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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW In this issue: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics January 1985 Collective bargaining calendar for 1985 Collective Bargaining in 1984 State labor law changes in 1984 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner Region I— Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara 1603 John F. Kennedy Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Region II— New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Subscription price per year— $24 domestic; $30 foreign. Single copy $4, domestic; $5 foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through April 30, 1987. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing addresses. Region III— Philadelphia: Alvin I. MarguHs 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV—Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V—Chicago: William E. Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI— Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas January c o v e r “ The Little Navigator,” painting on wood by Ingrid Selmer-Larsen; photograph courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions VII and VIII— Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming Regions IX and X—San Francisco: Sam M. Hirabayashi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Somoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW JANUARY 1985 VOLUME 108, NUMBER 1 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor George Ruben 3 Modest labor-management bargains continue despite recovery Major collective bargaining settlements in 1984 reflected negotiators’ concerns about foreign competition, domestic deregulation; moderate inflation was also a factor J. D. Borum, D. Schlein 13 Bargaining activity light in private industry in 1985 Negotiations will cover one-third of 7.4 million workers in trucking, construction, rubber, and other industries; new data include 2 million State and local employees Richard R. Nelson 27 State labor legislation enacted in 1984 Significant new standards affected the minimum wage, child labor, pay equity, mandatory retirement, and the right of employees to information on toxic substances Diana Runner 43 Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1984 Many States increased employer taxes and tightened benefit eligibility and eased provisions for disqualification in efforts to keep or restore program solvency LaVerne C. Tinsley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 49 Workers’ compensation: 1984 State enactments Relatively few States took action to increase benefits or broaden coverage: several did raise the percentage of the average weekly wage to compute compensation REPORT Earl F. Mellor 54 Weekly earnings in 1983: a look at more than 200 occupations D EPAR TM EN TS 2 54 60 61 62 65 Labor month in review Research summaries Research notes Major agreements expiring next month Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review CONSUMER EXPENDITURES. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported ini tial results of the interview part of its continuing Consum er Expenditure Survey. The survey results, covering 1980-81, show that urban households devoted about half of their total expend itures to housing and transportation. But for the lowest income groups, hous ing costs represented a much larger percentage of the total than for the highest income groups. The data, col lected from 10,000 urban consumer units, each interviewed over 5 quarters, also show that: • About 85 percent of households owned at least one vehicle, with the average owning almost two vehicles per household. Gasoline accounted for approximately onethird of total transportation costs. • Transportation expenditures as a share of total expenditures were higher for the youngest con sumers—about 23 percent—than for the oldest consumers—about 16 percent. Proportions spent for transportation were higher for the multiple-earner consumer unit than for the one-earner unit. • A b o u t 60 p ercen t o f the households were homeowners. They spent 27 percent of housing costs on utilities and public ser vices. Renters spent approximate ly 20 percent of housing costs on utilities, reflecting, in part, the fact that many renters had some utilities included in their rent. • Consumers in the West showed the lowest share of total ex penditures going for utilities, part ly because that region had a relatively large number of renters. Nonetheless, consumer units in the West spent relatively more for shelter than did other regions. • Although the average family size for the single-parent household was statistically slightly more than three, expenditures for this group were on ly about 60 percent of the average for all three-person families. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Households in the 65-and-over age group spent a higher propor tion of their expenditures on food, housing, and health care than any other age group. The under-25 age group spent a higher proportion of expenditures on education, entertainment, and transportation than did any other group. • Households in the age groups from 25 to 64 years spent an average of about 8 percent of their total expenditures on social securi ty and other pension payments and personal insurance. Description of the survey. The new Con sumer Expenditure Survey program began in late 1979. Its main purpose is to obtain a continuous flow of information on the buying habits of American con sumers for use in a wide variety of research by government, business, labor, and academic analysts. The data are also needed for revisions of the Comsumer Price Index. Previously the survey was conducted about every 10 years, but the new survey is ongoing. This will provide more timely and detailed information on consump tion patterns of different types of households. The survey, which is conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the bls, con sists of two components: (1) an interview panel survey in which the expenditures of consumer units are obtained in five interviews conducted every 3 months; and (2) a diary or recordkeeping survey completed by participating households for two consecutive 1-week periods. The data presented here refer only to the Quarterly Interview Survey. Results from the diary portion of the survey were released on May 23, 1983. The in terview part of the survey covers an in dependent sample of approximately 5,000 housing units each quarter. The data are collected in 85 urban areas. The new survey also includes students residing in student housing. The Interview Survey is designed to obtain data on the kinds of expenditures which respondents are likely to remember for a period of 3 months or longer. In general, these include relative ly large expenditures, such as those for property, automobiles, and major ap pliances, or expenditures which occur on a fairly regular basis, such as rent, utilities, or insurance premiums. It is estimated that about 95 percent of ex penditures are covered in the survey. The bls will publish more comprehen sive data from both the diary and inter view components of the Consumer Ex penditure Survey. Several years of data from both components are required to present the total picture of consumer spending necessary to update the market basket for the cpi. Data interpretation. The expendi ture data are averages for all consumer units with the characteristics specified, regardless of whether a particular unit incurred an expense for that specific product or service during the period of recordkeeping. An individual consumer unit may spend more or less than the average, depending on its particular characteristics. Factors such as income, age of family members, needs and tastes, and geographic location influence ex penditures. Furthermore, even within groups, the distribution of expendi tures may vary a great deal. Users should also keep in mind that the prices for many goods and services have risen since the survey was conducted. In addition, sample surveys are sub ject to sampling errors because the data are collected from a sample rather than the entire population and nonsampling errors because of inability or unwill ingness of respondents to give correct in formation, differences in interviewers’ abilities, mistakes in recording or coding, or other processing errors. A bls bulletin, containing an exten sive description of the survey, detailed tables, and an analysis of the results, in cluding comparisons with data from the 1972-73 survey, will be available early in 1985 from the Government Printing Office. □ Modest labor-management bargains continue in 1984 despite the recovery M ajor collective bargaining agreements in the year reflect negotiators’ concerns about such issues as foreign competition and domestic deregulation; also important was the continuing moderate rate o f inflation G eorge R uben Despite an expanding economy, labor-management settle ments continued to be low in 1984. Negotiators grappled with pressures to reduce or eliminate labor cost increases in the face of growing import competition, the spreading effects of domestic deregulation in transportation, and struc tural changes in other industries. In addition, moderate in flation and concerns over job security continued to temper union demands for large wage increases. During the first 9 months of the year, major collective bargaining settlements (covering 1,000 workers or more) in private industry provided average wage adjustments of 2.5 percent in the first contract year and 2.8 percent annually over the life of the contract.1 This compares with 8.6 percent and 7.2 percent the last time the same parties bargained (2 to 3 years earlier, in most cases). Part of the decline in the “ adjustments” (the combined net result of wage increases, decreases, and no changes) was traceable to settlements in construction, which covered 420,000 of the 1.4 million workers under settlements in private industry. In construc tion, settlements provided average wage adjustment of 0.9 percent in the first year and 1.2 percent annually over the contract life, compared with 3.2 and 3.5 percent, respec tively, in the other industries. In the fourth quarter, settlements in the auto industry covered an additional 450,000 workers, and negotiations George Ruben is coeditor of Current Wage Developments, a monthly publication o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis were continuing for 350,000 workers in the railroad indus try.2 As part of their efforts to improve their competitive po sition, some companies that settled in 1984 won several types of contract provisions designed to limit labor cost increases. One of these was “ two-tier” compensation sys tems, which grew in popularity in 1984. Under such sys tems, which vary considerably in operation, new employees are paid less than current employees, receive lesser benefits, or both. Two-tier systems are often agreed to after employers first demand reductions in wages and/or benefits for all workers in the bargaining unit. Such systems must be agreed to by current employees, who are usually not adversely affected by them. During 1984, two-tier pay systems were introduced into contracts covering about 200,000 employ ees, all of them already on the payroll. Another approach to moderating labor costs that contin ued in 1984 was lump-sum payments in lieu of wage in creases. Such payments help employers in several ways. For example, they usually are paid at the end of a contract or calendar year, rather than in regular paychecks; they do not increase base pay rates and so do not increase the cost of benefits that vary with base rates, such as vacation pay or overtime premiums. Lump-sum payments are currently provided for about 650,000 workers, mostly in the aerospace industry and in the automobile industry, at General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. Efforts to hold down cost increases for health insurance 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Modest settlements in 1984 also were important in 1984. These efforts took several forms, such as increasing employee deductible and coinsurance payments, requiring a second surgeon’s opinion on nonemergency operations, and offering employees cov erage by Preferred Provider Plans and Health Maintenance Organizations as alternatives to “ traditional” insurance plans. During the year, at least 500,000 workers were covered by settlements that included one or more of these cost con tainment provisions. A question that continued to be asked— but apparently was not answered— during 1984 was whether the historical practice of pattern bargaining was ending in the industries where it existed prior to the economic difficulties and in creased competition of the last few years. These difficulties had impelled some companies to press for contract terms tailored to their individual needs. The fate of pattern bar gaining was uncertain because of incomplete or contradic tory developments in some industries. These included General Motors’ and Ford’s essentially identical settlements with the United Auto Workers, followed by uncertainty regarding the outcome of the union’s request of Chrysler Corp. for unscheduled bargaining in 1984; the continuation of pattern settlements in the soft coal industry despite the withdrawal of a large number of employers from their bargaining as sociation; prolonged negotiations in the railroad industry (which has traditionally settled on a pattern basis); and con tinuing defections from the employer association in the steel industry that increased uncertainties regarding the degree of wage and benefit uniformity that would be attained in 1986 settlements. Auto settlements Negotiations between the Auto Workers and General Mo tors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. commenced in July amidst improved economic conditions— both companies were ex pected to post 1984 profits exceeding the record levels of 1983. On the surface, this presaged “ large” settlements, particularly because new uaw leaders would presumably want to prove their bargaining mettle by restoring some of the wage and benefit cuts the union had agreed to in 1982. However, there were countervailing factors, including the domestic manufacturers’ need to invest large sums in plant and equipment to help counter increasing competition from exporters to the United States; and the possibility that Ja pan’s voluntary limit on shipments to the United States would not be renewed when it expires on March 31, 1985. Foreign producers currently hold a 25-percent share of the domestic market. In the end, the overriding consideration appeared to be the union leaders’ conclusion that the workers’ primary need was increased job security, rather than substantial increases in wages and benefits. One reason uaw President Owen Bieber and the other officers emphasized job security was that 40,000 g m and 21,000 Ford workers were still on layoff, in spite of the high production levels. Another reason was 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis an internal gm document obtained by the union early in 1984, in which the company projected possible future cuts in its work force, varying according to estimated increases in productivity. There was substantial opposition to the first of the set tlements, with General Motors, as workers approved it by a vote of 138,410 to 102,528 announced on October 14. The essentially identical Ford agreement was approved by a 33,312 to 18,386 vote announced on October 29. The major innovation in the gm contract was a Job Op portunity Bank-Security Program financed by a company obligation of $1 billion over the life of the new 3-year contract and the succeeding contract, also expected to run for 3 years. (At Ford, with fewer employees, the obligation was $300 million.) The program, administered by joint committees at the national, area, and local levels, guarantees that workers with at least one year of service will not be laid off as a result of the introduction of improved technology, “ outsourcing” (procuring parts from other manufacturers), negotiated pro ductivity improvements, shifting of work from one plant to another within the company, or the consolidation of com ponent production. Layoffs resulting from declines in sales, disposal of facilities, or other reasons are not covered. Eligible employees facing a layoff will participate in an employee development bank and will continue to receive the pay rate for their last job or, if assigned to another job, the rate for that job. They also will continue to accrue pension credits and receive all other regular benefits until the funds are exhausted. Other assignments for bank mem bers include job training, replacing other workers under going training, and moving to a job at another company plant, if there is no qualified worker with recall or rehire rights. If the national committee determines that there are more bank members at a plant than anticipated local and area openings, it is authorized to set up special programs under which departing bank members who are age 55-61 and have 10 years of service will receive pensions calculated at un reduced rates, plus various supplements. Departing bank members who do not meet the age and service requirements will receive payments of $10,000 to $50,000, varying by seniority. Other improvements in job security included— • Increased company funding of the existing Supplemental Unemployment Benefits (SUB) program under which laidoff employees receive weekly payments for up to 2 years. • Increased company funding of the Guaranteed Income Stream (GIS) program established in 1982, under which laid-off employees with 15 years of service who exhaust their sub entitlement continue to draw benefits until their return to work, retirement, or the company’s maximum financial obligation is reached. The maximum Gis benefit is the lesser of 75 percent of gross earnings or 95 percent of after-tax earnings, minus $12.50 a week ($17.50 be ginning January 1, 1985) for work-related expenses not incurred during layoff. • Establishment of a venture capital plan under which gm will provide up to $100 million ($30 million at Ford) to start businesses in communities hit by closing of company plants, with hiring preference given to the displaced work ers. • A provision intended to cut overtime work by penalizing the company 50 cents per hour for all overtime hours worked in excess of straight-time hours worked. The pen alty money will go into an existing skill development and training fund. • A company promise to try to reduce average weekly over time by 2 hours per worker. Unlike the 1982 accord, the new 3-year contract provides a specified wage increase, ranging from 9 to 50 cents an hour, effective immediately. In a departure from tradition in the industry, the employees will receive lump-sum pay ments at the close of the second and third contract years, rather than specified deferred pay increases at the beginning of those years. Each of the “ performance bonuses” will equal 2.25 percent of pay for all compensated hours, in cluding overtime hours (but not overtime premium pay) and paid time off. The union estimated that the specified increase, the two bonuses, a $180 immediate “ special payment,” money re sulting from continuation of the profit-sharing plan, and cost-of-living pay adjustments would yield gm workers $11,730 over the term, assuming a 5-percent annual rate of increase in the Consumer Price Index and continuation of the projected 1984 profit level. Under the 1982 accords, profit-sharing distributions av eraged about $700 for each gm employee and $440 for each Ford employee, and employees of both companies received cost-of-living adjustments totaling $1.05 an hour. Other terms included— • Adoption of a plan under which employees can receive bonuses of up to $500 a year for regular work attendance. This supplements a plan adopted in 1982 under which employees with excessive unwarranted absences lose part of their benefits. • Addition of a third type of health insurance option, Pre ferred-Provider-Organization, some improvements in the existing “ traditional” and Health Maintenance Organi zation coverage, and adoption of “ preauthorization” and review procedures to prevent unnecessary surgery and shorten hospital stays. During the negotiations, gm said that restrictions were vital because its health care costs had been rising about 15 percent annually in recent years and totaled $2.2 billion in 1983. Following the gm and Ford settlements, the uaw asked Chrysler Corp. for an unscheduled reopening of negotiations https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis under its contract (scheduled to expire in October 1985) to return to the same bargaining cycle as the other companies and eliminate a disparity in pay and benefit levels. Chrysler had been at the same levels until 1979, when the uaw accepted the first of three concessionary settlements (the others were in 1980 and 1981) to aid the financially stricken company. In both 1982 and 1983, Chrysler and the uaw negotiated some narrowing of the disparity. Elsewhere in the industry, American Motors Corp. raised the possibility that it might close its only car assembly plant in the United States if labor costs at the Kenosha, wi, facility are not reduced. The company said the plant was not com petitive with gm and Ford operations because of higher average hourly earnings, more restrictive work rules, and a higher ratio of union representatives to workers. The pos sibility of a shutdown was reinforced by a company an nouncement that it will spend $587 million to build a car assembly plant in Canada, where it already has a small car plant. The current American Motors-UAW contract for 7,300 hourly employees in Kenosha is scheduled to expire in Sep tember 1985. Soft coal New United Mine Workers President Richard Trumka entered negotiations with the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association (bcoa ) with a simple mandate from his union: “ No backward steps. No takeaway contracts.” On the man agement side, bcoa head Bobby R. Brown said that too much coal was being produced and, “ This has resulted in some harsh realities— depressed prices, closed mines or curtailed production, thousands of coal miners laid off.” Because of these bleak conditions, Brown said that any negotiated economic gains for the 160,000 miners (includ ing 55,000 on layoff) would have to be offset by productivity gains to prevent any further deterioration of the companies organized by the um w . Much of the organized industry’s difficulty has resulted from the growing share of the market held by foreign producers and by nonunion domestic pro ducers and the easing of the petroleum crisis, which has slowed the increase in coal use that had started to develop. In addition to these conditions, the bargaining also was complicated by the fact that 100 of the 132 member com panies had dropped out of the bcoa , apparently expecting to negotiate more lenient individual settlements with the um w . The union countered this strategy by announcing that it would not bargain with the dropout companies until the bcoa settled, which led many of the companies to agree to be bound by the bcoa contract. Others who did not so agree nevertheless settled immediately after the bcoa , on the same terms. The net result was continuance of uniform pattern settlements in the Eastern and Midwestern coal fields, where the umw holds sway. The 40-month contract provided for revisions expected to increase job opportunities for umw members: MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Modest settlements in 1984 • New language ensures that miners will not lose their bid ding rights to a job at their mine if it is leased to another company. • Mine owners are now required to give local union officials copies of warranties covering on-site work, enabling the officials to determine if employees of outside firms are improperly performing warranty work. • The contract now provides that umw members will per form all work “ of the type” customarily done at the mine. This replaced a provision that the union claimed the op erators had misused to improperly contract out work. • Companies are now required to notify the union of the sale of a mine where a umw contract is in effect and to furnish proof that the buyer will abide by the contract. In addition to a number of improvements in benefits, the October accord provided a total of $1.40 an hour in wage increases, compared with $3.60 over the 40-month term of the prior contract. The $1.40 increase ranged from 11.2 percent for the lowest paid workers to 9.9 percent for the highest paid workers. The problems of the soft coal industry paled in compar ison with those in the hard coal fields of Eastern Pennsyl vania, which have been in decline for many years. The umw bargained early in the year for the 1,100 remaining workers it represents and accepted a 1-year contract, instead of the usual 3-year contract, to give the operators some “ breathing room.” Terms included improvements in vacation and sick pay and a 12-cents-an-hour increase in pay, which ranged from $9 to $15. • • • Airlines In 1984, some air carriers operated at a profit, while others continued to experience financial difficulties. As in trucking, Federal deregulation of the industry was a major reason for these difficulties. Under the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, routes were deregulated on January 1, 1982, and fares were deregulated on January 1, 1983. This has led to the formation of a number of new, nonunion, low-cost carriers that offer intense competition to established carriers, trig gering fare wars, rapid shifts in operating areas, bankrupt cies, and cuts in employment. One result has been a spate of concessionary wage settlements, as workers acceded to employer requests for aid in improving their competitive ability, and employers gave workers part ownership, a share of profits, or a voice in management. Some of the 1984 settlements that included concessionary provisions (while usually resulting in an overall increase in compensation) were at— • United Airlines, where three unions were involved. The 37-month contract for 8,500 members of the Association of Flight Attendants included a two-tier pay system under which pay rates for new employees were cut 25 percent during their first 7 years in the 14-year pay progression schedule. Mechanics and related employees, represented 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • • • by the Machinists, agreed to a 3-year contract that cuts pay rates for new employees during their first 5 years on the job. Pacific Southwest Airlines, where 3'/2 -year contracts for 3,600 members of the Teamsters, Air Line Pilots, and other unions called for a 15-percent cut in employee com pensation and changes in work rules intended to increase productivity 15 percent. In exchange, the company agreed to place 15 percent of its stock in a trust fund for the workers and to make annual payments to a profit-sharing plan equal to 15 percent of pretax profit before interest expenses. Northwest Airlines, where a settlement for 3,000 flight attendants represented by the Teamsters provided a 6month wage freeze, followed by wage increases of 6 percent on July 1 of 1984 and 1985 and 3 percent on July 1, 1986. The 3-year contract also established a dual pay system under which attendants hired after January 1, 1984, will be paid 30 percent less than the current rates for employees already on the payroll. After 6 years of service, the new employees will move up to the higher pay sched ule. Health insurance was revised to cover 80-90 percent of “ usual and customary charges.” instead of 100 per cent. Piedmont Airlines, where settlements for 3,000 members of four unions provided for establishment of two-tier pay systems. The settlements also changed work rules— such as by increasing maximum monthly flying hours to 85, from 80, for members of the Air Line Pilots Association— and deferred the first of three pay increases to the sixth month of the contracts, which are subject to modification in 1987. Republic Airlines, where members of 6 unions approved a “ partnership plan” that called for extension through 1986 of a 15-percent pay cut and deferral of scheduled pay increases that had been scheduled to end on May 31, 1984. In exchange for the extension, adoption of a twotier pay system, and planned productivity improvements, Republic agreed to establish profit sharing and to give the workers shares of stock, increasing their share of own ership from 20 percent to about 30 percent. Western Airlines, where members of four unions agreed to a 22.5-percent pay reduction extending through 1986, in place of a 10-percent cut negotiated in 1983 scheduled to expire in November 1984. Members of another union, the Air Line Pilots, agreed to extend through 1986 the temporary 18-percent cut they had accepted in 1983. All five contracts, involving 10,000 workers, also called for changes in work rules to increase productivity. In ex change, the unions gained two seats on the carrier’s board of directors (bringing their total to 4), shares of company stock, and a profit-sharing plan. Frontier Airlines, where 5,000 workers represented by several unions agreed to decreases in pay and benefits, and adoption of two-tier pay systems. The pay reduction was 11 percent for the workers represented by the Air Line Employees Association, while the Air Line Pilots agreed to a 3.5-percent cut and continuation of an 8.1percent cut negotiated in 1983 and scheduled to end in 1984. Despite these changes, Frontier requested addi tional cuts later in 1984 and the unions were considering the possibility of buying the company. • Eastern Air Lines, where 6,200 flight attendants, repre sented by the Transport Workers, in January 1984 agreed to modifications of a 2-year contract negotiated in No vember 1983. In the major change, employees were re quired to put 18 percent of 1984 earnings in a Wage Investment Program in return for shares of Eastern stock. Late in 1983, members of three other unions reached similar modification agreements, all of which specified that employees would receive all wage increases (which varied by union) already scheduled for 1984. All of the modification agreements called for changes in work rules to improve productivity and for the unions to have a total of 4 members (out of 19) on Eastern’s board of directors. In September 1984, there were indications that Eastern planned to ask the unions to continue the investment re quirement, at the 18-percent rate or at another level through 1985 and possibly beyond. • Braniff Airways, which resumed operations in March, 22 months after it had filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the Federal bankruptcy code. The 1,900 employees, members of five unions, returned under 5-year contracts with the Hyatt Corp. (the new owner) that called for substantial cuts in pay and benefits. Despite these conces sions, Braniff lost $80 million during the next 8 months and pared operations and employment. In other developments— • Pan American World Airways, after losing $120 million in the first half of the year, froze employee pension service credits at their current levels, drawing bitter criticism from leaders of five unions, who pointed out that the carrier had also not made required payments to the pension plan in the two preceding years. • Continental Airlines rebounded, showing a profit of $17.6 million for the third quarter, compared with a loss of $77.2 million a year earlier. Continental’s ability to earn a profit was apparently enhanced by its actions in 1983, when it sought protection under Chapter 11 of the bank ruptcy code, abrogated all labor contracts, reduced its work force by two-thirds, and reduced pay by about 50 percent. In mid-1984, the contract abrogation was upheld by the bankruptcy judge. • American Airlines in October raised its inducement to employees for retiring or quitting to one year’s pay, from $10,000, for those on the payroll when two-tier pay sys tems were negotiated in 1983. Departure of these em ployees will save money for American because they are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis paid substantially more than those hired after the 1983 settlement. Unlike some of the other airlines, American is profitable; it earned $227.9 million in 1983. Aircraft, aerospace Settlements in 1984 for aircraft and aerospace workers generally featured two contract provisions negotiated by the Boeing Co. and the Machinists in October 1983— two-tier pay systems and lump-sum payments in lieu of specified wage increases. A smaller number of workers were under settlements that also followed Boeing’s lead in giving some cost-of-living pay adjustments only to higher-paid workers. This was done to restore at least part of the percentage pay differential between the lowest and highest grades that had narrowed over the years as a result of all employees re ceiving the same cents-per-hour adjustments. All of the settlements increased employee compensation, moderated to some extent by the new features. Companies that ne gotiated lump-sum and/or two-tier pay systems in 1984 in cluded— • McDonnell Douglas Corp., which negotiated 3-year con tracts with the Machinists and the Auto Workers that provided for two-tier pay and annual lump-sum payments equal to 3 percent of earnings during the preceding 12 months. In addition, pay compression will be relieved by paying cost-of-living adjustments only to the highest paid 75 percent of the workers or by providing specified pay increases only for skilled workers. • Rockwell International Corp.’s Space Division, which negotiated a 3-year contract with the Auto Workers that provided for 3-percent (of earnings) lump-sum payments in August of 1984 and 1985 and a 3-percent specified pay increase in July 1986. Under the accord, new employees have to wait longer before progressing to the maximum rate for their job grade and will not receive automatic cost-of-living pay adjustments during their first year on the job. • General Dynamics Corp.’s Aerospace Division, which negotiated a 3-year contract with the Machinists that pro vided for 3-percent lump-sum payments in the first and second years and a 3-percent wage increase in the third. Skilled employees will receive three additional lump-sum payments. • Cessna Aircraft Co., which negotiated a 38-month con tract with the Machinists that provided for September 1985 and September 1986 lump-sum payments equal to 1.5 percent and 2 percent, respectively, of earnings during the preceding 12 months. • United Technologies Corp.’s Sikorsky Aircraft Division, which negotiated a 3-year contract with the Teamsters that provided for 3-percent pay increases at the beginning of each year, plus an immediate lump-sum payment equal to 3.5 percent of 1983 earnings. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Modest settlements in 1984 Construction Longshore settlements Construction settlements were the primary factor in hold ing down wage settlements in private industry during the first 9 months of the year (see above). There was, however, no single reason for the small wage increases— or the de creases— in the industry, because bargaining in construc tion, generally conducted on a State, part-State, or metropolitan area basis, is particularly sensitive to local economic conditions. Among the factors that affected the size of 1984 construction labor contracts were the demand for real estate in the area and the intensity of competition from nonunion firms, which usually have lower pay and benefit levels and less restrictive work practices than union ized firms. The variation in the reasons for low settlements was matched by the variation in the provisions of the settlements. In some cases wages and/or benefits were cut for all workers, in others, only for new employees, for projects started after particular dates, for all employees on particular projects, or for employees only while engaged in residential building. Early in the year, the International Longshoremen’s As sociation (ila) settled with East and Gulf Coast stevedoring companies for 50,000 workers. This was followed by an August settlement between the International Longshore men’s and Warehousemen’s Union (ilwu) and the Pacific Maritime Association for 10,000 dockworkers on the West Coast. Revisions of pay guarantee plans were important in both sets of negotiations, but particularly in the ila talks, where employers’ longstanding complaints of excessive costs and resulting loss of business led to some changes in their Guaranteed Annual Income plan (gai). The changes in cluded ‘tightening of eligibility requirements” at the port of New York and New Jersey (where the guarantee is 2,080 hours of work or pay per year for eligible employees); and cuts in the guarantee, to 1,500 hours’ pay or work per year, from 1,800, in Hampton Roads, v a , and to 1,500 hours, from 1,900 in Philadelphia. At ports from North Carolina to Florida, gai was raised to 1,725 hours a year, from 1,250, but now is reduced by the amount of holiday and vacation pay. These changes were specified in supplements to a 1984 “ master” contract for all ports that included terms that the parties had already agreed on in 1983, including $l-an-hour wage increases on October 1 of 1983, 1984, and 1985 and a $1.25-an-hour increase in employer payments to benefit funds. In midyear, the ila filed suit against Delta Steamship Lines after the ocean carrier started shifting its calls to nonila ports, contending that cargo handling was too costly at ila ports. The ila viewed Delta’s action with concern be cause it could, if upheld by the courts, induce other carriers to follow suit. The ila ’s legal contention was that Delta was bound to call only at ila ports under terms of a contract the ila had reached with an employer bargaining association when Delta was a member, although it subsequently with drew. In November, another dispute was under way in the port of New York and New Jersey, as a Federal Maritime Com mission administrative law judge said that local firms were subject to excessive costs because their assessments for em ployee benefits were based on the volume of cargo handled, rather than hours worked. Both the ila and the employer association then appeared before the Commission to begin an appeal of the opinion, which resulted from an action initiated by the port authority. On the West Coast, the settlement was more routine, as the ilwu and the pma agreed on a total increase of $2.50 in straight-time hourly pay rates: This will average out to more per work hour because workers are paid 6 hours at straight-time rates and 2 hours at time-and-one-half rates for a normal 8-hour workday. The pay guarantee also was improved, to 38 hours a week (from 36) for “ fully regis tered” workers and to 28 hours (from 24) for others. Petroleum refining The Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers entered 1984 negotiations with the major oil companies in a weakened position stemming from then-rising petroleum prices and shrinking markets. The lower demand had led the oil com panies to close 83 refineries in the preceding two years, to cut employment— and to take a stronger-than-usual stand in bargaining with the union. The union also faced a longerstanding problem, the high degree of automation in the industry, which severely curtails the effect of strikes by permitting a limited number of management employees to maintain operations. The Gulf Oil Corp. settlement, in January, set a pattern for settlements with other companies. Wages were increased by 20 cents an hour immediately and 35 cents at the be ginning of the second year. Based on the reported previous average hourly earnings of $13.61, the increases amounted to 1.5 and 2.5 percent, respectively. The ocaw did not win its demand that Gulf assume the full cost of health insurance premiums, but the company did agree to raise its monthly contributions toward family coverage by $10, effective immediately, and by an addi tional $5 a year later. Gulf had been paying $151.50 of the $174 a month cost, which was expected to rise to $212 on February 1. Gulf’s obligation for single employees remained at $57 a month, which covered the full cost for these work ers. The difficult conditions in the industry also were reflected in the reported delays the union experienced in settling local issues with some companies, which apparently pressed to cut costs by revising work rules. Overall, the bargaining involved 338 contracts and 50,000 workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Railroads Bargaining for 350,000 rail employees was initiated in April, when 13 unions, acting under provisions of the Rail way Labor Act, filed “ Section 6 ” notices with the major railroads, specifying their wage and benefit demands. The demands included six 5-percent wage increases over a 3year period that would begin on July 1, continuation of the automatic cost-of-living pay adjustment formula without the existing “ cap,” increases in overtime pay and improve ments in paid holidays, personal leave days, health and welfare benefits, and pensions. Some of the unions also proposed contract changes that would be limited to their members, such as adoption of restrictions on contracting out work. Management’s reported goals included a freeze on pay, adoption of a two-tier pay system under which new workers would start at 56 percent of the current starting rate, and revision of work rules to enhance the railroads’ ability to compete with the deregulated trucking industry. The Inter state Commerce Commission’s role in rail rate setting was reduced by the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, but the railroads are still more regulated than trucking or airline transporta tion. As the year was closing, the unions and management were still bargaining. This followed the usual practice in the industry— protracted negotiations that finally end in set tlements seemingly just before the time for serving new Section 6 notices. Trucking Although the Teamsters’ National Master Freight Agree ment is not scheduled to expire until March 31, 1985, there were a number of major developments in 1984 that could cause a break in the 20-year history of pattern bargaining in the industry. Many of these changes were attributable to the Motor Carrier Deregulation Act of 1980, which ended most of the Interstate Commerce Commission’s authority to regulate the entry of new firms, operating areas, cargos, and rates. This has led to an influx of small nonunion carriers whose lower operating costs have altered the industrywide bargaining relationship between the Teamsters and Trucking Management, Inc., the industry’s leading employer asso ciation. This, in turn, has led to the demise of many union ized carriers and substantial layoffs of Teamsters members. There was a continued increase in the number of firms the union has allowed to reduce wages and benefits below levels required by the master freight agreement, viewing this as preferable to a shutdown or loss of jobs. The re ductions took a number of forms, including cuts in wages and benefits, and cuts made in exchange for company stock. Another development that will complicate the 1985 talks was continued growth in the number of unionized firms establishing separate corporate entities to reduce costs by employing nonunion owner-operators. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Management’s unity also continued to deteriorate, as Trucking Management, Inc., reported that many member companies had quit the association during the preceding 30 months, apparently because they believed that tmi was dom inated by larger, more profitable companies and that they could negotiate more lenient terms on their own or by form ing new associations. The Teamsters did negotiate one important— and contro versial— trucking contract in 1984. The accord reached for 90,000 employees of United Parcel Service supersedes the balance of a contract negotiated in 1982 that did not provide for any specified pay increases. The contract, which was similar to the master freight agreement, had been scheduled to expire on May 31, 1985. Teamsters’ President Jackie Presser said the early negotiations were undertaken with ups— which earned $490 million in 1983— to give the workers some immediate money to offset 93 cents an hour in sched uled 1982, 1983, and 1984 cost-of-living pay adjustments that had been diverted to help the company meet cost in creases for maintaining benefits, as required in the 1982 contract. He also said that the workers had probably gained a better contract now than they would have by following past practice and waiting to pattern their settlement after the 1985 master freight settlement. The ups settlement met immediate opposition, led by the Teamsters for a Democratic Union, a longstanding dissident group within the Teamsters’ ranks that accused Presser of negotiating the contract in secret and accelerating the rati fication process to prevent the union members from thor oughly studying the terms. The accelerated vote charge was upheld by a judge in a court test, and he ordered a revote, in which the contract was approved 44,337 to 18,989. The contract provisions included immediate lump-sum payments of $1,000 for full-time employees and $500 for part-timers, pay increases of 68 cents an hour on September 1, 1984, 50 cents in September of 1985 and 1986, and benefit improvements backed by a guarantee of any further changes needed to match any benefit improvements in the master freight agreement. The contract also provides for continuation of dual pay system under which part-time workers earn about $4 per hour less than full-time workers. Much of the opposition to the contract had centered on this provision. Reportedly, half of the employees are part-timers. Steel Although contracts between the United Steelworkers and steel producers do not expire until 1986, there were a num ber of developments in 1984 that will have a bearing on forthcoming negotiations. In the economic area, profits at the producers where the union holds bargaining rights were generally small or non existent. President Reagan rejected an International Trade Commission recommendation to impose quotas and addi- 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Modest settlements in 1984 tional tariffs on countries exporting steel to the United States, but he did pledge to negotiate with the exporting nations on voluntarily reducing their share of the market to 18.5 percent, from the current 25 percent. There were moves by Japanese producers to buy into domestic firms; and more plant closings. Also, “ mini m ills,” which are specialized producers— usually having nonunion work forces— now hold about 20 percent of the market and are expanding. In the labor relations area, one fact that will bear directly on the 1986 talks was further erosion in the number of firms in the Coordinating Committee Steel Companies, the as sociation that has set the settlement pattern for the industry. The withdrawal of National Steel Corp. increased the pos sibility that the pattern would be less widespread in 1986. As National Steel President Robert D. McBride said, “ We want greater flexibility to deal with issues most important to our company.” (One example of the kinds of contract variations that could occur in 1986, or earlier, was Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp.’s announced plan to offer shares of company stock to employees if they agreed to continue cuts in wages and benefits that had been scheduled to end in 1985. The cuts, negotiated in 1983, were similar to those the union negotiated with other steel companies.) Another reduction in the association’s membership oc curred when ltv Corp. merged its Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. unit with Republic Steel Corp. to form the Nation’s second largest steel concern, ltv Steel Co. This left only five companies in the coordinating committee, down from 10 a decade earlier, with the possibility that there could be more defections. The five companies were U.S. Steel Corp., ltv Steel Co., Bethlehem Steel Corp., Inland Steel Co., and Armco Inc. On the union side, there was new leadership, as Lynn Williams was elected president, succeeding Lloyd McBride, who died in 1983. Williams faced the daunting problems of declining membership and maintaining or increasing worker compensation in a troubled industry. West Coast forest products More than 14,000 employees were covered by 32-month contracts between the Association of Western Pulp and Pa per Workers and several pulp and paper companies that called for an immediate lump-sum payment of $1,000 to each employee, followed by specified wage increases of 4 percent at the beginning of the second year and 4.5 percent at the beginning of the final year. The union also agreed to give up mandatory shutdowns on Christmas and Indepen dence Day and to changes designed to hold down the com pany’s health insurance costs, including adoption of higher deductibles and coinsurance payments. In the lumber industry, uncertainty increased regarding the future of pattern bargaining after Louisiana-Pacific Corp. employees voted to end union representation at 17 of 19 mills that had been on strike for 15 months. As a result, 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the 1,700 workers continued to work at the compensation levels Louisiana-Pacific had put into effect in 1983, which were lower than those the other companies had negotiated with the union, an affiliate of the Carpenters and Joiners. Prior to 1983, Louisiana-Pacific had accepted the same terms as the other companies. The company’s decision to go-italone in 1983 was based on its contention that wage and benefit concessions were necessary to enable it to compete with lower-cost mills opening in the South. This led to the strike, which became less effective over time, as more and more strikers returned to work, joining management em ployees and new hires in operating the mills. Meatpacking During the last few years, labor-management relations in the meatpacking industry have been chaotic, and will ap parently continue so until the industry’s level of employee compensation stabilizes and marginal firms either improve efficiency and profitability, or shut down. During 1984, there were further developments in the difficult movement toward stability, which might be aided if uniform wage and benefit levels are agreed to when contracts for several major pork processors expire in August 1985. Contract expirations in beef processing, which are less concentrated in the year than those in pork processing, began in January 1985. • Wilson Foods Corp., which drew much attention in 1983 when it used the provisions of Chapter 11 of the Bank ruptcy Code to shed its labor contracts, emerged from Chapter 11 proceedings in March 1984 when the court approved a reorganization plan. The plan included ter mination of a salaried employees’ pension plan, which Wilson said was overfunded, and establishment of a new plan. In November, leaders of the Food and Commercial Workers union accused the company of hiding the fact that its officers had received large salary increases after the 5,000 workers represented by the union had reacted to the contract abrogation by negotiating new 2-year con tracts in 1983 that cut pay by 25 percent. Wilson, located in Cedar Rapids, ia , is the Nation’s largest pork proces sor. • In Waterloo, ia , a Federal bankruptcy judge approved the decision of employee-owned Rath Packing Co. to abro gate its labor contract and cut pay and benefits. The Jan uary ruling cleared the way for the pork processing firm to seek an infusion of money from new owners. In No vember 1983, when it filed for protection under Chapter 11, Rath listed $56.7 million in assets and $91.6 million in liabilities. In October 1984, the plant had about 375 production employees, down 700 from a year earlier. The workers are represented by the United Food and Com mercial Workers. • In Billings, mt , Pierce Packing Co. reopened a pork pro cessing plant after members of the United Food and Com- mercial Workers and Operating Engineers unions agreed to wage and benefit cuts. Pierce had shut the plant down in 1983 after the unions had refused to indefinitely extend a 1-year, $1.90 an hour wage cut negotiated in 1982. At the time of the reopening, Pierce was operating under the Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection it had petitioned for in 1983. • Another plant reopened, in Independence, ia , financed in part by $3,000 investments by each employee. The bal ance of the financing came from city and State grants and from private investors. The new operation, Iowa Ham Canning, Inc., succeeded Cudahy Specialty Foods, which closed the plant in 1983. The new, nonunion operation was expected to employ about 100 people within a year. • In Madison, wi, Oscar Mayer imposed a 23-percent pay cut for 2,600 workers that opened the way for George A. Hormel and Co. to lower wages for 1,800 workers in Austin, m n . The Oscar Mayer reduction of $2.44 an hour in base wages came after Food and Commercial Workers members had three times rejected a demand for adoption of the $8.25 rate prevailing at other companies. The cut will continue until the company’s current contract expires in August 1985. Imposition of the pay decrease will also lead to a reduction at Hormel, whose contract permits a reduction when a lower wage becomes an “ industry-wide standard.” Under a 1984 arbitration decision, Hormel won the right to implement a lower wage based on the average of reduced rates at three of the five major com panies in the industry, with the union to select the three companies. Farm and construction equipment The only major firm that bargained in this industry in 1984 was International Harvester C o., where a contract with the Auto Workers expired on September 30 but a settlement had not been attained at this writing. When a settlement is reached, it could influence the union’s 1986 bargaining with Caterpillar Tractor Co. and Deere & Co. Historically, these companies, and others in the industry where the union holds bargaining rights, have bargained more or less simulta neously and agreed to similar contracts but this pattern was disrupted in 1979, when most firms settled, but International Harvester, hit by a 172-day strike, did not settle until 1980. Postal service Bargaining for 600,000 postal employees began in April but ended up in binding arbitration, with a decision expected to be announced at yearend. The United States Postal Ser vice led off the unsuccessful bargaining with four unions in April by calling for a cut in wages, asserting that the average postal worker earned $23,031 a year ($27,920 including benefits), 10 to 25 percent more than workers in comparable jobs in private industry. Later, the usps made a specific 3year proposal that included a pay freeze for current em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ployees, a lower pay scale for new hires, a less liberal costof-living pay adjustment formula, and other changes, all of which were denounced by the unions. Negotiations contin ued intermittently until after the current contracts expired on July 20, when the quasi-government agency announced that it was going to reduce the pay rates for new employees by more than 20 percent. Before the scheduled August 4 effective date, Congress enacted legislation prohibiting the cut. Despite this easing of the tension, the parties were unable to reconcile their differences, leading to the first broad use of the arbitration procedures of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970. Government workers During the year there were several developments affecting Federal workers’ pay. In January, 1.4 million white-collar employees received a 3.5-percent pay raise that would normally have been ef fective in October 1983 but was delayed by President Reagan under authority of the Federal Pay Comparability Act of 1970. Later in 1984 the increase was raised to 4 percent, as Congress legislated a 0.5-percent increase retroactive to January. The 2 million military personnel also received the equivalent of a 4-percent increase in January, under laws linking increases in their pay levels to those for white-collar workers. About 450,000 blue-collar workers also received up to a 4-percent increase sometime during the fiscal year ending September 30, 1984. Their pay is raised at various times during the year based on the results of local surveys of wages for similar private industry jobs. However, their potential increase was “ capped” at the level for the whitecollar workers. In August, the President’s Pay Agent (a triad consisting of the Secretary of Labor, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget) reported that an 18.2-percent pay increase would be necessary to bring the white-collar em ployees to pay parity with employees in similar jobs in private industry, based on the annual National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical and Clerical Pay conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, the President again used his, authority under the law to propose a 3.5-percent increase and to defer it from October 1984 to January 1985. Blue-collar workers received a matching in crease, while military personnel received a 4-percent in crease. Wage and benefit increases for State and local government workers were larger in fiscal year 1985 than in the preceding fiscal year. This is apparent from the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics’ Employment Cost Index, which showed that during the third quarter of the calendar year— when most govern ments begin their fiscal year— State and local government workers’ pay increased 3.4 percent in 1984, compared with 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Modest settlements in 1984 3.0 percent in 1983. Similarly, their compensation— pay plus benefits— rose 3.5 percent during the third quarter of 1984, compared with 3.2 percent in the third quarter of 1983. Legal developments Perhaps the most important legal ruling in 1984 from the viewpoint of both labor and management came in February, when the Supreme Court held that employers filing for re organization in Federal bankruptcy court may temporarily terminate or alter labor contracts even before the judge has heard their case. In the case, NLRB v . Bildisco & Bildisco, the Court also held that the termination or alteration could be made permanent if the employer can persuade the judge that the agreement burdens chances of recovery. The ruling drew sharp criticism from a f l - c io President Lane Kirkland, who viewed it as giving management an unwarranted tool for ousting unions or forcing compensation concessions on them. Later, Kirkland endorsed legislation that modified the bankruptcy code to require a firm or bankruptcy trustee to attempt “ to reach mutually satisfactory (contract) modifi cations” before going to the court. If they are unable to agree on modifications, the judge is permitted to put the employer’s proposal into effect only if the union has rejected it “ without good cause” and “ the balance of the equities (among the union, management, and other vested parties) clearly favors” the proposal. From organized labor’s point of view, things did not turn out as well at the National Labor Relations Board, as it handed down a series of rulings favoring management. La bor’s charges of pro-management bias were countered by defenders of the rulings, who claimed that the board was simply correcting a pro-union bias that had developed during the Carter Administration. In the decisions, the board held that— • The National Labor Relations Act did not preclude man agers from asking workers about union activities. • The board cannot order an employer who has committed unfair labor practices to negotiate with a union that is not supported by a majority of the workers in a bargaining unit. • An employer may shift operations to a nonunion plant it owns to escape the higher labor costs of a union contract, if the contract does not specifically ban such relocation. • It is contrary to Federal labor law for the board to inter vene in a labor-management dispute before the parties have exhausted their own arbitration procedures. • Employers are no longer required to publicize the fact that an employee can solicit another employee for union activities while at work if both are on their own time, such as during a lunch period. FOOTNOTES 'Preliminary statistical information for all of 1984 is scheduled to be released on January 24, 1985. Both the first 9 months and full year figures exclude possible pay adjustments under cost-of-living formulas because such adjustments are contingent on the future movement of a consumer 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis price index. 2This article is essentially based on information available in early De cember for bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. Bargaining activity light in private industry in 1985 About 33 percent o f the 7.4 million workers under major collective bargaining agreements in such private industries as trucking, rubber, construction, and apparel are scheduled fo r new contracts; first-time data show that 55 percent o f 2 million State and local workers are slated fo r new agreements Joan D. B orum and D avid Schlein About 3.5 million of the 9.4 million employees under major collective bargaining agreements (covering 1,000 or more workers) in private industry and State and local gov ernment have their contracts slated for renewal or reopening in 1985. Bargaining activity in private industry will be rel atively light, with negotiations covering 33 percent of the 7.4 million employees under major agreements. In State and local government, 55 percent of the 2.0 million employees under major agreements are subject to negotiations during 1985, the first year for which data are available for these contracts.1 The light 1985 bargaining calendar in private industry follows 3 years of heavy bargaining. From the mid-1950’s to 1983, bargaining over major contracts in private industry was on a cycle of 2 years of heavy activity, each involving about two-fifths of the workers, followed by a third year of lighter activity, involving about three-tenths of the workers. This 3-year cycle was broken when contracts between the United Automobile Workers and Ford Motor Co. and Gen eral Motors were negotiated in early 1982 to run for 2Vi years. They replaced contracts that were to expire in SepJoan D. Borum is a social science research analyst and David Schlein is an economist in the Office of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Edward Wasilewski, an economist in the same office, prepared the section on State and local government and Jane Greene, an economic assistant, prepared table 3. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tember 1982 that, had they then been renegotiated for the typical 3-year duration, would have expired in 1985. Thus, bargaining in autos was thrown into 1984, making it the third heavy bargaining year in a row, and making 1985 a light bargaining year. During 1985, 537 major contracts in private industry, covering 2.4 million workers, and 288 major State and local government agreements, covering 1.1 million workers are scheduled to be negotiated. (See tables 1 and 2.) These negotiations will be influenced by both general economic conditions and the circumstances of the individual indus tries, employers, and unions involved in bargaining. The recovery in the Nation’s economy that began in 1982 continued into the third quarter of 1984. Key measures of the economic health of the country showed improvement over the previous year. For example, the unemployment rate of civilian workers was 7.4 percent in September 1984, compared to 9.2 percent a year earlier. The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - u ) rose 4.2 percent during the 12-months ended September 1984, continuing the moderate rate of price increases that began in 1982. The Federal Reserve Board’s total industry capacity utilization rate was 81.9 percent for September 1984, up from 78.6 percent a year earlier. The composite index of leading eco nomic indicators, compiled by the U.S. Department of Com merce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis to forecast movements 13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Bargaining Activity in 1985 Tab le 1. C alendar of m ajor collective bargaining activity in p rivate nonag ricuitu ral industries and State and local governm ent A g r e e m e n ts w ith e x p ir a tio n s o r s c h e d u le d w a g e re o p e n in g s o r b o th Y e a r a n d m o n th P r in c ip a l in d u s trie s Num ber W o rk e rs c o v e re d (th o u s a n d s ) All y e a r s '................... 2,048 9,448 Total 19852...................... J a n u a ry .................................... February.................................... M a rc h ...................................... 825 31 12 72 3,532 100 25 776 April ......................................... M ay............................................ 76 113 211 441 J u n e ......................................... 261 1,100 J u ly ............................................ A u g u st...................................... September................................. O c to b e r.................................... Novem ber................................. Decem ber................................. 62 78 42 19 25 38 213 240 194 57 94 100 Total 19863...................... J a n u a ry ................................... February.................................... M a r c h ...................................... A p r i l ......................................... M ay............................................ 705 31 33 53 73 92 3,263 78 111 209 171 305 J u n e ......................................... 168 657 J u ly ............................................ A u g u st...................................... 44 77 125 1,084 September................................. 52 175 O c to b e r.................................... Novem ber................................. Decem ber................................. 35 17 31 160 45 148 Total 19874...................... Ja n u a ry-Ju n e ........................ Ju ly -D e c e m b e r...................... 264 214 50 1,161 595 566 Total 1988 and later5 . . Year unknown or in negotiation6 ................. 25 328 207 1,579 __ _ _ — Trucking, men's apparel, construction Rubber, construction Women's apparel, construction Electrical products, construction, trade, State and local government Electrical products Meatpacking Automobiles __ __ — __ Petroleum refining Food stores Glass containers Construction Construction, lumber, paper, and aluminum Construction, farm machinery and equipment, hospitals, State and local government — Steel, telephone and electrical products Food stores, longshoring (east and gulf coast) Aerospace — — — — _ — 'Total is less than sum of the parts because 93 agreements covering 282,000 workers have both reopenings and expirations in the reference period. Total includes 530 State and local government agreements covering 2,044,000 workers. includ es 74 agreements (covering 222,000 workers) with wage reopenings in 1985. Also includes 288 State and local government agreements covering 1,122,000 workers. includ es 17 agreements (covering 55,000 workers) with wage reopenings in 1986. Also includes 129 State and local government agreements covering 445,000 workers. 4lncludes two agreements (covering 5,000 workers) with wage reopenings in 1987. Also includes 31 State and local government agreements covering 83,000 workers. includ es two local government agreements covering 6,000 workers. includ es agreements which were due to expire between Oct. 1, 1984 (the cutoff date for gathering information), and Dec. 31, 1984; agreements which expired, but new agreements were not reached by the cutoff date; expired agreements for which necessary information was incomplete; and agreements which had no fixed expiration or reopening date. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total. in aggregate economic activity, suggests continuing, but slower, growth into 1985. Despite the 1984 economic growth, major contract set tlements reached in private industry during the first 9 months were historically low. They provided average specified wage 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis adjustments of 2.5 percent in the first contract year and 2.8 percent annually over the life of the contract. This compares with annual figures of 2.6 and 2.8 percent, respectively, for all of 1983. In contrast, when the same parties to 1984 settlements previously bargained (about 2 or 3 years before), their contracts provided wage adjustments of 8.6 percent in the first-year, and 7.2 percent annually over the contract life. The size of settlements in 1984 reflects attempts by the parties to adjust to the economic difficulties faced by many of them, including competition from abroad and from non union firms at home and declining employment opportun ities. Many of the parties to 1985 negotiations face similar problems. How they deal with them at the bargaining table remains to be seen. The bulk of contract expirations in the private sector will occur between March and September 1985. Negotiations are scheduled in several key industries including trucking, construction, men’s apparel, rubber, women’s apparel, elec trical products, and for autoworkers at Chrysler Corp. Public sector contract expirations are concentrated at midyear, co inciding with the end of their fiscal year. This article discusses contract negotiations, wage changes, and cost-of-living adjustment ( c o l a ) reviews scheduled in 1985 for the 9.4 million workers in private industry and State and local government under major agreements. The bargaining issues of the contract negotiations are high lighted. (See table 3 for expiration dates and wage adjust ment provisions for selected major agreements.) Trucking The National Master Freight Agreement negotiated by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America (Teamsters, Ind.) and Trucking Management, Inc. (tmi), expires March 31, 1985. tmi, the primary negotiator for the industry, has ex perienced a sharp drop in the number of member companies since the last round of negotiations in 1982. Deregulation2 and the recession led many firms to merge, fail, and/or layoff workers, thereby reducing the number of firms and workers in the industry. Many smaller and midsize firms— hoping to exact a less expensive agreement— dropped out of tmi and are forming their own bargaining group. tmi has announced changes in their negotiation and rat ification procedure. A 22-member committee composed of five members of each region (Eastern, Southern, Central, and Western) and a chair and vice chair is responsible for negotiation of the National Master Freight Agreement and its area supplements. Negotiation for the National Master Freight Agreement and the monetary package is conducted by an 11-member committee drawn from the larger nego tiating committee consisting of two members from each region, a secretary, a chair, and a vice chair. The result of the negotiations will be submitted first for approval to the Board of Directors of tmi, and then to the Membership T ab le 2. A g reem en t expirations, scheduled w age reopenings, or both, in m ajor collective bargainin g s itu atio n s in private no n ag ricu ltu re in dustries and S tate and local governm ent, by y e a r _____________________________ Y e a r o f e x p ir a tio n , s c h e d u le d w a g e r e o p e n in g , o r b o th T o t a l1 1 9 8 7 a n d la t e r 4 19863 19852 U n k n o w n o r in n e g o t ia tio n 5 W o rk e rs In d u s try N u m b e r of c o v e re d Num ber N um ber W o rk e rs a g r e e m e n ts (th o u of c o v e re d of c o v e re d of c o v e re d of c o v e re d sands) a g re e (th o u a g re e (th o u a g re e (th o u a g re e (th o u m e n ts sands) m e n ts sands) m e n ts sands) m e n ts sands) W o rk e rs Num ber W o rk e rs Num ber W o rk e rs All industries.................................................................. 2,048 9,448 825 3,532 705 3,263 287 1,363 328 1,579 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................ Food and kindred products................................................. Tobacco m anufacturing....................................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ............................................................ Apparel and other finished p ro d u cts................................. Lumber and wood products, except fu rn itu re ................ 627 76 5 9 40 10 2,969 230 18 29 332 55 208 30 — 4 33 1 1,019 138 — 14 315 2 255 23 5 2 4 7 1,006 39 18 6 9 47 109 15 — 3 2 2 621 30 — 9 5 3 77 10 — 2 1 1 368 27 — 3 3 5 Furniture and fix tu r e s .......................................................... Paper and allied products.................................................... Printing, publishing and allied indu stries......................... Chemicals and allied products............................................ Petroleum refining and related industries......................... 7 47 25 33 18 12 74 46 66 33 5 8 9 9 2 10 9 16 14 3 1 27 4 10 15 1 43 8 20 30 1 7 12 14 — — — Rubber and miscellaneous plastics.................................... Leather and leather products............................................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete p ro d u cts...................... Primary metals Industries.................................................... Fabricated metal products.................................................... 12 11 27 62 35 58 27 68 398 67 10 3 6 5 10 54 8 9 9 16 1 3 12 47 15 1 8 43 377 32 3 4 9 1 2 14 24 33 — — 4 8 11 1 Machinery, except e le c tric a l............................................... Electrical machinery equipment and s u p p lie s ................ Transportation equipm ent.................................................... Instruments and related products...................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................... 43 65 82 11 9 134 373 913 22 14 14 24 26 4 5 21 217 148 8 10 19 27 25 6 2 75 106 129 13 2 5 11 18 1 1 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................................. Mining, crude petroleum and natural gas production . . C o n struction.......................................................................... Transportation, except railroads and tru c k in g ................ R a ilro a d s ................................................................................ 891 13 407 61 26 4,435 132 1,096 266 394 329 2 170 18 — 1,391 2 384 85 — 321 6 153 19 — 1,811 15 492 92 — T rucking.................................................................................. Communications..................................................................... Utilities, gas and e le c tric .................................................... Wholesale tra d e ..................................................................... Retail trade, except restaurants......................................... 16 42 75 11 123 433 723 248 42 544 15 10 34 1 43 431 34 100 25 160 1 26 26 5 41 Restaurants............................................................................. Finance, insurance and real e s ta te .................................... Services, except hotels and health se rv ic e s ................... H o te ls ..................................................................................... Health services....................................................................... 15 20 34 17 31 57 98 152 117 134 6 6 9 4 11 30 42 49 32 16 S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t ................................................... 530 2,044 288 1,122 ’ Total is less than the sum of the parts because 93 agreements covering 282,000 workers have both reopenings and expirations in the reference period. Total includes 530 State and local government agreements covering 2,044,000 workers. 2Total includes 74 agreements (covering 222,000 workers) with wage reopenings in 1985. Also includes 288 State and local government agreements covering 1,122,000 work ers. in clu d e s 17 agreements (covering 55,000 workers) with wage reopenings in 1986. Also includes 129 State and local government agreements covering 445,000 workers. Committee for ratification. Each company in tmi is on the Membership Committee and has one vote plus an additional vote for each 500 employees or portion thereof. In prior negotiations, a policy committee of tmi which consisted of members elected from affiliated regional associations, rat ified the contract. In the past, the National Master Freight Agreement, in conjunction with approximately 30 local and area supple mental agreements, determined the compensation and work ing conditions of most unionized drivers in the industry.3 Wage changes, employer contributions to benefit plans, and most economic benefits were determined in national ne gotiations. Actual wage rates, most work rules, and allo https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 3 9 1 9 4 20 1 1 2 5 2 9 4 8 7 3 17 14 18 439 6 1 6 4 13 1 1 27 33 197 1 1 145 1 74 2 — 653 105 173 25 — 137 4 32 23 26 735 10 91 79 394 1 677 91 9 174 — — — 6 7 13 6 12 37 35 71 29 90 — 129 445 — 3 13 2 29 8 64 4 165 — 4 9 3 13 8 36 4 50 3 6 7 5 11 19 66 15 4 4 8 1 6 8 11 22 2 20 33 89 114 476 — 4lncludes two agreements (covering 5,000 workers) with wage reopenings in 1987. Also Includes 31 State and local government agreements covering 83,000 workers. includ es agreements which were due to expire between Oct. 1, 1984 (the cutoff date for gathering information), and Dec. 31,1984; agreements which expired, but new agree ments were not reached by the cutoff date; expired agreements for which necessary in formation was incomplete; and agreements which had no fixed expiration or reopening date. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total. cations of funds to health and welfare plans are set in supplemental agreements. Local exceptions to economic terms and work rules are provided in various addenda. The 1982 National Master Freight Agreement provided no wage increases and modified the cost-of-living adjust ment ( c o l a ) clause to provide annual reviews in April in stead of semiannual reviews. The agreement also allowed money from c o l a to be diverted from wages to maintain health, welfare, and pension benefits. Over the last 3 years this resulted in only one c o l a wage increase— 47-cents in April 1982. All other c o l a money was diverted: 25 cents in April 1982, 33 cents in April 1983, and 35 cents in April 1984. 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Bargaining Activity in 1985 T a b le 3 . D u r a t io n a n d w a g e a c u s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s o f s e l e c t e d 1 m a j o r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a i n i n g a g r e e m e n t s Industry2 and employer Union3 Number of workers4 Month of 1985 COLA Duration of agreement5 Month and amount of 1985 specified wage increase Private sector manufacturing Food and kindred products California Processors, Inc. and oth e rs. . . Nabisco, Inc.................................... Teamsters ( In d .)........................... Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco W orkers...................... Anheuser-Busch, Inc................................. Teamsters ( In d .)........................... Wholesale bread and cake bakeries. . . Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco W orkers...................... Sugar plantation companies........................... Longshoremen and Warehousemen ( In d .)................ Tobacco manufacturers Philip Morris, U.S.A...................... 50,000............. July 1, 1982 to June 30, 1985 10,000............. 8,000............. Sept. 1, 1983 to Aug. 31, 1985 Sept. 15, 1981 to Feb. 28, 1985 8,000.............. June 10, 1984 to June 13, 1987 Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco W orkers........................ 10,300................ Feb. 1, 1983 to Jan. 31, 1986 Textile mill products Fieldcrest Mills Inc.............................. Clothing and Textile Workers . . . . Knitted Outerwear Manufacturers Assn, ( pa) Ladies' Garment W o rk e rs ............. 6,000................ Mar. 1 1984 to Mar 1 1987 5,000................ June 1, 1982 to May 31, 1985 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics and similar products Clothing Manufacturers Assn, of USA . . . . Affiliated Dress Manufacturers Inc. . . . Atlantic Apparel Contractors A ss n ................ Greater Blouse, Skirt and Undergarment Assn, ( ny) .............................. New York Coat and Suit Assn, and American Cloak and Suit Manufacturers A s s n ................................................. Lumber and wood products, except furniture Western States Wood Products Employers A s s n ............................................ June: 40 cents Feb.: 3.5 percent 7,500................ Feb. 1, 1983 to Jan. 31, 1985 Clothing and Textile Workers . . . . Ladies' Garment W o rk e rs .............. Ladies' Garment W o rk e rs ............. 70,000................ Apr. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 50,000................ June 1, 1982 to May 31, 1985 35,000................ June 1, 1982 to May 31, 1985 Ladies’ Garment W o rk e rs .............. 23,000................ June 1, 1982 to May 31. 1985 Ladies’ Garment W o rk e rs ............. 20,000. . . May 31, 1982 to May 31, 1985 Woodworkers; Carpenters and Joiners................... 36 000 Jan., Apr., July, Oct. June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 June: 4.5 percent Paper and allied products International Paper Co., Southern Craft Div. Paperworkers................................. 6,000................ June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 June: 5 percent Printing, publishing, and allied industries Metropolitan Lithographers Assn ( ny) . . . . Amalgamated Lithographers of America ( I n d ) .............................. 5,000................ July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1987 July: 4.3 percent Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co . . . . Firestone Tire and Rubber Co...................... B F Goodrich Co....................................... Plastics and Metal Products Manufacturers Assn., Inc. ( ny) ......................................... Rubber W o rk e rs .............................. Rubber W o rk e rs .............................. Rubber W o rk e rs .............................. 18,000................ Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr 20 1985 9,500................ Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr 20 1985 8,700........... Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr. 20| 1985 Ladies Garment W orkers................ 5,000................ July 1, 1982 to June 30, 1985 Clothing and Textile Workers; Food and Commercial W orkers........... Clothing and Textile Workers; Food and Commercial W orkers........... 6,050................ Sept. 1, 1984 to Aug. 31, 1986 Nov.: 15 cents 5,000................ Oct. 1, 1982 to Sept. 30, 1985 June: 10 cents Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products Owen—Illinois, Inc.................................. Brockway Glass Co........................ Glass, Pottery, Plastics................... Glass, Pottery, Plastics................... 8 600 7,000 Apr 1 1QR.3 tn Mar 31 -|qg6 Apr. 11 1983 to Mar. 31 ! 1986 An r . P ......................... Apr.. Apr.: oU cents 30 cents Primary metal industries U.S. Steel Corp.............................. Steelworkers...................................... 102,000................ Mar. 1, 1983 to Aug. 1, 1986 Leather and leather products Brown Shoe Co.................................... Interco and Florsheim Shoe C o .'s . . . . Bethlehem Steel Corp.................... Steelworkers...................................... 49,000................ Mar. 1, 1983 to Aug. 1, 1986 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp....................... Steelworkers................................ 32,000................ Mar. 1, 1983 to Aug. 1, 1986 Republic Steel Corp............................ Steelworkers........................ 30,400................ Mar. 1, 1983 to Aug. 1, 1986 Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor Works . . . Steelworkers.............................. Fabricated metal products, except machinery and transportation equipment American Can Co......................... Steelworkers................................ 21,100................ Mar. 1, 1983 to Aug. 1, 1986 5 500 Mar. 9, 1983 to Feb. 16, 1986 Feb., May, Nov. Feb., May, Nov. Feb., May, Nov. Feb., May, Nov. Feb., May, Nov. c , Aug., Feb.: 40 cents Aug., Feb.: 40 cents Aug., Feb.: 40 cents Aug., Feb.: 40 cents Aug., Feb.: 40 cents July: 40 cents Apr.: 3 percent . Nov. Machinery, except electrical Caterpillar Tractor Co............................ Automobile W orkers........................ 20,400 Apr ?fi 1984 tn .limp 1 -|Qftff Deere & Co............................. Briggs & Stratton Corp. ( w i) ...................... Timken Co. ( oh) ................................ Automobile W orkers........................ Industrial Workers, A llie d ............. Steelworkers................................ June 1 1983 tn .limp 1 19RK 18,000 8,200................ Oct. 29, 1983 to July 31 1986 8,000................ Aug. 28, 1983 to Aug. 25, 1986 Cummins Engine Co. ( in) ...................... Diesel Workers' Union (Ind )........... 5,500................ Feb. 20, 1984 to Apr. 28, 1987 Electronic Workers; Electrical Workers (ue); others................... 98,000................ June 28, 1982 to June 30, 1985 Electrical and electronic machinery, equipment, and supplies General Electric Cc................................ 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ItJl'ir- | i in(< Sept., Dec. Mar., June, Sept., Dec. Mar., June, Sept., Dec. Table 3. C o n tin u ed — D uration and w age adjustm ent provisions of sele c te d 1 m ajor co llective bargaining agreem ents Union3 Industry2 and employer Number of workers4 COLA at& t Technologies, Inc. . . Electrical Workers (ibew); Electronic Workers; others Electrical Workers ( ibew) . . . at& t Technologies, Inc. . . Communications Workers 20 . 000 . Aug. 7, 1983 to Aug. 6, 1986 Hughes Aircraft Co. (ca) . . Carpenters........................ 12 , 000 . Dee. 5, 1982 to Nov. 2, 1985 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Transportation equipment General Motors C orp.. . Month of 1985 Duration of agreement5 40.000. 36.000. July 12, 1982 to July 11, 1985 Aug. 7, 1983 to Aug. 6, 1986 Jan. Aug. Aug. 350,000. Oct. 15, 1984 to Sept. 14, 1987 Automobile Workers. 41,500. Aug. 15, 1983 to Sept. 15, 1985 Boeing Co........................................... M achinists................ 26,000. Oct. 4, 1983 to Oct. 3, 1986 Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Corp. (va) .................................................... Steelworkers.............. 18,200. Nov. 1, 1983 to May 31, 1987 Rockwell International Corp. Automobile W orkers. 16,000. July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1987 Jan., Apr., July, Oct. 16,000. Nov. 28, 1982 to Dee. 1, 1985 Ju n e ................... United Technologies Corp., Pratt & Whitney M achinists................ Div................................................................ Measuring, analyzing, and controlling Instruments; photographic, medical and optical goods; watches and clocks Honeywell, Inc.......... ...................................... Teamsters (Ind.) Aug.: 1.4 percent average Aug.: 1.4 percent average Apr. and Aug.: 15 cents average Mar., June, Sept., Dec. Automobile Workers. Chrysler Corp. (hourly employees) Month and amount of 1985 specified wage increase Jan., Apr., July, Oct. Mar.: 40 cents Sept.: 32 cents Oct.: 3 percent Mar.: 37 cents to 75 cents Feb. 1, 1984 to Jan. 31, 1987 (Feb 1, 1986) Feb.: 4 percent Sept. 28, 1984 to Jan. 31, 1988 Oct.: 25 cents 20 , 000 . July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1986 July: S1.156 20 , 000 . July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1987 July: $1 15.000. July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1986 July: $16 15.000. Jan. 15, 1983 to June 15, 1986 Nov. 15.000. Sept. 1, 1982 to June 15, 1986 June . 