor and Industrial Relations was given rulemaking authority for administration of the law. P la n t c lo s in g s . 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • A New Indus try Training Program was established to be administered by the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations. The Program is designed to promote economic expansion in the State by providing preemployment or employment training or on-the-job training for local residents hired by businesses relo cating to Hawaii or expanding their local operations. A community-based employment pro gram for the chronicallymentally ill was established within the Mental Health Divi sion of the Department o f Health. The pro gram is to create business enterprises for employment of the chronically mentally ill, to teach skills and attitudes to enable them to become employed, and to provide sup port services so they can secure and main tain employment and live within the com munity. Public contract performance and pay ment bond requirements were waived for nonprofit qualified rehabilitation facilities with respect to contracts which provide job training and employment for handicapped persons. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . A new Whistleblower’s Pro tection Act prohibits public and private sector employers from discharging, threat ening, or otherwise discriminating against an employee because the employee reports or is about to report to a public body, a violation of law or rules or because he or she is requested to participate in an investi gation, hearing, inquiry, or court action. Enforcement is through civil action, and courts may order reinstatement, back wages, restoration of benefits and rights, and actual damages in addition to costs of litigation. Employers, other than commercial em ployment agencies, are prohibited from requiring an employee or prospective em ployee to pay a fee for processing a job application. Violators will be subject to a fine of from $100 to $1,000. O th e r la w s . Idaho The Department of Health and Welfare is to obtain a crimi nal history check on the owners, operators, employees, and volunteers of day care cen ters, who have direct contact with children and who have lived in the county in which the day care center is located for less than 3 years. B a c k g r o u n d c le a r a n c e . For purposes of the law granting a preference to State resident bid ders on public contracts, bidders domiciled outside Idaho may be considered as resi dent bidders if they have had a significant economic presence in the State for 1 year P r e fe r e n c e . 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes preceding the date o f the bid. This presence is evidenced by maintaining an office, sales outlet, manufacturing facility, or ware house in Idaho and being registered and licensed to do business in the State. la w s . Employees who are dis charged in violation of the law prohibiting such discharge for jury service may now bring civil action for recovery o f triple the amount of lost wages instead of only the actual wages lost, and the 6-week limit on recovery of lost wages was deleted. Em ployers are no longer subject to imprison ment for violations. O th e r Illinois W ages. In conjunction with a new Aqua culture Development Act designed to help expand the aquaculture industry and ad ministered by the Department o f Agricul ture, the minimum wage law was amended to add an exemption for aquaculture if the employer did not use more than 500 mandays of labor during any calendar quarter in the preceding year, similar to the existing exemption for agriculture. Camp couselors employed at day camps of organized nonprofit corporations are not subject to the adult minimum wage if they are paid a stipend on a onetime or periodic basis and, if they are minors, have written parental approval of the terms of payment before employment begins. la b o r. The section of the child labor law exempting 14- and 15-year-olds from employment certificate requirements if working in summer programs funded under the Federal Job Training Partnership Act will now be applicable May 1 through September 30, rather than June 1 through September 15. C h ild The Hu man Rights Act was amended to remove the age 70 upper limit for coverage o f the prohibition against age discrimination in employment, and the exceptions from the ban on mandatory retirement for persons including those in executive and high poli cymaking positions were conformed to those of the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Another amendment to the Human Rights Act makes it a violation for any em ployer, employment agency, or labor orga nization to discriminate on the basis of age against a person age 18 to 40 in the selec tion, referral for or conduct of apprentice ship or training programs. The Human Rights Commission and the Department of Human Rights were author ized to receive and collect information concerning employent discrimination in re E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . lation to persons affected by the Federal Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. The information may be furnished to the U .S. General Accounting Office for the preparation of the report on discrimination and the implementation of employer sanc tions under the act. Where a collective bar gaining agreement between an employer and a labor organization contains a succes sor clause, the clause will be binding upon and enforceable against any successor em ployer taking over the contracting em ployer’s business until the expiration date of the agreement, provided that this period of time does not exceed 3 years. L a b o r r e la tio n s . O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . An As bestos Abatement Authority was created to develop and implement a program for the identification and abatement of asbestos in all State governmental buildings and to adopt rules and regulations consistent with this purpose. The Chemical Safety Act was amended to authorize the Emergency Services and Disaster Agency to exempt from the re quirement to have chemical safety contin gency plans, those businesses or facilities that use, store, or manufacture any chemi cal substance in an innocuous amount that is not likely to result in a release which threatens the environment or the public health. The Safety Inspection and Education Advisory Committee and the Occuaptional Safety and Health Advisory Committee were abolished. A Senate resolution requested the Illinois Chamber o f Commerce and specified trade associations to study and monitor the developement, progress, implementation, and results achieved through the program of voluntary compliance with a private sup port program of policies and guidelines with respect to smoking in the workplace and elsewhere. A report of findings and evaluations is to be submitted by May 1, 1988. The Farmer in Transition Program created to help those being forced out of farming because of ad verse economic conditions was renamed the Rural Transition Program and expanded to provide this help to other rural residents and small rural businesses. Career counsel ing, financial management training, and job search skill training were, added to the various employment and educational pro grams provided. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . O th e r la w s . Protection against the dis closure of an employee’s name or the tak ing of any disciplinary action for disclosing information relative to violations o f laws or regulations or mismanagement, gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or specific danger to the public, was extended to employees of Constitutional Officers of the State. Such officers include the gover nor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of state, comptroller, and treas urer. Previously, employees subject to the State personnel code were protected. that makes it a misdemeanor for an em ployer or labor union to discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, or ancestry was amended to also prohibit sex discrimination. Violations are prosecuted by county attorneys. The Iowa Civil Rights Act, administered by the State Civil Rights Commission already prohibits sex-based job discrimination, and provides administrative and civil relief, but not crim inal penalties. Indiana Amend ments to the law establishing safety stand ards for underground coal mines included changes with respect to use and storage of explosives, roof supports, ventilation, and the use of methane detectors and shot-firing devices approved by the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration. As part of a new Clean Indoor Air Law, the State Board of Health was authorized to adopt rules to restrict or prohibit smoking in public buildings where the close proxim ity of workers causes smoking to affect the health and comfort o f nonsmoking employees. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Beginning July 1, 1988, em ployees of State universities and colleges, of public contractors, and o f political sub divisions are protected against reprisals for reporting violations of Federal, State or local law, rules or regulations, or the mis use of public resources. Previously, only State employees not employed by institu tions of higher education had such protection. The requirement for execution of a pay ment bond by a public works contractor will now apply only to those projects cost ing more than $75,000. O th e r la w s . te s tin g . A new law regulates the circumstances and procedures for drug testing of employees or job applicants. Em ployees may be tested with probable cause and if impairment presents a safety hazard or when impairment due to the effects o f a controlled substance is a violation of a known employer rule. Drug tests may also be conducted as part of a regularly sched uled physical exam if at least 30 days ad vance notice is given. Preemployment drug tests are permitted if applicants are notified in job advertisements or applications and in person. Specific procedures must be fol lowed in all testing, employees are to be given an opportunity to rebut or explain the results o f a drug test, and employers are to provide treatment if recommended. E m p lo y e e The Department of Public Health may now receive criminal history data from the Department o f Public Safety for the purpose of screening em ployees and applicants for employment in licensed substance abuse treatment pro grams which admit juveniles and may re lease this information to the administrators o f such program s. B a c k g r o u n d c le a r a n c e . Employers, under any health or temporary disability insurance or sick leave plan in connection with employment, must treat disabilities resulting from pregnancy, miscarriage, legal abortion, and childbirth in the same manner as any other temporary disability for all job-related purposes, in cluding payment, seniority accrual, and reinstatement among other matters. Termi nation of an employee because of preg nancy disability is banned, and exclusion from employment of employees or job ap plicants because of pregnancy is unlawful. If leave is not available or is insufficient under a plan, the employer must grant up to 8 weeks leave of absence for a pregnancyrelated disability. Employees are to provide timely notice of the period o f leave requested. H ours. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The law Kentucky O th e r la w s . The Department of Work ers’ Claims and the responsibility for work ers’ compensation were removed from the direction and control of the Labor Cabinet, with administration now vested in a Work ers’ Compensation Board appointed by the governor. Louisiana The State Sunday closing laws were repealed and replaced in 1986 with a provision authorizing parishes and munici palities to adopt ordinances regulating or prohibiting Sunday opening or sales if ap proved in an election. H ours. C h ild la b o r. The Alcoholic Beverage Control Law was amended to permit mi nors under age 18 to be employed by a covered establishment whose main busi ness is not the sale of alcoholic beverages as long as these persons are not directly involved in selling beverages to be con sumed on the premises, and to permit em ployees under age 18 to participate in the sale or bagging of packaged alcoholic bev erages, under supervision, where such bev erages are not consumed on the premises. a tte n d a n c e . Under the compul sory school attendance law, children must now remain in school until they are 17 years of age, rather than 16 as before, un less they graduate from high school prior to that age. Sixteen-year-olds may withdraw from school prior to graduation with parental approval. School Kansas W ages. The State prevailing wage and public work 8-hour-day law was repealed. Iowa sion for the purpose of carrying out all of the State’s requirements under the Federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986. Federal re quirements such as the providing of infor mation and giving o f notifications were adopted by reference, and penalties for vio lation were established. e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . The Senate adopted a resolution deploring em ployment discrimination against military veterans and stating that such discrimina tion must not be tolerated. Equal W o r k e r p r iv a c y . As part o f a new polygraph operators’ licensing law, limita tions were placed on the asking o f ques tions concerning union affiliation or activi ties, sexual behavior, or political or religious beliefs during any polygraph ex amination. Subjects o f an examination are to be made aware that taking the examina tion is voluntary. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty and h e a lth . An Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act was approved, creating the State Emergency Response Commis The pro vision requiring the mandatory retirement of public employees at age 70 was repealed and compulsory retirement at any age is now prohibited. Mandatory retirement of law enforcement personnel and firefighters continues to be required at age 65. Employers of 25 or more may not dis criminate against a female employee be cause of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical condition. Female employees are entitled to take a leave of up to 4 months due to disability on account of these condi tions. Employers may require employees to give reasonable advance notice of the date such leave is to commence and the esti mated duration. Employers are also to E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • transfer pregnant employees to less strenu ous work, if available, upon request. For purposes of an employer sponsored or initiated affirmative action program, de signed to cure or eradicate the effects of employment discrimination, the term mi nority was defined to mean persons who are black, Hispanic, Asian American, Ameri can Indian, or Alaskan Native. Members of the reserve component of the Armed Forces of the United States and the Lousiana National Guard are not to be denied employment, retention in employ ment, or any promotion or other advantage of employment because of any obligation resulting from such membership. Employees dis charged from employment for the use of illegal drugs are ineligible for unemploy ment compensation benefits. Employee testing is permitted pursuant to a written employer policy to investigate possible individual employee impairment, to inves tigate workplace accidents or theft, to maintain safety, security, productivity, or quality of products or services. Sample col lection and testing for drugs must follow specific procedures including verification or confirmation of positive test results using reliable analytical methods. Em ployees are to be allowed to provide infor mation relevant to the test, including identification of any currently or recently used prescription or nonprescription drugs, or other relevant medical information. E m p lo y e e te s tin g . e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . Under a new law, athlete agents must register with the Secretary of State, file a schedule of fees charged and any agent contract used. A number of specific activities were pro hibited including misrepresentation, divid ing fees with or receiving compensation from a professional league or team, and entering into agreements with or giving anything of value to athletes with remain ing intercollegiate eligibility. P r iv a te O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Among changes to the law providing for the collec tion and dissemination of information re garding the presence and location o f haz ardous materials, the Hazardous Material Information Development, Preparedness, and Response Advisory Board was abol ished and replaced by the Emergency Re sponse Commission. The Commission’s duties include the coordination of State and Federal activities concerning community “Right-to-Know” legislation with regard to hazardous substances. Additions were made in the types of material that need not be reported as hazardous materials, and in the types of establishments that qualify for alternate reporting procedures. 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes tr a in in g . Among new provisions for establishing and operating apprenticeship programs, the apprentice ship council was given responsibility for establishing standards and procedures for approval of apprenticeship agreements and for registration and deregistration of ap prenticeship programs, in conformity with established programs approved by the Bu reau of Apprenticeship Training in the U .S. Department of Labor. The council is to make an annual report on its activities to the legislature and the public. Provisions creating State and local apprenticeship committees were repealed. E m p lo y m e n t a n d O th e r la w s . A resolution was adopted urging all public and private employers to grant their employees additional time off to allow parents to attend school with their children. Maine d e v e lo p m e n t. A Department of Economic and Community Development was established to encourage economic growth and development policies of the State and to coordinate the policies and pro grams as part of an overall economic devel opment strategy. The Department is di rected to encourage the creation and retention of quality jobs through increased private sector investment. E c o n o m ic The State Job Training Coordinating Council was re placed by the Human Resource Develop ment Council with similar duties and responsibilities for State employment and training programs. The Commissioner of Labor is to be one o f the 30 members o f the Council. The State’s job training partnership pro gram was amended to provide for specific program activities to be operated by private industry councils, including retraining of displaced workers, training of workers in eligible for other programs because of household income, and general job creation programs. Individuals eligible for the program include unemployed workers, low-income persons, the working poor, displaced workers, persons having diffi culty finding and keeping work, and individuals with traditional barriers to em ployment, including the handicapped, women, youth, and older workers. The Commissioner of Agriculture is to establish an agricultural internship and training program to provide opportunities for on-farm and off-farm training for per sons desiring to enter farming or associated employment. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . By prior law, the minimum wage rate increased from $3.55 an hour to $3.65, effective January 1, 1987. A bill which would have increased the minimum rate from $3.65 to $3.95 an hour over a 3-year period was vetoed by the Governor. W ages. la b o r. The section of the child labor law prohibiting work by minors under age 16 in manufacturing or mechanical es tablishments was amended to exempt those who are employed on the grounds of such an establishment, but who are assigned nonhazardous work performed outside of any building in which manufacturing or mechanical operations are undertaken. C h ild In order for a maximum age limitation in an appren ticeship agreement to be lawful, prior ap proval from the Human Rights Commis sion is now required. Approval is contingent on the existence of a reasonable relationship between the maximum age limitation and a legitimate expectation of the employer in receiving a reasonable re turn on the investment in an apprenticeship program. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Con tractors engaged in the removal, repair, en capsulation, or other activities involving friable asbestos must first obtain a license from the Commissioner of Environmental Protection. Certification by the Commis sioner is required for asbestos abatement design consultants, evaluation specialists, project supervisors, and workers. Specific training is required for all applicants for licenses or certificates. Reciprocity agree ments may be developed with other States having licensing and certification require O c c u p a tio n a l ments as stringent as those provided in this law. A section of the new law prohibiting smoking in public areas of publicly owned buildings provides that if public em ployees’ rights provided in collective bar gaining agreements are affected by the ban, they will have the right to reopen negotia tions to bargain for smoking areas in non public areas of these buildings. s a fe ty and h e a lth . Under sunset legislation, the legislature must review the evaluations and analyses of justification reports for the pro grams o f the Department of Labor by June 30, 1989. The Maine Labor Relations Board is scheduled for termination June 30, 1989. O th e r la w s . Maryland O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty and h e a lth . The Commissioner of Labor and Industry is to inspect for excessive safety violations the work sites and practices of each industry and employer which has been identified by the Workmen’s Compensation Commis sion as having an excessive number or high rate of injuries. tr a in in g . The Depart ments of Economic and Employment De velopment and Housing and Community Development were created replacing the abolished Departments of Economic and Community Development and Employ ment and Training. Included in the new Department of Economic and Employment Development is the Division of Employ ment and Traning which is responsible for administering the State’s job training, placement, and service programs, the Job Training Partnership Act, and the unem ployment insurance program. The Apprenticeship Training Council may not deny any otherwise qualified ap plication for an apprenticeship program where apprentices constitute a number equal to or less than 25 percent of the total number of apprentices and journeymen em ployed, except that for the purpose o f equal employment opportunity it will be a num ber equal to or less than 50 percent o f the total number employed. E m p lo y m e n t a n d O th e r la w s . Local governments are re quired to provide a legal defense for em ployees in any action that alleges damages resulting from acts or omissions committed within the scope o f employment. Em ployees are not personally liable for dam ages unless they acted with malice. Massachusetts W ages. By prior legislation, the mini mum wage rate was increased from $3.55 an hour to $3.65, effective July 1, 1987. A further increase to $3.75 is scheduled for July 1, 1988. Rate-setting procedures under the pre vailing wage law which provided that wage rates established are to be no less than the rates set in collective bargaining agree ments were amended to limit this require ment to those agreements in the private construction industry. The age at which children may be employed in the sale or delivery of newspapers was lowered from 12 to 9. Parental permission is now required and publishers or distributors were given new responsibilities for training, orientation, and furnishing in advance written policies regarding sales or delivery. Fines were es tablished for employer violation. C h ild la b o r . In a late 1986 enactment, sexual harassment of em ployees by employers or their agents was E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis specified as a form of sex discrimination and prohibited. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The De partment of Labor and Industries is to mon itor, inspect, and investigate all work including construction, demolition, alter ation, or repair which involves the use or handling o f asbestos or material containing asbestos. The Commissioner will issue li censes for engaging in this type o f work and will establish rules and regulations for the protection of the occupational health and safety of asbestos workers. The regula tions will require that workers employed in such work be trained in health risks, pre cautionary measures, protective equip ment, and other safeguards. The Commissioner o f Labor and Indus tries may now seek a cease-and-desist order upon finding any improperly heated workroom. The division of employ ment security, in consultation with the divi sion o f insurance, was directed to develop recommendations on sanctions under the mature industries law to be imposed on em ployers who fail to either notify laid-off workers that they are eligible for extended health insurance under their existing employer-sponsored plan or fail to make health insurance premium payments on be half of workers who have elected to con tinue participation. The division was to report to the legislature by September 1, 1987. labor camps upgraded with grant funding may not convert housing units to other uses or charge rent to occupants within 3 years after receipt o f the grant. The D e partment of Public Health must report to the legislature and the Department of Man agement and Budget by March 1, 1988, on its affirmative action program including re cruitment, training and career ladder devel opment. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . All applicants for em ployment by the State police must now sub mit to a controlled substance test, and the law enforcement officers and fire fighters training councils are to develop and evalu ate plans for requiring controlled substance testing for applicants for basic training programs. E m p lo y e e te s tin g . Minnesota P la n t c lo s in g s . Michigan C h ild la b o r. The provision of the child labor law establishing 14 as the minimum age for employment of minors was amended to allow children age 13 or older to be employed in farming operations in volving detasseling, roguing, hoeing, or any similar act involved in the production of seed. Also, work permit requirements will not apply to minors age 13 or older employed in these farming operations dur ing school vacation periods or when a minor is not regularly enrolled in school. An employer is to keep on file at the place of employment evidence of the age of any minor employed under this work permit exception. The Department o f Public Health is to report to the Department of Management and Budget and the legisla ture on the funded program to upgrade mi gratory labor housing. The Department is also to report to the legislature on the number of housing units licensed and the number of units not meeting State migrant housing license standards. Operators of A g r ic u ltu re . W ages. The minimum wage rate was in creased for employers covered by the Fed eral Fair Labor Standards Act ( f l s a ) from $3.35 and $3.55 an hour on January 1, 1988, with further increases to $3.85 to $3.95 scheduled for January 1, 1989, and January 1, 1990. The rate for those em ployers not covered by the f l s a increased to $3.50 on January 1, 1988, with further increases to $3.65 and $3.80 scheduled for January 1 of 2 succeeding years. Minors under age 18 are to receive rates that are 90 percent of the adult rates. Employees re ceiving $35 or more in gratuities per month are to be paid $3.35 an hour ($3.02 for those under 18) until January 1, 1989, thereafter, the same rate as for nontipped employees. The law regulating work activity centers for severely handicapped workers was amended to make it clear that subminimum wage rates authorized under cerfiticates is sued by the U .S. Department of Labor will be accepted under the State minimum wage law. Public and private sector em ployers of more than 20 at one site must grant an unpaid leave of absence of up to 6 weeks to an employee in conjunction with the birth or adoption of a child. Employers may not retaliate against an employee for requesting or taking such leave, and em ployees are entitled to reinstatement in the same job or in a position of comparable duties, number of hours, and pay. H ours. Manda tory retirement at age 70 was eliminated for State employees in the executive branch under the State retirement system or the teachers’ retirement system, except for E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • those serving as faculty members or admin istrators with unlimited tenure at an institu tion of higher education. Specific manda tory retirement provisions remain in effect for correctional and law enforcement per sonnel. Also, more stringent requirements for compliance with affirmative action hir ing goals were established for State agencies. Accommodations for disabled job appli cants which cost in excess of $50 are no longer considered an undue hardship on the prospective employer, under the Human Rights Act which requires employers of 50 or more to make reasonable accommoda tions. Local human rights commissions must now advise complainants of their op tion to file charges under the State law if the local ordinance provides for lesser protec tions and remedies. The Commissioner of Human Services is to ensure a comprehensive mental health service system, including a community support services program for the develop ment of employability and supportive work opportunities for persons with serious and persistent mental illness. te s tin g . Under a comprehen sive new law, an employer’s authority to require drug and alcohol testing of em ployees was limited. Job applicants may be tested only after a job offer has been made and if the same test is requested or required of all applicants conditionally offered em ployment for that position. Employees may be tested as part of a routine physical exam no more than once annually and with at least 2 weeks advance written notice. Em ployees may also be tested if there is a reasonable suspicion of drug or alcohol usage, violation of work rules relating to alcohol or drugs, or in relation to personal injuries or work-related accidents. Random testing may be required for employees in safety-sensitive positions or for employees referred for chemical dependency treatment or evaluation. Employers must adopt a written testing policy, follow specified pro cedures, use only licensed testing laborato ries and provide for retesting if test results are positive. Employees testing positive for the first time must be given the opportunity to participate in counseling or rehabilita tion, before any adverse action may be taken against them. E m p lo y e e The authority to appoint special mediators, factfinding commis sions, labor referees, and arbitrators under the State Labor Relations Act was trans ferred from the governor to the Director of Mediation Services. Provision was made for hearings before labor referees for viola tions of the Labor Union Democracy Act and for labor orgnization suspension by the director for noncompliance. L a b o r r e la tio n s . 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes An as bestos abatement act was adopted directing the Commissioner of Health to regulate and license persons or entities engaged in en closing, removing, or encapsulating as bestos. Before an employee may perform asbestos-related work, a certificate must be obtained from the commissioner certifying that the employee has passed a course of training in asbestos control and removal and has demonstrated ability to perform the work safely. Employers must give at least 5 calendar days notice to the Commissioner before engaging in asbestos-related work. Discrmination against an employee who complains to or cooperates with the Com missioner in administering the act is prohibited. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The law regu lating the operation o f sheltered workshops was amended to provide for long-term em ployment programs on the premises of workshops, and training services on or off the premises. Provision was also made for community-based employment programs and work component programs which pro vide work activities on a limited scale. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . O th e r la w s . Employers are prohibited from discharging, disciplining, threaten ing, or otherwise discriminating against an employee who in good faith reports a viola tion or suspected violation of State or Fed eral law, who refuses to participate in any activity that the employee believes to be a violation of law, or who is requested by a public body or office to participate in an investigation, hearing, or inquiry. Em ployees must be provided, upon request, with the reason for an involuntary termina tion o f employment. Employees may bring civil action to recover damages resulting from an employer violation, and may be awarded injunctive and other equitable relief. An employer must provide immediate written notification to all employees and persons offered jobs that it has filed a peti tion for bankruptcy or has had an involun tary bankruptcy petition filed against it. Leave o f absence requirements for State employees elected to State or Federal pub lic office were amended to provide that these employees may not be required to take a leave of absence upon becoming a candidate for any elected public office. Also, the requirement that employees take leave if elected to the State legislature will now be limited to times during which the legislature is in session. Mississippi a tte n d a n c e . The Compulsory School Attendance Law which previously School provided for mandatory attendance to age 14 by the 1989-90 school year was amended to require attendance to age 17 by that date. c le a r a n c e . A Sex Offense Criminal Record Information Act was en acted authorizing employers to obtain sex offense criminal records on present or prospective employees or volunteers in po sitions having supervisory or disciplinary control over children. Employers may use this information in deciding to hire, retain, suspend, or discharge an employee or ap plicant. The act includes provisions limit ing and restricting the release of these records and establishes penalties for violation. B a ckground Missouri Employees of the State or politi cal subdivisions are authorized to use sick or annual leave, or the same leave without pay granted to biological parents to take time off to arrange for the adoption of a child or to care for the child after adoption. H ours. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The law requiring employers to provide information on toxic substances used or produced in the workplace to local fire protection services and the Department o f Health was amended to extend coverage to such substances stored by the employer, and to include cer tain pesticides and other hazardous sub stances as defined in Federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know requirements. The Director of the Depart ment o f Health was authorized to add or delete substances from the list of toxic sub stances, after holding public hearings. O th e r la w s . A new law protects from employer retaliation any State employee who discloses any alleged prohibited activ ity under investigation or related activity or who reports a violation o f law, waste of funds, mismanagement, or a specific dan ger to public health or safety. Protection does not apply to the knowing disclosure of false information. Montana W ages. The existing prohibition against tip credits was made specific within the minimum wage law, and minimum wage coverge was extended to employees cov ered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act if the State minimum wage is higher than the Federal. FLSA-covered employees remain exempt from the State overtime pay provision. Resident managers employed in lodging establishments or personal care facilities are now specifically exempt from mini- mum wage and overtime requirements. Also, employees paid on a commission or contract basis primarily engaged in selling advertising for a newspaper or radio or tele vision employer are now exempt from overtime pay requirements. The prevailing wage law was amended to require the labor commissioner to divide the State into at least 10 districts and to determine the prevailing rate of wages to be paid on public works construction projects in each district, except that heavy highway construction wage rates will be established Statewide and not taken into consideration in determining the district rates. Previ ously, rates were determined for the coun try or locality in which the work was to be performed. Standard prevailing rate of wages was defined as a weighted average wage rate based on all of the hours worked, by craft, classification or type of worker needed, on jobs of a similar character per formed in the district including private or commercial projects as well as work on public projects. A $25,000 threshold amount was established for coverage of the law. Employers are prohib ited from requiring job applicants to submit to a blood or urine test except for employ ment in hazardous work environments or in jobs in which the primary responsibility is security, public safety, or fiduciary respon sibility. Blood or urine testing as a condi tion for continued employment is prohib ited unless the employer has reason to believe that the employee’s faculties are impaired on the job as a result of alcohol or illegal drug use. Prior to administering drug or alcohol tests, employers must adopt a written testing procedure containing speci fied safeguards. E m p lo y e e te s tin g . r e la tio n s . Employees of local public agencies designated as head start agencies, as provided under Federal law, will now be covered by the law granting collective bargaining rights to pubic em ployees. Labor e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . Ad ministration of the employment agency regulatory law was transferred from the De partment of Labor and Industry to the De partment of Commerce, and authority of the administrator to investigate complaints was repealed. All complaints against em ployment agencies will now be forwarded to the county attorney having jurisdiction. P r iv a te a n d h e a lth . Provi sions, exempting from State workplace hazardous chemical lists and material safety data sheets requirements, those man ufacturers and distributors regulated by and O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis complying with provisions of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Adminis tration (osha) standard, and those nonman ufacturing employers that adopt and com ply with the OSHA standard, were repealed and replaced with a provision exempting any employer complying with the osha standard, whether or not regulated by it. In addition, an exemption for sealed contain ers o f hazardous chemicals at distributor facilities was added to the existing exemp tion for these chemicals during transporta tion or while in storage at transportation terminals. Employer requirements for emergency and community information were deleted, with employers now being required to comply with the Federal Emer gency Planning and Community Right-ToKnow Act of 1986. The definition of State resi dent for purposes of granting a preference in the award o f public contracts was amended to apply to the resident bidder preference in awards or contracts let by the Department of Administration. In addition to other provisions granting preferences for resident bidders, public contracts for the purchases of goods will be awarded to State resident bidders if the goods are manufactured in the State and the bids are not more than 5 percent higher than those of the lowest responsible nonresident bidders. P r e fe r e n c e . O th e r la w s . A Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act was adopted providing an exclusive remedy. An employee who is wrongfully discharged may file an action for recovery of lost wages and fringe bene fits for up to 4 years from date o f discharge, plus interest. A discharge, including con structive discharge, is wrongful if it was in retaliation for the employee’s refusal to vi olate public policy or for reporting a viola tion of public policy; the discharge was not for “good cause”, as defined, and the em ployee had completed the employer’s pro bationary period; or the employer violated the express terms of its own written person nel policy. A claim may not be filed based upon tort or express or implied contract. There is no right to damages for the em ployee’s emotional distress, but punitive damages may be recovered if the employer engaged in actual fraud or malice. Alterna tive resolution of disputes by arbitration is authorized upon written agreement of the parties. The law does not apply to an em ployee covered by a written collective bar gaining agreement or a written contract of employment for a specified term, or to a discharge covered by remedies under other specific statutes such as a nondiscrimina tion law. Nebraska W ages. The minimum wage law was amended to increase the minimum hourly rate from $1.60 to $3.35 effective August 29, 1987. The minimum cash wage for per sons compensated primarily by way of gra tuities was increased from 90 cents per hour to $2.01, and persons employed as student learners in vocational training programs are to be paid at least 75 percent of the applica ble minimum wage. The Farm Labor Contrac tors Act was enacted under which such con tractors must obtain a license from the Department o f Labor and post a surety bond of at least $5,000 to ensure the prompt payment of employees’ wages and other obligations. Contractors must furnish workers written information on wages, housing, terms and conditions of employ ment, and workers’ rights and remedies. An annual license fee of $750 was estab lished, with all fees to be used for the en forcement o f the act. A g r ic u ltu re . e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Man datory retirement may no longer be re quired under the retirement systems for State, county, or school employees or for judges. With the exception of tenured fac ulty members or law enforcement person nel, employees of public institutions of higher education are no longer required to retire at age 70. Equal r e la tio n s . A comprehensive new State Employees Collective Bargaining Act grants collective bargaining rights to nonsupervisory employees of State agencies and meet-and-confer rights to supervisory employees. The law includes procedures for contract impasse resolution including factfinding, mediation, and final and bind ing arbitration with possible appeals to the Commission of Industrial Relations or the State Supreme Court, as well as require ments for certification, unit determination, and permissible subjects of bargaining. Un fair labor practices for both employers and employee organizations were established. A Division of Employee Relations was cre ated within the Department o f Personnel to administer the law. The Nebraska Teachers’ Professional Negotiations Act was repealed, with the Commission o f Industrial Relations assum ing jurisdiction over collective bargaining between and disputes involving teachers and their employers. A new Uniform Arbitration Act was adopted establishing procedures for the en forcement of written agreements to arbi trate disputes, including those between employers and employees or between their Labor 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • respective representatives. Prior provisions dealing with arbitration were repealed. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The Ne braska Amusement Ride Act was adopted under which owners of amusement rides must obtain a permit to operate from the Commissioner of Labor. Rides must be in spected at least annually, and are subject to inspection by the Commissioner without notice at any time they are operating. A minimum age of 16 was established for amusement ride operators, and operators are required to be in attendance at all times a ride is in operation. State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes ployee hired on or after January 1, 1988, if, at the time of hire, the employee was the subject of information relating to sexual of fenses for which notice was available for dissemination and the employer failed to request notice. Foster home operators, prospective em ployees, applicants for a license to operate a foster home, or residents of a foster home age 18 or older must submit to the Welfare Division o f the Department of Human Re sources a complete set of fingerprints and written permission to conduct a back ground and personal history check to deter mine if they have been arrested for or convicted of any crime. Nevada The labor commissioner was au thorized to revise the minimum wage rate by regulation from $2.75 and hour up to $3.35. Following a hearing procedure, a $3.35 rate became effective on September 10, 1987. For minors under age 18, the rate became $2.85. In addition, severely handicapped persons with certificates is sued by the Rehabilitation Division of the Department of Human Resources were ex empted from minimum wage coverage. W ages. The pro hibition against employment discrimination based on age 40 to 70 was amended to remove the upper age limit. Employers who grant leave, with or without pay, or leave without loss of se niority to employees for sickness or disabil ity because of a medical condition, must now extend the same benefits to pregnant employees. Cities and counties were encouraged and authorized to make temporary limited ap pointments to positions of employment of qualified handicapped persons certified by the Rehabilitation Division of the Depart ment of Human Resources. The Local Government Employee-Management Relations Act re quires binding arbitration for firefighter and police officer disputes. A provision of the act which would have eliminated this requirement for police officers on July 1, 1987, was repealed. Materials and supplies for classrooms and the policies for the transfer and reas signment o f teachers were added to the list of subjects within the scope of mandatory bargaining for local government employ ers. L a b o r r e la tio n s . E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Employers were authorized to request notice of information relating to sexual offenses against children, by an employee or prospective employee, from the central repository for records of criminal justice and may consider such in formation when making a decision to hire, retain, suspend, or discharge the employee. Employees must provide a signed consent to the search, be informed o f the types of information being sought, and o f the em ployer’s right to seek the information as a condition of employment, and have the right to challenge the accuracy or suffi ciency of any information furnished. Em ployers, other than voluntary organiza tions, will be liable to children they serve for damages suffered as a result of a sexual offense committed against them by an em B a c k g r o u n d c le a r a n c e . 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis To be eligible for registration and approval by the State Apprenticeship Council, proposed appren ticeship programs must conform with Fed eral equal employment opportunity and af firmative action requirements. In addition, the programs must contain several specific provisions including a schedule of wages, ratio of apprentices to journeymen, reason able probationary period, a starting age of not less than 16 years, periodic review and evaluation of the apprentice’s progress, and adequate and safe equipment and facilities for training. Discrimination based on reli gion was added to the forms of discrimina tion prohibited in apprenticeship agree ments. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . If an employer of fewer than 20 workers provides group health insurance coverage, the policy must include a provision permit ting employees to continue coverage at their own expense should their employment be terminated for any reason other than gross misconduct, or if their working hours are reduced so as to make them ineligible for coverage. The right to continue cover age is to be accorded to the spouse or de pendent child of employees in these situa tions as well as in other instances, including divorce or the employee’s death. The period of continued coverage shall not exceed 18 months for an employee and 36 months for the spouse or dependent child. Premiums are not to exceed 125 percent of that charged to the employer. New Hampshire W ages. By prior law, the minimum hourly wage rate was increased from $3.45 to $3.55, effective January 1, 1988, with a further increase to $3.65 scheduled on Jan uary 1, 1989. The law requiring payment o f health and welfare fund or pension fund contributions within 30 days of demand now requires that the labor commissioner be notified of sub contractors who fail to make payments on time, and that the commissioner, in turn, notify the prime or general contractor that such contributions are overdue. Prime or general contractors may be pursued for these contributions only after all reasonable efforts have been made to obtain them from the subcontractor. r e la tio n s . The Public Employee Labor Relations Board, scheduled to be abolished by sunset legislation in July 1987, was extended to July 1, 1993. Labor P r e fe r e n c e . O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty and h e a lth . The July 1, 1987, expiration date for rulemak ing authority granted to the labor commis sioner, under the Administrative Procedure Act, over sanitation facilities and work place safety for employees was eliminated. O th e r la w s . Any employee who has been threatened with termination or terminated from a job because he or she was a juror or was summoned to serve as a juror or prospective juror may now be awarded punitive or exemplary damages up to $50,000, and any person advising or at tempting to advise another person not to appear for or serve on jury duty is guilty of a misdemeanor. O th e r la w s . A Whistleblowers’ Protec tion Act was adopted prohibiting both pub lic and private sector employers from dis charging, threatening, or otherwise discriminating or retaliating against em ployees for reporting, in good faith, viola tions o f law or rules after first notifying their supervisor of the violation, or for par ticipating in an investigation, hearing, or court action. Employees are also protected if they refuse to take part in an illegal activ ity. The labor department will enforce the act. A 1986 health insurance law, effective January 1, 1987, forbids insurers, medical For purposes of the provi sion granting a preference to domestic contractors on public works contracts, do mestic contractor was defined as being one who has been doing business in the State continuously for at least 3 years. or health service corporations, and health maintenance organizations from excluding part-time employees who work at least 15 hours a week. Such insurers must offer the same group benefits as are offered to the corresponding groups of full-time em ployees. New Jersey W ages. A new Construction Workers’ Fringe Benefit Security Act provides that if a contractor or subcontractor is at least 4 weeks delinquent in payments to a fringe benefit fund and proper notice is given to the prime contractor and public or private project owner or subcontractor, as pro vided, the project owner is to withhold the amount claimed by the fund from the sums otherwise due the prime contractor. Proce dures were prescribed for payment to the fund claiming the delinquency. The provision of the child labor law making vacation certificates un necessary during the first 14 days for mi nors age 16 or over employed in food service, restaurants or retail occupations when schools are not in session, was amended to reduce the age to 15 or over, to extend the provision to employment in sea sonal amusement establishments, and to specify that minors under age 16 are not to operate or work in or around power-driven machinery. Minors age 12 through 17 will be permit ted to work as volunteers at noncommercial recycling centers operated by municipali ties or community service organizations if under adult supervision and the work is not in connection with any power driven ma chinery or hazardous waste products or other hazardous substances. C h ild la b o r . The Di rector of the Division on Aging in the De partment of Community Affairs is to estab lish a Retiree Retraining and Employment Demonstration Program to develop ap proaches to the effective employment of retirees. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . A Board of Edu cation may now employ a person for up to 6 months pending completion of a criminal history records check as required by law provided the person submit a sworn state ment attesting that he or she has not been convicted of any crime against chil dren or disorderly persons offense. Persons rehired annually in substitute positions will only be required to undergo a criminal his tory record check upon initial employment. B a c k g r o u n d c le a r a n c e . Among changes in provisions related to job train E m p lo y m e n t https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and tr a in in g . ing, the criteria used in funded job training programs now specify that currently em ployed workers may not be displaced by a program enrollee by any means, that pro gram enrollees may not be placed in jobs previously held by a regular worker who was terminated by the employer with the intention of hiring a worker whose wages would be subsidized, and that no funded job training program may impair existing contracts for services or collective bargain ing agreements without the written concur rence of the labor organization and employer. New Mexico The Hu man Rights Commission, scheduled to ter minate on July 1, 1987, under sunset legis lation, was extended until July 1, 1993. A Senate Memorial was adopted request ing the Human Services Department to con duct an indepth study of work incentive programs designed to promote the employ ment of the handicapped including job training and placement programs, possibili ties of offering tax incentives to employers hiring the handicapped, and recommenda tions for legislative consideration in mak ing long term improvements in various laws. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . c le a r a n c e . Financial insti tutions may provide written employment references with respect to illegal financial activities upon the request of another finan cial institution if a copy o f the reference is mailed to the applicant for employment. A financial institution will not be liable in a civil action for providing an employment reference under this act unless it knowingly provides false information. B ackground Amend ments to the Occupational Health and Safety Act were adopted to ensure that em ployees be given information on hazardous substances in their places of employment. Employers are to obtain, maintain, and make available during each work shift, ma terial safety data sheets for all hazardous chemicals used in the workplace, and must provide workers with information and training on such materials. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The Labor Department Act was enacted creating a new single, consoli dated cabinet-level Labor Department, headed by a Secretary, which will consist of employment security, workmen’s com pensation, labor and industrial, human rights, job training, and administrative services divisions. The unified department will administer all laws and exercise all functions formerly performed by the Em ployment Security Department, the Office o f Human Rights Commission, the Labor Commissioner, and the Workmen’s Com pensation Administration which were all abolished. The duties o f the former Labor Commissioner will be performed by the Department’s Labor and Industrial Divi sion. Public works construction bond require ments were repealed and replaced with new provisions including a requirement that for all contracts in excess of $25,000 a pay ment bond be executed in an amount equal to 100 percent of the contract price, for the protection of all persons supplying labor and material to the contractor or subcon tractors. State agencies or local public bod ies awarding the contract may impose this requirement at their discretion for those contracts under $25,000. O th e r la w s . New York W ages. The law providing for civil penalties for certain violations of the wage payment and minimum wage acts was ex tended to include violations concerning minimum wage standards for farm work, the migrant registration law, and farm labor camp commissaries, and to permit civil penalties of up to $2,000 for violations for reasons other than an employer’s failure to pay wages, benefits, or wage supplements found to be due including recordkeeping, posting, wage statement, and other non monetary violations. Private or public sector em ployees who adopt a child are entitled to take the same leave o f absence on the same terms as permitted by the employer upon the birth o f an employee’s child. Entitle ment ceases when the adopted child reaches 5 years of age. H ours. e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . The State Civil Service Commission was au thorized to classify up to 300 positions as noncompetitive and to be filled only by qualified physically or mentally handi capped armed forces veterans who served during time of war. Equal A House Memorial was adopted directing the Leg islative Council to have the appropriate in terim committee, in conjunction with the Governor and the State’s Job Training Council, coordinate and implement the Job Training and Partnership Act job training programs and other programs that have a direct bearing on employment, training, and human resources within the State. E m p lo y m e n t and tr a in in g . The provision for reso lution of disputes in the course of collective negotiations, through mediation and bind- L a b o r r e la tio n s . 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • ing arbitration, under the Public Em ployees’ Fair Employment Law due to ex pire on July 1, 1987, was extended for 2 years. A temporary program to assist dislocated workers with the payment of health insurance premiums was estab lished in the State Insurance Fund for workers terminated from employment solely as a result of a lay-off involving 50 workers or more and who meet other eligi bility criteria. By October 31, 1987, the Governor was to submit to the legislature a plan for the administration and financing of a permanent program to assist such workers with the payment of health insurance premiums. On December 10, 1986, the Governor and business and labor leaders signed a compact to improve labor-management co operation in the private sector and to deal with the problems of plant closings and lay offs. Under the compact, the State will use economic development funds to help laid off workers find employment, to help trou bled businesses, and to provide maximum assistance to communities involved in shut downs or major layoffs. Labor agreed to use strikes as a last resort after considering mediation, binding arbitration, and other impasse resolution mechanisms. Employ ers will strive to avoid layoffs using means including creation of shared work pro grams, uniform reductions in hours for both labor and management, furlough programs, and early retirement incentives. Employers also agree to voluntarily give advance no tice of plant closings and layoffs. P la n t c lo s in g s . North Carolina W ages. The minimum wage law was amended to require matching increases up to $4 an hour in the State minimum if the Federal minimum of $3.35 is increased be fore June 1, 1989. Prior law provided for rate matching up to $3.60 an hour if the Federal rate was increased before July 1, 1987. The Legislative Research Com mission was authorized to study all aspects of granting parental leave in employment. H ours. C h ild la b o r. Any youth under age 18 having a State driver’s license, valid for the type of driving involved, and who has com pleted an approved driver-education course may drive, as part of his or her employ ment, a truck weighing up to 6,000 pounds or an automobile within a 25-mile radius of the principal place of employment. Towing of vehicles is not permitted. te s tin g . A Study Commis sion on the Uniform Regulation of Sub E m p lo y e e 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes stance Abuse Testing was created to examine existing drug testing of job appli cants and employees, to recommend proce dures or regulation for the administration of tests by employers that protect both employers and employees, and to recom mend legislation addressing the problems associated with establishing these standards. Employers are now prohib ited from discharging or demoting any em ployees because they are called for jury duty or serve as jurors. O th e r la w s . North Dakota W ages. The Legislative Council was di rected to study comparable worth to deter mine the feasibility and desirability of leg islation requiring governmental entities to pay their employees based upon work of equal value. A concurrent resolution was adopted directing the Legislative Council to study and report on the differences in employee benefits between part-time and full-time employment in the private sector and the extent to which employers may be hiring part-time workers to avoid paying economic benefits such as health and acci dent insurance, sick leave, vacation pay, and holiday pay. H ours. A State agency may not discriminate against an em ployee or job applicant with respect to working conditions, workplace assignment or other privileges o f employment because his or her spouse is also an employee o f that agency. This will not apply where the spouse has the power to hire or fire or make performance evaluations with respect to the position involved. Employers who hire developmentally disabled or chronically mentally ill workers may claim an income tax credit for a por tion of the wages paid those individuals. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . c le a r a n c e . The Bureau of Criminal Investigation and other criminal justice agencies are to disclose and ex change criminal history record information for use in decisions to hire or retain em ployees. A new Uniform Arbitration Act was adopted establishing procedures for the en forcement o f voluntary written agreements to arbitrate disputes, including those be tween employers and employees or be tween their respective representatives. Prior provisions dealing with arbitration were repealed. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty and h e a lth . The Employee Information Program on Haz ardous Substances will no longer apply to any employer regulated under any Federal law that requires such programs, and the section authorizing the Workmen’s Com pensation Bureau to grant variances from the law for employers who demonstrate regulation under Federal or other State laws having such programs was repealed. The Bureau may still conduct normal safety in spections as otherwise provided by law. Contractors and their workers engaged in asbestos abatement must be certified by the Department of Health. The Department is authorized to establish performance stand ards for abatement and to require training and examination o f contractors and work ers on safe practices. O th e r la w s . The law protecting em ployees summoned for jury duty from dis charge or other adverse action was amended to also cover those subpoenaed to serve as witnesses. Ohio W ages. Overtime pay, compensatory time off, and exemptions from overtime provisions applicable to employees paid wholly or partially by the State or by a State-supported college or university were conformed to comparable public-sector provisions in the Federal Fair Labor Stand ards Act. Public employees may now, upon writ ten authorization, have deductions made from their wages for payment to their ex clusive representative. Manda tory retirement provisions for public sector employees were conformed to those pre scribed by the Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act which prohibits mandatory retirement with certain limited exceptions. B a ckground E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Labor unions or organi zations may now collect actual representa tion expenses from nonunion employees who specifically request in writing to use representation by the union or organization in processing grievances. Such an assess ment will not be considered an abridgement o f any rights guaranteed under the State right-to-work law. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Employ ers engaged in asbestos hazard abatement activities must obtain a license from the Department of Health. Employees per forming this work must complete an ap proved course including training on such topics as health hazards, worker protection, work practices, and use and care of respira- L a b o r r e la tio n s . tors, and must obtain a certification o f com pletion. The Public Health Council is to adopt rules including employee training standards, work practices that reduce the risk of contamination, worker protection equipment and practices and other health and safety standards for employees. duced as a result o f these adjustments. A concurrent resolution was adopted urging the U .S. Congress to take the necessary action to ensure that corpora tions that go bankrupt are still responsible for meeting pension and insurance obliga tions of current and retired employees. Employers o f 25 employees or more are now required to grant up to 12 weeks unpaid parental leave for the birth of a child or adoption of a child under 6 years o f age. Employers may require employees to give at least 30 days advance notice ex cept for unanticipated circumstances. Em ployees are entitled to reinstatement in the same or equivalent job, without loss o f ben efits, at the conclusion o f the leave of ab sence. Administration of the law is vested in the Bureau of Labor and Industries. Oklahoma A g r ic u ltu re . O th e r la w s . H ours. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . State and local government agencies are to desig nate smoking and nonsmoking areas in all buildings owned or operated by them and used by the general public or serving as workplaces for public employees. Beginning no later than March 1, 1988, agricultural employers are required to provide adequate information to all employees about hazardous chemicals used and to which they may be exposed, to furnish protective safety equipment, and give training for employees handling haz ardous chemicals. The Accident Prevention Division of the Workers’ Compensation Department is to adopt rules to implement these requirements and to develop and make available basic information for em ployer use in informing and training em ployees. Oregon E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . State residents who are certified as “special handicapped persons” are exempt from en trance examinations and other specified hiring procedures required for State em ployment. Equal e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . W ages. Among amendments to the Wage Security Fund, established in 1985 to pay valid wage claims of employees whose employers have ceased doing business and do not have sufficient assets to pay the claims, the amount appropriated continu ously from the Fund to the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries to administer the act was increased from $200,000 to $700,000, and it was clarified that money recovered by the Commissioner under the act is to be returned to the Fund. Advertisements for bids for public con tracts, previously required to specify that bids received contain a statement by the bidder that State prevailing wage rate re quirements are to be complied with, are now to specify also that Federal DavisBacon Act requirements are to be complied with for projects subject to that law. In order to achieve the State’s policy of pay equity for work of comparable value in State employment, each of the branches of State government is to adopt a neutral and objective method of determining the com parability of the value o f work. Each branch is to submit a biennial report to the legislature containing proposals to upgrade undervalued classifications. A Pay Equity Adjustment Fund was created, with any ap propriations to be applied as a first priority to pay adjustments for the most underval ued jobs in the lowest salary ranges. No employee is to have his or her wages re https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The pro hibition against employment discrimination based on age was extended to include those persons 70 and older. The Director of Affirmative Action is to set affirmative action goals for employment of the handicapped in each division o f State service. r e la tio n s . Mass transit districts are now considered public employers for purposes of the law regulating public em ployee collective bargaining. No State agency may require as a condi tion of eligibility to receive benefits or services provided by that agency that a per son apply for or accept employment at any workplace where there is a dispute in prog ress. Also, the probation or parole status of individuals may not be revoked because the probationer or parolee fails to apply for or accept employment where a labor dispute exists. The Department of Human Resources may not send any person on a job referral which would aid in the filling of a job open ing which exists because of a labor dispute. Labor e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . The em ployment agency regulatory law, scheduled for repeal on June 30, 1988 under sunset legislation, was continued. Also, coverage of the law was extended to executive re cruitment firms, and employment counsel ing firms were exempted. P r iv a te O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The En vironmental Quality Commission was di rected to establish an asbestos abatement program to assure the proper and safe abatement of asbestos hazards. The pro gram is to include criteria for contractor licensing and training and worker certifica tion and training, standardized training courses, and procedures for inspecting as bestos abatement projects. Training courses must include material on personal and public health protection, safe tech niques, and other safety and health matters. Only licensed contractors and employees with certificates are to work on asbestos abatement projects. tr a in in g . An Employ ment and Training Policy Board was cre ated to oversee and facilitate the coordina tion of the State’s employment and training programs, and the Job Training Coordinat ing Council was established to assist in im plementing and overseeing job training programs pursuant to the Federal Job Train ing Partnership Act. E m p lo y m e n t a n d The law governing public contracts and purchasing was amended to provide that, in determining the lowest re sponsible bidder, public contracting agen cies are to add a percent increase on the bid of a nonresident bidder equal to the per cent, if any, of the preference given to that bidder in the State in which the bidder resides. Each bid is to contain a statement as to whether the bidder is an Oregon resi dent. P r e fe r e n c e . O th e r la w s. An Employee Ownership Opportunity Act was passed to encourage the formation of employee-owned enter prises and to specifically include such busi nesses within the scope of any business assistance program operated by the State or p olitical su b d ivision s. The E conom ic Development Department is to provide technical assistance on the establishment and su ccessfu l m anagem ent o f these enterprises. The Department of Commerce was abol ished and its duties and functions trans ferred to other agencies. Enforcement of laws regulating service o f consumer elec tronic entertainment equipment was trans ferred to the B ureau o f L abor and Industries. Pennsylvania o p p o r tu n ity . Among amendments adopted in late 1986 to the Human Relations Act, the State and local Human Relations Commissions must now notify each other of complaints each re- E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • ceives within their jurisdiction; the State Human Relations Commission is specifi cally prohibited from authorizing imposi tion of remedial quotas in cases involving hiring or promoting of public sector em ployees; and voluntary adoption of affirma tive action plans is permitted. The State Commission, scheduled for termination under sunset legislation, was continued until December 31, 1991. A new Dislo cated Worker Training Assistance Act pro vides for payments to dislocated workers for support services necessary for them to enroll in and remain in job training pro grams funded under the Federal Job Train ing Partnership Act. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . A new law was adopted in late 1986 requiring on public contracts ex ceeding $1,500 that resident bidders be granted preference over nonresident bid ders from any State that gives or requires a preference to bidders from that State in an amount equal to the amount of the prefer ence applied by the State of the nonresident bidder. Also, purchases are not to be made o f products from any State which prohibits the purchase of out-of-State products. These provisions will not be applicable when their use could jeopardize the receipt of Federal funds. P r e fe r e n c e . O th e r la w s . A Whistleblower Law was enacted in December 1986, prohibiting public employers from discharging, threat ening, discriminating, or retaliating against a public employee who makes a good faith report, or is about to report wrongdoing or waste, or who is requested to participate in an investigation, hearing or inquiry held by an appropriate authority or in a court action. The Department of Public Welfare was authorized to establish a program of grants to various organizations for the implemen tation of projects to provide employment opportunities for transitionally needy wel fare recipients and chronically needy recip ients who are participating in drug or alcohol treatment programs and who have barriers to employment or special needs. The programs are to include work experi ence projects, integrated training projects, on-the-job training, and supported work. In a separate late 1986 enactment, em ployers were prohibited from discharging, penalizing, or threatening an employee who attends court by reason o f being a vic tim of, or a witness to, a crime. Employers need not compensate employees for em ployment time lost because of such court attendance. Puerto Rico W ages. Mandatory decree revisions, is 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes sued by the Commonwealth Minimum Wage Board, increased minimum rates in the paper, paper products, printing, and publishing industry from $2.20 to $3.35 an hour effective May 16, 1987; in the alco holic beverage and industrial alcohol indus try from $2.30 to $3.35 an hour effective March 21, 1987; and in the food and related products industry from a range of a $1.60 to $2.50 per hour to a range o f $2.60 to $3.35 effective January 5, 1987. The mini mum number o f hours that must be worked in a month to be eligible for accrual of vacation time and sick leave was reduced in each o f these industries, and the rates of accrual of vacation time and sick leave were increased for certain employees in the paper industry. An addition to each of these mandatory decree revisions as well as one for the theaters and movie houses industry provided that in the event an employee ceases work the employer is to pay for any vacation time accumulated. Rhode Island W ages. By prior law, the basic minimum hourly wage rate was increased from $3.55 per hour to $3.65 on July 1, 1987. The minimum wage law was amended to provide that in any workweek in which an employee o f a retail establishment is em ployed on a Sunday and/or holiday at a rate of time and one-half his or her regular rate (as required by another law), such hours are to be excluded when calculating premium overtime pay entitlement under the mini mum wage law. Employers who separate employees from the payroll may now pay them their unpaid wages or compensation on the next regular payday rather than within 24 hours of separation as before. For those workers separated after completing at least 1 year o f service, any vacation pay accrued will be come wages due. The requirement that em ployees separated because o f a business closure, merger, or move receive pay for holiday and vacation pay and insurance benefits due them was amended to now apply only to those with 1 year or more of service. Contractors and subcontractors who per form work on public works projects are now required to furnish the Director of Labor with a certified copy of their payroll records weekly. Previously, such records were available to the Director only upon demand following a written complaint that the required prevailing wage rates were not being paid. The Director of Labor was given authority to adopt reasonable rules and regulations to enforce this provision. Private sector employers o f 50 or more, any political subdivision of the State H ours. that employs 30 or more, and any State agency that employs any employees must grant up to 13 consecutive weeks unpaid parental leave in any 2-year period to em ployees who provide at least 30-days no tice. Parental leave is to be granted for the birth or adoption of a child or due to the serious illness o f a child. Employees exer cising their rights to parental leave are entitled to reinstatement in the same or equivalent position and employers must maintain any existing health benefits for the duration o f the employee’s leave. Employ ers are prohibited from retaliating against any employee for exercising any right under the law or for opposing any unlawful practices. C h ild la b o r. Fourteen and 15-year-old children, who could previously be em ployed only between the hours o f 6 a.m. and 7 p.m ., will now be permitted to work until 9 p.m. during school vacations. e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Where necessary to comply with Federally man dated affirmative action programs, employ ers, employment agencies, unions, and others may now elicit information and maintain records on information relating to the race, color, religion, sex, handicap, age, or country of ancestral origin of an applicant for a job or membership. The special legislative commission to study the Rhode Island Affirmative Action Program was reinstated and authorized to continue its study and to make a report to the legislature by February 24, 1988. Equal te s tin g . Drug testing of em ployees as a condition of continued em ployment is now prohibited, except if the employer has reasonable grounds to believe that the employee’s use of controlled sub stances is impairing the ability to perform the job, and the testing is conducted in con junction with a bona fide rehabilitation pro gram. Samples must be taken in privacy, positive test results confirmed by scientifi cally accurate means, and employees must be provided the opportunity to have sam ples independently tested or evaluated and a reasonable opportunity to rebut or explain the results. In civil action, violations may result in the granting of actual and punitive damages, attorneys’ fees and costs, and in junctive relief. Violations also constitute a misdemeanor. E m p lo y e e W o r k e r p r iv a c y . The law banning the use of lie detector tests as a condition of employment or continued employment was amended to define the term lie detector test to include tests utilizing polygraph or simi lar devices and written exams. Written ex aminations may be used as long as the results are not used to form the primary basis for an employment decision. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty and h e a lth . The Hazardous Substances Right-to-Know Act was amended to require that, in addition to maintaining a list of hazardous substances to which employees may be exposed in the workplace, a poster be displayed at con spicuous locations listing the rights of em ployees under the Act and a statement that the Department of Labor may be contacted for further information. Employers must have available for the department of labor, employees, employee organizations, treating physicians, and local fire departments a written outline of their Right-to-Know training program in cluding how workers will be informed of chemical hazards, nature of protective measures adopted for workers’ protection, nature of the State law, and how labeling, lists, and the material safety data sheet pro gram works. A resolution was adopted extending the life o f the special legislative commission created by the General Assem bly in 1986 to study the feasibility of em ployee ownership of businesses including those that would otherwise close. The com mission will now make a report to the Gen eral Assembly by February 2, 1988. P la n t c lo s in g s . la w s . A Senate resolution was adopted requesting the State Department of Labor to investigate the labor laws to deter mine how they pertain to the practice of laying off employees just prior to being vested. amended to now allow executive or closed meetings to prepare for contract negotia tions or negotiating with employees or em ployee representatives. It will now be mandatory rather than optional for resident bidders to receive a preference on public contracts against bidders from any other State which enforces or has a preference for resident bidders. The amount of the preference given is to be equal to the preference in the other States. P r e fe r e n c e . Tennessee Full-time female employees em ployed for at least 12 months by employers of 100 or more are entitled to receive up to 4 months maternity leave for the birth or adoption of a child. The leave may be with or without pay at the employer’s discretion. With certain exceptions, employees are en titled to reinstatement in the same or similar job without loss o f accumulated benefits. Enforcement of the act is through the courts. H ours. The pro hibition against discrimination in public employment on the basis of handicap was extended to include private employers, and infectious, contagious, or transmittable dis eases or conditions were specifically ex cluded from the definition of handicap. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . O th e r South Carolina State employees and retirees may, upon request, have deductions taken from their wages or retirement benefits for the payment of membership dues to the South Carolina State Employees’ Associa tion. No deduction is permitted if the asso ciation at any time engages in collective bargaining or encourages its members to strike. W ages. South Dakota e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Career State employees and teachers, except for tenured employees at State colleges, are no longer required to retire at age 70. The pro hibition against age discrimination of State executive branch and law enforcement per sonnel was amended to cover all those age 40 and over instead of those between 18 and 70. Equal The law requiring meet ings of public agencies to be open was L a b o r r e la tio n s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c lo s in g s . A joint resolution was adopted requesting that a special legislative committee be appointed to conduct a com prehensive study of the impact major per manent job cutbacks and plant closings have on the economy o f the State and to make recommendations to the General As sembly by April 30, 1988. P la n t The Institute for Labor Stud ies, created within the Department of Labor to develop an association between labor and higher education for the development and delivery of educational services to workers, scheduled to be abolished by sun set legislation, was extended to June 30, 1994. In addition, the Institute was author ized to charge reasonable fees for its educa tional programs. If sufficient revenue is collected from these fees, then the Insti tute’s programs are to include the training of labor and management in communica tion skills and conflict resolution. O th e r la w s . Texas W ages. The minimum wage rate was in creased from $1.40 to $3.35 an hour, effec tive September 1, 1987, for farm and nonfarm employment. The law continues to exempt employment covered by the Fed eral Fair Labor Standards Act, but other coverage provisions were changed. For ex ample, agricultural employers who use less than 300 man-days of labor in any calendar quarter of the preceding year are no longer exempt. Also eliminated was the former lower weekly rate for an employee living on the premises in employer-furnished quarters and the noncoverage of such an employee’s family. As before, the Com missioner of Agriculture is responsible for establishing agricultural piece rates and the Department of Labor and Standards for the dissemination of information. Hours o f work and overtime provisions for fire department personnel providing fire fighting and emergency medical services in cities of more than 10,000 population, were conformed to the provisions of the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act. Such personnel in cities o f more than 1.5 million popula tion may not work more than an average of 46.7 hours per week, and must be paid time and one-half after 48 hours per week. In all cities o f over 10,000 population, the hours of fire department personnel not perform ing emergency services, and police officers are limited to the weekly hours of nonpub lic safety city workers. la b o r. The penal code was amended to create the offense of employ ment harmful to minors younger than age 17. It will be a Class A misdemeanor for any person to employ, authorize, or induce a child to work in a sexually oriented com mercial activity or in any place of business permitting, requesting, or requiring a child to work nude or topless. C h ild A new law was adopted to ensure that agricultural workers employed by covered employers have access to infor mation concerning hazardous chemicals to which they may be exposed. Employers are to compile and maintain workplace chemi cal lists containing specified information by crop for each chemical. Employers are also to maintain and make available to em ployees current material safety data sheets for each chemical purchased. The Depart ment of Agriculture is to develop and provide ongoing training programs for agri cultural laborers including information on proper storage and handling of chemicals, protective clothing, first aid treatment, general safety, and the acute and chronic affects of chemicals, and employers are to provide any special protective clothing or devices recommended. Employers are pro hibited from retaliating against a worker who files a complaint, assists in an inspec tion or participates in a hearing under the act. A g r ic u ltu re . c le a r a n c e . The Texas School for the Blind was authorized to ob- B a ckground 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • tain criminal information records from the Department of Public Safety, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other law en forcement agencies to investigate persons applying for or employed in positions in volving the direct delivery of care to chil dren. A person may be denied employment or discharged if a complete set of finger prints is not submitted upon request. Provision was also made for criminal conviction checks of prospective employees of nursing or custodial care homes by the Department of Public Safety. Applicants must be informed of the requirement to conduct a criminal investigation check but may be hired temporarily pending the results. The authority of the Department o f Men tal Health and Mental Retardation and community centers to obtain criminal con viction data on applicants for employment will now also apply to employees of a per son who contracts with the department or a center to provide residential services to mentally ill patients or mentally retarded clients, if the employee’s work involves direct patient or client contact. Officers commissioned by the Department o f Public Safety may not be suspended, terminated, or subjected to any other form of discrimination because of their refusal to take a polygraph examina tion. Permanent personnel files are to be maintained on each firefighter and police officer in cities of 1,500,000 population or more. The files are to contain any letter, memorandum, or document relating to such actions as commendations, honors, misconduct, disciplinary measures, or peri odic evaluations. Employees are entitled to receive upon request a copy of any such item placed in the file, and to make a writ ten response to any entry. Information is not to be released without the employees’ permission unless required by law. W o r k e r p r iv a c y . The Labor Agency Law regulating persons procuring employment for unskilled laborers and agricultural workers was repealed. The employment agency licensing law was amended to prohibit personnel services from imposing any fees on applicants until employment has been accepted, and the Commissioner of the Department of Labor and Standards was specifically authorized to enforce the prohibition. The law now specifically covers executive search or con sulting services, overseas placement serv ices, job listing firms, and resume services that provide job market investigation, re search, or evaluation. A new law was adopted regulating the activities of career counseling services. A certificate of authority must be obtained P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State Labor Laws: 1987 C hanges from the Commissioner o f Labor and Standards, and a $10,000 bond filed by the service. Such firms may not offer or imply any guarantee that a job will be obtained for a client, and also must adopt a program for consumer complaint resolution. No con tract may be signed until the service has held at least two interviews with the prospective client and clients may cancel any contract within 3 days of signing. Another new law requires athlete agents to register with the Secretary o f State. Any agents entering into financial services con tracts with athletes must also post a $100,000 surety bond. Specific contract, advertising and recordkeeping require ments were established and certain undesir able practices were prohibited. School districts are no longer prohibited from listing job opportunities with private employment agencies, from paying agency fees, or from employing any applicant re ferred by an agency, but may not contract to use an agency as a sole method o f em ployment procurement. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . In deter mining who is a responsible bidder on pub lic works construction contracts, public agencies may now take into account the safety record o f bidders. A person may not engage in the business o f removing asbestos from or encapsulating asbestos in a public building unless li censed by the Department o f Health. Qual ifications o f licensure include ensuring that employees are familiar with Federal stand ards for such work and have completed a course of instruction approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, proving capability o f performing the work, and having access to at least one appropriate disposal site. Employees of the licensed contractor must register with the Depart ment. Notice in writing is to be given to the Department at least 10 days prior to begin ning a removal or encapsulation project. All public construction projects requir ing trench excavations exceeding a depth of 5 feet must provide for adequate safety sys tems meeting Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards. a n d tr a in in g . Among the functions o f the newly created Department of Commerce is primary responsibility for attracting and locating new businesses in the State and for implementing and manag ing the job-training program and other duties previously performed by the Depart ment of Community Affairs in administer ing the State Job-Training Partnership Act. Administration of the Texas Enterprise Zone Act was also transferred to the new Department from the Economic Develop ment Commission and the Enterprise Zone E m p lo y m e n t Board. The Department will be governed by a six-member Board appointed by the governor and is to employ an executive di rector. When two identical bids or more are submitted for a city or district contract, the bid of a resident bidder will be selected over that of a nonresident. P r e fe r e n c e . O th e r la w s . A Child Day Care Advisory Committee was created to advise the Texas Employment Commission on day care ini tiatives for public and private employers and employees, on options for including day care as a State employee benefit, and on other employment-related day care is sues. The Commission was authorized to provide technical assistance to State agen cies and to public and private employers regarding offering child day care as an em ployee benefit. A concurrent resolution was adopted asking that a special committee be estab lished to study the organization and struc ture o f the State agencies in the executive branch and to recommend policies, proce dures, and related areas of management im provement. Among its considerations, the committee is to consider the feasibility of combining the Texas Employment Com mission, the Committee on Human Rights, the Industrial Accident Board, and the De partment o f Labor and Standards to create a new Department of Labor. A written re port including its findings, recommenda tions, and drafts o f any proposed legislation necessary to implement its recommenda tions is to be submitted to the legislature. W ages. The $1,000 ceiling was removed on acceptance of wage claims by the Indus trial Commission and on the preferred status o f individual wage claims in cases of court seizure o f assets or bankruptcy. The lowest wage claim that the Commission may accept was set at $50. The Commis sion was authorized to enter into reciprocal agreements with agencies in other States for the collection of wage claims. Requirements for the posting o f security to guarantee the payment o f wages for min ing employees were repealed. The An tidiscrimination Act was amended to ex tend coverage o f the age discrimination prohibition to those age 70 and over instead of only those between 40 and 70. Manda tory retirement is no longer permitted, except that certain executives and high pol icymaking employees may be required to retire at age 65. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Private sector employ ers, public utilities, and transit districts may require testing o f employees and prospective employees for the presence of drugs or alcohol within the terms of a writ ten policy distributed to employees and available to job applicants. Samples may be collected and tested to investigate possible individual employee impairment, work place accidents, or theft, for the mainte nance o f employee or public safety, productivity, quality o f products or serv ices, or security of property or information. Specific testing procedures must be fol lowed, and employers and management in general must submit to testing themselves on a periodic basis. Test results may be used as the basis for adverse personnel actions. E m p lo y e e te s tin g . O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . The Ex ecutive Directors of the Departments of Public Safety and Health were designated as the Hazardous Chemical Emergency Re sponse Commission to carry out the requirements of the Federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986. The Department o f Public Safety was assigned planning responsibili ties and the Department of Health is to re ceive, process, and manage hazardous chemical information and notifications. Various statutory mine safety provisions were repealed, and the Industrial Commis sion was directed to adopt rules that sub stantially incorporate Federal coal mine safety and health standards, including those promulgated under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977. Coal mine opera tors must submit to the Industrial Commis sion an annual report, including a written emergency preparedness plan. O th e r la w s . A resolution directed the Legislative Management Committee to as sign appropriate interim committees to study, and make recommendations for leg islative action, several labor and other sub jects including whether the State Industrial Commmission should be replaced by a di vision and division director; ways to strengthen the collaboration between local Chambers of Commerce, local govern ment, business and industry, and educa tional institutions to enhance the State’s economic climate; ways to encourage the growth of high technology industry; to re ceive and evaluate a report from the Board of Vocational Education on the Displaced Homemaker Program; and to study prefer ences for State employers on public con tracts. Vermont W ages. By prior law, the minimum hourly wage rate was increased from $3.45 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to $3.55, effective July 1, 1987, with a further increase to $3.65 scheduled on July 1, 1988. Various amendments were made to the child labor law with respect to employment of children as actors or per formers in motion pictures, theatrical pro ductions, radio or television. The ban on employment under age 14 will not apply to these children, those under age 16 may be employed until midnight instead of 7 p.m. as otherwise provided, and the medical cer tificate requirement for obtaining an em ployment certificate may be waived by the Commissioner of Labor. The Commis sioner o f Education must approve the edu cational program being provided to any such child and employment of this kind may not exceed 90 days during the school year. C h ild la b o r. e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . Among other changes to the municipal employees retirement system, retirement at age 70 is no longer mandatory. Equal Private and public em ployers and employment agencies are pro hibited from requesting or requiring job ap plicants to submit to a drug test except that employers may require a test only after a conditional offer o f employment is made, advance notice is given, and the testing is done in conjunction with a comprehensive physical exam. Employees may not be tested except for probable cause and only if an employee assistance program for alco hol or drug abuse is available. Employees whose test results are positive may not be terminated if they agree to participate and successfully complete the employee assis tance program. A subsequent positive test may result in dismissal. All permitted tests must follow specified procedures, and em ployees or applicants must have the oppor tunity for retesting if the original test is positive. E m p lo y e e te s tin g . O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . All em ployers are to establish or negotiate a smok ing policy which prohibits smoking throughout the workplace or restricts smok ing to designated enclosed areas. Smoking may be permitted in designated unenclosed areas if it will not be a physical irritation to any nonsmoking employee and threefourths of the employees agree. Employers are prohibited from discharging or disci plining an employee because the employee assists in the supervision or enforcement of the law. O th e r la w s . A 1986 law provided that any employee whose group hospital and medical insurance would end because of the termination of employment, for reasons other than misconduct, is to be entitled to continue this coverage for up to 6 months by paying the group rate premiums. These employees also have the option of having a converted policy issued to them by the group policy insurer. The Architectural Barrier Compliance Board was reorganized with the Commis sioner of Labor and Industry becoming chairperson in place of the State Buildings Commissioner. A representative of the labor department previously served on the Board. Virgin Islands Employers of at least 10 employees or more closing a plant or reduc ing employment by at least 50 percent must give at least 90 days advance notice to the employees, their union, and the Commis sioner of Labor. Affected employees are entitled to a severance payment of 1 week’s pay for every year of service with the em ployer, and must be given permanent pref erence in hiring at other workplaces of the employer. Employees affected by a plant closing have the right o f first refusal to purchase the facility within 90 days of the employer’s notice. Group disability in surance policies must provide that in the event of a plant closing, insurance will con tinue for 90 days, with premiums paid in the same manner as before the closing. P la n t c lo s in g s . The law requiring hiring preference for local residents on public works projects was amended to require that all job vacancies be listed with the Virgin Islands Employment Service. P r e fe r e n c e . O th e r la w s . A wrongful discharge law was enacted under which the discharge of an employee for reasons other than those specifically enumerated is considered to be wrongful. The exceptions include dismissal for negligent work, continuous absences, incompetence or inefficiency, use of intox icants or controlled substances which interfere with work performance, insubor dination, and dishonesty. Employees dis charged for other reasons may file a complaint with the Commissioner of Labor who may hold a hearing and order rein statement and backpay if warranted. Em ployees may also bring court action for compensatory and punitive damages. The law does not apply to dismissals caused by business closings or general cutbacks in the work force because of economic hardship. Virginia The State Department of Labor and Industry rather than the Virginia A g r ic u ltu re . 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Employment Board is now to provide staff support to the Migrant and Seasonal Farm workers Board and serve as fiscal agent for any funds received. State Labor Laws: 1987 Changes B a c k g r o u n d c le a r a n c e . istrative search warrants for inspections of workplaces under occupational safety and health laws may be issued by the courts based upon a petition demonstrating proba ble cause. Cases for civil penalties o f up to $10,000 per violation arising under the State occu pational safety and health laws or standards may be tried and decided by the general district court. After July 1, 1988, contractors engaged in removing or encapsulating asbestos must obtain a license from the Department of Commerce, and all employees coming into contact with asbestos must obtain an as bestos worker’s license. The Department of Commerce is authorized to approve train ing courses for license applicants and to develop an examination for testing them. Contractors must notify the Department of Labor and Industry prior to undertaking each asbestos project, and the Department is to conduct at least one onsite inspection of each licensed contractor’s procedures. Employers are prohibited from discriminat ing against or otherwise penalizing any em ployee who complains to or cooperates with the Department of Commerce or any other governmental agency in conjunction with this act. Surface mining operations will now be inspected at least every 180 days rather than at least every 90 days as before. In spections at least every 90 days are still required of underground mine operations except that those meeting specified safety and other qualifications will automatically be considered for a reduced number of in spections each year up to 50 percent of the normal inspections. A provision for re duced inspections of certain other mining operations was repealed. In addition to other powers and duties, the Commissioner of Labor and Industry will now serve as executive officer o f the Virginia Safety and Health Codes Board and of the Apprenticeship Council, with responsibility to ensure that the regulations are carried out. The Commissioner of the Employment Commission was added to the ex officio membership o f the Apprentice ship Council. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . Separate reso lutions urged the Governor’s Council on Employment and Training to assume lead ership in requesting business and industry to extend employment and training incen tives and opportunities to teenage parents and other at-risk youth, and requested the State Department o f Education to explore and utilize its cooperative linkages with business and industry to provide workstudy and training opportunities for these individuals. The Vir ginia Human Rights Act was enacted under which conduct violating State law govern ing discrimination or Title VII of the Fed eral Civil Rights Act of 1964 or the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, or disability is consid ered unlawful. A Council on Human Rights was created, with a Human Rights Direc tor, all appointed by the Governor. Within Council guidelines, the Director is author ized to accept, investigate, and conciliate complaints, and the Council is empowered to receive, investigate, seek to conciliate, refer to another agency, hold hearings, and make findings and recommendations upon complaints. With the approval o f the Attorney General, the Council may seek, through appropriate enforcement author ities, prevention of or relief from alleged unlawful discriminatory practices. Local governments were authorized to enact municipal or county human rights or dinances which are not inconsistent with nor more stringent than State law. State employees and professional or cler ical employees of county, city, or other local public school boards are no longer required to retire at age 70. The legislature adopted a resolution ask ing that a joint subcommittee be established to evaluate the supported employment pro gram currently serving the mentally dis abled, and to determine the feasibility of including the physically disabled in the pro gram. A report of the subcommittee’s rec ommendations is to be made to the 1988 General Assembly. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . r e la tio n s . Employees of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Author ity may not participate in any strike or assert any right to strike against the Author ity. Labor Applicants for a license to operate a child-care facility are to provide the Commissioner of Public Wel fare with a sworn statement on any past convictions or pending charges for offenses involving criminal sexual assualt or taking indecent liberties with children. Any per son wishing to work at such a licensed fa cility is to provide it and the Commissioner with a similar sworn statement. A state ment by prospective employees may also be required by unlicensed facilities. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Admin E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . Washington W ages. The labor commissioner may now bring legal action to collect unpaid minimum wages and prevailing wages for all underpaid employees (instead of only for those who have filed wage claims and who are financially unable to employ coun sel), and was authorized to conduct investi gations to ensure employer compliance with the prevailing wage, minimum wage, and wage payment/wage collection acts where a violation is suspected. Private parties who build new facilities for State agencies, which contract to rent, lease, or purchase at least 80 percent of the facility to the agency, must comply with the State law requiring the payment of pre vailing wages on public works. Persons bringing suit against the surety bonds or deposits filed by farm labor contractors are no longer re quired to first obtain a judgment against the contractor prior to filing suit. Wage claims, including employee benefits, are specifi cally the first priority claim if total claims exceed the amount of the bond. A g r ic u ltu re . e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . A dis ability accommodation revolving fund was established for the use of State agencies in accommodating the unanticipated jobsite or equipment needs of disabled State em ployees. The Employment Security Department was directed to establish an information clearinghouse for use by disabled persons and private and public sector employees. Information is to be provided and published on services available to assist disabled per sons in their training and employment needs, and incentive programs and services available to employers o f disabled workers. An interagency task force was created to develop and implement recommendations to promote greater use o f disabled workers in the work force, greater interagency pro gram coordination, and improved services to the disabled and prospective and current employers. A resolution was adopted directing the Governor’s Committee on Disability Issues and Employment and the Developmental Disabilities Planning Council to report to the governor and the legislature, by January 1, 1988, on the progress made in imple menting the Committee’s recommenda tions directed toward the achievement of employment, independence, and economic well-being by citizens of disability. Equal The State Patrol Criminal Identification System was authorized to disclose a prospective em ployee’s record for convictions of offenses B a c k g r o u n d c le a r a n c e . against persons, adjudications of child abuse in a civil action, and disciplinary board final decisions to the State Board of Education, law enforcement agencies, the Department of Social and Health Services, and to any business or organization that educates, trains, treats, supervises, or pro vides recreation to developmentally dis abled persons or children under age 16. Applicants may be employed on a condi tional basis pending completion o f such a background investiation. Academic employees of community colleges now have collective bargaining rather than meet and confer rights. Other major changes in the law reg ulating community college negotiations in clude establishing employer and employee organization unfair labor practices, and permitting the negotiation of union security provisions other than the closed shop. Strikes are prohibited. The Public Employees’ Collective Bar gaining Act was amended to cover Univer sity of Washington printing craft employees in the Department of Printing. Members of the State patrol are now covered by the State Public Employees’ Collective Bargaining Act; unlike other covered employees, they may not bargain over wages and wage-related matters. Fact finding and mediation are provided for in the event of negotiation impasse and strikes are prohibited. L a b o r r e la tio n s . and tr a in in g . The State Youth Employment Exchange created within the employment security department to help unemployed young adults obtain available job opportunities in both public and private agencies was renamed the Washington Service Corps. Programs of educational assistance were added to exist ing job training and placement programs and a program emphasis in distressed areas of high unemployment and low family in come was mandated. E m p lo y m e n t A new law was enacted au thorizing and regulating employee coopera tive corporations. The Department of Community Development is to include an employee ownership program within its ex isting technical assistance programs. This program is to provide technical assistance and conduct educational programs on em ployee ownership and self-management. Employers are required to arrange em O th e r la w s . ployees’ worktime to allow each employee up to 2 hours for voting on primary or elec tion days during the time the polls are open. If the employee’s work schedule does not allow 2 free hours, an employer is required to grant up to 2 hours with pay during the employee’s work schedule for voting pur poses. These provisions will not apply if there is sufficient time for employees to submit absentee ballots following the scheduling of work hours. West Virginia The pro hibition against age discrimination in pub lic and private employment now applies to all persons over age 40 instead of those between age 40 and 65. The time limit for filing complaints of discrimination with the Human Rights Commission was extended from 90 to 180 days after the alleged act of discrimination. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . A com prehensive Occupational Safety and Health Act was enacted for public State employ ment administered by a new Division of Occupational Safety and Health within the Department of Labor. The Commissioner of Labor is to provide for the adoption of all standards of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, and of addi tional or more stringent standards as deemed advisable. Among other provi sions, the Commissioner is authorized to make inspections and to issue citations, variances and other determinations, subject to appeal to a governor-appointed Review Commission, and subsequent judicial re view. The Labor Commissioner is to pro vide for coordination with the workers’ compensation commissioner. The law does not apply to the Department of Corrections, the Department of Health, and the Legisla ture. Political subdivisions have the option to elect coverage. Coal miners have the right to refuse to work in an area or under conditions which they believe to be unsafe. Changes were made in the requirements or procedures for testing for gases, haulage equipment, pro tective equipment, and fire protection. Mine operators must now provide a copy of the proposed annual ventilation plan to the miners’ representative at least 10 days be fore it is submitted. O c c u p a tio n a l s a fe ty a n d h e a lth . la w s . The Department of Labor, scheduled to terminate on July 1, 1987 O th e r under sunset legislation, was extended to July 1, 1988. Employers are prohibited from discharg ing an employee who loses time from work as a result of emergency duty as a volunteer firefighter. Wisconsin W ages. The State basic minimum wage rate was increased administratively from $3.25 to $3.35 per hour effective Septem ber 1, 1987. The rate for minors under age 18 was increased from $2.90 to $3, the rate for tipped employees rose from $1.95 to $2.01 (from $1.65 to $1.71 for minors), and the hourly rate for agricultural workers was increased from $3.05 to $3.15 (from $2.70 to $2.80 for minors). Separate legislative attempts to increase the basic minimum wage rate in two steps to $3.85 per hour by January 1989 passed the legislature but were vetoed by the Governor. Wyoming W ages. Overtime pay of time and onehalf the regular hourly rate for laborers, mechanics, or workmen working on public works projects, previously required for all work over 8 hours a day, will now be re quired instead for hours worked in excess of 10 a day or 40 a week. Under the State prevailing wage law, the definition of locality for purposes of estab lishing prevailing wage rates on public con struction was changed from nine judicial districts to four geographic districts. Courts issuing a money judgment against an individual may now order a continuing wage garnishment for payment. The maxi mum portion of disposable income subject to continuing garnishment is the same as under the Federal wage garnishment law, and employers are prohibited from dis charging an employee because a creditor has subjected or attempted to subject an employee’s earnings to a continuing gar nishment. The law granting resident contractors preference in the awarding of public contracts was amended to clarify the definition of resident and to require the labor commissioner to certify residency and enforce the law and authorize the com missioner to issue certain regulations. The labor commissioner was also directed to enforce the law providing a preference for State laborers. Q P r e fe r e n c e . FOOTNOTES ‘Unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation are not within the scope o f this article, which is based on information received by November 5, 1987. Separate articles on each of these subjects are also published in the Monthly Labor Review. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 New asbestos abatement laws were enacted in Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Virginia. Amend ments were made to prior laws in Arkansas and Georgia. 61 State workers’ compensation: legislation enacted in 1987 Of 38 States passing legislation last year , one-third took action to improve medical care and rehabilitation services; several States now allow garnishment for the support of dependent children L a V erne C. T insley As of October 1, 1987, 232 amendments affecting State workers’ compensation programs had been enacted by 38 States. Significant changes were made in workers’ compen sation statutes covering medical care and vocational rehabil itation in 18 States. Seven States revised occupational dis ease statutes; in Oregon, the statue of limitations for filing claims was reduced from 5 years to 1 year. Other laws were amended covering insurance, attorney fees, and penalties, and fines were established to cover violations. Connecticut increased the percentage of the State average weekly wage upon which benefits are based for disability and death to 150 percent, formerly 100 percent. But New Mexico reduced the percentage of the State average weekly Alabama Two self-insured employer groups or more may now pool their liabilities for obtaining excess or reinsurance coverage above the retention levels maintained by individual employer groups. Arizona Handicapped clients enrolled in vocational training programs offered by nonprofit or ganizations may now be covered for work- LaVeme C. Tinsley is a State standards adviser in the Office o f State Liaison and Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administra tion, U .S. Department o f Labor. 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis wage used in determining compensation for total disability from 100 percent to 85 percent. The freeze on benefits for disability and death was extended for an additional month in Maine. A new freeze was placed on 1987 compensation rates in Montana. Several States now allow garnishment of compensation benefits for the support of dependent children of workers’ compensation recipients. Many study committees and commissions were contin ued, and new ones established to review and recommend possible changes that would improve the overall compensa tion system. The 1987 legislative changes by State follow. ers’ compensation at the option o f the orga nization. Lump-sum compensation payments for certain cases o f disability, or for death, may be received up to a maximum o f $50,000 after June 30, 1987. The Director o f the Industrial Commis sion is required to employ an ombudsman to provide assistance to workers’ compen sation recipients concerning the State’s workers’ compensation program and the rules governing claims proceedings and methods used in determining benefits. A definition for “loss of use” was added to the law for purposes o f compensating partial disabilities. Another new provision provides for a penalty o f 25 percent based on any previ ously awarded benefits for charges of un- fair claims processing or bad faith practices by an employer, insurer, or others who handle claims, and is in addition to any compensation awarded. Payments made by the State Compensation Fund will be reim bursed by the State Compensation Fund. Arkansas Coverage is broadened to include certain volunteer public safety workers. Group self-insurance programs which give credits against renewal premiums based on annual loss experience have been opened to local governments. The filing requirements for obtaining self-insurance or group selfinsurance status (includes, posting a surety bond, posting securities, or obtaining excess insurance) are no longer applicable. Colorado Florida The maximum weekly benefit level for a “schedule” injury was increased from $84 to $150; and for a nonschedule injury from $84 to $120. Total maximum compensa tion payable is $ 3 7 ,5 6 0 , p rev io u sly $26,292. Indemnity payments for total dis ability and temporary partial disability will cease when the employee reaches maxi mum medical improvement, returns to work, or is capable of returning to work, refuses an offer of rehabilitation, or when payments are discontinued at the discretion of the Director of the Division o f Labor. Injured employees are newly entitled to receive unlimited vocational rehabilitation benefits from the Major Medical Insurance Fund. The time limit (52 weeks) on receipt of vocational rehabilitation benefits from the Fund has been eliminated. The provi sion of furnishing rehabilitation benefits is no longer an obligation o f the employer. A surcharge will be assessed against all workers’ compensation insurance premi ums to cover employers against claims for personal injuries to their employees. Two employers or more in the same or similar type of business, or who are mem bers of the same bona fide trade or profes sional association are permitted to form self-insurance pools for workers’ compen sation purposes. The title, “hearing officers,” has been changed to “administra-tive law judges.” An independent study o f the State’s present workers’ compensation system may now be authorized by the Director of the Division of Labor to determine the sys tem’s effectiveness. The maximum compensation payable to dependents of nonresident aliens in cases of death was increased from $ 1 ,0 0 0 to $50,000. Injured employees are eligible to receive lump-sum compensation payments 3 months (formerly 6 months) after reach ing maximum medical improvement. Authority was given to the Division of Workers’ Compensation to assess a civil penalty against any carrier who deauthorizes a health care provider approved by an employer. A 1-year study of deauthoriza tion complaints by the Division of Work ers’ Compensation and the Department of Labor and Employment Security was ap proved to determine whether current law is adequate for protecting the interests of in jured employees. . Connecticut ,,oiv*n « The State average weekly wage, upon which benefits are based for disability and death, was raised from 100 to 150 percent. Doctors must now furnish a medical re port to the employer, employee, or the em ployee’s attorney within 30 days after com pleting an examination of the employee. A task force was formed to study the State’s liability as an employer under the workers’ compensation act, including the State’s management structure, budgeting procedures, and funding methods used to regulate such liability. Methods must also be explored for reducing the human and financial costs of such liability. Delaware Employees of volunteer ambulance compa nies and employees of the University of Delaware’s Emergency Care Unit have been given coverage for workers’ compen sation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Georgia Coverage was broadened to include pub licly employed medical technicians perma nently disabled or killed while performing during an emergency occurring after July 1, 1977. E lected o ffic ia ls o f a countygoverning authority are now also covered. Compensation for death benefits based on partial dependency will be terminated at age 65, or after payment of 400 weeks of benefits, whichever is greater. The terms “occupational disease” and “disablement” have been modified. The schedule of compensable occupational dis eases and the statute of limitations provi sions for occupational disease were deleted from the law . Further, coverage was dropped for some cases of psychiatric and psychological problems and heart and vas cular diseases. All disability claims for oc cupational disease must be filed prior to 7 years after last injurious exposure to the hazard of a disease in the workplace; and death claims must be filed within 1 year after death if the cause of action was not barred during the employee’s life. A Senate workers’ compensation study committee was created to study the condi tions, needs, issues and problems associ ated with providing rehabilitative services to injured employees. Recommendations for legislation must be made on or before December 15, 1988. Hawaii Coverage was extended to volunteer boat ing enforcement officers and to psycholo gists under the definition of “physician.” Reference to “volunteer deputy fish and gam e w arden” has been changed to “volunteer conservation and resources en forcement officer.” An amendment provided for a $150,000 appropriation for the organization and sponsorship of a conference on the State Fund which will give business, labor, carri ers, government officials, and others an op portunity to discuss the most effective ways o f implementing the objectives of the Fund. Idaho The burial allowance was increased from $1,500 to $3,000. Iowa Medical care personnel who provide emer gency services are newly covered for work ers’ compensation. Kansas Total maximum compensation was in creased to $125,000, formerly $100,000, for permanent total d isab ility and to $200,000, from $100,000, for the death of a worker. In cases of temporary total and permanent partial disability, the total maxi mum compensation that may be received is $100,000, formerly $75,000. The coverage of wholly dependent chil dren was extended to include any child who is less than 23 years of age and who is not physically or mentally capable of earning wages in any type o f substantial or gainful employment, or any child who is a full time student. Employees are allowed to select a physi cian o f their own choosing without prior approval of the Director of Workers’ Com pensation (Director); however, liability of the employer is limited to costs of up to $350. All preventive medical care and treatment for exposure to hepatitis on the job is the responsibility of employers. The Director of Workers’ Compensation is no longer required to use information based upon medical evidence in determin ing the percentage of an employee’s dis ability and the proportion of an award at tributable to a preexisting physical or mental impairment. Attorney fees for an initial workers’ compensation claim are limited to a reason able amount determined by the director, or 25 percent of any compensation recovered and paid, whichever is less. References to “Workmen’s Compensa tion Act” and “workmen’s compensation” were changed to “Workers’ Compensation A c t” and “ w o r k e r s’ c o m p e n s a tio n ” throughout the statute. Injured employees are now entitled to vocational rehabilitation if the compen sable injury or disease prohibits the em ployee from working for the same em ployer with or without accommodation. The director is authorized to refer an in jured worker to an agency for rehabilitation if the worker is off the job for 90 days, or 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • if the director determines that rehabilitation services are needed, in cases in which reha bilitation has not been offered voluntarily. Costs for vocational rehabilitation, reed ucation, or training away from the em ployee’s customary place of residence, have been increased to a maximum of $3,500, from $2,000. An additional $2 ,000, formerly $ 1,000, may be paid in unusual cases at the discretion of the direc tor. The period allowed for vocational reha bilitation was extended to 36 weeks, previ ously 26 weeks; and in extremely unusual cases, the period may be extended an addi tional 36 weeks. Employers are relieved from liability for subsequent injury to a handicapped worker if the employer files a written notice of his or her knowledge of an employee’s preex isting impairment. Kentucky In a special session, workers’ compensa tion legislation was enacted raising pre mium assessments on employers 23.3 per cent, up from .75 percent. The increase is anticipated to reduce the Kentucky Special Fund’s unfunded liability estimated at $1.7 billion. Louisiana The method used for determining the em ployee’s average weekly wage when the employee is paid on a monthly basis was changed. Monthly wages are now multi plied by 12 and divided by 52; formerly monthly wages were divided by 4. Fees for nonemergency medical care are limited to $ 1,000, without the mutual con sent of the employee, the employer, or the employer’s insurer. After the initial selec tion of a physician by the employee in any field or specialty, approval must be ob tained from the employer or carrier for changing the treating physician. A pri vately owned vehicle may be used by an employee for transportation to receive medical benefits. Employees who use their own vehicles are entitled to reimbursement at the same rate per mile as established for reimbursement of State employees who use their personal vehicles while doing busi ness for the State. The Director of the Office of Risk Man agement of the Division of Administration is required to establish and promulgate a medical fee schedule for State self-insured workers’ compensation cases. Health care providers who treat workers’ compensation claimants must release medi cal records upon request by the employer, carrier, or employee. The assessment for immovable property 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Workers’ Compensation Legislation Enacted in 1987 that a foreign corporation must own in Lou isiana as security for workers’ compensa tion benefit payments was raised from $25,000 to $100,000. A Special Commission on Workers’ Compensation and Safety was created to study the feasibility of developing plans and procedures for establishing the Louisi ana Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund, and for developing safety programs for all public and private sector employees. A report on the work of the Commission is scheduled for preparation no later than March 30, 1988. Maine All prisoners are excluded from coverage, except those who are serving the final 72 hours or less of a sentence, those assigned to work outside of the prison facility, and those who are employed under a work re lease program. New coverage was enacted for workrelated stress considered extraordinary and unusual in comparison to pressure and ten sions experienced by the average em ployee; and the work-related stress is the predominant cause o f the mental injury. A person who employs an independent contractor is not liable for workers’ com pensation protection for the employees of the independent contractor. The freeze in effect until July 1, 1988, on maximum weekly benefits for disability and death occurring on or after June 30, 1985, was extended an additional month, to August 1, 1988. The Superintendent of Insurance is au thorized to assign certain cases to insurers who participate in the accident prevention account and in the safety pool. Employers who fail to secure their liabil ities for funding the Second Injury Fund will now be fined up to a maximum of $ 10, 000. A Joint Select Committee was formed to study the costs of providing benefits under the Workers’ Compensation Act. Maryland Legislation provides for an annual cost-ofliving adjustment for recipients of perma nent total disability benefits based on in creases in the Consumer Price Index; however, the annual rate of change applied as an adjustment may not exceed 5 percent. The Workmen’s Compensation Com mission is required, at least once every 2 years, to review the fees and charges estab lished for medical care and make appropri ate revisions as necessary. Providers of vo cational rehabilitation services must now be registered with the Commission or be subject to penalty. Group self-insurance pools may be es tablished by a county board of education, a community college, a regional community college, and now by employers in order to meet their obligations for workers’ com pensation. Funding for the Subsequent Injury Fund is provided through assessments against employers or insurers that equal 65 percent of all awards and settlement agreements ap proved on or after July 1, 1987. The Workers’ Compensation Commis sion is now authorized to request a review by the Occupational Safety and Health Ad ministration of work sites and practices of each industry and employer it has identified for evidence of excessive safety violations. The Workers’ Compensation Benefit and Insurance Oversight Committee was set up to examine and evaluate the condition of the State’s workers’ compensation benefit and insurance structure. Michigan Suits for damages against an employer are permitted by employees in cases in which injury or occupational disease is the result of an act of intentional tort as determined by the court. Minnesota Elective coverage is extended to sole pro prietors, to certain family members of the sole proprietors, and to an executive officer of a closely held corporation having less than 22,880 hours of payroll during the pre ceding calendar year, if the officer owns at least 25 percent of the corporate stock. Coverage may also be elected for an inde pendent contractor. For injuries resulting from total loss of taste or smell occurring between December 31, 1983, and November 12, 1985, the dis ability rating used for determining benefits is set at 3 percent. Expenses for travel, lodging, and meals of employees have been made the responsi bility of the employer under medical care. Monitored medical care and surgical treat ment must be reported to the Medical Serv ice Review Board. Testimony of a health care provider is allowed only in cases of occupational disease, cardio-pulmonary in juries or diseases, injuries from cumulative trauma, issues of apportionment of liabil ity, and mental disorders, or upon a com pensation judge’s order. The Commissioner of Labor and Indus try is responsible for preparation o f recom mendations to reduce workers’ compensa tion insurance premiums to be submitted to the legislature before January 1, 1988. The proposals should consider benefit levels for wage replacement and should be designed to reduce the high rate of litigation and increase the equity of the system. Other revisions in the law include grounds and procedures for discontinuing payment of benefits, settlement o f dis putes, expedition of hearings in cases in volving financial hardship, and a general administrative reform. Mississippi The Commission is empowered to impose sanctions against parties who make frivolous claims. Assessments maintained by the Second Injury Fund from death cases may not ex ceed $350,000, previously $250,000. The Workers’ Compensation Commis sion is authorized to appoint a medical ad visory board for advisory purposes and for studying the possibility of the Commis sion’s use of a medical fee schedule. An advisory council was established for purposes of informing and advising the Commission on all matters related to the administration of the act. Montana Numerous revisions were made in the workers’ compensation statutes. For in stance, the law now specifies which em ployments are required to come within the act, which may elect coverage, and which employments are excluded. Cost-of-living allowances will now be paid for cases of permanent total disability. The compensation rates effective in 1987 are frozen for 2 years. The waiting period for payment of compensation for tempo rary total disability is 7 days if the injured employee has not returned to work after 5 days; previously it was the day after injury. A limited dollar amount will be used in determining a lump-sum compensation payment. Death benefits for a spouse may be received up to 10 years. Previously, payments for death were for life. Compen sation for incarcerated felons is no longer permitted and only one compensation award is permitted for impairment of the same body part. Payment of claimant attorney fees and costs are allowed in cases where an insurer has been unreasonable or where a claimant has been successful. In cases involving third-party settle ments, the insurer is entitled to subrogation rights. Also, a provision was enacted which prohibits the firing of an employee solely because the employee filed a claim for compensation. An insurer’s liability for payment of ben efits to a certified vocationally handicapped person is limited to 104 weeks of compen sation. Garnishment or attachment may be placed against workers’ compensation ben https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis efit payments for child support in certain cases. The amount of bond required for guaran tee of benefit payments now begins at a minimum of $25,000 and extends to a max imum of $200,000; formerly the amounts were $5,000 and $100,000, respectively. Injured workers are newly entitled to 2 years of preferential hiring with the same employer. Criminal penalties will go into effect against persons who file fraudulent claims or obtain benefits by wrongful means. The period within which occurrence of an injury must be reported to the employer or insurer was reduced to 30 days from 60 days. Compensation benefit payments to a cer tified vocationally handicapped person may not exceed 104 weeks. Insurers have authority to give immedi ate financial incentives to employers who institute approved safety programs. Additional staff may be employed by the Division of Workers’ Compensation as needed to ensure the timely processing of claims. Nebraska The Subsequent Injury Fund is solely re sponsible for compensating cases of perma nent physical impairment resulting in death or greater disability by the combined ef fects of a preexisting impairment and a sub sequent injury. Cancer caused by exposure to a known carcinogen which is reasonably associated with cancer is covered as an occupational disease of any person employed as a fire fighter for at least 5 years. Also, police officers and firefighters are relieved of the burden o f proving their heart disease is from exposure to noxious gases, fumes or smoke, overexertion, stress, and danger, unless these employees suffered from such an ailment during a 5-year period preceding employment. X-ray examinations required to detect lung diseases of police officers and fire fighters will now be scheduled more fre quently; however, complete lung tests of volunteer firefighters are not mandatory. Compensation is now allowed for expo sure to asbestos resulting in permanent total disability or death. Employers have the option to provide occupational disease coverage to em ployees who were previously excluded. New Hampshire Coverage was broadened to include prison inmates while they are working for the De partment of Correctional Services under certain circumstances. Maximum weekly benefits for disability and death were raised to $235, formerly $225. On July 1, 1988, benefits will in crease to $245. The minimum benefit level remains at $49. The Workers’ Compensation Court is now authorized to establish and publish schedules of maximum fees for medical, surgical, and hospital services. Workers’ compensation awards may now be garnished for child support obligations. Benefits for rehabilitation must be pro vided within 5 workdays after the labor commissioner has rendered a decision in any case. A p r i m a f a c i e presumption was added to the law stating that a disease in a firefighter is occupationally related, provided that there is no record of reasonable medical evidence that the employee was free of the disease at the beginning of employment. Nevada New Jersey Sole proprietors and certain corporate offi cers are now permitted to be covered for workers’ compensation. Injuries occurring to employees on or af ter July 1, 1987, that result in a disability rating for permanent partial disability ex ceeding 25 percent may be compensated in a lump sum. The waiting period for temporary total disability compensation is a minimum of 5 consecutive days, or 5 cumulative days, within a 20-day period. The terms “medical benefits” and “rehabilitative services” have been added to the definitions of “accident benefits” and “compen-sation,” respectively. An insurer who pays compensation for subsequent injury is entitled to reimburse ment from the Subsequent Injury Fund if the employee has misrepresented his or her original claim for injury. Individuals working as public employees under general supervision of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission of New Jersey are covered for workers’ compensation. New coverage is provided for certain claimants whose insurance carriers have become insolvent. They are now covered under the Federal Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act. New Mexico A new Labor Department has been created and the Workers’ Compensation Division established within the Department to ad minister the workers’ compensation law. The new Division has all the authority and duties for administration that were previ ously assigned to the Workers’ Compensa tion Administration agency. Legislation was enacted reducing maxi mum weekly benefits for total disability 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • from 100 percent to 85 percent of the State average weekly wage. The weekly com pensation period for total disability was raised to a maximum of 700 weeks, for merly 600 weeks; except for cases of total disability from primary and secondary mental impairment (100 weeks). For un scheduled permanent partial disability, the maximum payment period was increased to 600 weeks from 500 weeks, except for per manent partial disability resulting from pri mary and secondary mental impairment (100 weeks). The allowance for funerals was in creased from $1,500 to $3,000. Employers are required to furnish psy chiatric and psychological services to in jured employees when necessary. And for occupational diseases, they are responsible for furnishing physical therapy and dental and optométrie services. A $2,500 limit has been established for vocational evaluation and counseling services. The additional $3,000 allowable as maintenance for living expenses, tuition, and travel during reha bilitation training has been eliminated. Training must now be completed within 2 years from the date the vocational rehabili tation training is determined as necessary. Other new and detailed procedures have been established concerning vocational re habilitation services. Attorney fees are payable up to a maxi mum of $12,500 and additional fees may be authorized if the employer has acted in bad faith. An offset of unemployment compensa tion benefits against total disability benefits was added to the law. A Joint Interim Legislative “Workers’ Compensation Committee” was set up to study the State’s workers’ compensation program. The committee is required to sub mit a report and any recommendations for legislation to the Legislature on or before December 15, 1987. New York Under certain circumstances, benefits pur suant to the Longshore and Harbor Work ers’ Compensation Act are now payable with respect to coverage of employees lo cated or resident only in the State of New York. A 2-year statute of limitations is estab lished for filing discrimination complaints against an employer, after the employer’s commission of a discriminatory practice. North Carolina Compulsory coverage under the law is now required of employers with three regular employees or more; however, the excep tions established pertaining to agriculture, domestic services, and sawmill and logging 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Workers’ Compensation Legislation Enacted in 1987 operations are still applicable. The require ment that hernia injury be accompanied by pain was eliminated. Compensation for hernia is permitted if the condition arises out of and in the course of employment and is the direct result of a specific traumatic incident of the assigned work. Maximum weekly benefits will be com puted by multiplying the State average weekly wage by 1.10 and by rounding the figure to its nearest multiple of $2. Benefits for serious facial or head disfig urement and for body organ damage were raised to $20,000, from $10,000. Addi tionally, maximum benefits for burial are $2,000, formerly $1,000. Revisions made in the occupational dis ease statutes which affect compensation for hearing loss, change the statute of limita tions for claims in which payments have been discontinued and additional compen sation is claimed, by requiring that such claims be made within 2 years after the last payment date, formerly 1 year after last payment. The fines for noncompliance with in surance requirements are increased to $1 per employee, formerly 10 cents, but not less than $50, formerly $1, nor more than $100, formerly $50, for each day o f noncompliance. North Dakota Coverage was broadened to include full time firefighters and emergency medical technicians who contract infectious dis eases in the line of duty. In death ca ses, the total maximum amount o f com pensation allow able is $197,000, formerly $175,000. Supplemen tary compensation payments for total dis ability have been raised from a minimum of $143 to $150. Garnishment of benefits for any child support obligation may be ordered by the court. Vocational rehabilitation benefits are limited to 2 years, except in cases o f catastrophic injury in which a worker is permanently and totally disabled and needs rehabilitation to return to gainful employ ment. Fees to cover expenses for relocation and/or remodeling of living and business facilities are payable up to an amount not exceeding $10,000; previously, the maxi mum allowable was $5,000. The name of the “Workmen’s Compen sation Bureau” has been changed to “Workers’ Compensation Bureau” (Bu reau). The Legislative Council is directed to study the functions and duties of the Bu reau, in particular, to decide whether cer tain functions of the agency should be per formed by a single agency. Oklahoma By enactment, an examining physician is required to evaluate deafness or hearing im pairment according to the latest “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment” adopted and published by the American Medical Association. These guides are the exclusive basis for testimony and conclu sions concerning cases of hearing impair ment. Oregon The Department of Insurance and Finance is newly created and the Workers’ Com pensation Department abolished. All statu tory duties, functions, and authority of the Workers’ Compensation Department have been transferred to the Department of In surance and Finance. Newspaper delivery persons who are 19 years o f age or older are exempted from coverage; and amateur sports officials are no longer required to carry health in surance. Injured workers who are required to leave work for a period of 4 hours or more to receive medical consultation, examina tion, or treatment with regard to a com pensable injury, are entitled to receive tem porary disability benefits for the period during which the worker is absent and until the worker is determined to be medically stationary. Injuries occurring solely as a result of any personal recreational or social activities for the employee’s personal plea sure are not covered as a compensable in jury. The definition of occupational disease has been generally revised. Approval for formation of self-insured employer groups is granted to certain cities, counties, special districts, intergovernmen tal agencies, general school districts, and regional council of governments. Provisions concerning death benefits to dependent children and other surviving de pendents o f a deceased employee were amended. The statute o f limitations for filing occu pational disease claims was reduced to 1 year, formerly 5 years. Employees actively engaged in rehabili tation training are entitled to receive tempo rary disability benefits for a period of 16 months; however, an extension may be au thorized by the Director o f the Workers’ Compensation Department when good cause is shown. Reports o f vocational rehabilitation agencies or counselors and all medical re ports must be made available to the worker or employer upon request. Other provisions of the law pertaining to vocational rehabili tation hearings, and selection of a voca tional rehabilitiation provider, medical services, claims, and workers’ compensa tion ratings and penalties have all been re vised. The Director of Workers’ Compensation is authorized to recover fees incurred from noncomplying employers when the Direc tor has prevailed in a suit brought against such employer for noncompliance with the law. Rhode Island Dependency benefits for a child over the age of 18 years will now continue to be paid if the person is satisfactorily enrolled as a full-time student in an accredited educa tional institution or facility; however, such payments will be terminated at age 23 years. An employer is required to continue pay ment of health insurance benefits for 2 years, formerly 1 year, after an employee receives weekly compensation benefits pursuant to a preliminary determination by the Department of Workers’ Compensation or a decision of the Workers’ Compensa tion Commission; if the employer files a memorandum of agreement or notice o f di rect payment with the Department for in juries occurring on or before February 28, 1986. Table 1. a service as an employee of a person acting as an independent contractor. Peace offi cers are covered as State employees while making warrantless arrests outside of their jurisdictions. The Industrial Accident Board is re quired to establish and maintain guidelines for medical fees and charges, necessary treatment, and an internal program of sys tematic monitoring of charges to ensure that the guidelines are not exceeded. An annual report must be submitted to the leg islature indicating the degree to which the fees paid comply with the guidelines. In any lifetime benefit case, under cer tain conditions in which a dispute arises over medical benefits, the Industrial Acci dent Board may make an award that shall be appealable in accordance with other ap peals, but only to the extent o f the medical benefits in question. Guidelines for charges and utilization o f medical services must also be developed by the Board. Persons guilty of unethical or fraudulent conduct during a hearing before the Indus trial Accident Board may be barred from practicing before the Board. In compensable cases where disputes ex ist between two or more employers as to the liability for benefits, each employer will be The terms “widow” and “widower” have been changed to “sur-viving spouse.” A Special Legislative Commission is created to review rehabilitation under the workers’ compensation act and make rec ommendations for retraining and/or educa tion o f the disabled worker. The Special Legislative Commission established to study the feasibility o f creating a Statecontrolled workers’ compensation program has been reinstated with the same members and is scheduled to expire on July 3, 1988. South Carolina The South Carolina Industrial Commission has been renamed the South Carolina Workers’ Compensation Commission. Texas Although mandatory coverage of family members is no longer applicable under the employer’s workers’ compensation in surance policy, elective coverage is avail able by law. It has been determined that a farm or ranch worker who performs work, or who provides a service for the benefit of the farm or ranch covered by law, is an employee of that employer unless the worker is hired to perform work or provide Jurisdictions which increased maximum weekly temporary total disability benefits during 1987 J u ris d ic tio n N e w m axim u m F o rm e r m axim um $319.00 $1,114.00 $175.00 $351.68 $408.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age, up to 50 percent of basic benefit, not to exceed 75 percent of employee’s wage $331.00 $1,108.00 $189.00 $357.63 $643.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age, up to 50 percent of basic benefit, not to exceed 75 percent of employee’s wage $244.22 $431.70 $315.00 $299.00 $269.00 to $373.75, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent of State’s average weekly wage for each child up to 5 children $250.53 $453.94 $330.00 $318.00 $278.10 to $386.25, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent of State’s average weekly wage for each child up to 5 children Illinois ........................ Iowa .......................... Kansas ..................... K entucky................... Louisiana................... M aryland................... Massachusetts........... $544.00 $613.00 $247.00 $316.54 $261.00 $344.00 $383.57, plus $6 for each dependent, if weekly benefits are below $150 $548.56 $632.00 $256.00 $322.19 $262.00 $365.00 $411.00, plus $6 for each dependent, if weekly benefits are below $150 Michigan ................... Minnesota ................. Missouri..................... Nebraska................... N e vada..................... $375.00 $360.00 $261.19 $225.00 $341.95 $391.00 $376.00 $269.81 $235.00 $353.01 Alabama ................... Alaska ....................... Arkansas ................... Colorado ................... Connecticut............... Delaware................... District of Columbia .. Florida....................... H aw aii........................ Idaho.......................... Note: Most benefit increases are based on the applicable jurisdiction’s average weekly or monthly wage. However, nine States (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, and Tennessee) an<j Puerto Rico prescribe statutory amounts. Six https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jurisdiction Former maximum New maximum New Hampshire......... New J e rs e y ............... New M exico............... North C arolina........... North D a kota............. $492.00 $284.00 $298.63 $294.00 $296.00, plus $5 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed worker’s net wages $525.00 $302.00 $270.97 $308.00 $299.00 plus $5 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed worker's net wages Ohio .......................... Oklahoma ................. Oregon ..................... Pennsylvania............. Rhode Isla n d ............. $365.00 $217.00 $344.77 $347.00 $320.00, plus $9 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker’s average weekly wage $376.00 $231.00 $355.04 $361.00 $337.00, plus $9 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker's average weekly wage South Carolina........... South Dakota............. Tennessee ................. Texas ....................... Utah .......................... $294.95 $262.00 $189.00 $224.00 $329.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4 children, but not to exceed 100 percent of State’s average weekly wage $465.00, plus $10 for each dependent under age 21 $308.24 $272.00 $210.00 $231.00 $335.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4 children, but not to exceed 100 percent of State’s average weekly wage $486.00, plus $10 for each dependent under age 21 $187.00 $326.00 $272.72 $343.06 $329.00 $348.01 $185.00 $344.00 $288.70 $350.83 $338.00 $362.37 Vermont..................... Virgin Islands............. Virginia ..................... W ashington............... West V irginia............. Wisconsin ................. W yom ing................... of the nine States (Arizona, California, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, and New York) and Puerto Rico made no changes in the benefit amounts. Benefits were frozen in Maine for a period of 3 years and in Montana for 2 years. 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • required to pay a proportionate share o f the benefits. The Joint Select Committee on Workers’ Compensation Insurance was created to conduct a detailed study of the workers’ compensation system in Texas, the effect of the system on employees and employers, and how other States have addressed prob lems that Texas now faces. A complete re port, including findings, recommenda tions, and drafts of any legislation deemed necessary, must be prepared for the 71st Legislature to consider when it convenes in January 1989. New criteria are now in effect concern ing time requirements for nonrenewal of a subscriber’s workers’ compensation in surance policy. Also, criteria for use in scheduling loca tions for workers’ compensation hearings are now available that apply to claimants and to the Texas Employers’ Insurance As sociation. Utah The “State Insurance Fund” will now be known as the “Workers’ Compensation Fund of Utah;” and responsibility for deter mining and setting premium rates has been 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Workers’ Compensation Legislation Enacted in 1987 transferred from the Industrial Commission to the Division of Finance. Legislation was enacted which requires insurance carriers and employers to pay $30,000 into the Uninsured Employers’ Fund, or the Second Injury Fund, in no dependency death cases to maintain the sol vency o f the funds. Vermont Workers who recover from work-related injuries within a 2-year period are entitled to be reinstated with seniority to the first available and suitable positions considering the jobs held by the workers at the time of injury. Virginia Members o f the State National Guard and auxiliary and reserve deputy sheriffs while on duty are volunteer employees and are now covered for workers’ compensation. Schedule injury awards for incurable im becility or insanity, except those resulting in total paralysis, may not extend beyond the 500-week limit for total and partial in capacity. Compensation for schedule injury will be paid for a specified period in addi tion to all other compensation benefits. Formerly, such compensation was in lieu of all other compensation. The maximum amount payable for reha bilitative appliances for an injured em ployee was increased to $20,000, from $10,000. The Industrial Commission will order payment of attorney fees, costs and charges of physicians and hospitals by an employer, employee or insurance carrier in contested claims cases determined to be compensable. Self-insurance certification may be re voked within 30 days, previously 60 days, from notification date to hearing date. Washington All agricultural workers now come within coverage; previously workers who earned less than $150 in a calendar year had no coverage. Automatic coverage of certa'n corporate officers was removed from the law. Wyoming Elective coverage is authorized for em ployees and occupations not designated as extra hazardous. Major Agreements Expiring Next Month T h is list o f selecte d co llectiv e b a rg a in in g a g reem en ts ex p irin g in F eb ru a ry is b ased on in fo r m a tio n collected by the B u r e a u ’s O ffice o f W a g es an d In d u stria l R e la tio n s. T h e list in clu d es agreem en ts coverin g 1 ,0 0 0 w o rk ers o r m o re. P riv a te in d u stry is a rra n g ed in o rd er o f S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C la ssific a tio n . In d u s tr y o r a c tiv ity E m p lo y e r a n d lo c a tio n L a b o r o r g a n iz a tio n 1 N um ber o f w ork ers P r iv a te Association of Bituminous Contractors, Inc. (Interstate) ...................... Mine Workers (In d .)........................ 3,500 Plumbing and Air Conditioning Contractors of Arizona (Phoenix, Plumbers .......................................... 1,800 Food and Commercial Workers 1,400 Anheuser-Busch, Inc. (Interstate)........................................................... Teamsters.......................................... 9,000 Instruments .................................... Honeywell Inc. (Minneapolis, Teamsters......................................... 6,350 Water transportation ...................... Marine Towing and Transportation Employers’ Association (New York, N Y ) Longshoremen’s Association .......... 3,000 Communication .............................. Central Telephone Co. of Florida (Florida)............................................ Electrical Workers ( I B E W ) ............................. 1,000 Retail trade .................................... Kroger Food Stores (Columbus, ..................................................... Food and Commercial Workers . . . . 4,000 Stop and Shop Stores (Massachusetts and Rhode Island)...................... Food and Commercial Workers . . . . 7,200 Stop and Shop Stores, grocery departments (Connecticut).................... Food and Commercial Workers . . . . 5,200 Stop and Shop Stores, meat departments (Connecticut) ........................ Food and Commercial Workers . . . . 1,450 Stop and Shop Stores (Massachusetts)................................................... Food and Commercial Workers . . . . 1,250 Restaurants...................................... Restaurant League of New York, Inc. (New York) .............................. Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees 4,000 Services .......................................... San Francisco Maintenance Contractors Association (California) ........ Service Employees .......................... 2,700 Hospitals ........................................ Health Employers Inc., service and maintenance employees (Minneapolis-St. Paul, M N ) Service Employees .......................... 3,800 Stanford University Medical Center (Palo Alto, ............................ Nurses Association (Ind.) ................ 1,250 Transit ............................................ Colorado: Denver Transit Authority....................................................... Transit Union.................................... 1,500 Education........................................ Ohio: Toledo Board of Education, classified employees ...................... State, County and Municipal Employees 1,400 Construction.................................... Food products ................................ Campbell Soup Co. (Camden, n j ) a z ) . ......................................................... M N ) O H ) ....................................................................................................... C A ) P u b lic 'Affiliated with a f l -CIO https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis except where noted as independent (Ind.). Book Reviews A provocative contribution The International Monetary System: Essays in World Eco nomics. By Richard N. Cooper. Cambridge, m a , The mit Press, 1987. 284 pp. $27.50, cloth; $9.95, paper. This volume consists of a collection of 13 essays written by Richard N. Cooper between 1969 and 1984. The essays are arranged topically and touch on many of the major issues in international economics and provide insights into the evolution of the international monetary system. The introduction provides brief summaries of the essays and background on the historical context in which the essays were written. Cooper’s role as an adviser to policymakers is also mentioned. The first essay, published in 1975, outlines the character istics of alternative international monetary regimes and dis cusses some of the factors that lead countries to prefer one regime over another. He notes that preferences arise from differences in national objectives and in technical consider ations related to the best way to achieve those objectives (for example, the willingness to allow the market to determine exchange rates). Cooper suggests several ways for improv ing the international monetary system. One is to modify the structure of the International Monetary Fund (imf) to over see managed floating exchange rates and to serve as a cen tral bank to central banks. He develops this theme more completely in a later essay. The next three essays discuss aspects of alternative inter national monetary systems: the gold standard, ways to add more flexibility to a system of fixed exchange rates, and experience under floating exchange rates. The essay on the gold standard, written in 1981, presents a persuasive case that the gold standard did not produce price stability when it was in effect and would not if adopted again. The essay on adding more flexibility to a system of fixed exchange rates, written in 1969, advocates methods to introduce more flexibility into exchange rates, while retaining some of the advantages of fixed exchange rates. Cooper discusses a sys tem of gliding parities with weekly changes of a fixed amount triggered by changes in a country’s international reserve position. The essay on experience under floating exchange rates, written in 1980, discusses exchange rate movements during 1973-80 and concludes that floating ex change rates contributed significantly to world economic performance given the severe economic shocks of the pe riod. In a later essay, Cooper amends this conclusion. 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The essay on the balance-of-payments process before generalized floating exchange rates, written in 1972, points out that adjustment can occur through changes in aggregate demand, controls on international transactions, or changes in exchange rates. Cooper suggests that changes in ex change rates are the most desirable of these alternatives and that greater flexibility in exchange rates should be empha sized. Of course, generalized floating exchange rates went into effect the following year. The essay on the balance-ofpayments adjustment process after floating exchange rates, written in 1976, discusses the surveillance role the Interna tional Monetary Fund should play in monitoring exchange rate changes. The next four essays concern the role of key currencies or principal reserve assets in the international monetary sys tem: two essays on the dollar, one on a common European currency, and one on special drawing rights. The essays on the dollar, written in the early 1970’s, point out why the international monetary system is not completely symmetri cal with respect to all currencies and why the dollar is likely to remain the key international currency for many years to come. The reason rests on the relative importance of the United States as a trading nation. The 1971 essay discusses the creation of a common currency in the context of mone tary cooperation within the European Community. Implica tions for the international monetary system are discussed. One implication was that greater monetary autonomy from the United States would be possible. The 1983 essay dis cusses a paper by Peter Kenan that advocates a more impor tant role for special drawing rights. Cooper agrees and sug gests that it would be in the Nation’s interest to encourage such a role for special drawing rights in order to lessen the burden on the dollar. Cooper argues that domestic policy options in the United States would be expanded if the dollar did not play such a large role in the future. The final three essays review the international monetary system in the 1980’s, suggest an expanded role for the International Monetary Fund, and outline an international monetary system for the future. The essay on the interna tional monetary system in the 1980’s, written in 1982, at tempts to provide an overview of all aspects of the interna tional monetary system for nonspecialists. The essay emphasizes the role of the international monetary system in balance-of-payments adjustment and in providing interna tional liquidity. The essay on the expanded role for the International Monetary Fund, written in 1983, points out that national central banks evolved into their current roles and that the imf has also been evolving during the past 40 years. Cooper draws parallels between the evolution of na tional central banks and the evolution of the International Monetary Fund as a full-fledged central bank for the world. He suggests some of the ways the International Monetary Fund might need to evolve further, including an extended role for special drawing rights and the ability of the Fund to create them. He also suggests an expanded role.for the International Monetary Fund in countercyclical world eco nomic stabilization. The essay on an international monetary system for the future is the most recent essay in the volume and is perhaps the most thought provoking. Cooper argues that present international monetary arrangements are not sustainable because movements in real exchange rates are too large and unpredictable under floating rates given rela tively free trade and capital movements. This viewpoint differs from the author’s earlier view of performance under floating exchange rates. To overcome the difficulties of the present system, Cooper advocates the adoption of a single international currency with a single monetary authority di recting monetary policy. Such a system would obviously eliminate exchange rate uncertainty. Cooper recognizes that his proposal is not politically feasible at the present time, but believes that steps in that direction would be highly desir able. The proposal is suggested as a broad initiative; conse quently, many of the details of how it would work are omitted. This collection is quite timely given the growing concern over the international monetary system, in general, and changes in the exchange value of the dollar in particular. Cooper’s essays are clearly written and concise. His willing ness to alter his viewpoint in the face of changing economic conditions— exemplified by his views on floating exchange rates— reflects the admirable intellectual flexibility of one of the world’s leading authorities on international monetary affairs. In short, this collection is a valuable consolidation of information on the international monetary system and its evolution over the past 40 years. -------T homas M. H olloway Chief, Special Studies Branch Bureau o f Economic Analysis U .S. Department of Commerce Dickens, William T. and others, E m p lo y e e C r im e , M o n ito r in g , Cambridge, MA, Na tional Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 21 pp. (Work ing Paper Series, 2356.) $2, paper. and th e E ffic ie n c y W age H y p o th e sis . Edmindson, Brad, “Colleges Conquer the Baby Bust,” A m D e m o g r a p h i c s , September 1987, beginning on p. 26. Exter, Thomas, “How to Think Like a Demographer,” D e m o g r a p h i c s , September 1987, pp. 4 8 -5 0 . e r ic a n A m e r ic a n Feldman, Stanley J., David McClain, Karen Palmer, “Sources of Structural Change in the United States, 1963-78: An InputOutput Perspective,” T h e R e v i e w o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , August 1987, pp. 503-10. Gatto, Joseph P., Harry M. Kelejian, Scott W. Stephan, Q uad r a tic U n b ia s e d P r e d ic a tio n in L i n e a r R a n d o m C o e ffic ie n t M o d College Park, MD, University of Maryland, Department of Economics, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, 1987, 24 pp., bibliography. e ls . Lazer, William and Eric H. Shaw, “How Older Americans Spend Their Money,” A m e r i c a n D e m o g r a p h i c s , September 1987, pp. 36-41. Mroz, Thomas A ., “The Sensitivity of an Empirical Model of Married Women’s Hours of Work to Economic and Statistical Assumptions,” E c o n o m e t r i c a , July 1987, pp. 765-99. Newitt, Jane, “Will the Baby Bust Work?” A m g r a p h i c s , September 1987, beginning on p. 32. e r ic a n D em o Shulman, Steven, “Discrimination, Human Capital, and BlackWhite Unemployment,” T h e J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R e s o u r c e s , Summer 1987, pp. 361-76. Spencer, Barbara A. and G. Stephen Taylor, “A Within and Be tween Analysis o f the Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance,” A k r o n B u s i n e s s a n d E c o n o m i c R e v i e w , Fall 1987, pp. 7 -1 8 . Wolpin, Kenneth I., “Estimating a Structural Search Model: The Transition from School to Work,” E c o n o m e t r i c a , July 1987, pp. 801-17. Education Borsch-Supan, Axel, T h e R o le o f E d u c a tio n : M o b ility I n c r e a s in g Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1987, 20 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2329.) $2, paper. o r M o b ility I m p e d in g ? Industrial relations Economic and social statistics R e tu r n s to S e n io r ity in U n io n a n d N o n u n i o n J o b s : A N e w L o o k a t th e E v id e n c e . Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 27 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2368.) $2, paper. Atkinson, A. B ., “On the Measurement o f Poverty,” r i c a , July 1987, pp. 749-64. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bollerslev, Tim, “A Conditionally Meteroskedastic Time Series Model for Speculative Prices and Rates of Return,” T h e R e v i e w o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , August 1987, pp. 542-47. Nakata, Yoshi-fumi and Carl Mosk, “The Demand for College Education in Postwar Japan,” T h e J o u r n a l o f H u m a n R e s o u r c e s , Summer 1987, pp. 377-404. Publications received Abraham, Katharine F. and Henry S. Farber, Beaumont, P. B ., “The Government as a Model Employer: A Change of Direction in Britain?” J o u r n a l o f C o l l e c t i v e N e g o t i a t i o n s i n t h e P u b l i c S e c t o r , Vol. 16, No. 3, 1987, pp. 185-200. E c o n o m e t- Bloom, David E ., A r b i t r a t o r B e h a v i o r i n P u b l i c S e c t o r W a g e D i s p u t e s . Cambridge, ma , National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1987, 29 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2351.) $2, paper. Farber, Henry S ., T h e E v o l u t i o n o f P u b l i c S e c t o r B a r g a i n i n g L a w s . Cambridge, m a , National Bureau o f Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 41 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2361.) $2, paper. 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Book Reviews Kumar, Pradeep with Mary Lou Coates and David Arrowsmith, The C urrent In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s Scene in Canada, 1987. Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Queen’s University at Kingston, Industrial Relations Center, 1987, 662 pp. $100. Ponak, Allen and others, “Faculty Collective Bargaining: A CrossCultural Survey,” J o u r n a l o f C o l l e c t i v e N e g o t i a t i o n s i n t h e P u b l i c S e c t o r , Vol. 16, No. 3, 1987, pp. 219-32. Industry and government organization Sing, Merrile, “Are Combination Gas and Electric Utilities Multi product Natural Monopolies?” T h e R e v i e w o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , August 1987, pp. 392-98. Bruns, William J., Jr. and E. Warren McFarlan, “Information Technology Puts Power in Control Systems,” H a r v a r d B u s i n e s s R e v i e w , September-October 1987, pp. 89-94. Cyert, Richard M. and David C. Mowery, ed s., E m p lo y m e n t: I n n o v a tio n and G r o w th in th e Kimbel, Dieter, “Information Technology: Increasingly the Engine o f OECD Economies,” T h e O E C D O b s e r v e r , August-Septembei 1987, pp. 17-20. Shetty, Y. K. and Vernon M. Buehler, eds., ity a n d I n n o v a tio n : Q u a lity , P r o d u c tiv S tr a te g ie s f o r G a in in g C o m p e titiv e A d v a n t a g e . New York, Elsevier Science Publishing C o., Inc., 1987, 427 pp., bibliography. Wages and compensation Labor and economic history Blackburn, McKinley L. and David E. Bloom, Westney, D. Eleanor, W e s te r n I m ita tio n a n d I n n o v a tio n : T h e T r a n s fe r o f O r g a n iz a tio n a l P a tte r n s to M e iji J a p a n . Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1987, 252 pp. $25. Labor force Committee on Economic Development, “Plant Closings, a Critical Challenge to American Democracy,” T h e A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S o c i o l o g y , July 1987, pp. 257-60. Wallis, John Joseph, “Employment, Politics, and Economic Re covery During the Great Depression,” T h e R e v i e w o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , August 1987, pp. 516-20. Monetary and fiscal policy Lach, Saul and Mark Schankerman, T h e I n te r a c tio n B e tw e e n Cam bridge, MA, National Bureau o f Economic Research, 1987, 37 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2377.) $2, paper. C a p ita l I n v e s tm e n t a n d R&D in S c ie n c e -B a s e d F ir m s . Pillai, Vel, “Property Tax Assessment Reform: A Source o f Local Revenue Windfall or Fiscal Retrenchment?” T h e A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S o c i o l o g y , July 1987, pp. 341-53. Productivity and technological change Allen, Steven G ., E conom y. Washington, National Academy Press, 1987, 225 pp. $34.95, cloth; $19.95, paper; $24, export. Train, Kenneth E ., Daniel L. McFadden, Andrew A. Goett, “Consumer Attitudes and Voluntary Rate Schedules for Public Utilities,” T h e R e v i e w o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , August 1987, pp. 383-91. Tripp, Anne Huber, T h e I . W . W . a n d t h e P a t e r s o n S i l k S t r i k e o f 1 9 1 3 . Champaign, IL, University o f Illinois Press, 1987, 317 pp. $29.95. T e c h n o lo g y a n d U .S . T h e E ffe c ts o f T e c h n o lo g ic a l C h a n g e o n E a r n in g s a n d I n c o m e I n e q u a l i ty in th e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1987, 57 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2337.) $2, paper. Blanchflower, David G. and Andrew J. Oswald, “Profit Sharing— Can It Work ?” O x f o r d E c o n o m i c P a p e r s , March 1987, pp. 1 19. Borjas, George J., S e l f - S e l e c t i o n a n d t h e E a r n i n g s o f I m m i g r a n t s . Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1987, 49 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2248.) $2, paper. Gomez-Mejia, Luis R. and David B. Balkin, “Pay Compression in Business Schools: Causes and Consequences,” C o m p e n s a t i o n a n d B e n e f i t s R e v i e w , September-October 1987, pp. 4 3 -5 5 . O’Donnell, John B ., “Employee Benefits in the Year 2000,” C o m p e n s a t i o n a n d B e n e f i t s R e v i e w , September-October 1987, pp. 2 5 -35. Tienda, Marta and Ding-Tzann Lii, “Minority Concentration and Earnings Inequality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians Com pared,” A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f S o c i o l o g y , July 1987, pp. 141— 65. Workplace Economies, Inc., 1 9 8 7 S t a t e E m p l o y e e B e n e f i t s S u r v e y . Washington, Workplace Economics, Inc., 1987, 64 pp. $125, paper. Worker training and development P r o d u c tiv ity L e v e ls a n d P r o d u c tiv ity C h a n g e U n d e r U n i o n i s m . Cambridge, MA, National Bureau o f Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1987, 29 pp. (Working Paper Series, 2304.) $2, paper. Beatty, Carol A ., T h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f T e c h n o l o g i c a l C h a n g e . Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Queen’s University at Kingston, Industrial Relations Center, 1987, 139 pp. (Research and Cur rent Issues Series, 49.) 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Craig, Robert L ., ed ., T r a in in g a n d D e v e lo p m e n t H a n d b o o k : A D e v e l o p m e n t . 3d ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Book C o., 1987, 878 pp. $67.50. G u id e to H u m a n R esource Lindquist, Carolyn Lloyd, ed ., W h e r e to S ta r t C a r e e r P la n n in g : E s s e n tia l R e s o u r c e G u id e f o r C a r e e r P la n n in g a n d J o b H u n t i n g . 6th ed. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, 1987, 288 pp. Dis tributed by Peterson’s Guides, Inc., Princeton, NJ. Current Labor Statistics Schedule of release dates for major Notes on Current Labor Statistics bls statistical series ...................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... 74 75 Comparative indicators 1. Labor market indicators.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices,and productivity .......................................................................................... 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes .................................................................................................................................... 84 85 85 Labor force data 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Employment status of the total population, data seasonally ad ju sted ................................................................................................................. Employment status of the civilian population, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................ Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................... Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................... Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally a d ju sted .................................................................................................. Duration of unemployment, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................................ Unemployment rates of civilian workers, by State ................................................................................................................................................. Employment o f workers by State ................................................................................................................................................................................. Employment of workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted.......................................... Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted .................................. ............................................................................................ Average hourly earnings by industry .......................................................................................................................................................................... Average weekly earnings by in d ustry.......................................................................................................................................................................... Hourly Earnings Index by industry...................................................................................... ....................................................................................... Indexes of diffusion: proportion of industries in which employment increased, seasonally adjusted ....................................................... Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population .................................................................................................................. Annual data: Employment levels by industry ........................................................................................................................................................... Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry........................................................................................................................ 86 87 88 89 90 90 90 91 91 92 93 94 95 95 96 96 96 97 Labor compensation and collective bargaining data 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group ................................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry g r o u p .......................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ............................................................... Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, situations covering 1,000 workers or more ............................................................................................................................................................... Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or m o r e ................................. Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more .................................................................. Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more ........................................................................................................................ .■.................................... Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ................................................................................................................................................. 98 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 Price data 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. Consumer Price Index: U .S. City average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups ............................................... Consumer Price Index: U .S. City average and local data, all items .................................................................................................................. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups ...................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing ........................................................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by durability o f product ................................................................................................................................................... Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of p ro cessin g ............................................................................................................................... U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification ........................................................................................................ U .S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification........................................................................................................ U .S. export price indexes by end-use category ..................................................................................................................................................... U .S. import price indexes by end-use ca teg o ry ............. .......................................................................................................................................... U .S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial C lassification................................................................................ U .S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification ........................................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 106 107 108 109 109 110 I ll 112 112 112 113 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics Contents—Continued Productivity data 42. Indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................. 113 43. Annual indexes o f multifactor productivity ...............................................................................................................................................................114 44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s............................................................................................... 115 International comparisons 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................................ 115 46. Annual data: Employment status o f civilian working-age population, ten countries .................................................................................... 116 47. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, twelve countries ........................................................................................................... 117 Injury and illness data 48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence r a te s............................................................................................................................... 118 Schedule of release dates for Series bls statistical series Release date Period covered Productivity and costs: Nonfarm business and manufacturing .. Employment situation .............................. January 8 December Release date Period covered February 4 4th quarter February 5 January Release date Period covered MLR table number 2; 42-44 2; 42-44 March 3 4th quarter March 4 February 1; 4-21 Producer Price Index................................ January 15 December February 12 January March 11 February 2; 33-35 Consumer Price Index.............................. January 20 December February 26 January March 23 February 2; 30-32 Real earnings........................................... January 20 December February 26 January March 23 February 14-17 January 26 1987 3; 25-28 January 26 4th quarter 1-3; 22-24 January 28 4th quarter Major collective U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes......................................... 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 36-41 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force, employment, unemployment, collective bargaining settlements, consumer, producer, and international prices, productivity, international comparisons, and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group o f tables are briefly described, key definitions are given, notes on the data are set forth, and sources of additional information are cited. A d ju stm en ts for p rice ch a n g e s. Some data— such as the Hourly Earnings Index in table 17— are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate o f $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1977 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1977 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1977” dollars. General notes Additional information The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Certain monthly and quarterly.data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation o f the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. (Season ally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -3 , 4 -1 0 , 13, 14, 17, and 18.) Begin ning in January 1980, the bls introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are seasonally adjusted with a procedure called x - n arima, which was devel oped at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard x - ii method previously used by bls . A detailed description of the procedure appears in The x -ii arima Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statis tics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E , February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at midyear for the July-December period. However, revisions of historical data con tinue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 - 1 0 were revised in the February 1987 issue of the Review, to reflect experience through 1986. Annual revisions o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 13, 14, and 18 were made in the July 1986 Review using the X-li arima seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in table 42 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U .S. average All Items cpi. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. S ea so n a l a d ju stm en t. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule preceding these general notes. More information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. More data from the household survey are published in the two-volume data book — Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Sur vey, Bulletin 2096. More data from the establishment survey appear in two data books— Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Em ployment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and the annual supple ments to these data books. More detailed information on employee com pensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The cpi Detailed Report, and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Detailed data on all o f the series in this section are provided in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, which is published biennally by the Bureau, bls bulletins are issued covering productivity, injury and illness, and other data in this section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, prelim inary figures are issued based on representative but incom plete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability o f later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. COMPARATIVE INDICATORS (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. L a b o r m a rk et in d ica to rs include employment measures from two ma jor surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (eci) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household ”) Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on ch a n g es in c o m p en sa tio n , p rices, an d p rod u ctivity are pre sented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal arid household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in: consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and the overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics A ltern a tiv e m ea su res o f w a g e a n d co m p en sa tio n ra tes o f c h a n g e, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes o f the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual mea sures. Notes on the data Definitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections o f these notes describing each set o f data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see bls H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s , Volumes I and II, Bulletins 2134-1 and 2 1 34-2 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982 and 1984, respectively), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publi cations noted in the separate sections of the R e v i e w ' s “Current Labor Statistics N otes.” Historical data for many series are provided in the H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). Users may also wish to consult M a j o r P r o g r a m s , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t ic s , Report 718 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT DATA (Tables 1; 4-21) Household survey data the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Description of the series in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau o f the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 59,500 households selected to represent the U .S. population 16 years o f age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-^urths o f the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Data in tables 4 - 1 0 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1986. employment data Definitions E m p lo y ed p erso n s include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. U n em p lo y e d p erso n s are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The o v era ll u n em p lo y m e n t ra te represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civ ilia n u n em p lo ym en t rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The la b o r fo rce consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in th e lab o r fo rce are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own house work, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because o f long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because o f personal or job-market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The n on in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates o f penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The la b o r fo rce p a rticip a tio n ra te is the proportion o f the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The e m p lo y m en t-p o p u la tio n ra tio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparabil ity o f historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Additional sources of information For detailed explanations of the data, see bls Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 1, and for additional data, Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). A detailed description of the Current Population Survey as well as additional data are available in the monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings. Historical data from 1948 to 1981 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vols. I and II, Bulletin 2096 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Establishment survey data Description of the series Employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 290,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most indus tries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or ware house.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from estab lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An e sta b lish m en t is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. E m p loyed p erson s are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th o f the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. P rod u c tion w o rk ers in manufacturing include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and non supervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employ Additional sources of information ment on private nonagricutural payrolls. E a r n in g s are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. R ea l e a rn in g s are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( cpi- w). The H o u rly E a rn in g s In d ex is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects o f changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. H o u rs represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervi sory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. O v ertim e h o u rs represent the portion of average weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime Detailed national data from the establishment survey are published monthly in the bls periodical, Employment and Earnings. Earlier compara ble unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909-84, Bulletin 1312-12 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985) and its annual supplement. For a detailed discus sion of the methodology of the survey, see b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 2. For addi tional data, see Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of premiums were paid. Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources— the Current Population Survey ( cps) and the Local Area Unemployment Statis tics (laus) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employ T h e D iffu sio n In d ex , introduced in the May 1983 Review , represents the percent o f 185 nonagricultural industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period. One-half of the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measur ing the dispersion of economic gains or losses and is also an economic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are peri odically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release of May 1987 data, published in the July 1987 issue of the Review. Conse quently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1985; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1982. These revisions were published in the Supplement to Employment and Earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1987). Unadjusted data from April 1986 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1983 for ward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most recent months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (13 to 18 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the esti mates are revised and published as final in the third month of their appear ance. Thus, August data are published as preliminary in October and November and as final in December. For the same reason, quarterly estab lishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, second-quarter data are published as preliminary in August and September and as final in October. Labor Statistics, 1985). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Unemployment data by State Description of the series ment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic condi tions and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Train ing Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for 11 States— California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas— are obtained directly from the cps , because the size of the sample is large enough to meet bls standards of reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District o f Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by bls . Once a year, estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population controls. For the remaining States and the District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to annual average cps levels. Additional sources of information Information on the concepts, definitions, and technical procedures used to develop labor force data for States and sub-State areas as well as addi tional data on sub-States are provided in the monthly Bureau o f Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings, and the annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment (Bureau of Labor Statistics). See also b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 4. COMPENSATION AND WAGE DATA (Tables 1-3; 22-29) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bar gaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The E m p lo y m e n t C ost In d ex (eci) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs o f employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services— to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. The index is not seasonally adjusted. Statistical series on total compensation costs and on wages and salaries are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. Both series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 2,200 private nonfarm establishments providing about 12,000 occupational ob servations and 700 State and local government establishments providing 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics 3,500 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensa tion information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, Septem ber, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census o f Population are used each quarter to calculate the indexes for civilian, private, and State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Population.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all o f the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in com pensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels o f wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employ ment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions T otal co m p en sa tio n costs include wages, salaries, and the employer’s costs for employee benefits. W ages an d sa la r ie s consist of earnings before payroll deductions, in cluding production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-ofliving adjustments. B e n e fits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980 to produce, when combined with the wages and salaries series, a measure o f the percent change in employer costs for employee total compensation. State and local government units were added to the eci coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees). Historical in dexes (June 1981 = 100) o f the quarterly rates of change are presented in the May issue o f the bls monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Additional sources of information For a more detailed discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see the Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 11, and the fo llo w in g M onthly L abor R eview articles: “Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price o f labor’,” July 1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost In d ex,” January 1978; “Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index,” May 1982; and “Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost Index,” June 1985. Data on the ECI are also available in bls quarterly press releases issued in the month following the reference months of March, June, September, and December; and from the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). Collective bargaining settlements (wage and benefit costs) and wages alone, quarterly for private industry and semiannually for State and local government. Compensation measures cover all collective bargaining situations involving 5,000 workers or more and wage measures cover all situations involving 1,000 workers or more. These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments, are calculated using information obtained from bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and second ary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Settlement data are measured in terms of future specified adjustments: those that will occur within 12 months after contract ratification— firstyear— and all adjustments that will occur over the life of the contract expressed as an average annual rate. Adjustments are worker weighted. Both first-year and over-the-life measures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living clauses that are triggered by future movements in the Consumer Price Index. E ffectiv e w age a d ju stm en ts measure all adjustments occurring in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. Included are changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from con tracts negotiated in earlier periods, and changes under cost-of-living adjust ment clauses. Each wage change is worker weighted. The changes are prorated over all workers under agreements during the reference period yielding the average adjustment. Definitions W age rate ch a n g es are calculated by dividing newly negotiated wages by the average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, at the time the agree ment is reached. Compensation changes are calculated by dividing the change in the value o f the newly negotiated wage and benefit package by existing average hourly compensation, which includes the cost of previ ously negotiated benefits, legally required social insurance programs, and average hourly earnings. C om p en sa tio n c h a n g es are calculated by placing a value on the benefit portion of the settlements at the time they are reached. The cost estimates are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time o f settle ment (for example, methods of financing pensions or composition o f labor force) will remain constant. The data, therefore, are measures of negotiated changes and not o f total changes in employer cost. C on tra ct d u ra tio n runs from the effective date of the agreement to the expiration date or first wage reopening date, if applicable. Average annual percent changes over the contract term take account of the compounding of successive changes. Notes on the data Care should be exercised in comparing the size and nature of the settle ments in State and local government with those in the private sector because of differences in bargaining practices and settlement characteristics. A principal difference is the incidence of cost-of-living adjustment (cola) clauses which cover only about 2 percent of workers under a few local government settlements, but cover 50 percent of workers under private sector settlements. Agreements without cola ’s tend to provide larger speci fied wage increases than those with cola ’s . Another difference is that State and local government bargaining frequently excludes pension benefits which are often prescribed by law. In the private sector, in contrast, pensions are typically a bargaining issue. Additional sources of information Description of the series For a more detailed discussion on the series, see the b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 10. C o llectiv e b a rg a in in g settlem en ts data provide statistical measures of negotiated adjustments (increases, decreases, and freezes) in compensation Comprehensive data are published in press releases issued quarterly (in January, April, July, and October) for private industry, and semi- 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis annually (in February and August) for State and local government. Histor ical data and additional detailed tabulations for the prior calendar year appear in the April issue of the bls monthly periodical, Current Wage monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Historical data appear in the B L S Handbook of Labor Statistics. Other compensation data Developments. Work stoppages Description of the series Data on w o rk sto p p a g es measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of time lost because o f stoppage. Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or second ary effect o f stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions The number of strikes and lockouts involving workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. W o rk ers in volved : The number of workers directly involved in the N u m b e r o f sto p p a g es: 1,000 stoppage. N u m b e r o f d a y s idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. D a y s o f id len ess as a p ercen t o f estim a te d w o rk in g tim e: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more. Additional sources of information Data for each calendar year are reported in a bls press release issued in the first quarter o f the following year. Monthly data appear in the bls Other bls data on pay and benefits, not included in the Current Labor Statistics section of the Monthly Labor Review, appear in and consist o f the following: Industry Wage Surveys provide data for specific occupations selected to represent an industry’s wage structure and the types of activities performed by its workers. The Bureau collects information on weekly work schedules, shift operations and pay differentials, paid holiday and vacation practices, and information on incidence of health, insurance, and retirement plans. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Monthly Labor Review. Area Wage Surveys annually provide data for selected office, clerical, professional, technical, maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material movement, and custodial occupations common to a wide variety o f indus tries in the areas (labor markets) surveyed. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Review. The National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay provides detailed information annually on salary levels and distributions for the types of jobs mentioned in the survey’s title in private employment. Although the definitions of the jobs surveyed reflect the duties and responsibilities in private industry, they are designed to match specific pay grades of Federal white-collar employees under the General Schedule pay system. Accordingly, this survey provides the legally re quired information for comparing the pay of salaried employees in the Federal civil service with pay in private industry. (See Federal Pay Com parability Act of 1970, 5 u.s.c. 5305.) Data are published in a bls news release issued in the summer and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and analytical articles also appear in the Review. Employee Benefits Survey provides nationwide information on the inci dence and characteristics of employee benefit plans in medium and large establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Data are published in an annual bls news release and bulletin, as well as in special articles appearing in the Review. PRICE DATA (Tables 2; 30-41) Price data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The C o n su m er P rice In d ex ( cpi) is a measure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The cpi is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only o f urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment o f wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting o f all urban households. The wage earner index (cpi- w) is a continuation o f the historic index that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the cpi in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all urban consumer index (cpi- u ), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1982-84 buying habits o f about 80 percent o f the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, com pared with 32 percent represented in the cpi- w . In addition to wage earners https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and clerical workers, the cpi- u covers professional, managerial, and tech nical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The cpi is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, trans portation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 21,000 retail establishments and 60,000 housing units in 91 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U .S. city average.” Separate estimates for 27 major urban centers are presented in table 31. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are measured for the cpi- u . A rental equivalence method replaced the 79 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the cpi- w . The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. An updated cpi-u and cpi-w were introduced with release of the January 1987 data. Additional sources of information For a discussion o f the general method for computing the cpi, see bls Handbook of Methods, Volume II, The Consumer Price Index, Bulletin 2 1 3 4 -2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984). The recent change in the mea surement o f homeownership costs is discussed in Robert Gillingham and Walter Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1982, pp. 9 -1 4 . An overview of the recently introduced revised cpi, reflecting 1982-84 expenditure patterns, is contained in The Consumer Price Index: 1987 Revision , Report 736 (Bu reau o f Labor Statistics, 1987). Additional detailed cpi data and regular analyses of consumer price changes are provided in the c p i Detailed Report, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Historical data for the overall cpi and for selected groupings may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). Producer Price Indexes Description of the series P ro d u c er P rice In d ex es ( ppi) measure average changes in prices re ceived in primary markets o f the United States by producers of commodi ties in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 60,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The stage of proc essing structure o f Producer Price Indexes organizes products by class of buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of ppi organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day o f the month. Since January 1987, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as o f 1982. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number o f special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. Notes on the data Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the Review is no longer present ing tables o f Producer Price Indexes for commodity groupings, special composite groups, or SIC industries. However, these data will continue to be presented in the Bureau’s monthly publication Producer Price Indexes. The Bureau has completed the first major stage o f its comprehensive overhaul o f the theory, methods, and procedures used to construct the Producer Price Indexes. Changes include the replacement of judgment sampling with probability sampling techniques; expansion to systematic 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis coverage o f the net output o f virtually all industries in the mining and manufacturing sectors; a shift from a commodity to an industry orientation; the exclusion o f imports from, and the inclusion of exports in, the survey universe; and the respecification of commodities priced to conform to Bureau of the Census definitions. These and other changes have been phased in gradually since 1978. The result is a system of indexes that is easier to use in conjunction with data on wages, productivity, and employ ment and other series that are organized in terms o f the Standard Industrial Classification and the Census product class designations. Additional sources of information For a discussion o f the methodology for computing Producer Price In dexes, see b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. Additional detailed data and analyses of price changes are provided monthly in Producer Price Indexes. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). International Price Indexes Description of the series The bls International Price Program produces quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure o f price change for all products sold by U .S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts: it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals but does not require the organiza tions to be U .S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U .S. residents. With publication of an all-import index in February 1983 and an all-export index in February 1984, all U.S. merchandise imports and exports now are represented in these indexes. The reference period for the indexes is 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, al though in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first 2 weeks of the third month of each calendar quarter— March, June, September, and December. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U .S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit level of detail of the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System ( s it c ). The calcula tion of indexes by s itc category facilitates the comparison of U .S. price trends and sector production with similar data for other countries. Detailed indexes are also computed and published on a Standard Industrial Classifi cation (sic-based) basis, as well as by end-use class. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes o f the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each weight category and are then aggregated to the s u e level. The values assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1980. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifica tions or terms o f transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the phys ical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class o f buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value o f each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U .S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) at the U .S. port of impor tation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the product to the U .S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. Additional sources of information For a discussion of the general method of computing International Price Indexes, see b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 8. Additional detailed data and analyses of international price develop ments are presented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and in occasional Monthly Labor Review articles prepared by bls analysts. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). PRODUCTIVITY DATA (Tables 2; 42-47) U. S. productivity and related data U n it p rofits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjust ments per unit of output. Description of the series The productivity measures relate real physical output to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single factor input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or output per unit o f capital input, as well as measures of multifactor produc tivity (output per unit of labor and capital inputs combined). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and H ou rs o f all p erson s are the total hours paid of payroll workers, self- employed persons, and unpaid family workers. C ap ita l se rv ices is the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock o f physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit L a b or an d cap ital in p u ts combined are derived by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share of total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. formula). Notes on the data Definitions O u tp u t p er h o u r o f all p erso n s (labor productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor input. O u tp u t p er u n it o f ca p ita l se rv ices (capital productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant dollars produced per unit of capital services input. M u ltifa cto r p ro d u ctiv ity is the ratio output per unit of labor and capital inputs combined. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number of factors which affect the production process such as changes in technology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, manage ment, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour measures reflect the impact of these factors as well as the substitution of capital for labor. C o m p en sa tio n p er h o u r is the wages and salaries of employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, and the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed)— the sum divided by hours paid for. R ea l c o m p en sation per h o u r is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. U n it la b o r co sts are the labor compensation costs expended in the production o f a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation o f all persons from current dollar value of output and divid ing by output. U n it n o n la b o r co sts contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Output measures for the business sector and the nonfarm businesss sector exclude the constant dollar value of owner-occupied housing, rest o f world, households and institutions, and general government output from the con stant dollar value of gross national product. The measures are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing out put indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual esti mates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are developed from data o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 4 2 -4 4 describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit o f input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect o f many influ ences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization o f produc tion; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. Additional sources of information Descriptions of methodology underlying the measurement of output per hour and multifactor productivity are found in the b l s Handbook of Meth ods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 13. His torical data for selected industries are provided in the Bureau’s Handbook of Labor Statistics , 1985, Bulletin 2217. 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (Tables 45-47) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 45 and 46 present comparative measures o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment— approximating U .S. concepts— for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and six European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U .S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are limited to trend comparisons— that is, intercountry series of changes over time— rather than level comparisons because reliable international com parisons of the levels o f manufacturing output are unavailable. Definitions Definitions O u tp u t is constant value output (value added), generally taken from the national accounts of each country. While the national accounting methods for measuring real output differ considerably among the 12 countries, the use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparabil ity— rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. For the principal U .S. definitions of the la b o r fo rce, em p lo y m e n t, and u n em p lo y m en t, see the Notes section on EMPLOYMENT DATA: House hold Survey Data. H ou rs refer to all employed persons including the self-employed in the United States and Canada; to all wage and salary employees in the other countries. The U .S. hours measure is hours paid; the hours measures for the other countries are hours worked. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U .S. standard of 16 years o f age and over. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population age 16 and over in France, Sweden, and from 1973 onward, the United Kingdom; 16 and over in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the Nether lands, and prior to 1973, the United Kingdom; and 14 and over in Italy. The institutional population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Ger many; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U .S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their job are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application o f the U .S. definition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 8 -1 1 . The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered preliminary. The recent-year measures for these countries are, therefore, subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. Additional sources of information For further information, see International Comparisons of Unemploy ment, Bulletin 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B and unpublished Supplements to Appendix B available on request. The statis tics are also analyzed periodically in the Monthly Labor Review. Additional historical data, generally beginning with 1959, are published in the Hand book of Labor Statistics and are available in unpublished statistical supple ments to Bulletin 1979. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 47 presents comparative measures of manufacturing labor produc tivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs for the United 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C om p en sa tio n (la b o r cost) includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required in surance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In addition, for some countries, compensation is adjusted for other significant taxes on payrolls or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies), even if they are not for the direct benefit o f workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs. However, compensation does not include all items of labor cost. The costs o f recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and services— such as cafeterias and medical clinics— are not covered because data are not available for most countries. Self-employed workers are in cluded in the U .S. and Canadian compensation figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data For most of the countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (beginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and the United Kingdom (beginning 1971), refer to manufacturing and mining less energy-related products and the figures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining from 1969 to 1976. For all countries, manufacturing includes the activities of government enterprises. The figures for one or more recent years are generally based on current indicators of manufacturing output, employment, hours, and hourly com pensation and are considered preliminary until the national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Additional sources of information For additional information, see the b l s Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 16 and periodic Monthly Labor Review articles. Historical data are provided in the Bureau’s Hand book of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217, 1985. The statistics are issued twice per year— in a news release (generally in May) and in a Monthly Labor Review article (generally in December). OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS DATA (Table 48) Description of the series The Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act o f 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Excluded from the survey are self-employed individuals, farmers with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies. Because the survey is a Federal-State cooperative program and the data must meet the needs of participating State agencies, an independent sam ple is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all pri vate industries in the States and territories. The sample size for the survey is dependent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are needed; (2) the industries for which estimates are desired; (3) the charac teristics o f the population being sampled; (4) the target reliability of the estimates; and (5) the survey design employed. While there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of the most important characteristics and the least variable; therefore, it re quires the smallest sample size. The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) code and size o f employment. Definitions R eco r d a b le o ccu p a tio n a l in ju ries an d illn esses are: (1) occupational deaths, regardless o f the time between injury and death, or the length of the illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occupational injuries which involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction o f work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). O ccu p a tio n a l in ju ry is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, ampu tation, and so forth, which results from a work accident or from exposure involving a single incident in the work environment. O ccu p a tio n a l illn ess is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environ mental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges tion, or direct contact. L o st w o rk d a y ca ses are cases which involve days away from work, or days o f restricted work activity, or both. L o st w o rk d a y ca ses in v o lv in g restricted w o rk a ctiv ity are those cases which result in restricted work activity only. L o st w o rk d a y s a w a y fro m w o rk are the number o f workdays (consec utive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not because o f occupational injury or illness. L o st w o r k d a y s— restr ic ted w o rk a ctiv ity are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because of injury or illness: (1) the em ployee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or (3) the employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties normally connected with it. T h e n u m b er o f d a y s aw ay from w ork or d ays o f restricted w ork a ctivity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work. In cid en ce rates represent the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data Estimates are made for industries and employment-size classes and for severity classification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are separated into those where the employee would have worked but could not and those in which work activity was restricted. Estimates of the number of cases and the number of days lost are made for both categories. Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per 100 full-time em ployees. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Only a few of the available measures are included in the Handbook of Labor Statistics. Full detail is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry. Comparable data for individual States are available from the bls Office of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration, respec tively. Data from these organizations are included in bls and State publica tions. Federal employee experience is compiled and published by the Occu pational Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local government employees are collected by about half of the States and territo ries; these data are not compiled nationally. Additional sources of information The Supplementary Data System provides detailed information describ ing various factors associated with work-related injuries and illnesses. These data are obtained from information reported by employers to State workers’ compensation agencies. The Work Injury Report program exam ines selected types of accidents through an employee survey which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the injury. These data are not included in the Handbook of Labor Statistics but are available from the bls Office of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays are from Recordkeeping Requirements under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 . For additional data, see Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, annual Bureau o f Labor Statistics bulletin; bls Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 17; Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985), pp. 411-14; annual reports in the Monthly Labor Review, and annual U .S. Department of Labor press releases. 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • 1. C u rren t L a b o r S ta tistics: C o m p a ra tiv e In d ica to rs Labor market indicators 1985 Selected indicators 1985 1986 1987 1986 IV I II III IV I II III E m p lo y m e n t d a t a Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionaiized population (household survey)1 Labor force participation r a te ............................................................. Employment-population r a tio ............................................................... Unemployment r a t e .............................................................................. M e n ....................................................................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................................. 25 years and o v e r ........................................................................... Women ................................................................................................ 16 to 24 years ................................................................................. 25 years and o v e r ........................................................................... Unemployment rate, 15 weeks and o v e r ....................................... 64.8 60.1 7.2 7.0 14.1 5.3 7.4 13.0 5.9 2.0 65.3 60.7 7.0 6.9 13.7 5.4 7.1 12.8 5.5 1.9 64.9 60.3 7.1 6.9 14.2 5.2 7.3 13.1 5.6 1.9 65.1 60.5 7.1 6.9 13.5 5.3 7.3 13.1 5.7 1.9 65.2 60.6 7.1 7.0 14.2 5.3 7.2 13.1 5.7 1.9 65.3 60.8 6.9 6.9 13.7 5.4 6.9 12.6 5.4 1.9 65.4 60.9 6.9 6.9 13.4 5.4 6.8 12.5 5.3 1.8 65.5 61.1 6.7 6.7 13.4 5.2 6.6 12.6 5.1 1.8 65.5 61.5 6.2 6.3 13.1 4.8 6.1 11.8 4.6 1.7 65.6 61.7 6.0 5.9 12.0 4.6 6.1 11.3 4.7 1.6 Total ........................................................................................................... Private s e c to r ........................................................................................ Goods-producing................................................................................... M anufacturing..................................................................................... Service-producing ................................................................................. 97,519 81,125 24,859 19,260 72,660 99,610 82,900 24,681 18,994 74,930 98,444 81,905 24,788 19,133 73,656 98,901 82,299 24,767 19,086 74,134 99,321 82,670 24,702 19,003 74,619 99,804 83,119 24,629 18,939 75,175 100,397 83,498 24,624 18,953 75,773 101,133 84,183 24,733 18,979 76,399 101,708 84,675 24,757 19,015 76,951 102,278 85,240 24,884 19,134 77,394 Average hours: Private s e c to r ........................................................................................ Manufacturing .................................................................................. O vertim e.......................................................................................... 34.9 40.5 3.3 34.8 40.7 3.4 34.9 40.8 3.4 34.9 40.7 3.4 34.8 40.7 3.4 34.7 40.7 3.5 34.7 40.8 3.5 34.8 41.0 3.6 34.8 40.9 3.7 34.8 40.9 3.7 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.4 5.7 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.2 5.2 .6 .6 .6 .5 .7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 .7 .8 .9 .6 .6 1.1 .7 .6 .8 2.8 .6 .6 .5 .6 .8 .9 1.0 .5 1.3 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .3 1.2 1.0 .8 1.0 2.3 2.6 2.1 3.6 .5 .6 1.0 1.2 .2 .9 .5 .8 .3 .7 .5 1.1 .5 .7 .6 1.1 Employment, nonagricultural (payroll data), in thousands:1 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x Percent change in the ECI, compensation: All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal w o rk e rs )...... Private industry workers ..................................................................... Goods-producing2 ............................................................................ Service-producing2 .......................................................................... State and local government w o rk e rs ............................................... Workers by bargaining status (private industry): U n io n ...................................................................................................... Nonunion .............................................................................................. 46 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service- 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis producing industries include all other private sector industries. 2. Annua! and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity 1985 1987 1986 1985 Selected measures 1986 I IV IV III II I III II C o m p e n s a t io n d a t a 1, 2 Employment Cost Index-compensation (wages, salaries, benefits): Civilian nonfarm .......................................................................... Private n o n fa rm ......................................................................... Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries Civilian n o n fa rm .......................................................................... Private n o n fa rm ......................................................................... 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.2 0.6 .6 1.1 1.1 0.7 .8 1.1 .7 0.6 .6 0.9 1.0 0.7 .7 1.2 1.0 4.4 4.1 3.5 3.1 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 .8 .9 1.1 .7 .6 .5 1.0 1.0 .5 .7 1.3 1.0 P r ic e d a t a 1 Consumer Price Index (All urban consumers): All Ite m s ...... 3.8 1.1 .9 -.4 .6 .7 .3 1.4 1.3 1.3 Producer Price Index: Finished g o o d s ............................................................................ Finished consumer g o o d s ....................................................... Capital e q u ip m e n t..................................................................... Intermediate materials, supplies, components ...................... Crude m aterials........................................................................... 1.8 1.5 2.7 -.3 -5.6 -2.3 -3.6 2.1 -4.4 -9.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 .4 4.3 -3.1 -4.1 .2 -2.9 -7.6 .5 .4 .6 -.9 -1.5 -.7 -.7 -.7 -.2 -.5 1.1 .8 2.0 -.4 .6 .8 .9 .1 1.4 4.2 1.2 1.5 .3 1.9 5.2 .2 .3 -.1 1.2 .6 P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a 3 Output per hour of all persons: Business s e c to r......................................................................... Nonfarm business s e c to r......................................................... Nonfinancial corporations 4 ..................................................... 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.1 1 Annual changes are December-to-December change. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted and the price data are not compounded. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers. 3 Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. 3. 2.8 2.3 2.6 1.9 1.0 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 .7 .4 .3 .2 .2 -.1 .0 1.4 1.3 .6 Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. 4 Output per hour of all employees. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly average Components Average hourly compensation:1 All persons, business s e c to r........................................................................ All employees, nonfarm business sector ................................................... Employment Cost Index-compensation: Civilian nonfarm 2 .......................................................................................... Private nonfarm .......................................................................................... U n io n .......................................................................................................... N o nunion................................................................................................... State and local governm ents.................................................................... Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm2 ........................................................................................... Private nonfarm .......................................................................................... U n io n .......................................................................................................... N onunion................................................................................................... State and local governm ents..................................................................... Total effective wage adjustments3 ..................................................................... From current settlem ents............................................................................. From prior settle m e n ts................................................................................. From cost-of-living provision........................................................................ Negotiated wage adjustments from settlements:3 First-year adjustm en ts.................................................................................. Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t................................................................. Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements:5 First-year adjustm en t.................................................................................... Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t................................................................. III IV I II 1987 1986 III II III IV I II III 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.5 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.6 4.0 1.4 1.1 3.3 3.0 4.0 3.8 .7 .8 .2 .9 .6 1.1 .7 .5 .8 2.8 .6 .6 .3 .7 .8 .9 1.0 .5 1.1 .8 .7 .7 .5 .7 .3 1.2 1.0 .6 1.1 2.3 4.0 3.8 2.5 4.2 5.8 3.6 3.2 2.3 3.5 5.2 3.6 3.2 2.1 3.6 5.2 3.4 3.1 1.6 3.6 5.0 3.3 3.0 1.9 3.4 4.7 3.4 3.3 2.0 3.7 4.2 .8 .9 .4 .9 .4 .7 .2 .6 1.1 .7 .6 .7 3.2 .5 .1 .5 (4) .6 .5 .2 .7 .7 .5 .2 .2 .1 1.0 1.0 .4 1.2 .8 .4 (4) .3 .1 .5 .7 .5 .8 .2 1.0 .1 .7 .2 1.3 1.0 .6 1.1 2.3 .9 .2 .6 .1 4.1 3.7 2.5 4.1 5.7 2.9 .5 1.8 .7 3.5 3.1 2.3 3.4 5.4 2.3 .5 1.6 .2 3.5 3.1 2.0 3.5 5.4 2.3 .5 1.7 .2 3.5 3.2 1.7 3.5 5.2 2.0 .4 1.5 .1 3.2 3.0 1.7 3.3 5.0 2.2 .3 1.6 .3 3.4 3.3 1.7 3.8 4.1 2.6 .5 1.7 .4 1.3 2.0 .8 1.5 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.8 2.6 2.9 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.2 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.8 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.2 .7 1.6 .7 1.2 2.7 2.4 1.7 2.4 4.1 3.9 2.5 2.1 1.4 2.0 .9 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.8 2.6 (4) 1 Seasonally adjusted. 2 Excludes Federal and household workers. 3 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The most recent data are preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1987 1986 II Four quarters end ed- 4 Data round to zero. 5 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The most recent data are preliminary. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • 4. C u rren t L a b o r S ta tistics: E m ploym en t D a ta Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1987 1986 Annual average Employment status Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1985 1986 179,912 117,167 65.1 108,856 182,293 119,540 65.6 111,303 183,114 120,426 65.8 112,183 183,297 120,336 65.7 112,387 183,575 120,782 65.8 112,759 183,738 121,089 65.9 113,122 183,915 120,958 65.8 113,104 184,079 121,070 65.8 113,570 184,259 121,719 66.1 114,173 184,421 121,235 65.7 113,975 184,605 121,672 65.9 114,447 184,738 122,038 66.1 114,817 184,904 121,604 65.8 114,515 185,052 122,102 66.0 114,928 185,225 122,371 66.1 115,255 60.5 1,706 107,150 3,179 103,971 8,312 7.1 62,744 61.1 1,706 109,597 3,163 106,434 8,237 6.9 62,752 61.3 1,751 110,432 3,215 107,217 8,243 6.8 62,688 61.3 1,750 110,637 3,161 107,476 7,949 6.6 62,961 61.4 1,748 111,011 3,145 107,866 8,023 6.6 62,793 61.6 1,740 111,382 3,236 108,146 7,967 6.6 62,649 61.5 1,736 111,368 3,284 108,084 7,854 6.5 62,957 61.7 1,735 111,835 3,290 108,545 7,500 6.2 63,009 62.0 1,726 112,447 3,335 109,112 7,546 6.2 62,540 61.8 1,718 112,257 3,178 109,079 7,260 6.0 63,187 62.0 1,720 112,727 3,219 109,508 7,224 5.9 62,933 62.2 1,736 113,081 3,092 109,989 7,221 5.9 62,700 61.9 1,743 112,772 3,170 109,602 7,089 5.8 63,300 62.1 1,741 113,187 3,283 109,903 7,174 5.9 62,950 62.2 1,755 113,500 3,167 110,333 7,116 5.8 62,854 86,025 65,967 76.7 61,447 87,349 66,973 76.7 62,443 87,773 67,407 76.8 62,833 87,868 67,425 76.7 62,986 88,020 67,672 76.9 63,187 88,099 67,764 76.9 63,335 88,186 67,644 76.7 63,282 88,271 67,603 76.6 63,417 88,361 67,816 76.7 63,562 88,442 67,556 76.4 63,471 88,534 67,656 76.4 63,715 88,598 67,925 76.7 63,918 88,683 67,736 76.4 63,939 88,756 67,916 76.5 64,024 88,849 68,025 76.6 64,179 71.4 1,556 59,891 4,521 6.9 71.5 1,551 60,892 4,530 6.8 71.6 1,592 61,241 4,574 6.8 71.7 1,593 61,393 4,439 6.6 71.8 1,591 61,596 4,484 6.6 71.9 1,584 61,751 4,429 6.5 71.8 1,575 61,707 4,362 6.4 71.8 1,575 61,842 4,186 6.2 71.9 1,566 61,996 4,254 6.3 71.8 1,559 61,912 4,085 6.0 72.0 1,561 62,154 3,941 5.8 72.1 1,575 62,343 4,007 5.9 72.1 1,581 62,358 3,798 5.6 72.1 1,580 62,444 3,893 5.7 72.2 1,593 62,586 3,846 5.7 93,886 51,200 54.5 47,409 94,944 52,568 55.4 48,861 95,341 53,019 55.6 49,350 95,429 52,911 55.4 49,401 95,556 53,110 55.6 49,572 95,639 53,325 55.8 49,787 95,729 53,314 55.7 49,822 95,808 53,467 55.8 50,153 95,898 53,903 56.2 50,611 95,979 53,679 55.9 50,504 96,071 54,016 56.2 50,733 96,140 54,113 56.3 50,899 96,221 53,868 56.0 50,576 96,295 54,185 56.3 50,904 96,376 54,346 56.4 51,076 50.5 150 47,259 3,791 7.4 51.5 155 48,706 3,707 7.1 51.8 159 49,191 3,669 6.9 51.8 157 49,244 3,510 6.6 51.9 157 49,415 3,538 6.7 52.1 156 49,631 3,538 6.6 52.0 161 49,661 3,492 6.6 52.3 160 49,993 3,314 6.2 52.8 160 50,451 3,292 6.1 52.6 159 50,345 3,175 5.9 52.8 159 50,574 3,283 6.1 52.9 161 50,738 3,213 5.9 52.6 162 50,414 3,291 6.1 52.9 161 50,743 3,281 6.1 53.0 162 50,914 3,270 6.0 TOTAL Noninstitutional population ', 2 ....... Labor force2 ..................................... Participation rate 3 .................. Total employed 2 .......................... Employment-population ratio 4 ...................................... Resident Armed Forces ’ ....... Civilian e m p lo ye d ..................... A g ricu ltu re ............................... Nonagricultural in dustries..... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment rate 5 ............ Not in labor fo r c e ........................... M e n , 16 y e a rs a n d o v e r Noninstitutional population \ 2 ....... Labor force2 ..................................... Participation rate 3 .................. Total employed 2 .......................... Employment-population ratio 4 ...................................... Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian employed ..................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment rate 6 ............ W o m e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r Noninstitutional population ’ , 2 ....... Labor force2 ..................................... Participation rate 3 .................. Total employed2 ........................... Employment-population ratio 4 ...................................... Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian em p lo ye d ...................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment rate 5 ............ The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 5 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including Forces). the resident Armed 5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1987 1986 Annual average Employment status Feb. Mar. 181,827 119,034 65.5 111,011 181,998 119,349 65.6 111,382 182,179 119,222 65.4 111,368 182,344 119,335 65.4 111,835 182,533 119,993 65.7 112,447 182,703 119,517 65.4 112,257 182,885 119,952 65.6 112,727 183,002 120,302 65.7 113,081 183,161 119,861 65.4 112,772 183,311 120,361 65.7 113,187 183,470 120,616 65.7 113,500 60.9 7,949 6.7 62,961 61.1 8,023 6.7 62,793 61.2 7,967 6.7 62,649 61.1 7,854 6.6 62,957 61.3 7,500 6.3 63,009 61.6 7,546 6.3 62,540 61.4 7,260 6.1 63,187 61.6 7,224 6.0 62,933 61.8 7,221 6.0 62,700 61.6 7,089 5.9 63,300 61.7 7,174 6.0 62,950 61.9 7,116 5.9 62,854 78,874 61,703 78.2 57,883 78,973 61,826 78.3 58,101 79,132 61,948 78.3 58,227 79,216 61,973 78.2 58,325 79,303 61,983 78.2 58,410 79,387 61,976 78.1 58,567 79,474 62,156 78.2 58,721 79,536 62,057 78.0 58,620 79,625 62,116 78.0 58,793 79,668 62,053 77.9 58,818 79,740 62,045 77.8 58,957 79,807 62,160 77.9 58,997 79,885 62,304 78.0 59,167 73.3 2,292 55,277 3,751 6.1 73.4 2,303 55,580 3,820 6.2 73.6 2,289 55,812 3,725 6.0 73.6 2,254 55,974 3,720 6.0 73.6 2,300 56,024 3,648 5.9 73.7 2,411 55,999 3,573 5.8 73.8 2,411 56,155 3,409 5.5 73.9 2,441 56,280 3,436 5.5 73.7 2,307 56,313 3,437 5.5 73.8 2,343 56,450 3,323 5.4 73.8 2,254 56,564 3,235 5.2 73.9 2,355 56,601 3,089 5.0 73.9 2,354 56,643 3,163 5.1 74.1 2,282 56,885 3,137 5.0 86,506 47,283 54.7 44,154 87,567 48,589 55.5 45,556 87,933 49,043 55.8 46,067 88,016 48,923 55.6 46,058 88,150 49,161 55.8 46,261 88,237 49,348 55.9 46,475 88,321 49,355 55.9 46,498 88,395 49,466 56.0 46,751 88,464 49,774 56.3 47,094 88,546 49,714 56.1 47,126 88,632 49,971 56.4 47,288 88,685 49,989 56.4 47,324 88,785 49,882 56.2 47,179 88,843 50,098 56.4 47,493 88,923 50,256 56.5 47,634 51.0 596 43,558 3,129 6.6 52.0 614 44,943 3,032 6.2 52.4 675 45,392 2,976 6.1 52.3 621 45,437 2,865 5.9 52.5 628 45,633 2,900 5.9 52.7 641 45,835 2,873 5.8 52.6 589 45,909 2,857 5.8 52.9 587 46,164 2,715 5.5 53.2 634 46,460 2,680 5.4 53.2 615 46,512 2,588 5.2 53.4 619 46,669 2,683 5.4 53.4 603 46,722 2,664 5.3 53.1 585 46,594 2,703 5.4 53.5 648 46,845 2,605 5.2 53.6 655 46,978 2,622 5.2 14,506 7,901 54.5 6,434 14,496 7,926 54.7 6,472 14,557 7,929 54.5 6,482 14,558 7,837 53.8 6,478 14,545 7,926 54.5 6,524 14,546 8,028 55.2 6,582 14,555 7,884 54.2 6,460 14,562 7,894 54.2 6,518 14,595 8,063 55.2 6,633 14,621 7,746 53.0 6,511 14,628 7,865 53.8 6,647 14,649 8,260 56.4 6,939 14,637 7,933 54.2 6,636 14,661 8,103 55.3 • 6,697 14,663 8,056 54.9 6,699 44.4 305 6,129 1,468 18.6 44.6 258 6,215 1,454 18.3 44.5 237 6,245 1,447 18.2 44.5 251 6,227 1,359 17.3 44.9 264 6,260 1,402 17.7 45.2 295 6,287 1,446 18.0 44.4 284 6,176 1,424 18.1 44.8 292 6,226 1,376 17.4 45.4 261 6,372 1,430 17.7 44.5 257 6,254 1,235 15.9 45.4 258 6,389 1,218 15.5 47.4 236 6,703 1,321 16.0 45.3 230 6,406 1,297 16.3 45.7 282 6,415 1,406 17.4 45.7 230 6,469 1,357 16.8 153,679 99,926 65.0 93,736 155,432 101,801 65.5 95,660 155,979 102,455 65.7 96,281 156,111 102,503 65.7 96,533 156,313 102,746 65.7 96,717 156,431 102,893 65:8 96,995 156,561 102,797 65.7 96,998 156,676 102,894 65.7 97,340 156,811 103,573 66.1 98,050 156,930 103,106 65.7 97,716 157,058 103,272 65.8 97,958 157,134 103,614 65.9 98,299 157,242 103,278 65.7 97,995 157,342 103,640 65.9 98,284 157,449 103,717 65.9 98,457 61.0 6,191 6.2 61.5 6,140 6.0 61.7 6,174 6.0 61.8 5,970 5.8 61.9 6,029 5.9 62.0 5,898 5.7 62.0 5,799 5.6 62.1 5,554 5.4 62.5 5,524 5.3 62.3 5,390 5.2 62.4 5,314 5.1 62.6 5,315 5.1 62.3 5,283 5.1 62.5 5,357 5.2 62.5 5,260 5.1 19,664 12,364 62.9 10,501 19,989 12,654 63.3 10,814 20,120 12,719 63.2 10,910 20,152 12,707 63.1 10,968 20,187 12,831 63.6 10,997 20,218 12,957 64.1 11,101 20,249 12,844 63.4 11,053 20,279 12,743 62.8 11,090 20,312 12,860 63.3 11,080 20,341 12,863 63.2 11,223 20,373 13,047 64.0 11,401 20,396 13,194 64.7 11,563 20,426 13,027 63.8 11,427 20,453 13,167 64.4 11,582 20,482 13,211 64.5 11,607 53.4 1,864 15.1 54.1 1,840 14.5 54.2 1,809 14.2 54.4 1,739 13.7 54.5 1,833 14.3 54.9 1,855 14.3 54.6 1,791 13.9 54.7 1,653 13.0 54.6 1,779 13.8 55.2 1,640 12.7 56.0 1,647 12.6 56.7 1,630 12.4 55.9 1,599 12.3 56.6 1,586 12.0 56.7 1,604 12.1 1985 1986 Nov. Dec. 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 181,363 118,675 65.4 110,432 181,547 118,586 65.3 110,637 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752 60.9 8,243 6.9 62,688 77,195 60,277 78.1 56,562 78,523 61,320 78.1 57,569 73.3 2,278 54,284 3,715 6.2 Jan. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate ................... E m ployed...................................... Employment-population ratio2 ....................................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment r a te ............... Not in labor fo r c e ........................... M en, 20 y e a rs and o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate ................... E m ployed...................................... Employment-population ratio2 ....................................... A g riculture.................................. Nonagricultural industries........ Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment ra te ............... W o m e n , 20 y e a rs on d o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed...................................... Employment-population ratio2 ....................................... A g riculture.................................. Nonagricultural industries........ Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment ra te ............... B o th s e x e s , 16 to 19 y e a rs Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed...................................... Employment-population ratio2 ....................................... A g riculture.................................. Nonagricultural industries........ Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment ra te ............... W h it e Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed...................................... Employment-population ratio2 ....................................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment r a te ............... B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed ...................................... Employment-population ratio2 ....................................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment r a te ............... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • C u rren t L a b o r S ta tistics: E m ploym en t D a ta 5. Continued— Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1987 1986 Annual average Employment status 1985 1986 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 11,915 7,698 64.6 6,888 12,344 8,076 65.4 7,219 12,505 8,226 65.8 7,437 12,540 8,320 66.3 7,446 12,653 8,431 66.6 7,538 12,692 8,457 66.6 7,644 12,732 8,392 65.9 7,639 12,770 8,484 66.4 7,701 12,809 8,586 67.0 7,838 12,848 8,452 65.8 7,730 12,887 8,411 65.3 7,744 12,925 8,544 66.1 7,864 12,965 8,568 66.1 7,869 13,003 8,653 66.5 7,935 13,043 8,774 67.3 7,978 57.8 811 10.5 58.5 857 10.6 59.5 789 9.6 59.4 874 10.5 59.6 893 10.6 60.2 813 9.6 60.0 753 9.0 60.3 783 9.2 61.2 748 8.7 60.2 722 8.5 60.1 667 7.9 60.8 680 8.0 60.7 699 8.2 61.0 718 8.3 61.2 796 9.1 H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian noninstitutional population1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate ................... Employed ...................................... Employment-population ratio2 ....................................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment r a te ............... 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE:* Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals 6. because data for the “ other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Annual average 1986 1987 Selected categories 1985 1986 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 107,150 59,891 47,259 39,248 109,597 60,892 48,706 39,658 110,432 61,241 49,191 39,952 110,637 61,393 49,244 40,093 111,011 61,596 49,415 40,102 111,382 61,751 49,631 39,913 111,368 61,707 49,661 40,100 111,835 61,842 49,993 39,967 112,447 61,996 50,451 40,029 112,257 61,912 50,345 40,057 112,727 62,154 50,574 40,241 113,081 62,343 50,738 40,260 112,772 62,358 50,414 40,370 113,187 62,444 50,743 40,580 113,500 62,586 50,914 40,716 26,336 5,597 27,144 5,837 27,333 6,041 27,400 6,005 27,525 5,985 27,817 5,906 27,965 5,933 28,213 5,972 28,495 5,921 28,458 5,939 28,426 6,013 28,196 6,108 27,988 6,164 28,013 6,205 28,098 6,281 1,535 1,458 185 1,547 1,447 169 1,582 1,425 198 1,621 1,400 152 1,650 1,370 136 1,647 1,454 126 1,739 1,418 150 1,589 1,505 175 1,695 1,442 170 1,614 1,386 165 1,619 1,429 154 1,566 1,363 159 1,615 1,417 134 1,716 1,441 136 1,589 1,399 159 95,871 16,031 79,841 1,249 78,592 7,811 289 98,299 16,342 81,957 1,235 80,722 7,881 255 98,869 16,457 82,412 1,183 81,229 8,179 252 99,164 16,443 82,721 1,189 81,532 8,056 239 99,550 16,412 83,138 1,269 81,869 8,192 246 99,748 16,532 83,216 1,204 82,012 8,187 255 99,834 16,568 83,265 1,227 82,038 8,050 273 100,112 16,484 83,628 1,266 82,362 8,117 268 100,834 16,710 84,124 1,266 82,858 8,142 275 100,420 16,956 83,464 1,146 82,318 8,328 274 100,838 16,931 83,907 1,224 82,683 8,205 268 101,334 16,760 84,574 1,172 83,402 8,216 250 101,221 16,915 84,306 1,088 83,218 8,184 300 101,503 17,083 84,420 1,235 83,185 8,320 238 102,056 17,170 84,886 1,297 83,589 8,097 226 5,590 2,430 2,819 13,489 5,588 2,456 2,800 13,935 5,563 2,510 2,714 14,021 5,596 2,444 2,867 13,877 5,505 2,473 2,695 14,170 5,780 2,535 2,828 14,061 5,456 2,440 2,698 14,167 5,391 2,322 2,746 13,862 5,282 2,223 2,665 14,573 5,184 2,317 2,579 15,054 5,508 2,456 2,722 14,422 5,262 2,515 2,494 14,634 5,241 2,212 2,702 14,313 5,416 2,389 2,664 14,459 5,575 2,455 2,739 14,494 5,334 5,345 2,273 2,305 2,730 . 2,719 13,038 13,502 5,319 2,366 2,626 13,567 5,342 2,286 2,765 13,455 5,201 2,281 2,599 13,750 5,459 2,340 2,742 13,597 5,164 2,218 2,595 13,682 5,110 2,137 2,662 13,399 5,029 2,071 2,594 14,069 4,918 2,155 2,477 14,485 5,235 2,295 2,634 13,946 4,998 2,306 2,433 14,168 4,968 2,038 2,628 13,930 5,101 2,211 2,555 14,007 5,290 2,250 2,659 14,039 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Civilian employed, 16 years and o v e r................................................. M e n .............................................. Women ........................................ Married men, spouse present .. Married women, spouse p re s e n t....................................... Women who maintain families . M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W ORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary w o rk e rs ........ Self-employed w o rke rs ............. Unpaid family w o rk e rs .............. Nonagricultural Industries: Wage and salary w o rk e rs ........ G overnm e nt............................. Private in dustries.................... Private households.............. O th e r ...................................... Self-employed w o rke rs ............. Unpaid family w o rk e rs .............. PERSONS A T W O RK P A R T T IM E 1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work .................................. Could only find part-time work Voluntary part t im e ....................... Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work .................................. Could only find part-time work Voluntary part time ...................... 1 Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7. Selected unemployment Indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Annual average 1986 1987 Selected categories 1985 1986 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Total, all civilian w o rke rs............................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ................................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ........................................ Women, 20 years and o v e r................................... 7.2 18.6 6.2 6.6 7.0 18.3 6.1 6.2 6.9 18.2 6.2 6.1 6.7 17.3 6.0 5.9 6.7 17.7 6.0 5.9 6.7 18.0 5.9 5.8 6.6 18.1 5.8 5.8 6.3 17.4 5.5 5.5 6.3 17.7 5.5 5.4 6.1 15.9 5.5 5.2 6.0 15.5 5.4 5.4 6.0 16.0 5.2 5.3 5.9 16.3 5.0 5.4 6.0 17.4 5.1 5.2 5.9 16.8 5.0 5.2 White, t o ta l............................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ................................ Men, 16 to 19 years ...................................... Women, 16 to 19 ye a rs................................. Men, 20 years and over ..................................... Women, 20 years and o v e r................................ 6.2 15.7 16.5 14.8 5.4 5.7 6.0 15.6 16.3 14.9 5.3 5.4 6.0 16.0 16.3 15.7 5.4 5.2 5.8 15.1 15.5 14.6 5.3 5.0 5.9 15.0 16.1 13.8 5.3 5.1 5.7 15.2 16.0 14.3 5.2 4.9 5.6 15.5 17.1 13.9 5.1 4.8 5.4 14.9 16.7 13.1 4.8 4.6 5.3 15.2 17.3 13.1 4.7 4.5 5.2 13.6 14.5 12.7 4.9 4.4 5.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 4.7 4.5 5.1 14.0 15.4 12.5 4.5 4.4 5.1 14.5 15.3 13.6 4.4 4.5 5.2 14.7 15.0 14.3 4.6 4.3 5.1 14.3 14.8 13.7 4.4 4.4 Black, total ............................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ................................ Men, 16 to 19 years ...................................... Women, 16 to 19 y e a rs................................. Men, 20 years and over ..................................... Women, 20 years and o v e r................................ 15.1 40.2 41.0 39.2 13.2 13.1 14.5 39.3 39.3 39.2 12.9 12.4 14.2 36.0 35.0 37.0 12.9 12.5 13.7 36.5 36.1 36.9 11.8 12.3 14.3 39.5 36.5 43.2 12.2 12.8 14.3 38.9 38.3 39.5 12.0 12.9 13.9 37.6 36.5 38.8 11.5 13.0 13.0 38.0 39.3 36.5 10.9 11.5 13.8 39.0 40.3 37.6 12.5 11.6 12.7 33.3 31.5 35.1 11.5 11.1 12.6 31.5 31.5 31.4 11.3 11.4 12.4 29.2 32.6 25.3 10.7 11.3 12.3 29.7 30.9 28.7 10.0 11.9 12.0 34.0 32.2 35.8 9.6 11.0 12.1 34.3 32.1 36.7 10.2 10.7 Hispanic origin, to ta l............................................... 10.5 10.6 9.6 10.5 10.6 9.6 9.0 9.2 8.7 8.5 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.3 9.1 Married men, spouse p re se n t............................... Married women, spouse p re s e n t.......................... Women who maintain fa m ilie s .............................. Full-time workers .................................................... Part-time workers ................................................... Unemployed 15 weeks and o v e r.......................... Labor force time lost1 ............................................ 4.3 5.6 10.4 6.8 9.3 2.0 8.1 4.4 5.2 9.8 6.6 9.1 1.9 7.9 4.5 5.0 9.7 6.6 9.1 1.9 7.7 4.3 4.8 9.8 6.3 8.8 1.8 7.6 4.2 4.8 9.8 6.4 9.0 1.8 7.6 4.2 4.8 9.5 6.3 8.7 1.8 7.6 4.1 4.5 9.7 6.2 9.2 1.7 7.4 4.1 4.4 9.3 5.9 8.6 1.7 7.3 3.9 4.1 9.6 5.9 8.7 1.8 7.2 4.0 4.0 9.7 5.9 6.9 1.7 7.1 3.8 4.2 9.4 5.7 7.9 1.6 6.9 3.7 4.3 9.0 5.6 8.2 1.6 6.8 3.6 4.2 8.8 5.4 8.5 1.6 6.7 3.7 4.1 9.0 5.5 8.5 1.5 6.8 3.5 4.3 8.4 5.5 8.1 1.5 6.9 7.2 9.5 13.1 7.7 7.6 7.8 5.1 7.6 5.6 3.9 13.2 7.0 13.5 13.1 7.1 6.9 7.4 5.1 7.6 5.5 3.6 12.5 7.0 14.5 15.1 7.1 6.6 7.9 4.4 7.2 5.4 3.6 10.1 6.8 14.1 13.7 6.9 6.4 7.7 4.6 7.2 5.1 3.3 11.5 6.7 14.0 12.2 6.8 6.8 6.8 4.8 7.5 5.2 3.6 11.6 6.6 12.4 11.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 4.0 7.2 5.4 3.7 11.2 6.5 9.3 12.5 6.9 6.7 7.3 4.6 7.3 4.9 3.4 10.7 6.2 11.1 11.9 6.2 6.2 6.2 4.8 7.0 4.7 3.6 9.0 6.3 12.9 12.1 6.4 6.3 6.6 4.4 6.9 4.8 3.3 8.7 6.2 10.8 11.6 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.0 7.2 4.8 3.4 8.8 6.1 7.8 10.7 6.0 6.1 5.9 4.4 6.8 5.1 3.4 11.3 5.9 8.9 11.2 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.3 7.0 4.6 3.9 10.8 5.9 7.0 12.1 5.7 5.6 5.9 4.0 6.4 4.9 3.4 8.3 5.9 8.5 11.4 5.7 5.2 6.5 4.4 6.4 4.7 3.3 10.9 5.8 6.3 10.5 5.3 4.8 6.1 4.4 6.9 4.8 3.5 11.5 CHARACTERISTIC INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers .... M ining........................................................................ C o nstruction............................................................. Manufacturing .......................................................... Durable g o o d s ...................................................... Nondurable g o o d s ............................................... Transportation and public utilities ........................ Wholesale and retail tra d e .................................... Finance and service in dustries............................. Government w o rk e rs ................................................... Agricultural wage and salary w o rk e rs ....................... 1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 8. January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) 1985 16 to 19 y e a rs .................................................... 16 to 17 y e a rs ................................................. 18 to 19 y e a rs ................................................. 20 to 24 y e a rs .................................................... 25 years and o v e r ................................................ 16 to 17 years ............................................... 18 to 19 years ............................................... 20 to 24 y e a r s .................................................. 25 years and o v e r............................................... 9. .... ............... ............... ............. ............... 1987 1986 average Sex and age Nov. 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Apr. Mar. June May July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 7.2 13.6 18.6 21.0 17.0 11.1 5.6 5.8 4.1 7.0 13.3 18.3 20.2 17.0 10.7 5.4 5.7 3.9 6.9 12.9 18.2 20.6 16.7 10.2 5.5 5.8 3.8 6.7 12.9 17.3 18.8 16.3 10.7 5.2 5.5 3.5 6.7 13.1 17.7 20.1 16.2 10.7 5.2 5.6 3.2 6.7 13.1 18.0 20.3 16.6 10.5 5.1 5.5 3.0 6.6 12.9 18.1 20.0 16.5 10.2 5.1 5.4 3.4 6.3 12.6 17.4 19.2 16.3 10.1 4.8 5.0 3.4 6.3 12.6 17.7 21.4 15.0 9.8 4.8 5.0 3.7 6.1 12.2 15.9 18.8 13.7 10.2 4.6 4.9 3.2 6.0 11.7 15.5 17.1 13.9 9.8 4.7 5.0 3.1 6.0 11.6 16.0 18.0 14.7 9.1 4.7 5.0 3.2 5.9 11.7 16.3 17.4 15.4 9.3 4.6 4.7 3.4 6.0 11.8 17.4 20.9 14.6 8.7 4.6 4.9 3.2 5.9 11.7 16.8 19.7 14.9 8.9 4.5 4.7 3.3 7.0 14.1 19.5 21.9 17.9 11.4 5.3 5.6 4.1 6.9 13.7 19.0 20.8 17.7 11.0 5.4 5.6 4.1 6.9 13.4 18.3 21.3 16.2 10.9 5.5 5.7 4.1 6.7 13.4 17.8 19.1 17.0 11.3 5.2 5.5 4.0 6.8 13.4 18.5 21.4 16.9 10.7 5.4 5.7 3.5 6.7 13.6 18.6 21.2 17.0 11.1 5.1 5.4 3.3 6.6 13.2 19.3 20.2 18.6 10.1 5.1 5.4 3.6 6.3 13.2 19.2 21.5 17.5 10.1 4.8 5.0 3.7 6.4 13.4 20.0 23.2 17.7 10.0 4.9 5.1 4.1 6.2 12.6 16.4 18.7 14.4 10.7 4.7 5.0 3.4 6.0 11.9 15.5 16.6 13.8 10.0 4.7 4.9 3.4 6.0 12.4 18.0 20.6 16.3 9.3 4.7 4.9 3.4 5.7 11.9 17.3 18.3 16.0 9.1 4.4 4.6 3.2 5.9 12.0 17.5 21.5 14.4 9.1 4.5 4.8 3.1 5.8 12.0 17.2 21.0 14.4 9.3 4.4 4.6 3.6 7.4 13.0 17.6 20.0 16.0 10.7 5.9 6.2 4.1 7.1 12.8 17.6 19.6 16.3 10.3 5.5 5.9 3.6 6.9 12.4 18.2 19.8 17.2 9.4 5.5 5.8 3.4 6.7 12.4 16.8 18.4 15.7 10.0 5.2 5.5 2.9 6.7 12.7 16.8 18.7 15.3 10.6 5.1 5.5 2.7 6.7 12.4 17.4 19.2 16.1 9.8 5.1 5.6 2.6 6.6 12.5 16.7 19.7 14.2 10.3 5.0 5.4 3.2 6.2 12.0 15.6 16.7 15.1 10.1 4.7 5.0 3.0 6.1 11.7 15.4 19.6 12.4 9.7 4.7 4.9 3.0 5.9 11.7 15.4 18.9 13.0 9.7 4.4 4.7 2.8 6.1 11.6 15.4 17.7 14.0 9.5 4.7 5.0 2.6 6.0 10.7 13.9 15.3 12.9 8.9 4.7 5.0 2.9 6.1 11.6 15.4 16.5 14.6 9.5 4.7 4.9 3.7 6.1 11.5 17.2 20.3 14.8 8.3 4.7 5.0 3.2 6.0 11.4 16.5 18.3 15.4 8.5 4.7 4.9 3.0 Oct. Nov. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1987 1986 Annual average Reason for unemployment 1985 Job losers ...................................................................... On la y o ff...................................................................... Other job lo s e rs .......................................................... Job le a v e rs .................................................................... New e n tra n ts ................................................................. 1986 Dec. Nov. Feb. Jan. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. 4,139 1,157 2,982 877 2,256 1,039 4,033 1,090 2,943 1,015 2,160 1,029 3,947 1,073 2,874 1,056 2,119 1,076 3,890 1,078 2,812 1,036 2,019 1,015 3,971 1,118 2,854 891 2,054 1,084 3,839 998 2,842 1,046 2,042 1,040 3,822 1,011 2,811 1,000 2,111 956 3,732 958 2,774 923 1,940 911 3,611 906 2,705 906 2,018 1,018 3,565 901 2,664 949 1,969 798 3,522 918 2,604 1,007 1,913 801 3,339 850 2,489 1,006 1,997 829 3,321 810 2,511 995 1,885 883 3,447 956 2,491 956 1,794 961 3,334 893 2,442 910 2,005 851 49.8 13.9 35.9 10.6 27.1 12.5 48.9 13.2 35.7 12.3 26.2 12.5 48.1 13.1 35.1 12.9 25.8 13.1 48.9 13.5 35.3 13.0 25.4 12.8 49.6 14.0 35.7 11.1 25.7 13.6 48.2 12.5 35.7 13.1 25.6 13.1 48.4 12.8 35.6 12.7 26.8 12.1 49.7 12.8 37.0 12.3 25.8 12.1 47.8 12.0 35.8 12.0 26.7 13.5 49.0 12.4 36.6 13.0 27.0 11.0 48.6 12.7 36.0 13.9 26.4 11.1 46.6 11.9 34.7 14.0 27.9 11.6 46.9 11.4 35.4 14.0 26.6 12.5 48.2 13.4 34.8 13.4 25.1 13.4 47.0 12.6 34.4 12.8 28.2 12.0 3.6 .8 2.0 .9 3.4 .9 1.8 .9 3.3 .9 1.8 .9 3.3 .9 1.7 .9 3.3 .7 1.7 .9 3.2 .9 1.7 .9 3.2 .8 1.8 .8 3.1 .8 1.6 .8 3.0 .8 1.7 .8 3.0 .8 1.6 .7 2.9 .8 1.6 .7 2.8 .8 1.7 .7 2.8 .8 1.6 .7 2.9 .8 1.5 .8 2.8 .8 1.7 .7 PERCENT OF UNEM PLOYED On la y o ff................................................................... Other job lo s e rs ....................................................... New entrants .............................................................. PERCENT OF C I V IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job le a v e rs .................................................................... New e n tra n ts ................................................................. 10. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1987 1986 Annual average Weeks of unemployment 1985 1986 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 3,143 2,232 2,075 1,025 1,049 3,349 2,118 2,101 1,003 1,098 3,085 2,114 2,055 998 1,057 3,168 2,141 1,907 945 962 3,197 2,170 1,884 814 1,070 3,230 1,932 1,920 909 1,011 3,227 2,121 1,759 799 959 3,225 2,043 1,810 874 936 14.9 7.0 14.9 6.5 14.8 6.7 14.0 6.7 14.3 6.4 14.2 5.7 14.0 6.2 13.8 6.1 Less than 5 weeks ............................................... 5 to 14 weeks ........................................................ 15 weeks and o v e r ............................................... 15 to 26 weeks .................................................. 27 weeks and o v e r ............................................ 3,498 2,509 2,305 1,025 1,280 3,448 2,557 2,232 1,045 1,187 3,382 2,613 2,217 1,045 1,172 3,355 2,389 2,171 1,023 1,148 3,416 2,530 2,200 1,022 1,178 3,361 2,477 2,131 1,008 1,123 3,383 2,447 2,050 945 1,105 Mean duration in w e e k s ....................................... Median duration in w e e k s .................................... 15.6 6.8 15.0 6.9 14.8 7.0 15.0 7.1 15.0 7.0 14.6 6.6 14.9 6.6 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted Oct. 1986 Oct. 1987 California...................................................... 9.4 10.0 6.8 8.1 6.2 6.9 9.1 5.5 7.2 5.6 District of Columbia..................................... Florida .......................................................... 7.3 3.2 3.3 7.4 5.8 6.0 2.9 2.8 6.4 5.0 State Alabama....................................................... Alaska .......................................................... Arizona......................................................... Oct. 1986 Oct. 1987 Montana ..................................................... Nebraska..................................................... Nevada ....................................................... 6.4 4.1 5.2 2.3 6.2 3.9 5.8 2.1 New Jersey ................................................. 4.8 9.1 5.5 5.1 4.5 4.9 3.9 3.7 7.8 8.2 7.2 5.7 3.2 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.3 2.9 South Carolina............................................ 5.7 3.8 7.0 8.9 5.4 4.3 3.9 5.8 7.4 5.2 Vermont...................................................... 4.1 4.6 3.5 3.9 7.5 6.5 10.3 6.0 9.4 5.0 8.4 6.5 State North Dakota .............................................. Ohio ............................................................ Indiana ......................................................... 5.5 4.5 7.0 7.3 6.0 5.1 3.8 5.3 6.3 5.7 Maine............................................................ 5.3 5.0 7.7 13.3 3.9 4.8 4.3 7.1 10.1 2.9 Minnesota.................................................... Mississippi.................................................... 4.0 3.4 8.1 4.1 10.8 4.0 2.7 6.9 4.9 9.2 5.8 5.5 Hawaii........................................................... Idaho ............................................................ NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the Oregon........................................................ Pennsylvania............................................... Wisconsin.................................................... 3.6 8.2 database, 12. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State A labam a............................................................. Alaska ................................................................ A rkansa s............... ............................................ C a lifornia............................................................ Oct. 1986 1,472.0 220.5 1,364.3 829.3 11,442.0 Sept. 1987 1,494.7 220.0 1,370.5 853.5 11,765.8 Oct. 1987? Colorado ............................................................ Connecticut ....................................................... D elaw are............................................................ District of C olum bia......................................... Florida ................................................................ 1,401.8 1,616.7 309.0 641.1 4,634.9 1,393.8 1,655.4 317.1 648.0 4,799.7 1,399.8 1,664.2 319.9 647.9 4,838.9 Georgia .............................................................. H aw aii................................................................. Id a h o .................................................................. Illinois ................................................................. Indiana ............................................................... 2,727.9 438.3 343.4 4,837.9 2,274.9 2,762.0 446.6 347.0 4,868.2 2,348.0 2,774.5 454.8 349.4 4,927.2 2,358.5 Io w a .................................................................... Kansas ............................................................... K e ntucky............................................................ Louisiana............................................................ M a in e ................... .............................................. 1,097.8 992.9 1,299.8 1,514.9 490.5 1,116.4 1,007.7 1,316.4 1,498.8 509.9 Maryland ............................................................ M assachusetts................................................. M ichigan............................................................. M inne sota.......................................................... M ississippi.......................................................... M issouri.............................................................. M o ntana............................................................. 1,985.2 3,015.2 3,697.2 1,930.7 860.2 2,160.3 281.0 1,993.1 3,055.5 3,708.1 1'982.1 874.5 2,185.6 276.6 Oct. 1986 Sept. 1987 664 7 Oct. 1987? 4ft0 6 497.7 518.5 676.0 508.9 517.4 New Mexico ................................................ New Y o rk .................................... North Carolina ..................................... 3 53ft 7 531.8 8,010.4 2,782.3 252.5 3 5ft7 1 539.3 8,148.8 2,858.3 256.4 3.616.6 540.9 8,216.0 2.878.6 257.8 O k la h o m a ......................................................... 1J39.3 1^130.3 Rhode Is la n d .................................................... 451.9 452.1 South D a k o ta ................................................... 256.8 257.0 6^533.7 642.5 6^524.7 650.0 2,607.5 2,652.8 2,047.1 2,095.0 242.1 2.669.1 1.877.5 609.2 2,095.4 36.5 37.4 194.7 744.4 37.9 1,128.6 L012.3 Texas ................................................................ 1,323.3 Utah .................................................................. 1,508.0 509.0 ■Virginia.............................................................. 1,997 8 3,078.2 3,743.7 l|996.6 877.8 2,188 9 279 4 p = preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State 1,501.5 212.0 1,384.7 856.2 11,824.71 because of the continual updating of the database. 4.658.7 1,135.2 1.120.4 5.013.8 455.4 1.406.0 259.1 2.048.7 6.565.8 648.5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 13. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) 1987 1986 Annual average Industry 1985 1986 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.p Nov.p 97,519 81,125 99,610 82,900 100,415 83,515 100,567 83,643 100,919 83,983 101,150 84,215 101,329 84,352 101,598 84,560 101,708 84,677 101,818 84,787 102,126 85,106 102,275 85,229 102,434 85,386 102,970 85,766 103,244 85,998 24,859 927 583 24,681 783 457 24,630 730 412 24,630 724 406 24,708 718 405 24,743 719 406 24,749 722 408 24,759 729 416 24,752 735 420 24,761 738 425 24,850 744 430 24,886 751 434 24,917 759 439 25,053 764 443 25,152 760 440 4,673 1,253 4,904 1,293 4,946 1,289 4,936 1,277 5,034 1,311 5,038 1,309 5,032 1,291 5,019 1,272 4,999 1,267 5,008 1,266 5,002 1,261 5,006 1,262 4,989 1,260 5,044 1,273 5,078 1,283 19,260 13,092 18,994 12,895 18,954 12,879 18,970 12,906 18,956 12,884 18,986 12,916 18,995 12,925 19,011 12,939 19,018 12,946 19,015 12,958 19,104 13,020 19,129 13,038 19,169 13,072 19,245 13,129 19,314 13,193 11,490 7,644 11,244 7,432 11,174 7,385 11,175 7,393 11,157 7,370 11,179 7,398 11,176 7,399 11,175 7,406 11,175 7,409 11,176 7,421 11,195 7,425 11,248 7,475 11,268 7,494 11,320 7,530 11,356 7,568 697 494 588 808 711 497 586 753 723 499 582 733 728 499 584 733 731 500 586 726 733 501 588 733 734 502 586 739 736 504 586 743 738 509 584 742 735 510 582 746 740 518 582 750 736 518 582 754 740 520 581 764 741 524 583 769 744 526 586 773 303 1,465 275 1,431 260 1,419 259 1,422 254 1,422 261 1,419 266 1,419 272 1,423 272 1,420 275 1,424 277 1,424 278 1,425 283 1,429 286 1,439 288 1,447 2,174 2,060 2,015 2,011 2,007 2,018 2,015 2,022 2,025 2,028 2,033 2,044 2,053 2,062 2,070 2,197 1,980 884 720 2,123 2,015 865 707 2,119 2,023 858 700 2,118 2,018 853 698 2,111 2,014 851 697 2,106 2,022 859 695 2,099 2,022 854 694 2,092 2,011 847 694 2,087 2,011 843 693 2,080 2,010 842 693 2,088 1,995 814 695 2,095 2,028 848 695 2,096 2,018 837 695 2,110 2,021 839 697 2,115 2,020 839 700 367 362 361 364 363 364 366 364 366 368 370 371 372 374 375 7,770 5,449 7,750 5,463 7,780 5,494 7,795 5,513 7,799 5,514 7,807 5,518 7,819 5,526 7,836 5,533 7,843 5,537 7,839 5,537 7,909 5,595 7,881 5,563 7,901 5,578 7,925 5,599 7,958 5,625 Food and kindred pro d u c ts.......... Tobacco m anufactures................. Textile mill p ro d u c ts ....................... Apparel and other textile products.......................................... Paper and allied products ............ 1,603 64 702 1,617 59 705 1,627 59 714 1,631 58 715 1,628 58 718 1,630 58 722 1,635 57 725 1,642 56 724 1,633 57 727 1,634 57 729 1,644 57 736 1,632 56 732 1,631 55 735 1,634 55 736 1,638 57 740 1,121 678 1,106 674 1,101 678 1,110 679 1,106 678 1,101 679 1,103 678 1,104 677 1,107 677 1,108 676 1,130 678 1,110 677 1,117 681 1,122 679 1,127 681 Printing and publishing.................. Chemicals and allied products..... Petroleum and coal p roducts....... Rubber and misc. plastics products.......................................... Leather and leather products ...... 1,428 1,044 179 1,457 1,023 169 1,472 1,020 165 1,474 1,017 163 1,479 1,018 164 1,483 1,018 164 1,485 1,017 164 1,493 1,018 164 1,497 1,022 164 1,498 1,014 164 1,504 1,026 164 1,508 1,031 164 1,509 1,031 166 1,513 1,033 167 1,522 1,036 166 786 165 790 151 797 147 800 148 803 147 805 147 807 148 809 149 809 150 810 149 815 155 819 152 824 152 833 153 839 152 S E R V IC E - P R O D U C IN G ...................... 72,660 74,930 75,785 75,937 76,211 76,407 76,580 76,839 76,956 77,057 77,276 77,389 77,517 77,917 78,092 5,238 3,003 5,244 3,041 5,278 3,071 5,286 3,078 5,304 3,089 5,315 3,097 5,333 3,112 5,348 3,124 5,344 3,120 5,350 3,128 5,363 3,133 5,377 3,147 5,416 3,183 5,428 3,194 5,455 3,216 2,235 2,203 2,207 2,208 2,215 2,218 2,221 2,224 2,224 2,222 2,230 2,230 2,233 2,234 2,239 5,717 3,388 2,329 5,735 3,383 2,351 5,728 3,380 2,348 5,725 3,383 2,342 5,741 3,386 2,355 5,757 3,391 2,366 5,766 3,397 2,369 5,772 3,397 2,375 5,775 3,401 2,374 5,781 3,405 2,376 5,797 3,418 2,379 5,807 3,422 2,385 5,815 3,431 2,384 5,834 3,446 2,388 5,857 3,461 2,396 17,356 2,324 2,775 17,845 2,363 2,873 18,009 2,379 2,906 18,007 2,363 2,916 18,080 2,358 2,929 18,140 2,373 2,940 18,136 2,380 2,944 18,197 2,385 2,953 18,205 2,390 2,956 18,226 2,387 2,960 18,274 2,407 2,959 18,256 2,411 2,962 18,314 2,415 2,958 18,396 2,452 2,969 18,376 2,417 2,972 1,890 5,709 1,943 5,879 1,963 5,927 1,970 5,938 1,978 5,946 1,979 5,956 1,979 5,964 1,978 5,962 1,978 5,976 1,983 5,982 1,985 5,985 1,985 5,992 1,988 6,018 1,999 6,032 2,004 6,044 5,955 2,977 1,833 1,146 6,297 3,152 1,945 1,200 6,418 3,212 1,990 1,216 6,451 3,227 1,999 1,225 6,480 3,235 2,012 1,233 6,501 3,243 2,016 1,242 6,526 3,256 2,022 1,248 6,558 3,272 2,032 1,254 6,576 3,276 2,037 1,263 6,586 3,280 2,037 1,269 6,608 3,291 2,043 1,274 6,624 3,293 2,050 1,281 6,629 3,292 2,054 1,283 6,644 3,296 2,063 1,285 6,659 3,302 2,064 1,293 22,000 4,457 6,299 23,099 4,781 6,551 23,452 4,877 6,661 23,544 4,912 6,691 23,670 4,950 6,721 23,759 4,984 6,748 23,842 5,020 6,773 23,926 5,044 6,800 24,025 5,083 6,822 24,083 5,086 6,853 24,214 5,105 6,887 24,279 5,133 6,923 24,295 5,152 6,943 24,411 5,195 6,987 24,499 5,211 7,034 16,394 2,875 3,832 9,687 16,711 2,899 3,888 9,923 16,900 2,900 3,915 10,085 16,924 2,904 3,927 10,093 16,936 2,912 3,929 10,095 16,935 2,916 3,927 10,092 16,977 2,922 3,930 10,125 17,038 2,933 3,943 10,162 17,031 2,935 3,947 10,149 17,031 2,935 3,932 10,164 17,020 2,936 3,952 10,132 17,046 2,940 3,964 10,142 17,048 2,962 3,957 10,129 17,204 2,961 3,969 10,274 17,246 2,966 3,988 10,292 T O T A L ................................................... P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................. G O O D S - P R O D U C I N G .......................... M i n i n g ......................................................... Oil and gas extraction .................. C o n s t r u c t io n .......................................... General building contractors....... M a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................ Production w o rk e rs ....................... D u r a b le g o o d s ..................................... Production w o rk e rs ...................... Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ......... Furniture and fix tu re s .................... Stone, clay, and glass products ... Primary metal industries ............... Blast furnaces and basic steel products.......................................... Fabricated metal products............ Machinery, except e lectrica l......... Electrical and electronic equipm ent....................................... Transportation equipm ent............. Motor vehicles and equipment .... Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing in dustries........................................ N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................. Production w o rkers......................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ...................................................... Transportation................................. Communication and public u tilitie s............................................. W h o le s a le t r a d e ................................... Durable g o o d s ................................. Nondurable g o o d s .......................... R e ta il t r a d e ............................................. General merchandise s to re s ........ Food s to re s ..................................... Automotive dealers and service s ta tio n s ........................................... Eating and drinking p la c e s ........... F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ......................................................... F in a n c e ............................................ Insurance ......................................... Real e s ta te ...................................... S e r v i c e s ..................................................... Business se rvice s........................... Health s e rv ic e s ............................... G o v e r n m e n t ........................................... F e d e ra l............................................. State ................................................. L o c a l................................................. p = preliminary NOTE: See notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 14. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Industry Annual average 1985 1986 1987 1986 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.P N o v .p P R IV A T E S E C T O R ........................................................ 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.6 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.7 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.9 34.6 34.9 3 4 .9 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................................................... 40.5 3.3 40.7 3.4 40.8 3.5 40.8 3.6 40.9 3.6 41.1 3.6 40.9 3.6 40.6 3.5 41.0 3.8 41.0 3.7 41.0 3.8 41.0 3.8 40.6 3.6 41.3 4.0 4 1 .2 41.3 3.5 40.3 39.8 42.2 41.9 41.7 41.3 41.4 3.5 40.8 39.8 41.9 42.4 42.5 41.4 41.4 3.6 40.6 39.9 42.2 42.5 42.6 41.2 41.6 3.7 40.8 40.2 42.5 42.6 42.7 41.6 41.7 3.7 41.3 40.2 42.8 42.6 42.3 41.6 41.5 3.7 40.9 40.0 42.5 42.6 42.3 41.5 41.2 3.6 40.6 39.1 41.9 42.3 42.4 41.2 41.6 3.9 41.0 39.9 42.3 43.1 43.3 41.6 41.5 3.8 40.6 40.0 42.0 43.1 43.5 41.5 41.6 3.8 40.6 40.0 42.2 43.4 44.1 41.4 41.6 4.0 40.4 40.1 42.1 43.5 44.0 41.5 41.0 3.7 39.4 39.3 41.9 43.4 45.2 40.8 41.9 4.1 40.4 40.1 42.5 43.8 44.3 42.0 4 1 .8 Overtime h o u rs ................................................... Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................... Furniture and fix tu re s .............................................. Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................ Primary metal in du s trie s ......................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts.......... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ..................................... 41.2 3.5 39.9 39.4 41.9 41.5 41.1 41.3 Machinery except electrical ................................... Electrical and electronic equipm ent...................... Transportation equipm ent....................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................ Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ......................... 41.5 40.6 42.6 43.5 41.0 41.6 41.0 42.3 42.6 41.0 41.7 41.0 42.2 42.4 41.1 41.7 41.0 42.1 42.4 41.1 42.0 41.0 42.3 42.9 41.2 42.2 41.1 42.5 43.0 41.3 42.0 40.9 42.3 42.9 41.3 41.8 40.6 41.9 42.1 41.0 42.2 40.8 42.2 42.5 41.5 42.2 41.1 41.9 42.0 41.5 42.4 41.1 41.7 41.9 41.6 42.2 41.0 41.9 41.9 41.7 41.6 40.4 41.3 41.3 41.1 42.6 41.0 42.5 42.9 41.9 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ............................................................ Overtime h o u rs ................................................... Food and kindred pro d u c ts .................................... Textile mill p ro d u cts ................................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... 39.6 3.1 40.0 39.7 36.4 43.1 39.9 3.3 40.0 41.1 36.7 43.2 40.0 3.5 40.0 41.4 36.9 43.2 40.0 3.5 39.8 41.6 37.0 43.2 40.1 3.5 40.0 41.6 37.0 43.4 40.3 3.5 40.1 42.0 37.4 43.3 40.1 3.5 40.0 42.1 37.0 43.0 39.7 3.3 39.8 41.4 36.1 43.0 40.2 3.7 40.1 42.0 37.2 43.5 40.2 3.6 40.1 42.1 37.1 43.3 40.3 3.7 39.9 42.4 37.3 43.5 40.3 3.7 40.3 42.1 37.4 43.4 40.1 3.6 40.2 41.3 36.3 43.8 40.5 3.8 40.5 41.9 37.5 43.6 Printing and publishing............................................ Chemicals and allied products............................... Petroleum and coal p roducts................................. 37.8 41.9 43.0 38.0 41.9 43.8 38.0 42.3 43.8 38.0 42.1 43.6 37.9 42.2 44.6 38.1 42.2 44.0 37.9 42.0 44.1 37.7 42.2 43.9 37.9 42.1 44.3 38.1 42.0 43.3 38.1 42.2 44.4 37.9 42.4 43.3 38.2 42.8 43.2 38.1 42.7 43.4 Overtime h o u rs ................................................... D u r a b le g o o d s ..................................................................... 3 .9 4 .0 4 0 .5 3 9 .8 4 2 .4 4 3 .8 4 4 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .7 4 1 .0 4 2 .3 4 3 .1 4 1 .5 4 0 .4 3 .8 4 0 .3 4 1 .9 3 7 .2 4 3 .6 3 8 .0 4 2 .7 4 2 .8 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ..... 39.5 39.2 39.2 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.0 39.0 39.2 38.8 39.2 39.3 39.1 39.3 3 9 .2 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................................... 37.8 37.7 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.0 38.4 3 8 .3 R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................................................... 29.4 29.2 29.2 28.9 29.0 29.3 29.3 29.5 29.4 29.2 29.3 29.6 29.6 29.3 2 9 .3 S E R V IC E S ................................................................................ 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.6 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.5 3 2 .7 p = preliminary NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis benchmark adjustment. 93 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by industry Industry P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................................................... Seasonally adjusted ............................................. Annual average 1986 1987 1985 1986 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.» Nov.p $8.57 - $8.76 - $8.88 8.86 $8.86 8.84 $8.90 8.86 $8.92 8.88 $8.92 8.91 $8.91 8.91 $8.93 8.95 $8.92 8.94 $8.91 8.96 $8.94 9.02 $9.06 9.02 $9.09 9.07 $9.14 9.12 M I N I N G ........................................................................................ 11.98 12.44 12.57 12.63 12.66 12.56 12.51 12.43 12.42 12.44 12.31 12.32 12.43 12.36 12.48 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................................... 12.32 12.47 12.66 12.77 12.58 12.51 12.59 12.55 12.60 12.61 12.57 12.67 12.77 12.79 12.79 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ............................................................... 9.54 9.73 9.78 9.85 9.84 9.84 9.85 9.87 9.87 9.87 9.87 9.86 10.00 9.95 10.01 D u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................................... 10.10 8.22 7.17 9.84 11.67 13.33 9.70 10.29 8.33 7.46 10.05 11.86 13.73 9.89 10.33 8.35 7.55 10.14 11.80 13.68 9.94 10.40 8.32 7.65 10.17 11.82 13.74 10.02 10.38 8.27 7.61 10.17 11.76 13.55 9.98 10.39 8.31 7.58 10.15 11.78 13.59 9.99 10.39 8.28 7.58 10.13 11.82 13.66 9.99 10.39 8.34 7.58 10.23 11.96 13.84 9.98 10.40 8.37 7.64 10.26 11.96 13.80 9.97 10.42 8.44 7.66 10.29 11.97 13.83 10.00 10.40 8.46 7.67 10.33 11.97 13.70 9.95 10.42 8.49 7.74 10.31 11.98 13.81 9.97 10.53 8.48 7.75 10.40 12.24 14.17 10.04 10.51 8.42 7.72 10.33 12.05 13.97 10.10 10.57 8.42 7.74 10.35 12.08 13.95 10.16 Machinery, except electrical .................................. 10.29 Electrical and electronic equipm ent...................... 9.46 Transportation equipm ent....................................... 12.71 Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................ 13.39 Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ......................... 9.17 7.30 Miscellaneous m anufacturing................................. 10.59 9.65 12.81 13.45 9.47 7.54 10.62 9.73 12.88 13.44 9.63 7.62 10.67 9.82 12.96 13.56 9.65 7.69 10.64 9.84 12.93 13.58 9.64 7.69 10.68 9.84 12.88 13.49 9.67 7.68 10.72 9.84 12.86 13.49 9.67 7.66 10.70 9.82 12.80 13.40 9.67 7.67 10.70 9.83 12.85 13.42 9.69 7.72 10.76 9.84 12.88 13.47 9.70 7.74 10.74 9.89 12.83 13.36 9.74 7.72 10.76 9.90 12.90 13.43 9.78 7.70 10.81 9.98 13.07 13.69 9.80 7.76 10.85 9.94 13.10 13.75 9.81 7.75 10.91 9.98 13.18 13.83 9.88 7.76 Food and kindred p roducts.................................... Tobacco m anufactures........................................... Textile mill p ro d u cts ................................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied products ...................................... 8.71 8.57 11.96 6.70 5.73 10.83 8.94 8.74 12.85 6.93 5.84 11.18 9.02 8.79 12.67 7.05 5.87 11.27 9.07 8.88 12.93 7.10 5.90 11.34 9.09 8.90 12.97 7.10 5.94 11.26 9.08 8.91 13.44 7.11 5.93 11.26 9.09 8.93 13.80 7.12 5.93 11.27 9.14 8.95 14.28 7.12 5.94 11.37 9.13 8.96 14.53 7.13 5.89 11.40 9.11 8.91 15.57 7.15 5.91 11.41 9.16 8.88 14.85 7.14 5.89 11.48 9.12 8.80 14.20 7.16 5.90 11.41 9.28 8.92 12.89 7.23 6.01 11.67 9.18 8.86 12.75 7.24 5.98 11.45 9.24 8.94 13.54 7.32 6.00 11.44 Printing and publishing............................................ Chemicals and allied products............................... Petroleum and coal p roducts................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts..... Leather and leather products ................................ 9.71 11.56 14.06 8.54 5.83 9.99 11.98 14.18 8.73 5.92 10.11 12.17 14.32 8.77 5.98 10.15 12.20 14.41 8.82 5.98 10.14 12.18 14.57 8.83 6.04 10.16 12.21 14.51 8.79 6.01 10.17 12.24 14.50 8.80 6.06 10.14 12.30 14.50 8.82 6.12 10.19 12.31 14.52 8.84 6.05 10.19 12.27 14.43 8.87 6.04 10.25 12.37 14.48 8.93 5.98 10.31 12.34 14.52 8.90 6.01 10.48 12.56 14.71 8.98 6.09 10.43 12.53 14.64 8.91 6.08 10.44 12.58 14.75 8.99 6.11 11.40 11.70 11.90 11.90 11.89 11.93 11.90 11.94 11.95 11.91 12.00 11.97 12.03 12.01 12.12 Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................... Furniture and fix tu re s .............................................. Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................ Primary metal in d u s trie s......................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts .......... Fabricated metal products ..................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................................................. T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................................... 9.16 9.35 9.47 9.47 9.49 9.55 9.53 9.53 9.57 9.57 9.57 9.62 9.67 9.67 9.75 R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................................................... 5.94 6.03 6.08 6.07 6.09 6.09 6.08 6.09 6.09 6.08 6.07 6.06 6.20 6.15 6.18 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ..... 7.94 8.35 8.57 8.48 8.60 8.75 8.72 8.71 8.72 8.68 8.69 8.81 8.79 8.80 8.94 S E R V IC E S ................................................................................ 7.90 8.16 8.33 8.32 8.37 8.43 8.41 8.40 8.38 8.35 8.33 8.40 8.55 8.61 8.71 - Data not available. p = preliminary 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry 1987 1986 Annual average Industry 1985 Nov. 1986 Dec. Mar. Feb. Jan. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov.p Oct.p P R IV A T E S E C T O R Seasonally adjusted........................................... Constant (1977) dollars ....................................... $299.09 $304.85 $308.14 $308.33 $306.16 $307.74 $308.63 $308.29 $310.76 $312.20 $312.74 $315.58 $314.38 $317.24 $318.07 308.33 305.86 307.44 309.91 310.07 309.18 312.36 311.11 311.81 314.80 312.09 316.54 318.29 “ 170.42 171.07 171.86 171.87 169.52 169.74 169.48 168.28 169.17 169.21 169.14 169.76 168.30 169.38 M I N I N G ........................................................................................ 519.93 524.97 520.40 535.51 538.05 527.52 522.92 519.57 526.61 527.46 518.25 522.37 523.30 527.77 527.90 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................................... 464.46 466.38 462.09 469.94 467.98 460.37 470.87 469.37 485.10 480.44 485.20 489.06 464.83 496.25 473.23 Current d o lla rs ......................................................... Constant (1977) d o lla rs ......................................... 386.37 220.15 396.01 222.23 400.98 223.64 408.78 227.86 401.47 222.30 401.47 221.44 402.87 221.24 398.75 217.78 403.68 219.75 405.66 219.87 400.72 216.72 403.27 216.93 408.00 218.42 410.94 219.40 414.41 D u r a b le g o o d s ...................................................................... Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................... Furniture and fix tu re s .............................................. Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts............................ Primary metal in d u strie s......................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts .......... Fabricated metal products ..................................... 416.12 327.98 282.50 412.30 484.31 547.86 400.61 424.98 335.70 296.91 424.11 496.93 572.54 408.46 429.73 337.34 303.51 423.85 500.32 580.03 413.50 439.92 337.79 314.42 427.14 508.26 589.45 422.84 430.77 331.63 302.88 421.04 500.98 575.88 414.17 431.19 337.39 299.41 423.26 503.01 577.58 413.59 432.22 337.00 301.68 425.46 505.90 581.92 414.59 427.03 338.60 294.10 430.68 508.30 593.74 408.18 431.60 345.68 301.78 439.13 514.28 598.92 412.76 434.51 348.57 306.40 437.33 517.10 605.75 417.00 426.40 341.78 300.66 439.03 514.71 602.80 405.96 430.35 345.54 311.92 439.21 515.14 600.74 411.76 432.78 338.35 308.45 442.00 531.22 639.07 410.64 439.32 341.85 314.20 443.16 524.18 610.49 424.20 442.88 337.64 311.15 437.81 530.31 613.80 428.75 Machinery, except electrical .................................. Electrical and electronic equipm ent...................... Transportation equipm ent....................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................ Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ......................... Miscellaneous m anufacturing................................. 427.04 384.08 541.45 582.47 375.97 287.62 440.54 395.65 541.86 572.97 388.27 298.58 444.98 402.82 546.11 568.51 398.68 305.56 456.68 413.42 562.46 595.28 407.23 309.14 446.88 404.42 549.53 585.30 397.17 303.76 449.63 402.46 546.11 577.37 399.37 301.06 452.38 402.46 547.84 582.77 401.31 301.04 445.12 395.75 536.32 566.82 394.54 297.60 449.40 399.10 542.27 571.69 399.23 302.62 455.15 404.42 539.67 567.09 402.55 304.18 447.86 399.56 526.03 549.10 398.37 299.54 449.77 403.92 530.19 547.94 403.91 303.38 449.70 404.19 538.48 562.66 402.78 302.64 460.04 407.54 554.13 585.75 408.10 310.00 468.04 413.17 560.15 594.69 412.98 304.97 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................................................. 344.92 342.80 444.91 265.99 208.57 466.77 356.71 349.60 480.59 284.82 214.33 482.98 363.51 353.36 481.46 294.69 218.36 489.12 368.24 357.86 483.58 299.62 220.66 500.09 362.69 354.22 481.19 293.94 218.59 488.68 362.29 351.05 486.53 295.78 220.00 484.18 363.60 352.74 525.78 299.04 219.41 483.48 361.03 351.74 536.93 291.21 212.65 486.64 366.11 359.30 571.03 298.75 219.11 493.62 367.13 357.29 624.36 303.16 221.03 494.05 366.40 354.31 527.18 297.02 217.93 495.94 368.45 358.16 512.62 302.87 220.66 492.91 374.91 363.94 501.42 301.49 218.16 514.65 372.71 360.60 520.20 305.53 224.85 499.22 375.14 362.07 556.49 309.64 225.00 501.07 367.04 484.36 604.58 379.62 501.96 621.08 387.21 516.01 630.08 392.81 519.72 628.28 381.26 514.00 645.45 384.05 514.04 629.73 386.46 515.30 636.55 381.26 519.06 635.10 384.16 518.25 637.43 384.16 516.57 624.82 387.45 518.30 645.81 392.81 519.51 631.62 403.48 537.57 644.30 398.43 531.27 639.77 399.85 538.42 634.25 350.99 216.88 360.55 218.45 365.71 221.86 373.09 227.84 367.33 225.29 364.79 223.57 365.20 227.25 360.74 224.60 366.86 233.53 370.77 237.37 366.13 230.83 368.46 233.79 371.77 229.59 374.22 235.30 379.38 236.46 U T I L I T I E S ................................................................................ 450.30 458.64 467.67 465.29 457.77 465.27 462.91 463.27 466.05 465.68 472.80 474.01 471.58 471.99 476.32 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................................... 351.74 359.04 363.65 363.65 361.57 361.95 361.19 363.09 366.53 367.49 366.53 369.41 368.43 371.33 373.43 183.52 179.58 179.84 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Food and kindred pro d u cts.................................... Tobacco m anufactures........................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ................................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... Printing and publishing............................................ Chemicals and allied products............................... Petroleum and coal p roducts................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p roducts.................................................... Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................ T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................................................... 174.64 176.08 176.32 178.46 172.35 174.78 175.71 177.83 178.44 179.97 182.10 183.62 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E .................................................................................... 289.02 303.94 312.81 309.52 312.18 318.50 316.54 316.17 316.54 315.95 314.58 320.68 316.44 318.56 324.52 S E R V IC E S ................................................................................ 256.75 265.20 269.89 269.57 269.51 273.13 272.48 271.32 271.51 272.21 273.22 276.36 277.02 279.83 283.95 - Data not available. » = preliminary NOTE: See "N otes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 17. The Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Industry P R IV A T E S E C T O R (In c u r r e n t d o l l a r s ) .................................. P R IV A T E S E C T O R [ In c o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o lla r s ] .............. Nov. 1986 Sept. 1987 Oct. 1987p 171.3 175.0 174.8 175.9 182.6 154.2 173.0 174.1 174.8 159.3 184.0 177.6 183.0 155.9 176.3 176.4 178.5 163.2 188.9 183.0 182.5 156.2 175.7 176.3 178.5 161.7 189.3 183.8 184.1 156.0 176.5 177.7 179.8 162.2 192.0 185.8 95.6 93.7 93.3 1 This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Seasonally adjusted Nov. 1987p Sept. 1987 Oct. 1987» Nov. 1987p Nov. 1986 July 1987 Aug. 1987 171.2 173.2 174.1 174.6 174.8 175.7 154.7 173.2 172.9 154.3 174.7 176.4 154.7 175.5 176.0 154.0 176.7 175.7 154.7 176.3 175.9 156.4 176.6 176.5 159.3 160.9 161.5 162.7 162.0 162.2 177.1 180.5 182.4 182.3 183.8 185.2 95.5 93.7 93.7 93.8 93.6 p = preliminary, NOTE: See "N otes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 18. January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Indexes of diffusion: Industries in which employment Increased, data seasonally adjusted (In p e rc e n t) Time span and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Over 1985 1986 1987 1-month span: .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 55.9 53.2 53.5 47.0 48.1 56.8 52.4 48.1 58.6 47.3 53.5 58.4 53.2 52.4 58.6 46.8 46.8 55.7 53.8 52.4 68.6 53.8 56.2 54.6 47.8 55.1 65.4 53.2 53.2 66.8 54.3 59.7 69.2 57.3 59.7 - Over 1985 1986 1987 3-month span: .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 51.1 49.7 58.6 48.4 44.9 59.5 42.4 45.7 61.1 46.5 48.4 61.6 44.3 47.6 61.4 49.7 45.4 67.3 47.0 48.4 66.2 48.6 55.1 75.1 45.9 55.9 69.5 47.6 58.1 76.5 55.1 58.6 - 56.5 60.3 Over 1985 1986 1987 6-month span: .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 46.5 47.6 61.9 46.5 47.6 62.7 43.2 43.0 58.9 44.3 43.2 67.3 44.3 45.4 67.6 45.1 48.4 71.1 43.0 47.3 75.1 44.3 53.0 78.9 49.2 59.2 - 49.2 58.9 - 47.3 57.8 - 45.9 58.9 - Over 1985 1986 1987 12-month span: .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 44.6 43.2 62.2 44.1 44.1 63.5 43.8 46.2 67.3 40.8 45.7 69.2 41.6 47.8 71.9 41.6 49.5 ” 42.2 49.5 42.4 51.6 - 43.8 54.9 " 44.3 52.2 - 44.1 55.1 - 42.4 56.5 - - Data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the 19. spans. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the “ Definitions" in this section. See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population (Numbers in, thousands) Employment status 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Noninstitutional pop ulation........................................ 163,541 166,460 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 178,080 179,912 182,293 Labor force: Total (num ber)....................................................... Percent of pop ulation........................................... 103,882 63.5 106,559 64.0 108,544 64.1 110,315 64.2 111,872 64.3 113,226 64.4 115,241 64.7 117,167 65.1 119,540 65.6 Employed: Total (num ber)................................................. Percent of pop u la tio n ..................................... Resident Armed F o rce s............................... Civilian Total ............................................................. A g riculture................................................ Nonagricultural industries....................... 97,679 59.7 1,631 100,421 60.3 1,597 100,907 59.6 1,604 102,042 59.4 1,645 101,194 58.2 1,668 102,510 58.3 1,676 106,702 59.9 1,697 108,856 60.5 1,706 111,303 61.1 1,706 96,048 3,387 92,661 98,824 3,347 95,477 99,303 3,364 95,938 100,397 3,368 97,030 99,526 3,401 96,125 100,834 3,383 97,450 105,005 3,321 101,685 107,150 3,179 103,971 109,597 3,163 106,434 Unemployed: Total (num ber)................................................ Percent of labor f o rc e ................................... 6,202 6.0 6,137 5.8 7,637 7.0 8,273 7.5 10,678 9.5 10,717 9.5 8,539 7.4 8,312 7.1 8,237 6.9 Not in labor force (number) ................................... 59,659 59,900 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 62,752 20. Annual data: Employment levels by industry (Numbers in thousands) Industry 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Total em ploym ent........................................................................... Private s e c to r................................................................................ G oods-producing....................................................................... M in in g .................................................................................... Construction ......................................................................... M anufacturing....................................................................... 86,697 71,026 25,585 851 4,229 20,505 89,823 73,876 26,461 958 4,463 21,040 90,406 74,166 25,658 1,027 4,346 20,285 91,156 75,126 25,497 1,139 4,188 20,170 89,566 73,729 23,813 1,128 3,905 18,781 90,200 74,330 23,334 952 3,948 18,434 94,496 78,472 24,727 966 4,383 19,378 97,519 81,125 24,859 927 4,673 19,260 99,610 82,900 24,681 783 4,904 18,994 Service-producing...................................................................... Transportation and public u tilitie s ...................................... Wholesale trade .................................................................... Retail trade ............................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .................................. S e rvices.................................................................................. 61,113 4,923 4,969 14,573 4,724 16,252 63,363 5,136 5,204 14,989 4,975 17,112 64,748 5,146 5,275 15,035 5,160 17,890 65,659 5,165 5,358 15,189 5,298 18,619 65,753 5,082 5,278 15,179 5,341 19,036 66,866 4,954 5,268 15,613 5,468 19,694 69,769 5,159 5,555 16,545 5,689 20,797 72,660 5,238 5,717 17,356 5,955 22,000 74,930 5,244 5,735 17,845 6,297 23,099 G overnm ent.......................................................................... Federal............................................................................. S ta te ................................................................................. L o c a l................................................................................ 15,672 2,753 3,474 9,446 15,947 2,773 3,541 9,633 16,241 2,866 3,610 9,765 16,031 2,772 3,640 9,619 15,837 2,739 3,640 9,458 15,869 2,774 3,662 9,434 16,024 2,807 3,734 9,482 16,394 2,875 3,832 9,687 16,711 2,899 3,888 9,923 NOTE: 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most - recent benchmark revision. 21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry Industry 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 35.8 5.69 203.70 35.7 6.16 219.91 35.3 6.66 235.10 35.2 7.25 255.20 34.8 7.68 267.26 35.0 8.02 280.70 35.2 8.32 292.86 34.9 8.57 299.09 34.8 8.76 ¿04.85 43.4 7.67 332.88 43.0 8.49 365.07 43.3 9.17 397.06 43.7 10.04 438.75 42.7 10.77 459.88 42.5 11.28 479.40 43.3 11.63 503.58 43.4 11.98 519.93 42.2 12.44 524.97 36.8 8.66 318.69 37.0 9.27 342.99 37.0 9.94 367.78 36.9 10.82 399.26 36.7 11.63 426.82 37.1 11.94 442.97 37.8 12.13 458.51 37.7 12.32 464.46 37.4 12.47 466.38 40.4 6.17 249.27 40.2 6.70 269.34 39.7 7.27 288.62 39.8 7.99 318.00 38.9 8.49 330.26 40.1 8.83 354.08 40.7 9.19 374.03 40.5 9.54 386.37 40.7 9.73 396.01 40.0 7.57 302.80 39.9 8.16 325.58 39.6 8.87 351.25 39.4 9.70 382.18 39.0 10.32 402.48 39.0 10.79 420.81 39.4 11.12 438.13 39.5 11.40 450.30 39.2 11.70 458.64 38.8 5.88 228.14 38.8 6.39 247.93 38.5 6.96 267.96 38.5 7.56 291.06 38.3 8.09 309.85 38.5 8.55 329.18 38.5 8.89 342.27 38.4 9.16 351.74 38.4 9.35 359.04 31.0 4.20 130.20 30.6 4.53 138.62 30.2 4.88 147.38 30.1 5.25 158.03 29.9 5.48 163.85 29.8 5.74 171.05 29.8 5.85 174.33 29.4 5.94 174.64 29.2 6.03 176.08 36.4 4.89 178.00 36.2 5.27 190.77 36.2 5.79 209.60 36.3 6.31 229.05 36.2 6.78 245.44 36.2 7.29 263.90 36.5 7.63 278.50 36.4 7.94 289.02 36.4 8.35 303.94 32.8 4.99 163.67 32.7 5.36 175.27 32.6 5.85 190.71 32.6 6.41 208.97 32.6 6.92 225.59 32.7 7.31 239.04 32.6 7.59 247.43 32.5 7.90 256.75 32.5 8.16 265.20 P r iv a t e s e c to r Average weekly h o u rs ................................................................. Average hourly earnings (in d ollars)......................................... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs )....................................... M in in g Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................................. C o n s t r u c tio n Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d ollars).................................. M a n u f a c tu r in g Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d ollars).................................. T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................................. W h o le s a le tr a d e Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................................. R e ta il t r a d e Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................................. F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a te Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................................. S e r v ic e s Average weekly hours ........................................................... Average hourly earnings (in d o lla rs )................................... Average weekly earnings (in d o lla rs ).................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 22. January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group (June 1981 = 100) 1985 1986 1987 Percent change Series Sept. 3 months ended 12 months ended Dec. Mar. 128.4 129.2 130.6 131.5 133.0 133.8 135.0 135.9 137.5 1.2 3.4 130.7 124.4 130.9 131.6 124.9 131.8 133.1 126.2 133.1 134.2 126.8 133.7 136.0 127.8 135.4 136.9 128.4 136.6 138.5 129.1 138.0 139.3 130.1 138.5 141.2 131.3 139.9 1.4 .9 1.0 3.8 2.7 3.3 124.9 125.5 130.7 136.4 125.5 126.0 131.5 137.1 126.9 127.7 132.9 138.8 128.1 128.7 133.7 139.4 _ _ 138.0 132.8 128.8 129.3 135.6 142.4 _ 129.5 130.1 136.5 143.6 130.2 130.7 138.1 145.2 1 31.1 131.5 138.9 145.8 132.2 132.7 140.8 149.2 - _ _ _ _ 140.6 134.6 141.6 135.4 144.1 136.9 144.7 137.8 146.4 139.6 .8 .9 1.4 2.3 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.3 2.6 2.6 3.8 4.8 43 4.6 4.1 3.7 June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Sept. 1987 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 2 ......................................................................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ................................................................. Blue-collar w o rkers.................................................................... Service occupations.................................................................. Workers, by industry division: G oods-producing......................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Service-producing....................................................................... S e rvices..................................................................................... Health services...................................................................... H ospitals................................................................................. Public administration 3 ............................................................. Nonmanufacturing....................................................................... - - - - - 134.2 129.7 134.8 130.6 136.8 131.9 P r iv a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s ..................................................................... 126.8 127.5 128.9 129.9 130.8 131.6 132.9 133.8 135.1 1.0 3.3 128.8 129.8 132.5 134.3 _ - 136.1 137.0 138.5 - 133.5 _ - 1.1 1.4 1.4 .0 3.7 3.9 4.8 1.5 1.1 .8 1.1 .5 .7 .9 .5 3.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.1 2.6 2.3 3.3 3.8 2.7 2.2 3.4 33 4.3 2.8 27 5.2 4.3 4.7 3.6 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar w o rkers............................................................... Professional specialty and technical o ccup ations.......... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations Sales occupations................................................................. Administrative support occupations, including c le ric a l................................................................................... Blue-collar w o rkers................................................................. Precision production, craft, and repair o ccup ation......... Machine operators, assemblers, and in s p e c to rs............ Transportation and material moving occupations........... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .... Service occup ations............................................................... Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing...................................................................... Construction ............................................................................ M anufacturing.......................................................................... D u rab les....................................................... N ondurables........................................................................... Service-producing .................................................................... Transportation and public utilities .................................. Transportation................................................................... Public u tilitie s ............................................................. Wholesale and retail tra d e .................... Wholesale trade ......................................................... Retail trade ................................................ Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te ........................... S e rv ic e .......................................................... Health services............................................................ Hospitals ............................................................................... Nonmanufacturing ................................................... S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ..................................... Workers, by occupational group: White-collar w o rkers............................................ Blue-collar w o rke rs.................................................. Workers, by industry division: S e rv ic e s .................................................. Hospitals and other services4 ................................ Health se rvice s.................................... Schools .................................................... Elementary and secondary.................................... Public administration3 ............................... - - - - - 131.3 - 124.0 124.4 125.7 _ 126.3 _ 127.2 127.8 - - - - _ _ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - _ _ - - - - - _ _ _ - - - - - _ _ 128.8 129.5 130.9 131.1 132.3 133.5 134.7 - 124.6 - 125.3 - 126.7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 128.4 _ _ _ _ _ _ 129.5 _ _ _ _ 130.6 135.2 135.9 _ _ _ 127.8 128.6 129.2 129.9 130.8 131.9 128.7 129.3 130.1 130.7 131.5 132.7 - - _ - _ _ _ _. _ - - - _ - - - _ - - - - - - - - - .8 .8 .9 7 1.3 1.0 .5 .2 1.0 5 .6 .5 .3 2.0 1.1 1.7 127.6 128.4 129.7 130.6 131.7 132.4 134.1 135.1 136.4 1.0 136.5 137.5 138.9 139.7 143.6 144.7 145.9 146.3 149.7 2.3 4.2 137.6 131.9 138.6 132.7 140.0 134.7 140.5 136.3 145.0 138.5 146.0 139.5 147.2 140.8 147.5 141.3 151.2 143.3 2.5 1.4 4.3 3.5 137.9 134.1 139.1 135.2 140.4 136.8 140.8 137.9 145.5 139.4 146.6 141.1 147.3 142.5 147.6 143.3 151.8 145.1 - - - - - _ 139.1 140.9 134.2 140.3 142.0 134.8 141.5 143.0 136.8 141.7 143.2 138.0 147.6 149.4 140.6 148.4 150.3 141.6 148.9 150.5 144.1 149.1 150.7 144.7 154.1 156.5 146.4 2.8 1.3 2.1 3.4 3.8 1.2 4.3 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.8 4.1 _ _ _ 125.5 126.0 127.7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ 128.7 129.4 130.8 131.6 132.7 - _ _ - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ 1 Cost (cents per hour worked) measured in the Employment Cost Index consists of wages, salaries, and employer cost of employee benefits. 2 Consist of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 98 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 133.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 135.3 _ _ _ _ _ _ 136.3 137.7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 Consist of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. - Data not available. 23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group (June 1981=100) Series Sept. Dec. Mar. June Percent change 1987 1986 1985 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 3 months ended 12 months ended Sept. 1987 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 .......................................................................................... 126.3 127.0 128.3 129.3 130.7 131.5 132.8 133.5 135.2 1.3 3.4 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar workers ................................................................. Blue-collar w o rke rs.................................................................... Service occup ations.................................................................. 128.8 122.0 128.0 129.8 122.3 128.6 131.2 123.4 129.8 132.4 124.1 130.0 134.1 125.0 131.7 135.0 125.6 132.8 136.6 126.2 134.2 137.3 127.1 134.7 139.4 128.3 136.0 1.5 .9 1.0 4.0 2.6 3.3 Workers, by industry division G oods-producing......................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Service-producing ....................................................................... Services .................................................................................... Health se rvice s...................................................................... H o spitals........... ...................................................................... Public administration 2 ........................................................... Nonmanufacturing ........... ......................................................... 122.5 123.2 128.6 134.2 131.4 127.6 123.1 123.8 129.4 134.8 132.0 128.4 124.4 125.3 130.7 136.4 133.8 129.6 125.6 126.5 131.5 137.0 134.6 130.4 126.3 127.2 133.4 139.9 137.5 132.2 127.0 127.9 134.2 141.1 138.1 133.0 127.8 128.7 135.8 142.7 140.5 134.5 128.5 129.5 136.5 143.4 141.0 135.2 129.8 130.8 138.5 146.8 “ 142.6 137.1 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.4 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.4 2.8 2.8 3.8 4.9 4.7 4.9 3.7 3.7 P r iv a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s .................................................................. 124.9 125.6 126.8 127.9 128.8 129.5 130.8 131.7 133.0 1.0 3.3 127.3 131.2 128.3 131.5 129.6 132.7 131.1 134.0 132.0 135.4 132.7 136.4 134.6 138.4 135.4 139.1 137.0 141.2 1.2 1.5 3.8 4.3 127.7 119.3 128.4 122.5 130.5 122.4 132.1 124.3 132.4 125.2 133.5 124.9 135.6 126.7 136.4 127.1 138.6 127.0 1.6 -.1 4.7 1.4 127.1 127.9 129.6 130.8 131.7 132.7 134.3 135.5 137.1 1.2 4.1 121.7 122.0 123.1 123.7 124.5 125.1 125.6 126.6 127.7 .9 2.6 123.7 121.1 117.7 123.8 121.6 117.8 125.3 122.6 118.0 125.7 123.6 118.9 126.7 124.1 119.8 127.4 124.9 120.1 127.9 125.5 120.5 128.8 126.7 121.5 130.2 127.5 122.3 1.1 .6 .7 2.8 2.7 2.1 118.6 126.3 119.8 126.6 120.0 128.0 120.3 128.0 120.9 128.9 121.4 130.1 121.9 131.4 122.6 131.9 123.7 132.6 .9 .5 2.3 2.9 122.3 117.3 123.2 122.7 124.0 127.0 124.8 122.7 127.7 120.8 124.1 133.9 122.9 117.9 123.8 123.4 124.6 127.8 125.2 123.7 128.3 121.9 126.5 134.1 124.2 118.3 125.3 124.8 126.1 129.0 126.3 124.5 129.7 122.5 126.6 136.2 125.4 119.8 126.5 125.8 127.9 129.9 126.6 125.8 131.2 123.7 128.0 136.9 - 126.1 120.5 127.2 126.4 128.5 130.9 127.3 126.5 131.8 124.4 129.0 138.2 - 126.8 120.8 127.9 127.2 129.3 131.6 127.5 * 126.9 133.1 124.5 130.0 139.5 - 127.5 121.7 128.7 127.7 130.5 133.4 128.1 127.9 134.8 125.2 133.5 141.8 - 128.3 122.7 129.5 128.7 131.0 134.3 129.3 129.9 137.2 127.1 131.5 142.8 - 129.6 123.8 130.8 129.7 132.8 135.7 130.0 130.6 137.8 127.8 131.8 145.9 “ 1.0 .9 1.0 .8 1.4 1.0 .5 .4 .6 .5 .4 .6 .2 2.2 1.4 1.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 3.3 3.7 2.1 1.6 2.8 3.2 4.6 2.7 2.2 5.6 5.0 5.3 134.2 1.1 3.5 Workers, by occupational group: White-collar w o rke rs ............................................................ Professional specialty and technical o ccup ations...... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...................................................................... Sales occupations............................................................. Administrative support occupations, including c le ric a l................................................................................ Blue-collar w o rk e rs .............................................................. Precision production, craft, and repair occup ations..................................................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and in s p e c to rs........ Transportation and material moving occupations....... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and la b o re rs .............................................................................. Service occu p a tio n s ............................................................ Workers, by industry division: Goods-producing .:................................................................. Construction ......................................................................... M anufacturing....................................................................... D u rab les.............................................................................. N ondurables....................................................................... Service-producing.................................................................. Transportation and public u tilitie s .................................. T ransportation.................................................................. Public utilities.................................................................... Wholesale and retail tra d e ............................................... Wholesale trade ............................................................. Retail tra d e ...................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .............................. S e rvices............................................................................... Health services ................................................................ H o spitals.......................................................................... - - - - - - - - - - Nonm anufacturing................................................................ 125.9 126.6 127.7 128.7 129.7 130.4 131.9 132.8 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ................................ 133.2 134.2 135.5 136.0 140.4 141.4 142.5 142.8 146.1 2.3 4.1 147.7 139.0 2.5 1.5 4.2 3.3 148.2 141.2 150.3 152.0 142.6 2.8 1.3 1.9 3.2 3.7 1.1 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.3 4.3 3.7 Workers, by occupational group White-collar w o rk e rs ............................................................ Blue-collar w o rk e rs .............................................................. Workers, by industry division Services ................................................................................. Hospitals and other services 3 ....................................... Health s e rv ic e s ................................................................ S ch o o ls ............................................................................... Elementary and secondary .......................................... Public administration 2 ......................................................... 134.3 127.9 135.3 128.4 136.6 130.4 137.0 131.9 141.8 134.5 142.8 135.1 143.9 136.3 144.1 136.9 134.5 130.2 135.8 137.5 131.4 135.6 130.9 137.0 138.5 132.0 136.8 132.4 138.0 139.4 133.8 137.1 133.3 138.2 139.4 134.6 142.1 135.8 144.1 145.7 137.5 143.3 137.3 145.1 146.4 138.1 143.9 138.6 145.5 146.5 140.5 144.2 139.4 145.6 146.6 141.0 1 Consists of private industry workers (excluding farm and household workers) and State and local government (excluding Federal Government) workers. 2 Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Includes, for example, library, social and health services, - Data not available. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 24. January 1988 C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : E m p lo y m e n t D a ta Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size (June 1981 = 100) 1585 Sept. 1986 Dec. Mar. June 1987 Sept. Dec. Mar. Percent change June Sept. 3 months ended 12 months ended Sept. 1987 COMPENSATION Workers, by bargaining status' Union ........................................................ Goods-producing...................................... Service-producing..................................... Manufacturing........................................... Nonmanufacturing..................................... 126.5 124.6 129.5 125.0 127.8 127.1 125.2 130.2 125.5 128.6 128.4 126,4 131.6 127.0 129.7 128.7 126.7 131.9 126.9 130.4 129.4 127.3 132.8 127.5 131.2 129.8 127.5 133.4 127.9 131.5 130.5 128.0 134.4 128.0 132.6 131.2 128.7 135.2 128.7 133.5 132.0 129.5 135.9 129.5 134.3 0.6 .6 .5 .6 .6 2.0 1.7 2.3 1.6 2.4 126.8 124.4 128.3 125.7 127.3 127.5 125.1 129.0 126.3 128.1 129.0 126.7 130.4 128.1 129.5 130.2 128.2 131.4 129.7 130.4 131.2 129.1 132.5 130.4 131.6 132.1 130.0 133.4 131.4 132.5 133.6 130.8 135.3 132.2 134.3 134.6 131.8 136.4 133.2 135.3 136.1 133.1 137.9 134.6 136.8 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.7 3.1 4.1 3.2 4.0 Workers, by region 1 Northeast.................................... ................ South .............. ........................................... Midwest (formerly North Central)................... West........................................................... 128.8 126.5 124.2 129.1 129.9 127.2 124.6 129.8 131.6 128.7 125.9 130.8 133.3 129.6 126.2 131.6 134.2 130.7 127.3 132.1 135.2 131.4 128.1 132.8 137.4 132.1 129.1 134.1 138.6 133.2 130.2 134.2 140.3 134.2 131.2 135.8 1.2 .8 .8 1.2 4.5 2.7 3.1 2.8 Workers, by area size 1 Metropolitan areas............... ....................... Other areas............................................. . 127.3 123.9 128.1 123.9 129.5 125.5 130.5 126.4 131.4 127.2 132.2 127.9 133.5 129.0 134.4 130.2 135.8 131.3 1.0 .8 3.3 3.2 Union........................................................ Goods-producing ....................................... Service-producing.................................... Manufacturing.......................................... Nonmanufacturing................................... 124.1 122.2 127.1 122.8 125.3 124.7 122.7 127.8 123.3 125.9 125.6 123.4 129.0 124.2 126.9 126.1 124.1 129.3 124.6 127.4 126.9 124.5 130.5 125.0 128.5 127.2 124.8 130.9 125.5 128.7 127.7 125.0 131.7 125.6 129.5 128.3 125.8 132.2 126.2 130.1 129.1 126.5 132.9 127.0 130.8 .6 .6 .5 .6 .5 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 Nonunion................................. Goods-producing................... . Service-producing................... Manufacturing ........................ Nonmanufacturing.................. 125.2 122.3 126.9 123.7 125.9 125.9 123.0 127.7 124.4 126.6 127.3 124.5 128.9 126.1 127.8 128.5 126.1 129.9 127.7 128.9 129.4 127.0 130.8 128.5 129.8 130.3 127.8 131.7 129.5 130.6 131.8 128.8 133.6 130.6 132.4 132.8 129.6 134.6 131.5 133.4 134.3 131.1 136.2 133.0 134.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 3.8 3.2 4.1 3.5 3.9 126.8 124.8 122.5 126.6 128.1 125.4 122.9 127.1 129.2 126.8 124.2 128.1 131.3 127.8 124.4 128.9 132.3 128.8 125.3 129.3 133.1 129.4 126.2 130.1 135.4 130.1 127.4 131.2 136.6 131.1 128.5 131.1 138.3 132.1 129.6 133.1 1.2 .8 .9 1.5 4.5 2.6 3.4 2.9 125.5 121.9 126.3 122.0 127.4 123.6 128.5 124.5 129.4 125.0 J 130.2 125.6 131.6 126.6 132.4 127.8 133.7 129.1 1.0 1.0 3.3 3.3 Nonunion.................................................... Goods-producing....................................... Service-producing...................................... Manufacturing........................................... Nonmanufacturing..................................... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... WAGES AND SALARIES Workers, by bargaining status Workers, by region ' Northeast................................. South ............... ;...................... Midwest (formerly North Central). West........................................ Workers, by area size' Metropolitan areas.... Other areas.............. aie (.aiouiaicu umeiemiy rrom inose tor ine occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the 25. Monthly Labor Review Technical Note, Employment Cost Index,” May 1982. "Estimation procedures for the Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private Annual average Quarterly average Measure 1985 1985 1986 1987 1986 IV I II III IV lp np III» Specified adjustments: Total compensation 1 adjustments,2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: First year of contract................................... Annual rate over life of contract...................... 2.6 2.7 1.1 1.6 2.0 1.4 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.6 0.7 1.2 2.7 2.4 1.7 2.4 3.9 2.1 Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of contract...................................... Annual rate over life of contract...................... 2.3 2.7 1.2 1.8 2.1 1.9 .8 1.5 1.3 2.0 .8 1.5 • 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.8 26 2.9 2.0 3.3 .7 2.3 .5 .5 .1 .6 (4) .7 .2 .5 .1 5 2 1.8 .7 1.7 .2 .2 .1 .4 .2 .6 <4) .5 (4) .2 .1 .3 .1 .2 .1 Effective adjustments: Total effective wage adjustment3 ....................... From settlements reached in period ................. Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods .................................................... From cost-of-living-adjustments clauses............ ■-------------- ----------------- -- " —a —»»i w rv v m ^ rw jo io w ai vi oiiIj-Iiuy o u benefits when contract is negotiated. 2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis compensation or wages. 3 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts. 4 Between -0.05 and 0.05 percent. p = preliminary. 26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)___________________ Average for four quarters ending-Measure 1987 1986 1985 IV III II I IV IP IIP IIP Specified total compensation adjustments, settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, all industries: 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.5 1.4 2.0 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.8 2.6 2.3 1.6 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.0 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.2 2.2 .8 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.9 .9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.2 2.0 .9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 1.7 2.6 .8 .8 .9 1.8 2.1 1.6 .8 .8 .9 1.8 2.1 1.5 .1 .7 -.4 1.4 2.0 .9 -1.0 1.1 -2.0 .3 1.1 -.1 -1.2 1.3 -2.8 .2 .9 -.2 -1.6 1.3 -3.5 (2) .8 -.6 -.9 1.3 -2.9 .2 .8 -.3 1.1 2.2 -.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.3 2.8 3.5 2.7 3.0 3.6 2.8 2.6 3.4 2.4 2.8 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.7 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.9 1.6 2.3 1.1 2.4 2.5 1.2 2.6 2.3 1.4 2.4 2.6 1.6 2.6 2.2 1.4 2.3 2.5 1.6 2.5 2.4 1.6 2.4 2.5 1.4 2.6 2.7 3.7 2.7 2.9 3.8 2.9 Specified wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: All industries Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Construction 1.5 (’ ) (’ ) (1) (1) 2.2 2.1 (’ ) (1) (1) (1) 1 Data do not meet publication standards. 2 Between -0 .0 5 and 0.05 percent. p 3.0 (’ ) (1) 3.2 (1) (1) = preliminary. 27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) Average for four quarters endingEffective wage adjustment 1986 1987 I II III IV F IF IMP 3.1 .6 1.7 .8 2.9 .5 1.8 .7 2.3 .5 1.6 .2 2.3 .5 1.7 .2 2.0 .4 1.5 .1 2.2 .3 1.6 .3 2.6 .5 1.7 .4 4.0 2.9 3.5 2.5 3.8 2.5 3.4 2.0 3.1 1.7 3.8 1.0 2.8 1.6 3.9 1.0 2.5 1.2 3.7 .6 2.8 1.0 3.5 1.8 3.2 1.9 3.3 2.3 F o r a ll w o r k e r s : 1 T o ta l................................................................................................................ From settlements reached in period ...................................................... Deferred from settlements reached In earlier p e rio d .......................... From cost-of-living-adjustments c la u s e s ................................................ F o r w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g c h a n g e s : T o ta l................................................................................................................ From settlements reached in period ..................................................... Deferred from settlements reached in earlier p e rio d .......................... From cost-of-living-adjustments c la u s e s ............................................... 1 Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis » = preliminary. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data 28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and local government collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) Annual average Measure 1985 1986 First 6 months 1987 5.1 6.0 4.9 5.4 57 5.7 52 5.4 5.7 4.1 1.6 55 2.4 30 16 .4 1.2 C) Specified adjustments: Total compensation 1 adjustments, 2 settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: First year of c o n tra c t............................................. Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t............................. Wage adjustments, settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year of c o n tra c t.................................................. Annual rate over life of c o n tra c t.............................. Effective adjustments: Total effective wage adjustm ent3 .......................................... From settlements reached in p e rio d ................ Deferred from settlements reached in earlier periods ....... From cost-of-living-adjustment c la u s e s .............................. 1 Compensation includes wages, salaries, and employers’ cost of employee benefits when contract is negotiated. 2 Adjustments are the net result of increases, decreases, and no changes in compensation or wages. Because of rounding, total may not equal sum of parts. Less than 0.05 percent. 29. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more Annual totals 1986 1987p Measure 1985 Number of stoppages: Beginning in p e rio d ...................... In effect during p e rio d .................. Workers involved: Beginning in period (in thousands).................................... In effect during period (in thousands).................................... Days idle: Number (in thousands)................ Percent of estimated working tim e1 ..................................... 54 61 1986 69 72 Nov. Dec. Jan. 533.1 8.7 3.0 7.3 899.5 67.8 49.4 47.6 7,079.0 11,861.0 940.4 933.2 828.6 .05 .04 1 Agricultural and government employees are included in the total employed and total working time: private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. An expla nation of the measurement of idleness as a percentage of the total time worked is found in ‘“ Total economy’ measure of strike idleness,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1968, 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Apr. 3 5 584.1 .05 Mar. 9 323.9 .03 Feb. 37.6 194.1 May - June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 8 12 13 11 13 Nov. 12 6 11 12.2 2.7 7.8 16.1 8.4 17.4 42.9 1.3 11.8 16.2 8.9 14.7 26.6 26.2 38.0 69.7 54.5 23.0 104.4 151.3 223.7 295.7 483.0 403.2 1,115.0 370.1 238.9 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .05 .02 .01 _ pp. 54-56. p = preliminary 30. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all Items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Annual average 1987 1986 Oct. Nov. 344.4 400.5 345.3 401.6 345.8 402.2 325.4 333.8 319.0 338.8 294.6 264.2 352.5 377.0 419.6 292.6 458.8 317.5 375.9 247.3 326.4 334.9 319.8 338.9 296.6 266.0 352.5 376.6 420.6 291.2 458.4 316.9 377.4 247.8 326.9 435.3 319.9 339.5 294.7 267.2 353.8 377.7 420.9 290.1 462.3 317.2 378.4 248.4 326.7 335.1 319.0 341.2 292.8 267.2 352.6 376.3 419.9 291.8 455.0 318.2 379.6 248.9 372.5 422.1 129.3 291.2 465.9 124.4 124.4 124.5 392.4 452.8 281.9 388.1 468.9 497.9 454.8 258.6 255.1 203.9 330.1 353.8 374.9 425.1 130.1 293.1 467.7 125.4 125.4 125.1 391.3 451.5 281.3 391.1 473.6 502.3 459.4 259.9 255.4 204.2 329.5 354.3 375.4 426.2 129.8 294.5 458.0 126.0 126.0 125.5 390.5 450.8 280.4 389.8 471.6 501.0 457.4 259.3 255.8 204.6 330.4 354.6 375.2 428.6 129.4 295.4 448.0 127.1 127.2 125.8 390.9 451.0 281.0 381.3 452.6 507.0 436.6 260.2 255.6 203.9 331.7 355.3 374.9 429.2 129.2 295.5 444.6 127.4 127.5 125.9 393.2 453.1 283.1 378.2 445.9 518.8 428.4 260.3 255.6 203.9 332.0 355.1 214.5 198.1 205.3 173.7 308.0 218.8 230.6 347.4 210.5 194.0 203.0 168.3 301.2 214.3 231.9 348.7 214.7 198.3 204.1 175.0 304.8 215.9 234.2 348.2 222.2 206.0 208.4 186.2 313.6 219.1 236.4 348.4 226.3 209.9 211.0 191.0 324.9 222.4 237.3 351.0 226.4 209.9 211.9 190.1 326.3 223.9 237.2 352.0 314.6 306.3 230.6 231.3 378.6 299.7 299.3 376.1 315.9 202.3 349.1 439.6 316.7 308.6 231.2 232.0 383.0 306.0 305.5 376.3 317.6 202.3 351.3 438.1 318.5 310.5 231.8 232.7 385.5 311.2 310.8 376.8 318.8 201.6 353.2 438.3 320.2 312.0 231.0 232.1 385.7 319.5 319.1 378.6 318.6 202.6 352.6 442.8 320.4 312.1 230.6 231.6 387.3 318.4 317.9 380.7 319.7 204.2 353.5 445.1 321.9 313.8 233.0 233.8 388.0 315.2 314.6 382.0 324.1 205.0 359.1 442.0 324.1 316.0 235.7 236.6 389.0 315.2 314.5 383.5 326.9 204.2 363.1 444.8 457.3 287.5 494.7 412.5 250.1 458.9 289.6 496.0 413.9 251.0 461.3 291.5 498.4 416.7 251.8 464.1 293.4 501.5 418.9 254.6 466.1 294.6 503.6 420.6 256.4 467.8 295.8 505.4 422.8 257.1 469.8 297.4 507.4 424.4 258.8 471.7 299.1 509.3 425.6 261.1 279.8 269.9 294.5 281.3 270.8 296.6 282.0 271.7 297.2 282.3 271.8 297.6 283.5 272.8 299.1 283.9 272.5 300.1 285.2 272.6 302.6 287.1 274.0 305.2 288.1 276.5 304.7 360.3 369.6 296.4 292.0 301.5 452.8 403.9 465.0 361.1 370.4 297.3 292.9 302.3 453.8 404.4 466.0 362.0 370.9 299.0 294.2 304.6 454.4 404.9 466.6 362.9 372.7 299.2 294.2 304.9 455.5 405.1 467.9 365.1 379.9 300.2 295.8 305.3 456.5 405.2 469.0 366.6 380.8 300.8 295.7 306.7 459.0 405.7 471.6 373.9 382.4 301.8 296.7 307.8 473.7 419.6 486.7 375.5 383.7 302.5 297.4 308.3 476.2 422.4 489.2 376.1 384.3 302.7 297.6 308.7 477.1 422.5 490.2 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 328.4 381.9 330.8 384.7 331.1 385.1 333.1 387.4 334.4 388.9 335.9 390.7 337.7 392.7 338.7 393.9 340.1 395.6 340.8 396.3 342.7 398.5 302.0 309.8 296.8 317.0 263.4 258.0 325.7 361.1 398.8 294.4 451.7 294.2 346.6 229.5 311.8 319.7 305.3 325.8 275.1 258.4 328.7 373.6 411.1 287.8 478.2 301.9 360.1 239.7 316.4 324.6 309.9 328.5 286.3 261.2 327.8 373.9 412.4 285.4 476.9 303.9 365.8 240.5 317.0 325.2 310.2 329.5 287.3 262.2 328.5 372.2 411.8 286.0 470.2 305.2 367.1 240.8 320.5 328.9 315.2 331.5 289.2 263.3 344.3 378.7 415.8 293.2 482.6 308.4 368.6 242.5 321.6 330.1 316.6 332.7 286.4 264.7 355.2 380.0 415.8 290.3 481.9 312.1 369.6 243.2 321.6 330.0 315.8 333.2 286.5 263.7 352.5 378.6 417.2 294.6 475.4 311.3 370.9 243.6 322.5 331.0 316.9 335.6 285.9 263.2 360.6 377.6 417.4 291.8 469.8 313.2 371.5 244.3 324.0 332.5 318.8 336.5 288.5 264.3 365.7 377.5 417.7 293.3 467.9 313.5 372.3 245.0 325.4 334.1 320.4 337.0 290.7 263.7 372.8 376.4 419.3 291.4 462.6 314.5 373.8 245.9 325.1 333.6 319.1 338.4 293.1 263.2 359.3 375.9 418.8 292.9 458.5 315.4 374.9 246.7 349.9 382.0 115.4 264.6 398.4 113.1 113.2 112.4 368.9 421.1 269.6 393.6 488.1 619.5 452.7 240.7 247.2 200.1 313.6 338.9 360.2 402.9 121.9 280.0 416.2 119.4 119.4 119.2 373.8 430.9 269.7 384.7 463.1 501.5 446.7 253.1 250.4 201.1 319.5 346.6 361.7 410.2 124.3 285.6 425.5 121.5 121.5 121.1 377.1 433.7 272.9 371.1 437.8 452.0 426.7 255.4 251.2 201.4 320.4 348.5 362.1 410.4 124.2 286.0 418.2 121.6 121.6 121.6 380.0 433.1 278.3 371.0 438.1 460.6 425.3 254.9 252.4 202.5 322.9 349.3 363.9 412.3 125.3 287.1 428.3 122.0 122.0 121.8 382.1 437.7 277.7 373.7 443.7 487.9 428.8 254.9 253.1 203.0 324.6 349.8 365.1 414.0 125.8 288.0 430.8 122.5 122.5 122.0 381.9 436.1 278.8 374.8 445.1 503.2 428.9 255.6 253.5 203.2 325.3 350.6 366.4 415.9 126.4 288.3 438.7 123.0 123.0 122.2 383.4 439.4 278.5 374.9 444.6 500.6 428.7 256.2 254.3 203.8 327.7 351.0 367.7 418.0 127.1 288.8 446.1 123.6 123.6 122.4 382.4 437.1 278.7 374.2 442.0 500.5 425.9 257.0 255.2 204.7 328.2 352.2 368.9 419.2 127.3 289.4 446.1 124.0 124.1 123.0 381.9 435.3 279.6 377.5 448.7 497.7 433.3 257.2 254.9 203.7 330.1 353.1 371.3 420.2 127.9 289.6 453.1 124.2 124.2 123.6 385.0 440.5 280.2 387.6 470.8 498.6 456.8 256.4 254.9 203.6 330.5 353.0 206.0 191.6 197.9 169.5 299.7 212.1 215.5 320.9 207.8 192.0 200.0 168.0 312.7 211.2 217.9 334.6 213.1 197.4 205.3 175.0 307.0 215.1 221.1 339.0 210.9 194.9 202.3 171.7 312.7 214.0 220.0 339.5 207.1 190.9 199.2 166.6 301.8 209.9 223.2 342.5 208.4 192.1 199.9 167.8 304.5 211.0 226.0 343.2 215.2 199.1 203.5 177.0 319.6 216.5 227.4 344.7 218.7 202.6 205.6 182.2 319.1 219.2 227.0 344.7 218.0 201.8 207.1 179.6 316.4 220.8 226.7 346.8 319.9 314.2 214.9 215.2 379.7 373.8 373.3 351.4 287.6 202.6 312.8 402.8 307.5 299.5 224.1 224.4 363.2 292.1 291.4 363.1 303.9 201.6 333.9 426.4 304.3 295.8 230.2 230.7 361.0 260.9 260.2 368.4 311.6 200.0 344.1 431.7 304.8 295.9 231.7 232.2 356.6 261.9 261.2 370.7 312.0 200.4 344.5 437.5 308.5 299.8 232.3 233.0 354.6 275.8 275.1 371.3 314.9 202.2 347.7 438.9 310.0 301.3 229.9 230.2 356.9 288.1 287.5 373.0 314.0 201.8 346.7 439.8 310.6 301.9 229.2 229.4 363.0 290.0 289.4 373.0 314.4 202.3 347.0 441.4 313.3 304.8 229.9 230.4 371.6 297.2 296.7 376.1 315.1 200.8 348.6 440.8 403.1 256.7 435.1 367.3 224.0 433.5 273.6 468.6 390.9 237.4 444.6 278.2 481.5 399.8 243.8 446.8 280.8 483.4 401.0 245.0 449.6 282.4 486.5 403.7 246.7 452.4 283.9 489.6 406.8 248.1 455.0 286.3 492.1 409.6 249.0 265.0 260.6 271.8 274.1 265.9 286.3 277.4 267.6 291.8 277.4 267.4 292.2 278.3 268.1 293.3 278.7 268.1 294.1 326.6 328.5 281.9 278.5 286.0 397.1 350.8 407.7 346.4 351.0 291.3 287.9 295.4 428.8 380.3 440.1 354.9 357.3 293.4 289.6 297.9 448.2 392.5 460.8 355.2 357.6 293.6 289.6 298.2 448.8 392.6 461.6 358.1 364.9 295.7 291.3 300.8 450.6 400.7 462.8 359.7 368.3 296.4 292.1 301.3 452.0 403.4 464.2 1985 1986 322.2 374.7 Sept. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS: Cereals and bakery p ro d u c ts ...................................................... Nonalcoholic beverages............................................................ Homeowners' costs (12/82 = 1 0 0 )................................................ Infants’ and toddlers’ a p p a re l........................................................ Private transportation ......................................................................... New ve h icle s..................................................................................... New c a rs ......................................................................................... Used c a r s .......................................................................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Series Annual average 1986 1987 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 328.4 283.9 311.8 264.7 265.2 192.0 307.3 270.2 330.8 284.0 316.4 262.4 260.0 197.4 296.7 271.8 331.1 284.2 317.0 262.4 260.0 194.9 298.0 271.7 333.1 286.3 320.5 263.7 261.8 190.9 304.8 272.4 334.4 287.7 321.6 265.2 265.4 192.1 310.3 271.2 335.9 289.5 321.6 267.9 269.7 199.1 311.9 271.7 337.7 291.4 322.5 270.4 273.2 202.6 315.0 273.0 338.7 292.3 324.0 270.9 273.5 201.8 316.4 273.6 340.1 292.8 325.4 270.9 273.2 198.1 319.1 274.2 340.8 292.8 325.1 271.0 272.8 194.0 322.0 274.9 342.7 294.2 325.4 273.0 276.6 198.3 325.2 274.6 344.4 296.1 326.4 275.4 280.7 206.0 325.7 274.6 345.3 297.3 326.9 276.9 282.5 209.9 325.4 276.0 345.8 297.9 326.7 278.0 283.0 209.9 326.2 277.8 381.5 113.9 111.2 337.0 435.1 314.1 400.5 120.2 112.8 356.3 468.6 331.8 406.1 122.4 111.0 364.4 481.5 340.3 406.6 122.5 110.8 366.2 483.4 340.8 408.6 123.1 111.3 368.5 486.5 342.2 409.9 123.6 111.5 368.5 489.6 343.1 411.2 124.1 111.5 369.0 492.1 343.7 412.8 124.8 111.4 370.5 494.7 345.0 414.2 125.1 112.3 370.5 496.0 345.9 416.7 125.4 114.8 371.6 498.4 346.6 418.3 126.0 115.1 372.9 501.5 347.7 420.7 126.9 115.8 373.8 503.6 349.2 422.4 127.2 115.5 375.2 505.4 355.6 423.1 128.0 113.5 378.1 507.4 357.9 423.4 128.1 112.6 381.3 509.3 358.1 Special indexes: All items less food ............................................................................. All items less shelter ......................................................................... All items less homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 2 —1 0 0 ).......................... All items less medical c a r e ............................................................... Commodities less fo o d ...................................................................... Nondurables less food ...................................................................... Nondurables less food and apparel ................................................ N o ndurables......................................................................................... Services less rent o f shelter ( 1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................................. Services less medical c a r e ............................................................... E nergy................................................................................................... All items less energy ......................................................................... All items less food and energy ........................................................ Commodities less food and e n e rg y ................................................. Energy commodities .......................................................................... Services less ene rgy......................................................................... 323.3 303.9 109.7 317.7 272.5 277.2 319.2 293.2 113.5 373.3 426.5 314.8 314.4 259.7 409.9 375.9 328.6 306.7 111.2 322.6 263.4 262.2 297.1 289.6 118.7 390.6 370.3 327.0 327.1 263.2 322.4 397.1 330.4 308.0 111.8 324.5 261.2 257.4 287.7 289.2 120.0 395.4 341.7 332.3 332.5 266.1 288.5 405.0 330.6 308.3 111.9 324.8 261.2 257.5 288.9 289.5 120.2 395.8 342.4 332.6 332.8 265.8 290.5 405.7 332.2 310.3 112.7 326.7 262.5 259.2 294.9 292.1 120.8 397.6 352.2 334.0 333.6 265.5 306.1 407.5 333.6 311.5 113.1 328.0 264.0 262.6 299.6 294.6 121.1 398.8 359.2 334.9 334.5 265.7 319.2 408.9 335.4 312.9 113.6 329.4 266.5 266.4 301.0 296.8 121.3 400.0 360.0 336.5 336.4 268.4 320.9 410.4 337.3 314.6 114.2 331.1 268.9 269.6 303.7 299.1 121.6 401.5 362.4 338.2 338.3 270.3 328.0 412.3 338.3 315.6 114.6 332.2 269.4 270.0 305.0 300.0 122.1 402.9 366.9 339.0 338.9 270.7 330.2 413.2 339.6 317.1 115.1 333.5 269.5 269.8 307.4 300.5 123.2 405.4 380.6 339.5 339.1 270.1 336.4 414.1 340.5 317.4 115.3 334.1 269.6 269.5 309.9 300.1 123.7 406.8 382.4 340.1 339.9 269.6 341.4 416.0 342.7 319.0 115.9 336.0 271.6 273.1 312.7 302.3 124.2 409.3 388.9 341.6 341.7 270.9 349.9 418.3 344.6 320.9 116.5 337.7 273.8 276.8 313.2 304.9 124.9 410.9 387.4 343.6 343.9 273.6 348.7 420.2 345.6 321.4 116.6 338.6 275.4 278.4 313.1 306.0 124.6 411.5 376.7 345.4 346.1 275.6 346.0 422.6 346.2 321.9 116.8 339.0 276.3 278.9 313.9 306.2 124.6 411.7 373.5 346.2 347.0 276.6 346.9 423.5 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1 9 6 7 = $ 1 .0 0 ......................................................................................... 1 9 5 7 -5 9 = $ 1 .0 0 ............................................................................... 31.0 26.7 30.5 26.2 30.2 26.0 30.2 26.0 30.0 25.8 29.9 25.7 29.8 25.6 29.6 25.5 29.5 25.4 29.4 25.3 29.3 25.2 29.2 25.1 29.0 25.0 29.0 24.9 28.9 24.9 318.5 370.4 323.4 376.1 325.4 378.4 325.7 378.8 327.7 381.1 329.0 382.6 330.5 384.4 332.3 386.5 333.4 387.8 334.9 389.5 335.6 390.3 337.4 392.4 339.1 394.3 340.0 395.4 340.4 395.9 Food and beverages ......................................................................... F o o d ...................................................................................................... Food at home ................................................................................... Cereals and bakery pro d u c ts ...................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and e g g s .................................................... Dairy p ro d u c ts ............................................................................... Fruits and vegetables................................................................... Other foods at h o m e .................................................................... Sugar and s w e e ts ...................................................................... Fats and o ils ................................................................................ Nonalcoholic beverages............................................................ Other prepared fo o d s ............................................................... Food away from home .................................................................. Alcoholic beverages.................................................................. 301.8 309.3 295.3 315.4 262.7 256.9 320.3 361.5 398.3 293.9 453.2 295.7 349.7 232.6 311.6 319.2 303.7 324.2 274.4 257.1 323.8 373.5 410.5 287.2 478.1 303.2 363.4 242.5 316.2 324.2 308.4 327.0 285.8 259.9 322.2 373.9 411.9 284.5 477.1 305.3 369.2 243.4 316.8 324.8 308.7 328.0 286.6 260.9 323.4 372.2 411.2 285.5 470.3 306.6 370.5 243.9 320.3 328.4 313.4 330.0 288.5 262.0 338.2 378.9 414.9 292.6 483.7 309.7 372.2 245.4 321.3 329.5 314.6 331.2 285.8 263.6 348.2 380.0 414.8 289.9 482.5 313.3 373.2 246.2 321.2 329.4 313.8 331.6 285.6 262.4 346.0 378.8 416.5 293.9 476.9 312.6 374.3 246.5 322.1 330.2 314.9 334.1 285.2 262.0 353.6 377.8 416.5 291.3 471.3 314.5 374.8 247.2 323.5 331.8 316.8 334.8 287.9 263.1 358.5 377.9 417.1 292.6 470.0 314.9 375.6 247.8 325.0 333.4 318.5 335.4 290.0 262.5 366.7 376.8 418.7 290.7 464.5 315.8 377.1 248.6 324.8 333.1 317.5 336.8 292.5 261.9 354.1 376.3 418.3 292.2 460.5 316.7 378.2 249.2 325.1 333.4 317.4 337.1 293.9 262.9 347.1 377.5 419.3 291.9 461.0 318.7 379.2 249.8 326.2 334.5 318.3 337.4 296.1 264.7 346.7 377.1 420.1 290.6 460.9 318.1 380.9 250.2 326.6 334.8 318.3 338.1 294.3 266.0 347.6 378.1 420.4 289.7 464.6 318.3 381.9 250.9 326.5 334.6 317.5 339.6 292.2 265.9 347.4 376.8 419.1 291.3 457.5 319.4 383.0 251.5 Housing ................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................... Renters’ costs (12/84 = 1 0 0 )........................................................ Rent, reside ntial................................................................... Other renters’ costs ...................................................... Homeowners' costs (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 )................................................ Owners’ equivalent rent (12/84 = 1 0 0 )..................................... Household insurance (12/84 = 1 0 0 ).......................................... Maintenance and re p a irs ................................................................ Maintenance and repair services ............................................... Maintenance and repair com m odities....................................... Fuel and other u tilitie s ................................................................ Fuels ........................................................................................ Fuel oil, coal, and bottled g a s .................................................... Gas (piped) and electricity .......................................................... Other utilities and public s e rv ic e s ................................................. Household furnishings and ope ratio ns........................................... Housefurnishings.......................................................................... Housekeeping supp lie s.................................................................. Housekeeping services................................................................... 343.3 370.4 103.6 263.7 397.9 103.1 103.0 103.2 364.1 415.0 261.1 394.7 487.5 622.0 451.6 241.6 243.4 197.6 310.7 340.2 353.2 390.7 109.5 279.1 416.0 108.8 108.8 109.4 369.4 425.3 262.5 385.4 462.7 504.5 445.6 253.8 246.5 198.4 317.1 348.2 354.3 397.8 111.7 284.6 424.8 110.7 110.7 111.3 372.4 428.2 265.0 371.3 437.1 455.0 425.3 255.8 247.2 198.5 318.4 350.1 354.8 398.1 111.6 285.1 417.3 110.8 110.8 111.7 374.6 428.1 268.0 371.1 437.3 463.5 423.8 255.3 248.5 199.7 320.6 350.8 356.3 399.6 112.3 286.1 424.9 111.1 111.1 111.9 377.3 434.5 267.6 373.9 442.7 489.3 427.4 255.6 248.9 200.0 322.0 351.2 357.5 401.2 112.7 287.0 427.6 111.6 111.5 112.1 376.9 432.5 268.4 374.9 443.7 503.9 427.3 256.5 249.4 200.2 323.1 352.0 358.8 403.2 113.3 287.3 439.0 112.1 112.1 112.4 378.5 436.8 267.9 375.1 443.2 501.4 427.0 257.1 250.1 200.7 325.2 352.3 360.0 405.1 113.8 287.8 448.1 112.7 112.7 112.5 378.0 435.7 267.9 374.3 440.7 501.1 424.4 257.8 250.8 201.4 325.7 353.3 361.1 406.3 114.0 288.3 449.2 113.1 113.1 113.1 378.0 433.2 269.7 377.5 446.9 498.2 431.2 258.1 250.5 200.5 327.2 354.0 363.5 406.9 114.2 288.5 453.1 113.2 113.2 113.8 380.9 438.3 270.5 388.0 470.0 499.4 455.4 257.4 250.4 200.5 327,5 354.0 364.6 408.7 115.3 290.0 467.0 113.4 113.4 114.6 386.4 449.8 270.7 388.3 467.6 498.4 453.0 259.5 250.7 200.8 327.6 354.4 367.0 411.7 116.0 291.9 468.8 114.3 114.3 115.1 385.7 448.7 270.4 391.5 472.6 502.7 457.8 260.8 251.0 201.2 327.0 354.8 367.5 413.0 116.2 293.2 462.0 114.8 114.8 115.5 384.6 447.9 269.4 390.0 470.5 501.5 455.7 260.1 251.3 201.3 327.8 355.1 367.1 415.4 116.0 294.0 451.7 115.9 115.9 115.8 384.8 446.5 270.6 381.1 450.5 507.2 434.2 261.1 251.1 200.7 329.3 355.6 366.9 416.0 115.9 294.1 447.7 116.2 116.2 115.9 386.6 448.2 272.1 378.1 444.0 519.1 4 26 4 261.3 251.2 200.8 329.6 355.5 Apparel and upkeep ............................................................................. 205.0 206.5 211.5 209.6 205.8 206.9 213.7 217.4 216.6 213.0 209.1 212.9 220.5 224.9 224.9 1985 1986 All ite m s ..................................................................................... Com m odities.................................................................... Food and beverages ......................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages......................................... Nondurables less food and beverages ...................................... Apparel com m odities................................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel ................... D urables............................................................................................. 322.2 286.7 302.0 274.6 282.1 191.6 333.3 270.7 S e rvices.............................................................................. Rent of shelter (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )........................................................... Household services less rent o f shelter (1 2 /8 2 —1 0 0 )............... Transportation se rvice s ..................................................................... Medical care se rvice s........................................................................ Other services .................................................................................. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS: All items ................................................................................................ Ail items (1 9 5 7 -5 9 = 1 0 0 )...................................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 104 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Series Annual average 1986 1987 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 191.5 199.7 169.4 329.4 211.8 206.1 332.0 196.6 204.6 176.2 323.8 215.6 208.9 336.2 194.5 202.1 173.1 329.3 214.9 207.8 336.6 190.5 198.6 168.2 319.1 211.1 210.1 339.7 191.5 198.9 169.2 322.2 212.4 212.1 340.5 198.3 201.9 178.6 337.3 217.7 214.1 341.8 202.1 204.3 184.4 336.3 220.0 213.9 341.6 201.2 205.7 181.8 334.7 221.3 213.1 343.3 197.5 204.0 175.8 324.2 219.4 217.0 343.8 193.6 201.7 170.4 318.3 215.5 217.6 344.8 197.4 203.1 176.6 320.9 217.2 219.4 344.2 205.0 207.2 188.0 330.5 219.9 222.6 344.6 209.3 210.4 192.9 344.1 223.7 223.9 347.2 209.3 211.2 192.0 344.3 225.1 224.0 348.3 321.6 317.4 214.2 214.5 379.7 375.4 375.0 352.6 287.7 204.7 312.3 391.7 307.6 301.5 223.3 223.6 363.2 293.1 292.5 364.7 302.2 203.9 330.9 416.3 304.0 297.5 229.4 230.0 361.0 262.0 261.3 369.7 309.5 202.3 340.7 421.1 304.2 297.5 230.7 231.4 356.6 263.2 262.5 372.3 309.9 202.8 341.0 425.8 308.2 301.6 231.2 232.0 354.7 277.7 277.1 373.4 312.6 204:3 344.0 426.7 309.9 303.4 228.9 229.3 357.0 289.5 288.9 375.1 311.5 204.0 342.6 427.2 310.8 304.2 228.2 228.5 363.1 291.3 290.7 374.9 311.7 204.3 342.9 428.7 313.9 307.4 229.0 229.5 371.7 298.7 298.3 377.9 312.1 202.6 344.1 428.9 315.5 309.1 229.5 230.3 378.7 301.2 300.7 378.1 312.9 204.0 344.6 428.9 317.9 311.7 229.9 230.9 383.0 307.6 307.2 378.3 314.7 204.4 346.9 426.9 319.7 313.6 230.3 231.6 385.4 313.0 312.6 378.8 315.8 203.8 348.7 426.9 321.4 315.2 229.5 230.9 385.6 321.4 321.0 380.6 315.4 204.7 347.7 430.7 321.7 315.4 229.2 230.4 387.1 320.0 319.6 382.6 316.4 206.0 348.5 433.0 323.2 317.1 231.6 232.7 387.7 316.7 316.1 383.7 321.5 206.8 355.2 430.4 325.2 319.1 234.4 235.4 388.7 316.8 316.1 384.8 324.0 205.8 359.1 432.3 Medical c a r e ........................................................................................... Medical care co m m o dities................................................................ Medical care se rvice s........................................................................ Professional se rv ic e s ....................................................................... Hospital and related s e rv ic e s ........................................................ 401.2 256.3 432.7 367.7 221.2 431.0 272.8 465.7 391.4 234.2 441.7 277.0 478.2 400.2 240.4 443.9 279.8 480.1 401.5 241.6 446.7 281.4 483.2 404.2 243.2 449.7 282.9 486.5 407.4 244.6 452.3 285.1 489.2 410.2 245.4 454.9 286.2 492.1 413.3 246.5 456.6 288.2 493.6 414.7 247.4 459.3 290.5 496.2 417.5 248.2 462.1 292.1 499.4 419.7 250.9 464.2 293.2 501.7 421.5 252.8 466.2 294.4 503.9 424.0 253.5 468.4 296.1 506.1 425.6 255.4 470.0 297.7 507.7 426.5 257.6 Entertainment ......................................................................................... Entertainment commodities .............................................................. Entertainment se rv ic e s ...................................................................... 260.1 254.2 271.6 268.7 259.5 286.0 272.1 261.7 291.6 272.3 261.7 292.0 272.9 262.2 292.7 273.4 262.3 293.9 274.4 263.7 294.2 276.0 264.7 296.6 276.9 265.9 297.2 277.0 265.9 297.4 278.2 266.8 299.0 278.5 266.8 299.9 279.7 266.9 302.4 281.4 267.9 305.1 282.3 269.9 304.6 Other goods and services ................................................................... Tobacco p ro d u c ts ............................................................................... Personal c a re ....................................................................................... Toilet goods and personal care appliances................................ Personal care services ................................................................... Personal and educational expenses................................................ School books and su p p lie s ............................................................ Personal and educational s e rv ic e s ............................................... 322.7 328.1 279.6 279.0 280.5 399.3 355.7 410.1 341.7 350.7 289.0 288.6 289.8 430.7 384.8 442.0 349.2 356.9 291.2 290.5 292.4 449.4 396.9 462.1 349.5 357.2 291.3 290.3 292.7 450.0 397.1 462.8 352.8 364.7 293.2 292.0 294.9 452.0 406.5 464.3 354.6 368.0 294.1 293.2 295.4 453.7 409.3 465.9 355.1 369.2 293.9 292.7 295.5 454.3 409.6 466.6 356.0 370.0 294.7 293.6 296.2 455.5 410.1 467.8 356.9 370.5 296.4 294.9 298.4 456.1 410.5 468.5 357.8 372.3 296.4 294.8 298.8 457.3 410.6 469.8 360.5 379.7 297.3 296.1 299.1 458.4 410.7 471.0 361.9 380.5 298.2 296.6 300.4 460.6 411.4 473.4 368.3 382.1 299.1 297.4 301.5 475.3 423.7 488.5 369.8 383.4 299.9 298.4 302.0 477.5 427.0 490.6 370.5 384.1 300.1 298.6 302.3 478.6 427.0 491.8 All ite m s ..................................................................................................... C om m odities........................................................................................... Food and beverages.......................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages.......................................... Nondurables less food and beverages ....................................... Apparel com m odities.................................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .................... 318.5 286.5 301.8 274.9 283.8 191.3 334.2 323.4 283.1 311.6 264.2 265.6 191.5 306.7 264 0 325.4 283.1 316.2 261.5 259.7 196.6 295.6 265 3 325.7 283.3 316.8 261.5 259.9 194.5 296.9 265 0 327.7 285.5 320.3 262.9 262.3 190.5 304.4 329.0 287.0 321.3 264.6 266.0 191.5 310.2 330.5 288.6 321.2 267.2 270.0 198.3 311.5 332.3 290.7 322.1 269.9 273.7 202.1 315.0 333.4 291.6 323.5 270.6 274.2 201.2 316.5 334.9 292.4 325.0 270.9 274.1 197.5 319.5 335.6 292.5 324.8 271.2 274.1 193.6 322.8 337.4 293.9 325.1 273.3 277.9 197.4 326.2 339.1 295.7 326.2 275.4 281.7 205.0 326.5 340.0 296.8 326.6 276.9 283.4 209.3 326.0 340.4 297.4 326.5 277.8 283.9 209.3 326.8 S e rvices................................................................................................... Rent of shelter ( 1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Household services less rent of shelter (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 )............... 395.7 109.0 103.9 350 1 465.7 326.9 401.0 111.0 102.0 357 9 478.2 334.7 401.5 111.1 101.8 359 5 480.1 335.1 403.3 111.5 102.3 961 7 483.2 336.4 404.5 111.9 102.5 361 3 486.5 337.5 405.9 112.5 102.5 407.3 113.0 102.4 408.8 113.4 103.2 411.4 113.5 105.7 412.8 114.0 105.9 415.3 114.9 106.6 416.9 115.2 106.3 417.6 115.9 104.2 417.9 116.1 103.4 Medical care se rvice s........................................................................ Other services ..................................................................................... 377.3 103.2 102.6 339 9 432.7 310.1 489.2 338.0 492.1 339.4 493.6 340.3 496.2 340.9 499.4 342.0 501.7 343.3 503.9 349.7 506.1 351.8 507.7 352.2 Special indexes: All items less food .............................................................................. All items less s h e lte r......................................................................... All items less homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 4 —1 0 0 ).......................... All items less medical c a r e ............................................................... Commodities less fo o d ...................................................................... Nondurables less food ...................................................................... Nondurables less food and apparel ................................................ N ondurables......................................................................................... Services less rent of shelter (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................... Services less medical c a r e ............................................................... E n erg y................................................................................................... All items less energy ......................................................................... All items less food and energy ........................................................ Commodities less food and e n e rg y ................................................. Energy commodities .......................................................................... Services less en e rg y........................................................................... 319.4 303.4 101.8 314.3 272.8 279.0 320.3 293.9 102.6 369.0 426.3 309.9 308.7 256.8 410.9 371.1 323.0 305.1 102.8 318.0 262.9 262.7 296.9 289.8 107.1 385.9 367.5 321.2 320.3 259.8 322.9 391.9 324.2 305.9 103.2 319.6 260.3 257.4 287.0 289.2 108.1 390.4 338.5 326.3 325.4 262.4 289.1 399.6 324.4 306.3 103.4 319.8 260.4 257.6 288.2 289.6 108.3 390.7 339.2 326.5 325.6 262.1 291.1 400.2 326.0 308.4 104.0 321.8 261.8 259.9 294.8 292.5 108.8 392.5 349.8 327.8 326.3 261.7 307.2 401.9 327.4 309.6 104.5 323.0 263.5 263.3 299.7 294.9 109.0 393.5 356.9 328.7 327.1 262.0 319.9 403.2 329.3 311.0 104.9 324.5 265.9 266.9 300.9 296.9 109.2 394.7 357.7 330.2 329.0 264.6 321.5 404.7 331.3 312.8 105.5 326.2 268.5 270.4 303.9 299.2 109.5 396.1 360.8 331.9 330.9 266.6 328.9 406.5 332.3 313.9 105.9 327.3 269.2 270.8 305.3 300.1 109.9 397.5 364.9 332.8 331.6 267.1 331.2 407.5 333.7 315.6 106.4 328.8 269.5 270.9 307.9 300.9 111.1 400.1 378.6 333.2 331.8 266.7 337.7 408.2 334.6 315.9 106.6 329.3 269.8 270.9 310.8 300.8 111.5 401.4 380.6 333.8 332.6 266.3 343.1 410.1 336.8 317.4 107.1 331.1 271.8 274.4 313.8 302.9 112.0 403.8 387.5 335.2 334.2 267.5 351.8 412.3 338.5 319.2 107.7 332.8 273.8 277.8 314.1 305.3 112.5 405.4 385.8 337.2 336.4 270.0 350.4 414.2 339.6 319.7 107.8 333.7 275.3 279.4 313.8 306.4 112.2 405.9 375.2 339.1 338.6 272.0 347.3 416.8 340.2 320.1 108.0 334.1 276.2 279.9 314.6 306.6 112.2 406.2 372.4 339.8 339.6 273.0 348.1 417.8 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1 9 6 7 = $ 1 .0 0 ......................................................................................... 1957-59—$ 1 .0 0 ................................................................................... 31.4 27.0 30.9 26.6 30.7 26.4 30.7 26.4 30.5 26.2 30.4 26.1 30.3 26.0 30.1 25.9 30.0 25.8 29.9 25.7 29.8 25.6 29.6 25.5 29.5 25.4 29.4 25.3 29.4 25.3 1985 1986 Apparel com m o dities........................................................................ Men’s and boys’ a p p a re l............................................................... W omen’s and girls’ apparel .......................................................... Infants’ and toddlers’ a p p a re l....................................................... Foo tw ear........................................................................................... Other apparel com m o dities........................................................... Apparel se rvice s.................................................................................. 191.3 198.2 171.3 311.7 212.5 203.1 318.5 Transportation ........................................................................................ Private transportation......................................................................... New ve h icle s..................................................................................... New c a rs ..................................................................................... Used c a r s .......................................................................................... Motor f u e l.......................................................................................... G a so lin e .......................................................................................... Maintenance and re p a ir.................................................................. Other private tran sportation........................................................... Other private transportation com m o dities................................ Other private transportation services......................................... Public tran sportation........................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 31. January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Urban Wage Earners All Urban Consumers Area1 U.S. city a ve ra g e ..................... R egion and area size3 Northeast u rb a n ........................ Size A - More than 1,200,000 ................................ Size B - 500,000 to 1,200,000 ................................ Size C - 50,000 to 500,000 ................................... North Central urban ................. Size A - More than 1,200,000 ................................ Size B - 360,000 to 1,200,000 ................................ Size C - 50,000 to 360,000 ................................... Size D - Nonmetro politan (less than 50,0000 .......................... South u rb a n ............................... Size A - More than 1,200,000 ................................ Size B - 450,000 to 1,200,000 ................................ Size C - 50,000 to 450,000 ................................... Size D - Nonmetro politan (less than 5 0 ,0 0 0 )........................... West u rb a n ................................ Size A - More than 1,250,000 ................................ Size B - 330,000 to 1,250,000 ................................ Size C - 50,000 to 330,000 ................................... Size classes: A ............................................... B ............................................... C .............................................. D .............................................. S elected local areas Chicago, ILNorthwestern IN ...................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, C A ............ New York, NYNortheastern N J ...................... Philadelphia, P A -N J................. San FranciscoOakland, C A ............................. Pricing sche dule2 M Other index base - 1986 Nov. Dec. July Aug. Oct. Nov. Nov. Dec. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 330.8 331.1 340.8 342.7 344.4 345.3 345.8 325.4 325.7 335.6 337.4 339.1 340.0 340.4 174.3 179.9 181.2 182.1 183.0 183.3 170.3 176.3 177.7 179.0 179.7 179.8 M 12/77 177.2 182.7 184.1 185.1 185.9 186.2 12/77 174.7 180.7 182.1 183.5 184.1 184.3 _ M 12/77 178.3 182.5 183.3 183.2 185.7 186.7 _ 175.1 179.5 180.3 180.2 182.4 183.5 M M 12/77 12/77 186.3 177.1 190.9 182.6 192.5 184.0 192.2 184.8 192.3 184.6 192.6 184.7 _ - 190.5 173.0 195.1 178.6 196.6 179.8 197.0 180.6 197.2 180.5 197.3 180.6 M 12/77 181.0 186.9 188.2 189.2 188.5 188.8 _ 175.3 181.0 182.3 183.3 182.6 182.8 . - 171.5 175.6 177.4 177.8 178.3 178.3 168.4 174.3 175.5 176.6 177.3 177.3 - 172.7 176.5 178.2 181.6 178.5 182.1 178.3 183.0 178.8 183.6 179.0 184.0 _ 177.0 182.7 183.3 184.2 184.8 185.4 175.6 180.0 180.6 182.1 182.5 182.7 176.7 182.2 182.5 182.9 183.3 183.8 - 177.0 177.0 180.6 182.1 180.9 183.0 181.9 183.9 182.8 184.6 183.5 184.7 190.8 . 177.5 182.9 183.9 184.9 185.6 185.4 M 12/77 176.1 180.2 182.0 182.4 182.7 182.6 M 12/77 171.9 178.2 179.6 180.8 181.4 181.3 M M 12/77 12/77 171.6 177.9 176.7 182.6 177.1 183.2 176.7 184.0 177.1 184.7 177.2 185.1 M 12/77 177.9 183.3 184.0 184.7 185.4 186.0 M 12/77 179.9 184.1 184.8 186.3 186.7 187.0 M 12/77 176.4 181.4 181.7 182.0 182.6 183.0 M M 12/77 12/77 176.6 179.6 179.9 184.7 180.0 185.6 181.1 186.7 182.1 187.4 182.9 187.4 M 12/77 182.6 188.1 189.2 190.3 191.0 - - M 12/77 178.9 184.0 184.3 185.8 187.0 186.7 _ 179.0 184.2 184.6 185.9 187.1 186.9 M 12/77 - 172.9 176.6 177.1 177.9 178.5 179.7 - 171.1 174.6 175.2 175.9 176.5 177.7 M M M M 12/86 12/77 12/77 12/77 - 100.0 178.7 176.5 175.4 103.2 183.0 181.5 179.5 103.8 183.9 182.4 179.7 104.4 184.8 182.9 180.3 104.6 185.8 183.4 181.0 104.8 186.0 183.8 181.6 - 175.5 176.2 175.9 103.3 179.9 181.4 180.3 103.9 180.8 182.2 180.7 104.5 181.7 182.9 181.3 104.7 182.6 183.4 182.1 104.8 182.9 183.7 182.6 - M 331.3 331.0 346.1 348.8 349.9 343.9 345.7 316.1 315.8 330:0 332.5 333.5 328.2 329.4 M 333.8 332.9 344.1 346.7 348.6 350.4 349.3 326.3 325.3 336.2 338.8 340.4 342.1 341.1 327.5 324.1 329.1 325.2 340.7 339.1 343.7 342.2 346.4 342.8 347.4 344.1 348.2 342.6 318.6 325.4 320.1 326.6 331.6 340.7 334.4 343.9 337.4 344.2 338.3 345.8 339.1 344.6 - 343.6 356.0 356.9 358.5 359.9 360.5 - 337.0 349.3 349.9 351.4 353.2 353.9 333.4 329.3 352.7 175.8 323.8 334.0 _ 351.8 - 343.8 338.0 361.4 180.5 334.7 343.1 _ 346.0 347.2 367.5 181.3 339.5 347.8 _ - 346.2 348.5 366.9 183.4 336.0 349.7 330.4 325.9 329.6 176.1 319.0 335.9 _ 328.9 - 341.9 336.3 337.9 180.9 331.0 345.4 _ - 344.3 345.5 343.4 181.6 335.7 350.8 _ - 343.6 346.7 343.5 183.7 331.7 353.1 _ _ - 314.7 - M M - M - 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ 11/77 - Dallas-Ft. Worth, T X ................. Detroit, M l .................................. Houston, TX .............................. Pittsburgh, P A ........................... 2 2 2 2 _ - - 325.3 - 342.8 324.7 331.0 333.0 _ " - 356.0 333.5 344.0 341.7 1 Area is the Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), exclu sive of farms and military. Area definitions are those established by the Of fice of Management and Budget in 1983, except for Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH Area (excludes Monroe County); and Milwaukee, W! Area (in cludes only the Milwaukee MSA). Definitions do not include revisions made since 1983. 2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated:. M - Every month. 1 - January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Sept. M Baltimore, M D ........................... Boston, MA ............................... Cleveland, O H ........................... Miami, F L ................................... St. Louis, M O -IL ........................ Washington, DC -M D -V A ......... 106 1987 1986 1987 _ - 360.5 339.3 346.5 344.1 - 335.0 314.0 328.5 311.8 _ - 349.5 322.7 341.7 320.3 _ “ 353.8 327.8 345.1 322.2 _ - 3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions. - Data not available. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI pro gram. Because each local index is a small subset of the national index, it has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error than the national index. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in escalator clauses. 32. Annual data: Consumer Price Index all items and major groups Series 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 195.4 7.7 217.4 11.3 246.8 13.5 272.4 10.4 289.1 6.1 298.4 3.2 311.1 4.3 322.2 3.6 328.4 1.9 206.3 9.7 228.5 10.8 248.0 8.5 267.3 7.8 278.2 4.1 284.4 2.2 295.1 3.8 302.0 2.3 311.8 3.2 202.8 8.7 227.6 12.2 263.3 15.7 293.5 11.5 314.7 7.2 323.1 2.7 336.5 4.1 349.9 4.0 360.2 2.9 159.6 3.5 166.6 4.4 178.4 7.1 186.9 4.8 191.8 2.6 196.5 2.5 200.2 1.9 206.0 2.9 207.8 .9 185.5 4.7 212.0 14.3 249.7 17.8 280.0 12.1 291.5 4.1 298.4 2.4 311.7 4.5 319.9 2.6 307.5 -3.9 219.4 8.4 239.7 9.3 265.9 10.9 294.5 10.8 328.7 11.6 357.3 8.7 379.5 6.2 403.1 6.2 433.5 7.5 176.6 5.3 188.5 6.7 205.3 8.9 221.4 7.8 235.8 6.5 246.0 4.3 255.1 3.7 265.0 3.9 274.1 3.4 183.3 6.4 196.7 7.3 214.5 9.0 235.7 9.9 259.9 10.3 288.3 10.9 307.7 6.7 326.6 6.1 346.4 6.1 195.3 7.6 217.7 11.5 247.0 13.5 272.3 10.2 288.6 6.0 297.4 3.0 307.6 3.4 318.5 3.5 323.4 1.5 1978 Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: Percent ch a n g e .................................................................... Food and beverages: Percent c h a n g e .................................................................... Housing: Percent ch a n g e .................................................................... Apparel and upkeep: Percent c h a n g e .................................................................... Transportation: Percent ch a n g e .................................................................... Medical care: Percent c h a n g e .................................................................... Entertainment: In d e x ...................................................................................... Percent c h a n g e .................................................................... Other goods and services: Percent ch a n g e .................................................................... Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: All items: Percent c h a n g e .................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 107 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Janaury 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 33. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967 = 100) Annual average 1986 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 293.7 291.8 271.2 289.7 284.9 278.1 290.4 284.8 282.9 291.8 286.2 280.1 292.3 287.1 280.8 292.6 287.5 280.3 294.9 290.1 283.2 295.8 291.3 286.6 296.2 291.9 286.7 297.4 293.4 287.5 297.2 293.0 283.6 296.7 292.7 286.0 298.2 293.5 284.1 298.1 293.6 284.9 297.3 339.3 241.5 300.5 283.5 311.2 246.8 306.4 280.8 302.1 252.8 310.1 284.4 307.7 253.2 311.2 285.3 310.5 250.7 310.7 286.3 312.2 250.6 310.5 288.6 314.7 252.5 311.8 288.6 314.9 252.1 311.8 289.5 316.3 252.1 311.4 291.4 319.3 252.3 311.7 292.9 322.2 251.3 312.1 291.1 320.5 249.4 311.0 293.5 319.4 257.6 314.7 293.0 319.7 256.0 314.3 318.7 307.6 305.0 307.0 308.9 309.3 311.0 313.1 315.2 316.9 318.2 318.9 320.0 321.3 299.5 258.8 285.9 320.2 291.5 296.1 251.0 279.1 313.8 294.4 296.4 253.2 278.3 313.9 295.2 297.8 251.1 281.3 315.8 295.8 298.7 251.6 283.1 316.2 296.1 299.5 250.4 283.9 317.8 297.0 301.4 255.3 286.9 320.3 297.0 303.2 261.9 288.1 324.0 297.1 304.5 260.8 291.5 325.2 297.2 305.8 262.0 291.9 329.2 297.8 306.6 258.5 292.3 332.5 298.3 308.0 261.9 294.0 334.9 298.5 310.7 259.4 297.8 341.2 299.4 311.8 255.9 299.2 343.8 300.2 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 317.4 430.2 314.9 287.3 316.9 395.5 319.2 288.2 317.1 406.7 320.7 289.0 317.9 418.5 323.6 289.5 318.7 416.0 324.9 289.6 319.3 421.3 325.4 290.5 319.9 429.3 325.5 292.0 320.9 440.8 326.2 292.8 322.4 450.0 326.0 293.2 323.8 457.4 326.8 293.3 325.4 450.1 329.6 294.5 326.8 442.0 331.0 295.9 328.2 443.0 332.2 297.7 306.1 235.0 459.2 280.3 231.0 386.8 277.0 233.5 370.6 284.2 227.6 394.2 287.2 229.9 398.5 288.6 229.6 402.0 295.3 240.1 405.3 302.9 251.7 409.4 303.7 247.0 416.8 306.8 243.8 427.7 307.7 240.1 434.1 305.4 238.8 430.3 304.3 237.7 428.9 302.2 235.8 426.3 299.0 720.9 269.2 261.3 268.7 291.1 518.5 275.6 267.9 274.9 290.4 454.6 279.6 272.0 278.7 293.2 477.4 279.7 271.8 279.8 293.6 489.6 279.5 271.7 279.3 294.3 495.5 279.5 271.8 279.5 296.3 507.4 281.2 273.6 280.7 296.3 506.9 282.2 274.9 280.7 296.7 514.3 282.2 275.0 280.7 298.1 522.0 283.0 276.0 281.5 299.3 534.0 282.0 274.6 281.8 297.7 521.8 282.3 275.3 281.1 300.5 514.5 284.3 276.8 284.7 300.1 513.5 284.3 276.8 284.4 1987 G r o u p in g ......................... Finished consumer goods ................... Finished consumer fo o d s .................... Finished consumer goods excluding foods ............................... Nondurable goods less food .. Durable goods ................... Capital e q u ipm ent.................. F in is h e d g o o d s In t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ..................... Materials and components for manufacturing ............................... Materials for food m anufacturing............ Materials for nondurable manufacturing . Materials for durable m anufacturing....... Components for m anufacturing............. Materials and components for construction.............................. Processed fuels and lu bricants............. Containers................................ S u pplies................................... C r u d e m a t e r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g ... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs ................. Crude nonfood m ate rials..................... S p e c ia l g r o u p in g s Finished goods, excluding fo o d s ........ Finished energy goods .............. Finished goods less e n e rg y ............... Finished consumer goods less energy . Finished goods less food and energy .... Finished consumer goods less food and e n e rg y ................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food and e n e rg y ............................... 252.1 258.4 262.2 263.4 262.9 263.3 264.4 264.5 264.6 265.8 265.9 265.5 269.1 268.7 246.2 253.0 254.7 256.4 257.2 257.9 258.4 258.8 258.9 260.7 261.6 262.3 262.5 263.0 315.3 227.6 400.3 306.8 316.9 231.9 405.3 308.2 318.5 240.4 412.2 309.8 320.7 241.1 423.2 310.9 322.6 241.2 432.1 312.0 324.2 237.7 439.3 312.6 324.6 241.4 432.5 314.1 325.9 240.5 424.8 316.3 327.2 242.0 425.6 317.7 Intermediate materials less foods and fe e d s ................................ Intermediate foods and feeds Intermediate energy goods ...... Intermediate goods less e n e rg y .............. Intermediate materials less foods and e n e rg y ..................................... 325.0 232.8 528.3 304.0 313.3 230.3 414.4 303.5 310.5 231.5 380.7 304.1 312.8 229.5 391.3 305.2 314.7 230.0 402.6 306.1 305.2 304.4 304.8 306.2 307.2 308.1 309.3 310.5 311.7 312.9 314.0 315.3 317.8 319.3 Crude energy m aterials........................... Crude materials less energy .... Crude nonfood materials less energy ... 748.1 233.2 249.7 575.8 229.2 245.6 533.2 231.5 247.1 578.0 228.1 250.3 584.4 230.4 252.8 590.1 230.6 254.4 594.1 238.9 257.4 597.4 248.7 263.2 606.3 247.2 270.2 623.8 246.2 275.5 632.6 244.8 280.0 615.4 246.8 291.2 604.9 248.4 300.1 598.3 247.5 301.8 108 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 34. Producer Price indexes, by durability of product (1967 = 100) 1987 Annual average 1986 1985 1986 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. O c t. Nov. Total durable g o o d s ........................................ Total nondurable g o o d s .................................. 297.3 317.2 300.0 298.8 302.1 294.7 302.9 298.2 302.8 300.7 303.4 301.1 304.3 304.4 304.7 307.7 305.0 309.5 306.1 311.5 306.9 312.0 3 0 7 .4 3 1 0 .9 311.5 3 1 0 .7 311.5 311.0 Total m anufactures.......................................... D u rab le............................................................ Nondurable ..................................................... 304.3 298.1 310.5 297.6 300.8 294.0 297.2 302.9 291.0 299.5 303.7 294.7 300.7 303.5 297.4 300.8 304.1 297.0 303.0 305.0 300.5 304.4 305.3 303.0 305.3 305.4 304.8 306.6 306.2 306.6 307.5 306.9 307.7 307.5 307.1 307.5 3 0 9 .6 3 1 0 .2 3 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .9 3 0 8 .4 309.0 Total raw or slightly processed goods ........ D u rab le............................................................ N o ndurable..................................................... 327.9 252.2 332.4 305.6 252.0 308.6 298.6 255.4 300.9 301.6 258.8 303.9 303.6 260.9 305.8 305.9 261.1 308.3 308.4 262.1 310.9 313.9 267.8 316.4 315.9 277.2 317.9 318.8 284.8 320.4 318.3 292.5 319.5 317.8 3C2.8 318.3 3 1 4 .0 313.7 322.0 312.6 G r o u p in g 35. Sept. 3 1 8 .7 313.2 Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967 = 100) In d e x 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 195.9 194.9 199.2 217.7 217.9 216.5 247.0 248.9 239.8 269.8 271.3 264.3 280.7 281.0 279.4 285.2 284.6 287.2 291.1 290.3 294.0 293.7 291.8 300.5 3 0 6 .4 F in is h e d g o o d s : Total ........................................................................... Consumer g o o d s ................................................. Capital equipment ............................................... 2 8 9 .7 2 8 4 .9 In t e r m e d i a t e m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n ts : T o ta l........................................................................... Materials and components for m anufacturing...................................................... Materials and components for construction .... Processed fuels and lu b ric a n ts ......................... C o n ta in e rs............................................................. S u p p lie s................................................................. 215.6 243.2 280.3 306.0 310.4 312.3 320.0 318.7 3 0 7 .6 208.7 224.7 295.3 202.8 198.5 234.4 247.4 364.8 226.8 218.2 265.7 268.3 503.0 254.5 244.5 286.1 287.6 595.4 276.1 263.8 289.8 293.7 591.7 285.6 272.1 293.4 301.8 564.8 286.6 277.1 301.8 310.3 566.2 302.3 283.4 299.5 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 2 9 6 .1 234.4 216.2 272.3 426.8 274.3 247.9 330.0 507.6 304.6 259.2 401.0 615.0 329.0 257.4 482.3 751.2 319.5 247.8 473.9 886.1 323.6 252.2 477.4 931.5 330.8 259.5 484.5 931.3 306.1 235.0 459.2 909.6 3 1 7 .4 4 3 0 .2 3 1 4 .9 2 8 7 .3 C r u d e m a t e r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p ro c e s s in g : Total ........................................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs .................................. Nonfood materials except fuel .......................... Fuel ........................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 8 0 .3 2 3 1 .0 3 8 6 .8 8 1 7 .2 109 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 36. January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated) C a te g o r y A L L C O M M O D IT IE S 1974 SITC (9/83 = 10 0 )......................................... 1985 Mar. June 1986 Sept. Dec. Mar. June 1987 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 97.5 97.5 96.5 96.7 97.0 96.7 95.1 96.2 97.2 99.9 100.2 ( 3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ).............................................. Meat ( 3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... Fish (3/83 = 100) ............................................................. Grain and grain preparations (3/80 = 100) ........................................... Vegetables and fruit (3/83 = 100) .................................... Feedstuffs for animals (3/83 = 1 0 0 )........................................... Misc. food products (3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... 0 01 03 04 05 08 09 95.8 103.9 101.0 92.4 119.5 72.8 110.6 94.0 104.7 103.6 90.3 120.2 68.6 109.2 90.2 106.1 102.6 82.6 126.9 75.7 108.1 93.6 112.2 101.8 87.1 118.9 83.4 107.7 90.5 111.5 102.2 82.1 115.3 88.5 106.0 89.5 114.7 106.2 79.1 125.8 85.5 104.7 77.2 122.0 111.2 59.0 131.4 90.2 106.6 81.2 122.6 116.9 64.8 131.9 87.4 108.2 79.8 123.4 118.5 62.9 130.8 85.7 108.6 83.4 129.0 122.9 66.5 130.8 93.7 110.0 79.5 127.9 126.3 62.1 123.1 92.4 109.4 (6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. Beverages ( 9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................ Tobacco and tobacco products (6/83 = 1 0 0 )........................................... 1 11 12 99.9 104.0 99.5 100.1 105.3 99.6 99.7 101.8 99.5 98.6 100.9 98.4 95.6 101.9 95.1 96.5 103.0 95.9 96.3 102.2 95.8 101.6 102.9 101.4 101.7 104.7 101.4 104.0 104.8 104.0 104.4 104.4 104.5 ( 6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 )....................................................... Raw hides and skins (6/80 —100) .............................................. Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit (9/77 = 1 0 0 )................................................... Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) ( 9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ................. W o o d ................................................................... Pulp and waste paper (6/83 = 100) .......................................................... Textile fib e rs ............................................................................ Crude fertilizers and m inerals.............................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap .............................................. 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 97.5 121.0 71.0 106.4 128.7 100.5 102.4 165.6 89.2 96.8 126.2 71.2 106.3 125.7 96.1 105.8 167.9 82.0 93.3 129.0 64.2 107.1 124.5 93.8 103.6 169.4 80.1 92.5 139.9 63.9 106.0 128.1 92.7 97.7 165.5 78.7 95.8 138.9 66.9 106.0 128.7 98.8 101.6 168.0 83.4 95.6 148.9 65.8 106.1 128.7 109.7 98.6 166.1 80.5 92.3 138.0 64.5 105.3 129.7 119.8 74.7 164.3 84.6 94.8 148.3 62.9 104.4 135.5 121.2 92.2 162.8 80.7 97.1 168.8 60.4 106.2 139.0 133.0 99.7 155.6 82.2 106.3 191.2 68.6 107.5 146.2 138.7 115.0 155.1 90.7 109.1 189.1 64.3 109.0 174.0 142.6 119.2 149.8 99.7 3 100.1 99.2 97.6 96.6 91.9 86.7 85.7 84.7 85.6 84.4 85.6 Fixed vegetable oils and fats (6/83 = 1 0 0 ).............................................. 4 42 142.0 152.9 144.5 164.8 114.5 128.8 101.4 108.7 90.8 95.4 84.4 95.3 76.5 80.8 86.8 87.0 88.9 89.1 94.5 94.7 94.1 94.3 (3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................... Organic chemicals (12/83= 100 ) ....................................... Fertilizers, manufactured (3/83 = 10 0 )................................................ 5 51 56 97.0 93.8 92.5 96.8 96.5 87.9 97.1 97.1 89.8 96.6 95.4 90.0 96.5 93.5 88.6 95.4 89.3 84.0 93.1 88.0 77.4 92.2 89.4 68.7 96.6 99.5 75.4 103.1 114.3 80.4 104.1 111.1 88.0 (9/81 = 1 0 0 ) .................................. Leather and furskins ( 9 /7 9 = 1 0 0 ) ............................ Rubber manufactures ............................................................. Paper and paperboard products (6/78 = 1 0 0 ).................................... Iron and steel (3 /8 2 -1 0 0 ) ............................................... Nonferrous metals (9/81 = 100) ......................... Metal manufactures, n.e.s. (3/82 = 100) ........................................................ 6 61 62 64 67 68 69 99.4 82.5 150.2 155.0 95.5 79.7 105.4 99.2 79.2 149.0 151.6 95.3 79.6 105.2 99.2 75.9 148.3 149.6 95.9 79.8 105.4 99.1 78.5 148.7 148.2 98.2 78.2 104.4 100.3 77.8 151.0 152.2 98.4 80.2 105.3 101.2 82.5 150.0 158.7 99.4 79.1 105.5 102.2 84.2 150.4 165.3 100.2 79.4 105.6 102.7 88.0 151.3 167.9 100.1 78.8 105.7 104.4 96.3 152.1 174.4 101.5 80.3 105.7 106.8 101.1 153.9 177.7 101.5 90.1 105.6 108.5 99.7 155.2 182.5 102.4 94.6 106.2 7 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 142.3 165.3 155.0 153.4 152.4 100.9 133.3 114.9 133.1 195.5 142.9 167.4 155.7 155.1 152.0 100.0 133.3 116.1 133.9 196.6 143.1 167.1 156.0 156.3 152.4 99.9 134.1 115.3 133.8 199.3 143.3 167.5 156.2 158.4 152.2 99.4 134.5 113.8 135.0 200.7 144.0 169.1 155.5 159.0 152.3 99.9 136.5 115.1 135.5 203.3 144.6 144.2 169.2 169.5 154.7 155.0 160.4 158.9 154.4 153.3 99.2 ',' t '98.9 137.0 137.8 114.2 114.4 136.4 136.5 206.8 207.4 145.5 171.4 155.7 161.8 155.3 98.1 139.7 114.9 137.9 209.7 146.2 173.0 154.7 165.0 157.7 96.1 141.3 117.0 138.0 211.4 146.7 171.7 155.9 165.8 157.8 96.0 140.8 117.4 138.5 214.7 147.1 173.4 156.5 167.8 157.9 95.5 141.2 117.6 138.9 215.7 8 84 87 99.5 104.7 175.5 100.4 104.7 178.3 100.3 105.0 178.7 100.3 105.3 178.8 102.6 _ 103.4 _ 104.1 107.3 107.7 183.8 183.8 104.3 110.0 184.8 105.3 182.1 186.4 188.5 190.2 88 128.0 129.1 127.5 128.5 131.6 132.9 132.7 132.0 133.4 133.1 129.5 89 92.4 93.1 93.1 92.4 95.6 95.6 97.6 97.7 98.1 102.1 103.0 971 69.1 75.4 77.4 77.5 81.8 82.2 97.5 94.5 98.2 108.4 110.0 Food B e v e ra g e s a n d to b a c c o C r u d e m a t e r ia ls M in e r a l f u e l s ............................................................ A n im a l a n d v e g e t a b le s o ils , fa ts , a n d w a x e s ..................................................... C h e m ic a ls In t e r m e d ia t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts M a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t , e x c lu d in g m ilita r y a n d c o m m e r c ia l a ir c r a f t (1 2/78= 100 ) .................... Power generating machinery and equipment (12/78 = 100) ................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ( 9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ..... Metalworking machinery (6 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ..................... General industrial machines and parts n.e.s. 9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) . Office machines and automatic data processing equipment . Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing equipment Electrical machinery and equipm ent................ Road vehicles and parts (3/80 = 1 0 0 )...................... Other transport equipment, excl. military and commercial aviation . .. . O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t i c l e s .............................. Apparel (9/83 = 1 0 0 ).................................. Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches and clocks (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s.......... G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y ( 6 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ................... - Data not available. 110 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ 37. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated) C a te g o ry 1974 SITC Sept. 1987 1986 1985 Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 92.9 94.2 88.5 83.2 83.9 86.0 91.6 95.3 96.9 0 01 02 03 94.9 120.6 99.1 129.7 102.8 131.2 100.5 132.7 113.4 122.7 106.7 139.3 104.7 118.5 107.1 144.8 109.1 126.9 109.4 149.6 105.3 134.4 111.5 157.1 100.2 132.1 116.8 161.6 102.0 135.9 119.6 167.4 102.8 142.9 118.9 174.4 Bakery goods, pasta products, grain and grain preparations (9/7 7 100) ....................................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ........................................................................................ Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey (3/82 = 1 0 0 ).................................... Coffee, tea, c o c o a .............................................................................................. 04 05 06 07 136.3 120.2 123.1 54.4 141.9 131.3 111.9 64.6 146.9 119.4 124.6 85.9 149.2 119.4 121.6 69.2 154.0 127.1 123.9 71.8 155.3 125.5 124.3 61.0 161.0 120.5 126.0 50.9 165.2 125.4 128.6 49.3 161.2 124.5 128.0 48.3 B e v e r a g e s a n d t o b a c c o .................................................................................................... 1 11 158.0 156.0 162.1 159.1 163.2 161.8 165.5 163.9 165.8 165.5 168.0 168.2 170.8 171.5 174.1 174.6 174.4 175.6 Crude rubber (inc. synthetic & reclaimed) (3 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .............................. Wood (9 /8 1 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................ Pulp and waste paper (12/81 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals (12/83 = 100) ..................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ( 3 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Crude vegetable and animal materials, n.e.s................................................. 2 23 24 25 27 28 29 91.5 68.9 101.6 76.8 102.7 89.5 102.5 91.2 73.2 99.4 75.8 102.1 90.1 102.5 94.2 78.8 104.3 74.9 101.5 94.5 103.6 95.3 75.5 106.3 79.9 100.0 95.6 104.4 98.1 76.9 109.4 86.0 100.4 98.2 104.8 98.5 78.5 107.2 92.8 100.2 95.4 104.7 103.1 79.1 115.0 100.5 99.5 98.0 113.4 105.6 84.5 112.0 104.6 98.5 100.0 120.3 108.6 89.4 119.2 105.6 97.3 102.9 113.6 (6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products (6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... 3 33 79.8 80.3 79.1 80.1 55.3 54.7 37.5 36.1 33.6 32.1 38.4 37.9 49.7 49.9 54.8 55.2 56.4 57.3 (9/83 = 1 0 0 ).................................................................................. Vegetable oils (9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... 4 42 57.6 56.2 50.6 48.9 41.4 39.3 39.3 37.4 35.5 33.5 51.6 50.0 50.8 49.2 54.5 52.6 61.3 59.4 ( 9 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products (3 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................. Manufactured fertilizers (3 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. ( 9 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................. 5 54 56 59 94.5 95.3 80.8 96.9 94.2 96.7 78.5 97.8 94.6 102.9 79.2 99.9 93.3 104.9 79.7 100.3 93.4 110.0 77.4 101.0 93.2 110.1 79.7 102.8 95.9 116.2 81.8 104.3 98.7 120.3 83.6 105.0 99.5 118.8 98.8 108.2 (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................. Leather and fu rs k in s .......................................... ............................................... Rubber manufactures, n.e.s............................................................................... Cork and wood manufactures ......................................................................... Paper and paperboard products ..................................................................... T extiles.................................................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s........................................................ Iron and steel (9/78 = 1 0 0 )............................................................................... Nonferrous metals (12/81 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... Metal manufactures, n.e.s.................................................................................. 6 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 133.6 137.0 137.3 123.4 157.8 126.5 157.6 119.1 83.7 119.5 133.4 141.3 138.1 124.0 156.5 128.1 162.2 118.3 80.4 121.6 134.0 141.6 136.5 130.8 157.1 131.2 164.2 117.3 79.4 124.4 135.6 143.0 137.7 134.3 157.1 132.9 169.6 118.1 78.9 127.8 138.8 147.4 138.1 137.4 157.5 135.1 178.2 119.0 83.5 129.1 139.4 143.3 138.1 142.7 164.8 135.3 180.2 118.5 81.6 129.1 142.2 149.5 140.8 144.3 165.2 138.8 183.1 122.3 82.4 133.4 147.4 156.6 140.5 151.6 165.0 140.4 190.3 127.1 90.9 134.5 152.9 159.6 138.4 157.5 175.0 142.8 195.1 132.1 97.5 136.0 (6/81 = 1 0 0 ).................................... Machinery specialized for particular industries ( 9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Metalworking machinery (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................ General industrial machinery and parts, n.e.s. (6/81 = 100) ...................... Office machines and automatic data processing equipment ( 3 /8 0 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................................... Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing apparatus ( 3 /8 0 - 1 0 0 ) ...... .:............ ................................................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment (1 2 /8 1 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................... Road vehicles and parts (6/81 = 1 0 0 )............................................................ 7 72 73 74 103.5 101.4 94.2 94.3 107.2 104.9 98.1 98.0 111.5 112.1 105.0 103.8 115.3 115.4 107.7 109.0 118.1 120.1 110.7 112.8 120.2 121.0 115.7 113.9 123.9 127.5 122.4 120.5 126.1 130.0 126.1 123.0 126.4 130.0 129.6 122.2 75 90.3 93.7 96.9 101.3 102.5 102.4 103.2 106.4 106.8 76 77 78 88.3 81.4 112.7 88.6 83.1 117.8 89.4 84.5 123.4 91.6 87.5 127.1 93.7 89.5 129.8 93.9 91.7 133.2 94.6 93.6 137.0 95.5 94.8 139.2 95.8 94.2 139.6 (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................... Plumbing, heating, and lighting fixtures (6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .................................. Furniture and parts (6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................... Clothing (9 /7 7 -1 0 0 ) ......................................................................................... F ootw ear.............................................................................................................. Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus ( 1 2 /7 9 = 1 0 0 )................................................................................... Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches, and clocks ( 3 /8 0 - 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................... Mise, manufactured articles, n.e.s. ( 6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... 8 81 82 84 85 99.6 117.8 142.1 134.5 142.1 100.8 115.0 142.7 134.5 142.7 103.3 120.1 147.0 133.4 147.0 104.8 123.5 142.2 135.3 142.2 109.5 125.5 145.8 137.8 145.8 109.6 125.5 146.9 139.1 146.9 114.3 125.5 148.9 145.5 148.9 118.1 130.6 153.3 150.9 153.3 119.8 131.1 156.1 154.0 156.1 87 98.8 102.4 106.4 112.5 118.3 118.0 125.6 129.5 127.0 88 89 91.1 96.4 94.5 97.9 99.3 102.1 103.2 103.4 106.9 112.3 107.6 111.0 111.8 116.9 114.4 121.8 113.2 124.6 ( 6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................... 971 101.1 101.0 106.7 107.3 126.9 123.3 128.0 141.5 143.5 A L L C O M M O D IT IE S Food (9/82 = 1 0 0 )..................................................................... (9 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................................. Dairy products and eggs (6/81 =10 0) .......................................................... Beverages ........................................................................................................... C r u d e m a t e r i a l s ....................................................................................................................... F u e ls a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c ts F a t s a n d o ils C h e m ic a ls In t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts M a c h in e r y a n d t r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t M ls c . m a n u f a c t u r e d a r tic le s G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 38. January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by end-use category (September 1983 = 100 unless otherwise indicated) C a te g o r y Foods, feeds, and beverages ........................................................ Raw m aterials.................................................................................. Raw materials, nondurable ............................................................... Raw materials, d u rable..................................................................... Capital goods (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )................................................................ Automotive vehicles, parts and engines (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................. Consumer g o o d s ...................................................................... Durables ............................................................................... N o ndurables......................................................................................... 39. Per centage of 1980 trade value 1985 Sept. 16.294 30.696 21.327 9.368 30.186 7.483 7.467 3.965 3.501 1986 Dec. 76.2 96.5 98.7 91.1 106.6 108.1 101.9 100.4 103.3 Mar. 77.5 95.9 97.9 91.0 106.6 109.2 101.4 99.5 103.3 June 75.5 96.0 97.5 92.5 107.4 109.5 103.7 101.8 105.5 1987 Sept. 74.7 94.9 96.1 91.9 107.5 110.4 104.5 101.8 107.2 Dec. 66.0 93.3 93.7 92.5 107.7 110.8 104.5 102.1 106.9 Mar. 68.4 94.8 95.4 93.2 108.3 111.8 105.7 102.7 108.5 June 67.1 98.2 99.4 95.1 108.9 111.9 106.9 103.9 109.8 Sept. 71.3 103.1 104.7 99.2 109.4 112.1 107.1 103.6 110.5 67.9 105.9 106.1 105.3 109.8 112.5 107.5 104.3 110.5 U.S. import price indexes by end-use category (December 1982=100) C a te g o ry Foods, feeds, and beverages ......................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products, excl. natural g a s .................... Raw materials, excluding petroleum .................................................. Raw materials, non d u ra b le .............................................. Raw materials, d u rable.......................................................... Capital g o o d s ........................................................................ Automotive vehicles, parts and e n g in e s .................................. Consumer g o o d s ....................................................... Durable ............................................................. N ondurable........................................................... 40. Per centage of 1980 trade value 1985 Sept. 7.477 31.108 19.205 9.391 9.814 13.164 11.750 14.250 5.507 8.743 1986 Dec. 99.0 80.9 95.4 93.5 97.4 97.6 106.4 101.0 98.9 103.9 Mar. 106.0 80.5 93.9 91.8 96.2 100.0 111.4 102.4 100.7 104.7 June 115.8 55.4 94.5 91.1 98.1 102.8 115.6 104.5 103.4 106.0 1987 Sept. Dec. Mar. June 108.2 36.8 94.0 89.7 98.7 106.7 119.0 106.5 106.5 106.6 112.3 32.6 95.3 89.5 101.4 109.4 121.0 110.1 111.2 108.6 109.2 38.3 94.9 89.7 100.3 110.7 123.9 110.6 111.6 109.2 104.7 50.5 96.9 91.8 102.3 115.3 126.2 114.3 114.8 113.7 Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept. 106.6 55.8 100.5 94.5 106.8 117.8 128.0 117.5 117.5 117.6 U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1 1985 1986 1987 In d u s tr y g r o u p Sept. Manufacturing: Food and kindred products (6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ............................. Lumber and wood products, except furniture ( 6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................... Furniture and fixtures (9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... Paper and allied products (3/81 = 1 0 0 )................................ Chemicals and allied products (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 )............... Petroleum and coal products (1 2 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ........................ Primary metal products (3 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................................. Machinery, except electrical (9/78 = 1 0 0 ).......................... Electrical machinery (1 2/80= 100 ) ............................. Transportation equipment ( 1 2 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ).............................. Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks ( 6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................. 1 SIC - based classification. 112 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. Mar. June Sept. 96.7 98.1 97.0 95.0 95.2 97.6 99.0 104.1 103.6 98.3 107.1 93.2 99.7 102.0 88.1 140.6 111.9 162.6 101.2 108.4 92.1 99.2 99.1 87.9 140.5 111.2 164.1 101.5 109.2 95.7 98.9 93.5 89.8 140.6 112.6 165.1 101.2 109.7 101.5 98.3 83.1 89.8 140.3 112.3 167.1 102.1 110.1 106.1 96.2 83.1 90.7 140.5 112.6 167.4 105.7 110.4 108.7 95.9 82.2 89.9 140.7 113.6 169.4 109.8 113.4 113.7 100.1 83.5 91.7 141.0 115.2 170.0 113.0 114.0 116.7 106.3 86.8 97.4 141.2 115.3 171.2 133.1 114.1 120.3 107.6 87.1 100.1 141.3 115.8 172.3 156.2 156.7 159.7 161.2 161.5 162.3 163.3 164.6 164.7 107.5 57.9 103.5 95.5 112.1 118.2 127.9 119.2 119.0 119.4 41. U.S. Import price Indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1 1987 1986 1985 In d u s try group Sept. Mar. Dec. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Sept. June Manufacturing: Lumber and wood products, except furniture (6 /7 7 -1 0 0 ) .................................................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products ( 1 2 / 8 0 - 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................. Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks ( 1 2 / 7 9 - 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................. Miscellaneous manufactured commodities ( 9 / 8 2 - 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................... 114.2 100.4 133.9 115.1 101.8 134.4 117.7 104.7 133.4 115.6 106.4 135.1 118.0 107.1 137.8 122.4 108.0 139.3 122.7 111.7 146.0 125.9 113.6 150.9 128.5 116.2 154.1 117.5 97.7 138.7 93.3 115.8 98.2 137.4 95.8 122.1 101.2 137.6 98.6 124.8 103.5 139.4 102.1 127.9 105.4 142.2 103.8 127.9 105.6 150.3 102.4 134.5 109.6 154.0 104.7 135.0 110.2 155.7 105.7 141.7 111.5 163.1 106.1 96.6 142.3 84.3 101.0 96.6 94.5 114.8 97.5 144.0 82.6 102.6 100.0 95.8 119.6 100.9 145.8 82.0 104.9 105.5 97.0 123.9 100.6 144.6 82.4 108.5 109.0 100.2 128.0 101.9 147.7 84.9 110.3 112.5 102.6 130.4 102.1 148.7 84.0 111.1 114.2 104.0 133.2 104.4 151.8 85.4 115.5 119.1 105.7 136.5 105.8 156.2 91.3 116.2 122.1 106.9 138.4 105.0 159.8 96.0 118.1 122.5 106.5 138.8 94.6 98.8 103.9 109.1 113.7 113.7 119.1 122.1 120.4 96.6 98.7 99.9 101.7 106.9 108.1 110.3 113.8 116.4 1 SIC - based classification. 42. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted (1977=100) Quarterly Indexes I II 1987 1986 1985 Item III IV I II III IV I II III Business: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor c o s ts .......................................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ........................................... Implicit price d e fla to r................................................ 106.5 172.4 98.5 161.9 158.7 160.8 107.2 174.6 98.6 162.8 160.4 162.0 108.2 177.0 99.4 163.6 161.8 163.0 107.9 179.3 99.7 166.1 160.2 164.0 109.5 180.7 100.1 165.0 163.1 164.3 109.7 182.2 101.3 166.2 163.9 165.4 109.6 183.6 101.4 167.5 165.7 166.9 109.6 185.2 101.6 169.0 162.4 166.7 109.7 185.8 100.7 169.4 166.0 168.2 110.1 187.3 100.3 170.2 168.6 169.6 111.1 189.2 100.3 170.2 171.3 170.6 N onfarm buslnaas: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor c o s ts .......................................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts ........................................... Implicit price d e fla to r................................................. 105.2 172.2 98.4 163.6 159.5 162.2 105.7 174.1 98.3 164.7 161.5 163.6 106.4 176.2 98.9 165.7 163.4 164.9 105.9 178.3 99.2 168.3 160.8 165.7 107.7 180.0 99.7 167.2 164.7 166.4 107.7 181.3 100.8 168.4 165.2 167.3 107.5 182.6 100.9 169.8 167.0 168.8 107.5 184.4 101.2 171.5 163.9 168.8 107.6 184.9 100.2 171.8 167.4 170.3 108.0 186.3 99.7 172.5 169.2 171.4 108.9 188.0 99.7 172.6 172.2 172.5 N onfinancial corp o ra tio n s: Output per hour of all em plo yees........................... Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Total unit c o s ts ........................................................... Unit labor costs ....................................................... Unit nonlabor c o s ts ................................................ Unit p ro fits ................................................................... Unit nonlabor p a y m e n ts........................................... Implicit price deflator ................................................ 107.0 169.9 97.0 163.6 158.9 177.5 132.0 161.6 159.8 107.7 171.8 97.0 164.3 159.5 178.7 132.2 162.5 160.5 109.2 173.8 97.6 163.7 159.1 177.5 142.5 165.2 161.2 108.9 175.7 97.7 166.0 161.4 179.4 128.7 161.6 161.5 109.8 177.2 98.2 166.3 161.5 180.7 129.7 162.8 161.9 109.7 178.4 99.1 167.2 162.6 180.6 129.5 162.7 162.7 109.9 179.5 99.2 168.5 163.2 184.2 130.6 165.4 164.0 110.5 181.0 99.3 168.7 163.8 183.2 127.7 163.7 163.8 109.7 180.8 98.0 169.7 164.8 184.1 132.2 165.9 165.2 109.9 182.0 97.4 170.9 165.6 186.6 132.9 167.8 166.3 110.6 183.4 97.2 171.2 165.8 187.2 140.5 170.8 167.5 M anufacturing: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor c o s ts .......................................................... 121.3 173.3 99.0 142.9 124.1 176.1 99.5 142.0 125.3 178.0 99.9 142.1 126.1 180.2 100.2 142.9 127.6 181.0 100.3 141.9 128.4 182.1 101.2 141.8 129.3 183.1 101.2 141.7 129.8 184.3 101.2 142.0 130.8 183.9 99.6 140.5 132.9 184.8 98.9 139.0 134.1 185.4 98.3 138.2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 113 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data 43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years (1977 = 100) Item 1960 1970 1973 1976 1978 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 P r iv a t e b u s in e s s Productivity: Output per hour of all persons ............................. Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ....................... Multifactor productivity........................................... O u tp u t.......................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons............................................... Capital services ....................................................... Combined units of labor and capital in p u t......... Capital per hour of all p e rsons................................ 67.3 102.1 78.1 55.3 88.4 101.9 92.9 80.2 95.9 105.3 99.1 93.0 98.4 97.2 98.0 94.5 100.8 102.0 101.2 105.8 99.2 94.2 97.4 106.6 100.6 92.4 97.7 108.9 100.3 86.7 95.3 105.4 103.1 88.4 97.7 109.9 105.7 92.8 101.0 119.2 107.6 92.8 102.2 124.0 109.7 92.8 103.4 128.1 82.2 54.2 70.8 65.9 90.8 78.7 86.3 86.7 96.9 88.3 93.8 91.1 96.1 97.2 96.5 101.2 105.0 103.8 104.5 98.8 107.5 113.1 109.4 105.3 108.2 117.8 111.5 108.8 105.2 121.7 110.7 115.7 106.7 124.4 112.6 116.6 112.8 128.5 118.1 113.9 115.2 133.6 121.3 116.0 116.8 138.0 123.8 118.2 70.7 103.6 80.9 54.4 89.2 102.8 93.7 79.9 96.4 106.0 99.6 92.9 98.5 97.3 98.1 94.4 100.8 101.9 101.2 106.0 98.7 93.4 96.9 106.6 99.6 91.1 96.7 108.4 99.1 85.1 94.1 104.8 102.5 87.3 97.0 110.1 104.7 91.3 99.9 119.3 105.9 90.8 100.5 123.7 107.6 90.5 101.4 127.6 77.0 52.5 67.3 68.2 89.6 77.8 85.3 86.8 96.3 87.6 93.3 91.0 95.8 97.0 96.2 101.3 105.1 104.0 104.7 98.9 108.0 114.1 110.0 105.6 108.8 119.0 112.2 109.4 105.7 123.2 111.4 116.5 107.4 126.1 113.5 117.4 114.0 130.6 119.4 114.6 116.8 136.3 123.1 116.7 118.5 141.0 125.8 119.0 62.2 102.5 71.9 52.5 80.8 98.6 85.2 78.6 93.4 111.4 97.9 96.3 97.1 96.2 96.8 93.1 101.5 102.1 101.7 106.0 101.4 91.2 98.7 103.2 103.6 89.2 99.8 104.8 105.9 81.8 99.2 98.4 112.0 86.9 105.1 104.7 118.1 95.7 112.2 117.5 124.2 97.8 117.0 122.5 128.8 99.3 120.6 125.9 84.4 51.2 73.0 60.7 97.3 79.7 92.2 82.0 103.1 86.4 98.4 83.8 95.9 96.7 96.1 100.9 104.4 103.7 104.2 99.4 101.7 113.1 104.5 111.2 101.1 117.5 105.0 116.2 92.9 120.3 99.2 129.4 93.5 120.6 99.7 129.0 99.5 122.8 104.7 123.5 98.7 125.3 104.8 127.0 97.8 126.8 104.4 129.7 P r iv a t e n o n f a r m b u s in e s s Productivity: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................. Output per unit of capital se rv ic e s ....................... Multifactor productivity........................................... O u tp u t.......................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons............................................... Capital services ....................................................... Combined units of labor and capital in p u t......... Capital per hour of all persons................................ M a n u f a c t u r in g Productivity: Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ............................. Output per unit of capital s e rv ic e s ....................... Multifactor productivity........................................... O u tp u t.......................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons................................................ Capital services ....................................................... Combined units of labor and capital in p u ts ....... Capital per hour of all persons................................ 114 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years (1977=100) Item 1960 1970 1973 1975 1977 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 67.6 33.6 68.9 49.7 46.4 48.5 88.4 57.8 90.2 65.4 59.4 63.2 95.9 70.9 96.7 73.9 72.5 73.4 95.7 85.2 95.9 89.0 88.2 88.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 119.1 99.4 119.5 112.5 117.0 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.5 118.7 127.6 100.7 143.7 95.7 142.7 134.6 139.8 100.3 154.9 97.3 154.5 136.6 148.1 103.0 161.5 98.2 156.7 146.4 153.0 105.6 168.0 98.0 159.1 156.5 158.2 107.5 175.9 99.1 163.6 160.3 162.4 109.5 182.8 101.0 166.9 163.8 165.8 71.0 35.3 72.3 49.7 46.3 48.5 89.3 58.2 90.8 65.2 60.0 63.4 96.4 71.2 97.1 73.9 69.3 72.3 96.0 85.6 96.4 89.2 86.7 88.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 118.9 99.2 119.7 110.5 116.5 98.8 131.3 96.6 132.9 118.5 127.8 99.8 143.6 95.7 144.0 133.5 140.3 99.2 154.8 97.2 156.0 136.5 149.2 102.5 161.5 98.2 157.6 148.3 154.3 104.6 167.8 97.9 160.4 156.4 159.0 105.8 175.2 98.7 165.6 161.3 164.1 107.5 182.0 100.6 169.3 165.2 167.8 73.4 36.9 75.5 49.4 50.2 47.0 59.8 51.5 50.7 91.1 59.2 92.4 64.8 65.0 64.2 52.3 60.1 63.3 97.5 71.6 97.6 72.7 73.4 70.7 65.6 68.9 71.9 96.7 85.9 96.7 90.3 88.8 94.9 77.0 88.6 88.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 118.7 99.1 118.2 119.0 115.8 94.5 108.4 115.4 99.1 131.1 96.4 133.4 132.3 136.7 85.2 118.6 127.6 99.6 143.3 95.5 147.7 143.8 159.1 98.1 137.8 141.7 100.4 154.3 96.9 159.5 153.8 176.4 78.5 142.1 149.8 103.5 159.9 97.3 159.5 154.5 174.3 110.9 152.1 153.7 106.0 165.8 96.7 160.8 156.5 173.6 136.5 160.6 157.9 108.2 172.8 97.4 164.4 159.7 178.3 133.9 162.7 160.7 109.9 178.9 98.9 167.7 162.8 182.2 129.3 163.7 163.1 62.2 36.5 74.8 58.7 60.0 59.1 80.8 57.4 89.5 71.0 64.1 69.0 93.4 68.8 93.8 73.7 70.7 72.8 92.9 85.1 95.9 91.7 87.5 90.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 118.6 99.1 117.0 98.9 111.7 101.4 132.4 97.4 130.6 97.8 121.0 103.6 145.2 96.7 140.1 111.8 131.8 105.9 157.5 98.9 148.7 114.0 138.6 112.0 162.4 98.8 145.0 128.5 140.2 118.1 168.0 98.0 142.2 138.6 141.2 124.2 176.9 99.6 142.4 134.7 140.2 128.8 182.7 100.9 141.8 137.9 140.7 B u s in e s s : Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor c o s t s .......................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ........................................... Implicit price deflator ................................................ N o n f a r m b u s in e s s : Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor c o s t s .......................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ........................................... Implicit price deflator ................................................ N o n f ln a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s : Output per hour of all e m plo yees........................... Compensation per h o u r............................................. Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Total unit c o s ts ........................................................... Unit labor costs ....................................................... Unit nonlabor c o s ts ................................................. Unit p ro fits ................................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ........................................... Implicit price deflator ................................................ M a n u fa c tu r in g : Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor c o s ts '.......................................................... Unit nonlabor p a ym e n ts ........................................... Implicit price deflator ................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, In nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted Annual average 1986 1987 Country 1985 1986 I II III IV I II III T o t a l la b o r f o r c e b a s is United S ta te s ................................... Canada ................................................. Australia ............................................. J a p a n ............................................ 7.1 10.4 8.2 2.6 6.9 9.5 8.0 2.8 7.0 9.7 7.9 2.7 7.0 9.5 7.7 2.8 6.8 9.6 8.2 2.9 6.8 9.4 8.3 2.9 6.6 9.6 8.3 3.0 6.1 9.0 8.1 3.1 5.9 8.8 8.0 2.8 France ........................................... G erm any.................................... Italy 1, 2 ................................................. Sweden .......................................... United Kingdom .................................... 10.2 7.4 5.9 2.8 11.2 10.4 7.1 6.2 2.6 11.1 10.2 7.3 6.1 2.7 11.1 10.4 7.2 6.2 2.6 11.2 10.6 7.0 5.9 2.6 11.1 10.6 6.9 6.5 2.6 10.9 11.0 7.0 6.6 2.0 10.6 11.0 7.1 6.6 1.9 10.2 10.9 7.1 6.6 1.8 9.7 United S ta te s ..................................... Canada ......................................... Australia ........................................ Japan ............................................ 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 7.0 9.6 8.1 2.8 7.1 9.7 8.0 2.7 7.1 9.6 7.8 2.8 6.9 9.7 8.3 2.9 6.9 9.4 8.4 2.9 6.7 9.6 8.3 3.0 6.2 9.1 8.2 3.1 6.0 8.8 8.0 2.8 France ................................................. G erm any............................................. Italy1, 2 ................................................. Sweden ............................................. United Kingdom .................................... 10.4 7.5 6.0 2.8 11.2 10.7 7.2 6.3 2.7 11.1 10.5 7.4 6.2 2.8 11.2 10.7 7.3 6.3 2.6 11.2 10.8 7.2 6.0 2.6 11.2 10.8 7.0 6.6 2.6 10.9 11.2 7.1 6.7 2.0 10.7 11.3 7.2 6.7 1.9 10.3 11.2 7.3 6.8 1.9 9.8 C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e b a s is 1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. 2 Major changes in the Italian labor force survey, intro duced in 1977, resulted in a large increase in persons enu merated as unemployed. However, many persons reported that they had not actively sought work in the past 30 days, and they have been provisionally excluded for comparability with U.S. concepts. Inclusion of such persons would about double the Italian unemployment rate shown. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and the United Kingdom are calculated by applying annual adjust ment factors to current published data and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data 46. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and country 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 L * b o r fo rc e United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ A u stralia....................................................................... Japan ........................................................................... France .......................................................................... G erm any...................................................................... Ita ly ................................................................................ N etherlands................................................................. S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m ....................................................... 99,009 10,500 6,358 53,820 22,300 25,870 20,510 4,950 4,168 26,050 102,251 10,895 6,443 54,610 22,460 26,000 20,570 5,010 4,203 26,260 104,962 11,231 6,519 55,210 22,670 26,250 20,850 5,100 4,262 26,350 106,940 11,573 6,693 55,740 22,800 26,520 21,120 5,310 4,312 26,520 108,670 11,904 6,810 56,320 22,930 26,650 21,320 5,520 4,327 26,590 110,204 11,958 6,910 56,980 23,160 26,700 21,410 5,570 4,350 26,740 111,550 12,183 6,997 58,110 23,130 26,650 21,590 5,600 4,369 26,790 113,544 12,399 7,133 58,480 23,290 26,760 21,670 5,620 4,385 27,180 115,461 12,639 7,272 58,820 23,340 26,980 21,800 5,710 4,418 27,370 117,834 12,870 7,562 59,410 23,480 27,180 21,990 62.3 61.6 62.7 62.5 57.6 53.4 48.2 49.0 65.9 62.7 63.2 62.7 61.9 62.8 57.5 53.3 47.8 48.8 66.1 62.8 63.7 63.4 61.6 62.7 57.5 53.3 48.0 49.0 66.6 62.6 63.8 64.1 62.1 62.6 57.2 53.2 48.2 50.2 66.9 62.5 63.9 64.8 61.9 62.6 57.1 52.9 48.3 51.4 66.8 62.2 64.0 64.1 61.7 62.7 57.1 52.6 47.7 51.2 66.8 62.3 64.0 64.4 61.4 63.1 56.6 52.3 47.5 50.9 66.7 62.1 64.4 64.8 61.5 62.7 56.6 52.4 47.3 50.5 66.6 62.6 64.8 65.2 61.8 62.3 56.2 52.6 47.2 50.7 66.9 62.7 65.3 65.7 63.0 62.1 56.2 53.0 47.5 92,017 9,651 6,000 52,720 21,180 24,970 19,670 4,700 4,093 24,400 96,048 9,987 6,038 53,370 21,250 25,130 19,720 4,750 4,109 24,610 98,824 10,395 6,111 54,040 21,300 25,470 19,930 4,830 4,174 24,940 99,303 10,708 6,284 54,600 21,330 25,750 20,200 4,980 4,226 24,670 100,397 11,006 6,416 55,060 21,200 25,560 20,280 5,010 4,219 23,800 99,526 10,644 6,415 55,620 21,240 25,140 20,250 4,980 4,213 23,710 100,834 10,734 6,300 56,550 21,170 24,750 20,320 4,890 4,218 23,600 105,005 11,000 6,490 56,870 20,980 24,790 20,390 4,930 4,249 24,000 107,150 11,311 6,670 57,260 20,900 24,950 20,490 5,110 4,293 24,300 109,597 11,634 6,952 57,740 20,970 25,210 20,610 57.9 56.6 59.2 61.2 54.7 51.6 46.3 46.5 64.8 58.7 59.3 57.5 58.0 61.3 54.4 51.5 45.9 46.3 64.6 58.8 59.9 58.7 57.8 61.4 54.0 51.7 45.9 46.4 65.3 59.2 59.2 59.3 58.3 61.3 53.5 51.7 46.1 47.0 65.6 58.1 59.0 59.9 58.4 61.2 52.8 50.8 45.9 46.6 65.1 55.7 57.8 57.0 57.3 61.2 52.3 49.6 45.2 45.8 64.7 55.3 57.9 56.7 55.3 61.4 51.8 48.6 44.7 44.5 64.4 54.7 59.5 57.4 56.0 61.0 51.0 48.5 44.5 44.3 64.5 55.3 60.1 58.4 56.6 60.6 50.4 48.7 44.4 45.4 65.0 55.7 60.7 59.4 57.9 60.4 50.2 49.1 44.6 6,991 849 358 1,100 1,120 900 840 250 75 1,660 6,202 908 405 1,240 1,210 870 850 260 94 1,650 6,137 836 408 1,170 1,370 780 920 270 88 1,420 7,637 865 409 1,140 1,470 770 920 330 86 1,850 8,273 898 394 1,260 1,730 1,090 1,040 510 108 2,790 10,678 1,314 495 1,360 1,920 1,560 1,160 590 137 3,030 10,717 1,448 697 1,560 1,960 1,900 1,270 710 151 3,190 8,539 1,399 642 1,610 2,310 1,970 1,280 690 136 3,180 8,312 1,328 602 1,560 2,440 2,030 1,310 600 125 3,070 8,237 1,236 610 1,670 2,510 1,970 1,380 7.1 8.1 5.6 2.0 5.0 3.5 4.1 5.1 1.8 6.4 6.1 8.3 6.3 2.3 5.4 3.3 4.1 5.2 2.2 6.3 5.8 7.4 6.3 2.1 6.0 3.0 4.4 5.3 2.1 5.4 7.1 7.5 6.1 2.0 6.4 2.9 4.4 6.2 2.0 7.0 7.6 7.5 5.8 2.2 7.5 4.1 4.9 9.2 2.5 10.5 9.7 11.0 7.2 2.4 8.3 5.8 5.4 10.6 3.1 11.3 9.6 11.9 10.0 2.7 8.5 7.1 5.9 12.7 3.5 11.9 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.8 9.9 7.4 5.9 12.3 3.1 11.7 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 10.4 7.5 6.0 10.5 2.8 11.2 - 4,437 27,460 P a r t ic ip a t io n r a t e 1 United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ A u stralia....................................................................... Japan ........................................................................... France .......................................................................... G e rm any...................................................................... Ita ly ............................................................................... N etherlands................................................................. S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... _ 67.2 62.5 E m p lo y e d United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ A u stra lia ....................................................................... Japan ........................................................................... France .......................................................................... Germany ..................................................................... Ita ly ................................................................................ N etherlands................................................................. S w e d e n ....... ................................................................. United K ingdo m .......................................................... - 4,319 24,400 E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la t io n r a t io 2 United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ A u stralia....................................................................... Japan ........................................................................... F ra n ce .......................................................................... G e rm any...................................................................... Ita ly ................................................................................ N e therlands................................................................. S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... _ 65.4 55.6 U n e m p lo y e d United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ A u stralia....................................................................... Japan ........................................................................... France .......................................................................... G e rm a n y ...................................................................... F a ly ................................................................................ N etherlands.................................... ............................ S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... _ 118 3,060 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a te United States .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ A u stra lia ....................................................................... Japan ........................................................................... F ra n c e .......................................................................... G e rm any...................................................................... Ita ly ................................................................................ N etherlands................................................................. S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... ’ Labor force as a percent of the civilian working-age population. 2 Employment as a percent of the civilian working-age population. 116 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - Data not available. 7.0 9.6 8.1 2.8 10.7 7.2 6.3 2.7 11.1 47. Annual Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries (1977 = 100) 1960 1970 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 62.2 50.7 23.2 32.8 37.2 36.4 40.3 36.5 32.4 54.6 42.3 55.5 80.8 75.6 64.8 59.9 65.5 69.6 71.2 72.7 64.3 81.7 80.7 79.7 93.4 90.3 83.1 78.2 83.2 82.2 84.0 90.9 81.5 94.6 94.8 95.6 90.6 91.7 86.5 82.6 86.0 85.2 87.4 95.3 88.1 97.7 98.8 97.4 92.9 88.6 87.7 85.9 94.6 88.5 90.1 91.1 86.2 96.8 100.2 95.2 97.1 94.8 94.3 95.1 98.2 95.0 96.5 98.9 95.8 99.7 101.7 99.5 101.5 101.1 108.0 106.3 101.5 105.7 103.1 103.0 106.4 101.8 102.8 101.5 101.4 102.0 114.8 112.3 106.5 110.3 108.2 110.5 112.3 107.1 110.9 102.4 101.4 98.2 122.7 119.7 112.3 112.0 108.6 116.9 113.9 106.7 112.7 101.7 103.6 102.9 127.2 128.1 114.2 116.4 111.0 121.0 116.9 107.0 113.2 107.0 105.9 100.4 135.0 135.7 114.6 123.5 112.6 123.4 119.4 109.8 116.5 113.6 112.0 106.9 142.3 144.7 120.2 128.8 119.1 126.6 127.5 117.2 125.5 123.0 116.6 110.2 152.5 149.8 118.9 133.8 123.5 134.7 141.2 123.9 131.0 129.5 121.7 112.7 163.7 153.3 117.2 138.3 128.9 136.8 145.6 125.2 134.5 134.2 126.0 112.1 168.2 52.5 41.3 19.2 41.6 49.2 35.4 50.0 37.4 44.8 55.1 52.6 71.2 78.6 73.5 69.9 78.0 82.0 73.3 86.6 78.0 84.4 86.9 92.5 95.0 96.3 93.5 91.9 95.7 95.9 88.6 96.1 90.5 95.8 99.5 100.3 104.8 91.7 96.3 91.7 99.5 97.4 91.8 95.4 96.3 100.0 104.0 105.7 103.5 84.9 89.9 86.2 92.0 95.0 90.0 91.0 86.9 92.7 101.0 106.1 96.3 93.1 96.5 94.8 99.4 99.6 96.1 98.0 97.9 99.0 101.4 106.1 98.2 106.0 104.6 106.7 101.6 99.7 103.4 101.8 101.8 102.8 98.2 97.3 100.6 108.1 108.5 113.9 104.4 105.4 106.1 106.6 108.6 106.1 100.3 103.6 100.5 103.2 103.6 124.1 107.3 110.1 106.6 106.6 115.4 106.6 98.8 104.0 91.7 104.8 107.4 129.8 106.0 106.6 105.9 104.9 114.3 106.7 97.7 100.6 86.2 98.4 95.6 137.3 110.5 108.3 106.0 102.4 111.6 105.0 97.4 100.1 86.4 104.7 101.0 148.2 112.1 115.6 107.4 103.6 109.2 107.0 97.2 105.2 88.9 116.0 108.4 165.4 114.1 120.0 108.4 106.4 113.7 112.9 102.6 111.5 92.4 120.4 113.6 179.3 115.1 123.6 108.6 111.7 115.5 115.3 105.2 113.8 95.2 84.4 81.4 82.7 127.1 132.4 97.2 123.8 102.3 138.4 101.0 124.4 128.3 97.3 97.2 107.9 130.2 125.1 105.3 121.7 107.4 131.2 106.4 114.6 119.1 103.1 103.6 110.7 122.3 115.2 107.8 114.4 99.6 117.6 105.1 105.7 109.5 101.2 105.0 106.1 120.4 113.2 107.8 109.2 101.0 113.5 106.5 107.0 106.3 91.4 101.5 98.2 107.1 100.4 101.7 101.0 95.4 107.6 104.3 105.9 101.2 95.9 101.8 100.6 104.6 101.4 101.2 101.6 99.0 103.3 101.7 104.3 98.7 104.4 103.4 98.8 95.5 98.3 97.8 98.7 98.8 96.6 96.5 94.6 99.1 106.5 106.3 99.3 93.0 99.0 96.2 98.5 98.2 94.4 93.6 93.4 98.1 101.7 105.5 101.2 89.6 98.1 95.2 98.1 98.7 93.6 92.6 92.3 90.2 101.1 104.3 102.0 82.8 93.4 91.0 94.6 94.5 91.2 91.3 88.9 80.6 92.9 95.1 101.7 81.4 94.5 85.8 91.0 90.4 88.0 88.6 85.9 76.1 93.5 94.5 104.2 77.5 96.2 83.4 87.0 86.2 83.9 82.9 83.9 72.3 99.5 98.3 108.5 76.2 101.0 81.0 86.2 84.4 79.9 82.8 85.1 71.3 98.9 100.8 109.6 75.1 105.5 78.5 86.7 84.4 79.2 84.0 84.6 71.0 United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ Japan ........................................................................... B e lgium ........................................................................ D e n m a rk...................................................................... France .......................................................................... G e rm any...................................................................... Ita ly ............................................................................... N etherlands................................................................. Nonway......................................................................... S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... 36.5 27.5 8.9 13.8 12.6 15.1 18.8 8.3 12.5 15.8 14.7 15.2 57.4 47.9 33.9 34.9 36.3 36.6 48.0 26.1 39.0 37.9 38.5 31.5 68.8 60.3 55.1 53.5 56.1 52.3 67.5 43.7 60.5 54.5 54.2 48.3 76.2 69.1 72.3 65.2 67.9 62.0 76.9 54.5 71.9 63.6 63.8 57.7 85.1 78.9 84.2 79.0 81 0 76.7 84.5 70.2 82.2 77.2 77.3 77.3 92.1 90.3 90.7 89.5 90.4 88.9 91.3 84.2 91.9 88.8 91.5 89.3 108.2 107.6 106.6 107.8 110.2 113.5 107.8 114.5 108.4 110.0 111.4 116.4 118.6 118.6 113.4 117.5 123.1 129.3 116.1 134.7 117.0 116.0 120.1 138.8 132.4 131.3 120.7 130.4 135.9 148.2 125.6 160.2 123.6 128.0 133.6 168.3 145.2 151.1 129.8 144.5 149.6 171.5 134.5 197.1 129.1 142.8 148.1 192.5 157.5. 167.3 136.6 150.7 162.9 202.3 141.0 237.3 137.5 156.0 158.9 212.3 162.4 177.4 140.7 159.8 174.2 227.0 148.4 276.4 144.0 173.5 173.3 227.7 168.2 188.0 144.9 173.1 184.3 246.9 155.5 307.4 151.0 188.3 189.7 243.9 176.7 195.9 152.0 183.7 194.4 262.5 162.8 339.5 159.0 204.8 208.9 261.3 National currency basis United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ Japan ........................................................................... B e lgium ........................................................................ D e n m a rk...................................................................... France .......................................................................... G erm any...................................................................... Ita ly ............................................................................... N etherlands................................................................. N o rw ay......................................................................... S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... 58.7 54.2 38.4 42.0 33.8 41.6 46.6 22.8 38.5 29.0 34.8 27.4 71.0 63.4 52.3 58.2 55.4 52.6 67.4 36.0 60.7 46.4 47.7 39.5 73.7 66.8 66.4 68.4 67.4 63.6 80.3 48.1 74.3 57.6 57.2 50.5 84.1 75.3 83.6 78.9 79.0 72.8 88.0 57.2 81.6 65.2 64.6 59.3 91.7 89.1 96.0 91.9 85.6 86.7 93.8 77.1 95.4 79.7 77.1 81.2 94.9 95.3 96.2 94.2 92.1 93.6 94.6 85.1 96.0 89.1 90.0 89.8 106.6 106.5 98.7 101.4 108.6 107.4 104.5 111.2 101.8 108.1 108.4 114.7 117.0 116.2 98.8 104.7 115.7 117.3 107.3 121.9 104.1 108.2 108.3 135.5 130.6 133.7 98.4 109.0 121.0 132.3 115.7 137.0 108.5 120.0 118.6 165.4 140.1 146.7 102.0 112.8 131.1 147.4 121.2 162.9 110.4 133.4 130.9 179.9 148.7 166.5 101.2 111.1 142.2 163.8 125.2 192.4 115.2 142.1 136.3 186.9 145.0 166.0 98.9 110.5 144.9 176.2 124.6 218.3 113.0 148.0 138.1 185.1 144.2 170.6 95.0 115.6 155.1 184.5 125.9 228.2 106.9 152.0 144.8 188.4 145.1 173.8 92.9 119.8 166.0 189.8 126.3 248.2 109.2 163.5 155.3 194.7 U.S. dollar basis United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ Japan ........................................................................... B e lgium ........................................................................ D e n m a rk...................................................................... France .......................................................................... G e rm any...................................................................... Ita ly ............................................................................... N etherlands................................................................. N o rw ay......................................................................... S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... 58.7 59.4 28.5 30.2 29.5 41.7 25.9 32.5 25.1 21.7 30.1 44.2 71.0 64.5 39.1 42.0 44.4 46.8 42.9 50.6 41.2 34.5 41.1 54.2 73.7 71.0 65.6 63.1 67.2 70.4 70.4 73.1 65.6 53.4 58.7 70.9 84.1 81.8 76.8 72.7 77.9 74.5 79.1 77.6 74.6 62.8 65.1 79.5 91.7 93.1 86.7 89.7 89.6 99.5 88.7 104.3 92.8 81.4 83.2 103.4 94.9 102.7 86.9 87.5 91.5 96.3 87.3 90.5 89.1 86.9 92.3 92.9 106.6 99.3 126.8 115.6 118.4 117.3 121.0 115.6 115.7 109.7 107.2 126.1 117.0 105.4 121.3 127.9 132.0 135.5 135.9 129.5 127.4 1-13.8 112.9 164.9 130.6 121.5 116.8 133.7 129.0 154.1 147.9 141.4 134.2 129.3 125.3 220.5 140.1 130.0 123.8 109.2 110.3 133.2 124.9 126.3 108.9 123.6 115.4 208.8 148.7 143.4 108.8 86.9 102.3 122.4 119.7 125.4 105.8 117.1 96.9 187.2 145.0 143.1 111.5 77.4 95.1 113.7 113.3 126.8 97.1 107.9 80.4 160.8 144.2 139.9 107.2 71.7 89.9 103.8 102.7 114.7 81.8 99.1 78.2 144.3 145.1 135.2 104.3 72.3 94.0 103.9 99.6 114.8 80.7 101.3 80.6 144.8 Item and country O u tp u t p e r h o u r United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ Japan ........................................................................... B e lgium ........................................................................ D e nm a rk...................................................................... F ra n ce .......................................................................... G erm any...................................................................... Ita ly ............................................................................... N etherlands................................................................. Nonway......................................................................... .S w e d e n ....... ................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... - 116.6 140.9 131.4 138.4 - 122.1 136.4 138.2 O u tp u t United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ Japan ........................................................................... B e lgium ........................................................................ D e n m a rk...................................................................... F ra n ce .......................................................................... G e rm any...................................................................... Ita ly ............................................................................... N etherlands................................................................. Nonway......................................................................... S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... 124.4 115.4 182.1 - 127.0 108.1 114.5 119.3 - 107.0 114.4 96.0 T o ta l h o u rs United S ta te s .............................................................. Canada ........................................................................ Japan ........................................................................... B e lgium ........................................................................ D e n m a rk...................................................................... F ra n ce .......................................................................... G erm any...................................................................... Ita ly ............................................................................... N etherlands................................................................. Nonway......................................................................... S w e d e n ........................................................................ United K ingdo m .......................................................... 98.7 103.0 108.3 - 108.9 76.7 87.2 86.2 - 87.6 83.9 69.5 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r 181.9 202.2 157.3 - 202.6 274.0 171.0 353.9 - 220.5 223.1 282.4 U n it la b o r c o s t s : 144.3 180.4 93.5 - 173.8 194.4 130.2 255.7 - 180.5 163.6 204.4 U n it la b o r c o s t s : - 144.3 137.9 148.7 - 128.9 138.0 139.2 151.4 - 129.8 102.5 171.9 Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 117 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1988 • Current Labor Statistics: Illness and Injury Data 48. Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2 Industry and type of case' 978 PRIVATE SECTOR 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 3 Total c a s e s ....................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................................ Lost w o rkda ys.................................................................. 9.4 4.1 63.5 9.5 4.3 67.7 8.7 4.0 65.2 8.3 3.8 61.7 7.7 3.5 58.7 7.6 3.4 58.5 8.0 3.7 63.4 7.9 3.6 64.9 7.9 3.6 65.8 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Total c a s e s ....................................................................... Lost workday cases ........................................................ Lost w o rkdays.................................................................. 11.6 5.4 80.7 11.7 5.7 83.7 11.9 5.8 82.7 12.3 5.9 82.8 11.8 5.9 86.0 11.9 6.1 90.8 12.0 6.1 90.7 11.4 5.7 91.3 11.2 5.6 93.6 11.5 6.4 143.2 11.4 6.8 150.5 11.2 6.5 163.6 11.6 6.2 146.4 10.5 5.4 137.3 8.4 4.5 125.1 9.7 5.3 160.2 8.4 4.8 145.3 7.4 4.1 125.9 16.0 6.4 109.4 16.2 6.8 120.4 15.7 6.5 117.0 15.1 6.3 113.1 14.6 6.0 115.7 14.8 6.3 118.2 15.5 6.9 128.1 15.2 6.8 128.9 15.2 6.9 134.5 15.9 6.3 105.3 16.3 6.8 111.2 15.5 6.5 113.0 15.1 6.1 107.1 14.1 5.9 112.0 14.4 6.2 113.0 15.4 6.9 121.3 15.2 6.8 120.4 14.9 6.6 122.7 16.6 6.2 110.9 16.6 6.7 123.1 16.3 6.3 117.6 14.9 6.0 106.0 15.1 5.8 113.1 15.4 6.2 122.4 14.9 6.4 131.7 14.5 6.3 127.3 14.7 6.3 132.9 15.8 6.6 111.0 16.0 6.9 124.3 15.5 6.7 118.9 15.2 6.6 119.3 14.7 6.2 118.6 14.8 6.4 119.0 15.8 7.1 130.1 15.4 7.0 133.3 15.6 7.2 140.4 13.2 5.6 84.9 13.3 5.9 90.2 12.2 5.4 86.7 11.5 5.1 82.0 10.2 4.4 75.0 10.0 4.3 73.5 10.6 4.7 77.9 10.4 4.6 80.2 10.6 4.7 85.2 22.6 11.1 178.8 20.7 10.8 175.9 18.6 9.5 171.8 17.6 9.0 158.4 16.9 8.3 153.3 18.3 9.2 163.5 19.6 9.9 172.0 18.5 9.3 171.4 18.9 9.7 177.2 17.5 6.9 95.9 17.6 7.1 99.6 16.0 6.6 97.6 15.1 6.2 91.9 13.9 5.5 85.6 14.1 5.7 83.0 15.3 6.4 101.5 15.0 6.3 100.4 15.2 6.3 103.0 16.8 7.8 126.3 16.8 8.0 133.7 15.0 7.1 128.1 14.1 6.9 122.2 13.0 6.1 112.2 13.1 6.0 112.0 13.6 6.6 120.8 13.9 6.7 127.8 13.6 6.5 126.0 17.0 7.5 123.6 17.3 8.1 134.7 15.2 7.1 128.3 14.4 6.7 121.3 12.4 5.4 101.6 12.4 5.4 103.4 13.3 6.1 115.3 12.6 5.7 113.8 13.6 125.5 19.3 8.0 112.4 19.9 8.7 124.2 18.5 8.0 118.4 17.5 7.5 109.9 15.3 6.4 102.5 15.1 6.1 96.5 16.1 6.7 104.9 16.3 6.9 110.1 16.0 6.8 115.5 14.4 5.4 75.1 14.7 5.9 83.6 13.7 5.5 81.3 12.9 5.1 74.9 10.7 4.2 66.0 9.8 3.6 58.1 10.7 4.1 65.8 10.8 4.2 69.3 10.7 4.2 72.0 8.7 3.3 50.3 3.6 3.4 51.9 8.0 3.3 51.8 7.4 3.1 48.4 6.5 2.7 42.2 6.3 2.6 41.4 6.8 2.8 45.0 6.4 2.7 45.7 6.4 2.7 49.8 11.5 5.1 78.0 11.6 5.5 85.9 10.6 4.9 82.4 9.8 4.6 78.1 9.2 4.0 72.2 8.4 3.6 64.5 9.3 4.2 68.8 9.0 3.9 71.6 9.6 4.1 79.1 6.9 2.6 37.0 7.2 2.8 40.0 6.8 2.7 41.8 6.5 2.7 39.2 5.6 2.3 37.0 5.2 2.1 35.6 5.4 2.2 37.5 5.2 2.2 37.9 5.3 2.3 42.2 11.8 4.5 66.4 11.7 4.7 67.7 10.9 4.4 67.9 10.7 4.4 68.3 9.9 4.1 69.9 9.9 4.0 66.3 10.5 4.3 70.2 9.7 4.2 73.2 4.3 70.9 Mining Total c a s e s .............. ...................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................... Lost w o rkda ys............................................... Construction Total ca se s..................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................... Lost w o rkda ys................................................ General building contractors: Total c a s e s ..................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................... Lost w o rkda ys............................................... Heavy construction contractors: Total c a s e s ..................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ..................................... Lost w o rkda ys............................................... Special trade contractors: Total c a s e s ..................................................... Lost workday cases ..................................... Lost w o rkda ys............................................... Manufacturing T o ta l'ca se s .............. Lost workday cases Lost w o rkda ys......... Durable goods Lumber and wood products: Total c a s e s ......................................................... Lost workday cases ......................................... Lost w o rkda ys.................................................. Furniture and fixtures: Total c a s e s ........................................................ Lost workday c a s e s ........................................ Lost w o rkdays................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products: Total c a s e s ........................................................ Lost workday c a s e s ........................................ Lost w orkdays................................................... Primary metal industries: Total c a s e s ........................................................ Lost workday cases ........................................ Lost w o rkda ys................................................... Fabricated metal products: Total c a s e s ........................................................ Lost workday c a s e s ........................................ Lost w o rkdays................................................... Machinery, except electrical: Total c a s e s ........................................................ Lost workday c a s e s ............. .......................... Lost w o rkda ys.................................................. Electric and electronic equipment: Total c a s e s ........................................................ Lost workday cases ........................................ Lost w o rkda ys.................................................. Transportation equipment: Total c a se s....................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................ Lost w o rkda ys.................................................. Instruments and related products: Total c a s e s ....................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................ Lost w o rkda ys................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Total c a s e s ....................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................ Lost w o rkda ys.................................................. See footnotes at end of table. 118 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.1 10.2 48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2 Industry and type of case 1979 1981 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Tobacco manufacturing: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ............................................ Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Textile mill products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Apparel and other textile products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ............................................ Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Paper and allied products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ............................................ Lost w o rkda ys................................. .................... Printing and publishing: Total c a s e s ........................... ................................ Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Chemicals and allied products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Petroleum and coal products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... Leather and leather products: Total c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................ ... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................... 19.4 8.9 132.2 19.9 9.5 141.8 18.7 9.0 136.8 17.8 8.6 130.7 16.7 8.0 129.3 16.5 7.9 131.2 16.7 8.1 131.6 16.7 8.1 138.0 16.5 8.0 137.8 8.7 4.0 58.6 9.3 4.2 64.8 8.1 8.2 3.8 45.8 3.9 56.8 7.2 3.2 44.6 6.5 3.0 42.8 7.7 3.2 51.7 7.3 3.0 51.7 6.7 2.5 45.6 10.2 9.7 3.4 61.3 9.1 3.3 62.8 8.8 7.6 7.4 3.2 59.2 2.8 2.8 53.8 51.4 8.0 3.0 54.0 7.5 3.0 57.4 7.8 3.1 59.3 6.7 2.5 40.9 6.7 6.7 2.7 49.4 4.7 94.6 10.5 4.7 99.5 3.4 61.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 6.0 2.1 32.4 34.1 34.9 35.0 36.4 6.4 2.4 40.6 2.6 44.1 11.6 10.6 10.0 108.4 12.7 5.8 112.3 5.4 103.6 4.9 99.1 4.5 90.3 10.4 4.7 93.8 7.0 2.9 43.8 7.1 3.1 45.1 6.9 3.1 46.5 6.7 3.0 47.4 6.6 2.8 45.7 6.6 2.9 44.6 6.5 2.9 46.0 6.3 2.9 49.2 6.5 2.9 50.8 7.8 3.3 50.9 7.7 3.5 54.9 6.8 3.1 50.3 6.6 3.0 48.1 5.7 2.5 39.4 5.5 2.5 42.3 5.3 2.4 40.8 5.1 2.3 38.8 6.3 2.7 49.4 7.9 3.4 58.3 7.7 3.6 62.0 7.2 3.5 59.1 6.7 2.9 51.2 5.3 2.5 46.4 5.5 2.4 46.8 5.1 2.4 53.5 5.1 2.4 49.9 7.1 3.2 67.5 17.1 8.1 125.5 17.1 14.6 7.2 117.4 12.7 13.0 6.2 100.9 101.4 13.6 6.4 104.3 13.4 6.3 107.4 14.0 6.0 127.1 15.5 7.4 118.6 118.2 11.7 4.7 72.5 11.5 4.9 76.2 11.7 5.0 82.7 11.5 5.1 82.6 9.9 4.5 86.5 10.0 4.4 87.3 10.5 4.7 94.4 10.3 4.6 88.3 10.5 4.8 83.4 10.1 10.0 9.0 5.3 8.6 8.2 100.6 8.5 4.9 96.7 8.8 5.9 107.0 9.4 5.5 104.5 8.2 5.7 102.3 4.7 94.9 5.2 105.1 5.0 107.1 102.1 7.9 3.2 44.9 8.0 3.4 49.0 7.4 3.2 48.7 7.3 3.1 45.3 7.2 3.1 45.5 7.2 3.1 47.8 7.4 3.3 50.5 7.4 3.2 50.7 7.7 3.3 54.0 8.9 3.9 57.5 8.8 4.1 59.1 8.2 3.9 58.2 7.7 3.6 54.7 7.1 3.4 52.1 7.0 3.2 50.6 7.2 3.5 55.5 7.2 3.5 59.8 7.2 3.6 62.5 7.5 7.7 3.1 44.7 7.1 2.9 44.5 7.1 2.9 41.1 7.2 2.9 42.6 7.3 3.0 46.7 7.5 3.2 48.4 7.5 3.1 47.0 7.8 3.2 50.5 2.0 .9 13.5 5.7 103.3 13.5 6.0 8.2 10.2 6.6 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s Total c a s e s ......................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................................... Lost workdays ................................................................... 4.8 W h o le s a le a n d r e ta il t r a d e Total c a s e s .................................................................. . Lost workday c a s e s .................................................... Lost w o rkda ys............................................................. . Wholesale trade: Total c a s e s ....... .................................. ....................... . Lost workday c a s e s .................................................... Lost w o rkda ys............................................................. . Retail trade: Total c a s e s .................................................................. . Lost workday c a s e s .................................................... Lost w o rkda ys.............................................................. 2.8 39.7 F in a n c e , In s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e Total c a s e s ........................................................................... Lost workday c a s e s ........................................................... Lost w o rkda ys...................................................................... 2.1 2.0 .9 13.3 .8 1.9 .8 12.5 12.2 11.6 2.0 .9 13.2 12.8 1.9 .9 13.6 2.0 .9 15.4 2.0 .9 17.1 5.5 2.4 36.2 5.5 2.5 38.1 5.2 2.3 35.8 5.0 2.3 35.9 4.9 2.3 35.8 5.1 2.4 37.0 5.2 2.5 41.1 5.4 2.6 5.3 2.5 43.0 2.1 .8 S e r v ic e s Total c a s e s .............. Lost workday cases Lost w o rkda ys........ 1 Total cases include fatalities. 2 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: (N/EH) X 200,000, where: N = number of injuries and illnesses or lost workdays. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45.4 EH = total hours worked by all employees during calendar year. 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year.) 3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees since 1976. BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey Available on Diskette Interview and Diary Surveys of Consumer Expenditures, 1984 and 1985 Diskettes are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics containing microdata for 1984 and 1985 on consumer expenditures, income, and socioeconomic characteristics. The data are formatted for use with Lotus 1-2-3 Version 1A or Version 2 and are on 51/4” floppies for IBM-compatible microcomputers. The data are collected in independent Interview and Diary surveys. Each survey has its own sample of 5,000 households. Data on household income and socioeconomic characteristics are collected in each survey. The Interview data include average monthly outof-pocket expenditures for housing, apparel and services, transportation, health care, entertainment, personal care, reading, education, food, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, cash contributions, and personal insurance and pensions. The Diary data include average weekly expendi tures on frequently purchased items such as food at home, food away from home, alcoholic beverages, tobacco products and smoking supplies, personal care products and services, and nonprescription drugs and supplies. Interview and Diary data for each year are avail able on separate diskettes. Further, the 1984 data are published in d o l News Release 86-451. The 1985 data are published in News Release 87-399. For further information, contact: Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys Bureau of Labor Statistics, Rm. 4216 600 E Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20212. Phone: (202) 272-5060. To purchase diskettes, complete the form below and return with payment (make check or money order payable to Bureau of Labor Statistics) to BLS Data Diskettes, Rm. 1077, 441 G Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20212. Please send the data diskettes indicated below for a total cost of $ □ 1984 Interview and Diary D is k e tte ..................................................................................................................... $35 □ 1985 Interview and Diary D is k e tte ..................................................................................................................... $35 Name ___________________________________________________ Company name___________________________________________ Address _________________________________________________ C ity_______________________________________________ State Z ip _______________________________________________ Phone https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment, 1986 Bulletin 2279 Here, in a single volume, is a complete picture of the labor force in four Census regions and nine divisions, each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia, 50 metropolitan areas, and 17 central cities. 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