14.000. June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 June . 12 . 000 . May 1, 1983 to Apr. 30, 1985 12 , 000 . June 16, 1983 to June 15, 1986 June: 5 percent6 10 , 000 . May 1, 1983 to Apr. 30, 1986 May: $1 Plumbing and Pipe Fitters 11 , 000 . July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1986 July: $16 Electrical Workers ( ibew) . 10, 000. June 10, 1983 to June 12, 1986 June: $2 Iron W o rk e rs ................... Plumbing and Pipe Fitters 10, 000. July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1986 June 1, 1984 to May 31, 1985 July: $16 8 , 000 . Electrical Workers (ibew) . 6 , 000 . June 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986 12,700. Nov. 1, 1983 to Oct. 31, 1986 Teamsters (Ind.’ 200 , 000 . Mar. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 Teamsters (Ind. Teamsters (Ind. 100,000. 69.000. Mar. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 May 1, 1982 to June 1, 1985 Teamsters (Ind. Teamsters (Ind. 20.000. 10 , 000 . June 1, 1982 to May 31, 1985 Apr. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 Maritime Union 15,000. June 16, 1984 to June 15, 1987 (June 16, 1985) 9,750. 8,500. July 1, 1984 to July 1, 1987 Oct. 1, 1983 to Sept. 30, 1986 July: Oct.: 95.6 cents $1 6 , 000 . Private sector, nonmanufacturing Bituminous coal and lignite mining Bituminous Coal Operators Assn. . . . Mine Workers, United (Ind. Building construction— general contractors and operative builders Associated General Contractors of America Inc.; and others (Southern California). . Carpenters Building construction agreement (New York Carpenters C ity ) ...................................................... Associated General Contractors of America, Inc. (outside agreement-Southern Laborers . California).............................................. Associated General Contractors of America, Inc. (outside agreement-Northern Laborers . California).............................................. Construction other than building construction— general contractors Associated General Contractors of America, Carpenters................ Inc.(Northern C a lifo rnia)................... Associatied General Contractors of America Carpenters................ Inc. (Central and Western Washington) Labor Relations Div. of the Ohio Operating Engineers. Contractors A s s n ................................... Associated General Contractors of America, Operating Engineers Inc. (Northern California)................... Labor Relations Div. of the Ohio L a borers................... Contractors Assn.................................. Construction— special trade contractors Plumbing and Piping Industry Council; and Independent Co. ( il) ........................... New York Electrical Contractors Assn., Inc (New York C ity )................................... Associated General Contractors of America Inc.; other associations; and independent contractors.............................................. Mechanical Contractors Assn. (Chicago). National Electrical Contractors Assn. (Los Angeles).................................................... Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation Greyhound Lines......................................... Motor freight transportation and warehousing National Master Freight Agreement (local cartage). .................................................. National Master Freight Agreement (overthe-road) ................................................. United Parcel Service................................ National Master Automobile Transporters A greem ent.............................................. Joint Area Cartage A greem ent................ Water transportation Maritime Service Committee and Tanker Service Committee (unlicensed seamen) Pacific Martime Assn. . . New York Shipping Assn. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Transit Union Longshoremen and Warehousemen (Ind.) . . . Longshoremen’s Association 105,000. Nov. June: S16 June, Dec. May 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Bargaining Activity in 1985 T a b le 3 . C o n t i n u e d — D u r a t io n a n d w a g e a d j u s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s o f s e l e c t e d 1 m a j o r c o l l e c t i v e b a r q a i n i n q a q r e e m e n t s Industry2 and employer Number Union3 workers4 Great Lakes Association of Stevedores. . . West Gulf Maritime Assn................ Transportation by air United A irlin e s ........................ American A irlin e s ........................ Pan American World Airw ays.............. Republic A irlines................ Communication American Telephone and Telegraph Co. (Long Line s)...................... 6,000............. 5,000. . . . Apr. 1, 1984 to Dec. 31, 1986 Oct. 1, 1983 to Sept. 30, 1986 Apr,: Oct.: $1 $1 M achinists........................ Transport W orkers........................ 15 500 10,400............. 8,500............. 7,200 6,800. Nov. 1, 1983 to Oct. 31, 1986 Sept. 1, 1982 to Aug. 31, 1985 Apr. 1, 1983 to May 1, 1986 Jan. 1, 1983 to Jan. 1, 1985 Sept. 1, 1983 to Mar. 31, 1987 Nov.: 2.9 percent Jan.: 25 cents Teamsters (In d .).............. Air Line Pilots...................... Communications Workers . . 500 000 Aug. 28, 1983 to Aug. 9, 1986 Electrical Workers (ibew) ........... 23,700............. Aug. 7, 1983 to Aug. 9, 1986 General Telephone Co. of California........... Communications Workers . . 21,000............. Mar. 4, 1983 to Mar. 4, 1986 Communications W o rk e rs........... 14,000............. Aug. 28, 1983 to Aug. 9, 1986 Electrical Workers ( ibew) . . . 13,800............. Aug. 7, 1983 to Aug. 9, 1986 Electrical Workers ( ibew) . . . . Utility W o rk e rs ........... Electrical Workers ( ibew) ................ Utility W o rk e rs.............. 18,000................ Jan. 1, 1984 to Dec 31 1987 16,000................ Aug. 21, 1983 to June 17, 1986 (July 28, 1985) 8,000 June 1, 1984 to May 31, 1986 7 100 Apr. 1, 1984 to Mar. 31, 1986 Teamsters (Ind.); Longshoremen and W arehousem en.............. 25,000 June 1, 1982 to June 1, 1985 9,600 ...................... at& t Illinois Bell Telephone C o .. . . Electric, gas, and sanitary services Pacific Gas and Electric Co (ca) . . Consolidated Edison Co. of New York Inc. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. . . Southern California Gas Co.. . . Wholesale trade— nondurable goods Industrial Employers and Distributors Assn, (ca) ........................... General merchandise stores Montgomery Ward and Co................... R H Macy & Co., Inc......................... Woodward & Lothrop, Inc.............. Teamsters ( In d .)........................ Retail, Wholesale and Department Store ........................ Food and Commercial Workers. . . Food stores Food Employers Council, Inc. (ca) ............. Food and Commercial Workers. . . Food Employers Council of Northern C alifornia........................... Food and Commercial Workers. . . Shoprite, Pathmark, Grand Union, and Foodtown stores ( nj) .............. Food and Commercial W orkers. . 5 percent 65,000................ July 30, 1984 to Aug. 2, 1987 July: 1.7 percent 22 000 Mar. 1, 1983 to Feb. 28, 1986 Mar.: 50 cents 21,000. . Apr. 9, 1984 to Apr. 3, 1987 Apr.. 41.7 cents Dec.: 12.5 cents Sept. 30, 1983 to Sept. 30, 1986 Mar.: 14 cents Sept.: 28 cents 14,000................ Sept. 1, 1982 to June 1, 1985 Hotels, rooming houses, camps, and other lodging places Hotel Association of New York City . . . Nevada Resort Assn. (Resort hotels) Casino hotels in Atlantic City (nj) ........... Greater Chicago Hotel and Motel Assn, ( il) Council of Hawaii H otels................ Various u n io n s ................ Hotel Employees and Restaurant Em ployees........................ Hotel Employees and Restaurant Em ployees................................ Hotel Employees and Restaurant Em ployees................................... Hotel Employees and Restaurant E m ployees................................... Business services Service Employers Assn, (ny) ................ Service Employees................... Massachusetts Maintenance Contractors Assn, (building cleaning)................... Service Employees........................ Associated Guard and Patrol Agencies (il) . . Service Employees........................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June: 5.5 percent Apr.: 5 percent Jan.: Food and Commercial W orkers. . Insurance Prudential Insurance Co. of America . . . Food and Commercial W orkers. . . John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. . . Food and Commercial Workers. . . Real estate Realty Advisory Board on Labor Relations (apartment agreement) ( ny) ...................... Service Employees.............. Realty Advisory Board on Labor Relations (Commericial agreement) (ny) ................... Service Employees................ Building Managers Assn, of Chicago . . Service Employees........... 3 percent 6 percent 18 000 Hotel Employees and Restaurant Em ployees................... Jan: Jan.: Jewel Food Stores ( il) ................ Ladies' Garment Workers . . . Eating and drinking places Restaurant-Hotel Employee Council ( ca) . . . Hotel Employees and Restaurant Em ployees........................ Aug.: 1.4 percent average Aug.: 1.4 percent average Aug. 1, 1983 to July 31, 1986 Retail, Wholesale and Department Store ................................ Apparel and accessory stores Women Apparel Chain Store Assn. Aug. Aug.: 1.4 percent average Aug.: 1.4 percent average Mar.: 59 cents Oct.: 46 cents 6,000................ Feb. 1. 1982 to Jan. 31, 1985 5,500. . . Feb. 1, 1983 to Feb. 1, 1986 Waldbaum, Food-a-rama, Bohack, and others ( ny) .............................. San Mateo Hotel Restaurant Employers Assn............................... Month and amount of 1985 specified wage increase Paperworkers........................ Longshoremen's Association . . . New England Telephone and Telegraph Co. Technologies, Inc. (installers and job clerks).............................................. Month of 1985 COLA Duration of agreement5 6,500................ July 1, 1982 to June 30, 1985 17.800................ Mar. 15, 1982 to Mar 15 1986 (Mar. 15, 1985) 5 200 Jan. 1, 1984 to Dec. 31, 1986 Jan.: 4.5 percent average 16,000................ Sept. 26, 1983 to Sept. 23, 1985 5,000: ............. July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1987 20,000................ Apr. 21, 1982 to Apr. 20, 1985 18,000 . . 6,000. . . . Jan. 1, 1984 to Dec. 31, 1986 Mar. 26, 1984 to Sept. 28, 1986 Jan.: 60 cents Mar.: 25 cents Nov.: 35 cents 25,000................ Jan. 1, 1981 to June 1, 1985 (June 1, 1984) 25,000................ May 2, 1984 to May 4, 1989 May: 10 cents 9,000................ Apr. 1, 1983 to Dec. 31, 1987 Jan.: $1 to $2 a day 8,100................ Mar. 1, 1984 to Feb. 28, 1987 Mar.: 4 percent Jan.: 60 cents 12,000................ Sept. 15, 1983 to Sept. 14, 1988 (Sept. 15, 1986) 36,000. . . . Jan. 1, 1984 to Dec. 31, 1986 7,000. . . . Sept, 1, 1984 to Aug. 31, 1987 6,400................ Jan. 1, 1984 to Dec. 31, 1986 (Jan. 1, 1985) Inn . Jan. Sept.: 20 cents Table 3. C o n tinued— D uration and w age adjustm ent provisions of sele c te d 1 m ajor co llective bargaining agreem ents M o n th Num ber In d u s try 2 a n d e m p lo y e r of U n io n 3 D u ra tio n of o f a g r e e m e n t5 1985 w o rk e rs 4 COLA M o n th a n d a m o u n t o f 1 9 8 5 s p e c ifie d w a g e in c re a s e Motion pictures Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers................................................. Various unions 26,000. Aug. 1, 1982 to July 31, 1985 Amusement and recreation services, except motion pictures Walt Disney World/Epcot Center (fl) Phonograph Record Labor........................ Various unions Musicians . . . 8,000 6 , 000 . May 1, 1983 to Oct. 26, 1985 Dec. 1, 1983 to Nov. 30, 1986 Dec.: 5 percent 50.000. 15.000. July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1986 Apr. 1, 1984 to Mar. 31, 1986 July: July: 5 percent 7 percent Service Employees. 6,850. Apr. 1, 1984 to Mar. 31, 1987 Apr. 5 percent Service Employees. 6,400. Oct. 30, 1983 to Oct. 25, 1986 Oct.: 5 percent 27,500. 19,750. 17.000. Apr. 1, 1982 to Mar. 31, 1985 Sept. 1, 1982 to Aug. 31, 1985 Sept. 1, 1983 to Aug. 31, 1985 Mar.: 6 16,200. 16.000. July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1985 July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1985 13.000. 11 .000 . July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1986 July 1, 1983 to June 30, 1985 July: 8 10 , 000 . Jan. 1, 1983 to Dec. 31, 1986 Jan.: 5 percent July: 3 percent 10,000. Oct. 17, 1983 to Sept. 1, 1986 (May 15, 1984) 000 . July 1, 1984 to June 30, 1986 (July 1, 1985) Health services League of Voluntary Hospitals and Homes ( n v ) ................................................................................... Greater NY Health Care Facilities Assn. . . Kaiser Permanente (clerical, service, maintenance, and technical)................... Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program ( ca) .................................................................... Retail, Wholesale and Department Store ........................................... Service Employees........................ S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t Transport W orkers................ Teachers ................................ Service Employees................ State, County and Municipal Em ployees........................ Dade County Board of Education Teachers (fl) Teachers ................................. State, County and Municipal Philadelphia City Em ployees...................... Em ployees........................ Teachers ................................. Detroit Board of Education Teachers . . . . . . State, County and Municipal Dade County Metropolitan General Classified E m ployees........................ (fl) .................................................................... New York City Transit Authority........... Philadelphia School District................... Los Angeles County C le rica l................ Minnesota State Multidepartment U n it. Los Angeles Board of Education Paraprofessionals................... Service Employees. Detroit Multidepartment Non-supervisory em ployees..................................................... State, County and Municpal E m ployees........................ , Selection based on the contracts with the highest employment in the industrial classification, with at least 5,000 workers or more. 2Based on 1972 standard industrial classification. 3Unions are affiliated with the afl- cio, except where noted as independent (Ind.). Supplements to the National Master Freight Agreement differed by area but generally provided for new employees to start at 70 percent of the pay rate for their job and move in steps to the top rate after 3 years of service. Previously, new employees generally received the full rate of pay im mediately. The supplements also provided relaxed work rules including a “ nonstandard” workweek that eliminated some premium pay. t m i requested further changes to the National Master Freight Agreement in April 1983 but, these were rejected by the union leadership. In November 1983, t m i and the union, under the leadership of Jackie Presser, agreed to a wageand-benefit cost cutting plan aimed at aiding the industry. The plan was rejected by the union membership by a margin of almost 9 to 1. Information on 1985 demands is not available. However, it is anticipated that the union will press for a pay increase and restraints on unionized firms establishing nonunion sub sidiaries. Other union demands may include the restoration of semiannual cost-of-living reviews, pension increases, and job security provisions, t m i is likely to seek lower starting wages for newly hired employees plus work rule changes which will cut costs. The smaller carriers, which are no longer members of t m i , are seeking a settlement that will be less expensive https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis percent percent 4Number of workers at time agreement was reached. C ontract effective date to expiration date. Reopening date is in parenthesis. Allocation between wages and benefits will be determined by the union. than that reached by the large carriers. The smaller carriers argue that they need special considerations to remain in business. Some observers believe, however, that these car riers would agree to terms similar to those reached by t m i because they would be unable to withstand a strike if the larger companies are operating. Rubber Major contracts between the United Rubber, Cork, Lin oleum and Plastic Workers of America (Rubber Workers) and the “ Big Four” tiremakers: Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., B.F. Goodrich Co., and Uniroyal, Inc., are up for renewal April 20, 1985. In the past, bargaining has been conducted separately with each company, after the Rubber Workers selected a “ target” from among the “ Big Four” to set the pattern for the in dustry. In 1982, however, because of the threat of bankruptcy, Uniroyal reached an early agreement with the Rubber Work ers to accept the same provisions as the pattern setter. Sub sequently, the Rubber Workers reached an agreement with B.F. Goodrich Co. that set the pattern for settlements at Goodyear and Firestone as well as Uniroyal. The Goodrich contract provided no specified wage ad justments. However, the automatic quarterly cost-of-living 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Bargaining Activity in 1985 adjustments were continued, calculated at 1 cent for each 0.26-point movement in the Consumer Price Index for Ur ban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( c p i - w ). Pension and sickness and accident insurance were improved, in cluding a 6-month increase (to 30 months), in the period during which laid-oif employees would retain life and health insurance. However, in some Firestone and Goodrich plants troubled with possible layoffs and plant closings, workers accepted wage cuts and suspension of c o l a clauses. In exchange, the Rubber Workers won the right to early warn ings of financial problems at these plants. Since the last negotiations, the rubber industry has re vitalized and capacity utilization is high. All plants are on a flat 3-shift, 7-day-a-week operation with no employees working overtime. There have been fewer layoffs. Since 1982, only two Firestone and Goodyear plants, both pro ducers of bias ply tires, have closed. The health of the rubber tire industry has always been closely linked to the automobile industry, which is still struggling with foreign competition. Thus, although goals for upcoming negotiations have not yet been formulated, it is expected that job security and improved pension benefits will be key objectives. Construction Approximately 384,000 workers covered by 170 collec tive bargaining agreements in the construction industry will face contract expirations or scheduled reopeners in 1985. These agreements account for 35 percent of all construction workers under major agreements, and 16 percent of the workers under private sector contracts scheduled for ne gotiation in 1985. Negotiations in the industry are often conducted by em ployer associations,4 which individual companies join for bargaining and other purposes. Unions negotiate along craft lines.5 Settlements in the industry generally reflect regional patterns. Although the industry’s unemployment rate is down to 13.8 percent for September 1984, compared with 18.1 per cent in September 1983 and 21.8 percent in September 1982, it is still high relative to other industries. As in recent years, unemployment and nonunion competition increased pres sure to moderate wage demands and reduce employer costs in 1984. Many contracts provided benefit changes without affording any wage changes. Construction agreements reached in the first 9 months of 1984 provided the smallest wage and compensation adjustments for any first 3-quarter period since such data were first compiled in 1968. Wage adjust ments averaged 0.9 percent for the first contract year and 1.2 percent annually over the life of the contracts; corre sponding adjustments in compensation (wage and benefit costs) averaged 1.2 percent and 1.4 percent. The last time these same parties bargained, average wage adjustments were 6.2 percent in the first year and 5.3 percent over the contract life. 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A variety of approaches were tried by labor and man agement to reduce employer costs in 1984 and make union firms more competitive with their nonunion rivals. These included lower wage rates for new projects than for projects already underway; lower regular rates for new hires; mod ified vacation and overtime rates; modified work rules; for feiture of scheduled deferred payments, and lower wage rates for projects valued below a specified amount. (This last arrangement is intended to allow unionized employers to compete with nonunion employers on small contracts, while, at the same time, maintain wage levels on the larger contracts for which nonunion firms may be too small to compete.) Unless the industry’s economic climate improves, bargaining in 1985 can expect to follow the same trends set since 1983. Apparel Although the women’s and men’s apparel industry agree ments expire at different times (May and September, re spectively), and the negotiations involve different employer bargaining associations and unions, bargainers for both sets of contracts face similar economic conditions and con straints. Average annual unemployment in apparel (and other textile products) increased from 11.5 percent in 1980 and 1981 to 15.4 percent in 1982 and declined to 12.4 percent in 1983. In 1984, seasonally adjusted unemployment has ranged from 12.7 percent in January to 8.3 percent in May, with a 10.5-percent rate for October, the last month re ported. Employment has remained relatively stable, declin ing slightly from 1.3 million workers in 1980 to 1.2 million in 1983. Workers in the women’s apparel industry will be repre sented by the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union which will negotiate with several employer groups including the Affiliated Dress Manufacturers Association, Apparel Manufacturers Association, New York Coat and Suit As sociation, New York Shirt and Sportswear Association, and Popular Price Dress Contractors Association. The Amal gamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union will negotiate on behalf of workers in men’s apparel covered by the Cloth ing Manufacturers Association and parties to the Cotton Garments Contracts. In the last round of negotiations in 1982, the women’s apparel agreements provided for a $1.10 hourly wage in crease over 3 years and established a cost-of-living clause. The c o l a clause provided for a 10-cent adjustment in Feb ruary 1984 if the c p i - w rose 8.5 percent between June 1, 1982, and December 1, 1983, plus 5 cents for each 0.5percent point increase in the index, up to a 25-cent maxi mum. No c o l a payment was made. The men’s and boys’ clothing agreement provided hourly wage increases of $1.05 over 3 years. The automatic costof-living adjustment formula provided for adjustments in June 1983 if the c p i - w rose 4.8 percent from December 1981 to December 1982 and another adjustment in June 1984 if the index rose 5.4 percent from December 1982 to December 1983. The c p i - w increased 3.9 percent in 1982 and 3.3 percent in 1983, hence, no c o l a payments were made. Over the past several years, the apparel industry has faced stiff foreign competition. The industry has sought to chal lenge the imports through government trade restrictions and a voluntary “ buy American’’ campaign. However, as the industry approaches this year’s negotiations, serious trade problems remain. For example, the value of imported wear ing apparel has steadily increased from $5.8 billion in 1979 to $9.5 billion in 1983. Electrical industry Agreements covering 217,000 workers are scheduled to expire in the electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies industry. The largest contracts will be negotiated at the General Electric Co. in June (covering 80,000 employees) and at Westinghouse Electric Corp. in July (covering 35,000 employees). Other large bargaining units that will be in volved in negotiations in 1985 include: Hughes Aircraft Co., with 12,000 employees; and Radio Corporation of America and American Telephone and Telegraph Technologies, each with about 10,000 employees. Negotiations with General Electric and Westinghouse will be conducted by the Coordinated Bargaining Committee of General Electric and Westinghouse unions which represents 13 labor organizations.6 Under the Coordinated Bargaining Committee, each union negotiates its own contract or con tracts but coordinates proposals and exchanges information. Contract negotiations will start at General Electric. In the previous round of negotiations, General Electric settled on June 27, 1982, with the International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Technical, Salaried and Machine Workers (Electronic Workers) and the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers (Electrical Workers, u e ). Shortly thereafter, the 11 other unions of the Coordinated Bargaining Committee reached agreements on the same terms. Later, Westinghouse agreed to essentially the same wage and benefit terms; however, there were some significant differences in the pension plan. The General Electric contract enhanced job security through several contract provisions. These included: a 6-month no tice of plant closings and 60 days notice of the introduction of new automation or robots; 26 weeks retention of wage rates for workers shifted to lower paying jobs because of shutdowns or automation; an improved lump-sum severance payment formula; job placement assistance and up to $1,800 for education and retraining for displaced workers; com pany-financed medical insurance for employees age 50 and over with 25 or more years of service who are affected by plant closings; and vested pension rights for workers with at least 7 years service who are affected by shutdowns. The agreement also provided a 7-percent pay increase in June 1982 and 3 percent increases in 1983 and 1984. The https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis automatic semiannual cost-of-living adjustment was im proved to provide a 1-cent per hour increase for each 0 . 175percent rise in the c p i - w . The pension, health insurance, life insurance and vacation plans were also improved. Unemployment in the electrical products industry has steadily decreased since the last negotiations, from 10.7 percent in September 1982 to 7.3 percent in September 1983 to 5.3 percent in September 1984. However, serious prob lems still affect the industry: foreign competition is strong with some competitors building plants in the United States; low sales of heavy duty generators and transmission equip ment continue, as utilities are scaled back and old equipment is retained; and the new housing market, which accounts for about one-third of unit sales of major appliances, has been weak. Bargaining demands will not be made final until about March 1985, but the unions have announced general goals, focusing on job security which continues to be threatened by plant shutdowns and automation. The unions intend to tighten severance and other security benefits negotiated in 1982 that they claim have been undercut by employee layoffs prior to shutdown notices. They may also propose a shorter workweek as a solution to fewer jobs and increased auto mation. The industry is expected to demand reductions in health care insurance costs. Automobiles—Chrysler Corp. The contract between Chrysler Corp. and the United Au tomobile, Aerospace and Agricultural, Implement Workers of America ( u a w ) , covering 80,000 employees, is due to expire October 15, 1985. Although there was some attempts to seek an early agreement following the conclusion of na tional agreements at General Motors Corp. and Ford Motor Co. in October 1984, contract talks with Chrysler have yet to be initiated. Before 1979, the u a w bargained individually with each of the major auto firms, targeting one of the “ Big Three” companies ( g m , Ford, and Chrysler) to get a pattern-setting agreement. On October 25, 1979, the u a w accepted some deviation from the industry pattern to help improve financial conditions at Chrysler Corp. Further cost concessions, which qualified Chrysler for Federal loan guarantees, resulted from January 1980 and January 1981 negotiations. As a result of these negotiations, there were substantial differences between Chrysler Corp.’s wage and benefit pro visions and those of Ford and g m . However, in December 1982, Chrysler agreed to a contract that reduced some of this disparity. The demand for further contract improvement was prompted by the early pay back of the $1.2 billion Federal loan, and a $482 million profit for the first 6 months of 1983. In September 1983, the u a w and Chrysler reached an agree ment providing wage and benefit improvements that elim inated the existing differences with g m and Ford. However, it did not address contract changes that might result from 21 M 0N1H LY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Bargaining Activity in 1985 1984 g m and Ford negotiations. Reflecting concern over job security matters, the 1984 g m settlement established a new Job Security Program, which guarantees that workers with at least 1 year of service would not to be laid off because of new technology, outsourcing, negotiated productivity improvements, work shifted from one g m plant to another, or the consolidation of component production. One specified wage increase and a $180 “ Spe cial Payment” was made, effective immediately. Lump-sum “ Performance Bonus” payments are scheduled for October of 1985 and 1986. The cost-of-living adjustment formula was continued, but will be calculated on the 1967-based U.S. Consumer Price Index only, instead of the combined U.S.-Canadian c p i . Among other improvements, the pact contained profit-sharing payments, a guaranteed income stream for laid-off workers, and increased funding for Sup plemental Unemployment Benefits. A similar contract was later negotiated for Ford employees. At the upcoming talks with Chrysler, u a w negotiators will be faced with the expiration of import restraints in April 1985, as well as the company’s goal of maintaining current levels of production with fewer workers. Of the 250,000 th e Tab le 4. industry auto workers laid-off between 1979 and 1982 as a result of sales slumps and the growth of imports, more than 60,000 are still on layoff. Nevertheless, Chrysler workers may again demand parity with g m and Ford. State and local government During 1985, 288 contracts, covering 1.1 million State and local government workers expire or will be reopened. Of these, 161 covering 607,000 workers will terminate in June. Negotiations are scheduled for 96 expiring contracts covering 596,000 State workers, compared with 196 con tracts covering 544,000 local government workers. These contracts cover 75 percent of the State workers under major agreements, in contrast to 44 percent of local government employees. Seventy-two percent of the State government employees under expiring agreements work in general administrative agencies, 10 percent in social service departments, and the remainder in education, hospitals, transportation, and pro tective services. States with heavy bargaining calendars in clude New York with 26 percent and Pennsylvania with 17 percent of the State workers up for negotiation. S cheduled deferred w age adjustm ents in 1985 under agreem ents in m ajor collective bargaining agreem ents by N um ber S e le c te d in d u s try of a g r e e m e n ts T o t a l ............................................................................................................................................. All private nonagricultural in d u s trie s ............................................................... Manufacturing 2 ............................................................................................... Food and kindred p ro d u cts....................................................................... Apparel and other finished p ro d u c ts ....................................................... Paper and allied produ cts......................................................................... M etalw orking............................................................................................... Nonmanufacturing 3 .......................................................................................... Construction............................................................................................. Transportation, communications and gas and electric utilities........... Wholesale and retail trade.......................................................................... S e rvice s........................................................................................................ State and local governm ent............................................................................... 843 684 283 33 10 31 124 401 175 88 78 46 159 N um ber T o t a l ............................................................................................................................................ 'Percent of straight-time average hourly earnings. T o ta l W ith COLA W ith o u t COLA (th o u s a n d s ) C e n ts P e r c e n t1 C e n ts P e r c e n t1 3,790 3,267 1,071 59 56 52 670 2,196 510 908 355 264 524 52.1 50.6 40.8 42.6 32.1 57.1 38.8 55.4 79.5 49.1 39.5 65.6 60.9 4.0 3.7 3.7 4.3 5.4 5.0 3.3 3.8 4.7 32.1 31.8 38.6 33.5 30.0 __ 38.2 25.6 83.8 18.7 23.7 61.2 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.4 5.2 M e d ia n a d ju s tm e n t All private nonagricultural in d u s trie s ............................................................... Manufacturing 2 ..................................................................................... Food and kindred p ro d u cts....................................................................... Apparel and other finished p ro d u c ts ....................................................... Paper and allied p rodu cts......................................................................... M etalw orking............................................................................................... Nonmanufacturing 3 .......................................................................................... Construction.................................................................................................. Transportation, communications and gas and electric utilities........... Wholesale and retail trade.......................................................................... S ervices........................................................................................................ State and local governm ent............................................................................... M e a n a d ju s tm e n t of w o rk e rs 2 .8 4.3 5.2 5.5 6 6 .2 C e n ts P e r c e n t1 6 6 .0 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.5 6.4 5.0 4.4 4.7 4.7 67.6 45.9 44.3 39.7 57.1 43.3 72.7 79.1 146.2 39.7 66.4 60.8 3.1 2 .1 5.0 1 .6 2.3 6.4 4.1 M e a n in c r e a s e 6 .6 4.3 5.0 5.6 M e a n d ecrease C en ts P e r c e n t1 C e n ts P e r c e n t1 C e n ts P e r c e n t1 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.8 30.0 56.3 40.0 35.0 77.0 16.4 41.9 53.2 57.5 3.6 3.1 3.1 4.0 5.4 5.0 3.1 3.4 5.0 1.4 4.1 5.0 52.4 51.1 40.8 42.6 32.1 57.1 38.8 56.1 82.0 49.1 39.5 65.6 60.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 4.3 5.4 5.0 3.3 3.8 4.9 -7 7 .5 - 7 7 .5 - 5 .5 - 5 .5 6 .0 _ — _ -7 7 .5 (4) - 5 .5 2 .8 4.3 5.2 5.5 (4) — to ensure confidentiality of data, and 46,000 workers in the finance, insurance and real estate industries. includ es workers in the following indurstry groups for which data are not shown sep arately to ensure confidentiality of earnings data: tobacco (18,000); textiles (3,000); lumber 4Data do not meet publication criteria. (48.000) ; printing (27,000); chemicals (26,000); petroleum (25,000); rubber (1,000); leather Note: Workers are distributed according to the average adjustment for all workers in (16.000) ; stone, clay and concrete (53,000); instruments (13,000); miscellaneous man each bargaining situation considered. Deferred wage increases include guaranteed minimum ufacturing (3,000). adjustments under cost-of-living clauses. Because of rounding, sums of individual items includ es 111,000 workers in the mining industry for which data are not shown separately may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no workers. 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis adjustment averages 4.4 percent. The following tabulation shows specified wage adjustments and specified wage ad justments including c o l a ’ s in private and State and local government contracts expiring in 1985: Tab le 5. D istribution of w orkers scheduled to receive deferred w ag e in creases in 1985 under m ajor collective bargainin g ag reem ents, by industry and am ount of increase [Workers in thousands] In c r e a s e P riv a te n o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s A ll in d u s trie s T o ta l M anu fa c tu r in g Nonm anufa c tu r in g S ta te and lo c a l g o v e rn m ent C e n ts p e r h o u r Under 15 c e n ts ...................... 15 and under 20...................... 20 and under 25...................... 25 and under 30...................... 30 and under 35...................... 153 767 80 257 252 35 40 45 50 60 4 0 ...................... 4 5 ...................... 50...................... 6 0 ...................... 70...................... 182 493 70 and under 80...................... 80 and under 90...................... 90 and under 1 0 0 ................... 1 0 0 and under 1 1 0 ................ 1 1 0 and under 1 2 0 ................ 1 2 0 and o v e r........................... 212 and and and and and under under under under under 139 745 61 241 217 121 466 171 297 211 357 291 221 94 31 14 47 129 45 713 41 193 87 74 378 91 63 59 46 89 80 234 162 61 27 40 60 70 44 31 13 18 20 22 20 16 36 168 24 46 169 36 133 53 115 55 59 187 48 172 2 22 15 9 3 1 31 160 33 131 Under 2 percent...................... 2 and under 3 ......................... 3 and under 4 ......................... 4 and under 5 ......................... 5 and under 6 ........................ 1,075 281 705 347 538 1,046 232 661 325 442 134 107 472 130 113 912 125 189 195 329 29 49 44 and under 7 ......................... 7 and under 8 ......................... 8 and under 9 ......................... 9 and under 10 ...................... 1 0 and under 1 1 ...................... 11 and under 1 2 ...................... 1 2 and over.............................. 440 250 77 23 16 316 152 19 72 36 244 117 18 124 98 58 12 39 P e r c e n t1 6 Number of workers (in thousands)................... Number of agreements . . . 21 23 16 3 23 3,780 840 3,256 681 6 1 — 22 96 1 21 5 1 — 1,071 283 11 — 23 3 — 2,185 398 524 159 2 1Percent of straight-time hourly earnings. N ote: Workers are distributed according to the average adjustment for all workers in each bargaining situation considered. Deferred wage increases include guaranteed minimum adjustments under cost-of-living clauses. Because of rounding, sums of in dividual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no workers. Contracts expiring in 1985 ......... With C O L A ............................................... Without C O L A ......................................... Private in d ustry ....................... With C O L A ................................... Without C O L A .......................... State and local governm en t With C O L A ................................... Without C O L A .......................... Wage changes of expiring agreements Contracts expiring in 1985 will yield average annual spec ified wage adjustments of 4.1 percent over their term. When c o l a adjustments through October 1984 are included, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Specified adjustm ent, p lu s COLA 4.1 3.1 4.9 3 .7 3.1 4.6 5.1 4.2 5.1 4.4 3 .8 4.9 4.1 3 .8 4.6 5.1 4.2 5.1 P r i v a t e in d u s t r y s p e c i f i e d w a g e c h a n g e s a v e r a g e 3 . 7 p e r c e n t a n n u a lly , b u t in c r e a s e s to 4 .1 th r o u g h O c to b e r c o l a ’s percent w h en c o l a ’s 1 9 8 4 a r e i n c l u d e d . In a ll c o n t r a c t s w it h , s p e c ifie d c h a n g e s w e r e 3 .1 p e r c e n t w ith c o l a ’s raising the level to 3.8 percent over the contract term. As suming no significant deviations from the current trend in the CPI, the overall adjustment in private industry contracts with c o l a ’ s will be less than the 4.6-percent specified ad justment in noncoLA contracts for the third consecutive year. For contracts expiring prior to 1983, overall average wage adjustments for contracts with c o l a ’ s always ex ceeded those in contracts without c o l a ’ s . In State and local government contracts, specified changes were 5.1 percent. Contracts with c o l a ’ s covered such a Table 6. D eferred w age increases scheduled in 1985 in m ajor collective bargaining situations, by m onth [Workers In thousands] E ffe c tiv e m o n th In local government, employees in education account for 61 percent of the workers scheduled for renegotiated con tracts. Employees in general administration account for an other 20 percent and workers in hospitals, housing agencies, and protective services make up the balance. In general, local government agreements are dispersed among many jurisdictions. About 14 percent of the local government workers slated for 1985 negotiations are em ployed by Los Angeles County. The remainder are distrib uted among other jurisdictions. Specified adjustm ent W o rk e rs c o v e re d Total 19851 ................... 24 ,189 January......................................... 568 F eb rua ry...................................... M arch............................................ A p ril............................................... M a y ............................................... Ju n e ............................................... 377 294 241 232 375 J u ly ............................................... 629 A u g u s t......................................... Septem ber.................................... O ctober......................................... 822 196 309 N ovem ber.................................... D ecem ber.................................... 69 79 P r in c ip a l in d u s trie s Construction, petroleum refineries, men’s apparel, State and local government Steel Food stores, automobiles Construction, food stores, glass Construction Lumber, construction, gas and electric utilities Construction, food stores, hospitals, State and local government Telephone, electrical products Automobiles, food stores Coal mines, aerospace, east and gulf coast longshoring Food stores T otal is smaller than the sum of individual items because 433,000 workers are scheduled to receive more than one increase. It is based on data available as of October 1984, and thus may understate the number of workers scheduled to receive deferred increases for the entire year. 10,600 workers are scheduled to have a deferred wage decrease in 1985. includ es 524,000 workers under state and local government agreements. 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Bargaining Activity in 1985 small proportion of the workers as to have no measurable impact on the overall data. Some contracts in both private industry and government expiring in 1985 provide for c o l a reviews after October 1984. However, it is unlikely that future adjustments would significantly alter these averages. Scheduled wage changes in 1985 About 3.8 million of the 9.4 million workers under major agreements are scheduled to receive deferred wage adjust ments in 1985— 44 percent of the private sector workers T able 7. 26 percent of the State and local government workers. (See tables 4, 5, and 6.) Only three bargaining units, all in the private sector, covering 10,600 workers call for deferred decreases. Lump-sum payments, which are not incorporated into the wage rates, are not included in this series. Deferred adjustments (increases and decreases) will av erage 52.1 cents, or 4.0 percent. Adjustments in private industry will be proportionately lower than those in the public sector (3.7 versus 5.5 percent). In private industry, deferred increases alone will average 3.8 percent, the small est percent increase since this information was first compiled in 1970. P revalence of cost-of-living adjustm ent clauses in m ajor collective bargaining agreem ents, O ctober 1984 All agreements 1972 sic Code 10 11 12 15 16 17 Private nonagricultural ind u strie s.............................................. Metal mining ........................................... Anthracite mining.................................................... Bituminous coal and lignite m in in g ................................ Building construction general contractors................................... Construction other than building co nstru ctio n........................... 23 Construction-special trade contractors......................................... Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ................................ Tobacco manufacturing.................................................... Textile mill products.............................................. Apparel and other finished products........................................... 24 25 26 27 28 Lumber and wood products except fu rn itu re ................... Furniture and fix tu re s......................................................... Paper and allied products Printing, publishing, and allied industries................................ Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts ........................................... 29 30 31 32 33 Petroleum refining and related industries Rubber and miscellaneous p la s tic s ........................................... Leather and leather p ro d u cts...................................... Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products........................... Primary metals in d u strie s................................................. 34 35 36 37 38 20 21 22 45 57 83 7,404 25 21 11 Number 1 1 8 1 1 100 105 464 322 100 1 7 13 42 62 9 19 164 76 5 9 40 311 230 18 29 332 10 24 97 18 5 299 100 10 55 1 2 3 7 47 25 33 12 2 3 21 143 18 12 11 o 19 5 1 26 12 7 24 13 33 58 27 10 52 oy o 24 54 64 387 94 97 23 35 48 64 3 52 116 331 843 5 2 3 394 18 431 17 11 22 39 40 41 42 44 45 Miscellaneous manufacturing indu stries...................................... Railroad transportation...................................................... Local and urban tra n sit................................................. Motor freight transportation................................................. Water transportation...................................................... Transportation by a i r ...................................................... 9 26 5 16 18 38 14 394 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 Com m unications......................................................... Electric, gas, and sanitary services...................................... Wholesale— durables............................................................ Wholesale trade— nondurables........................................... Retail trade— general m erchandise...................................... Food s to re s .................................................................... Automotive dealers and service stations................................ 42 75 3 68 21 433 83 163 o 26 3 15 4 4 10 77 86 89 92 24 21 100 100 11 7 24 13 643 53 89 1 26 1j 35 16 94 723 248 7 36 59 456 6 8 0 2 8 15 5 o o 82 57 15 98 402 530 2,044 8 20 2 10 21 8 8 4 46 46 11 17 47 3 1 6 all private nonagricultural industries and State and local government. Note: Due to rounding, sums of individual Items may not equal totals, and percentages may not reflect shown ratios. Dashes Indicate absence of cost-of-llving coverage. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -|7 90 74 46 67 134 373 913 24 8 4? 66 35 43 65 82 1 1ncludes 4,244 4,197 9,448 1,518 Fabricated metal p ro d u cts.............................................. Machinery, except electrical...................................................... Electrical machinery equipment and supplies...................................... Transportation eq uipm ent.............................................. Instruments and related p ro d u cts ........................................... State and local government 509 492 2,048 398 Apparel and accessory stores Eating and drinking places................................................. Miscellaneous retail stores............................................................ Finance, Insurance, and real e s ta te .............................. Services................................................................................. Percent of workers covered by cola clauses Workers covered (thousands) 27 62 56 58 59 60-65 70-89 Workers covered (thousands) Number Industry1 T o ta -......................................................................... Agreements with cola clauses Contracts with cola ’s generally provide smaller deferred wage increases than those without because they are nego tiated in anticipation of the cola generating some wage increases. For 1985, the deferred wage adjustment will av erage 2.7 percent for agreements with cola , compared to 4.9 percent for those without cola clauses. Cost-of-living adjustments. cola clauses are designed pri marily to help workers recover purchasing power lost through price increases. Some cola clauses, however, also decrease wages if prices drop. Wage adjustments are based on a measure of price change, usually the cpi-w . The size of the cola wage change varies, depending on the formula used in adjustment calculations, the timing of reviews, whether T able 8. or not maximum amounts (“ caps” ) are specified, and if the formula provides for cola decreases. As of October 1984, 45 percent (4.2 million) of the 9.4 million workers under major agreements were covered by c o ^a clauses. (See table 7.) Only 2 percent of the public sector workers have cola coverage, compared with 57 per cent in the private sector. Historical data on cola coverage are available only for private industry. They show that the number of private in dustry workers affected by cola clauses has been decreasing steadily since 1977, largely because of declining employ ment in industries where cola clauses are common. The following tabulation shows the number of workers under major private sector contracts and the number and percent covered by cola clauses, 1971-85 (numbers in millions): Frequency and tim ing of 1985 cost-of-living review s in m ajor collective bargaining situations [Workers in thousands] T h ird q u a r te r S e c o n d q u a r te r F irs t q u a rte r F re q u e n c y o f re v ie w N u m b e r of a g r e e m e n ts W o rk e rs c o v e re d N u m b e r of a g r e e m e n ts W o rk e rs c o v e re d N u m b e r of a g r e e m e n ts W o rk e rs c o v e re d 195 159 19 17 — 1,377 1,143 91 143 — 203 148 14 41 — 1,373 1,109 51 213 — 190 140 38 — 1,814 1,060 32 722 — 49 34 223 109 64 50 — 34 23 5 194 78 30 11 24 6 86 — 1,154 1,034 27 93 — 169 125 9 35 — A ll a g r e e m e n ts 1 T o ta l.......................................................................................................... Quarterly............................................................................................................. Semiannual....................................................................................................... A nn ual............................................................................................................... Other2 ............................................................................................................... 12 A g r e e m e n ts e x p ir in g in 1 9 8 5 3 T o ta l.......................................................................................................... Quarterly............................................................................................................. Semiannual....................................................................................................... A nn ual............................................................................................................... Other2 ............................................................................................................... 10 5 — 9 20 4 2 — — — — — 1,179 1,031 179 131 1,790 1,040 28 722 — A g r e e m e n ts e x p ir in g in la te r y e a r s 4 T o ta l.......................................................................................................... Quarterly............................................................................................................. Semiannual....................................................................................................... A nn ual............................................................................................................... Other2 ............................................................................................................... 146 125 9 12 — 21 10 128 — 38 — F u ll y e a r 5 F o u rth q u a rte r N u m b e r of a g r e e m e n ts W o rk e rs c o v e re d N u m b e r of a g r e e m e n ts W o rk e rs c o v e re d 143 126 1,041 983 320 168 35 103 14 2,460 1,156 144 1,114 45 368 109 94 135 30 A ll a g r e e m e n ts 1 Total . Quarterly. . Semiannual Annual . . . Other2 . . . 10 22 7 — 36 — A g r e e m e n ts e x p ir in g in 1 9 8 5 3 Total . Quarterly. . Semiannual Annual . . . Other2 . . . — — 69 34 15 ___ — 11 — — 141 124 1,036 978 251 134 10 22 20 7 — 36 — 92 5 6 2 6 2 9 A g r e e m e n ts e x p ir in g in la t e r y e a r s 4 Total . . Quarterly. . Semiannual Annual . . . Other2 . . . ’ Includes seven State and local government agreements covering 12,000 workers. includ es monthly, combinations of annual and quarterly, combinations of annual and semiannual, and reviews dependent on the levels of the Consumer Price Index. includ es four State and local government agreements covering 6,500 workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2,092 1,047 51 978 15 4lncludes three State and local government agreements covering 5,700 workers. Agreements that have at least one review in the year. Note: Data include only cost-of-living reviews through the termination of the present agreement; does not assume continuation of reviews after expiration dates. 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Bargaining Activity in 1985 With Number under major private industry agreements Number Percent CO LA coverage 1971 19 7 2 1973 1974 1975 19 7 6 1977 1978 19 7 9 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 10.8 10.6 10.4 10 .2 10.3 10.1 9. 8 9. 6 9. 5 3.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 5 .3 6.0 6. 0 5. 8 5. 6 27.8 40.6 39.4 32.2 51.5 59.4 61.2 60.4 58.9 19 8 0 1981 1982 1983 19 84 1985 .... .... .... .... .... .... 9. 3 9. 1 9.0 8. 5 7. 9 7. 5 5. 4 5. 3 5. 1 4. 9 4. 5 4. 2 58.1 58.2 56.7 57.6 57.3 5 6 .7 About 3.9 million of the 4.2 million private and State and local workers with c o l a ’ s are covered by contracts that tie possible adjustment to the movement in the c p i for “ all cities.” An additional 215,000 workers are under contracts which use an index for an individual city. Prior to 1984, c o l a formulas relating wage changes to a combination of the U.S. and Canadian indices covered large numbers of workers, primarily in autos. However, the newest g m and Ford agreements cover only U.S. workers, so the combined index was dropped. Thus, only 80,000 workers (primarily Chrysler employees) currently receive c o l a adjustments based on a combined index. The most prevalent c o l a adjustment formula calls for a 1-cent per hour wage change for each 0.3-point change in the c p i . This formula is found in c o l a clauses for more than 1.5 million workers in industries such as railroads, trucking, and aerospace, c o l a clauses in major agreements in the automobile and rubber industries provide adjustments 1Prior to this year, this series was limited to private sector collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. 2The trucking industry was deregulated by the Motor Carrier Act of 1980. The act reduced regulation of the trucking industry by making it easier to be certified to operate a route, by allowing owner-operators to haul certain freight that was previously denied to them, and by decreasing collective rate making. 3The Chicago Truck Drivers, Helpers and Warehouse Workers Union (Ind.) and seven Teamster locals in the Chicago area have not participated in national bargaining in the past. Due to changes in t m i , the number of Teamsters locals not participating will increase in 1985. 4These include the Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Mechanical Contractors Association, the National Electrical Contractors Association, the Building Trades Employers Association, Painting and Decorating Contractors Association, and the Sheet Metal and Air Condi tioning Contractors National Association. 5 Major construction industry unions include the following a f l - c io affilated unions: International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftsmen; United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America; International Association o f Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers; United 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of 1 cent for each 0.26-point movement in the index they use; those in the electrical equipment industry provide 1 cent for each 0 . 1 75-percent change in the c p i ; and those in telephone communications call for adjustments of 55 cents a week plus 0.65 percent of the individual’s weekly rate for each 1 -percent increase in the c p i . Cost-of-living reviews are made at intervals specified in each clause. Fifty-eight percent of the workers covered by c o l a clauses will have at least one review in 1984. (See tables 7 and 8.) Annual and quarterly reviews each affect 1.1 million workers. Annual reviews are prevalent in the telephone communications and trucking industries, while quarterly reviews predominate in the automobile, aerospace, and steel industries. Semiannual reviews affect workers in railroads and electrical products. Employer cost increases from c o l a ’ s have been limited in some cases. For example, of the 4.2 million workers under contracts with c o l a ’ s , more than 800,000 are under clauses which have “ caps” or maximum limits. Other ap proaches to limit c o l a cost increases have included delays in payment and diversion of c o l a ’ s from wages to help finance benefits. More than 60,000 workers are covered by provisions for minimum or “ guaranteed” c o l a payments determined at the time the contracts were negotiated. These adjustments do not depend on the movement of a price index. Therefore the Bureau of Labor Statistics treats these amounts as spec ified adjustments and not as c o l a adjustments. B a r g a in in g a c t iv it y a n d s c h e d u l e d w a g e c h a n g e s may be different from that described here, especially if eco nomic conditions nationally or for individual industries or employers vary substantially from current projections. Ne gotiations will be carefully observed to see how employers and unions react to the effects of expiring contracts, current eco n o m ic circu m stan ces, and exp ectation s for the future. Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada; Laborer’s International Union of North America; and the Sheet Metal Worker’s International Associa tion— and the unaffiliated International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauf feurs Warehousemen and Helpers of America. 6The Coordinated Bargaining Committee was established in 1966. Cur rently, the committee is composed of 11 a f l - c io affiliated unions: Inter national Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America; United Brotherhood o f Carpenters and Joiners of America; International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Technical, Salaried and Machine Workers; International Broth erhood of Electrical Workers; International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers; American Flint Glass Workers’ Union of North America; Inter national Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers; United As sociation of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada; Sheet Metal Workers’ Inter national Association; International Union United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America; and the United Steel workers of America; and two independent unions— the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers o f America; and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America. State labor legislation enacted in 1984 Significant new labor standards legislation was enacted in a wide variety o f subject areas including minimum wage, child labor, employee right to information on toxic substances, mandatory retirement, and pay equity R ic h a r d R . N elso n As is often the case in even numbered years, when some legislatures do not meet in regular session and others meet in only special or abbreviated sessions, 1984 was not a heavy year in terms of the number of new State labor laws.1Despite this smaller volume, legislation was enacted in a wide va riety of subject areas and included several significant new laws.2 Considerable interest was shown concerning the rights of employees to receive information and training on toxic substances found in the workplace, on garnishment and assignment of wages for dependent support payments, on resident employee and contractor preference on public con struction, and on pay equity for jobs of comparable worth. Major laws were also enacted in the fields of child labor, mandatory retirement and age discrimination, whistleblower protection, private employment agencies, and minimum wage. Minimum wage rates were increased in seven jurisdic tions in 1984, with increases in Arkansas, Colorado, and Illinois and for some workers in the District of Columbia resulting from automatic increases provided for by previous enactments. Revised mandatory decrees in Puerto Rico raised minimum rates to varying levels for workers in several in dustries, and a wage order revision in the District of Co lumbia raised the minimum wage rate for private household Richard R. Nelson is a State standards adviser in the Division of State Employment Standards Programs, Office of State Liaison and Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U.S. Department of La bor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers from $3.50 to $3.90 per hour. New legislation increased minimum hourly rates to $3.25 in Georgia and provided for three annual 10-cent increases in Maine, the first increase to $3.45 effective January 1, 1985. The $3.35 per hour Federal standard is now exceeded in Alaska, the District of Columbia, Connecticut, and Maine, and 19 other jurisdictions match or will soon match the Federal rate for some or all occupations. In other minimum wage actions, Minnesota provided for a phased elimination of its tip credit allowance, and in Illinois, the allowance declined to 40 percent of the mini mum wage. New exemptions for limited groups of em ployees from minimum wage or overtime requirements were enacted in Connecticut, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The labor departments in Arizona, Delaware, and Maine were given increased authority to collect unpaid wages on behalf of employees, and the Commissioner of Labor in Iowa is to investigate and prosecute complaints of retaliation against employees who file complaints, assign claims, or bring other actions under the wage payment and collection law. The Kentucky wage payment law was amended to prohibit wage deductions for cash shortages, breakages, customer credit defaults or bad checks, and fines, while courts in Alabama may now order restitution to victims in criminal cases by directing employer withholding of an exoifender’s wages. Again in 1984, as in the last several years, a large number of bills were introduced to repeal or modify State prevailing 27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 wage laws. Among the measures that failed to be adopted was a bill in Idaho to exclude school construction from coverage, which was vetoed by the Governor. Among those laws enacted, Colorado defined the procedure for deter mining the prevailing rate of wages and increased the dollar contract threshold amount from $5,000 to $150,000, and Oklahoma made several changes including establishment of a $10,000 threshold amount for coverage and a 2-year de barment for violations, provision for contractor submission of certified payrolls, and for worker verification of payroll records. Arizona voters approved a proposition forbidding State agencies and political subdivisions from requiring that wages paid to workers on public construction projects be at least as high as the prevailing wages in the area for similar work. In Illinois, the State Supreme Court upheld the con stitutionality of that State’s law, including its exclusive use of rates paid on public construction projects in determining prevailing rates. Laws pertaining to the use of wage garnishment or as signment to require support of an employee’s dependents were enacted in 15 States. Many of these laws set or revised limits on the amount of earnings subject to garnishment or assignment. Protection from discharge because of such an action was included in the Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, and Vermont measures. The Rhode Island law was amended to provide for reciprocity with States having sim ilar laws, and wages of North Carolina State employees may now be assigned to meet child support obligations without the normal restrictions on claims against the State. The concept of equal pay for jobs of comparable value in State government continued to be an area of controversy and interest. In Iowa, a pay grade system for State em ployees based on comparable worth was established, and funds were appropriated for salary adjustments and imple mentation. In Minnesota, where the pay equity principle was previously incorporated into the State pay system, a new law requires every political subdivision to establish equitable compensation relationships among its employees by August 1, 1987. Legislatures in nine other States com missioned studies of pay equity in the public service, with most requiring reports on recommendations and legislative proposals. Child labor law revisions were enacted in 10 States. Among the more significant measures were a law in Kentucky, where changes included elimination of employment certif icate requirements for minors under age 18, a law in Penn sylvania permitting the use of transferable work permits by minors age 16 and older, and a New York law making employers who violate the child labor law subject to a civil penalty in addition to any other penalties imposed. Other laws extended permissible nightwork hours for certain mi nors in Connecticut and New Jersey and revised restrictions on sales of alcoholic beverages by minors in Ohio and South Carolina. Iowa enacted a law regulating the employment of children under age 16 as models. 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Compulsory retirement based solely on age was addressed by legislation in a number of States. Hawaii and New York banned mandatory retirement on the basis of age in both the public and private sectors, and Georgia and North Car olina eliminated mandatory retirement under public em p lo y e e s ’ retirement system s. Age discrim ination in employment for those 40 to 70 is now prohibited in Wyo ming, and the upper age limit on such protection was lifted in Massachusetts and Wisconsin. Other provisions appli cable to police and fire personnel only were enacted in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. Employment discrimination in other forms was addressed by legislation in 22 jurisdictions. Among the more signif icant laws were four that added new protections for workers. Delaware added discrimination on the basis of marital status to the list of unlawful employment practices in both the public and private sectors. Employment discrimination against the handicapped was prohibited in Florida and Massachu setts, as was such discrimination because of blindness in South Dakota. Rights of pregnant employees was the subject of legislation in New York, South Carolina, and the Virgin Islands. The Mississippi legislature, in a new law, expressed its intent that State employees not be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or handicap. In California, employers of 25 persons or more are to provide reasonable accommodation to those workers enrolled in alcoholic rehabilitation programs, in cluding time off for participation, if no undue hardships result. In an area of increasing legislative concern which has developed over the last few years, seven additional States enacted laws affording workers the right to be informed of and given training on toxic substances found in the work place. Some of these laws extended the right to information to the communities in which companies using toxic sub stances are located. Federal regulations on “ Chemical Haz ard Communication” were published November 25, 1983. These regulations, which are referenced in the new Dela ware and Iowa laws, cover chemical manufacturers and importers and raise the issue of possible Federal preemption. Other worker safety measures included a comprehensive new Occupational Safety and Health Act in New Jersey applicable to public employees, a law in Maryland author izing the Commissioner of Labor and Industry to bring suit to enforce payment of overdue civil penalties imposed by the State Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and an amendment to the Oklahoma Occupational Safety and Health law limiting its coverage to public sector em ployment. Several other jurisdictions enacted laws regulat ing various aspects of mine and elevator safety. Four additional States (Illinois, Kentucky, Nebraska, and Virginia) enacted legislation to implement participation un der the Federal Job Training Partnership Act, which became effective on October 1, 1983. Several States enacted similar laws in 1983. Also, continuing a recent trend, Florida and Tennessee passed legislation to provide employment op portunities for persons in economically depressed areas, designated as enterprise zones, within which financial in centives such as tax credits and loan guarantees will be used to attract new businesses and to encourage expansion of existing ones. Assistance to workers and communities facing mass lay offs or plant closings remained an area of concern. Among actions taken, New Jersey and Pennsylvania initiated pro grams to assist eligible employee groups to purchase plants about to be closed or which have already closed and to operate them as employee-owned enterprises. Procedures were established in Massachusetts to aid failing businesses, and in case of failure, to assist displaced workers in finding alternative employment or retraining opportunities. Mary land provided for at least 6 months advance notice to State employees adversely affected by the closing of a facility employing 50 workers or more. Wisconsin expanded ad vance notice requirements to include affected employees, their collective bargaining representatives, and the com munity where the business is located. Related legislation in California, Iowa, and Kentucky provides for continuation of various health care benefits at employee expense for those who would otherwise be ineligible due to causes such as layoff or reduction in working hours. Alabama W ages. A ll court orders for ch ild support shall in clu d e an order for con tinu in g in co m e w ith o ld in g by em p lo y ers, w ith the w ith h old in g order to be served on the em p lo y er and to take effect if the child support is delinquent in an amount equal to 1 m onth’s p aym ent. E m p loyers m ay not discharge or refu se to hire a person b ecau se o f an order to w ithh old earnings. Courts m ay order restitution in crim inal ca ses by em p lo y er w ithh old in g o f em p lo y e e w a g es. T he affected em p lo y ee m ay not be d ischarged so le ly b ecau se o f such an order. C hild labor. A jo in t resolu tion called for the creation o f a Joint Interim L egislative C hildren and Y outh Study C om m ittee to ex a m in e areas o f law affecting children, in clu d in g ch ild labor la w s, day care, abuse, sa fety , and health. O ther law s. R esid en t contractors w ill be g iv en preferen ce in bidding on p ublic works p rojects, and nonresident contractors w h o rece iv e a preferen ce from their State m ay be aw arded p ublic contracts on ly on the sam e b asis that their State awards contracts to A lab am a bidders under the sam e circu m stan ces. Alaska Wages. T he am ount o f w ages exem pt from assig n m en t for ch ild support w as changed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Four States (California, Kansas, New York, and Rhode Island) enacted “ whistleblower” laws protecting employees from retaliation for reporting, to a public body, violations of law, or for participating in an investigation, hearing, or coiirt action. Many other developments took place in 1984, affecting a wide range of labor standards subjects. Among these, the Michigan Strikebreaker Law was held unconstitutional by a State circuit court because of preemption by the National Labor Relations Act; a comprehensive new private em ployment agency law was enacted in the District of Colum bia, and a revised law adopted in Tennessee; Maine and Rhode Island prohibited employers from charging applicants a fee for filing employment applications; and several revi sions were made in the California garment industry law. Also, several laws were passed enacting, revising, or clar ifying provisions granting preference to State contractors or residents on public works projects, while, on the other hand, a Federal appeals court decision found the Illinois Preference Act unconstitutional, and the Oklahoma resident bidder preference law was repealed. The Labor Department in Ken tucky was elevated to cabinet level status headed by a Sec retary of Labor. The following is a summary, by jurisdiction, of labor legislation during 1984. from the lesser o f 5 0 percent o f gross earn in gs or $ 1 0 0 a w eek to 50 percent o f the o b lig o r ’s net d isp osab le earn in gs, as fed erally d efined. Arizona W ages. V oters in the N ovem b er election approved a p rop osition , subm itted by the legislatu re, forbidding State a g en cies and p olitical su b d ivision s from requiring that w a g es paid to w orkers on public construc tion projects be at least as high as the pre v a ilin g w a g es in the area for the sam e type o f w ork. A sim ilar b ill passed both h ou ses o f the legislatu re but w as v etoed . T he State D epartm ent o f Labor n ow has the authority to obtain jud gm en ts and e x ecu tion s on b eh a lf o f th ose em p lo y ees due unpaid w a g es estab lish ed by the depart m en t’s final determ ination. A lso , the lim it for filin g a w a g e claim for unpaid w ages w as increased from $ 1 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 ,5 0 0 , and an em p lo y er failin g to com p ly w ith a d e partm ental or court order to pay back w ages w ill n ow be liab le for treble that am ount plus interest rather than a p enalty o f 15 percent o f the am ount o f the unpaid w a g es as w as p reviou sly authorized. M andatory assign m en t o f w a g es m ust be ordered by the court w h en ordering child support or sp ou sal m aintenance i f the per son required to m ake such paym ents w as at least 1 m onth in arrears for paym ent in the prior 12 m onth s. School attendance. The com pulsory school attendance law w as am ended to ex cep t c h il dren w h o h ave com p leted the tenth grade (grade 8 in fiscal year 1 9 8 4 - 8 5 , grade 9 in fiscal year 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 ) rather than the pre v io u s ex cep tio n for com p letion o f com m on sc h o o l co u rses, and to add an ex cep tio n for children suspended or exp elled from school. O ccupational safety and health. The re quirem ent that em p loyers protect e m p lo y e e s against w ork en viron m en t hazards w as am en ded to sp ec ify that a com m o n industry con d ition or practice w ill not be considered a recogn ized hazard u n less a standard or regulation con cern in g it has been adopted. Arkansas W ages. A s provided in a prior law , the m inim u m w a g e rate w as increased from $ 2 .9 5 to $ 3 .0 5 an hour effe ctiv e January 1, 1 9 8 4 , w ith a further increase to $ 3 .1 5 sch ed u led for January 1, 1985. California W ages. E ffective January 1, 1 986, pri vate sector em ployers are to show total hours w orked on individual item ized earnings statem ents o f hourly e m p lo y e e s, in addition to other item s p reviou sly required. H ours. T he p rovision s estab lish in g m ax im um d aily and w eek ly hours o f w ork for fem a le e m p lo y ees on ly w ere repealed. T he 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 lim ita tio n s had p rev io u sly been invalidated by the cou rts. A m on g am endm ents to the V eh icle C od e, p ersons under the age o f 21 m ay not be em p lo y ed or perm itted to drive trucks or b u ses that are en g a g ed in interstate c o m m erce or are transporting hazardous sub stan ces. L im itation s on driving hours w ere en a cted , in clu d in g a requirem ent that driv ers m ust h ave at least 8 c o n se cu tiv e hours o ff duty b etw een sh ifts. w h o d isc lo s e the am ount o f their w a g es is a lso proh ib ited . N on p rofit corporations and other orga n ization s sp ecified by the A ttorn ey G eneral m ay r ece iv e co n v ictio n records relating to drug crim es or crim es o f v io le n c e , as w ell as for se x crim es as b efore, con cern in g per so n s w h o apply for em p loym en t or v o l unteer for p o sitio n s in v o lv in g supervisory or d iscip lin ary p ow er o v er m inors. L abor relations. Equal employment opportunity. If the Fair E m p lo y m en t and H o u sin g C o m m issio n or the State P erson n el B oard finds that a per so n is g u ilty o f u n law fu l discrim ination co n sistin g o f acts relating to certain sex crim es, the C o m m issio n or Board shall pro v id e, w ith the com plainant’s consent, a copy o f its d e c isio n and order to the local district attorney. P rivate em p lo y ers o f 25 e m p lo y ees or m ore m ust n ow p rovid e reasonable a cco m m odation to th o se w orkers en rolled in al c o h o lic rehabilitation program s, including tim e o ff for participation, if no undue hard ship resu lts. A reso lu tio n urged the State D epartm ents o f E d u cation , R eh ab ilitation and E m p lo y m en t D ev elo p m en t to con tinu e to support Project W ork ab ility under w h ich em p lo y m ent op p ortu n ities for handicapped stu d en ts w ere im proved through interagency a g reem en ts and in n o v a tiv e e m p lo y m en t training practices. T h e law p rohibiting em p loym en t d is crim in ation w a s am en ded to sp ec ify that an in d ivid u al w ith a heart con d ition w h o ap p lies for a firefighter p o sitio n , adm ittance to a firefighter apprenticeship training pro gram , or an activ e law en forcem en t p osition w ill be presum ed unable to perform their d u ties w ithou t en d an gerin g his or her health or sa fety as w ell as the safety o f others. T h is p resum ption m ay be ov erco m e by p ro v in g , by a preponderence o f the e v i d en ce, that the applicant w ou ld be able to perform sa fely . A jo in t resolu tion requests that the P res id en t, the C o n g ress, the D epartm ent o f E d u c a tio n and C o m m e r c e , a n d th e C o m m issio n er o f R ehabilitation S ervices d efin e “ entry lev el em p lo y m en t” as it per tains to persons w ith d isab ilities seek in g a ssista n ce for ed u ca tio n , rehabilitation, and v o catio n a l training from State and Federal so u rc es, and to issu e regu lations to ensure the un iform application o f this definition throughout the country. W orker p riva cy. E m p loyers are prohib ited from requiring, as a con d ition o f e m p lo y m e n t, that any em p lo y ee refrain from d isc lo sin g the am ount o f his or her w ages or sig n a w a iv er o f the right to d isc lo se that in form ation . R etaliation against em p lo y ees 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U nder a n ew law appli ca b le to the private sector, the prevailin g party in a court action to com p el arbitration o f d isp u tes co n cern in g a c o lle c tiv e bar gain in g agreem en t or in an appeal o f an arbitrator’s d ecisio n m ay rece iv e an award o f attorn ey’s fe e s , to be refunded if the d isp u te is later found not arbitrable. For the p u rp oses o f c o lle c tiv e bargain in g , interm ittent athletic in sp ectors em p lo y ed by the State A th letic C o m m ission w ere added to the list o f th ose exem p ted from the d efinition o f State e m p lo y ee. G arm ent industry. T he law requiring gar m en t industry contractors and m anufactur e r s to r e g i s t e r w it h th e C a l i f o r n ia C o m m issio n er o f Labor w as am ended to p rovid e for am ong other things: the testing o f both n ew applicants for registration and, at the C o m m issio n er’s d iscretion , th ose in violation o f w age paym ent, m inim um w age, or other labor law s in the past year; the p o stin g o f a $ 5 ,0 0 0 surety bond by those p en a lized under the law in the prior 3 years; and the prohibition against any person reg istered under the act and contracting w ith another registrant, from en g a g in g in any b usiness or practice w hich cau ses or is likely to ca u se a v io la tio n o f the law . P rivate em ploym ent agencies. T h e nam e o f the em p lo y m en t a gen cy regulatory office w as ch an ged from the Bureau o f E m p loy m ent A g e n c ie s to the Bureau o f P ersonnel S erv ices. A g e n c ie s p lacin g babysitters or d o m e stics m ust in terview such applicants and attem pt to verify their exp erien ce or training b efore referring them . E m p loym en t co u n selin g services m ust n ow be licen se d as em p loym en t agen cies and are subject to sp ecified requirem ents such as p ostin g a $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 surety b on d , and entering into written contracts con tainin g sp ecific p ro v isio n s, in clu d in g the c lie n t’s right to can cel the contract w ithout p enalty or ob ligation w ithin 3 d ays. T h e law p rovid in g for the licen sin g and regulation o f n u rses’ registries w as re p ea led , and such registries w ill n ow be li cen sed and regulated as em ploym ent offices. O ccupational safety and health. T he D i v isio n o f O ccu p ation al S afety and H ealth is n ow to in vestigate any em p loym en t ac cid en t in v o lv in g fatalities or w h ich results in any seriou s injury or illn ess or a serious ex p o su re , u n less the D iv isio n d eterm ines an in v e s t ig a t io n is u n n e c e s s a r y . P r e v i o u sly , on ly fatalities and injuries to five em p lo y e e s or m ore required an in v estig a tion. Prior to bringing court action against an em p lo y er w h o d isch arges or discrim inates again st an em p lo y ee for ex ercisin g sp ec i fied rights relating to safety in em p lo y m en t, the D iv isio n o f Labor Standards E n fo rce m ent m ust p rovid e the parties 10 days to reach a settlem en t. T h e n otice con tainin g inform ation re garding safety rules and regu lations and em p lo y e e rights, prepared by the D iv isio n o f O ccu p ation al S afety and H ealth for p o st in g by em p lo y ers, m ust n ow state that em p loyees have the right to receive information under the H azardous S u b stan ces Inform a tion and T raining A ct. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . A d m in i stration o f the apprenticeship law w as trans ferred from the D irector o f Industrial R e lations to the C h ie f o f the D iv isio n o f A p p ren ticesh ip Standards. A m on g other re sp o n sib ilities, the c h ie f is n ow to audit all se lectio n and d iscip lin ary p roceed in g s o f current or p rosp ective apprentices. S p on sorsh ip o f apprenticeship program s w h ich w as p reviou sly lim ited to jo in t e m p lo y er-em p lo y ee co m m ittees w as expanded to in clu d e unilateral m anagem en t, labor, or in d ivid u al em p lo y er com m ittees. T he C aliforn ia C on servation C orps is to d ev elo p a n onresidential program o f ed u cation and jo b training in coop eration with private industry co u n cils d esign ated under the F ederal Job T raining Partnership A ct for use in areas w ith high youth u n em p loym en t and high con cen tration s o f m i nority youth. Other laws. Em ployers are prohibited from adopting or en forcin g any rule against or retaliating against an em p lo y ee for d isc lo s ing inform ation to a govern m en t or law en forcem en t a g en cy w here the em p lo y ee has reason able cau se to b e liev e that the infor m ation d isc lo se s a v iolation o f State or F ed eral law or regulation. T h e requirem ent that n o tic es, reports, statem ents, or records required under the Labor C od e be written in E n glish w as re m o v ed . A lso , the State Labor C o m m is sion er is n ow to p rovid e, in lan gu ages other than E n g lish , w here n ecessary, written m a terials in clu d in g exp lan ation s o f serv ices availab le, com p lain t form s, and form let ters for u se in p rocessin g w age cla im s. Colorado W ages. T h e m inim u m w age rate w as in- creased from $ 2 .5 0 to $3 an hour effe ctiv e July 1, 1 9 8 4 , as provided by a 1983 w age order rev isio n . For u nem ancipated m inors under ag e 18, the hourly rate w as increased to $ 2 .5 5 . A m o n g ch a n g es m ade in the p revailing w a g e la w , the p revailin g rate o f w a g es w as defined as the sin g le rate paid to a m ajority o f w orkers in the lo cality or the w eigh ted average rate if no sin g le rate is or w as paid to a m ajority o f w orkers, rates are to be esta b lish ed through a survey con d u cted by the d iv isio n o f labor, and the dollar contract threshold am ount w as increased from $ 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 . C reditors m ay n ow obtain court orders for co n tin u in g garnishm ent o f w a g es for d eb ts. T h e sam e lim itation s on the am ount su b ject to con tin u in g garnishm ent ap p ly, as for other garn ish m en t, and em p loyers m ay not d isch arge an em p lo y ee b ecau se o f such an action . E m ploym ent and training. A cu stom ized training program , p rovid in g short-duration sk ill training for sp ecific jo b s, w as estab lish ed for p reem p loym en t training o f w ork ers, training o f n ew ly hired w orkers, and retraining o f w orkers for n ew jo b s w hen they are u n em p lo y ed b ecau se o f plant c lo s in gs or d isp la ced by tech n o lo g ica l ch an ges. Connecticut W ages. F irefighters em p lo y ed by private nonprofit corporations contracting w ith m u n icip a lities for firefighting services were ex em p ted from the overtim e p rovision s o f the m inim u m w a g e law . T he com p troller shall n ow upon written request deduct from the salary or w a g es o f a State e m p lo y e e the d esign ated am ount o f m o n ey to be paid to a nonprofit organ iza tion pursuant to the term s o f an applicable c o lle c tiv e bargaining agreem ent. T h e am ount o f d isp osab le earnings su b je c t to garnishm ent for support paym ents is n o w the greater o f that w h ich e x c e e d s $ 1 0 0 per w eek rather than $ 7 0 , as p rev io u sly , or the am ount ex em p t under Federal law , un less a lesser am ount is d eem ed equitable by the court. H ours. T h e C o m m issio n on the Status o f w o m en is to c o lle c t m aterials on jobsh ar in g , in clu d in g its im plem en tation . T h ese m aterials are to be sent to the labor and ed u cation departm ents and the Bureau o f P erson n el and Labor R elation s in the D e partm ent o f A d m in istrative S ervices for distribution upon request to p ersonnel d i rectors and bargaining unit representatives. C hild labor. A n ex cep tio n to the 10 p .m . term inal hour for m inors under age 18 w ill n o w perm it them to be em p lo y ed in super https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis m arkets until m idnight on nights p receding n on sch ool d ays. M inors m ay not be d is charged or dicrim inated against for refusing to w ork later than 10 p .m . d ivid ual com p lain an ts as b efo re, and w a g es due a separated e m p lo y e e m ay n ow be paid by the n ext regular p ayd ay rather than at the tim e o f term in ation , as form erly re quired. Equal em ploym ent opportunity. T he pro hibition in the H um an R ights A ct against discrim ination on the basis o f religious creed w as defined to inclu d e all asp ects o f reli g io u s ob servan ces and practice as w ell as b e lie f, u n less an em p lo y er dem onstrates in ab ility to reasonably accom m od ate to an in d iv id u a l's r e lig io u s o b s e r v a n c e s and p ractices w ithout undue hardship. In determ ining a contractor’s go o d faith efforts to com p ly w ith equal opportunity requirem ents included in p ublic w orks c o n tracts, factors con sid ered w ill inclu d e the contractor’s em p lo y m en t and subcontract ing p o lic ie s and practices; affirm ative ad vertising, recruitment and training; technical assistan ce activities; and other a ctivities as prescribed by the C o m m issio n on Hum an R igh ts. W orker privacy. T he labor com m ission er shall p rovid e to the C on n ecticu t Student L oan F oun d ation, on request, any availab le inform ation relating to the current address or p lace o f em p loym en t o f a person in d e fault on a student loan. P riva te em ploym ent agen cies. T h e re quirem ent that private em p loym en t ag en c ie s id en tify th e m selv es as such in n otices or ad vertisem en ts w as enlarged to require a lso that the id en tification indicate w hether or not there is a charge to the applicant for em p loym en t. Occupational safety and health. Elevators and escalators oth erw ise requiring annual in sp ection n eed n ow be in sp ected on ly e v ery 2 years if subject to a full-m ain ten an ce contract. O w n ers or their agents are now required to prom ptly report to the D epart m ent o f P ublic S afety for p o ssib le in v e s tigation any accident or incident which results in personal injury, death, or con stitutes a danger to life or property. O ther law s. A State Suprem e Court d e cisio n held unconstitutional a State statute prohibiting em p loyers from requiring em p lo y e e s to w ork on their Sabbath on the b asis that it violated the estab lish m en t o f relig io n clau se o f the First A m en d m en t o f the U .S . C on stitution . T he ca se w as ap p ealed to the U .S . Suprem e Court and ar gu ed on N o v em b er 6 , 1984. Delaware W ages. A m on g am endm ents to the w agep aym ent la w , the D epartm ent o f Labor m ay n ow take legal action to co llect for all un derpaid em p lo y e e s rather than ju st for in Equal em ploym ent opportunity. T h e pro hibition against discrim ination in public and private sector em p lo y m en t w as am ended to add d iscrim in ation on the b asis o f marital status to the list o f u n law fu l em p lo y m en t p ractices. W orker priva cy. P ublic and private sector e m p lo y e e s w ere g iv en the right to review their p ersonn el files at least o n ce per ca l endar year after a written request to the em p lo y er. R em oval or correction o f d is puted inform ation m ay be agreed to by the em p lo y er and e m p lo y e e , and if agreem ent can n ot be reached, the e m p lo y e e m ay place exp lan atory inform ation in the file. O ccupational safety and health. A H az a rd o u s C h e m ic a l In fo r m a tio n A c t w a s adopted to ensure that em p lo y e e s be giv en inform ation con cern in g the nature and su s p ected health hazards o f to x ic substances to w h ich they are ex p o se d . E m p loyers are to m aintain and p eriod ically update a list o f to x ic su b stan ces used in the w ork p lace, to obtain safety data sh eets for them , and p r o v id e e m p lo y e e s w ith e d u c a tio n and training program s. P rovision w as m ade for e x e m p tin g fro m m o st p r o v is io n s th o s e m anufacturing em p loyers required to ad here to the Hazard C om m u n ication Stan dard w hen it takes effect in N ovem b er 1985, and e m p lo y e e s are protected from d is charge or other discipline for exercising rights under the act. E m ploym ent and training. A n ew pro gram o f skill training and ed u cation w as estab lish ed and is to be adm inistered by an E conom ic D evelop m en t Training Board and the D irector o f the D elaw are D ev elo p m en t O ffice. O ther law s. N e w applicants for loans w h o se projects are approved for financing by the D elaw are E co n o m ic D ev elo p m en t A uthority shall agree to g iv e a hiring pref eren ce to q u alified State residents. District of Columbia W ages. A s the result o f a 1983 w a g e or der rev isio n , the m inim u m w a g e rate for laundry, d ryclean in g, and sh oe repair e m p lo y e e s rose from $3 to $ 3 .7 0 an hour e f fe c tiv e January 7 , 1984. T h e m inim um for learners w ith less than 6 0 d ays exp erien ce w as set at $ 3 .5 0 an hour. A n other revised w a g e order increased the m in im u m w a g e fo r p r iv a t e h o u s e h o ld w orkers from $ 3 .5 0 to $ 3 .9 0 an hour ef- 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 fe c tiv e N o v em b er 6 , 1984. A m inim um o f $ 3 .5 0 an hour w as set for casual yard w ork ers, com p a n io n s for the aged or infirm , and fu ll-tim e babysitters, and $ 3 .3 5 for persons e m p lo y e d p u rsu a n t to the F ed era l Job Training Partnership Act and the D .C . Youth E m p loym en t A ct o f 1979. Private employment agencies. A n ew em p lo y m en t a g en cy regulatory law w as en acted replacing the existing law in its entirety. T he n ew law requires licen sin g o f em p lo y m ent a g e n c ie s, co u n selin g serv ices, em p loyer-p aid p ersonnel serv ices, job listing firm s, and all em p lo y ees o f such firms w ho in terv iew , co u n sel, or ad vise job seek ers. A p p lican t-p aid fee a gen cies and em p lo y m e n t c o u n s e l i n g s e r v i c e s m u st p o s t a $ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 surety bond if the average fee paid by job seek ers is $ 2 ,0 0 0 or more and if they enter into contracts with 100 ap p li cants or m ore, and a $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 bond if fees average less than $ 2 ,0 0 0 or few er than 100 contracts are entered into. Separate require m ents and prohibitions were estab lish ed for each o f the types o f licen sed serv ices, in clu d in g the requirem ent that agen cy and co u n selin g service contracts with jo b se e k ers contain a 3-day “ c o o lin g -o ff p eriod ” during w h ich the contract m ay be can celed . Employment and training. A First Source E m p loym ent A greem en t A ct requires the M ayor to co m p ile and m aintain a list o f u n em p loyed residents w hich w ill be used as the first source for filling en try-level job s on projects that have contracts funded or o th erw ise adm inistered by the D istrict g o v ernm ent. P reference in in terview in g is to be g iv en to u n em p loyed residents not c o l lectin g u n em p loym en t insurance benefits. Wages. T he co v era ge exem p tion in the equal pay law for em p loyers w ho are sub ject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards A ct w as exp an d ed to sim ilarly exem p t a labor organ ization or m em ber or an em p lo y ee o f an em p lo y er subject to the Federal law . Court orders for the paym ent o f alim on y or ch ild support w ill n ow also contain in co m e ded u ction orders to take effect if p ay m ents b eco m e past due. The m axim um part o f aggregate d isp o sa b le earnings subject to such a d eduction is 65 percent in any w ork w eek , and em p lo y ers m ay not discharge or o th erw ise d iscip lin e an em p lo y ee for w hom an in co m e deduction order is served. Equal employment opportunity. The law s p rohibiting discrim ination in State, cou n ty, or m unicipal em p lo y m en t, were am ended to sp ec ifica lly bar em p loym en t d iscrim i nation based on handicap. 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic development. R evision s in the enterprise zon e law included the addition o f n ew or increased tax benefits for b u si n esses hiring e lig ib le n ew em p lo y ees. Employment and training. The D iv isio n o f Labor, E m p loym en t, and Training is to train vocation al cou n selors o f the D epart m ent o f C orrections in job co u n selin g and is to d esign ate on e em p lo y ee per e m p lo y m ent office to work with ex-in m ate job p lacem en t. G eorgia Wages. T he m inim um w age rate w as in creased from $ 1 .2 5 to $ 3 .2 5 an hour e ffe c tive July 1, 1984. Hours. F lorida Occupational safety and health. law w as adopted to ensure that nonfarm e m p lo y ees be given inform ation con cern ing the nature and health effects o f toxic su b stan ces w ith w h ich they w ork. The S e c retary o f the D epartm ent o f Labor and Em p lo y m e n t S e c u r it y is to e s t a b lis h and p eriod ically revise a list o f toxic substances w ith assistan ce from a T o x ic S ubstances A d v iso ry C ou n cil. E m ployers are to obtain m aterial safety data sh eets for toxic sub stan ces used in the w ork p lace, and provide ed u cation and training to em p lo y ees on the safe h an d lin g, em ergen cy treatm ent, and hazards in volved with toxic su b stan ces. E m p lo y ees m ay refuse to work with sub stan ces for w h ich inform ation has not been provid ed and m ay not be discharged or oth erw ise d iscip lin ed for requesting inform a tion , taking part in any p roceed in g, or ex ercisin g any right under the act. P rovi sion w as m ade for the release o f trade secret inform ation in m ed ical em ergen cies. A new B y resolu tion , the legislature cre ated a Joint Part-Tim e State E m p loym ent Study C om m ittee to determ ine the best m ethod o f m eetin g the S tate's need for such e m p lo y ees and for providing them with eq uitable retirement benefits in relation to those o f fu ll-tim e em p lo y e e s. F indings and rec om m en d ation s, including leg isla tiv e pro p o sa ls, are to be subm itted by D ecem b er 1, 1985. Equal employment opportunity. M anda tory retirem ent under the State e m p lo y e e ’s retirem ent system w as ab olish ed , excep t for sp ecified p ublic safety em p loym en t. Worker privacy. A resolution was adopted callin g for the creation o f a Senate Study C om m ittee on P olygraph O perations, to id en tify problem s in v o lv in g em p loyer use o f p olygraph tests, and to recom m en d so lutions. D irectors and e m p lo y ees o f any State li cen sed day-care cen ter, group day-care h o m e, or ch ild -carin g institution w ill n ow be subject to a records ch eck , through the G eorgia Crim e Inform ation C enter, o f all co n v ictio n s and pending charges in vo lv in g cruelty to a m inor, contributing to the d e lin q u e n c y o f a m in o r , c o n tr o lle d s u b stan ces, or any sex crim es. Each fa cility 's licen sin g w ill be con d ition al upon a satis factory records ch eck . Private employment agencies. T he E m p lo y m e n t A g e n c y A d v is o r y C o u n c i l , sch ed u led to term inate on July 1, 1984, w as exten d ed to July 1, 1985. Occupational safety’ and health. The D e partm ent o f Labor w as given sp ecific au thority to regulate the safety and operation o f elevators and sim ilar equipm ent in a new m easure providing for periodic in sp ection and other en forcem en t a ctiv ities, civ il p en alties for violators, and the form ation o f an ad visory com m ittee. A com p reh en sive B oiler and Pressure V essel S afety A ct w as enacted replacing p rovision s that sp ecified law ful eq u ip m en t, and provided d esign and lab elin g require m ents. T he n ew law creates a regulatory board w ithin the Department o f Labor which provid es for the form ulation o f safety reg u lation s, requires periodic in sp ectio n s, and d efines the duties and qu alification s o f the c h ie f in sp ector and d ep u ties. H aw aii Wages. A u tom atic assign m en t o f future w a g es m ay be ordered by a court as part o f a child-support order, to take effect if support p aym ents b ecom e d elinquent. A n ew law authorized a study c o m m is sion to review the con cep t o f com parable worth for all p ublic e m p lo y ees in the State. T he co m m issio n is to present its final re port, inclu d in g recom m en d ation s, if n ec essa ry , for im p lem en tation , 20 days before the 1986 leg isla tiv e sessio n co m m e n c es. Hours. A n ew act estab lish es a perm anent voluntary jobsh arin g program in the D e partm ent o f E d u cation , replacing a pilot project b egun in 1978. A pilot project in the p ublic library s y s tem to test the fe a sib ility o f job sh arin g, b e gan in 1982 and schedu led to end in 1984, w as exten d ed for 2 years and exp an d ed to include library assistants and tech n icians. Equal employment opportunity. M an datory retirem ent on the basis o f age w as banned in both the public and private se c tor. A resolu tion en cou raged em p lo y ers to d ev elo p p o licies for the hiring, retention, and prom otion o f old er w orkers. Labor relations. P o lice officer bargaining units are n ow covered by contract im passe proced u res p rev io u sly estab lish ed for fire fighters o n ly . In ad d ition , the arbitration panel p rovid ed for by the act is no longer required to c h o o se the m ost reasonable final contract offer w ithout m od ification , but is n o w o n ly required to issu e a final and b ind ing d ecisio n . ap p lication , en titled to reem p loym ent in the p osition h eld at the tim e o f the order they rem ain p h y sica lly qualified and w ere re leased under h onorable con d ition s. Illinois W ages. E m ploym ent and training. U nder a new S ta tew id e T ransition to W ork S ystem A ct, ex istin g program m od els and career re sou rce centers w ill n ow be unified into one sta tew id e transition center sy stem , within the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industrial R e la tio n s, d esig n ed to assist high sch ool stu den ts in secu rin g and retaining m eaningful em p lo y m en t, by p rovid in g such services as c o u n se lin g , career inform ation, career e x ploration a ctiv ities, w ork ex p erien ce, and e m p lo y m en t a ssista n ce. T he D epartm ent o f Labor and Industrial R ela tio n s w as authorized to m ake agree m en ts or con tracts, subject to the G over n o r’s ap p roval, w ith various persons and govern m en tal en tities w ithin and ou tsid e o f the State to share occu p ational and ed u cation al inform ation used for career ch o ice and jo b -sea rch pu rp oses. O ther law s. T he am ount o f contractor’s p aym ent and p erform ance bonds required w as in creased from 5 0 to 100 percent o f the contract p rice for p u b lic w ork s, roads, b u ild in g s, or other site im provem en ts. A s a result o f the A ttorn ey’s G eneral re fu sa l, b eca u se o f a con stitution ality q u es tio n , to en fo rce a 1983 law requiring all contractors perform ing construction for the Federal g overn m en t to obtain a State li c e n s e , the legislatu re requested the A ttor n ey G eneral and the C ontractors L icen se Board to ex p lo re the p o ssib ility o f seek ing a declaratory ju d gm en t in Federal court on the issu e. B y prior la w , the m inim um w age rate rose from $ 2 .6 5 to $3 an hour on O c tober 1, 1984, w ith a further increase to $ 3 .3 5 schedu led for July 1, 1985. T he rate for m inors under age 18 increased to $ 2 .5 5 on O ctob er 1, 1984 and w ill rise to $ 2 .8 5 on July 1, 1985. T he tip credit allow an ce declined to 4 0 percent o f the m inim um w age, and em p lo y e e s o f restaurants and m otion picture theaters w ill n ow be en titled to o ver tim e pay after 4 0 hours rather than 4 3 . T h e State Suprem e Court upheld the c o n stitution ality o f the prevailin g w age law w h ich requires the e x c lu siv e use o f p ublic w orks w a g es as a b asis for d eterm ining pre v a ilin g rates in a lo ca lity . T he u n su ccessfu l ch a llen g e con ten d ed , am ong other thin gs, that the e x clu sio n o f w a g es paid on private construction projects from calculation o f the p revailin g w a g e rate v io la tes the due pro cess and equal protection clauses o f the State and Federal con stitu tion s. A n am endm ent to the prevailin g w age law authorizes the D epartm ent o f Labor, represented by the A ttorney G en eral, to sue to stop the aw arding o f any pu b lic w orks contract or the con tinu ation o f work under any such contract w h en the prevailin g w age prerequisites h ave not b een m et. In ordering the p aym ent o f child support, the courts w ill n ow issu e a separate order for the w ith h old in g o f w a g es to take effect if the support p aym ents b eco m e d elinquent. E m p loyers m ay not d isch arge, d iscip lin e, or oth erw ise p en alize an em p lo y ee w h ose w a g es are ordered w ithheld. E qual em ploym ent opportunity. Idaho W ages. A b ill w h ich w ou ld have e x clu d ed sc h o o l con stru ction from coverage o f the p revailin g w a g e law passed the le g islature but w as vetoed by the G overnor. T h is w as the fourth co n se cu tiv e year the G overn or has veto ed legislation to repeal all or part o f the prevailin g w a g e law . E qual em ploym ent opportunity. A reso lu tion directs the L e g isla tiv e C ou n cil to ap point a com m ittee to study H ispanic affairs issu es in such areas as ed u cation , em p lo y m en t, and cultural opportunities. F in d in gs, reco m m en d a tio n s, and p o ssib le legislation are to be subm itted to the n ext legislatu re. O ther law s. M em b ers o f the N ational Guard w h o are ordered to duty by the G o v ernor for periods o f up to 1 year, are, upon https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T he pro hibition against em p loym en t discrim in ation b ecau se o f religion w as am ended to sp e cifica lly in clu d e all asp ects o f religiou s ob servan ce and p ractice, u n less an em p loyer d em onstrates that the e m p lo y e e ’s or pro sp ec tiv e e m p lo y e e ’s religiou s ob servance or p ractice cannot be reasonably a cco m m odated w ithou t undue hardship on the e m p lo y e r ’s b u sin ess. W orker priva cy. A n ew law g iv e s public and private sector e m p lo y ees or their rep resen tatives the right to rev iew and receive c o p ies o f their p ersonn el records, to request the correction or rem oval o f disputed in form ation con tained in them , and to subm it a written statem ent if agreem ent on correc tion or rem oval is not reached. Other pro v is io n s in c lu d e p r o te c tio n o f e m p lo y e e d iscip lin ary records from release to third parties, and restriction on e m p lo y ers’ re cord in g o f n on em p loym en t activ ities o f e m p lo y e e s. A separate la w , en acted later in the se ss io n , lim ited cov era g e to th o se em p loyers w ith five em p lo y e e s or m ore e x clu siv e o f im m ed iate fa m ily m em bers. O ccupational safety and health. T he D e partm ent o f P ublic H ealth w as directed to co m p ile a registry on hazardous substances and their potential health effects in clu d in g inform ation on occu p ational d isea ses, haz ardous su b stan ces in cid en ts, and p rofiles o f com p an ies gen eratin g, u sin g , d isp o sin g o f, or transporting hazardous su b stan ces. The State Coal M ining Law w as am ended to n o w require the State M in e Inspector to a d vise a representative o f the m iners o f any in sp ectio n , w ith the representative being en titled to accom p an y the in sp ector during the in sp ection w ithou t lo ss o f p ay. T he in sp ector is also required to hold a p o st-in sp ection co n feren ce w ith the em p lo y er and m in ers’ representative to d iscu ss the find in gs and recom m en d ation s and to post these results in a co n sp icu o u s p lace. E m ploym ent and training. A Job Train in g C oord in atin g C ou n cil A ct w as passed to im p lem en t the Federal Job T raining Part nership A ct. A jo b training coordinating co u n cil w as created to p rom ote integration o f em p loym en t and training program s at the State le v e l, to further coop eration b etw een govern m en t and the private sector, and to p rovid e program oversigh t. O ther law s. A Federal A p p eals court d e cision found unconstitutional the Illinois law requiring em p lo y m en t preferen ce for State residents on pu b lic w orks p rojects, in that it violated both the com m erce cla u se and the p riv ileg es and im m u n ities cla u se o f the U .S . C on stitution . Indiana Wages. The labor com m ission er m ay now refer civil actions for em p loyee w age claim s to the attorney gen eral, and the attorney general or a d esig n ee , w h ich can be any attorney adm itted to the p ractice o f law in the S tate, m ay n ow sue for the recovery o f w a g es p lus liquidated d am ages, court c o sts, and attorney fe e s. P rev io u sly , the labor co m m issio n er referred all such civ il and crim inal ca ses to the S ta te’s p rosecuting attorneys for litigation . W orker p riv a cy . T he law govern in g State em p lo y e e s furnish ing o f inform ation co n cern in g v iolation s o f law or regu lations w as am en ded to p rovid e for crim inal p en alties and adm inistrative d iscip lin ary p ro ceed in g s for d isclosu re o f or failure to protect in form ation d efined as con fidential. E m ploym ent an d training. T h e Depart- 33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 m ent o f C om m erce is to estab lish a basic industry retraining program to provide in dustries w ith assista n ce in the retraining and upgrading o f e m p lo y e e ’s sk ills required to support n ew capital in vestm en t. A sim ilar program for potential em p lo y ees o f n ew or ex p a n d in g industries had been authorized by a 1981 law . Iowa W ages. C om p lain ts o f retaliation against em p lo y e e s for filin g a com p lain t, assign in g a cla im , or b ringing an action under the w a g e p aym ent and co llectio n law are to be in v estig a ted by the labor co m m issio n er and v io la tio n s p rosecu ted in the district court w h ich m ay order appropriate relief, in clu d ing reinstatem ent and backpay. Courts m ay order an assignm ent o f w ages in ca ses o f d elinquent court-ordered support p aym en ts. T h e m axim u m annual am ount o f w a g es that m ay be garnished w as changed from $ 2 5 0 for each jud gm en t creditor, to a slid in g sca le b ased upon earnings. A pay grade sy stem based on com parable w orth w as esta b lish ed for State e m p lo y e e s, and fun d s appropriated for salary adjust m ents and im plem entation. Adjustm ents are to be co m p leted by June 3 0 , 1987. C hild labor. T he ch ild labor law w ill not prohibit children under age 16 from w ork ing as m o d e ls, with written parental per m is s io n , w ith or w ith ou t co m p en sa tio n o u tsid e o f sc h o o l hours for up to 3 hours a day and 12 hours a m onth b etw een 7 a .m . and 10 p .m . O ccupational safety and health. A H az ardous C h em ica ls R isk R ight to K n ow A ct w as en acted , under w h ich the Federal O c cupational S a fety and H ealth regu lations o f 1983 w ere adopted as the b asis for regu lation , but w ith a p rovision that additional requirem ents m ay be added by regulation. T he la w , adm inistered by the Bureau o f L abor, requires em p loyers to inform e m p l o y e e s o f h a z a r d o u s c h e m ic a ls in the w ork p lace and their proper h an d lin g, and to p r o v id e s p e c ia l tr a in in g . R e ta lia tio n against em p lo y e e s for filin g a com p lain t or bringing action against an em p loyer is pro h ib ited , and a pu b lic right to k n ow o f the p resen ce o f hazardous ch em ica ls w as e s tablish ed alon g w ith an em p loyer require m ent to n otify the local fire departm ent o f those m aterials. P ersons em p lo y ed in ag ricultural a ctiv ities are not covered by the la w , ex cep t for the section prohibiting re taliation against em p lo y e e s. O ther law s. R esident bidders on State or local pu b lic w orks projects w ill n ow be e n titled to a p referen ce o ver ou t-of-S tate or foreign bidders, equal to the resident pref eren ce g iv en to su ch bidders by their ow n State or country. E m p lo y ees on tem porary la y o if or ap proved voluntary leave from em ployers w ho p rovid e health care benefit plans m ay v o l untarily con tinu e coverage at their ow n e x p en se for up to 6 m onth s. E m p loyers m ust n otify em p lo y e e s o f this right and o f any term ination or substantial m odification o f co v era g e . T h is n ew law also sp ells out sp e cific circu m stan ces under w h ich the em p lo y er rem ains liab le for b enefits. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . The G eneral A ssem b ly is n ow prohibited from p a ssin g any b ill that u ses gender as the basis for differential treatm ent u n less no reason able alternatives ex ist. R etirem ent plans and benefit system s are no longer exem pt from the prohibition against sex d iscrim in ation under the C ivil R ights A ct. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. The surety bond em p lo y m en t a g en cies m ust post w as in creased from $ 2 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 and is n ow required on ly o f those agencies to w hich jo b applicants pay at least part o f the fee. 34 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ther law s. Supervisors m ay not prohibit State em p lo y e e s in the classified service from d iscu ssin g their a g e n c ie s’ operations w ith m em b ers o f the legislatu re or reporting any vio la tio n o f State or Federal law or regu lation. D iscip lin ary action against an e m p lo y e e for such action s is prohibited e x cep t for in stan ces in v o lv in g release o f false in form ation , inform ation exem p t from d is closu re under the op en records act, or c o n f id e n t ia l in fo r m a t io n u n d e r a n y o th e r p rovision o f law . Kentucky W a g e s. T h e w a g e - p a y m e n t la w w a s am en ded to prohibit w a g e d ed u ction s for cash shortages w here m ore than on e person has a ccess to the m o n e y , for breakages, cu stom er credit d efaults or bad ch eck s, and fin es. A n em p lo y er violatin g this am end m ent w ill be required to repay w ithheld am ounts p lus interest at 10 percent a year. A n adm inistrative order for the w ith h old in g o f up to 5 0 percent o f an em p lo y e e ’s d isp o sa b le earnings for p aym ent o f d elin q uent ch ild support m ay be issu ed by th e S e c r e ta r y , C a b in e t fo r H u m a n R e sou rces. W ages. A n E x e cu tiv e Order directed the S ecretary o f H um an R esou rces to provide the G overn or w ith inform ation as to the ability o f the State to d ev ise appropriate m eans and m eth o d o lo g ies to determ ine the w a g es required to be paid on p ublic w orks projects by the prevailin g w a g e law , in clu d in g c o sts, sp ecific m eth o d o lo g y , and v iab le alternative m eth od s. C hild labor. A m on g am endm ents to the ch ild labor la w , em p lo y m en t certificate re q uirem ents for m inors under age 18 were elim inated. A ge certificates issued by boards o f ed u cation w ere authorized for these m i nors and em p lo y ers m ust obtain p ro o f from em p lo y e e s indicating that they are at least age 18. N ew exem ptions from coverage were en acted for m inors em p lo y ed as actors or perform ers and for th ose em p lo y ed by their o w n parents in occu p ation s other than m an ufacturing, m in in g, or th ose found by the C o m m issio n er o f Labor to be particularly hazardous. Industrial hom ework. School attendance. Agriculture. Farm labor contractors en g a g ed in such a ctiv ities as rem ovin g co m ta ssels or hand p ollinatin g plants, m ust file at least a $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 bond w ith the labor c o m m issioner securing the paym ent o f all w ages due the contractor’s em p lo y e e s. If the bond is not filed as required or the contractor fails to pay all w a g es d u e, the person en gaged in the production o f seed or feed grains w ill be liab le for w a g es not paid by the farm labor contractor. ch an ges in the private em p loym en t a g en cy la w , tem porary help services and em p lo y er paid fe e a g en cies w ere sp ec ifica lly e x em p ted from co v era g e, and the Secretary o f Hum an R esources w as authorized to adopt rules and regu lations. Kansas B y resolu tion , the P resid en t, the C o n g ress, and the U .S . S e c retary o f Labor w ere urged to take action to rescin d the orders and regu lations pro h ib itin g industrial h om ew ork . E qual em ploym ent opportun ity. T he S e c retary o f A dm in istration w as directed by E x e cu tiv e O rder to evalu ate the basis upon w hich State em p loyees are com pensated and recom m en d w ays to provide equal c o m pensation for positions o f com parable worth. P riva te em ploym ent a gen cies. A m ong A n unmarried m inor, aged 16 or 17 m ay n ow be ex cu sed from com p u lsory sc h o o l attendance w ith paren tal co n se n t, after a con su ltation b etw een sc h o o l o fficia ls, parent, and ch ild . A n A t torney G eneral opinion had previously stated that m arried m inors w ere not covered under the law . O ccupational safety and health. U nder ground co a l m in es em p lo y in g 2 to 25 e m p lo y ees m ust n ow em p loy at least one person w h o has co m p leted 8 hours o f first-aid training. T h e requirem ent that m ines em - p lo y in g 25 w orkers or m ore hire certified em ergen cy m edical technicians w as am ended to a llo w m in es w ithou t such tech n icians 90 d ays to em p lo y th em , and to operate during this period. O ther m ine sa fety p rovision s stated that certified e m e r g e n c y m ed ica l tech n icia n s em p lo y ed at co a l m ines are to receive 8 hours o f annual retraining during w hich time they are en titled to receiv e their regular w a g es. Each m ine operator is required to p rovid e life lin e cords in return airw ays d es ign ated as em erg en cy escap e routes. E m ploym ent an d training. A Job Train ing Coordinating C ouncil w as created within the C abinet for H um an R eso u rces, and au thorized to do everyth in g n ecessary to c o m ply with the Federal Job Training Partnership A ct. A n em p lo y m en t and training cou n cil esta b lish ed to co m p ly w ith the Federal com prehensive em p loym en t and training act w a s elim in a ted . A B lu egrass State S k ills Corp. w as cre ated to p rovid e State citizen s w ith sk ills training and ed u cation program s d esign ed to m eet the n eed for qualified w orkers in field s in w h ich sh ortages ex ist. O ther law s. B y E x ecu tiv e O rder and stat u te, the D epartm ent o f Labor w as elevated to ca b in et-lev el status. T he labor cabinet co n sists o f the o ffices o f the secretary, g en eral c o u n se l, ad m in istative services and la b or-m an agem en t relation s, and the d e p a r tm e n ts o f w o r k p la c e sta n d a rd s and w o rk ers’ cla im s. M em b ers o f union group life insurance plans m ay con tinu e participating during p e riods o f tem porary, involuntary u n em p loy m ent by contributing their prem ium s. A lso , p o lic ie s m ay n ow be issu ed in w h ich the m em ber is so le ly resp on sib le for the entire prem ium paym ent. Louisiana W ages. W age a ssign m en ts m ay now be ordered by a court for all past due support p aym ents rather than o n ly for child-support p a y m en ts, and the am ount o f w ages exem pt from such w ithh old in g w as m ade the sam e for ch ild or sp ou se support. Equal em ploym ent opportun ity. R esp on sib ility for perform ing certain social ser v ic e s for State residents age 60 and over, in clu d in g em p lo y m en t and training, co u n se lin g , and inform ation and referral ser v ic e s , w ere transferred from the O ffice o f H um an D ev elo p m en t in the D epartm ent o f H ealth and H um an R esou rces to the O ffice o f E lderly A ffairs in the G overn or’s O ffice. G overnm ental b od ies are required to g iv e a preference in their purchasing practices to g o o d s m anufactured and services per https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis form ed by sev erely handicapped in d ivid u als in State operated and State supported sh eltered w ork shop s. O ther law s. State a g en cies and p olitical su b d iv isio n s w h ich let p ublic w orks c o n tracts m ay require that no less than 80 per cent o f th ose em p lo y ed on the w ork be State resid en ts. U p on req u est, the Labor D e partm ent is to assist in id en tifyin g crafts m en , laborers, and other w orkers n ecessary for co m p lia n ce. T h e law govern in g preferen ce to resident contractors in aw arding contracts for p ublic w ork , w as am ended to sp ec ify that where co m p etitiv e bidding is not required c o n tracts m ust be aw arded to resident contrac tors, if they are availab le. If com p etitive bid din g is required, L ou isiana resident c o n tractors w ill be aw arded the contract if their bid is not m ore than 5 percent higher than the lo w est nonresident bid. A prior p rovi sio n , granting resident contractors the sam e preference over contractors from other States, w h ich provide their residents a p ercentage p referen ce o ver L ou isiana contractors, re m ains in effect. Maine W ages. T he m inim um w a g e rate w as in creased from $ 3 .3 5 to $ 3 .4 5 an hour, e f fe c tiv e January 1, 1985. Further increases to $ 3 .5 5 on January 1, 1986, and to $ 3 .6 5 on January 1, 19 8 7 , are sch ed u led . A lso , a corresp on d ing ch an ge w as m ade in the section o f the law providing for State m atch in g o f any Federal increases up to a m axim u m o f $ 4 an hour. A m on g changes in the w age-paym ent law , the labor departm ent w as sp ecifica lly au thorized to c o lle c t ju d gm en ts for unpaid w a g es on b eh a lf o f term inated em p lo y ees and a lso to c o lle c t fines assessed for v io lations o f the act. P en alties for violatin g the equal pay and unfair agreem en ts p rovision s w ere in creased . A separate am endm ent stip u lates that any b alan ce due an hourly em p lo y e e that w as not paid on the norm ally sch ed u led p ayday m ust be paid by the em p lo y e e ’s n ext regular p ayd ay. E qual em ploym ent opportun ity. A select co m m ittee w as created to study availab le training and ed u cation program s for hand icap p ed you n g adults, and to d ev elo p a 5year plan w h ich id en tifies elem en ts o f a coord in ated system o f support services for transition from sc h o o l to com m u n ity liv in g , necessary legislative and regulatory changes to prom ote op tim al in d ep en d en ce for those in d ivid u als, and recom m en d ation s for n ec essary financing o f n ew and exp an d ed pro gram s. Labor R elation s A ct w as en acted granting c o lle c tiv e bargaining rights to m ost em p lo y e e s o f the Judicial D epartm ent. The act, to be adm inistered by the M ain e Labor R elation s B oard, estab lish es p erm issib le su b jects for b argain in g, unfair labor prac tic e s, and d ispute resolu tion procedures. Strikes are prohibited. O ccupational safety and health. A m on g ch an ges in the C h em ical Su b stan ce Iden tification L a w , the d efin ition s o f m aterials w h ich con stitute health or p h ysica l hazards w ere exp an d ed , em p loyers and others must d isc lo s e trade-secret inform ation on the sp ecific identity o f hazardous ch em ica ls to health p ro fessio n a ls w h en such inform ation is n eed ed , and the law n ow p rovid es for leg isla tiv e rev iew o f standards and regu lations adopted under the act. O ther law s. E m p loyers are n o w prohib ited from ch argin g a p rosp ective em p lo y ee a fee for filin g an app lication for em p lo y m ent. U nder su n set leg isla tio n , the legislatu re m ust rev iew the evalu ation s and an alyses o f the ju stification report for the D epart m ent o f Labor’s programs by June 30, 1988, and the H um an R ights C o m m issio n , Labor R elation s B oard, P ersonnel B oard, and the G overn or’s O ffice o f State E m p lo y ee R e lation s are sch ed u led for term ination at that tim e u n less con tinu ed or m odified by law . A m on g ch a n g es in the State m ilitary ser v ic e la w , reem p loym en t rights w ere g iv en to em p lo y e e s called to active State serv ice, w ith restoration o f sen iority, status, pay, and vacation rights as if there had b een no interruption. A p p lication for reem p loym ent m ust be w ithin 30 d ays o f release or d is ch arge from active State service. Maryland H ours. T he law perm itting law en fo rce m ent em p lo y e e s o f the M aryland State P o lice to w ork a 10-hour w orkday and 4-day w o rk w eek , if auth orized , in lieu o f an 8hour w orkday and 5-d ay w ork w eek , w as am en ded to a lso perm it 12-hour w ork p e riods and to expand coverage to include civ ilia n e m p lo y e e s on a 40 -h o u r w ork w eek Agriculture. The application fee for a farm labor contractor certificate o f registration w as reduced from $ 1 5 0 annually to $ 2 5 . E qual em ploym ent opportun ity. A joint resolu tion urged the C on gress to again pass and subm it to the States for ratification, the Equal R igh ts A m en d m en t to the U .S . C o n stitution. L abor relations. L abor relations. A Judicial E m p loyees M arylan d ’s M ass Tran sit A d m in istration is n ow authorized to in- 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 elu d e lim ited autom atic c o st-o f-liv in g w age a d ju stm en ts in its c o lle c tiv e b argain in g agreem en ts. the C orps is to w ork and the o b jectiv es o f the w ork ex p erien ce. O ther law s. O c c u p a tio n a l sa fe ty a n d h ea lth . T h e C o m m issio n er o f Labor and Industry m ay n o w bring suit in the District Court to en force paym ent o f overd u e civ il penalties im p osed by the State O ccu p ation al S afety and H ealth A dm inistration. T he o ccu p ation al safety and health law n ow p rovid es for the m aintenance and d is sem in ation by em p lo y ers o f inform ation on the to x ic and and hazardous su b stan ces to w h ich w orkers are ex p o se d , requires the ed u cation and training o f em p lo y ees re garding th o se hazards and their safe han d l i n g , r e q u ir e s e m p lo y e r s to p r o v id e inform ation to govern m en t fire protection a g e n c ie s, and esta b lish es procedures for the release o f trade secret inform ation. A n em p lo y e e requesting inform ation about a haz ardous ch em ica l m ay refuse to w ork with that ch em ica l until the inform ation is pro vid ed . A n e x p lo siv e s advisory cou n cil w as cre ated to a d v ise, a ssist, and recom m en d , to the D epartm ent o f P ublic Safety and C or rectional S e r v ic e s, rules and regulations for the sto ra g e, u se, m anufacture, and trans portation o f d esign ated e x p lo siv e s in the State. A n ew law forbids the purchase and sale o f a sb esto s p rotective cloth in g and also re stricts its u se. In a d d ition , effe ctiv e July 1, 1 9 8 5 , an em p lo y er m ay not p o ssess or keep su ch clo th in g or require or request em p lo y e e s to u se it. P lan t closings. State em p lo y ees ad versely affected by the c lo sin g o f a facility em p lo y in g 5 0 w orkers or m ore m ust be given at least 6 m onths ad van ce n otice o f such c lo s in g , and are en titled to jo b cou n selin g and training referral and assistan ce in se curing other State em p loym en t. T he D iv isio n o f Labor and In d u s tr y , A p p r e n t ic e s h ip and T r a in in g C o u n cil, O ccu p ation al S afety and H ealth A d visory B oard, and the A m u sem en t R ide S afety A d v iso ry B oard, all sch ed u led for term ination on July 1, 1993, w ere exten d ed to July 1, 1994. P aym ent bonds w ill n ow be required b e fore aw arding any p u b lic con stru ction c o n tract o v er $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 , rather than $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 as b efore. Jurisdictions other than the State or its a g en cies m ay require bonds o f up to on eh a lf the contract am ount for any con stru c tion contract betw een $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 and $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 . Massachusetts W ages. A sp ecial leg isla tiv e com m ittee is to in vestigate and study com parable worth in the State se rv ice, id en tifyin g the extent o f sex segregation and those cla ssified p o sition s not com p en sated on a com parable worth b asis. F in d in gs w ere to be reported to the H ou se o f R ep resen tatives by D e c e m ber 2 6 , 19 8 4 , in clu d in g drafts o f any rec om m en d ed legislation . T he D epart m ent o f E ducation and Training w as d i rected to estab lish a financial assistan ce program for certain in d ivid u als receivin g cla ssro o m training w ith funds provided un der the Federal Joint Training Partnership A ct. T h is program w ill co n sist o f a livin g ex p en se a llo w a n ce for certain u n em p loyed in d ivid u als w h o are eco n o m ica lly d isad van taged, d islo ca ted w orkers, or otherw ise q u alified . T he law esta b lish in g the M aryland C on servation C orps, w h ich is to provide em p l o y m e n t in th e d e v e l o p m e n t an d m a in te n a n c e o f n a tu ral r e s o u r c e s , w a s am en ded to sp ecifica lly provide for the re cruitm ent o f persons age 16 to 2 4 and to enum erate the ty p es o f projects on w h ich 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis w h ich are en g a g ed so le ly in providing e m p lo y ers, by electron ic m ean s, biographical in form ation , background, and exp erien ce o f applicants for tem porary em p lo y m en t, h elp , or en g a g em en t w ere sp ecifica lly e x em p ted from the em p lo y m en t agen cy law . O ccu pation al safety and health. A rightto-k n ow la w , en acted in late 1983, covers pu b lic and private sector em p loyers and resid en ts o f co m m u n ities with covered e m p lo y ers. It requires that e m p lo y ees be in form ed o f and g iv en training on toxic su b stan ces found in the w ork p lace, and e s tab lish es procedures for com m u n ity resi d en ts to p etition for in vestigation if it is b eliev ed that the use o f a to x ic or hazardous su b stan ce in the em p lo y er’s w ork p lace is a danger to the pu b lic health. H azardous su b stan ces are to be identified and records m aintained on the em p lo y e r s’ p rem ises. E m p lo y ees w h o request inform ation cannot be required to work w ith a sub stan ce until the inform ation has been provid ed and are not to be d iscip lin ed for such action . V ar iou s portions o f the law are to be adm in istered by the p ublic health, labor and industry, and en viron m en tal quality e n g i neering departm ents. E qual em ploym ent opportun ity. The pro tection from em p loym en t d iscrim in ation on the b asis o f a g e, p reviou sly ap p licab le to persons age 45 to 6 5 , w as exten d ed to all p ersons o v er the age o f 4 0 with certain lim ited e x cep tio n s. Discrim ination in em ploym ent against the h andicapped is n ow prohibited under the Fair E m p loym en t Practice law , ad m in is tered by the C o m m issio n A gain st D iscrim ination. The law provides for administrative rem ed ies, in clu d in g in vestigation o f c o m plaints, hearings, issuance o f cease and desist orders, and judicial review . Em ployers must m ake reason able accom m od ation for the in d iv id u a l’s handicap. P lan t closings. An industrial serv ice pro gram w as estab lish ed to assist private b u si n e s s e s , u p o n r e q u e s t , in a l l e v i a t i n g co n d itio n s w h ich threaten to cau se a large lo ss o f em p lo y m en t, plant closu re, or b u si n ess failu re, and w here such lo ss o f e m p loym ent, closure, or failure is unavoidable, to a ssist in efforts to secure alternative e m p loym en t and retraining opportunities for d isp laced w orkers. H elp w ill a lso be a v a il able to affected com m u n ities in finding new u ses for id led plants or fa cilities and in fo s tering lon g-term e c o n o m ic vitality, indus trial grow th and jo b creation. Em ploym ent and training. L abor relations. E m ploym ent and training. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. B u sin esses T he labor relations law co v erin g private sector em p lo y ers, health care facilities, and nonprofit institutions was am en ded to in clu d e coverage o f vendors w h o contract w ith or receiv e funds from the C om m on w ealth or its p olitical su b d i v isio n s to p rovid e so c ia l, p rotective, leg a l, m ed ica l, cu sto d ia l, reh ab ilitative, resp ite, n u tr itio n a l, e m p lo y m e n t , e d u c a t io n a l, training, and sim ilar serv ices. A leg isla tiv e resolu tion called for the cre ation o f a sp ecial co m m issio n to study c o l lective bargaining and dispute resolution for m u n icip al p o lic e officers and firefighters in light o f local taxing lim itation s and other m atters. F in d in gs and recom m en d ation s, in clu d in g any leg isla tiv e p rop osals, w ere to be subm itted to the legislatu re by D ecem b er 1, 1984. T he B ay State S k ills C orp. in the M an p ow er A ffairs E x ecu tiv e O ffice n ow has ju risd iction o v er the S tate’s displaced hom em aker program. N ew p ro v isio n s include the estab lish m en t o f a statew id e ad visory c o u n se l, and a require m ent that at least five o f the p rev io u sly m andated m ultipurpose service centers are to be estab lish ed statew id e. O ther law s. T he authority o f the labor com m ission er to suspend various labor law s, w h en an em erg en cy ex ists or there are c o n d ition s o f hardship in an industry, w as e x tended to July 1, 1985. Michigan L abor relations. A January 1984 State circuit court d ecisio n held that the S ta te’s strikebreaker la w , prohibiting em p loyers from hiring professional strikebreakers, was u n con stitu tion al b ecau se o f preem ption by the N ational Labor R elation s A ct. The court stated that the hiring o f persons to replace striking or lo ck ed out w orkers is a reco g n ized em p lo y er right under the Federal act and a State lim itation on that right un ac cep tab ly im pairs the em p lo y er/em p lo y ee b alan ce struck by C on gress. E m ploym en t an d training. D u tie s and fu n ctio n s o f the M ich igan Y outh Corp were transferred from the D epartm ent o f M an agem en t and B u d get to the D epartm ent o f L abor, and the requirem ent that elig ib le general a ssista n ce recip ien ts participate in program s w as elim in ated . A private sector a d visory task force w as estab lish ed to e x am ine the fea sib ility o f e m p lo y in g youth in the private sector during their participation in the program , and to m ake su g g estio n s in su ch areas as career c o u n se lin g , job-search a ssista n ce, and jo b p lacem en t. Minnesota W ages. A n am endm ent to the m inim um w a g e law p rovid es for a phased elim in ation o f the 20-p ercen t m axim u m tip credit al lo w a n ce by a 5 -percen t annual reduction b eg in n in g in 1985 w ith total elim in ation a ch iev ed by 1988. In d ivid u als em p lo y ed to provide o ver night d o m estic co m p an ion sh ip services to the aged and infirm w ill n ow be exem p t from m inim um w a g e and overtim e pay re q uirem ents for up to 8 hours o f sleep tim e b etw een 10 p .m . and 9 a .m ., providing they rece iv e the m inim um w age or more for at least 4 hours o f such tim e. T h e tim e period for bringing action for the reco v ery o f w a g es or overtim e or related p en a lties w as increased from 2 to 3 years in th o se in stan ces w here the em p loyer fails to subm it p ayroll records by the date re q u ested by the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industry or the n on p aym en t is w illfu l. In d ivid u als em p lo y ed as co m m issio n ed sa lesp erso n s, are n o w sp ec ifica lly covered by a sectio n requiring prom pt p aym ent o f w a g es. T erm inated e m p lo y ees or th ose w ho resign g iv in g 5 d ays n otice w ill be paid all co m m issio n s w ithin 3 w ork in g days o f lea v in g , e m p lo y ees not g iv in g required n o tice w ill be paid w ithin 6 w ork in g d ays, and e m p lo y e e s entrusted w ith m on ey or property are to be paid w ithin 10 w orking d ays. T h e law a llo w in g em p loyers to m ake e m p lo y e e authorized payroll d ed u ction s w as am en ded to n o w perm it d ed u ction s for F ed eral or State registered p olitical action co m m ittees. A n ew law requires every p olitical sub d iv isio n to estab lish eq u itab le com p en sa https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion relation sh ip s am ong its em p lo y ees by A u gu st 1, 1987. T he p olitical su b d iv isio n s, by u se o f a jo b evalu ation system to deter m ine com p arab le w ork valu e, are to estab lish eq u itab le com p en sation relationships b etw een fem ale-d om in ated cla sses o f em p lo y ees, m ale-dom inated classes, and classes not dom in ated by either se x . (A sim ilar m easure im plem en ting a pay eq u ity system for State e m p lo y ees w as en acted in 1 9 8 2 .) A lso , the legislatu re requested the regents o f the U n iversity o f M in n esota to con d u ct a job evalu ation study o f its n on acad em ic e m p lo y e e s, in clu d in g hospital e m p lo y ees, based on com parable worth p rin cip les. A report, to be subm itted to the leg isla tiv e co m m issio n on e m p lo y e e relations by April 1, 1985, is to id en tify inequitably co m p en sated fem ale-d om in ated c la sse s, estim ate the co st o f salary adjustm ents, and list steps taken to ach iev e pay eq u ity. C hild labor. T he p enalty section o f the ch ild labor law w as am ended to sp ec ify that em p loyers w h o refuse to m ake certificates or lists availab le as required w ill be as se ssed a $ 5 0 0 fine, and that other fines for em p lo y m en t, hours, and hazardous o c c u p ation s v io la tio n s are im posed for each em p lo y e e . em o r to the C o m m issio n er o f Labor and Industry. O th e r la w s. T h e la w r e q u ir in g p u b lic a g en cies to g iv e p referen ce to products m anufactured in the State w h en purchasing g o o d s w as rep ealed . A ls o , the definition o f pu b lic contract for p u rp oses o f granting res ident bidder preferen ce w as clarified , and a p rovision w as added p en alizin g State a g en cies fa ilin g to accord such preferen ce. T he law p rohibiting cities or co u n ties in the se v en cou n ty T w in C ities area from e s tablish in g resid en cy requirem ents as a c o n dition o f em p lo y m en t w as am ended to exp an d the prohibition to all cities and cou n ties in the State. T h ose jurisd iction s ou tsid e o f the T w in C ities area m ay im pose a reason able area or resp onse tim e resi d en cy requirem ent if there is a d em o n strated, jo b related n ecessity . The law perm itting public em p loyees who q u alify as m em b ers o f a U .S . team for ath letic com p etition on the w orld , Pan A m er ican , or O ly m p ic lev el up to 9 0 days paid lea v e o f a b sen ce a year w as am ended to lim it such lea v e to O lym p ic com p etition or training in an O ly m p ic year. Mississippi E qu al em ploym en t o pportu n ity. E qual em ploym ent opportunity. A g e re striction s in apprenticeship program s, in trades in v o lv in g h eavy p h ysical labor, or w ork on high structures, w ill no lon ger be exem p t from the unfair d iscrim inatory prac tices section o f the State Human Rights A ct. T h e C o m m issio n er o f E con om ic S e c u rity is to recom m en d to the legislatu re by M arch 1, 19 8 5 , n ew form ulas for allocatin g grants to sheltered w ork sh op s, with such form u las to take into con sid eration the e f fe c tiv e n e ss o f the w ork shop . Factors to be con sid ered in evalu atin g w ork shop s include w a g es and b en efits paid to em p lo y ees and hours w ork ed , rate o f p lacem en t in c o m p etitive em p lo y m en t, opportunities for e m p lo y e e s to participate in d ecisio n s affectin g their em p lo y m en t, w ork shop resp o n siv e n ess to e m p lo y e e g riev a n ces, and w orkshop efficien cy . P rivate em ploym ent agencies. A n ew law requires the licen sin g and regulation o f e n tertainm ent a g en cies by the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industry, and sets con d ition s for licen su re and operation such as su b m ission o f fe e sc h e d u les, accep tab le contract form s, p aym ent o f a $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 bond and p rovision for resolu tion o f d isp u tes w ith the artist. O ccupational safety and health. T he au thority to appoint the occu p ational safety and health ad visory cou n cil and d esign ate its chairm an w as transferred from the G ov- In the Adm inistrative Reorganization A ct o f 1984, the legislatu re ex p ressed its intent that no person seek in g em p lo y m en t in State service or em p lo y ed in State service be d iscrim i nated against on the basis o f race, co lo r, relig io n , se x , national origin , a g e, or hand icap. Missouri E qual em ploym ent opportunity. E xam in a tion s for em p lo y m en t under the State merit system must be conducted in locations w hich are fu lly a ccessib le to the h an d icapp ed , and hearing im paired can d id ates m ay request the furnish ing o f a certified interpreter. E lig ib ility requirem ents for the use o f serv ices or fa cilities o f cou n ty- or c ity -o p erated sh eltered w ork sh op s or resid en ce fa cilities for the handicapped, were more fully d efin ed and clarified. O ccu pation al safety and health. A n ew B o iler and Pressure V e s se l A ct, to be ad m inistered by the D epartm ent o f Public S a fe ty , p rovid es for the creation o f an ap p oin ted regulatory board, the setting o f standards for p erm issib le eq u ip m en t c o v ered by the law , p eriod ic in sp ectio n o f b o il ers and pressure v e s s e ls , and the testin g and licen sin g o f in sp ectors. T he law w ill not ap p ly in cities or chartered cou n ties w h ich regu late su ch eq u ip m en t by ordinance. O th er la w s. M isso u ri v o ters a p p roved 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 ch a n g in g the nam e o f the D epartm ent o f C o n su m er A ffairs to the D epartm ent o f E c o n o m ic D ev elo p m en t. Montana E qual em ploym ent opportunity. In a sp e cial leg isla tiv e se ss io n , p reference in hiring for State and local govern m en t jo b s w as lim ited to an advantage over applicants with su b stan tially equal qu alification s for c o m bat-era veteran s, d isab led veteran s, hand icapped persons, and certain eligib le spouses. T he n ew law rep laces on e w h ich had been interpreted by the State Suprem e Court as g iv in g ab solu te preferen ce for governm ent jo b s to veterans and handicapped persons. Nebraska W ages. Sheltered w ork shop s are required to co m p ly w ith the Federal Fair Labor Stan dards A ct, and m ust pay clien ts w a g es c o n sistent w ith their health, efficien cy , and general w ell-b ein g as provid ed by the State m inim u m w a g e la w , and m ust m eet other sp ecified requirem ents in order to be e li g ib le for direct n egotiation with public a g en cies in lieu o f the norm al bidding re quirem ents for p rovid in g g o o d s and ser v ic e s. E m ploym ent and training. A n ew Job T raining A ct requires the C om m ission er o f Labor to take steps n ecessary to en ab le the State to participate in program s under the Federal Job Training Partnership A ct ( j t p a ) , and to coordinate State job training a ctiv itie s. T he N ebraska Job Training C ou n cil w as esta b lish ed as the coord in atin g cou n cil under the j t p a . New Jersey C hild labor. T he n ightw ork hours pro v isio n for m inors b etw een age 16 and 18 perm itting w ork in restaurants after m id night b efore n o n sch o o ld a y s w as am ended to perm it restaurant and season al am u se m ent em p lo y m en t that is a con tinu ation o f w ork b egu n on a day not preced in g a sc h o o ld a y , with parental p erm ission , e x cep t that em p lo y m en t after 3 a .m . or before 6 a .m . on a day before a sch oold ay is pro hibited. W orker priva cy. T he law restricting e m p lo y e r s’ u se o f lie detectors w as am ended to co v er p ro sp ectiv e em p lo y e e s. Perm itted testin g w as further lim ited to em p lo y ees d irectly in v o lv ed in the m anufacture, d is tribution, d isp en sin g o f, or h aving access to leg a lly distributed con trolled dangerous su b stan ces. O ther p ro v ision s in clu d ed per m issib le areas o f q u estio n in g , the su b jects’ right to representation by an attorney, and 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the right to receiv e a co p y o f the report o f the test results. N o inform ation obtained by testin g m ay be released to any other e m p loyer or p erson, and su b jects m ust be in form ed o f their right to subm it the results o f an ind ep en dently adm inistered test b e fore the em p lo y er m akes a personn el d e cisio n . O ccupational safety and health. A com p reh en sive n ew O ccu p ation al S afety and H ealth A ct ap p licab le to p ublic em p lo y ees w as enacted. A m on g the provisions are those creating an ad visory board, providing for the d ev elo p m en t o f safety and health stan dards, in sp ection o f w ork p laces, giv in g e m p lo y e e s inform ation on their exp osu re to co n d itio n s in violation o f prescribed safety and health standards, and p rohibitions on em p lo y er retaliation. T h e law is to be ad m inistered by the D epartm ent o f Labor. om m en d ation s to the first se ssio n o f the 1985 legislatu re. O ccupational safety and health. A m en d m ents to the S ta te’s O ccu p ation al Safety and H ealth A ct sp ec ify the procedures to be fo llo w e d in prom ulgating em erg en cy regu lation s in resp onse to th ose issu ed un der the Federal O ccu p ation al S afety and H ealth A c t, and provide that inform ation ob tain ed in o n -site con su ltation in sp ection s is to rem ain con fidential. O ther law s. T he law g iv in g resident c o n tractors p referen ce in the aw arding o f State construction projects w as am ended to change and exp an d the d efinition o f resident c o n tractor; to sp ec ify a 5 -percent preference am ount o v er nonresident contractors; and to estab lish procedures for certification. New York P lan t closings. U nder a n ew E m p loyee S tock O w n ersh ip Plan A ct, the C o m m is sion er o f C om m erce and E con om ic D e v e l op m ent is to provide inform ation on such p lan s, in clu d in g p rocedures for estab lish in g them and assistan ce availab le from g o v ern m ent sou rces and private sector co n su lt ants. W hen a plant c lo s e s or w ill c lo s e in an already eco n o m ic a lly d istressed m u n ic ip ality, the C o m m issio n er m ay grant funds to a ssist in preparing a cost-b en efit an alysis o f the potential profitability o f em p lo y ee ow n ersh ip . A fter review o f the resu lts, ap propriate a ssistan ce such as loan guarantees or lo w interest loan s w ill be provid ed to em p loyee purchasers if benefits exceed costs and fun d s are availab le. E m p lo y m e n t a n d tr a in in g . Q u a lifie d w orkers w h o are currently u n em p loyed or h ave rece iv e d a la y o ff n otice due to a fa c tory or plant c lo sin g m ay enroll in job train ing cou rses w ithout tuition p aym ent, with certain restriction s, in any p ublic State or cou n ty c o lle g e . V oters, in the N o v em b er 1984 general e le c tio n , p assed a legislatu re approved $ 9 0 m illio n bond issu e for the construction o f ad van ced tech n o lo g y centers at the S ta te’s pu b lic and private c o lle g e s and u n iversities to build and im prove tech n ical and e n g i neering fa cilities and provide high tech n ology job training and retraining programs. New Mexico E qual em ploym ent opportun ity. T he State h igh w ay departm ent w as requested to study the hiring p ractices o f contractors on h igh w ay con stru ction projects as such practices affect the hiring o f blacks, to determ ine w ays to assure that hiring p ractices do not d is crim in ate, and to report any findings or rec W ages. T h e m inim um salary requirem ent for ex em p tio n from freq u en cy o f paym ent requirem ents in the w age-p aym en t law for e x e c u tiv e , ad m in istrative, and p rofession al e m p lo y e e s w as raised from $ 3 0 0 to $ 4 0 0 per w eek . C hild labor. E m p loyers w h o viola te the ch ild labor law w ill n ow be subject to a civ il p en alty, a ssessed by the labor c o m m issio n er , o f up to $ 5 0 0 for each v io la tio n , in addition to any other p en alties p rev io u sly im p osed . T he size o f the em p lo y e r ’s b u si n e ss, the g o o d faith o f the em p lo y er, the gravity o f the v io la tio n , the history o f pre v io u s v io la tio n s, and the failure to co m p ly w ith record k eep in g or other requirem ents w ill all be taken into con sid eration in set ting the am ount o f the p en alty. E qual em ploym ent opportu n ity. M andatory retirem ent on the b asis o f age w as prohib ited for both p ublic and private sector em p loyers w ith certain e x cep tio n s, and the prohibition against age d iscrim in ation now ap p lies w ithout upper-age lim it instead o f cea sin g at age 6 5 . T h ese p rovision s b eco m e e ffe c tiv e January 1, 1985, for p ublic e m p loyers and January 1, 1986, for private sector em p lo y ers. D iscrim in ation on the b asis o f age w as prohibited in apprenticeship, on-the-job, and other training program s. T h e H um an R ights L aw n ow prohibits an em p lo y er from requiring a pregnant e m p lo y e e to take a lea v e o f ab sen ce u n less the p regn an cy prevents the em p lo y ee from per form in g her jo b in a reasonable m anner. L abor relations. P rovision s o f the n o n profit corporation law estab lish in g record keeping requirem ents and the right to inspect records w ere am en ded to sp ec ify that the law d o es not require pu b lic e m p lo y e e or- g a n iza tio n s to d isc lo se the h om e address ot any current or past m em ber. P rivate em ploym ent agencies. E m ployer fe e paid a g en cies p lacin g applicants in ad m inistrative em p lo y m en t p osition s paying less than $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 per year are n ow exem p t from m ost p ro v ision s o f the em p loym en t a g en cy la w . H o w ev er, such a g en cies m ust register w ith the adm inistrator and m ay not e n g a g e in several sp ecified prohibited prac tices. O c c u p a tio n a l sa fe ty a n d h e a lth . T h e C o m m issio n er o f Labor w as authorized to issu e rules to prevent personal injuries to e m p lo y e e s and patrons u sing am usem ent d e v ic e s and tem porary structures at carni v a ls, fairs, and am usem en t parks. W ithin N e w Y ork C ity , the D epartm ent o f B u ild in g s w as em p o w ered to m ake and en force such rules. O ther law s. A m en d m en ts to the civ il ser v ic e and labor la w s provide p rotections to e m p lo y e e s again st retaliatory p ersonnel ac tion s by em p lo y ers for d isclo sin g infor m ation to a governm ent body about em ployer v io la tio n s o f la w s or regu lations, w h ich v i o la tio n en d an gers the pu b lic safety. E m p lo y e e s m ust first inform the em p loyer, h o w e v e r , and a llo w reason able tim e for co rrectiv e action before d isclosu re. North Carolina W ages. W a g es o f State e m p lo y ees m ay be a ssig n ed to m eet ch ild support o b lig a tio n s w ithou t the norm al restrictions on c la im s again st the State. A pay eq u ity study for the S ta te’s c la s s ified e m p lo y e e s w as authorized. A Pay E q u ity A d v iso ry C o m m ittee, co m p o sed o f leg isla to rs, is to m onitor progress and m ake a final report by June 1, 1986. A consultant m ay be hired to study the State personnel sy stem and report findings to the C om m it tee on p o lic ie s w h ich inhibit pay equity and d ev elo p m en t o f an eq u itab le job evalu ation and pay sy stem . E qual em ploym ent opportu n ity. M andatory retirem ent under the State and local g o v ernm ent em p lo y e e s’ retirement system s was elim in a ted . L ocal boards o f ed u cation and the Board o f G overn ors o f the U n iversity o f N orth C arolina m ay by resolu tion pro v id e for the retirem ent o f certain personnel at the ag e o f 7 0 u n less con tinu ed in service on a y ear-to-year b asis in accordance with regu lations adopted by the boards. Ohio C hild labor. T he law setting p erm issible a g es for the sale or h andling o f alcoh olic b ev era g es w as am en ded to perm it 18-year- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o ld s to sell beer in sealed con tainers, and 19-year-old s to h andle op en liquor con tain ers in their em p lo y m en t as w aiters or w ait resses in h o te ls, restaurants, social and fraternal clu b s, or night clu b s. A g r i c u l tu r e . A m on g sev era l am en d m en ts, m ade in late 1983, to the law s reg u la tin g a g r ic u lt u r a l la b o r , a m ig r a n t agricultural om bu d sm an w as to be ap p oin ted by the Bureau o f E m p loym en t S er vices to serve as both liaison and information sou rce for the m igrant com m u n ity, ch an ges w ere m ade in labor cam p licen sin g and in sp ection requirem ents, safe drinking w ater health standards w ere incorporated into the licen sin g requirem ents, and the D epartm ent o f E ducation w as g iv en n ew resp on sib ilities for ed u cational program s for children o f m igrant agricultural laborers. E qual em ploym ent opportunity. A D e partm ent o f A g in g w as created to replace a C o m m issio n on A g in g . A m on g its d u ties, the D epartm ent is resp on sib le for plan nin g, coord in atin g, and m onitoring services for old er ad u lts, in clu d in g the operation o f m ultipurpose centers w h ich provide such serv ices as program s to locate full- or parttim e em p loym en t opportunities. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n ity . S ta te a g e n c ie s, b oard s, and c o m m issio n s are to an n u ally subm it affirm ative action plans to the O ffice o f P erson n el M an agem en t w h ich w ill, in turn, subm it a progress report to the G overn or, Sp eak er o f the H o u se o f R ep resen tatives, and P resident Pro T em p ore o f the S en ate. A g e n c ie s are not required to g iv e preferential treatm ent to m em bers o f any co v ered group based on an im balance in com p arison with area em p lo y m en t sta tistics, but it is not a discrim inatory practice to adopt and im plem en t a plan to reduce or elim in a te su ch an im balan ce. Occupational safety and health. The State O ccu p ation al H ealth and S afety law is now ap p licab le o n ly to p ublic sector em p lo y m ent. Statutory referen ces to the O ccu p a t i o n a l H e a lt h an d S a f e t y S ta n d a r d s C om m ission and Board o f Health and Safety C o m p lia n ce and A p p eals w ere d eleted , and authority to estab lish standards and to ajud icate v io la tio n s w as red elegated to the C o m m issio n er o f Labor. O ther law s. T h e law requiring the grant ing o f p referen ce to State-resident bidders in the award o f pu b lic w orks contracts w as rep ealed . O ccupational safety and health. C hanges w ere m ade in the criteria used by the m ine ex a m in in g board to certify persons for s e v eral m inin g o ccu p a tio n s, and new com p re h en siv e safety p rocedures w ere adopted for lo n g w a ll m in in g. E m p lo y ees are to receive instruction in su ch areas as esca p ew a y and travel ro u tes, v e n tila tio n , r o o f su p p ort, co m m u n ica tio n s, and location o f first aid eq u ip m en t. E m ploym ent and training. T he D irector o f D ev elo p m en t is to adm inister a n ew T h om as A lv a E d ison m atching grant pro gram to foster research in advanced tech n o lo g y areas lik ely to im prove the eco n o m y and lead to the creation o f jo b s. Oklahoma W ages. A m o n g am endm ents to the pre v a ilin g w a g e la w , a $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 threshold am ount for co v era g e w as estab lish ed , c o n tractors and subcontractors are to n ow sub m it certified payrolls at the co n clu sio n o f the project instead o f o n ly upon request, p rovision w as m ade for w orker verification o f payroll records, a 2-year debarm ent for v io la tio n s w as estab lish ed , and violation s w ere m ade m isd em ean ors. In an action that w ill be help fu l in the en forcem en t o f the S ta te’s w age paym ent and p revailin g w a g e la w s, the section o f another law govern in g contractor licen sin g w as am en ded to clarify the definition o f contractor. Pennsylvania C hild labor. S ectio n s o f the ch ild labor law requiring em p loym en t certificates were am en ded to perm it, as an alternative, the u se o f transferable w ork perm its by m inors w h o are at least age 16. T h ese perm its are transferable from on e em p lo y er to another during the period for w h ich the individual is co n sid ered a m inor. E qual em ploym ent o pportu n ity. R eductionin -force proced u res for various firefighters, p o lic e officers, and deputy sheriffs in the S tate, w h ich p reviou sly provid ed for first m andating the retirem ent o f those elig ib le e m p lo y e e s age 65 or over, w ere am ended to raise this age to 7 0 . L abor re la tio n s. A m en d m en ts to the P ub lic S ch o o l C od e g iv e p rofession a l em p lo y e e s the right to ch a llen g e term ination u sin g eith er ad m in istrative rem ed ies or proce dures estab lish ed in c o lle c tiv e bargaining agreem en ts, but not both. O ccu pation al safety and health. A com p reh en sive W orker and C om m u n ity R ight to K n ow A c t, to be fu lly effe ctiv e 2 years after the p rom ulgation o f regu lation s, re quires pu b lic and private sector em p lo y ers to p rovid e e m p lo y e e s and the general p ublic w ith in form ation on hazardous ch em ica ls foun d in the w ork p lace, to m aintain lists o f th ese c h e m ic a ls, to properly label them , 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 and to p rovid e w orkers w ith training on the nature o f the ch em ica ls and safe handling and em ergen cy procedures. Procedures were a lso in clu d ed for the release o f trade secret inform ation in m ed ical em erg en cies, for o n site testin g , and for any person in the State to request an environ m en tal hazard su rvey for a particular w ork p lace. E m p lo y e es w h o request inform ation cannot be re quired to w ork w ith a substance until the in form ation has b een provided and are not to be d iscip lin ed for such action . A d m in istration o f the law is vested in the D e partm ent o f Labor and Industry. E c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t. T h e M ilr it e C o u n cil, a q u a si-p u b lic, independent e c o n o m ic d ev elo p m en t a g en cy , w as exten d ed through June 3 0 , 1 9 9 0 , and w as authorized to create lab or-m an agem en t com m ittees to en h a n ce e c o n o m ic d ev elop m en t through la bor-m an agem en t coop eration . P lan t closings. A n ew E m p lo y ee-O w n ership A ssista n ce Program under the D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e g i v e s lo c a l adm in istrative a g en cies the authority to p rovid e tech n ical and financial assistan ce to e lig ib le e m p lo y e e groups to p rom ote re structuring ex istin g b u sin esses, including th o se fa cin g la y o ffs or c lo s in g , into e m p lo y e e -o w n e d en terprises. E m ploym ent an d training. T he P en n sy l van ia C o n servation C orps w as created in th e D e p a r tm e n t o f E n v ir o n m e n ta l R e so u rces to p rovid e a m axim u m o f 6 m onths o f training and w ork ex p erien ce on public lands or fa cilities at no less than the State m inim u m w a g e to e lig ib le eco n o m ica lly d isad van taged p ersons age 18 to 21. Puerto Rico W ages. M in im u m w a g e rates w ere in creased in 1984 and late 1983 for several industries under rev ised m andatory d ecrees issu ed by the C om m o n w ealth M inim um W age Board. M in im u m rates for the trans portation industry increased from a range o f $ 1 . 4 0 - S 3 .3 5 an hour to $ 2 .8 0 - $ 3 .3 5 on D ece m b er 2 5 , 1 9 8 3 , and rates w ere also increased in late 1983 for the bread, cracker, bakery prod u cts, and alim entary pastes in dustry and for the dairy industry. T he m in im um w age rate for the transportation vehicle m anufacturing and a ssem b ly industry in creased from $ 3 .1 0 to $ 3 .3 5 an hour on January 2 8 , 1 9 8 4 , and the m inim um w age rate range for the m etal, m ach inery, e le c trical p rod u cts, instrum ents, and related products industry increased from $ 2 - $ 2 .3 0 an hour to $ 2 .7 5 - $ 3 .3 5 an hour on M ay 2 3 , 1984. Rhode Island W ages. Payroll d ed u ction s for any pur 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p o se m ust be transferred by the em p loyer to the appropriate person or organization w ithin 21 d ays fo llo w in g the last day o f the m onth in w h ich the d ed u ction is m ade un less the recip ien t perm its oth erw ise in w rit ing. T h e law p rovid in g for ju d gm en ts order ing ch ild support and assign m en t o f w ages for su ch support p aym en ts, w as am ended to p rovid e for recip rocity w ith States h aving sim ilar law s. A sp ecial leg isla tiv e co m m issio n w as au thorized to study pay eq u ity in State e m p loym en t and determ ine if there is ev id en ce o f u n d ercom pensation o f fem ale-d om in ated c la sse s in relation to m ale-d om in ated on es w h ere the co m p o site valu e o f sk ill, effort, r e s p o n s ib ilit y , in te r p e r so n a l s k i l l s , a c cou n tab ility, and w orking con d ition s are com p arab le. T he find in gs, w h ich are n on binding, w ill be reported by March 29, 1986. Equal em ploym ent opportun ity. T he age for m andatory retirem ent o f p o lice and fire p ersonn el w as increased from 65 to 7 0 , and the m andatory retirem ent o f correctional p ersonn el at age 55 w ith 2 0 years service w as elim in ated . T he leg isla tiv e co m m issio n created in 1983 to study the fea sib ility o f estab lish in g a rev o lv in g lo w -in terest loan fund to pur ch ase high tech n o lo g y adaptive equ ip m en t en ab lin g the em p loym en t o f disab led per so n s, and to recom m en d leg isla tio n , w as exten d ed for 1 year through April 1985. O ccupational safety and health. A m on g am en dm en ts to the H azardous Su b stan ces R igh t-to-K n ow A ct em p loyers n ow have 24 hours to co m p ly w ith a request for ch em ical inform ation from the labor departm ent, and em p lo y ers m ust p rovid e such inform ation w ithin 3 days o f an e m p lo y e e ’s request. A lso , certain laboratories w ere exclu d ed from co v era g e w h ile n ew safeguards were en acted for laboratory e m p lo y e e s, and pro v isio n s w ere added sp ec ify in g inform ation and training that m ust be furnished to em p lo y e e s o f subcontractors. A H azard ou s S u b sta n ces C om m u n ity R igh t-to-K n ow chapter w as en acted au thorizing any State resident to request c o p ies o f e m p lo y e r s’ m aterial safety data sheets and lists o f d esign ated su b stan ces from the D epartm ent o f L abor, w ith a m axim u m $ 1 0 fe e for each inform ation request. E m p loyer n on com p lian ce m ay result in fines o f up to $ 1 0 0 per day. Inform ation exem p ted under the trade secret exem p tion is not inclu d ed . M in im u m standards w ere estab lish ed for personal protective clo th in g , eq u ip m en t, tr a in in g , and r e s p ir a to r y p r o te c tio n for firefighters w h en ex p o se d to the hazards o f fire fightin g. A jo in t resolu tion requested that a sp ecial leg isla tiv e co m m issio n be created to study the effects o f v id eo d isp lay term inals on w orkers and to m ake recom m en d ation s on its find in gs. O ther law s. A w h istleb low ers protection act n ow protects State and m unicipal em p lo y e e s from d isch arge or other retaliation for reporting to a public body vio la tio n s o f law or rule, or for participating in an in v estig a tio n , hearing, or court action. E m p loyers m ay not charge applicants a fe e for filin g an em p lo y m en t application. South Carolina C hild labor. In resp on se to in crease to age 2 0 for the leg a l purchase or p o ssessio n o f beer or w in e , it w as sp ecified that per son s age 18 and o ver la w fu lly em p lo y ed to serve or rem ove b eer, w in e, or a lco h o lic b ev era g es w ill not be d eem ed in unlaw ful p ossession o f the beverages during the course and sc o p e o f their duties. E qu al em ploym en t o p p o rtu n ity . M em bers o f the State R etirem ent S ystem m ay n ow take up to 1 year o f m aternity leave p rovid ed they pay the full actuarial co st. W orker p riva cy. T he law en forcem en t d i v isio n w as authorized to provide crim inal con viction histories on request to local school districts for p rosp ective teachers and to the D epartm ent o f S ocial S erv ices for p erson nel o f ch ild day-care fa cilities. South Dakota H ours. T h e prohibition on a d a y ’s labor e x c e e d in g 10 hours w as am en ded to perm it a lon ger w orkday i f agreed to by both the e m p lo y e e and em p loyer. E q u a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n i ty . E m p loym en t d iscrim in ation on the b asis o f a p erso n ’s b lin d n ess or partial b lin d n ess is now prohibited under the State Human Rights A ct w h ich is ap p licab le to both private and pu b lic sector em p lo y ers. O ther law s. A m o n g ch an ges in the law g o v e r n in g e m p lo y e e a g r e e m e n ts n o t to co m p ete w ith the em p lo y er, the tim e period for n on com p etition w as reduced from 10 to 2 years after term ination o f the agreem ent. Tennessee W orker priva cy. A resolu tion called for the creation o f a sp ecial leg isla tiv e study co m m ittee to exam in e the use o f polygraph testin g , in clu d in g the u se o f such tests in e m p lo y m en t screen in g and em p lo y ee e v a l u ation and the rights and interests o f both e m p lo y e e s and em p lo y ers. L abor relations. A m o n g ch an ges m ade in the law perm itting payroll d ed u ction s for m em b ersh ip du es for certain State em p lo y e e a sso cia tio n s, n ew procedural re quirem ents for payroll ded u ction s were esta b lish ed , and p rovision w as m ade for retired State e m p lo y ees to authorize d e d u ction s for m em bership dues from retire m ent allow an ces. The provision for forfeiture o f the d ed u ction right for participation in a w ork stop p age w as am ended to also p rovide that a participant m ay ad d ition ally be sub je c t to im m ed iate term ination o f em p lo y m ent. P r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c ie s . A new p ersonn el recruiting services law w as en a cted , rep lacin g the private em p loym en t a g en cy act. T h e n ew la w , adm inistered by a p ersonn el recruiting services board co m p o sed prim arily o f licen sed agen cy m an agers, p ro v id es for licen sin g o f a g en cies, m anagers, and a g en cy p lacem en t person n el, and esta b lish es certain requirem ents on and prohibited p ractices for a g en cies. O ccupational safety and health. B y res o lu tio n , the legislatu re authorized the cre ation o f a sp ecial jo in t co m m ittee to study righ t-to-k n ow law s relative to hazardous su b stan ces in the com m u n ity and w ork p la ce. F in d in gs and any leg isla tiv e prop os als are to be subm itted to the G eneral A ssem b ly no later than February 1, 1985. T he co m p o sitio n o f the E levator S afety Board w as ch an ged and ch an ges w ere m ade in the statute to con form w ith a 1983 e x ecu tive order transferring the elevator safety fun ction from the D epartm ent o f Labor to the D epartm ent o f C om m erce and Insur ance. E con om ic d evelopm en t. A n E nterprise Z o n e A ct w a s en acted for the purpose o f creating jo b s and prom oting p h ysical im provem ents in econ om ically depressed areas o f the State by p rovid in g assistan ce to b u si n esses and industries including loans, grants, and tax c o n c e ssio n s. Enterprise zo n es w ill b e id en tified based on such factors as rate o f u n em p lo y m en t, p overty rate, and d e crease in pop u lation . Texas E m ploym ent and training. B y resolu tion , th e le g is la t u r e r e q u e s te d th e S ta te Job T raining C oordinating C ou n cil to study the u n em p lo y m en t p roblem in the State and m ake recom m en d ation s con cern in g transi tional pu b lic em p lo ym en t and training pro gram s. A report is due to the G overnor and leg isla tu re by D ecem b er 3 1 , 1984. Utah O th er la w s. A reso lu tio n d irected the L e g isla tiv e M an agem en t C om m ittee to as sign to appropriate com m ittees several items https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o f study in clu d in g w a g e garnishm ent, p ay m ent to subcontractors, in clu sion o f tips in m inim u m w a g e s, cov era g e o f m en by law s aifectin g w om en and m inors, and com p a rable w orth as it pertains to State e m p lo y ees. R ecom m endations for legislative action are to be m ade to the n ext legislatu re, or earlier if warranted. Vermont W ages. Courts m ay n ow order an a ssig n m ent o f w a g es to en force an order for child or sp ou se support under certain con d ition s, in clu d in g d elin q u en cy. A n em p lo y ee m ay not b e discharged b ecau se o f such an as sign m en t. In du strial hom ew ork. A reso lu tio n re qu ested the U .S . C on gress to direct the D e partm ent o f Labor to con tinu e to protect w orkers from safety and w a g e abuses and, in d oin g s o , to ensure that as a result o f its regu lation, h om ew ork not be banned alto gether. L abor relations. T he M unicipal Labor R elation s A ct w as am ended to perm it, in those m unicipalities that have voted to adopt b in din g arbitration, the m unicipal em p loyer and the bargaining agen t to agree to p roceed d irectly from m ed iation to binding arbitra tion w ithou t subm itting the dispute to fact find in g. Employment and training. A public works jo b s program , d esig n ed to provide up to 18 w eek s o f tem porary em p loym en t to certain u n em p loyed residents o f the State, due to exp ire June 3 0 , 19 8 4 , w as con tinu ed for 1 year. T h o se areas in w h ich such w ork w ill be perform ed w ere further defined. Virginia W ages. A s a fo llo w u p to the w o m e n ’s pay study in 1983 by the V irgin ia C o m m issio n on the Status o f W o m en , the le g i s la t u r e , b y r e s o l u t i o n , r e q u e s te d th e S ecretaries o f A dm inistration and F inance to study the com parable w orth co n cep t and the co st and ch an ges it w ou ld cau se in the State g overn m en t’s jo b evalu ation and c la s sification sy stem . R eports are due to the G overn or and G eneral A ssem b ly by O c tober 3 0 , 1984. trade secrets, p rovid in g for em erg en cy d is clo su re, and adding to the p en alties for un authorized disclosure. A lso , information filed as con fidential under the act w as exclu d ed from the law requiring that official records be op en to pu b lic in sp ection . A n ew D epartm ent o f M in es, M inerals and E nergy w as created and resp onsib ility for adm in isterin g the State m ine safety law transferred from the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industry to the n ew departm ent. A lso , a M in e S a fety P anel w as estab lish ed to re v ie w ap p lication s for reduced coa l m ine in s p e c t i o n s . C o a l m in e o p e r a to r s fo u n d q u alified , b ased on safety records and other factors, m ay h ave the num ber o f annual in sp ection s reduced by tw o . C urrently, in spections are required at least every 9 0 days. In other m ine safety action s, an absolute ban on the u se o f internal com b u stion en g in es underground in any coal m ine w as elim in ated and replaced w ith a p rovision p erm itting the u se o f d iese l p ow ered eq u ip m ent w ith w ritten approval, provid ed cer t a in s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s a re m e t , a n d requirem ents w ere estab lish ed for the m ain ten ance o f esca p e routes and p ro v isio n o f fire extin gu ish ers and respirators in lon gw all m inin g operations. P lan t closings. A resolu tion exten d ed the life o f the C o m m issio n Stu d yin g the R e cruitm ent o f Industry and Industrial Plant C lo sin g s , created in 1983 to determ ine the reason s for the S ta te’s difficulty in recruit in g industry and to study alternatives for aid in g the u n em p loyed . T he C o m m issio n is to subm it its recom m endations to the 1985 S e ssio n o f the G eneral A ssem b ly . Employment and training. L egislation was e n a c te d to im p le m e n t th e F ed era l Job T raining Partnership A ct w ithin the State. R esp o n sib ility w as assign ed to the n ew ly created G overn or’s E m p loym en t and Train ing D iv isio n and the advisory State Job T raining C oordinating C ou n cil. Other law s. The contract am ount for which a p aym ent bond is required on public c o n s t r u c t io n p r o j e c t s w a s in c r e a s e d fr o m $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 . P ub lic b od ies are not precluded from requiring su ch a bond for contracts o f a lesser am ount. Virgin Islands Industrial hom ework. B y resolu tion , the P resid en t, the C o n g ress, and the U .S . S e c retary o f Labor w ere urged to rescind or am end the orders and regulations prohib itin g industrial h om ew ork under the Fair Labor Standards A ct. Occupational safety and health. The T oxic S u b stan ces Inform ation A ct w as am ended by adopting n ew section s further defining E qual em ploym ent opportunity. T he pro h ib ition against em p lo y m en t d iscrim ination b eca u se o f sex w as d efined to sp ecifica lly apply to d iscrim in ation on the b asis o f preg n an cy, childbirth, or related m ed ical c o n d itio n s, and to require that w o m en affected by su ch con d ition s be treated the sam e for all em p loym en t-related p urposes as other persons h avin g different con d ition s affect- 41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • State Labor Legislation in 1984 ing their ability to w ork. E m p loym ent re lated p u rp oses include receipt o f benefits under d isa b ility b en efit, sick lea v e, and m ed ical benefit program s. The term e m p lo y er w as defined to sp ecifica lly provide that these p rovision s apply to both public and private sector em p loyers. a ccess to p rom otion s, and to report on w ays to elim in ate any discrim in ation found to ex ist. F in d in gs are to be reported to the Joint C om m ittee on G overnm ent and F i nance b efore the start o f the 1985 R egular S essio n o f the L egislature. O ccupational safety and health. Washington W ages. A n em p lo y er o f educational em p lo y e e s m ust n o w , upon the request o f at least five e m p lo y e e s, arrange for the pur ch a se o f an approved tax deferred annuity and m ake payroll d ed u ction s for the pre m ium s. Prom oters o f theatrical en terprises, prior to the co m m en cem en t o f the production, m ust n ow g iv e the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industries a paym ent bond or cash su f ficient to pay the w a g es o f all em p lo y ees for the period for w h ich a sin gle paym ent o f w a g es is m ade, not ex cee d in g 1 w eek . P ersons to w hom court ordered child support p aym ents are m ore than 15 days o v erd u e, m ay seek a m andatory w age as sign m en t w ithout prior n otice to the indi vidual in default. Such w age assignm ent m ay not ex c e e d 5 0 percent o f d isp osable earnings. O ccupational safety and health. A new W orker and C om m u n ity Right to K n ow A ct esta b lish es a program for the d isclosu re o f inform ation about hazardous su b stan ces in the w ork p lace. E m p lo y ees w ho request in form ation cannot be required to work with a sub stan ce until the inform ation has been provided and are not to be d iscip lin ed for such action . A n ad visory cou n cil w as cre ated to study the im pact o f the law on e m p lo y ers, e sp e cia lly those in agriculture and sm all b u sin ess, and the costs o f the law to the labor departm ent, local govern m en ts, school districts, co lleg es, and hospitals, with a report due to the legislature by January 1, 1985. T he co u n cil is also to ad vise the D epartm ent o f Labor and Industries on im p lem en tation , and the D epartm ent is to pro d uce and distribute m aterials inform ing citizen s o f their right to inform ation under the law . West Virginia W ages. B y resolu tion , a Task Force on P ublic E m p lo y ee Pay Equity w as created to d ev elo p a sin g le, sex-neutral point factor ev alu ation system to be applied to all public sector jo b s in the State, to rank jo b s ac co rd in g ly , to id en tify variations in pay and Prior to issu an ce o f any surface m inin g perm it, the D irector o f the D epartm ent o f Natural R e sou rces m ust n ow receiv e verification , from the C o m m issio n er o f L abor, o f an appli can t’s co m p lia n ce with the S tate’s b onding requirem ents for w a g es and b en efits, and a co p y o f the perm it is to be forw arded to the C o m m issio n er w h o is to assure continued co m p lia n ce. It w as sp ecifica lly stipulated that the w a g e bond is to be furnished before the w ork is started. Wisconsin W ages. Real estate agents and real estate salespersons paid solely by com m ission were sp ec ifica lly exclu d ed from coverage under the m inim um w age law . T he Task Force on C om parable Worth w as created by E xecu tive O rder to review the State civ il service classification and c o m p e n s a t io n s y s t e m s and d e v e lo p the m eth o d o lo g y for their evalu ation under com p arab le worth p rin cip les. Final rec om m en d ation s, inclu d in g an estim ate o f the cost o f im plem en tation , are due by D e c e m ber 3 1 , 1985. Equal em ploym ent opportun ity. T he pro hib ition against em p loym en t d iscrim ination on the basis o f age n ow ap p lies to all per son s age 4 0 or o ver instead o f on ly those b etw een 4 0 and 70. A lso , the m andatory retirem ent o f ex ecu tiv e or high level p o lic y m aking em p lo y e e s b etw een age 65 and 70 is no lon ger law ful. L abor relations. The State em p loym en t labor relations act w as am ended to now perm it m aintenance o f m em bership as w ell as th e p r e v io u s ly a u th o r iz e d fa ir -sh a r e agreem en ts, if approved by at least tw othirds o f the e lig ib le m em bers in a c o lle c tive b argaining unit. A m aintenance o f m em b ersh ip agreem ent requires those em p lo y e e s w h o se dues are b ein g deducted at the tim e an agreem ent takes effect to co n tinue to h ave dues d educted for the duration o f the agreem ent. A jo in t resolu tion requests the legislative co u n cil to study the m ediation-arbitration law for c o lle c tiv e bargaining dispute set- tlem ent in volving municipal em p loyees other than law en forcem en t and fire fighting per son n el. A m o n g the item s to be rev iew ed are the operation o f the m ediation-arbitra tion p rocess and the im pact o f the law on w ork stop p ages. R esu lts o f the study and any recom m en d ation s are to reported to the 1985 legislatu re. A n am endm ent to the State E m p loym ent R elation s law authorizes public em p lo y ees to d isclose information on violations o f State or Federal law or m ism anagem en t or abuse o f authority after the first fo llo w in g internal p roced u res, and protects those w h o do so from em p lo y er retaliation. O ccupational safety and health. A m ong am en dm en ts to the E m p lo y e e s’ R ight to K n ow L aw , n ew requirem ents w ere added m andating retention o f data sh eets and other to x ic sub stan ce inform ation for 30 years from the last u se o f the substance in the w orkplace; further regulating the use o f p esticid es; requiring n otice to m inor em p lo y e e s ’ parents o f the m in or’s rights under the law; and creating a procedure for filing e m p lo y e e com p lain ts with the D epartm ent o f Industry, L abor, and H um an R elation s. E m p lo y ees o f com m u n ity-b ased resid en tial fa cilities are n ow required to receive training w ithin 9 0 days o f em p loym en t in b asic first aid, fire prevention and con trol, evacu ation tech n iq u es, and other safety m easu res. P lan t closings. T he law requiring em p loyers o f 100 w orkers o f m ore to g iv e 60 d a y s’ written n otice to the D epartm ent o f Industry, L abor, and H um an R elation s b e fore an im pend in g shutdow n o f operations w as exten d ed . N o tice m ust n ow be g iv en a lso to affected e m p lo y e e s, their c o llectiv e bargaining representative, and the political su b d ivision w here the b u sin ess is located. S uch n otices are required o n ly w hen 10 e m p lo y ees or m ore are affected. O ther law s. T h ose adm inistrative d e c i sion s o f the D epartm ent o f Industry, Labor and H um an R elation s, w h ich are subject to rev iew by the Labor and Industry R ev iew C o m m issio n , m ust be appealed to the C o m m issio n before b ein g subject to ju d icial re v ie w . Wyoming Equal em ploym ent opportunity. E m p lo y m ent discrim ination on the b asis o f age 4 0 to 7 0 is n ow prohibited under the Fair E m p loym en t P ractices A ct. -------- FOOTNOTES--------'The legislatures did not meet in Arkansas, New Hampshire, or North Dakota. Special sessions were held in Nevada and Oregon, but no signif icant legislation was enacted in the fields covered by this article. Infor mation on Guam had not been received in time to include in this article, 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis which is based on information received by November 9, 1984. 2 Unemployment insurance and workers’ compensation are not within the scope of this article. Separate articles on each of these subjects are included in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Changes in unemployment insurance legislation during 1984 Many States increased employer taxes and some tightened benefit eligibility and disqualification provisions in efforts to maintain or restore the solvency of their unemployment insurance programs D ia n a R unner The Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 made two changes af fecting the unemployment compensation program which may require changes in State laws. The law included tips in the definition of wages for purposes of the Federal Unemploy ment Tax Act, and extended, for calendar years 1983 and 1984, the permitted exclusion from coverage of services performed on certain fishing boats. During 1984, Oklahoma amended its law to allow de ductions from unemployment benefits to pay for health in surance premiums if the individual elects to have the deductions made and the deductions are made under a pro gram approved by the U .S. Secretary of Labor. Delaware established a program to provide counseling, training, and Diana Runner is an unemployment insurance specialist in the Office of Research, Legislation, and Program Policies, Employment and Training Administration, U .S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis placement to dislocated workers. Massachusetts established a similar reemployment assistance program, which provides for counseling, placement, and training to employees ter minated in plant closings and partial closings. Massachusetts also provided that an individual who is eligible for reem ployment assistance benefits will also be eligible for health insurance benefits if the individual was, at the time of ter mination, covered by an individually purchased health in surance plan and is not able to be covered under any health insurance plan carried by a member of the family. Both of these programs are funded from general revenues and not from the State’s unemployment insurance tax. Other actions taken by the States during the legislative year focused on efforts to either restore or maintain the solvency of their unemployment insurance programs. Following is a summary of some significant changes in State unemployment insurance laws during 1984. 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1984 Alabama Financing. If the State receiv es advances from the Federal G overn m en t, contributing em p lo y ers w ill be a ssessed a sp ecial tax. D isqualification. N o individual w ill be d en ied benefits if on jury duty. the fund falls b elo w 0 .8 percent o f payrolls. E m p loyers are required to reim burse the u n em p loym en t fund for the am ount o f un em p lo y m en t ben efits that is d educted from backpay aw ards based upon w rongful d is ch arge findings. D isqualification. Alaska Benefits. T h e m axim u m and m inum um w eek ly benefit am ounts w ere increased to $ 1 8 8 and $ 3 8 , resp ectiv ely . A n in d ivid u a l’s w eek ly benefit am ount w ill be reduced if, during any w eek , he or she receives sev era n ce or term ination p aym ents. A n individual w ill not be d isq u alified for voluntary leavin g if he or sh e elected to be laid o ff in p lace o f an e m p lo y e e w ith less sen iority, pursuant to a c o lle c tiv e bargaining agreem en t, or if he or sh e quit b ecau se o f sexual harassm ent. Colorado Financing. Financing. T he range o f so lv e n c y ad ju stm en t rates w as increased to - 0 . 4 to 1.1 percent. D isqualification. A n individual w ill not be con sid ered u n em p loyed in a w eek if he or sh e is on lea v e from the regular em p loyer for a period o f no m ore than 4 w eek s, and the lea v e is part o f a w ork schedu le with alternating p eriods o f w ork and leave w hich average at least 4 0 hours per w eek . T he surcharge a ssessm en t for in effectiv ely charged benefits w ill not apply to any em p lo y er w h o se b enefit-charge a c cou n t b alan ce is zero, and the estim ated taxable p ayroll o f such em p loyers w ill not be inclu d ed in the calcu lation o f the sur charge tax rate. D isqu alification . Arizona A d isq u a lifica tio n for voluntary retirem ent w as adopted. T he p e riod o f d isq u alification for voluntary lea v in g and for d isch arge for m iscon d u ct w as ch an ged from 12 to 25 w eek s to 1 to 25 w eek s. Benefits. P enalties. For benefit years b egin n ing after S ep tem b er 2 , 1 9 8 4 , n ew alternate quali fy in g criteria require that an individual have earned w a g es in at least tw o quarters o f the b ase period; an am ount o f w a g es in one quarter sufficient to qu alify the individual for the m axim u m w eek ly benefit am ount; and total b ase-p eriod w a g es equal to or greater than the taxable w age base. Financing. B eg in n in g January 1, 1985, the fo llo w in g ch an ges w ill be effective: (1) n ew em p lo y ers w ill pay a contribution rate o f 2 .7 percent until they can be e x p erien ce rated; (2) if an em p lo y er’s re serv e eq u als zero , h is contribution rate shall be 2 .7 percent, subject to a yield adjust m ent; and (3 ) the 2 .9 -p ercen t rate o f co n tribution for n egative-b alan ce em p loyers is d eleted and a rate table is added for n eg a tiv e-b a la n ce em p lo y ers, w ith rates ranging from 2 .9 to 5 .4 percent, dep en d ing on the siz e o f the n eg a tiv e reserve. California Financing. E ffectiv e January 1, 1985, the fund requirem ents for the m ost favorable sch ed u le w ill d ecrease to 1.8 percent o f p a y ro lls, w ith rates ranging from 0 .3 to 5 .4 percent. T h e fund requirem ents for the least favorab le sch ed u le w ill be low ered to less than 1 .0 percent o f p ayrolls, with rates ranging from 1.3 to 5 .4 percent. E m ployers w ill be charged a 15-percent em ergen cy so lv e n c y surcharge rate if the balance in 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis B en efit overp aym en ts m ay be w a iv ed if the State a gen cy determ ines that su ch repaym ent w ou ld be in eq u itab le, un c o lle c tib le , or ad m in istratively im practic able. Connecticut Financing. T h e m axim u m b asic rate o f con trib ution s is increased to 5 .4 percent. T h erefore, the m axim u m rate o f contribu tion s for the least favorable sch ed u le (w h ich in clu d es fund so lv e n c y adjustm ent) rises to 6 .4 percent. Hawaii Financing. B egin n in g January 1, 1985, the m axim u m contribution rate w ill in crease to 5 .4 percent. T he m axim um rate for the m ost and least favorable schedu les (in clu d es the fund so lv e n c y rate) w ill in crease to 5 .4 percent. A lso , b egin n ing Jan u a ry 1, 1 9 8 5 , n e w or n e w ly c o v e r e d em p lo y ers w ill pay a contribution rate o f 3 .6 percent plus the fund so lv e n c y contri bution rate determ ined for the year until they are ex p erien ce rated. H o w ev er, no em p lo y er’s rate can be m ore than 5 .4 percent, and an em p loyer w ith a n egative reserve ratio w ill not have a rate less than his or her b asic contribution rate. A n y exten d ed benefits paid to an individual w ill be charged to the em p lo y er’s base-period account. Illinois Adm inistration. T he Bureau o f E m p lo y m ent S ecu rity w as m ade a separate d e partm ent. P rev io u sly , the Bureau w as part o f the Illin ois D epartm ent o f Labor. Indiana Benefits. A ll w eek ly benefit am ounts shall be com p uted to the lo w er dollar. Iowa Financing. A n y em p loyer w h o has an e x c e s s o f 7 .5 percent or m ore in his or her exp erien ce-ratin g account w ill have a zero contribution rate. P reviou sly, these em p loyers paid at a rate o f 0 .5 percent w hen the tw o least favorable sch ed u les w ere in effect. B en efits paid to an individual w ho con tin u es to perform services for the baseperiod em p lo y er in the sam e em p lo y m en t as during the base period m ay be noncharged if the em p lo y er appeals for a re com p utation o f the rate w ithin 30 days o f notification o f charges. Florida Financing. T h e period need ed to qu alify for ex p erien ce rating w as ch an ged from tw e lv e to eigh t calendar quarters. T he m ax im um contribution rate increased to 5 .4 percent. Georgia Financing. N o em p lo y er’s contribution rate m ay be reduced b elo w 2 .7 percent. N e w ly covered em p loyers w ill pay a rate o f 2 .7 percent. T h e rate o f contribution for p o sitiv e-b a la n ce em p loyers w ill range from 0 .0 4 to 2 .1 6 percent, and for n egative-b al ance em p lo y ers, from 2 .2 to 5 .4 percent. H o w ev er, this contribution rate m ay be in creased or d ecreased by 10 percent to 70 p ercen t, d ep en d ing on the reserve fund bal ance. D isqualification. A n individual w h o v o l untarily left em p loym en t in lieu o f ex er c isin g a right to bum p a fe llo w em p lo y ee w ith less seniority or priority w ill not be d isq u alified for failure to apply for or to accep t suitable w ork. Kansas C overage. T h e age lim it w as increased from 18 to 21 for ex clu d in g from coverage se rv ices perform ed by a ch ild in the em p lo y o f the father or m other. A lso exclu d ed from co v era g e are services perform ed by an in divid ual as a licen sed real estate agent. Benefits. If contributing em p loyers and rated govern m en tal em p loyers are not a s se ssed a surcharge for calendar year 1984, the m axim u m w eek ly benefit am ount for years co m m e n c in g on July 1, 1 9 8 4 , and July 1, 1 9 8 5 , shall not be m ore than $ 1 7 5 . Financing. T h e taxable w a g e base w as raised from $ 7 ,0 0 0 to $ 8 ,0 0 0 . Kentucky Benefits. A n em p lo y er w ill not be c o n sidered to b e an in d iv id u a l’s m ost recent em p lo y er u n less the individual w orked for the em p lo y er in each o f 10 w eek s. F inan cing. N e w d o m e stic and fo reig n corp oration s e n g a g ed in con stru ction trades w ill pay con trib ution s at the m axim u m c o n tribution rate. Interest on F ederal advances w ill be paid by the penalty and interest fund. If fun d s are in su fficien t to pay the interest, em p lo y ers w ill be assessed a surcharge to co v e r the rem ainder o f the interest o w ed . For calen d ar years 19 8 4 , 1985, and 1986, em p lo y ers w ill be a ssessed a surcharge if there are in su fficien t fun d s in the p enalty and interest accou n t for the paym ent o f in terest o n Federal ad van ces. D isqualification. A n individual w ill not be d isq u a lified from ben efits for leavin g the n ext m ost recent suitable w ork to return to w ork w ith the usual em p lo y er or to avoid im m in en t la y o ff by accep tin g other work; for lea v in g w ork w h ich w as concurrent w ith h is or her m ost recent w ork; or for leavin g part-tim e w ork w h ich p reced ed the m ost recent su itab le w ork to accep t the m ost re cen t su itab le w ork. Maryland Missouri Benefits. C overage. T h e m axim u m w eek ly benefit am ount w as in creased from $ 1 6 5 to $ 1 7 5 . T h e earn in gs d isregarded in com p utin g the w e e k ly b en efit am ount for partial u n em p lo y m en t w ere in creased from $25 to $ 3 5 . A tem porary w orksharing program w as e s tab lish ed , to exp ire June 3 0 , 1986. Financing. T he m axim u m b asic con tri bution rate w as in creased from 5 .0 to 5 .4 percent. W h en the adjustm ent for fund bal an ces is taken into accou n t, the m axim u m rate o f contribution for the m ost favorable sch ed u le w ill rise to 3 .3 percent. T he m ax im um rate for the least favorab le sch ed u le rem ains at 6 .0 percent. T he e m p lo y e r ’s sur tax is lim ited to 1.7 percent for fiscal 1985 and 198 6 u n less the u n em p loym en t insur an ce trust fund b alan ce falls b elo w $ 1 0 0 m illio n , in w h ich case the surtax w ill in crease to 2 .2 p ercent the fo llo w in g quarter and w ill rem ain at that lev el until the end o f fiscal 1986. N o e m p lo y e r ’s exp erien ce rating accou n t shall be charged for ben efits paid to an ind ivid u al w h o lea v es w ork v o l untarily to accep t better em p lo y m en t, or for b en efits paid to an ind ivid u al if the e m p lo y er con tin u es to em p lo y the individual on a part-tim e b asis to the sam e exten t as in the b ase period. D isqualification. A n individual w ill not be co n sid ered un available for w ork or in e lig ib le for b en efits if he or sh e is serving on a jury. Louisiana Michigan Financing. Benefits. Maine Benefits. T h e p ro v isio n s regarding v o l untary con trib ution s w ill not be in effect w ith resp ect to any year in w h ich additional surtaxes or so lv e n c y rates apply. A ll w e e k ly b en efit am ounts w ill be com p u ted to the lo w er fu ll dollar. Mississippi Benefits. A season al industry w as red e fined as an industry in w h ich , b ecau se o f its sea so n a l nature, it is custom ary to op erate during a regular recurring period or p eriod s o f few er than 26 (p reviou sly 4 0 ) w eek s in a calendar year. H o w ev er, for sea so n a l lo d g in g fa c ilitie s, restaurants, and ca m p s, a period o f few er than 26 w eek s (p rev io u sly not m ore than 180 d ays) ap p lie s. A n y p otato-p ack in g b u sin ess w h ich op erates for a period o f 26 w eek s or m ore (p rev io u sly at least 140 w orking d ays) in a calen d ar year w ill not be con sid ered sea so n a l. D isqualification. T h e am ount o f earnings n eed ed to purge a d isq u alification for gross m isco n d u ct w a s ch an ged from $ 6 0 0 to the greater o f $ 6 0 0 or 8 tim es the w eek ly b en efit am ount. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T h e m axim u m w eek ly benefit am ount w as in creased from $ 1 0 5 to $ 1 1 5 . T he high-quarter w a g es n eed ed to qu alify for b en efits w as raised to 2 6 tim es the m in im um w e e k ly benefit am ount. Financing. B e g in n in g January 1, 1985, the m axim u m contribution rate w ill be 6 .4 percent if the reserve ratio is less than 4 percent. Through D ecem b er 3 1 , 19 8 4 , the contribution rate for unrated em p loyers w ill b e 4 p ercent (p reviou sly 2 .7 p ercen t), and on January 1, 1 9 8 5 , the rate w ill increase to 5 .4 percent. B e g in n in g January 1, 1985, the rate for n ew ly co v ered em p loyers w ill be the high er o f 1 percent or the current m in im u m rate for elig ib le em p lo y ers, up to 2 .7 percent. B en efits w ill be charged to an em p lo y e r ’s accou n t if an ind ivid u al is paid b en efits and is still w ork in g for such em p lo y er on a “ part-tim e as n e e d e d ’’ b asis. E xclu d ed from co v era g e are se rv ices p erform ed as a licen se d real estate agen t or broker. Benefits. B e g in n in g January 1, 1 9 8 5 , the m axim u m w e e k ly b en efit am ount w ill in crease from $ 1 0 5 to $1 2 0 ; b egin n in g Jan uary 1, 1 9 8 6 , to $1 2 5 ; b egin n in g January 1, 1 9 8 7 , to $1 3 0 ; and b egin n in g January 1, 1 9 8 8 , to $ 1 4 0 . H o w ev er, if on January 1 or June 3 0 , 19 8 9 , or any January 1 or June 3 0 thereafter, the b alan ce in the un e m p lo y m en t fund (less Federal ad van ces) is m ore than 25 m illio n , the m axim u m w eek ly benefit am ount w ill increase to $ 150. B e g in n in g January 1, 19 8 5 , q u alifyin g w a g es w ill be $ 3 0 0 in a quarter ($ 5 0 0 b e gin n in g January 1, 1987; $ 7 5 0 b egin n ing January 1, 1989) w ith b ase-p eriod w a g es eq u al to IV 2 tim es high-quarter w a g es. A ll w e e k ly b en efit am ounts w ill be com p uted to the lo w er dollar. Financing. T h e taxable w a g e b ase w ill in crease on January 1, 1 9 8 5 , to $ 8 ,0 0 0 . H o w ev er, if on D ece m b er 3 1 , 1 9 8 5 , or any su b seq u en t D ecem b er 3 1 , the b a lan ce in the u n em p loym en t trust fu n d , less F ederal ad v a n c e s, is less than $ 1 0 0 m illio n , the ta x able w a g e w ill be in creased by $ 5 0 0 . If the b alan ce is $ 2 5 0 m illio n or m ore, the w a g e b ase w ill be reduced b y $ 5 0 0 , but not b elo w the F ederal w a g e b ase. T he m ethod in w hich benefits are charged to em p lo y ers w as ch an ged from in verse ch ro n o lo g ica l order to proportion o f w a g es earned by the ind ivid u al w ith each b aseperiod em ployer. N o benefits w ill be charged again st an e m p lo y e r ’s accou n t if the gross am ount o f w a g es paid by the em p lo y er to the in d ivid u al w as $ 4 0 0 (p revio u sly $ 1 2 0 ) or le s s during the b ase period on w h ich the b en efit paym ents are b ased . In ad d ition , no e m p lo y e r ’s accou n t w ill be charged u n less the in d ivid u al w as em p lo y ed by the e m p lo y er lon ger than a probationary period o f 28 d ays (p rev io u sly 3 w eek s or, if on a m on th ly com p en sation b a sis, 1 m onth). B e g in n in g January 1, 1 9 8 5 , the fund re quirem ents for the m ost favorab le schedu le w ill in crease to $ 4 0 0 m illio n , and require m en ts for the least favorab le sch ed u le, to $ 2 0 0 m illio n . If the b alan ce in the trust fund is less than $ 2 0 0 m illio n , an em p lo y er’s contribution rate shall b e in creased by 30 percent. If the b alan ce is m ore than $ 4 0 0 m illio n , the rate sh all be d ecreased by 10 percent. T h erefore, the m axim u m rate for the least favorab le sch ed u le w ill be 7 .8 per cen t, and for the m ost favorab le sch ed u le, 5 .4 percent. D isqualification. T h e d isq u alification for discharge for m isconduct w as changed from 1 to 16 w e e k s to 4 to 16 w e e k s. T he m is- 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1984 con d u ct d isq u alification w ill not apply to any w eek that occu rs after the claim ant has earned w a g es for insured work in the amount equal to 10 tim es the w eek ly benefit amount. Adm inistration. The period for appealing a deputy determ ination and an appeal tri bunal d ecisio n w as increased from 10 to 15 d ays. Nebraska Financing. B eg in n in g January 1, 1985, the contribution rate for unrated em p loyers w ill in crease to 3 .5 percent. A lso , the c o n tribution rate for p o sitive-b alan ce em p lo y ers shall not be greater than 3 .5 percent; for n eg a tiv e-b a la n ce em p loyers, it shall be greater than 3 .5 percent, but no higher than 5 .4 percent. New Jersey Benefits. T h e com putation o f a w eek ly benefit am ount w as ch an ged from 66% per cent o f the individual’s average w eek ly w age, up to 5 0 percent o f the S tatew id e average w eek ly w a g e, to 6 0 percent o f the in d ivid u a l’s w eek ly w a g e, up to 56% percent o f the S ta tew id e average. D ep en d en cy a llo w ances were added to be payable in the amount o f 7 percent o f the in d iv id u al’s w eek ly ben efit am ount for the first d ependent, and 4 percent for each o f the next tw o d ep en d en ts. H o w ev er, an in d ivid u al’s w eek ly b en efit am oun t, in clu d in g d ep en d en ts’ al lo w a n c e s, m ay not e x cee d the m axim um w eek ly benefit am ount. The q u alifyin g re quirem ent w a s ch an ged from 20 w eek s o f w ork w ith earnings o f at least $ 3 0 in each w eek to 2 0 w eek s o f w ork w ith earnings o f 15 percent o f the S tatew id e average w eek ly w a g e as o f O ctober 1, 1984, and 2 0 p ercent o f the average w eek ly w age as o f O ctob er 1, 1985. T he alternative earn in gs requirem ent w as ch an ged from $ 2 ,2 0 0 in the b ase year to 12 tim es the Statew id e average w eek ly w a g e raised to the next high er m ultip le o f $ 1 0 0 . T he fo llo w in g tw o c h a n g e s w ill b e c o m e e f f e c t iv e J u ly 1, 1986: A n in d iv id u a l’s duration o f benefits w ill be d eterm ined as three-fourths the num ber o f w eek s o f em p loym en t with all e m p lo y ers in the base period. And the base year w ill be defined as the first four o f the last five com p leted calendar quarters im m ed ia tely p reced in g an in d ivid u als’s ben efit year. Federal G overnm ent to the trust fund. S p e cial a ssessm en t on em p loyers w ill be m ade in any year that the interest is payable. E f fe c tiv e for the calendar quarter begin n ing July 1, 1984, all em p loyers w ill be required to report w age records on' their em p lo y ees on a quarterly basis. B eginning July 1, 1986, th e f o l l o w i n g c h a n g e s w ill b e e f f e c tive: (1) B enefits w ill be charged against the accou n ts o f the in d ivid u al’s base-year em p loyers according to each em p lo y er’s proportion o f w a g es paid to the individual b y a ll e m p l o y e r s d u r in g th e b a s e year; (2) each em p lo y er’s rate w ill be d e term ined by the schedu le o f rates in effect and the e m p lo y e r ’s r e s e r v e ra tio . T h e sch ed u le in effect w ill depend on the U n em ploym ent Trust Fund Reserve Ratio, with the lo w est o f the five sch ed u les ranging from 0 .3 percent to 5 .4 percent, and new em p loyers p ayin g 2 .8 percent. T he highest sch ed u le w ill range from 1.2 percent to 7 .0 percent; w ith n ew em p loyers p aying 3 .4 percent; (3) if the balance in the trust fund as o f the prior M arch 31 is n egative, each contributing em p lo y er’s contribution rate w ill be increased by a factor o f 10 percent; and (4) the em p lo y ee tax w ill be increased from 0 .5 percent to 0 .6 2 5 percent. D isqualification. T he am ount o f earnings n eed ed to purge a disq u alification for v o l untary leavin g w as changed from 4 tim es the w eek ly benefit am ount to 14 w eek s o f em p loym en t and earnings o f 6 tim es the benefit am ount. T he disq u alification for fraudulent m isrepresentation w as changed from 17 w eek s from date o f d iscovery to 1 year from date o f d iscovery. A duration d isq u alification w as added for gross m is con d u ct for crim inal acts in con n ection with the w ork. A student in fu ll-tim e attendance at, or on vacation from , an educational in stitution w ill be d isqualified from benefits u n less the student is attending an approved training program or earned sufficient w ages during the base period w h ile attending sc h o o l. A dm inistration. T he nam e o f the State E m p loym en t Security A g en cy w as changed to the D epartm ent o f Labor. P enalties. The fine for fraudulent m isrep resentation to obtain or increase benefits w ill be the greater o f $ 2 0 or 25 percent o f the am ount fraudulently received . The fine on em p loyers for p reventing and reducing ben efits w ill increase from $ 5 0 to $1 0 0 . Financing. E ffective July 1, 1984, through June 3 0 , 1 9 8 6 , each experien ce-rated em p lo y ers contribution rate w ill be increased by a 10-percent factor. A n interest repay m ent fund w as estab lish ed for the purpose o f payin g any interest liab ility that m ay ac crue i f any future loans are m ade by the 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis New Mexico contribute at the reduced rate o f 2 .7 percent until exp erien ce rated. A lso , the m axim um rate for the m ost and least favorable sched u les w ill increase to 5 .4 percent. New York Benefits. T he b ase period w as exten d ed for an individual w ho had insufficient w eeks o f em p loym en t and w h o received w ork ers’ com p en sation or any ben efits paid under the volu n teer firefighters benefit law by the num ber o f w eek s the individual received the p aym ent (but not to e x cee d 6 m onth s). Financing. B egin n in g January 1, 1985, the fund requirem ents for the m ost favor able sch ed u le w ill d ecrease to 5 percent o f payrolls. The fund requirements for the least favorab le sch ed u le are reduced to less than the total am ount o f yearly payrolls and less than $ 1 2 m illion in general account. A lso , the range o f rates for the sch ed u les w ill be 0 .0 to 5 .4 percent and 2.1 to 6 .4 percent, resp ectiv e ly . A sp ecial rate that m ay be elected by an em p loyer in the canning and freezin g industry or the construction in dustry w ill increase from 3 .2 percent to 3 .7 percent in 1985; 4 .1 percent in 1986; 4 .6 percent in 1987; 5 .0 percent in 1988; and 5 .4 p ercent in 1989. T he sp ecial rate for the apparel industry w ill increase from 3 .0 percent to 3 .5 percent in 1985; 4 .0 percent in 1986; 4 .5 percent in 1987, 5 .0 percent in 1988; and 5 .4 percent in 1989. T hese sp ecial rates, w h ich are currently elected for 3 years and then are ren ew ab le in the sam e m anner for the sam e period o f tim e, m ay be elected for on ly 1 year b egin n ing in 1985. Oklahoma C overage. E xclu d ed from coverage are se rv ices perform ed by a licen sed real estate agent. Benefits. T he exten d ed -b en efit qu alifyin g requirem ent that an individual have baseperiod w a g es o f $ 1 ,0 0 0 and 1% tim es the high-quarter w a g es w as d eleted . Rhode Island Financing. B egin n in g January 1, 1 985, the m axim u m rate for the m ost and least favorab le sch ed u les w ill increase to 5 .4 p ercent. E igh ty percent o f benefits paid to an individual u n em p loyed due to a labor d isp u te shall be noncharged. H o w ev er, if in any w eek , m ore than 5 0 percent o f the w ork fo rce are replacem ent w orkers, any ben efits paid shall be charged to the account o f the em p lo y er in v o lv ed . Financing. B egin n in g January 1, 1985, unrated contributing em p loyers and em ployers paying 2 .7 percent before 1985 shall D isqualification. T he d isq u alification for u n em p loym en t cau sed by a labor dispute w a s ch a n g ed from a fixed period o f 6 w eek s p lu s a 1 -w eek w a itin g period to (1 ) the duration o f the stop p age o f work; (2 ) the duration o f the labor d ispute if the dispute en d s prior to the end o f the stop p age o f w ork; or (3 ) until the individual estab lish es that he or sh e h a s, su b seq u en t to the d is p u te, 4 w e e k s o f w ork w ith earnings in each w eek o f 2 0 tim es the m inim um hourly w age. L o ck o u ts are ex clu d ed from the labor d is pute d isq u a lifica tio n . South Carolina T h e fund requirem ents for the least favor able schedule increased to less than 1.0 tim es the h igh est b en efit/cost rate, w ith rates ranging from 1.3 to 8 .4 percent. Virginia T h e m axim u m and m inim um w e e k ly b en efit am ounts w ere raised to $ 1 5 0 and $ 5 6 , resp ectiv e ly . T h e earnings that are disregarded w h en com p utin g partial b en e fits w ere ch an ged from the greater o f $ 1 0 or one-third o f the w eek ly benefit am ount to $ 2 5 . percent. Washington Benefits. South Dakota Benefits. T h e m axim u m w eek ly benefit am ount w a s frozen in d efin itely at $ 1 2 9 . Financing. Em ployers w h o terminate new e m p lo y e e s w ith in 6 0 days o f hiring w ill not be ch arged for any b en efits paid to those e m p lo y e e s. T h e n ew -em p lo y er tax rate w as ch a n g ed from 3 .5 percent for 3 years to 3 .5 percen t for the first year and 2 .7 percent for the seco n d and third y ears, if that e m ployer has a p ositive account balance. N ew ly co v ere d con stru ction em p loyers w ill pay at the m axim u m rate until ex p erien ce rated. A dm inistration. T he period for appealing a referee d ecisio n w as increased from 9 to 15 d ays after n otification o f m ailin g. Tennessee Benefits. T o q u alify for b en efits, an in d ivid u al m ust h a v e b ase-p eriod w a g es in a quarter other than the tw o h igh est quarters o f the b a se p eriod . H o w ev er, if the trust fund b alan ce is $ 3 0 0 m illio n or m ore, an in d ivid u al m ay q u alify w ith w a g es in the tw o h ig h est quarters o f h is or her b ase p e riod. Q u a lify in g w a g es rem ain the sam e. A dm inistration. T he period for appealing a Board o f R e v ie w d ecisio n to the appro priate court w as increased to 3 0 d ays. Vermont Financing. N e w em p loyers w ill pay a con trib ution rate that is the higher o f 1 .0 percent or that p ercent represented by rate cla ss II ( 2 .6 p ercent to 2 .0 percent, d e p en d in g on the rate sch ed u le in e ffe ct), not to e x c e e d 5 .4 percent. T h e p rovision that required an em erg en cy ta x o f 0 .5 percent w h en the fund b en efit ratio reached certain le v e ls w a s rep ealed . T h e fund requirem ents for the m o st favorab le sch ed u le decreased to 2 .5 tim es the h igh est b en efit/cost rate, w ith rates ranging from 0 .4 to 5 .4 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A n in d ivid u al n o w m ay not b e e lig ib le for b en efits in any w eek if he or she fa ils w ithou t g o o d cau se to attend a jo b w ork shop or a training or retraining course directed by the Departm ent, and such w ork sh op or cou rse is availab le at the pub lic ex p en se . Benefits. Financing. The m axim um contribution rate for a d eficit em p lo y er w as raised to 5 .4 D isqualification. T h e m axim u m w eek ly benefit am ount w ill be frozen at $ 1 8 5 until July 7 , 1 9 8 5 . T h e p rovision that raised the m axi m um w eek ly b en efit am ount to 6 0 percent o f the State average w eek ly w a g e if the trust fund b alan ce im p roves to the exten t that em p lo y er con trib ution s are less than 3 per cen t w as d eleted . Instead, the m axim u m w e e k ly benefit am ount w ill be 6 0 percent (norm ally 55 percent) o f the average w eek ly w a g e , if, on any D ecem b er 3 1 , the ratio o f the trust fund b alan ce to total p aym ents o f all contributing em ployers is 0 .0 2 4 or more. Financing. The taxable w age base for 1985 w ill be reduced to $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 . T he base w ill be com p u ted at 115 percent o f the am ount o f taxable w a g es for the previou s year, rounded to the n ext lo w er $ 1 0 0 . H o w ev er, the p rovision that the am ount o f w a g es sub je c t to the tax in any rate year shall not e x c e e d 8 0 percent o f the average annual w a g e rounded to the n ext low er $ 1 0 0 still ap p lies. B e g in n in g January 1, 1 9 8 5 , the fund requirem ents for the least favorable sch e d u le w ill b e d ecreased to less than 1.4 p ercent o f p ayrolls, w ith rates ranging from 2 .5 to 5 .4 percent. T h e fund requirem ents for the m ost favorab le sch ed u le w ill be 3 .4 percent o f p ayrolls, w ith rates ranging from 0 .5 to 5 .4 percent. U nrated em p loyers w ill pay a contribution rate equal to the average industry rate, but not less than 1 .0 percent. T h e p rovision that the m axim u m con tri bution rate (3 percent) m ust be paid by all em p lo y ers w h en the fund b alan ce as o f each June 3 0 is le s s than 3 .5 percent o f total rem uneration m ade b y all em p loyers during the p reced in g calen d ar year w as d eleted . A lso d eleted w as the p rovision that raised the taxable w a g e b ase by $ 6 0 0 if the fund b alan ce w as less than 4 .5 percent o f total rem uneration by all em p loyers during the preceding calendar year. B egin n in g in 1985, the num ber o f years o f ben efits and payrolls used in com puting em p loyer experience rates w ill ch an ge from three to four. A benefit ratio exp erien ce rating sy stem b eco m es e f fe c tiv e w ith calen d ar year 1985. West Virginia Financing. B enefits were form erly charged to the m ost recent em p lo y er w ith w h o m the in d ivid u al w ork ed for 3 0 w ork in g days but n o w shall be charged to all b ase-p erio d em p loyers in proportion to the w a g es earned by the in d ivid u al w ith each em p lo y er. N o b ase-p eriod e m p lo y e r ’s accou n t w ill be charged for b en efits i f the em p lo y er fur n ish e s, w ith in 14 d a y s, separation infor m ation w h ich resu lts in the in d iv id u a l’s d isq u alification for voluntary lea v in g , or w h ich w o u ld h ave resulted in such a d is q u alification ex c e p t for sub seq u en t em ploym ent by another em ployer. D eleted w as the p ro v isio n that b en efits w ou ld not be ch arged if paid after exp iration o f a period o f d isq u alification that began w hen an in d ivid u al fa iled w ithou t go o d cau se to apply for or accep t suitable w ork , or to return to h is or her cu stom ary se lf-em p lo y m en t w hen directed to do so by the C om m issioner. A lso d eleted w as the 2.7-percen t contribution rate for foreign corporations en gag ed in c o n struction trades. Wisconsin Disqualification. E m p loyees w h o lo se their jo b s as a result o f a lock ou t w ill be ex clu d ed from the labor d ispute d isq u alification . Wyoming Benefits. T he am ount by w hich the w eek ly b en efit am ount o f $ 9 0 or m ore m ay be re d u ced w h en trust fund reven u es are in su f ficien t to pay b en efits or repay loans w as ch an ged from 3 .4 percent o f high-quarter w ages to 85 percent o f the m axim um w eek ly b en efit am ount. T he m inim u m w eek ly b en efit am ount is n o w 4 percent o f the m in i m um q u a lify in g w a g e in the high quarter. T h e p ro v isio n s that reduced the m axim u m w e e k ly b en efit am ount to 4 6 .7 5 percent o f the S tatew id e average w eek ly w a g e and sp ecified that the m inim u m co u ld not be less than $ 2 0 until trust fund so lv e n c y w as restored w ere rep ealed . Q u alify in g w a g es w ere ch an ged from $ 6 0 0 in the high quarter and $ 9 6 0 in the b ase period to 5 p ercent o f the S tatew id e average annual w a g e in the h igh quarter and 8 percent o f the S tatew id e annual w a g e in the b ase p eriod , rounded to the lo w er $ 5 0 . Financing. T h e taxable w a g e base shall b e determ in ed as 55 percent o f the State- 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1984 w id e average annual w age rounded to the lo w er $ 1 0 0 . T h e base contribution rate for 1984 w ill be 6 .5 percent; 7 percent for 1985; 7 .5 percent for 1986; and 8 .5 percent there after. T h e fund requirem ents for the least favorab le sch ed u le w ere raised to less than 4 p ercent o f payrolls; the requirem ents for the m ost favorable sch ed u le w ere increased to 5 p ercent o f p ayrolls. T he contribution rate for ex p erien ce-rated em p loyers w ill be an e m p lo y e r ’s benefit ratio, but not more than 8 .5 percent in addition to the adjust m ent factor. A n ew em p loyer w ill pay c o n tributions equal to the average rate o f contributions paid by his m ajor industrial cla ssifica tio n for the calendar year preced- in g the year in w h ich he or she first em p lo y ed w orkers in the State. T he adjustm ent factors for noncharged and in effectively charged ben efits m ay not ex cee d 1.25 per cen t (p reviou sly 2 .2 8 percent). D isqualification. T he disq u alification for voluntary leavin g and for failure to apply for or accep t availab le suitable w ork w as ch an ged from a period equal to 9 0 percent o f the num ber o f w eek s o f en titlem en t to the duration o f the in d iv id u a l’s u n em p loy m ent, and until he or she has b een em p lo y ed for a period o f at least 12 w eek s in any 12-m on th period and has earned at least 12 tim es the w eek ly benefit am ount. An individual w ill also be d isqualified from bén efits if he or she receives severan ce p ay m ents and term ination a llow an ces (previ o u sly w a g es instead o f n otice). A lso d eleted w as the p rovision for a reduction o f 9 0 per cent o f all b en efits, including accrued ben efits, for voluntary leavin g and refusal o f su itab le w ork. T he disqualification for c o n victio n o f fraudulent m isrepresentation w as ch an ged from 4 w eek s for each w eek o f fraud and forfeiture o f all accrued benefits to 2 years fo llo w in g co n v ictio n . P e n a ltie s . T h e p e n a lty fo r fr a u d u le n t m isrepresentation w as increased from $ 1 5 0 to $ 2 ,0 0 0 . □ Shiskin award nominations The W ashington Statistical Society invites nominations for the sixth annual Julius Shiskin Award in recognition o f outstanding achieve ment in the field o f economic statistics. The award, in memory o f the former Commissioner o f Labor Statistics, is designed to honor an unusually original and important contribution in the development o f econom ic statistics, or in the use o f econom ic statistics in interpreting the econom y. The contribution could be in statistical research, in the development o f statistical tools, in the application o f computers, in the use o f economic statistics to analyze and interpret the econom y, in the management o f statistical programs, or in developing public understanding o f measurement issues, to all o f which Mr. Shiskin contributed. Either individuals or groups can be nominated. The prize will be presented, with an honorarium o f $250, at the W ashington Statistical Society’s annual dinner in June 1985. A nomination form may be obtained by writing to the Julius Shiskin Award Committee, American Statistical Association, 806 15th Street, N .W ., W ashington, D .C . 20005. Completed nomination forms must be received by April 1, 1985. 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Workers’ compensation: 1984 State enactments Relatively few States took action to increase benefits or broaden coverage; several did raise the percentage of the average weekly wage used to compute compensation fo r disability or death La V erne C. Tinsley Significant amendments to State workers’ compensation laws were relatively few (136) in 1984, although 44 legislatures convened and numerous proposals were introduced.1 Most of the revisions affecting injured workers and their families related to benefits and coverage. For instance, Mis sissippi enacted legislation which provides for a three-step increase in maximum weekly benefits and total maximum benefits for disability and death. Nearly one-third of the States raised the allowance for burial expenses. Several other laws raised the percentage of the State av erage weekly wage used in computing maximum weekly compensation for disability and death. In Illinois, the per centage of the employee’s wages which is used to determine compensation for permanent partial disability and for certain cases of serious and permanent disfigurement, was reduced from 66-2A percent to 60 percent. Alaska changed its former method of using 66-% percent of the employee’s average weekly wages for disability and death to using 80 percent of the employee’s spendable weekly wages. Coverage was allowed for all farmworkers in Maryland, except those who work within 25 miles of their home for LaVerne C. Tinsley is a State standards adviser in the Division of State Workers’ Compensation Programs, Office of State Liaison and Legislative Analysis, Employment Standards Administration, U .S. Department of La bor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis less than 13 weeks a year. North Carolina required coverage of agricultural employees when there are 10 or more full time nonseasonal employees regularly employed by the same employer. The Commonwealth of Virginia reduced the nu merical exemption for agricultural or horticultural employ ment, from four to two full-time regularly employed employees. Legislation in South Dakota set a waiting period of 7 consecutive days of continuous disability instead of the pre viously set 7 calendar days, before retroactive payments must be made. In Illinois, the filing time for claims where injury or disability is caused by exposure to asbestos was extended to 25 years after date of last exposure; the same as that for exposure to radiological materials or equipment. Formerly, the statue of limitations was 3 years after an accident, if no compensation was paid, or 2 years after the last compen sation payment. Connecticut and Kentucky added provisions which prohibit employers from discriminating against em ployees who file compensation claims. The term “ workmen’s” compensation was deleted from the laws and replaced with “ workers’” compensation in three States. Following is a summary of legislation enacted by indi vidual States. 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Workers’ Compensation Legislation in 1984 Alabama Connecticut W o rk ers’ co m p en sa tio n coverage w as re quired for em p lo y e e s o f cou n ty and city boards o f ed u ca tio n , the A labam a Institute for the D e a f and B lin d , and e m p lo y ees o f 2-year co lleg es under the control o f the State Board o f E d u cation . Further, d efinition s o f “ e m p lo y e e ” and “ w o rk m en ” w ere broad en ed to in clu d e e m p lo y e e s o f the T annehill F urnace and Foundry C o m m issio n . A jo in t le g isla tiv e interim com m ittee w as esta b lish ed to study “ c o -e m p lo y e e ” la w su its .2 T h e burial allo w a n ce w as increased from $ 1 ,5 0 0 to $ 3 ,0 0 0 . D e la y or d en ial o f m ed ical ben efits and se rv ices by an e m p lo y e r ’s health insurer in co n tested ca ses w as prohibited. L egislation a lso p rovid ed that discrim in ation by em p loyers again st em p lo y e e s w h o file w ork e r s’ co m p en sa tio n cla im s m ay result in paym ent o f back w ages or benefits that were w ro n g fu lly w ith h eld , or reinstatem ent o f the term inated e m p lo y e e . A lso , in form a tion m ust n ow be p rovid ed to a recipient o f w o rk ers’ com p en sation con cern in g his or her rights to participation in a program o f rehabilitation. Alaska T h e tim e w a s reduced from 2 0 d ays to 14 days w ith in w h ich a p h ysician or em p lo y ee m ust furnish n otification o f treatm ent to the em p lo y er and the W o rk ers’ C om p en sation Board for v a lid atin g a cla im , after treat m ent. Delaware T h e title o f the law w as ch an ged from “ W o r k m e n ’s ” C o m p e n s a t io n A c t to “ W o rk ers’ ” C o m p en sation Act; and cor resp on d in g ch a n g es w ere m ade throughout the la w . T h e act w as am en ded to a llow ele c tiv e c o v erage for so le proprietors and partners, and perm it up to 4 corporate officers, w h o are a lso stock h old ers in a corporation, e x e m p tion from co v era g e. T he m ainten an ce le v e ls o f the S econ d Injury and C o n tin g en cy Funds w ere raised from $ 8 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 7 5 0 ,0 0 0 . W hen funding le v e ls d eclin e b elo w $ 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 (form erly $ 3 5 ,0 0 0 ) , a ssessm en ts on carriers and selfinsured em p lo y ers w ill resum e. California Florida R eco v e ry w a s perm itted for reasonable and n ecessa ry m ed ica l and legal ex p en se s in curred to prove or d efen d a con tested claim for b en efits. T h e S elf-In su rers’ Security Fund w as e s tab lish ed as a nonprofit m utual benefit cor p oration to insure ben efits for em p lo y ees o f d efu n ct self-in su red em p loyers w here s e curity fun d in g is insufficient. Insurers and self-in su red em p loyers were prohibited from refu sin g to pay pharm acy b en efits for injured e m p lo y ees so le ly b e ca u se the cla im form u sed by pharm acists is not an o rigin al. Interlocal agreem en ts are n ow perm itted b etw een em p lo y ers and local govern m en tal en tities to estab lish lo ca l govern m en t in surance p o o ls to secu re their w ork er’s c o m p en sation lia b ilities. S u p plem en tal com p en sation w ill n ow be paid for perm anent total d isab ility occu r ring after July 1, 1984. N on resid en t alien s o f the U n ited States and C anada are a llo w ed an ex em p tio n from the 6-m on th restriction ap p licab le to lum p su m com p en sation settlem en ts, o n ce every 4 y ea rs, fo llo w in g m axim u m m ed ical im p rovem en t. Colorado Georgia A n additional sum o f 5 0 percent o f the c o m p en sation order or ju d gm en t, or $ 1 ,0 0 0 , w h ich ev er is greater, w ill be applied to a co m p en sa tio n award as a penalty against em p lo y ers w h o d efault on com p en sation p aym en ts. A w o rk ers’ co m p en sation self-in su ran ce fund w a s created and w ill be adm inistered by the Industrial C o m m issio n . T h e C o m m issio n w as authorized to co lle c t appro priate fe e s w h en n ecessary to m anage the fund. O n July 1, 1 9 8 4 , a surtax b ecam e e ffe c tiv e on n ew and ren ew al p o lic ie s to support the M ajor M ed ica l Fund. S o le proprietors or partners w h o are ac tiv ely en g a g ed in the operation o f a b u si n ess w ere g iv e n authority to e lect cov era g e for th e m se lv e s. T h e d efinition o f “ e m p lo y e e ” w as broadened to in clu d e certified volu n teer law en forcem en t personn el e n g a g ed in perform in g services for a ju ris d iction ; h o w ev er, co v era g e is effe ctiv e o n ly at the op tion o f the ju risd iction . Arizona 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Hawaii Paym ent o f com pensation w ill now be m ade in all ca ses o f su b seq u en t injury occurring on or after M ay 15, 1 9 8 2 , that result in greater perm anent d isa b ility , or in a d eau i, w h en co m b in ed w ith a previou s d isa b ility . Illinois T h e m ethod u sed in determ ining co m p en sation for perm anent partial d isab ility and for serious and permanent disfigurem ent w as red u ced from 66-% percent o f the em p lo y e e ’s average w e e k ly w a g e to 6 0 percent. M axim u m w eek ly com p en sation in such ca se s w ill rem ain at $ 2 9 3 .6 1 , until June 3 0 , 1 9 8 7 . E ffectiv e July 1, 19 8 7 , and each July 1, thereafter, com p en sation w ill be pro portionately elev a ted by in creases in the State average w eek ly w a g e during the pre ced in g 12-m onth period. T he interest on lu m p -su m awards w as ch an ged from 3 p ercent to a m axim u m rate p ayab le on p assb ook sa v in g s d ep o sits by m em b er banks o f the Federal R eserve S y s tem . T h e filin g tim e lim it for com p en sation claim s where disability or injury w as caused by ex p o su re to asb estos w as exten d ed to a m axim u m o f 25 years after the claim a n t’s last exp osu re; the sam e as that for exp osu re to rad iological m aterials or eq u ip m en t. Iowa E m p loyers w ere prohibited from reducing an e m p lo y e e ’s sick le a v e , vacation le a v e, or earned com p en satory tim e in order to su p p lem en t w ork ers’ com p en sation b en e fits, u n less the e m p lo y e e is n otified and e le c ts to accep t the su p p lem en t. T h e s p e c ia l p r o v is io n s a p p lic a b le to c o m p e n sa tio n for p n e u m o c o n io s is w ere elim in ated from the law ; h o w ev er, all other se ctio n s regarding the d isea se rem ain in tact. T h e term “ in m a te” w as redefined to e x clu d e from co v era g e persons p erform ing com m u n ity se rv ices w ithou t rem uneration as a con d ition o f prob ation , or p ersons per form in g sp ecific p u b lic w ork assign m en ts. Kansas G roup self-in su ran ce p o o ls n ow have su b rogation rights in w ork ers’ com p en sation c a ses. Kentucky A fine w ill n ow be lev ied on an yon e w h o h arasses, c o e r c e s, d isch arges, or d iscrim inates again st an e m p lo y e e in any m anner for filin g or pursuing a cla im for co m p en sation . T he W ork ers’ C om p en sation Board w as authorized to order reim bursem ent o f co sts for m ed ical and rehabilitation se rv ices pro v id ed injured w orkers by the O ffice o f V o cation al R eh ab ilitation or the D epartm ent o f E m p loym en t S e r v ic e s, in ca ses w here the d efen dan t has refu sed to p rovid e such se rv ices. A ll carriers p rovid in g liab ility coverage for personal injury or death in the State are n ew ly required to pay a 2-percen t prem ium tax for fun d in g various appropriations and exp en d itu res as reflected in the State bud g et. Maine T h e p aym ent tim e on cla im s for im pairm ent and m ed ica l o n ly ca se s w as ch an ged from 14 d ays to 9 0 d ays after m axim u m m ed ical im p rovem en t. Maryland C o v era g e w a s broadened to in clu d e all farm w orkers ex cep t th ose w h o w ork w ithin 25 m ile s o f their h om e for less than 13 w e e k s a year. C orporate officers ow n in g 2 0 p ercen t or m ore o f the outstanding capital sto ck o f a farm corporation m ay n ow be ex em p t from co v era g e. T h e S u b seq u en t Injury Fund m ay recover m o n ie s paid for funeral ex p en se s in third party c a s e s. Michigan T he occu p a tio n a l d isea se p rovision s w ere m o d ified by ex ten d in g the tim e and dollar lim it to $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 or 104 w eek s o f ben efits paid by carriers or self-in su rers. A fterw ards the trustees o f the silic o s is , dust d isea se, and lo g g in g industry com pensation fund m ay co m p ro m ise the liab ility o f the fund, or m ay reim burse the carriers or self-in su rers, or m ake a sim ilar reim bursem ent on a pro rata b a sis w h en there is m ore than on e cau se o f the d isa b ility . Minnesota C o v era g e w as broadened to in clu d e m em bers o f the U n iv ersity o f M in n esota facu lty under certain co n d itio n s, w h o are em p loyed during the current acad em ic year (the p e riod b etw een that acad em ic year and the su cc eed in g a ca d em ic year). V o lu n teer am bu lan ce drivers and atten dants w ere in clu d ed , for co v era g e pur p o s e s , as e m p lo y e e s o f a p o litic a l su b d iv isio n , or other en tity , w here such w orkers perform v olu n teer serv ices. Per so n s serv in g as v olu n teer un com p en sated w orkers at the D epartm ent o f A dm in istra tion w ere a lso co v ered . H o w ev er, p ersons under the co v era g e o f the D o m estic V o l unteer S erv ice A ct o f 1 9 7 3 , and persons in rid e-sh arin g arrangem ents are not covered under the w o rk ers’ com p en sation law . E m p lo y ees w h o contract occu p ational d ise a se s m ay n o w r ece iv e m ed ical benefits regard less o f their ab ility to earn full w a g es d o in g the sam e w ork at w h ich such em https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p lo y e e s w ere last em p lo y ed . A lso , o c c u pational d isea se recip ien ts are elig ib le for su p p lem en tary b en efits after 4 years from their last sign ifican t exp osu re to the hazard o f an occu p ation al d isea se (form erly, e li g ib ility w as im m ed iate), if the e m p lo y e e ’s w e e k ly com p en sation rate is less than the current b en efit rate (form erly, if less than 65 percent o f the State average w eek ly w a g e). Mississippi T h e m axim u m w eek ly com p en sation for d isab ility and d eath, and total m axim u m com p en sation w as increased in three steps, on July 1, 1 9 8 4 , m axim u m w eek ly c o m p en satio n in creased from $ 1 1 2 to $ 1 2 6 , and total m axim u m in creased to $ 5 6 ,7 0 0 , from $ 5 0 ,4 0 0 . B e g in n in g July 1, 19 8 5 , w eek ly com p en sation w ill in crease to $ 1 3 3 and to tal m axim u m to $ 5 9 ,8 5 0 . F in a lly , on July 1, 19 8 6 , w eek ly com p en sation w ill in crease to $14 0 and the aggregate to $ 6 3 ,0 0 0 . The funeral allow an ce w as increased from $ 1 ,5 0 0 to $ 2 ,0 0 0 . C ontributions by em p loyers and carriers to the S eco n d Injury Fund in each ca se o f co m p en sa b le death w ere raised from $ 1 5 0 to $ 3 0 0 . T h e S u b seq u en t Injury Fund c e il in g w as a lso in creased to $ 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 , for m erly, $ 3 5 ,0 0 0 ; and the m inim u m from $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 . N on con troverted m ed ical and p sy c h o lo g ica l ca se reports o f the Industrial C o m m issio n relative to w ork-related a ccid en ts, injuries, and settlem en ts are n ow exem p ted from the P ub lic R ecords A ct. T he nam e o f the law w as ch an ged from “ W o r k m e n ’s ” C o m p e n s a t io n L a w to “ W ork ers’” C om p en sation L aw . A ll ref eren ces to “ w o rk m en ’s ” and “ w id o w ” or “ w id o w e r ” w ere d eleted and substituted w ith “ w ork ers’ ” and “ su rvivin g sp o u se ” throughout the law . Missouri L egal ad visers w h o serve as associate ad m inistrative law ju d g es w ere g iven author ity to hear and determ ine cla im s at original h earin gs. Nebraska E le c tiv e co v era g e is n ow perm itted for any partner or se lf-e m p lo y e d person w h o is ac tually en g a g ed in a b u sin ess fu ll-tim e. New Mexico F oreign resid en t d ep en d en ts are no lon ger e x clu d ed from e lig ib ility for b en efits under the law . New York T h e a llo w a n ce for sp ec ia list co n su lta tio n s, su rgical op eration s, or p h ysioth erap eu tic proced u res w as in creased from $ 7 5 to $ 1 5 0 a b o v e the am ount for w h ich certain ap proval w o u ld oth erw ise be required. S im ilarly, a llo w a n ces for x-ray exa m in a tio n s w ere in creased to $ 1 5 0 , p rev io u sly $75; and co sts for sp ecial d iagn ostic laboratory tests w ere in creased to $ 7 0 , from $ 3 5 . T he licen sin g period o f persons repre sen tin g claim ants or self-in su rers w as e x tended from 1 year to 3 years. A n ew requirem ent w as en acted w h ich requires a carrier or self-in su red em p lo y er to inform injured w ork ers, or the d ep en dents in ca se o f death, in w riting o f their rights under the law w ithin a sp ecified tim e period. North Carolina C overage w as exten d ed to agricultural e m p lo y m en ts w here 10 or m ore fu ll-tim e nonse ason al agricultural w orkers are regularly e m p lo y ed by the sam e em p loyer. Oklahoma P rotection again st co m m o n law suits by e m p lo y e e s and others w as p rovid ed for any arch itect, p rofession al en g in eer, or land su rveyor w h o is retained to perform p ro fes sion al se rv ices on a con stru ction project, if the em p lo y er has secured h is or her liab ility for w o rk ers’ com p en sation . S p ecific requirem ents w ere estab lish ed that m ust be m et by an individual se lf-in sured, or o w n risk carrier, or a grou p -p ool a sso cia tio n for q u alifyin g for self-in su r ance, pursuant to State Industrial Court rules, at the d iscretion o f the adm inistrator for w o rk ers’ co m p en sa tio n . South Carolina A n ex cep tio n w as m ade to the 5 0 0 -w e e k lim it on com p en sation for perm anent total d isab ility by a llo w in g life tim e ben efits for p a ra p leg ics, gu ad rap legics, and for persons s u ffe r in g fr o m p h y s ic a l b rain d a m a g e . H o w e v e r , no lu m p -su m com p en sa tio n m ay be paid to recip ien ts o f lifetim e b en efits. New Jersey South Dakota Ju d ges o f com p en sation w ere authorized to co n d u ct hearings and render d ecisio n s on cla im s for ben efits from the S u b seq u en t In jury F und. T h e w aitin g p eriod for com p en sa tio n w as ch an ged from 7 calendar d ays to 7 c o n se c u tiv e d ays o f con tin u ou s d isab ility before retroactive b en efits w ill be paid. 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Workers’ Compensation Legislation in 1984 E m p loyers are n o w en titled to reim burse m ent from the S eco n d Injury Fund for all e x c e s s m ed ical and hospital ex p en ses paid for subsequent injuries that result in a greater d isa b ility from a p reexistin g injury. Vermont C overage w as broadened to inclu d e m em bers o f any regularly organ ized private v o l u n te e r fire d e p a r tm e n t an d r e s c u e or am bulance squad w h ile acting in the line o f duty. Tennessee W ork ers’ com p en sation coverage w as e x tended to serv ices o f chiropractors. Utah T h e burial a llo w a n ce and cost for rep lace m ent o f artificial m eans and appliances w as increased to $ 1 ,8 0 0 , p reviou sly $ 1 ,0 0 0 . A m ethod w as estab lish ed for determ in ing the S eco n d Injury F un d ’s liability for perm anent im pairm ent benefits. T h e D efau lt Indem nity Fund w as created to assure and pay benefits to em p lo y ees w h en an em p lo y er b eco m es in solven t, ap p oints or has appointed a receiver, or oth erw ise d oes not have sufficient funds to cover his or her w ork ers’ com p en sation liab ili ties. Tab le 1. Virginia Farmworkers and horticultural laborers were exem p ted from coverage u n less the em p loyer regularly has in service more than tw o fu ll-tim e em p lo y e e s. P reviou sly, the exem p tion w as applicable to em p loym en ts w ith few er than four fu ll-tim e e m p lo y ees, or a payroll o f less than $ 1 5 ,0 0 0 during the p reviou s calendar year. R eal estate sa le s p eop le and brokers are n ow also exclu d ed from coverage if their in com e is m ostly derived from sales co m m issio n s and any other services perform ed as independent contractors. T he burial a llow an ce for d eceased e m p lo y ees w ithout d ependents w as increased from $ 2 ,0 0 0 to $ 3 ,0 0 0 . T he allow an ce for transportation o f the d eced en t’s rem ains to place o f burial w as left at $ 5 0 0 . T he Industrial C om m ission m ay n ow re quire that any m edical ex p en ses incurred 15 d ays prior to first com m u n ication o f a d iagn osis o f an occupational d isea se, be paid by the em p loyer. F orm erly, the em p loyer w as liable from the first day that com m u n ication o f d isease w as m ade to the em p loyee or to the survivors in case o f death. E xten sion o f the filing period w as m ade for all com p en sation claim s from 1 year to 2 years, after accid en t or death; and in ap p eals to the Suprem e Court, from 3 0 days to 6 0 days after an award or receipt o f notice o f award by registered m ail. T olling o f the statute-of-lim itations is now applicable w here an em p loyer, after being g iv en n otice o f injury, has paid co m p en sation w ithout an award and such conduct has prejudiced the right o f the em p lo y ee to file a tim ely claim . P rem ium taxes paid by carriers and selfinsurers for funding the administrative funds w ill be m od ified in accordance w ith an eq u ita b le p r e m iu m m o d ific a tio n p la n a p proved by the C o m m issio n , if they have Jurisdictio ns w hich increased m axim um w eekly tem po rary total disability benefits during 1984 Jurisdiction A la b a m a ........................... Alaska................................. California........................... C olorado........................... C on necticut...................... Former maximum $184.00 996.00 196.00 296.80 345.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age, not to exceed 75 percent of employee’s wage New maximum $194.00 1,080.00 224.00 315.98 381.00, plus $10 for each dependent under 18 years of age, not to exceed 75 percent of employee’s wage Delaw are........................... Florida................................. Hawaii................................. Id a h o ................................. 223.78 271.00 266.00 238.50 to 331.25, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent of State’s average weekly wage for each child up to 5 children Illinois................................. In d ia n a .............................. 456.33 156.00 231.64 288.00 281.00 249.30 to 346.25, according to number of dependents, plus 7 percent of State’s average weekly wage for each child up to 5 children. 474.71 166.00 Io w a .................................... Kansas .............................. Kentucky........................... Louisiana........................... M a in e ................................. M aryland........................... M assachusetts................ 563.00 218.00 277.66 230.00 426.43 292.00 320.29, plus $ 6 for each dependent; if weekly benefits are below $150 580.00 227.00 294.87 248.00 447.92 311.00 341.06, plus $ 6 for each dependent; if weekly benefits are below $150 330.00 290.00 334.00 329.00 126.00 222,73 286.00 325.99 444.00 255.00 M ichigan........................... M in nesota......................... M ississippi........................ M is s o u ri........................... M o n ta n a ........................... Nevada .............................. New Hampshire................ New J e rs e y ...................... 1 1 2 .0 0 212.19 277.00 314.18 418.00 236.00 Note: Most benefit increases are based on the applicable jurisdiction’s average weekly or monthly wage; and formerly on the national average weekly wage in the District of Columbia. However, nine States (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, and Tennessee) and Puerto Rico prescribe statutory amounts. 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jurisdiction Former maximum New maximum New M exico...................... New York........................... North Carolina................... North D a k o ta ................... $271.76 255.00 248.00 278.00, plus $5 for each dependent child; aggregate not to exceed worker’s net wage $289.20 275.00 262.00 285.00, plus $5 for each dependent child; aggregate not to exceed worker’s net wage O h io ................................... Oklahoma........................... O re g o n .............................. Pennsylvania...................... Rhode Is la n d ................... 321.00 316.23 306.00 275.00, plus $9 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker's average weekly wage 335.00 217.00 324.13 320.00 292.00, plus $9 for each dependent; aggregate not to exceed 80 percent of worker's average weekly wage South C a ro lin a ................ South D akota................... Texas ................................. U ta h ................................... 254.38 238.00 182.00 300.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4 children, but not to exceed 1 0 0 percent of State’s average weekly wage 268.99 247.00 203.00 310.00, plus $5 for dependent spouse and each dependent child up to 4 children, but not to exceed 1 0 0 percent of State's average weekly wage V e rm o n t........................... 262.00, plus $ 1 0 for each dependent under age 21 278.00, plus $10 for each dependent under age 21 Virgin Islands................... Virginia .............................. W ashington...................... West V irg in ia ................... W isco n sin ........................ W yom ing........................... 165.00 277.00 249.33 318.87 294.00 336.23 173.00 295.00 256.31 321.30 305.00 347.27 2 1 2 .0 0 Five States (Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Nebraska, and Tennessee), the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are not listed because no changes for temporary total disability benefits were legislated during 1984. concurrent lia b ility for coverage under the Federal C oal M in e H ealth and S afety A ct o f 1 9 6 9 , and the V irginia W ork ers’ C om pen sation A ct. 1 year) fo llo w in g receipt o f a p h y sicia n ’s d iagn osis o f a d isea se or from the date o f death. A join t se lect com m ittee on w ork ers’ com p en sation w as created to review the S ta te’s industrial insurance system . Washington C la im s for occu p ational d iseases or death m ust n o w be filed w ithin 2 years (form erly West Virginia ch u rch es, em p loyers en gaged in organized p rofession al sports activities (inclu d in g em p loyers o f trainers and jo ck ey s in thor oughbred horse racin g), and for em p loyers o f certain e m p lo y ees in a corporation. Fur ther, em p loyers are a llo w ed to co v er their o w n risks upon co m p lia n ce w ith insurance requirem ents in the law . E lec tiv e cov era g e is n ow perm itted for ■FOOTNOTES■ 'The legislatures of Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Puerto Rico, convened in 1984, however, changes in workers’ compensation laws were generally minor and are not discussed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in the State-by-State summary. Six State legislatures (Arkansas, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, and Texas) did not meet in 1984. 2Senate Joint Resolution Number 80-x, 1984. A joint legislative interim committee was established to study proposed co-em ployees’ lawsuits. Labor-management health and safety activity C o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g is n o t a s u b s titu te fo r g o v e r n m e n t r e g u la t io n o f j o b h a z a r d s. S c ie n t if ic c o m p le x it y r e n d ers n e g o t ia te d sta n d a rd s e ttin g fo r h e a lth h a z a r d s p a r tic u la r ly im p r a c tic a l. N o n e t h e l e s s , o r g a n iz e d la b o r h a s th e c a p a c it y to p e r fo r m a n u m b e r o f q u a s ir e g u la to r y f u n c t io n s th a t, i f c o n d u c te d o n a la r g e s c a l e , w o u ld s ig n if ic a n tly im p r o v e th e p e r fo r m a n c e o f th e F e d e r a l r e g u la to r y e f fo r t. S p e c i f ic a ll y , u n io n s are c a p a b le o f p r e s su r in g m a n a g e m e n t to c o m p ly w ith e x is t in g sta n d a r d s. T h is p r e s su r e c a n ta k e m a n y f o r m s , r a n g in g fr o m g e n t le p e r s u a s io n to s lo w d o w n s an d str ik e s . T h o u g h u n io n p r e s su r e w ill n o t e n s u r e p e r fe c t c o m p lia n c e , it c a n d r a m a tic a lly s u p p le m e n t th e m in im a l c o m p lia n c e in c e n t iv e s p r o v id e d b y th e p r e s e n t s y s t e m o f i n s p e c t io n s an d f in e s . M o r e o v e r , u n lik e th e th reat o f in s p e c t io n , u n io n p r e s su r e is im m e d ia te , p o te n t ia lly c o n s t a n t , an d f o c u s e d . L a b o r c a n a ls o b a r g a in d ir e c tly fo r th e a b a te m e n t o f s o m e s a f e t y h a z a r d s. A u n io n ’s f a m ilia r ity w ith th e w o r k p la c e s h o u ld g i v e it an a d v a n ta g e o v e r o sh a in d e a lin g w ith in te r m itte n t an d w o r k p la c e - s p e c if ic h a z a r d s. In a d d itio n , la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a p p r e n tic e s h ip p r o g r a m s p r o v id e an o p p o r tu n ity fo r o s H A - s p e c if ie d h e a lth an d s a f e t y tr a in in g to b e in te g r a te d in to a w o r k e r ’s tr a in in g . F in a lly , th e a rb itra tio n s y s t e m is a p o te n tia l fo r u m fo r q u ic k r e s o lu tio n o f d is p u t e s o v e r an e m p l o y e e ’s rig h t to r e fu s e h a z a r d o u s w o r k . — Law rence S. B acow Bargaining for Job Safety and Health ( C a m b r id g e , M a s s ., T h e m it P ress, 1 9 8 0 ), p. 103. 53 Research Summaries Weekly earnings in 1983: a look at more than 200 occupations Earl F. M ellor Information on the weekly earnings of wage and salary workers by their demographic, social, and economic char acteristics has been collected for the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics by the Bureau of the Census since 1967. These data are collected through the Current Population Survey. In 1979, b l s expanded the data collection from an annual to a monthly basis and began publishing weekly earnings of workers and their families on a quarterly basis.1 Weekly earnings by extensive occupational detail were first pub lished in March 1982.2 This report presents 1983 annual average weekly earnings of wage and salary workers (both men and women) who usually work full time (excluding the “ incorporated selfemployed” ) in more than 200 occupations, according to the classification system developed for the 1980 Census of Pop ulation.3 Because this system is markedly different from the 1970 census system, these data are not comparable to those available for 1979-82. This incomparability arises from four changes introduced in January 1983. First, there was an expansion in the number of occupations identified, in many cases resulting from the splitting of former groupings or cutting back of “ not elsewhere classified” categories. Second, the major occupation groups have new titles rep resenting conceptual as well as language changes. Third, many components in the former groups have been shifted among the new groupings. For example, cashiers formerly shown under the category “ clerical and kindred workers” now appear under “ sales occupations.” Finally, many of the detailed categories, even those with identical titles, differ significantly in content. For instance, in the new system, economists account for only about 75 percent of those who would have been in this category under the 1970 classifi cation. Of the remaining 25 percent, about half are now classified as management analysts and the other half as accountants and auditors.4 Earl F. Mellor is an economist in the Division of Employment and Un employment Analysis, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statis tics, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a 0001 a B Ü A refinement in the method of calculating median earn ings also affects the comparability of the 1983 numbers with those for earlier years. Previously, medians were calculated by using the linear interpolation of $50- to $100-wide in tervals. The new, more accurate method uses $10 intervals. As in previous years, the data shown are limited to those occupations with at least 50,000 employed wage and salary workers who usually work full time. The U.S. Bureau of the Census classifies occupations at three levels of detail. The one-digit level is the least detailed, consisting of only the major occupational groups, such as the professional specialty of service worker groups. The 45 two-digit occupations represent an intermediate level of de tail— for example, engineers, and personal service work ers.5 The three-digit classification is the most detailed. It includes such specific job titles as physicians, economists, and chemical engineers, all of which are in the broad, one digit professional specialty group, and automobile mechan ics and carpenters, which are in the precision production, craft, and repair group. Table 1 shows weekly earnings in some 220 nonoverlap ping occupational groupings, mostly at the three-digit level. Obviously, the medians vary greatly among these occupa tions. For example, wage and salary workers among four engineering specialties, as well as economists, lawyers, and operations and systems researchers and analysts had weekly medians of $600 or more in 1983— about twice the overall median of $309. By comparison, private household workers and those employed in food counter, fountain, and related occupations had medians below $150 a week. Male-female comparisons are shown for some 75 occupations. Within each of the occupations, there is likely to be a wide range of earnings among individual workers. This is because each occupational group— even at the three-digit level— still has many individual jobs for which data are not tallied separately. Included under physicians, for example, are nearly 100 individual specific job titles, ranging from interns to neurosurgeons. Hence, each occupation encom passes specialties with differences in skill levels, market demand for the jobs, and other variables. Also, workers in each specialty may have different duties, responsibilities, workweeks, and job tenure. Caution must be used in interpreting these data because estimates are based on a sample, rather than the entire pop- Table 1. W eekly earnings of w age and salary w orkers w ho usually w ork full tim e in occupations em ploying 50,000 or m ore, by sex,1 1983 averages [Numbers in thousands] Employed Weekly earnings Employed Weekly earnings Employed Weekly earnings Ratio female/ male earnings times 1 0 0 T o ta l..................................................................................................... 70,976 $309 42,309 $379 28,667 $252 66.5 40.4 Managerial and professional specialty .............................................................. Executive, administrative, and managerial .................................................... Officials and administrators, public administration ................................ Administrators, protective services ............................................................ Financial managers ....................................................................................... Personnel and labor relations m anagers.................................................... Purchasing m anagers.................................................................................... Managers, marketing, advertising, and public re la tio n s........................ Administrators, education and related fields ........................................... Managers, medicine and health ................................................................. Managers, properties and real e s ta te ......................................................... Management-related occupations .............................................................. Accountants and auditors ....................................................................... Underwriters and other financial o ffic e rs .............................................. Management a n a ly s ts ............................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ........................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm p ro d u c ts ................ Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction ................ 17,451 8,117 387 53 326 440 456 471 509 501 502 557 559 505 482 334 407 408 445 556 407 330 423 10,312 5,344 247 47 508 530 510 — 573 605 625 614 577 — 406 500 487 535 — 513 405 429 7,139 2,772 140 355 340 361 — 359 — — 367 401 435 288 333 343 349 — 339 259 — 69.9 64.2 70.8 — 62.7 — — 59.8 69.5 — 70.9 40.9 34.2 36.2 11.3 38.7 44.1 22.5 Professional specialty oc cu p a tio n s................................................................. Engineers, architects, and su rve yo rs......................................................... A rch ite cts..................................................................................................... Engineers..................................................................................................... Aerospace engineers ............................................................................ Chemical e n gineers............................................................................... Civil e n g in e e rs....................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers .................................................... Industrial engineers............................................................................... Mechanical engineers ......................................................................... Mathematical and computer s c ie n tis ts ...................................................... Computer systems analysts and sc ie n tis ts........................................... Operations and systems researchers and a n alysts.............................. Natural scientists .......................................................................................... Chemists, except biochem ists................................................................. Biological and life s c ie n tis ts .................................................................... Health diagnosing occupations.................................................................... Physicians .................................................................................................. Health assessment and treating o c cup ation s........................................... Registered nurses .................................................................................... Pharmacists ............................................................................................... D ie tic ia n s..................................................................................................... Therapists .................................................................................................. Inhalation therapists ............................................................................ Teachers, college and u n ive rsity................................... ............................. Teachers, except college and u n iv e rs ity .................................................... Prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers ......................................... Elementary schoolteachers....................................................................... Secondary schoolteachers ....................................................................... Special education te a c h e rs....................................................................... Teachers, not elsewhere classified......................................................... Counselors, educational and vocational .................................................... Librarians, archivists, and c u ra to rs ............................................................ Librarians..................................................................................................... Social scientists and urban planners ......................................................... V Econom ists.................................................................................................. Psychologists ............................................................................................ Social, recreation, and religious workers ................................................. Social workers .......................................................................................... C le rg y .......................................................................................................... Lawyers and ju d g e s ....................................................................................... L a w ye rs........................................................................................................ Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes......................................................... D esigners..................................................................................................... Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist p rin tm akers................... Photographers............................................................................................ Editors and reporters ............................................................................... Public relations sp e cia lists....................................................................... 9,334 1,573 60 1,487 82 67 187 427 204 243 421 248 132 318 99 50 254 224 1,340 953 108 54 181 55 414 2,673 173 4,967 1,477 53 1,398 76 64 180 399 182 234 296 174 93 258 77 32 193 173 505 602 507 604 629 626 573 612 549 601 602 582 611 538 555 — 515 508 429 403 529 — — — 508 406 — 404 406 — 408 482 — — 551 703 4,367 96 1,062 74 164 153 159 143 194 85 89 682 358 234 321 287 831 224 72 56 165 132 422 600 502 603 624 625 570 608 538 600 546 526 600 508 506 405 505 504 401 402 509 292 348 308 502 365 274 356 392 349 372 407 372 383 456 600 402 318 327 308 650 622 401 399 371 333 385 445 Technical, sales, and administrative support .................................................... Technicians and related support .................................................................... Health technologists and te ch n icia n s......................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians................................. Radiologic technicians............................................................................... Licensed practical n u rse s ......................................................................... 21,641 2,574 846 217 75 315 282 357 297 326 345 279 8,125 1,428 155 58 25 Total, both sexes Men Women Occupation 102 80 367 377 84 157 2,490 907 488 68 285 145 147 1 ,2 0 1 200 57 63 290 243 34 81 1,446 536 280 39 139 71 114 211 53 78 6 45 19 296 855 5 210 541 17 82 79 29 23 111 54 41 394 133 225 258 229 511 135 46 47 87 70 10 352 398 309 670 656 435 501 — — 408 524 395 423 345 371 — — 6 126 45 18 77 135 51 76 1,044 370 208 29 146 74 33 8 88 6 4 7 28 22 8 125 73 40 61 22 19 61 51 1,129 900 30 48 136 36 118 1,818 168 990 521 57 82 74 131 121 82 31 48 288 225 9 63 58 320 90 26 9 78 62 13,517 1,146 691 159 51 305 363 486 — 500 — — — — — — 448 454 — 409 — — 407 421 399 402 — — 329 — 403 350 273 351 358 321 324 379 357 372 381 — — 303 308 — 6 6 .6 70.4 65.2 — 6 6 .1 64.0 — Percent female workers 2 1 .0 35.8 60.7 48.4 41.9 40.8 42.6 42.6 51.2 51.0 22.4 71.9 80.7 — 82.8 — — — — — — 74.4 78.0 — 76.0 __ — 79.0 82.9 93.0 99.8 __ — — — 79.3 46.8 8 6 .2 6 8 .0 — 86.9 8 8 .2 _ 79.4 78.6 _ — 69.1 _ — 8 6 .1 77.4 — 575 576 313 257 — — 322 388 85.8 87.8 72.0 51.3 — — 78.9 74.0 248 301 287 322 317 279 62.8 71.2 83.2 8 6 .8 6 .1 13.3 5.9 7.3 6 .0 3.7 6 .6 1 0 .8 3.3 29.7 29.4 30.3 19.2 2 2 .2 38.0 24.0 2 2 .8 84.3 94.4 27.8 88.9 75.1 65.5 28.5 97.1 82.4 49.1 77.0 50.0 48.4 82.4 84.6 42.3 36.5 53.9 42.2 62.8 3.8 19.6 2 Qu2 38.5 40.2 36.1 16.1 47.3 47.0 v 62.5 44.5 81.7 73.3 — 6 8 .0 — 96.8 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Research Summaries Tab le 1. C o n tin u ed — W eekly earnings of w age and salary w orkers w ho usually w ork full tim e in occupations em ploying 50,000 or m ore, by s ex,1 1983 averages [Numbers in thousands] T o ta l, b o th s e x e s M en W om en O c c u p a tio n E m p lo y e d Engineering and related technologists and technicians........................... Electrical and electronic te ch n icia n s...................................................... Drafting occupations.................................................................................. Science te ch n icia n s....................................................................................... Chemical technicians ............................................................................... Technicians, except health, engineering, and science ........................... Computer programmers ......................................................................... Legal assistants.......................................................................................... 779 256 250 165 74 783 385 Sales occupations............................................................................................... Supervisors and proprietors ....................................................................... Sales representatives, finance and business services ........................... Insurance s a le s .......................................................................................... Real estate sales ....................................................................................... Securities and financial services sales ................................................. Advertising and related sales ................................................................. Sales occupations, other business s e rv ic e s ......................................... Sales representatives, commodities, except re ta il................................... 6,313 1,694 Salesworkers, retail and personal services .............................................. Salesworkers, motor vehicles and b o a ts .............................................. Salesworkers, ap p a re l............................................................................... Salesworkers, furniture and home furnishings ................................... Salesworkers, radio, television, hi-fi, appliances................................. Salesworkers, hardware and building supplies ................................... Salesworkers, parts .................................................................................. Sales counter c le r k s .................................................................................. C ashiers........................................................................................................ Street and door-to-door salesw orkers.................................................... 2,329 189 167 70 79 123 131 Administrative support, including clerical ......................................................... Supervisors.......................................................................................................... Supervisors, general office ......................................................................... Supervisors, financial records processing................................................. Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks ................ Computer equipment o p e ra to rs ....................................................................... Computer o p era to rs....................................................................................... Secretaries, stenographers, and ty p is ts ......................................................... Secretaries........................................................................................................ Typists ............................................................................................................. Information clerks ............................................................................................. Intervie w ers..................................................................................................... Transportation ticket and reservation agents ........................................... Receptionists .................................................................................................. Records processing occupations, except financial ...................................... Order c le rk s ..................................................................................................... File clerks ........................................................................................................ Records clerks ............................................................................................... Financial records processing............................................................................ Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing c le r k s ......................................... Payroll and timekeeping c le rk s .................................................................... Billing clerks .................................................................................................. Cost and rate c le rk s ....................................................................................... Communications equipment operators............................................................ Telephone operators .................................................................................... Mail and message distributing occupations ................................................. Postal clerks, except mail carriers ............................................................ Mail carriers, postal se rvice......................................................................... Mailclerks, except postal service ............................................................... M essengers..................................................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, and distributing c le r k s .............................. Dispatchers ..................................................................................................... Production coordinators ............................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving c le r k s ...................................................... Stock and inventory clerks ......................................................................... Weighers, measurers, and checkers ......................................................... Expediters ....................................................................................................... Adjusters and investigators............................................................................... Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ................................. Investigators and adjusters, except insurance ......................................... Eligibility clerks, social w e lfa re .................................................................... Bill and account collectors .......................................................................... Miscellaneous administrative support ............................................................ General office clerks .................................................................................... Bank tellers ..................................................................................................... Data-entry keyers .......................................................................................... Statistical clerks ............................................................................................ Teacher a id e s .................................................................................................. 12,755 656 366 See footnotes at end of table. 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 110 1 ,1 2 1 335 229 153 99 286 1,153 68 797 64 100 149 523 515 3,859 3,155 656 766 133 87 387 604 149 203 136 1,675 1,269 166 113 81 203 195 683 227 245 135 76 1,391 139 178 388 457 73 88 614 189 282 56 86 1,734 476 367 261 79 149 W e e k ly e a rn in g s E m p lo y e d $399 406 369 368 403 445 472 316 642 305 351 402 377 387 508 356 401 421 3,853 198 345 166 259 949 179 38 40 61 103 270 253 256 184 168 259 258 371 352 389 384 285 287 250 251 238 225 231 397 208 257 307 210 276 254 252 276 250 273 282 282 405 429 428 221 207 298 303 368 273 285 251 319 292 303 296 274 277 235 245 205 242 292 173 222 208 125 53 506 262 25 1 ,2 1 2 698 246 108 112 53 179 986 122 23 152 30 2,844 308 127 37 119 188 186 58 28 25 87 17 33 8 109 31 33 27 212 137 31 15 23 21 18 494 154 210 69 61 902 77 101 312 282 38 46 188 63 89 7 29 256 92 26 17 22 8 W e e k ly e a r n in g s $406 420 399 401 408 500 503 — E m p lo y e d 137 34 42 41 21 277 123 85 400 402 467 423 458 607 405 458 453 2,460 482 423 109 259 352 — — 306 261 259 — 1,380 201 — 362 458 477 — 400 349 349 340 — — 303 — — — 340 --- .. — — 318 307 — — — — — 412 441 429 250 208 320 344 405 288 308 — — 404 407 452 — — 305 296 — — — — 120 41 46 107 167 10 130 30 18 20 10 45 645 34 9,911 348 239 63 30 336 329 3,801 3,127 632 679 116 54 379 495 118 169 109 1,463 1,132 135 98 58 182 177 189 73 35 66 15 489 62 77 76 176 35 42 426 126 194 49 57 1,479 384 341 244 56 141 W e e k ly e a r n in g s $297 __ __ __ __ 359 406 307 R a tio f e m a le / m a le e a rn in g s tim e s 1 0 0 73.2 __ __ __ 71.8 80.7 — 204 245 305 295 307 __ __ 287 320 51.0 60.9 65.3 69.7 67.0 166 __ 157 __ __ __ __ __ 164 64.1 — 249 320 307 341 — 261 263 250 251 237 221 227 308 207 251 299 206 263 250 249 266 246 258 280 282 353 407 __ 207 — 251 257 305 222 246 __ — 258 268 256 __ 258 227 238 204 238 287 174 __ 62.7 70.6 __ __ __ __ __ __ 81.6 — 6 8 .8 69.9 64.4 __ — 74.8 75.4 73.5 __ 72.9 __ __ __ 73.8 __ — 78.6 81.1 __ — __ __ 85.7 92.3 82.8 78.4 74.7 75.3 77.1 79.9 — 63.9 65.8 56.6 __ — 74.4 80.4 __ __ — P e rc e n t fe m a le w o rk e rs 17.6 13.3 16.8 24.8 28.4 35.4 31.9 77.3 39.0 28.5 37.7 30.7 52.4 26.8 46.5 37.4 14.5 59.3 5.3 77.8 42.9 2 2 .8 16.3 7.6 6 6 .2 80.9 53.1 77.7 53.0 65.3 63.0 2 0 .1 64.2 63.9 98.5 99.1 96.3 8 8 .6 87.2 62.1 97.9 82.0 79.2 83.3 80.1 87.3 89.2 81.3 86.7 71.6 89.7 90.8 27.7 32.2 14.3 48.9 19.7 35.2 44.6 43.3 19.6 38.5 47.9 47.7 69.4 66.7 6 8 .8 87.5 66.3 85.3 80.7 92.9 93.5 70.9 94.6 Table 1. Continued— Weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employing 50,000 or more, by sex,1 1983 averages [Numbers in thousands] M en T o ta l, b o th s e x e s W om en O c c u p a tio n E m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a rn in g s E m p lo y e d W e e k ly e a rn in g s E m p lo y e d Service o c cup ation s............................................................................................... Private household............................................................................................... Child care workers ....................................................................................... Private household cleaners and servants ................................................. 7,321 278 124 124 $205 3,723 111 $255 — — — 3,598 267 69 135 11 2 6 Protective s e rv ic e ............................................................................................... Supervisors, protective se rvice.................................................................... Supervisors, police and detectives......................................................... Firefighting and fire prevention.................................................................... Firefighting occupations............................................................................ Police and detectives .................................................................................... Police and detectives, public service ................................................... Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement o ffic e rs ........................ Correctional Institution officers .............................................................. Guards ............................................................................................................ Guards and police, except public se rvice.............................................. 1,453 118 57 188 173 645 416 85 143 502 460 350 500 505 402 402 379 405 353 307 231 243 1,314 113 56 185 171 583 392 74 117 433 409 Service occupations, except private household and protective service . . . . Food preparation and service occupations ................................................... Supervisors .................................................................................................... Bartenders....................................................................................................... Waiters and w aitresses................................................................................. Cooks, except short o rd e r............................................................................ Food counter, fountain, and related occupations ................................... Kitchen workers, food preparation ............................................................ Walters’ and waitresses’ a ssistants........................................................... 5,590 2,057 160 177 499 720 63 58 103 194 168 246 Health service o ccup ation s.............................................................................. Dental a ssistants............................................................................................ Health aides, except nursing ...................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ................................................. Cleaning and building service o ccup ation s................................................... Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers .............................. Maids and housem en.................................................................................... Janitors and cle a n e rs.................................................................................... Personal service occupations ......................................................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists .............................................................. Attendants, amusement and recreation fa cilitie s...................................... Child care workers ....................................................................................... W e e k ly e a r n in g s R a tio fe m a le / m a le e a r n in g s tim e s 1 0 0 67.5 118 356 501 506 402 402 392 406 356 324 242 246 139 5 249 69.9 — 217 88.2 11.1 201 2,398 877 77 95 216 191 302 207 157 172 142 176 162 86 210 376 17 13 65 197 — — 158 3,193 1,181 83 82 413 344 46 44 38 175 160 208 179 152 162 — — — 81.0 83.8 68.9 86.5 72.4 82.2 — — — 57.1 57.4 51.9 46.3 82.8 47.8 73.0 75.9 36.9 1,202 101 200 147 208 2 207 894 1,744 211 26 118 1,194 69 80 1,007 181 34 36 235 — — 231 240 312 208 236 226 — — — 1,055 99 180 776 550 42 247 260 407 174 196 207 207 186 180 — 168 188 177 184 — 155 83.4 — — 80.5 75.0 — 80.8 79.7 78.3 — — — 87.8 98.0 87.0 784 251 340 — 326 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 62.9 89.9 — 7.9 3.4 7.2 3.1 .7 110 327 1,267 588 209 58 107 191 212 271 177 220 195 200 199 158 12 122 2 2 2 62 25 11 26 69 51 22 95 — — — 298 — — — 201 — — — — — — — 76.0 — — — 83.1 9,180 3,418 230 3,188 1,311 588 264 125 149 493 608 119 94 61 243 158 681 62 94 156 648 58 93 399 378 501 368 335 300 378 464 302 408 381 449 345 454 482 497 340 366 359 408 3,011 368 2,643 91 726 54 536 103 244 362 82 53 372 483 361 402 322 401 424 441 282 404 286 513 2,966 366 2,600 91 714 53 527 103 238 356 82 53 376 484 363 402 323 401 424 441 284 404 286 514 45 3 42 Extractive occup ation s .................................................................................................................. Drillers, oil w e lls .......................................................................................................................... 169 52 498 409 165 51 497 408 4 — — 1 — — Precision production occupations .......................................................................................... Supervisors .................................................................................................... Precision m etalw orking................................................................................. 3,245 1,183 828 380 426 403 2,631 1,019 787 406 455 404 614 165 42 Construction tra d e s ............................................................................................ ■ Supervisors .................................................................................................... Construction trades, except su pervisors................................................... Brickmasons and stonem asons.............................................................. Carpenters .................................................................................................. Drywall in s ta lle rs ....................................................................................... Electricians.................................................................................................. Electrical power installers and repairers ............................................................. Painters, construction and maintenance ............................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and stea m fitters ................................................................ Roofers ........................................................................................................................................ Structural metal workers ................................................................................................. 49.1 96.0 98.4 95.2 $172 109 69 135 379 376 501 366 336 300 377 462 302 407 378 442 342 450 481 489 340 362 356 408 Precision production, craft, and re p a ir.............................................................. Mechanics and repairers ................................................................................. Supervisors .................................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors ......................................... Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and re p a ire rs................... Automobile m echanics......................................................................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ................................ Aircraft engine m echanics.................................................................... Automobile body and related repairers ........................................... Heavy equipment m ech anics.............................................................. Industrial machinery repairers................................................................. Electrical and electronic equipment repairers ...................................... Electronic repairers, communications, industrial equipment . . . . Data processing equipment repairers .............................................. Telephone line installers and repairers.............................................. Telephone installers and repairers ................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration m echanics...................... Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers .............................................. Office machine repairers...................................................................... Millwrights ............................................................................................ P e rc e n t fe m a le w o rk e rs 9,963 3,538 249 3,289 1,319 589 266 88 86 124 147 483 559 113 84 57 220 120 18 102 9 1 2 2 1 1 10 49 7 10 4 23 1 33 4 1 0 12 1 9 0 6 6 0 0 88.6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 243 288 — — 59.9 63.3 — 9.6 4.2 3.5 1.1 1.2 9.6 6.0 12.9 18.2 13.7 86.8 31.5 38.2 75.5 20.5 69.2 83.3 37.9 88.8 .2 .8 2.3 .8 .7 2.0 8.1 5.9 10.6 6.6 9.5 .6 4.8 6.5 1.1 1.5 .8 1.6 0 1.7 1.9 1.7 0 2.5 1.7 0 0 2.4 1.9 18.9 13.9 5.1 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Research Summaries Table 1. Continued— Weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employing 50,000 or more, by sex,1 1983 averages [Numbers in thousands] W e e k ly e a r n in g s R a tio fe m a le / m a le e a r n in g s tim e s 1 0 0 — — W om en M en T o ta l, b o th s e x e s O c c u p a tio n E m p lo y e d Tool and die m a ke rs................................................................................. Machinists .................................................................................................. Sheet metal w o rk e rs ................................................................................. Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine w o rk e rs ................ Precision workers, assorted materials ...................................................... Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ................................ Precision food production occupations...................................................... Butchers and meatcutters ....................................................................... Bakers .......................................................................................................... Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers ................................ Inspectors, testers, and graders ............................................................ Plant and system o p e ra to rs......................................................................... Power plant op era to rs.............................................................................. Stationary en gineers................................................................................. Operators, fabricators, and laborers ................................................................. Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ......................................... Machine operators and tenders, except p re cisio n ................................... Metalworking and plastic working machine operators........................ Lathe and turning machine operators .............................................. Punching and stamping press machine operators ........................ Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators . . Metal and plastic processing machine o p e ra to rs................................ Moulding and casting machine op e ra to rs......................................... Woodworking machine operators ......................................................... Sawing machine operators ................................................................. Printing machine operators .................................................................... Printing machine op e ra to rs................................................................. Typesetters and com positors.............................................................. Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators ........................ Winding and twisting machine operators ......................................... Textile sewing machine op erators...................................................... Shoe machine operators....................................................................... Pressing machine operators .............................................................. Laundering and drycleaning machine op e ra to rs.............................. Machine operators, assorted m a te ria ls ................................................. Packaging and filling machine operators ......................................... Mixing and blending machine operators........................................... Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators ................ Painting and paint spraying machine o p e ra to rs .............................. Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except f o o d .............................. Slicing and cutting machine op era to rs.............................................. Photographic process machine op era to rs......................................... Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking occupations........................ Welders and cutters ................................................................................. Assem blers.................................................................................................. Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ...................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners .............................. Production testers .................................................................................... Graders and sorters, except agricultural .............................................. Transportation and material moving occupations......................................... Motor vehicle operators ............................................................................... Truckdrivers, heavy ................................................................................. Truckdrivers, light .................................................................................... Drivers-salesworkers ............................................................................... Busdrivers .................................................................................................. Taxicab drivers and c h a u ffe rs ................................................................. Transportation occupations, except motor ve hicles................................ Rail transportation occupations.............................................................. Locomotive operating occupations ................................................... Material moving equipment operators ...................................................... Operating engineers ................................................................................. Crane and tower op era to rs....................................................................... Excavating and loading machine operators ......................................... Grader, dozer, and scraper op e ra to rs................................................... Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators................................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and la b o re rs ................................ Helpers, construction and extractive occup ation s................................... Helpers, construction tra d e s .................................................................... Construction la b o re rs.................................................................................... Production helpers ....................................................................................... Freight, stock, and material handlers......................................................... Garbage collectors .................................................................................... Stock handlers and b a g g e rs.................................................................... Machine feeders and offbearers ............................................................ Garage and service station related occupations ...................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ................................................. See footnotes at end of table. 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 142 449 128 116 379 233 313 222 74 133 122 245 52 119 13,319 6,990 4,714 490 76 114 142 161 95 120 79 390 268 55 1,206 92 700 72 122 109 2,319 346 112 63 178 103 178 68 1,508 505 855 768 621 53 86 3,358 2,239 1,448 306 164 185 77 192 143 58 927 140 91 72 95 357 2,970 140 127 503 58 874 58 347 76 177 129 W e e k ly e a rn in g s E m p lo y e d $433 387 403 229 246 235 309 324 251 403 404 431 499 407 141 429 276 261 250 317 306 291 305 294 286 218 232 318 326 281 179 9,833 4,138 2,752 409 70 77 220 166 173 196 176 284 231 309 440 282 371 265 240 286 354 263 285 285 362 226 328 309 326 254 352 323 246 504 506 503 340 363 407 344 312 306 244 209 207 272 254 241 221 203 243 168 219 122 54 147 57 250 194 47 98 90 238 50 118 120 127 68 106 71 303 237 21 221 22 W e e k ly e a r n in g s $438 399 403 283 288 259 337 351 — 440 443 434 501 407 307 323 312 328 308 336 308 311 316 223 238 357 350 — 229 — 43 — 20 — 48 40 1,571 124 105 60 150 99 138 32 1,020 481 462 366 291 34 35 3,199 2,130 1,426 293 157 131 69 190 141 58 879 140 90 70 95 336 2,496 137 124 494 45 759 57 282 49 172 108 — — 324 272 318 439 303 384 291 — 324 357 304 386 398 — — 339 319 328 256 356 365 252 504 506 503 344 364 407 345 313 305 249 208 207 274 — 246 221 206 — 169 218 E m p lo y e d 0 20 6 62 232 176 62 28 27 36 32 7 2 1 3,486 2,853 1,962 81 5 38 0 — $204 226 225 192 — — — — — 72.1 78.5 86.9 57.0 — — — — — — — — — 205 203 197 233 — 66.8 62.8 63.1 71.0 — — — — 22 — — 35 27 14 — — — — — — 8 — 87 31 — — o4 — — 986 71 658 52 74 68 748 222 7 3 28 4 39 36 488 24 393 403 330 20 51 159 109 22 13 7 54 7 2 1 1 48 1 2 1 0 21 474 3 3 9 13 115 1 66 27 5 21 P e rc e n t fe m a le w o rk e rs 239 — 66.9 4.5 4.7 53.4 61.2 75.5 19.8 12.6 36.5 27.1 26.2 2.9 3.8 .8 26.2 40.8 41.6 16.5 6.6 33.3 15.5 21.7 28.4 11.7 10.1 22.3 11.6 — 61.8 81.8 77.2 94.0 72.2 60.7 62.4 32.3 64.2 6.3 4.8 15.7 3.9 21.9 52.9 32.4 4.8 46.0 52.5 53.1 37.7 59.3 4.7 4.9 1.5 4.2 4.3 29.2 9.1 — — 1.0 — — — — 170 209 164 167 171 164 217 215 — 74.2 — — — — — 67.0 79.0 — — — — — — — — — — — 224 — 226 221 220 69.1 — 74.3 57.3 55.3 — — 201 — 253 242 — 74.6 75.9 — — — — — 260 — 71.2 — — .7 1.7 5.2 .7 — — 2.2 — — — — — — 208 — — 83.5 1.4 0 5.9 16.0 — — 2.1 — — 2.4 — — 204 — 189 — — 82.9 — 91.7 — — — — 1.8 22.4 13.2 1.7 19.0 35.5 2.8 16.3 Tab le 1. C o n tin u ed — W eekly earnings of w age and salary w orkers w ho usually w ork full tim e in o c cupations em ploying 50,000 or m ore, by se x ,1 1983 averages [Numbers in thousands] M en T o ta l, b o th s e x e s W om en O c c u p a tio n E m p lo y e d Hand packers and pa ckagers...................................................................... Laborers, except construction .................................................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing ............................................................................ Farm operators and m anagers......................................................................... Other agricultural and related occupations ................................................... Farm occupations, except managerial ...................................................... Farm w orkers.................................................................................. Related agricultural occup ation s................................................................. Supervisors, related agricultural occup ation s...................................... Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ...................................... Forestry and logging occupations .............................................................. Timber cutting and logging occupations .............................................. 217 843 1,280 50 1,136 711 664 425 66 308 80 55 'Excludes any earnings from self-employment. W e e k ly e a rn in g s $212 262 200 253 192 183 179 205 277 202 252 240 Note: 2Data for ‘Total’ refer to all full-time workers, including those in occupations not shown. ulation. For example, median weekly earnings for the 51,000 women employed in the “ managers, medicine and health” category was $435; at the 90-percent confidence interval (1.6 standard errors), the median could range from $396 to $4 7 4 . At the other extreme, the $258 median for the 12.7 million workers in administrative support occupations could E m p lo y e d 74 679 1,137 47 999 621 580 378 63 294 78 55 W e e k ly e a r n in g s E m p lo y e d 202 144 163 143 3 137 90 84 47 3 14 255 240 2 0 $233 275 202 — 198 186 182 207 286 W e e k ly e a r n in g s $207 216 165 — 165 155 153 — — — — — R a tio fe m a le / m a le e a r n in g s tim e s 1 0 0 88.8 78.5 81.7 — 83.3 83.3 84.1 — — — — — P e rc e n t fe m a le w o rk e rs 66.4 19.3 11.2 6.0 12.1 12.7 12.7 11.1 4.5 4.5 2.5 0 Dashes Indicate median, percent, or ratio now shown where base is less than 50,000. range from $257 to $259. For all workers, the range also was $2. For information on calculating the standard error and other limitations of the data, see T e c h n ic a l D e s c r ip tio n o f th e Q u a r te r ly D a ta on W e e k ly E a rn in g s f r o m th e C u r re n t P o p u la tio n S u rv e y , tics, 1982). Bulletin 2113 (Bureau of Labor Statis D ■FOOTNOTES 'The information appears in the series of press releases entitled, “ Earn ings o f Workers and Their Families,” and in Employment and Earnings. For information on the nationwide sample survey from which these earnings data were obtained, see Earl F. Mellor, Technical Description of the Quar terly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, Bul letin 2113 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 2 Data for 1981 appear in “ 1981 Weekly Earnings of Men and Women Compared in 100 Occupations” (News Release, Mar. 7, 1982) and in Nancy F. Rytina, “ Earnings of men and women: a look at specific oc cupations,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1982, pp. 2 5 -3 1 . For 1982 data, see Earl F. Mellor, “ Investigating the differences in weekly earnings o f women and m en,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1984, pp. 17-28. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3This system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification System, which was adopted in 1977 and revised in 1980. See Standard Occupational Classification Manual (U.S. Department of Commerce, Of fice of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, 1980). 4 See Gloria Peterson Green and others, “ Revisions in the Current Pop ulation Survey Beginning in January 1983,” Employment and Earnings, February 1983, pp. 7 -1 5 . 5 For additional information, see Census o f Population: 1980, Classified Index o f Industries and Occupations, Report phc8 0 - r4, final ed. (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983). 59 Research Notes Union productivity effects The impact of collective bargaining on productivity has been a frequent subject of debate. The question remains: do unions increase productivity and if they do will the increased pro ductivity offset the greater compensation unionized em ployees receive? In T ra d e U n io n s a n d P r o d u c tiv ity : S o m e N e w E v id e n c e on an O ld I s s u e , Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff use the “ production function” technique to study the re lationship between unionism and productivity. They add a new variable: the fraction of the work force that is unionized. The authors of this National Bureau of Economic Research working paper use the tool in an attempt to adjust for dif ferences in employees’ skills and the amount of capital per employee. Their findings indicate a positive correlation in many sectors, particularly manufacturing and construction, between unionized workplaces and high productivity. But, this positive effect does not always hold true, particularly over time. For example, in the underground bituminous coal industry, mines with a union were notably le s s productive than nonunion mines in 1975, but looking back, in 1965, the unionized mines were m o re productive. It is the authors’ view that this change was due in large part to a deterioration of industrial relations. During the early 1980’s, as the union began to stabilize, productivity has again increased. The authors argue that the coal industry is the exception rather than the rule, mainly because of the relative lack of competition within the industry. Coal can be mined only in certain places, thereby severely limiting the number of com petitors. Therefore, even when higher labor costs per unit of output exist, the industry survives. In contrast, in a com petitive product market only the unions which can offset wage gains with higher productivity will survive, the authors assert. Also, the union productivity effect seems to be great est when markets are the most competitive. Thus, lower productivity under unionism is prevalent under the opposite situation. In another section, the authors turn from the le v e l of productivity to productivity g ro w th . They find that there is essentially no link between productivity growth and union ization. The evidence gathered by the authors indicates that unions do not hinder firms from adopting new technology, nor do unions take other steps to retard productivity growth. The authors conclude that even though the productivity effect of unions is generally positive, on average, it will not https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis outweigh the greater capital intensity and labor costs which are also coupled with unionism. A higher rate of return on capital is not guaranteed by higher labor productivity.— Robin Misner Boatman, m lr. Measuring substitution bias in price indexes During the recent inflationary period, issues surrounding construction of the Consumer Price Index ( c p i ) attracted considerable attention. One source of concern continues to be substitution bias, which arises from the use of a fixedweight Laspeyres index formula rather than a true cost-ofliving index. In a recent b l s working paper, we analyzed the substi tution bias in Laspeyres-type indexes such as the c p i , using 1959-82 consumption data for 111 commodities from the National Income and Product Accounts. We employed two methodological approaches to construction of the cost-ofliving index ( c o l ) and calculation of the substitution bias. First, we constructed the best theoretical bounds on the index by applying nonparametric methods, using algorithms de veloped by Hal Varian. Second, following W. Erwin Diewert, we constructed superlative price index formulas— that is, those consistent with maximization of a flexible utility function subject to a budget constraint. We used two widely known index formulas shown by Diewert to be superlative, namely, the Tornqvist and Fisher’s Ideal indexes, under a chain as well as a fixed-base specification. The nonparametric tests indicate that there is a homothetic aggregate utility function consistent with the data. If the hypothesis of homothetic utility is maintained, the c o l bias has upper and lower limits of 0.23 and 0.16 percent per year, respectively. The substitution bias in the Laspeyres index, using the superlative indexes as the measure of the c o l , is about 0.16 percent per year for the period 1959— 82. Although quite small, this estimate is somewhat larger than those from earlier studies. Our use of more disaggre gated data is responsible for part of the difference. We also find that the substitution bias is higher, in percentage as well as in absolute terms, for 1972-82 than for earlier, less inflationary periods analyzed. The study and its results are described in full in our paper, entitled “ An Analysis of Substitution Bias in Measuring Inflation, 1959—8 2 .” — Marilyn E. Manser and Richard J. Mc Donald, Office of Research and Evaluation, Bureau of Labor Statistics. M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list o f selected collective bargaining agreem ents expiring in February is based on information from the Bureau’s O ffice of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreem ents covering 1,000 workers or m ore. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification. Private industry Employer and location Number of workers Labor organization1 ............................................................... Food products ........................... Food and Commercial Workers . . . . 1,950 Pennsylvania Shipbuilding Co. (Chester, pa ) ......................................................... Marine Towing and Transportation Employers Association (New York, NY) Transportation equipment ......... Water transportation.................. Boilermakers.................................... Longshoremen’s Association........... 1,800 1,200 3,000 Food Food Food Food 2,000 4,500 4,950 1,000 Campbell Soup Co. (Napoleon, oh) Retail Kaufman's and Gimbel’s Department Stores (Pittsburgh, pa ) ........................ Kroger Co. (Columbus, o h ) ............................................................................ Retail Stop and Shop Companies, Inc. (Interstate).................................................... Retail Chain and independent food stores, grocery department (Eugene, o r )2 . . . . Retail trade trade trade trade ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... Government activity and and and and Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Workers Workers Workers Workers .... .... .... .. Labor organization1 Number of workers Missouri: Missouri-Illinois Metropolitan District, transit division . . . . New Mexico: Albuquerque multi-department blue-collar workers ............. Public administration ................ State, County and Municipal Employees 1,100 Wisconsin: Milwaukee Fire Department ............................................... Fire protection........................... Fire Fighters .................................... 1,050 1,700 'Affiliated with afl - cio except where noted as independent (Ind.). industry area (group of companies signing same contract). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 Book Reviews Assessing U.S. industrial performance Can America Compete? By Robert Z. Lawrence. Wash ington, The Brookings Institution, 1984. 156 pp. There have been loud negative answers to Robert Z. Law rence’s title question. The well-crafted analysis of this book, however, not only disputes the thesis of an uncompetitive “ nation of hamburger stands” but provides a framework for study of the whole spectrum of industrial policy issues. In keeping with Lawrence’s background in commercial pol icy, four of five assumptions concerning poor U.S. indus trial performance are examined through the prism of international trade economics, and the fifth is actually a multipart assumption that “ . . . international trade is neither the sole nor the most important source of structural change. ’’ The analysis creates a persuasive case against the nega tivism of many critics of U.S. industrial performance. The assumption that gains in foreign productivity necessarily create more jobs overseas is countered by the example of Japan in the period 1973-80, when manufacturing produc tion rose 2.9 percent per year while manufacturing em ployment fell by 0.8 percent per year. In comparison, U.S. production rose at a 1.8-percent clip, while employment rose 0.8 percent. To counter the assertion that a declining international lead in technology erodes our competitive po sition, Lawrence reminds us of the difference between ab solute and comparative advantage and documents a rapidly growing U.S. trade surplus in “ R & D - intensive products” in the 1972-80 era. The presumption that current deficits in the trade balance can or will worsen indefinitely runs counter to the hypothesis of more or less automatic adjust ment through the terms of trade. Finally, the assumption that higher rates of productivity growth abroad must lead to a decline in U.S. international competitiveness is chal lenged by the behavior of manufacturing employment in the 1970’s—job growth as “ real devaluations of the dollar more than offset the impact of the slower rate of growth of U.S. productivity.” International trade and its impact on U.S. industrial per formance is the focus of a full chapter in Can America Compete? It is also Lawrence’s focal point in both analysis and prescription. However, five nontrade developments un derlie his critique of the industrial policies advocated by those who believe that the United States is not able to make the competitive cut. As Lawrence specifies them, these trends are: “ (1) the share of manufactured products in consumer 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis spending has declined secularly because of the pattern of demand associated with rising U.S. income levels; (2) because the demand for manufactured goods is highly sensitive to the total growth rate of gnp , manufacturing production has been slowed disproportionately by the sluggish overall eco nomic growth in the global economy since 1973; (3) some long-run decline in the share of manufacturing in total em ployment reflects the relatively more rapid productivity growth in this sector; (4) shifts in the pattern of U.S. international specialization have arisen from changes in relative factor endowments and production capabilities associated with for eign economic growth and policies; and (5) short-run changes in U.S. international competitiveness have come from changes in exchange rates and cyclical conditions, both at home and abroad.” Because Lawrence believes that these factors are decisive and that the macroeconomic dimensions of economic policy would, if properly attended to, sufficiently ameliorate the condition of the industrial sector, his prescriptions for “ more appropriate structural policies” are limited. After rejecting, correctly in my opinion, the case for selective industrial policies on empirical and conceptual bases, Lawrence con fines his own suggestions to a conventional “ free-ish” trade regime, a call for policy transparency and adequate data, and a few, very briefly explored, ideas about what to do if and when the market fails. Can America Compete? directs its question to policy analysts and decisionmakers. Lawrence’s level of analysis is very high and his audience will benefit from a close reading of it. — Richard M. D evens , Jr . O ffice o f E m p loym ent and U n em p loym en t Statistics Bureau o f Labor Statistics Publications received Economic and social statistics B a ld w in , W en d y H . and C hristine W inquist N ord, D elayed Child bearing in the U .S.: Facts and Fictions .W ash in gton , P opu lation R eferen ce B ureau, In c., 1984, 4 2 pp. (Population R eferen ce B u lletin , V o l. 3 9 , N o . 4 .) $ 4 , paper. B ou n d , John, Z vi G rilich es, B ronw yn H . H all, Brothers and Sis ters in the Fam ily and the L abor M arket. C am bridge, ma , N ational Bureau o f E con om ic R esearch , In c., 1984, 4 6 pp. (nber W ork in g Paper S eries, 1 4 7 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. C o o k e, Ernest F ., “ W h y M ost o f the R etail A ction is East o f the M is siss ip p i,” Am erican D em ographics, N ovem b er 1984, pp. 2 1 -2 3 . D iscrim in ation G rievan ces in the Afterm ath o f G ardner-Den v er," The Arbitration Journal, S eptem ber 1984, pp. 4 9 - 5 7 . Joh n son , G eorge and Gary S o lo n , P ay Differences Between Wom H a ll, B ronw yn H ., Z vi G rilich es, Jerry A . H ausm an, Is There a Lag? C am b ridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E conom ic R e search, In c., 1984, 34 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper Series, 1454.) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. e n ’s and M en’s Jobs: The E m pirical Foundations o f Com pa ra b le Worth Legislation. C am bridge, m a , N ational Bureau H ollander, Sam uel, ‘“ D ynam ic Equilibrium ’ with Constant W ages: J. S . M ill’s M althusian A n a ly sis o f the S ecular W age P a th ,” K yklos, V o l. 3 7 , 1984, F asc. 2 , pp. 2 4 7 - 6 5 . K a g el, John, K athy K elly , Patrick J. S zym an sk i, “ Labor A rbi tration: C utting C ost and T im e W ithout Cutting Q u a lity ,” The A rbitration Journal, S eptem ber 1984, pp. 3 4 - 4 1 . K asarda, John D ., “ H isp an ics and C ity C h a n g e,” Am erican D em oraphics, N o vem b er 1984, pp. 2 5 - 2 9 . L e v in , Edward and C andace R eid , “ Arbitration o f Strike M is con d u ct C ases A rising Out o f L egal S tr ik e s,” The Arbitration Journal, Septem ber 1984, pp. 4 2 - 4 8 . M iller, J o el, “ A nnexation: T he Outer L im its o f C ity G ro w th ,” Am erican D em ographics, N ovem b er 1984, pp. 3 1 - 3 5 . V ita lia n o , D on ald F ., “ D efen se Sp en d in g and Inflation: A n E m pirical A n a ly s is ,” The Q uarterly R eview o f Econom ics and Business, Spring 1984, pp. 2 2 - 3 2 . W a ld o , D an iel R. and H elen C . L azen by, “ D em ographic Char acteristics and H ealth Care U se and Expenditures by the A ged in the U nited States: 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 8 4 ,” H ealth C are Financing R eview , Fall 1 984, pp. 1 - 2 9 . Y am ad a, Tadashi and T etsuji Y am ada, P art-Tim e Em ploym ent o f M arried Women and Fertility in Urban Japan. C am bridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E con om ic R esearch, In c., 1984, 37 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper S eries, 1 4 7 4 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. Health and safety B aram , M ich a el S ., “ Charting the Future C ourse for Corporate M an agem en t o f H ealth R is k s ,” Am erican Journal o f Public H ealth, O ctober 1984, pp. 1 6 3 - 6 6 . “ M ed ical P roblem s in E vid en ce: Arbitrators and M edical E v i d e n c e ,” by A rnold M . Z ack and N orm a W . Zack; “ M edical E v id en ce in Arbitration: A sp ects and D ile m m a s ,” by Andrea W ilso n ; “ D rug and A lco h o l Issu es in the W orkplace: An A rbitrator’s P e r sp e c tiv e ,” by T im B o m stein , The A rbitration Journal, S ep tem b er 1984, pp. 6 - 2 4 . Industrial Relations o f E co n o m ic R esearch , In c ., 1984, 25 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper S eries, 1 4 7 2 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. P rinceton U n iversity, O utstanding Books in Industrial Relations and L abor Econom ics, 1983. P rinceton, n j , Princeton U n i versity, Industrial R elation s S ectio n , 1984, 4 pp. (S elected R eferen ces, 2 2 1 .) 5 0 cen ts. R ob in son , Jam es W . and R oger W . W alker, Introduction to Labor. 2d ed . E n g lew o o d C liffs, n j P ren tice-H all, In c., 1 9 8 5 , 166 pp. R o w e , F rederick M ., “ T he D eclin e o f Antitrust and the D elu sio n s o f M odels: T he Faustian Pact o f L aw and E c o n o m ic s ,” The G eorgetow n L aw Journal, June 1984, pp. 1 5 1 1 - 7 0 . International economics B arton, John H ., “ C op in g w ith T e ch n ological P ro tectio n ism ,” H arvard Business R eview , N o v e m b e r -D e c e m b e r 1984, pp. 9 1 -9 7 . D e ll, S id n e y , “ T h e C ase for W orld E con om ic R e c o v e r y ,” Journal o f D evelopm ent Planning, N o . 14, 1984, pp. 3 - 2 6 . International M onetary Fund, W orld Econom ic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff o f the International M onetary Fund, A pril 1984; R evised P rojections by the Staff o f the International M onetary Fund, Septem ber 1984, 2 2 2 and 73 pp. (O ccasion al Papers, 27 and 3 2 .) “ International M onetary R eform — T w o V iew s: Prospects for R e form o f the International M onetary S y s te m ,” by Peter B . K enen; “ Bretton W ood s II: An A g e n d a ,” by D ragoslav Avram o v ic , Journal o f D evelopm ent Planning, N o . 14, 1984, pp. 1 0 3 -1 6 . “ A Sym p osiu m — Labor R elations and H igh U nem ploym ent Abroad: In tro d u ctio n ,” by L loyd Ulm an; “ Industrial R elations and the B ritish E co n o m y , 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 3 ,” by D avid S osk ice; “ W est G erm an E m p loym ent P olicy: R estoring W orker C om p eti t io n ,” by W erner Sengenberger; “ Industrial R eorganization and S o cia l D em ocracy in A u stria ,” by Charles Sabel; “ La bor, S tate, and Crisis: an Israeli C ase S tu d y ,” by M ichael S h alev; “ T he International M ovem en t for P renotification o f Plant C lo su r e s,” by Bennett H arrison, Industrial R elations, Fall 1 9 8 4 , pp. 2 9 9 - 4 0 9 . L e w is, John P ., “ D ev elo p m en t A ssistan ce in the 1980s: S o m e P rop osition s R elatin g to a N ew A id A pproach and O perational Is s u e s ,” Journal o f D evelopm ent Planning, N o . 14, 1984, pp. 7 3 - 8 3 . C u o m o , M ario M ., “ T he Truth o f the ‘M id d le W a y ,” ’ The A r bitration Journal, S ep tem b er 1984, pp. 3 - 5 . P atel, I. G ., “ T h e Current C risis in International E con o m ic C o o p era tio n ,” Journal o f D evelopm ent Planning, N o. 14, 1984, pp. 5 7 - 7 2 r D o h erty , R obert E ., L abor R elations Prim er: An Introduction to C ollective Bargaining through D ocum ents. 2d e d ., rev. Ith aca, n y , C ornell U n iversity, N ew Y ork State S ch ool o f In dustrial and Labor R elation s, 1984, 52 pp. ( i l r B u lletin , 5 4 .) $ 4 .9 5 , paper, i l r Press. H ill, H erbert, The N ew York C ity Terminal M arket Controversy: A C ase Study o f R ace, Labor, and P ow er. Reprinted from H um anities in Society, Fall 1983, pp. 3 5 1 - 9 1 . M ad ison , w i, U n iv ersity o f W isc o n sin , Industrial R elation s R esearch In stitute, 1 984. ( i r r i R eprint, 2 5 5 .) H o y m a n , M ich ele and Lam ont E. Stallw prth, “ T h e Arbitration o f https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis L e v in , Jay H ., “ O n the International T ransm ission o f M onetary P o licy U nder F loating E xchan ge R a te s,” The Quarterly R e view o f E conom ics and Business, Spring 1984, pp. 7 8 - 8 6 . Stark, O d ed , “ D iscon tin u ity and the Theory o f International M i g ra tio n ,” Kyklos, V o l. 3 7 , 1984, F asc. 2 , pp. 2 0 6 - 2 2 . Stew art, F rances, “ Inflation and R e c o v e r y ,” Journal o f D evel opm ent Planning, N o . 14, 1984, pp. 2 7 - 5 6 . Labor and economic history Butler, E lizabeth B eard sley, w ith an introduction by M aurine W ei ner G reen w ald , Women and the Trades, Pittsburgh, 1 9 0 7 1908. Pittsburgh, p a , U n iversity o f Pittsburgh P ress, 1984, (first p ublished 1909). 4 4 0 p p ., bibliography. $ 1 4 .9 5 . 63 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Book Reviews H o u n sh ell, D avid A ., From the Am erican System to M ass P ro duction, 1 8 0 0 -1 9 3 2 : The D evelopm ent o f Manufacturing - Technology in the United States. B altim ore, m d , The Johns H opkins University Press, 1984, 411 p p ., bibliography. $ 3 7 .5 0 . Labor force Bureau o f N ational A ffairs, In c ., Video D isplay Terminals (VDTs) in the W orkplace: A Study o f the Effects on Employment. W ash in gton , 1984, 112 pp. $ 2 5 , paper. K iefer, N ich o la s M ., S h elly J. Lundberg, G eorge R. N eum ann, H ow Long is a Spell o f Unemployment: Illusions and Biases in the Use o f CPS D ata. C am bridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E co n o m ic R esearch, In c., 1984, 34 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper S eries, 1 4 6 7 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. M in cer, Jacob, Inter-Country C om parisons o f L abor Force Trends and o f R elated D evelopm ents: An O verview . C am bridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E conom ic R esearch, In c., 1984, 52 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper S eries, 1 4 3 8 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. O lian , Judy D ., “ G en etic Screen in g for E m p loym ent P u r p o ses,” P ersonnel Psychology, Autum n 1984, pp. 4 2 3 - 3 8 . R eskin, Barbara F ., e d ., Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Examinations, Rem edies. W ash in gton , N ational A cad em y P ress, 1984, 3 1 3 pp. $ 2 2 .9 5 , U .S .; $ 2 7 .7 5 , other countries, paper. W ork in A m erican Institute, Em ploym ent Security in a Free Econ om y. N ew Y ork, Pergam on P ress, 1984, 180 pp. Management and organization theory B eer, M ich ael and others, M anaging Human Assets. N ew Y ork, T he Free P ress, 1 984, 2 0 9 pp. $ 1 9 .9 5 . B ittel, L ester R ., What Every Supervisor Should Know: The Basics o f Supervisory M anagem ent. 5th ed. N ew Y ork, M cG raw H ill B ook C o ., 1985, 6 9 0 pp. $ 3 1 .5 0 . B ro o k s, Earl and G eorge S. O d io m e, M anaging by N egotiations. N ew Y ork , Van Nostrand R einhold C o ., In c., 1984, 2 2 4 pp. $ 2 6 .9 5 . Wages and compensation A lex a n d er, Judith A ., Equal-Pay-for-Equal-W ork Legislation in Canada. O ttawa, Econom ic Council o f Canada, 1984, 81 pp. (D iscu ssio n Paper, 2 5 2 .) Brow n, Charles, Black-White Earnings Ratios Since the Civil Rights A ct o f 1964: The Im portance o f L abor M arket D ropouts. Reprinted from the Quarterly Journal o f Econom ics, February 1 9 8 4 , pp. 3 1 - 4 4 . C am bridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E co n om ic R esearch, In c., 1984. ( n b e r Reprint N o . 5 1 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. ------- W illiam and others, “ Product and Labour M arkets in W age D eterm ination: S o m e Australian E v id e n c e ,” British Journal o f Industrial Relations, July 1984, pp. 1 6 9 - 7 6 . “ C om parable W orth— A Sym posium : C om parable W orth in the Afterm ath o f a f s c m e v . State o f W ashington,” by Gary R. S in isca lco and C ynthia L. Rem m ers; “ C om parable Worth and the U n io n ’s D uty o f Fair R ep resen tation ,” by W illiam H. V o lz and Joseph T. B reiten b eck , Em ployee R elations Law Journal, S um m er 1984, pp. 6 - 4 7 . D e la n e y , John, Peter F eu ille, W allace H endricks, “ P o lice Salar ie s , Interest Arbitration, and the L evelin g E ffe c t,” Industrial Relations, Fall 1 9 84, pp. 4 1 7 - 2 3 . 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E hrenberg, R onald G . and Robert S . Sm ith, Com parable Worth in the P ublic Sector. C am bridge, m a , National Bureau o f E con om ic R esearch , In c., 1984. ( n b e r W orking Paper S eries, 1 4 7 1 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. F o ss, Murray F ., Changing Utilization o f Fixed C apital—An E le m ent in the Long-Term Growth. W ashington, A m erican En terprise Institute for Public P olicy R esearch, 1984, 128 pp. ( a e i Stu d ies 4 0 7 .) Freem an, Richard B ., Unionism Com es to the Public Sector. C am brige, m a , National Bureau o f E conom ic Research, In c., 1984, 91 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper S eries, 1 452.) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. H am erm esh , D an iel S ., Incentives f o r the H omogenization o f Time Use. C am b ridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E con om ic R e search, In c., 1984, 17 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper Series, 1397.) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. R o sen b lo o d , Jerry S ., e d ., The H andbook o f Em ployee Benefits: D esign, Funding and Adm inistration. H o m ew o o d , i l , D o w Jon es-Irw in , 1984, 1 ,0 9 6 pp. T zann atos, P. Z. and A . Z abalza, “ The A n atom y o f the R ise o f British F em ale R elative W ages in the 1970s: E vid en ce from the N ew Earnings S u r v e y .” British Journal o f Industrial R e lations, July 1984, pp. 1 7 7 - 9 4 . U .S Bureau o f Labor S tatistics, Area Wage Surveys: P rovidence — W arwick — Pawtucket, Rhode Island — M assachusetts, M et ropolitan Area, June 1984 (B u lletin 3 0 2 5 - 2 5 , 35 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ); Cincinnati, O hio — Kentucky — Indiana, M etropolitan Area, July 1984 (B u lletin 3 0 2 5 - 2 6 , 38 p p ., $ 3 .7 5 ); Fresno, C al ifornia, M etropolitan Area, June 1984 (B u lletin 3 0 2 5 - 2 7 , 27 p p ., $ 3 .2 5 ); N ew Y o r k -N e w Jersey, M etropolitan A rea, M ay 1984 (B u lletin 3 0 2 5 - 3 0 , 41 p p ., $ 2 .2 5 ). A vailab le from the Superintendent o f D ocu m en ts, W ashington 2 0 4 0 2 , g p o b ook stores, or b l s regional o ffices. ------- Industry Wage Survey: Auto D ealer R epair Shops, N ovem ber 1982. Prepared by Harry B . W illiam s. W ash in gton , 1984, 43 pp. (B u lletin 2 1 9 8 .) Stock N o. 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 1 8 2 1 - 1 . $ 2 .2 5 , Superintendent o f D ocu m en ts, W ashington 2 0 4 0 2 . ------- Grain M ill Products, Septem ber 1982. Prepared by Jonathan K elin son . W ash in gton , 1984, 64 pp. (B u lletin 2 2 0 7 .) Stock N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 8 2 3 - 7 . $ 3 , Superintendent o f D ocu m en ts, W ash in gton 2 0 4 0 2 . Welfare programs and social insurance H am erm esh , D an iel S ., Life-Cycle Effects on Consumption and Retirem ent. Reprinted from the Journal o f L abor Economics, July 1984, pp. 3 5 3 - 7 0 . C am bridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E con om ic R esearch , In c., 1984. ( n b e r Reprint, 5 2 3 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. Lazear, Edward P. and Sherw in R osen,, Pension Inequality. C am bridge, m a , N ational Bureau o f E con om ic R esearch, In c., 19 8 4 , 28 pp. ( n b e r W orking Paper S eries, 1 4 7 7 .) $ 1 .5 0 , paper. M azo, Judith F ., “ 1984 Retirement Equity A ct Changes the R u les,” Pension World, O ctober 1984, pp. 4 8 - 5 0 . Worker training and development B axter, N e a le , O pportunities in Federal Governm ent Careers. L in co ln w o o d , i l , V G M H orizon s, a D iv isio n o f N ational T extb ook C o ., 1985, 149 pp. $ 8 .9 5 , cloth; $ 5 .9 5 , paper. B e m ic k , M ich ael, “ N ew V entures for A ntipoverty A g e n c ie s ,” H arvard Business Review , N o v e m b e r -D e c e m b e r 1984, b e gin n ing on p. 4 4 . Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66 Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series..................................................................................................................... 66 Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes .............................................................................................. 67 1. E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s o f th e n o n in s t it u t io n a l p o p u la t io n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r , s e le c t e d y e a r s , 1 9 5 0 - 8 3 ......................................... 2 . E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s o f th e p o p u la t io n , in c lu d in g A r m e d F o r c e s in th e U n it e d S t a t e s , b y s e x , s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d 3 . E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s o f th e c i v ili a n p o p u la t io n , b y s e x , a g e , r a c e , a n d H i s p a n ic o r i g in , s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d .... ........................ 67 68 69 4. S e le c t e d e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a t o r s , s e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d ........................................................................................................................................................ 70 5. S e le c t e d u n e m p lo y m e n t in d ic a t o r s , s e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d .................................................................................................................................................. 70 6. U n e m p l o y m e n t r a te s , b y s e x a n d a g e , s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d .......................................................................................................................................... 71 7 . U n e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s , b y r e a s o n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t , s e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d .......................................................................................................... 71 8 . D u r a tio n o f u n e m p l o y m e n t , s e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d .................................................................................................................................................................... 71 Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes ... 72 9 . E m p lo y m e n t , b y in d u s tr y , s e le c t e d y e a r s , 1 9 5 0 - 8 3 ........................................................................................................................................................... 73 10. E m p lo y m e n t , b y S ta te 11. E m p lo y m e n t , b y in d u s tr y , s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 . A v e r a g e h o u r s a n d e a r n in g s , b y in d u s tr y , 1 9 6 8 - 8 3 ........................................................................................................................................................... 73 74 75 1 3 . A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s , b y in d u s t r y , s e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d ............................................................................................................................................... 76 1 4 . A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , b y in d u s tr y ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 15. H o u r ly E a r n in g s I n d e x , b y i n d u s t r y ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 77 1 6 . A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s , b y i n d u s t r y ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 17. I n d e x e s o f d iffu s io n : in d u s tr ie s in w h i c h e m p lo y m e n t in c r e a s e d , s e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d ............................................................................ 78 Unemployment insurance data. Definitions.................................................................................................................................................................... 79 1 8 . U n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e a n d e m p lo y m e n t s e r v i c e o p e r a t io n s Price data. Definitions and notes ................................................................................................................................. 79 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 81 2 0 . C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , U . S . c i t y a v e r a g e , g e n e r a l s u m m a r y a n d s e le c t e d i t e m s ........................................................................................... 81 1 9 . C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , 1 9 6 7 - 8 3 2 1 . C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , c r o s s - c la s s if i c a t io n o f r e g io n a n d p o p u la t io n 2 2 . C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , s e le c t e d a r e a s s i z e c l a s s ........................................................................................... 87 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 23. P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s , b y s t a g e o f p r o c e s s in g 24. P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s , b y c o m m o d it y g r o u p in g s 25. P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s , b y s p e c ia l c o m m o d it y g r o u p in g s 26. P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s , b y d u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t 27. P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s fo r th e o u tp u t o f s e le c t e d S I C in d u s tr ie s Productivity data. Definitions and notes .................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................. 89 90 ............................................................................................................................................. 92 ................................................................................................................................................................. 92 ........................................................................................................................... 93 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 94 .................................................. 95 28. A n n u a l in d e x e s o f m u lt if a c t o r p r o d u c t iv it y a n d r e la te d m e a s u r e s , s e le c t e d y e a r s , 1 9 5 0 - 8 3 29. A n n u a l in d e x e s o f p r o d u c t iv it y , h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t io n , u n it c o s t s , a n d p r ic e s , s e le c t e d y e a r s , 1 9 5 0 - 8 3 30. A n n u a l c h a n g e s in p r o d u c t iv it y , h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t io n , u n it c o s t s , a n d p r ic e s , 1 9 7 3 - 8 3 31. Q u a r te r ly in d e x e s o f p r o d u c t iv it y , h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t io n , u n it c o s t s , a n d p r ic e s , s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d ...................................... 96 32. P e r c e n t c h a n g e fr o m p r e c e d in g q u a r te r a n d y e a r in p r o d u c t iv it y , h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t io n , u n it c o s t s , a n d p r i c e s .................. 97 Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes ................................. 95 .................................................................... 96 .................................................................................................................................... E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x , b y o c c u p a t io n a n d in d u s tr y g r o u p 34. E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x , w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s , b y o c c u p a t io n a n d in d u s tr y g r o u p 35. E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x , p r iv a te n o n fa r m w o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s , r e g io n , a n d a r e a ............................................ 101 36. W a g e a n d c o m p e n s a t io n c h a n g e , m a jo r c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g s e t t le m e n t s , 1 9 7 8 to d a t e ....................................................................... 102 37. E f f e c t i v e w a g e a d ju s tm e n ts in c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g u n its c o v e r in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , 1 9 7 8 to d a te 102 Work stoppage data. Definition . . : .............................................................................................................................. 98 33. s iz e ........................... 99 100 .................................................................... 103 ........................................................................................................................... 103 ............................................................................................................................. 3 8 . W o r k s t o p p a g e s i n v o lv i n g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , 1 9 4 7 t o d a te https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ..................................................................................... 65 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS T h is sectio n o f the R eview presents the principal statistical series q u a r te r t o q u a r te r a re p u b lis h e d fo r n u m e r o u s C o n s u m e r a n d P r o d u c e r co lle c te d and calculated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. A brief P r ic e I n d e x s e r i e s . H o w e v e r , s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d in d e x e s a re n o t p u b lis h e d introduction to each group o f tables p rovides d efinition s, notes on f o r th e U . S . a v e r a g e A ll I t e m s C P I . O n ly s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d p e r c e n t the data, sou rces, and other m aterial usually found in footn otes. c h a n g e s a re a v a il a b l e fo r th is s e r ie s . Readers w h o n eed additional inform ation are invited to con su lt Adjustments for price changes. the BL S regional offices listed on the inside front cover o f this S o m e d a ta a re a d ju s te d t o e lim in a t e th e e f f e c t o f c h a n g e s in p r ic e . T h e s e a d ju s tm e n ts a re m a d e b y d iv id in g c u r r e n t issu e o f the R eview . S o m e general notes applicable to several series d o lla r v a lu e s b y th e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x o r th e a p p r o p r ia te c o m p o n e n t are g iv en b elo w . o f th e i n d e x , th e n m u lt ip ly i n g b y 1 0 0 . F o r e x a m p le , g iv e n a c u r r e n t h o u r ly w a g e rate o f $ 3 a n d a cu rren t p r ic e in d e x n u m b e r o f 1 5 0 , w h e r e 1 9 6 7 = Seasonal adjustm ent. C e r ta in m o n t h ly a n d q u a r te r ly d a ta a re a d ju s te d to th e h o u r ly ra te e x p r e s s e d in 1 9 6 7 d o lla r s is $ 2 ( $ 3 / 1 5 0 e l im in a t e th e e f f e c t o f s u c h fa c to r s a s c l im a t ic c o n d it io n s , in d u s tr y p r o x 100 = 100, $ 2 ). T he r e s u lt in g v a lu e s a re d e s c r ib e d a s “ r e a l , ” “ c o n s t a n t ,” o r “ 1 9 6 7 ” d o lla r s . d u c t io n s c h e d u l e s , o p e n in g a n d c l o s i n g o f s c h o o l s , h o lid a y b u y in g p e r io d s , a n d v a c a t io n p r a c t i c e s , w h ic h m ig h t o t h e r w is e m a s k s h o r t-te r m m o v e m e n t s Availability of information. o f th e s t a t is t ic a l s e r i e s . T a b le s c o n t a in in g th e s e d a ta a re id e n t if ie d a s “ s e a a re p u b lis h e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s in a v a r ie ty o f s o u r c e s . s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d .” P r e s s r e le a s e s p r o v id e th e la te s t s ta tis tic a l in fo r m a tio n p u b lis h e d b y th e S e a s o n a l e f f e c t s a re e s t im a t e d o n th e b a s is o f p a st D a ta th a t s u p p le m e n t th e t a b le s in th is s e c t io n e x p e r ie n c e . W h e n n e w s e a s o n a l fa c to r s a re c o m p u t e d e a c h y e a r , r e v is io n s B u r e a u ; th e m a jo r r e c u r r in g r e le a s e s a re p u b lis h e d a c c o r d in g to th e s c h e d u le m a y a f f e c t s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta fo r s e v e r a l p r e c e d in g y e a r s . g i v e n b e l o w . M o r e in f o r m a t io n fr o m h o u s e h o l d a n d e s t a b lis h m e n t s u r v e y s S e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d la b o r f o r c e d a ta in t a b le s 3 - 8 w e r e r e v is e d in th e F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 4 is s u e o f th e Review, is p r o v id e d in to r e fle c t e x p e r ie n c e th r o u g h 1 9 8 3 . Employment and Earnings, B e g i n n in g in J a n u a r y 1 9 8 0 , th e B L S in tr o d u c e d t w o m a jo r m o d if ic a t io n s d a ta b o o k -Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population in th e s e a s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t m e t h o d o lo g y fo r la b o r f o r c e d a ta . F ir s t, th e Survey, d a ta a r e b e in g s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d w ith a n e w p r o c e d u r e c a l le d X - 1 1 / t w o d a ta b o o k s -Employment B u lle t in 2 0 9 6 . C o m p a r a b le e s t a b lis h m e n t in fo r m a tio n a p p e a r s in and Earnings, United States, a n d Employ ment and Earnings, States and Areas, a n d th e ir a n n u a l s u p p le m e n t s . M o r e A R I M A , w h i c h w a s d e v e l o p e d at S t a t is t ic s C a n a d a a s a n e x t e n s io n o f th e sta n d a r d X - 11 m e t h o d . A d e t a ile d d e s c r ip t io n o f th e p r o c e d u r e a p p e a r s in The X -ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method a m o n t h ly p u b lic a t io n o f th e B u r e a u . C o m p a r a b le h o u s e h o l d in fo r m a tio n is p u b lis h e d in a t w o - v o lu m e d e t a il e d in f o r m a t io n o n w a g e s a n d o th e r a s p e c t s o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g b y E s t e la B e e D a g u m a p p e a r s in th e m o n t h ly p e r i o d i c a l, Current Wage Developments. M ore ( S t a t is t ic s C a n a d a C a t a lo g u e N o . 1 2 - 5 6 4 E , F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 0 ) . T h e s e c o n d d e t a il e d p r ic e in f o r m a t io n is p u b lis h e d e a c h m o n th in th e p e r i o d i c a ls , th e c h a n g e is th a t s e a s o n a l fa c t o r s a re n o w b e in g c a lc u la t e d fo r u s e d u r in g th e CPI Detailed Report and Producer Pi ices and Price Indexes. first 6 m o n t h s o f th e y e a r , ra th er th a n fo r th e e n tir e y e a r , a n d th e n a re Symbols c a l c u la t e d at m id - y e a r fo r th e J u ly - D e c e m b e r p e r io d . R e v is io n s o f h is to r ic a l p d a ta c o n t in u e to b e m a d e o n ly at th e e n d o f e a c h c a le n d a r y e a r . = c o m p le t e r e tu r n s. 1 1 , 1 3 , a n d 15 w e r e m a d e in J u ly 1 9 8 4 u s in g th e X - l l A R I M A s e a s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t m e t h o d o lo g y . N e w s e a s o n a l fa c to r s fo r p r o d u c t iv it y d a ta in r = r e v is e d . G e n e r a ll y , t h is r e v is io n r e fle c t s th e a v a ila b ilit y o f n .e .c . = n o t e l s e w h e r e c l a s s if i e d . la te r d a ta b u t m a y a ls o r e fle c t o th e r a d ju s tm e n ts , t a b le s 2 9 a n d 3 0 are u s u a lly in tr o d u c e d in th e S e p t e m b e r is s u e . S e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d in d e x e s a n d p e r c e n t c h a n g e s fr o m p r e lim in a r y . T o im p r o v e th e t im e lin e s s o f s o m e s e r i e s , p r e lim in a r y f ig u r e s a re is s u e d b a s e d o n r e p r e s e n t a t iv e b u t in A n n u a l r e v is io n o f th e s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d p a y r o ll d a ta s h o w n in ta b le s m o n th to m o n th a n d fr o m Schedule of release dates for BLS statistical series R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e r io d M L R t a b le d a te co v e re d d a te co v e re d d a te c o v e re d num ber Employment situation ................................ January 9 December February 1 January March 8 February 1-11 S e r ie s Producer Price Index ................................ January 11 December February 15 January March 15 February 23-27 Consumer Price Index................................ January 23 December February 26 January March 22 February 19-22 December February 26 January March 22 February Major collective bargaining settlements . . . . January 24 1984 Productivity and costs: Nonfarm business and manufacturing . . . January 29 4th quarter 12-16 36-37 29-32 February 28 4th quarter 29-32 33-35 U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes . . . . 66 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 31 4th quarter EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current rate P opulation S u rv ey , a program o f personal interview s conducted o f th e c i v ili a n la b o r f o r c e . to represent the U .S population 16 years o f age and older. H ou se holds are in terview ed on a rotating b asis, so that three-fourths o f labor force The m onthly by the Bureau o f the C en sus for the Bureau o f Labor S tatistics. T he sam p le co n sists o f about 6 0 ,0 0 0 h ou seh old s selected f o r a ll c i v ili a n w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n ts th e n u m b e r u n e m p l o y e d a s a p e r c e n t c o n s is t s o f a ll e m p lo y e d o r u n e m p l o y e d c i v ili a n s p lu s m e m b e r s o f th e A r m e d F o r c e s s t a t io n e d in th e U n it e d S t a t e s . P e r s o n s in the labor force not a re t h o s e n o t c l a s s if i e d a s e m p lo y e d o r u n e m p lo y e d ; th is g r o u p in c l u d e s p e r s o n s w h o a re r e tir e d , t h o s e e n g a g e d in th e ir o w n h o u s e w o r k , t h o s e n o t w o r k in g w h i le a tte n d in g s c h o o l , t h o s e u n a b le to the sam p le is the sam e for any 2 co n secu tiv e m onths. w o r k b e c a u s e o f lo n g - t e r m i l l n e s s , t h o s e d is c o u r a g e d fr o m s e e k in g w o r k b e c a u s e o f p e r s o n a l o r j o b m a r k e t f a c t o r s , a n d t h o s e w h o a re v o lu n t a r ily id le . T h e Definitions noninstitutional population c o m p r i s e s a ll p e r s o n s 16 y e a r s o f a g e a n d o ld e r w h o a re n o t in m a t e s o f p e n a l o r m e n ta l in s t it u t io n s , s a n i Employed persons in c lu d e (1) a ll c i v ili a n s w h o w o r k e d fo r p a y a n y t im e d u r in g th e w e e k w h i c h in c lu d e s th e 12 th d a y o f th e m o n th o r w h o w o r k e d u n p a id f o r 15 h o u r s o r m o r e in a f a m ily - o p e r a t e d e n te r p r is e a n d ( 2 ) t h o s e w h o w e r e t e m p o r a r ily a b s e n t fr o m th e ir r e g u la r j o b s b e c a u s e o f i l l n e s s , v a c a t i o n , in d u str ia l d is p u t e , o r s im ila r r e a s o n s . M e m b e r s o f th e t a r iu m s , o r h o m e s f o r th e a g e d , in fir m , o r n e e d y , a n d m e m b e r s o f th e A r m e d F o r c e s s t a t io n e d in th e U n it e d S t a t e s . T h e rate labor force participation is th e p r o p o r tio n o f th e n o n in s t it u t io n a l p o p u la t io n th a t is in th e la b o r fo r c e . T h e em ployment-population ratio is to ta l e m p lo y m e n t (in c lu d in g th e r e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ) a s a p e r c e n t o f th e n o n in s t it u t io n a l p o p u la t io n . A r m e d F o r c e s s t a t io n e d in th e U n it e d S ta te s a re a ls o in c lu d e d in th e e m p lo y e d t o t a l. A p e r s o n w o r k in g at m o r e th a n o n e j o b is c o u n t e d o n ly in Notes on the data th e j o b at w h i c h h e o r s h e w o r k e d th e g r e a te s t n u m b e r o f h o u r s . F r o m t im e to t im e , a n d e s p e c i a l l y a fte r a d e c e n n ia l c e n s u s , a d ju s tm e n ts Unemployed persons a re t h o s e w h o d id n o t w o r k d u r in g th e s u r v e y a re m a d e in th e C u r r e n t P o p u la t io n S u r v e y fig u r e s to c o r r e c t fo r e s t im a t in g w e e k , b u t w e r e a v a ila b le fo r w o r k e x c e p t fo r te m p o r a r y il ln e s s a n d h a d e r r o r s d u r in g th e p r e c e d in g y e a r s . T h e s e a d ju s tm e n ts a ffe c t th e c o m p a r a l o o k e d f o r j o b s w it h in th e p r e c e d in g 4 w e e k s . P e r s o n s w h o d id n o t lo o k b ili t y o f h is t o r ic a l d a ta p r e s e n t e d in ta b le 1. A d e s c r ip t io n o f t h e s e a d f o r w o r k b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e o n la y o f f o r w a it in g to sta rt n e w j o b s w it h in ju s t m e n t s a n d th e ir e ffe c t o n th e v a r io u s d a ta s e r ie s a p p e a r in th e E x p la n a to r y th e n e x t 3 0 d a y s are a ls o c o u n t e d a m o n g th e u n e m p l o y e d . T h e unemploym ent rate th e la b o r f o r c e , in c l u d in g th e r e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s . T h e 1. overall N o tes o f r e p r e s e n ts th e n u m b e r u n e m p l o y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f unemployment Employment and Earnings. D a ta in t a b le s 2 - 8 a re s e a s o n a l ly a d j u s t e d , b a s e d o n th e s e a s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e th r o u g h D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 3 . Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-83 [Numbers in thousands] L a b o r f o rc e E m p lo y e d U n e m p lo y e d N o n in s t i Year t u tio n a l p o p u la tio n N um ber p o p u la tio n N o t in C i v ilia n P e rc e n t ot T o ta l P e r c e n t of p o p u la tio n R e s id e n t P e r c e n t of N o n a g r l- A rm e d Fo rc e s T o ta l A g r ic u lt u r e N um ber c u ltu r a l la b o r fo rc e la b o r fo rc e in d u s tr ie s 1950 .............. 1955 .............. 1960 .............. 106,164 111,747 119,106 63,377 67,087 71,489 59.7 60.0 60.0 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 128,459 130,180 132,092 134,281 136,573 76,401 77,892 79,565 80,990 82,972 59.5 59.8 60.2 60.3 60.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 139,203 142,189 145,939 148,870 151,841 84,889 86,355 88,847 91,203 93,670 61.0 60.7 60.9 61.3 61.7 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1980 1981 1982 1983 .............. .............. .............. .............. 154,831 157,818 160,689 163,541 166,460 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 95,453 97,826 100,665 103,882 106,559 108,544 110,315 111,872 113,226 61.6 62.0 62.6 63.5 64.0 64.1 65.2 64 3 64.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 60,087 64,234 67,639 73,034 75,017 76,590 78,173 80,140 80,796 81,340 83,966 86,838 88,515 87,524 90,420 93,673 97,679 100,421 100,907 102,042 101,194 102,510 56 6 57.5 56.8 56.9 57.6 58.0 58.2 58.7 1,169 2,064 1,861 1,946 2,122 2,218 2,253 2,238 58,918 62,170 65,778 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 58.0 57.2 57.5 58.3 58.3 2,118 1,973 1,813 1,774 1,721 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 56.5 57.3 58.3 59.7 60.3 59.6 59.4 58.2 58.3 1,678 1,668 1,656 1,631 1,597 1,604 1,645 1,668 1,676 85,845 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 99,303 100,397 99,526 100,834 7,160 6,450 5,458 51,758 55,722 60,318 4,361 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 66,726 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 3,288 2,852 3,852 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,515 3,408 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 3,364 3,368 3,401 3,383 75,215 75,972 78,669 81,594 83,279 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,355 5,156 82,438 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 95,938 97,030 96,125 97,450 7,637 8,273 10,578 10,717 5.2 4.3 5.4 4.4 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 42,787 44,660 46,617 52,058 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 4.8 5.8 5.5 4.8 5.5 8.3 7.6 6.9 6.0 5.8 7.0 7.5 9.5 9.5 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status of the population, including Armed Forces in the United States, by sex, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A nnu al a verag e 1983 1984 E m p lo y m e n t s t a tu s a n d s e x 1982 1983 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. TO TAL Noninstitutional population1’2 ..................... Labor force2 ........................................... Participation rate3 ........................ Total employed2 Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ................... Civilian employed.............................. Agriculture ................................... Nonagrlcultural industries.............. Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate5 ...................... Not In labor force ................................... 173,939 111,872 64.3 101,194 58.2 1,668 99,526 3,401 96,125 10,678 9.5 62,067 175,465 112,646 64.2 101,277 57.7 1,671 99,606 3,392 96,214 11,369 10.1 62,819 176,636 113,720 64.4 104,291 59.0 1,685 102,606 3,257 99,349 9,429 8.3 62,916 83,052 63,979 77.0 57,800 69 6 1,527 56,271 6,179 9.7 84,064 64,580 76.8 58,320 69.4 1,533 56,787 6,260 9.7 84,423 64,846 76.8 59,389 70.3 1,534 57,855 5,457 8.4 84,506 64,838 76.7 59,580 70.5 1,537 58,043 5,258 8.1 90,887 47,894 52.7 43,395 47.7 139 43,256 4,499 9.4 91,827 48,646 53.0 44,190 48.1 143 44,047 4,457 9.2 92,214 48,874 53.0 44,902 48.7 151 44,751 3,972 8.1 92,302 48,986 53.1 45,049 48.8 151 44,898 3,937 8.0 176,809 177,219 113,824 113,901 64.4 64.3 104,629 104,876 59.2 59.2 1,688 1,686 102,941 103,190 3,356 3,271 99,585 ' 99,918 9,195 9,026 8.1 7.9 62,985 63,318 177,363 114,377 64.5 105,576 59.5 1,684 103,892 3,395 100,496 8,801 7.7 62,986 177,510 114,598 64.6 105,826 59.6 1,686 104,140 3,281 100,859 8,772 7.7 62,912 177,662 114,938 64.7 106,095 59.7 1.693 104,402 3,393 101,009 8,843 7.7 62,724 84,745 64,930 76.6 59,781 70.5 1,542 58,239 5,149 7.9 84,811 65,093 76.8 60,147 70.9 1,540 58,607 4,946 7.6 84,880 65,156 76.8 60,290 71.0 1,542 58,748 4,867 7.5 84,953 65,212 76.8 60,293 71.0 1,548 58,745 4,919 7.5 85,024 65,307 76.8 60,629 71.3 1,545 59,084 4,678 7.2 92,474 48,971 53.0 45,094 48.8 144 44,950 3,876 7.9 92,552 49,283 53.2 45,429 49.1 144 45,285 3,855 7.8 92,630 49,442 53.4 45,536 49.2 144 45,392 3.905 7.9 92,709 49,725 53.6 45,802 49.4 145 45,657 3,924 7.9 92,789 50,186 54.1 46,350 50.0 145 46,205 3,836 7.6 177,813 177,974 115,493 115,567 65.0 64.9 106,978 107,438 60 2 60.4 1,690 1,690 105,288 105,748 3,389 3,403 101,899 102,344 8,514 8,130 7.4 7.0 62,320 62,407 178,138 115,636 64.9 107,093 60.1 1,698 105,395 3,345 102,050 8,543 7.4 62,503 178,295 115,206 64.6 106,681 59 8 1,712 104,969 3,224 101,744 8,526 7.4 63,089 85,101 65,452 76.9 60,923 71.6 1,545 59,378 4,529 6.9 85,179 65,362 76.7 60,607 71.2 1,551 59,056 4,756 7.3 85,257 65,244 76.5 60,661 71.2 1,563 59,098 4,583 7.0 85,352 65,614 76.9 60,912 71.4 1,571 57,341 4,702 7.2 85,439 65,603 76.8 61,023 71.4 1,557 59,466 4,580 7.0 85,523 65,667 76.8 61,158 71.5 1,552 59,606 4,509 6.9 92,873 50,115 54.0 46,515 50.1 145 46,370 3,600 7.2 92,958 50,273 54.1 46,486 50.0 147 46,339 3,787 7.5 93,039 49,963 53.7 46,020 49.5 149 45,871 3,943 7.9 93,132 49,804 53.5 46,047 49.4 149 45,898 3,758 7.5 93,222 50,119 53.8 46,268 49.6 148 46,120 3,852 7.7 93,311 50,057 53.6 46,413 49.7 147 46,266 3,645 7.3 178,483 178,661 178,834 115,419 115,722 115,725 64.7 64 8 64.7 106.959 107,291 107,571 59 9 60.1 60.2 1,720 1,699 1,705 105,239 105,586 105,872 3,114 3,315 3,353 101,923 102,472 102,519 8,460 8,431 8,154 7.3 7.3 7.0 63,064 62,939 63,109 M e n , 16 yea rs and o ver Noninstitutional population1’2 ...................... Labor force2 ........................................... Participation rate3 ........................ Total employed2 ................................... Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ................... Civilian employed.............................. Unemployed................ ................... Unemployment rate5 ...................... W o m e n , 16 yea rs and o ver Noninstitutional population1'2 ...................... Labor force2 ........................................... Participation rate3 ........................ Total employed2 ................................... Employment-population rate4 . . . . Resident Armed Forces1 ................... Civilian employed.............................. Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate5 ...................... 1The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 3Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 5Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including the resident Armed Forces). 3. E m ploym ent status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and H ispanic origin, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A n n u al a verag e 1983 1984 E m p lo y m e n t s t a tu s 1982 1983 N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. TO TAL Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............. Civilian labor fo rc e ................................... Participation ra te ........................... Employed ........................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate ..................... Not in labor force ................................... 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067 174,215 174,951 111,550 112,035 64.0 64.0 100,834 102,606 57 9 58.6 10,717 9,429 8.4 9.6 62,665 62,916 175,121 112,136 64.0 102,941 58.8 9,195 8.2 62,985 175,533 112,215 63.9 103,190 58.8 9,026 8.0 63,318 175,679 112,693 64.1 103,892 59.1 8,801 7.8 62,986 175,824 175,969 112,912 113,245 64.2 64.4 104,140 104,402 59 2 59.3 8,772 8,843 7.8 7.8 62,912 62,724 176,123 113,803 64.6 105,288 59.8 8,514 7.5 62,320 176,284 113,877 64.6 105,748 60.0 8,130 7.1 62,407 176,440 113,938 64.6 105,395 59.7 8,543 7.5 62,502 176,583 113,494 64.3 104,969 59.4 8,526 7.5 63,089 176,763 113,699 64.3 105,239 59.5 8,460 7.4 63,064 176,956 114,017 64.4 105,586 59.7 8,431 7.4 62,939 177,135 114,026 64.4 105,872 59.8 8,154 7.2 63,109 M e n , 2 0 y e a rs and o ver Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............. Civilian labor fo rc e ................................... Participation ra te ........................... Employed ........................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Agriculture......................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate ...................... 73,644 57,980 78.7 52,891 71.8 2,422 50,469 5,089 8.8 74,872 58,744 78.5 53,4897 71.4 2,429 51,058 5,257 8.9 75,327 59,053 78.4 54,457 72.3 2,336 52,121 4,596 78 75,433 59,050 78.3 54,658 72.5 2,374 52,284 4,392 7.4 75,692 59,299 78.3 54,999 72.7 2,356 52,643 4,300 7.3 75,786 59,394 78.4 55,266 72.9 2,409 52,857 4,128 7.0 75,880 59,388 78.3 55,368 73.0 2,364 53,004 4,020 6.8 75,973 59,480 78.3 55,385 72.9 2,453 52,932 4,095 6.9 76,073 59,546 78.3 55,685 73.2 2,451 53,234 3,861 6.5 76,176 59,726 78.4 55,970 73.5 2,469 53,501 3,755 6.3 76,269 59,694 78.3 55,789 73.1 2,455 53,334 3,906 6.5 76,350 59,752 78.3 55,899 73.2 2,392 53,507 3,853 6.4 76,451 59,898 78.3 56,022 73.3 2,403 53,620 3,875 6.5 76,565 59,971 78.3 56,213 73.4 2,316 53,898 3,758 6.3 76,663 59,994 78.3 56,243 73.4 2,426 53,817 3,751 6.3 82,864 43,699 52.7 40,086 48.4 601 39,485 3,613 8.3 84,069 44,636 53.1 41,004 48.8 620 40,384 3,632 8.1 84,553 44,953 53.2 41,738 49.4 638 41,100 3,215 7.2 84,666 45,024 53.2 41,843 49.4 653 41,190 3,181 7.1 84,860 44,981 53.0 41,798 49.3 625 41,174 3,182 7.1 84,962 45,258 53.3 42,138 49.6 640 41,493 3,120 6.9 85,064 45,459 53.4 42,315 49.7 574 41,741 3,144 6.9 85,168 45,703 53.7 42,517 49.9 619 41,898 3,186 7.0 85,272 46,222 54.2 43,098 50.5 610 42,487 3,124 6.8 85,380 46,101 54.0 43,146 50.5 623 42,523 2,955 6.4 85,488 46,261 54.1 43,088 50.4 573 42,515 3,173 6.9 85,581 46,082 53.8 42,819 50.0 563 42,255 3,264 7.1 85,688 45,859 53.5 42,807 50.5 595 42,212 3,053 6.7 85,793 46,220 53 9 43,016 50.1 554 42,462 3,204 6.9 85,897 46,232 53.8 43,194 50.3 575 42,619 3,038 6.6 15,763 8,526 54.1 6.549 41.5 378 6,171 1,977 23.2 15,274 8,171 53.5 6,342 41.5 334 6,008 1,829 22.4 15,072 8,029 53.3 6,411 42.5 283 6,128 1,618 20.2 15,022 8,062 53.7 6,440 42.9 329 6,111 1,622 20.1 14,981 7,935 53.0 6,392 42.7 290 6,102 1,543 19.4 14,931 8,041 53.9 6,488 43.5 346 6,142 1,553 19.3 14,880 8,065 54.2 6,457 43.4 343 6,114 1,608 19.9 14,828 8,062 54.4 6,500 43.8 321 6,179 1,562 19.4 14,778 8,034 54.4 6,505 44.0 327 6,178 1,529 19.0 14,728 8,050 54.7 6,631 45.0 311 6,320 1,419 17.6 14,683 7,982 54.4 6,518 44.4 317 6,201 1,464 18.3 14,653 7,660 52.3 6,251 42.7 269 5,982 1,409 18.4 14,-624 7,942 54.3 6,410 43.8 318 6,092 1,532 19.3 14,598 7,826 53.6 6,356 43.5 244 6,112 1,470 18.8 14,575 7,800 53.5 6,435 44.1 352 6,083 1,365 17.5 149,441 96,143 64.3 87,903 58.8 8,241 86 150,805 97,021 64.3 88,893 58.9 8,128 8.4 151,324 97,559 64.5 90,430 59.8 7,129 7.3 151,484 97,724 64.5 90,779 59.9 6,945 7.1 151,939 97,813 64.4 91,044 59.9 6,768 6.9 152,079 98,167 64.6 91,544 60.2 6,623 6.7 152,285 98,424 64.6 91,845 60.3 6,580 6.7 152,178 98,495 64.7 91,933 60.4 6,562 6.7 152,229 98,853 64.9 92,505 60.8 6,348 6.4 152,295 98,770 64.9 92,697 60.9 6,072 6.1 152,286 98,710 64.8 92,430 60.7 6,280 6.4 152,402 98,156 64.4 91,850 60.3 6,306 6.4 152,471 98,388 64.5 92,074 60.4 6,314 6.4 152,605 98,520 64.6 92,249 60.4 6,271 6.4 152,659 98,526 64.5 92,498 60.6 6,028 6.1 18,584 11,331 61.0 9,189 49.4 2,142 18.9 18,925 11,647 61.5 9,375 49.5 2,272 19.5 19,057 11,623 61.0 9,563 50.2 2,060 17.7 19,086 11,650 61.0 9,582 50.2 2,068 17.8 19,196 11,660 60.7 9,707 50.6 1,953 16.7 19,222 11,881 61.8 9,958 51.8 1,923 16.2 19,248 11,867 61.7 9,896 51.4 1,972 16.6 19,274 11,934 61.9 9,923 51.5 2,011 16.8 19,302 12,008 62.5 10,105 52.4 1,903 15.8 19,330 11,962 61.9 10,168 52.6 1,795 15.0 19,360 12,076 62.4 10,041 51.9 2,035 16.9 19,386 12,176 62.8 10,2?6 52.8 1,950 16.0 19,416 12,079 62.2 10,259 52.8 1,820 15.1 19,449 12,185 62.7 10,314 53.0 1,872 15.4 19,481 12,285 63.1 10,443 53.6 1,842 15.0 9,400 5,983 63.6 5,158 54.9 825 13.8 12,771 8,119 63.6 6,995 54.8 1,124 13.8 9,677 6,232 64.4 5,463 56.5 769 12.3 9,735 6,267 64.4 5,540 56.9 727 11.6 9,778 6,336 64.8 5,627 57.6 708 11.2 9,906 6,292 63.5 5,652 57.1 639 10.2 10,080 6,484 64.3 5,751 57.1 733 11.3 10,072 6,378 63.3 5,643 56.0 735 11.5 10,026 6,332 63.2 5,666 56.5 666 10.5 9,824 6,298 64.1 5,669 57.7 629 10.0 9,738 6,293 64.6 5,626 57.8 667 10.6 9,785 6,271 64.1 5,600 57.2 672 10.7 9,713 6,328 65.2 5,650 58.2 678 10.7 9,794 6,339 64.7 5,649 57.7 689 10 9 9,901 6,453 65.2 5,807 58.7 646 10.0 W o m e n , 20 y ears and o ver Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............. Civilian labor fo rc e ................................... Participation ra te ........................... Employed ........................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Agriculture......................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate ...................... B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s Civilian noninstitutional population1 . . . . . . . Civilian labor fo rc e ................................... Participation ra te ........................... Employed ........................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Agriculture......................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate ...................... W h it e Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............. Civilian labor fo rc e ................................... Participation ra te........................... Employed ........................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate ...................... B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population1 ............. Civilian labor fo rc e ................................... Participation ra te ........................... Employed ........................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate ..................... H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian noninstitutional population1 .............. Civilian labor fo rc e ................................... Participation ra te........................... Employed ........................................... Employment-population ratio2 . . . . Unemployed......................................... Unemployment rate ...................... 1The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 69 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. S elected em ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted [In thousands] A nnu al a verag e 1982 1983 1983 N ov. 1984 D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Civilian employed, 16 years and over ................... M en............................................................... Women......................................................... Married men, spouse present......................... Married women, spouse present ................... Women who maintain families ...................... 99,526 56,271 43,256 38,074 24,053 5,099 100,834 56,787 44,047 37,967 24,603 5,091 102,606 102,941 103,190 103,892 104,140 104,402 105,288 105,748 105,395 104,969 105,239 105,586 105,872 57,855 58,043 58,239 58,607 58,748 58,745 59,084 59,378 59,056 59,098 59,341 59,466 59,606 44,751 44,898 44,950 45,285 45,392 45,657 46,205 46,370 46,339 45,871 45,898 46,120 46,266 38,388 38,494 38,682 38,911 38,927 39,062 39,159 39,072 39,121 39,029 39,034 39,023 39,348 25,057 25,140 24,947 25,212 25,239 25,457 25,722 25,786 25,716 25,764 25,641 25,891 25,981 5,236 5,254 5,293 5,346 5,444 5,491 5,668 5,688 5,662 5,507 5,412 5,344 5,362 Agriculture: Wage and salary w orkers.............................. Self-employed workers ................................. Unpaid family workers................................... 1,505 1,636 261 1,579 1,565 240 1,481 1,556 224 1,512 1,572 265 1,443 1,613 233 1,560 1,609 232 1,515 1,580 198 1,661 1,534 207 1,610 1,537 246 1,604 1,570 212 1,513 1,559 230 1,425 1,568 208 1,569 1,569 187 1,481 1,479 173 1,585 1,561 201 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary w orkers.............................. Government........................................... Private industries................................... Private households ........................ Other .............................................. Self-employed workers ................................. Unpaid family workers................................... 88,462 15,562 72,945 1,207 71,738 7,262 401 89,500 15,537 73,963 1,247 72,716 7,575 376 91,094 15,585 75,509 1,216 74,293 7,800 474 91,422 15,481 75,941 1,241 74,700 7,734 450 91,641 15,535 76,106 1,197 74,909 7,936 364 92,379 15,822 76,557 1,219 75,339 7,849 330 92,819 15,813 77,006 1,155 75,851 7,755 326 92,931 15,784 77,147 1,296 75,851 7,834 338 93,928 15,761 78,167 1,347 76,820 7,707 311 94,040 15,685 78,355 1,329 77,026 7,828 348 93,841 15,604 78,236 1,239 76,997 7,717 306 93,554 15,782 77,772 1,181 76,591 7,829 324 94,122 15,959 78,163 1,185 76,979 7,721 314 94,369 16,046 78,323 1,209 77,114 7,775 312 94,461 15,745 78,716 1,221 77,495 7,693 372 90,552 72,245 5,852 2,169 3,683 12,455 92,038 73,624 5,997 1,826 4,171 12,417 93,834 75,398 5,848 1,719 4,129 12,588 94,173 75,802 5,712 1,672 4,040 12,659 94,707 76,237 5,943 1,771 4,172 12,527 95,067 76,715 5,808 1,611 4,197 12,545 94,982 77,004 5,463 1,472 3,991 12,515 96,918 78,276 5,593 1,530 4,063 13,049 96,523 78,280 5,353 1,549 3,804 12,889 96,500 78,496 5,491 1,654 3,837 12,514 96,848 78,659 5,300 1,589 3,711 12,889 96,921 78,799 5,324 1,749 3,576 12,797 96,448 78,291 5,496 1,675 3,821 12,662 96,577 78,459 5,479 1,606 3,873 12,638 96,614 78,611 5,373 1,592 3,781 12,630 M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S O F W O R K E R PERSONS AT W O R K 1 Nonagricultural industries...................................... Full-time schedules ...................................... Part time for economic reasons...................... Usually work full time ........................... Usually work part tim e ........................... Part time for noneconomic reasons................ 1Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work" during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. 5. S elected unem ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] A n n u al a verag e 1983 1984 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 1982 1983 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Total, all civilian workers...................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 ye a rs........................... Men, 20 years and o v e r................................. Women, 20 years and o v e r........................... 9.7 23.2 8.8 8.3 9.6 22.4 8.9 8.1 8.4 20.2 7.8 7.2 8.2 20.1 7.4 7.1 8.0 19.4 7.3 7.1 7.8 19.3 7.0 6.9 7.8 19.9 6.8 6.9 7.8 19.4 6.9 7.0 7.5 19.0 6.5 6.8 7.1 17.6 6.3 6.4 7.5 18.3 6.5 6.9 7.5 18.4 6.4 7.1 7.4 19.3 6.5 6.7 7.4 18.8 6.3 6.9 7.2 17.5 6.3 6.6 White, to ta l.................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ................... Men, 16 to 19 years ...................... Women, 16 to 19 years ................ Men, 20 years and o v e r......................... Women, 20 years and over ................... 8.6 20.4 21.7 19.0 7.8 7.3 8.4 19.3 20.2 18.3 7.9 6.9 7.3 17.2 17.6 16.6 6.9 6.0 7.1 17.0 17.5 16.5 6.7 5.9 6.9 16.2 17.8 14.5 6.3 6.0 6.7 16.5 16.4 16.7 6.1 5.8 6.7 17.1 17.3 16.8 5.8 5.9 6.7 16.2 16.6 15.7 5.9 6.0 6.4 16.2 16.8 15.5 5.6 5.8 6.1 15.5 16.5 14.5 5.3 5.6 6.4 15.3 17.8 12.6 5.5 5.9 6.4 15.9 16.2 15.5 5.5 6.0 6.4 16.6 17.3 15.8 5.6 5.8 6.4 16.1 17.0 15.2 5.4 5.9 6.1 14.9 16.0 13.8 5.4 5.5 Black, total .................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ................... Men, 16 to 19 years ...................... Women, 16 to 19 years ................ Men, 20 years and o v e r........................ Women, 20 years and over ................... 18.9 48.0 48.9 47.1 17.8 15.4 19.5 48.5 48.8 48.2 18.1 16.5 17.7 47.3 44.9 50.0 15.6 15.6 17.8 49.0 46.4 51.9 15.1 15.9 16.7 47.9 47.1 48.8 14.8 14.3 16.2 43.5 46.7 39.9 14.1 14.4 16.6 46.7 44.4 49.6 15.4 13.5 16.8 44.8 42.8 47.1 16.0 13.4 15.8 44.1 40.9 48.2 14.1 13.6 15.0 34.3 35.3 33.1 14.8 12.4 16.9 42.4 42.6 42.1 15.7 14.0 16.0 41.7 40.6 42.9 14.2 14.1 15.1 41.7 39.9 43.7 13.5 12.6 15.4 40.2 45.1 34.6 13.4 13.5 15.0 40.8 41.8 39.5 12.5 13.7 Hispanic origin, total...................................... 13.8 13.8 12.3 11.6 11.2 10.2 11.3 11.5 10.5 10.0 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.9 10.0 Married men, spouse present......................... Married women, spouse present ................... Women who maintain families ...................... 6.5 7.4 11.7 6.5 7.0 12.2 5.5 6.0 10.5 5.2 6.1 10.9 5.0 6.0 10.7 4.9 5.9 11.0 4.7 5.8 11.0 4.7 5.8 10.5 4.5 5.8 9.8 4.5 5.6 9.6 4.6 5.9 9.6 4.4 6.0 10.5 4.6 5.8 10.0 4.6 5.8 10.5 4.4 5.3 11.0 Full-time workers............................................ Part-time workers ......................................... Unemployed 15 weeks and over ................... Labor force time lost1 .................................... 9.6 10.5 3.2 11.0 9.5 10.4 3.8 10.9 8.2 9.8 3.1 9.7 8.0 9.8 3.0 9.4 7.8 9.2 2.9 9.2 7.5 9.3 2.6 8.9 7.5 9.2 2.5 8.8 7.6 9.1 2.5 8.9 7.2 9.3 2.5 8.5 6.7 10.3 2.3 8.3 7.2 9.6 2.4 8.7 7.2 9.6 2.3 8.5 7.1 9.4 2.3 8.5 7.1 9.1 2.2 8.6 6.9 8.6 2.1 8.2 10.1 13.4 20.0 12.3 13.3 10.8 6.8 10.0 6.9 4.9 14.7 9.9 17.0 18.4 11.2 12.1 10.0 7.4 10.0 7.2 5.3 16.0 8.6 12.8 15.6 8.9 9.0 8.7 6.7 9.1 6.7 4.9 15.7 8.3 12.4 16.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 6.5 8.8 6.6 5.0 15.6 7.9 10.9 15.0 8.4 8.0 8.9 5.1 8.4 6.3 5.0 15.5 7.8 12.2 15.1 7.5 7.3 7.8 5.9 8.3 6.3 4.5 14.0 7.6 11.2 13.3 7.5 7.8 7.2 5.0 8.3 6.4 4.4 14.6 7.7 10.3 14.3 7.7 7.5 8.0 5.4 8.7 6.1 4.4 12.2 7.2 8.9 14.8 7.1 7.0 7.1 5.5 7.9 5.5 4.7 13.9 7.0 7.1 14.8 7.2 7.2 7.3 5.2 7.2 5.4 4.1 11.8 7.4 7.5 14.7 7.5 6.7 8.6 6.1 7.8 5.9 4.5 14.6 7.5 10.3 14.0 7.5 6.9 8.3 6.2 7.8 6.1 4.3 12.8 7.4 8.6 13.8 7.6 7.0 8.4 6.1 8.2 5.6 4.5 15.0 7.3 10.9 13.5 7.4 7.0 7.9 5.3 7.9 5.7 4.5 13.8 7.2 11.8 14.2 7.2 7.0 7.5 5.1 7.5 5.8 4.3 11.3 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC IN D U S T R Y Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers . . Mining ......................................................... Construction ................................................. Manufacturing .............................................. Durable goods ...................................... Nondurable goods ................................. Transportation and public utilities................... Wholesale and retail trade.............................. Finance and service Industries ...................... Government workers ............................................ Agricultural wage and salary workers ................... 1Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6. U nem ploym ent rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers] A n n u al a verag e 1983 1984 Sex and age 1982 1983 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Total, 16 years and over ...................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................. 16 to 19 ye ars.............................................. 16 to 17 years........................................... 18 to 19 years........................................... 20 to 24 ye ars.............................................. 25 years and over ........................................... 25 to 54 years........................................... 55 years and over ...................................... 9.7 17.8 23.2 24.9 22.1 14.9 7.4 7.9 5.0 9.6 17.2 22.4 24.5 21.1 14.5 7.5 8.0 5.3 8.4 15.4 20.2 21.9 19.3 13.6 6.5 6.9 4.9 8.2 14.9 20.1 22.9 18.8 13.0 6.4 6.8 4.9 8.0 14.8 19.4 21.9 17.6 12.2 6.2 6.5 4.7 7.8 14.2 19.3 22.1 17.5 12.5 6.1 6.4 4.3 7.8 14.4 19.9 23.1 18.1 11.6 5.9 6.3 4.3 7.8 14.6 19.4 22.3 17.5 11.6 6.0 6.3 4.2 7.5 14.0 19.0 20.2 18.2 12.2 5.7 6.0 4.4 7.1 13.0 17.6 19.7 16.3 11.5 5.6 5.7 4.6 7.5 13.6 18.3 20.5 16.7 10.7 5.9 6.2 4.4 7.5 14.0 18.4 21.4 16.7 11.8 5.8 6.1 4.6 7.4 14.1 19.3 21.3 17.9 11.5 5.7 5.9 4.5 7.4 13.6 18.8 20.1 18.0 11.1 5.7 5.9 4.8 7.2 13.1 17.5 19.5 16.5 10.9 5.5 5.8 4.4 Men, 16 years and o v e r................................ 16 to 24 years........................................... 16 to 19 years ...................................... 16 to 17 years................................... 18 to 19 years................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ...................................... 25 to 54 years................................... 55 years and over .............................. 9.9 19.1 24.4 26.4 23.1 16 4 7.5 8.0 5.1 9.9 18.4 23.3 25.2 22.2 15.9 7.8 8.2 5.6 8.6 15.9 20.2 22.0 19.6 13.8 6.8 71 5.4 8.3 15.6 20.4 23.3 18.9 13.3 6.5 6.7 5.4 8.1 15.6 20.8 21.6 19.6 13.1 6.2 6.6 4.8 7.8 14.6 19.7 21.6 18.1 12.1 6.1 6.4 4.5 7.7 14.6 20.0 23.0 18.2 11.9 5.9 6.1 4.6 7.7 15.0 19.7 23.7 17.3 12.7 5.9 6.2 4.4 7.3 14.0 19.4 21.3 18.3 11.5 5.7 5.9 4.5 7.1 13.7 18.5 22.7 16.1 11.4 5.4 5.6 4.3 7.5 14.6 20.6 23.0 18.8 11.7 5.7 5.9 4.6 7.2 14.3 18.6 22.1 16.5 12.3 5.5 5.7 4.6 7.3 14.8 19.9 21.1 19.1 12.3 5.5 5.6 5.0 7.2 13.9 20.2 21.5 19.3 10.9 5.5 5.6 4.8 7.0 13.5 18.4 19.7 18.1 11.1 5.4 5.5 4.7 Women, 16 years and o v e r........................... 16 to 24 years........................................... 16 to 19 years ...................................... 16 to 17 years................................... 18 to 19 years................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ...................................... 25 to 54 years................................... 55 years and over .............................. 9.4 16.2 21.9 23.2 21.0 13.2 7.3 7.7 4.8 9.2 15.8 21.3 23.7 19.9 12.9 7.2 7.7 4.7 8.2 14.7 20.1 21.8 19.0 12.0 6.2 6.6 4.1 8.1 14.0 19.8 22.5 18.7 11.0 6.3 6.8 4.3 7.9 13.9 18 0 22 2 15.4 11.7 6.2 6.5 4.5 7.8 13.7 18.9 22.6 16 9 11.0 6.1 6.5 4.0 7.9 14.2 19.8 23.1 18.1 11.3 6.0 6.5 3.9 7.9 14.1 19.0 20.8 17.8 11.6 6.0 6.4 3.9 7.7 14.0 18.6 19.0 18.1 11.6 5.8 6.1 4.3 7.2 12.2 16.7 16.4 16.5 9.9 5.8 5.8 5.0 7.6 12.5 15.9 17.9 14.4 10.8 6.1 6.5 4.2 7.9 13.7 18.2 20.6 16.9 11.4 6.3 6.6 4.4 7.6 13.2 18.6 21.4 16.8 10.4 5.9 6.3 3.9 7.7 13.2 17.3 18.5 16.6 11.2 6.1 6.3 4.8 7.3 12.7 16.5 19.3 14.7 10.8 5.7 6.0 3.9 7. U nem ployed persons by reason for unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A n n u al a verag e 1983 1984 R e a s o n t o r u n e m p lo y m e n t Job losers ............................................................ On layoff ...................................................... Other job losers ........................................... Job leavers............................................................ Reentrants............................................................ New entrants......................................................... 1982 1983 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 6,258 2,127 4,141 840 2,384 1,185 6,258 1,780 4,478 830 2,412 1,216 5,226 1,321 3,905 868 2,250 1,154 5,017 1,283 3,734 855 2,246 1,150 4,825 1,238 3,588 809 2,192 1,175 4,737 1,272 3,465 772 2,153 1,092 4,614 1,254 3,360 756 2,208 1,213 4,527 1,108 3,419 781 2,308 1,216 4,327 1,192 3,134 804 2,178 1,186 4,220 1,166 3,055 800 1,968 1,136 4,511 1,164 3,346 865 2,091 1,092 4,218 1,152 3,066 835 2,322 1,093 4,211 1,109 3,102 845 2,298 1,052 4,370 1,176 3,193 818 2,136 1,073 4,154 1,058 3,096 885 2,147 1,003 100 0 58.7 19 9 38.8 7.9 22.3 11.1 100.0 58 4 16.6 41.8 7.7 22.5 11.3 100.0 55.0 13.9 41.1 9.1 23.7 12.1 100.0 54.1 13.8 40.3 9.2 24.2 12.4 100.0 53.6 13.7 39 9 9.0 24.4 13.1 100.0 54.1 14.5 39.6 8.8 24.6 12.5 100.0 52.5 14.3 38.2 8.6 25.1 13.8 100.0 51.3 12.5 38.7 8.8 26.1 13.8 100.0 50.9 14,0 36.9 9.5 25.6 14.0 100.0 51.9 14.4 37 6 9.8 24.2 14.0 100.0 52.7 13.6 39.1 10.1 24.4 12.8 100.0 49.8 13.6 36.2 9.9 27.4 12.9 100.0 50.1 13.2 36.9 10.1 27.3 12.5 100.0 52.0 14.0 38.0 9.7 25.4 12.8 100.0 50.7 12.9 37.8 10.8 26.2 12 2 5.7 8 2.2 1.1 5.6 .7 2.2 1.1 4.7 .8 2.0 1.0 4.5 .8 2.0 1.0 4.3 .7 2.0 1.0 4.2 .7 1.9 1.0 4.1 .7 2.0 1.1 4.0 .7 2.0 1.1 3.8 .7 1.9 1.0 3.7 .7 1.7 1.0 4.0 .8 1.8 1.0 3.7 .7 2.0 1.0 3.7 .7 2.0 .9 3.8 .7 1.9 .9 3.6 .8 1.9 .9 P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N Total unemployed................................................. Job losers ............................................................ On layoff ...................................................... Other job losers ........................................... Job leavers............................................................ Reentrants............................................................ New entrants......................................................... PERCENT OF C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job losers ............................................................ Job leavers............................................................ Reentrants............................................................ New entrants......................................................... 8. D uration of unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A nnu al a verag e 1983 1984 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t Less than 5 weeks ................................................. 5 to 14 w eeks...................................................... 15 weeks and over .............................................. 15 to 26 weeks.............................................. 27 weeks and over ......................................... Mean duration in weeks......................................... Median duration in weeks...................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1982 1983 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 3,883 3,311 3,485 1,708 1,776 15.6 8.7 3,570 2,937 4,210 1,652 2,558 20.0 10.1 3,328 2,616 3,527 1,337 2,190 20 2 9.4 3,382 2,504 3,369 1,284 2,085 19.6 9.0 3,233 2,556 3,201 1,166 2,035 20.5 9.2 3,359 2,484 2,984 1,173 1,810 18.8 8.3 3,386 2,539 2,873 1,114 1,759 18.8 8.3 3,438 2,493 2,855 1,111 1,744 18.5 8.1 3,238 2,433 2,851 1,186 1,664 18.4 8.7 3,174 2,294 2,619 1,008 1,611 18.6 7.2 3,462 2,490 2,689 1,100 1,589 18.1 7.6 3,555 2,333 2,606 1,113 1,493 17.3 7.5 3,286 2,539 2,600 1,085 1,515 17.1 7.6 3,431 2,399 2,530 1,099 1,431 16.5 7.2 3,351 2,320 2,438 993 1,445 17.5 7.3 71 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a t a in this section are com piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by over 200,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Selfemployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment sur veys. Em in m a n u f a c t u r in g (t h e o n ly s e c t o r fo r w h ic h o v e r tim e d a ta a re a v a ila b le ) a n d th e e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s a n d s e a s o n a l fa c to r s in th e p r o p o r tio n o f w o r k e r s in h i g h - w a g e a n d l o w - w a g e in d u s tr ie s . H ours o r s c h e d u le d h o u r s. Overtime hours r e p r e s e n t th e p o r tio n o f g r o s s a v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s w h ic h w e r e in e x c e s s o f r e g u la r h o u r s a n d fo r w h i c h o v e r tim e p r e m iu m s w e r e p a id . The Diffusion Index, in t r o d u c e d in ta b le 17 o f th e M a y 1 9 8 3 i s s u e , r e p r e s e n t s th e p e r c e n t o f 1 8 5 n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s in w h ic h e m p l o y m e n t w a s r is in g o v e r th e in d ic a t e d p e r io d . O n e - h a lf o f th e in d u s tr ie s w ith u n c h a n g e d e m p lo y m e n t a re c o u n t e d a s r is in g . In lin e w ith B u r e a u p r a c t ic e , d a ta f o r th e 3 - , 6 - , a n d 9 - m o n t h s p a n s a re s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d , w h i le th at f o r th e Definitions r e p r e s e n t th e a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s o f p r o d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s fo r w h i c h p a y w a s r e c e iv e d a n d a re d iffe r e n t fr o m sta n d a r d 1 2 - m o n t h s p a n is u n a d ju s te d . T h e d if f u s io n in d e x is u s e f u l fo r m e a s u r in g th e d is p e r s io n o f e c o n o m i c g a in s o r l o s s e s a n d is a ls o an e c o n o m ic in d ic a to r . Employed persons a re a ll p e r s o n s w h o r e c e iv e d p a y ( in c l u d in g h o lid a y a n d s ic k p a y ) f o r a n y part o f th e p a y r o ll p e r io d in c lu d in g th e 1 2 th o f th e m o n t h . P e r s o n s h o ld in g m o r e th a n o n e j o b (a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t o f a ll p e r s o n s in th e la b o r f o r c e ) are c o u n t e d in e a c h e s t a b lis h m e n t w h ic h r e p o r ts th e m . Production workers in m a n u fa c tu r in g in c lu d e b lu e - c o l la r w o r k e r s u p e r v is o r s a n d a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s c l o s e l y a s s o c ia t e d w it h p r o d u c tio n o p e r a tio n s . T h o s e w o r k e r s m e n tio n e d in ta b le s 1 2 - 1 6 in c lu d e p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g a n d m in in g ; c o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e r s in c o n s t r u c t io n ; a n d n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s in tr a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s ; in w h o l e s a l e a n d r e ta il trad e; in f in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te ; a n d in s e r v i c e s in d u s t r ie s . T h e s e g r o u p s a c c o u n t fo r a b o u t f o u r - f if t h s o f th e to ta l e m p lo y m e n t o n p r iv a te n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l p a y r o lls . Notes on the data E s t a b lis h m e n t d a ta c o l l e c t e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s are p e r io d ic a lly a d ju s te d to c o m p r e h e n s iv e c o u n ts o f e m p lo y m e n t ( c a lle d “ b e n c h m a r k s ” ). T h e la te s t c o m p le t e a d ju s tm e n t w a s m a d e w ith th e r e le a s e o f M a y 1 9 8 4 d a ta , p u b lis h e d in th e J u ly 1 9 8 4 is s u e o f th e s e q u e n t l y , d a ta p u b lis h e d in th e Review p r io r to Review. C on th a t is s u e a re n o t n e c e s s a r i ly c o m p a r a b le t o c u r r e n t d a ta . U n a d j u s te d d a ta h a v e b e e n r e v is e d b a c k to A p r il 1 9 8 2 ; s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta h a v e b e e n r e v is e d b a c k to J a n u a r y 1 9 7 9 . U n a d j u s te d d a ta fr o m A p r il 1 9 8 3 fo r w a r d , a n d s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta fr o m J a n u a r y 1 9 8 0 fo r w a r d a re s u b je c t to r e v is io n in fu tu r e b e n c h m a r k s . E a r lie r c o m p a r a b le u n a d ju s te d a n d s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta are Earnings are th e p a y m e n t s p r o d u c tio n o r n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s r e p u b lis h e d in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings (u n a d ju s te d d a ta c e i v e d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d , in c lu d in g p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e o r f r o m A p r il 1 9 7 7 th r o u g h F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 4 a n d s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d d a ta fr o m la t e - s h if t w o r k b u t e x c lu d i n g ir r e g u la r b o n u s e s a n d o th e r s p e c ia l p a y m e n t s . J a n u a r y 1 9 7 4 th r o u g h F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 4 ) a n d in Real earnings United States, 1909-78, a re e a r n in g s a d ju s te d to r e fle c t th e e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s in Employment and Earnings, B L S B u lle t in 1 3 1 2 - 1 1 (f o r p r io r p e r io d s ) . c o n s u m e r p r ic e s . T h e d e f la t o r f o r th is s e r ie s is d e r iv e d fr o m th e C o n s u m e r A c o m p r e h e n s iv e d is c u s s i o n o f th e d if f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n h o u s e h o l d an d P r ic e I n d e x f o r U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s ( C P I - W ) . T h e e s t a b lis h m e n t d a ta o n e m p lo y m e n t a p p e a r s in G lo r ia P . G r e e n , “ C o m H ourly Earnings Index is c a lc u la t e d fr o m a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s d a ta a d ju s te d to e x c l u d e th e e f f e c t s o f t w o t y p e s o f c h a n g e s th a t a re u n r e la te d t o u n d e r ly in g w a g e - r a t e d e v e l o p m e n t s : flu c t u a t io n s in o v e r tim e p r e m iu m s 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly BLS Handbook of p a r in g e m p lo y m e n t e s t im a t e s fr o m h o u s e h o ld and p a y r o ll s u r v e y s ,” Labor Review, D e c e m b e r Methods, B u lle t in 2 1 3 4 - 1 1 9 6 9 , p p . 9 - 2 0 . S e e a ls o (B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1 9 8 2 ) . 9. E m ploym ent, by industry, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands] G o o d s -p r o d u c in g S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g T ran sp o r Year P r iv a te T o ta l s e c to r T o ta l M in in g C o n s tru c M a n u fa c tio n tu rin g t a tio n T o ta l W h o le and s a le p u b lic tra d e G o v e rn m e n t F in a n c e , R e t a il in s u ra n c e , tra d e an d real S e r v ic e s T o ta l F e d e ra l S t a te Local e s t a te u t ilit ie s 1950 .............................. 1955 .............................. I9602 ........................... 1964 .............................. 1965 .............................. 45,197 50,641 54,189 58,283 60,765 39,170 43,727 45,836 48,686 50,689 18,506 20,513 20,434 21,005 21,926 901 792 712 634 632 2,364 2,839 2,926 3,097 3,232 15,241 16,882 16,796 17,274 18,062 26,691 30,128 33,755 37,278 38,839 4,034 4,141 4,004 3,951 4,036 2,635 2,926 3,143 3,337 3,466 6,751 7,610 8,248 8,823 9,250 1,888 2,298 2,629 2,911 2,977 5,357 6,240 7,378 8,660 9,036 6,026 6,914 8,353 9,596 10,074 1,928 2,187 2,270 2,348 2,378 (1) 1,168 1,536 1,856 1,996 (1) 3,558 4,547 5,392 5,700 .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 53,116 54,413 56,058 58,189 58,325 23,158 23,308 23,737 24,361 23,578 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 40,743 42,495 44,160 46,023 47,302 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 3,597 3,689 3,779 3,907 3,993 9,648 9,917 10,320 10,798 11,047 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 2,141 2,302 2,442 2,533 2,664 6,080 6,371 6,660 6,904 7,158 1971.............................. 1972 .............................. 1973 .............................. 1974 .............................. 1975 .............................. 71,214 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 58,331 60,341 63,058 64,095 62,259 22,935 23,668 24,893 24,794 22,600 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 48,278 50,007 51,897 53,471 54,345 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 4,001 4,113 4,277 4,433 4,415 11,351 11,836 12,329 12,554 12,645 3,772 3,908 4,046 4,148 4,165 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 13,732 14,170 14,686 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 2,747 2,859 2,923 3,039 3,179 7,437 7,790 8,146 8,407 8,758 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 90,406 64,511 67,344 71,026 73,876 74,166 23,352 24,346 25,585 26,461 25,658 779 813 851 958 1,027 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,346 18,997 19,682 20,505 21,040 20,285 56,030 58,125 61,113 63,363 64,748 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 4,546 4,708 4,969 5,204 5,275 13,209 13,808 14,573 14,989 15,035 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,160 14,551 15,303 16,252 17,112 17,890 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,947 16,241 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 3,273 3,377 3,474 3,541 3,610 8,865 9,023 9,446 9,633 9,765 1981.............................. 1982 .............................. 1983 .............................. 91,156 89,566 90,138 75,126 73,729 74,288 25,497 23,813 23,394 1,139 1,128 957 4,188 3,905 3,940 20,170 18,781 18,497 65,659 65,753 66,744 5,165 5,082 4,958 5,358 5,278 5,259 15,189 15,179 15,545 5,298 5,341 5,467 18,619 19,036 19,665 16,031 15,837 15,851 2,772 2,739 2,752 3,640 3,640 3,660 9,619 9,458 9,439 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1Not available. 2Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 10. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. E m p lo y m e n t, b y S ta te [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands ] State October 1983 September 1984 October 1984P State October 1983 September 1984 October 1984P Alabama........................................................ Alaska ........................................................... Arizona ........................................................ Arkansas ..................................................... California ..................................................... 1,334.8 218.7 1,094.1 763.9 10,100.7 1,347.2 232.3 1,151.4 787.2 10,456.0 1,353.6 224.8 1,170.1 789.0 10,490.7 Montana..................................................... Nebraska .................................................. Nevada ............................................... New Hampshire............................................ New Jersey ......................................... 275.2 621.2 418.0 419 3 3,199.9 277.2 634.0 423.5 438.7 3,301.9 278.1 636.8 424.6 443.8 3,308.3 Co orado ..................................................... Connecticut.................................................. Delaware ..................................................... District of Columbia ................................... Florida........................................................... 1,342.6 1,465.9 270.6 593.6 3,956.9 1,368.7 1,499.4 275.5 598.2 4,144.9 1,374.6 1,505.0 276.3 600.9 4,178.8 New Mexico............................................... New Y o rk ......................................... North Carolina ............................................ North Dakota............................................... O hio............................................................. 485.1 7,380.5 2,468.3 255.9 4,170.0 504.5 7,486.6 2,515.9 255.0 4,224.2 503.0 7,552.5 2,524.9 256.3 4,236.2 Georgia........................................................ Hawaii........................................................... Idaho ........................................................... Illinois........................................................... Indiana ........................................................ 2,320.5 400.8 328.7 4,512.0 2,043.2 2,450.0 395.8 331.8 4,587.4 2,098.7 2,463.7 400.9 331.4 4,610.7 2,096.7 Oklahoma..................................................... Oregon ....................................................... Pennsylvania ............................................... Rhode Is la n d ............................................... South Carolina ............................................ 1,173.8 989 0 4,598.8 401.3 1,207.1 1,185.7 1,011.5 4,640.5 408.6 1,244.0 1,181.2 1,017.2 4,666.8 408.6 1,241.4 Io w a .............................................................. Kansas ........................................................ Kentucky ..................................................... Louisiana ..................................................... M a in e ........................................................... 1,043.3 930.1 1,172.9 1,579.8 430.5 1,041.2 944.2 1,201.7 1,579.1 442.8 1,050.4 951.1 1,210.2 1,581.0 441.1 South Dakota......................................... Tennessee ..................................................... Texas ....................................................... U tah ............................................................. Vermont..................................................... 238.2 1,763.8 6,228.2 582.2 210.5 241.1 1,825.7 6,373.8 609.5 213.4 241.7 1,830.4 6,393.4 610.5 214.7 Maryland ..................................................... Massachusetts ............................................ M chigan ..................................................... Minnesota..................................................... Mississippi .................................................. M'ssouri........................................................ 1,718.3 2,716.4 3,254.7 1,760.5 803.6 1,946.3 1,745.2 2,758.4 3,341.2 1,863.9 812.2 1,975.8 1,763.5 2,763.9 3,353.8 1,877.8 816.3 1,977.1 Virginia ................................................. Washington.................................................. West Virginia............................................... Wisconsin.................................................. Wyoming ..................................................... 2,238.2 1,612.1 590.3 1,882.1 205.3 2,313.7 1,672.9 594.0 1,953.7 209.8 2,324.7 1,668.4 589.6 1,953.0 207.2 Virgin Islands............................................... 34.9 33.6 33.6 p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 11. E m ploym ent, by industry, seasonally adjusted [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands] A nnu al av e ra g e 1984 1983 I n d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p 1982 1983 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. F N o v .F 89,566 90,138 91,688 92,026 92,391 92,846 93,058 93,449 93,768 94,135 94,350 94,523 94,807 95,150 95,453 73,729 74,288 75,814 76,157 76,533 76,971 77,185 77,546 77,864 78,241 78,422 78,566 78,698 79,067 79,383 23,813 23,394 24,058 24,198 24,383 24,577 24,595 24,760 24,851 24,974 25,059 25,098 25,010 25,078 25,131 1,128 708 957 600 967 603 969 607 975 608 978 607 978 607 984 612 995 619 1,002 623 1,007 629 1,017 636 1,020 642 1,013 644 1,013 651 3,905 991 3,940 1,015 4,073 1,064 4,086 1,077 4,154 1,100 4,226 1,111 4,151 1,099 4,246 1,110 4,286 1,126 4,343 1,135 4,356 1,133 4,356 1,132 4,374 1,140 4,384 1,142 4,414 1,153 18,781 12,742 18,497 12,581 19,018 13,048 19,143 13,145 19,254 13,234 19,373 13,326 19,466 13,388 19,530 13,443 19,570 13,465 19,629 13,492 19,696 13,541 19,725 13,558 19,616 13,448 19,681 13,493 19,704 13,501 Production workers ...................................... 11,039 7,311 10,774 7,151 11,170 7,511 11,266 7,585 11,343 7,643 11,440 7,718 11,513 7,769 11,551 7,799 11,598 7,826 11,652 7,860 11,702 7,899 11,758 7,945 11,696 7,876 11,748 7,915 11,772 7,925 Lumber and wood products ........................... Furniture and fixtures...................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal industries ................................. Blast furnaces and basic steel products . . . . Fabricated metal products................................. 598 432 577 922 396 1,427 658 447 573 838 343 1,374 695 467 589 869 351 1,420 698 470 592 877 352 1,431 702 475 595 871 347 1,440 706 480 604 877 348 1,447 712 483 606 877 347 1,456 714 482 604 879 345 1,459 711 482 605 887 347 1,469 712 485 605 884 345 1,479 708 485 606 880 342 1,490 706 484 603 879 334 1,491 703 481 603 865 324 1,485 710 486 607 865 320 1,494 712 493 610 864 321 1,495 Machinery, except electrical ........................... Electrical and electronic equipment................... Transportation equipment................................. Motor vehicles and equipment ...................... Instruments and related products ................... Miscellaneous manufacturing........................... 2,244 2,008 1,735 699 716 382 2,038 2,024 1,756 758 695 371 2,106 2,109 1,832 823 705 378 2,122 2,132 1,855 843 707 382 2,137 2,152 1,876 858 711 384 2,151 2,175 1,898 865 715 387 2,166 2,202 1,905 863 718 388 2,189 2,212 1,905 857 719 388 2,203 2,228 1,906 848 722 385 2,226 2,237 1,917 855 723 384 2,242 2,252 1,926 858 727 386 2,252 2,267 1,961 894 726 389 2,243 2,263 1,939 864 726 388 2,254 2,269 1,945 866 728 390 2,251 2,276 1,949 880 732 390 Production workers ...................................... 7,741 5,431 7,724 5,430 7,848 5,537 7,877 5,560 7,911 5,591 7,933 5,608 7,953 5,619 7,979 5,644 7,972 5,639 7,977 5,632 7,994 5,642 7,967 5,613 7,920 5,572 7,933 5,578 7,932 5,576 Food and kindred products.............................. Tobacco manufactures .................................... Textile mill products......................................... Apparel and other textile products................... Paper and allied products................................. 1,636 69 749 1,161 662 1,622 69 744 1,164 662 1,629 66 760 1,195 671 1,631 67 762 1,202 675 1,638 66 758 1,207 676 1,637 65 767 1,213 680 1,638 66 769 1,218 680 1,648 67 766 1,226 680 1,643 67 762 1,217 681 1,644 67 759 1,209 685 1,655 66 755 1,206 687 1,642 65 751 1,200 686 1,630 69 744 1,181 680 1,641 69 734 1,178 685 1,640 70 729 1,175 683 Printing and publishing................................... Chemicals and allied products ........................ Petroleum and coal products........................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . . Leather and leather products........................... 1,272 1,075 201 697 219 1,296 1,047 195 718 208 1,317 1,050 192 758 210 1,321 1,052 191 766 210 1,328 1,053 191 774 210 1,333 1,054 190 784 210 1,339 1,054 190 790 209 1,348 1,057 189 790 208 1,356 1,057 188 795 206 1,362 1,062 188 797 204 1,368 1,064 187 801 205 1,371 1,067 187 800 198 1,375 ' 1,379 1,063 1,064 186 186 804 798 194 193 1,384 1,066 184 809 192 65,753 66,744 67,630 67,828 68,008 68,269 68,463 68,689 68,917 69,161 69,291 69,425 69,797 70,072 70,322 5,082 2,789 2,293 4,958 2,739 2,219 5,043 2,763 2,280 5,055 2,776 2,279 5,095 2,816 2,279 5,105 2,828 2,276 5,112 2,839 2,273 5,129 2,862 2,267 5,144 2,871 2,273 5,163 2,883 2,280 5,175 2,896 2,279 5,202 2,924 2,278 5,213 2,937 2,276 5,225 2,955 2,270 5,250 2,973 2,277 5,278 11,039 7,741 5,259 10,774 7,724 5,344 11,170 7,848 5,371 11,266 7,877 5,406 11,343 7,911 5,438 11,440 7,933 5,457 11,513 7,953 5,473 11,551 7,979 5,492 11,598 7,972 5,502 11,652 7,977 5,528 11,702 7,994 5,544 11,758 7,967 5,588 11,696 7,920 5,613 11,748 7,933 5,628 11,772 7,932 15,179 2,184 2,478 1,632 4,831 15,545 2,161 2,560 1,667 5,007 15,805 2,195 2,594 1,703 5,082 15,857 2,189 2,600 1,710 5,095 15,914 2,210 2,618 1,725 5,111 15,980 2,211 2,626 1,740 5,121 16,030 2,230 2,626 1,748 5,136 16,095 2,251 2,635 1,743 5,154 16,166 2,273 2,630 1,751 5,183 16,245 2,295 2,641 1,751 5,199 16,283 2,301 2,648 1,762 5,211 16,295 2,303 2,640 1,758 5,238 16,342 2,318 2,648 1,755 5,255 16,479 2,349 2,678 1,762 5,279 16,596 2,389 2,698 1,772 5,300 5,341 2,646 1,714 981 5,467 2,740 1,721 1,005 5,530 2,777 1,728 1,025 5,546 2,789 1,730 1,027 5,573 2,797 1,737 1,039 5,593 2,812 1,741 1,040 5,613 2,831 1,742 1,041 5,640 2,851 1,742 1,047 5,662 2,863 1,746 1,053 5,676 2,854 1,752 1,066 5,676 2,854 1,759 1,063 5,679 2,850 1,763 1,066 5,684 2,856 1,766 1,062 5,708 2,866 1,775 1,067 5,725 2,877 1,780 1,068 19,036 3,286 5,812 19,665 3,539 5,973 20,034 3,703 6,016 20,130 3,758 6,026 20,162 3,798 6,030 20,278 3,845 6,040 20,378 3,875 6,052 20,449 3,912 6,062 20,549 3,979 6,073 20,681 4,014 6,064 20,701 4,035 6,079 20,748 20,861 4,069 . 4,085 6,034 6,085 20,964 4,111 6,087 21,053 4,135 6,112 15,837 2,739 3,640 9,458 15,851 2,752 3,660 9,439 15,874 2,759 3,669 9,446 15,869 2,762 3,668 9,439 15,858 2,760 3,670 9,428 15,875 2,763 3,682 9,430 15,873 2,770 3,686 9,417 15,903 2,771 3,693 9,439 15,904 2,767 3,699 9,438 15,894 2,777 3,699 9,418 15,928 2.779 3,697 9,452 15,957 2,785 3,714 9,458 16,083 2,772 3,711 9,600 16,070 2,780 3,713 9,577 TO TAL P R IV A T E S E C T O R G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G M in in g ...................................................................................................... Oil and gas extraction.................................... C o n s t r u c tio n General building contractors........................... M a n u f a c t u r in g Production workers ...................................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t il it ie s Transportation................................................. Communication and public utilities................... W h o le s a l e t r a d e Durable goods................................................. Nondurable goods............................................ R e t a il t r a d e General merchandise stores ........................... Food stores .................................................... Automotive dealers and service stations........... Eating and drinking places .............................. F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d r e a l e s ta te Finance............................................................ Insurance ....................................................... Real estate....................................................... S e r v ic e s Business services............................................ Health services .............................................. G o v e rn m e n t Federal............................................................ State ............................................................... Local............................................................... p = preliminary, 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16,109 2,804 3,725 9,580 NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 12. A verage hours and earnings, by industry 1 9 6 8 -8 3 [Production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] A v e ra g e Year A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u r ly w e e k ly h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s P r iv a te s e c t o r A v e ra g e M in in g A v e ra g e A v e ra g e C o n s tr u c tio n 1968 .............................................................. 1969 .............................................................. 1970 ............................................................... 37.8 37.7 37.1 $2.85 3.04 3.23 $107.73 114.61 119.83 42.6 43.0 42.7 $3.35 3.60 3 85 $142.71 154.80 164,40 37.3 37.9 37.3 $4.41 4.79 5.24 $164.49 181.54 195.45 1971............................................................... 1972 ............................................................... 1973 ............................................................... 1974 .............................................................. 1975 .............................................................. 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36.1 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24 4.53 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14 249.31 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 211.67 221.19 235 89 249.25 266.08 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .............................................................. ............................................................... .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. 36.1 36 0 35.8 35.7 35.3 4.86 5.25 5.69 6.16 6.66 175.45 189.00 203.70 219.91 235.10 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.3 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 9.17 273.90 301.20 332.88 365.07 397.06 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 7.71 8.10 8 66 9.27 9.94 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99 367.78 1981............................................................... 1982 ............................................................... 1983 ............................................................... 35.2 34.8 35.0 7.25 7.68 8.02 255.20 267.26 280.70 43.7 42.7 42.5 10.04 10.77 11.27 438.75 459.88 478.98 36.9 36.7 37.2 10.82 11.63 11.92 399.26 426.82 443.42 M a n u fa c t u r in g T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic u t il it ie s W h o le s a l e t r a d e 1968 ............................................................... 1969 ............................................................... 1970 .............................................................. 40.7 40.6 39.8 $3.01 3.19 3.35 $122.51 129.51 133.33 40.6 40.7 40.5 $3.42 3.63 3.85 $138.85 147.74 155.93 40.1 40.2 39.9 $3.05 3.23 3.44 $122.31 129.85 137 26 1971.............................................................. 1972 ............................................................... 1973 ............................................................... 1974 ............................................................... 1975 ............................................................... 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.57 3.82 4.09 4.42 4.83 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41 5.88 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48 233.44 39.5 39.4 39.3 38.8 38.7 3.65 3.85 4.08 4.39 4.73 129.85 144.18 151.69 160.34 183.05 .............................................................. ............................................................... .............................................................. .............................................................. .............................................................. 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.6 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16 8.87 256.71 278.90 302.80 325.58 351.25 38.7 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.5 5.03 5.39 5.88 6.39 6.96 194.66 209.13 228.14 247.93 267.96 1981............................................................... 1982 ............................................................... 1983 .............................................................. 39.8 38.9 40.1 7.99 8.49 8.83 318.00 330.26 354.08 39.4 39.0 39.0 9.70 10.32 10.80 382.18 402.48 421.20 38.5 38.3 38.5 7.56 8.09 8.54 291.06 309.85 328.79 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 R e t a il t r a d e F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e S e r v ic e s 1968 ............................................................... 1969 ............................................................... 1970 ............................................................... 34.7 34.2 33.8 $2.16 2.30 2.44 . $74.95 78.66 82.47 37.0 37.1 36.7 $2.75 2.93 3.07 $101.75 108,70 112.67 34.7 34.7 34.4 $2.42 2.61 2.81 $83.97 90.57 96 66 1971............................................................... 1972 ............................................................... 1973 ............................................................... 1974 ............................................................... 1975 ............................................................... 33.7 33.4 33.1 32.7 32.4 2.60 2.75 2.91 3.14 3 36 87.62 91.85 96.32 102.68 108.86 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 3.22 3.36 3.53 3.77 4.06 117.85 122.98 129.20 137.61 148.19 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.27 3.47 3.75 4.02 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00 134.67 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... 32.1 31.6 31.0 30.6 30.2 3.57 3.85 4.20 4.53 4.88 114.60 121.66 130.20 138.62 147.38 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 36.2 4.27 4.54 4.89 5.27 5.79 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77 209.60 33 3 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.6 4.31 4.65 4.99 5 36 5.85 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27 190.71 1981............................................................... 1982 ............................................................... 1983 ............................................................... 30.1 29.9 29.8 5.25 5.48 5.74 158.03 163.85 171.05 36.3 36.2 36.2 6.31 6.78 7.29 229.05 245.44 263.90 32.6 32.6 32.7 6.41 6.92 7.30 208.97 225.59 238.71 NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 13. A verage w eekly hours, by industry, seasonally adjusted [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1984 1983 A nnu al a verag e In d u s tr y 1982 1983 N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. F Nov. F 34.8 35.0 35.2 35.2 35.4 35.3 35 3 35.4 35.3 35.3 35.2 35.2 35.4 35.1 35.2 38.9 2.3 40.1 3.0 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.4 40.9 3.5 40 9 3.5 40.7 3.5 41.1 3.7 40.6 3.3 40.6 3.3 40.5 3.3 40.5 3.3 40 6 3.3 40.4 3.3 40.5 3.4 Overtime hours...................................... 39.3 2.2 40.7 3.0 41.3 3.5 41.3 3.5 41.6 3.7 41.7 3.8 41.4 3.7 41.8 4.0 41.3 3.5 41.2 3.5 41.2 3.5 41.2 3.4 41.5 3.5 41.2 3.5 41.2 3.6 Lumber and wood products........................... Furniture and fixtures ................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ................... Primary metal industries................................. Blast furnaces and basic steel products . . . . Fabricated metal products.............................. 38.0 37.2 40.1 38.6 37.9 39.2 40.1 39.4 41.5 40.5 39.5 40.6 40.0 39.8 41.8 41.7 40.8 41,4 40.0 40.1 41.9 41.8 41.2 41.4 40.6 40.0 42.1 41.9 41.0 41.6 40.4 39.9 42.5 42.0 41.3 41.8 40.1 39.6 41.9 41.8 41.2 41.3 40.4 39.7 42.3 42.2 41.0 41.8 39.6 39.7 42.1 42.1 41.6 41,4 39.4 39.1 41.8 41.7 41.1 41.3 39.3 39.8 41.9 41.5 39 9 41.3 39.4 39.1 41.7 41.0 39.6 41.1 40.2 39.9 42.0 41.3 40.0 41.5 39 6 39.6 41.8 41.4 40.2 41.3 39.5 39 8 42.0 41.5 40.6 41.1 Machinery, except electrical........................... Electrical and electronic equipment................ Transportation equipment.............................. Motor vehicles and equipment...................... Instruments and related products................... 39.7 39 3 40.5 40.5 39.8 40.5 40.5 42.1 43.3 40 4 41.3 41.1 42.6 44.1 40.7 41.5 41.0 42.4 43.9 40.8 41.8 41.2 43.2 44.8 41.3 41.9 41.2 43.1 44.3 41.2 41.9 41.0 42.9 44.4 41.1 42.3 41.3 43.5 44.8 41.4 41.9 41.0 42.4 42.9 40.7 42.0 40.8 42.3 43.1 41.3 41.8 40.8 42 2 42.4 41.3 42.0 40.9 42.4 43.3 41.1 42.0 41.2 42.8 43.9 41.5 41.8 40.9 42.4 43.2 41.2 41.5 41.2 42.3 43.1 41.6 Overtime hours...................................... 38.4 2.5 39.4 3.0 39.8 3.1 39.7 3.2 39.9 3.3 39.9 3.3 39.8 3.3 40.2 3.4 39.6 3.1 39.6 3.2 39.4 3.1 39.5 3.1 39.4 3.0 39.3 2.9 39.6 3.2 Food and kindred products........................... Textile mill products...................................... Apparel and other textile products ................ Paper and allied products.............................. 39.4 37.5 34.7 41.8 39.5 40.5 36 2 42.6 39.6 40.6 36.7 43.1 39.5 40.7 36.6 43.1 39.7 40.6 36.6 43.2 39.7 40.8 36.9 43.2 39.8 40.6 36.7 43.0 40.1 41.2 37.4 43.2 39.7 40.0 36.5 43.1 39.8 40.0 36.4 42.9 39.5 39.8 35.8 43.3 39 7 39.4 36.0 43.1 39 6 39.2 35.9 43.1 39 6 38.7 36.0 43.0 39.8 39.1 36 2 43.2 Printing and publishing ................................. Chemicals and allied products........................ Petroleum and coal products ........................ Leather and leather products ........................ 37.1 40.9 43.9 35.6 37.6 41.6 43.9 36.8 37.9 41.9 43.7 37.2 37.7 41.9 44.6 37.1 37.9 42.1 44.8 37.3 37.9 42.1 44.5 37.2 37.9 42.0 44,7 36.7 38.2 42.0 43.7 37.5 38.0 41.8 43.5 36.5 37.7 41.9 43.1 36.7 37.7 41.9 43.2 37.0 37.8 42.0 43.9 36.0 37.9 41.8 43.1 36.5 37.9 41.7 43.5 36.4 38.1 41.7 43.7 36.4 39.3 P R IV A T E S E C T O R M A N U F A C T U R IN G Overtime hours...................................... D u r a b le g o o d s ............................................................................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 39.0 39.0 39.2 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.2 39.5 39.4 39.6 39.8 39.4 39.8 39.2 W H O LE SA LE TR A D E 38.3 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.5 38.5 38.7 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 38 6 38.6 30.1 30.2 29.9 29.9 30.0 29.8 29.9 32.7 32.7 32 7 32.6 32.8 32.7 32.7 R E T A IL T R A D E 29.9 29.8 30.0 30.3 30.1 30.0 30.1 30.0 S E R V IC E S 32.6 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.8 32.7 32.8 32.8 p = preliminary. 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See "Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 14. A verage hourly earnings, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls] A n n u al a v e ra g e 1983 1984 In d u s tr y P R IV A T E S E C T O R Seasonally adjusted................................. 1982 1983 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay $7.68 (1> S8.02 <1) $8.16 8.14 $8.16 8.17 $8.26 8.21 $8.24 8.23 $8.24 8.25 $8.29 8.31 June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t.P N o v .P $8.28 8.29 $8.29 8.33 $8.32 8.35 $8.30 8.34 $8.43 8.40 $8.41 8.38 $8.44 8.43 M IN IN G 10.77 11.27 11.40 11.41 11.54 11,49 11.60 11.62 11.56 11.57 11.57 11.57 11.66 11.50 11.54 C O N S T R U C T IO N 11.63 11.92 11.91 12.02 12.08 11.99 11.97 11.95 11.99 11,94 11.97 12.01 12.15 12.14 12.03 8.49 8.83 8.97 9.04 9 08 9.06 9.09 9.11 9.11 9.14 9.18 9.14 9.23 9.22 9.30 Lumber and wood products................... Furniture and fixtures.............................. Stone, clay, and glass products............. Primary metal industries........................ Blast furnaces and basic steel products Fabricated metal products...................... 9.04 7.43 6.31 8.87 11.33 13.35 8.77 9.38 7.79 6.62 9.27 11.34 12.89 9.11 9.53 7.79 6.73 9.41 11.32 12.71 9.24 9 60 7.80 6.78 9.41 11.35 12.71 9.35 9.64 7 88 6.76 9.42 11.38 12.76 9.31 9 63 7.88 6.75 9.38 11.49 13.10 9.31 9.66 7.87 6.76 9.40 11.44 12.97 9.31 9.67 7.89 6.76 9.51 11.51 13.12 9.34 9.66 7.92 6.80 9.54 11.49 13.09 9.33 9.69 8.04 6.84 9.58 11.46 13.02 9.33 9.70 8.01 6.88 9.64 11.45 13.02 9.33 9.68 8.05 6.90 9.62 11.34 12.90 9.30 9.77 8.15 6.95 9.64 11.39 13.01 9.41 9.75 8.07 6.95 9.63 11.32 12.87 9.37 9.83 8.03 6.96 9.62 11.50 13.00 9.42 Machinery, except electrical................... Electrical and electronic equipment . . . . Transportation equipment ..................... Motor vehicles and equipment............. Instruments and related products........... Miscellaneous manufacturing ................ 9.26 8.21 11.11 11.62 8.06 6.42 9.55 8.65 11.66 12.12 8.46 6.80 9,74 8.77 12.01 12.49 8.56 6.84 9.85 8.84 12.04 12.47 8.65 6.95 9.85 8.88 12.06 12.53 8.68 7.00 9.87 8.86 12.00 12.41 8.66 6.97 9.90 8.88 12.12 12.62 8.71 6.97 9.91 8.89 12.06 12.56 8.73 6.97 9.90 8.89 12.04 12.51 8.71 6.99 9.93 8.91 12.14 12.67 8.78 6.98 9.96 8.95 12.13 12.61 8.83 7.02 9 92 9.00 12.13 12.59 8.85 6.97 10.01 9.08 12.23 12.69 8.92 7.01 10.02 9.07 12.28 12.79 8.88 7.01 10.09 9.18 12.40 12.92 8.89 7.05 7.74 7 92 9.79 5.83 5.20 9.32 8.08 8 20 10.35 6.18 5.37 9.94 8.18 8.26 10.77 6.26 5.43 10.20 8.24 8.36 10.19 6.31 5.44 10.24 8.27 8.41 10.77 6 39 5.50 10.23 8.24 8.37 11.13 6.40 5.46 10.22 8.27 8.39 11.29 6.41 5.48 10.25 8.29 8.43 11.43 6.43 5.49 10.29 8.30 8.43 11.55 6.42 5.48 10.34 8.33 8.44 11.92 6.43 5.50 10.42 8.41 8.41 11.67 6.43 5.51 10.56 8.37 8.36 10.75 6.46 5.53 10.50 8.44 8.37 10.31 6.49 5.61 10.55 8.43 8.33 10.21 6.49 5.59 10.54 8.53 8.48 11.39 6.53 5.59 10.70 8.74 9.96 12.46 9.11 10.59 13.29 9.26 10.86 13.45 9.29 10.90 13.54 9.26 10.91 13.47 9.30 10.90 13.43 9.29 10.95 13.44 9.29 10.97 13.44 9.31 11.02 13.32 9.30 11.03 13.33 9.36 11.12 13.27 9.42 11.13 13.32 9.51 11.23 13.54 9.49 11.31 13.61 9.51 11.38 13.63 7.64 5.33 7.99 5.54 8.07 5.57 8.16 5.61 8.17 5.68 8.16 5.67 8.20 5.68 8.25 5.68 8.20 5.68 8.23 5.67 8 30 5.70 8.28 5.67 8.31 5.72 8.31 5.71 8.41 5.72 M A N U F A C T U R IN G D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products ................... Tobacco manufactures........................... Textile mill products .............................. Apparel and other textile products........... Paper and allied products ...................... Printing and publishing........................... Chemicals and allied products................ Petroleum and coal products ................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products................................. Leather and leather products ................ 10.32 10.80 11.01 11.00 11.08 11.01 11.02 11.07 11.03 11,07 11.18 11.17 11.27 11.24 11.31 W H O LE SA LE TR A D E 8.09 8.54 8.68 8.74 8.82 8.79 8.79 8.89 8.86 8.90 8.97 8.95 9.05 8 99 9.06 R E T A IL T R A D E 5.48 5.74 5.82 5.78 5 89 5.89 5.89 5.90 5.88 5.88 5.87 5.84 5.89 5.89 5.92 6.78 7.29 7.39 7.43 7.55 7.54 7.54 7.62 7.55 7.58 7.60 7.57 7.76 7.69 7.76 6.92 7.30 7.44 7.47 7.57 7.55 7.54 7.60 7.55 7.53 7.56 7.53 7.69 7.70 7.74 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E . . S E R V IC E S 1Not available. p = preliminary. 15. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. The H ourly Earnings Index, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls; 1977 = 100] S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d P e rc e n t P e rc e n t change In d u s tr y P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c u r r e n t d o lla r s ) Mining .................................................... Construction........................................... Manufacturing......................................... Transportation and public utilities ........... Wholesale tra d e ...................................... Retail trade.............................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate........... Services ................................................. P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c o n s t a n t d o lla r s ) S e p t. O c t. Nov. fro m : Nov. J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. fro m : 1984 1984 1984P Nov. 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984P O c t. 1 9 8 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to to N o v ,1984 Nov. 1984 157.4 161.9 161.5 162.2 3.1 169.5 145.3 159.4 159.9 160.8 151.8 160.8 158.8 175.7 148.6 163.5 163.5 167.5. 154.1 168.3 164.7 174.3 148.3 163.6 163.4 166.5 153.9 166.9 164.2 175.6 146.8 164.5 164.3 167.7 154.3 168.2 165.1 3.6 1.0 3.2 2.8 4.3 1.6 4.6 3.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 152.3 (1) 158.5 154.0 (1) 163.4 153.6 (1) 162 8 154.0 (1) 164.7 154.2 (1) 164.2 154.7 (1) 164.8 94.7 94.1 93 9 (2) <2) 94.6 95.2 94.1 94.2 93.9 (2) 1This series is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trendcycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be Separated with sufficient precision. 2Not available. change Nov. 1983 157.2 160.8 160.6 161.6 161.4 162.1 0.4 <1) .3 .5 .1 (1) .4 (1) (1) (1) (1) 145.2 159.4 158.7 146.6 162.9 162.6 (1) (1) 146.6 163.3 161.9 146.8 163.4 163.0 146.4 163.8 162.9 146.8 164.5 163.1 (1) .3 (2) p = preliminary, NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 16. A verage w eekly earnings, by industry [Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A nnu al a verag e 1984 1983 In d u s tr y 1982 1983 $267.26 (1> 168.09 $280.70 (1) 171.37 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t.P N o v .P P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current dollars.............................................. Seasonally adjusted................................... Constant (1977) dollars................................. $286.42 $289.68 $289.10 $288.40 $288.40 $292.64 $291.46 $294.30 $296.19 $294.65 $299.27 $296.03 $296.24 286.53 287.58 290.63 290.52 291.23 294.17 292.64 294.05 293.92 293.57 297.36 294.14 296.74 172,44 174.40 173.32 172.59 172.59 174.71 173.18 174.45 174.85 172.31 173.99 172.11 (1) M IN IN G 459.88 478.98 489.06 495.19 499.68 492.92 496.48 499.66 499.39 505.61 497.51 503.30 513.04 496.80 503.14 C O N S T R U C T IO N 426 82 443.42 432.33 442.34 438.50 443.63 439.30 448.13 458.02 460.88 462.04 462.39 467.78 461.32 449.92 330.26 207.71 354.08 216.17 365.98 220.34 372.45 224.23 368.65 221.01 368.74 220.67 369.96 221.40 372.60 222.45 369.87 219.77 372.91 221.05 369.95 218.39 369.26 215.94 375.66 218.41 373.41 217.10 378.51 <1) Lumber and wood products ........................... Furniture and fixtures...................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal industries ................................ Blast furnaces and basic steel products........... Fabricated metal products................................. 355.27 282.34 234.73 355.69 437.34 505.97 343.78 381.77 312.38 260.83 384.71 459.27 509.16 369.87 395.50 309.26 269.87 395.22 470.91 513.48 384.38 403.20 311.22 277.98 394.28 478.97 526.19 395.51 398.13 311.26 263.64 386.22 476.82 521.88 385.43 398.68 313.62 263.93 389.27 482.58 539.72 386.37 399.92 314.01 267.02 389.16 480.48 534.36 384.50 402.27 317.18 267.02 401.32 488.02 549.73 387.61 399 92 317.59 268.60 404.50 481.43 540.62 386.26 402.14 324.01 270.86 407.15 480.17 536.42 388.13 396.73 316.40 269.70 406.81 472.89 524.71 380.66 396 88 322.00 273.24 405.96 462.67 506.97 381.30 405.46 329.26 278.70 408.74 472.69 524.30 389.57 401.70 320.38 279.39 405.42 464.12 508.37 386.98 406.96 314.78 279.10 405.96 476.10 522.60 389.05 Machinery except electrical.............................. Electrical and electronic equipment................... Transportation equipment................................ Motor vehicles and equipment...................... Instruments and related products ................... Miscellaneous manufacturing........................... 367.62 322.65 449.96 470.61 320.79 246.53 386.78 350.33 490.89 524.80 341.78 265.88 405.18 363.08 515.23 550.81 350.96 272.23 418.63 369.51 521.33 556.16 357.25 278.00 411.73 364.97 517.37 555.08 356.75 272.30 413.55 364.15 514.80 544.80 356.79 276.01 415.80 364.08 521.16 560.33 358.85 276.01 417.21 364.49 523.40 563.94 358.80 275.32 413.82 363.60 514.11 546.69 354.50 274.71 417.06 365.31 519.59 557.48 362.61 273.62 411.35 361.58 508.25 537.19 361.15 273.08 411.68 366.30 504.61 532.56 362.85 272,53 420.42 374.10 517.33 548.21 371.07 277.60 416.83 370.96 520.67 552.53 364.97 276.90 421.76 380.05 528.24 556.85 371.60 279.89 297.22 312.05 370.06 218.63 180.44 389.58 318.35 323.90 387.09 250.29 194.39 423.44 327.20 329.57 431.88 256.66 199.82 440.64 330.42 333.56 385.18 258.71 199.65 448.51 326.67 331.35 410.34 257.52 198.55 440.91 326.30 327.27 405.13 259.84 200.38 438.44 327.49 329.73 416.60 258.96 201.12 437.68 329.94 332.99 451.49 260.42 202.03 442.47 328.68 333.83 457.38 257.44 200.02 443.59 331.53 337.60 482.76 259.77 202.40 449.10 331.35 333.04 '•37.63 252.70 198.36 456.19 331.45 335.24 421.40 256.46 200.74 451.50 335.07 336.47 408.28 255.71 201.96 457.87 332.99 331.53 409.42 253.11 202.36 454.27 338.64 340.05 460.16 257.28 202 92 463.31 324.25 407.36 546.99 342.54 440.54 583.43 352.81 457.21 590.46 356.74 462.16 603.88 347.25 458.22 594.03 349.68 457.80 584.21 353.02 458.81 585.98 353.02 460.74 590.02 351.92 460.64 580.75 349.68 463.26 579.86 351.94 463.70 579.90 357 02 464.12 584.75 362.33 471.66 598.47 359.67 471.63 594.76 364.23 476.82 598 36 302.54 189.75 329.19 203.87 338.94 207.76 345.98 209.25 343.14 208.46 342.72 208.66 341.94 205.05 347.33 210.16 341.94 209.59 344.84 213.76 341.96 212.61 342.79 206.39 344.87 208.21 344.03 207.27 350.70 209.35 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 402.48 421.20 432.69 436.70 434.34 429.39 429.78 435.05 432.38 440.59 447.20 443.45 449.67 441.73 445.61 W H O LE SA LE TR A D E 309.85 328.79 335.92 339.99 338.69 335.78 336.66 342.27 342.00 344.43 348.04 347.26 351.14 347.91 350.62 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Current dollars.............................................. Constant (1977) do llars................................ D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u r a b le g o o d s Food and kindred products.............................. Tobacco manufactures ................................... Textile mill products......................................... Apparel and other textile products................... Paper and allied products................................. Printing and publishing................................... Chemicals and allied products ........................ Petroleum and coat products........................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products......................................... Leather and leather products........................... R E T A IL T R A D E 163.85 171.05 173.44 178.02 173.17 173.17 174.34 175.82 176.40 178.75 180.21 178.70 177.29 174.93 175.82 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 245.44 263.90 266.78 268.97 275.58 274.46 273.70 278.13 274.07 275.15 278.92 275.55 284.02 279.92 282.46 S E R V IC E S 225.59 238.71 242.54 243.52 246.78 246.13 245.80 248.52 246.13 247.74 250.24 248.49 252.23 251.02 252.32 1Not available. p = preliminary. 17. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. Indexes of diffusion: industries in which em ploym ent increased, seasonally adjusted [In percent] 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA N a t i o n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t i n s u r a n c e d a t a are com p iled m onthly p e r s o n s in u n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m s to in d ic a te t h e y a re o u t o f by the E m p loym ent and Training A dm inistration o f the U .S . D e w o r k a n d w is h to b e g in r e c e iv i n g c o m p e n s a t io n . A c la im a n t w h o c o n t in u e d partment o f Labor from m onthly reports o f un em p loym en t insur t o b e u n e m p l o y e d a f u ll w e e k is th e n c o u n t e d in th e in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t ance activity prepared by State a g en cies. Railroad un em p loym en t f ig u r e . T h e rate of insured unemployment e x p r e s s e s th e n u m b e r o f in s u r e d u n e m p l o y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f th e a v e r a g e in s u r e d e m p lo y m e n t in a insurance data are prepared by the U .S . Railroad Retirement Board. 12- m o n t h Definitions p e r io d . A v e r a g e w e e k l y s e a s o n a l ly a d ju s te d in s u r e d u n e m p lo y m e n t d a ta are c o m p u t e d b y B L S ’ W e e k l y S e a s o n a l A d j u s t m e n t p r o g r a m . T h is p r o c e d u r e D a ta fo r all program s r e p r e s e n t a n u n d u p lic a t e d c o u n t o f in s u r e d u n in c o r p o r a te d th e X - l 1 V a r ia n t o f th e C e n s u s M e th o d II S e a s o n a l A d j u s t e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r S ta te p r o g r a m s , U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a t io n fo r E x - m en t p rogram . S e r v i c e m e n , a n d U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a t io n fo r F e d e r a l E m p lo y e e s , An an d th e R a ilr o a d I n s u r a n c e A c t . application f o r b e n e f it s is f il e d b y a r a ilr o a d w o r k e r at th e b e g in n in g o f h is fir s t p e r io d o f u n e m p l o y m e n t in a b e n e f it y e a r ; n o a p p lic a t io n is U n d e r b o th S ta te a n d F e d e r a l u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e p r o g r a m s fo r Num ber o f payments average amount c i v ili a n e m p l o y e e s , in s u r e d w o r k e r s m u s t re p o r t th e c o m p le t io n o f at le a s t r e q u ir e d f o r s u b s e q u e n t p e r io d s in th e s a m e y e a r . 1 w e e k o f u n e m p l o y m e n t b e f o r e t h e y a re d e f in e d a s u n e m p l o y e d . P e r s o n s a re p a y m e n t s m a d e in 1 4 -d a y r e g is tr a tio n p e r io d s . T h e n o t c o v e r e d b y u n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e (a b o u t 1 0 p e r c e n t o f th e la b o r of benefit payment f o r c e ) a n d t h o s e w h o h a v e e x h a u s t e d o r n o t y e t e a r n e d b e n e f it r ig h ts a re f o r r e c o v e r y o f o v e r p a y m e n t s o r s e t t le m e n t o f u n d e r p a y m e n t s . H o w e v e r , e x c lu d e d fr o m th e s c o p e o f th e s u r v e y . 18. Initial claim s total benefits a re n o t ic e s f il e d b y is a n a v e r a g e f o r a ll c o m p e n s a b l e p e r i o d s , n o t a d ju s te d p a id h a v e b e e n a d ju s te d . U nem p loym ent insurance and em ploym ent service operations [All Items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 1984 1983 Ite m O c t. Dec. Nov. Jan. A p r. M a r. Feb. M ay June All programs: 3,174 2,613 2,290 3,374 2,958 2,620 2,915 2,478 Insured unemployment........................ State unemployment insurance program:1 1,424 1,368 2,355 1,528 1,429 1,757 r2,105 1,522 Initial claims2 ...................................... Insured unemployment (average 2,215 3,249 3,056 2,843 2,515 2,508 2,805 2,358 weekly volume)................................. 2.9 2.6 3.8 3.6 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.3 Rate of insured unemployment............. 9,304 11,339 9.695 10,168 12,232 11,622 8,417 9,301 Weeks of unemployment compensated . . Average weekly benefit amount $124.67 $125.26 $123.69 $123.60 $124.30 $122.19 $122.61 r$122.99 for total unemployment ................... Total benefits paid .............................. rS1,002,032 $1,099,862 $1,203,605 $1,457,983 $1,400,458 $1,369,536 $1,173,601 $1,109,268 J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t.P 2,166 2,327 2,184 2,083 2,146 1,387 r1,767 r1,459 1,250 1,674 2,111 2.5 8,053 2,270 2.6 r8,380 r2,129 2.5 r8,716 2,023 2.3 7,226 2,069 2.4 7,862 $121.96 r$119.83 r$120.24 $948,381 r$974,135 r$1,017,804 $122.49 $855,460 $123.85 $939,653 State unemployment insurance program:1 (Seasonally adjusted data) Initial claims2 ...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)................................. Rate of insured unemployment.............. 1,667 1,677 1,604 1,617 1,572 1,570 1,569 1,614 1,559 r1,661 r1,618 1,707 1,662 2,801 3.3 2,711 3.2 2,687 3.1 2,510 2.9 2,428 2.8 2,470 2.9 2,507 2.9 2,300 27 2,356 2.7 2,457 2.8 r2,355 r2.7 2,567 3.0 2,457 2.8 Unemployment compensation for exservicemen:3 Initial claims1 ...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)................................. Weeks of unemployment compensated . . Total benefits paid .............................. 16 15 14 15 13 13 12 12 12 13 14 13 15 28 107 $14,074 28 116 $15,121 27 113 $14,815 27 112 $14,532 24 96 $12,540 22 89 $11,813 20 78 $10,349 18 79 $10,577 18 71.1 $9,467 18 71 $9,573 19 r79 rS10,715 20 72 $9,853 21 86 $11,712 15 13 13 16 10 9 13 9 11 12 10 9 14 25 .88 $10,144 27 110 $12,415 29 119 $13,888 32 133 $15,588 31 129 $15,003 28 122 $14,778 23 98 $11,844 20 88 $10,529 19 76 $8,994 20 80 r$9,489 19 83 r$9,776 19 69 $8,198 21 82 $9,832 7 8 8 10 4 3 2 2 11 25 7 6 9 51 121 $210.73 $23,866 49 104 $209.56 $23,228 41 99 $208.96 $20,112 27 70 $196.32 $13,356 19 54 $188.45 $10,233 16 38 $187.37 $7,039 16 35 $189.06 $6,691 17 37 $197.85 $6,695 18 34 $196.15 $6,349 21 46 $195.20 Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:4 Initial claims......................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)................................. Weeks of unemployment compensated . . Total benefits paid .............................. Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications......................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)................................. Number of payments........................... Average amount of benefit payment . . . Total benefits paid .............................. 48 92 $211.41 $19,531 40 92 $212.36 $19,536 Employment service:5 New applications and renewals.............. Nonfarm placements ........................... 43 95 $213.71 $19,870 4,297 782 11nitial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. 2Excludes transition claims under State programs. Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. ^Excludes data or claims and payments made jointly with State programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8,231 1,469 9,517 1,810 4,132 1,000 ^Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly, NOTE: Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands included. Dashes indicate data not available. p = preliminary. r = revised. 79 PRICE DATA P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau o f Labor S tatistics from T o th e e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , p r ic e s u s e d in c a l c u la t in g P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s retail and primary m arkets in the U nited States. Price in d exes are a p p ly to th e fir s t s ig n if ic a n t c o m m e r c ia l tr a n s a c tio n in th e U n it e d S t a t e s , g iv en in relation to a base period (1 9 6 7 = f r o m th e p r o d u c t io n o r c e n tr a l m a r k e tin g p o in t. P r ic e d a ta a re g e n e r a lly 100, u n less otherw ise noted). c o l l e c t e d m o n t h l y , p r im a r ily b y m a il q u e s t io n n a ir e . M o s t p r ic e s are o b Definitions b a s i s . P r ic e s g e n e r a lly a re r e p o r te d fo r th e T u e s d a y o f th e w e e k c o n t a in in g ta in e d d ir e c t ly fr o m p r o d u c in g c o m p a n ie s o n a v o lu n t a r y a n d c o n f id e n t ia l th e 1 3 th d a y o f th e m o n th . T h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x is a m o n t h ly s t a t is t ic a l m e a s u r e o f th e a v e r a g e In c a l c u la t in g P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s , p r ic e c h a n g e s f o r th e v a r io u s c h a n g e in p r ic e s in a f i x e d m a r k e t b a s k e t o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s . E f f e c t iv e c o m m o d it i e s a re a v e r a g e d t o g e t h e r w it h im p lic it q u a n tity w e ig h t s r e p r e w it h th e J a n u a r y 1 9 7 8 in d e x , th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s b e g a n p u b s e n t in g th e ir im p o r t a n c e in th e to ta l n e t s e ll in g v a lu e o f a ll c o m m o d it i e s li s h in g C P I ’s f o r t w o g r o u p s o f th e p o p u la t io n . It in tr o d u c e d a C P I fo r A ll a s o f 1 9 7 2 . T h e d e t a ile d d a ta a re a g g r e g a te d to o b ta in in d e x e s fo r s t a g e U r b a n C o n s u m e r s , c o v e r in g 8 0 p e r c e n t o f th e to ta l n o n in s t it u t io n a l p o p o f p r o c e s s in g u la t io n , a n d r e v is e d th e C P I f o r U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s , g r o u p in g s , a n d a n u m b e r o f s p e c ia l c o m p o s it e g r o u p in g s . c o v e r in g a b o u t h a l f th e n e w in d e x p o p u la t io n . T h e A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s in d e x c o v e r s in a d d itio n to w a g e e a r n e r s a n d c le r ic a l w o r k e r s , p r o f e s s io n a l, m a n a g e r i a l, a n d t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s , th e s e l f - e m p l o y e d , s h o r t-te r m w o r k e r s , th e u n e m p l o y e d , r e tir e e s , a n d o th e r s n o t in th e la b o r f o r c e . T h e C P I is b a s e d o n p r ic e s o f f o o d , c l o t h i n g , s h e lt e r , f u e l , d r u g s , tr a n s p o r ta tio n f a r e s , d o c t o r s ’ a n d d e n t is t s ’ f e e s , a n d o th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s th a t p e o p le b u y fo r d a y - t o - d a y l i v in g . T h e q u a n tity a n d q u a lit y o f t h e s e it e m s is k e p t e s s e n t i a l l y u n c h a n g e d b e t w e e n m a jo r r e v is io n s s o that o n l y p r ic e c h a n g e s w i l l b e m e a s u r e d . D a ta a re c o l le c t e d fr o m m o r e th a n g r o u p in g s , c o m m o d it y g r o u p in g s , d u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries m easu re a v e r a g e p r ic e c h a n g e s in c o m m o d it i e s p r o d u c e d b y p a r tic u la r in d u s t r ie s , a s d e f in e d in the'Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 (W a s h in g t o n , U . S . O f f i c e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t , 1 9 7 2 ) . T h e s e in d e x e s are d e r iv e d fr o m s e v e r a l p r ic e s e r i e s , c o m b in e d to m a tc h th e e c o n o m i c a c t iv it y o f th e s p e c i f i e d in d u s tr y a n d w e ig h t e d b y th e v a lu e o f s h ip m e n t s in th e in d u s tr y . T h e y u s e d a ta fr o m c o m p r e h e n s iv e in d u s tr ia l c e n s u s e s c o n d u c t e d b y th e U . S . B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s a n d th e U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r ic u lt u r e . 2 4 , 0 0 0 r e ta il e s t a b lis h m e n t s a n d 2 4 , 0 0 0 te n a n ts in 8 5 u rb a n a r e a s a c r o s s th e c o u n t r y . A ll t a x e s d ir e c t ly a s s o c ia t e d w it h th e p u r c h a s e a n d u s e o f it e m s are in c lu d e d in th e in d e x . B e c a u s e th e C P I ’s a re b a s e d o n th e e x Notes on the data p e n d it u r e s o f t w o p o p u la t io n g r o u p s in 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 , t h e y m a y n o t a c c u r a te ly r e f l e c t th e e x p e r ie n c e o f in d iv id u a l f a m il ie s a n d s in g le p e r s o n s w it h d if R e g io n a l C P I ’s c r o s s c l a s s i f i e d b y p o p u la t io n s i z e w e r e in tr o d u c e d in th e M a y 1 9 7 8 fe r e n t b u y i n g h a b i t s . Review. T h e s e in d e x e s e n a b le u s e r s in lo c a l a r e a s f o r w h ic h T h o u g h th e C P I is o f t e n c a l le d th e “ C o s t - o f - L i v in g I n d e x , ” it m e a s u r e s a n in d e x is n o t p u b lis h e d t o g e t a b e tte r a p p r o x im a t io n o f th e C P I fo r th e ir o n l y p r ic e c h a n g e , w h i c h is j u s t o n e o f s e v e r a l im p o r ta n t fa c to r s a f f e c t in g a r e a b y u s i n g th e a p p r o p r ia te p o p u la t io n s i z e c l a s s m e a s u r e f o r th e ir r e g io n . l i v in g c o s t s . A r e a in d e x e s d o n o t m e a s u r e d if f e r e n c e s in th e l e v e l o f p r ic e s T h e c r o s s - c l a s s i f i e d in d e x e s a re p u b lis h e d b im o n t h l y . ( S e e ta b le 2 0 . ) a m o n g c i t i e s . T h e y o n ly m e a s u r e th e a v e r a g e c h a n g e in p r ic e s fo r e a c h The Consumer F o r d e t a il s c o n c e r n in g th e 1 9 7 8 r e v is io n o f th e C P I , s e e Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years, a r e a s in c e th e b a s e p e r io d . R e p o r t 5 1 7 , r e v is e d e d it i o n ( B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , M a y 1 9 7 8 ) . Producer Price Indexes m e a s u r e a v e r a g e c h a n g e s in p r ic e s r e c e iv e d in p r im a r y m a r k e ts o f th e U n it e d S t a t e s b y p r o d u c e r s o f c o m m o d it i e s in a ll s t a g e s o f p r o c e s s in g . T h e s a m p le u s e d f o r c a l c u la t in g t h e s e in d e x e s c o n t a in s A s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 7 6 , th e P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x in c o r p o r a te d a r e v is e d w e i g h t i n g str u c tu r e r e f l e c t i n g 1 9 7 2 v a lu e s o f s h ip m e n t s . A d d it i o n a l d a ta a n d a n a ly s e s o f p r ic e c h a n g e s a re p r o v id e d in th e a b o u t 2 , 8 0 0 c o m m o d i t i e s a n d a b o u t 1 0 ,0 0 0 q u o t a t io n s p e r m o n th s e le c t e d Detailed Report t o r e p r e s e n t th e m o v e m e n t o f p r ic e s o f a ll c o m m o d it i e s p r o d u c e d in th e p u b l ic a t io n s o f th e B u r e a u . and Producer Prices and Price Indexes, CPI b o th m o n t h ly m a n u f a c t u r in g , a g r ic u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , f i s h i n g , m in in g , g a s a n d e l e c t r i c it y , a n d p u b lic u t ili t ie s s e c t o r s . T h e u n iv e r s e in c l u d e s a ll c o m m o d it i e s p r o d u c e d F o r a d is c u s s i o n o f th e g e n e r a l m e t h o d o f c o m p u t in g p r o d u c e r , an d BLS Handbook of Methods, o r im p o r te d f o r s a le in c o m m e r c ia l tr a n s a c t io n s in p r im a r y m a r k e ts in th e in d u s tr y p r ic e i n d e x e s , s e e U n ite d S ta te s. ( B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1 9 8 2 ) , c h a p te r 7 . F o r c o n s u m e r p r ic e s , s e e P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x e s c a n b e o r g a n iz e d b y s t a g e o f p r o c e s s in g o r b y BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies B u lle t in 2 1 3 4 - 1 ( 1 9 7 6 ) , ch a p ter 13. c o m m o d i t y . T h e s t a g e o f p r o c e s s in g str u c tu r e o r g a n iz e s p r o d u c ts b y d e g r e e S e e a ls o J o h n F . E a r ly , ‘ ‘I m p r o v in g th e m e a s u r e m e n t o f p r o d u c e r p r ic e o f fa b r ic a t io n (th a t i s , f in is h e d g o o d s , in t e r m e d ia t e o r s e m if i n i s h e d g o o d s , c h a n g e ,” a n d c r u d e m a t e r ia ls ) . T h e c o m m o d it y s tr u c tu r e o r g a n iz e s p r o d u c ts b y s im B e n n e t t R . M o s s , ‘ ‘I n d u s tr y a n d S e c t o r P r ic e I n d e x e s , ” ila r it y o f e n d - u s e o r m a te r ia l c o m p o s it io n . Review, 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review, A u gu st 1965. A p r il 1 9 7 8 . F o r in d u s tr y p r ic e s , s e e a ls o Monthly Labor 19. C onsum er P rice Index fo r Urban W age Earners and C lerical W orkers, annual averages and changes, 1 9 6 7 - 83 [1967 = 100] Food and A ll ite m s A p p a re l and H o u s in g b everag es T r a n s p o r ta t io n upkeep M e d ic a l c a r e O th e r g o o d s E n t e r t a in m e n t a n d s e r v ic e s Year In d e x P e rc e n t change In d e x P e rc e n t change In d e x P e rc e n t change In d e x P e rc e n t In d e x change P e rc e n t change In d e x P e rc e n t change In d e x P e rc e n t change In d e x P e rc e n t change 1967 1968 1969 1970 100.0 104.2 109.8 116.3 4.2 5.4 5.9 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100 0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4.0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100 0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3.2 3.9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6.9 6.3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5.7 5.0 ,5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 115.8 5.2 4.9 5.8 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 121.3 125.3 133.1 147.7 161.2 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123.2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133.7 148.8 164.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 11.3 10.6 119 8 122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.3 2.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5.2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9.4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6.5 3.2 3.9 9.3 12.0 122.9 126.5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7.5 8.9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.2 8.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 170.5 181.5 195.3 217.7 247.0 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.5 13.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 248.7 3.1 8.0 9.7 10.9 8.7 174.6 186.5 202.6 227.5 263.2 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 15.7 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 177,4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 6.6 165.5 177.2 185.8 212.8 250.5 9.9 7.1 4.9 14.5 17.7 184.7 202.4 219.4 240.1 287.2 9.5 9.6 8.4 9.4 11.3 159.8 167.7 176.2 187.6 203.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 6.5 8.5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 213.6 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 8.8 1981 1982 1983 272.3 288.6 297.4 10.2 6.0 3.0 267.8 278.5 284.7 7.7 4.0 2.2 293.2 314.7 322.0 11.4 7.3 2.3 186.6 190.9 195.6 5.2 2.3 2.5 281.3 293.1 300.0 12.3 4.2 2.4 295 1 326.9 355.1 10.4 10.8 8.6 219.0 232.4 242.4 7.5 6.1 4.3 233.3 257.0 286.3 9.2 10.2 11.4 20. C onsum er Price Index fo r All Urban C onsum ers and revised CPI for Urban W age Earners and C lerical W orkers, U.S. city averag e— general sum m ary and groups, subgroups, and selected item s [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 1984 O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June A ll it e m s 302.6 309.7 310.7 311.7 313.0 314.5 315.3 301.3 305.4 Food and beverages ................................................................. Housing ......................................................... Apparel and upkeep.................................................................... Transportation...................................................... Medical care Entertainment ....................................................................... Other goods and services............................................................... 285.7 326.8 200.7 305.0 362.9 249.1 296.8 293.6 334.6 198.9 312.2 376.8 253.5 303.2 294.3 336.2 197.4 313.1 378.0 254.5 304.4 295.3 338.1 196.6 312.9 380.3 255.3 306.5 296.9 339.5 200.1 312.9 381.9 256.4 307.2 296.4 341.4 204.2 313.7 383.1 257.3 314.6 296.6 341.2 205.7 315.5 385.5 258.3 315.8 285.9 325.2 199.8 306 9 360 9 245.4 294.1 Commodities.................................................................................. Commodities less food and beverages.............................................. Nondurables less food and beverages...................................... Durabes.................................................................................. 275.0 265.8 275.2 258.7 280.4 269.7 276.1 267.0 280.6 269 6 275.4 267.8 280.6 269.0 274.3 267.8 281.4 269.3 274.8 267.8 282.3 271.0 277.2 268 7 283.1 272.1 278.6 269 3 Servces ............................................................................ Rent, residential ................................................................. Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100)................... Transportation services ........................................... Medical care services ........................................... Other services ............................................................ 350.2 240.4 104.8 307.8 392.9 285.2 359.9 247.2 107.4 317.7 407.1 292.3 361.9 248.4 108.5 319.6 408.4 293.6 364.5 249.7 109.7 321.4 410.9 294.2 366.5 251.1 110.5 323.8 412.7 295.5 368.9 252.4 111.0 324.6 413.9 302.5 369.7 253.8 109.9 327.5 416.5 304.2 303.2 103.5 310.0 105.9 311.0 106.2 312.0 106.5 313.2 106.9 315.2 107.4 316.1 107.6 J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. 306.2 307.5 310.3 312.1 312.2 293.7 325.2 197.7 314.6 375.0 249.6 300.8 294.3 326.2 196.1 315.5 376.3 250.7 302.1 295.3 328.7 195.3 315.2 378.5 251.4 304.5 296.9 334.2 199.0 315.2 380.1 252.5 305.3 296.3 336.8 203.3 316.0 381.2 253.4 310.9 296.5 335.5 204.8 317.8 383.7 254.2 311.9 276.1 267.3 277.4 257.7 279.5 268 7 277.9 259.8 279.7 268.7 277.2 260.3 280.1 268.8 276.2 261.3 281.4 270.0 276 6 263 0 282.5 271.8 279.0 264 4 283.1 272.5 280.3 264.6 348.1 239 8 353.4 246 5 355.2 247.7 358.2 249.0 363.9 250.3 366.8 251.7 366.3 253.1 303 9 390.2 282.2 313 9 404.7 289.4 315.7 406.1 290.9 317.4 408.6 291.5 319.6 410.4 292.8 320.7 411.5 299 0 323.7 414.1 300.6 302.1 305 2 306.0 307.3 310.4 312.7 312.9 288.1 265.1 272.3 311.9 282.7 293.2 266.6 273.0 314.3 286.9 294.0 266.6 272.4 314.3 286.9 294.9 266.7 271.4 313.3 286.8 296 4 267.8 271 8 312.2 287.8 297.9 269.6 274.1 313.5 288.8 298.4 270.3 275.4 314.8 289.5 350.5 277.4 272.8 427.8 409.5 297.8 295.1 250.1 349.7 356.6 279.8 275.5 426.5 404.9 301.0 298.7 252.0 355.5 359.6 278.3 273.2 428.3 406.3 302.7 301.0 253.8 358.4 358.9 278.0 272.2 426.1 408.9 303.1 301.5 254.3 358.9 $0,325 $0,322 $0,320 $0,320 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : All items less food.................................................................... All items less homeowners' costs ............................................ All items less mortgage interest co s ts .................................................... Commodities less food ............................................................ Nondurables less food .................................................... Nondurables less food and apparel............................................................ Nondurables............................................................................... Services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100).............................................. Services less medical care ....................................................... Domestically produced farm food s.................................................... Selected beef c u ts ............................................................ Energy .................................................................. Energy commodities ......................................... All items less energy .................................................... All items less food and energy.................................................... Commodities less food and energy...................................... Services less energy......................................................... Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1 ........................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 263 6 270.2 310.2 281.7 104.5 343.3 268.5 265.6 425.1 418.2 293.4 291.8 247.6 343.3 267.4 271.1 313.0 286.1 107.5 352.5 277.4 278.1 426.1 416.3 301.1 299.3 252 5 353.3 267.4 270.5 312.9 286.0 108.3 354.5 278.0 273.7 428.5 414.4 301.9 300.2 252.8 354.7 266.8 269.5 311.9 286.0 109.0 357.1 279 0 271.9 428.3 408.9 303.1 301.3 253.0 356.8 $0,330 $0,323 $0,322 $0,321 267.1 270.0 311.0 287.1 109.7 359.2 281.4 274.2 427.3 404.2 304.6 302.8 254.2 358.6 268.8 272.3 312.3 288.0 110.5 361.7 280.0 271.5 429,0 405.4 306.1 304.9 256.0 361.0 269 8 273.6 313.5 288.8 110.6 362.3 279.7 271.0 426.7 408.2 307.1 306.1 256.8 362.7 341.3 267.4 266.7 425.8 419.6 291.3 289.5 247.1 340.8 345.8 276.0 279.3 426.0 416 9 295.7 293.0 249 1 346.1 347.6 276.4 274.9 428.2 415.0 296.3 293.6 249.3 347.2 $0,319 $0,318 $0,317 $0,332 $0,327 $0,327 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city A verage [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry O c t. U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 M ay June 1984 1983 J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. FO O D A N D BEVERAGES 285.7 293.6 294.3 295.3 296.9 296.4 296 6 285.9 293.7 294.3 295.3 296.9 296.3 296.5 Food 292.9 301.4 302.0 303.2 304.8 304.2 304.4 292.9 301.2 301.8 302.8 304.5 303.8 304.0 Food at home .......................................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ............................................................ Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) .............................. Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 100)................... Cereal (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) ........................ Bakery products (12/77 = 100)................................................. White bread....................................................................... Other breads (12/77 = 100).............................................. Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) .............. Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100) ........................ Cookies (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) . . . Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts 912/77 = 100) Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).............. 282.3 294.0 158.1 141.4 177.6 145.5 154.8 254.4 149.8 154.4 156.2 156.0 147.7 155.8 290.7 303.5 163.4 144.6 185.1 150.0 159.6 260.4 154.3 158.5 160.6 163.9 155.4 161.5 291.4 304.9 164.2 146.2 185.7 150.1 160.4 260.2 154.8 158.7 161.3 165.8 157.9 162.1 292.5 306.6 164.5 147.2 185.7 150.3 161.5 260.9 155.7 158.7 163.9 166.1 160.7 163.0 294 4 307.8 165.0 148.3 185.9 150.5 162.2 262.6 154.9 159.3 164.9 167.9 162.0 163.4 293.4 307.9 164.5 146.3 186.1 150.4 162.4 263.2 155.8 159.7 165.9 167.3 161.7 162.9 293.4 308.7 163.6 145.2 186.2 148.5 163.3 264.3 155.7 160.7 167.4 168.3 162.7 163.8 281.3 292.6 158.8 141.9 179.8 146.6 153 5 250.0 151.8 150.6 154.5 156.8 149.1 158.5 289 4 301.9 164.1 144.8 187.3 151.1 158.4 256.1 156.6 154.3 158.7 164.7 156.6 164.2 290.0 303.4 164.8 146.5 188.0 151.2 159.1 256.0 157.0 154.5 159.3 166.7 159.2 164.9 291.0 304.9 165.2 147.5 188.0 151.4 160.1 256.6 157.8 154.6 161.8 167.1 162.0 165.6 292.9 306.3 165.7 148.6 188.2 151.7 160.9 258.5 157.3 155.1 162.7 168.9 163.4 166.3 291.9 306.3 165.1 146.6 188.3 151.5 161.1 258.8 158.0 155.6 163.6 168.3 163.0 165.9 291.8 307.1 164.3 145.6 188.4 149.7 161.9 260.1 158.0 156.4 165.0 169.5 164.2 166.6 161.9 164.9 166.6 169.0 168.9 169.3 170.0 154.9 158.1 159.8 162.1 161,8 162.0 162.7 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ......................................................... Meats, poultry, and f is h ............................................................ Meats ............................................................................... Beef and veal 1 Ground beef other than canned................................... Chuck roast .............................................................. Round ro a s t.............................................................. Round stea k.............................................................. Sirloin stea k.............................................................. Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ........................... Pork............................................................................... Bacon ....................................................................... Chops ....................................................................... Ham other than canned (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................... Sausage .................................................................... Canned ham .............................................................. Other pork (12/77 = 100) ......................................... Other meats ................................................................. Frankfurters ............................................................... Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) . . . . Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) .............................. Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) ...................... Poultry............................................................................... Fresh whole chicken.................................................... Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........... Other poultry (12/77 = 10 0)...................................... Fish and seafood .............................................................. Canned fish and seafood ........................................... Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) . . . Eggs.......................................................................................... 257.1 261.9 260.4 266.2 250.9 265.8 234.4 251.5 268.4 164.0 246.4 262.5 227.2 111.6 307.4 251.9 134.4 262.2 260.8 152.8 135.2 133.7 199.6 199.1 132.2 126.0 374.1 133.5 147.8 200.1 266.7 270.9 267.9 278.3 259.7 281.0 246.5 261.3 280.0 172.0 248.0 262.5 227.3 110.2 318.7 249.7 137.1 265.7 264.8 153.6 135.9 138.5 218.0 223.2 145.9 130.3 380.8 132.3 152.6 218.9 263.9 270.3 266.8 274.2 255.1 272.1 238.3 254.2 284.6 170.9 250.5 262.8 234.4 110.7 319.3 248.3 139.1 267.5 265.8 155.0 138.2 137.1 219.6 223.7 147.6 131.6 382.3 133.0 153.1 185.8 264.6 271.4 267.3 272.1 253.0 269.1 231.4 250.6 286.5 170.5 255.5 272.4 242.4 111.4 322.0 246.5 142.0 268.0 265.3 154.8 138.2 139.0 221.3 228.1 146.6 132.7 387.0 134.4 155.1 182.7 265.7 272.7 269.9 274.3 254.8 272.7 235.7 254.7 287.7 171.2 259.9 272.3 250.7 113.5 322.9 248.1 146.1 268.4 267.8 154.8 138.2 138.6 216.5 218.6 144.1 133.3 387.0 134.4 155.1 179.3 264.5 271.6 268.0 271.9 252.9 271.8 234.3 252.4 286.1 169.0 257.5 270.3 242.3 116.8 321.2 251.4 142.5 268.7 267.6 155.6 138.8 137.3 217.2 220.2 144.7 132.7 390.6 133.7 157.7 178.6 263.5 270.4 267.1 271.3 252.4 276.6 236.5 251.3 273.9 168.5 255.0 271.1 235.9 117.2 319.0 252.6 139.0 270.0 269.6 156.2 139.4 138.2 214.0 213.8 141.4 135.1 390.6 132.9 158.2 177.8 256.6 261.4 260.0 266.7 252.1 273.1 237.2 250.9 270.1 162.6 246.0 266.4 225.6 108.8 308.4 257.7 133.9 262.0 259.7 152.8 133.3 136.8 197.6 196.7 130.5 125.5 372.0 132.9 147.1 201.0 266.1 270.1 267.2 278.8 260.6 289.5 250.2 258.7 281.7 170.7 247.4 266.2 225.2 107.4 319.2 254.8 136.4 265.1 263.4 153.4 134.0 141.7 216.0 221.0 143.9 129.6 380.0 131.9 152.7 220.0 263.3 269.6 266.1 274.6 256.3 280.9 242.6 251.3 285.9 169.3 249.9 266.7 232.4 107.6 319.8 253.3 138.3 267.1 264.4 154.7 136.4 140.3 217.7 221.5 145.7 131.0 380.9 132.5 152.9 186.7 263.9 270.4 266.6 272.4 253.7 277.3 235.1 247.7 288.4 169.1 254.8 276.3 240.1 108.3 322.9 252.0 141.1 267.5 263.8 154.8 136.4 142.0 218.8 225.4 144.4 131.5 385.5 133.9 154.8 183.7 265.2 272.1 269.4 274.9 256.0 280.4 239.9 254.4 288.9 169.8 259 2 276.3 248.3 110.4 323.6 253.4 145.3 268.0 266.3 154.7 136.4 141.7 214.0 216.1 141.8 132.3 385.7 133.9 155.0 180.4 264.1 271.0 267.7 272.8 254.4 280.6 237.8 251.4 288.7 167.8 257.0 274.2 240.6 113.6 322.7 256.0 141.7 268.2 266.1 155.4 137.0 140.1 214.7 217.5 142.4 131.8 389.1 133.2 157.5 179.7 262.9 269.7 266.6 271.9 253.5 285.1 240.3 248.3 275.3 167.2 254.3 275.0 234.0 113.8 319.6 258.4 138.5 269.5 268.0 156.0 137.5 141.0 211.6 211.4 139.2 134.3 389.1 132.5 157.9 178.7 Dairy products.................................................................................. Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100)......................................... Fresh whole milk .............................................................. Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100)........................ Processed dairy products ......................................................... Butter ............................................................................... Cheese (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................................... Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100)................... Other dairy products (12/77 = 100) ................................. 250.1 135.9 221.9 136.6 149.2 256.2 146.7 154.9 145.2 251.0 136.5 223.0 137.3 149.4 254.2 146.2 156.6 146.8 251.7 136.6 223.2 137.3 150.2 254.1 147.4 156.6 148.5 252.2 136.7 223.3 137.5 150.8 261.2 147.9 155.8 148.3 252.7 136.7 223.2 137.7 151.5 264.4 148.2 157.4 148.1 254.9 137.7 224.7 138.7 153.1 266.0 149.1 160.9 149.9 256.1 138.7 226.8 139.0 153.3 268.8 149.5 160.0 150.0 249.2 135.2 220.9 136.0 149.4 258.7 147.0 154.0 145.8 250.1 135.9 222.0 136.6 149.7 256.8 146.5 155.5 147.3 250.6 135.9 222.1 136.6 150.5 256.7 147.8 155.5 148.8 251.1 136.0 222 2 136.8 151.0 263.8 148.2 154.8 148.6 251.7 136.0 222.0 137.0 151.8 266.7 148.6 156.5 148.6 253.8 136.9 223.5 138.0 153.4 268 6 149.4 159.9 150.4 255.1 137.9 225.6 138.3 153.7 271.4 149.9 159.0 150.4 Fruits and vegetables ....................................................................... Fresh fruits and vegetables ...................................................... Fresh fruits ....................................................................... Apples ....................................................................... Bananas .................................................................... Oranges .................................................................... Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 100)................................. Fresh vegetables .............................................................. Potatoes.................................................................... Lettuce....................................................................... Tomatoes ................................................................. Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100)........................ 296.7 304.9 304.4 271.8 272.8 299.0 171.1 305.5 316.9 360.4 241.9 163.0 310.2 316.0 315.2 298.8 251.1 344.8 169.9 316.8 372.1 234.1 252.8 187.4 318.1 329.7 343.3 315.5 277.9 452.5 169.6 317.1 391.4 262.6 262.3 174.6 320.0 332.4 346.9 329.9 271.8 486.5 163 6 318.8 455.6 246.0 237.3 167.1 327.7 345.7 353.3 341.8 257.0 530.8 160.4 338.7 478.1 316.6 310.4 157.1 319.7 332.5 364.8 337.9 249.9 553.6 170.4 302.3 354.1 337.8 252.9 152.1 318.4 329.3 354.3 298.0 242.1 538.4 172.7 306.0 324.3 363.6 255.1 158.7 292.7 298.9 293 4 273.8 270.3 271.3 164.7 303.9 311.7 360.9 246.8 161.7 305.6 309.5 303.2 299.5 248.8 313.9 163 2 315.4 366.0 236.4 257.6 186.3 313.1 322.5 328.8 315.2 275.5 413.0 162.6 316.8 387.6 264.6 267.4 174.1 315.1 325.2 333.5 330.6 269 5 448.5 157.0 317.8 451.1 246.2 242.1 166.1 322.4 337.6 338.8 342.8 254.7 487.7 153.6 336.7 470.0 319.1 314.3 155.3 313.6 323.0 349.6 339.6 248.4 507.1 163.6 299.2 344.5 338.0 256.2 150.2 312.3 319.9 337.4 299.9 240.6 489.1 165.2 304.2 318.4 365.1 259.9 157.0 Processed fruits and vegetables................................................. Processed fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................... Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................ Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) ............. Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................... 290.3 150.6 142.1 155.1 152.9 306.5 162.1 163.8 164.1 158.6 308.0 163.2 164.8 165.2 159 6 309.2 163.6 163 9 165.7 161.2 310.7 164.3 166.2 165.3 161.5 308.4 163.1 165.2 165.1 159.3 309.2 164.5 166.3 168.0 159.2 288.2 150.3 141.3 154.0 153.4 303.8 161.6 163.1 163.1 158.7 305.3 162.7 164.1 164.3 159.9 306.5 163.1 163.1 164.8 161.4 308.0 163.7 165.5 164.1 161.8 305.6 162.6 164.5 163.9 159.5 306.5 164.0 165.6 167.1 159.3 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 1984 O c t. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. Fruits and vegetables— Continued Processed vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................................ Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100) .............................. Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77 = 100) Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77 = 100) . . . . 141.1 150.6 142.4 135.7 146.0 155.4 149.3 139.6 146.5 155.6 150.7 139.8 147.2 155.1 152.3 140.6 148.1 157.0 153.1 141.2 146.9 156.2 150.9 140.2 146.5 157.1 149.8 139.4 140.0 152.0 140.0 134.2 144.8 157.1 146.6 138.0 145.3 157.2 148.0 138.1 146.0 156.7 149.7 138.9 342.7 375.5 151.8 169.6 152.2 271.1 264.6 151.6 140.7 436.4 317.2 150.8 352.8 350.2 141.9 276.8 141.3 154.7 159.0 159.6 156.0 151.8 146.2 350.8 390.0 159.4 172.4 158.5 282.9 282.7 153.3 146.9 441.7 316.2 150.9 368.9 362.8 146.0 283.9 144.6 158.3 164.7 162.7 157.8 156.0 151.3 352.1 391.2 160.5 172.4 158.3 285.4 285.6 152.3 149.1 442.3 317.1 150.1 372.8 363.5 146.2 285.3 144.6 160.4 ■165.1 163.8 158.4 156.0 152.1 353.1 391.8 161.3 171.0 159.4 291.4 293.2 153.2 152.7 442.7 315.1 150.5 374.8 366.9 147.4 285.4 145.6 159.1 166.0 163.8 160.0 154.9 151.6 354.0 392.6 161.6 171.0 160.1 295.4 296.0 154.9 155.2 441.5 313.3 149.2 375.9 369.6 147.6 286.9 146.4 162.0 166.5 164.4 159.9 155.5 152.1 355.1 393.7 162.1 172.3 159.7 295.1 296 6 156.3 154 2 444.0 316.8 149.4 376.3 369.2 148.3 287.3 146.4 161.6 166.9 165.6 159.5 155.9 152.8 356.1 393.3 161.3 172.5 160 2 294 9 297.5 157.5 153.3 446.8 319.8 149.9 377.7 371.9 148.9 287.8 146.5 162.9 167.8 166.2 159.3 155.9 151.9 343.5 375.3 151.6 170.8 150.1 271.2 262 6 149.8 141.5 438.4 314.7 148.7 347.6 349.3 142.2 278.2 143.2 153.7 160.8 158.7 157.9 152.0 147.4 351.3 389.4 159.2 173.6 156.2 282.4 280.3 151.5 147.3 443.1 313.5 148.5 363.4 362.1 146.4 285 4 146.5 157.3 166.9 161.7 159.6 156.0 152.4 352.5 390.5 160.3 173.6 155.8 284.9 283.2 150.5 149.4 443.7 314.5 147.6 367.1 362.9 146.4 286.9 146.4 159.6 167.4 163.0 160.2 156.2 153.2 353.5 391.1 161.0 172.2 157.0 291.0 291.1 151.3 153.2 444.0 312.4 148.1 369.0 366.3 147.7 287.0 147.6 158.3 168.3 162.9 161.9 154.9 152.8 391.9 161.3 172.3 157.6 295 0 293.6 153.1 155.7 442.8 310.7 147.0 369.9 368.9 147.9 288.5 148.4 161.2 168.8 163.5 161.7 155.6 153.2 145.7 157.7 148.3 138.6 355.4 393.1 161.8 173.5 157.2 294.6 294 3 154 2 154.7 445.2 314.1 147.1 370.2 368.2 148.7 288.7 148.2 160.4 169.2 164.7 161.4 155.9 153.9 145.3 158.9 147.2 137.8 Other foods at home......................................................................... Sugar and sweets .................................................................... Candy and chewing gum (12/77 = 100) ........................... Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................... Other sweets (12/77 = 100).............................................. Fats and oils (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Margarine......................................................................... Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77 = 100) . . . Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77 = 100)........... Nonalcoholic beverages ............................................................ Cola drinks, excluding diet cola ......................................... Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77 = 100) . . . . Roasted coffee ................................................................. Freeze dried and instant coffee........................................... Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77 = 100) ...................... Other prepared foods................................................................. Canned and packaged soup (12/77 = 100)........................ Frozen prepared foods (12/77 = 100) .............................. Snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................................... Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77 = 100) . . . Other condiments (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................... Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77 = 100) ................... Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77 = 100) . . 146.9 158.6 150.5 139 5 354.3 356.5 392.8 161.2 173.7 157.7 294.4 295.0 155.3 153.8 448.2 317.0 147.7 371.5 371.2 149.3 289.3 148.3 162.0 170.0 165.2 161.2 156.0 153.0 Food away from home ............................................................................ Lunch (12/77 = 1 0 0 )....................................................................... Dinner (12/77 = 100)....................................................................... Other meals and snacks (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................................... 323.9 156.7 155.5 160.7 332.6 160.5 160.2 164.8 333.1 160.7 160.3 165.3 334.4 161.5 161.0 165.5 335.5 161.9 161.7 166.0 335.8 162.4 161.8 165.7 336 6 162.8 162.2 166.0 327.2 158.3 157.2 161.2 335.9 162.0 162.0 165.3 336 3 162.3 162.0 165.8 337.7 163.0 162.8 166.0 338.8 163.5 163.5 166.5 339.0 163.9 163.6 166.3 339.8 164.3 163.9 166.6 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 218.9 221.5 222.4 222.5 222.9 223.1 224.2 221.8 224.8 225.6 225.8 226 2 226.4 227.5 Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77 = 100) ........................................... Beer and ale .................................................................................... Whiskey............................................................................................. Wine ............................................................................................... Other alcoholic beverages (12/77 = 100) ........................................ Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77 = 100) .............................. 141.4 226.1 153.5 237.1 122.3 148.7 142.3 230.6 153.3 231.4 122.3 154.2 142.8 231.2 153.8 234.0 122.5 154.8 142.8 231.5 153.5 232.5 122.7 155.5 142.9 231.1 154.0 234.2 122.6 156.4 142.8 231.5 153.8 231.8 123.4 157.2 143.7 232.7 154.6 234.8 123.2 157.7 143.4 225.3 154.0 245.5 122.2 149.8 144.6 229.7 153.7 239.3 122.3 155.3 145.0 230.2 154.1 241.8 122.4 155.9 145.0 230.6 153.9 240.1 122.4 156.6 -145.1 230.3 154.3 241.6 122.4 157.8 145.1 230.5 154.1 239.5 123.2 158.6 145.8 231.7 154.9 242.5 122.9 159.1 325.2 325.2 326.2 328.7 334.2 336.8 335.5 S h e l t e r ( C P I - W ) ............................................................................................................................................. 325.2 344.2 344.6 347.9 356.1 359.3 358.3 Rent, residential....................................................................................... 239 8 246.5 247.7 249.0 250.3 251.7 253.1 Other renters' costs .................................................................................. Lodging while out of town . . . : ...................................................... Tenants’ insurance (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................... Homeownership....................................................................................... Home purchase ............................................................................... Financing, taxes, and insurance......................................................... Property insurance.................................................................... Property taxes ......................................................................... Contracted mortgage interest co sts........................................... Mortgage interest rates...................................................... Maintenance and repairs.................................................................... Maintenance and repair services................................................. Maintenance and repair commodities................................................. Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and equipment (12/77 = 100).............................................. Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77 = 100)........... Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling supplies (12/77 = 100) ................................................... Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........... 359.3 374.2 158 6 385.9 301.3 500.6 437.4 239.1 634.7 208.8 348.1 392.5 254.7 370.5 393.5 159.8 378.5 291.9 490.1 441.0 245.6 615.5 208.4 355.0 402.6 255.6 370 8 393.9 160.1 378.8 291.7 490.6 441.5 245.9 616.0 209.3 356.0 403.1 257.2 375.1 400.6 160.4 382.7 294.9 496.5 441.6 246.4 624.9 210.1 357 3 405 2 257.1 380.2 407.6 162.6 393.4 299.8 519.0 441.8 248.9 658.4 217.4 357.4 405.4 256.9 383.6 404.8 163.4 397.2 302.5 524.9 442.4 251.4 666.4 218.6 359.4 407.9 258.1 381.9 399.8 163.4 395.5 302.4 520.5 443.2 252.2 659.3 216.8 358.9 408.1 256.2 145.7 124.2 146.2 124.2 148.0 124.1 147.2 123.1 147.4 123.3 147.8 123.5 147.0 123.1 141.3 141.9 141.9 142.4 142.5 143.0 142.1 146.3 142.8 144.2 142.7 146.7 141.5 144.0 H O U S IN G 326.8 334 6 336.2 338.1 339.5 341.4 341.2 S h e lte r ( C P I - U ) 349.8 358.9 360.2 362.7 364.6 366.5 367.8 Renters' co sts.......................................................................................... Rent, residential ............................................................................... Other renters' costs ......................................................................... Homeowners' co sts.................................................................................. Owners’ equivalent re n t.................................................................... Household insurance......................................................................... Maintenance and repairs ......................................................................... Maintenance and repair services ...................................................... Maintenance and repair commodities................................................. 104.8 240,4 362.0 103.9 103.8 105.5 351.1 397.2 259.5 107.8 247.2 371.3 106.5 106.3 160.6 357.3 409.6 259.7 108.2 248.4 371.5 106.8 106.8 106.6 358.9 409.8 262.2 108.9 249.7 375.7 107.6 107.7 106.7 360.3 411.6 263.1 109.6 251.1 380.7 108.1 108.1 108.0 360.1 412.3 262.2 110.2 252.4 384.3 108.7 108.7 108.6 362.7 414.3 264.8 110.7 253.8 382.6 109.1 109.1 108 7 361.6 414.4 262.9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 O c t. May June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. F u e l a n d o t h e r u t il it ie s 374.4 385.5 390.0 393.9 395.5 397.0 Fuels....................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas............................................................ Fuel oil .................................................................................... Other fuels (6/78 = 100) ......................................................... Gas (piped) and electricity................................................................. Electricity.................................................................................. Utility (piped) gas .................................................................... 474.4 624.7 632.6 191.0 435.6 339.2 582.4 483.5 649.2 659.9 194.4 441.4 343.0 591.7 490.7 646.0 656.2 194.1 450.6 358.6 585.9 496.5 637.4 646.2 193.7 459.1 368.7 589.7 498.6 625.5 632.4 193.3 463.9 374.3 592.2 Other utilities and public services ............................................................ Telephone services............................................................................ Local charges (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................................................... Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ........................................... Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) ........................................... Water and sewerage maintenance...................................................... 215.8 174.1 142.2 121.5 119.0 361.7 228.8 186.7 158.3 122.6 123.1 373.9 229.4 187.1 160.1 118.5 124.8 374.6 230.6 188.1 162.3 116.2 125.9 376.6 1984 O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. 392.4 375.7 386 6 391.4 395.4 396.9 398 4 393.6 500.1 622.1 628.4 193.1 466.4 374.9 598.4 492.1 626.8 633.6 193.7 456.0 361.0 597.1 474.0 627.2 635.1 191.9 434.5 338.8 578.3 482.6 651.5 662.1 195.1 439.9 342.2 587.2 490.4 648.4 658.6 194.8 449.7 358.7 581.6 496.1 640.0 648.8 194.4 458.2 369 0 585.1 498.2 628.1 635.1 193.9 463.0 374.8 587.1 499.8 624.5 630.8 193.6 465.5 c375.5 593.2 491.4 629.4 636.3 194.3 454.7 360.8 592.1 231.3 188.4 .163.3 116.1 124.9 378.9 232.7 189.8 165.3 116.1 124.8 380.2 232.9 190.0 165.5 116.3 124.8 380.5 216.9 174.7 142.8 121.9 119.1 366.2 229.9 187.4 159.0 123.0 122.9 378.2 230.4 187.6 160.8 118.9 124.6 378.9 231.7 188.7 163.1 116.6 125.7 381.0 232.4 189.1 164.0 116.5 124.8 383.2 233.7 190.4 166.0 116.5 124.6 384.5 233.9 190.5 166.1 116.6 124.6 384.8 H o u s e h o ld f u r n is h in g s a n d o p e r a t io n s 239.4 242.4 242.3 241.9 242.2 244.1 244.3 236.2 239.1 238.9 238.3 238.6 240.6 240.7 Housefurnishings .................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings.................................................................... Household linens (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).............................................. Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewrng materials (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... 198.0 228.8 136.0 199.8 236.6 140.8 199.1 234.7 138.2 197.9 232.9 136.6 198.1 238.6 143.1 200.6 245.6 146.8 200.5 242.7 147.1 196.0 232.0 137.0 197.7 239.9 141.6 196.9 238.4 139.4 195.6 236.4 137.7 195.9 242.0 144.1 198.3 249.9 148.1 198.2 247.1 148.8 149.6 154.6 154.9 154.2 154.7 159.8 155.8 153.6 158.9 159.5 158.6 158.8 164.8 160.2 Furniture and bedding............................................................................... Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 1 0 0 )'........................................... Sofas (12/77 = 100) .............................................................. Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................... Other furniture (12/77 = 100) ................................................. Appliances including TV and sound equipment ................................ Television and sound equipment .............................................. Television ......................................................................... Sound equipment (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Household appliances ............................................................... Refrigerators and home freezers......................................... Laundry equipment............................................................ Other household appliances (12/77 = 100) ...................... Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing machines (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................................... Office machines, small electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 = 100) ................................ Other household equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................... Floor and window coverings, infants', laundry, cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................... Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................ Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 = 100).................................................... Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... Housekeeping supplies ............................................................................ Soaps and detergents....................................................................... Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) ........................ Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) ........... Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100) ........................... Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 10 0)......................................... Housekeeping services ............................................................................ Postage............................................................................................. Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 = 10 0).............................................. Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................................... 219.8 152.9 118.8 125.4 141.2 151.2 104.9 99.1 111.0 190.3 194.0 142.7 127.0 223.8 154.3 121.1 128.2 144.7 149.8 102.9 96.5 109.5 190.6 196.2 146.7 126.2 223.3 154.1 121.3 126.8 144.8 148.8 102.0 95.9 108.4 189.7 196.8 145.0 125.4 222.1 151.5 121.9 126.3 144.7 147.2 101.3 94.5 108.2 187.1 194.2 145.5 123.2 220.8 151.7 120.6 127.1 142.2 147.2 101.0 94.1 108.1 187.5 194.6 145.4 123.6 225.5 156,6 121.7 126.8 146.9 147.7 100.8 93.5 108.3 189.4 196.8 146.9 c124.8 228 2 160.2 121.6 128.1 148.1 147.1 100.4 92.5 108.4 188.4 197.6 147,7 123.5 216.6 149.0 119.2 126.5 137.2 151.7 103.9 97.8 110.0 190.5 200.0 144,1 125.2 220.1 150.2 121.1 129.0 140.4 151.3 101.9 95.1 108.5 192.3 202.5 147.6 125.2 219.5 149.6 121.6 127.6 140.4 150.1 101.0 94.5 107.4 191.0 202.5 145.8 124.2 218.7 148.1 122.1 127.2 140.2 148.4 100.2 93.0 107.2 188.4 199.8 146.0 121.4 217.9 148.4 120.7 128.1 138.4 148.5 100.0 92.7 107.1 188.9 200.6 146.3 121.7 222.2 153 5 121.6 127:8 142.1 149.4 99.8 92.2 107.2 190.9 202.6 147.6 123.2 224.5 155.9 121.8 129.0 143.5 148.8 99.5 91.1 107.4 190.2 203.5 148.0 121.7 125.9 126.9 127.0 121.7 123.6 127.5 124.4 124.1 126.2 125.8 120.0 121.6 125.5 122.6 128.3 141.3 125.7 142.1 124.4 142.2 124.9 142.1 123.9 141.7 122.8 141.9 122.9 141.2 126.4 138.9 124.1 139.4 122.4 139.6 122.9 139.5 121.8 138.9 120.6 139.1 120.6 138.5 146.5 134.0 147.5 136.1 147.8 134.3 147.0 135.5 147.7 134.3 146.7 137.1 147.9 135.6 138.2 129.3 138.8 131.5 138.8 129.7 137.8 130.7 137.3 129.8 136.2 132.8 138.2 130.8 145.6 147.2 147.9 147.2 147.0 145.5 143.5 141,7 143.0 143.9 143.3 143.1 141.5 139.8 135.9 134.1 134.6 135.2 134.4 303.8 299.8 154.9 153.7 143.7 161.2 144.9 304.2 298.8 154.9 153.6 144.2 162.0 145.7 298.5 293.7 152.0 151.7 145.7 154.4 138.7 301.0 295.3 153.6 153.7 147.1 155.9 138.7 321.6 337.5 326.5 337.5 327.0 337.5 327.6 337.5 328.2 337.5 293.6 291.1 150.5 148.0 142.6 150.4 137.2 321.7 337.5 140.0 300.1 294.8 153.8 152.9 146.7 154.7 138.7 140.7 303.0 299.3 155.1 152.9 143.5 160.1 144.7 135.5 305.4 299.9 156.6 156.5 144.8 161.7 143.5 330.2 337.5 139.5 301.5 298.2 153.4 151.7 142.5 159.8 144.8 135.5 304.9 2994 155.8 155.2 144.2 162.2 144.8 329.4 337.5 141.2 296.6 295.2 151.6 147.8 139.5 155.9 144.1 326 9 337.5 327.5 337.5 328.2 337.5 139.8 301.1 294.2 153.4 153.4 147.7 156.6 139.1 328 8 337.5 167.1 145.8 172,9 150.1 173.7 150.2 174.5 150.9 174.6 152.2 175.9 153.4 176.3 154.7 167.3 144.0 173.2 148.1 174.1 148.2 174.9 148.9 A PPAREL A N D UPKEEP 200.7 198.9 197.4 196.6 200.1 204.2 205.7 199.8 197.7 196.1 A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s 188.7 185.8 184.0 183.0 186.6 191.2 192.6 188.4 185.1 183.3 Apparel commodities less footwear................................................... 185.4 181.7 179.8 178.9 183.1 187.8 189.2 185.0 180.7 Men's and b o y s '............................................................................... Men's (12/77 = 100) .............................................................. Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100)................... Coats and jackets.............................................................. Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................ Shirts (12/77 = 100) ...................................................... Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) ................ Boys' (12/77 = 100) .............................................................. Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........... Furnishings (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) , . 192.1 120.8 113.7 105.7 145.7 125.1 113.1 125.4 120.9 136.2 124.7 190.7 120 4 111.9 98.2 147.6 127.6 113.5 122.5 119.4 136.6 119.3 190.3 120.0 113.0 96.2 148.0 126.9 111.4 123.0 118.2 137.1 121.2 189.8 119.3 113.2 96.1 145.6 125.6 111.3 124.1 120.8 136.5 121.8 192.6 121.2 113.5 100.9 147.6 127.3 113.7 125.5 125.5 134.7 121.8 195.6 123.2 115.6 105.7 150.9 128.2 114.5 126.9 127.0 135.8 123.3 197.6 124.3 116.4 107.9 151.8 129.5 115.5 128.6 126.8 136.8 126.7 192.5 121.4 106.9 108.9 141.9 127.8 119.1 123.9 122.7 131.9 121.8 191.1 121.1 105.2 101.2 143.5 130.1 119.9 121.1 121.8 132.2 116.6 84 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 141.4 141.1 302.0 294.8 154.3 155.2 147,9 156.7 138.3 302.5 295.4 155.1 156.4 148.4 156.2 137.1 330.0 337.5 330.8 337.5 175.1 150.0 176.4 151.0 176.8 152.2 195.3 199.0 203.3 204.8 182.4 186.1 190.9 192.3 178.7 177.9 182.2 187.3 188.7 190.3 120.3 105.8 99.4 143.8 129.2 117.5 121.6 120.4 132.7 118.4 189.9 119.6 106.2 99.6 141.8 127.7 117.2 122.7 123.1 132.2 119.0 193.0 121.7 106.8 104.0 143.3 130.0 120.0 124.3 128.0 130.5 119.1 196.2 123.9 108.9 109.0 146.6 131.0 120.9 125.7 129.8 131.8 120.4 198.1 125.0 109.7 111.1 147.7 132.1 122.0 127.2 129.2 132.7 123.8 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry 1983 U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 1984 O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Women's and girls' ......................................................................... Women's (12/77 = 100) ......................................................... Coats and jackets.............................................................. Dresses ............................................................................ Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ........................ Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100) ........... Suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................................... Girls' (12/77 = 100)................................................................. Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........... Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100) ........................ Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................................... Infants' and toddlers' ....................................................................... Other apparel commodities .............................................................. Sewing materials and notions (12/77 = 100) ........................... Jewelry and luggage (12/77 = 100) ........................................ 168.6 112.3 175.9 173.8 103.9 135.6 89.9 111.4 105.8 106.8 161.8 107.7 159.7 176.1 93.4 137.5 77.3 107.2 98.3 102.7 157.9 105.2 154.6 172.1 91.1 137.0 71.3 104.3 95.0 99.0 156.2 103.7 156.8 163.7 88.2 136.7 74,4 104.6 99.7 96.9 163.1 108.6 167.7 172.0 92.9 138.0 85.1 107.7 101.0 103.1 170.5 114.4 181.1 178.3 102.5 139.4 93.5 108.6 98 6 106.7 172.2 115.0 181.7 179.9 104.3 138.5 94.1 112.3 106.2 108.2 170.4 114.0 181.2 158.9 104.2 135.3 112.6 110.4 103.1 107.4 162.7 108.6 164.7 162.9 93 9 137.1 92.7 106.4 96.0 103.7 159 2 106 2 159.1 160.5 91.4 136.6 85.8 104.3 93.7 100.7 157.4 104.8 162.4 153.1 88.6 136.2 97.1 104.0 98.4 96.7 164.1 109.5 176.1 159.9 93.1 137.5 96.5 107.5 100.4 103.5 172.1 115 8 185.2 165.5 102.9 138.9 112.1 108.6 98.3 107.5 173.8 116.4 186.3 165.8 104.7 138.0 114.0 112.0 105.0 108.9 129.0 289.0 215.5 120.4 147,4 129.7 283.9 216.8 123.1 147.4 129.3 278.3 217.7 122.4 148.5 127.1 281.2 218.0 122.5 148.8 127.4 288.7 216.3 123.8 146.7 128.3 291.3 216.5 122.8 147.3 130.0 291.6 216.0 120 6 147.7 127.6 299.9 204.0 118.5 138.0 128.2 293.0 205.0 121.5 137.6 127.8 289.2 205.7 120.9 138.5 125.7 292.0 206.0 120.7 138.9 126.0 298.9 204.9 122.3 137.1 127.0 303.2 205.0 121.5 137.6 128.7 302.5 204.0 119.0 137.8 Footwear.................................................................................................. Men’s (12/77 = 100) .................................................................... Boys' and girls' (12/77 = 100)......................................................... Women's (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................................................................. 208.4 135.0 131.1 127.1 210.2 137.1 132.4 127.1 209.6 136.7 132.1 126.7 208.0 137.5 131.0 124.2 207.7 137.4 131.9 123.4 211.1 138.0 133.5 127.0 212.9 138.3 136.0 128.0 208.1 136.9 133.2 122.6 210.7 139.2 134.7 123.7 210.0 138.7 134.5 123.2 208.7 139.6 133.7 120.8 208.5 139.4 134.8 119.9 211.6 139.8 136.3 123.3 213.2 140.1 138.7 124.1 A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s 294.6 303.7 304.4 305.1 307.5 307.6 309.5 292.6 301.6 302.4 303.0 305.5 305.6 307.4 Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 = 100) ........... Other apparel services (12/77 = 100)...................................................... 176.0 153.8 182.6 156.5 182.9 157.0 183.4 157.2 184.1 159.9 184.3 159.7 185.5 160.4 174.3 154.9 180.9 157.7 181.2 158.3 181.7 158.5 182.3 161.3 182.6 161.0 183.8 161.7 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N 305.0 312.2 313.1 312.9 312.9 313.7 315.5 306.9 314.6 315.5 315.2 315.2 316.0 317.8 P r iv a te 300.4 307.4 308.1 307.5 307.5 308.4 310.2 303.6 311.0 311.7 311.2 311.1 312.1 313.9 New ca rs.................................................................................................. Used cars ............................................................................................... Gasoline .................................................................................................. Automobile maintenance and repair ......................................................... Body work (12/77 = 100) .............................................................. Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (12/77 = 100) ................................................. Maintenance and servicing (12/77 = 100)......................................... Power plant repair (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Other private transportation................ ■..................................................... Other private transportation commodities ......................................... Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 = 100) ............. Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 = 100) ..................... T ire s................................................................................. Other parts and equipment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................ Other private transportation services................................................. Automobile insurance .............................................................. Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) .............................. Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . State registration .............................................................. Drivers’ licenses (12/77 = 100)......................................... Vehicle inspection (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................... Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 = 10 0 )........................... 204.3 350.4 382.4 333.5 169.0 207.6 378.0 376.7 340.2 172.3 207.7 382.0 374.9 340.7 172.6 208.1 383.2 369.8 341.6 172.6 208.1 383.8 365.9 342.7 173.5 208.2 384.2 368.8 344.2 174.7 209.6 384.6 370.3 345.3 175.6 203.8 350.4 384.3 334.1 167.8 207.1 378.0 378.2 340.8 170.9 207.1 382.0 376.4 341.5 171.3 207.6 383.2 376.4 342.3 171.6 207.6 383.8 367.4 343.4 172.1 207.6 384 2 369.4 344.9 173.1 209.0 384.6 371.7 346.2 174.1 161.9 152.5 159.1 263.3 208.1 152.7 131.9 181.7 133.0 280.5 309.4 157.2 147.1 195.4 154.0 139.8 160.2 165.8 154.8 162.6 270.4 201.7 152.7 127.2 172.2 133.5 291.2 323.7 162.4 150.3 197.1 158.0 139.9 165.2 166.2 154.6 163.4 271.5 202.0 154.1 127.3 172.0 134.1 292.5 324.2 164.1 151.1 199.4 157.8 139.9 165.1 166.5 155.3 163.5 272.4 200.6 154.3 126.2 169.6 134.7 294.1 324.8 166.2 152.0 199.8 161.0 139.9 166.5 167.2 155.9 163.9 274.9 200.8 153.6 126.4 170.4 133.9 297.2 325 2 168.7 156.8 209.7 161.3 139.9 170.0 168.1 156.3 164.7 275.9 201.2 155.1 126.5 170.9 133.3 298.4 326.9 169.9 156.4 212.2 163.7 139.9 166.4 169.2 156.5 164 9 278.7 199.0 153.2 125.1 168.3 133.2 302 5 332.3 172.0 157.6 213.5 163.7 140.0 168.3 165.7 151.7 158.5 264.4 210.7 152.2 133.8 185.4 132.8 281.1 308 8 156.8 148.2 195.2 154.4 140.5 167.6 169.8 154.0 162.2 271.3 204.2 152.5 128.9 175.7 133.3 291.6 322.7 161.9 151.3 197.1 158.3 140.4 172.7 170.2 153.8 163.1 272.4 204.5 153.5 129.0 175.5 133.9 293,0 323.1 163.5 152.4 199.6 158.1 140.4 172.6 170.6 154.5 163.2 273.4 202.9 153.8 127.8 173.0 134.1 294 6 323.9 165.7 153.1 200.0 161.2 140.4 173.8 171.3 155.0 163.5 275.8 203.2 153.2 128.1 174.0 133.3 297 5 324.2 168.2 157.4 208.8 161.5 140.5 176.4 172.2 155.5 164.3 277.0 203.4 154.5 128.0 174.2 132.7 299 1 325.9 169.5 157.7 211.7 164.1 140.5 173.8 173.4 155.8 164.6 279.8 201.0 152.6 126.5 171.5 132.5 303.3 331.3 171.7 158.9 212.9 164.1 140.5 176.0 P u b lic 368.2 379 8 385.2 389.3 390 8 389.5 391.1 358.5 372.2 377.4 380.7 381.6 380.4 381.6 Airline fa re ............................................................................................... Intercity bus fare .................................................................................... Intracity mass tra n s it............................................................................... Taxi fare .................................................................................................. Intercity train fa re .................................................................................... 426.6 417.7 324.8 303.1 365.4 362.9 433.8 429.9 342.3 309 2 373.5 442.0 426.2 346.5 309.7 381.5 450.1 438.9 346.6 310.4 381.9 454.1 441.1 345.7 310.4 381.9 450.1 442.2 346.5 310.8 381.9 453.5 445.3 346.6 311.1 382.0 422.5 417.6 323.0 312.2 366.1 438.2 425.8 346.5 319.0 381.9 446.6 438.7 346.6 319.7 382.1 450.5 441.3 345.8 319.7 382.2 376.8 378.0 380.3 381.9 383 1 385.5 360.9 430.0 429.3 347.1 318.3 373.8 375.0 376.3 378.5 380.1 445.4 442.6 346.5 319.8 382.2 381.2 448.8 445.4 346.6 320.0 382.2 383.7 M E D IC A L C A R E ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................. 227.5 238.7 239.4 240.7 241.6 242.4 244.1 227 8 238.7 239.5 240.7 241.5 242.3 244.1 Prescription drugs.................................................................................... Anti-infective drugs (12/77 = 100).................................................... Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 = 1 0 0 )......................................... Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and prescription medical supplies (12/77 = 10 0)................................. Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 = 10 0).............................. Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................................................. 218.6 158.6 182.8 158.1 233.1 165.8 202.8 167.4 233.5 164.9 204.0 169.0 234.9 166.1 205.1 170.4 236.6 167.7 207.6 171.3 238.0 168.4 208.7 171.7 240.2 170.5 212.7 172 8 219.9 160.8 182.6 157.9 234.5 168.3 202.7 167.3 234.9 167.3 204.0 168.3 236 3 168.3 205.1 169.5 237.9 170.0 207.5 170.4 239.4 171.0 208.6 170.9 241.7 173.3 212.7 172.1 201.9 178.7 214.1 188.7 214.7 188.3 216.2 189.7 218.1 191.0 220 7 192.0 222.3 192.7 204 0 180.6 216.3 191.0 217.0 190.3 218.4 191.7 220.4 192.8 223.2 193.8 224.7 194.7 164.2 174.6 174.5 175.9 175.5 176.1 176.9 164.5 175.3 176.1 176.5 176.2 176.9 177.7 Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 100)...................... Eyeglasses (12/77 = 100) .............................................................. Internal and respiratory over-the-counter d ru g s ................................. Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 = 100) . . . 157.5 137.3 256.1 151.8 162.8 139.3 266.6 156.5 163.5 140 0 268 2 156.4 164.3 140 6 269.5 157.0 164.4 140.5 269 4 157 9 164.5 141.4 269.5 157.1 165 4 141.9 271.3 157.7 158.3 136 2 257.4 153.0 163.7 138.2 267.7 158.0 164 4 138.8 269.3 157.9 165.1 139.5 270.6 158.4 165.2 139.3 270.4 159.4 165.3 140.4 270.5 158.6 166.3 140.8 272.4 159.1 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d it ie s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. C o n tin u ed — C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s G e n e ra l s u m m a ry O c t. M ay June J u ly ........................................................................................................................... 392.9 407.1 408.4 Professional services............................................................................... Physicians' services.......................................................................... Dental services.................................................................................. Other professional services (12/77 = 1 0 0 )...................................... 329.7 358.5 310.7 155.4 343.8 375.2 323.6 159.7 Other medical care services .................................................................... Hospital and other medical services (12/77 = 100) ........................ Hospital room ............................................................................... Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100) .............. 469.3 199.4 638.0 195.1 483.6 207.9 660.7 204.8 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 1983 1983 1984 Aug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. 410.9 412.7 413.9 416.5 390.2 404.7 406.1 408.6 410.4 411.5 414.1 345.8 377.1 326.2 159.9 347.0 378.1 327.9 160.1 348.2 379.5 329.1 160.3 349.8 380.8 331.9 160.0 351.8 382.2 334.8 160.8 330.1 362.3 308.5 151.8 344.2 379.0 321.6 156.0 346.2 381.1 324.0 156.1 347.4 382.1 325.7 156.4 348.6 383.6 326.8 156.6 350.1 384.8 329.5 156.2 352.1 386.2 332.4 157.1 484.1 208.4 662.0 205.2 488.3 210.9 672.9 207.0 490.7 212.5 678.1 208.5 491.5 213.0 679.5 209.1 494.7 215.0 687.1 210.7 465.6 197.3 630.2 193.3 480.3 205.9 653.3 203.0 480.9 206.3 654.4 203.4 485.2 208.9 664.6 205.4 487.7 210.4 669.5 206.8 488.4 210.9 670.8 207.4 491.7 212.9 677.3 209.3 E N T E R T A I N M E N T ........................................................................................................................................ 249.1 253.5 254.5 255.3 256.4 257.3 258.3 245.4 249.6 250.7 251.4 252.5 253.4 254.2 E n t e r t a in m e n t c o m m o d i t i e s .............................................................................................................. 249.3 252.2 252.4 253.3 254.5 254.8 255.9 243.7 246.8 246.9 247.8 248.8 249.2 249.6 Reading materials (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................................ Newspapers ..................................................................................... Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................... 163.4 306.9 171.7 163.1 313.0 167.5 163.7 313.3 168.7 164.5 315.0 169.4 166.0 315.2 172.5 166.3 315.4 173.0 167.7 317.5 174.7 162.8 307.0 172.0 162.6 313.1 167.3 163.3 313.4 168.7 164.0 315.1 169.3 165.4 315.3 172.4 165.6 315.6 172.8 167.0 317.7 174.6 Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100)......................................... Sport vehicles (12/77 = 100) ......................................................... Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 = 100) .............. Bicycles .......................................................................................... Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100)........................ 134.5 137.3 118.6 199.9 134.0 138.0 143.0 117.3 200.8 134.6 137.5 142.2 117.7 201.1 134.2 137.8 142.9 117.7 200.2 134.3 138.3 143.9 117.9 198.3 134.8 138.7 144.4 117.3 198.9 135.5 138.8 144.5 117.2 198.8 135.6 128.6 128.2 116.4 200.7 133.8 131.7 133.0 115.5 201.7 134.3 131.2 132.2 116.0 202.0 134.0 131.4 132.6 115.9 201.2 134.2 131.9 133.7 115.9 199.4 134.0 132.3 134.0 115.5 200.3 135.0 132.2 133.9 115.3 200.0 135.1 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........................... Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 100) ...................... Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100) ...................... Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 100) ...................................... 139.3 137.3 131.9 148.5 141.0 139.2 133.2 149.8 141.1 138.8 133.7 150.5 141.7 139.3 134.2 151.4 141.9 138.6 135.0 153.1 142.0 138.3 135.2 153.7 141.9 138.2 135.1 153.5 138.1 133.5 133.0 149.6 140.0 135.8 134.4 150.9 140.1 135.5 135.0 151.6 140.7 135.9 135.6 152.7 141.0 135.2 136.3 154.2 141.1 135.1 136.4 C153.6 263.4 165.0 156.1 154.7 E n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................... 249.2 255.4 258.1 258.5 259.7 261.3 262.8 249.7 255.8 258.5 258.8 260.1 262.0 263.4 Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Admissions (12/77 = 100) .................................................................... Other entertainment services (12/77 = 1 0 0 )............................................ 155.6 145.8 132.6 159.6 151.3 134.9 159.7 155.3 135.1 159.7 156.0 135.3 160.1 157.3 136.1 162.3 156.9 136.2 163.6 157.2 137.0 156.9 144.8 133.6 160.3 150.2 132.5 160.7 154.3 135.7 160.4 155.0 136.0 161.0 156.1 136.8 163.2 155.7 137.1 165.0 156.1 137.6 O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S ..................................................................................................... 296.8 303.2 304.4 306.5 307.2 314.6 315.8 294.1 300.8 302.1 304.5 305.3 310.9 311.9 T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts 299.0 305.9 308.1 313.2 313.9 314.1 314.6 298.8 305.6 307.8 312.9 313.5 313.7 314.2 Cigarettes ............................................................................................... Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 = 100) ........... 307.4 151.4 314.0 157.9 316.3 158.9 322.0 159.3 322.6 159.7 322.8 159.9 323.3 160.0 306.5 151.4 313.1 157.9 315.3 159.0 320.9 159.4 321.5 159.8 321.7 159.9 322.2 160.1 P e rs o n a l c a re 263.3 269.5 270.6 271.8 272.6 273.6 274.7 261.5 267.5 268.5 269.7 270.5 271.6 272.4 Toilet goods and personal care appliances .............................................. Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) .............. Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100) ................................... Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup implements (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) . . . 263.0 152.7 163.1 267.4 154.1 166.8 268.5 154.8 166.5 270.2 156.1 167.2 270.6 156.2 167.6 271.6 156.1 167.9 272.0 155.9 168.2 263.9 151.9 161.2 268.3 153.4 164.9 269.3 154.1 164.7 270.9 155.1 165.2 271.4 155.3 165.6 272.5 155.3 165.8 272.6 155.0 166.0 147.7 150.5 151.5 151.7 153.0 151.7 154.0 152.7 153.2 154.2 154.5 155.0 154.9 155.4 148.9 154.1 152.7 155.3 154.0 155.5 155.1 156.4 154.5 158.0 155.9 158.7 155.9 159.0 Personal care services ............................................................................ Beauty parlor services for women .................................................... Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) . . . 264.6 267.5 146.8 272.3 275.0 151.4 273.4 276.4 151.7 274.3 277.3 152.1 275.4 278.4 152.8 276.4 279.2 153.6 278.0 281.2 154.0 259.6 260.7 145.6 267.1 268.0 150.2 268.2 269.3 150.5 269.0 270.2 150.9 270.0 271.2 151.6 271.1 272.0 152.4 272.6 274.0 152.8 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l e x p e n s e s ........................................................................................ 350.9 357.4 357.9 358.6 359.3 381.9 384.0 352.4 360.3 360.7 361.3 362.1 384.1 386.0 Schoolbooks and supplies ....................................................................... Personal and educational services............................................................ Tuition and other school fees............................................................ College tuition (12/77 = 100) ................................................. Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 1 0 0 )................... Personal expenses (12/77 = 1 0 0 ).................................................... 308.8 360.6 182.9 182.7 183.9 193.4 317.8 366.7 184.4 184.7 183.9 188.0 318.5 367.1 184.5 184.8 183.9 204.2 318.8 367.9 184.8 185.2 183.9 205.0 319.2 368.7 185.0 185.3 184.3 206.4 331.5 393.1 200.7 200.1 201.1 207.3 333.7 295.2 201.3 201.4 201.3 208.5 312.9 362.0 183.3 182.6 184.9 193.9 322.4 369.7 185.3 185.5 185.6 204 3 323.1 370.1 185.4 185.7 185.0 204.8 323.4 370.8 185.6 186.0 185.0 205.6 323.8 371.6 185.8 186.1 185.4 207.0 336.4 395.6 201.4 201.1 202.6 207.9 338.6 397.4 202.3 202.3 202.8 208.8 377.8 372.4 370.7 365.9 362.4 364.3 366.6 343.0 363.4 352.8 369.5 358.0 370.0 362.9 370.9 365.6 371.6 367.0 373.0 362.8 373.7 379.5 419.7 341.8 369.7 373.8 416.9 351.6 377.8 372.2 417.7 357.1 378.4 367.3 422.0 362.0 379.9 363.8 437.3 364.6 380.3 365.7 441.6 366.1 382.3 367.9 440.3 361.5 382.7 ................................................................................................................................................. S p e c ia l in d e x e s : Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products...................................... Insurance and finance ............................................................................ Utilities and public transportation ............................................................ Housekeeping and home maintenance services......................................... c = corrected. 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21. C onsum er P rice Index for All Urban C onsum ers: Cross classification of region and popu lation size class by expenditure category and com m o dity and service group [December 1977 = 100] S iz e c la s s A S iz e c la s s B S iz e c la s s C S iz e c la s s D ( 1 . 2 5 m il li o n o r m o r e ) ( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 2 5 0 m il li o n ) ( 7 5 ,0 0 0 - 3 8 5 ,0 0 0 ) ( 7 5 , 0 0 0 o r le s s ) C a t e g o r y a n d g ro u p 1984 June A ug. 1984 O c t. June Aug. 1984 1984 O c t. June A ug. O c t. June A ug. O c t. N o rth e a s t E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ........................................................................................................................ Food and beverages ............................................................................................... Hous n g ................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ............................................................................................... Transportation ........................................................................................................ Medical care .......................................................................................................... Entertainment.......................................................................................................... Other goods and services ....................................................................................... 161.2 153.0 165.9 122.2 171.4 174.0 146.6 171.1 162.6 154.2 167.4 125.7 172.0 176.8 149,7 172.3 163.5 153.7 168.2 128.2 172.0 178.3 150.9 178.1 167.2 151.0 177.3 125.5 176.2 179.2 143.8 170.0 168.9 152.0 180.6 125.6 175.6 181.0 148.2 172.0 170.0 152 6 180.9 129.0 176.9 182.7 149.9 177.4 171.7 156.0 184.0 131.1 175.5 177.7 152.3 172.5 173.7 157.5 187.7 131.1 176.2 178.9 153.9 176.6 175.3 156.1 190.1 139.0 176.3 182.7 155.3 180.7 167.2 152.6 173.4 136.4 175.1 183.0 153.6 174.6 167.2 152.7 172.3 138.5 175.7 184.9 153.6 175.6 169.8 152.0 177.4 141.4 176.2 188.7 154.8 181.1 154.2 154.6 169.8 154.9 154.6 172.0 155.3 156.1 173.4 159.8 163.7 178.2 159.8 163.1 182.3 161.0 164.7 183.3 159.8 161.5 190.4 160.2 161.0 195.0 160.9 162.8 198.0 159.1 160.8 179.1 158.7 161.0 179.1 159.1 162.2 185.2 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities.................................................................................................................. Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................... Services........................................................................................................................... N o r th C e n t r a l R e g io n E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ........................................................................................................................ Food and beverages ............................................................................................... Housing................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ............................................................................................... Transportation ........................................................................................................ Medical care .......................................................................................................... Entertainment.......................................................................................................... Other goods and services ....................................................................................... 171.3 149.0 190.7 117.8 172.3 178.5 145.7 166.8 172.3 150.2 192.0 120.2 171.9 180.0 146.4 168.7 173.4 150.0 192.2 122.9 174.0 181.5 148.3 172.9 167.7 148.5 176.7 130.8 174.1 179.4 140.7 180.5 168.1 149.4 177.3 131.7 173.4 182.0 139.6 180.6 168.9 149.2 178.1 134.4 173.9 183.0 140.3 184.7 164.7 149.1 171.6 128.3 176.2 172.7 152.9 164.3 166.6 150.7 175.3 130.2 175.1 175.2 153.9 167.1 167.2 150.2 175.8 132.0 176.7 175.6 153.4 169.4 164.8 156.9 166.4 124.6 174.7 184.0 140.5 177.4 166.6 158.4 170.0 124.9 174.9 185.1 142.5 178.4 167.5 157.8 171.3 128.7 175.1 185.6 143.3 181.4 158.0 162.2 190.7 158.6 162.4 192.3 159.4 164.0 193.7 157.5 161.1 184.1 157.2 160.2 185.3 157.7 161.1 186.7 155.4 158.3 179.6 155.8 157.9 183.6 156.4 159.1 184.3 155.6 155.0 179.2 156.3 155.3 182.8 156.4 155.7 184.7 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................... Services........................................................................................................................... S o u th E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ........................................................................................................................ Food and beverages ............................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ............................................................................................... Transportation ........................................................................................................ Medical care ........................................................................................................... Entertainment.......................................................................................................... Other goods and services ....................................................................................... 167.6 152.6 174.5 132.2 173.9 179.1 144.7 170.8 168.7 157.3 175.4 131.5 175.6 180.6 147.7 172.5 170.2 157.2 176.9 137.6 176.7 182.2 148.7 176.7 169.1 155.3 174.7 128.3 178.0 180.4 160.0 173.0 170.6 157.2 176.5 127.8 179.0 183.5 161.9 174.8 171.9 157.5 177.0 132.8 180.2 184.9 162.7 179.9 167.1 152.5 172.6 126.4 176.0 188.0 152.8 172.1 168.6 154.0 174.1 127.4 177.5 188.6 153.4 174.5 169.5 153.9 174.2 131.5 179.0 191.0 154.1 177.6 168.4 156.1 176.4 113.6 174.3 193.4 150.7 169.9 168.7 157.8 177.0 110.8 173.8 193.4 151.7 171.3 170.1 158.3 177.1 117,4 174.8 197.7 152.8 174.5 159.1 160.2 179.1 159.4 160.0 181.3 160.7 162.2 183.1 160.6 162.7 181.6 161.3 162.7 184.2 162.6 164.5 185.5 158.0 160.5 181.2 159.2 161.6 182.9 160.0 162.9 184.2 158.2 159.0 183.5 158.5 158.4 184.1 159.8 160.2 185.6 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................... Services........................................................................................................................... W est E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ........................................................................................................................ Food and beverages ............................................................................................... Housing................................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep ............................................................................................... Transportation ........................................................................................................ Medical care .......................................................................................................... Entertainment.......................................................................................................... Other goods and services ....................................................................................... 168.6 154.6 176.3 121.4 179.5 183.3 194.9 171.5 170.3 156.5 179.3 126.5 177.6 185.7 144.8 173.7 172.2 156.8 180.5 129.3 181.0 188.0 145.7 182.7 169.1 158.8 174.3 127.2 180.5 181.5 148.9 173.0 169.5 159.8 174.7 130.5 178.6 182.7 148.8 174.7 170.6 159.7 175.0 131.2 181.2 183.6 152.6 179.3 160.9 154.5 158.7 122.7 176.3 187.5 154.8 169.4 161.4 155.4 159.9 122.5 174.5 189.5 157.9 170.1 162.7 155.8 161.1 127.7 176.3 190.5 154.0 174.4 167.2 161.6 167.3 142.9 173.5 186.6 162.0 175.3 167.8 163.0 167.8 145.1 172.6 188.2 163.2 176.0 170.1 164.2 172.2 147.1 172.7 188.7 165.9 179.3 155.7 156.3 185.0 155.8 155.3 188.4 158.0 158.7 190.1 159.7 159.9 181.8 159.5 159.0 182.7 160.3 160.4 184.2 157.6 158.8 164.6 157.1 157.2 166.5 158.2 158.6 168.0 157.0 154.6 182.2 157.6 1547 182.8 158.7 155.8 186.7 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities................................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .................................................................... Services........................................................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 22. C o n su m er Price In dex— U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s A re a 1 U.S. city average2 ..................................................................................... Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 1 0 0 )............................................................ Atlanta, Ga.................................................................................................. Ba t more. Md............................................................................................. Boston. Mass.............................................................................................. Buffalo, N.Y................................................................................................ Chicago, III.—Northwestern Ind.................................................................... Cincinnati, Ohio—Ky.—Ind............................................................................ Cleveland, Ohio ........................................................................................ Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.................................................................................. Denver-Boulder, Colo.................................................................................. Detroit, Mich............................................................................................... Honolulu, Hawaii ..................................................................................... Houston, Tex.............................................................................................. Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas.......................................................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif.................................................... Miami, Fla. (11/77 = 10 0)....................................................................... Milwaukee, Wis........................................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis................................................................ New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J.............................................................. Northeast, Pa. (Scranton).......................................................................... 1983 1983 1984 O c t. M ay June J u ly A ug. S e p t. O c t. O c t. M ay June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. 302.6 309.7 310.7 311.7 313.0 314.5 315.3 301.3 305.4 306.2 307.5 310.3 312.1 312.2 317.8 306.3 275.3 304.4 275.5 314.0 311.3 303.1 288.5 302.3 306.9 321.9 310.0 305.7 291.2 313.7 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif....................................................................... Seattle-Everett, Wash.................................................................................. Washington, D C Mo.-Va......................................................................... 305.7 310.8 323.3 305.4 300.8 294.7 298.7 313.4 307.7 305.9 300.0 319.7 301.9 305.4 353.5 302.9 297.3 301.4 318.7 1The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated Area 311.6 310.2 302.9 319.1 306.9 298.2 303.9 294.5 317.3 314.7 311.9 287.4 334.4 314.1 311.9 298.9 285.9 322.4 303.9 299.0 328.0 306.6 312.7 288.7 303.7 321.1 294.2 304.7 298.3 298 3 303.1 291.6 295.5 300.5 is used for New York and Chicago. 301.4 298.3 300.3 302.7 301.4 294.7 295.9 304.3 304.3 320.9 301.3 304.2 302.9 294.5 334.4 307.7 302.6 169.7 347.9 332.5 297.1 306.1 303.3 299.9 297.7 308.5 327.0 300.4 308.7 304.2 293.7 308.0 330.7 322.7 303.2 310.8 301.8 324.4 328.2 346.1 298.9 293.6 333.6 304.5 305.1 294.6 301.4 324.6 315.1 302.7 308.9 301.2 292.0 328.1 324.8 168.0 341.6 328.9 293.0 297.5 297.3 328.2 327.5 299.0 314.4 347.1 297.0 290.9 329.5 299 9 303.4 318.2 316.4 305.3 288.6 321.9 318.7 167.2 338.2 316.5 313.0 2Average of 85 cities. 287.3 296.3 312.3 270.9 315.0 311.6 300.8 340.8 302.5 311.4 357.1 323.4 314.3 308.3 314.1 340.1 333.7 167.9 324.0 324.8 305.0 300.9 308.7 351.3 313.0 305.7 286.8 351.3 308.0 286.0 332.0 311.2 308.6 167.0 321.3 324.1 301.6 315.1 325.2 266.8 310.9 309.4 300.6 296.1 337.3 329.8 349.9 306.3 284.7 330.5 310.8 305.6 166.4 320.5 316.8 292.9 294.5 336.7 325.7 265.7 316.4 307.4 313.0 304.9 346.1 298.2 276.4 324.3 303.3 279.0 277.9 315.9 292.5 330.7 318.5 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J................................................................................. Pittsburgh. Pa............................................................................................. Portland, Oreg.-Wash................................................................................. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill....................................................................................... San Diego, Calif.......................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s 1984 319.3 305.3 317.9 23. P roducer P rice Indexes, by stage of processing [1967 = 100] 1983 A nnual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1984 a verag e 1983 N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 Aug. Finished goods....................................................................... 285.2 286.8 287.2 289.5 290.6 291.4 291.2 291.1 290.9 r292.3 291.8 Finished consumer goods .............................................. Finished consumer foods ........................................... Crude ....................................................................... Processed ............................................................... Nondurable goods less fo o d s ...................................... Durable goods ............................................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy . . . Capital equipment............................................................ 284.6 261.8 258.7 260.0 335.3 233.1 231.5 287.2 285.9 261.9 270.4 259 0 336.8 235.4 234.1 290.0 286.3 264.3 266.0 262.0 335.2 235.9 234.0 290.4 288.9 272.2 306.9 266.9 335.0 235.9 236.0 291.6 290.1 274.7 313.6 269.0 336.1 236.1 236.5 292.3 291.1 276.6 323.7 270.2 336.7 236.6 237.1 292.3 290.3 274.3 299.0 269.9 336.4 236.7 237.9 294.5 290.3 271.7 270.7 269.6 338.9 236.6 238.7 293.9 290.1 270.8 258.9 269.7 339.2 236 4 238.7 293.9 r291.6 r275.3 r270.8 273.4 r339 2 236.6 r240.1 r294.6 290.8 274.2 278.9 271.6 337.6 237.1 240.2 295.1 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components................... 312.3 315.5 315.7 316.3 317.6 319 7 320.3 320.9 321.6 321.7 Materials and components for manufacturing................... 293.4 296.5 297.6 298.9 299 8 301.8 302 9 303.3 303.4 r303.2 Materials for food manufacturing................................ Materials for nondurable manufacturing ...................... Materials for durable manufacturing ........................... Components for manufacturing................................... 258.4 280.0 319.4 280.4 260.0 284.6 321.6 283.0 262.9 285.7 322.8 283.5 268.6 286.6 323.4 284.5 268.3 287.0 325.6 285.2 269.6 290 3 328.2 285.6 271.4 291.8 329.1 286.2 276.0 292.8 327.2 287.0 275.2 292.8 326.9 287.5 S e p t. O c t. Nov. 289.8 291.6 292.3 288 9 273.4 274.7 271.0 336.9 232.5 240.9 292.9 290 3 271 8 277.2 269.1 337.7 237.9 240.4 296.0 291.1 272.3 265.5 270.7 339.1 238.4 241.3 296.3 321.1 320.3 319.9 320.5 302.3 301.7 301.2 301.8 r276.4 r292.7 r325.4 r287.9 272.7 291.7 324.7 287.8 269.9 291.1 323.2 288.5 267.2 290.3 321.9 289.2 269.2 290.1 323.2 289.8 F IN IS H E D G O O D S IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S Materials and components for construction...................... 301.8 303.9 304.9 305.5 307.8 309.6 310.5 309.8 310.3 r310.9 311.8 311.3 311.6 311.6 Processed fuels and lubricants......................................... Manufacturing industries.............................................. Nonmanufacturing industries ...................................... 564.8 479.0 640.0 568.1 484.9 640.6 561.7 478.8 634.0 556.4 474.2 628.0 561.3 477.9 634.1 567.8 483.4 641.4 562.9 480.6 634.5 567.2 485.5 638.2 575.2 490.4 649.1 r576.6 r491.4 r650.9 572.5 489.3 645.0 567.6 485.0 639.6 564.2 483.6 634.1 566.2 485.8 636.0 Containers....................................................................... 286.6 289.3 289 9 292.3 294.8 297.3 299.4 300.9 301.8 303.0 304.1 304 7 307.9 309.4 Supplies.......................................................................... Manufacturing industries.............................................. Nonmanufacturing industries ...................................... Feeds ....................................................................... Other supplies......................................................... 277.1 269.9 281.1 225.9 292.8 281.6 272.2 286.7 251.0 294.8 281.6 273.3 286.1 243.9 295.5 282.6 274.5 287.0 243.7 296 6 282.2 276.0 285.7 227.7 298.0 283.0 276.4 286.7 232.2 298 4 284.2 277.8 287.8 233.5 299.5 284.3 278.4 287.6 229.2 300.0 283 9 279.0 286.7 221.6 300.5 r283.2 r279.2 r285.6 r211.7 r301 0 283.3 279.7 285.4 208.3 301.4 283.3 280.3 285.1 202.9 302.1 283.1 281.0 284.5 195.4 302.8 283.1 281.9 284.0 192.4 302.8 Crude materials for further processing ................................... 323.6 324.0 327.5 333.5 332.6 338.8 339.4 338.0 333.0 r334.1 329.3 326.7 320.0 323.7 Foodstuffs and feedstuffs................................................. 252.2 251.8 256.0 264.0 260.5 269.9 269.7 266.4 260.3 r263.6 256.9 253.1 245.5 253.4 Nonfood materials............................................................ 477.4 479.4 481.6 483.4 488.1 487.5 490.1 492.3 489 6 r486.4 485.5 485.1 480 2 475.4 Nonfood materials except fu e l...................................... Manufacturing industries ......................................... Construction............................................................ 372.2 381.9 270.6 377.7 387.9 272.1 379.1 389.4 272.7 380.1 390.4 273.7 385.5 395.5 280.3 387.8 398 8 276.5 388.8 399.5 279 2 389.9 400.2 282.7 386.1 395.7 283.5 r380.9 r390 1 r282.0 377.2 386.6 277.5 379.8 389.1 280.2 374.8 384 0 276.4 369.4 377.9 276.2 . Crude fu e .................................................................... Manufacturing industries ......................................... Nonmanufacturing industries................................... 931.5 1,094.5 816.3 915.3 1,071.8 805.3 921.1 1,079.0 810.1 926.1 1,086.5 813.2 926 6 1,086.3 814.2 910.6 1,064.8 802.6 920.8 1,079.6 809.1 928.4 1,088.1 816.1 932.6 r940.2 1,094.5 r1,103.5 818.4 r825.1 954.4 1,121.7 836.3 938.8 1,101.4 824.3 935.0 1,097.6 820.4 934.1 1,095.8 820.3 Finished goods excluding fo o d s.............................................. Finished consumer goods excluding foods ...................... Finished consumer goods less energy.............................. 290.8 291.4 249.9 293.0 293.2 251.7 292.6 292.5 252.6 292.9 292.5 256.1 293.6 293 1 257.2 294.0 293.6 258.2 294.6 293.5 257.8 295.3 294 9 257.1 295.4 294.9 256.7 r295.7 r295.0 r258.9 295.3 294.4 258.7 292.9 291.9 257.2 295.9 294.8 258.2 296.7 295.7 258.9 Intermediate materials less foods and feeds ........................... Intermediate materials less energy................................... 317.1 295.2 319.9 298.5 320.2 299.4 320 6 300.5 322.3 301.5 324.4 303.3 325.0 304.4 325.4 304.6 326.4 304.7 326.7 r304.7 326.3 304.3 325.7 304.0 325.6 303.8 326.1 304.3 Intermediate foods and feeds ................................................. 247.9 257.4 256 9 ' 260.7 255.1 257.5 259.1 260.8 257.8 255.3 251.7 248.0 243.8 244.1 Crude materials less agricultural products .............................. Crude materials less energy ............................................ 538.6 246.5 540.3 248.3 543.2 252.0 552.0 257.3 550.0 265.1 553.0 265.4 554.0 263.3 552.5 257.6 r549.8 r258.5 549.4 252.2 547.3 250.1 542.3 243.0 536.6 248.3 C R U D E M A T E R IA L S S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S 546.3 258.3 1Data for July 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. P roducer Price Indexes, by com m o dity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p Code A ll c o m m o d it ie s = 100) F a r m p r o d u c t s a n d p r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d fe e d s In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d it ie s 1984 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 Aug. 303.1 321.5 305.5 324.1 306.1 324.8 308.0 326.8 308.9 327.7 311.0 330.0 311.3 330.3 311.5 330.5 311.3 330.3 r311.9 r330.9 310.9 329.9 253 9 315.7 256.0 318.3 257 9 318.4 264.4 319.1 263.4 320.6 267 9 321.9 267.3 322.6 265.8 323.2 262.8 323 8 r264 9 r323.9 1983 A ll c o m m o d it ie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 1983 a verag e S e p t. O c t. Nov. 309.5 328.4 309.4 328.3 310.4 329.3 261.6 323.5 259.6 322.3 255.8 323.2 258 4 323.8 FA R M PR O D U C TS AN D PRO CESSED FOODS A N D FEE D S 01 01-1 01-2 01-3 01-4 01-5 01-6 01-7 01-8 01-9 Farm products............................................................................ Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables...................................... Grains..................................................................................... L vestocK............................................................................... Live poultry............................................................................ Plant and animal fibers ......................................................... Fluid m ilk ............................................................................... Eggs....................................................................................... Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ................................................. Other farm products.............................................................. 248.2 262.1 240.4 243.1 206.5 227.0 282 0 (2) 246.8 282 1 251.0 275.2 257.5 220.5 238.5 243.6 283.2 <2) 287.6 283.5 254.0 276.1 243.6 238.2 241.2 244.1 281 4 (2) 282.2 276.9 263.4 291.2 245.5 250.7 252.6 229.3 279 1 282.4 287.3 280.2 261.6 312.2 235.3 251.9 251.3 232.7 275.7 280.7 265.4 278.9 267.4 308.0 250.9 260.8 258.4 250.3 274.2 (2) 281.4 277.7 265.4 263.8 262.1 260.8 240.8 252.3 272.7 264.4 282.1 279.7 260.8 251.9 256.2 254.8 240.6 259.1 271.7 201.0 297.0 288.2 257.1 273.7 257.8 250.0 227.7 252 7 271.8 177.9 272 4 279.1 r258.7 r281.9 248.9 260 1 259.2 235.8 273 9 184.9 245.8 277.4 253.2 293.3 236.9 253.7 218.6 211.3 276.8 181.2 242.6 284.1 249.7 289.7 231 4 244.9 239.7 210.3 282.1 177.6 228.4 296.1 240 1 266.8 219.0 233.9 219.2 202.8 286.7 179.9 219.1 293.8 245.5 251.0 219.7 247.7 247.1 201.4 287.6 176.0 227.3 295.2 02 02-1 02-2 02-3 02-4 02-5 02-6 02-7 02-8 02-9 Processed foods and feeds......................................................... Cereal and bakery products .................................................... Meats, poultry, and f is h ......................................................... Dairy oroducts ....................................................................... Processed fruits and vegetables.............................................. Sugar and confectionery......................................................... Beverages and beverage materials ......................................... Fats and oils .......................................................................... 255.9 251.0 249.0 250.6 277.4 292.8 263.6 238.8 254.8 228.8 257.6 265.2 234.7 251.4 280.9 297.7 266.3 274.5 264.8 252.1 259.0 265.1 242.3 248 9 282.9 297.5 266.5 271.7 266.2 245.6 263 8 266 6 255.8 248.4 287.7 299.9 268.7 278.3 266.8 245.2 263 4 267.1 254.6 248.4 292.8 300.5 270 2 273.3 275.4 231.1 267.1 267.4 264.4 248.8 295.4 301.1 269.9 286.2 275.2 235.3 267 2 268 3 261.7 248.9 295.1 301.9 271.4 293.4 276.3 236.3 267.5 268 7 257.1 248.9 297.7 303.8 273.5 328.5 276.2 232.3 264.8 271.4 247.4 249.6 298.2 304 1 272.8 328 1 279 9 225.5 r267.3 r272.3 r258.7 251.4 r296.2 r305.0 r273.9 312.7 r281.3 r216.7 265.2 271.8 253.8 251.0 296.4 304 1 274.2 306.8 279.6 214.0 264.0 272.0 251.0 255.2 292.0 302.7 274 7 297 2 280.8 209.0 263.3 272.7 247.2 256.7 295.5 300.2 276.8 302.2 282 2 202.4 264.4 272.6 252.5 257.4 291.7 297.1 276.2 310.9 282 0 199.7 03 03-1 03-2 03-3 03-4 03-81 03-82 Textile products and apparel...................................................... Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 1 0 0 ).............................................. Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ........................ Gray fabrics (12/75 = 10 0).................................................... Finished fabrics (12/75 = 10 0).............................................. Textile housefurnishings......................................................... 205.1 156.7 138.5 147.0 123.1 197.4 235.1 207.7 159.3 141.7 151.4 124.4 199.4 234.4 207.8 158.1 142.9 152.0 124.8 199.0 235.3 208.2 159.2 142.3 151,1 124 8 200.1 236.0 209.6 161,4 144.0 152.8 126.3 200.5 236.6 209.9 160.7 144.0 153.2 127.0 200.7 237.6 209.9 160.7 143.6 153.0 126.9 200.7 238.1 210.5 160.6 144.3 153.7 127.3 201.3 238.8 210 2 160 5 143.8 154.3 127,1 200 8 239.0 r210.5 160.1 143.7 '154.5 r126.9 r201.6 r239.1 210.5 159.9 142.1 154.4 127.3 201.8 239.7 210.6 159.2 142.2 "154.5 127.0 202.3 240.5 209.6 158.2 141.3 154.7 126.2 200.5 242.4 210.0 157.5 140.9 154.7 126.1 201.6 241.4 04 04-2 04-3 04-4 Hides, skins, leather, and related products................................. Leather .................................................................................. Footwear ............................................................................... Other leather and related products ........................................ 271.1 330.7 250.1 252.7 277.0 340.5 257.3 255.8 277.3 344.1 250.3 255.6 279.1 346.2 250.9 257.2 283.3 362.0 252.5 257.3 286.7 378.0 253 5 257.3 286.8 386.7 251.6 258.1 288.5 390.7 251.5 259.8 290 1 387.8 250.5 267.9 r288.9 r383.2 250.1 r267.2 290.2 379.7 250.9 271.5 290.3 372.6 252.1 271.7 288.9 368 9 252.2 272.4 283.2 360.1 249.1 272.1 05 05-1 05-2 05-3 05-4 05-61 05-7 Fuels and related products and power......................................... C oal....................................................................................... Coke....................................................................................... Gas fuels3 ............................................................................ Electric power ....................................................................... Crude petroleum4 ................................................................. Petroleum products, refined5 ................................................. 06 06-1 06-21 06-22 06-3 06-4 06-5 06-6 06-7 Chemicals and allied products.................................................... Industrial chemicals6 ............................................................... Prepared paint Paint materials....................................................................... Drugs and pharmaceuticals .................................................... Fats and oils, inedible............................................................ Agricultural chemicals and chemical products........................ Plastic resins and materials.................................................... Other chemicals and allied products ...................................... 293.0 342.9 264.7 305.8 226 1 285.6 280.5 291.5 273.6 296.4 346.2 264.5 316.5 231.0 321.6 280.4 297.9 273.8 297.7 349.2 264.9 315.5 230.9 318.8 281.9 301.5 273.6 298.1 347.4 265.6 316.6 232 9 334.2 278.5 305.2 274.9 296 5 337.6 267.3 314.2 234.4 349.0 285.9 305.0 273.3 300 1 344.7 267.3 317.9 237.6 366.7 288.1 306.2 275.2 302.0 345.4 268.7 328.7 239.8 383.2 288.4 307.8 277.0 302.7 345.3 270.0 337.6 240.1. 399.2 286.8 310.6 277.2 302 2 345.4 270 9 337.4 237 3 414.3 286.5 311.1 275.9 302.6 r345.6 r274.0 r334.8 r240.5 r378.8 r285.0 '310.6 r277.3 301.4 341.7 276.4 335.1 241.7 350 5 282.9 309.4 278.4 301.4 338.1 277.4 333.5 242.8 359.4 285.1 311.3 278.7 301.0 336.4 278.1 332.3 245.2 365.4 284.7 308 9 278.4 301.6 334.7 277.0 334.1 247.7 378.7 281.8 308.8 281.2 07 07-1 07-11 07-12 07-13 07-2 Rubber plastic products ............................................................ Rubber and rubber products.................................................... Crude rubber ......................................................................... Tires and tubes....................................................................... Miscellaneous rubber products .............................................. Plastic products (6/78 = 100) .............................................. 243.2 266.0 280.8 245.3 284.8 135.3 243.6 264 3 282.7 242.4 283.5 136.7 243 8 264.6 282.2 242.3 284.6 136.8 244 8 266.6 282.9 244.1 287.1 136.9 246.2 266.8 282.8 243.7 288.4 138.4 246.4 265.5 283.0 241.7 287.4 139.4 247.3 267.2 282.3 243.5 289.8 139.4 247.5 266.3 277.7 243.2 289.3 140.2 247.6 266.5 277.2 243.0 290.5 140.2 247.5 r266.5 r275.6 r243.5 r290.0 r140.2 247.6 267.7 273.2 244.1 293.4 139.5 247.9 268.1 273.5 244.7 293.5 139.7 248.1 267.6 271.5 245.8 291.3 140.2 247.7 266.7 270.3 243.9 292.0 140.2 08 08-1 08-2 08-3 08-4 Lumber and wood products ...................................................... Lum ber.................................................................................. Millwork....................................................................... Plywood.................................................................................. Other wood products............................................................... 307.1 352.6 302.3 244.1 230.6 304.9 342.8 307.9 244.6 229.8 308.7 351.3 308.5 247.2 230.6 309.1 352.6 308.6 248.2 230.0 315.7 364.9 308.8 249.5 230.8 316.8 370.5 309.9 248.6 231.8 315.1 369.4 307.2 243.6 233.3 308 5 355.6 304.2 235.4 234.7 307.1 350.5 305 3 236.3 235.0 r304,4 r342.6 r306.8 r237.2 235.2 304.5 342.3 306.1 246.9 236.5 303.4 338.4 307.0 243.4 235.9 300.2 334.4 306.6 240.1 236.5 301.1 336.8 309.8 235.0 236.6 Prepared animal feeds............................................................ IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S See footnotes at end of table. 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 664.7 663 7 658.0 652.1 656.0 658.7 654.7 660.6 665 9 r665.0 660.7 654.8 654.5 655.3 537.4 541.4 544.7 546.2 542.0 547.4 544.3 r548.1 550.7 549.6 543.7 546,4 542.3 543.9 453.8 415.4 418 3 437.9 438.9 442.8 441.6 442.9 441,9 437.3 435.4 432.4 432.8 444.6 1,146.9 1,122.0 1,120.4 1,123.0 1,107.8 1,091.0 1,102.1 1,104.1 1,109.1 r1,110.8 1,128.9 1,119.1 1,113.1 1,110.1 417.9 418.7 417.3 420.5 424.4 426.7 431.5 433.1 446 7 r453.5 457.1 456.8 445.8 443,4 681.4 675.8 674.4 675.6 675.6 675.6 673.9 673.9 673.3 r672.6 672.3 672.0 670.8 658.5 684.3 688.2 678.3 663.2 669 8 680.2 667.0 677.6 679.7 r673.3 657.3 647.5 655.7 661.8 24. C o n tin u ed — P roducer Price Indexes, by com m odity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1984 1983 Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p Code a v e ra g e 1983 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. I N D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o n t in u e d 09 09-1 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-2 Pulp, paper, and allied products................................................. Pulp, paper,and products,excluding building paper and board Woodpulp............................................................................... Wastepape'............................................................................ Paper .................................................................................... Paperboard ............................................................................ Converted paper and paperboard products.............................. Building paper and board ...................................................... 298.1 271.4 346.9 <2) 282 0 250.9 265.3 250.0 303.6 277.4 356.7 215.0 288.5 259.4 267.9 254.7 304.0 277.4 355.5 211.5 289 3 260.9 268.0 250.4 309.1 280.8 366.2 211.5 294.2 262.2 270.6 251.9 312.0 285.0 374.2 229.3 296.6 271.8 273.7 255.1 314.0 288.3 378.6 242.9 299.8 275.6 276.5 258.6 316.3 291.5 401.1 258.8 300.4 277.1 279.1 263.8 317.7 292.7 407.9 259 3 301.3 277.8 280.1 265.2 318.4 293.3 410.3 257.3 301.6 279.1 2B0.6 255.1 ’319.8 ’ 295.7 410.6 254.7 r307.7 279.1 r282.1 262.9 320.0 296.3 410.0 254.5 306.9 285.4 282.4 258.4 321.2 297.2 409.5 249.6 306.7 288.2 283.8 258 1 322.6 298.3 399.5 235.6 308.0 291.8 285.8 257.3 323.8 299.4 398.4 221 4 308.2 293.4 288.1 253.5 10 10-1 10-17 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Metals and metal products......................................................... Iron and steel......................................................................... Steel mill products................................................................. Nonferrous m etals................................................................. Metal containers .................................................................... Hardware............................................................................... Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings ...................................... Heating equipment................................................................. Fabricated structural metal products ...................................... Miscellaneous metal products................................................. 307 2 343.4 352.8 276.1 335.4 290.7 289.3 243.6 303.5 283.6 310.9 349.5 359 5 276.6 338.2 293.1 294.1 245.5 305.3 289.5 311.9 350.9 360.0 278.2 340.3 293.5 294.0 245.7 306.0 289.6 312.9 353.8 362.5 276.8 344,1 293.3 293.9 247.3 306.5 290.3 314.8 356.2 363.6 280 2 344.8 294.0 296.4 248.1 307.0 291.1 316.8 356.5 363.6 286.1 345.4 294.4 299.9 248.5 308.3 292.1 317.9 356.5 364.2 289.1 345.3 294.6 301.5 250.3 309.3 293.1 317.4 357.3 364.7 284.1 348.0 295.3 301.6 252.4 310.6 293.4 317.3 357.0 365.4 282.8 348.0 296.2 302.4 252.7 311.2 294.3 r316.1 r357.4 r367.6 ’277.0 r348.0 ’297.1 r302.8 ’255.2 r311.7 294.1 315.8 357.1 368.0 274.6 352.4 296.7 303.3 255.5 312.3 295.0 315.3 357.6 367.9 271.3 352.6 297.3 299.0 257.5 312.1 295.6 315.4 358.9 368.9 266.1 358.0 299.0 300.6 258.2 314.0 297.7 316.2 357.7 368.1 269.5 357.5 299.1 301.4 256.3 313.0 301.3 11 11-1 11-2 11-3 11 4 11-6 11-7 11-9 Machinery and equipment ......................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment ................................... Construction machinery and equipment................................... Metalworking machinery and equipment................................ General purpose machinery and equipment ........................... Special industry machinery and equipment.............................. Electrical machinery and equipment......................................... Miscellaneous machinery ...................................................... 286.4 326.3 351.9 326.5 308.2 337.1 240.1 274.1 288.0 328.6 353.9 327.3 308 6 341.0 242.8 273.7 288.8 330.1 353.6 328.7 309.8 342.0 243.8 273.9 289.7 331.0 354.2 329.2 310.7 342 0 244.7 275.5 290.2 331.4 355.9 330.2 310.9 343.2 245.7 274.3 291.0 332.9 355.3 330 6 311.7 344.6 246.7 274.5 292.2 335.5 357.5 332.6 313.1 346.8 247.7 274.6 292.6 338.2 357.8 333.5 313.2 348.2 248.1 273.7 293.1 337.8 358.1 333.4 314.0 348.6 249.1 273.9 ’294.0 ’338.6 r358.3 r334.2 r315.2 r351.9 r249.4 r274 2 294.2 337.6 358.6 334.6 315.4 352.3 248.7 276.1 294.5 337.9 359.0 335.5 315 8 350.3 249.3 276.6 295.0 338.0 359.1 336.2 316.1 350.5 250.4 276.3 295.7 337.2 360.1 337.8 316.5 351.0 251.2 276.9 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Furniture and household durables.............................................. Household furniture .............................................................. Commercial furniture.............................................................. Floor coverings................................................................. Household appliances ............................................................ Home electronic equipment.................................................... Other household durable goods.............................................. 214.0 234.7 286.3 185.4 206 9 86.1 313.1 215.7 237.4 289.9 189.3 208.0 85.1 315.1 215.7 237.2 289.5 189.4 208.5 84.5 315.2 216.8 237.9 293 4 188.2 209.8 84.4 318.0 217.2 239.1 294.7 188.4 210.7 84.1 316.8 217.4 240.0 294.7 188.3 210.9 84.0 316.7 218.2 240.8 296.1 188.2 210.9 84.9 319.1 219.1 241.5 297.4 191.7 210.8 84.5 321.6 219.1 242.3 297.0 192.7 211.1 83.9 319.9 r219.2 r242.2 ’298 1 r192.7 r211.5 r84.2 r318.6 218.9 242.2 298.4 191.3 211.7 84.2 316.3 218.9 243.0 298.5 191.4 211.8 83.5 315.9 219.0 243.9 298.0 192.7 211.9 81.8 317.0 219.6 244.9 301.0 189.2 211.8 83.1 319.2 13 13-11 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 Nonmetal- c mineral products .................................................... Flat g la s s ............................................................................... Concrete ingredients.............................................................. Concrete products ................................................................. Structural clay products, excluding refractories ...................... Refractories............................................................................ Asphalt roofing....................................................................... Gypsum products ................................................................. Glass containers .................................................................... Other nonmetaltic minerals ................................................... 325.2 229.7 313.3 302.0 277.8 341.3 384.0 286.0 352.4 480.2 328.9 230.1 314.8 304.1 284.1 353.3 387.8 315.1 350.4 487.4 328.9 229.9 314.6 304.2 284.2 353.3 384.2 322.6 350.4 486.8 330.1 229.5 315.6 304.9 284.3 353.9 385.0 328.6 350.6 486.4 332.2 229.9 319.9 305.9 283.7 356.0 392.3 339.4 350.6 488.1 333.4 229.1 324.2 306.3 284.3 361.1 385.6 339.6 351.6 490.8 335.8 230.2 324.3 308.8 285.0 361.8 396.2 353.0 358.0 491.3 337.6 226.1 328.0 309.4 285.6 361.8 398.7 360.9 361.9 494.9 338.3 226.3 326.7 310.0 286.2 361.8 394.2 360.3 365.0 499.2 r339.8 r226.3 r327.1 310.6 ’286.4 ’361.8 ’394.5 ’359.7 ’366.3 507.1 340.0 217.8 329.0 311.3 287.5 362 7 405.6 352.9 366.0 512.0 340.4 217.9 328.8 311.4 288.7 362.7 406.7 356.1 364.6 510.1 339.6 218.0 328.0 311.5 288.8 362.7 410.3 339.4 364.8 507.4 339.5 217.4 329.5 311.4 288.4 366.6 410.6 332.3 364.9 505.5 14 14-1 14-4 Transportation equipment (12/68 = 100)................................... Motor vehicles and equipment................................................. Railroad equipment................................................................. 256.7 256.8 350.2 260.5 260.5 348.6 260.7 260.6 350.5 261.5 261.1 351.5 262.2 261.2 351.5 262.4 261.5 352.0 263.4 261.9 380.8 262.5 261.5 354.4 262.2 261.1 354.4 ’262.5 ’261.4 ’356.5 263.1 261.8 364.6 257.4 254.6 364.6 264.8 263.3 364.6 265.2 263.6 358.8 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-9 Miscellaneous products............................................................... Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition...................... Tobacco products ................................................................. Not-ons.................................................................................. Photographic equipment and supplies ................................... Mobile homes (12/74 = 100)................................................. Other miscellaneous products................................................. 289.6 225.2 365.4 280.1 215.7 163.4 351.8 291.7 225.2 377.0 279.6 216.8 165.0 349.3 292.8 225.3 377.1 280.1 216.8 165.1 353.2 294.5 227.4 389.4 281.4 <2) 162.2 350.8 294.9 227 8 390.3 282.2 217.9 162.4 350.5 294.9 227.6 390.4 282.2 212.7 162.5 354.2 294.6 226.5 390.4 283.0 213.6 163.8 351.9 294.3 226.8 390.6 283.9 213.6 163.7 350.4 295.7 226.5 400.2 283.9 2.13.6 162.7 350.0 ’297.3 ’226.5 ’408.7 283.9 ’213.8 ’162.9 ’350.1 297.9 226.9 407.6 283.9 214.1 163.1 352.8 296.4 226.9 406.7 283.9 215.5 163.3 346.6 297.0 227.2 406.8 283-, 5 215.5 163.2 348.2 297.0 227.4 407.1 283.5 212.8 164.8 349.3 1Data for July 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 2Not available. 3Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4lncludes only domestic production, 5Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month. 6Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 morfth. r = revised. 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 25. P roducer Price Indexes, fo r special com m o dity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1983 Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1984 a verag e 1983 Nov. D ec. Jen. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 306.6 257.5 258.7 309.1 258.0 258.0 309.4 260.2 260.4 310.7 268.3 266.2 311.9 270.2 267.0 313.6 272.9 271.2 314.2 270.6 270.9 314.7 268 9 271.4 Industrial commodities less fu e ls ........................... Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 1 0 0 )........... Hosiery ......................................................... Underwear and nightwear ................................. Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and fibers and yarns................................... 279.3 138.2 144.7 223.8 282.2 139.8 145.6 224.6 282.9 140.1 145.6 225.4 284.3 140.0 145.8 228.6 285.5 141.3 147.3 229.8 286.7 141.7 147.4 r230 9 287.8 141.7 147.4 229 8 283.5 286.3 287.4 287.6 286.2 289.1 Pharmaceutical preparations................... ........... Lumber and wood products, excluding millwork...................... Steel mill products, including fabricated wire products . . . Finished steel mill products, excluding fabricated wire pmducts ................................................. Finished steel mill products, including fabricated wire products ...................................................... 224.8 321.2 351.2 231.3 314.7 357.4 231.8 321.4 357.8 233.9 322.6 360.1 235.9 331.4 361.1 238.8 334.9 361.2 A ll c o m m o d it ie s — le s s f a r m p r o d u c ts A ll f o o d s P ro c e s s e d fo o d s June J u ly 1 Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 314.8 267.5 269.0 r315.3 r271.7 '272.8 314.7 270.1 270.5 313.4 268.9 269.5 314.1 267.2 269.1 314.7 267.9 270.9 287.8 142.7 147.4 230.9 288 0 142 7 147.4 228.8 '288.2 '142 7 '147.9 '230 2 288.2 142.7 147.8 230.2 287.5 142.7 147.9 230.2 288.5 142.6 148.1 230.3 289 1 141.9 148.1 229.9 290.6 291.1 290.5 '291.3 290.4 290.2 289.7 290.0 241.5 332.5 361 8 241.9 320.4 362.4 240.6 317.2 363.1 '244.6 '312.2 '365.2 244.2 315.3 365.7 245.7 311.4 365.6 249.0 307.6 366 7 252.2 307.5 366 0 367.4 367.2 368.4 367 6 351.5 358.6 359.2 361.7 363.2 363 1 363.6 364 1 364.8 367.0 349.9 356.4 356.9 359.2 360.5 360.5 361 0 361.6 362.4 364.4 364.9 364.8 366.7 365.3 Special metals and metal products ...................... Fabricated metal products...................................... Copper and copper products........................................... Machinery and motive products........................ Machinery and equipment, except electrical ........................... 292.6 294.3 196.6 279.8 313.6 296 3 297.9 182.6 282.4 314.6 297 0 298.4 185.0 283 0 315.3 297.8 299.3 182.1 283.9 316.3 299 0 300.0 185.1 284.5 316.5 300.3 301.1 192.9 285 0 317.1 301.2 301 9 199.4 286 2 318 5 300 8 302.9 191.8 285.9 318.8 300.6 303.6 189.5 286.1 319.2 300.0 '303.9 '184.4 '286.8 320.3 300.0 304.9 181.8 287.1 321.0 296.7 305.0 182.1 284 7 321.1 300.4 307.3 176.6 288.3 321.3 301.0 308.1 183.4 288.9 322.0 Agricultural machinery, including tractors .............................. Metalworking machinery................... Total tractors.................................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment less parts..................... 341.5 357.1 '369.7 330.0 344.0 357.6 373.1 332.2 346.4 358.2 373.8 334.2 347.1 359.3 374.0 335.2 347.5 362 1 374.5 335.7 349.3 361.6 376.1 337.4 352.9 363.0 384 1 340.4 357.0 363.2 386.8 343.6 356 5 363 3 386 7 343.0 '357.2 '364 6 '386 9 '344.0 355.9 365.2 386.5 342.7 356.0 366.5 386.4 343.0 355,5 368 6 386.2 342.7 354.3 370.6 381.6 341.7 Farm and garden tractors less parts ...................... Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts ............. Construction materials...................................................... 347.2 337.1 297.7 350.9 338.7 300.4 352.0 342 2 301.3 352.2 343.3 302.3 352.9 343.4 305.0 355.1 344.9 306.6 362.1 345.7 307.1 365.8 350 1 306.2 365.7 349.2 306 3 '366.0 '350.4 '306.7 364.9 348.8 307.3 364.8 349.2 306.7 364.6 348.5 307.1 357.6 351.7 306.6 A ug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 1Data for July 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 26. r =■ re v is e d . P roducer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967 = 100] 1983 Annual C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g 1984 a verag e 1983 Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 Total durable goods ............................................................... Total nondurable goods .................................................... 286.7 315.7 289.3 318.1 290.1 318.4 291.0 321.2 292.2 321.9 293.2 324.8 294.2 324.7 293.8 325.3 293.8 324.9 '293.8 '326.0 293.9 324.0 292.5322.6 294.2 321.0 294.8 322.3 Total manufactures.................................................... Durable .................................................................... Nondurable ............................................................... 295.7 287.3 304.4 298.4 289.8 307.4 298.8 290.5 307.5 300.0 291.3 309 1 301.2 292.4 310.4 302.8 293.3 312.7 303.2 294.3 312.5 303.8 293.9 314.1 303.9 294 0 314.2 '304.3 '294 2 '314.8 303.4 294.5 312.7 302.1 293.0 311.7 303.0 294.8 311.5 303.9 295.5 312.5 Total raw or slightly processed goods ...................... Durable .......................................................................... Nondurable ............................................................ 339.8 249.3 345.4 340.6 258.5 345.6 341.8 263.3 346.5 348.4 267.4 353.3 347.6 275.2 351.8 352.4 278.7 356.7 352.4 280.6 356.5 350.1 277.9 354.3 348.0 273.3 352.3 '349.6 '264 5 '354,7 348.1 259.6 353.5 345.8 260.6 351.0 339.9 255.9 345.0 341.6 254.1 347.0 1Data for July 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 92 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r= re v is e d . 27. P roducer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] In d u s tr y d e s c r ip tio n S IC a v e ra g e Nov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June J u ly 1 Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 177.1 269.7 921.4 177.1 287.5 909.4 177.1 277.0 909.4 177.1 275.8 914.3 177.1 245.4 913.0 177.1 250.0 902.7 177.1 267.9 909.2 177.1 273.7 914.1 177.1 271.6 918.4 177.1 264.6 '921.6 177.1 249.1 929.4 177.1 257.1 919.4 177.1 271.6 917.1 177.1 276.6 908.6 1983 code 1984 1983 Annual 1972 M IN IN G 1011 1092 1311 Iron ores (12/75 = 100)......................................... Mercury ores (12/75 = 100) ................................ Crude petroleum and natural gas ........................... 2067 2074 2083 2091 2098 Chewing g u m ......................................................... Cottonseed oil m ills................................................. Malt ....................................................................... Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 = 100) ........... Macaroni and spaghetti........................................... 326.8 204.1 234.1 174.1 256.8 327.5 233.1 241.6 169.2 261.9 327.5 223.3 241.6 169.7 261.9 328.0 229.2 241.6 169.0 261.9 328.1 201.7 241 6 168.8 261.9 328.7 212.7 241.6 168.6 261.9 328.8 222.6 241.6 167.0 261.9 328.9 245.3 241.6 169.3 261.9 328.9 243.1 241.6 169.0 261.9 329.1 223.2 241.6 '167.9 261.9 329.2 210.3 241.6 167.9 261.9 329.2 205.0 241.6 167.1 261.9 329.2 172.9 241.6 167.0 261.9 329.1 166.9 234.5 166.9 261.9 2298 2361 2381 2394 2448 Cordage and twine (12/77 = 100) ........................ Children's dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100) . . . . Fabric dress and work gloves ................................ Canvas and related products (12/77 = 1 0 0 )........... Wood pallets and skids (12/75 = 1 0 0 )................... 139.3 116.6 293.3 147.0 149.2 138.9 117.0 296.3 147.8 151.9 139.0 117.0 297.6 147.8 153.6 139.0 118.2 295.2 150.6 154.0 139.2 117.8 299.1 150.6 156.0 139.2 117.8 302.3 150.6 157.9 139.3 118.6 304.8 150.6 161.6 139.4 118.6 315.6 150.6 165.1 139.4 118.6 315.6 150.6 165.4 '138.6 118.6 315.6 '150.6 '168.6 137.4 118.6 315.6 151.3 166.3 137.4 117.8 315.6 152.9 166.4 137.4 116.7 315.6 152.9 166.0 138.6 116.7 315 6 152.9 168.2 2521 2654 2655 2911 3251 Wood office furniture.............................................. Sanitary food containers ......................................... Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) ........................... Brick and structural clay t i l e ................................... 281.3 266.1 186.5 253.8 332.3 283.6 269.0 189.5 253.5 339.7 283 6 269.0 189.6 249.7 339.9 285.1 269.1 189.6 244.4 340.2 289.1 273.4 189.7 246.7 339.9 289.1 278.4 191.4 249.8 341,1 289.2 280.6 193.1 244.9 342.6 289.2 280.6 193.1 248.1 343.8 289.2 280 7 193.1 248.8 345.0 '289.1 '280.6 194.7 '246.5 '345.3 290.3 282.3 194.7 241.0 346.5 292.2 282.9 194.7 238.3 348.7 292.3 283.0 194.7 241.0 348.9 296.3 283.2 197.8 242.8 349.1 3253 3255 3259 3261 3263 Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 1 0 0 ) ............. Clay refractories ...................................................... Structural clay products, n.e.c.................................. Vitreous plumbing fixtures...................................... Fine earthenware food utensils................................ 146.0 355.6 230.2 278.1 366.5 149.6 366.6 235.0 284.5 368.5 149.6 366.5 235.0 285.4 368.5 149.6 367.2 235.0 285.6 383.6 149.6 367.7 232.1 287.0 384.0 149.6 369.3 232.4 290.1 375.9 149.6 371.5 232.4 290.4 382.6 149.6 371.5 232.4 290.8 376.5 149.6 371.7 232.4 292.5 372.1 '149.6 '371.6 '232.4 293.1 '373.3 150.5 373.4 232.9 293 9 373.0 150.5 373.4 232.9 295.5 372.8 150.5 373.4 233.0 297.6 373.1 150.5 380.9 233.0 297.5 376.3 3269 3274 3297 3482 3623 Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) ................ Lime (12/75 = 100) .............................................. Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 10 0)........................ Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 100)................... Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 100)............. 187.1 185.7 205.2 180.5 243.6 189.9 182.4 212.8 181.6 243.9 189.9 182.5 212.8 181.6 244.7 191.9 182.8 213.1 190.3 246.0 192.2 184.4 215 4 190.3 246.7 191.9 183.9 220.6 190.3 247.2 192.2 184.1 220.1 190.3 248.7 192.2 184.2 220.1 190.3 248.8 186 3 183.3 220.1 190.3 250.4 '187.6 '180.3 '219.9 '190.3 '250.7 192.1 179.8 219.9 196.6 245.4 189.0 187.3 220.3 196.6 245.9 195.1 180.7 220.0 196.6 247.3 195.3 182.2 220.2 196.6 247.5 3648 3671 3942 3944 3955 Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 1 0 0 )............. Electron tubes, receiving type ................................ Dolls (12/75 - 1 0 0 ).............................................. Games, toys, and children's vehicles...................... Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100) . . . 172.8 435.4 137.5 238.7 139.2 173.9 432.9 137.7 236.2 139.3 172.6 469.8 137.7 236.2 139.3 173.5 490.6 137.6 239.3 144.3 173.5 490.8 137.8 240.6 149.0 184.9 490.8 137.7 240.1 149.0 185.0 490.9 131.6 239.7 149.1 185.6 490.9 133.4 239.1 149.1 185.7 491.3 133.6 239.2 149.1 '186.3 '491.6 133.6 239.2 146.7 188.2 491.3 133.3 234.7 146.7 188.3 491.6 133.3 234.8 146.7 194.3 492.0 133.3 235.0 139.7 196.9 527.2 133.3 234.9 139.7 3995 3996 Burial caskets (6/76 - 1 0 0 )................................... Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 1 0 0 )........... 153.5 161.5 156.0 163.5 156.0 163.5 156.0 165.2 157.2 165.2 157.3 165.2 158.8 166.3 158.8 166.4 158.8 166.4 158.8 168.7 158.8 168.7 158.5 168.8 158.5 169.7 158.5 169.7 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 1Data for July 1984 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r = revised. 93 PRODUCTIVITY DATA P r o d u c t iv it y data are com p iled by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics hour d e s c r i b e s la b o r p r o d u c t iv it y in n o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s w h e r e th e r e from estab lish m en t data and from m easures o f com p en sation and are n o s e lf-e m p lo y e d . T h e output su p p lied by the U .S . D epartm ent o f C om m erce and the t if a c to r p r o d u c t iv it y c o m p u t a t io n is d e v e l o p e d b y bls f r o m m e a s u r e s o f Federal R eserve Board. th e n e t s t o c k o f p h y s i c a l a s s e t s — e q u ip m e n t , s tr u c tu r e s , la n d , a n d in v e n capital services in p u t in d e x u s e d in th e m u l t o r i e s — w e i g h t e d b y r e n ta l p r ic e s f o r e a c h t y p e o f a s s e t . o f labor and capital input Definitions Com bined units a re c o m p u t e d b y c o m b in in g c h a n g e s in la b o r a n d c a p it a l in p u t s w it h w e ig h t s w h i c h r e p r e s e n t e a c h c o m p o n e n t ’s sh a r e O utput is th e c o n s t a n t d o lla r g r o s s p r o d u c t s e c t o r . O utput per hour of all persons ( la b o r p r o d u c e d b y th e p a r tic u la r p r o d u c t iv it y ) m e a s u r e s th e v a lu e o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s in c o n s t a n t p r ic e s p r o d u c e d p e r h o u r o f la b o r . O utput per unit o f capital services (c a p it a l p r o d u c t iv it y ) m e a s u r e s th e o f to t a l o u t p u t . T h e in d e x e s f o r c a p it a l s e r v i c e s a n d c o m b in e d u n it s o f la b o r a n d c a p it a l a re b a s e d o n c h a n g in g w e ig h t s w h i c h a re a v e r a g e s o f th e s h a r e s in th e c u r r e n t a n d p r e c e d in g y e a r (t h e T o m q u i s t in d e x - n u m b e r f o r m u la ) . v a lu e o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s in c o n s t a n t d o lla r s p e r u n it o f c a p it a l s e r v i c e s in p u t. M ultifactor productivity m e a s u r e s th e o u tp u t p e r u n it o f c o m b in e d Notes on the data la b o r a n d c a p it a l in p u t. T h e tr a d itio n a l m e a s u r e o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r r e f l e c t s c h a n g e s in c a p it a l p e r h o u r a n d a c o m b in a t io n o f o th e r f a c t o r s — s u c h a s , c h a n g e s in t e c h n o l o g y , s h if t s in th e c o m p o s it io n o f th e la b o r f o r c e , c h a n g e s in c a p a c i t y u t ili z a t io n , r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t , s k ill a n d e f f o r t s o f th e w o r k f o r c e , m a n a g e m e n t , a n d s o fo rth . T h e m u ltifa c to r p r o d u c tiv ity m e a s u re d if f e r s f r o m th e f a m ilia r bls m e a s u r e o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s in th a t it e x c l u d e s th e e f f e c t s o f th e s u b s t it u t io n o f c a p it a l f o r la b o r . In th e b u s in e s s s e c t o r a n d th e n o n fa r m b u s in e s s s e c to r , th e o u tp u t m e a s u r e e m p l o y e d in th e c o m p u t a t io n o f o u tp u t p e r h o u r is c o n s t r u c t e d fr o m G r o s s D o m e s t i c P r o d u c t r a th e r th a n G r o s s N a t io n a l P r o d u c t. M u lt if a c t o r p r o d u c t iv it y m e a s u r e s ( t a b le 2 8 ) f o r th e private b u s in e ss an d private non fa r m b u s i n e s s s e c t o r s d if f e r f r o m th e b u s i n e s s a n d n o n f a r m b u s i n e s s s e c t o r m e a s u r e s u s e d in th e tr a d itio n a l la b o r p r o d u c t iv it y i n d e x e s ( t a b le s 2 9 - 3 2 ) in th a t t h e y e x c l u d e th e a c t i v it ie s o f g o v e r n m e n t e n t e r p r is e s . T h e r e is n o Com pensation per hour in c l u d e s w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s o f e m p l o y e e s p lu s d if f e r e n c e in th e s e c t o r d e f in it i o n f o r m a n u f a c t u r in g . e m p l o y e r s ’ c o n t r ib u t io n s f o r s o c ia l in s u r a n c e a n d p r iv a te b e n e f it p la n s . O u tp u t m e a s u r e s f o r th e b u s i n e s s s e c t o r s a re d e r iv e d f r o m d a ta s u p p lie d T h e d a ta a l s o in c l u d e a n e s t im a t e o f w a g e s , s a la r i e s , a n d s u p p le m e n t a r y b y th e B u r e a u o f E c o n o m i c A n a l y s i s , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e , a n d p a y m e n t s f o r th e s e l f - e m p l o y e d , e x c e p t f o r n o n f i n a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s , in th e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B o a r d . Q u a r te r ly m a n u f a c t u r in g o u tp u t in d e x e s are w h ic h th ere are n o s e lf-e m p lo y e d . Real compensation per hour is c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r a d ju s te d b y th e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x f o r A l l U r b a n C on su m ers. Unit labor costs a d j u s t e d b y th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s t o a n n u a l e s t im a t e s o f o u tp u t ( g r o s s p r o d u c t o r i g in a t in g ) f r o m th e B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic A n a l y s i s . C o m p e n s a t i o n a n d h o u r s d a ta a r e f r o m th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s a n d th e m e a s u r e th e la b o r c o m p e n s a t io n c o s t s r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e a u n it o f o u tp u t a n d is d e r iv e d b y d iv id in g c o m p e n s a t io n b y o u tp u t. Unit nonlabor paym ents in c lu d e p r o f it s , d e p r e c ia t io n , in t e r e s t, a n d in B u rea u o f E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is . T h e p r o d u c t iv it y a n d a s s o c ia t e d c o s t m e a s u r e s in th e t a b le s d e s c r ib e th e r e la t io n s h i p b e t w e e n o u tp u t in r e a l t e r m s a n d th e la b o r t im e a n d c a p it a l d ir e c t t a x e s p e r u n it o f o u tp u t. T h e y a re c o m p u t e d b y s u b tr a c tin g c o m s e r v i c e s i n v o l v e d in its p r o d u c t io n . T h e y s h o w th e c h a n g e s f r o m p e r io d p e n s a t i o n o f a ll p e r s o n s f r o m c u r r e n t d o lla r g r o s s p r o d u c t a n d d iv id in g b y t o p e r io d in t h e a m o u n t o f g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s p r o d u c e d p e r u n it o f in p u t. o u tp u t. Unit nonlabor costs c o n t a in a ll th e c o m p o n e n t s o f u n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s e x c e p t u n it p r o f it s . Unit profits in c lu d e c o r p o r a te p r o f it s a n d th e v a lu e o f in v e n t o r y a d j u s t m e n t s p e r u n it o f o u tp u t. The im plicit price deflator b y th e c o n s t a n t d o lla r f ig u r e s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis f a c t o r o f p r o d u c t io n . R a th e r , t h e y r e f l e c t th e j o in t e f f e c t o f m a n y i n f lu e n c e s , l i z a t io n o f c a p a c i t y , e n e r g y , a n d m a te r ia ls ; th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f p r o d u c tio n ; m a n a g e r ia l s k i ll; a n d th e c h a r a c te r is t ic s a n d e f f o r t s o f th e w o r k f o r c e . F o r a m o r e c o m p l e t e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m e t h o d o lo g y u n d e r ly in g th e m u lt if a c t o r m e a s u r e s th e la b o r in p u t o f p a y r o ll w o r k e r s , s e lf - e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s , a n d u n p a id f a m il y w o r k e r s . 94 d o n o t m e a s u r e th e c o n t r ib u t io n s o f la b o r , c a p it a l , o r a n y o th e r s p e c if i c in c l u d in g c h a n g e s in t e c h n o lo g y ; c a p it a l in v e s t m e n t ; l e v e l o f o u tp u t; u t i is th e p r ic e in d e x f o r th e g r o s s p r o d u c t o f th e s e c t o r r e p o r te d . It is d e r iv e d b y d iv id in g th e c u r r e n t d o lla r g r o s s p r o d u c t H ours o f all persons A lt h o u g h t h e s e m e a s u r e s r e la t e o u tp u t t o h o u r s a n d c a p it a l s e r v i c e s , t h e y Output per all em ployee p r o d u c t iv it y m e a s u r e s , s e e B u lle t in 2 1 7 8 , “ T r e n d s in M u lt if a c t o r P r o d u c t iv ity , 1 9 4 8 - 8 1 ” (S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 3 ). 28. A nnual indexes of m ultifactor productivity and related m easures, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [1977 = 100] It e m 1950 1960 1970 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 49.7 98.6 63.6 39.5 64.8 98.5 75.4 53.3 86.1 98.5 90.2 78.3 94.8 103.0 97.5 91.8 92.5 96.5 93.8 89.9 94.5 92.0 93.6 88.0 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.7 100.5 101.8 101.0 105.5 99.3 100.3 99.7 107.9 98.7 95.6 97.6 106.4 100.6 94.1 98.3 109.2 100.8 89.6 96.8 106.3 103.7 92.3 99.6 111.1 79.4 40.1 62.1 50.4 82.2 54.1 70.7 65.8 90.8 79.4 86.7 87.4 96.8 89.1 94.1 92.0 97.2 93.1 95.8 95.9 93.1 95.7 94.0 102.8 95 9 97.5 96.5 101.6 105.0 103.6 104.5 98.7 108.6 107.5 108.2 98 9 107.8 111.4 109.0 103.3 108.5 116.0 111.0 106.9 105.4 118.7 109.8 112.6 107.2 120.3 111.5 112.3 55.6 98.2 68.1 38.3 68.0 98.4 77.6 52.3 86.8 98.6 90.7 77.8 95.3 103.2 97.9 91.7 92.9 96.5 94.1 89.7 94.8 91.7 93.6 87.6 97.8 96.1 97.2 93.6 100.6 101.9 101.0 105.7 99.0 100.1 99.4 108.0 98.2 95 2 97.2 106.4 99.6 93.2 97.4 108.7 99 9 88.7 95.9 105.9 103.5 91.9 99.3 111.3 69.0 39.0 56.2 56.6 77.0 53.2 67.4 69.1 89.7 78.9 85.9 88.0 96.2 88.8 93.6 92.4 96.5 93.0 95.3 96.3 92.4 95.6 93.5 103.4 95.7 97.4 96 3 101.8 105.1 103.7 104.6 98.7 109.1 107.9 108.7 98.9 108.4 111.7 109.5 103.1 109.1 116.6 111.6 106.8 106.0 119.4 110.4 112.6 107.6 121.2 112.0 112.6 49.4 94.5 59.9 38 6 60.0 88.0 67.0 50.7 79.2 91.8 82.3 77.0 93.0 108.2 96.8 95.9 90.8 99.6 93.1 91.9 93.4 89.4 92.2 85.4 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.6 100.9 101.5 101.1 105.3 101.6 99.5 101.0 108.2 101.7 90.7 98.8 103.5 104.9 89.9 100.8 106.1 107.1 82.9 100.3 99.3 111.6 87.6 104.9 104.4 78.2 40.9 64.5 52.3 84.4 57.5 75.6 68.2 97.3 83.9 93.5 86.2 103.1 88.6 99.0 85.9 101.2 92.2 98.7 91.1 91.4 95.5 92.6 104.5 95.9 97.4 96.3 101.6 104.4 103.8 104.2 99.4 106.5 108.8 107.1 102.1 101.7 114.1 104.8 112.2 101.1 118.0 105.2 116.7 92.7 119.8 99.0 129.2 93.5 119.2 99.5 127.5 P R IV A T E B U S IN E S S S E C T O R Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........................ Output per unit of capital services................... Multifactor productivity ................................... Output.................................................................. Inputs: Hours of all persons......................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ........................... P R IV A T E N O N F A R M B U S IN E S S S E C T O R Productivity: Output per hour of all persons........................ Output per unit of capital services................... Multifactor productivity................................... Output.................................................................. Inputs: Hours of all persons......................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ........................... M A N U F A C T U R IN G Productivity: Output per hour of all persons ........................ Output per unit of capital services................... Multifactor productivity................................... Output.................................................................. Inputs: Hours of all persons......................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital Input . . . . Capital per hour of all persons ........................... 29. A nnual indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 3 [1977 = 100] Ite m Business sector: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r................................... Real compensation per hour ........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r................................... Real compensation per hour ........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... Nonflnancial corporations: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r................................... Real compensation per hour ........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons........................ Compensation per h o u r.................................... Real compensation per h o u r........................... Unit labor c o s ts .............................................. Unit nonlabor payments................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 50.4 20.0 50.5 39.8 43.4 41.0 58.3 26.4 59.7 45.2 47.6 46.0 65.2 33.9 69.5 52.1 50.6 51.6 78.3 41.7 80.1 53.3 57.6 54.7 86.2 58.2 90.8 67.5 63.2 66.0 94.6 85.6 96.4 90.5 90.4 90.4 97.6 92.9 98.9 95.1 94.0 94.7 100.5 108.5 100.8 108.0 106.7 107.5 99.3 118.7 99.1 119.5 112.8 117.2 98.8 131.1 96.4 132.6 119.3 128.1 100.7 143.4 95.5 142.4 136.7 140.4 100.9 155.0 97.3 153.6 136.8 147.9 103 7 161.7 98.4 156.0 145.5 152.4 56.3 21.9 55.1 38.8 42.7 40.1 62.8 28.3 64.0 45.1 47.8 46.0 68.3 35.7 73.1 52.3 50.4 51.6 80.5 42.8 82 3 53.2 58.0 54.8 86.8 58.7 91.5 67.6 63.8 66.3 94.8 86.1 96.9 90.8 88.5 90.0 97.8 93.0 99.0 95.1 93.5 94.6 100.6 108.6 100.8 108.0 105.3 107.1 99.0 118.4 98.8 119.5 110.4 116.5 98.3 130.6 96.0 132.8 118.6 128.1 99.8 143.1 95.3 143.5 135.0 140.6 100.0 154.5 97.0 154.5 136.9 148.6 103.4 162.0 98.6 156.6 147.0 153.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) <1) (1) (1) (1) <1) (1) (1> (1) 68.0 37.0 75.8 54.4 54.6 54.5 82.0 43.9 84.3 53.5 60.8 56.1 87.4 59.4 92.7 68.0 63.1 66.3 95.5 86.1 97.0 90.2 90.8 90.4 98.2 92.9 98.9 94.6 95.0 94.7 100.8 108.4 100.7 107.5 104.2 106.4 100 6 118.6 99 0 117.8 106 9 114 1 99.7 130.8 96.2 131.2 117.4 126.4 101.6 143.1 95.3 140.9 135.1 138.9 102.6 154.6 97.0 150.6 138.1 146.3 106.1 161.0 97.9 151.8 149.1 150.9 49.4 21.5 54.0 43.4 54.3 46.6 56.4 28.8 65.1 51.0 58.6 53.2 60.0 36.7 75.1 61.1 61.1 61.1 74.6 42.8 82.3 57.5 69.4 61.0 79.2 57.6 89.8 72.7 65.1 70.5 93.4 85.5 96.2 91.5 87.3 90.3 97.6 92.3 98.3 94.6 93.9 94.4 100.9 108.3 100.6 107.3102.7 106.0 101 6 118 8 99 2 117.0 99 9 112.0 101.7 132.7 97.6 130.5 97.9 120.9 104.9 145.2 96.8 138.4 111.6 130.6 107.1 158.0 99.2 147.6 110.5 136.7 111.6 163.4 99.4 146.4 128.8 141.2 1Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 95 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 30. A nnual changes in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, 1 9 7 3 -8 3 A n n u a l r a te Year of change It e m 1974 1973 Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............. Compensation per h o u r........................ Real compensation per hour ................ Unit labor costs ................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................ Implicit price deflator ........................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons .............. Compensation per h o u r......................... Real compensation per hour ................ Unit labor costs ................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................ Implicit price deflator ........................... Nonflnanclal corporations: Output per hour of all employees........... Compensation per h o u r......................... Real compensation per hour ................ Unit labor costs ...................... Unit nonlabor payments........................ Implicit price deflator ........................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons .............. Compensation per h o u r........................ Real compensation per hour ................ Unit labor costs .................................... Unit nonlabor payments........................ Implicit price deflator ........................... 1975 1977 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 9 5 0 -8 3 1983 1 9 7 3 -8 3 2.6 8.0 1.6 5.3 5.9 5.5 -2 .4 9.4 -1 .4 12.1 4.4 9.5 2.2 9.6 0.5 7.3 15.1 9.8 3.3 8.5 2.6 5.1 4.0 4.7 2.4 7.7 1.2 5.1 6.4 5.6 0.5 8.5 0.8 8.0 6.7 7.5 -1 .2 9.4 -1 .7 10.7 5.8 9.0 -0 .5 10.4 -2 .7 11.0 5.7 9.3 1.9 9.4 -0 .9 7.3 14.6 9.6 0.2 8.1 1.9 7.9 0.1 5.3 2.7 4.3 1.1 1.6 6.3 3.0 2.2 6.5 2.0 4.2 3.7 4.1 0.9 8.5 0.1 7.6 7.1 7.1 2.4 7.6 1.3 5.0 1.3 3.8 -2 .5 9.4 -1 .4 12.2 5.9 10.2 2.0 9.6 0.4 7.5 16.7 10.3 3.2 8.1 2.2 4.7 5.7 5.1 2.2 7.5 1.0 5.2 6.9 5.7 0.6 8.6 0.8 8.0 5.3 7.1 -1 .5 9.0 -2 .0 10.7 4.8 8.8 -0 .7 10.3 -2 .8 11.1 7.4 10.0 1.5 9.6 -0 .7 8.0 13.8 9.8 0.2 8.0 1.7 7.7 1.4 5.7 3.5 4.9 1.6 1.4 7.4 3.2 1.9 6.3 1.8 4.3 3.8 4.1 1.2 8.5 0.1 7.6 7.5 7.6 2.4 7.5 1.2 4.9 1.5 3.8 -3 .7 9.4 -1 .5 13.6 7.1 11.4 2.9 9.6 0.4 6.5 20.1 10.9 2.9 7.9 2.0 4.9 4.6 4.8 1.8 7.6 1.1 5.7 5.3 5.6 0.8 8.4 0.7 7.5 4.2 6.4 -0 .2 9.4 -1 .7 9.6 2.6 7.2 -0 .9 10.3 -2 .8 11.3 9.8 10.8 1.9 9.4 -0 .9 7.4 15.1 9.8 1.0 8.0 1.8 6.9 2.3 5.3 3.3 4.2 0.9 0.8 7.9 3.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1.1 8.5 0.1 7.4 7.1 7.3 5.4 7.2 0.9 1.7 -3 .3 0.3 -2 .4 10.6 -0 .3 13.3 -1 .8 9.0 2.9 11.9 2.5 8.8 25.9 13.1 4.5 8.0 2.1 3.4 7.5 4.6 2.5 8.3 1.8 5.7 6.5 6.0 0.9 8.3 0.6 7.3 2.7 6.0 0.7 9.7 -1 .4 9.0 -2 .6 5.7 0.2 11.7 -1 .6 11.5 -2.1 7.9 3.1 9.4 -0 .9 6.1 14.1 8.0 2.1 8.8 2.5 6.6 -1 .0 4.7 4.3 3.4 0.2 -0 .8 16.5 3.3 2.5 6.3 1.9 3.8 2.6 3.4 1.8 9.0 0.5 7.0 6.2 6.8 1Not available. 31. Q uarterly indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1977 = 100] Q uarterly indexes average Item Business sector: Output per hour of all persons ...................... Compensation per hour ................................. Real compensation per hour........................... Unit labor costs.............................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................................ Implicit price deflator...................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ...................... Compensation per hour ................................ Real compensation per hour........................... Unit labor costs.............................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................................. Implicit price deflator...................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees................... Compensation per hour ................................. Real compensation per hour........................... Total unit costs.............................................. Unit labor co sts...................................... Unit nonlabor costs................................. Unit profits .................................................... Implicit price deflator...................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ...................... Compensation per hour ................................. Real compensation per hour........................... Unit labor costs.............................................. r = revised. 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 II 1984 1983 1982 III IV I II III IV I II III 1982 1983 100.9 155.0 97.3 153.6 136.8 147.9 103.7 161.7 98.4 156.0 145.5 152.4 100.9 151.4 96.9 150.0 138.0 145.9 100.3 153.9 97.2 153.4 137.0 147.9 100.9 156.7 97.3 155.3 135.8 148.7 101.6 158.4 98.0 155.9 136.5 149.3 102.2 160.2 99.0 156.8 139.8 151.0 103.6 161.0 98.5 155.4 144.6 151.7 104.3 161.8 98.0 155.1 147.9 152.7 104.7 164.2 98.4 156.8 149.1 154.2 105.7 166.7 98.6 157.7 151.6 155.6 107.0 167.5 98.2 156.5 157.2 156.7 r107.3 r169.4 98.4 r157.9 r158.3 r158.0 100.0 154.5 97.0 154.5 136.9 148.6 103.4 162.0 98.6 156.6 147.0 153.4 99.8 151.0 96.7 151.4 136 9 146.5 99.4 153.2 96.8 154.2 137.5 148.6 100.3 156.0 96.9 155 6 136.8 149.3 100.5 157.9 97.7 157.1 136.4 150.2 101.6 160.1 99.0 157.6 140.6 151.9 103.6 161.5 98.8 155.9 146.4 152.7 104.1 162.4 98.3 155.9 149.4 153.8 104.4 164.0 98.2 157.1 151.4 155.2 105.2 166.5 98.5 158.3 152.2 156.3 106.6 168.0 98.5 157.6 156.8 157.3 r106.4 169.5 98.5 r159.4 r157.8 r158.8 102.6 154.6 97.0 154.3 150.6 164.8 84.6 146.3 106.1 161.0 97.9 155.2 151.8 164.9 117.2 150.9 102.2 151.1 96.7 151.5 147.9 161.6 89.4 144.3 102.1 153.5 97.0 154.0 150.3 164.3 86.8 146.3 103.3 156.2 97.0 154.7 151.3 164.4 86.6 146.9 103.2 157.7 97.5 157.0 152.9 168.8 75.6 147.7 104.0 159.2 98.4 156.7 153.1 167.0 92.5 149.4 105.8 160.6 98 2 155.2 151.7 165.1 111.8 150.2 107.2 161.8 98.0 154.4 150.9 164.4 126.6 151.2 107.2 162.6 97.4 154.7 151.7 163.3 135.9 152 6 108.1 164.8 97.5 155.0 152.5 162.0 143.2 153 6 108.9 165.8 97.2 155.0 152.3 162.8 151.1 154.6 P108.3 P167.2 P97.2 P157.2 P154.4 P165.2 P146.5 P156.0 107.1 158.0 99.2 147.6 111.6 163.4 99.4 146.4 105.5 154.3 98.8 146.2 106.3 157.2 99.4 148.0 108.8 159.8 99.2 146.9 107.8 161.0 99.6 149.3 109.1 162.7 100.6 149.1 110.8 163.0 99.7 147.0 113.4 163.5 99.0 144.1 113.1 164.6 98.6 145.5 114.2 167.1 98.9 146.4 115.3 168.3 98.7 146.0 r117.5 169.9 98.7 144.5 P = preliminary. 32. P ercent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate Q u a r t e r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l r a te Business sector: Output per hour of all persons........... Compensation per hour...................... Real compensation per h o u r.............. Unit labor co sts................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................... Implicit price deflator......................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons........... Compensation per hour...................... Real compensation per h o u r............. Unit labor co sts................................. Unit nonlabor payments ................... Implicit price deflator........................ Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees . . . Compensation per hour...................... Real compensation per h o u r.............. Unit labor costs ........................... Unit nonlabor costs ...................... Unit profits ...................................... Implicit price deflator........................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons........... Compensation per hour...................... Real compensation per h o u r............. Unit labor co sts................................. r = revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r a g o 11983 II 1 9 8 3 I II 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 1 1984 I1 1984 I1 1982 I II 1 9 8 2 IV 1 9 8 2 I 1983 I1 1983 to to to to to to to to to to to to II 1 9 8 3 I II 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 I 1984 II 1 9 8 4 I II 1 9 8 4 II 1 9 8 3 I II 1 9 8 3 IV 1 9 8 3 1 1984 II 1 9 8 4 I II 1 9 8 4 5.9 22 -2.1 -3 .5 14.5 1.9 2.8 2.0 -2.1 -0 .8 9.5 2.5 1.4 6.1 1.6 4.6 3.1 4.1 4.0 6.2 1.2 2.1 7.0 3.7 4.9 1.9 -1 .8 -2 .9 15.4 2.9 r0.9 4.5 0.9 r3.6 r2.8 r3.3 3.3 4.6 1.3 1.3 5.5 2.6 3.4 3.3 0.7 -0.1 8.9 2.7 3.1 3.7 0.3 0.6 9.2 3.3 3.5 4.1 -0 .4 0.6 8.4 3.0 3.3 4.0 -0 .3 0.7 8.7 3.3 r2.8 4.7 0.5 r1.8 7.0 3.5 8.1 3.5 -0 .8 -4.2 17.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 -1 .9 0.1 8.4 2.7 1.0 4.1 -0.3 3.0 5.3 3.7 2.9 6.1 1.0 3.1 2.3 2.8 5.5 3.7 4.3 5.4 2.0 1.1 6.5 2.8 3.9 4.1 1.5 0.2 9.2 3.0 3.9 3.9 0.6 r -1 .7 12.5 2.8 r -0 .7 r3.8 r0.2 r4.5 r2.5 r3.8 10 9 3.3 3.5 4.0 -0 .5 0.4 8.3 2.9 2.9 4.0 -0 .3 1.1 7.1 3.0 r2.2 4.4 0.2 r2.2 r5.6 r3.3 7.5 3.5 -0 .8 -3 9 -3 .7 -4 .5 112.8 2.3 5.3 3.1 -1 .0 -2 .0 -2.1 -1 .7 64.8 2.8 -0 .2 2.0 -2.4 0.8 2.1 -2 .6 32.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 0.7 0.6 2.0 -3 .2 23.4 2.7 r2.8 r2.4 -1 .3 r0.2 r -0 .4 r2.0 r23.8 r2.6 P-2.1 P3.3 P-0.3 P5.7 P5.5 P6.2 P-11.7 P3.6 3.7 4.6 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.5 28.7 2.7 3.8 3.6 1.0 -0 .2 -0 .2 46.3 3.0 3.9 3.1 -0 .2 -1 5 -0 .8 -3 .2 79.8 3.3 4.0 3.6 -0 .9 -1 1 -0 .4 -3 .0 54.8 2.8 2.9 3.3 -1 .0 r- 0 1 0.4 -1 .4 35.2 2.9 P1.0 P3.3 P-0.1 P1 8 P2.3 P0.5 P15.7 P3.1 6.4 0.6 -3 .5 -5 .5 9.7 1.3 -2 .8 -7 .7 -1 .0 2.9 -1 .5 3.9 3.7 6.2 1.1 2.3 r4.0 2.9 -0 .8 r -1.1 7.8 r3.6 0.1 r -3 .8 4.3 3.6 0.3 -0 .6 4.3 2.3 -0 .3 -1 .9 4.9 2.2 -1 .0 -2 .6 4.7 2.7 -1 .7 -1 .9 4.1 3.3 -1 .0 -0 .7 r3.6 3.9 -0 .3 r0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 I II 1 9 8 3 p = preliminary. 97 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA D a t a f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t in d e x are reported to the Bureau a n d im p le m e n t e d w it h in th e fir st 12 m o n th s a fte r th e e f f e c t iv e d a te o f th e Changes over the life o f the agreement o f Labor S tatistics by a sam ple o f 2 ,0 0 0 private nonfarm estab a g r e e m e n t. lish m en ts and 7 5 0 State and local governm ent units selected to s p e c i f i e d in th e c o n t r a c t , e x p r e s s e d a s a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l ra te . T h e s e m e a s r e fe r to a ll a d ju s tm e n ts represent total em p lo y m en t in those sectors. On average, each u r e s e x c l u d e w a g e c h a n g e s th a t m a y o c c u r u n d e r c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a d ju s tm e n t reporting unit provid es w age and com p en sation inform ation on c l a u s e s , th a t a re t r ig g e r e d b y m o v e m e n t s in th e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x . fiv e w e ll-sp e c ifie d occu p ation s. Wage-rate changes a re e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t compensation changes a re e x p r e s s e d a s in g s ; Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and secon dary sou rces. o f s tr a ig h t-tim e h o u r ly e a r n a p e r c e n t o f to ta l w a g e s an d b e n e f it s . Effective wage adjustm ents r e fle c t a ll n e g o t ia t e d c h a n g e s im p le m e n t e d in th e r e fe r e n c e p e r io d , r e g a r d le s s o f th e s e t t le m e n t d a te . T h e y in c lu d e c h a n g e s fr o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d d u r in g th e p e r io d , c h a n g e s d e fe r r e d fr o m c o n t r a c t s n e g o t ia t e d in an e a r lie r p e r io d , a n d c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a d j u s t m e n t s . Definitions T h e d a ta a ls o r e f l e c t c o n t r a c t s p r o v id in g fo r n o w a g e a d ju s tm e n t in th e The Em ployment Cost Index (E C I ) is a q u a r te r ly m e a s u r e o f th e a v e r a g e c h a n g e in th e c o s t o f e m p l o y i n g la b o r . T h e ra te o f to ta l c o m p e n s a t io n , p e r io d . E f f e c t i v e a d j u s t m e n t s a n d e a c h o f th e ir c o m p o n e n t s a re p r o r a te d o v e r a ll w o r k e r s in b a r g a in in g u n its w it h at le a s t 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s . w h i c h c o m p r i s e s w a g e s , s a la r i e s , a n d e m p lo y e r c o s t s f o r e m p l o y e e b e n e f i t s , is c o l l e c t e d fo r w o r k e r s p e r f o r m in g s p e c if i e d t a s k s . E m p lo y m e n t in Notes on the data e a c h o c c u p a t io n is h e ld c o n s t a n t o v e r t im e fo r a ll s e r ie s p r o d u c e d in th e E C I , e x c e p t t h o s e b y r e g io n , b a r g a in in g s t a t u s , a n d a r e a . A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x d a ta s e r ie s b e g a n in th e fo u r th q u a r te r o f o n l y c h a n g e s in c o m p e n s a t io n a re m e a s u r e d . In d u s tr y a n d o c c u p a t io n a l 1 9 7 5 , w it h th e q u a r te r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e in w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s in th e p r iv a te e m p lo y m e n t d a ta fr o m th e 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la t io n a re u s e d in d e r iv in g n o n f a r m s e c t o r . D a ta o n e m p lo y e r c o s t s f o r e m p lo y e e b e n e f it s w e r e in c o n s t a n t w e ig h t s f o r th e E C I . W h ile h o ld in g to ta l in d u str y a n d o c c u p a t io n a l c l u d e d in 1 9 8 0 , t o p r o d u c e a m e a s u r e o f th e p e r c e n t c h a n g e in e m p l o y e r s ’ e m p lo y m e n t f i x e d , in th e e s t im a t i o n o f in d e x e s b y r e g io n , b a r g a in in g c o s t f o r e m p l o y e e s ’ to ta l c o m p e n s a t io n . S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t u n its s t a t u s , a n d a r e a , th e e m p lo y m e n t in t h o s e m e a s u r e s is a ll o w e d to v a r y o v e r w e r e a d d e d to th e E C I c o v e r a g e in 1 9 8 1 , p r o v id in g a m e a s u r e o f to ta l t im e in a c c o r d w it h c h a n g e s in th e s a m p le . T h e rate o f c h a n g e ( in p e r c e n t) - c o m p e n s a t io n c h a n g e in th e c i v ili a n n o n fa r m e c o n o m y . is a v a il a b l e f o r w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s , a s w e ll a s f o r to ta l c o m p e n s a t io n . D a ta D a ta f o r th e b r o a d w h i t e - c o l la r , b lu e - c o l la r , a n d s e r v i c e w o r k e r g r o u p s , are c o l l e c t e d fo r th e p a y p e r io d in c lu d in g th e 1 2 th d a y o f th e s u r v e y m o n th s a n d th e m a n u f a c t u r in g , n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g , a n d s e r v i c e in d u s tr y g r o u p s are o f M a r c h , J u n e , S e p t e m b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r . T h e s t a t is t ic s a re n e it h e r a n p r e s e n t e d in th e E C I . A d d it io n a l o c c u p a t io n a n d in d u s tr y d e t a il are p r o v id e d f o r th e w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s c o m p o n e n t o f to ta l c o m p e n s a t io n in th e n u a l iz e d n o r a d ju s te d f o r s e a s o n a l in f lu e n c e . p r iv a te n o n fa r m s e c t o r . F o r S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t u n it s , a d d itio n a l W ages and salaries c o n s is t o f e a r n in g s b e f o r e p a y r o ll d e d u c t io n s , e x c l u d in g p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e , w o r k o n w e e k e n d s a n d h o lid a y s , a n d s h if t d if f e r e n t i a ls . P r o d u c tio n b o n u s e s , in c e n t i v e e a r n in g s , c o m m i s s i o n s , a n d c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a d j u s t m e n t s a re in c lu d e d ; n o n p r o d u c t io n b o n u s e s a re in d u s tr y d e t a il is s h o w n f o r b o th to ta l c o m p e n s a t io n a n d its w a g e s an d s a la r ie s c o m p o n e n t . H is t o r ic a l i n d e x e s (J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) o f th e q u a r te r ly r a te s o f c h a n g e s p r e s e n t e d in th e E C I a re a ls o a v a ila b le . in c l u d e d w it h o th e r s u p p le m e n t a l p a y it e m s in th e b e n e f it s c a t e g o r y ; a n d p a y m e n t s - i n - k in d , f r e e r o o m a n d b o a r d , a n d t ip s a re e x c lu d e d . Benefits in c l u d e s u p p le m e n t a l p a y , in s u r a n c e , r e tir e m e n t a n d s a v in g s p la n s , a n d h o u r s - r e la t e d a n d le g a l l y r e q u ir e d b e n e f it s . F o r a m o r e d e t a ile d d is c u s s i o n o f th e E C I , s e e c h a p te r 1 1 , “ T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x , ” o f th e B L S 1 ), a n d th e Monthly Labor Review Handbook of Methods ( B u lle t in 2 1 3 4 — a r tic le s : “ E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x : a m e a s u r e o f c h a n g e in th e ‘p r ic e o f l a b o r ,’ ” J u ly 1 9 7 5 ; “ H o w b e n e f it s w ill Data on negotiated wage changes a p p ly to p r iv a te n o n fa r m in d u str y c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e . D a ta o n c o m p e n s a t io n c h a n g e s a p p ly o n ly to t h o s e a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g 5 , 0 0 0 w orkers or m ore. First-year w a g e o r c o m p e n s a t io n c h a n g e s r e fe r to a v e r a g e n e g o t ia t e d c h a n g e s f o r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in th e p e r io d 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis b e in c o r p o r a t e d in t o th e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x , ” January 1 9 7 8 ; an d “ T h e E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x : r e c e n t tr e n d s a n d e x p a n s i o n , ” M a y 1 9 8 2 . A d d it i o n a l d a ta f o r th e E C I a n d o th e r m e a s u r e s o f w a g e a n d c o m p e n s a t io n c h a n g e s a p p e a r in c a t io n o f th e B u r e a u . Current Wage Developments, a m o n t h ly p u b li 33. E m ploym ent Cost Index, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P e rc e n t c h a n g e 1962 S e r ie s 1983 S e p t. Dec. M a rc h June 110.1 111.4 113.2 114.5 1984 S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 116.5 117.8 119.8 120.8 122.4 1.3 5.1 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers.................................................................... Blue-collar workers .................................................................... Service workers ......................................................................... Workers, by industry division Manufacturing ............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing....................................................................... Services ................................................................................. Public administration2 ........................................................... 110.7 109.2 110.8 111.9 110.5 112.4 113.7 112.3 114.3 114.9 113.6 115.1 117.6 114.8 116.7 118.9 115.8 119.1 120.9 117.7 122.0 122.1 118.6 122.1 124.0 119.6 124.6 1.6 0.8 2.0 5.4 4.2 6.8 109.3 110.5 113.5 112.8 110.4 111.8 115.0 113.6 112.5 113.5 116.6 116.2 113.5 114,9 117.1 117.0 115.0 117.2 121.1 119.8 116.0 118.6 122.6 121.4 117.9 120.7 125.0 122.9 119.1 121.6 125.5 123.7 120.4 123.3 128.8 126.9 1.1 1.4 2.6 2.6 4.7 5.2 6.4 5.9 P r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s 109.3 110.7 112.6 113.9 115.6 117.0 119.0 120.1 121.1 .8 4.8 109.5 109.0 109.6 110.8 110.3 111.8 112.8 112.1 113.8 114.2 113.5 114.6 116.5 114.6 115.1 117.9 115.7 117.9 119.9 117.5 121.5 121.4 118,4 121.2 122.4 119.3 123.2 .8 .8 1.7 5.1 4.1 7.0 109.3 109.3 110.4 110.8 112.5 112.6 113.5 114.2 115.0 116.0 116.0 117.5 117.9 119.6 119.1 120.7 120.4 121.6 1.1 .7 4.7 4.8 114.3 115.1 116.5 117.1 120.8 122.0 123.9 124.4 128.8 3.5 6.6 114.9 112.7 115.8 113.0 117.0 114.9 117.5 115.8 121.5 118.0 122.6 119.2 124.5 121.9 125.0 122.3 129.7 125.0 3.8 2.2 6.7 5.9 114.9 114.8 115.6 115.3 112.8 115.9 115.8 116.6 116.0 113.6 116.8 116.6 117.2 117.5 116.2 117.4 116.9 117.4 118.8 117.0 121.7 121.9 123.3 121.1 119.8 122.6 122.6 123.9 122.6 121.4 124.5 124.5 125.4 124.4 122.9 125.0 124.7 125.7 125.7 123.7 129.9 130.6 132.1 127.9 126.9 3.9 4.7 5.1 1.8 2.6 6.7 7.1 7.1 5.6 5.9 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers .............................................................. Blue-collar workers ................................................................. Service workers....................................................................... Workers, by industry division Manufacturing......................................................................... Nonmanufacturing.................................................................... S t a te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers .............................................................. Blue-collar w orkers................................................................. Workers, by industry division Services ................................................................................. Schools................................................................................ Elementary and secondary .............................................. Hospitals and other services3 .............................................. Public administration2 ............................................................ 'Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. 2Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 99 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 34. E m ploym ent Cost Index, w ages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P e rc e n t c h a n g e 1982 S e r ie s 1983 1984 S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 .............................................................................................................................. 109.7 110.9 112.2 113.4 115.3 116.5 117.9 118.8 120.3 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers.................................................................... Blue-collar workers ................ ................................................... Service workers ......................................................................... 1.3 4.3 110.4 108.6 110.1 111.4 109.8 111.8 113.0 110.8 113.2 114.2 112.0 113.9 116.7 113.1 115.1 117.9 114.0 117.4 119.3 115.3 120.0 120.4 116.1 119.8 122 2 117.0 122.3 1.5 0.8 2.1 4.7 3.4 6.3 Workers, by industry division Manufacturing ............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing...................................................................... Servces ................................................................................. Public administration2 ............................................................ 108.8 110.1 113.2 111.9 109.8 111.3 114.4 112.6 111.0 112.7 115.8 114.6 112.0 114.0 116.3 115.4 113.3 116.1 120.1 118.2 114.5 117.4 121.3 119.4 115.7 118.9 123.3 120.4 116.8 119.7 123.8 121.3 118.0 121.3 127.2 124.4 1.0 1.3 2.7 2.6 4.1 4.5 5.9 5.2 P r iv a te in d u s tr y w o r k e r s 109.0 110.3 111.6 112.9 114.5 115.8 117.2 118.2 119.2 .8 4,1 109.4 111.8 108.5 104.5 110.3 108.5 109.6 108.3 106.0 106.5 109.3 110.6 112.9 109.3 106 2 111.6 109.7 111.2 109.3 106.9 107.8 111.4 112.2 114.8 112.0 105.7 113.4 110.7 112.2 110.0 108.0 109.0 112.9 113.6 115.9 114.0 107.1 114.6 111.9 113.4 111.1 110.3 109.8 113.5 115.9 119.9 114.8 108.4 116.7 112.9 114.3 112.3 110.7 110.8 113.7 117.2 120.4 115.7 111.2 118.3 113.9 115.4 113.6 110.2 112.1 116.5 118.5 122.2 118.0 110.2 119.8 115.1 116.5 114.9 111.7 112.9 119.8 119.9 123.8 119.2 111.9 120.7 115.9 117.3 115.8 112.7 114.1 119.3 120.9 125.2 121.0 110.5 122.0 116.7 118.0 116.6 113.4 114.7 121.2 .8 1.1 1.5 -1 .3 1.1 .7 .6 .7 .6 .5 1.6 4.3 4.4 5.4 1.9 4.5 3.4 3.2 3.8 2.4 3.5 6.6 108.8 109.0 108.5 109.1 109.1 109.5 106.5 109.0 105.5 106.1 112.5 109.8 110.3 109.1 110.5 109.7 111.1 107.2 109.8 106.1 109.0 114.3 111.0 111.1 110.9 112.0 110.4 112.9 108.5 111.8 107.2 110.6 116.0 112.0 111.8 112.3 113.4 112.1 114.7 110.8 114.1 109.4 111.1 116.6 113.3 112.9 113.9 115.2 112.2 115.7 111.5 115.7 109.9 113.5 120.4 114.5 114.4 114.6 116.5 112.9 116.8 112.3 116.5 110.6 116.9 121.9 115.7 115.7 115.8 118.0 113.3 118.5 114.3 118.2 112.8 116.1 124.2 116.8 116.6 117.1 119.0 114.0 119.3 116.0 120.0 114.4 116.9 124.7 118.0 117.7 118.6 119.9 114.3 119.9 116.5 120.7 114.9 115.3 127.1 1.0 .9 1.3 .8 .3 .5 .4 .6 .4 -1 .4 1.9 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 1.9 3.6 4.5 4.3 4.5 1.6 5.6 113.5 114.0 115.1 115.7 119.2 120.0 121.6 122.0 126.1 3.4 5.8 114.2 111.5 114.6 112.0 115.6 113.3 116.1 114.3 119.8 116.4 120.6 116.9 122.2 119.1 122.5 119.6 127.1 121.9 3.8 1.9 6.1 4.7 114.2 114.2 114.9 114.3 111.9 114.6 114.5 115.1 114.9 112.6 115.5 115.2 115.6 116.5 114.6 115.9 115.4 115.8 117.7 115.4 119.8 119.9 121.1 119.7 118.2 120.6 120.6 121.7 120.6 119.4 122.2 122.2 122.9 121.9 120.4 122.5 122.3 123.0 123.1 121.3 127.2 127.8 129.3 125.1 124.4 3.8 4.5 5.1 1.6 2.6 6.2 6.6 6.8 4.5 5.2 C i v ilia n w o r k e r s 1 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers .............................................................. Professional and technical workers...................................... Managers and administrators .............................................. Salesworkers ...................................................................... Clerical workers.................................................................... Blue-collar workers ................................................................. Craft and kindred workers................................................... Operatives, except transport . .-........................................... Transport equipment operatives........................................... Nonfarm laborers................................................................. Service workers...................................................................... Workers, by industry division Manufacturing......................................................................... Durables............................................................................... Nondurables ...................................................................... Nonmanufacturing.................................................................... Construction ....................................................................... Transportation and public utilities........................................ Wholesale and retail tra d e ................................................... Wholesale trade .............................................................. Retail trade....................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate...................................... Services............................................................................... S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s .......................................................................... Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers .............................................................. Blue-collar workers ................................................................. Workers, by Industry division Services ................................................................................. Schoo s ............................................................................... Elementary and secondary .............................................. Hospitals and other services3 .............................................. Public administration2 ............................................................ 1Excludes farm, household, and Federal workers. Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis includes, for example, library, social, and health services. 35. E m ploym ent Cost Index, private industry w orkers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1981 = 100] P e rc e n t ch an g e 1982 S e r ie s S e p t. 1983 D ec. 1984 3 m o n th s 1 2 m o n th s ended ended M a rc h June S e p t. D ec. M a rc h June S e p t. 116.0 114.8 117.1 117.8 116.3 119.2 118.8 117.2 120.4 120.6 119.3 121.9 121.7 120.5 122 8 122.6 121.6 123.6 0.7 9 .7 4.1 4.6 3.7 112.8 112.3 113.0 114.4 113.8 114.7 115.9 114.9 116.4 118.0 116.6 118.6 119.2 117.9 119.8 120 3 119.3 120 7 .9 1.2 .8 5.2 4.8 5.2 114.3 113.5 112.5 116.6 116.0 115.6 113.9 118.0 117.5 117.1 114.7 120 0 118.9 119.7 117.2 121.0 120.7 120.7 117.9 122.2 122.4 120.7 119.7 122.5 1.4 .0 1.5 .2 5.5 4.4 5.1 3.8 S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 C O M P E N S A T IO N Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ............................................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing................ ................................................. Nonunion ....................................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing...................................................................... 1 1 2 .3 114.5 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .8 114.9 1 1 0 .6 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .5 108 4 1 0 9 .2 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .9 111.2 111.6 Workers, by region1 Northeast ....................................................................................... South ............................................................................................ North Central ................................................................................. W est............................................................................................... Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas ......................................................................... Other areas .................................................................................... 1 1 0 .6 112.6 112.5 108 6 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .9 115.4 1 1 1 .7 109 4 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .1 110.8 114.2 112.3 116.0 113.4 117.4 114.5 119.4 116.7 120.6 117.4 121.5 119.0 .7 1.4 4.7 4.9 112.9 111.4 114.3 114.2 112.3 116.0 116.0 113.7 118.3 116.9 114.8 118.9 118.1 116.1 120.1 119.0 117.1 120.7 119.8 118.1 121.3 .7 .9 .5 3.3 3.9 2.5 113.7 113.0 114 0 115.2 114.2 115.6 116.7 115.4 117.2 117.8 116.5 118.3 118.8 117.9 119.2 .8 1.2 .8 4.5 4.3 4.6 W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S Workers, by bargaining status1 Union ............................................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing...................................................................... Nonunion ....................................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................ Nonmanufacturing...................................................................... 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .1 110.7 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .0 112.2 111.8 112.4 1 1 1 .5 112.0 111.4 110.1 114.1 113.6 112.5 111.5 114.9 115.3 114.3 112.8 116.5 116.6 115.7 113.6 118.5 117.4 117.9 115.5 118.8 118.9 119.0 116.0 119.6 120.5 119.0 117.8 120.0 1.3 .0 1.6 .3 4.5 4.1 4.4 3.0 111.9 110.1 113.2 111.4 114.9 112.3 116.2 113.4 117.6 115.1 118.6 116.0 119.5 117.5 .8 1.3 4.0 4.6 Workers, by region1 Northeast ....................................................................................... South ............................................................................................ North Central ................................................................................. W est............................................................................................... 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .0 Workers by area size1 Metropolitan areas ...................................................................... Other areas .................................................................................... 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .5 108 3 108 8 1 0 9 .7 1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS H a n d b o o k o f M e t h o d s . Bulletin 1910. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW January 1985 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 36. W age and com pensation change, m ajor collective bargaining settlem ents, 1979 to date [In percent] 37. Effective w age adjustm ents in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore 1979 to date Y e a r a n d q u a r te r M e a s u re 1982 1979 Average percent adjustment (including no change): All industries...................................... Manufacturing ........................ Nonmanufacturing .............................. From settlements reached in period . . . . Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period . . . . From cost-of-living clauses................ Total number of workers receiving wage change (in thousands)1 ................................. From settlements reached in period ................................. Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period.............................. From cost-of-living clauses................... Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in thousands) ................................. 1980 1981 1982 102 1983 III IV 1 9.1 9.6 8.8 9.9 10.2 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.5 6.8 5.2 7.9 4.0 2.7 4.8 2.4 1.7 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.5 3.8 3.2 1.7 3.6 1.4 .8 2.5 .6 — — 8,648 7,852 6,530 — — 2,270 1,907 2,327 620 825 — — — — 6,267 4,593 4,846 3,830 3,260 2,327 2,400 2,251 860 1,970 — — 145 483 1,187 4,575 4,895 4,842 1The total number of workers who received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment during the period. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1983 II 1984P IV hi I II III 1.3 1.5 1.2 0.3 -.5 .9 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 11 9 1.2 09 1? .7 10 9 1.3 .5 1.3 6 .6 .4 .3 -.2 .4 .1 3 10 .1 2 8 .2 6 3 .2 .4 .2 .3 3,760 3,441 2,875 3,061 3,025 2,887 2,855 2,656 2,326 448 561 599 996 293 343 812 1,938 1,405 1,299 1,317 1,218 669 1,290 990 1 616 1 175 1 301 1 578 4,656 4,693 4,830 4,668 4,867 5,198 - P = preliminary. WORK STOPPAGE DATA include all know n strikes or lockouts in volvin g E stim ates o f d ays idle as a percent o f estim ated w orking tim e 1 ,0 0 0 w orkers or m ore and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are m easure o n ly the im pact o f larger strikes (1 ,0 0 0 workers or m ore). based largely on n ew spap er accounts and cover all w orkers idle F orm erly, these estim ates m easured the im pact o f strikes in vo lv in g W o r k sto ppag es o n e shift or m ore in estab lish m en ts directly in volved in a stoppagè. 6 w orkers or m ore; that is, the im pact o f virtually all strikes. D ue T h ey d o not m easure the indirect or secondary effect on other to budget strin gen cies, collectio n o f data on strikes in volv in g few er estab lish m en ts w h o se em p lo y ees are idle o w in g to m aterial or than 1 ,0 0 0 w orkers w as discon tin ued with the D ecem b er 1981 serv ice shortages. data. 38. W ork stoppages involving 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1947 to date W o r k e r s in v o lv e d N u m b e r o t s to p p a g e s M o n th a n d y e a r B e g in n in g in In e ffe c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th B e g in n in g in D a y s id le In e f fe c t m o n th o r y e a r d u r in g m o n th ( in th o u s a n d s ) ( in t h o u s a n d s ) N um ber ( in t h o u s a n d s ) P e rc e n t of e s t im a t e d w o r k in g t im e 1947 1948 1949 1950 270 245 262 424 1,629 1,435 2,537 1,698 25,720 26,127 43,420 30,390 .22 .38 .26 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 415 470 437 265 363 1,462 2,746 1,623 1,075 2,055 15,070 48,820 18,130 16,630 21,180 .12 .38 .14 .13 .16 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 287 279 332 245 222 1,370 887 1,587 1,381 896 26,840 10,340 17,900 60,850 13,260 .20 .07 .13 .43 .09 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 195 211 181 246 268 1,031 793 512 1,183 999 10,140 11,760 10,020 16,220 15,140 .07 .08 .07 .11 .10 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 321 381 392 412 381 1,300 2,192 1,855 1,576 2,468 16,000 31,320 35,567 29,397 52,761 .10 .18 .20 .16 .29 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 298 250 317 424 235 2,516 975 1,400 1,796 965 35,538 16,764 16,260 31,809 17,563 .19 .09 .08 .16 .09 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 231 298 219 235 187 1,519 1,212 1,006 1,021 795 23,962 21,258 23,774 20,409 20,844 12 .10 .11 .09 .09 1981 1982 1983 145 96 81 729 656 909 16,908 9,061 17,461 .07 .04 .08 1983 January ................................................................. February ................................................................. M arch.................................................................... A p ril....................................................................... May ........................................... ...................... Ju n e ....................................................................... July ....................................................................... August.................................................................... September............................................................... October ................................................................. November.............................................................. 1 5 5 2 12 16 10 7 7 12 4 3 7 10 9 17 25 23 19 19 19 12 1.6 14.0 10.5 2.8 24.9 63 3 64.5 615.8 20.8 68.4 22.8 38.0 50.4 54.9 52.4 34.2 81.2 99.8 669.7 49.5 84.7 41.5 794.8 844.4 1,131.5 789.5 488.5 689.1 1,270.1 8,673.2 567.1 1,143.3 605.0 .04 .05 .05 .04 .03 .03 .07 .41 .03 .06 .03 February ................................................................. M arch.................................................................... A p r ! ....................................................................... May ....................................................................... Ju n e ....................................................................... July August.................................................................... September............................................................... October ................................................................. November............................................................... 6 2 2 7 5 5 8 4 9 4 4 12 12 9 13 15 14 20 18 17 15 15 28 9 8.7 3.0 28.5 8.1 23.7 68.4 21.5 103.6 15.8 12.0 43.0 37.2 14.6 38.1 39.2 45.7 104.1 100.9 117.9 33.7 30.7 507.3 365.5 284.2 651.0 581.2 754.8 1,221.7 1,623.3 716.4 498.7 482.1 .03 .02 .01 .03 .03 .04 .06 .07 .04 .02 02 1984P p = preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 Published by BLS in November S A LE S P U B L IC A T IO N S M a d is o n , W is ., S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 . 6 p p . Area W ag e Survey B ulletins N o r th w e st T e x a s , S e p tem b er 1 9 8 4 . 7 p p . P u e b lo , C o lo ., S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 . 3 p p . T h e s e b u lle tin s c o v e r o f f ic e , p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, m a in t e n a n c e , c u s to d ia l, and m e t r o p o lit a n m a te r ia l a rea s. The m ovem ent o c c u p a tio n s a n n u a l s e r ie s o f 70 is in m a jo r a v a ila b le s e p a r a te ly . The fo llo w in g w ere p u b lis h e d V e r m o n t, S ep tem b er 1 9 8 4 . 3 p p . by s u b s c r ip tio n fo r $ 8 8 p e r y e a r . I n d iv id u a l a r e a b u lle tin s a r e a ls o a v a ila b le V a lle jo — F a ir fie ld — N a p a , C a lif ., S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 . 3 p p . O TH E R D ATA S E R V IC E S in M ailg ram N ovem ber: A rea, C o n s u m e r p r ic e in d e x d a t a s u m m a r y b y m a ilg r a m w ith in 2 4 h o u r s S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 4 . B u lle t in 3 0 2 5 - 4 3 , 3 0 p p . , $ 1 .7 5 (g p o S t o c k N o . o f t h e c p i r e le a s e . P r o v id e s u n a d j u s t e d a n d s e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d A lb a n y — S c h e n e c ta d y — T r o y , N ew Y ork , M e tr o p o lita n U . S . C i t y A v e r a g e d a t a f o r A l l U r b a n C o n s u m e r s (c p i -u ) a n d f o r 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -9 0 3 1 0 -3 ). U rban C h a tta n o o g a , T e n n e s s e e — G e o r g ia , M e tr o p o lita n A rea, W age E arners and C le r ic a l W orkers (c p i -w ). ( N T I S U B / 1 5 8 ) . $ 1 2 5 in c o n t ig u o u s U n it e d S t a t e s . S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 4 . B u lle t in 3 0 2 5 - 4 0 , 4 2 p p . , $ 2 .2 5 (g p o S t o c k N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -9 0 3 0 7 -3 ). M a g n e tic T apes C le v e la n d , O h io , M e tr o p o lit a n A r e a , S e p te m b e r 1984. B u lle tin 3 0 2 5 - 4 4 , 41 p p . , $ 2 .2 5 (g po S t o c k N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 9 0 3 1 1 - 1 ) . th e G a in e s v ille , F lo r id a , M e tr o p o lit a n A r e a , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 4 . B u lle tin fo llo w in g r e g u la r ly u p d a te d t im e s e r ie s : in c lu d in g P roducer, con s u m e r , a n d in d u s t r y p r ic e in d e x e s ; th e la b o r f o r c e , u n e m p l o y m e n t , e m p lo y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s ; in d u s tr y a n d F e d e r a l 3 0 2 5 - 4 2 , 2 4 p p . , $ 1 .5 0 (g po S t o c k N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 9 0 3 0 9 - 0 ) . N a ssa u — S u ffo lk , N ew B L S o f f e r s fo r s a le o n m a g n e tic ta p e s h is to r ic a l d a t a , Y o r k , M e tr o p o lit a n A r e a , A u g u s t 1984. B u lle t in 3 0 1 5 - 4 1 , 5 2 p p . , $ 2 .2 5 (g p o S t o c k N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 9 0 3 0 8 - 1 ) . G o v e r n m e n t p r o d u c tiv ity ; im p o r ts b y t a r i f f a n d in d u s tr ia l c o m m o d i t y c l a s s e s ; i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o r a n d p r ic e t r e n d c o m p a r i s o n s ; a n d in d e x e s o f e m p lo y e r c o m p e n s a t io n c o s t s . In dustry W a g e Survey B ulletins B L S a ls o o f f e r s f o r s a le m ic r o - d a ta ta p e s c o n t a in in g in f o r m a t io n T h e s e s t u d i e s i n c l u d e r e s u l t s f r o m t h e l a t e s t b ls s u r v e y o f w a g e s o n c o n s u m e r e x p e n d it u r e s a n d c h a r a c te r is tic s c o lle c t e d d u r in g a n d s u p p le m e n t a l b e n e f it s w ith d e t a ile d o c c u p a t io n a l d a t a fo r th e 1 9 8 0 a n d 1981 D ia r y c o m p o n e n t o f th e n e w o n g o in g C o n th e N a t io n , r e g io n s , a n d s e le c te d a r e a s (w h e r e a v a ila b le ) . D a ta s u m e r E x p e n d itu r e S u r v e y . T h e d a ta , c o lle c t e d fr o m s a m p le s o f a r e u s e f u l fo r w a g e a n d s a la r y a d m in is t r a t io n , u n io n c o n t r a c t a p p r o x im a t e ly 5 ,0 0 0 c o n s u m e r u n it s in e a c h y e a r , in c lu d e w e e k n e g o t ia t io n , a r b itr a tio n , a n d G o v e r n m e n t p o lic y c o n s id e r a t io n s . ly e x p e n d it u r e s fo r f o o d , a lc o h o l ic b e v e r a g e s , t o b a c c o , p e r s o n a l T h e f o l l o w i n g w e r e p u b l i s h e d in N o v e m b e r : ca re p r o d u c ts, h o u s e k e e p in g B a s ic I r o n a n d S te e l, A u g u s t 1 9 8 3 . B u lle tin 2 2 2 1 , 3 9 p p ., $ 1 .0 0 s u p p lie s , n o n p r e s c r ip t io n d ru g s, g a s o lin e , a n d h o u s e h o ld fu e ls . A ls o p r o v id e d a re s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c te r is tic s s p e c if ic t o e a c h c o n s u m e r u n it. (g p o S t o c k N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 ) . E le c tr ic a n d G a s U t ilit ie s , O c to b e r 1 9 8 2 . B u lle tin 2 2 1 8 , 1 2 6 p p ., P r ic e r a n g e : $ 5 0 -$ 2 0 0 . $ 4 . 7 5 (g p o S t o c k N o . 0 2 9 - 0 0 1 - 0 2 8 2 8 - 8 ) . T elep h o n e S um m ary P eriodicals C P I D e t a ile d R e p o r t . S e p te m b e r is s u e p r o v id e s a c o m p r e h e n s iv e r e p o r t o n p r ic e m o v e m e n t s fo r t h e m o n t h , p lu s s t a t is t ic a l t a b le s , c h a r ts , a n d te c h n ic a l n o t e s . 7 8 p p ., $ 4 ($ 2 5 p e r y e a r ). b e n e fit ch an ges; w ork sto p p a g es in S e p te m b e r ; t i o n n u m b e r s is a v a i l a b l e 2 4 h o u r s a d a y o n ( 2 0 2 ) 5 2 3 - 9 6 5 8 . To order: C u r r e n t W a g e D e v e l o p m e n t s . O c t o b e r is s u e in c lu d e s s e le c t e d w a g e and A r e c o r d e d s u m m a r y o f p r i n c i p a l c p i, p p i, a n d E m p l o y m e n t S i t u a m a jo r a g r e e m e n t s e x p i r i n g in N o v e m b e r , p l u s s t a t i s t i c s o n c o m p e n s a Sales publications — fr o n t co v e r), b y title E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a r n in g s . N o v e m b e r is s u e c o v e r s e m p lo y m e n t u n e m p lo y m e n t s ta tis tic a l ta b le s d e v e lo p m e n ts on n a tio n a l, in S ta te , u n e m p lo y m e n t, h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s . O c to b e r, and area p lu s r e g u la r e m p lo y m e n t, 1 4 2 p p ., $ 4 .5 0 ($ 3 1 p e r y e a r ). O c c u p a tio n a l O u tlo o k O rder fro m th e b ls r e g io n a l S u p e r in te n d e n t of o f f ic e s ( s e e in s id e D o c u m e n ts, U .S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in tin g O f f ic e , W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 . O r d e r t io n c h a n g e s . 4 9 p p ., $ 2 ($ 2 1 p e r y e a r ). and or and gpo n u m b e r . S u b s c r ip tio n s a v a ila b le only to a d e p o s it a c c o u n t n u m b e r o r c h e c k s c a n b e m a d e p a y a b le to th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s . V is a a n d M a s te r C a r d are a ls o a c c e p te d . I n c lu d e c a r d n u m b e r a n d e x p ir a tio n d a te . Free publications — Q u a r te r ly . F a ll is s u e fe a t u r e s a r tic le s o n sto c k from the Superintendent o f D ocum ents. Orders can be charged A v a ila b le f r o m th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a tis tic s , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 2 1 2 o r fr o m m a n a g e r s , in t e r p r e t e r s f o r t h e d e a f , f u t u r e j o b m a r k e t o p p o r any o ffic e . Request regional office publications t u n it ie s , a n d w o r k in g f o r t h e g o v e r n m e n t , p lu s c o u n s e lin g a id s . from the issuing office. F r e e p u b lic a t io n s a re a v a ila b le w h ile 3 6 p p . , $ 3 ($ 1 1 p e r y e a r ) . s u p p lie s la s t. P r o d u c e r P r ic e s a n d P r ic e I n d e x e s . S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 4 is s u e in c lu d e s b ls r e g io n a l Mailgram service — A v a ila b le fr o m th e N a t io n a l T e c h n ic a l I n f o r a c o m p r e h e n s iv e r e p o r t o n p r ic e m o v e m e n t s fo r t h e m o n t h , p lu s m a tio n r e g u la r ta b le s a n d te c h n ic a l n o t e s . 158 p p ., $ 4 .2 5 ($ 2 9 p e r y e a r ). R o y a l R o a d , S p r in g f ie ld , V ir g in ia 2 2 1 5 1 . FR EE P U B L IC A T IO N S S e r v ic e , Magnetic tapes — U .S . D e p a r tm e n t of C om m erce, 5285 P ort H is t o r ic a l m a c h in e -r e a d a b le d a ta fo r m o s t B L S s u r v e y s a r e a v a ila b le o n m a g n e tic ta p e s f r o m th e B u rea u of A rea W a g e Survey S um m aries L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , D iv is io n o f F in a n c ia l P la n n in g a n d M a n a g e B in g h a m to n , N .Y ., A u g u s t 1 9 8 4 . 6 p p . m e n t, W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 2 1 2 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis For IO O Years, the BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ml/' has provided the most comprehensive pertinent, and useful informa tion anywhere in the world on employment and unemployment, consumer, producer and international prices; wages and industrial relations; productivity and technological impact; growth o f the economy, birth and decline o f occupations; and developments in labor and industry in other countries. 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